Wikipédia banwiki https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_Utama MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Média Kusus Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé Wikipédia Pabligbagan Wikipédia Berkas Pabligbagan Berkas MédiaWiki Pabligbagan MédiaWiki Mal Pabligbagan Mal Wantuan Pabligbagan Wantuan Kategori Pabligbagan Kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pabligbagan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 34 281076 233458 2026-08-27T20:08:40Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Albert Einstein | image = Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg | caption = Einstein pada warsa 1921 | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|3|14}} | birth_place = [[Ulm]], [[Kerajaan Württemberg]], [[Kaprabon Jerman]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|4|18|1879|3|14}} | death_place = {{nowrap|[[Princeton, New Jersey]], [[Amérika Serikat]]}} | children = [[Lieserl Einstein|"Lieserl" Einstein]] <br />[[Hans Albert Einstein]] <br />[[Keluarga Einstein#Eduard "Tete" Einstein (putra Albert)|Eduard "Tete" Einstein]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mileva Marić]]|1903|1919|end=div}}<br />{{marriage|[[Elsa Löwenthal]]|1919|1936|end=meninggal<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Heilbron |editor-first=John L. |title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA233 |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974376-6 |page=233}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pais|1982|p=301}}}} | residence = Jerman, Italia, Swiss, Austria (kini Républik Ceko), Belgia, Amérika Serikat | citizenship = {{Plainlist| * Subjek [[Kerajaan Württemberg]] pada masa Kaprabon Jerman (1879–1896)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note>Selama Kaprabon Jerman, warga negara secara eksklusif menjadi subjek dari salah satu dari 27 ''Bundesstaaten''.</ref> * [[Tanpa kewarganegaraan]] (1896–1901) * Warga negara [[Swiss]] (1901–1955) * Subjek Austria pada [[Kaprabon Austria-Hongaria]] (1911–1912) * Subjek [[Kerajaan Prussia]] pada Kaprabon Jerman (1914–1918)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note/> * Warga negara Jerman [[Negara Merdeka Prussia]] ([[Républik Weimar]], 1918–1933) * Warga negara Amérika Serikat (1940–1955) }} | fields = [[Fisika]], [[filsafat]] | workplaces = {{Plainlist| * [[Kantor Paten Swiss]] ([[Bern]]) (1902–1909) * [[Universitas Bern]] (1908–1909) * [[Universitas Zurich]] (1909–1911) * [[Karl-Ferdinands-Universität|Universitas Charles Praha]] (1911–1912) * [[ETH Zurich]] (1912–1914) * [[Akademi Sains Prussia]] (1914–1933) * [[Universitas Humboldt Berlin]] (1914–1933) * [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute]] (direktur, 1917–1933) * [[German Physical Society]] (Présidén, 1916–1918) * [[Univérsitas Leiden]] (tamiu, 1920) * [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1933–1955) * [[Caltech]] (tamu, 1931–1933) * [[Universitas Oxford]] (tamu, 1931–1933) }} | education = {{Plainlist| * [[ETH Zurich|Sekolah politeknik federal]] (1896–1900; B.A., 1900) * [[Univérsitas Zurich]] (Ph.D., 1905) }} | doctoral_advisor = [[Alfred Kleiner]] | thesis_title = {{lang|de|Einé neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen}} (Determinasi Baru Dimensi Molekuler) | thesis_url = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf | thesis_year = 1905 | academic_advisors = [[Heinrich Friedrich Weber]] | influenced = {{Plainlist| * Hampir seluruh cabang [[fisika modern]] }} | known_for = {{Plainlist| * [[Relativitas umum]] * [[Relativitas khusus]] * [[Efek fotolistrik]] * [[Kesetaraan massa-energi|''E=mc²'' (kesetaraan massa-energi)]] * [[Relasi Planck–Einstein|''E=hf'' (relasi Planck–Einstein)]] * Teori [[gerak Brown]] * [[Persamaan medan Einstein]] * [[Statistik Bose–Einstein]] * [[Kondensat Bose–Einstein]] * [[Gelombang gravitasi]] * [[Konstanta kosmologi]] * [[Teori medan terpadu]] * [[Paradoks EPR]] * [[Interpretasi ansambel]] * [[Daftar benda yang dinamai menurut Albert Einstein|Daftar konsep lainnya]] }} | awards = {{Plainlist| * [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science|Medali Barnard]] (1920) * [[Nobel Fisika]] (1921) * [[Medali Matteucci]] (1921) * [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] (1921)<ref name="frs" /> * [[Medali Copley]] (1925)<ref name="frs" /> * [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] (1926) * [[Medali Max Planck]] (1929) * [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences]] (1942) * [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|Tokoh Abad Ini ''Time'']] (1999) }} | signature = Albert Einstein signature 1934.svg | influences = {{Plainlist| * [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] * [[Baruch Spinoza]] * [[Bernhard Riemann]] * [[David Hume]] * [[Ernst Mach]] * [[Hendrik Lorentz]] * [[Hermann Minkowski]] * [[Isaac Newton]] * [[James Clerk Maxwell]] * [[Michele Besso]] * [[Moritz Schlick]] * [[Thomas Young (ilmuwan)|Thomas Young]] }} }} [[Berkas:Albert Einstein Head.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Albert Einstein ring warsa 1947]] '''Albert Einstein''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|n|s|t|aɪ|n}} {{respell|EYEN|styne}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells |first=John |authorlink=John C. Wells |title= Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse |publisher=Pearson Longman |edition=3rd |date=3 April 2008 |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈalbɛɐ̯t ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn|lang|Albert Einstein german.ogg}}; kaucapang: [ˈalbɛɐ̯t ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] embas ring tanggal 14 Maret warsa 1879 miwah lebar duk warsa 18 April 1955) inggih punika silih tunggil ilmuwan téori [[Fisika]] sané pinih ageng. Ida ngripta [[Rélativitas Umum|téori Rélativitas Umum]] pinaka silih tunggil kaweruhan dasar Fisika rahinané mangkin (utamanyané plaplajahan indik [[mékanika kuantum|Mékanika Kuantum]]).<ref name="frs">{{cite journal | last1 = Whittaker | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 | title = Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 37–67 | date = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="YangHamilton2010">{{cite book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7}}</ref>{{rp|274}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} === Cutetan === <references group="note"/> [[Kategori:Tokoh]] fsrsk1wk3qx03spsg7rrcct6h1j5bia 0 73 281106 280211 2026-08-27T20:32:14Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 33 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Aztec Empire.png|thumb|Kaprabon Azték duk 1519, di masa nitahné raja Montezuma II]] [[Berkas:Aztec calendar (Sunstone).png|thumb|Kalendér Azték]] '''Azték''' ento adan budaya ané ada di [[Méksiko]] Tengah di masa 1300 - 1521. Lebian uli abesik bangsa ané ngmiluin budayané ento, utamanné bangsa-bangsa ané nganggo basa Nahuatl. Kaprabon Azték ento konfédérasi uli telung kota-negara, ané ngawit duk taun 1427: Tenochtitlan, Texcoco muah Tlacopan. == Pustaka == {{refbegin |30em |indent=yes}}<!-- BEGIN biblio format. --> *{{cite book |last1=Altman| first1=Ida|author-link=Ida Altman|last2=Cline|first2=Sarah|last3=Pescador|first3=Javier|year=2003|title=The Early History of Greater Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofgr0000altm|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-091543-6}} *{{cite book |first=Juan José |last=Batalla |year=2016 |chapter=The Historical Sources: Codices and Chronicles |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs |volume=1 |editor1=Deborah L. Nichols |editor2=Enrique Rodríguez-Alegría |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199341962.013.30}} *{{cite journal |last=Barlow |first=Robert H. |title=Some Remarks On The Term "Aztec Empire" |journal=The Americas |volume=1 |issue=3 |year=1945 |pages=345–349 |doi=10.2307/978159 |jstor=978159}} *{{cite book |last=Barlow |first=Robert H. |year=1949 |title=Extent Of The Empire Of Culhua Mexica |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506242 |publisher=University of California Press}} *{{cite journal |last1=Beekman |first1= C.S. |last2=Christensen |first2=A.F. |year=2003 |title=Controlling for doubt and uncertainty through multiple lines of evidence: A new look at the Mesoamerican Nahua migrations |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-archaeological-method-and-theory_2003-06_10_2/page/111 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=111–164 |doi=10.1023/a:1024519712257|s2cid= 141990835}} *{{cite book |last=Berdan |first=Frances |author-link=Frances Berdan |year=1982 |title=The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society |series=Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology |location=New York |publisher=[[Holt, Rinehart & Winston]] |isbn=978-0-03-055736-1 |oclc=7795704 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsofcentralm0000berd}} *{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first1=Frances F. |author-link=Frances Berdan |last2=Smith |first2=Michael E. |chapter=1. Introduction |year=1996a |title=Aztec Imperial Strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecimperialstr00unse |location=Washington, DC |editor=Frances Berdan |editor2=Richard Blanton |editor3=Elizabeth Hill Boone |editor4=Mary G. Hodge |editor5=Michael E. Smith |editor6=Emily Umberger |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |isbn=978-0-88402-211-4 |oclc=27035231}} *{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first1=Frances F. |author-link=Frances Berdan |last2=Smith |first2=Michael E. |chapter= 9. Imperial Strategies and Core-Periphery Relations |year=1996b |title=Aztec Imperial Strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecimperialstr00unse |location=Washington, DC |editor=Frances Berdan |editor2=Richard Blanton |editor3=Elizabeth Hill Boone |editor4=Mary G. Hodge |editor5=Michael E. Smith |editor6=Emily Umberger |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |isbn=978-0-88402-211-4 |oclc=27035231}} *{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first=Frances F. |last2=Anawalt |first2=Patricia Rieff |year=1997 |title=The Essential Codex Mendoza |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JQeAQZHev0IC |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-20454-6}} *{{cite book |last=Berdan |first=Frances |year=2014 |title=Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} *{{cite journal |last=Berdan |first=F.F. |year=2016 |title=Featherworking in the Provinces: A Dispersed Luxury Craft under Aztec Hegemony |journal= Ancient Mesoamerica |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=209–219 |doi=10.1017/S0956536115000358|s2cid=164771165 }} *{{cite book |last=Boone |first=Elizabeth Hill |author-link=Elizabeth Hill Boone |year=2000 |title=Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztec and Mixtec |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesinredblac0000boon |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-292-70876-1 |oclc=40939882}} *{{cite book |last=Brading|first=D.A. |author-link=David Brading| year=1991 |title=The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-39130-6}} *{{Cite journal |last=Bright |first=W. |year=1990 |title='With one lip, with two lips': Parallelism in Nahuatl |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1990-09_66_3/page/437 |journal=Language |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=437–452 |doi=10.2307/414607 |jstor=414607}} *{{cite journal |last=Brumfiel |first=Elizabeth M. |year=1998 |title=The multiple identities of Aztec craft specialists |journal=Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association |volume= 8 |issue=1 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.1525/ap3a.1998.8.1.145}} *{{cite book|last=Bueno|first=Christina|year=2016|title=The Pursuit of Ruins: Archaeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofruinsar0000buen|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=978-0-8263-5732-8}} *{{cite book |last=Burkhart | first=Louise M. |year=1997 |chapter= Mexican women on the home front |title=Indian women of early Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780806129600 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780806129600/page/25 25]–54 |editor1=S Schroeder |editor2=S Wood |editor3=RS Haskett}} *{{cite journal |last=Cáceres-Lorenzo |first= M.T. |year=2015 |title= Diffusion trends and Nahuatlisms of American Spanish: Evidence from dialectal vocabularies |journal=Dialectologia et Geolinguistica |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=50–67 |doi= 10.1515/dialect-2015-0004 |hdl= 10553/43280 |s2cid= 151429590}} *{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |author-link=Lyle Campbell |year=1997 |title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianla0000camp |series=Oxford Studies in Anthropoical Linguistics, 4 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=London and New York |isbn=978-0-19-509427-5 |oclc=32923907}} *{{cite book |last=Carrasco |first=David |year=2000 |title=City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/cityofsacrificea0000carr |location=Boston, MA |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |isbn=978-0-8070-4642-5 |oclc=41368255}} *{{cite book |last=Carrasco |first=David |year=2012 |title=The Aztecs: A very Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsveryshorti0000carr |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1953-7938-9}} *{{cite book |last=Carrasco |first=Pedro |year=1999 |title=The Tenochca Empire of Ancient Mexico: The Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan |url=https://archive.org/details/tenochcaempireof0000carr |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3144-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Charlton |first=Thomas| year=2000 |chapter=The Aztecs and their Contemporaries: The Central and Eastern Mexican Highlands|title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Vol. 2. Mesoamerica Part 1 |pages=500–558 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-35165-2}} *{{cite book|last=Chipman|first=Donald E.|year=2005|title=Moctezuma's Children: Aztec Royalty Under Spanish Rule, 1520-1700|url=https://archive.org/details/moctezumaschildr0000chip|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-72597-3}} *{{cite book |last=Cline | first=Howard F.|author-link=Howard F. Cline|year=1976 |chapter=Hubert Howe Bancroft, 1832-1918|title=Handbook of Middle American Indians, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Part 2|pages=326–347|editor=H.F. Cline|isbn=978-0-292-70153-3}} *{{cite book |last=Cline | first=Howard F.|author-link=Howard F. Cline |year=1973|chapter=Selected Nineteenth-Century Mexican Writers on Ethnohistory|title=Handbook of Middle American Indians, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Part 2|pages=370–393|editor=H.F. Cline|isbn=978-0-292-70153-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Cline |first=Sarah| year=2000 |chapter=Native Peoples of Colonial Central Mexico |title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Vol. 2. Mesoamerica Part 2 |pages=187–222 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65204-9}} *{{cite book |last=Cooper Alarcón |first=Daniel |year=1997 |title=The Aztec palimpsest: Mexico in the Modern Imagination |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecpalimpsestm0000coop |location=Tucson |publisher=University of Arizona Press}} *{{cite journal |last=Diel |first=Lori B. |year=2005 |title=Women and political power: The inclusion and exclusion of noblewomen in Aztec pictorial histories. |journal=RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=82–106 |doi=10.1086/resv47n1ms20167660|s2cid=157991841 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Elson |first1=Cristina |first2=Michael E. |last2=Smith |s2cid=25246053 |year=2001 | title=Archaeological deposits from the Aztec New Fire Ceremony |url=https://archive.org/details/ancient-mesoamerica_fall-2001_12_2/page/157 |journal=Ancient Mesoamerica |volume=12 |pages=157–174 | doi=10.1017/S0956536101122078 | issue=2}} *{{cite journal |last=Franco |first=Jean |year=2004 |title=The return of Coatlicue: Mexican nationalism and the Aztec past |journal=Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=205–219 |doi=10.1080/1356932042000246977 |s2cid=162346920}} *{{cite journal |last=Frazier |first= E.G. |year=2006 |title=Préstamos del náhuatl al español mexicano |journal= Hesperia: Anuario de Filología Hispánica |volume=9 |pages=75–86}} *{{cite book |first1=Carlos |last1=Galindo Leal |first2=José |last2=Sarukhán Kermez |first3=David |first4=Charles |last3=Wright |last4=Carr |chapter= Una historia natural del emblema nacional de México |title= Escudo Nacional: flora, fauna y biodiversidad |editor= Cora Ma. A. Falero Ruiz |location=México City |publisher= Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Secretaría de Cultura, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Museo Nacional de Antropología |year=2017 |pages=42–61}} *{{cite book |author-link=Charles Gibson (historian) |last=Gibson |first=Charles |year=1964 |title=The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519-1810 |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsunderspani00gibs |url-access=registration}} *{{cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Susan D. |author-link=Susan D. Gillespie |year=1989 |title=The Aztec Kings: the Construction of Rulership in Mexica History |location=Tucson |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |isbn=978-0-8165-1095-5 |oclc=19353576}} *{{cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Susan D. |author-link=Susan D. Gillespie |year=1998 |chapter=The Aztec Triple Alliance: A Postconquest Tradition |title=Native Traditions in the Postconquest World, A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 2nd through 4th October 1992 |chapter-url=http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |chapter-format=[[PDF]] Reprint |editor=Elizabeth Hill Boone |editor2=Tom Cubbins |editor-link=Elizabeth Hill Boone |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |location=Washington, DC |pages=233–263 |isbn=978-0-88402-239-8 |oclc=34354931 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221181058/http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2007}} *{{cite book |last=Greene |first=Doyle |year=2012 |title=Mexploitation Cinema: A Critical History of Mexican Vampire, Wrestler, Ape-Man and Similar Films, 1957–1977 |publisher=McFarland}} *{{cite book |first=Natividad |last=Gutierrez |title=Nationalist Myths and Ethnic Identities: Indigenous Intellectuals and the Mexican State |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalistmyths0000nati |publisher= University of Nebraska Press |year=1999}} *{{cite book |last=Hajovsky |first=Patrick Thomas |year=2015 |title=On the Lips of Others: Moteuczoma's Fame in Aztec Monuments and Rituals |url=https://archive.org/details/onlipsofothersmo0000patr |publisher=University of Texas Press}} *{{cite journal |last =Harner |first=Michael |s2cid=144736919 |year=1977 |title=The Ecological Basis for Aztec Sacrifice |url =https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_1977-02_4_1/page/117 |journal=[[American Ethnologist]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=117–135 |doi=10.1525/ae.1977.4.1.02a00070}} *{{cite book |last=Haskett |first=R.S. |year=1991 |title=Indigenous rulers: An ethnohistory of town government in colonial Cuernavaca |url=https://archive.org/details/indigenousrulers0000hask |publisher= University of New Mexico Press}} *{{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |year=1985 |title=Trade, Tribute, and Transportation: The Sixteenth-Century Political Economy of the Valley of Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-AJE-553 |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=171 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-1911-3 |oclc=11469622}} *{{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |author-link=Ross Hassig |year=1988 |title=Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecwarfareimpe0000hass |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=188 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2121-5 |oclc=17106411}} *{{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |author-link=Ross Hassig |year=1992 |title=War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica |url=https://archive.org/details/warsocietyinanci0000hass |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-07734-8 |oclc=25007991}} *{{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |author-link=Ross Hassig |year=2001 |title=Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/timehistorybelie0000hass |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-292-73139-4 |oclc=44167649}} *{{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |year=2016 |title=Polygamy and the Rise and Demise of the Aztec Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/polygamyrisedemi0000hass |publisher=University of New Mexico Press}} *{{cite journal |last=Haugen |first= J.D. |year=2009 |title= Borrowed borrowings: Nahuatl loan words in English |journal= Lexis. Journal in English Lexicology |volume= 3 |url= http://lexis.revues.org/638}} *{{cite journal |last=Helland |first=J. |year=1990 |title=Aztec Imagery in Frida Kahlo's Paintings: Indigenity and Political Commitment |journal= Woman's Art Journal |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=8–13}} *{{cite book |first=Kenneth G. |last=Hirth |title=The Aztec Economic World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016}} *{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Himmerich y Valencia|year=1991 |title=The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521-1555|url=https://archive.org/details/encomenderosofne0000himm |publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-73108-0}} *{{cite journal |last1=Hodge |first1=Mary G. |first2=Hector |last2=Neff |first3=M. 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Smith (archaeologist) |year=1984 |title=The Aztlan Migrations of Nahuatl Chronicles: Myth or History? |journal=[[Ethnohistory (journal)|Ethnohistory]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=153–186 |doi=10.2307/482619 |oclc=145142543 |jstor=482619 |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-84-Aztlan.pdf}} *{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Michael E. |year=1996 |chapter=The Strategic Provinces |title= Aztec Imperial Strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecimperialstr00unse |location=Washington, DC |editor=Frances Berdan |editor2=Richard Blanton |editor3=Elizabeth Hill Boone |editor4=Mary G. Hodge |editor5=Michael E. Smith |editor6=Emily Umberger |publisher= [[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |isbn=978-0-88402-211-4 |oclc= 27035231 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/aztecimperialstr00unse/page/137 137]–151}} *{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Michael E. |year=1997 |title=The Aztecs |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecs0002smit |edition=first |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-23015-1 |oclc=48579073 }} *{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Michael E. |year=2000 |chapter=Aztec City-States |title=A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures |editor=Mogens Herman Hansen |editor-link=Mogens Herman Hansen |pages=581–595 |publisher=The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters |location=Copenhagen}} *{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Michael E. |year=2008 |title=Aztec City-State Capitals |publisher=University Press of Florida}} *{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Michael E. |last2=Montiel |first2=Lisa |s2cid=29613567 |year=2001 |title=The Archaeological Study of Empires and Imperialism in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=245–284 |doi=10.1006/jaar.2000.0372}} *{{cite magazine |last=Smith |first=Michael E. |year=2005 |title=Life in the Provinces of the Aztec Empire |magazine=Scientific American |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/MES-05-SciAm-.pdf}} *{{cite book |last=Soustelle |first=Jacques |title=Daily Life of the Aztecs, on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=9780804707213 |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeofaztec00sous |url-access=registration}} *{{cite book |last=Taube |first=Karl A. |author-link=Karl Taube |year=1993 |title=Aztec and Maya Myths |edition=4th University of Texas |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-292-78130-6 |oclc=29124568 |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecmayamyths00taub}} *{{cite book |last=Taube |first=Karl |year=2012 |chapter=Creation and Cosmology:Gods and Mythic Origins in Ancient Mesoamerica |title=The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology |editor1=Deborah L. Nichols |editor2=Christopher A. Pool |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=741–752}} *{{cite book|last=Tenorio-Trillo|first=Mauricio|year=1996|title=Mexico at the World's Fairs|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20267-2}} *{{cite journal |last=Tomlinson |first=G. |year=1995 |title=Ideologies of Aztec song |journal=Journal of the American Musicological Society |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=343–379 |doi=10.2307/3519831|jstor=3519831}} *{{cite book |last=Townsend |first=Richard F. |year=2009 |title=The Aztecs |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecs0000town_l5y8 |edition=3rd, revised |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-28791-0}} *{{cite journal |last= VanEssendelft |first= W. |year=2018 |title= What's in a name? A typological analysis of Aztec placenames |journal= Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume= 19 |pages= 958–967 |doi= 10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.01.019|s2cid= 189685291 }} *{{cite journal |last=Whittaker |first=G. |year=2009 |title=The principles of nahuatl writing |journal=Göttinger Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft |volume=16 |pages=47–81}} *{{cite book |last=Whitmore |first=Thomas M. |title=Disease and Death in Early Colonial Mexico: Simulating Amerindian Depopulation |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=Westview Press |year=1992}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witton |first1=M.P. |last2=Martill |first2=D.M. |last3=Loveridge |first3=R.F. |year=2010 |title=Clipping the Wings of Giant Pterosaurs: Comments on Wingspan Estimations and Diversity |journal=Acta Geoscientica Sinica |volume=31 |issue=Supplement 1 |pages=79–81}} *{{cite book |last=Wolfe |first=Bertram D. |title=The Fabulous Life of Diego Rivera |publisher=Cooper Square Press |year=2000}} *{{cite book |author=Zantwijk, Rudolph van |year=1985 |title=The Aztec Arrangement: The Social History of Pre-Spanish Mexico |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-1677-8 |oclc=11261299 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecarrangement0000zant}} * {{cite journal |last=Zender |first= Marc |title=One Hundred and Fifty Years of Nahuatl Decipherment |journal=[[The PARI Journal]] |year=2008 |volume=VIII |issue=4 |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/804/PARI0804.pdf}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Babad]] thajogsoxm1q3fk0orm6ps6dzu60cq0 0 106 281072 274142 2026-08-27T20:05:10Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Basa Inggris |nativename = English language |pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|l|ɪ|ʃ}}{{sfn|OxfordLearner'sDictionary|2015|loc=Entry: [http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/pronunciation/english/english_1 English - Pronunciation]}} |region = (cingak [[#Persebaran geografis|ring betén]]) |speakers = {{sigfig/rnd|359|2}}&nbsp;yuta |date = 2010 |ref = <ref name=NE>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia= [[Nationalencyklopedin]] |title= Världens 100 största språk 2010 |trans_title= 100 Basa Terbesar Dunia ring warsa 2010|language= basa Swedia}}</ref> |speakers2 = [[Basa kedadua|L2]]: {{sigfig/rnd|375|2}}&nbsp;yuta<ref name=BritishCouncilEnglish>{{cite web|last= Graddol |first= David |title= The Future of English? A guide to forecasting the popularity of the English language in the 21st century |url= http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-elt-future.pdf |publisher= The British Council |page= 10 |year=1997, 2000 |access-date= 22 Séptémber 2013}}</ref> |familycolor = Indo-European |fam2 = [[Rumpun basa Jermanik|Jermanik]] |fam3 = [[Rumpun basa Jermanik Barat|Jermanik Barat]] |fam4 = [[Rumpun basa Ingvaeonik|Ingvaeonik]] |fam5 = [[Rumpun basa Anglo-Frisia|Anglo–Frisia]] |fam6 = [[Rumpun basa Inggris|Anglik]] |sign = [[Basa Inggris kode manual|Kode manual]]<br/> (sistem beragam) |ancestor = [[Basa Inggris Kuno|Inggris Kuno]] |ancestor2= [[Basa Inggris Pertengahan|Inggris Pertengahan]] |ancestor3= [[Basa Inggris Modern Awal|Inggris Modern Awal]] |script = [[Aksara Latin]] ([[alfabet basa Inggris]])<br/> [[Braille basa Inggris]] |nation = [[Daftar negara yang menuturkan basa Inggris sebagai basa resmi#Negara berdaulat|54 negara]]<br/> [[Daftar negara yang menuturkan basa Inggris sebagai basa resmi#Entitas tidak berdaulat|27 entitas tidak berdaulat]]<br/> {{Collapsible list|titlestyle= font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;| title= Berbagai organisasi| [[PBB]]<br/> [[Uni Éropa]]<br/> [[Negara Persemakmuran]]<br/> [[Déwan Éropa]]<br/> [[GUAM Organisasi untuk Demokrasi dan Pembangunan Ekonomi|GUAM]]<br/> [[Pengadilan Kriminal Internasional|ICC]]<br/> [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional|IOC]]<br/> [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]<br/> [[NATO]]<br/> [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]]<br/> [[Organization of American States|OAS]]<br/> [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]<br/> [[Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam|OIC]]<br/> [[OKI]]<br/> [[OPEC]]<br/> [[Forum Kepulauan Pasifik|PIF]]<br/> [[Perjanjian UKUSA|UKUSA]] }} |iso1 = en |iso2 = eng |iso3 = eng |lingua = 52-ABA |glotto = stan1293 |map = Anglospeak.svg |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Negara sané anggén basa Inggris alah basa resmi utawi ''de facto'', utawi basa nasional, miwah katuturang cara basa ibu olih mayoritas kramanyane}} {{legend|#8ddada|Negara sané anggén basa Inggris alah basa resmi, nanging ten basa utama}} |notice = IPA }} '''Basa Inggris''' ento basa asli uli pulo Inggris, sané suba dadi ''lingua franca'' ring makejang guminé. Basa Inggris masoroh basa Jermanik kauh. Basa Inggris kaanggon pinaka basa pretama ring gumi liu, ngranjing [[Inggris]], [[Amérika Serikat]], [[Irlandia]], [[Kanada]], [[Ostrali|Australi]], [[Afrika Selatan]] miwah [[Selandia Anyar]] kuang-lebih olih 360 yuta diri muah kaanggon pinaka basa ping dua olih 380 yuta diri ring makejang guminé jani. Basa Inggris nglimbak simalu ring [[Krajan Anglo-Saxon]] Inggris miwah ring wewidangan sané jani ngwangun [[Skotlandia]] kelod kangin. Disubané nglinggahang [[Britania Raya]] ring abad ka-17 miwah ka-20 sangkaning [[Imperium Britania]], basa Inggris nglimbak pesan ring jagaté.{{sfn|Ammon|2006|p=2245-2247}}{{sfn|Schneider|2007|p=1}}{{sfn|Mazrui|Mazrui|1998|p=21}} Lenan tekén ento, liu anaké nganggon basa Inggris masi sané ngawinang nglimbak budaya miwah teknologi [[Amérika Serikat]] sané ngebekin ring pantaraning abad ka-20.<ref>Hjarvard, Stig (2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080908064103/http://www.nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/157_075-098.pdf "The globalization of language: How the media contribute to the spread of English and the emergence of medialects"] Trans. Charly Hultén. ''Nordicom Review''. Retrieved 30 December 2014.</ref> Ento awinan basa Inggris dadi basa sané utama ring jagaté. Yén alih uli lelintihané, basa Inggris mawit uli leburnyané makudang kudang dialék sané mapaiketan, sané jani kakenal pinaka [[basa Inggris Kuno]], sané kaaba uli pasisi kangin [[Pulau Britania]] olih krama [[Bangsa Jermanik|Jermanik]] ([[Anglo-Saxons]]) dugas abad ka-5; kruna ''English''' mawit uli parinama [[Angles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/English|title=English&nbsp;– Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-webster.com|date=25 April 2007|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> Wong Anglo-Saxons ene sané mawit uli wewidangan [[Angeln]] (sané jani [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Jerman]]). == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Lis pustaka == {{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} <!-- Ammon2006 --> : {{cite journal |last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |title=Language Conflicts in the European Union: On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests |journal=International Journal of Applied Linguistics |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=319–338 |date=November 2006 |doi=10.1111/j.1473-4192.2006.00121.x |ref=harv}} <!-- CrystalGlobalLanguage2003a --> :{{Cite book|last=Crystal|first=David|title=English as a Global Language|author-link=David Crystal|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=69|date=2003a|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC|accessdate=04-02-2015|isbn=978-0-521-53032-3|laysummary=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf|laysource=Library of Congress (sample)|laydate=04-02-2015|ref=harv}} <!-- MazruiMazrui1998 was refMazrui1998 --> :{{cite book|last1=Mazrui|first1=Ali A.|last2=Mazrui|first2=Alamin|title=The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience|date=3 August 1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-51429-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lQTPxdYx8kC|accessdate=15-02-2015|laysummary=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo3618917.html|laydate=15-02-2015|ref=harv}} <!-- Schneider2007 --> :{{cite book|last=Schneider|first=Edgar|title=Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-521-53901-2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QIE6zGSd8okC|accessdate=05-04-2015|laysummary=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/sociolinguistics/postcolonial-english-varieties-around-world|laydate=05-04-2015|ref=harv}} <!-- Wardhaugh2010 --> :{{cite book|last=Wardhaugh|first=Ronald|title=An Introduction to Sociolinguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoso0000ward_i6k0|edition=Sixth|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|date=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-8668-1|series=Blackwell textbooks in Linguistics; 4|ref=harv}} <!-- Watts2011 --> :{{cite book|last=Watts|first=Richard J.|title=Language Myths and the History of English|date=3 March 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-532760-1|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001/acprof-9780195327601|accessdate=10-03-2015|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001|laysummary=http://linguistlist.org/pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=4544145|laydate=10-03-2015|ref=harv}} <!--Wells 1982 --> :{{cite book|last=Wells|first=J.C.|year=1982|title=Accents of English, I, II, III|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}} <!-- Wojcik2006 --> :{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wojcik |first=R. H. |title=Controlled Languages |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542050811 |accessdate=06-02-2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05081-1 |pages=139–142 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=06-02-2015 |ref=harv}} <!-- Wolfram2006 --> :{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wolfram |first=W. |title=Variation and Language: Overview |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542042565 |accessdate=06-02-2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04256-5 |pages=333–341 |laysummary=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=06-02-2015 |ref=harv}}{{refend}} === Pranala jaba === {{InterWiki|code=en}} {{wiktionary}} {{wikibooks|Panduan Berbahasa Inggris}} === Umum === * {{en}} [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng Laporan Ethnologue - bahasa Inggris] * {{en}} [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/index.shtml BBC - Radio 4 - Routes of English] * {{en}} [http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com Penjelasan singkat mengenai penggunaan ''tense''] * {{en}} [http://www.ego4u.com/ English Grammar Online] - latihan, penjelasan dan permainan gratis * {{en}} [http://www.eslbase.com/ TEFL] - ''Teaching English as a Foreign Language'' - informasi mengenai pengajaran Basa Inggris sebagai Basa Asing * {{en}} [http://www.omni-translation.com/belajar-bahasa-inggeris/ Konsep Asas Basa Inggeris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125030834/http://www.omni-translation.com/belajar-bahasa-inggeris/ |date=2016-01-25 }} * {{en}} [http://www.LanguageMonitor.com LanguageMonitor] - Lembaga pengawas pemakaian bahasa Inggris kontemporer * {{en}} [http://www.vec.ca/english/1/english.cfm Perkembangan Basa Inggris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040722195930/http://www.vec.ca/english/1/english.cfm |date=2004-07-22 }} === Kamus === * {{en}} [http://wordweb.info/free/ WordWeb] * {{en}} [http://itcansay.com More than 20000 English words recorded by a native speaker] * {{en}} [http://dictionary.cambridge.org Cambridge Dictionary] * {{en}} [http://www.ldoceonline.com Longman English Dictionary] === Esai === * {{id}} [http://www.ef.co.id/englishfirst/englishstudy/writing/belajar-menulis-essay-bahasa-inggris.aspx Belajar Menulis Essay Basa Inggris] * {{en}} [http://www.wikihow.com/Write-an-English-Essay How to Write an English Essay] * {{en}} [http://esl.about.com/cs/writing/ht/ht_essay.htm How To Write an Essay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121061439/http://esl.about.com/cs/writing/ht/ht_essay.htm |date=2016-11-21 }} * {{en}} [http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-write-a-great-essay-quickly.html How to Write a Great Essay Quickly] === Intonasi === * {{en}} [http://www.ipc.hokusei.ac.jp/~z00419/Frame-RiseFall.html Example English intonation + audio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225074620/http://www.ipc.hokusei.ac.jp/~z00419/Frame-RiseFall.html |date=2021-02-25 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Inggris, Basa}} [[Kategori:Basa Inggris| ]] [[Kategori:Basa Jermanik]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Britania Raya]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Inggris]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Amérika Serikat]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Australia]] [[Kategori:Basa ring India]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Afrika Selatan]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Nigeria]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Singapura]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Rwanda]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Kenya]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Eswatini]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Irlandia]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Fiji]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Kanada]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Namibia]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Papua Nugini]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Lesotho]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Kamerun]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Botswana]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Selandia Baru]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Zambia]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Filipina]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Sierra Leone]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Pakistan]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Guyana]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Zimbabwe]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Palau]] [[Kategori:Globalisasi sosial-budaya|Basa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Vanuatu]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Malawi]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Mauritius]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Uganda]] [[Kategori:Basa|Inggris]] 7vb0lhh0nzvn58srblz6czukidcf2iq 0 107 281060 269673 2026-08-27T19:55:48Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{suratan basa sor}} {{Infobox Bahasa |name=Basa Jawa |nativename=''Basa Jawa''<br/>{{jav|ꦧꦱꦗꦮ}}<br/>باسا جاوا |image=Aksara Jawa - basa jawa.svg |imagecaption=''Basa'' (Bahasa) ditulis dalam aksara Jawa |states=[[Indonesia]], [[Belanda]], [[Malaysia]], [[Suriname]], [[Kaledonia Baru]], serta negara-negara dengan diaspora Jawa lainnya |region=[[Jawa Tengah]], [[Jawa Timur]]; [[Lampung]] dan wilayah transmigrasi lainnya di [[Indonesia]]; daerah dengan diaspora Jawa yang signifikan di [[Belanda]], [[Suriname]], [[Malaysia]], dan [[Kaledonia Baru]] |ethnicity=[[Suku Jawa|Jawa]] |speakers={{sigfig|86|2}} juta [[bahasa ibu|penutur jati]] |date=2010 |ref={{sfn|Naim|Syaputra|2011|p=47}} |familycolor=Austronesia |fam2=[[bahasa Melayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polinesia]] |ancestor=[[Bahasa Jawa Kuno]] |ancestor2=[[Sastra Jawa Pertengahan|Bahasa Jawa Pertengahan]] |stand1=Bahasa Jawa Surakarta-Yogyakarta |dialects= [[#Dialek|''Lihat bagian dialek]] |script=[[Alfabet Latin]]<br/>[[Aksara Jawa]]<br/>[[Abjad Pegon]] |nation=[[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta]]<ref name="perda-no-2-tahun-2021" /> |agency=Balai Bahasa Provinsi Jawa Tengah<br>Balai Bahasa DI Yogyakarta<br>Balai Bahasa Provinsi Jawa Timur |iso1=jv |iso2=jav |lc1=jav|ld1=bahasa Jawa |lc2=jvn|ld2=bahasa Jawa Karibia |lc3=jas|ld3=bahasa Jawa Kaledonia Baru |lc4=osi|ld4=bahasa Osing |lc5=tes|ld5=bahasa Tengger |lc6=kaw|ld6=bahasa Jawa Kuno |glotto=java1253 |glottorefname=Javanesic |map=Javanese language distribution.png |mapcaption={{legend|#070|Wilayah tempat bahasa Jawa sebagai bahasa mayoritas}} {{legend|#0f0|Wilayah tempat bahasa Jawa sebagai bahasa minoritas}} |notice=IPA }} {{Contains Javanese script}} [[Berkas:Bank sign in Javanese.jpg|jmpl|250px|Suratan anggen aksara Jawa]] '''Basa Jawa''' ento basa asli anak pribumi pulo Jawa tengah miwah kangin muah pasih kaja Jawa kauh miwah sekaa anak Jawa sané ada di makejang gumi, buka [[Suriname]] ajak Kalédonia Baru. Basa Jawa masoroh [[Soroh basa Austronésia|basa Austronésia]] miwah dadi basa paling gedé sorohné ento, kuang-lebih liuné 100 yuta panutur asli basa Jawa.<ref name= "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010">{{Cite web|url= https://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html |title= Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia - Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010|publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date= 14 April 2019}}</ref> === Verba === <section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/><div style="display:none;"> GEN:genitif LOC:penanda lokasi TR1:transitif I, aplikatif TR2:transitif II, kausatif </div><section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/> Paradigma verba bahasa Jawa baku dapat diringkaskan sebagai berikut:{{sfn|Conners|2008|p=235}}{{sfn|Uhlenbeck|1982|p=133}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |+ 5. Paradigma verba{{sfn|Conners|2008|p=235}}{{sfn|Uhlenbeck|1982|p=133}} |- ! rowspan="2" |modus ! rowspan="2" |diatesis ! rowspan="2" |awalan ! colspan="3" |akhiran |- ! netral ! aplikatif I ! aplikatif II |- ! rowspan="3" |indikatif ! aktif | ''N-'' | rowspan="3" |''-Ø'' | rowspan="2" |''-i'' | rowspan="2" |''-aké'' |- ! pasif I | ''tak-/kok-/di-'' |- ! pasif II | ''ke-'' | ''-an'' | ''-Ø'' |- ! rowspan="2" |imperatif ! aktif | ''N-'' | ''-a'' | rowspan="2" |''-ana'' | rowspan="2" |''-na'' |- ! pasif I | ''Ø-'' | ''-en'' |- ! rowspan="2" |propositif ! aktif | (''aku'') ''tak'' ''N-'' | ''-Ø'' | ''-i'' | ''-aké'' |- ! pasif I | ''tak-'' | ''-é'' | ''-ané'' | ''-né'' |- ! rowspan="2" |subjungtif ! aktif | ''N-'' | ''-a'' | ''-ana'' | rowspan="2" |''-na'' |- ! pasif I | ''tak-/kok-/di-'' | ''-en'' | ''-na'' |} == Pustaka == === Cutetan batis === {{reflist}} === Lis pustaka === * {{cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=Karl Alexander |title=Malayo-Sumbawan |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=44 |issue=2 |date=2005 |pages=356–388 |doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0027 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/191360 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Blust |title=The reconstruction of proto-Malayo-Javanic: an appreciation |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/137/4/article-p456_4.xml |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |publisher=Brill |volume=137 |issue=4 |date=1981 |pages=456–459 |jstor=27863392|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |year=2010 |title=The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=44–118 |jstor=40783586 |ref=harv}} * {{cite thesis |last=Conners |first=Thomas J. |year=2008 |title=Tengger Javanese |type=Doktoral |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Dyen |first=Isidore |authorlink=Isidore Dyen |year=1965 |title=A lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGOCAAAAIAAJ |location=Baltimore |publisher=Waverly Press |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Peter Ladefoged |last=Ladefoged |first=Peter |authorlink2=Ian Maddieson|last2=Maddieson|first2=Ian |year=1996 |title=The Sounds of the World's Languages |url=https://archive.org/details/soundsofworldsla0000lade |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |ISBN=9780631198154 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Naim |first1=Akhsan |last2=Syaputra |first2=Hendry |year=2011 |title=Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 |location=Jakarta |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |isbn=9789790644175 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Nothofer |first=Berndt |year=1975 |title=The reconstruction of Proto-Malayo-Javanic |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=73 |location=Den Haag |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=9024717728 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Nothofer |first=Berndt |year=2009 |chapter=Javanese |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA560 |editor1=Keith Brown |editor2=Sarah Ogilvie |location=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080877754 |pages=560–561 |isbn=9780700712861 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Ogloblin |first=Alexander K. |year=2005 |chapter=Javanese |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAShwSYLbUYC&pg=PA590 |editor1=K. Alexander Adelaar |editor2=Nikolaus Himmelmann |location=London dan New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=590–624 |isbn=9780700712861 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Poedjosoedarmo |first=Soepomo |year=1968 |title=Javanese Speech Levels |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_indonesia_1968-10_6/page/54 |journal=Indonesia |publisher=Cornell University Press |volume=6 |pages=54–81 |jstor=3350711 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Ras |editor-first=Johannes Jacobus |editorlink=Johannes Jacobus Ras |year=1979 |title=Javanese Literature since Independence |url=https://brill.com/view/title/26998?lang=en |location=Den Haag |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=9789004287198 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Ras |first=Johannes Jacobus |year=1985 |title=Inleiding tot het modern Javaans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCy5AAAAIAAJ |location=Dordrecht, Belanda dan Cinnaminson, AS |publisher=Foris Publications |isbn=9789067650731 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Robson |first=Stuart Owen |year=2014 |title=Javanese Grammar for Students: A Graded Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOrrnQEACAAJ |location=Clayton, Victoria |publisher=Monash University Publishing |isbn=9781922235374 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Alexander D. |year=2017 |title=The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=435–490 |doi=10.1353/ol.2017.0021 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/677288 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Subroto |first1=Daliman Edi |last2=Soenardji |last3=Sugiri |year=1991 |title=Tata bahasa deskriptif bahasa Jawa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6ZkAAAAMAAJ |location=Jakarta |publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Uhlenbeck |first=Eugenius Marius |authorlink=Eugenius Marius Uhlenbeck |year=1982 |title=Kajian morfologi bahasa Jawa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lW9JSQAACAAJ |series=Indonesian Linguistics Development Project |volume=4 |location=Jakarta |publisher=Penerbit Djambatan |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |author=Kawruh Basa Jawa, dkk |year=2023 |title=Tata bahasa Jawa mutakhir |url=https://kawruhbasa.com/ejaan-bahasa-jawa/?id=GgUSxxXw0JIC |location=Yogyakarta |publisher=[[Kanisius]] |isbn=9789792110371 |ref=harv}} == Bacaan lanjutan == * {{cite book |last=Errington |first=James Joseph |year=1988 |title=Structure and style in Javanese: a semiotic view of linguistic etiquette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um2CAAAAIAAJ |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812281033 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Suharno |first=Ignatius |title=A Descriptive Study of Javanese |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=D45 |publisher= Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=1982 |doi=10.15144/PL-D45 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Poedjosoedarmo |first=Soepomo |title=Javanese influence on Indonesian |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=D38 |publisher= Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=1982 |doi=10.15144/PL-D38 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Zoetmulder |first=Petrus Josephus |authorlink=Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder |year=1974 |title=Kalangwan: A survey of Old Javanese literature |title-link=Kalangwan |series=Translation series (Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde) |volume=16 |location=Den Haag |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=9789024716746 |ref=harv}} <!--Sumber potensial * {{cite journal |last=Ananta |first=Aris |last2=Utami |first2=Dwi Retno Wilujeng Wahyu |last3=Purbowati |first3=Ari |title=Declining Dominance of an Ethnic Group in a Large Multi-ethnic Developing Country: The Case of the Javanese in Indonesia |journal=Population Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |year=2016 |pages=1–26 |publisher=Sociological Demography Press |doi=10.1353/prv.2016.0000}} * {{cite book |last=Nothofer |first=Bernd |chapter=Central Javanese dialects |editor1=Halim, A. |editor2=Carrington, L. |editor3=Wurm, S.A. |title=Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 3: Accent on variety |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=C76 |pages=287–309 |publisher= Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=1982 |doi=10.15144/PL-C76.287 }} * {{cite book |last=Ramelan |chapter=Javanese indicative and imperative passives |editor-last=Halim, A. Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. |title=Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 4: Thematic variation |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=C77 |pages=199–214 |publisher= Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=1983 |doi=10.15144/PL-C77.199 }} * {{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Malcolm |title=Javanese Grammar for Students (review) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_2005-12_81_4/page/1019 |journal=Language |volume=81 |issue=4 |year=2005 |page=1019 |publisher=Linguistic Society of America |doi=10.1353/lan.2005.0196}} * {{cite journal |last=Schleef |first=Erik |title=Shifting Languages: Interaction and Identity in Javanese Indonesia (review) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_2002-06_78_2/page/392 |journal=Language |volume=78 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=392–393 |publisher=Linguistic Society of America |doi=10.1353/lan.2002.0129}} * {{cite book |last=Soemarmo |first=Marmo |chapter=Quantifiers in Javanese and Indonesian |editor=Nguyễn Đ.L. |title=Southeast Asian linguistic studies, Vol. 4 |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=C49 |pages=315–363 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=1979 |doi=10.15144/PL-C49.315 }} * {{cite book |last=Soemarmo |first=Marmo |chapter=Subject-Predicate, Focus-Presupposition and Topic-Comment in Bahasa Indonesia and Javanese |editor=Steinhauer, H. |title=Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 3 |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=A78 |pages=63–136 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=1988 |doi=10.15144/PL-A78.63}} * {{cite journal |last=Thurgood |first=Elzbieta |year=2004 |title=Phonation Types in Javanese |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=277–295 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0013}} * {{cite book |last=Uhlenbeck |first=Eugenius Marius |authorlink=E.M. Uhlenbeck |chapter=Two mechanisms of Javanese syntax: the construction with sing (kang, ingkang) and with olehe (enggone, anggenipun) |editor=Halim, A. |editor2=Carrington, L. |editor3=Wurm, S.A. |title=Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 4: Thematic variation |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=C77 |pages=9–20 |publisher= Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=1983 |doi=10.15144/PL-C77.9 }} * {{cite book |last=Uhlenbeck |first=Eugenius Marius |authorlink=E.M. Uhlenbeck |chapter=Antonymic processes within the system of Javanese adjectives |editor-last=Dutton, T. Ross, M. and Tryon, D. |title=The Language Game: Papers in memory of Donald C. Laycock |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=C110 |pages=491–500 |publisher= Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=1992 |doi=10.15144/PL-C110.491 }} * {{cite journal |last=Vander Klok |first=Jozina |title=Pure Possibility and Pure Necessity Modals in Paciran Javanese |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=52 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=341–374 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |doi=10.1353/ol.2013.0017}} * {{cite journal |last=Vander Klok |first=Jozina |last2=Matthewson |first2=Lisa |title=Distinguishing already from Perfect Aspect: A Case Study of Javanese ''wis'' |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=54 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=172–205 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |doi=10.1353/ol.2015.0007}} * {{cite journal |last=Vander Klok |first=Jozina |year=2019 |title=The Javanese language at risk? Perspectives from an East Java village |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |volume=13 |pages=300–345 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24868}} * {{cite book |last=Yallop |first=Collin |chapter=The phonology of Javanese vowels |editor1=Halim, A. |editor2=Carrington, L. |editor3=Wurm, S.A. |title=Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 2: Tracking the travellers |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=C75 |pages=299–319 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=1982 |doi=10.15144/PL-C75.299 }} --> == Pranala jaba == {{InterWiki|code=jv}} {{Commons category|Javanese pronunciation}} * [https://archive.org/details/PUEBJ-2011 Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Jawa (PUEBJ)] * [https://www.sastra.org Sastra.org—Program digitalisasi bahasa dan sastra Jawa] * [https://www.sastra.org/leksikon Leksikon di Sastra.org—memuat himpunan kamus, sinonim, dan glosarium bahasa Jawa yang dikompilasi dari berbagai sumber] * [https://archive.org/details/kamus-indonesia-jawa-iii Kamus Indonesia-Jawa—kamus dwibahasa terbitan Balai Bahasa Provinsi Jawa Tengah] * [http://www.jseals.org/java/dictionary.htm SEALang Library Javanese Lexicography—memuat kamus dwibahasa Jawa-Inggris (berdasarkan kamus Robson & Wibisono (2002)) serta korpus ekabahasa Jawa (dikompilasi dari berbagai sumber internet)] {{Basa daérah ring Indonésia}} {{basa Jawa|state=show}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jawa}} [[Kategori:Basa]] [[Kategori:Jawa|Basa]] [[Kategori:Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Singapura]] jmptqstofvrp9ghy5ir995x4sbvj0z4 0 115 281026 280201 2026-08-27T19:26:35Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Kaca2|Aksara Latin}} {{Kaca1|[[ᬩᬲ​ᬲᬦ᭄ᬲ᭄ᬓ᭄ᬭᬶᬢ᭄|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭ​ᬩᬮᬶ]]}} {{2}} {{Infobox language |name = Basa Sanskerta |nativename = संस्कृतम्<br>''Saṃskṛtam''<br>''Saṁskrtavāk'' |image = File:The word संस्कृतम् (Sanskrit) in Sanskrit.svg |pronunciation= {{IPA-sa|ˈsɐ̃skr̩tɐm||Sanskrit.ogg}} |familycolor = Indo-Éropa |states = [[Asia]] |region = [[India Agung]] ([[India]] miwah [[Indonésia]] sareng makudang-kudang wewidangan liyanan ring [[Asia Kelod]] miwah [[Asia Kelod Kangin]]) |speakers = 6.106 (sensus [[1981]]). 194.433 penutur basa kadadua (sensus [[1961]]) |rank = ''nenten ring 100 besar'' |fam2 = [[Basa Indo-Iran|Indo-Iran]] |fam3 = [[Basa Indo-Arya|Indo-Arya]] |script = Aslinyane dados basa lisan. Nenten wénten aksara sané resmi antuk basa puniki; nanging ring milenium kapertama Masehi, basa puniki kasurat ring [[rumpun aksara Brahmi|aksara berumpun Brahmi]].{{efn|name=Salomon1998-epigraphy-book|"Sebagai kesimpulan, ada indikasi sistemik dan paleografis yang kuat bahwa aksara Brahmi berasal dari prototipe Semit, yang, terutama berdasarkan sejarah, kemungkinan besar adalah bahasa Aram. Namun, perincian masalah ini masih harus diselesaikan, dan dalam kasus apa pun, tidak mungkin derivasi lengkap huruf demi huruf dapat dilakukan; karena Brahmi mungkin lebih merupakan adaptasi dan pemodelan ulang, daripada turunan langsung, dari dugaan prototipe Semit, mungkin di bawah pengaruh tradisi analisis fonetik India yang sudah ada sebelumnya. Namun, hipotesis Semit tidak begitu kuat untuk mengesampingkan kemungkinan kecil bahwa penemuan lebih lanjut dapat mengubah gambaran secara drastis. Secara khusus, hubungan semacam itu, mungkin sebagian atau tidak langsung, dengan aksara prasejarah Lembah Indus tidak boleh dianggap sepenuhnya mustahil." {{harvnb|Salomon|1998|p=30}}}}<ref name="JainCardona2007-script1">{{cite book|last= Jain |first= Dhanesh |editor= George Cardona |editor2= Dhanesh Jain |title= The Indo-Aryan Languages |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |year= 2007 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-135-79711-9|pages=47–66, 51|chapter= Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages |quote=Dalam sejarah Indo-Arya, penulisan merupakan perkembangan selanjutnya dan pengadopsiannya lambat bahkan di zaman modern. Kata tertulis pertama datang kepada kita melalui prasasti Asoka yang berasal dari abad ketiga SM. Awalnya, Brahmi digunakan untuk menulis Prakrit (MIA); untuk bahasa Sanskerta (OIA) itu digunakan hanya empat abad kemudian (Masica 1991: 135). Tradisi MIA dari teks Buddhis dan Jain menunjukkan penghargaan yang lebih besar terhadap kata-kata tertulis daripada tradisi Brahmana OIA, meskipun tulisan tersedia untuk orang Indo-Arya Kuno.}}</ref><ref name="JainCardona2007-script2">{{cite book|last=Salomon |first=Richard |author-link= Richard G. Salomon (academic) |editor= George Cardona |editor2= Dhanesh Jain |title= The Indo-Aryan Languages |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |year=2007 |publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |pages= 67–102 |chapter= The Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages |quote=Meskipun dalam penggunaan modern bahasa Sansekerta paling sering ditulis atau dicetak dalam bahasa Nagari, secara teori, bahasa ini dapat diwakili oleh hampir semua aksara berbasis Brahmi utama, dan dalam praktiknya sering demikian. Oleh karena itu, aksara seperti Gujarati, Bangla, dan Oriya, serta aksara utama India selatan, secara tradisional telah dan masih sering digunakan di wilayah yang tepat untuk menulis bahasa Sanskerta. Bahasa Sanskerta, dengan kata lain, tidak secara inheren terkait dengan aksara tertentu, meskipun memiliki hubungan sejarah khusus dengan Nagari.}}</ref> |iso1 = sa |iso2 = san |sil = SKT |iso3 = san |glotto = sans1269 |ancestor = [[Basa Sanskerta Weda|Sanskerta Weda]] |minority = {{flag|India}} ([[Jadwal Kedelapan Konstitusi India|Bahasa Jadwal Kedelapan]]) |era = Abad Milenium ke-2 SM – 600 SM ('''Basa Sanskerta Weda''');<ref>{{cite book|author=Uta Reinöhl |title= Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nR_4CwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-873666-0|pages=xiv, 1–16}}</ref><br/>600 SM-mangkin('''Basa Sanskerta Klasik''') |imagecaption = ''Saṃskṛtam'' rign aksara [[Déwanagari]]}} [[Berkas:Taittiriya Samhita Vedas, Devanagari script, Sanskrit pliv.jpg|thumb|right|Taittiriya Samhita Veda]] [[Berkas:The Rig Veda.jpg|thumb|right|Rigveda]] '''Basa Sansekerta''' (संस्कृतम्, anggén aksara Latin: saṃskṛtam, kaucapang [sɐ̃skɽɪtɐm]) inggih punika basa India kuna sané lantang babadnyané kirang-langkung 3.500 warsa.<ref name="George Cardona 2012">George Cardona (2012). ''Sanskrit Language''. Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref>Harold G. Coward (1990). ''The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter)''. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-81-208-0426-5</ref> Sansekerta masoroh [[Soroh basa Indo-Arya|basa-basa Indo-Arya]].<ref name="George Cardona 2012"/> Sansekerta inggih punika basa suratan indik agama miwah filosofi Hindu miwah suratan akéh kakawian agama Buddha miwah [[Agama Jain|Jain]] miwah dados ''lingua franca'' India kuna.<ref>Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (2013). ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism''. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-98595-9</ref><ref>A. M. Ruppel (2017). ''The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08828-3</ref> Ring pangawit abad ka-1 M, Sansekerta ibéh ka [[Asia Kelod Kangin]],<ref>Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1974). ''Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia''. Sanskrit College</ref> Asia Timur<ref>Charles Orzech; Henrik Sørensen; Richard Payné (2011). ''Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia''. BRILL Academic. pp. 985–996. ISBN 978-90-04-18491-6</ref> miwah Asia Tengah<ref>Banerji, Sures (1989). ''A companion to Sanskrit literature: spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing brief accounts of authors, works, characters, technical terms, geographical names, myths, legends, and several appendices''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2</ref> sareng [[agama Buddha]] miwah [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]], pinaka basa budaya luhur miwah basa sané kaanggén olih élit sané nitah wawidangan-wawidangan punika.<ref>Michael C. Howard (2012). ''Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel''. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9033-2</ref><ref>Sheldon Pollock (2009). ''The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India''. 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F.|title=Sanskrit and Sanskritization|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1963-05_22_3/page/261|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=22|issue=3|pages=261–275|year=1963|doi=10.2307/2050186| jstor= 2050186}} *{{cite book |author1=Angus Stevenson |author2=Maurice Waite |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 }} *{{cite book |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |year=2004 |title=Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-31777-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC }} *{{cite book |author=Philipp Strazny| title=Encyclopedia of Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27JOMobauYAC |year= 2013|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45522-4}} *{{cite journal | author= Paul Thieme | year= 1958 | title= The Indo-European Language | journal= Scientific American | volume= 199 | pages= 63–78 | number= 4 | jstor= 24944793 | doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican1058-63 | bibcode= 1958SciAm.199d..63T }} *{{cite journal| title= Does Sanskrit Knowledge Exist? | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-indian-philosophy_2008-10_36_5-6/page/633 | author= Peter van der Veer | s2cid= 170594265 | journal= Journal of Indian Philosophy| volume= 36| number= 5/6| year= 2008| pages=633–641| publisher= Springer| jstor= 23497502 | doi= 10.1007/s10781-008-9038-8 }} * {{cite book |last=Umāsvāti |first=Umaswami |title=That Which Is |translator=Nathmal Tatia |year=1994 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-06-068985-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rw4RwN9Q1kC }} * {{cite journal |last1=Wayman |first1=Alex |year=1965 |title=The Buddhism and the Sanskrit of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_january-march-1965_85_1/page/111 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=111–115 | doi=10.2307/597713 |jstor=597713}} * {{cite book |author1=Annette Wilke |author2=Oliver Moebus |year=2011 |title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-024003-0 }} * {{cite journal | last=Whitney | first=W.D. | year=1885 | title=The Roots of the Sanskrit Language | journal=Transactions of the American Philological Association | volume=16 | pages=5–29 | publisher=JSTOR | issn=0271-4442 | doi=10.2307/2935779 | jstor=2935779 }} *{{cite book |last1=Witzel |first1=M. |title=Inside the texts, beyond the texts: New approaches to the study of the Vedas |date=1997 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/intro.pdf }} *{{cite book |last= Jamison |first = Stephanie | editor=Roger D. Woodard |title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC |year= 2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-68494-1 }} {{Refend}} === Lis pustaka === * [[Jan Gonda]]. [[1952]]. ''[[Sanskrit in Indonésia]]'', [[New Delhi]]: International Academy of Indian Culture. * Jan Gonda. 1963. ''Kurze Elementar-Grammatik der Sanskrit-Sprache'', [[Leiden]]: E.J. Brill * Jan Gonda. 1966. ''A Concise Elementary Grammar of the Sanskrit Language'', Tuscaloosa and London. Translated from the German by Gordon B. Ford Jr. * [[Haryati Soebadio]]. [[1983]]. ''Tata Bahasa Sanskerta Ringkas''. [[Jakarta]]: [[Penerbit Djambatan|Djambatan]]. [[Kategori:Basa|Sansekerta]] 2t5xeuimo2v2bxqvi5njip89mbsbjh7 0 150 281144 272296 2026-08-27T21:15:14Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Januari 2022}} {{Infobox person | name = Bill Gates | image = Bill Gates 2018.jpg | caption = Bill Gates warsa 2018. | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1955|10|28}} | birth_place = [[Seattle]], [[Washington (negara wagian)|Washington]], Amérika Serikat | birth_name = William Henry Gates III | occupation = Ketua [[Microsoft]]<br />Ketua [[Corbis]]<br />Ketua Pendamping [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]<br />Direktur [[Berkshire Hathaway]]<br />CEO [[Cascade Investment]] | years_active = 1975–sekarang | nationality = Amérika Serikat | net_worth = US$126,8 [[miliar]] (2021){{sfn|Forbes: Bill Gates Topic Page}} | religion = [[Katolik Roma]], sebelumnya [[Kongregasionalisme]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/bill-gates-the-rolling-stone-interview-20140313?print=true |title = Bill Gates: The Rolling Stone Interview |date = 2014-03-13 |first = Jeff |last = Goodell |work = Rolling Stone |access-date = 2021-11-13 |archive-date = 2014-10-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141015032258/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/bill-gates-the-rolling-stone-interview-20140313?print=true |url-status = dead }}</ref> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Melinda Gates|Melinda French]]|January 1, 1994<!--DO NOT CHANGE, THEY ARE NOT DIVORCED YET-->|2021|reason={{abbr|berp.|berpisah}}}} | children = 3 | residence = [[Medina, Washington|Medina]], Washington, Amérika Serikat | alma_mater = [[Universitas Harvard]] (keluar) | website = [http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/bio.mspx Bill Gates] | signature = BillGates Signature.svg | parents = [[William H. Gates, Sr.]]<br />[[Mary Maxwell Gates]] }} '''Bill Gates''' inggih punika pampimpin [[Microsoft]], perusahaan sané kaadegang olih ida, kasarengin antuk sawitrannyané sané mawasta Paul Allen. Ida embas ring Seattle, Washington, ring tanggal 28 Oktober 1955. Ida dados anak sané pinih sugih ring jagaté ring warsa 1995 ngantos warsa 2009. Nanging ring warsa 2008, ida ngamolihang urutan kaping tiga, anak sané pinih sugih ring jagaté. Ida taler ngadegang [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] ring warsa 2000<ref>"Profile: Bill Gates". BBC News. 26 Januari 2004. Diakses tanggal 21 Juli 2019.</ref>. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Situs web === {{Refbegin|40em}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/bill-gates/ |title=Bill Gates Topic Page |publisher=Forbes.com |accessdate=29 Méi 2021 |ref={{sfnRef|Forbes: Bill Gates Topic Page}} }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.wargs.com/other/gates.html |title=Ancestry of Bill Gates |publisher=Wargs.com |accessdate=2 Juni 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Ancestry of Bill Gates}} }} * {{cite web |title = Scottish Americans |publisher = albawest.com |url = http://www.albawest.com/scottish-americans.html |accessdate = 2 Juni 2015 |ref = {{sfnRef|Scottish Americans}} |archive-date = 2008-05-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511172722/http://www.albawest.com/scottish-americans.html |url-status = dead }} * {{cite web |title = Microsoft Visitor Center Student Information: Key Events in Microsoft History |publisher = Microsoft |url = http://download.microsoft.com/download/1/3/0/130dd86a-a196-4700-b577-521c4cf5cec1/key_events_in_microsoft_history.doc |accessdate = 2 Juni 2015 |ref = {{sfnRef|Key Events in Microsoft History}} |archive-date = 2008-02-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080226224212/http://download.microsoft.com/download/1/3/0/130dd86a-a196-4700-b577-521c4cf5cec1/key_events_in_microsoft_history.doc |dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web |title = Microsoft History |publisher = The History of Computing Project. |url = http://www.thocp.net/companies/microsoft/microsoft_company.htm |accessdate = 2 Juni 2015 |ref = {{sfnRef|Microsoft History}} |archive-date = 2008-05-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514211138/http://www.thocp.net/companies/microsoft/microsoft_company.htm |url-status = dead }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/435/000022369/ |title=Bill Gates |publisher=Nndb.com |accessdate=2 Juni 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|NNDB: Bill Gates}} }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/speeches/2005/10-13Waterloo.aspx |last=Gates |first=Bill |title=Remarks by Bill Gates |date=13 Oktober 2005 |location=Waterloo, Ontario |accessdate=2 Juni 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Remarks by Bill Gates|2005}} }} * {{cite web |url = http://theweekmagazine.com/article.aspx?id=803 |title = The new—and improved?—SAT |accessdate = 23 Méi 2006 |work = The Week Magazine |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060510205250/http://theweekmagazine.com/article.aspx?id=803 |archivedate = 2006-05-10 |deadurl = yes |ref = {{sfnRef|The new—and improved?—SAT}} }} * {{cite web |url=http://groklaw.net/pdf/iowa/www.iowaconsumercase.org/011607/0000/PX00738.pdf |title=Challenges and Strategy |format=PDF |work=Groklaw |accessdate=17 November 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Challenges and Strategy}} |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812161223/http://groklaw.net/pdf/iowa/www.iowaconsumercase.org/011607/0000/PX00738.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/steve/churchillclub.mspx |title=Steve Ballmer Speech Transcript&nbsp;— Church Hill Club |first=Steve |last=Ballmer |date=October 9, 1997 |publisher=Microsoft |accessdate=31 Maret 2008 |ref={{sfnRef|Steve Ballmer Speech Transcript}} }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/speeches/1997/pdc.aspx |first=Bill |last=Gates |title=Remarks by Bill Gates |location=San Diego |date=26 Séptémber 1997 |accessdate=7 Juni 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Remarks by Bill Gates|1997}} }} {{refend}} === Jurnal ilmiah, wawancara, miwah pidato === {{Refbegin|40em}} * {{cite journal |last1=Gates |first1=William |last2=Papadimitriou |first2=Christos |year=1979 |title=Bounds for sorting by prefix reversal |journal=[[Discrete mathematics]] |volume=27 |pages=47–57 |doi=10.1016/0012-365X(79)90068-2 |ref = {{sfnRef|Gates dan Papadimitriou|1979}} }} * {{cite interview |last=Gates |first=Bill |subjectlink=Bill Gates |interviewer=David Allison |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/gates.htm |title=Bill Gates Interview |program=Transcript of a Video History Interview |work=Computer History Collection |publisher=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=7 Juni 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|Allison}} }} {{refend}} === Warta === {{Refbegin|40em}} * {{cite news |url=http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2002/1223/258_print.html |title=Pioneers Die Broke |work=Forbes |author=Maiello, John Steele Gordon Michael |date=23 Désémber 2002 |accessdate=2 Juni 2015 |archive-date=2008-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412203559/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2002/1223/258_print.html |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSN1748882920080917 |title=Bill Gates tops U.S. wealth list 15 years in a row |first=Phil |last=Wahba |date=17 Séptémber 2008 |accessdate=2 Juni 2015 |agency=Reuters |ref={{sfnRef|Wahba|2008}} }} * {{cite news |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92236781 |title=Before Microsoft, Gates Solved A Pancake Problem |last=Kestenbaum |first=David |date=4 Juli 2008 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |ref={{sfnRef|Before Microsoft, Gates Solved A Pancake Problem}} }} * {{cite news |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rD0EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA44&dq=%22radio%20shack%22%20%22model%20i%22&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q=%22radio%20shack%22%20%22model%20i%22&f=false |title=Bugs in Radio Shack TRS-80 Model III: How Bad Are They? |accessdate=February 28, 2011 |author=Freiberger, Paul |date=August 31, 1981 |publisher=InfoWorld |page=49 |ref={{sfnRef|Freiberger|1981}} }} * {{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/gates/gates5.html |first=Walter |last=Isaacson |title=The Gates Operating System |work=Time |date=January 13, 1997 |accessdate=31 Maret 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000619090559/http://www.time.com/time/gates/gates5.html |archivedate=2000-06-19 |ref={{sfnRef|Isaacson|1997}} |dead-url=no }} * {{cite news |url=http://www.breakingwindows.net/1link3.htm |title=Breaking Windows |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=Bank, David |date=1 Pébruari 1999 |accessdate=31 Maret 2008 |ref={{sfnRef|David|1999}} |archive-date=2012-07-29 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120729/http://www.breakingwindows.net/1link3.htm |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite news |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i8aV1bK5vmwLaw9wYr9nY5bFc4YA |first=Glenn |last=Chapman |title=Bill Gates Signs Off |date=27 Juni 2008 |agency=Agence France-Presse |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630070506/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i8aV1bK5vmwLaw9wYr9nY5bFc4YA |archivedate=2008-06-30 |ref={{sfnRef|Chapman|2008}} |access-date=2011-10-08 |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite news |url=http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2006/jun06/06-15CorpNewsPR.mspx |title=Microsoft Announces Plans for July 2008 Transition for Bill Gates |publisher=Microsoft |date=15 Juni 2006 |ref={{sfnRef|Microsoft Announces Plans}} }} {{refend}} === Buku === {{Refbegin|40em}} * {{Cite book |title=The Road Ahead |url=https://archive.org/details/roadahead00gate_1 |last=Gates |first=Bill |year=1996 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0140260404 |ref={{sfnref|Gates|1996}} }} * {{cite book |title=Bill Gates: Entrepreneur and Philanthropist |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ubYgIB0TgUYC&pg=PA12&dq=Bill+Gates+Congregationalist#v=onepage&q&f=false |quote=The Gates family regularly went to services at the University Congregational Church. |author=Jeanne M. Lesinski|publisher=Twenty First Century Books |accessdate=March 10, 2011 |isbn=9781580135702 |date=Séptémber 1, 2008 |ref = {{sfnRef|Leninski|2006}} }} * {{Cite book |title =Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry and Madé Himself The Richest Man in America |url =https://archive.org/details/gateshowmicrosof0000mane_d9x8 |isbn = 0671880748 |year =1994 |publisher=[[Touchstone Pictures]] |last=Manes |first=Stephen |ref = {{sfnRef|Manes|1994}} }} * {{cite book |first=Robert |year=2004 |last=Herbold |title=The Fiefdom Syndrome: The Turf Battles That Undermine Careers and Companies&nbsp;– And How to Overcome Them |url=https://archive.org/details/fiefdomsyndromet00herb |isbn=0385510675 |ref={{sfnRef|Herbold|2004}} }} {{refend}} === Pustaka liyanan === * [http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11622119 "The Meaning of Bill Gates: As his reign at Microsoft comes to an end, so does the era he dominated"], ''[[The Economist]]'', June 28, 2008. * {{Cite book|last=Rivlin|first=Gary|title=The plot to get Bill Gates: an irreverent investigation of the world's richest man...and the people who hate him|url=https://archive.org/details/plottogetbillgat00rivl|year=1999|publisher=Times Business|location=New York|isbn=0-8129-3006-1}} * {{Cite journal|date=December 1998|title=83 Reasons Why Bill Gates's Reign Is Over|journal=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=Wired|volume=6|issue=12|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.12/microsoft.html}} * {{Cite book|last=Bank|first=David|title=Breaking Windows: how Bill Gates fumbled the future of Microsoft|url=https://archive.org/details/breakingwindowsh00bank|year=2001|publisher=Free Press|location=New York|isbn=0-7432-0315-1}} === Pranala jaba === {{Sister project links|Bill Gates}} * {{en}} [http://www.thegatesnotes.com/ Situs web resmi Bill Gates] * {{en}} [http://www.gatesfoundation.org/ Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation] * {{en}} [http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/bio.mspx Profile] di [[Microsoft]] * {{en}} [https://www.forbes.com/profile/bill-gates/ Profile] di [[Forbes]] * {{C-SPAN|billgates}} * {{Charlie Rose view|33}} * {{TED|speakers/bill_gates.html}} * {{IMDb name|0309540}} * {{NYTtopic|people/g/bill_gates}} * {{OL author|id=OL34537A}} * {{Nndb|435/000022369}} * {{en}} [http://money.cnn.com/2006/03/30/news/newsmakers/gates_howiwork_fortune/index.htm How I Work: Bill Gates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915155246/https://money.cnn.com/2006/03/30/news/newsmakers/gates_howiwork_fortune/index.htm |date=2020-09-15 }}, ''Fortune'', 30 Maret 2006 {{S-start}} {{S-hon}} {{Succession box |before = [[Warren Buffett]] |title = [[Daftar miliarder|Orang terkaya di dunia]] |years = 1996–2007 |after = Warren Buffett}} {{Succession box |before = Warren Buffett |title = Orang terkaya di dunia |years = 2009–2010 |after = [[Carlos Slim]]}} {{S-end}} {{Eksekutif Microsoft}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gates, Bill}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Amérika Serikat]] [[Kategori:Jadma pinih sugih ring gumi manut Forbes]] [[Kategori:Pemrogram komputer Amérika Serikat]] [[Kategori:Wirausahawan]] [[Kategori:Person of the Year]] sxefu0dcsunt9pergnfeupj7cfa0tw8 0 166 281270 193705 2026-08-27T22:38:25Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|10|S|52|W|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Républik fédératif Brasil |common_name = Brazil |native_name = República Federativa do Brasil ([[Portugis Brasil]]) |image_flag = Flag of Brazil.svg |alt_flag = |image_coat = Coat of arms of Brazil.svg |alt_coat = |symbol_type = Coat of arms |other_symbol = {{vunblist |''[[National Seal of Brazil|Selo Nacional do Brasil]]'' <br />{{small|National Seal of Brazil}} <br />[[File:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg|100px|link=National Seal of Brazil]]}} |other_symbol_type = [[Seal (emblem)|National seal]] |national_motto = {{native name|pt|Ordem e Progresso| italics=off||nolink=yes}} <br />{{small|"Order and Progress"}} |national_anthem = "[[Brazilian National Anthem|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]]" (Portuguese) <br />{{small|"Brazilian National Anthem"}} <br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File: Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg]]}}</div> |flag_anthem="[[Brazilian Flag Anthem|Hino à Bandeira Nacional]]" (Portuguese)<ref name="HinoBandeira">{{cite web|url=http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |title=Hino à Bandeira Nacional |author=Exército Brasileiro |language=Portuguese |accessdate=29 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222123948/http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |archivedate=22 February 2014 |df= }}</ref> <br />{{small|"National Flag Anthem"}} <br />[[File:Brazilian Flag Anthem (Brazilian Army).ogg|center]] |image_map = BRA orthographic.svg |alt_map = |capital = [[Brasília]] |coordinates = {{small|{{Coord|15|47|S|47|52|W|type:city}}}} |largest_city = [[São Paulo]]<br>{{small|{{coord|23|33|S|46|38|W|display=inline}}}} |languages_type = Official language<br />{{nobold|and national language}} |languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Demographics |publisher=Brazilian Government |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/brazil/brazil-in-numbers/demographics |accessdate=8 October 2011 |archivedate=17 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117051415/http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/brazil/brazil-in-numbers/demographics}}</ref> |regional_languages = {{Plainlist| * [[Brazilian Sign Language]] * [[Tucano language|Tucano]] * [[Nheengatu]] * [[Karu language|Baniwa]] * [[German language|German]] * [[Italian language|Italian]]<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://pt.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituição_de_1988_da_República_Federativa_do_Brasil/T%C3%ADtulo_II#Artigo_13]</ref> }} |ethnic_groups = {{vunblist |47.73% [[White Brazilian|White]] |{{nowrap|43.13% [[Pardo Brazilian|Mixed]]}} |7.61% [[Black Brazilian|Black]] |1.09% [[Asian Brazilian|Asian]] |0.43% [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2010 |ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="raca2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf |title=Caracteristicas da População e dos Domicílios do Censo Demográfico 2010 – Cor ou raça |accessdate=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217041601/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |demonym = [[Brazilians|Brazilian]] |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Présidéntial system|Présidéntial]] {{nowrap|[[Constitutionalism|constitutional]] [[republic]]}} |leader_title1 = [[Présidént of Brazil|Présidént]] |leader_name1 = [[Jair Bolsonaro]] |leader_title2 = [[Vice Présidént of Brazil|Vice Présidént]] |leader_name2 = [[Hamilton Mourão]] |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Présidént of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Présidént of the<br />Chamber of Deputies]]}} |leader_name3 = [[Rodrigo Maia]] |leader_title4 = [[Présidént of the Federal Senate (Brazil)|Présidént of the <br />Federal Senate]] |leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[Davi Alcolumbre]]}} |leader_title5 = {{nowrap|[[Supreme Federal Court|Présidént of the<br />Supreme Federal Court]]}} |leader_name5 = [[Dias Toffoli]] |legislature = [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] |upper_house = [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]] |lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] |sovereignty_type = [[Independence of Brazil|Independence]] |sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] |established_event1 = [[Brazilian Independence|Declared]] |established_date1 = 7 Séptémber 1822 |established_event2 = [[Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 29 August 1825 |established_event3 = [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Republic]] |established_date3 = 15 November 1889 |established_event4 = [[Treaty of Petrópolis]] |established_date4 = 11 November 1903 |established_event5 = [[Constitution of Brazil|Current constitution]] |established_date5 = 5 October 1988 |area_km2 = 8515767 |area_label = Total |area_rank = 5th |area_sq_mi = 3287597 |percent_water = 0.65 |population_estimate = 210,147,125<ref name="IBGE Official Estimate">{{cite web |last1=Silva |first1=Antonio Carlos Coutinho Gouvea da |title=Projeções da População {{!}} Estatísticas {{!}} IBGE :: Instituto Brasileiro de Géograpia e Estatística |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas-novoportal/sociais/populacao/9109-projecao-da-populacao.html?=&t=resultados |website=www.ibge.gov.br |accessdate=30 August 2018 |language=pt-br}}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2019 |population_estimate_rank = 6th |population_density_km2 = 25 |population_density_sq_mi = 63 |population_density_rank = 200th |GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $3.596 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOBR">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=18&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2020 |GDP_PPP_rank = 8th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $17,016<ref name="IMFWEOBR"/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 80th |GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $1.893 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOBR"/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2020 |GDP_nominal_rank = 9th |GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $8,955<ref name="IMFWEOBR"/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 73rd |Gini = 53.9<!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2018 |Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref =<ref name="WBgini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Brazil |publisher= World Bank |accessdate=22 March 2020}}</ref> |Gini_rank = 10th |HDI = 0.761 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019.pdf |title=2019 Human Development Report |year=2019 |accessdate=9 December 2019 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 79th |currency = [[Brazilian real|Real]] (R$) |currency_code = BRL |time_zoné = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]] |utc_offset = −2 to −5 |antipodes = |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]]) |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[Telephoné numbers in Brazil|+55]] |iso3166code = |cctld = [[.br]] |religion_year = 2010 |religion_ref = <ref name="census2010">[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). 2010 Census]. Retrieved 7 August 2012.</ref> |religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |64.6% [[Catholic Church in Brazil|Catholic]] |22.2% [[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestant]] |8.0% [[Irreligion in Brazil|Irreligion]] |2.0% [[Spiritism]] |3.2% Others }} }} [[Berkas:Flag of Brazil.svg|thumb|Kopér Brazil]] [[Berkas:Brazil pol94.jpg|thumb|Péta Brazil]] '''Brazil''' utawi wastan resmi '''Républik Fédéral Brazil''' ({{lang-pt|Brasil}}; {{IPA-pt|bɾaˈziw}}),<ref group="nt">{{IPA-pt|bɾɐˈziɫ|eu}}</ref> wastan resmi '''Federative Republic of Brazil''' ({{lang-pt|República Federativa do Brasil|links=no}}, {{Audio|Pt-br-República Federativa do Brasil.ogg|listen}}),<ref name="Bello1966v">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000bell<!--removed URL to Google Books as the content cannot be accessed from that source-->|title=A History of Modern Brazil: 1889–1964|author=José María Bello|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1966|isbn=978-0-8047-0238-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000bell/page/56 56]}}</ref> inggih punika nagara pinih ageng ring Amérika Kelod. Ibukotanyané Brazil punika Brasilia miwah kotanyané sané pinih ageng inggih punika São Paulo. Akéh kramannyané kirang-langkung 210 yuta diri (2019) miwah jimbarnyané 8.500.000&nbsp;km². Brazil inggih punika nagara pinih ageng ring jagat sané ka-5. Brazil inggih punika fédérasi sané kawangun saking 26 nagara bagian miwah distrik fédéral. == Pamrentahan == === Negara wagian === {{utama|Negara wagian ring Brasil}} {{:Negara wagian ring Brasil}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliografi=== {{Refbegin|40em}} * Azevedo, Aroldo. ''O Brasil e suas regiões''. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971 * Barman, Roderick J. ''Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-8047-3510-7}} * {{citation|last=Biscardi|first=Afrânio|last2=Rocha|first2=Frederico Almeida|title=O Mecenato Artístico de D. Pedro II e o Projeto Imperial|periodical=19&20 - A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte|url=http://www.dezenovevinte.net/ensino_artistico/mecenato_dpedro.htm|volume=I|issue=1|date=May 2006}} * [[C. R. Boxer|Boxer, Charles R.]]. ''O império marítimo português 1415–1825''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. {{ISBN|85-359-0292-9}} * Bueno, Eduardo. ''Brasil: uma História''. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. {{ISBN|85-08-08213-4}} * Calmon, Pedro. ''História da Civilização Brasileira''. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002 * Carvalho, José Murilo de. ''D. Pedro II''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007 * Coelho, Marcos Amorim. ''Géograpia do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996 * Diégues, Fernando. ''A revolução brasílica''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004 * ''[[Barsa (encyclopedia)|Enciclopédia Barsa]]''. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987 * {{cite book | last1 = Ermakoff | first1 = George | year = 2006 | language = Portuguese | title = Rio de Janeiro&nbsp;– 1840–1900&nbsp;– Uma crônica fotográfica | publisher = G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial | location = Rio de Janeiro | isbn = 978-85-98815-05-3 | ref = harv }} * Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. ''Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002)'', 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. {{ISBN|85-7326-308-3}} * [[Elio Gaspari|Gaspari, Elio]]. ''A ditadura envergonhada''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. {{ISBN|85-359-0277-5}} * Janotti, Aldo. ''O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990 * Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v. 1''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977 * Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v. 3''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977 * Lustosa, Isabel. ''D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter''. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. {{ISBN|85-359-0807-2}} * Moreira, Igor A. G. ''O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil''. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981 * Munro, Dana Gardner. ''The Latin American Republics; A History''. New York: D. Appleton, 1942. * Peres, Damião (1949) ''O Descobrimento do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: antecedentes e intencionalidade'' Porto: Portucalense. * Scheina, Robert L. ''Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987''. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. {{ISBN|0-87021-295-8}} * Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. ''As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos''. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. {{ISBN|85-7164-837-9}} * [[Thomas Skidmore|Skidmore, Thomas E]]. ''Uma História do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. {{ISBN|85-219-0313-8}} * Souza, Adriana Barreto de. ''Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento''. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. {{ISBN|978-85-200-0864-5}}. * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wright|1992}}|reference=Wright, Simon. 1992. ''Villa-Lobos''. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-315475-7}}}} * Vainfas, Ronaldo. ''Dicionário do Brasil Imperial''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. {{ISBN|85-7302-441-0}} * Vesentini, José William. ''Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Géograpia do Brasil''. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988 * Vianna, Hélio. ''História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república'', 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994 * Zirin, Dave. ''Brazil's Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, The Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy'' Haymarket Books 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-60846-360-2}} {{Refend}} ===Pustaka liyanan=== {{Refbegin|40em}} * {{cite book |author=Alves, Maria Helena Moreira |title=State and Opposition in Military Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/stateoppositioni0000alve_m2e2 |location=Austin, TX |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1985}} * {{cite book |author=Amann, Edmund |title=The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso |publisher=World Development (pp.&nbsp;1805–19) |year=1990}} * {{cite web |title=Background Note: Brazil |publisher=US Department of State |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm |accessdate=16 Juné 2011}} * {{cite book |author=Bellos, Alex |title=Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/futebolbrazilian0000bell |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing plc |year=2003}} * {{cite book |author=Bethell, Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1991}} * {{cite book |author=Costa, João Cruz |title=A History of Ideas in Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofideasin0000cost |url-access=registration |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1964}} * {{cite book |author=Fausto, Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1999 |ref=}} * {{cite book |author=Furtado, Celso |title=The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times |url=https://archive.org/details/economicgrowthof0000furt |url-access=registration |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press}} * {{cite book |author=Leal, Victor Nunes |title=Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0521214882 |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1977}} * {{cite book |author=Malathronas, John |title=Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul |url=https://archive.org/details/brazillifebloods0000mala |location=Chichester |publisher=Summersdale |year=2003}} * {{cite book |author=Martinez-Lara, Javier |title=Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change |publisher=Macmillan |year=1995}} * {{cite book |author=Prado Júnior, Caio |title=The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/colonialbackgrou00praduoft |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967}} * {{cite book |author=Schneider, Ronald |title=Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Boulder Westview |year=1995}} * {{cite book |author=Skidmore, Thomas E. |title=Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/blackintowhitera0000skid |url-access=registration |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974}} * {{cite book |author=Wagley, Charles |title=An Introduction to Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobr0000wagl_k5a3 |location=New York, New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1963}} * {{cite book |title=The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil |location=New York, NY |publisher=World Almanac Books |year=2006}} {{Refend}} === Pranala jaba === {{Negara ring Amérika Selatan}} [[Kategori:Negara]] [[Kategori:Amérika Kelod]] 41w51cmq2uh285lhfkqz9yiujnt7u2w 0 179 281155 280165 2026-08-27T21:23:05Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|satelit alami Bumi|"bulan" ring pengertian luwih jimbar|satelit alami|penanggalan|Bulan (penanggalan)|kagunan liyan}}{{Infobox planet | name = Bulan | apsis = gee | alt_names = Wulan, Candra, Lunar | symbol = [[Berkas:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|24px|alt=☾|Simbol Bulan]] | image = [[Berkas:FullMoon2010.jpg|frameless|center|alt=Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.|Full moon]] | caption = [[Purnama]] kacingak saking [[pahan gumi kalér]] | periapsis = {{val|363295|u=km}}<br>({{val|0.0024|ul=AU}}) | apoapsis = {{val|405503|u=km}} <br>({{val|0.0027|u=AU}}) | semimajor = {{val|384399|u=km}}<br> ({{val|0.00257|u=AU}})<ref name="W06"/> | eccentricity = {{val|0.0549}}<ref name="W06"/> | period = {{val|27.321582|ul=d}} {{nowrap|(27 d 7 h 43,1 min<ref name="W06"/>)}} | synodic_period = {{val|29.530589|u=d}} {{nowrap|(29 d 12 h 44 min 2,9 s)}} | avg_speed = {{val|1.022|ul=km/s}} | inclination = 5,145° ke [[ekliptika]]<ref name="Lang2011"/> (riantara 18,29° dan 28,58° ke [[khatulistiwa]] Bumi)<ref name="W06"/><!--Wieczorek et al. 2006; 18.29° when the longitude of the Moon's ascending node is 180°, 28.58° when it is 0°--> | asc_node = Mundur satu [[Revolusi orbit|revolusi]] dalam 18,6&nbsp;tahun | arg_peri = Maju satu revolusi dalam 8,85&nbsp;tahun | satellite_of = [[Bumi]] | flattening = {{val|0.00125}}<!--Calculated from data below--> | equatorial_radius = {{val|1738.14|u=km}} (0,273&nbsp;Bumi)<ref name="NSSDC"/> | polar_radius = {{val|1735.97|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/> | mean_radius = {{val|1737.10|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/> | circumference = {{val|10921|u=km}} ([[khatulistiwa]]) | surface_area = {{val|3.793|e=7|u=km2}} {{nowrap|(0,074 Bumi)}} | volume = {{val|2.1958|e=10|u=km3}} {{nowrap|(0,020 Bumi)}} | mass = {{val|7.3477|e=22|u=kg}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.012300}} Bumi<ref name="W06"/>)}} | density = {{val|3.3464|ul=g/cm3}}<ref name="W06"/> | surface_grav = {{val|1.622|ul=m/s2}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.1654|u=[[Gaya-g|g]]}})}} | escape_velocity = {{val|2.38|ul=km/s}} | sidereal_day = {{val|27.321582|u=d}} ([[Rotasi sinkron|sinkron]]) <!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 --> | rot_velocity = {{nowrap|4,627 m/s}} | axial_tilt = 1,5424° (ke [[ekliptika]])<!-- 1.533° according to Conn 2007 --> <br> 6,687° (ke [[Bidang orbit (astronomi)|bidang orbit]])<ref name="Lang2011"/><!-- 6.4° according to<ref name="Grego2005">Grego, Peter, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005</ref> 6.6783° according to<ref name="Conn2007">Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)</ref>--> | albedo = 0,136<ref name="Saari"/> | magnitude = −2,5 sampai −12,9{{efn|name=maxval}} <br> −12,74 (rata-rata [[bulan purnama]])<ref name="NSSDC"/> | angular_size = 29,3 sampai 34,1 [[menit busur]]<ref name="NSSDC"/>{{efn|name=angular size}} | temp_name1 = Khatulistiwa | min_temp_1 = -173º [[Celcius|C]] | mean_temp_1 = -53º C | max_temp_1 = 116º C | temp_name2 = 85°N{{lower|0.3em|<ref name="Vasavada1999"/>}} | min_temp_2 = -203&nbsp;°C | mean_temp_2 = -143º C | max_temp_2 = -43º C | atmosphere_ref =<ref name="L06"/> | surface_pressure = 10⁻⁷ [[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] (siang) <br> 10⁻¹⁰ Pa (malam){{efn|name=pressure explanation}} | atmosphere_composition = [[Argon|Ar]], [[Helium|He]], [[Sodium|Na]], [[Potasium|K]], [[Hidrogen|H]], [[Radon|Rn]] | atmosphere = yes | adjectives = lunar, komariah }} [[Berkas:US Navy 041027-N-9500T-001 The moon turns red and orange during a total lunar eclipse.jpg|jmpl|Bulan sane marwarna barak miwah jingga, kacingak saking Gumi ritatkala [[gerhana Bulan]], ritatkala Gumi magenah riantara Bulan lan Matahari.]] '''Bulan''' (simbol: [[berkas:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☾]]) ento awak astronomi ané mapiteh ngilehin [[Gumi]]. Tusing ada satelit alami di Guminé ané lénan tekén Bulan. Bulan ento satelit paling gedé ané ka-5 di [[Tata Surya|tata surya]] tur satelit paling gedé yén padaang tekén planét ané kailehin. Bulan ento masih satelit paling padet ané ka-2 di tata surya, sasubané Io, satelit Jupitér.<ref>Schubert, J. (2004). "Interior composition, structure, and dynamics of the Galilean satellites.". In F. Bagenal; et al. (eds.). ''Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere''. Cambridge University Press. k. 281–306. ISBN 978-0-521-81808-7</ref> Bulan kawentuk 4,51 milyar tiban ané suba liwat, tusing makelo sasubané Guminé. Manut téori ané paling katerima dinané ené, Bulan kawentuk uli bok muah sisan tabrakan Gumi ajak planét lénan, sagedé [[Mars]], ané maadan [[Theia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Dec98/OriginEarthMoon.html|title= Origin of the Earth and Moon|publisher= G. Jeffrey Taylor, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{reflist |colwidth = 30em |refs = <ref name="W06"> {{cite journal |last1 = Wieczorek |first1 = M. |title = The constitution and structure of the lunar interior |journal = Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume = 60 |issue = 1 |pages = 221–364 |year = 2006 |doi = 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3 |display-authors = 1 |author2 = <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> }} </ref> <ref name="Lang2011"> Lang, Kenneth R. (2011); [http://books.google.ca/books?id=S4xDhVCxAQIC&pg=PA184 ''The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System''], 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press </ref> <ref name="NSSDC">{{cite web |last = Williams |first = Dr. David R. |title = Moon Fact Sheet |publisher = [[NASA]] (National Space Science Data Center) |url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html |date = 2 February 2006 |accessdate = 31 December 2008 |archive-date = 23 March 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100323165650/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="Saari"> {{cite journal |doi = 10.1364/AO.47.004981 |title = Celestial body irradiance determination from an underfilled satellite radiometer: application to albedo and thermal emission measurements of the Moon using CERES |year = 2008 |last1 = Matthews |first1 = Grant |journal = Applied Optics |volume = 47 |pages = 4981–93 |pmid = 18806861 |issue = 27 |bibcode = 2008ApOpt..47.4981M }} </ref> <ref name="Vasavada1999"> {{cite journal |author=A.R. Vasavada, D.A. Paige, and S.E. 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Nilai minimum (saat [[bulan baru]]) didasarkan pada skala yang sama dengan menggunakan jarak Bumi-Bulan maksimum, atau 407.000 km, dan dengan menghitung kecerahan cahaya bulan pada saat bulan baru. Kecerahan cahaya bulan adalah {{nowrap|[[Albedo]] Bumi ×}} {{nowrap|([[radius bumi]] /}} Radius [[orbit Bulan]])²&nbsp;] relatif terhadap pencahayaan langsung dari Matahari yang terjadi saat bulan purnama. ({{nowrap|Albedo Bumi {{=}} 0.367}}; {{nowrap|Radius Bumi {{=}} radius (kutub}}&nbsp;× {{nowrap|radius khatulistiwa)^½ {{=}} 6 367 km}}.) }} {{efn | name = angular size | Kisaran nilai ukuran sudut yang dicantumkan berdasarkan pada skala sederhana dari nilai yang terdapat dalam referensi: jarak khatulistiwa Bumi ke pusat Bulan adalah 378.000 km, ukuran sudutnya adalah 1.896 [[detik busur]]. Referensi yang sama mencantumkan jarak ekstrem Bumi-Bulan adalah 407.000 km dan 357.km 000. Untuk menentukan ukuran sudut maksimum, jarak minimum harus dikoreksi sesuai dengan radius khatulistiwa bumi, yakni 6.378 km, sehingga hasilnya 350.600 km. }} {{efn | name = pressure explanation | Lucey ''et al.'' (2006) menyatakan {{nowrap|10⁷ partikel cm⁻³}} pada siang hari dan {{nowrap|10⁵ partikel cm⁻³}} pada malam hari. Akibat suhu permukaan khatulistiwa yang mencapai 390&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] pada siang hari dan 100&nbsp;K pada malam hari, [[hukum gas ideal]] menghasilkan tekanan yang sebagaimana yang dicantumkan pada kotak info (dibulatkan hingga mendekati [[urutan magnitudo]]): 10⁻⁷&nbsp;[[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] pada siang hari dan 10⁻¹⁰&nbsp;Pa pada malam hari. }} {{efn | name = near-Earth asteroids | Terdapat sejumlah [[asteroid dekat Bumi]], termasuk [[3753 Cruithne]], yang meng[[ko-orbit]] Bumi: orbit mereka menjauhi Bumi untuk beberapa periode waktu namun kemudian melakukan pengorbitan dalam waktu lama (Morais et al, 2002). Adapula [[quasi-satelit]]&nbsp;– mereka bukanlah satelit karena mereka tidak mengorbit Bumi. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat [[Satelit Bumi lainnya]]. }} {{efn | name = Charon and Pluto | [[Charon (bulan)|Charon]] secara proporsional lebih besar untuk ukuran [[Pluto]], tetapi Pluto telah direklasifikasi sebagai [[planet katai]]. }} {{efn | name = age | Usia ini dihitung dari penanggalan isotop batuan Bulan. }} {{efn | name = orbpd | Lebih tepatnya, periode sidereal Bulan (bintang tetap ke bintang tetap) adalah 27,321661&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 11,5d)}}, dan periode orbit tropis rata-ratanya (dari ekuinoks ke ekuinoks) adalah 27,321582&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 04,7d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107). }} {{efn | name = synpd | Lebih tepatnya, periode sinodis rata-rata Bulan (antara rata-rata konjungsi matahari) adalah 29,530589&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(29h 12j 44m 02,9d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107). }} {{efn | name = brightness | [[Magnitudo tampak]] Matahari adalah −26.7, dan magnitudo tampak bulan purnama adalah −12.7. }} {{efn | name = area | Secara rata-rata, Bulan meliputi area seluas 0,21078 derajat persegi di langit malam. }} {{efn | name = size changes | Lihat grafik di [[Matahari#Fase hidup]]. Saat ini, diameter Matahari meningkat dengan laju sekitar lima persen per miliar tahun. Angka ini hampir sama dengan laju diameter sudut Bulan yang berkurang karena surut dari Bumi. }} }} === Bibliografi === {{Refbegin}} * {{Anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book|last = Needham|first = Joseph|title = Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth|url = http://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC|year = 1986|publisher = Caves Books|isbn = 978-0-521-05801-8|place = Taipei }} {{Refend}} === Bacaan liyanan === {{Refbegin}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/948_discovery_2008/page4.shtml The Moon]. ''Discovery 2008''. BBC World Service. * {{cite book|last = Bussey|first = B.|coauthors = [[Paul Spudis|Spudis, P.D.]]|title = The Clementine Atlas of the Moon|year = 2004|publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 0-521-81528-2 }} * {{cite web|last = Cain|first = Fraser|title = Where does the Moon Come From?|publisher = Universe Today|url = http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-17-where-does-the-moon-come-from/|accessdate = 1 April 2008}} (podcast and transcript) * {{cite journal| last = Jolliff| first = B.| coauthors = Wieczorek, M.; Shearer, C.; Neal, C. (eds.)| title = New views of the Moon| url = http://www.minsocam.org/msa/RIM/Rim60.html| accessdate = 12 April 2007| volume = 60| year = 2006| publisher = Min. Soc. Amer.| location = Chantilly, Virginia| isbn = 0-939950-72-3| doi = 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.0| page = 721| issue = 1| journal = Rev. Mineral. Geochem.}} * {{cite web|last = Jones|first = E.M.|title = Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|publisher = NASA|year = 2006|url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 18 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518112906/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/|url-status = dead}} * {{cite web|title = Exploring the Moon|publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} * {{cite book|last = Mackenzie|first = Dana|title = The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be|url = https://archive.org/details/bigsplatorhowour00mack|year = 2003|publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc|location = Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn = 0-471-15057-6}} * {{cite book|last = [[Patrick Moore|Moore, P.]]|title = On the Moon|url = https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr|year = 2001|publisher = Sterling Publishing Co.|location = Tucson, Arizona|isbn = 0-304-35469-4}} * {{cite web|title = Moon Articles|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Moon.html}} * {{cite book|last = Spudis|first = P. D.|title = The Once and Future Moon|url = https://archive.org/details/oncefuturemoon0000spud|year = 1996|publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press|isbn = 1-56098-634-4 }} * {{cite book|last = Taylor|first = S.R.|title = Solar system evolution|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121|publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press|page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121/page/307 307]|year = 1992|isbn = 0-521-37212-7}} * {{cite web|last = Teague|first = K.|title = The Project Apollo Archive|year = 2006|url = http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_archive.html|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} * {{cite journal|last = Wilhelms|first = D.E.|title = Geologic History of the Moon|journal = U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper|year = 1987|volume = 1348|url = http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} * {{cite book|last = Wilhelms|first = D.E.|title = To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/rockyMoon/|accessdate = 10 March 2009|year = 1993|publisher = University of Arizona Press|location = Tucson, Arizona|isbn = 0-8165-1065-2}} {{Refend}} === Pranala jaba === {{Sister project links|Moon|voy=Moon}} * [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130129.html APOD - Video of lunar drive] === Wit kartografi === * {{cite web|title = Consolidated Lunar Atlas|publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/cla/ | accessdate =26 February 2012}} * [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/jsp/FeatureTypes2.jsp?system=Earth&body=Moon&systemID=3&bodyID=11 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (USGS)] List of feature names. * {{cite web|title = Clementine Lunar Image Browser|publisher = U.S. Navy|date = 15 October 2003|url = http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/clib/|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 2007-04-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070407000411/http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/clib/|dead-url = yes}} * 3D zoomable globes: ** {{cite web|title = Google Moon|publisher = Google|year = 2007|url = http://moon.google.com|accessdate =12 April 2007}} ** {{cite web|title = Moon|work = World Wind Central|publisher = NASA|year = 2007|url = http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 15 May 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070515064406/http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon|url-status = dead}} * {{cite web|last = Aeschliman|first = R|title = Lunar Maps|work = Planetary Cartography and Graphics|url = http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 2007-05-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070501175129/http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm|dead-url = yes}} Maps and panoramas at Apollo landing sites * [http://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305055023/https://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html |date=2012-03-05 }} [[Selene|Kaguya (Selene)]] images === Perangkat observasi === * {{cite web|title = NASA's SKYCAL—Sky Events Calendar|publisher = NASA Eclipse Home Page|url = http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html|accessdate = 27 August 2007|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080221075155/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html|archivedate = 2008-02-21|dead-url = yes}} * {{cite web|title = Find moonrise, moonset and moonphase for a location|year = 2008|url =http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/moonrise.html|accessdate =18 February 2008}} * {{cite web|title = HMNAO's Moon Watch|year = 2005|url = http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm|accessdate = 24 May 2009|archive-date = 2009-02-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090204002746/http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm|dead-url = yes}} See when the next new crescent moon is visible for any location. {{Topik Bulan}} {{Bumi}} {{Tata Surya}} {{artikel pilihan}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Bulan| ]] [[Kategori:Satelit alami]] [[Kategori:Tata surya]] t4shh569h6yph8dk397pqniub5fm0cg 0 217 281050 64468 2026-08-27T19:45:06Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 11 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Underlinked|date=Désémber 2020}} '''Cerpén''' inggih punika satua cutet sané marupa prosa. Cerpén punika cutetan tekén sastra sané lianan sakadi novél utawi novélla. Karya sastra puniki madasar antuk té''knik-téknik'' sastra minakadi tokoh, plot, téma miwah basa. Cerpén wénten kapertama saking tradisi liwat omongan (''tradisi lisan'') sané ngamedalang carita-carita sané kasub sakadi Odyssey sané kakaryanin olih Homer. Carita-carita kuno punika kacritayang marupa puisi sané mawirama. Wentuk kuno cerpén sané lianan inggih punika anekdot. Anékdot punika maguna antuk perumpamaan, carita cutet sané madaging antuk piteket utawi tetujon. Carita cutet utawi cerpén puniki ngemusatang carita antuk abesik manten kajadiannyané tur nganggén galah sané akidikan saking novél. Unsur intrinsik sané ngawangun cerpén puniki minakadi: # Téma inggih punika topik utawi daging utama sané kaanggén dasar antuk ngaryanin karya sastra cerpén punika # Latar inggih punika wéénten latar genah, latar galah tur latar ''suasana'' sané kaanggén ngidupang carita apang sang sané maca punika resep antuk carita sané wénten ring cerpén punika # Alur inggih punika ''urutan'' utawi ''kejadian-kejadian'' sané wénten ring carita cerpénné, alur kakepah dados tiga inggih punika ''alur maju, alur mundur'', miwah ''alur campuran'' # Perwatakan inggih punika sifat sakadi becik utawi jelé tokoh utawi anak sané kacritayang ring cerpénné # Tokoh inggih punika sang sané kabaosang utawi kacritayang ring daging cerpén. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} === Cingak masih === * [[Sastra]] === Pustaka liyanan === * {{cite book |editor=Browns, Julie |title=Ethnicity and the American Short Story |publisher=New York: Garland |year=1997 }} * {{cite book |author =Goyet, Florence |title=The Classic Short Story, 1870–1925: Theory of a Genre |publisher=Cambridge: Open Book Publishers|year=2014 |url=http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/199}} * {{cite book |editor=Gelfant, Blanche |editor2=Lawrence Graver |title=The Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-Century American Short Story |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiacompanio00blan |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000}} * {{cite book |editor=Hart, James |editor2=Phillip Leininger |title=Oxford Companion to American Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompanionthart |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995}} * {{cite book |editor=Ibáñez, José R |editor2=José Francisco Fernández |editor3=Carmen M. Bretones |title=, Contemporary Debates on the Short Story |publisher=Bern: Lang |year=2007 }} * {{cite book |editor=Iftekharrudin, Farhat |editor2=Joseph Boyden |editor3=Joseph Longo |editor4=Mary Rohrberger |title=Postmodern Approaches to the Short Story |publisher=Westport, CN: Praeger |year=2003 }} * {{cite book |editor=Kennedy, Gerald J. |title=Modern American Short Story Sequences: Composite Fictions and Fictive Communities |publisher=Cambridge: Cambridge University Press |year=2011 }} * {{cite book | author =Lohafer, Susan |title=Reading for Storyness: Preclosure Theory, Empirical Poetics, and Culture in the Short Story | url =https://archive.org/details/readingforstoryn0000loha |publisher=Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2003}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Magill |editor-first=Frank |title=Short Story Writers |url=https://archive.org/details/shortstorywriter00magi |publisher=Salem Press |location=Pasadena, California |year=1997}} * {{cite book |editor=Patea, Viorica |title=Short Story Theories: A Twenty-First-Century Perspective |publisher=Amsterdam: Rodopi |year=2012 }} * {{cite book |editor=Scofield, Martin |title=The Cambridge Introduction to the American Short Story |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeintrodu0000scof |publisher=Cambridge: Cambridge University Press |year=2006 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Watson |editor-first=Noelle |title=Reference Guide to Short Fiction |url=https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto00wats |publisher=St. James Press |location=Detroit |year=1994}} * {{cite book |editor=Winther, Per |editor2=Jakob Lothe |editor3=Hans H. Skei |title=The Art of Brevity: Excursions in Short Fiction Theory and Analysis |publisher=Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press |year=2004 }} * {{cite book |author=Eikhenbaum, Boris, "How Gogol's 'Overcoat' is Madé" in Elizabeth Trahan (ed.) |title= Gogol's "Overcoat" : An Anthology of Critical Essays, |publisher=Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis |year=1982 }} * {{cite book | author =Hanson, Clare |title=Short Stories and Short Fictions, 1880–1980 | url =https://archive.org/details/shortstoriesshor0000hans |publisher=New York: St. Martin's Press |year=1985 }} * {{cite book | author =LoCicero, Donald |title=Novellentheorie: The Practicality of the Theoretical | url =https://archive.org/details/novellentheoriep0000loci |publisher=(About the German theories of the Short Story) The Hague: Mouton |year=1970 }} * {{cite book |editor=Lohafer, Susan |editor2=Jo Ellyn Clarey |title=Short Story Theory at a Crossroads |publisher=Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press |year=1990 }} * {{cite book | author =Mann, Susan Garland |title=The Short Story Cycle: A Genre Companion and Reference Guide | url =https://archive.org/details/shortstorycycleg0000mann |publisher=New York: Greenwood Press |year=1989 }} * {{cite book | author =O'Connor, Frank |title=The Lonely Voice: A Study of the Short Story | url =https://archive.org/details/lonelyvoicestudy0000ocon |publisher=Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company |year=1963}} * {{cite book | author =O'Faoláin, Seán |title=The short story | url =https://archive.org/details/bwb_Y0-CZR-060 |publisher=Cork: Mercier, 1948; New York: Devin-Adair |year=1951 }} * {{cite book | author =Rohrberger, Mary |title=Hawthorné and the Modern Short Story: A Study in Genre |publisher=The Hague: Mouton |year=1966 }} === Pranala jaba === * {{en}} [http://www.freestoriescenter.com Free Stories Center], situs untuk cerita pendek dan upaya menerbitkannya [[Kategori:Sastra]] p0mufsx9xa79d80fcho6yeabiius2in 0 228 281211 228922 2026-08-27T22:03:22Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak inpo Républik Rakyat Tiongkok}} [[Berkas:China blank map.svg|thumb|Peta negara Çino.]] '''Cina''' inggih punika silih tunggil negara sané pinih jimbar ring [[Asia]]. Negara Cina punika madué panjak sané pinih akéh ring jagat. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|2}} === Lis Pustaka === {{refbegin|40em}} * Farah, Paolo (2006). "Five Years of China's WTO Membership: EU and US Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". ''Legal Issues of Economic Integration''. Kluwer Law International. Volume 33, Number 3. pp.&nbsp;263–304. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=916768 Abstract]. * Heilig, Gerhard K. (2006/2007). ''[http://www.china-profile.com/bib/bib_start.htm China Bibliography – Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105234238/http://www.china-profile.com/bib/bib_start.htm|date=5 November 2015 }}.'' China-Profile.com. * [[Martin Jacques|Jacques, Martin]] (2009).''[[When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order]]''. Penguin Books. Rev. ed. (28 August 2012). {{ISBN|978-1-59420-185-1}} * Jaffe, Amy Myers, "Green Giant: Renewable Energy and Chinese Power", ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', vol. 97, no. 2 (March / April 2018), pp.&nbsp;83–93. * [[Ian Denis Johnson|Johnson, Ian]], "What Holds China Together?", ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 Séptémber 2019), pp.&nbsp;14, 16, 18. "The [[Manchus]]... had [in 1644] conquered the last ethnic Chinese empire, the [[Ming empire|Ming]] [and established Imperial China's last dynasty, the [[Qing]]]... The Manchus expanded the empire's borders northward to include all of [[Mongolia]], and westward to [[Tibet]] and [[Xinjiang]]." [p.&nbsp;16.] "China's rulers have no faith that anything but force can keep this sprawling country intact." [p.&nbsp;18.] * {{cite book|last=Lagerwey|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAOOzQi0dCkC|year=2010|title=China: A Religious State|publisher=University of Hong Kong Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-988-8028-04-7 }} * {{cite book|last=Meng|first=Fanhua|title=Phenomenon of Chinese Culture at the Turn of the 21st century|year=2011|publisher=Silkroad Press|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-4332-35-4}} * {{cite book|author = Sang Ye|title = China Candid: The People on the People's Republic|url = https://archive.org/details/chinacandidpeopl0000yesa|year=2006|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-24514-3 }} * {{cite book|last=Selden|first=Mark|title=The People's Republic of China: Documentary History of Revolutionary Change|year=1979|publisher=Monthly Review Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-85345-532-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesrepublico0000unse }} * {{cite book|last = Shambaugh|first = David L.|year = 2008|title = China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aMpj-MboMR4C|publisher = University of California Press|location = Washington, DC; Berkeley, CA|isbn = 978-0-520-25492-3 }} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Cino| ]] [[Kategori:Negara]] [[Kategori:Negara ring Asia Kangin]] 6vz1irg2e5rs1yw0eqszc5f6lp4x4s9 0 241 281266 261031 2026-08-27T22:35:13Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Suratan basa alus}} {{Kotak inpo propinsi |nama = Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta |singkatan = DKI Jakarta |nama lain = {{hlist|Sunda Kelapa|Jayakarta|Batavia}} |julukan = ''The Big Durian'', ''J-Town''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1/|title=A Day in J-Town|publisher=Jetstar Magazine|date=April 2012|accessdate=2 January 2013|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801063908/http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> |lambang = Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg |foto = |caption = (saking baduur, kiwa ka tengen): [[Kota Tua Jakarta]], [[Hotel Indonésia|Bundaran Hotel Indonésia]], Cakrawala Jakarta, [[Stadion Gelora Bung Karno]], [[Taman Mini Indonésia Indah]], [[Monumen Nasional]], [[Istana Merdeka]], [[Masjid Istiqlal]] dan [[Katedral Jakarta]]. |motto = "Jaya Raya"{{br}}<small>("Jaya dan Besar (Agung)")</small> |peta = Jakarta Special Capital Region in Indonesia (special marker).svg |tanggal = [[22 Juni]] [[1527]] (umur {{umur|1527|6|22|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}) |dasar hukum = UU Nomor 29 Tahun 2007 |ibukota = [[Jakarta]] |luas = 7659.02 |luasdaratan = 664.01<!-- Tuliskan angka saja, tanpa satuan (km2) dan tanda titik sebagai pembatas ribuan. --> |luasperairan = 6997.50<!-- Tuliskan angka saja, tanpa satuan (km2) dan tanda titik sebagai pembatas ribuan. --> |persenperairan = <!-- Tuliskan angka saja, tanpa satuan (%). --> |latitude = 5° 19' 12" - 6° 23' 54" [[Lintang Selatan|LS]] |longitude = 106° 22' 42" - 106° 58' 18" [[Bujur Timur|BT]] |peringkat populasi = <!-- peringkat berdasarkan jumlah penduduk --> |warsa populasi = ([[2019]])<ref name="DKI2020">{{cite web|url= https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2020/02/28/75c2aa351fc1acb44fcea04f/provinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2020--penyediaan-data-untuk-perencanaan-pembangunan.html |last=|first=|title=Provinsi DKI Jakarta Dalam Angka 2020|website=www.jakarta.bps.go.id|accessdate=26 April 2020}}</ref> |penduduk = 10557810 |kepadatan = 15663 |nama gubernur = [[Anies Baswedan]] |nama wakil gubernur = [[Ahmad Riza Patria]] |nama ketua DPRD = [[Prasetyo Edi Marsudi]] |nama Sékrétaris daerah = [[Saefullah (politisi)|Saefullah]] |kabupatén = 1 |kota = 5 |kecamatan = 44 |kelurahan = 267 |total APBD = Rp89.088.351.842.504,00<ref name="APBD">{{Cite web |url=http://apbd.jakarta.go.id/main/pub/2019/6/1 |title=jakarta.go.id: APBD |access-date=2020-04-29 |archive-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920093338/http://apbd.jakarta.go.id/main/pub/2019/6/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |warsa APBD = 2019 |PAD = Rp 50.624.330.153.998,00<ref name="APBD"/> |dau = |dak = |suku = {{collapsible list|Sensus [[2010]]<br/>[[Wong Jawa|Jawa]] (36,17%)<br/> [[Orang Betawi|Betawi]] (28,29%)<br/> [[Wong Sunda|Sunda]] (14,61%)<br/> [[Tionghoa-Indonésia|Tionghoa]] (6,62%)<br/> [[Wong Batak|Batak]] (3,42%)<br/> [[Wong Minang|Minang]] (2,85%)<br/> [[Wong Melayu|Melayu]] (0,96%)<br/> [[Wong Madura|Madura]] (0,84%)<br/>[[Wong Bugis|Bugis]] (0,71%)<br/> [[Wong Minahasa|Minahasa]] (0,39%)<br/>[[Wong Aceh|Aceh]] (0,32%)<br/> [[Wong Makassar|Makassar]] (0,31%)<br/> [[Wong Dayak|Dayak]] (0,20%)<br/> [[Wong Bali|Bali]] (0,16%)<br/> Wong Lain (4,15%)<ref name="SUKU">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm |last=|first=|title=Kewarganegaraan,Wong Bangsa, Agama dan Basa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonésia|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=26 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|title=Indonésia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape|date=|year=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury|accessdate=|isbn=9812302123}}</ref>}} |agama = [[Islam]] (83,68%)<br/> [[Kristen]] (12,52%)<br/>—[[Protestan]] (8,59%)<br/>—[[Katolik]] (3,93%)<br/> [[Buddha]] (3,60%)<br/> [[Hindu]] (0,19%)<br/> [[Konghucu]] (0,01%)<ref name="DKI2020"/><ref name="bps.go.id">[http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?hasilSP2010=1 ''Sensus Penduduk 2010''. Biro Pusat Statistik]</ref> |basa = [[Basa Indonésia|Indonésia]] (resmi)<br/>[[basa Betawi|Betawi]] (utama)<br/>[[basa Melayu|Melayu]], [[basa Jawa|Jawa]], [[Basa Pecok|Pecok]], [[basa Sunda|Sunda]], [[basa Banjar|Banjar]], [[basa Minangkabau|Minangkabau]], [[basa Batak|Batak]], [[basa Madura|Madura]], [[basa Inggris|Inggris]], [[basa Tionghoa|Tionghoa]], [[basa Mandarin|Mandarin]],[[basa Aceh|Aceh]], [[basa Arab|Arab]], [[basa Tamil|Tamil]], [[Basa Belanda|Belanda]], [[Basa Portugis|Portugis]] |lagu = [[Kicir-Kicir]]<br/> [[Jali-Jali]] |rumah = [[Rumah kebaya|Rumah Kebaya]] |senjata = [[Golok]] |web = {{url|jakarta.go.id}} |cutetan = |IPM = 79,60 (tinggi)<ref name="DKI 2017"/> |populasi ref = <ref name="DKI 2017"/><ref name="DKI 2017">{{cite web|url= https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html |title= Statistik Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2017 |last= |first= |publisher= BPS DKI Jakarta |accessdate =11 Agustus 2018}}</ref><ref name="kependudukan DKI 2013">BPS: Jakarta Dalam Angka [http://jakarta.bps.go.id/backend/pdf_publikasi/Jakarta-Dalam-Angka-2014.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107153540/https://jakarta.bps.go.id/backend/pdf_publikasi/Jakarta-Dalam-Angka-2014.pdf |date=2022-01-07 }}, diakses pada 12 Agustus 2015</ref> |ref luas = <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jakarta.go.id/v2/news/category/geografis-jakarta |title= GEOGRAFIS JAKARTA |publisher= jakarta.go.id |date= 1 Januari 2008 |accessdate= 12 April 2016 |archive-date= 19 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160419041245/http://www.jakarta.go.id/v2/news/category/geografis-jakarta |url-status= dead }}</ref> |TNKB = B |ISO = ID-JK |kode pos = 10''xxx''-14''xxx'' |kode area = 021 |flora = [[Salak|Salak condet]] |fauna = [[Sikep Bondol]] |utc = +07:00 |zona waktu = [[Waktu Indonésia Barat|WIB]] |bendera = Flag of Jakarta (vectorised).svg }} [[Berkas:Rasuna Said Street.JPG|jmpl|250px|Margi Rasuna Said ring Jakarta.]] '''Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta''' (aksara Bali: ᬤᬳᬾᬭᬄᬔᬸᬲᬸᬲᬇᬩᬸᬓᭀᬢᬚᬓᬃᬢ) utawi kasengguh '''DKI Jakarta''' utawi tuah '''Jakarta''', inggih punika ibu kota negara miwah kota sané pilih jimbar ring [[Indonésia]]. Jakarta magenah ring pasisi kauh jawi.<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik. Statistik Indonésia 2018. Jakarta. ISSN 0126-2912.</ref> Jakarta jimbarnyané 661,52&nbsp;km² akéh kramannyané kirang langkung 9.607.787 diri <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik">{{Cite web |url= https://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/detail/108-permendagri-no137-tahun-2017 |title= Penduduk Indonesia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 dan 2010 |publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date= 5 April 2019 |archive-date= 19 September 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190919205500/https://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/detail/108-permendagri-no137-tahun-2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Gubernur Jakarta === {{Utama|Gubernur Jakarta}} {{:Gubernur Jakarta}} === Déwan Perwakilan === {{Utama|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Provinsi Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta}} {{:Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Provinsi Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta}} === Kabupatén miwah kota === {{Utama|Kabupatén miwah kota ring Jakarta}} {{:Kabupatén miwah kota ring Jakarta}} == Kesehatan == === Rumah sakit === {{utama|Rumah sakit ring Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta}} {{:Rumah sakit ring Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta}} == Seni budaya == === Museum === {{utama|Museum ring Jakarta}} {{:Museum ring Jakarta}} === Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda === {{utama|Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Propinsi Jakarta}} {{:Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Indonésia ring Jakarta}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Catetan === {{Reflist|group="ket."}} === Pranala jaba === {{Jakarta}} {{Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Jakarta| ]] [[Kategori:Propinsi ring Indonésia]] 5rf7032ntlshiw4fijv2uirjzryjvph 0 1267 281010 236298 2026-08-27T19:16:40Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Kaca2|Aksara Latin}} {{Kaca1|[[​​ᬚᬫ᭄ᬩᬶ|Aksara Bali]]}} {{2}} {{Kotak inpo propinsi |nama=Jambi |bendera=Flag of Jambi.svg |lambang=Coat of arms of Jambi.svg |foto=Mount Kerinci from Kayuaro.jpg |koordinat=2º 45' - 0º 45' [[Lintang Selatan|LS]]<br/>101º 0' - 104º 55' [[Bujur Timur|BT]]<ref name="selayang">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pempropjambi.go.id/content.php?page=selayangpandang.php |title=''Selayang pandang Jambi''. Situs pemprov Jambi |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=2007-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626204459/http://www.pempropjambi.go.id/content.php?page=selayangpandang.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |motto = "Sepucuk Jambi Sembilan Lurah"<br/>{{resize|120%|سڤوچوق جمبي سمبيلن لوره}}<!-- <br/><small>([[Bahasa ]]: )</small> --> |dasar hukum = [[Undang-Undang|UU]] No. 61 warsa 1958 |tanggal = [[25 Juni]] [[1958]] |ibukota = [[Kota Jambi]] |gubernurlink = Gubernur Jambi |nama gubernur = [[Fachrori Umar]] |nama wakil gubernur = |DPRD = Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Provinsi Jambi |nama ketua DPRD = [[Edi Purwanto]] ([[Partai Demokrasi Indonésia Perjuangan|PDI-P]]) |nama Sékrétaris daerah= Sudirman (Pj.) |dau = Rp583.882.413.000,00 <small>(2011)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2011/bulan/02/tanggal/17/id/590/|title=Perpres No. 6 Tahun 2011|date=2011-02-17|accessdate=2011-05-23|archive-date=2016-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113052713/http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2011/bulan/02/tanggal/17/id/590/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |dauref = |luas = 50160.05 |luasdaratan = 49734.55 |luasperairan = 425.5 |penduduk = 3515017 |kepadatan = 70.08 |kabupatén = 9 |kota = 2 |kecamatan = 143 |kelurahan = 163 |désa = 1461 |suku = [[Wong Melayu|Melayu]] (34,66%)<br/>[[Wong Jawa|Jawa]] (29,83%)<br/>[[Wong Kerinci|Kerinci]] (8,55%)<br/>[[Wong Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] (5,47%)<br/>[[Wong Mandailing|Mandailing]] (3,55%)<br/>[[Wong Banjar|Banjar]] (3,41%)<br/>[[Wong Bugis|Bugis]] (3,21%)<br/>[[Wong Sunda|Sunda]] (2,64%)<br/>[[Tionghoa]] (1,24%)<br/>Etnis lainnya (0,48%)<ref name=ETNIS>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.html|title=Kewarganegaraan Wong Bangsa Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia 2010|last=|first=|website=|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|accessdate=8 Pébruari 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Indonésia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape |last = |first = |publisher= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |date = |year =2003 |url =https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury|accessdate = }}</ref> |agama = [[Islam]] 94,27%<br/> [[Kristen Protestan]] 2,90%<br/> [[Katolik]] 1,30%<br/> [[Buddha]] 1,29%<br/> [[Konghucu]] 0,18%<br/> [[Hindu]] 0,08%<ref name=JAMBI/> |bahasa = [[bahasa Indonésia|Indonésia]] (resmi), [[Bahasa Melayu Jambi|Melayu Jambi]], [[Bahasa Kerinci|Kerinci]] (utama) |lagu = [[Injit-Injit Semut]], [[Pinang Muda]], [[Selendang Mayang]], Selendang Mak Inang, Tanduklah Lancip, Batanghari, Angso Duo, Timang-Timang Anakku Sayang, Dodoi Si Dodoi, Orang kayo hitam, Gadis Rimbo Bujang, Dagang Manumpang, Ketimun Bungkuk, Kutakek Tinggai, Munanangung Rindu (Uto Gunung Kerinci) dan Tanjung Bajure |Rumah tradisional = Rumah panggung Kajang Leko |Senjata tradisional = Kris Siginjai |web = {{URL|jambiprov.go.id}} |peta = Jambi in Indonesia.svg|translit_lang1_info=جامبي|translit_lang1_type=[[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]]|translit_lang1=bahasa Melayu Jambi |zona waktu= [[Waktu Indonésia Barat|WIB]] |utc=+07:00 |TNKB=BH |kode pos = 36''xxx''-37''xxx'' |kode area = {{Collapsible list| 0740 — Mendahara - Muara Sabak (Kabupatén Tanjung Jabung Timur)| 0741 — Kota Jambi| 0742 — Kualatungkal (Kabupatén Tanjung Jabung Barat) - Tebingtinggijambi| 0743 — Muara Bulian (Kabupatén Batanghari)| 0744 — Muara Tebo (Kabupatén Tebo)| 0745 — Sarolangun (Kabupatén Sarolangun)| 0746 — Bangko (Kabupatén Merangin)| 0747 — Muarabungo (Kabupatén Bungo)| 0748 — Kota Sungai Penuh dan Kabupatén Kerinci}}|ISO=ID-JA |populasi ref=<ref name=JAMBI>{{cite web|url=https://jambi.bps.go.id/publication/2018/08/16/463fb7693f6a21782bbe309c/provinsi-jambi-dalam-angka-2018.html|title=Provinsi Jambi Dalam Angka 2018|last=|first=|website=|publisher=BPS Provinsi Jambi|accessdate=7 Pébruari 2019}}</ref> |warsa populasi = 2017 |flora=[[Pinang merah]] |fauna=[[Harimau sumatra]] }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Jambi''' (aksara Bali: ᬚᬫ᭄ᬩᬶ) inggih punika silih tunggil propinsi ring [[Indonésia]]. Propinsi piniki maibukota ring [[Kota Jambi]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>Badan Pusat Statistik. Statistik Indonésia 2018. Jakarta. ISSN 0126-2912.</ref> Propinsi puniki jimbarnyané 50.160,05&nbsp;km². Ring warsa 2023, akéh kramanyané kirang langkung 3.092.265 diri.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik">{{Cite web|url= https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2009/02/20/1267/penduduk-indonesia-menurut-provinsi-1971-1980-1990-1995-2000-dan-2010.html|title=penduduk-indonesia-menurut-provinsi-1971-1980-1990-1995-2000-dan-2010|publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date= 6 April 2019}}</ref> Provinsi Jambi inggih punika silih tunggil propinsi ring Indonésia sané ibu kotanyané pateh sekadi propinsi [[Bengkulu]], [[Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Daérah Istiméwa Ibukota Jakarta]], [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]], miwah [[Gorontalo]]. Jambi wantah wawidangan sané kasub ring sastra-sastra kuno. Wastan panegara puniki, sering kaunggahang ring prasasti miwah ring gatra-gatra [[Tiongkok]]. Puniki pinaka bukti, krama Tionghoa sampun sué madué paiketan sareng Jambi, sané kasengguh Kien-pi utawi Chan-pei. Katarka, wénten papat kerajaan [[Melayu Kuno]] sané ngadeg ring Jambi, inggih punika [[Krajaan Koying]] (abad ka-3 M), Tupo (abad ka-3 M), [[Krajaan Kandali|Kantoli]] (abad ka-5) miwah [[Krajaan Sabak|Zabag]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220901165143/https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/amp/13281668/kerajaan-melayu-kuno-sumatra-diduga-lebih-tua-daripada-sriwijaya Kerajaan Melayu Kuno Sumatra Diduga Lebih Tua Daripada Sriwijaya] Pada ''nationalgeographic'' 8 Februari 2012</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220901163643/https://daerah.sindonews.com/beritaamp/1271583/29/perjuangan-kerajaan-melayu-jambi-melepaskan-diri-dari-jajahan/ Perjuangan Kerajaan Melayu Jambi Melepaskan Diri dari Jajahan] Pada ''sindonews.com'' 7 Januari 2018</ref> Prasasti Karang Berahi puniki mabasa Melayu Kuna kasurat ring aksara Pallawa, antuk tanggal abad ka-7 Masehi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221212105303/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbjambi/prasasti-karangberahi/ Prasasti Karang Berahi] di ''kemdikbud.go.id''</ref> Jambi taler kaloktah madué kompleks candi Hindu-Buddha sané pinih ageng ring Asia Tenggara, sané jimbarnyané 3981 hektar, sané kasub antuk Candi Muaro Jambi. Minab punika peninggalan kerajaan Sriwijaya miwah Melayu, sané katarka mawit saking (abad ka-7 ⁇ 12 M). Candi Muara Jambi inggih punika kompleks candi sané pinih ageng miwah sané pinih becik kajaga ring Nusa Sumatra.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220901163643/https://voi.id/amp/41380/melacak-jejak-sumber-sejarah-kerajaan-melayu-di-sumatra Melacak Jejak Sumber Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu di Sumatra] Pada ''voi.id'' 20 April 2021</ref> ==Pamréntahan== ===Gubernur Jambi=== {{utama|Gubernur Jambi}} {{:Gubernur Jambi}} ===Déwan Perwakilan=== {{utama|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Propinsi Jambi}} {{:Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Propinsi Jambi}} ===Kabupatén miwah kota=== {{utama|Kabupatén miwah kota ring Jambi}} {{:Kabupatén miwah kota ring Jambi}} == Kesehatan == === Rumah sakit === {{utama|Rumah sakit ring Jambi}} {{:Rumah sakit ring Jambi}} == Seni budaya == === Museum === {{utama|Museum ring Jambi}} {{:Museum ring Jambi}} === Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda === {{utama|Lis Warisan Budaya Takbenda Propinsi Jambi}} {{:Lis Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonésia ring Jambi}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} {{Jambi}} {{Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Jambi| ]] [[Kategori:Propinsi ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sumatra]] 6mp8i860ii1k5f9qulzyy2fg6aouy23 0 1275 281134 196660 2026-08-27T20:47:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Kaca2|Aksara Latin}} {{Kaca1|[[​ᬚᬯᬩᬭᬢ᭄|Aksara Bali]]}} {{2}} {{Suratan basa alus}} {{Kotak inpo propinsi | nama = Jawa Barat | bendera = Flag of West Java (vectorised).svg | lambang = West Java coa.svg | peta = West Java in Indonesia.svg | koordinat = 8º 0' - 5º 40' [[Lintang Selatan|LS]]<br/>106º 0' - 109º 0' [[Bujur Timur|BT]] | motto = <br/>''Gemah Ripah Répéh Rapih''<br/>{{sund|ᮍᮨᮙᮂᮛᮤᮕᮂᮛᮦᮕᮦᮂᮛᮕᮤᮂ}}<br/>([[bahasa Sunda|Sunda]]: Makmur Sentosa Sederhana Rapi)<ref>Sigar, Edi. ''Buku Pintar Indonésia''. Jakarta: Pustaka Delaprasta, 1996</ref> | foto = {{photomontage |photo1a=Boat pelabuhanratu.jpg |photo1b=Green Canyon - panoramio.jpg |photo2a=Keraton Kasepuhan, Cirebon - panoramio.jpg |photo2b=Gunung Tangkuban Parahu.jpg |photo3a=ITB library building.JPG |photo3b=Citarum, Bantar Caringin - panoramio.jpg |photo4a=Gedung-Sate-Trees.jpg |text= saking pojok kiwa baduur searah jarum jam: [[Palabuhanratu]], [[Cukang Taneuh]], [[Gunung Tangkubanparahu]], [[arung jeram]] ring [[Ci Tarum]], [[Gedung Sate]], perpustakaan [[ITB]], miwah [[Keraton Kasepuhan]] Cirebon. | size = 300 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} | dasar hukum = UU No. 11 warsa 1950 | tanggal = [[19 Agustus]] [[1945]]<ref>[https://nasional.tempo.co/read/302999/hari-jadi-jawa-barat-ditetapkan-19-agustus-1945 Tempo.com: Hari Jadi Jawa Barat Ditetapkan Tanggal 19 Agustus 1945]</ref> | ibu kota = [[Kota Bandung]] | gubernurlink = Gubernur Jawa Barat | nama gubernur = [[Ridwan Kamil]] | nama wakil gubernur = [[Uu Ruzhanul Ulum]] | nama ketua DPRD = [[Taufik Hidayat (TNI-AD)|Taufik Hidayat]] | nama Sékrétaris daerah = [[Daud Achmad]] (Pj.) | total APBD = Rp28.530.972.638.325,00<ref name="APBD">{{Cite web |url=http://cikalnews.com/read/29466/16/9/2015/dprd-sahkan-apbd-perubahan-2015 |title=APBD Perubahan Jawa Barat 2015 |access-date=2020-04-29 |archive-date=2016-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422222531/http://cikalnews.com/read/29466/16/9/2015/dprd-sahkan-apbd-perubahan-2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | warsa APBD = 2015 | PAD = Rp23.989.000.087.978,00 <ref name="PAD">[http://www.antarajabar.com/berita/55042/pendapatan-daerah-jabar-2015-naik-032-persen PAD Jawa Barat 2014]</ref> | dau = Rp1.181.553.108.000,00 <small>(2011)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2011/bulan/02/tanggal/17/id/590/|title=Perpres No. 6 Tahun 2011|date=2011-02-17|accessdate=2011-05-23|archive-date=2016-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113052713/http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2011/bulan/02/tanggal/17/id/590/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | luas = 35377.76 | penduduk = 48683861 | kepadatan=1,376.11 | kabupatén = 18 | kota = 9 | kecamatan = 627 | kelurahan = 645 | désa = 5.957 | suku = Berdasarkan sensus penduduk 2010<ref name="bps1">Staf Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. Kewarganegaraan, Wong Bangsa, Agama, dan Basa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonésia. [[Jakarta]] : Badan Pusat Statistik</ref><br/>- Penduduk asli propinsi Jawa Barat{{refn|group=note|name=bahasa|Berdasarkan Peraturan Daérah Provinsi Jawa Barat No. 5 Tahun 2003, mengakui tiga penduduk asli Jawa Barat yaitu Sunda, Betawi dan Cirebon}}<br/>[[Wong Sunda|Sunda]] (30.889.910 diri)<br/>[[Wong Betawi|Betawi]] (2.664.143 diri)<br/>[[Wong Cirebon|Cirebon]] (1.812.842 diri)<ref>Aris. Ananta,; Sairi., Hasbullah, M.; Budi., Handayani, Nur; Agus., Pramono, (2015). Demography of Indonésia's Ethnicity. SG: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814519885. OCLC 1011165696.</ref><br/>- Pendatang<br/>[[Wong Jawa|Jawa]] (5.710.652 diri)<br/>[[Wong Batak|Batak]] (467.438 diri)<br/>[[Wong Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] (241.169 diri)<br/>[[Melayu]] (190.224 diri)<br/>suku asal [[Banten]] (60.948 diri)<br/>[[Madura]] (43.001 diri)<br/>suku asal [[Aceh]] (34.992 diri)<br/>[[Nias]] (7.925 diri)<br/>[[Tionghoa]] (254.920 diri)<br/><ref> {{cite book |title= Indonésia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape |last= |first= |publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |date= |year= 2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury|accessdate= }}</ref> | agama = [[Islam]] (97,22%)<br/> [[Kristen]] (2,45%)<br/>— [[Kristen Protestan|Protestan]] (1,83%)<br/>— [[Katolik]] (0,65%)<br/> [[Buddha]] (0,22%)<br/> [[Hindu]] (0,04%)<br/>[[Konghucu]] (0,03%)<br/> Kepercayaan 0,01%<ref name="AGAMA">{{cite web|url=https://data.jabarprov.go.id/dataset/jumlah-penduduk-berdasarkan-agama-kepercayaan-dan-jenis-kelamin/resource/e65ba3e9-daa4-469d-8f0e-27c815d95d85|last=|first=|title=Jumlah Penduduk Berdasarkan Agama Kepercayaan dan Jenis Kelamin di Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.data.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=4 Pébruari 2020|archive-date=2020-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204161430/https://data.jabarprov.go.id/dataset/jumlah-penduduk-berdasarkan-agama-kepercayaan-dan-jenis-kelamin/resource/e65ba3e9-daa4-469d-8f0e-27c815d95d85|url-status=dead}}</ref> | bahasa = [[Basa Indonésia|Indonésia]](resmi)<br/>[[Basa Sunda|Sunda]] (dominan)<br/>—[[Priangan|Sunda Priangan]]<br/>—[[Basa Sunda Banten|Sunda Banten]]<br/>—[[Basa Sunda Cirebon|Sunda Cirebon]]<br/>[[Basa Betawi|Betawi]]<br/>[[Basa Cirebon|Cirebon]]{{refn|group=note|name=bahasa|Berdasarkan Peraturan Daérah Provinsi Jawa Barat No. 5 Tahun 2003, mengakui tiga penduduk asli Jawa Barat yaitu Sunda, Betawi dan Cirebon}} | lagu = Manuk Dadali, Bubuy Bulan, Tokecang | rumah = [[Keraton Kasepuhan|Rumah Kasepuhan]] | senjata = [[Kujang]] | web = {{url|jabarprov.go.id}} | footnotes = Jumlah penduduk propinsi Jawa Barat pada sensus Penduduk 2010 adalah sebanyak 46.497.175 diri<ref>[https://jabarprov.go.id/index.php/pages/id/75 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815131250/https://jabarprov.go.id/index.php/pages/id/75 |date=2020-08-15 }} Staf Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Jawa Barat. 2011. Penduduk. [[Bandung]] : Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Barat</ref> sementara jumlah suku Cirebon pada sensus penduduk 2010 dengan survei awal pada wilayah inti suku Cirebon yaitu di [[kabupatén Cirebon]], [[kota Cirebon]] dan [[kabupatén Indramayu]] adalah sebesar 1.877.514 diri | singkatan = Jabar | flora = [[Gandaria]] | kode pos = 16''xxx''-17''xxx'', 40''xxx''-41''xxx'', dan 43''xxx''-46''xxx'' | utc = +07:00 | kode area = {{Collapsible list|021 — Kota Bekasi — Kabupatén Bekasi — Kota Depok kecuali Sawangan dan Bojongsari — Cibinong - Cileungsi - Klapanunggal - Jonggol - Sukamakmur - Cariu - Tanjungsari (Kabupatén Bogor)| 022 — Kota Bandung — Kota Cimahi — Soreang (Kabupatén Bandung) — Lembang - Ngamprah (Kabupatén Bandung Barat)| 0231 — Kota Cirebon — Sumber - Losari (Kabupatén Cirebon)| 0232 — Kabupatén Kuningan| 0233 — Kabupatén Majalengka| 0234 — Kabupatén Indramayu| 0251 — Kota Bogor — Sawangan - Bojongsari (Kota Depok) — Kabupatén Bogor kecuali Cibinong, Cileungsi, Klapanunggal, Jonggol, Sukamakmur, Cariu, dan Tanjungsari| 0260 — Kabupatén Subang| 0261 — Kabupatén Sumedang| 0262 — Kabupatén Garut| 0263 — Kabupatén Cianjur| 0264 — Kabupatén Purwakarta — Cikampek (Kabupatén Karawang)| 0265 — Kota Tasikmalaya — Kadipaten - Singaparna (Kabupatén Tasikmalaya) — Kota Banjar — Kabupatén Ciamis — Kabupatén Pangandaran| 0266 — Kota Sukabumi — Palabuhanratu (Kabupatén Sukabumi) — Gekbrong (Kabupatén Cianjur)| 0267 — Kabupatén Karawang }} | ISO = ID-JB | TNKB = {{Collapsible list| B (khusus Kota Depok, Kota Bekasi dan Kabupatén Bekasi)| D (eks-Keresidenan Bandung Raya)| E (eks-Keresidenan Cirebon dan Kuningan)| F (eks-Keresidenan Bogor dan Sukabumi)| T (eks-Keresidenan Karawang)| Z (eks-Keresidenan Parahyangan Timur) }} | warsa populasi =[[2019]] | populasi ref=<ref name="JABAR2019">{{cite web|url=https://jabar.bps.go.id/publication/2019/08/16/b0a6b953b76cbe2239dc912d/provinsi-jawa-barat-dalam-angka-2019.html|last=|first=|title=Provinsi Jawa Barat Dalam Angka 2019|website=www.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=4 Pébruari 2020}}</ref> | translit_lang1_type2 = [[Pegon]] | zona waktu = [[Waktu Indonésia Barat|WIB]] | bahasa nama asli = Sunda miwah Cirebon-Dermayu | translit_lang1_info2 = جاوه كولون | translit_lang1_info1 = {{jav|ꦗꦮ​ꦏꦸꦭꦵꦤ꧀}} | translit_lang1_type1 = [[aksara Jawa#Basa Sunda|Cacarakan]] | translit_lang1_info = {{sund|ᮏᮝ ᮊᮥᮜᮧᮔ᮪}} | translit_lang1_type = [[aksara Sunda]] | translit_lang1 = basa Sunda miwah Cirebon-Dermayu | nama asli = Jawa Kulon | fauna = [[Macan tutul jawa]] }} '''Jawa Barat''' (aksara Bali: ᬚᬯᬩᬭᬢ᭄, utawi '''Jawa Kauh''', ᬚᬯᬓᭁᬄ) inggih punika silih tunggil propinsi ring [[Indonésia]]. Ibukotanyané [[Bandung]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>Badan Pusat Statistik. Statistik Indonésia 2018. Jakarta. ISSN 0126-2912.</ref> Propinsi puniki jimbarnyané 35.222,18 km2. Akéh kramanyané kirang langkung 43.053.732 diri. <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik">{{Cite web |url= https://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/detail/108-permendagri-no137-tahun-2017 |title= Penduduk Indonésia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 dan 2010 |publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date= 6 April 2019 |archive-date= 19 September 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190919205500/https://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/detail/108-permendagri-no137-tahun-2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Jawa Barat mawates sareng propinsi [[Banten]] miwah wawengkon ibu kota [[Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]] ring sisin kauh, Segara Jawa ring sisin kalér, Propinsi [[Jawa Tengah]] ring sisin kangin, miwah [[Samudra Hindia]] ring sisin kelod. Sareng Provinsi Banten, Jawa Barat kawastanin Tatar Sunda utawi Pasundan duaning pinaka kampung asli krama Sunda, suku pinih ageng kaping kalih ring Indonésia. == Lelintihan == {{utama|Sejarah Jawa Kauh}} Pikolih arkeologi ring Anyer nyihnayang kawéntenan budaya logam perunggu miwah besi sadurung masa milenium kapertama. Kerub tanah liat prasejarah zaman buni (Bekasi kuno) prasida kakeniang mawit saking Anyer ngantos Cirebon. Wewidangan Jawa Barat ring abad ka-5 dados pahan saking Krajaan Tarumanagara. Prasasti peninggalan Krajaan Tarumanagara akeh kasebar ring Jawa Barat. Wénten pitu prasasti sané kasurat ring aksara Wengi (sané kaanggén ring masa Palawa India) miwah basa Sansekerta sané akéhan nyritayang raja-raja Tarumanagara. Sasampun runtuhnyané kerajaan Tarumanagara, kekuasaan ring wewidangan kauh Nusa Jawa saking Ujung Kulon ngantos Kali Serayu kalanturang olih Krajaan Sunda. Silih sinunggil prasasti saking masa Krajaan Sunda inggih punika prasasti Kebon Kopi II sane mawit saking warsa 932. Krajaan Sunda madué siu kota ring Pakuan Pajajaran (mangkin kota Bogor). Ring aab ka-16, Kesultanan Demak tumbuh dados saingan ekonomi miwah politik Krajaan Sunda. Pelabuhan Cerbon (mangkin dados Kota Cirebon) lepas saking Krajaan Sunda sangkaning pengaruh Kesultanan Demak. Labuhan puniki raris dados Kesultanan Cirebon sané mapalasan saking Krajaan Sunda. Pelabuhan Banten taler kalepas ka tangan Kesultanan Cirebon miwah salanturnyané dados Kesultanan Banten. == Paajahan == [[Berkas:SD Negeri Mancagar - Garawangi, Kuningan - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|250px|[[SD]] Negeri 1 Mancagar, [[Garawangi, Kuningan]], Jawa Barat]] Manut data Badan Pusat Statistik Jawa Barat, ring warsa 2021 miwah 2022, akéh Sekolah Dasar sané wénten ring propinsi Jawa Barat akéhnyané 19.639 sekolah, antuk rincian 17.424 sekolah negeri miwah 2.215 sekolah swasta.<ref name="SD">{{cite web|url=https://jabar.bps.go.id/indicator/28/146/1/jumlah-sekolah-dasar.html|title=Jumlah Sekolah Dasar|date=[[2021]]|website=jabar.bps.go.id|accessdate=23 Juli 2023|archive-date=2023-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723090850/https://jabar.bps.go.id/indicator/28/146/1/jumlah-sekolah-dasar.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sajeroning tingkat SMP wénten 5.825 sekolah, antuk rincian 1.982 sekolah negeri, miwah 3.843 sekolah swasta.<ref name="SMP">{{cite web|url=https://jabar.bps.go.id/indicator/28/153/1/jumlah-sekolah-menengah-pertama-smp-.html|title=Jumlah Sekolah Menengah Pertama -SMP|date=[[2022]]|website=jabar.bps.go.id|accessdate=23 Juli 2023|archive-date=2023-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723080827/https://jabar.bps.go.id/indicator/28/153/1/jumlah-sekolah-menengah-pertama-smp-.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Salanturnyané ring tingkat Sekolah Menengah Atas, akéhnyané 1.711 sekolah, antuk rincian sekolah negeri akéhnyané 514 sekolah, miwah akéhnyané 1.192 sekolah swasta.<ref name="SMA">{{cite web|url=https://jabar.bps.go.id/indicator/28/159/1/jumlah-sekolah-menengah-atas.html|title=Jumlah Sekolah Menengah Atas|date=[[2022]]|website=jabar.bps.go.id|accessdate=23 Juli 2023|archive-date=2023-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723084843/https://jabar.bps.go.id/indicator/28/159/1/jumlah-sekolah-menengah-atas.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan akéhnyané 2.905 sekolah, antuk rincian 288 sekolah negeri miwah 2.617 sekolah swasta.<ref name="SMK">{{cite web|url=https://jabar.bps.go.id/indicator/28/161/1/jumlah-sekolah-menengah-kejuruan.html|title=Jumlah Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan|date=[[2022]]|website=jabar.bps.go.id|accessdate=23 Juli 2023|archive-date=2023-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723082910/https://jabar.bps.go.id/indicator/28/161/1/jumlah-sekolah-menengah-kejuruan.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Ring tingkat perguruan tinggi, wénten 392 perguruan tinggi ring Jawa Barat. 12 perguruan tinggi punika perguruan tinggi negeri, miwah sisané 380 perguruan tinggi swasta. Puniki ngawinang Jawa Barat madué perguruan tinggi pinih akéh ring Indonésia.<ref name="PT">{{cite web|url=https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/11/provinsi-dengan-perguruan-tinggi-terbanyak-jawa-barat-teratas|title=Provinsi Dengan Perguruan Tinggi Terbanyak, Jawa Barat Teratas|date=[[2022]]|website=databoks.katadata.co.id|accessdate=23 Juli 2023|archive-date=2023-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723080839/https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/11/provinsi-dengan-perguruan-tinggi-terbanyak-jawa-barat-teratas|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Univérsitas Indonésia]], [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]], [[Univérsitas Padjajaran]], [[Institut Pertanian Bogor]], [[Univérsitas Telkom]], lima perguruan tinggi ring Jawa Barat sané ngranjing ring peringkat 10 perguruan tinggi pinih becik ring Indonésia manut UniRank, antuk warsa 2023. Univérsitas Pendidikan Indonésia Bandung, Univérsitas Islam Bandung, Univérsitas Katolik Parahyangan Bandung, ngranjing ring 100 perguruan tinggi pinih becik ring Indonésia. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.4icu.org/id/|title=2023 Indonesian University Ranking|website=/www.4icu.org|accessdate=23 Juli 2023|archive-date=2005-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220212547/http://www.4icu.org/id/|dead-url=no}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:70%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;" ! style="background: #E0FFFF; color: #000080" height="17" | [[Pendidikan formal]] ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | [[sekolah dasar|SD]]<br> negeri dan swasta ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | [[sekolah menengah pertama|SMP]]<br> negeri dan swasta ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | [[sekolah menengah atas|SMA]]<br> negeri dan swasta ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | [[sekolah menengah kejuruan|SMK]]<br> negeri dan swasta ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | [[Perguruan tinggi]] |- Align="center" ! style="background: #E0FFFF; color: #000080" height="17" | Jumlah satuan | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 19.639 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 5.825 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 1.711 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 2.905 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 392 |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|<small>Data sekolah di Jawa Barat<br />'''Sumber:'''<ref name="SD"/><ref name="SMP"/><ref name="SMA"/><ref name="SMK"/> |} ==Pamréntahan== ===Gubernur Jawa Barat=== {{utama|Gubernur Jawa Barat}} {{:Gubernur Jawa Barat}} ===Déwan Perwakilan=== {{utama|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Propinsi Jawa Barat}} {{:Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Propinsi Jawa Barat}} ===Wawengkon administratip=== {{utama|Kabupatén miwah kota ring Jawa Barat}} {{:Kabupatén miwah kota ring Jawa Barat}} == Kesehatan == === Rumah sakit === {{utama|Rumah sakit ring Jawa Barat}} {{:Rumah sakit ring Jawa Barat}} == Seni budaya == === Museum === {{utama|Museum ring Jawa Barat}} {{:Museum ring Jawa Barat}} === Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda === {{utama|Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Propinsi Jawa Kawan}} {{:Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Indonésia ring Jawa Kawan}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} === Catetan === {{reflist|group=note|2}} === Note === <references group="ket."/> <references group="lower-alpha"/> {{Jawa Barat}} {{Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Jawa Barat| ]] [[Kategori:Propinsi ring Indonésia]] c2nr2bc3iq01n83m689lpruc4qki4un 0 1371 281250 238753 2026-08-27T22:25:25Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coor title dm|2|10|S|106|59|E|display=title}} {{Kotak inpo propinsi |nama = Kepulauan Bangka Belitung |bendera = Flag of Bangka-Belitung.svg |lambang = Coat of arms of Bangka Belitung Islands.svg |peta = Locator babel final.png |koordinat = 1º 50' – 3º 10' [[Lintang Selatan|LS]]{{br}} 105º - 108º [[Bujur Timur|BT]] |motto = "Serumpun Sebalai" |foto = Pangkalpinang-Bangka Island.jpg |dasar hukum = [[s:Undang-Undang Républik Indonésia Nomor 27 Tahun 2000|UU 27 Tahun 2000]] |tanggal = [[21 November]] [[2000]] (hari jadi)<br/>[[4 Désémber]] [[2000]] (pemekaran resmi dari [[Provinsi Sumatera Selatan]])<ref name="UU DPR">{{cite web|url=http://dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2000_27.pdf|title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 27 Tahun 2000|publisher=[[Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Républik Indonésia]]|website=dpr.go.id|accessdate=9 Maret 2020|archive-date=2015-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327090445/http://dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2000_27.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |ibukota = [[Pangkalpinang]] |gubernurlink = Gubernur Kepulauan Bangka Belitung |nama gubernur = [[Erzaldi Rosman Djohan]] |nama wakil gubernur = [[Abdul Fatah]] |nama ketua DPRD = Didit Srigusjaya |nama Sékrétaris daerah = Dr. Yan Megawardi |dau = Rp 717.140.118.000,00 |dauref = (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2013/bulan/02/tanggal/04/id/873/|title=Perpres No. 10 Tahun 2013|date=2013-02-04|accessdate=2013-02-15|archive-date=2013-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214064515/http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2013/bulan/02/tanggal/04/id/873|url-status=dead}}</ref> |luas = 16424.23 |luasdaratan = 16424.14 |luasperairan = 65301 |persenperairan = 79.99 |penduduk = 1488800 |kepadatan = 90.64 |kabupatén = 6 |kota = 1 |kecamatan = 42 |kelurahan = 391 |suku = [[Wong Melayu|Melayu]] 71,89%<br/> [[Tionghoa Bangka|Tionghoa]] 11,10%<br/> [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]] 5,82%<br/> [[Wong Bugis|Bugis]] 2,69%<br/> [[Wong Madura|Madura]] 1,11%<br/> [[Batak]] , [[Minangkabau]] dan lain-lain 7.39%<ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |publisher= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |title= Indonésia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape |date= |year=2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury|accessdate= |isbn= 9812302123}}</ref> |agama = [[Islam]] 84,54%<br/> [[Buddha]] 8,43%<br/> [[Kong Hu Cu]] 3,56%<br/> [[Kristen]] 3,35%<br/>- [[Protestan]] 2,12%<br/>- [[Katolik]] 1,23%<br/> [[Hindu]] 0,12%<ref name="BABEL2020">{{cite web|url= https://babel.bps.go.id/publication/2020/02/28/c07e8d8df3f559bb252cc574/provinsi-kepulauan-bangka-belitung-dalam-angka-2020--penyediaan-data-untuk-perencanaan-pembangunan.html |last= |first= |title=Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Dalam Angka 2020 |website=www.babel.bps.go.id |accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref> |bahasa = [[basa Indonésia|Indonésia]] (resmi)<br/>[[basa Melayu|Melayu]] (dominan)<br/>—[[basa Melayu Bangka|Melayu Bangka]]<br/>—[[basa Melayu Belitung|Melayu Belitung]]<br/>[[basa Bugis|Bugis]]<br/>[[basa Jawa|Jawa]]<br/>[[basa Hakka|Hakka]]<br/>[[basa Hokkien|Hokkien]]<br/>[[basa Tionghoa|Tionghoa]] |zona = [[WIB]] |lagu = |web = {{url|babelprov.go.id}} |ISO = ID-BB |kode area = {{collapsible list |0715 — Belinyu (Kabupatén Bangka) |0716 — Muntok (Kabupatén Bangka Barat) |0717 — Kota Pangkal Pinang — Sungailiat (Kabupatén Bangka) |0718 — Koba (Kabupatén Bangka Tengah) — Toboali (Kabupatén Bangka Selatan) |0719 — Manggar (Kabupatén Belitung Timur) — Tanjung Pandan (Kabupatén Belitung)}} |kode pos=33''xxx''|TNKB=BN|translit_lang1_type=[[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]] |warsa populasi= ([[2019]]) |populasi ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://babel.bps.go.id/index.php/publikasi/93/ |title=Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Dalam Angka 2016" |access-date=2020-04-29 |archive-date=2017-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207181914/http://babel.bps.go.id/index.php/publikasi/93 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |peringkat populasi = |translit_lang1_info= كڤولاوان بڠک بليتوڠ|translit_lang1=basa regional|translit_lang1_info1=邦加-勿里洞省<br/>Bāng jiā-wù lǐ dòng shěng|translit_lang1_type1=[[basa Tionghoa|Tionghoa]] |utc = +07:00 |zona waktu = [[Waktu Indonésia Barat|WIB]] |singkatan = BaBel |flora = Nagasari |fauna = [[Mentilin]] }}{{Suratan basa alus}} [[Berkas:Tanjung_Tinggi_Beach,_Bangka-Belitung_Province,_Indonesia.jpg|thumb|Panté Tanjung Tinggi ring Bangka-Belitung|alt=]] '''Kepulauan Bangka Belitung''' (aksara Bali: ᬓᬾᬧᬸᬮᭁᬯᬦ᭄​ᬩᬂᬓ​ᬩᬾᬮᬶᬢᬸᬂ) inggih punika silih tunggil propinsi ring [[Indonésia]]. Propinsi puniki maibukota ring [[Kota Pangkalpinang]].<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik. Statistik Indonésia 2018. Jakarta. ISSN 0126-2912</ref> Propinsi puniki jimbarnyané 118,41&nbsp;km². Akéh kramanyané kirang langkung 1.223.296 diri.<ref name="BPS">{{Cite web |url= https://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/detail/108-permendagri-no137-tahun-2017 |title= Penduduk Indonesia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 dan 2010 |publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date= 6 April 2019 |archive-date= 19 September 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190919205500/https://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/detail/108-permendagri-no137-tahun-2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref> ==Pamréntahan== ===Gubernur Kepulauan Bangka Belitung=== {{utama|Gubernur Kepulauan Bangka Belitung}} {{:Gubernur Kepulauan Bangka Belitung}} ===Déwan Perwakilan=== {{utama|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Propinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung}} {{:Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Propinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung}} ===Kabupatén miwah kota=== {{utama|Kabupatén miwah kota ring Kepulauan Bangka Belitung}} {{:Kabupatén miwah kota ring Kepulauan Bangka Belitung}} == Kesehatan == === Rumah sakit === {{utama|Rumah sakit ring Kepulauan Bangka Belitung}} {{:Rumah sakit ring Kepulauan Bangka Belitung}} == Seni budaya == === Museum === {{utama|Museum ring Kepulauan Bangka Belitung}} {{:Museum ring Kepulauan Bangka Belitung}} === Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda === {{utama|Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Propinsi Bangka Belitung}} {{:Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Indonésia ring Bangka Belitung}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} === Cutetan === {{notelist}} <references group="ket."/> === Pranala jaba === {{Kepulauan Bangka Belitung}} {{Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Kepulauan Bangka Belitung]] [[Kategori:Propinsi ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sumatra]] lcj44p3qw7fveod02weps9ha6xdun3x 0 1390 281198 266364 2026-08-27T21:55:46Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Désémber 2020}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Kleopatra VII Filopator | image = Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin1.jpg | caption = [[commons:Category:Bust of Cleopatra VII in the Altes Museum Berlin|Kleopatra Berlin]], [[seni pahat Romawi|arca pakaryan Romawi]] sané ngambarang sosok Kleopatra nganggén [[diadem]] kerajaan, pertengahan abad kapertama SM, kirang langkung galah lawatan Kleopatra ka Roma (46–44 SM), katemuang ring vila Italia ring sisin [[Via Appia]], mangkin kasimpen ring [[Museum Altes]], Jerman.{{sfnp|Raia|Sebesta|2017}}{{sfnp|Art Institute of Chicago|2016}}{{sfnp|Grout|2017b|}}<ref group="note">Validasi lebih lanjut indik "[[commons:Category:Bust of Cleopatra VII in the Altes Museum Berlin|Kleopatra Berlin]]" dados kawaceng ring {{harvnb|Polo|2013|pp=184–186}}, {{harvnb|Roller|2010|pp=54, 174–175}}, {{harvnb|Jones|2006|p=33}}, miwah {{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=234}}.</ref> | succession = [[Krajan Ptolemaik|Ratu Kerajaan Wangsa Ptolemaios]] | reign = 51 – 10 atau 12 Agustus 30 SM (21 warsa){{sfnp|Burstein|2004|pp=xx–xxiii, 155}}<ref group="note" name="date of Cleopatra's death"/> | predecessor = [[Ptolemaios XII Auletes]] | regent = [[Ptolemaios XII Auletes]] <small>(s. 80–58 SM - 55–51 SM)</small> <br/>[[Ptolemaios XIII Theos Philopator|Ptolemaios XIII Teos Filopator]] <small>(51–s. 47 SM)</small> <br/>[[Ptolemaios XIV dari Mesir|Ptolemaios XIV]] <small>(47 SM–44 SM)</small> <br/>[[Caesarion|Ptolemaios XV Kaisarion]] <small>(44 SM – 30 SM)</small> | reg-type = Penguasa bersama |successor = [[Sésarion|Ptolemaios XV Kaisarion]] | full name = Kleopatra VII Tea Filopatora | spouse = [[Ptolemaios XIII Theos Philopator|Ptolemaios XIII Teos Filopator]]<br/>[[Ptolemaios XIV dari Mesir|Ptolemaios XIV]]<br/>[[Markus Antonius]] | issue = [[Sésarion|Ptolemaios XV Filopator Filometor Kaisar, Kaisarion]]<br/>[[Aleksandros Helios]]<br/>[[Kleopatra Selene II|Kleopatra Selene, Ratu Mauretania]]<br/>[[Ptolemaios Filadelfos (putra Kleopatra)|Ptolemaios XVI Filadelfos]] | dynasty = [[Dinasti Ptolemaik|Ptolemaik]] | father = [[Ptolemaios XII Auletes]] | mother = Nenten kauningin, minab [[Kleopatra VI|Kleopatra VI Trifaina]] (kasub masih dados [[Kleopatra V|Kleopatra V Trifaina]])<ref group="note" name="cleopatra v or vi"/> | birth_date = Mula warsa 69 SM | birth_place = [[Aleksandria]], [[Kerajaan Ptolemaik|Kerajaan Wangsa Ptolemaios]] | death_date = [[Kematian Kleopatra|10 atau 12 Agustus 30 SM]]<br />(yusa 39 warsa)<ref group="note" name="date of Cleopatra's death"/> | death_place = Aleksandria, Mesir | place of burial = [[Setra Antonius miwah Kleopatra|Nenten kauningin]]<br />(minab ring Mesir) }} {{Infobox hieroglyphs |title = Kleopatra VII | name = <hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero> | name transcription = Kleopatra<br />''Qlwpdrt'' |name in cartouche = yes |name2 = <hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero> |name2 in Serekh = yes |name2 Serekh symbol = <hiero>G5</hiero> |name2 determinative = |name2 transcription = |name2 explanation = '''[[Nama Horus]] (1):''' Wer(et)-neb(et)-neferu-achet-seh<br />''Wr(.t)-nb(.t)-nfrw-3ḫ(t)-sy''<br /> ''Tuan putri kesempurnaan, cemerlang dalam kebijaksanaan'' |name3= <hiero>wr*t:r-t:W:t-A53-n:X2*t:z</hiero> |name3 in Serekh = yes |name3 Serekh symbol = <hiero>G5</hiero> |name3 determinative = |name3 transcription = |name3 explanation ='''Nama Horus (2):''' Weret-tut-en-it-es<br />''Wr.t-twt-n-jt=s''<br /> ''Orang besar, citra suci ayahanda'' |name4 = <hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero> |name4 cartouche symbol = |name4 in cartouche = yes |name4 determinative = |name4 transcription = Kleopatra netjeret mer(et) ites<br />''Qlwpdrt nṯrt mr(t) jts''<br />''Dewi Kleopatra kesayangan ayahanda'' |image1 = |image1 description = }} {{Romawi kuno miwah kejatuhan Républik}} {{Kleopatra}} [[Berkas:Berlín Cleopatra 02.JPG|thumb]] '''Kléopatra VII Philopator''' ([[basa Yunani]]: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ, embas duk warsa 69 SM, séda 10 utawi 12 Agustus 30 SM)<ref group="note" name="date of Cleopatra's death">Madasar perhitungan tarikh manut data historis, [[Theodore Cressy Skeat]] ngmirdatang ring {{harvnb|Skeat|1953|pp=98–100}} indik [[Kematian Kleopatra|Kleopatra seda]] ring tanggal 12 Agustus 30 SM. {{harvnb|Burstein|2004|p=31}} mengajukan tarikh sané pateh sareng asil perhitungan Theodore Skeat, yadiastun {{harvnb|Dodson|Hilton|2004|p=277}} mendukung tarikh puniki sareng gelah pendapat bahwa Kleopatra seda [[circa|kirang langkung]] tarikh punika. Sumber-sumber yang menyatakan bahwa Kleopatra seda pada tanggal 10 Agustus 30 SM adalah {{harvnb|Roller|2010|pp=147–148}}, {{harvnb|Fletcher|2008|p=3}}, dan {{harvnb|Anderson|2003|p=56}}.</ref> inggih punika ratu aktif kaping untat Karajaan Ptolémaik Mesir. Ida masoroh raja-raja Ptolémaik, artosnyané ida raja warih sang Ptoléméus Sotér I, raja [[Makédonia]] [[Yunani]] miwah kantin [[Aléksander Agung]]. Sasampun sédané Kléopatra, Mesir dados propinsin [[Kakaisaran Romawi]] miwah muputang masa [[Aab Hélénistik|Hélénistik]], sané ngawit saking Aléksander Agung (336-323 SM). Yadiastun basa aslinnyané Kléopatra inggih punika [[basa Yunani]], ida dados ratu warih Ptolémaik kaping pertama sané muruk [[Basa Mesir Kuna|basa Mesir]].<ref>Burstein, Stanley M. (2004), ''The Reign of Cleopatra'', Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, ISBN 9780313325274</ref><ref group="note" name="cleopatra v or vi">{{harvnb|Grant|1972|pp=3–4, 17}}, {{harvnb|Fletcher|2008|pp=69, 74, 76}}, {{harvnb|Jones|2006|p=xiii}}, {{harvnb|Preston|2009|p=22}}, {{harvnb|Schiff|2011|p=28}} dan {{harvnb|Burstein|2004|p=11}} memberi sebutan Kleopatra V Trifaina bagi permaisuri Ptolemaios XII Auletes, sementara {{harvnb|Dodson|Hilton|2004|pp=268–269, 273}} dan {{harvnb|Roller|2010|p=18}} memberinya sebutan Kleopatra VI Trifaina, sebagai akibat dari kesimpangsiuran keterangan dalam sumber-sumber primer mengenai dua tokoh perempuan ini, yang mungkin saja adalah satu orang yang sama. Sebagaimana yang dijelaskan oleh {{harvnb|Whitehorne|1994|p=182}}, Kleopatra VI mungkin adalah salah seorang putri Ptolemaios XII yang disebut-sebut namanya pada warsa 58 SM sebagai penguasa Mesir bersama-sama dengan adiknya, [[Berenike IV dari Mesir|Berenike IV]] (sewaktu Ptolemaios XII tinggal dalam pembuangan di Roma), sementara permaisuri Ptolemaios XII, Kleopatra V, mungkin wafat seawal-awalnya pada musim dingin warsa 69–68 SM, manakala namanya mulai hilang dari cutetan-cutetan sejarah. {{harvnb|Roller|2010|pp=18–19}} menduga bahwa permaisuri Ptolemaios XII, yang ia beri sebutan Kleopatra VI, hanya sekadar menghilang dari lingkungan istana selama satu dasawarsa setelah diusir dengan alasan yang tidak diketahui, dan akhirnya kembali untuk mémérintah bersama-sama dengan putrinya, Berenike IV. {{harvnb|Fletcher|2008|p=76}} menerangkan bahwa warga Aleksandria memakzulkan Ptolemaios XII dan menobatkan "putri paling besarnya, Berenike IV, dan sebagai penguasa pendamping, Kleopatra V Trifaina dipanggil pulang dari pembuangan setelah 10 warsa lamanya tersingkir dari lingkungan istana. Meskipun para sejarawan yang terkemudian menduga bahwa tentu ada putri-putri lain dari Ptolemaios XII Auletes sehingga menomorinya sebagai 'Kleopatra VI', tampaknya ia hanyalah Kleopatra V yang kembali ke lingkungan istana untuk untuk bertakhta menggantikan saudara sekaligus mantan suaminya, Ptolemaios XII Auletes."</ref> == Cutetan == {{Reflist|group=note|30em}} == Pustaka == {{reflist|20em}} === Wit === ==== Wit daring ==== {{refbegin|35em}} <!-- * {{Citation|url=https://kbbi.web.id/muruah|title=Arti kata "muruah" menurut KBBI daring|ref={{harvid|kbbi}}}} --> * {{Citation|last=Sabino|first=Rachel|last2=Gross-Diaz|first2=Theresa|year=2016|title=Cat. 22 Tetradrachm Portraying Queen Cleopatra VII|publisher=Art Institute of Chicago|url=https://publications.artic.edu/roman/api/epub/480/510/print_view|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.23475.22560|accessdate=6 March 2018|postscript=.|ref={{harvid|Art Institute of Chicago|2016}}}} * {{Citation|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3|title=Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone|publisher=BBC|date=|accessdate=7 June 2010|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=163651|title=Mark Antony and Cleopatra|publisher=Classical Numismatic Group|date=17 May 2010|accessdate=25 March 2018|ref={{harvid|Classical Numismatic Group}}|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|last=Grout|first=James|title=Basalt Statue of Cleopatra|publisher=''Encyclopaedia Romana'' (University of Chicago)|date=1 April 2017a|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/basalt.html|accessdate=7 March 2018|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|last=Grout|first=James|title=Was Cleopatra Beautiful?|publisher=''Encyclopaedia Romana'' (University of Chicago)|date=1 April 2017b|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/bust.html|accessdate=6 March 2018|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|last=Muellner|first=Leonard|title=A Poetic Etymology of Pietas in the Aeneid|url=https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/4817|publisher=[[Center for Hellenic Studies]], Harvard University|accessdate=9 April 2018|ref={{harvid|Muellner}}|postscript=.|archive-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171543/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/4817|url-status=dead}} * {{Citation|last=Plutarch|author-link=Plutarch|title=Plutarch's Lives|translator=Bernadotte Perrin|year=1920|publisher=Harvard University Press ([[Perseus Digital Library]], Tufts University)|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg058.perseus-eng1:54|accessdate=8 March 2018|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|last=Raia|first=Ann R.|last2=Sebesta|first2=Judith Lynn|title=The World of State|publisher=College of New Rochelle|date=Séptémber 2017|url=https://www2.cnr.edu/home/sas/araia/state.html|accessdate=6 March 2018|postscript=.|archive-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202531/https://www2.cnr.edu/home/sas/araia/state.html|dead-url=yes}} * {{Citation|last=Tyldesley|first=Joyce|author-link=Joyce Tyldesley|title=Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt|date=6 December 2017|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|location=|isbn=|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt|accessdate=18 May 2018|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|last=Walker|first=Susan|last2=Higgs|first2=Peter|title=Portrait Head|publisher=British Museum|year=2017|orig-year=2001|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=465561&partId=1|accessdate=6 March 2018|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|author-last=Reece|author-first=Steve|year=2017|chapter=Cleopatra Couldn't Spell (And Neither Can We!)|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/32565047/Cleopatra_Couldnt_Spell_And_Neither_Can_We_|editor-last=Groton|editor-first=Anne Harmar|title=Ab Omni Parte Beatus: Classical Essays in Honor of James M. 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345–8|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|last=Walker|first=Susan|last2=|first2=|editor-surname1=Walker|editor-given1=Susan|editor-surname2=Higgs|editor-given2=Peter|title=Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth|location=Princeton, N.J.|chapter=324 Gilded silver dish, decorated with a bust perhaps representing Cleopatra Selene|publisher=Princeton University Press (British Museum Press)|year=2001|url=|pages=312–313|ISBN=9780691088358|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|last=Walker|first=Susan|last2=Higgs|first2=Peter|editor-surname1=Walker|editor-given1=Susan|editor-surname2=Higgs|editor-given2=Peter|title=Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth|location=Princeton, N.J.|chapter=325 Painting with a portrait of a woman in profile|publisher=Princeton University Press (British Museum Press)|year=2001|url=|pages=314–315|ISBN=9780691088358|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|last=Whitehorne|first=John|title=Cleopatras|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|isbn=9780415058063}} * {{Citation|last=Woodstra|first=Chris|last2=Brennan|first2=Gerald|last3=Schrott|first3=Allen|title=All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music|year=2005|publisher=All Media Guide (Backbeat Books)|location=Ann Arbor, MI|isbn=9780879308650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlDOICBmhbkC|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|last=Wyke|first=Maria|last2=Montserrat|first2=Dominic|author-link1=Maria Wyke|author-link2=Dominic Montserrat|editor-given1=Margaret M.|editor-surname1=Miles|chapter=Glamour Girls: Cleomania in Mass Culture|title=Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited|year=2011|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520243675|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Cleopatra.html?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC|pages=172–194|postscript=.}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqopAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A History of Rome to the Battle of Actium|last=Shuckburgh|first=Evelyn Shirley|date=1917|publisher=Macmillan and Company|year=|isbn=|location=New York|pages=|language=en|ref=harv}} {{refend}} == Pustaka liyanan == {{refbegin|35em}} * {{cite book|last=Bradford|first=Ernle Dusgate Selby|title=Cleopatra|url=https://archive.org/details/cleopatra0000brad|publisher=Penguin Group|year=2000|isbn=9780141390147}} * {{Cite book|last=Flamarion|first=Edith|last2=Bonfante-Warren|first2=Alexandra|title=Cleopatra: The Life and Death of a Pharaoh|url=https://archive.org/details/cleopatralifedea00flam|publisher=Harry Abrams|year=1997|isbn=9780810928053}} * {{cite book|last=Foss|first=Michael|title=The Search for Cleopatra|url=https://archive.org/details/searchforcleopat0000mich|publisher=Arcade Publishing|year=1999|isbn=9781559705035}} * {{cite book|last=Fraser|first=P.M.|title=Ptolemaic Alexandria|volume=1-3|year=1985|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780198142782|edition=reprint}} * {{cite book|last=Lindsay|first=Jack |author-link=Jack Lindsay |title=Cleopatra|year=1972|publisher=Coward-McCann|location=New York|OCLC=671705946}} * {{cite book|last=Nardo|first=Don|title=Cleopatra|url=https://archive.org/details/cleopatra0000nard|publisher=Lucent Books|year=1994|isbn=9781560060239}} * {{cite book|last=Pomeroy|first=Sarah B.|title=Women in Hellenistic Egypt: from Alexander to Cleopatra|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninhellenist0000pome|year=1984|publisher=Schocken Books|location=New York|isbn=9780805239119}} * {{cite book|last=Southern|first=Pat|title=Cleopatra|publisher=Tempus|year=2000|isbn=9780752414942}} * {{cite book|last=Syme|first=Ronald|author-link=Ronald Syme|title=The Roman Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/romanrevolution0000syme|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1962|orig-year=1939|OCLC=404094}} * {{cite book|last=Volkmann|first=Hans|title=Cleopatra: a Study in Politics and Propaganda|url=https://archive.org/details/cleopatrastudyin0000hans|year=1958|publisher=Sagamore Press|location=New York|others=T.J. Cadoux, trans|OCLC=899077769}} * {{cite book|last=Weigall|first=Arthur E. P. Brome|title=The Life and Times of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AJL1424.0001.001|year=1914|publisher=Blackwood|location=Edinburgh|OCLC=316294139}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links |commons=Category:Cleopatra VII of Egypt}} {{Wikinews|Egyptian archaeologist finds artifacts which may lead to Cleopatra's tomb|Artefak-artefak temuan arkeologi Mesir dapat menjadi petunjuk menuju makam Kleopatra}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boQOXk9ZEoc Gambaran Romawi Kuno indik Kleopatra VII, Ratu Mesir], ring [[YouTube]] * {{In Our Time|Kleopatra|b00w7clj|Cleopatra}} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992 Kleopatra] (1852), buku bacaan kanak-kanak Zaman Victoria karya [[Jacob Abbott]], edisi [[Project Gutenberg]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060811000057/http://www.discoverychannelasia.com/ontv_egyptweek/death_cleopatra/index.shtml "Kematian Misterius Kleopatra"] di [[Discovery Channel]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030208021301/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cleopatra_vii.shtml Kleopatra VII] di [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ BBC History] * [https://www.ancient.eu/Cleopatra_VII/ Kleopatra VII] di [[Ancient History Encyclopedia]] * Eubanks, W. Ralph. (1 November 2010). "[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130976125 Bagaimana Sejarah dan Hollywood Keliru Memahami 'Kleopatra']". [[National Public Radio]] (NPR) (sebuah ulasan buku ''Cleopatra: A Life'', karya [[Stacy Schiff]]). * Jarus, Owen (13 Maret 2014). "[https://www.livescience.com/44071-cleopatra-biography.html Kleopatra: Fakta & Biografi]". ''[[Live Science]]''. * Watkins, Thayer. "[http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cleopatra.htm Lini Masa Kehidupan Kleopatra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813025922/https://sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cleopatra.htm |date=2021-08-13 }}." [[San Jose State University|Universitas Negeri San Jose]]. * Draycott, Jane (22 Méi 2018). "[https://www.historytoday.com/jane-draycott/cleopatras-daughter Anak Perempuan Kleopatra: Jika Antonius dan Kleopatra terabadikan dalam sejarah dan dalam budaya populer, anak-anak mereka sama sekali dilupakan orang. Anak perempuan mereka, Kleopatra Selene, menjadi seorang penguasa penting atas usaha sendiri.]" ''[[History Today]]''. {{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[dinasti Ptolemaik|Wangsa Ptolemaios]]||69 SM||30 SM}} {{S-reg}} {{S-bef|before=[[Ptolemaios XII Auletes|Ptolemaios XII]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Daftar raja Mesir kuno#Dinasti Ptolemeus|Ratu Mesir]]|years=51–30 SM |regent1=[[Ptolemaios XII Auletes|Ptolemaios XII]], |regent2=[[Ptolemaios XIII Theos Philopator|Ptolemaios XIII]], |regent3=[[Ptolemaios XIV dari Mesir|Ptolemaios XIV]], |regent4=[[Caesarion|Ptolemaios XV]]}} {{S-non|reason=Jabatan dihapuskan<br /><small>[[Aegyptus (propinsi Romawi)|Mesir dianeksasi Républik Romawi]]</small>}} {{s-end}} [[Kategori:Babad|K]] [[Kategori:Tokoh|K]] 3rslnxqu3a9gnyiwhwevxperi6u0tcp 0 1445 281253 67187 2026-08-27T22:27:42Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist |name = Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci |image = Leonardo_self.jpg |caption = Potret diri Leonardo da Vinci, c.1512-1515.{{efn|Gambar sané karipta anggén kapur barak puniki katrima (meski tidak secara universal) dados potret diri aseli saking Leonardo da Vinci. Akeh jadma sané meragukan keasliannya karena wajah Leonardo tampak lebih tua dari usianya pada saat itu. Namun, beberapa orang lain berpendapat bahwa Leonardo sengaja melukis dirinya dengan usia yang lebih tua.}}<br/> [[Royal Library of Turin]] |birth_name = Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci<ref name="Brown">[https://books.google.fr/books?isbn=0300072465 David Alan Brown, Leonardo (da Vinci), ''Leonardo Da Vinci: Origins of a Genius''], Yale University Press, 1998, p. 7, {{ISBN|0-300-07246-5}}</ref> |birth_date = {{birth date|1452|4|15|mf=y}} |birth_place = Vinci, [[Provinsi Firenze|Florence]], [[Italia]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1519|5|2|1452|4|15|mf=y}} |death_place = [[Amboise]], [[Touraine]] (sekarang [[Indre-et-Loire]], [[Prancis]]) |nationality = {{flag|Italia}} |field = [[Pelukis]]<br/>[[Pemahat]]/[[Pematung]]<br/>[[Arsitek]]<br/>[[Penemu]]<br/>[[Penulis]]<br/>[[Filsuf]] |style = [[High Renaissance]] |works = {{plainlist| * ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' * ''[[Perjamuan Terakhir (Leonardo da Vinci)|Perjamuan Terakhir]]'' * ''[[Lady with an Ermine]]'' * ''[[Virgin of the Rocks]]'' * ''[[Vitruvian Man|The Vitruvian Man]]'' * ''[[Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)|Salvator Mundi]]'' }} |module={{Infobox person|child=yes |signature = Da Vinci Signature.svg}} }} [[Berkas:Leonardo da Vinci ms.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Leonardo da Vinci]] [[Berkas:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Lukisan ''Mona Lisa'' karya Leonardo]] [[Berkas:Last supper.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Lukisan ''The Last Supper'' karya Leonardo]] '''Leonardo da Vinci''' inggih punika pelukis, undagi, tukang ukir, panyurat, tur musisi [[Renaissance|Rénaisans]] [[Italia]]. Ida saking Vinci, embas ring Vinci, Provinsi Firenze, Italia tanggal 15 April warsa 1452, tur padem ring Clos Luce, [[Perancis|Prancis]] tanggal 2 Méi 1519, ri tatkala mayusa 67 warsa. Ida kabaosang arkétipe "jana rénaisans" miwah "jénius universal". Leonardo da Vinci kasub krana lukisannyané sané piawai sakadi Mona Lisa miwah Perjamuan Terakhir (''The Last Supper''). Ida taler kasub duaning ngamolihang penemuan sané mangkin kadadosang téknologi sané anyar minakadi indik tank miwah montor sané kabaosang olih Ida nganggén gambar-gambarannyané. Ida taler nglimbakang ilmu anatomi, astronomi, téknik sipil, miwah kulinér. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Catetan === {{notelist}} === Pustaka liyanan === {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |title=Leonardo da Vinci |url=https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci0000isaa_l1l2 |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2017|isbn=9781501139161 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Rosci |first=Marco |title=Leonardo |publisher=Bay Books Pty Ltd |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-85835-176-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Vezzosi |first=Alessandro |translator-last=Bonfante-Warren |translator-first=Alexandra |title=Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man |url=https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincir0000vezz |publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd|location= London |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-500-30081-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Capra |first=Fritjof |title=The Science of Leonardo |publisher=Doubleday |location=US |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-385-51390-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/scienceofleonard00capr }} {{Refend}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [http://biokristi.sabda.org/kisah_leonardo_da_vinci_seniman_sepanjang_masa Leonardo da Vinci sang seniman sepanjang masa] [[Kategori:Tokoh Italia|Leonardo da Vinci]] [[Kategori:Vegetarian]] [[Kategori:Otodidak]] [[Kategori:Sejarah anatomi]] [[Kategori:Arsitek Italia]] [[Kategori:Penemu Italia]] [[Kategori:Ilmuwan Italia]] [[Kategori:Pematung Italia]] [[Kategori:Pelukis Italia]] [[Kategori:Pelukis renaisans]] nf9ablxanz6elxnyh7iavughquf21bq 0 1449 281200 206190 2026-08-27T21:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|6|30|N|9|30|W|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Républik Libéria | common_name = Liberia | image_flag = Flag of Liberia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Liberia.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | image_map = Location Liberia AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=|location_color=dark blue|region=Africa|region_color=light blue}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = "The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here" | national_anthem = ''[[All Hail, Liberia, Hail!]]''<br /><center>[[File:Liberia National Anthem.ogg]]</center> | official_languages = [[English language|English]] | languages_type = Spoken and national languages<ref>{{cite web |editor1-first=M. Paul |editor1-last=Lewis |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor2-last=Simons |editor3-first=Charles D. |editor3-last=Fennig |year=2015 |title=Liberia |website=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=18th |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL International |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/lr/languages}}</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Liberian English]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 20.3% [[Kpelle people|Kpelle]] | 13.4% [[Bassa people (Liberia)|Bassa]] | 10% [[Grebo people|Grebo]] | 8% [[Gio people|Gio]] | 7.9% [[Mano people|Mano]] | 6% [[Kru people|Kru]] | 5.1% [[Loma people|Lorma]] | 4.8% [[Kissi people|Kissi]] | 4.4% [[Gola people|Gola]] | 4% [[Krahn people|Krahn]] | 4% [[Vai people|Vai]] | 3.2% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] |3% [[Gbandi people|Gbandi]] |1.3% [[Mende people|Mende]] |1.2% [[Sapo people|Sapo]] |0.8% [[Belle people|Belle]] |0.3% [[Dey people|Dey]] |0.6% other Liberian |1.4% other African |0.1% non-African }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2008<ref name=CIA/> | religion = {{unbulleted list | 85.6% [[Christianity]] | 12.2% [[Islam]] | 2.2% others<ref name=CIA/> }} | demonym = Liberian | capital = [[Monrovia]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|19|N|10|48|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Monrovia | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Présidéntial system|Présidéntial]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Présidént of Liberia|Présidént]] | leader_name1 = [[George Weah]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice Présidént of Liberia|Vice Présidént]] | leader_name2 = [[Jewel Taylor]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Liberia|Speaker of the House]] | leader_name3 = Bhofal Chambers | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Liberia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Francis Korkpor]] | legislature = [[Legislature of Liberia]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Liberia)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Liberia)|House of Representatives]] | area_rank = 102nd <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area --> | area_km2 = 111,369 | area_sq_mi = 43,000 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 13.514 | population_estimate = 5,073,296<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html |title=Liberia |work=The Central Intelligence Agency side for Liberia |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2019 |accessdate=June 1, 2020 |archive-date=August 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831034011/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2015 | population_estimate_rank = 126th | population_census = 3,476,608 | population_census_year = 2008 | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 40.43 | population_density_sq_mi = 92.0 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 180th | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP = $6.468 billion | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,413<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=10&sy=2019&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=668&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org|accessdate=Séptémber 1, 2019}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal = $3.221 billion | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $704<ref name="auto"/> | sovereignty_type = [[History of Liberia|Formation]] and [[Independence]] from [[United States]] | established_event1 = Settlement by the [[American Colonization Society|{{nowrap|American Colonization}} Society]] | established_date1 = January 7, 1822 | established_event2 = [[Liberian Declaration of Independence]]<!--Note: Liberia was never colonized or claimed by the United States government. It was founded by the ACS (American Colonization Society), a private organization. Please do not change this field to include "from the United States" without first discussing it on the talk page--> | established_date2 = July 26, 1847 | established_event3 = Annexation of [[Republic of Maryland]] | established_date3 = March 18, 1857 | established_event4 = Recognition by the United States | established_date4 = February 5, 1862 | established_event5 = [[United Nations Charter|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date5 = November 2, 1945 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Liberia|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = January 6, 1986 | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 35.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=LR&name_desc=false|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.465 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 176th | currency = [[Liberian dollar]] (LRD) | currency_code = | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+231]] | cctld = [[.lr]] | today = }} '''Libéria''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Liberia.ogg|l|aɪ|ˈ|b|ɪər|i|ə}}) inggih punika silih tunggil negari ring benoa [[Afrika]]. Negari puniki jimbarnyané 111,369&nbsp;km² miwah akeh kramanyané kirang langkung 3,476,608 diri. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ===Pustaka liyanan=== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * Cooper, Helene, ''House at Sugar Beach: In Search of a Lost African Childhood'' (Simon & Schuster, 2008, {{ISBN|0-7432-6624-2}}) * {{cite book | title=Africa in World History, From Prehistory to the Present | url=https://archive.org/details/africainworldhis0000reyn | date=October 2003 | publisher=Prentice Hall | isbn = 978-0-13-092907-5 | edition=Paperback | author1=Gilbert, Erik |author2=Reynolds, Jonathan T }} * {{cite book | title=Too Late to Turn Back | date=March 5, 1991 | publisher=Penguin | isbn=0-14-009594-2 | author=Greene, Barbara | url=https://archive.org/details/toolatetoturnbac00gree }} * {{cite book | title=Journey Without Maps | publisher=Vintage | year=1936 | isbn = 978-0-09-928223-5 | author=Greene, Graham | title-link=Journey Without Maps }} * {{cite book | title=Long Story Bit By Bit: Liberia Retold | publisher=New York: Umbrage | year=2009 | isbn = 978-1-884167-73-7 | author=Hetherington, Tim }} * {{cite book | title=Mississippi in Africa: The Saga of the Slaves of Prospect Hill Plantation and Their Legacy in Liberia Today | publisher=Gotham Books | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-59240-044-7 | author=Huffman, Alan | url=https://archive.org/details/mississippiinafr00huff }} * {{cite book | url = https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/33835 | title=Liberia : From the Love of Liberty to Paradise Lost | publisher=African Studies Centre, Leiden | year= 2015 | isbn = 978-90-54481447 | author= Kraaij, Fred | author2=van der }} *Lang, Victoria, ''To Liberia: Destiny's Timing'' (Publish America, Baltimore, 2004, {{ISBN|1-4137-1829-9}}). A fast-paced gripping novel of the journey of a young Black couple fleeing America to settle in the African motherland of Liberia. *Maksik, Alexander, ''A Marker to Measure Drift'' (John Murray 2013; Paperback 2014; {{ISBN|978-1-84854-807-7}}). A beautifully written, powerful & moving novel about a young woman's experience of and escape from the Liberian civil war. * {{cite book | title=Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary: 3rd Edition | publisher=Merriam Webster Inc., Springfield | year=1997 | isbn=0-87779-546-0 | edition=Paperback | url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersg1998merr }} * [[Godfrey Mwakikagile|Mwakikagile, Godfrey]], ''Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties'', Chapter Eight: Liberia: 'The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here,' pp.&nbsp;85–110, [[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]], Huntington, New York, 2001; Godfrey Mwakikagile, ''The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation'', Chapter One: The Collapse of A Modern African State: Death and Rebirth of Liberia, pp.&nbsp;1–18, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2001. * {{cite book | title=Liberia: Portrait of a Failed State | date=April 4, 2001 | publisher=Reed Press | isbn=1-59429-012-1 | author=Pham, John-Peter | url=https://archive.org/details/liberiaportraito00pham }} * Sankawulo, Wilton, ''Great Tales of Liberia''. Dr. Sankawulo is the compiler of these tales from Liberia and about Liberian culture. Editura Universitatii "Lucian Blaga", Sibiu, Romania, 2004. {{ISBN|9789736518386}}. * Sankawulo, Wilton, ''Sundown at Dawn: A Liberian Odyssey''. Recommended by the Cultural Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics for its content concerning Liberian culture. {{ISBN|0-9763565-0-3}} * Shaw, Elma, ''Redemption Road: The Quest for Peace and Justice in Liberia'' (a novel), with a Foreword by Présidént Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Cotton Tree Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-9800774-0-7}}) * {{cite book | title=Liberia: The Heart of Darkness | date=July 6, 2006 | publisher=Trafford Publishing | isbn = 1-55369-294-2 | author=Williams, Gabriel I. H. }} {{refend}} ===Pranala jaba=== {{Commons category}} {{Wikivoyage}} {{Scholia|country}} *[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/LI.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017024954/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/LI.html |date=2020-10-17 }} *{{CIA World Factbook link|li|Liberia}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085129/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/liberia.htm Liberia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Liberia}} *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13729504 Liberia profile] from the [[BBC News]]. *[http://countryportal.ascleiden.nl/liberia Liberia profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306022235/http://countryportal.ascleiden.nl/liberia |date=2016-03-06 }} from the [[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden|African Studies Centre Leiden]] [http://countryportal.ascleiden.nl Country portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023751/http://countryportal.ascleiden.nl/ |date=2016-03-06 }}. *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/liberia.html "Liberia Maps"], Perry–Castañeda Library, University of Texas at Austin. *{{wikiatlas|Liberia}} *[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDsEIivsLesJ4-2DFMingEwNgS7J7kmbo YouTube playlist of Wikitongues videos in different Liberian languages] {{Negara ring Afrika}} [[Kategori:Negara ring Afrika]] [[Kategori:Negara]] [[Kategori:Afrika]] 5izfneqxfzym5ueyxr5hykzxp6hdi4k 0 1470 281013 250811 2026-08-27T19:19:24Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|20|S|47|E|scale:10000000_source:GNS|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Républik Madagaskar {{nobold|([[Bli|Bali]])}} | common_name = Madagascar | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|mg|Repoblikan'i Madagasikara}}|{{native name|fr|République de Madagascar}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Madagascar.svg | image_coat = Seal of Madagascar.svg | symbol_type = [[Seal of Madagascar|Seal]] | national_motto = {{unbulleted list |{{nowrap|{{native phrase|mg|"Fitiavana, Tanindrazana, Fandrosoana"|italics=off}}}} |{{native phrase|fr|"Amour, Patrie, Progrès"|italics=off}} |{{small|"Love, Fatherland, Progress"}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref name=4thRepublic>{{cite web |last=Le Comité Consultatif Constitutionnel |title=''Projet de Constitution de la Quatrième République de Madagascar'' |publisher=Madagascar Tribune |date=1 October 2010 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/IMG/pdf/constitution.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628042414/http://madagascar-tribune.com/IMG/pdf/constitution.pdf |archivedate=28 June 2011|url-status=live |accessdate =24 August 2011|language=fr}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}} }} | national_anthem = ''[[Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!]]''<br />{{small|''Oh, Beloved Land of our Ancestors!''}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô! (instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = Location Madagascar AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Antananarivo]] | coordinates = {{Coord|18|55|S|47|31|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Antananarivo]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]|[[French language|French]]}} | ethnic_groups = <!--READ FIRST: Section has been maintained in its present form since the page was awarded "Featured Article" status. Please do not alter this information without seeking general consensus on the talk page. Thank you.--> {{unbulleted list |26% [[Merina people|Merina]] |15% [[Betsimisaraka people|Betsimisaraka]] |12% [[Betsileo people|Betsileo]] |7% [[Tsimihety people|Tsimihety]] |6% [[Sakalava people|Sakalava]] |5% [[Antaisaka people|Antaisaka]] |5% [[Antandroy]] |24% [[Ethnic groups of Madagascar|others]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Africa/malegasg.htm |title=MADAGASCAR: general data |publisher=Populstat.info |accessdate=15 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209164131/http://populstat.info/Africa/malegasg.htm |archive-date=9 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | demonym = [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa030900a.htm |title=Demonyms – Names of Nationalities |publisher=Geography.about.com |accessdate=15 July 2013 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061024/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa030900a.htm%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Malagasy – National Geographic Style Manual|url=http://stylemanual.natgeo.com|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-Présidéntial system|semi-Présidéntial]] [[Republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of Présidénts of Madagascar|Présidént]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Michael Randrianirina]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Madagascar|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Herintsalama Rajaonarivelo]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Présidénts of the Senate of Madagascar|Senate Présidént]] | leader_name3 = vacant | leader_title4 = [[List of Présidénts of the National Assembly of Madagascar|Présidént of the National Assembly]] | leader_name4 = [[Siteny Randrianasoloniaiko]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Madagascar|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Madagascar|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of Madagascar|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event1 = from [[France]] | established_date1 = 26 June 1960 | established_event2 = [[Malagasy constitutional referendum, 2010|Current constitution]] | established_date2 = 17 November 2010 | area_km2 = 587,041 | area_rank = 46th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 226,597 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.9% | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Madagascar}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 52nd | population_density_km2 = 35.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 91.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 174th | GDP_PPP = $45.948 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=27&pr1.y=17&c=674&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Madagascar |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,697<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal = $12.734 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $471<ref name=imf2/> | Gini = 44.1 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2010 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.521 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 162nd | currency = [[Malagasy ariary]] | currency_code = MGA | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | time_zone_DST = {{nowrap|not observed<ref name="Bradtp2">Bradt (2011), p. 2.</ref>}} | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|right]] | calling_code = [[+261]]<ref name="Bradtp2"/> | cctld = [[.mg]] | area_water_km2 = 5501 | today = }} [[Berkas:Flag of Madagascar.svg|jmpl|Kopér Madagaskar]] [[Berkas:Madagascar map.png|jmpl|Péta Madagaskar]] [[Berkas:LocationMadagascar.svg|thumb|Madagaskar ring Afrika]] '''Madagaskar''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|æ|d|ə|ˈ|g|æ|s|k|ər|,_|-|k|ɑɹ|}}; {{lang-mg|Madagasikara}}), utawi wastan resminé '''Republic of Madagascar''' ({{lang-mg|Repoblikan'i Madagasikara|links=no}} {{IPA-mg|republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥}}; {{lang-fr|République de Madagascar}}), inggih punika silih tunggil negari ring benoa Afrika. Negari puniki jimbarnyané 587,041&nbsp;km² miwah akéh kramannyané kirang-langkung 22,434,363 diri. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|25em}} ===Cingak masih=== {{portal|Madagaskar}} === Pustaka liyanan === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last = Acquier |first = Jean-Louis |title = Architectures de Madagascar |publisher = Berger-Levrault |location = Berlin |year = 1997 |isbn = 978-2-7003-1169-3|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last = Ade Ajayi |first = Jacob Festus |title = General history of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s |publisher = UNESCO |location = Paris |year = 1989 |isbn = 978-0-520-03917-9 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sMpMuJalFKoC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last = Adelaar |first = Alexander |contribution = The Indonésian migrations to Madagascar: Making sense of the multidisciplinary evidence |title = Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogeneses of people in Indonésian archipelago |editor-last = Simanjuntak, Truman |editor2=Pojoh, Ingrid |editor3=Harriet Eileen |editor4=Hisyam, Muhamad |publisher = LIPI Press |location = Jakarta, Indonésia |year = 2006 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Szvr5hUtD5kC&printsec=frontcover |isbn = 978-979-26-2436-6}} * {{cite book |last = Ames |first = Glenn Joseph |title =Distant lands and diverse cultures: the French experience in Asia, 1600–1700|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group |location = New York |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-313-30864-2}} * {{cite book |last1 = Auzias |first1 = Dominique |first2 =Jean-Paul |last2 = Labourdette |title = Petit Futé: Madagascar 2008 |location = Paris |publisher = Petit Futé |year= 2008 |isbn = 978-2-7469-1982-2|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last = Barendse |first = R.J. |title = The Arabian seas: the Indian Ocean world of the seventeenth century |publisher = M.E. Sharpe |location = Berlin |year = 2002|isbn = 978-0-7656-0729-4 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_qvq9dN8j5MC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last = Bradt |first= Hilary |title=Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |location=London |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84162-341-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uTRPnMlOcwgC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last = Browning |first = Christopher R. |title = The Origins of the Final Solution |publisher = Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority |location = Jerusalem |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-3-540-63293-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQdRHNdK44C&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Gwyn |title=An economic history of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: the rise and fall of an island empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location = London|year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-83935-8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=13Yt9jLuKzsC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last1= Chapus |first1 = G.S. |last2= Mondain |first2 = G. |year = 1953 |title = Un homme d'etat malgache: Rainilaiarivony |publisher = Editions Diloutremer |location = Paris|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last = Cousins |first = William Edward |title = Madagascar of to-day: A sketch of the island, with chapters on its past history and present prospects |publisher = The Religious Tract Society |location = London |year = 1895 |url = https://archive.org/details/madagascartoday01cousgoog}} * {{cite book |last = Curtin |first = Philip D. |title = Disease and empire: the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa |url = https://archive.org/details/diseaseempirehea0000curt |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 1998 |location = Cambridge, MA |isbn = 978-0-521-59835-4}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last = Davies |first = S.J.J.F. |contribution = Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins |title = Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia |editor-first = Michael |editor-last = Hutchins |volume = 8 |edition = 2 |publisher = Gale Group |location = Farmington Hills, MI |isbn = 978-0-7876-5784-0 |year = 2003}} * {{cite book |last = Deschamps |first = Hubert Jules |title = Histoire de Madagascar |publisher = Berger-Levrault |location = Ann Arbor, MI |year = 1965 |language=fr}} * {{cite book |last = Ellis |first = William |title = Three visits to Madagascar during&nbsp;... 1853-1854-1856 |publisher = Oxford University |location = London |year = 1859 |url = https://archive.org/details/threevisitstoma04elligoog}} *{{cite book |author=William Ellis |title=Madagascar revisited, describing the events of a new reign and the revolution which followed |url= https://archive.org/details/madagascarrevis00elligoog |publisher=John Murray |year=1867 |isbn=0-548-22734-9}} *{{cite book |author=William Ellis |title=The martyr church: a narrative of the introduction, progress, and triumph of Christianity in Madagascar |url= https://archive.org/details/martyrchurchana00elligoog |publisher=J. Snow |year=1870 |isbn=0-8370-0407-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Emoff |first1=Ron |year=2004 |title =Island Musics |chapter = Spitting into the wind: Multi-edged environmentalism in Malagasy song |editor-last = Dawe |editor-first = Kevin |publisher=Berg |location = New York |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=owU3-pCIvyYC&printsec=frontcover |isbn = 978-1-85973-703-3}} * {{cite book |last1= Fage |first1 = J.D. |last2= Flint |first2= J.E. |last3=Oliver |first3=R.A. |year = 1986 |title = The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1790 to c. 1870 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = London |isbn = 978-0-521-20413-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BOHYn7J4YzQC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last=Fournet-Guérin |first=Catherine |title=Vivre à Tananarive: géographie du changement dans la capitale malgache |publisher=Karthala Editions |location = Antananarivo, Madagascar |year=2007 |isbn=978-2-84586-869-4 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=U_NHlyeI3mcC&printsec=frontcover|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last = Fox |first = Leonard |title = Hainteny: the traditional poetry of Madagascar |publisher = Bucknell University Press |year = 1990 |location = Lewisburg, PA |isbn = 978-0-8387-5175-6}} * {{cite book |last1 = Freeman |first1 = Joseph John |last2 = Johns |first2 = David |title = A narrative of the persecution of the Christians in Madagascar: with details of the escape of six Christian refugees now in England |publisher = J. Snow |location = London |year = 1840 |url = https://archive.org/details/anarrativeperse01johngoog}} * {{cite book |last = Frémigacci |first = Jean |chapter = Le Rova de Tananarive: Destruction d'un lieu saint ou constitution d'une référence identitaire? |title = Histoire d'Afrique |editor-last = Chrétien |editor-first = Jean-Pierre |year = 1999 |publisher = Editions Karthala |location = Paris |isbn = 978-2-86537-904-0 |language = fr |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/histoiredafrique0000unse }} * {{cite book |last = Gallieni |first = Joseph-Simon |title = Neuf ans à Madagascar |publisher = Librairie Hachette |location = Paris |year = 1908 |url = https://archive.org/details/neufansamadagas01gallgoog|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last1 = Heale |first1 = Jay |last2 = Abdul Latif |first2 =Zawiah |title = Cultures of the World: Madagascar |publisher = Marshall Cavendish |location = Tarrytown, NY |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-0-7614-3036-0 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PJWLCYGo2RgC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last1 = Hillstrom |first1 = Kevin |last2 = Collier Hillstrom |first2 =Laurie |title = Africa and the Middle East: a continental overview of environmental issues |publisher = ABC-CLIO |location = Santa Barbara, CA |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-1-57607-688-0 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XxIk9zTm_e8C&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book|last1 = Hobbes |first1 = Joseph |last2 = Dolan|first2 = Andrew |title = World Regional Geography |publisher = Cengage Learning |location = Belmont, CA |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&printsec=frontcover |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-0-495-38950-7}} * {{cite book |last = Hodder |first = Ian |title = Symbolic and structural archaeology |publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1982 |location = New York |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dWdwiY7ziRYC&printsec=frontcover |isbn = 978-0-521-24406-0}} * {{cite book |last = Kennedy |first = David |title = The Library of Congress World War II companion |publisher = Simon and Schuster |year = 2007 |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-7432-5219-5 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/libraryofcongres0000wagn }} * {{cite book |last = Kent |first = Raymond |title = From Madagascar to the Malagasy Republic |publisher = Greenwood Press |location = Ann Arbor, MI |year = 1976 |isbn = 978-0-8371-8421-0 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/frommadagascarto0000kent }} * {{cite book |last1 = Kitchen |first1 = Helen A. |title = The Educated African: a Country-by-Country Survey of Educational Development in Africa |location = Washington, D.C. |publisher = Praeger |year= 1962}} * {{cite book |last1 = Kull |first1 = Christian |title = Isle of Fire: The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in Madagascar, Issue 246 |url = https://archive.org/details/isleoffirepoliti0000kull |location = Chicago |publisher = University of Chicago Press |year= 2004 |isbn = 978-0-226-46141-0}} * {{cite book |last1 = Kusimba |first1 = Chapurukha |last2 = Odland |first2 = J. Claire |last3 = Bronson |first3 = Bennet |title = Unwrapping the textile traditions of Madagascar |publisher = Regents of the University of California |series = Textile Series |location = Los Angeles |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-930741-95-2}} * {{cite book |last = Lehoullier |first= Sara |title=Madagascar: Travel Companion |publisher=Other Places Publishing |location=New York |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-9822619-5-8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QhAbnvPKaVUC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last = Middleton |first = Karen |title = Ancestors, Power, and History in Madagascar |publisher = Brill |location = Los Angeles |year = 1999 |isbn = 978-90-04-11289-6 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=My4B9q9FTiYC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last1 = Moriarty |first1 = H.A. |title = Islands in the southern Indian Ocean, westward of longitude 80 ̊east, including Madagascar |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-NmhAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover |location = London |publisher = J. D. Potter |year= 1891}} * {{cite book |last1 = Nalla |first1 = Mahesh |title = Crime and Punishment Around the World: Volume 1, Africa |location = Los Angeles |publisher = ABC-CLIO|year= 2010 |isbn = 978-0-313-35133-4}} * {{cite book |last = Ogot |first = Bethwell |title = Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century |publisher = UNESCO|location = Paris|year = 1992 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WAQbp7aLpZkC&printsec=frontcover|isbn = 978-92-3-101711-7}} * {{cite book |last1 = Oliver |first1 = Roland |first2 = John Donnelly |last2 = Fage |first3 =G.N. |last3 = Sanderson |title = The Cambridge History of Africa |journal = Journal of Arid Environments |publisher = Cambridge University Press |volume = 6 |issue = 2 |pages = 195 |year = 1985 |location = Cambridge, U.K. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xh-QcHRG3OwC&printsec=frontcover |isbn = 978-0-521-22803-9|bibcode = 1983JArEn...6..195S |doi = 10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31535-0 }} * {{cite book |first = Samuel Pasfield |last = Oliver |authorlink = Samuel Pasfield Oliver |title = Madagascar: an historical and descriptive account of the island and its former dependencies, Volume 1 |place = London |publisher = Macmillan |year = 1886 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lKtBAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last = Pezzotta |first = Federico |title = Madagascar: a mineral and gemstone paradise |place = Ann Arbor, MI |publisher = University of Michigan |year = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-9715371-0-1}} * {{cite book |last = Pryor |first= Frederic L. |title=The political economy of poverty, equity, and growth: Malawi and Madagascar |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-19-520823-8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0P0fDzMA5lEC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last1 = Rabearivelo |first1 = Jean-Joseph |title = Translated from the Night |location = Pittsburgh, PA |publisher = Lascaux Editions |year= 2007 |origyear = 1936 (translation by Robert Ziller) |isbn = 978-1-60461-552-4 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F-5I6QlMfJEC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last = Rajaonarimanana |first = Narivelo |title = Grammaire moderne de la langue malgache |publisher = Langues et mondes – l'Asiatheque |series = Langues INALCO |year = 2001 |location = Paris |isbn = 978-2-911053-79-5|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last = Ralibera |first = Daniel |title = Madagascar et le christianisme |location = Paris|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GOeAT76TGN0C&printsec=frontcover|publisher = Editions Karthala |year = 1993 |isbn = 978-92-9028-211-2|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last=Randier |first=Jean |title=La Royale: L'histoire illustrée de la Marine nationale française |year=2006 |publisher=Babouji |location= Maîtres du Vent – La Falaise |isbn=978-2-35261-022-9|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last = Randrianary |first = Victor |title = Madagascar: les chants d'une île |publisher = Actes Sud |location = Paris |year = 2001 |isbn = 978-2-7427-3556-3|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last = Ratsimbazafy |first = Ernest |editor-last = Green |editor-first = Thomas |editor2-last = Svinth |editor2-first = Joseph |title = Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, Volume 2 |contribution = Moraingy |publisher = ABC CLIO |location = Santa Barbara, CA |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-1-59884-243-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P-Nv_LUi6KgC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite journal|last1=Regnier|first1=Denis|title=Clean people, unclean people: the essentialisation of 'slaves' among the southern Betsileo of Madagascar|journal=Social Anthropology|volume=23|issue=2|year = 2015 |pages=152–158|doi=10.1111/1469-8676.12107|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/REGCPU}} * {{cite book |last = Reinsch |first = Paul Samuel |title = Colonial Administration |publisher = Macmillan |location = New York |year = 1905 |url = https://archive.org/details/colonialadminis00reingoog}} * {{cite book |last1 = Rodd |first1 = Tony |last2 = Stackhouse |first2 = Jennifer |title = Trees: A Visual Guide |publisher = University of California Press |location = Los Angeles |year = 2008 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=Mpsc2hsYk1YC&printsec=frontcover |isbn = 978-0-520-25650-7}} * {{cite book |last = Room |first = Adrian |title = Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites |publisher = McFarland |location = Jefferson, NC |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-7864-2248-7 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last = Sharp |first = Leslie |title = The Sacrificed Generation: Youth, History, and the Colonized Mind in Madagascar |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5IFbKsKxYQYC&printsec=frontcover |location = Berkeley, CA |publisher = University of California Press |year = 2002 |isbn = 978-0-520-22951-8}} * {{cite book|last=Shillington|first= Kevin|title=Encyclopedia of African history|publisher=CRC Press|location = New York |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-57958-453-5}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last = Strakes |first = Jason |contribution = Armed Forces of the People |year = 2006 |title = Encyclopedia of the developing world |editor-last = Leonard |editor-first = Thomas M. |volume = 1 |place = New York |publisher = Taylor & Francis |isbn = 978-1-57958-388-0 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |last1= Thompson |first1 = Virginia |last2= Adloff |first2 = Richard |year = 1965 |title = The Malagasy Republic: Madagascar today |url= https://archive.org/details/malagasyrepublic0000thom |publisher = Stanford University Press |isbn = 978-0-8047-0279-9 |location = San Francisco, CA}} * {{cite book |last = Uwechue |first = Raph |title = Makers of modern Africa: profiles in history, Volume 1 |publisher = Africa Books Ltd |location = Dearborne, MI |year = 1981 |isbn = 978-0-903274-14-2}} * {{cite book |last=Van Den Boogaerde |first=Pierre|title=Shipwrecks of Madagascar |year=2008 |publisher=AEG Publishing Group |location= New York |isbn=978-1-60693-494-4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=I_S1D8cnTiEC&pg=PT19}} * {{cite book |last= Wink|first= André |title= Volume 3 of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Indo-Islamic society, 14th–15th centuries |publisher = Brill |location = Leiden, The Netherlands |year= 2004 |isbn= 978-90-04-13561-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&printsec=frontcover}} {{Refend}} ===Pranala jaba=== {{Sister project links|Madagascar|voy=Madagascar|d=Q1019}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13861843 Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] * {{CIA_World_Factbook link|ma|Madagascar}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Madagascar}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120829212249/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/madagascar.htm Madagascar] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{wikiatlas|Madagascar}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MG Key Development Forecasts for Madagascar] from [[International Futures]] * {{osmrelation-inline|447325}} {{Negara ring Afrika}} [[Kategori:Negara ring Afrika]] [[Kategori:Negara]] [[Kategori:Afrika]] 2xjgiwfn7a6f4nm429spwfl1l1zu4xn 0 1484 281036 276919 2026-08-27T19:31:49Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|13|30|S|34|00|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Républik Malawi | common_name = Malawi | native_name = {{nowrap|{{lang|ny|Dziko la Malaŵi}}}} ([[Chewa language|Chichewa]])<br/>{{nowrap|{{lang|ny|Charu cha Malaŵi}}}} ([[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]]) | image_flag = Flag of Malawi.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malawi.svg | national_motto = "Unity and Freedom" | national_anthem = {{native name|ny|[[Mulungu dalitsani Malaŵi]]|nolink=yes}}<br/>({{Lang-en|"O God Bless Our Land of Malawi"}}){{lower|0.1em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |title=Malawi National Anthem Lyrics |work=National Anthem Lyrics |publisher=Lyrics on Demand |accessdate=24 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015032/http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}<br/><center>[[File:Malawian national anthem.oga]]</center> | image_map = File:Location Malawi AU Africa.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Lilongwe]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|57|S|33|42|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lilongwe]] | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<br/>[[Chewa language|Chewa]] | regional_languages = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:green ;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa; | [[Yao language|Yao]] | [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] | [[Tonga (Nyasa) language|Tonga]] | [[Sena language|Sena]] | [[Lomwe language|Lomwe]] | [[Nyakyusa language|Ngonde]] | [[Lambya language|Lambya]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 34.4% [[Chewa people|Chewa]] | 18.9% [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]] | 13.3% [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] | 10.4% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] | 9.2% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | 3.8% [[Sena people|Sena]] | 3.2% [[Mang'anja people|Mang'anja]] | 1.9% [[Nyanja people|Nyanja]] | 1.8% [[Tonga people of Malawi|Tonga]] | 1.0% [[Nyakyusa people|Ngonde]] | 0.6% [[Lambya people|Lambya]] | 0.5% [[Sukwa people|Sukwa]] | 1.1% others }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2018 Census<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demonym = [[Malawian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Présidéntial system|Présidéntial]] [[constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Présidént of Malawi|Présidént]] | leader_name1 = [[Peter Mutharika]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice Présidént of Malawi|Vice-Présidént]] | leader_name2 = [[Jane Ansah]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Malawi)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Kemerdekaan | established_event1 = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_date1 = 6 July 1964 | established_event2 = republic | established_date2 = 6 July 1966 | established_event3 = Current constitution | established_date3 = 18 May 1994 | area_km2 = 118,484 | area_rank = 98th<!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area --> | area_sq_mi = 45,747 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 20.6% | population_estimate = {{Increase}} 19,129,952 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-06-02 |archive-date=2020-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218054922/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_census = 17,563,749<ref name="Census2018"/> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 62nd | population_census_year = 2018 | population_density_km2 = 153.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 396.5 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 56th | GDP_PPP = $25.037 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,234<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=62&pr.y=7&sy=2019&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=676&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org}}</ref> | GDP_nominal = $7.436 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $367<ref name="auto"/> | Gini = 43.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2010 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.485 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 172nd | currency = [[Malawian kwacha|Kwacha]] (D) | currency_code = MWK | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST= | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Malawi|+265]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1068913.stm |title=Country profile: Malawi |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=13 March 2008 |accessdate=17 August 2008}}</ref> | cctld = [[.mw]]<ref name="BBC" /> | footnotes = * Population estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]]; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. * Information is drawn from the CIA ''[[World Factbook]]'' unless otherwise noted. | today = }} '''Malawi''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɔː|w|i}}, {{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|w|i}} utawi {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|l|ə|w|i}}; {{IPA-ny|maláβi|[[Chewa language|Chichewa]]:}} utawi [[Internasional Phonetic Alphabet|[maláwi]]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Malawi: Maláui, Malaui, Malauí, Malavi ou Malávi?|url = http://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/|website = DicionarioeGramatica.com.br|accessdate = 25 October 2015}}</ref> [[basa Chewa]]: ''Dziko la Malaŵi'', [[basa Tumbuka]]: ''Charu cha Malaŵi'', {{lang-en|Republic of Malawi}})), inggih punika silih tunggil negari ring benoa Afrika. Negari puniki jimbarnyané 118,484&nbsp;km² miwah akeh kramanyané kirang langkung 16,832,900 diri. Malawi kawatesin olih [[Tanzania]] ring sisi kaler, [[Zambia]] ring sisi kaja kauh, miwah [[Mozambik]] ring sisi kangin, kelod, miwah kauh. [[Danau Malawi]], sane mabentangan ring wates kangin Malawi, nglikubin seperlima saking wewidangan panegara punika. Wit saking wastan Malawi puniki nenten kauningin; punika kapercayain mawit saking suku kelod utawi terinspirasi olih 'sinar suryane sane masunar ring danu' (cingak bendera). Ring warsa 1891, wewidangan punika kajajah olih Inggris lan dados protektorat Inggris sane kaloktah dados Nyasaland. Duk warsa 1953, dados negara sané dados protektorat ring Federasi Rhodesia miwah Nyasaland sané setengah merdeka. Federasi puniki kabubar duk warsa 1963. Ring warsa 1964, protektorat punika puput: Nyasaland dados negara merdeka ring sor Ratu Elizabeth II saking Inggris, lan kagentosin wastannyane dados Malawi. Kalih warsa salanturnyane, dados republik. Negara puniki ngamolihang kemerdekaan saking Inggris, miwah ring warsa 1970 sampun dados negara asiki partai ring sor presiden Hastings Banda, sané kantun ngamargiang pamargi puniki kantos warsa 1994.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hastings Kamuzu Banda &#124; president of Malawi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hastings-Kamuzu-Banda |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The cult of Hastings Banda takes hold |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-cult-of-hastings-banda-takes-hold/article4273860/ |newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=20 May 2009 |last1=York |first1=Geoffrey }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCracken |first=John |author-link=John McCracken (historian) |title=Democracy and Nationalism in Historical Perspective: The Case of Malawi |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/97/387/231/16549 |journal=African Affairs |volume=97 |issue=387 |pages=231–249 |date=1 April 1998 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007927 |via=academic.oup.com}}</ref> Sistim politik Malawi dados republik demokratis [[sistem multipartai]] sané kapimpin olih presiden sané kapilih. [[Lazarus Chakwera]] saking [[Partai Kongres Malawi]] mimpin koalisi Aliansi Tonse sane kawangun antuk sia partai politik lan ngamolihang jayanti ring pemilihan presiden sane kalaksanayang olih pengadilan sane kalaksanayang ring tanggal 23 Juni 2020 sesampun pemilihan presiden Mei 2019 kacabut santukan pemilihan sane nenten teratur. Militer panegara punika, [[Angkatan Bersenjata Malawi|Angkatan Pertahanan Malawi]], ngranjing tentara, angkatan laut, miwah sayap udara. Kawicakan luar negeri Malawi inggih punika [[Jagat Barat|pro-Barat]]. Puniki ngamong paiketan diplomatik sane becik sareng akehnyane panegara, lan nyarengin makudang-kudang organisasi internasional, rumasuk [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], [[Persemakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa]], [[Komunitas Pembangunan Afrika Selatan]] (SADC), [[COMESA|Pasar Bersama Afrika Timur lan Selatan]] (COMESA), lan [[Uni Afrika]] (AU). Malawi dados silih sinunggil [[Lis negara manut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia|negara sane paling kirang maju ring jagate]]. Ekonominyane akehan madasar antuk pertanian, lan penduduknyane akehan sane magenah ring padesaan lan sayan nincap. Pamrentah Malawi ngandelang wantuan saking dura negara anggen nyangkepin kabutuhan pembangunannyane, yadiastun jumlah sane kabuatang (lan wantuan sane katawarin) sampun sayan rered ngawit warsa 2000. Pamrentah Malawi ngadepin tantangan ring sajeroning ngawangun lan nglimbakang ekonomi, nincapang pendidikan, kesehatan, lan perlindungan lingkungan sefficient high decomilf- pengangguran. Ngawit warsa 2005, Malawi sampun ngalimbakang makudang-kudang kawicakan sane ngutamayang indik nanganin pikobet puniki, tur prospek panegara punika kanten sayan nincap: Indikator utama kemajuan ekonomi, pendidikan, lan layanan kesehatan kacingak ring warsa 2007 lan 2008. Malawi madue [[pangapti urip]] sane rendah lan kepatian bayi sane tegeh. [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] puniki sampun akeh, ngirangin tenaga kerja lan ngamerluang panincapan belanja pemerintah. Krama panegara puniki rumasuk krama asli, Asia, miwah Eropa. Makudang-kudang basa sane kaanggen, tur wenten makudang-kudang kepercayaan agama. Yadiastun duk dumun wenten pikobet regional sane wenten sane sangkaning pabinayan soroh, duk warsa 2008 pikobet internal puniki sampun sayan rered, taler pikayunan mangda prasida ngidentifikasi sareng kebangsaan Malawi sampun medal malih. === Flora dan fauna === [[File:Elephant at Majete wildlife reserve.jpg|thumb|Gajah di [[Suaka Margasatwa Majete]]]] Fauna asli Malawi minakadi mamalia sakadi gajah, kuda nil, antelop, kebo, meong ageng, monyet, badak, miwah kelelawar; makudang-kudang soroh kedis minakadi kedis sane ngamah, beo lan elang, kedis toya lan wader sane ageng, kedis hantu, lan kedis sane magending. Danu Malawi kagambarang madue silih sinunggil fauna ulam danu sane pinih sugih ring jagate, dados umah kirang langkung 200 mamalia, 650 kedis, 30+ moluska, lan 5.500+ spesies entik-entikan.<ref name="feow">{{cite web|last1=Ribbink|first1=Anthony.J.|title=Lake Malawi|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/lake_malawi|website=Freshwater Ecoregions Of the World|publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]]|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081754/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/lake_malawi|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pitung ekoregion terestrial magenah ring Malawi: alas miombo Zambezia Tengah, alas miombo Timur, alas miombo Selatan, alas mopane Zambezia, dataran banjir Zambezia, mosaik alas-padang gunung Malawi Selatan, miwah mosaik padang rumput Rift Selatan antuk.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wenten limang taman nasional, petang genah suaka satwa, miwah kalih genah sane lianan sane kalindungin ring Malawi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqhc-1eKDOIC&q=There+are+five+national+parks%2C+four+wildlife+and+game+reserves+and+two+other+protected+areas+in+Malawi&pg=PA27|title=Malawi|date=2010|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-313-9|language=en}}</ref> Negara ini memiliki skor rata-rata [[Indeks Integritas Lanskap Hutan]] 2019 sebesar 5,74/10, peringkat ke-96 secara global dari 172 negara.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pustaka liyanan === {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|author=Cutter, Charles H.|title=Africa 2006|edition=41st|year=2006|publisher=Stryker-Post Publications|location=Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|isbn=1-887985-72-7}} * {{cite book|author=Davidson, Basil|title=Africa in History: Themes and Outlines|edition=Revised and Expanded|publisher=Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York|year=1991|isbn=0-02-042791-3|url=https://archive.org/details/africainhistoryt00davi_0}} * {{cite book|author=Dickovick, J. Tyler|title=Africa 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/africa20080000dick|edition=43rd|year=2008|publisher=Stryker-Post Publications|location=Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|isbn=978-1-887985-90-1}} * {{cite book|author=Meredith, Martin|title=The Fate of Africa&nbsp;– From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair: A History of 50 Years of Independence|publisher=Public Affairs|location=New York|year=2005|isbn=1-58648-246-7|url=https://archive.org/details/fateofafricafrom00mere}} * {{cite book|author=Murphy, Philip (editor)|title=Central Africa: Closer Association 1945–1958|publisher=The Stationery Office|location=London, UK|year=2005|isbn=0-11-290586-2}} * {{cite book|author=Reader, John|title=Africa: A Biography of the Continent|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|edition=First Vintage Books|year=1999|isbn=0-679-73869-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/africabiographyo0000read}} * {{cite book|author=Turner, Barry (ed.)|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2009: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4039-9278-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/statesmansyearbo0000unse}} {{Refend}} === Pranala jaba === {{Sister project links|Malawi|voy=Malawi}} * [http://www.malawi.gov.mw/ Situs resmi Pamrentah Republik Malawi] * {{Wikiatlas|Malawi}} {{Negara ring Afrika}} [[Kategori:Negara ring Afrika]] [[Kategori:Negara]] [[Kategori:Afrika]] esyu8twyd5y6emv6pymwnxsn2fpjpcl 0 1579 281201 246723 2026-08-27T21:57:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|NTB|kagunan liyan|NTB (disambiguasi)}} {{Kotak inpo propinsi |nama = Nusa Tenggara Barat |bendera = Flag of West Nusa Tenggara.svg |lambang = Coat of arms of West Nusa Tenggara.svg |peta = West Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia.svg |koordinat = 9º 20' - 6º 20' [[Lintang Selatan|LS]]{{br}}115º 30' - 119º 30' [[Bujur Timur|BT]] |motto = |dasar hukum = |tanggal = |ibukota = [[Kota Mataram]] |nama gubernur = [[Zulkieflimansyah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://missjoaquim.com/pilgub-ntb-2013-tgb-amin-menang-versi-quick-count/|title=PILGUB NTB 2013: TGB-AMIN Menang Versi Quick Count|date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> |nama wakil gubernur = [[Sitti Rohmi Djalilah]] |nama ketua DPRD = Umar Said |nama Sékrétaris daerah = Muhammad Nur |dau = Rp859.353.026.000,00 <small>(2013)</small> |dauref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2013/bulan/02/tanggal/04/id/873/|title=Perpres No. 10 Tahun 2013|date=2013-02-04|accessdate=2013-02-15|archive-date=2013-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214064515/http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2013/bulan/02/tanggal/04/id/873|url-status=dead}}</ref> |luas = 20153.15 |penduduk = 5013687 |pendudukwarsa = 2010 |kabupatén = 8 |kota = 2 |kecamatan = 116 |kelurahan/désa = 1141 |suku = [[Wong Sasak|Sasak]] 68%<br/> [[Wong Bima|Bima]] 14%<br/> [[Wong Sumbawa|Sumbawa]] 8%<br/> [[Wong Bali|Bali]] 3%<br/> [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]] 2%<ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |publisher= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |title= Indonésia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape |date= |year=2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury|accessdate= }}</ref> |agama = [[Islam]] 84,75%<br/> [[Hindu]] 12,62%<br/> [[Buddha]] 0,62%<br/> [[Kristen Protestan]] 0,31%<br/> [[Katolik]] 0,20% |Bahasa = [[Basa Indonésia|Indonésia]] (Basaresmi)<br>[[Basa Sasak|Sasak]], [[Basa Samawa|Samawa]], [[Basa Mbojo|Mbojo]], [[Basa Bali|Bali]], [[Basa Jawa|Jawa]], [[Basa Melayu|Melayu]] |lagu = Orlen-orlen |web = {{url|ntbprov.go.id}} |translit_lang1_info = نوسا تڠݢرا بارات |zona waktu = [[Waktu Indonésia Tengah|WITA]] |kode area = {{collapsible list|0364 - Kota Mataram|0370 - Mataram, Praya|0371 - Sumbawa|0372 - Alas, Taliwang0373 - Dompu|0374 - Bima|0376 - Selong}} |fauna = [[Rusa timor]] |flora = [[Ajan kelicung]] |TNKB = {{Collapsible list| DR (Lombok dsk.)|EA (Sumbawa dsk.)}} |translit_lang1_type=[[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]] |singkatan = NTB |kode pos = 83''xxx''-84''xxx'' |populasi ref = <ref name="BPS2018">{{cite web|url=https://ntb.bps.go.id/quickMap.html|title=Indikator Strategis NTB - BPS|work=BPS|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=2019-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829124459/https://ntb.bps.go.id/quickMap.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |warsa populasi= 2018 |ref luas=<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ntb.bps.go.id/index.php/geografis-dan-wilayah-administrasi |title=Luas Nusa Tenggara Barat saking BPS Nusa Tenggara Barat |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2010-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730001256/http://ntb.bps.go.id/index.php/geografis-dan-wilayah-administrasi |url-status=dead }}</ref> |utc=+08:00 |foto={{multiple image|border= infobox|total_width= 300|image_style= border:1; |perrow = 1/2/2/2 |image1=Seribu masjid lombok.jpg |caption1=<center>Monumen Lombok Barat Bangkit |image2=Gunung rinjani.jpg |caption2=<center>[[Gunung Rinjani]] |image3=Landscape of Tambora.jpg |caption3=<center>[[Gunung Tambora]] |image4=Gili Trawangan (16788754758).jpg |caption4=<center>[[Gili Trawangan]] |image5=SuBesarPalace.JPG |caption5=<center>[[Krajaan Bima|Puri Dalam Loka]] |image6=MataramUniv1.JPG |caption6=<center>[[Universitas Mataram]] |image7=Mandalika Circuit, Gili Angkus, Gili Lawang, and Gili Batu Ayok, Viewed from Merese Hill.jpg |caption7=<center>[[Sirkuit Internasional Mandalika|Sirkuit Mandalika]] }} |caption= |ISO=ID-NB }} '''Nusa Tenggara Barat''' (aksara Bali: ᬦᬸᬲᬢᭂᬂᬕᬭᬩᬭᬢ᭄, utawi '''Nusa Tenggara Kauh''') inggih punika silih tunggil propinsi ring [[Indonésia]]. Provinsi puniki maibukota ring [[Kota Mataram|Mataram]].<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik. Statistik Indonésia 2018. Jakarta. ISSN 0126-2912.</ref> Propinsi puniki jimbarnyané 20.153,15&nbsp;km². Akeh kramanyané kirang langkung 4.500.212 diri.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik">{{Cite web |url= https://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/detail/108-permendagri-no137-tahun-2017 |title= Penduduk Indonesia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 dan 2010 |publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date= 5 April 2019 |archive-date= 19 September 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190919205500/https://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/detail/108-permendagri-no137-tahun-2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Gubernur === {{Utama|Gubernur Nusa Tenggara Barat}} {{:Gubernur Nusa Tenggara Barat}} === Déwan Perwakilan === {{Utama|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat}} {{:Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat}} === Lis Kabupatén/Kota === {{utama|Kabupatén miwah kota ring Nusa Tenggara Barat}} {{:Kabupatén miwah kota ring Nusa Tenggara Barat}} === Lis Kecamatan, désa miwah kelurahan === {{utama|Kecamatan miwah kelurahan ring Nusa Tenggara Barat}} {{:Kecamatan miwah kelurahan ring Nusa Tenggara Barat}} == Kesehatan == === Rumah sakit === {{utama|Rumah sakit ring Nusa Tenggara Barat}} {{:Rumah sakit ring Nusa Tenggara Barat}} == Seni budaya == === Museum === {{utama|Museum ring Nusa Tenggara Barat}} {{:Museum ring Nusa Tenggara Barat}} === Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda === {{utama|Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Kawan}} {{:Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Indonésia ring Nusa Tenggara Kawan}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [http://www.ntbprov.go.id Situs Resmi Pamréntahan Nusa Tenggara Barat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822190652/http://www.ntbprov.go.id/ |date=2010-08-22 }} * {{id}} [http://www.ntbprov.bps.go.id Situs Resmi BPS Nusa Tenggara Barat]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Nusa Tenggara Barat}} {{Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Propinsi ring Indonésia]] 9eqpzstqzjdinpdp7j81evni7czk8fj 0 1580 281262 207941 2026-08-27T22:32:05Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Kaca2|Aksara Latin}} {{Kaca1|[[ᬦᬸᬲᬢᭂᬂᬕᬭᬢᬶᬫᬸᬃ|Aksara Bali]]}} {{2}} {{Kotak inpo propinsi |nama=ᬦᬸᬲᬢᭂᬂᬕᬭᬢᬶᬫᬸᬃ |lambang=Coat of Arms of East Nusa Tenggara NEW.png |foto = {{multiple image|border= infobox|total_width = 300|image_style = border:1; |perrow = 2/2/2/2 |image1 = Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis).jpg |image2 = Padar Island.jpg |image4 = Kampung Adat Praijing, Sumba Barat.jpg |image5 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Buisciter van bamboe met klankkast van lontarblad met achttien snaren TMnr A-1318.jpg |image6 = Wikiearth-Taman Nasional Kelimutu.jpg |image7 = Tari Caci.jpg |image8 = Pantai Walakiri, Sumba Timur, Nusa Tenggara Timur 20170610.jpg }} |caption = saking kiwa ka tengen, baduur ka sor: [[Komodo]], [[Pulau Padar]], [[Kampung Adat Praijing|Kampung Adat Praijing Sumba]], [[Sasando|Alat Musik Sasando]], [[Gunung Kelimutu]], Tari [[Caci]], miwah Pasih Walakiri [[Sumba Timur]]. |peta=East Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia.svg |koordinat=11º 10' - 7º 30' [[Lintang Selatan|LS]]{{br}}118º 30' - 125º 20' [[Bujur Timur|BT]] |motto= |dasar hukum=UU 64/1958 |tanggal= |ibukota=[[Kupang]] |gubernurlink=Daftar gubernur Nusa Tenggara Timur |nama gubernur=[[Viktor Laiskodat]] |nama wakil gubernur=[[Josef Nae Soi]] |DPRD=Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur |nama ketua DPRD=Emi Nomleni |nama Sékrétaris daerah=Benediktus Polo Maing |dau = Rp1.003.991.703.000,00 <small>(2013)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2013/bulan/02/tanggal/04/id/873/|title=Perpres No. 10 Tahun 2013|date=2013-02-04|accessdate=2013-02-15|archive-date=2013-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214064515/http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2013/bulan/02/tanggal/04/id/873|url-status=dead}}</ref> |dauref = |luas = 48718.10 |penduduk = 5456203 |kepadatan = 109 |kabupatén = 21 |kota = 1 |kecamatan = 186 |kelurahan = 2.650 |suku = [[Wong Atoni|Atoni]] utawi [[Wong Dawan|Dawan]] (21%)<br/>[[Wong Manggarai|Manggarai]] (15%)<br/>[[Wong Sumba|Sumba]] (13%)<br/>[[Wong Lamaholot|Lamaholot]] (5%)<br/>[[Wong Belu|Belu]] (6%)<br/>[[Wong Rote|Rote]] (5%)<br/>[[Wong Lio|Lio]] (4%)<br/>[[Tionghoa-Indonésia|Tionghoa]] (3%)<ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |publisher= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |title= Indonésia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape |date= |year= 2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury|accessdate= }}</ref> |agama = [[Kekristenan|Kristen]] 90,51%<br/>— [[Katolik]] (51,83%)<br/>— [[Kristen Protestan|Protestan]] (38,68%)<br/>[[Islam]] (9,28%)<br/> [[Hindu]] (0,20%)<br/>[[Buddha]] (0,01%)<ref name="AGAMA">{{cite web|url=http://nttprov.go.id/2018/index.php/kondisi-umum/keagamaan|last=|first=|title=Persentase Agama yang Dianut Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur 2018|website=www.nttprov.go.id|accessdate=16 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127064929/http://nttprov.go.id/2018/index.php/kondisi-umum/keagamaan|url-status=dead}}</ref> |bahasa=[[Basa Indonésia|Indonésia]] (bahasa resmi)<br/>[[Basa Uab Meto|Uab Meto]], [[Basa Manggarai|Manggarai]], [[Basa Rote|Rote]], [[bahasa Tetun|Tetun]], [[bahasa Portugis|Portugis]] |zona= |lagu=Moree, Bolelebo, Aua Ia Mana Lolobanda, Anak Kambing Saya, O Nina Noi, Potong Bebek Angsa, Désaku, Lerang Wutun, Orere, Putar - Putar Kopi, Bale Nagi |web={{url|nttprov.go.id}} |kode pos=85''xxx''-87''xxx''|ISO=ID-NT|TNKB={{Collapsible list |DH (Nusa Timor) |EB (Nusa Flores dsk.) |ED (Nusa Sumba) }} |singkatan=NTT |utc=+08:00 |populasi ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ntt.bps.go.id/quickMap.html|title=Indikator Strategis Nusa Tenggara Timur|work=BPS|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075850/https://ntt.bps.go.id/quickMap.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |warsa populasi=2019 |zona waktu=[[Waktu Indonésia Tengah|WITA]] |kode area={{collapsible list|0380 - Kupang, Baa (Roti)|0381 - Ende|0382 - Maumere|0383 - Larantuka|0384 - Bajawa|0385 - Labuhanbajo, Ruteng|0386 - Kalabahi|0387 - Waingapu, Waikabubak|0388 - Kefamenanu, Soe|0389 - Atambua}} |flora=[[Cendana]] |fauna=[[Komodo]] }} '''Nusa Tenggara Timur''' (aksara Bali: ᬦᬸᬲᬢᭂᬂᬕᬭᬢᬶᬫᬸᬃ, utawi '''Nusa Tenggara Kangin''', ᬦᬸᬲᬢᭂᬂᬕᬭᬓᬗᬶᬦ᭄) inggih punika silih tunggil propinsi ring [[Indonésia]]. Propinsi puniki maibukota ring [[Kota Kupang]].<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik. Statistik Indonésia 2018. Jakarta. ISSN 0126-2912.</ref> Propinsi puniki jimbarnyané 48.718,10&nbsp;km², akeh kramanyané kirang langkung 5.203.514 diri.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik">{{Cite web |url= https://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/detail/108-permendagri-no137-tahun-2017 |title= Penduduk Indonesia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 dan 2010 |publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date= 5 April 2019 |archive-date= 19 September 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190919205500/https://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/detail/108-permendagri-no137-tahun-2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Gubernur === {{Utama|Gubernur Nusa Tenggara Timur}} {{:Gubernur Nusa Tenggara Timur}} === Déwan Perwakilan === {{Utama|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur}} {{:Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur}} === Lis Kabupatén/Kota === {{utama|Kabupatén miwah kota ring Nusa Tenggara Timur}} {{:Kabupatén miwah kota ring Nusa Tenggara Timur}} == Kesehatan == === Rumah sakit === {{utama|Rumah sakit ring Nusa Tenggara Timur}} {{:Rumah sakit ring Nusa Tenggara Timur}} == Seni budaya == === Museum === {{utama|Museum ring Nusa Tenggara Timur}} {{:Museum ring Nusa Tenggara Timur}} === Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda === {{utama|Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Kangin}} {{:Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Indonésia ring Nusa Tenggara Kangin}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ===Cutetan=== <references group="ket."/> {{Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Propinsi ring Indonésia]] 218jyz44sorrxtyqgyivehvty8i5xaj 0 1671 281166 126566 2026-08-27T21:34:28Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Pura Goa Lawah | native_name = | native_name_lang = Basa Bali | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = Goa Lawah Bali53.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = <!-- or | alt = --> | image_caption = Kuil cenik puniki ring jero genah suci Pura Goa Lawah. | map_type = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_size = | map_dot_label = | relief = | former_names = | alternate_names = | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = [[Pura]] | architectural_style = [[Arsitektur Bali|Bali]] | classification = | location = [[Pesinggahan, Dawan, Klungkung|Pesinggahan]], [[Dawan, Klungkung|Kecamatan Dawan]], [[Klungkung]], [[Bali]], [[Indonésia]] | address = Jalan Raya Goa Lawah, Désa Pesinggahan, Kecamatan Dawan, Klungkung | location_city = | location_country = | iso_region = | coordinates = {{coord|-8.551557|115.468844|display=inline,title}} | altitude = | current_tenants = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | start_date = | stop_date = | est_completion = Abad ke-11 | topped_out_date = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | relocated_date = | renovation_date = | closing_date = | demolition_date = <!-- or | destruction_date = --> | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | landlord = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | tip = | antenna_spire = | roof = | top_floor = | observatory = | diameter = | circumference = | weight = | other_dimensions = | structural_system = | material = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | structural_engineer = | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | main_contractor = | awards = | designations = | known_for = | ren_architect = | ren_firm = | ren_engineer = | ren_str_engineer = | ren_serv_engineer = | ren_civ_engineer = | ren_oth_designers = | ren_qty_surveyor = | ren_contractor = | ren_awards = | rooms = <!-- or | unit_count = --> | parking = | url = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embed = | embedded = | references = | footnotes = }} [[Berkas:Goa Lawah Temple (17056456652).jpg|250px|jmpl|Pamesuan ring Pura Goa Lawah]] '''Pura Goa Lawah''' inggih punika silih tunggil pura sané magenah ring [[Pesinggahan, Dawan, Klungkung|Désa Pesinggahan]], [[Dawan, Klungkung|Kecamatan Dawan]], [[Kabupatén Klungkung]] , [[Bali]].{{sfn|Vickers|1989|p=79}} Pura Goa Lawah kacihyanang antuk kawéntenan goa tur manados sarang [[lelawah]] ring tengahnyané. Pura punika taler silih tunggil genah paperangan Kusamba utawi Puputan Klungkung sané kaadegang olih [[Dewa Agung Istri Kanya|Déwa Agung Istri Kanya]]. Pura Goa Lawah rumasuk silih tunggil Pura Sad Kahyangan sané wénten ring Bali.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/912304/29/perang-kusamba-memakan-korban-jenderal-belanda-1413512763|title=Perang Kusamba Memakan Korban Jenderal Belanda|author=Sukiswanti, P.|date=18 Oktober 2014 |accessdate=12 April 2015|website=[[Sindonews.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balisaja.com/2014/05/perang-kusamba-kemenangan-gemilang.html|title= Perang Kusamba, Kemenangan Gemilang Laskar Klungkung di Bumi Ilalang|date=25 Méi 2014 |author=Sujaya, I. M.|accessdate=12 April 2015|website=Balisaja.com}}</ref> Manut saking Lontar [[Dwijendra Tattwa|Dwijéndra Tatwa]], sané nyaritayang indik pamargin Dang Hyang Nirartha saking [[Gélgél]] nuju [[Kusamba, Dawan, Klungkung|Kusamba]]. Ida nénten masandekan nanging nglanturang pamargi nuju Goa Lawah. Drika Dang Hyang Nirartha nyingakin gunung sané becik pisan tur wewidangan nusané. Ritatkala ngranjing ka tengah goané, Ida nyingakin lelawah akéh pisan tur ring puncuk gunung goané wénten bunga pakebiah-biah sané aas mawinan kesiran angin. Raris ida angob miwah kalangen turmaning ngwangun padmasana irika. Sasampun wénten pura, dumunan karawat olih Gusti Batan Waringin antuk pawarah-warah saking Ida Penataran. Ida Penataran wantah putran pemangku ring [[Pura Besakih]] Ida Tulus Dewa. Ida nuturang yéning sujatinnyané Pura Goa Lawah sareng Pura Besakih mapaiketan. Pura Goa Lawah inggihnyané genah pamedalan Ida Hyang Bhatara Basukih saking [[gunung Agung]] ri tatkala jagi masucian ring pasih. Ngantos mangkin, sané kasungsung ring Pura Goa Lawah inggih punika Déwa Mahéswara sareng Sang Hyang Basukih. Pura punika taler pinaka genah utama upakara nyegara-gunung. == Galeri == <gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:center"> Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bali de vleermuizengroet bij Gowa Lawah. TMnr 60008185.jpg|Pura Goa Lawah ring mula aab ka-20, nampilang dekorasi piring keramik porselen. Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Offeraltaren bij de Pura Goa Lawa of Vleermuizengrot bij Koesamba TMnr 60033481.jpg|Pelinggih miwah genah banten ring Pura Goa Lawah Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Pura Goa Lawa of Vleermuizengrot bij Koesamba TMnr 10024095.jpg|Pemandangan ring Pura Goa Lawah Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Offeraltaren bij de Pura Goa Lawa of Vleermuizengrot TMnr 20018474.jpg|Persembahyangan ring Pura Goa Lawah Berkas:Cérémonie au temple de Goa Lawah.jpg|Persembahyangan ring Pura Goa Lawah Berkas:A Hindu Swastika at Goa Lawah Temple Bali Indonesia.jpg|Ukiran [[swastika]] ring Pura Goa Lawah Berkas:Bali, Goa Lawah 3.jpg|Kelelawar ring jero Pura Goa Lawah Berkas:Pura Goa Lawah Carving 01.jpg|Patra jatayu ring Pura Goa Lawah Berkas:Bali, Goa Lawah 1.jpg|Patra pura lawah matatah mas ring Pura Goa Lawah. </gallery> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cingak malih === {{commons category|Goa Lawah}} * [[Lelintihan Bali]] * [[Hinduisme ring Indonésia]] === Wacen luwih akeh === * {{citation|first=A. |last=Vickers|title=Bali: A Paradise Created|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y17MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|year=1989|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0008-4}} * {{citation|title=A short history of Bali: Indonésia's Hindu realm |first=Robert |last=Pringle |year=2004 |location=Crown Nest, NSW |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TOBKsLvjjkC&pg=PA98 |publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=1865088633}} * {{cite book|author=A.J. Bernet Kempers |title=Monumental Bali; Introduction to Balinese Archaeology & Guide to the Monuments |url=https://archive.org/details/monumentalbaliin0000bern |location=Berkeley & Singapore |year=1991 |ISBN=0-945971-16-8}} * {{cite book|first=Henk Schulte |last=Nordholt |title=The Spell of Power; A History of Balinese Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/spellofpowerhist0000schu |location=Leiden |year=1996 |ISBN=90-6718-090-4}} * {{cite book|first=Margaret J. |last=Wiener |title=Visible and Invisible Realms; Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali |location=Chicago & London |year=1995 |ISBN=0-226-88580-1}} {{Pura Kahyangan Jagat ring Bali}} [[Kategori:Pura|Goa Lawah]] 1gdehi9ij0gxr3ujl7id6noh4236agg 0 1769 281281 211762 2026-08-27T22:43:32Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Untuk|Krajaan Sealand, negara mikro ring Éropa|Sealand}} {{confused|Zeeland|Sjælland}} {{1}} {{Kaca1|Aksara Latin}} {{Kaca2|[[ᬲᬾᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬶᬬ​ᬅᬜᬃ|Aksara Bali]]}} {{2}} {{coord|42|S|174|E|scale:5000000_source:GNS|display=title}} {{Selandia anyar infobox}} '''Selandia Anyar''' utawi '''Selandia Baru''' ([[Basa Inggris]]: New Zealand; [[Basa Māori]]: ''Aotearoa'') ento negara kapuloan merdéka di [[Samudra Pasifik]]. Ada duang pulo utama di negarané ento, Pulo Kaja (''Te Ika a Māui)'' muah Pulo Kelod (''Te Waipounamu''), lantas kuang-lebih 600 pulo cenik. Selandia Anyar matongos kuang-lebih 2.000&nbsp;km dangin [[Ostrali]] tur 1.000&nbsp;km delod kapuloan [[Kalédonia Anyar]], [[Fiji]] muah [[Tonga]]. Mapan guminé ento joh uli makejang gumi lénan, Selandia Anyar dadi silih tunggal gumi panyuud ané katongos tekén manusa. Krana Selandia Anyar mekelo tan pamanusa, ditu idup soroh buron muah punya ané tusing ada di gumi lénan. [[Berkas:Flag of New Zealand.svg|thumb|Kobér Selandia Anyar]] [[Berkas:Map New Zealand-en.svg|thumb|Péta Selandia Anyar]] Ibukotan Selandia Anyar ento maadan [[Wellington]], nanging kota paling gedé ditu maadan [[Auckland]]. Makadadua kota ento ada di Pulo Kajá. == Pustaka == === Cutetan batis === {{reflist|group=n|2}} === Kutipan === {{reflist|2}} === Referensi === * {{Cite book|first=Carolyn|last=Bain|publisher=Lonely Planet|title=New Zealand|url=https://archive.org/details/newzealand0000unse_j6l4|year=2006|isbn=1-74104-535-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|ref = harv|title=Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific: an environmental history|url = https://archive.org/details/australianewzeal0000gard|first=Donald|last=Garden|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO/Greenwood|series=Nature and Human Societies|editor-last= Stoll|editor-first=Mark|isbn=978-1-57607-868-6}} * {{cite book|year=2007|title=Culture and Leadership Across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies|url=https://archive.org/details/cultureleadershi0000unse_a4f0|editor1-first=Jagdeep|editor1-last=Chhokar|editor2-first=Felix|editor2-last= Brodbeck|editor3-first=Robert|editor3-last=House|isbn=978-0-8058-5997-3|publisher=Psychology Press|location=US|chapter=Leadership and Culture in New Zealand|first=Jeffrey|last= Kennedy|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Dialects of English: New Zealand English|first1=Jennifer|last1=Hay|first2=Margaret|last2= Maclagan|first3=Elizabeth|last3=Gordon|isbn=978-0-7486-2529-1|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2008|ref = harv}} * {{Cite book|last = King|first = Michael|authorlink = Michael King|title = The Penguin History of New Zealand|url = https://archive.org/details/penguinhistoryof0000king|publisher=Penguin Books|year = 2003|location = New Zealand|isbn = 978-0-14-301867-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last = Mein Smith|first = Philippa|title = A Concise History of New Zealand|url = https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000mein|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year = 2005|location = Australia|ref = harv|isbn = 0-521-54228-6}} === Pustaka liyanan === * {{cite book|title=Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/batemannewzealan0000unse|year=2005|isbn=1-86953-601-0|edition=6|editor=Bateman, David}} * {{cite book|last=Sinclair|first=Keith|title=A History of New Zealand|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnewzeal0000sinc_w5f6|year=2000|isbn=978-0-14-029875-8|authorlink=Keith Sinclair|coauthors=revised by Dalziel, Raewyn}} * Statistics New Zealand. ''New Zealand Official Yearbook'' (tahunan). ISBN 1-86953-776-9 (2010). === Pranala jaba === {{commons}} {{Sister project links}} ;Pamrentahan * [http://newzealand.govt.nz/ Portal Pemerintah Selandia Baru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813175450/http://newzealand.govt.nz/ |date=2007-08-13 }} * [http://www.mch.govt.nz/ Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pusaka]–termasuk informasi tentang bendera, lagu kebangsaan, dan lambang negara * [http://www.stats.govt.nz/ Statistik Selandia Baru] ;Pariwisata * [http://www.newzealand.com/int/ Situs resmi pariwisata Selandia Baru] * {{wikivoyage|New Zealand}} ;Liyanan * {{CIA World Factbook link|nz|Selandia Baru}} * {{dmoz|Regional/Oceania/New_Zealand}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15357770 Selandia Baru] dari [[BBC News]] * [http://www.teara.govt.nz/ Te Ara, Ensiklopedia Selandia Baru] * [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/ NZHistory.net.nz Situs web Sejarah Selandia Baru] * [http://www.oecd.org/newzealand/ Selandia Baru] [[OECD]] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/newzealand.htm Selandia Baru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085330/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/newzealand.htm |date=2008-06-07 }}, direktori dari ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412636/New-Zealand Selandia Baru] di ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [http://www.metservice.co.nz/ Cuaca Selandia Baru] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NZ Ramalan Kunci Pembangunan untuk Selandia Baru] dari [[International Futures]] * {{wikiatlas|New Zealand}} {{Kelompok mal/geo |list = {{Negara ring Oséania|state=show}} {{Negara ring Polinésia}} }} {{Kelompok templat/org |list = {{Selandia Anyar}} {{Persemakmuran}} {{Negara-negara Persemakmuran}} {{Sékrétariat Komunitas Pasifik}} }} {{Kelompok mal |title=Perjanjian internasional |list = {{Traktat Antartika}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Selandia Anyar| ]] [[Kategori:Monarki konstitusional]] [[Kategori:Negara kapuloan]] [[Kategori:Negara ring Oséania]] [[Kategori:Polinesia]] [[Kategori:Negara anggota Persemakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Negara miwah wawidangan mabasa Inggris]] fnbdg5fypnvs6h72ltxtm7ym6m6yx0b 0 1799 281020 269607 2026-08-27T19:23:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | common_name = Singapura | name = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; | title = {{resize|1.25em|Republic of Singapore}} | {{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=padding-top:0.5em;font-size:76%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow |label1=[[basa Melayu|Melayu]]: |data1={{lang|ms|Républik Singapura}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow |label2=[[basa Cina Standar|Cina]]:|data2={{lang|zh|新加坡共和国}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow |label3=[[basa Tamil|Tamil]]: |data3={{lang|ta|சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு}} }} }} | image_flag = Flag of Singapore.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Singapore (blazon).svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|ms|Majulah Singapura|italics=on|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|(English: "Onward, Singapore")}} | national_anthem = ''[[Majulah Singapura]]''<br />{{small|(English: "Onward, Singapore")}}<br /><div style="padding-top:0.5em;">[[File:Majulah Singapura.ogg|center]]</div> | image_map = Singapore on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg | map_width = 220px | capital = Singapura<ref>{{cite web|title=Singapore|quote=The city, once a distinct entity, so came to dominate the island that the Republic of Singapore essentially became a city-state.|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Singapore-capital|access-date=29 Agustus 2019}}</ref> ([[negara-kota]]) | coordinates = {{Coord|1|17|N|103|50|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} | largest_settlement = | largest_settlement_type = | official_languages = {{hlist|[[basa Inggris Singapura|Inggris]] |[[basa Melayu|Melayu]] |[[basa Mandarin Singapura|Mandarin]] |[[basa Tamil|Tamil]]}} | languages_type = [[basa nasional]] | languages = [[basa Melayu|Melayu]] | ethnic_groups = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; | title = Lis [[Démograpi Singapura#Sekaa étnis|etnisitas]]|74.3% [[Cina Singapura|Cina]]|13.3% [[Malayu Singapura|Malayu]]|9.1% [[India Singapura|India]]|3.3% liyanan}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="Singapore Census 2015"/> | ethnic_groups_year = 2015 | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="Singapore Census 2015"/> | religion = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; | title = [[Agama ring Singapura|Lis agama]]|33.2% [[Buddha ring Singapura|Buddha]] |18.8% [[Kristen ring Singapura|Christianity]] |18.5% [[Non-religius ring Singapura|Ten maagama]] |14.0% [[Islam ring Singapura|Islam]] |10.0% [[Taoism ring Singapura|Taoism]] miwah<br/>[[Agama rakyat Cina|agama rakyat]] |5.0% [[Hindu ring Singapura|Hinduism]] |0.6% [[Agama ring Singapura|liyanan]] }} | demonym = [[Wong Singapura|Singapura]] | government_type = [[Républik konstitusional]] [[Negara kasatuan|kasatuan]] [[Sistem partai dominan|partai dominan]] [[Sistem parleménter|parlemén]] | leader_title1 = [[Présidén Singapura|Présidén]] | leader_name1 = [[Halimah Yacob]] | leader_title2 = [[Patih Agung Singapura|Patih Agung]] | leader_name2 = [[Lee Hsien Loong]] | leader_title3 = [[Wakil Patih Agung Singapura|Wakil Patih Agung]] | leader_name3 = [[Heng Swee Keat]] | leader_title4 = [[Pamucuk Pangadilan Singapura|Pamucuk Pangadilan]] | leader_name4 = [[Sundaresh Menon]] | leader_title5 = [[Pamucuk Parlemén Singapura|Pamucuk Parlemén]] | leader_name5 = [[Tan Chuan-Jin]] | legislature = [[Parlemén Singapura|Parlemén]] | upper_house = | lower_house = | sovereignty_type = Kamahardikaan | sovereignty_note = saking [[Inggris]] miwah [[Malaysia]] | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Pameréntahan ngaraga Singapura|Pameréntahan ngaraga]]}} | established_date1 = 3 Juni 1959 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Malaysia Agreement]]}} | established_date2 = 16 Séptémber 1963 | established_event3 = [[Proklamasi Singapura]] | established_date3 = 9 Agustus 1965 | established_event4 = [[Déklarasi ASEAN]] | established_date4 = 8 Agustus 1967 | area_km2 = 725.7 | area_footnote = <ref name="total area of Singapore">{{cite web|title=Environment|website=Base|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data|access-date=4 Séptémber 2019|archive-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719053602/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_rank = ka-176 | population_estimate = {{increase}} 5,703,600<ref name="Population and Population Structure">{{cite web|title=Population and Population Structure|website=Singstat|publisher=Department of Statistics Singapore|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/population-and-population-structure/latest-data|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512142010/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/population-and-population-structure/latest-data|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{refn|Of which 3,471,900 are citizens.<ref name="Population and Population Structure" />|group=Note}} | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = ka-115 | population_density_km2 = 7,804 | population_density_sq_mi = 20,212 | population_density_rank = ka-2 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $615.698&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOSG">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=72&pr.y=7&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=576&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=IMF.org |access-date=21 June 2020}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2020 | GDP_PPP_rank = ka-36 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $107,604<ref name=IMFWEOSG /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-3 | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $391.875&nbsp;billion<ref name=IMFWEOSG /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = ka-31 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $68,487<ref name=IMFWEOSG /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ka-7 | Gini = 45.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web|title=DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY INCOME – GINI INDEX|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/223.html#SN|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130113028/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/223.html#SN|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.935 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking |title=2019 Human Development Index Ranking |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=8 December 2019 |accessdate=9 December 2019}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ka-9 | currency = [[Dolar Singapura]] (S$) | currency_code = SGD | time_zone = [[Galah standar Singapura]] | utc_offset = +8 | antipodes = | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}/{{abbr|mm|month}}/{{abbr|yyyy|year}} | drives_on = [[Lalu lintas tengen lan kiwa|kiwa]] | calling_code = [[+65]] | iso3166code = SG | cctld = [[.sg]] | today = | electricity = 230 V–50 Hz }} [[Berkas:CIA World Factbook map of Singapore (English, 2004).png|thumb|Peta Singapura]] '''Singapura '''wiadin aji resmi '''Républik Singapura''' ([[Basa Inggris]]: Republic of Singapore, [[Basa Melayu]]: Républik Singapura, [[Basa Mandarin|Basa Cino]]: 新加坡共和国; [[Basa Tamil]]: சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு) ento kota-negara kapuloan ané matongos ring [[Asia Kelod Kangin]], 137 kilométer dajan katulistiwané, ring ujung kelod [[Samenajung Malaya]]. Ring tanah Singapura ada pulo abesik ané gedé muah 62 pulo ané cenik-cenik. Sekat kamerdékaanné, linggah tanah Singapurané nambehin 23% krana reklamasi. Singapura kasub krana dadi negara maju di abesik générasi dogén, di betén Mahapatih [[Lee Kuan Yew]]. == Pustaka == ; Catetan {{reflist|group=Note}} ; Pustaka {{Reflist}} ; Bibliograpi {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|last1=Bose|first1=Romen|title=The End of the War : Singapore's Liberation and the Aftermath of the Second World War|date=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|location=Singapore|isbn=9789814435475|ref=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q2JAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=%22Operation+Mailfist%22#v=onepage}} * {{cite book|last=Hill|first=Michael|editor=Kwen Fee Lian|title=The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofnation0000hill|year=1995|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-12025-8|ref=none}} * {{cite book|last=King|first=Rodney|title=The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality|year=2008|publisher=Insight Press|isbn=978-0-9775567-0-0|ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Legg |first=Frank |title=The Gordon Bennett Story: From Gallipoli to Singapore |year=1965 |publisher=Angus & Robertson |location=Sydney, New South Wales |oclc=3193299 |ref=}} * {{cite book|last1=Mauzy|first1=Diane K.|last2=Milne|first2=R.S.|title=Singapore Politics: Under the People's Action Party|url=https://archive.org/details/singaporepolitic0000mauz|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-24653-8|ref=none}} * {{cite book|last=Miksic|first=John N.|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|year=2013|isbn=978-9971-69-574-3|ref=}} * {{cite book |title=Singapore Burning |url=https://archive.org/details/singaporeburning0000coli |last=Smith |first=Colin |publisher=Penguin |location=London |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-14-101036-6}} * {{cite book|last=Tan|first=Kenneth Paul|title=Renaissance Singapore? Economy, Culture, and Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/renaissancesinga0000unse|publisher=NUS Press|year=2007|isbn=978-9971-69-377-0|ref=none}} * {{cite book | last = Toland | first = John | title = The Rising Sun, The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire: 1936–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/risingsundecline00tola | url-access = registration | publisher = Random House | location = New York, NY | year = 1970 | lccn = 77-117669 | ref = | isbn = 978-0-394-44311-9 }} * Lee Kuan Yew (2000). ''From Third World To First: The Singapore Story: 1965–2000''. New York: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-06-019776-5}}. * {{cite book|last=Wigmore|first=Lionel|author-link=Lionel Wigmore|title=The Japanese Thrust|series=Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army|volume=Volume 4|year=1957|publisher=Australian War Memorial|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070203/|oclc=3134219|ref=}} * {{cite book|last=Worthington|first=Ross|title=Governance in Singapore|url=https://archive.org/details/governanceinsing0000wort|publisher=Routledge/Curzon|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7007-1474-2|ref=none}} * {{cite report|title=Census of Population 2000|date=April 2002|publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics|isbn=978-981-04-6158-4|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/cop2000admin.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127000711/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/cop2000admin.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2007}} * {{cite web|title=Key Facts & Figures|website=Ministry of Transport, Singapore|url=http://www.mot.gov.sg/|access-date=11 January 2003}} * {{cite web|title=Nation's History|website=Singapore Infomap|url=http://app.www.sg/who/4/Our-History.aspx|access-date=11 January 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421003417/http://app.www.sg/who/4/Our-History.aspx|archive-date=21 April 2009}} * {{cite web|title=MOE-PRIME|website=Programme For Rebuilding and Improving Existing schools (PRIME)|url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/prime/prime.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823024237/http://www.moe.gov.sg/prime/prime.htm|archive-date=23 August 2007|access-date=15 May 2007}} * {{Cite press release|title=Eight More Schools to Benefit from Upgrading|url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/press/2007/pr20070214.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216012051/http://www.moe.gov.sg/press/2007/pr20070214.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2007|date=14 February 2007|publisher=Ministry of Education|access-date=15 May 2007}} {{Refend}} === Pranala jaba === {{Sister project links|Singapore|voy=Singapore|d=Q334}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|by=yes}} [[Kategori:Singapura| ]] [[Kategori:Asia]] [[Kategori:Negara]] [[Kategori:Negara ring Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Negara anggota ASEAN]] 9d1hjuvvdnnpxe5tyw7mpkdgf7y1ztz 0 1849 281251 196629 2026-08-27T22:26:11Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Kaca2|Aksara Latin}} {{Kaca1|[[​​ᬲᬸᬫᬢ᭄ᬭᬩᬭᬢ᭄|Aksara Bali]]}} {{2}} {{Suratan basa alus}} {{Kotak inpo propinsi |nama = Sumatra Barat |singkatan = Sumbar |nama lain = Sumatera Barat |julukan = Ranah Minang |lambang = West_Sumatra_coa.svg |caption = |motto = ''Tuah Sakato''<br/>{{resize|120%|تواه ساكتو}}<br/>([[Basa Minangkabau|Minang]]: Bersepakat Melaksanakan Hasil Mufakat)<ref name="Sumbarporv">{{cite web|last = |first = |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = |url = http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/details/news/340|title = Arti Lambang Tuah Sakato|work = |publisher = Pemprov Sumbar|accessdate = 20 Januari 2020|accessyear = |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170428053513/http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/details/news/340|archivedate = 2017-04-28|quote = |url-status = dead}}</ref> |peta = West Sumatra in Indonesia.svg |tanggal = <!-- hari jadi provinsi--> |dasar hukum = <!-- UU pembentukan provinsi--> |ibukota = [[Padang]] |kota besar = <!-- kota besar lain yang ada ring wilayah provinsi--> |luas = 42297.30 |luasdaratan = <!-- Tuliskan angka saja, tanpa satuan (km2) dan tanda titik sebagai pembatas ribuan. --> |luasperairan = <!-- Tuliskan angka saja, tanpa satuan (km2) dan tanda titik sebagai pembatas ribuan. --> |persenperairan = <!-- Tuliskan angka saja, tanpa satuan (%). --> |latitude = 3º 50' [[Lintang Selatan|LS]] - 1º 20' [[Lintang Utara|LU]] |longitude = 98º 10' - 102º 10' [[Bujur Timur|BT]] |peringkat populasi = 11 |penduduk = 5511246 |kepadatan = |nama gubernur = [[Irwan Prayitno]] |nama wakil gubernur = [[Nasrul Abit]] |nama ketua DPRD = [[Supardi (politikus)|Supardi]] |nama Sékrétaris daerah = [[Alwis]] |kabupatén = 12 |kota = 7 |kecamatan = 147 |kelurahan = 877 |total APBD = <!-- total Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD) --> |warsa APBD = <!-- tahun APBD --> |PAD = <!-- total Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) --> |dau = <!-- total Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) --> |dak = <!-- total Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) --> |suku = [[Wong Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] 88,35%<br/> [[Wong Mandailing|Mandailing]] 4,42%<br/> [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]] 4,15%<br/> [[Wong Mentawai|Mentawai]] 1,28%<ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|title = Indonésia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape |date = |year=2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury|accessdate=}}</ref> |agama = [[Islam]] 97,4%<br/> [[Kristen Protestan]] 1,43%<br/> [[Katolik]] 0,83%<br/> [[Buddha]] 0,07%<br/> [[Hindu]] 0,01% |Basa = [[Basa Indonésia|Indonésia]] (resmi)<br/>[[Basa Minangkabau|Minang]] (utama)<br/>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]], [[Basa Mandailing|Mandailing]], [[Basa Mentawai|Mentawai]], [[Basa Tamil|Tamil]] |lagu = [[b:Ayam Den Lapeh|Ayam Den Lapeh]], [[b:Kampuang Nan Jauah ring Mato|Kampuang Nan Jauah ring Mato]], [[b:Kambanglah Bungo|Kambanglah Bungo]], [[b:Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]. |tari = Tari Pasambahan, Tari Piriang, Tari Rantak, Tari Payuang, Tari Indang |sandiwara = Randai |rumah = [[Rumah Gadang]] |senjata = Karih, Karambiak ([[Kerambit]]), Ruduih |web = {{url|sumbarprov.go.id}} |cutetan = |translit_lang1_type1=Alfabet Baso Minangkabau|fauna=[[Kuau raja]]|kode pos=25''xxx''-27''xxx''|flora=[[Murbei]]|ISO=ID-SB|TNKB=BA|kode area={{collapsible list|0751 — Kota Padang — Kota Pariaman — Kabupatén Padang Pariaman| 0752 — Kota Bukittinggi — Kota Padang Panjang — Kota Payakumbuh — Kabupatén Tanah Datar — Kabupatén Agam| 0753 — Kabupatén Pasaman — Kabupatén Pasaman Barat| 0754 — Kota Sawahlunto — Kabupatén Sijunjung — Kabupatén Dharmasraya| 0755 — Kota Solok — Kabupatén Solok Selatan — Arosuka (Kabupatén Solok)| 0756 — Painan (Kabupatén Pesisir Selatan)| 0757 — Renah Indojati| 0759 — Kabupatén Kepulauan Mentawai }}|translit_lang1=Basa Minangkabau|warsa populasi=2018|populasi ref=<ref name="BPS">{{cite web|last =|first =|authorlink =|coauthors =|year =|url = http://sumbar.bps.go.id|title = Jumlah Penduduk Sumatra Barat|format =|work =|publisher = BPS Sumbar|accessdate = 29 Séptémber 2010|accessyear =|archiveurl =|archivedate =|quote =}}</ref>|zona waktu=[[Waktu Indonésia Barat|WIB]]|utc=+07:00|translit_lang1_info=سومترا برات|translit_lang1_type=[[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]]|nama asli=|foto={{Photomontage |border=3 |color_border=transparent |color=transparent |spacing=2 |size=256 |foot_montage =Saking kiwa ka tengenː [[Danu Maninjau]], [[Painan]], [[Lembah Arau|Lembah Harau]], [[Pusat Dokumentasi dan Informasi Kebudayaan Minangkabau]], [[Ngarai Sianok]], [[Istana Pagaruyung]], [[Pulau Sikuai]], [[Tour de Singkarak]], [[Kantor Gubernur Sumatra Barat]], peternakan sapi ring [[Padang Mangateh]], [[Kelok 9]], kereta api ring [[Danu Singkarak]]. angkutan umum, [[Kota Padang]], dan [[pacuan kuda]] |photo1a=Panoramaninjau.jpg |photo1b= |photo3a=PDIKM Sumatra.jpg |photo3b=Ngaraisianok.jpg |photo3c= |photo4a=Istano Pagaruyuang.jpg |photo4b=Beach of Sikuai island.jpg |photo4c=Tour de Singkarak 2013 (3).jpg |photo2a=Sesudut Painan 2.jpg |photo2b=Lembah harau 50 kota.jpg |photo2c= |photo5a=Kangub Sumbar Sep 2017.jpg |photo5b=Lahan-rata-padang mangateh.jpg |photo5c= |photo8a=Fly Over Kelok Sembilan.jpg |photo8b=KA Padang Panjang (train).jpg |photo8c=Padang-1137101.jpg |photo9b=Pacuan Bukik Ambacang.jpg |photo9a=Padang Buminang Hotel.jpg |photo9c= }}|translit_lang1_info1=Sumat(e)ra Barat}} '''Sumatra Barat''' (aksara Bali: ᬲᬸᬫᬢ᭄ᬭᬩᬭᬢ᭄, utawi '''Sumatra Kauh''', ᬲᬸᬫᬢ᭄ᬭᬓᭁᬄ) inggih punika silih tunggil propinsi ring [[Indonésia]]. Propinsi puniki maibukota ring [[Padang]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web |url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Badan Pusat Statistik. Statistik Indonésia 2018. Jakarta. ISSN 0126-2912.</ref> Provinsi puniki jimbarnyané 42.297.30 km2, akéh kramannyanné kirang langkung 4.800.000.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik">{{Cite web|url= https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2009/02/20/1267/penduduk-indonesia-menurut-provinsi-1971-1980-1990-1995-2000-dan-2010.html|title= Penduduk Indonesia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 dan 2010 |publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date= 6 April 2019}}</ref> ==Pamréntahan== ===Gubernur Sumatra Barat=== {{utama|Gubernur Sumatra Barat}} {{:Gubernur Sumatra Barat}} ===Déwan Perwakilan=== {{utama|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Propinsi Sumatra Barat}} {{:Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Propinsi Sumatra Barat}} ===Kabupatén miwah kota=== {{utama|Kabupatén miwah kota ring Sumatra Barat}} {{:Kabupatén miwah kota ring Sumatra Barat}} == Kesehatan == === Rumah sakit === {{utama|Rumah sakit ring Sumatra Barat}} {{:Rumah sakit ring Sumatra Barat}} == Seni budaya == === Museum === {{utama|Museum ring Sumatra Barat}} {{:Museum ring Sumatra Barat}} === Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda === {{utama|Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Propinsi Sumatra Kawan}} {{:Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Indonésia ring Sumatra Kawan}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} === Catetan === {{reflist|group=ket.|2}} === Pranala jaba === {{Sumatra Barat}} {{Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Sumatra Barat| ]] [[Kategori:Propinsi ring Indonésia]] n707mf2yljua63w089do6lnmzastr4p 0 1928 281190 280202 2026-08-27T21:50:47Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies | color = {{tc2|plantae}} | name = Tetanduran | fossil_range = {{long fossil range|Mesoproterozoic|saat ini}} | subdivision_ranks = Divisi | subdivision = * [[kepunahan|†]]'''[[Nematophyta]]''' * '''[[Chlorophyta]]''' ** [[Palmophyllales]] ** [[Prasinophyceae]] ** [[Nephroselmidophyceae]] ** [[Pseudoscourfieldiales]] ** [[Pyramimonadophyceae]] ** [[Mamiellophyceae]] ** [[Scourfieldiales]] ** [[Pedinophyceae]] ** [[Chlorodendrophyceae]] ** [[Trebouxiophyceae]] ** [[Ulvophyceae]] ** [[Chlorophyceae]] *'''[[Streptophyta]] s.l. ** [[Chlorokybophyceae|Chlorokybophyta]] ** [[Mesostigmatophyceae|Mesostigmatophyta]] ** [[Klebsormidiophyceae|Klebsormidiophyta]] ** [[Charophyta]] (''stonewort'') ** [[Chaetosphaeridiales]] ** [[Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyta]] ** [[Zygnematophyceae|Zygnematophyta]] ** [[Embryophyta]] (Tetanduran darat) | synonyms= * [[Viridiplantae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981</small><ref name=CavalierSmith1981>{{cite journal |first=T. |last=Cavalier-Smith|date=1981|title=Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?|url=https://archive.org/details/bio-systems_1981_14_3-4/page/461 |journal=BioSystems|volume=14|issue=3–4|pages=461–481|doi=10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2 }}</ref> * Chlorobionta <small>Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004</small><ref name=LewisMcCourt>{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=L.A.|first2=R.M.|last2=McCourt|date=2004|title=Green algae and the origin of land plants|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=91|pages=1535–1556|doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535}}</ref> * Chlorobiota <small>Kenrick and Crane 1997</small><ref name=KenrickCrane1997>{{cite book |last1=Kenrick|first1=Paul|last2=Crane|first2=Peter R.|date=1997|title=The origin and early diversification of land plants: A cladistic study|url=https://archive.org/details/originearlydiver0000kenr|location=Washington, D. C.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|isbn=1-56098-730-8}}</ref> * Chloroplastida <small>Adl et al., 2005 </small><ref name=Adl>{{cite journal|authors=Adl, S.M.| date=2005|title=The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists|journal=Journal of Eukaryote Microbiology|volume= 52|pages=399–451|doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x |display-authors=etal}}</ref> * Phyta Barkley 1939 emed. Holt & Uidica 2007 * Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836 * Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948 * Euplanta Barkley, 1949 * Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964 * Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966 * Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969 }} '''Tetanduran''' inggih punika silih tunggil organisme sané kalimbakang ring silih tunggil genah, raris prasida kaalap ring masannyané ri kala sampun mentik. Sujatinyané makasami tetanduran punika marupa entik-entikan. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === {{Sister project links|Plants|wikt=Category:Plants|b=Category:Botany|q=Plants|s=Category:Botany|commons=Category:Plantae|n=no|v=Category:Plant sciences|species=Plantae}} {{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Plantae}} * {{cite journal|author=Jones, T. M., Reid, C. S., Urbatsch, L. E|title=Visual study of divisional Plantae|url=http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/aca/|access-date=2020-08-19|archive-date=2020-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413093738/http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/aca/|url-status=dead}} (anggén [[Microsoft Silverlight]]) * {{eol|281}} * {{cite journal|author=Chaw, S.-M. et al.|url=http://mbe.library.arizona.edu/data/1997/1401/7chaw.pdf|title=Molecular Phylogeny of Extant Gymnosperms and Seed Plant Evolution: Analysis of Nuclear 18s rRNA Sequences|journal=Molec. Biol. Evol.|volume=14|issue=1|pages=56–68|year=1997|pmid=9000754|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025702|access-date=2020-08-19|archive-date=2005-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124004310/http://mbe.library.arizona.edu/data/1997/1401/7chaw.pdf|url-status=dead}} * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/INA.html Index Nominum Algarum] * [http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/phylogeny/cronq88.html Interactive Cronquist classification] * [http://www.prota.org/uk/About+Prota/ Plant Resources of Tropical Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611054707/http://www.prota.org/uk/about+prota/ |date=2010-06-11 }} * [http://tolweb.org/Green_plants Tree of Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630151027/http://tolweb.org/Green_plants |date=2015-06-30 }} ;Data botani miwah vegetasi * [http://www.aluka.org/action/doBrowse?sa=1&sa_sel= African Plants Initiative database] * [http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/ Australia] * [http://www.chilebosque.cl/ Chilean plants at ''Chilebosque''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801155926/http://www.chilebosque.cl/ |date=2020-08-01 }} * [http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx e-Floras (Flora of China, Flora of North America and others)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105022144/http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx |date=2005-11-05 }} * [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html Flora Europaea] * {{de}} [http://www.floraweb.de/ Flora of Central Europe * [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1 Flora of North America] * [http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/botanical_name/list_of_japanese_wild_plants_abelia_buxus.htm List of Japanese Wild Plants Online] * [http://www.ntbg.org/plants/choose_a_plant.php Meet the Plants-National Tropical Botanical Garden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616151737/http://ntbg.org/plants/choose_a_plant.php |date=2007-06-16 }} * [http://www.wildflower.org/ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - Native Plant Information Network at University of Texas, Austin] * [http://www.theplantlist.org/ The Plant List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523171514/http://www.theplantlist.org/ |date=2019-05-23 }} * [http://plants.usda.gov/ United States Department of Agriculture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005020210/http://plants.usda.gov/ |date=2013-10-05 }} not limited to continental US species {{Plantae}} {{Eukaryota}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q756}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tetanduran|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] g8s71zgdnnz3fzxwmbdlms4qa6ui7lx 0 1983 281009 261871 2026-08-27T19:16:21Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Geopolitical organization | name = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; | title = {{resize|1.25em|Uni Éropa}} | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[bahasa Inggris|Inggris]]: | data1 = '''{{lang|en|European Union}}''' | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[bahasa Prancis|Prancis]]: | data2 = '''{{lang|fr|Union européenne}}''' | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[bahasa Jerman|Jerman]]: | data3 = '''{{lang|de|Europäische Union}}''' | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[bahasa Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]: | data4 = {{lang|bg|Европейски съюз}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[bahasa Kroasia|Kroasia]]: | data5 = {{lang|hr|Europska unija}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[bahasa Ceko|Ceko]]: | data6 = {{lang|cs|Evropská unie}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[bahasa Denmark|Denmark]]: | data7 = {{lang|da|Den Europæiske Union}} | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label8 = [[bahasa Belanda|Belanda]]: | data8 = {{lang|nl|Europese Unie}} | rowclass9 = mergedrow | label9 = [[bahasa Estonia|Estonia]]: | data9 = {{lang|et|Euroopa Liit}} | rowclass10 = mergedrow | label10 = [[bahasa Finlandia|Finlandia]]: | data10 = {{lang|fi|Euroopan unioni}} | rowclass11 = mergedrow | label11 = [[bahasa Yunani|Yunani]]: | data11 = {{lang|el|Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση}} | rowclass12 = mergedrow | label12 = [[bahasa Hungaria|Hungaria]]: | data12 = {{lang|hu|Európai Unió}} | rowclass13 = mergedrow | label13 = [[bahasa Irlandia|Irlandia]]: | data13 = {{lang|ga|An tAontas Eorpach}} | rowclass14 = mergedrow | label14 = [[bahasa Italia|Italia]]: | data14 = {{lang|it|Unione europea}} | rowclass15 = mergedrow | label15 = [[bahasa Latvia|Latvia]]: | data15 = {{lang|lv|Eiropas Savienība}} | rowclass16 = mergedrow | label16 = [[bahasa Lituania|Lituania]]: | data16 = {{lang|lt|Europos Sąjunga}} | rowclass17 = mergedrow | label17 = [[bahasa Malta|Malta]]: | data17 = {{lang|mt|Unjoni Ewropea}} | rowclass18 = mergedrow | label18 = [[bahasa Polandia|Polandia]]: | data18 = {{lang|pl|Unia Europejska}} | rowclass19 = mergedrow | label19 = [[bahasa Portugal|Portugal]]: | data19 = {{lang|pt|União Europeia}} | rowclass20 = mergedrow | label20 = [[bahasa Rumania|Rumania]]: | data20 = {{lang|ro|Uniunea Europeană}} | rowclass21 = mergedrow | label21 = [[bahasa Slowakia|Slowakia]]: | data21 = {{lang|sk|Európska únia}} | rowclass22 = mergedrow | label22 = [[bahasa Slovenia|Slovenia]]: | data22 = {{lang|sl|Evropska unija}} | rowclass23 = mergedrow | label23 = [[bahasa Spanyol|Spanyol]]: | data23 = {{lang|es|Unión Europea}} | rowclass24 = mergedrow | label24 = [[bahasa Swedia|Swedia]]: | data24 = {{lang|sv|Europeiska unionen}} }} }} | common_name = Uni Éropa | linking_name = the European Union | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = 12 bintang emas melingkar dengan latar biru | motto = {{native phrase|la|"[[Moto Uni Éropa|In Varietate Concordia]]"}} | englishmotto = "Bersatu dalam Keragaman" | anthem = "[[Lagu Kebangsaan Éropa|Ode to Joy]]" (orkestra)<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{align|center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]|style=margin-top:0.4em}}</div> | image_map = Global European Union.svg | map_width = 220px | alt_map = Proyeksi globe dengan Uni Éropa diwarnai hijau | map_caption = | image_map2 = | coordinates = | admin_center_type = Pusat administratif | admin_center = [[Brussel (kota)|Brussel]] | largest_settlement_type = Kota terbesar | largest_settlement = [[Paris]] | official_languages = {{collapsible list | framestyle = text-align:left;border:0;padding:0;line-height:16px; | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = 24 bahasa{{efn|Dua puluh tiga bahasa diterima sebagai bahasa kerja miwah bahasa resmi. Tiga di antaranya, Inggris, Prancis, miwah Jerman, memiliki status sané lebih tinggi, yaitu ''bahasa prosedur'' miwah dipakai sehari-hari di semua lembaga Uni Éropa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-825_en.htm|title=European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe|website=europa.eu}}</ref>}}<br/>3 Bahasa Resmi Utama<br/>([[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Bahasa Prancis|Prancis]], [[Bahasa Jerman|Jerman]]) | hlist = true | [[Bahasa Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Bahasa Kroasia|Kroasia]], [[Bahasa Ceko|Ceko]], [[Bahasa Denmark|Denmark]], [[Bahasa Belanda|Belanda]], [[Bahasa Estonia|Estonia]], [[Bahasa Finlandia|Finlandia]], [[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]], [[Bahasa Hungaria|Hungaria]], [[Bahasa Irlandia|Irlandia]], [[Bahasa Italia|Italia]], [[Bahasa Latvia|Latvia]], [[Bahasa Lituania|Lituania]], [[Bahasa Malta|Malta]], [[Bahasa Polandia|Polandia]], [[Bahasa Portugis|Portugis]], [[Bahasa Romania|Romania]], [[Bahasa Slowakia|Slowakia]], [[Bahasa Slovenia|Slovenia]], [[Bahasa Spanyol|Spanyol]], [[Bahasa Swedia|Swedia]] }} | languages_type = Aksara resmi<ref name="aksaraKiril">{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf|title=Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European|date=24 May 2007|website=europe.eu|author1=Leonard Orban|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref> | languages = {{hlist | [[aksara Latin|Latin]] | [[aksara Yunani|Yunani]] | [[aksara Kiril|Kiril]]}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion = {{unbulleted list | style=white-space:nowrap;line-height:16px; | 71,6% [[Kekristenan di Éropa|Kristen]] | {{unbulleted list | style=font-size:90%;margin-left:1em | 45,3% [[Gereja Katolik di Éropa|Katolik Roma]] | 11,1% [[Protestantisme di Éropa|Protestan]] | 9,6% [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur|Ortodoks Timur]] | 5,6% [[Kekristenan|aliran Kristen lain]] }} | 24% [[Agama di Éropa#Ateisme miwah Agnostisisme|tidak beragama]] | 1,8% [[Islam di Éropa|Muslim]] | 2,6% [[Agama di Uni Éropa|kepercayaan lain]]<ref name="EB2015">{{citation |title=DISCRIMINATION IN THE EU IN 2015 |work=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |year=2015 |series=437 |url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |accessdate=15 October 2017 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |location=European Union |via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]] |archive-date=2020-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314105932/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |dead-url=yes }}</ref> }} | org_type = [[Persatuan benua]] dalam persatuan politik miwah ekonomi [[Persatuan supranasional|supranasional]] | membership_type = Negara anggota | membership = {{collapsible list | framestyle = text-align:left;border:0;padding:0;line-height:16px;white-space:nowrap; | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = [[Negara anggota Uni Éropa|27 negara]] | {{flagcountry|Austria}} | {{flagcountry|Belgium}} | {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}} | {{flagcountry|Croatia}} | {{flagcountry|Cyprus}} | {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} | {{flagcountry|Denmark}} | {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | {{flagcountry|Finland}} | {{flagcountry|France}} | {{flagcountry|Germany}} | {{flagcountry|Greece}} | {{flagcountry|Hungary}} | {{flagcountry|Ireland}} | {{flagcountry|Italy}} | {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | {{flagcountry|Luxembourg}} | {{flagcountry|Malta}} | {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | {{flagcountry|Poland}} | {{flagcountry|Portugal}} | {{flagcountry|Romania}} | {{flagcountry|Slovakia}} | {{flagcountry|Slovenia}} | {{flagcountry|Spain}} | {{flagcountry|Sweden}} }} <!-- Harap TIDAK mengganti ini untuk menyebut Uni Éropa sebagai “Staatenverbund”. Istilah tersebut hanya dipakai oleh German Federal Constitutional Court. Tidak ada institusi UE miwah tidak ada negara anggota sané menggunakan istilah tersebut dalam dokumen resmi. -->| government_type = [[Persatuan supranasional|Supranasional]] miwah [[intergovernmentalisme|antarpemerintah]] | leader_title1 = [[Presiden Komisi Éropa|Presiden Komisi]] | leader_name1 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title2 = [[Presiden Parlemen Éropa|Presiden Parlemen]] | leader_name2 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | leader_title3 = [[Presiden Dewan Uni Éropa|Presiden Dewan]] | leader_name3 = [[Charles Michel]] | sovereignty_type = [[Sejarah Uni Éropa|Dibentuk]]<ref>Pasal 1 [[Perjanjian Maastricht|Perjanjian Uni Éropa]]: "Uni Éropa berdiri atas dasar Perjanjian ini miwah [[Perjanjian Roma|Perjanjian tentang Fungsi Uni Éropa]]. [[Perjanjian-perjanjian Uni Éropa|Dua Perjanjian ini]] memiliki derajat hukum sané sama. Uni Éropa adalah pengganti miwah penerus [[Masyarakat Éropa]]".</ref> | established_event1 = [[Perjanjian Roma]] | established_date1 = 1 Januari 1958 | established_event2 = [[Undang-Undang Éropa Tunggal]] | established_date2 = 1 Juli 1987 | established_event3 = [[Perjanjian Maastricht]] | established_date3 = 1 November 1993 | established_event4 = [[Perjanjian Lisbon]] | established_date4 = 1 Desember 2009 | established_event5 = [[Perluasan Uni Éropa 2013|Anggota baru bergabung]] | established_date5 = 1 Juli 2013 | established_event6 = [[Brexit|Anggota baru keluar]] | established_date6 = 31 Januari 2020 | area_km2 = 4475757<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4475757|km2|sqmi|disp=number}}<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_rank = ke-7 | percent_water = 3,08 | population_estimate = {{increase}} 446.834.579<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9967985/3-10072019-BP-EN.pdf/e152399b-cb9e-4a42-a155-c5de6dfe25d1|title=Eurostat {{ndash}} Population on 1 January 2019|publisher=[[European Commission]]|accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 117,2<!-- 513.481.691 / 4.381.376 km2 = 117,2 orang/km2 (1 Januari 2019) --> | population_density_sq_mi = 307,5<!-- 513.481.691 / 1.669.807 mi2 = 307,5 orang/mi2 (1 Januari 2019) --> | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $22,8 triliun<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=%2C&br=1&pr1.x=78&pr1.y=5&c=998&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=1&a=1 | title=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 | publisher=International Monetary Fund | accessdate=1 Februari 2020}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $44.539<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <!-- ke-18 --> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $18,3 triliun<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = ke-2 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $35.774<ref name="imf.org"/><!-- 18.292,198 * 44.539,255 / 22.774,165 --> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <!-- ke-15 --> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini = 30.9<!-- hanya angka (notasi Amerika) --> | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 | title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey | publisher=[[Eurostat]] | website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat | access-date=1 Februari 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- ke-16 --> | HDI_year = 2017 | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI = 0.899<!-- hanya angka (notasi Amerika) --> | HDI_ref = {{efn|Dihitung dari data UNDP untuk negara-negara anggota dengan mempertimbangkan populasi masing-masing.<ref name="UNDP">{{cite web | url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI | title=Human Development Report 2018 Summary | publisher=The United Nations | accessdate=19 Maret 2018}}</ref>}} | HDI_rank = <!-- ke-13/ke-27 --> | currency = [[Euro]] ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]; [[€]]; di ''[[eurozone]]'') miwah {{collapsible list | framestyle = text-align:left;border:0;padding:0;line-height:16px; | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = 8 mata uang lain | [[Lev Bulgaria|Lev]] (BGN; Bulgaria) | [[Koruna Ceko|Koruna]] (CZK; Republik Ceko) | [[Krone Denmark|Krone]] (DKK; Denmark) | [[Kuna Kroasia|Kuna]] (HRK; Kroasia) | [[Forint Hungaria|Forint]] (HUF; Hungaria) | [[Złoty Polandia|Złoty]] (PLN; Polandia) | [[Leu Rumania|Leu]] (RON; Rumania) | [[Krona Swedia|Krona]] (SEK; Swedia) }} | time_zone = [[Waktu Éropa Barat|WET]], [[Waktu Éropa Tengah|CET]], [[Waktu Éropa Timur|EET]] | utc_offset = <!-- tanpa pergeseran -->&nbsp;s.d.&nbsp;UTC+2 | time_zone_DST = [[Waktu Musim Panas Éropa Barat|WEST]], [[Waktu Musim Panas Éropa Tengah|CEST]], [[Waktu Musim Panas Éropa Timur|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1&nbsp;s.d.&nbsp;UTC+3 | DST_note = ''(lihat pula [[Waktu Musim Panas di Éropa]])''<br />{{smaller|Catatan: selain Kepulauan Canary miwah Madeira, [[wilayah khusus negara anggota miwah Uni Éropa#wilayah terluar|wilayah terluar]] memiliki zona waktunya sendiri.}}{{efn|[[Martinique]], [[Guadeloupe]] (UTC-4); [[French Guiana]] (UTC-3); [[Azores]] (UTC-1 / UTC); [[Mayotte]] (UTC+3); miwah [[La Réunion]] (UTC+4); selain Azores, wilayah-wilayah ini tidak memiliki zona waktu musim panas.}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Tahun Masehi]])<br />{{smaller|''Lihat pula: [[Notasi tanggal miwah waktu di Éropa]]''}} | cctld = [[.eu]]{{efn|.eu untuk seluruh UE; setiap negara anggota juga punya TLD sendiri.}} | calling_code = {{flagicon|FRA}} +33<br />{{flagicon|GER}} +49<br />{{flagicon|NED}} +31<br />{{flagicon|BEL}} +32<br />{{flagicon|LUX}} +352<br />{{flagicon|ITA}} +39<br />{{flagicon|IRL}} +353<br />{{flagicon|DEN}} +45<br />{{flagicon|GRE}} +30<br />{{flagicon|ESP}} +34<br />{{flagicon|AUT}} +43<br />{{flagicon|FIN}} +358<br />{{flagicon|SWE}} +46<br />{{flagicon|POR}} +351<br />{{flagicon|POL}} +48<br />{{flagicon|CZE}} +420<br />{{flagicon|SVK}} +421<br />{{flagicon|SVN}} +386<br />{{flagicon|HUN}} +36<br />{{flagicon|EST}} +372<br />{{flagicon|LAT}} +371<br />{{flagicon|LTU}} +370<br />{{flagicon|CYP}} +357<br />{{flagicon|MLT}} +356<br />{{flagicon|ROM}} +40<br />{{flagicon|BUL}} +359<br />{{flagicon|CRO}} +385 | official_website = {{URL|https://europa.eu/}} | today = <!-- bagian dari --> }} [[Berkas:European Union main map.svg|thumb|Péta Uni Éropa]] '''Uni Éropa''' ento pepupulan politik tur ékonomi 27&nbsp;gumi merdéka ané ada di benoa [[Éropa]].<ref name= "EU in brief">{{Cite web |url= https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en|title= The EU in brief|publisher= European Union |access-date= 25 April 2019}}</ref> Linggahné UE 4.475.757&nbsp;km² tur liu kramanné kuang-lebih 513&nbsp;yuta diri.<ref name= "EU population 513 million">{{Cite web |url= https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9063738/3-10072018-BP-EN.pdf/ccdfc838-d909-4fd8-b3f9-db0d65ea457f |title= EU population up to nearly 513 million on 1 January 2018|publisher= European Commission |access-date= 25 April 2019}}</ref> Uni Éropa suba ngaé pasar sikiang di tengahné aji nganggon kode awig ané sah di makejang gumi bagian nanging yan gumi-gumi ento masemaya dogén. Awig-awig ajak keneh Uni Éropa dot netepang kiselan bebas anggo makejang anak, barang dagang, ayahan, ajak pipis di pantarané gumi-gumi bagianné tur netepang HAM anggo makejang anak.<ref name= "EU free movement">{{Cite web|url= http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |title= The EU single market: fewer barriers, more opportunities|publisher= Europa web portal |access-date= 25 April 2019|archive-date= 1 October 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status= bot: unknown}}</ref> [[Berkas:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|center|Komisi Éropa]] ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} === Sitiran === {{Reflist|30em|refs= <!--UNUSED REF AS OF APRIL 2017<ref name="EU-Symbols">{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/motto/index_en.htm |title=United in diversity |accessdate=20 January 2010 |work=[[Europa (web portal)]] |publisher=[[European Commission]] |quote='United in diversity' is the motto of the European Union. The motto means that, via the EU, Europeans are united in working together for peace and prosperity, and that the many different cultures, traditions and languages in Europe are a positive asset for the continent.}}</ref>--> <!--UNUSED REF AS OF APRIL 2017<ref name="Legislative Observatory">{{cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/FindByProcnum.do?lang=en&procnum=REG/2007/2240 |title=European Parliament: The Legislative Observatory |accessdate=20 January 2010 |work=[[Europa (web portal)]] |publisher=[[European Commission]] |quote=the motto 'United in diversity' shall be reproduced on Parliament's official documents;}}</ref>--> <ref name="OED">''The [[New Oxford American Dictionary]]'', Second Ed., [[Erin McKean]] (editor), 2051 pages, 2005, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-517077-6}}.</ref> <!--UNUSED REF AS OF AUGUST 2015<ref name="eurostat">{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 |title=Population on 1 January |publisher=Eurostat |accessdate=23 October 2010}}</ref>--> <ref name="imf">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&pr.y=11&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=998&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,PPPPC&grp=1&a=1|title=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> }} === Wit umum === {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Barnard|first=Catherine|authorlink=Catherine Barnard|title=The Substantive Law of the EU: The four freedoms|url=https://archive.org/details/substantivelawof0000barn_o4e1|edition=3rd|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-956224-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/substantivelawof0000barn_o4e1/page/447 447]|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last1=Craig|first1=Paul|first2=Grainne|last2=De Burca|title=EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials|url=https://archive.org/details/eulawtextcasesma0000crai|edition=5th|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957699-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/eulawtextcasesma0000crai/page/15 15]|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Demey|first=Thierry|others= S. Strange (trans.) |title=Brussels, capital of Europe|year=2007|publisher=Badeaux|location=Brussels|isbn=978-2-9600414-6-0|page=387 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=The Lisbon Treaty: A Legal and Political Analysis (Cambridge Studies in European Law and Policy)|url=https://archive.org/details/lisbontreatylega0000piri|last=Piris|first=Jean-Claude|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-19792-2|page=448 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zg8qsGtZgZsC&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q=in%20varietate%20concordia|title=EuroDiversity (Managing Cultural Differences)|page=110|editor-first=George F. |editor-last=Simons|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon-on-Thames|isbn=978-0-87719-381-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Paul|title=International Relations: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalrel00wilk|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=[https://archive.org/details/internationalrel00wilk/page/n114 100]|quote=The EU states have never felt the need to make the organisation into a powerful military alliance. They already have NATO to undertake that task.|isbn=978-0-19-280157-9|year=2007|edition=1st |ref=harv}} {{Refend}} === Lis pustaka === * {{Cite journal|last=Azwar|first=Asrudin|date=2016|title=Runtuhnya Integrasi Uni Éropa?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Asrudin-Azwar/publication/338594901_Runtuhnya_Integrasi_Uni_Eropa/links/5e1eb93145851536bfe64d13/Runtuhnya-Integrasi-Uni-Eropa.pdf|journal=Alternatif|volume=6|issue=2|ref={{sfnref|Azwar|2016}}}} *{{Cite book|last=Puspita|first=Natalia Yeti|date=2019|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Hukum_Regional_ASEAN_dan_UNI_EROPA/EbjpDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=Uni+Eropa&printsec=frontcover|title=Hukum Regional: ASEAN miwah Uni Éropa|location=Jakarta|publisher=Penerbit Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya|isbn=978-623-7247-49-4|ref={{sfnref|Puspita|2019}}|url-status=live}} == Pustaka liyanan == {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Berend |first= Ivan T. |title=The Contemporary Crisis of the European Union: Prospects for the Future |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarycris0000bere |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year= 2017 |isbn= 978-1-138-24419-1}} * {{cite book|editor-first1=Elizabeth |editor-last1=Bomberg |editor-first2=John |editor-last2=Peterson |editor-first3=Richard |editor-last3=Corbett |authorlink3=[[Richard Corbett]] |title=The European Union: How Does it Work? (New European Union) |url=https://archive.org/details/europeanunionhow0000unse |edition=3rd |year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957080-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Corbett |first1=Richard|last2=Jacobs|first2=Francis|author2-link=Francis Jacobs|last3=Shackleton|first3=Michael|title=The European Parliament|url=https://archive.org/details/europeanparliame0000corb |edition=8th |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|John Harper Publishing]]|year=2011|location=London|isbn=978-0-9564508-5-2}} * {{cite book|last1=Craig|first1=Paul|first2=Gráinne|last2=de Búrca|title=EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials|url=https://archive.org/details/eulawtextcasesma0000crai_w8o5|edition=4th|year=2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-927389-8}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Federiga |editor-first=Bindi|title=The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World|url=https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyofe0000unse |publisher=[[Brookings Institution|Brookings Institution Press]]|year=2010|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-8157-2252-6|edition=2nd}} The E.U.'s foreign-policy mechanisms and foreign relations, including with its neighbours. * {{cite book |editor-last1=Gareis |editor-first1= Sven |editor-last2= Hauser |editor-first2= Gunther |editor-last3= Kernic |editor-first3=Franz |title=The European Union – A Global Actor? |location=Leverkusen, Germany|publisher= Barbara Budrich Publishers |year= 2013 |isbn= 978-3-8474-0040-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Grinin |first1=L. |last2=Korotayev |first2= A. |last3=Tausch |first3=A. |year=2016 |title=Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery |publisher=Springer International Publishing |location= Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London |isbn=978-3-319-17780-9}} * {{cite book|first1=Erik|last1=Jones|first2=Menon|last2=Anand|first3=Stephen|last3=Weatherill|title=The Oxford Handbook of the European Union|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_a3u9|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954628-2}} * {{cite book|editor-first1=A.J. |editor-last1=Jordan |editor-first2= Camilla |editor-last2=Adelle|title=Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics|edition=3rd|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]]|isbn=978-1-84971-469-3|year=2012}} * {{cite book|last=Kaiser|first=Wolfram|title=Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union (New Studies in European History)|year=2009|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-511-49705-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Le Gales |first1= Patrick |last2= King |first2= Desmond |title= Reconfiguring European States in Crisis |location= Corby |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2017 |isbn= 978-0-19-879337-3}} * McAuley, James, "A More Perfect Union?" (review of [[Luuk van Middelaar]], ''Alarums and Excursions: Improving Politics on the European Stage'', translated from the Dutch by Liz Waters, Agenda, 2019, 301 pp.; and Stéphanie Hennette, [[Thomas Piketty]], Guillaume Sacriste, and Antoine Vauchez, ''How to Democratize Europe'', translated from the French by Paul Dermine, Marc LePain, and Patrick Camiller, Harvard University Press, 2019, 209 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXVI, no. 13 (15 August 2019), pp.&nbsp;46–48. James McAuley writes: "There was never a single moment that marked the definitive establishment of the European Union, which... has continued to define itself since [[World War II]]. [T]he major turning points have all been quiet steps on the way to further [[economic integration]] while preserving [[national sovereignty]]. Today there is only an incomplete [[monetary union]] without a real political contract to manage it... [Nevertheless, the Union's] various peoples have grown remarkably closer... The European Union now has open borders, a single market from Portugal to the Baltics, and more or less monthly meetings of member state leaders [the [[European Council]]]. What's more, those member states are now closer to each other than they are to the [[United States]]... [T]his transformation has occurred informally and organically... [R]obust supranational politics are taking root in Europe... [[Luuk van Middelaar]] writes: '[W]hat unites us as Europeans on this continent is bigger and stronger than anything that divides us.'" (pp.&nbsp;47–48.) * {{cite book|first1=John|last1=McCormick|title=The European Union: Politics and Policies|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|location=Boulder, CO|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8133-4202-3|edition=5th|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/europeanunionpol0000mcco_d3k0}} * [[Ferdinand Mount|Mount, Ferdinand]], "Why We Go to War", ''[[London Review of Books]]'', vol. 41, no. 11 (6 June 2019), pp.&nbsp;11–14. "[H]istorians have tended to weave their narratives around [...] high-flown themes: the struggle to maintain the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]], the struggles against [[fascism]] and [[communism]], against the [[French Revolution]] or [[Militarism#Germany|German militarism]]. In reality, most large [[war]]s have contained within them a violent and persistent economic conflict. [p. 12.] Not for one second do [the [[U.K.]]'s [[Brexit]]eers] pause to think how hard-won [Europe's economic integration and peace, within the European Union, have] been. They are the feckless children of seventy years of peace." [p.&nbsp;14.] * {{cite book|last1=Pinder|first1=John|first2=Simon|last2=Usherwood|title=The European Union: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/europeanunionver0000pind|year=2013|edition=3rd|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-968169-3}} [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0199233977 excerpt and text search] * {{cite book|title=The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream|first=Jeremy|last=Rifkin|publisher=[[Penguin Group#Imprints|TarcherPerigee]]|year=2005|location=[[City of Westminster]], London|isbn=978-1-58542-435-1|url=https://archive.org/details/europeandreamhow00rifk_0}} * {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Emrys Smith|title=International Trade and Globalisation|url=https://archive.org/details/internationaltra0000smit_k3f7|edition=3rd|publisher=Anforme Ltd|year=2007|location=[[Stocksfield]]|isbn=978-1-905504-10-7}} * {{cite book|last=Staab|first=Andreas|title=The European Union Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2011|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-0-253-22303-6}} [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0253220181 excerpt and text search] * {{cite book|last1=Steiner|first1=Josephine|first2=Lorna|last2=Woods|first3=Christian|last3=Twigg-Flesner|title=EU Law|url=https://archive.org/details/eulaw0009stei|edition=9th|year=2006|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-927959-3}} * {{Cite book | last=Tausch | first=Arno | authorlink=Arno Tausch | title= Globalization, the Human Condition, and Sustainable Development in the Twenty-first Century: Cross-national Perspectives and European Implications. With Almas Heshmati and a Foreword by Ulrich Brand | url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationhum0000taus |publisher=Anthem Press, London|year=2012 | edition=1st | isbn= 978-0-85728-410-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Yesilada|first1=Birol A.|first2=David M.|last2=Wood|title=The Emerging European Union|url=https://archive.org/details/emergingeuropean0000yesi|edition=5th|year=2009|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]]|isbn=978-0-205-72380-5}} {{Refend}} == Pranala jaba == '''Resmi:''' * [http://europa.eu/index_en.htm EUROPA] – [[Europa (portal web)|portal web resmi]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm Lembaga] * [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170609145325/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/da/european-council/ Dewan Uni Éropa] * [http://www.ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm Komisi Éropa] * [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/default_en.htm Parlemen Éropa] * [http://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/html/index.en.html Bank Sentral Éropa] * [http://curia.europa.eu/ Mahkamah Uni Éropa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091222231135/http://eca.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eca_main_pages/home Mahkamah Auditor] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070716180819/http://europa.eu/agencies/index_en.htm Badan] * [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm EUR-Lex] – [[EUR-Lex|Undang-Undang Uni Éropa]] * [http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx Arsip Sejarah Uni Éropa] '''Ikhtisar miwah data:''' * [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained Eurostat – Badan Statistik Uni Éropa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315151022/http://www.ckan.net/tag/read/eutransparency Set data Uni Éropa di CKAN] * {{CIA World Factbook link|ee|CIA World Factbook: European Union}} * [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=2537&display=list/ British Pathé] – Arsip berita daring abad ke-20 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160827225957/http://eu.data-list-search.com/ Search EU Financial Sanctions List] * [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21372.pdf The European Union: Questions and Answers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309092959/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21372.pdf |date=2020-03-09 }} [[Congressional Research Service]] * {{Gutenberg author | id=European+Union | name=European Union}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=European Union}} '''Berita miwah wawancara:''' * {{PM20|FID=co/071613|TEXT=Dokumen miwah kliping tentang|NAME=}} * [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/spiegel-interview-with-helmut-schmidt-and-valery-giscard-d-estaing-a-855127.html Wawancara ''Der Spiegel'' dengan Helmut Schmidt miwah Valery Giscard d'Estaing] '''Wit pendidikan:''' * [http://hum.port.ac.uk/europeanstudieshub European Studies Hub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201074011/http://hum.port.ac.uk/europeanstudieshub |date=2020-02-01 }} – sumber informasi interaktif untuk membantu pelajar miwah peneliti memahami Uni Éropa beserta segala kebijakannya. {{Navboxes |title = Suratan indik Uni Éropa |list = {{Topik Uni Éropa|state=expanded}} {{Penghargaan Uni Éropa}} {{Organisasi kawasan|state=collapsed}} {{Hukum kekayaan intelektual Uni Éropa}} {{Nobel Perdamaian}} {{Budaya Barat}} {{Navboxes |title = Keanggotaan di organisasi internasional |list = {{G8}} {{G20}} {{Kuartet Timur Tengah}} }} }} {{Subject bar |commons = y |n = y |q = y |s = n }} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Uni Éropa| ]] [[Kategori:Pendirian tahun 1993 di Belanda]] [[Kategori:Konfederasi]] [[Kategori:Negara G20]] [[Kategori:Negara G7]] [[Kategori:Negara G8]] [[Kategori:Organisasi internasional sané berpusat di Éropa]] [[Kategori:Organisasi politik internasional]] [[Kategori:Organisasi sané mapusat ring Brussels]] [[Kategori:Organisasi sané kapolihang Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian]] [[Kategori:Organisasi sané kaadegang warsa 1993]] [[Kategori:Organisasi politik sané mapusat ring Éropa]] [[Kategori:Sistem politik]] [[Kategori:Negara miwah wawidangan sané kaadagang warsa 1993]] [[Kategori:Persatuan supranasional]] [[Kategori:Blok perdagangan]] [[Kategori:Pemantau Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Uni Éropa|Uni Éropa]] rx4ih2mbry4vt611icmr8vzx3k34t95 0 1990 281295 274402 2026-08-28T06:01:59Z ~2026-46925-21 108828 /* Program Gelar Ganda Internasional/Double Degree */ 281295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = {{big|Univérsitas Gadjah Mada}} | native_name = {{jav|ꦈꦤꦶꦮ꦳ꦼꦂꦱꦶꦠꦱ꧀​ꦒꦗꦃ​ꦩꦢ}} | other_name = UGM | latin_name = | image = | caption = Panji Univérsitas Gadjah Mada | motto = ''Mengakar Kuat'', ''Menjulang Tinggi'' | mottoeng = ''Locally Rooted'', ''Globally Respected'' | established = 19 Désémber 1949 | parent = [[Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi]] | type = [[Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum]] | rector = Ova Emilia | location = [[Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman|Bulaksumur, Caturtunggal]], [[Depok, Sleman|Kec. Depok]], [[Kabupatén Sleman]], [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]], [[Indonésia]] | telephone = +62 (274) 6492599 | academic_staff = 4.468 (2018)<ref name=ugminnumber>{{cite web|title=UGM in Numbers|url=https://simpan.ugm.ac.id/s/h6E2UMHJbag5sYA/download|year=2018|website=Universitas Gadjah Mada|accessdate=16 Séptémber 2018}}</ref> | administrative_staff = | students = 62.027 (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi Indonesia 202018.pdf|url=https://pddikti.ristekdikti.go.id/asset/data/publikasi/Statistik%20Pendidikan%20Tinggi%20Indonesia%202018.pdf|access-date=2020-09-18|archive-date=2020-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301174815/https://pddikti.ristekdikti.go.id/asset/data/publikasi/Statistik%2520Pendidikan%2520Tinggi%2520Indonesia%25202018.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | undergrad = 32.195 (2018)<ref name=dikti/> | postgrad = 13.042 (2018)<ref name=dikti/> | doctoral = 2.693 (2018)<ref name=dikti/> | city = | campus = [[Kawasan perkotaan|Urban]], 3,57 kilometer persegi (357 hektar) | colors = Khaki muda {{color box|#F0E68C}} | nickname = UGM, GAMA, Kampus Pancasila, Universitas Nasional, Balai Pendidikan Nasional, Universitas Pusat Kebudayaan, Kampus Perjuangan, Kampus Kerakyatan, Kampus Biru, | affiliations = ABET, U 21, ASIIN, Universitas 21, IChemE, RSC, RCVS, FIBAA, AUN QA, IABEE, WQA, KAAB, WFME, IMIA, AACSB Accredited, FUIW, IAAHEH, BAN PT<ref>{{cite web|title=Members - ASEA-UNINET|url=http://asea-uninet.org/index.php?seite=13.members|publisher=ASEA-UNINET Universities|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref> | website = {{URL|http://www.ugm.ac.id}} | coordinates = {{Coord|-7.7713847|110.3774998|type:edu_region:ID_dim:2000|display=title}} | logo = Logo Universitas Gadjah Mada.png | footnotes = Universitas Gadjah Mada }} [[Berkas:Gedung Pusat Universitas Gadjah Mada (6).jpg|thumb]] '''Universitas Gadjah Mada''' wiadin '''UGM '''([[basa Jawa]]: ꦈꦤꦶꦮ꦳ꦼꦂꦱꦶꦠꦱ꧀​ꦒꦗꦃ​ꦩꦢ) ento univérsitas negeri ané matongos ring [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]] tur kadegang olih pamarintah Indonésia duk tanggal 19 Désémber 1949. UGM dadi univérsitas kapertama ané kaadegang tekén pamarintah sasubané kamerdékaan Indonésia. Dugas UGM kaadegang, ngelah enem fakultas dogén nanging dinané ené ada 18 fakultas miwah duang sekolah: Sekolah Vokasi muah Sekolah Pascasarjana, tur lebih uli 100 program studi anggo S2, S3, muah Spésialis. Duk warsa 2018 ada 4.468 staf akadémik miwah 47.081 siswa.<ref name= "UGM in Numbers">{{Cite web|url= https://ugm.ac.id/en/about-us/3681-ugm.in.numbers |title= UGM in Numbers |publisher= UGM}}</ref> == Afiliasi Internasional == * International Association of Universities (IAU-UNESCO) * Jardine Foundation Scholarship for Postgraduate Studies at University of Oxford and University of Cambridge * Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) * The ASEAN European Academic University Network (ASEA-UNINET) * Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning (ASAIHL) * The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc. (ABET) * Akkreditierungsagentur für Studiengänge der Ingenieurwissenschaften, der Informatik, der Naturwissenschaften und der Mathematik (ASIIN) * The Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE accredited ) * Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC accredited) * Royal College of Veterinary Surgeon (RCVS accredited) * The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, (AACSB Accredited) * Indonésian Accreditation Board for Engineering Education (IABEE) * Koréa Architectural Accrediting Board (KAAB) * Indonésian Accreditation Agency for Higher Education in Health (IAAHEH). * International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA accredited) * Worldwide Quality Assurance (WQA) * Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation (FIBAA) * Partnership in science & technology ETH Zurich-UCL-Imperial College London-King's College London-Glasgow University-Bristol University, Kyoto University-Seoul National University-Copenhagen University, Denmark-Karolinska Institute, Sweden-Lund University, Sweden- University of Barcelona, Spain-University of Vienna-University of Helsinki-Sapienza University of Rome-University of Malaya-University of Auckland- UGM * International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) * Non-Aligned Movement-Center of South-South Technical Cooperation (NAM CSSTC) * Institute of Governance and Public Affairs (IGPA) * The Australia-Indonésia Centre (AIC) * Towards A New Age of Partnership (TANAP), Universiteit Leiden-UGM * Knowledge Sector Initiative (KSI)-partner * The Asian Academy for Heritage Management (UNESCO-ICCROM) * Asian Consortium for Political Research (ACPR) * Germany-Indonésian, Geo-Campus in Indonésia for Competence in Education and Research for Organizations, RWTH Aachen-UGM (Get-In CICERO) * Center for Indigenous & Cultural Psychology (CICP) * International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHEER) * The ASEAN International Mobility for Students (AIMS) * Association Franco-Indonésienne pour le Développement des Sciences (AFIDES) * Consortium Eindhoven University of Technology / TU/e (The Netherlands) – NUS (Singapore) – UGM * Southeast and South Asia and [[Taiwan]] Universities (SATU Présidénts’ Forum) * The Academic Consortium for the 21st Century (AC21) * MedicProLink-UGM * International Indonésia Forum UGM-Yale * Indonesian Netherlands University Consortium on Sustainable Future (INUCoST) * The Network of Centers /NoC Interational Consortium - CfDS UGM * ''The University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road'' (UCMSR) * Collaborative Center for Biomedical Scaffold Research, BRIN-UGM * Asean University Network (AUN) * Promotion of Sustainability in Postgraduate Education and Research Network (ProSPER Net) * Asian Association of Veterinary Schools (AAVS) * Partnership in Science & Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Harvard University-Stanford University-Princeton University-Northwestern University-University of Texas at Austin-University of Maryland, College Park-Colorado University, Boulder-North Carolina University, Chapel Hill-Colorado School of Mines-UGM * American Nuclear Society (ANS) * Cosmopolis Advanced, Universiteit Leiden-UGM * Towards Unity For Health (TUFH) * Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA) * University Mobility in Asia Pacific (UMAP), * Network For Quality In International Health Postgraduate (LINQED Educational Network) * Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) * European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA) * Citizen Engagement and Natural Resource Governance Education (CitRes-Edu) * ASEAN Universities Consortium on Food and Agro-based Engineering & Technology (AUCFA) * World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) * The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Scientific Programme Indonésia - Netherlands (KNAW-SPIN) * Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) * Partnership in Food & Nutrition Cornell University-The Michigan State University-Purdue University-UGM * American Accounting Association (AAA) * Groningen Research Center for Southeast Asia and ASEAN, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen/UG, The Netherlands * Southeast Asian University Consortium for Graduate Education in Agriculture and Natural Resources * Global Educational Exchange in Medicine and the Health Professions (GEMx) * Consortium for International Crop Protection (CICP) * International Network of Institutions for Higher Education in International Health (tropEd) * International Association for Accounting Education and Research (IAAER) * INDEPTH Training and Research Centre of Excellence (INTREC), * The Asia Pacific Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization (APMA) * South East Regional Association of Medical Education (SEARAME) * European Association for Southeast Asian Studies (EASAS) * Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) * World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS) * Partnership in Science & Technology Edinburgh University-University of Manchester-Warwick University-Nottingham University-Birmingham University-Leeds University-Queen Mary University of London-UGM * Center for Maritime Economics & Logistics – Erasmus University Rotterdam * International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) * International Sociological Association (ISA) * ERASMUS+, * World Center of Excellence on Landslide Disaster Reduction – International Programme on Landslide (WCoE IPL-UNESCO) * International Project Management Association, Europe * International Consortium for Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE) * Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education (ACPE) * International Consortium for Social Development (ICSD) * International Consortium for Sustainable Civil Engineering Structures and Construction Materials (ICSCESCM) * Project Management Institute (PMI), USA * International Consortium for Geological Engineering and Geosciences (ICGoES) * Federation of Asian Pharmaceuticals Association (FAPA) * Partnership in Science & Technology University of British Columbia-California Institute of Technology-KU Leuven-Vrije Universiteit Brussel-Maastricht University-Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam-Zurich University-Tohoku University-UGM * Asia – Europe Meeting (ASEM) * Encountering A Common Past (ENCOMPAS), Universiteit Leiden-UGM * Asian Association for Public Administration (AAPA) * Collaborative Programme on Sustainable Development Goals: UI, UGM, Delft University of Technology/TU Delft and Erasmus University * American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) * GEOCAP, Delft University of Technology/TU Delft-Universiteit Utrecht-TU ITC-ITB-UGM-UI * International Public Policy Association (IPPA) * International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) * Southeast Asian Network of Animal Science (SEANAS) * Asian Association of Agricultural College and University (AAACU) * US-Indonésia Partnership Program for Study Abroad Capacity (USIPP) * Partnership in Agro Complex/Agricultural sciences & Economics: Wageningen University & Research-University California, Davis-University of Wisconsin, Madison-Tokyo University-Queensland University-Purdue University-Michigan State University- University of Reading -Minnesota University-Texas A & M University- University of Maryland, College Park-Universiteit Ghent, Belgium-BOKU, Vienna Austria-Osaka University-UGM * Asian Association of Indigenous and Cultural Psychology (AAICP) * Projects IN Controlled Environments (PRINCE2), AXELOS, London, UK * International Consortium of Universities in South and Southeast Asia Region for the Doctoral Education on the Agricultural Science and Biotechnology (IC-U12) * Asian Australian Animal Production (AAAP) * Implementation Research on Tropical Diseases & Public Health, School of Medicine & Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University-UGM * Asian Association of Schools of Pharmacy (AASP), * International Database for Enhanced Assessments and Learning (IDEAL Consortium) * International Association of Geomorphologist (IAG) * Forum of Higher Education in Geography and Geography Education (FORPIMGEO) * International Cell Research Organization (ICRO-UNESCO) * Partnership in pharmacy, mathematics & natural sciences Chicago University-Universiteit Leiden-Kyoto University-Sydney University-UGM * Asian Association of Social Psychology (AASP) * Central Agriculture and Bioscience International South-east Asia (CABI) * Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Australia (DAFF) * Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Australia (CSIRO) * Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) * Centre for Biological Information Technology (CBIT), The University of Queensland Australia * Erasmus+ Capacity Building in Higher Education (REPESEA) * Pharmacy Education and Research Network of ASEAN, * French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) * International Society for Social Justice Research (ISCJR) * The International Bioprocessing Association (IBA) * Asian School in Public Health (ASPH) * British-Indonésian Higher Education Consortium (BIHEC) * The Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) * International Geothermal Association (IGA) * Partnership in Energy, Maritime & Environment, Center for Development of Sustainable Region (CDSR), University of California, Davis (UC Davis)-UGM * Inter-University Consortium on Global Health (IUCGH). * Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM) * Consortium on Geospatial Information Science and Engineering (CGISE) * Consortium of Agricultural Education Japan - Indonésia, SUIJI * International Consortium of Geo-Disaster Reduction (ICGDR) * College of Asia Pacific (CAP) Kyushu University-UGM * Association of Academic Health Centers International (AAHCI) * ASEAN University Consortium for Food and Agro-based Engineering and Technology (AUCFA), * University Network for Tropical Agriculture (UNTA) * Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF) * Asian Federation of Societies on Lactic Acid Bacteria (AFSLAB), * Germany Alumni Food Network (GAFooN), * The International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands * Mycotoxin Reduction Program (MYCORED), * The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Study Center Consortium * System of Rice Intensification (SRI) with JIRCAS, * Food Safety Intensive Course – Kagawa University, etc. * International Consortium on Landslide (ICL) * Consortium Hokkaido University, Japan-Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany-UGM * COCHRAN-COCHRANE INDONESIA, * Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB Membership), * Global Business School Network (GBSN) * New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan * University Consortium on Global Health Indonésian-Germany, * International Consortium on Bioethics & Medical Humanities-(CBMH) * Education and Research Capacity Building (HEALTH-I) * Partnership in Humanity & Philosophy Cornell University-Columbia University-University of Pittsburgh-UGM * Association of Asia-Pacific Business School (AAPBS) * Asia Pacific Consortium of Veterinary Epidemiology (APCOVE) * ASEAN University Network for Business and Economics (AUN BE) * The Australian Consortium for In-Country Indonésian Studies (ACICIS) * The European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD) * World Federation of Medical Education (WFME) * The International Academy of Financial Consumers (IAFICO) * Marine Natural Products (MNP), Osaka University-Hokkaido University-ITB-UGM * East Asia Development Network (EADN). * Network of International Business and Economics Schools (NIBES) * Partnership in Biotechnology University of Toronto/Toronto Medical Laboratories-Queensland University-Wageningen University & Research-UGM * The Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World (FUIW) * Partnership in Law & Social Sciences Universiteit Leiden-Nagoya University-Utrecht University-Melbourne University-UGM * International Association of Law Schools (IALS) * University Consortium on the Environmental (UCE) * Partnership in Geo-Disaster Risk Management System Osaka University-UGM * Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP) * UK-Indonésia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Sciences (UKICIS) * Environmental Forum for the Commission on Environmental Law, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (CEL-IUCN) * International College of Dentist (ICD) * Federal Research Center for Nutrition Institute for Hygiene and Toxycology, West Germany * Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan * CTI Engineering International and Associates * Partnership in Life & Health sciences Universität Heidelberg-Universität Freiburg-Freie Universität Berlin-Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin-Universität Leipzig-Universitat Tübingen-Universität Göttingen, Germany-UGM * United Nations University-Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS) * Consortium for Populations-Activities-Resources-Environments (PARE) * International Society for Ceramics in Medicine (ISCM) * American Chemical Society (ACS) * Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Society, Asia Pacific Council (TERMIS-AP) * Consortium for Engineering Physics (CEP) * Partnership in Science & Technology ANU-Sydney University, UNSW, Western Australia University, Adelaide University-UGM * International Research Consortium on Dengue Risk Assessment, Management, and Surveillance (IDAMS) * Partnership in Geography & Disaster Risk Management System University of [[Paris]] 1, Pantheon, Sorbonne, French-UGM * Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC) * Malaria Transmission Consortium (MTC) * Collaboration in Economics, Management, Business, Accounting & Finance University of California, Berkeley-London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)-Erasmus University Rotterdam-University of Wisconsin, Madison-Melbourne University-ANU-UGM * Partnership in Science & Technology UCLA-TU Munich-LMU Munich-EPFL-Sheffield University-Durham University-Illinois University at  Urbana Champaign-Pennsylvania University (The Wharton School)-Georgia Institute of Technology-Tokyo Institute of Technology-Duke University-University of Washington at Seattle, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor-McGill University-Universite' de Sorbonne-National University of Singapore-Nanyang Technological University-University of Tsinghua-Taiwan National University-University of Zurich-Moscow State University- UGM * Asian Population Association (APA). * Global Geothermal Courses/International Geothermal Association, Bonn, Germany * International Consortium on Geo-disaster Reduction (ICGdR) * Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), UK * Maritime Security Consortium (MSC) * The South East Asia Infectious Disease Clinical Research Network (SEAICRN) * The Institute for Training and Technical Cooperation (ITTC), WTO * Partnership Delft University of Technology/TU Delft-ITB, UGM, UI * Association for Asian Constitutional Studies (AACS) * The International Master in Security, Intelligence and Strategic Studies (IMSISS) * AVEVA partnership, Cambridge University-UGM * World Mosquito Program (WMP), Monash University-UGM * The University of Tokyo Research Internship Program (UTRIP) * The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), UK * Southeast Asian Mathematical Society (SEAMS). * OEX Partner, Monash University-UGM * Partnership in science & technology Universite' de Paris Sciences et Lettres'-Universite' de Paris-Universite' de Paris Saclay-Universite' de Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Universite' de Bordeaux-Universite' de Lorraine-Sciences Po-Universite' de Grenoble Alpes-École Polytechnique-École Normale Supérieure, French-UGM * International Academic Association on Planning, Law, and Property Rights (PLPR) * Consortium Natural Resources and Development (CNRD), * Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS) * The Future Research Talent (FRT) ANU-UGM * South East Asian Technical University Consortium (SEATUC) * The Asia-Pacific Law Deans’ Forum * International Strategy and Partnerships, ANU-UGM * ASEAN University Network-Kyoto University Committee * Partnership in medicine, health & clinical sciences Johns Hopkins University-Toronto University-RIKEN Japan-Universiteit van Amsterdam, Universiteit Utrecht-Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam-Sydney University-Monash University-Melbourne University-Universitat Tubingen-Universite' de Montpellier-UGM * The International Conference on Nusantara Philosophy (ICNP) * The Center for Religious and Cross-cultural Studies (CRCS) * The Indonesian Consortium for Religious Studies (ICRS) * The Indonesia-Australia Human Flourishing Center ====== '''Program Internasional Sekolah Vokasi''' ====== ====== Klaster Sosial & Kemanusiaan (Social & Humanities) ====== * Foreign Languages/English * Art and Culture * Management * Economics * Business ====== Kluster Ilmu & Teknologi (Science & Technology) ====== * Mechanical Engineering * Electrical Engineering and Informatics * Civil Engineering === Program Sarjana Internasional === * Animal Science & Industry * Agriculture * Biology * Accounting * Management * Economics * Environmental Geography * Law * Chemistry * Computer Science * Electronics & Instrumentation (Industrial Robotics) * Biomedical Engineering * Materials Science * Chemical Engineering * Geodetic Engineering * Urban and Regional Planning * Information Technology * Industrial Engineering * Civil and Environmental Engineering * Geological Engineering * Medicine * Pharmacy * Psychology * Comunication Science * International Relations * Public Policy & Management * Philosophy. * Veterinery Medicine * Civil Infrastructure Management and Maintenance Engineering === Program Pasca Sarjana Internasional: === * International Doctor of Business (IDB) * Management (M.B.A) * Law (L.L.M) * Biotechnology * Economics Development (M.Ec.Dev) * Religious & Cross-cultural Studies * Geological and Geo-resource Engineering * Chemical Engineering * Geodetic Engineering * Urban and Regional Planning * Information Technology ang Engineering * Natural Desaster * Material Engineering * Transport System and Engineering * Public Administration * Sociology * Anthropology * Social Development and Welfare * Coastal Management Planning and River Basin * Geo-information for Spatial Planning and Disaster Risk Management * Civil and Environmental Engineering * Mechanical Engineering * Electronics & Instrumentation * Forestry * Veterinary Medicine * Animal Science * Biology * Dentistry * Cultural Sciences * Psychology * Geography * Biomedical Science & Technology * Tropical Medicine * Public Health * Medical and Health Proffesion Education * Clinical Medicine * Nurshing * Health Policy and Management * Chemistry * Computer Science * Comunication Science * International Relations * Public Policy & Management * Philosophy * Watershed * Regional Development * Remote Sensing * Pharmaceutical Science * Clinical Pharmacy * Pharmaceutical Management * Mathematics * Physics * Agro-Industrial Technology * Estate Crop Product Technology * Agricultural Engineering (Food Engineering) * Food Science and Technology * Fisheries Science * Soil Science * Plant Breeding * Pest Science * Phytopathology * Agricultural Socio-Economics * Agronomy * Agribusiness Management * Agribusiness Entrepreuneurial Marketing (AEM) === Program Gelar Ganda Internasional/Double Degree === * Economics * Management * Accounting * Bussiness * Economic Development * Finance * Marketing * Law * Art and Humanities * History * Sustainable Tourism * Biotechnology * Biology * Chemistry * Physics * Agro-Industrial Technology * Computational Science * Urban and Regional Planning * International Relations * Sociology * Global Media Communications * Communication Science * Archeology (heritage studies) * Information Technology & Electrical Engineering * Electronics & Instrumentation (Industrial Robotics) * Civil & Environmental Engineering * Geological Engineering * Physics & Nuclear Engineering * Geodetic Engineering * Agricultural * Dentistry * Health Policy and Management * Public Health * Forestry * Agricultural Technology * Veterinary Medicine * Animal Science * Development Planning and Management * Industrial Management * Management of Production, Logistics and Procurement * Pharmacy * Humanitarian Engineering * Geo-resource Engineering (Geothermal) === Program Pasca Doktor === * Kluster Kedokteran & Ilmu-ilmu Kesehatan (Medicine and Health Sciences) * Kluster Ilmu & Teknologi (Science and Technology) * Kluster Agro-Kompleks & Ilmu-ilmu Hayati (Agro-complex and Life Sciences) * Kluster Ilmu-ilmu Sosial & Kemanusiaan (Social and Humanity Sciences) === Jurnal Internasional: === === Indeks: Web of Science & Scopus: === * Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business * Indonesian Journal of Chemistry * Indonesian Journal of Geography * Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy * Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology * Agritech Jounal * Jounal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology * Asean Journal of Chemical Engineering * Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business * Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik * Traditional Medicine Journal === Indeks: ASEAN Citation Index === * Mimbar Hukum * Jurnal Teknosains * Jurnal Psikologi * Jurnal Kawistara * Jurnal Humaniora * Indonesian Journal of Electronics and Instrumentation Systems * Indonesian Journal of Computing and Cybernetics System * Buletin Psikologi * Asia Pacific Family Medicine Journal == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{PTN ring Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Universitas ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kota Yogyakarta]] etoh8gwlpu6744g92qm979l3lp52x36 4 2609 281002 278288 2026-08-27T16:45:16Z BAPerdana-WMF 5236 tambah pengumuman 281002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kori Sekaa}} {{Pasangkepan}} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <noinclude>{{Pintas|WP:SANGKEP|WP:WK|WP:WARKOP}}{{bukan bak pasir}}</noinclude> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|pabligbagan]]) 18 Januari 2026 21.20 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Tinjauan tahunan untuk Kode Etik Universal dan Panduan Penegakan</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Saya ingin menyampaikan bahwa periode peninjauan tahunan Kode Etik Universal dan Pedoman Penegakannya saat ini telah dibuka. Usulan perubahan dapat diajukan hingga 9 Februari 2026. Tahap ini merupakan langkah awal dari rangkaian proses peninjauan tahunan yang akan dilakukan.[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Informasi lengkap dan ruang diskusi tersedia di halaman UCoC di Meta]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) adalah grup global yang didedikasikan untuk memberikan implementasi yang adil dan konsisten dari UCoC. Tinjauan tahunan ini telah direncanakan dan diimplementasikan oleh U4C. Untuk informasi dan tanggung jawab U4C lebih lanjut, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Anda dapat meninjaunya pada piagam U4C]]. Mohon bagikan informasi ini pada anggota lain di komunitas Anda di mana pun yang mungkin sesuai. -- Bekerja sama dengan U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|bicara]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 20 Januari 2026 05.01 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Konsensus untuk pemasangan spanduk == ''Nyuwun ampura dumun tasih anggén basa Inggris utawi basa Indonésia.''. {{Letterhead start}} Apakah komunitas Wikipedia Bahasa Bali memutuskan ingin memasang spanduk terkait pembatasan akses wiki di Indonesia? (Untuk pembahasan isu ini selengkapnya dapat disimak/berpartisipasi secara anonim di [[:id:Wikipedia:Permohonan pendapat/Pembatasan akses wiki di Indonesia (Februari 2026)#Konsensus untuk isi spanduk]] Apabila mencapai konsensus, kita akan membawa hasil ini ke Meta untuk meminta supaya spanduk dipasang di situs-situs wiki bahasa-bahasa di Indonesia, untuk pembaca dari Indonesia, tanggal (tentatif) 23 Maret 2026, selama 31 hari (durasi paling lama), hingga 24 April 2026. Setelah itu, bisa diperpanjang melalui konsensus yang baru. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 3 Maret 2026 02.57 (WITA) sebagai inisiator. :Dalam pandangan saya; jujur, saya sudah sangat kecewa dengan WMID dan WMF. Sebenarnya pemerintah juga sudah membuka diskusi dan pendaftaran ini [https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/122030/pp-no-71-tahun-2019 bertahun2 yang lalu (2019)], bukan tiba2 memblock begitu saja. Alih2 mereka yang digaji/dibayar seharusnya fokus mendiskusikan ini dan mendorong pemerintah dan lembaga2 terkait untuk membuka akses wikipedia justru malah terkesan tidak memiliki prioritas usaha bahkan setelah blokir terjadi, terbukti sibuk membuat proyek2 nirfaedah. Kita selaku sukarelawan yang justru tertimpa sialnya, bahkan harus sibuk inisiasi dan koordinasi hal2 seperti ini dengan langkah memasang spanduk, yg bukan juga tupoksinya dan lagi2 nirfaedah. Pemerintah tidak akan membaca spanduk tersebut, bahkan jika dibaca pun tidak akan peduli. Saya sendiri sudah tidak ingin banyak terlibat dalam diskusi2 seperti ini karena memilih hiatus dan hanya ingin tenang menyunting. Saya hanya akan sesekali membaca2 diskusi yang ada tanpa terlibat di dalamnya karena toh saya sudah pensiun juga dari sebagian besar wiki. Jadi selamat berjuang dan semoga tidak lelah. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 4 Maret 2026 08.38 (WITA) ::Sebenarnya sudah cukup jelas dari yang saya lihat/dengar, bahwa isi dari [https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Indeks:Peraturan_Menteri_Komunikasi_dan_Informatika_Nomor_5_Tahun_2020.pdf Permenkominfo 5/2020] ini apabila diikuti oleh WMF akan berakibat data pengguna terkompromikan, dan saya menolak 100% data saya diserahkan ke pemerintah. Jadi jawaban WMF untuk Kominfo kurleb kalau saya bahasakan "to hell with your permen" dan ''move on''. Bu Meutya atau Pak Alexander yang tahu bahwa tidak mungkin mereka memblokir seluruh situs Wiki, kebakaran jenggot, kurang lebih begitu dramanya. Apakah dengan spanduk Pak Sabar akan berbalik menjilat ludah sendiri, ya tentu kita tahu itu hil yang mustahal. Jadi trus apa kita akan telan mentah-mentah blokir ini? Ya kan harus kita respons. Anda menyinggung WMID. WMID menurut Anda bisa apa? Wong yang punya situs, brand, server, itu WMF semua. Bukan membela WMF, tapi menurut saya proyek-proyek wiki yang nirlaba dan WMF yang tidak memasang spanduk donasi di Indonesia jangan dicari-cari kesalahannya lah. Kalau bli punya usul yang lebih baik selain spanduk, bisa didiskusikan kok. Memilih hiatus ataupun berfokus mengembangkan situs ini juga tidak masalah, kalau Anda tidak khawatir di masa depan tidak akan ada orang (awam) yang bisa mendaftar lagi di situs ban.wiki ini. Kami akan berjuang, dan kami tidak akan lelah 🙏. Suksma. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 01.16 (WITA) :::Thanks bang @[[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] untuk respondnya, seperti biasa saya kagum dan Anda ini contoh terbaik wikipediawan senior yang saya kenal. Ada beberapa pernyataan Anda yang janggal. :::Pertama, Anda mengatakan ''"saya menolak 100% data saya diserahkan ke pemerintah"'', tapi nyatanya KTP, NPWP, KK, SIM, PASPOR, dsb semua dibuat dan dipegang datanya oleh pemerintah kita, bahkan sebentar lagi ada sinkronisasi antara data2 ini dengan akun2 kita di bank dan datanya tersimpan diarsip2 mereka, jadi menolak data apa yg Anda maksud? [https://www.komdigi.go.id/berita/siaran-pers/detail/tegakkan-kedaulatan-digital-kementerian-komdigi-surati-25-pse-privat-yang-belum-terdaftar Akun2 media sosial kita] pun sudah tersinkronisasi koq karena secara resmi mereka sudah mendaftarkan dirinya. Jangan pungkiri kita hidup di Indonesia, tentu hukum Indonesia yg berlaku, bukan [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Wikipedia%E2%80%93U.S._government_conflicts# hukum USA] atau UK. Aneh rasanya jika [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/09/12/wikimedia-foundation-challenges-uk-online-safety-act-regulations/ WMF bisa bergerak di UK] tapi tidak di Indonesia. :::Kedua, pernyataan ''"to hell with your permen"'' dari WMF juga tidak jelas dan tidak tertulis kan? Apakah mereka dengan sengaja tidak ingin mematuhi hukum Indonesia? Hanya asumsi Anda aja kan? Mengapa WMF (bisa dibantu WMID) tidak membuat pernyataan resmi jika menolak, membuka keran2 diskusi dan komunikasi dengan Komdigi setelah munculnya peraturan tersebut, mengapa terkesan diam dan tidak peduli bahkan setelah blokir terjadi? Lalu buat apa kita yg capek2 buat spanduk? :::Ketiga, pernyataan ''"Apakah dengan spanduk Pak Sabar akan berbalik menjilat ludah sendiri, ya tentu kita tahu itu hil yang mustahal"'', Jadi Anda dengan terang benderang mengakui kegiatan ini akan percuma dan tidak berguna tapi tetap melakukannya? Wow, ini istilah tepat untuk "Spinning your wheels" atau "Flogging a dead horse". Dalam konteks psikologi, jika seseorang merasa harus melakukan tindakan tersebut meski tahu itu tidak berguna (dan merasa tidak tenang jika tidak melakukannya), ini bisa menjadi bentuk perilaku kompulsif atau bagian dari gejala OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder). Ini menurut keyakinan saya aja ya. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 08.52 (WITA) :(Opsional) Silakan menerjemahkan pesan ini ke bahasa Bali: {{Quote|Sejak Februari 2026, akses pendaftaran dan masuk log ke Wikipedia serta proyek-proyek Wikimedia telah dibatasi di Indonesia. Kami mengajak Anda untuk mendorong Kemkomdigi mencabut pembatasan tersebut agar kita dapat bersama-sama terus membebaskan pengetahuan! Baca selengkapnya.}} :Dalam bahasa Bali: {{Quote|Ngawit Pébruari 2026, pendaftaran lan aksés masuk ring Wikipédia lan proyék Wikimédia sané lianan sampun kawatesin ring Indonésia. Titiang ngaptiang mangda semeton sareng sami ngaptiang Kementerian Komunikasi lan Teknologi Digital mangda ngicalang watesan punika mangda iraga prasida terus ngluputang kaweruhan sareng-sareng! Wacen malih.}} :(Informasi tambahan 9 Maret): Saat ini pernyataan komunitas telah diterbitkan di https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pernyataan_resmi_komunitas_Wikipedia_bahasa_Indonesia_terhadap_pembatasan_akses_auth.wikimedia.org_di_Indonesia. Apabila Anda ingin mencantumkan nama komunitas ini di pernyataan bersama tersebut, Anda dapat menandatangani konsensus di bawah. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 01.16 (WITA) === Nyoblos (Voting) === Undangan ngerembug utawi diskusi/voting tasih sareng {{ping|Chinamoonroll|Putu Suhartawan|Siti Noviali|Luh Gede Krismayanti|Kadek Ayu Sulastri|Carma citrawati|Eka343|Anggabuana|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|Medelam|Jon Harald Søby}}. Nyoblos mriki. Ten lali anggén <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> dados ligga tangan. * {{Ten cumpu}} Seperti alasan saya diatas, nirfaedah. Suksma. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 09.52 (WITA) * Abstain. [[Sang Anganggé:Medelam|Medelam]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Medelam|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 11.11 (WITA) === Yasa (Hasil) === Hasil pamuput puput. Ten wenten sane cumpu. Suksma. {{Letterhead end}} == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:CAnanian (WMF)|C. Scott Ananian]] (Parsoid technical lead)</bdi> 19 April 2026 00.48 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:CAnanian (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2026-04-20_Wikipedias&oldid=30424286 --> :cc Bli @[[Sang Anganggé:Joseagush|Joseagush]]: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423739 [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 27 April 2026 22.50 (WITA) :juga cc Bli {{ping|Angayubagia}}. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 28 April 2026 02.17 (WITA) == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|pabligbagan]]) 26 April 2026 08.57 (WITA) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Codename Noreste@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == [[MediaWiki:Sidebar]] == Perlu ditambahkan [[Wikipédia:Pasangkepan]] di sana untuk mempermudah mengakses Warung Kopi, bisa dengan kode: * Wikipédia:Pasangkepan|Pasangkepan Suksma. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 27 April 2026 22.51 (WITA) :Sudah bli @[[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]], Trims. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 28 April 2026 14.29 (WITA) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Pemungutan suara dalam pemilihan U4C 2026 kini telah dibuka</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Para pemilih yang memenuhi syarat diundang untuk berpartisipasi dalam pemilihan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) tahun 2026. Informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk pemeriksaan kelayakan pemilih, tata cara pemungutan suara, informasi kandidat, dan pranala menuju halaman pemungutan suara, tersedia di Meta pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|halaman informasi Pemilihan 2026]]. Pemungutan suara akan ditutup pada 2 Juni 2026 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 pukul 00.00 UTC]. Silakan memberikan suara apabila akun Anda memenuhi syarat. Hasil pemilihan akan diumumkan paling lambat pada 14 Juni 2026. — Bekerja sama dengan U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 28 Méi 2026 01.14 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Experience/Reading_lists Reading lists] feature not working == {{Tracked|T428002}}{{Tracked|T428079}} Hi {{Ping|Bennylin|Keegan (WMF)|SPatel (WMF)|EBlackorby-WMF}}, thanks again for this awesome feature. But this feature is not working on this site. When we click the icon always coming with this message <code>An error has occurred: ⧼readinglists-db-error-no-such-project⧽</code> What should we do for that and how we solve this issue? Thanks in advance. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 3 Juni 2026 22.42 (WITA) :Already working properly, thanks. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 20 Juni 2026 14.38 (WITA) == Why does the Balinese converter exist? == <span lang="ban" dir="ltr">Ampura</span> for my bad Balinese, but the Balinese converter only converts from Aksara Bali to Aksara Latin and not from Aksara Latin to Aksara Bali. What is the use of it when most of the pages are in Latin script? <span lang="ban" dir="ltr">Suksma</span> in advance, <br/> [[Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|<span style="color:orange;">'''ङघिञ'''</span>]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|ᬧᬩ᭄ᬮᬶᬕ᭄ᬩᬕᬦ]]) 19 Juni 2026 15.49 (WITA) :Hi @[[Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|ङघिञ]], thanks for asking. This is actually coming from an assumption and data that [[:en:Balinese_script|many balinese people today not writing in the balinese script anymore]] and more likely can just read it on latin script. Even many balinese not speaking on balinese language in day to day basis. That is why the balinese converter only converts from Aksara Bali to Aksara Latin, the other reason is many balinese literature on [https://ban.wikisource.org/wiki/Kaca_Utama palm-leaf manuscripts] is written in balinese script but not many can read, nor write it anymore, so to make it easier to young generation who want to learn their local language we just converted it as it is. Thanks. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 20 Juni 2026 14.35 (WITA) ::Thanks for the speedy response, but can't it be adapted to convert from Aksara Latin to Aksara Bali also? Or is it really hard because [[ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬩᬮᬶ|Balinese]] is an abugida without spaces? I'm not an advanced coder so I don't know that much of MediaWiki PHP where these converters are. [[Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|<span style="color:orange;">'''ङघिञ'''</span>]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|ᬧᬩ᭄ᬮᬶᬕ᭄ᬩᬕᬦ]]) 20 Juni 2026 14.52 (WITA) == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|pabligbagan]])</bdi> 24 Juni 2026 01.11 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Codename Noreste@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Penerapan halaman kontak Legal dan Keamanan di bagian bawah wiki Anda</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Kontak Legal dan Keamanan''' Halo, rekan-rekan kontributor! Wikimedia Foundation telah menyediakan [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|halaman kontak legal dan keamanan]] yang akan ditambahkan di bagian bawah wiki. Halaman tersebut sudah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris, Italia, Jerman, Spanyol, dan sebagainya. Untuk bahasa lainnya akan segera tersedia. Silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|halaman proyek]] untuk informasi selengkapnya, serta kami harapkan kesediaannya untuk meninggalkan komentar di bawah ini atau di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|halaman pembicaraan]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 25 Juni 2026 21.29 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 24 Juli 2026 20.24 (WITA) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:DreamRimmer@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Kami mengundang Anda untuk memberikan masukan terkait Daftar Harapan Komunitas 2027 == Halo, perkenalkan nama saya [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] dan saya memimpin beberapa [[mw:Contributors|tim]] di Wikimedia Foundation yang akan mengambil alih proses kerja dari Daftar Harapan Komunitas. Seperti yang mungkin Anda ketahui, [[m:Community_Wishlist|Daftar Harapan Komunitas]] (''Community Wishlist'') bermula sebagai proses tahunan yakni kontributor Wikimedia mengirimkan dan menentukan ide untuk memperbarui pengalaman dalam berkontribusi di situs web Proyek Wikimedia. Setelah melalui proses pemilihan, maka tim dari Wikimedia Foundation akan berusaha untuk mengerjakan dan mengimplementasikan ide (yang telah dipilih) tersebut. Beberapa tahun terakhir, proses di balik alur kerja daftar harapan telah diubah, serta kami mendengar dari Anda bahwa hal tersebut tidak memenuhi kebutuhan komunitas. Maka dari itu, Wikimedia Foundation bersama dengan kontributor Wikimedia sedang merancang alur kerja daftar harapan yang baru agar lebih transparan. Saya mengusulkan kepada komunitas terkait tiga tahapan berikut: * [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Tahap_pertama:_pengelompokan|'''Tahap pengelompokan''']]: yakni bagaimana permohonan dikelompokkan dan disaring sebelum masuk ke tahap pemungutan suara. ** Kami merekomendasikan untuk membentuk kelompok kerja yang beranggotakan anggota komunitas dari berbagai proyek wiki dan staf Wikimedia Foundation. * [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Tahap_kedua:_pemungutan_suara|'''Tahap pemungutan suara''']]: termasuk siapa saja yang berhak ikut pemungutan suara, serta menyusun bagaimana prosesnya berlangsung. * [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Tahap_ketiga:_pasca_pemungutan_suara|'''Tahap pasca pemungutan suara''']]: termasuk mengutamakan prinsip keadilan terkait proyek yang diprioritaskan. ** Salah satu hal yang akan kami lakukan untuk mengurutkan permohonan adalah dengan membaginya jadi 3 kategori: Wikipedia dan wiki skala besar, Wikipedia skala kecil dan menengah, dan situs web kerabat. Pengumuman ini adalah ringkasan dari proposal yang sudah kami terbitkan [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id|'''di Meta-wiki''']]. Kami mengharapkan masukan Anda perihal apakah ini akan berhasil atau ada cara lain yang lebih sesuai. Sesi diskusi akan dibuka selama dua minggu, serta Anda dapat menyampaikannya di Meta atau balas pengumuman ini. Untuk siklus tahun ini, [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Rencana_linimasa|kami berencana]] untuk mengumumkan masa pengiriman permohonan pada akhir Oktober atau awal November, serta proses pengelompokan akan selesai pada akhir November. Agar tidak mengganggu masa liburan akhir tahun, sesi pemungutan suara akan berlangsung selama awal hingga pertengahan Januari. Pada tahap ini dimaksudkan untuk langkah awal dalam mencoba proses yang baru, serta akan lebih banyak masukan selama ini berlangsung. Semoga kita sama-sama bisa menentukan dan menemukan proses yang sesuai untuk diterapkan pada tahun mendatang (dan seterusnya). Salam, [[meta:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], 28 Agustus 2026 00.44 (WITA) (<small>''via'' [[Sang Anganggé:BAPerdana-WMF|BAPerdana-WMF]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:BAPerdana-WMF|pabligbagan]]) 28 Agustus 2026 00.44 (WITA)</small>) equhltvujvm2fpiwjnjhzmant1ys479 281291 281002 2026-08-28T00:24:33Z Angayubagia 6 /* Why does the Balinese converter exist? */ Ngwales 281291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kori Sekaa}} {{Pasangkepan}} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <noinclude>{{Pintas|WP:SANGKEP|WP:WK|WP:WARKOP}}{{bukan bak pasir}}</noinclude> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|pabligbagan]]) 18 Januari 2026 21.20 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Tinjauan tahunan untuk Kode Etik Universal dan Panduan Penegakan</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Saya ingin menyampaikan bahwa periode peninjauan tahunan Kode Etik Universal dan Pedoman Penegakannya saat ini telah dibuka. Usulan perubahan dapat diajukan hingga 9 Februari 2026. Tahap ini merupakan langkah awal dari rangkaian proses peninjauan tahunan yang akan dilakukan.[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Informasi lengkap dan ruang diskusi tersedia di halaman UCoC di Meta]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) adalah grup global yang didedikasikan untuk memberikan implementasi yang adil dan konsisten dari UCoC. Tinjauan tahunan ini telah direncanakan dan diimplementasikan oleh U4C. Untuk informasi dan tanggung jawab U4C lebih lanjut, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Anda dapat meninjaunya pada piagam U4C]]. Mohon bagikan informasi ini pada anggota lain di komunitas Anda di mana pun yang mungkin sesuai. -- Bekerja sama dengan U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|bicara]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 20 Januari 2026 05.01 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Konsensus untuk pemasangan spanduk == ''Nyuwun ampura dumun tasih anggén basa Inggris utawi basa Indonésia.''. {{Letterhead start}} Apakah komunitas Wikipedia Bahasa Bali memutuskan ingin memasang spanduk terkait pembatasan akses wiki di Indonesia? (Untuk pembahasan isu ini selengkapnya dapat disimak/berpartisipasi secara anonim di [[:id:Wikipedia:Permohonan pendapat/Pembatasan akses wiki di Indonesia (Februari 2026)#Konsensus untuk isi spanduk]] Apabila mencapai konsensus, kita akan membawa hasil ini ke Meta untuk meminta supaya spanduk dipasang di situs-situs wiki bahasa-bahasa di Indonesia, untuk pembaca dari Indonesia, tanggal (tentatif) 23 Maret 2026, selama 31 hari (durasi paling lama), hingga 24 April 2026. Setelah itu, bisa diperpanjang melalui konsensus yang baru. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 3 Maret 2026 02.57 (WITA) sebagai inisiator. :Dalam pandangan saya; jujur, saya sudah sangat kecewa dengan WMID dan WMF. Sebenarnya pemerintah juga sudah membuka diskusi dan pendaftaran ini [https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/122030/pp-no-71-tahun-2019 bertahun2 yang lalu (2019)], bukan tiba2 memblock begitu saja. Alih2 mereka yang digaji/dibayar seharusnya fokus mendiskusikan ini dan mendorong pemerintah dan lembaga2 terkait untuk membuka akses wikipedia justru malah terkesan tidak memiliki prioritas usaha bahkan setelah blokir terjadi, terbukti sibuk membuat proyek2 nirfaedah. Kita selaku sukarelawan yang justru tertimpa sialnya, bahkan harus sibuk inisiasi dan koordinasi hal2 seperti ini dengan langkah memasang spanduk, yg bukan juga tupoksinya dan lagi2 nirfaedah. Pemerintah tidak akan membaca spanduk tersebut, bahkan jika dibaca pun tidak akan peduli. Saya sendiri sudah tidak ingin banyak terlibat dalam diskusi2 seperti ini karena memilih hiatus dan hanya ingin tenang menyunting. Saya hanya akan sesekali membaca2 diskusi yang ada tanpa terlibat di dalamnya karena toh saya sudah pensiun juga dari sebagian besar wiki. Jadi selamat berjuang dan semoga tidak lelah. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 4 Maret 2026 08.38 (WITA) ::Sebenarnya sudah cukup jelas dari yang saya lihat/dengar, bahwa isi dari [https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Indeks:Peraturan_Menteri_Komunikasi_dan_Informatika_Nomor_5_Tahun_2020.pdf Permenkominfo 5/2020] ini apabila diikuti oleh WMF akan berakibat data pengguna terkompromikan, dan saya menolak 100% data saya diserahkan ke pemerintah. Jadi jawaban WMF untuk Kominfo kurleb kalau saya bahasakan "to hell with your permen" dan ''move on''. Bu Meutya atau Pak Alexander yang tahu bahwa tidak mungkin mereka memblokir seluruh situs Wiki, kebakaran jenggot, kurang lebih begitu dramanya. Apakah dengan spanduk Pak Sabar akan berbalik menjilat ludah sendiri, ya tentu kita tahu itu hil yang mustahal. Jadi trus apa kita akan telan mentah-mentah blokir ini? Ya kan harus kita respons. Anda menyinggung WMID. WMID menurut Anda bisa apa? Wong yang punya situs, brand, server, itu WMF semua. Bukan membela WMF, tapi menurut saya proyek-proyek wiki yang nirlaba dan WMF yang tidak memasang spanduk donasi di Indonesia jangan dicari-cari kesalahannya lah. Kalau bli punya usul yang lebih baik selain spanduk, bisa didiskusikan kok. Memilih hiatus ataupun berfokus mengembangkan situs ini juga tidak masalah, kalau Anda tidak khawatir di masa depan tidak akan ada orang (awam) yang bisa mendaftar lagi di situs ban.wiki ini. Kami akan berjuang, dan kami tidak akan lelah 🙏. Suksma. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 01.16 (WITA) :::Thanks bang @[[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] untuk respondnya, seperti biasa saya kagum dan Anda ini contoh terbaik wikipediawan senior yang saya kenal. Ada beberapa pernyataan Anda yang janggal. :::Pertama, Anda mengatakan ''"saya menolak 100% data saya diserahkan ke pemerintah"'', tapi nyatanya KTP, NPWP, KK, SIM, PASPOR, dsb semua dibuat dan dipegang datanya oleh pemerintah kita, bahkan sebentar lagi ada sinkronisasi antara data2 ini dengan akun2 kita di bank dan datanya tersimpan diarsip2 mereka, jadi menolak data apa yg Anda maksud? [https://www.komdigi.go.id/berita/siaran-pers/detail/tegakkan-kedaulatan-digital-kementerian-komdigi-surati-25-pse-privat-yang-belum-terdaftar Akun2 media sosial kita] pun sudah tersinkronisasi koq karena secara resmi mereka sudah mendaftarkan dirinya. Jangan pungkiri kita hidup di Indonesia, tentu hukum Indonesia yg berlaku, bukan [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Wikipedia%E2%80%93U.S._government_conflicts# hukum USA] atau UK. Aneh rasanya jika [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/09/12/wikimedia-foundation-challenges-uk-online-safety-act-regulations/ WMF bisa bergerak di UK] tapi tidak di Indonesia. :::Kedua, pernyataan ''"to hell with your permen"'' dari WMF juga tidak jelas dan tidak tertulis kan? Apakah mereka dengan sengaja tidak ingin mematuhi hukum Indonesia? Hanya asumsi Anda aja kan? Mengapa WMF (bisa dibantu WMID) tidak membuat pernyataan resmi jika menolak, membuka keran2 diskusi dan komunikasi dengan Komdigi setelah munculnya peraturan tersebut, mengapa terkesan diam dan tidak peduli bahkan setelah blokir terjadi? Lalu buat apa kita yg capek2 buat spanduk? :::Ketiga, pernyataan ''"Apakah dengan spanduk Pak Sabar akan berbalik menjilat ludah sendiri, ya tentu kita tahu itu hil yang mustahal"'', Jadi Anda dengan terang benderang mengakui kegiatan ini akan percuma dan tidak berguna tapi tetap melakukannya? Wow, ini istilah tepat untuk "Spinning your wheels" atau "Flogging a dead horse". Dalam konteks psikologi, jika seseorang merasa harus melakukan tindakan tersebut meski tahu itu tidak berguna (dan merasa tidak tenang jika tidak melakukannya), ini bisa menjadi bentuk perilaku kompulsif atau bagian dari gejala OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder). Ini menurut keyakinan saya aja ya. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 08.52 (WITA) :(Opsional) Silakan menerjemahkan pesan ini ke bahasa Bali: {{Quote|Sejak Februari 2026, akses pendaftaran dan masuk log ke Wikipedia serta proyek-proyek Wikimedia telah dibatasi di Indonesia. Kami mengajak Anda untuk mendorong Kemkomdigi mencabut pembatasan tersebut agar kita dapat bersama-sama terus membebaskan pengetahuan! Baca selengkapnya.}} :Dalam bahasa Bali: {{Quote|Ngawit Pébruari 2026, pendaftaran lan aksés masuk ring Wikipédia lan proyék Wikimédia sané lianan sampun kawatesin ring Indonésia. Titiang ngaptiang mangda semeton sareng sami ngaptiang Kementerian Komunikasi lan Teknologi Digital mangda ngicalang watesan punika mangda iraga prasida terus ngluputang kaweruhan sareng-sareng! Wacen malih.}} :(Informasi tambahan 9 Maret): Saat ini pernyataan komunitas telah diterbitkan di https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pernyataan_resmi_komunitas_Wikipedia_bahasa_Indonesia_terhadap_pembatasan_akses_auth.wikimedia.org_di_Indonesia. Apabila Anda ingin mencantumkan nama komunitas ini di pernyataan bersama tersebut, Anda dapat menandatangani konsensus di bawah. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 01.16 (WITA) === Nyoblos (Voting) === Undangan ngerembug utawi diskusi/voting tasih sareng {{ping|Chinamoonroll|Putu Suhartawan|Siti Noviali|Luh Gede Krismayanti|Kadek Ayu Sulastri|Carma citrawati|Eka343|Anggabuana|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|Medelam|Jon Harald Søby}}. Nyoblos mriki. Ten lali anggén <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> dados ligga tangan. * {{Ten cumpu}} Seperti alasan saya diatas, nirfaedah. Suksma. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 09.52 (WITA) * Abstain. [[Sang Anganggé:Medelam|Medelam]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Medelam|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 11.11 (WITA) === Yasa (Hasil) === Hasil pamuput puput. Ten wenten sane cumpu. Suksma. {{Letterhead end}} == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:CAnanian (WMF)|C. Scott Ananian]] (Parsoid technical lead)</bdi> 19 April 2026 00.48 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:CAnanian (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2026-04-20_Wikipedias&oldid=30424286 --> :cc Bli @[[Sang Anganggé:Joseagush|Joseagush]]: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423739 [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 27 April 2026 22.50 (WITA) :juga cc Bli {{ping|Angayubagia}}. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 28 April 2026 02.17 (WITA) == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|pabligbagan]]) 26 April 2026 08.57 (WITA) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Codename Noreste@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == [[MediaWiki:Sidebar]] == Perlu ditambahkan [[Wikipédia:Pasangkepan]] di sana untuk mempermudah mengakses Warung Kopi, bisa dengan kode: * Wikipédia:Pasangkepan|Pasangkepan Suksma. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 27 April 2026 22.51 (WITA) :Sudah bli @[[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]], Trims. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 28 April 2026 14.29 (WITA) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Pemungutan suara dalam pemilihan U4C 2026 kini telah dibuka</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Para pemilih yang memenuhi syarat diundang untuk berpartisipasi dalam pemilihan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) tahun 2026. Informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk pemeriksaan kelayakan pemilih, tata cara pemungutan suara, informasi kandidat, dan pranala menuju halaman pemungutan suara, tersedia di Meta pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|halaman informasi Pemilihan 2026]]. Pemungutan suara akan ditutup pada 2 Juni 2026 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 pukul 00.00 UTC]. Silakan memberikan suara apabila akun Anda memenuhi syarat. Hasil pemilihan akan diumumkan paling lambat pada 14 Juni 2026. — Bekerja sama dengan U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 28 Méi 2026 01.14 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Experience/Reading_lists Reading lists] feature not working == {{Tracked|T428002}}{{Tracked|T428079}} Hi {{Ping|Bennylin|Keegan (WMF)|SPatel (WMF)|EBlackorby-WMF}}, thanks again for this awesome feature. But this feature is not working on this site. When we click the icon always coming with this message <code>An error has occurred: ⧼readinglists-db-error-no-such-project⧽</code> What should we do for that and how we solve this issue? Thanks in advance. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 3 Juni 2026 22.42 (WITA) :Already working properly, thanks. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 20 Juni 2026 14.38 (WITA) == Why does the Balinese converter exist? == <span lang="ban" dir="ltr">Ampura</span> for my bad Balinese, but the Balinese converter only converts from Aksara Bali to Aksara Latin and not from Aksara Latin to Aksara Bali. What is the use of it when most of the pages are in Latin script? <span lang="ban" dir="ltr">Suksma</span> in advance, <br/> [[Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|<span style="color:orange;">'''ङघिञ'''</span>]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|ᬧᬩ᭄ᬮᬶᬕ᭄ᬩᬕᬦ]]) 19 Juni 2026 15.49 (WITA) :Hi @[[Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|ङघिञ]], thanks for asking. This is actually coming from an assumption and data that [[:en:Balinese_script|many balinese people today not writing in the balinese script anymore]] and more likely can just read it on latin script. Even many balinese not speaking on balinese language in day to day basis. That is why the balinese converter only converts from Aksara Bali to Aksara Latin, the other reason is many balinese literature on [https://ban.wikisource.org/wiki/Kaca_Utama palm-leaf manuscripts] is written in balinese script but not many can read, nor write it anymore, so to make it easier to young generation who want to learn their local language we just converted it as it is. Thanks. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 20 Juni 2026 14.35 (WITA) ::Thanks for the speedy response, but can't it be adapted to convert from Aksara Latin to Aksara Bali also? Or is it really hard because [[ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬩᬮᬶ|Balinese]] is an abugida without spaces? I'm not an advanced coder so I don't know that much of MediaWiki PHP where these converters are. [[Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|<span style="color:orange;">'''ङघिञ'''</span>]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|ᬧᬩ᭄ᬮᬶᬕ᭄ᬩᬕᬦ]]) 20 Juni 2026 14.52 (WITA) :::Can be if there is any programmer want to do that, unfortunately I can't create such program as it is complex and need database of what can be done or not because writing on balinese script had to be many rules applied. Thanks. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 28 Agustus 2026 08.24 (WITA) == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|pabligbagan]])</bdi> 24 Juni 2026 01.11 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Codename Noreste@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Penerapan halaman kontak Legal dan Keamanan di bagian bawah wiki Anda</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Kontak Legal dan Keamanan''' Halo, rekan-rekan kontributor! Wikimedia Foundation telah menyediakan [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|halaman kontak legal dan keamanan]] yang akan ditambahkan di bagian bawah wiki. Halaman tersebut sudah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris, Italia, Jerman, Spanyol, dan sebagainya. Untuk bahasa lainnya akan segera tersedia. Silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|halaman proyek]] untuk informasi selengkapnya, serta kami harapkan kesediaannya untuk meninggalkan komentar di bawah ini atau di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|halaman pembicaraan]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 25 Juni 2026 21.29 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 24 Juli 2026 20.24 (WITA) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:DreamRimmer@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Kami mengundang Anda untuk memberikan masukan terkait Daftar Harapan Komunitas 2027 == Halo, perkenalkan nama saya [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] dan saya memimpin beberapa [[mw:Contributors|tim]] di Wikimedia Foundation yang akan mengambil alih proses kerja dari Daftar Harapan Komunitas. Seperti yang mungkin Anda ketahui, [[m:Community_Wishlist|Daftar Harapan Komunitas]] (''Community Wishlist'') bermula sebagai proses tahunan yakni kontributor Wikimedia mengirimkan dan menentukan ide untuk memperbarui pengalaman dalam berkontribusi di situs web Proyek Wikimedia. Setelah melalui proses pemilihan, maka tim dari Wikimedia Foundation akan berusaha untuk mengerjakan dan mengimplementasikan ide (yang telah dipilih) tersebut. Beberapa tahun terakhir, proses di balik alur kerja daftar harapan telah diubah, serta kami mendengar dari Anda bahwa hal tersebut tidak memenuhi kebutuhan komunitas. Maka dari itu, Wikimedia Foundation bersama dengan kontributor Wikimedia sedang merancang alur kerja daftar harapan yang baru agar lebih transparan. Saya mengusulkan kepada komunitas terkait tiga tahapan berikut: * [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Tahap_pertama:_pengelompokan|'''Tahap pengelompokan''']]: yakni bagaimana permohonan dikelompokkan dan disaring sebelum masuk ke tahap pemungutan suara. ** Kami merekomendasikan untuk membentuk kelompok kerja yang beranggotakan anggota komunitas dari berbagai proyek wiki dan staf Wikimedia Foundation. * [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Tahap_kedua:_pemungutan_suara|'''Tahap pemungutan suara''']]: termasuk siapa saja yang berhak ikut pemungutan suara, serta menyusun bagaimana prosesnya berlangsung. * [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Tahap_ketiga:_pasca_pemungutan_suara|'''Tahap pasca pemungutan suara''']]: termasuk mengutamakan prinsip keadilan terkait proyek yang diprioritaskan. ** Salah satu hal yang akan kami lakukan untuk mengurutkan permohonan adalah dengan membaginya jadi 3 kategori: Wikipedia dan wiki skala besar, Wikipedia skala kecil dan menengah, dan situs web kerabat. Pengumuman ini adalah ringkasan dari proposal yang sudah kami terbitkan [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id|'''di Meta-wiki''']]. Kami mengharapkan masukan Anda perihal apakah ini akan berhasil atau ada cara lain yang lebih sesuai. Sesi diskusi akan dibuka selama dua minggu, serta Anda dapat menyampaikannya di Meta atau balas pengumuman ini. Untuk siklus tahun ini, [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Rencana_linimasa|kami berencana]] untuk mengumumkan masa pengiriman permohonan pada akhir Oktober atau awal November, serta proses pengelompokan akan selesai pada akhir November. Agar tidak mengganggu masa liburan akhir tahun, sesi pemungutan suara akan berlangsung selama awal hingga pertengahan Januari. Pada tahap ini dimaksudkan untuk langkah awal dalam mencoba proses yang baru, serta akan lebih banyak masukan selama ini berlangsung. Semoga kita sama-sama bisa menentukan dan menemukan proses yang sesuai untuk diterapkan pada tahun mendatang (dan seterusnya). Salam, [[meta:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], 28 Agustus 2026 00.44 (WITA) (<small>''via'' [[Sang Anganggé:BAPerdana-WMF|BAPerdana-WMF]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:BAPerdana-WMF|pabligbagan]]) 28 Agustus 2026 00.44 (WITA)</small>) 4o7otvw95rdjd23c78a0c0ra2y6ddzi 0 2723 281015 75252 2026-08-27T19:20:41Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder | office = Gubernur Sulawesi | order = 1 | term_start = 2 Séptémber 1945 | term_end = 30 Juni 1949 | Présidént = [[Soekarno]] | predecessor = ''Jabatan baru'' | successor = [[Bernard Wilhelm Lapian]] | name = Sam Ratulangi | image = Sam_Ratulangi_IPPHOS.jpg | caption = | birthname = Gerungan Saul Samuel Jacob Ratulangi | othername = Sam Ratulangi | religion = [[Kristen Protestan]] | nationality = {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Indonésia]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1890|11|5}} | birth_place = {{flagicon|Belanda}} [[Tondano]], [[Minahasa]], [[Hindia Belanda]] | location = | occupation = [[Politikus]], [[Guru]], [[Jurnalis]] | parents = Jozias Ratulangi (ayah){{br}}Augustina Gerungan (ibu) | spouse = Emilie Suzanne Houtman{{br}}Maria Catharina Josephine Tambajong | children = Corneille Jose Albert Ratulangi{{br}}Emilia Augustina Ratulangi{{br}}Milia Maria Matulanda Ratulangi{{br}}Everdina Augustina Ratulangi{{br}}Wularingan Manampira Ratulangi | death_date = {{death date and age|1949|6|30|1890|11|5}} | death_place = {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]] | restingplace = {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Tondano]], [[Sulawesi Utara]], [[Hindia Belanda]] | relations = [[Rima Melati]] (keponakan) | alma_mater = Vrije Universiteit, [[Amsterdam]] <small>(lihat Note 1)</small> }} [[Dr.]] '''Gerungan Saul Samuel Jacob Ratulangi''' ({{lekadmati|[[Tondano]], [[Sulawesi Utara]]|5|11|1890|[[Jakarta]]|30|6|1949|kat=T}}) inggih punika silih tunggil ''Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Indonésia'' ring Jakarta. Ida embas ring Tondano, 5 November 1890. Ida mawasta Sam Ratulangi. Ida padem ring Jakarta, 30 Juni 1949. Gerungan Saul Samuel Jacob Ratulangi utawi kasambat Sam Ratulangi. Rikala sampun tamat ''Hoofden School'' (Sekolah Raja) di Tondano, Ida ngelanjutang plajahan ring Sekolah Teknik ring Jakarta. Ring warsa 1915 Ida berhasil polih ijazah Guru Ilmu jati antuk Sekolah Menengah ring negeri Belanda. Petang warsa taler, Ida molihang gelar doktor Ilmu Pasti miwah Ilmu Alam ring Swiss. Sam Ratulangi sampun menonjol ri kala melajah ri ng Éropa.<ref>''Ensiklopedia Pahlawan Nasional''. Kuncoro Hadi & Sustianingsih. Istana Media, Yogyakarta, 2015.</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} '''Sumber pustaka''' {{refbegin|32em}} * {{cite book | last = Abdullah | first = Taufik | title = Indonésia: Towards Democracy | trans-title = Indonésia: Menuju Demokrasi | language = Inggris | year = 2009 | location = Singapore | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | isbn = 978-981-230-366-0 | ref = Abdullah2009 }} * {{cite journal | last = Abeyasekere | first = Susan | date = April 1973 | title = The Soetardjo Petition | trans-title = Petisi Soetardjo | language = Inggris | journal = Indonésia | volume = 15 | pages = 81–107 | ref = Abeyasekere1973 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Andoko | first1 = Ediyami | last2 = Asmuni | first2 = Suharningsih | last3 = Muchri | title = Asal-usul Nama-nama Kapal Perang TNI-AL: Unsur Strategis | location = Jakarta | publisher = Dinas Sejarah TNI-AL | year = 1975 | ref = Andoko1975 }} * {{cite news | last = Basa | first = Mick | url = http://davaotoday.com/main/culture-2/in-davao-a-park-quietly-honors-indonesian-hero/ | title = In Davao, a Park 'Quietly' Honors Indonésian Hero | trans-title = Di Davao, Sebuah Taman Diam-Diam Menghargai Pahlawan Indonésia | language = Inggris | date = 17 August 2017 | publisher = Davao Today | access-date = 21 May 2018 | ref = Basa2017 }} * {{cite book | title = DR. GSSJ. Ratulangi dan Yayasan KRIS | year = 1978 | publisher = Dinas Museum dan Sejarah DKI Jakarta | location = Jakarta | ref = DKI1978 }} * {{cite book | last = Elson | first = Robert | title = The Idea of Indonésia: A History | trans-title = Ide indik Indonésia: Sebuah Sejarah | language = Inggris | date = 2008 | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge Press | isbn = 978-0-521-87648-3 | ref = Elson2008 }} * {{cite news | url = https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=Swartenhondt+ratulangie&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd%3A010898484%3Ampeg21%3Aa0048&resultsidentifier=ddd%3A010898484%3Ampeg21%3Aa0048 | title = Plechtige uitvaart dr. Ratulangi | trans-title = Pemakaman Hikmat Dr. Ratulangi | date = 23 July 1949 | publisher = Het Dagblad: uitgave van de Nederlandsche Dagbladpers te Batavia | language = Belanda | ref = HetDagblad1949 }} * {{cite book | last = Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung | first = | title = From The Formation of the State of East Indonésia Towards the Establishment of the United State of Indonésia | trans-title = Dari Pembentukan Negara Indonésia Timur Sampai Negara Républik Indonésia Serikat | language = Inggris | date = 1996 | location = Jakarta | publisher = Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonésia | ref = Agung1996 }} * {{cite thesis | type = PhD | last = Kanahele | first = George | date = 1967 | title = The Japanese Occupation of Indonésia: Prelude to Independence | trans-title = Pendudukan Jepang di Indonésia: Prelude Kemerdekaan | language = Inggris | publisher = Cornell University | ref = Kanahele1967 }} * {{cite book | title = Kisah 124 Pahlawan dan Pejuang Nusantara | last = Komandoko | first = Gamal | year = 2006 | publisher = Pustaka Widyatama | location = Yogyakarta | isbn = 978-979-661-090-7 | ref = Komandoko2006 }} * {{cite book | last = Künkler | first = Miryam | editor-last1 = Bâli | editor-first1 = Aslı | editor-last2 = Lerner | editor-first2 = Hanna | chapter = Constitutionalism, Islamic Law, and Religious Freedom in Postindependence Indonésia | title = Constitution Writing, Religion and Democracy | trans-title = Penulisan Undang-Undang Dasar, Agama dan Demokrasi | language = Inggris | year = 2017 | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-110-707-051-6 | ref = Kunkler2017 }} * {{cite book | title = Intellectuals and Nationalism in Indonésia: A Study of the Following Recruited by Sutan Sjahrir in Occupation Jakarta | trans-title = Para Intelektual dan Nasionalis di Indonésia: Studi indik Hal-Hal Berikut yang Direkrut oleh Sutan Sjahrir dalam Pendudukan Jakarta | language = Inggris | year = 1988 | last = Legge | first = John | location = Ithaca, N.Y. | publisher = Cornell Modern Indonésia Project | isbn = 0-8776-3034-8 | ref = Legge1988 }} * {{cite book | last = Leirissa | first = R.Z. | title = Minahasa di Awal Perang Kemerdekaan Indonésia: Peristiwa Merah-Putih dan Sebab-musababnya | date = 1997 | location = Jakarta | publisher = Pustaka Sinar Harapan and Yayasan Malesung Rondor | isbn = 9-7941-6465-8 | ref = Leirissa1997 }} * {{cite book | last = Lumintang | first = Onnie | title = Biografi Pahlawan Nasional: Marthin Indey dan Silas Papare | date = 1997 | location = Jakarta | publisher = Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Républik Indonésia | ref = Lumintang1997 }} * {{cite book | last = | first = | title = Wajah dan Sejarah Perjuangan Pahlawan Nasional | date = 1994 | location = Jakarta | publisher = Departemen Sosial Républik Indonésia | ref = DepSos1994 }} * {{cite book | last = Masykuri | first = | title = Dr. GSSJ. Ratulangi | date = 1985 | location = Jakarta | publisher = Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Républik Indonésia | ref = Masykuri1985 }} * {{cite book | last = Mirnawati | title = Kumpulan Pahlawan Indonésia Terlengkap | date = 2012 | location = Jakarta | publisher = Cerdas Interaktif | isbn = 978-979-788-343-0 | ref = Mirnawati2012 }} * {{cite book | last = Parengkuan | first = Fendy | date = 1982 | title = A.A. Maramis, SH. | location = Jakarta | publisher = Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Républik Indonésia | ref = Parengkuan1982 }} * {{cite book | last = Pawiloy | first = Sarita | date = 1987 | title = Sejarah Perjuangan Angkatan 45 di Sulawesi Selatan | location = Jakarta | publisher = Angkatan 45 | ref = Pawiloy1987 }} * {{cite book | last = Poeze | first = Harry | date = 2008 | title = Di Negeri Penjajah: Orang Indonesia di Negeri Belanda, 1600-1950 | location = Jakarta | publisher = KPG in association with KITLV-Jakarta | ref = Poeze2008 }} * {{cite book | last = Pondaag | first = W. S. T. | date = 1966 | title = Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Nasional Mahaputera Dr. G. S. S. J. Ratu Langie: Riwajat Hidup dan Perdjoangannja | location = Surabaja | publisher = Jajasan Penerbitan Dr. G. S. S. J. Ratu Langie | ref = Pondaag1966 }} * {{cite book | last = Schouten | first = Mieke | title = Leadership and Social Mobility in a Southeast Asian Society: Minahasa, 1677–1983 | trans-title = Kepemimpinan dan Mobilitas Sosial dalam sebuah Masyarakat Asia Tenggara: Minahasa, 1677–1983 | language = Inggris | date = 1998 | location = Leiden | publisher = KITLV Press | isbn = 9-0671-8109-9 | ref = Schouten1998 }} * {{cite news | url = http://setkab.go.id/en/bi-to-issue-new-print-banknotes-mint-coins-with-heroes-images/ | title = BI to Issue New Print Banknotes, Mint Coins with Heroes Images | trans-title = BI Mengeluarkan Uang Kertas dan Logam Baru dengan Gambar-Gambar Pahlawan | language = Inggris | date = 15 Séptémber 2016 | publisher = Sekretariat Negara Républik Indonésia | access-date = 28 December 2016 | ref = SetNeg2016 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Sondakh | first1 = Adolf | editor-last1 = Siwu | editor-first1 = Richard | editor-last2 = Ointoe | editor-first2 = Reiner | title = Manusia Hidup untuk Memanusiakan Manusia | date = 2002 | location = Jakarta | publisher = Pustaka Sinar Harapan | isbn = 9-7941-6757-6 | ref = Sondakh2002 }} * {{cite book | last = Straver | first = Hans | title = Vaders en Dochters: Molukse Historie in de Nederlandse Literatuur van de Negentiende Eeuw en haar Weerklank in Indonesië | trans-title = Ayah dan Anak Perempuan: Sejarah Maluku dalam Sastra Belanda Abad Kesembilan Belas dan Hasilnya di Indonésia | language = Belanda | date = 2018 | location = Leiden | publisher = Verloren | isbn = 978-908-704-702-3 | ref = Straver2018 }} * {{cite book | last = Suwondo | first = Bambang | title = Sejarah Kebangkitan Nasional Daérah Sulawesi Utara | publisher = Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Républik Indonésia | date = 1978 | ref = Suwondo1978 }} * {{cite magazine | last = Taroreh | first = Osvald | date = January 26, 2012 | title = Pionir Gereja dan Pahlawan Kemerdekaan dari Minahasa: Bernard Wilhelm Lapian | magazine = Bejana Advent Indonésia Timur | ref = Taroreh2012}} * {{cite book | editor-last1 = Toer | editor-first1 = Pramoedya Ananta | editor-last2 = Toer | editor-first2 = Koesalah Soebagyo | editor-last3 = Kamil | editor-first3 = Ediati | title = Kronologi Revolusi Indonésia | year = 2003 | volume = 4 | location = Jakarta | publisher = Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia | isbn = 9-7990-2388-2 | ref = Toer2003 }} * {{cite book | last = Touwen-Bouwsma | first = Elly | editor-last = SarDésai | editor-first = D.R. | chapter = Indonésian Nationalists and the Japanese | title = Southeast Asian History: Essential Readings | url = https://archive.org/details/southeastasianhi0000unse_02ed | trans-title = Sejarah Asia Tenggara: Bacaan Penting | language = Inggris | year = 2013 | location = Boulder, Colorado | publisher = Westview Press | ref = Touwen2013 }} * {{cite book | last = Turner | first = Barry | title = A.H. Nasution and Indonésia's Elites: "People's Resistance" in the War of Independence and Postwar Politics | trans-title = A.H. Nasution dan Kaum Elit Indonésia: "Pertahanan Rakyat" dalam Perang Kemerdekaan dan Politik Pascaperang | language = Inggris | date = 2017 | location = Lanham, Maryland | publisher = Lexington Books | isbn = 978-149-856-011-5 | ref = Turner2017 }} {{refend}} {{Pahlawan Indonésia}} {{PPKI}} [[Kategori:Pahlawan nasional Indonésia]] c3789srdb7x15iibu9un1e6su0vfz87 0 2736 281157 232895 2026-08-27T21:24:01Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Tan Malaka |image = TanMalaka DariPendjara ed3.jpg |alt = Tan Malaka |caption = Poto Tan Malaka saking autobiograpinyane |birth_date = {{birth date|1897|6|2|df=y}} |birth_place = {{negara|Holland}} Nagari Pandam Gadang, [[Gunuang Omeh, Lima Puluh Kota|Gunuang Omeh]], [[Sumatra Barat]], [[Hindia Belanda]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1949|2|21|1897|6|2|df=y}} |death_place = {{negara|Indonésia}} [[Kabupatén Kediri|Kediri]], [[Jawa Timur]] |nationality = {{negara|Indonésia}} [[Indonésia]] |other_names = |alma_mater = Rijks Kweekschool, [[Haarlem]], [[Belanda]] |occupation = Guru miwah Pangadeg Partai Musyawarah Rakyat Banyak (Murba) |known_for = [[Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia]] |religion = [[Islam]] |parents = Rasad Caniago (aji)<br/>Sinah Simabur (biyang) }} '''Tan Malaka''' inggih punika silih tunggil Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Nasional sané embas saking Nagari Pandam Gadang, Suliki, [[Gunuang Omeh, Lima Puluh Kota|Gunuang Omeh]], [[Sumatra Barat]], [[Hindia Belanda]], pinanggal 2 Juni 1897, seda ring Selopanggung, [[Kabupatén Kediri|Kediri]], [[Jawa Timur]]. Ida pejuang militan miwah radikal sané madué lakon ageng ring babad perjuangan kamerdékaan Indonésia. Ida nelahang uripnyané ring [[Hindia Belanda]] miwah kaancem olih panguasa Belanda sareng Inggris. Nénten padem semangatnyané ngaperjuangang kemerdékaan. Kalih dasa warsa sadurung Indonésia merdéka, ida ngasengguh negeri merdéka ring suratannyané, ''"Naar de Republiek Indonésia"'', utawi ''nuju Républik Indonésia'' [1925] miwah kalih warsa salanturnyané ngparoklamirayang Partai Républik Indonésia [PARI]. Doh sadurung Indonésia merdéka, ida sampun ngasengguh utsaha nganggén kruna "Républik Indonésia".<ref>Ensiklopedia Pahlawan Nasional. Kuncoro Hadi & Sustianingsih. Istana Media, Yogyakarta, 2015.</ref> == Kauripan pangawit == === Kulawarga miwah masa anom === [[File:Rumah Kelahiran Tan Malaka.jpg|thumb|260px|Umah masa anom Tan Malaka, sané mangkin sampun dados museum]] Wastan jangkep Tan Malaka inggih punika '''Ibrahim Simabua gala Datuak Sutan Malaka'''.{{efn| name = Name|Kruna ''gala'' ring ida gelar, "gala Datuak Sutan Malaka" nyiratang pinaka ida satunggil ''pangulu andiko'', utawi manggala formal satunggil ''sabuah parui'' (sekaa warih saking leluhur ibu sané mapaiketan sareng umah ibu katentu, paindikan mabuat saking struktur sosial [[budaya Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]).{{sfn|Mrázek|1972| p = 6}}}} Wastannyané sané kaicen inggih punika ''Ibrahim'', nanging ida kaloktah dados anak alit lan kelih dados Tan Malaka, wastan sané kahormatin lan semi-aristokrat, ida kawarisang saking latar ungkur aristokrat biangnyané.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 41}} Ida embas ring Nagari Pandam Gadang mangkin, Suliki, [[Kabupatén Lima Puluh Kota]], [[Sumatra Barat|Sumatra Kawan]], sané duk punika wenten ring sor pamréntahan [[Hindia Welanda]].{{sfn|Mrázek|1972| p = 6}} Tanggal embasne nénten jelas, lan mabinayan saking wit nuju wit liyanan, nanging manawi sawatara antara warsa 1894 lan 1897.{{efn| name = Date of birth|In Djamaludin Tamin's ''Kematian Tan Malaka'' ("Sédané Tan Malaka"),{{sfn|Tamin|1965| p = 3}} lan Helen Jarvis' ''Tan Malaka: Revolutionary or Renegade?'',{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 41}} tanggal embasnyané kadaftar ring warsa 1896, antuk Tamin ngenahang tanggal embasnyané sané pastika dados runtuh ring tanggal 2 Juni 1896. Wit-wit sané lianan taler ngenahang tanggal embasnyané sané matiosan, Wasid Suwarto ngenahang tanggal punika ring tanggal 14 Oktober 1897,{{sfn|Suwarto|2006| p = 29}} asapunika Harry Poeze nganikayang Malaka embas sawatara 1894.{{sfn|Poeze|2008| p = xv}}}} Ajinnyane mapesengan Haji Muhammad Rasad Caniago, pegawai pertanian, lan biangnyane mapesengan Rangkayo Sinah Simabua, okan tokoh sane kasub ring desa punika. Duk alit, Tan Malaka magenah sareng reramannyane ring Suliki, tur malajah [[Islam|kaweruhan agama]] tur melatih ring seni bela diri ''[[pencak silat]]''.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| pp = 53 – 54}} In 1908, Tan Malaka masekolah ring Kweekschool, satunggil sekolah guru negeri, ring [[Kota Bukittinggi|Fort de Kock]].{{sfn|Mrázek|1972| p = 5}} Ring [[Kweekschool]] (sané mangkin [[SMA Negeri 2 Bukittinggi]], Tan Malaka malajah [[basa Belanda]] tur dados pemain sépakbola sané waged.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| pp = 53 – 54}}{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 55}} Manut gurunnyané, G. H. Horensma, yadiastun Malaka punika kapah-kapah nénten satinut, ida wantah sisia sane becik pisan.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| pp = 53 – 54}} Ida lulus ring warsa 1913, lan mawali nuju désannyané. Mawalinyané pacang kalaksanayang antuk ngicenin ida gelar adat sane tegeh ''[[datuk]]'' lan tawahan [[tunangan]]. Nanging, ida wantah nampi gelar punika.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 55}} Ida prasida polih jinah saking désa anggén nglanturang pendidikanné ring dura negara, lan ida malayar nuju [[Rotterdam]] ring warsa sane pateh.{{sfn|Mrázek|1972| p = 6}} === Galah ring Belanda === Rauh ring Belanda, Tan Malaka pangawitnyané keni [[tengkejut budaya]]. Irika, ida ten urati lan mataki-taki majeng [[Iklim Éropa|Iklim Éropa Kalér]]. Asapunika, ida keni inféksi [[pleuritis]] ring pangawit warsa 1914, miwah ida nénten prasida kénak ngantos warsa 1915.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 56}} Ring galahnyané ring Éropa, ida dados seneng ring lelintihan révolusi, taler teori révolusi dados sarana anggen nguahin satunggil panjak. Inspirasi kapertamané indik jejering puniki inggih punika saking buku ''De Fransche Revolutie'', sané pamahbahné kaicain olih G. H. Horensma. Buku punika wantah terjemahan basa Belanda saking buku olih sejarawan Jerman, pangawi, wartawan, lan [[Partai Demokrat Sosial (Jerman)|demokrat sosial]] politisi [[Wilhelm Blos]], sané ngeninin indik [[Révolusi Prancis]] lan paristiwa babad ring Prancis saking [[1789 ring Prancis|1789]] ngantos [[1804 ring Prancis|1804]].{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 57}} Sasampune [[Révolusi Rusia]] Oktober 1917, Tan Malaka sayan seneng ring [[komunisme]], [[sosialisme]] miwah [[sosialisme reformis]]. Ngawit ngwacen karya-karya sané wénten saking [[Karl Marx]], [[Friedrich Engels]], miwah [[Vladimir Lenin]].{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| pp = 57 – 58}} Ida taler ngawit ngwacén karya-karya [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], sané dados silih tunggil panutan politik pangawitnyané. Ring galahé punika, Tan Malaka sayan nénten seneng sareng [[Budaya Belanda|budaya Belanda]]. Nanging, ida langkung angob teken budaya [[budaya Jerman|Jerman]] lan [[Budaya Amérika Serikat|Amérika Serikat]]. Ida taler ngalamar [[Tentara Kekaisaran Jerman|Tentara Jerman]], sakéwanten katulak, santukan tentara punika nénten nampi jadma asing duk punika.{{sfn|Mrázek|1972| p = 7}} Ring Belanda, ida matemu sareng [[Henk Sneevliet]], silih sinunggil sané ngadegang ''[[Partai Komunis Indonésia|Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging]]'' (ISDV), sane dados pangawit saking [[Partai Komunis Indonésia]] (PKI).{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 41}} Tan Malaka taler dados seneng sareng ''Sociaal-Democratische Onderwijzers Vereeniging'' (Paiketan Guru Sosial Démokrat) ring galahé punika.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 182}} Ring sasih Nopémber warsa 1919, Tan Malaka lulus, tur ngamolihang gelar ''hulpacte'' [[diploma]].{{efn|Tan Malaka sujatine sampun meled polih ijazah ''hoofdacte'', sané marupa ijazah sané tegehan saking sané sampun katampi. Nanging, kesehatannyané sane nénten becik ngawinang ida nénten prasida nglanturang pendidikan.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 58}}}}{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 58}} == Pangawit perjuangan == === Pengajahan miwah jurnalisme === [[File:Tan Malaka, date unknown.png|thumb|170px|Portrét Tan Malaka, {{circa|1920an}}]] Risampuné lulus, ida matilar saking Belanda tur mawali nuju desannyané. Ida nampi tawahan pakaryan saking Dr. C. W. Janssen antuk ngajahin raré [[kuli]] [[kebun téh]], ring Sinembah, [[Tanjung Morawa]], [[Kasultanan Déli|Déli]], Sumatera Kangin.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 58}}{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 184}} Ida rauh irika duk sasih Désémber 1919, sakéwanten ngawit ngajahin wantah duk sasih Januari 1920.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 59}}{{sfn|Poeze|2008| p = xvi}} Ida ngasilang propaganda subversif antuk para kuli, sané kaloktah dados ''Deli Spoor'',{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 184}} tur ngawitin malajah indik karusakan [[pribumi|krama adat]] sané sampun memargi.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 59}} Tiosan ring pangajahan, ida ngamargiang kontak sareng ISDV, lan nyurat makudang-kudang karya majeng ring pérs.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 41}} Pinaka wartawan, dane nyurat indik pabinayan kasugihan sané kacingak dangan pantaraning kapitalis lan buruh, ring silih sinunggil karya sané kapertama, "Land of Paupers"; sané ngranjing ring édisi Maret 1920.''[[Het Vrije Woord (Koran Hindia Welanda)|Het Vrije Woord]]''.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| pp = 41–42}} Tan Malaka taler nyurat indik kasangsaran saking para [[kuli]] warsa 1990-an ring ''Sumatera Post''.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 184}} Tan Malaka lunga nuju [[Batavia, Hindia Welanda|Batavia]] (mangkin [[Jakarta]]) ritatkala gurunnyané sané sampun sué, G. H. Horensma, ngaturang pakaryan dados guru; nanging, Tan Malaka ten lédang tawahan punika. Sakadi Ida meled ngadegang sekolah ngraga; sané guruné sané sampun lingsir nampi hawanan lan mendukung ipun.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 186}} Ring [[pamilihan Volksraad Hindia Belanda 1921|1921]], Tan Malaka kapilih dados anggota [[Volksraad (Hindia Welanda)|Volksraad]] pinaka anggota sekaa kampid kiwa,{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 42}} nanging ngundurang raga ring tanggal 23 Pébruari 1921.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 59}} Ida selanturnyané matilar saking Batavia lan rauh ring [[Yogyakarta]] ring pangawit Maret 1921, tur meneng ring umah Sutopo, lad pamucuk ''[[Budi Utomo]]''. Irika, ida nyurat proposal sekolah tata basa.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 186}} Ring Yogyakarta, ida nyarengin kongrés ka-5 organisasi [[Sarékat Islam]] lan matemu sareng makudang-kudang tokoh Islam sané kasub, rumasuk [[Hadji Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto|H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto]], [[Agus Salim]], Darsono, miwah [[Semaun]].{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 59}} Kongrés punika maosang indik topik keanggotaan ganda saking Sarekat Islam miwah Partai Komunis (PKI). Agus Salim, miwah tokoh tiosan, [[Abdul Muis]], ngelarang indiké punika, asapunika Semaun miwah Darsono makakalih anggota PKI.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 186}} === Panyarengan sareng PKI === Sarekat Islam kakepah dados pikolihnyane, ngawentuk Sarekat Islam Putih, sané kapamucukin olih Tjokroaminoto, lan Sarekat Islam Barak, sané kapamucukin olih Semaun lan magenah ring [[Semarang]].{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 187}} Sasampun puput kongrés, Tan Malaka katunasin olih Semaun mangda lunga nuju Semarang nyarengin PKI. Ida nampi aturan punika, raris lunga nuju Semarang. Sarauhné ring Semarang raris ida sungkan. Sampun abulan, ida sampun mawali seger, tur nyarengin paruman sareng sawitra anggota Sarekat Islam Semarang.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 60}} Parum punika nyutetang indik kabuatang saingan majeng ring sekolah sané kalaksanayang olih pameréntah. Indiké punika ngawinang wénten sekolah anyar, sané mawasta ''Sekolah Sarekat Islam'', sané pacang sayan kaloktah dados ''Sekolah Tan Malaka'' ("Sekolah Tan Malaka"). Sekolah-sekolah punika nglimbak ring [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] miwah [[Kota Ternate|Ternate]], antuk pendaftaran ngawit tanggal 21 Juni 1921.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 60}}{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| pp = 188–189}} Sekolah-sekolah punika sane dados hawanan utama prestise Tan Malaka sané sayan nincap lan gelis munggah ring sajeroning PKI.{{sfn|Mrázek|1972| p = 10}} Pinaka buku panuntun majeng ring sekolah-sekolah punika, Tan Malaka nyurat cakepan ''SI Semarang dan Onderwijs'', pinaka panuntun ngamong sekolah-sekolah.{{sfn|Poeze|2008| p = xvi}} Ring sasih Juni warsa 1921, Tan Malaka dados pamucuk ''Serikat Pegawai Pertjitakan'' ("Asosiasi Pakarya Percetakan"), lan dados wakil pamucuk lan [[bendahara]] ''Serikat Pegawai Pelikan Hindia'' (SPPH; "Asosiasi Pakarya Minyak Hindia").{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 42}} Pantaraning Méi miwah Agustus buku kapertamanyané, ''[[Soviét (déwan)|Sovjet]] utawi [[Parlemén|Parlemén]]?'' ("''Soviet utawi Parlemen?''"), sané kaseri ring jurnal PKI, ''Soeara Ra'jat'' ("Rakyat Suara); karya-karyannyané sané lianan, rumasuk suratan, kamedalang ring jurnal lan koran PKI sane lianan, inggih punika ''[[Sinar Hindia]]''.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| pp = 42 – 43}} Ring sasih Juni, ida dados silih tunggil pamucuk ''Revolusioner Vakcentrale'' ("Féderasi [[Serikat Pakarya]] Revolusioner"),{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 43}} lan ring bulan Agustus oda kapilih dados déwan rédaksi jurnal SOPH, ''Soeara Tambang'' ("Suara Penambang").{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 42}} Tan Malaka raris ngentosin [[Semaun]], sané matilar saking [[Hindia Belanda]] ring sasih Oktober, dados pamucuk PKI sasampun wénten kongrés ring tanggal 24 – 25 Désémber 1921 ring [[Semarang]]. Pabinayan prasida kacingak saking gaya kapemimpinannyané, santukan Semaun sayan waspada, nanging Tan Malaka sayan radikal.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 60}}{{sfn|Jarvis|1987|p=43}} Ring sor kepemimpinan ida, PKI nyaga hubungan sané becik sareng Sarekat Islam.{{sfn|Poeze|2008| p = xvi}} === Pengasingan ring Éropa === [[File:Ibrahim Datoek Tan Malaka, vermoedelijk te Amsterdam, KITLV 17800.tiff|thumb|190px|Portrét Tan Malaka, {{circa|1922}}]] Ring tanggal 13 Februari 1922, ri tatkala ida ngrauhin sekolah ring [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], ida kaejuk olih pihak mawenang Belanda, sané ngrasayang kaancem antuk kawéntenan Partai Komunis.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 60}} Ida kapertama kaselong ring [[Kota Kupang|Kupang]]; nanging, ida meled kaselong nuju Belanda, tur kautus irika olih sang makuasa Belanda. Nanging, tanggal rauhnyané ring Belanda kantun kasangsiang.{{efn|Syaifudin nganikayang pinaka ragané rauh ring Belanda duk 10 Maret,{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| pp = 191 – 192}} sapunika Helen Jarvis nganikayang pinaka ida rauh ring tanggal 24 Maret.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 43}}}}{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 43}}{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| pp = 191 – 192}} Ring Belanda, ida ngranjing ring [[Partai Komunis Belanda]] (CPN) lan kaadegang dados calon katiga partai punika ring [[Pamilihan umum Belanda 1922|pamilihan umum 1922]] antuk [[Déwan Pawakilan Rakyat (Belanda)|Déwan Pawakilan Rakyat]].{{sfn|Poeze|2008| p = xvi}}{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 43}} Ida wantah jejering kolonial Belanda kapertama (santukan ida saking [[Hindia Welanda]]) sané naenin nyarengin pamilihan ring Belanda. Ida nénten ngaptiang pacang kapilih santukan, ring sor sistem [[pawakilan proporsional]] sané kaanggén, posisi kaping tiga ring tiket ngawinang pemilihannyané minab nénten tegeh pisan. Tatujonnyané sané kabaosang rikalaning mamargi wantah gumanti ngamolihang platform anggén maosang indik parilaksana Belanda ring Indonésia, lan makarya ngresepang CPN mangda nukung kamahardikan Indonésia. Yadiastun ida nénten ngamolihang kursi, ida polih dukungan sané kuat sané nénten kajangka.{{sfn|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 1| p = 81}} Sadurung puput ngitung suara, ida matilar saking Belanda lan lunga nuju [[Jerman]].{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| pp = 43 – 44}} Ring [[Berlin]], ida matemu sareng Darsono, komunis Indonésia sane mapaiketan sareng Biro [[Komintern]] Éropa Kauh, lan minab matemu sareng [[M.N. Roy]]. Tan Malaka raris nglanturang nuju [[Moskow]], lan rauh ring Oktober 1922 nyarengin [[Komite Éksekutif Komunis Internasional |Komite Éksekutif Komintern]].{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 44}} Ring [[Kongrés Jagat Komintern ka-4]] ring Moskow, Tan Malka ngusulang mangda komunisme miwah [[Pan-Islamisme]] prasida maprakanti; nanging, usulannyane katulak olih akeh jadma.{{sfn|Poeze|2008| p = xvii}} Ring sasih Januari warsa 1923, ida miwah Semaun kaadegang dados koresponden saking ''Die Rote Gewerkschafts-Internationale'' ("Pasikian Barak Internasional").{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 44}} Ring paruh kapertama warsa 1923, ida taler nyurat ring jurnal gerakan buruh Indonésia lan Belanda.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| pp = 44–45}} [[Berkas:Tan-malaka-and-bolsheviks.jpg|200px|jmpl|ka|Tan Malaka sareng para Bolshevik]] Dané taler dados agen Biro Kangin [[Komintern]] ri tatkala ida nglaporang indik plenum ECCI duk Juni 1923.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 45}} Tan Malaka raris lunga nuju [[Guangzhou|Kanton]] (mangkin [[Guangzhou]]), rauh ring Désémber 1923,{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 45}} lan ngedit jurnal Inggris, ''The Dawn'', antuk organisasi buruh transportasi Pasifik.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 45}}{{sfn|Poeze|2008| p = xvii}} Ring sasih Agustus warsa 1924 Malaka nunas ring pameréntah [[Hindia Welanda]] mangda ngicenin ida mawali budal santukan sakit. Ya Paméntah nampi indike punika, nanging antuk syarat sane mebeban sane pacang kalaksanayang; ida nenten mawali budal. Ring sasih Desember warsa 1924, PKI ngawit runtuh, santukan sampun kateken olih pemerintah Belanda. Pinaka penampen, Tan Malaka nyurat ''Naar de Republiek Indonesia'' (''Nuju Républik Indonésia''), sané kamedalang ring Kanton duk April 1925.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 45}} Punika nlatarang kawéntenan ring jagaté, saking Belanda sané keni krisis ékonomi, Hindia Welanda sané madué galah anggén ngamargiang revolusi olih gerakan nasionalis lan PKI, antuk panarkanyané indik [[Amérika Serikat]] lan [[Jepang]] pacang "munggahang pedang antuk sira sané pinih kuat ring Pasifik."{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| pp = 45 – 46}} === Pangasingan ring Asia === Ring Juli 1925, Tan Malaka magingsir nuju [[Manila|Manila]], [[Filipina]], santukan palemahannyané duk punika sayan mirib sareng Indonésia. Malaka sampun rauh ring Manila duk tanggal 20 Juli. Irika, ida dados korespondén koran nasionalis, ''[[El Debate (Manila)|El Debate]]'' ("Debat"), sane sampun ka edit olih Fransisco Varona. Penerbitan karya-karyannyané, minakadi édisi kaping kalih ''Naar de Republiek Indonesia'' (Désémber 1925) lan ''Semangat Moeda'' (''Semangat Yowana''; 1926) minab sampun kadukung olih Varona. Irika, Malaka taler matemu sareng tokoh-tokoh Filipina minakadi Mariano de los Santos, [[José Abad Santos]], miwah [[Crisanto Evangelista]].{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 46}}{{sfn|McVey|1965| p = 206}} Ring Indonésia, PKI mutusang pacang ngaberontak ring sajeroning nem sasih saking parumannyané, san3 kamargiang sawatara Desember 1925. Pamréntah sampun uning indiké punika tur ngusir makudang-kudang para pamucuk partai. Ring sasih Pébruari warsa 1926, [[Alimin]] lunga nuju Manila jagi nunas pacumpuan saking Tan Malaka.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 46}} Tan Malaka pamuputnyané nulak strategi puniki, lan maosang indik kahanan partai punika kantun kaliwat lemet, lan nénten madue kakuatan antuk ngamargiang révolusi liyanan malih.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 61}}{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 46}} Ida nlatarang ring otobiographinnyané indik rasa frustasinyané santukan nénten prasida ngamolihang gatra indik parindikan ring Indonésia saking genahnyané ring Filipina, miwah kirangnyané panglalahnyané sareng pamucuk PKI. Pinaka pawakilan [[Internasional Komunis|Komintern]] antuk [[Asia Kelod Kangin]], Tan Malaka maosang ida madué wewenang antuk nulak rencana PKI. Panegesnyané, yening selehin malih, katulak olih lad anggota PKI sané sampun katentuang.{{sfn|McVey|1965| p = 206}} Tan Malaka ngutus Alimin nuju [[Singapura]] jagi nguningayang pikayunannyané, tur nitahang mangda ngamargiang patemon dadakan pantaraning para pamucuk. Manggihin nénten wenten kemajuan, ida lunga nuju Singapura ngaraga matemu sareng Alimin lan uning yening Alimin lan [[Musso]] sampun malancaran nuju [[Moskow]] jagi ngrereh wantuan anggén ngamargiang pamberontakan. Ring Singapura, Tan Malaka matemu sareng Subakat, pamucuk PKI sané tiosan, sané pateh pikayunannyané. Ipun sareng kalih mutusang pacang ngaonang rencana Musso lan Alimin. Ring masa puniki ida nyurat ''[[Massa Actie]]'' (''Aksi Massa''),{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 46}} sané madaging pandangannyané indik révolusi Indonésia lan gerakan nasionalis.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| pp = 46 – 47}} Ring buku niki, Ida ngusulang ''Aslia'', fédérasi sosial pantaraning panegara Asia Kelod Kangin miwah [[Ostrali Kalér]]. Buku punika matetujon anggén nukung utsaha ida mangda prasida mawalik arah PKI lan ngamolihang dukungan saking kader-kader sané wénten ring sisi ida.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 47}} == Kauripan lantur miwah séda == === Utsaha ngejuk === {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 340 | image1 = Adam Malik 1962.jpg | alt1 = | link1 = Adam Malik | caption1 = [[Adam Malik]] | image2 = ChairulSaleh.jpg | alt2 = | link2 = Chaerul Saleh | caption2 = [[Chaerul Saleh]] | footer = }} Ring sasih Désémber warsa 1926, Tan Malaka lunga nuju [[Bangkok]], irika ida malajahin indik kakaonan PKI. Ida, sareng Djamaludin Tamin miwah Subakat, ngwangun ''Partai Républik Indonésia'' ring pangawit Juni 1927, ngedohang raga saking [[Komintern]] taler, ring manifesto partai anyar, nyacad PKI. Yadiastun partai punika sujatinnyané madué anggota sané alit ring jeroning panegara, nanging nénten naenin ngelimbak dados organisasi sané ageng; nanging, antuk PKI sané sampun ngranjing ring sor gumi, wantah organisasi punika ring panguntat [[1920-an]] sané ring ajeng krama sami ngaptiang mangda Indonésia gelis mahardika. Makudang-kudang kader partai rumasuk-[[Wakil Présidén Républik Indonésia|Wakil Présidén]] masa lantur [[Adam Malik]], Pamucuk [[Majelis Konsultasi Rakyat]] masa lantur [[Chaerul Saleh]], lan penyair tur politisi [[Mohammad Yamin]].{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 47}}{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| pp = 61 – 62}} Ida raris mawali nuju [[Filipina]] ring Agustus 1927. Ida kaejuk ring tanggal 12 Agustus 1927 antuk tuduhan ngranjing sacara ilegal ring wawidangan Filipina. Ida kawantu olih Dr.San Jose Abad nulungin ida ring pangadilan, sakéwanten, ida nampi putusan indik ida pacang kadéportasi nuju Amoy ([[Xiamén]]), Cina.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 49}} Polisi Paumahan Internasional Kulangsu ([[Gulangyu]]), kawarahin indik pamargin Tan Malaka nuju Amoy, nyantos ida ring labuhan antuk tatujon ngejuk ida mangda kaékstradisi nuju Hindia Welanda, santukan Belanda meled ngejuk ida, lan ngirim ida nuju kamp konséntrasi [[Kabupatén Boven Digoel|Boven-Digoel]]. Nanging ida prasida luput santukan kaptén lan kru kapal sané simpatik nyaga ida, ngandelang keselamatanné tekén inspéktur kapal. Inspektur kapal ngajak Tan Malaka nuju wisma uli irika ida ngaryanin margi nuju désa Sionching ngajak kenalan sane anyar. Tan Malaka raris malancaran nuju [[Shanghai]] ring panguntat warsa 1929.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p =4 9}} Poeze nyurat indik Malaka minab sampun matemu sareng Alimin irika ring Agustus 1931, lan ngaryanin pasubayan sareng ida indik Malaka pacang makarya malih ring Komintern.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987|pp=49–50}} Malaka magingsir nuju [[Shanghai]] ring bulan Séptémber 1932 sesampun serangan sané kamargiang olih pasukan Jepang, lan mutusang jagi lunga nuju [[Raj Inggris|India]], nyamar dados Cina-Filipina lan nganggén parab liyanan. Rikala ida wenten ring [[Hong Kong Inggris|Hong Kong]] ring pangawit Oktober 1932, ida kaejuk olih pejabat Inggris saking Singapura, lan katahan makudang-kudang sasih. [[Berkas:Tan-malaka-Hong-Kong-Mugshot.jpg|jmpl|Potrék dados tahanan ring Hongkong]] Ida ngaptiang mangda polih galah pacang mapikayun indik wicaranyané ring sor [[hukum Inggris|hukum Inggris]] miwah minab ngrereh [[Hak suaka|suaka]] ring [[Inggris]], sakéwanten risampuné makudang-kudang sasih kainterogasi miwah kagingsirang pantaraning pahan "Éropa" miwah "Pamutus Jadma Cina", ida pacang kaputusang. saking Hong Kong nénten wenten prabea. Ida raris kadéportasi malih nuju Amoy.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 50}}{{sfn|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 2| pp = 33–52}} Tan Malaka raris luput malih apisan, tur mamargi nuju désa Iwe ring [[Cina Kelod]]. Irika, ida katambanin antuk tamba tradisional Cina antuk geringnyané. Sasampune kesehatannyane sayan becik ring pangawit warsa 1936, ida mawali malancaran nuju Amoy lan ngadegang Sekolah Basa Asing.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 51}} Abidin Kusno maosang, masa sané magenah ring Shanghai puniki pinaka masa sané mabuat pisan ring sajeroning ngwangun parilaksana Tan Malaka salanturnyané salami révolusi Indonésia ring panguntat warsa 1940-an; Kota labuhan punika manut ring sor kadaulatan Cina sakéwanten kapertama katah kakuasain olih panegara Eropa antuk konsési paadolan ring kotané punika, raris olih Jepang risampuné invasi Séptémber 1932.{{sfn|Kusno|2003}} Penindasan majeng ring panjak Cina sané kacingak ring sor kalih kekuatan puniki, Kusno maosang, ngawinang posisinyané sané nénten kompromi nglawan kolaborasi sareng Jepang utawi négosiasi sareng Belanda duk warsa 1940-an, ri tatkala akéh nasionalis Indonésia sané kasub ngambil sikap sané sayan konsiliatif.{{sfn|Kusno|2003}} Ring sasih Agustus warsa 1937, ida lunga nuju Singapura antuk identitas Cina palsu lan dados guru. Sasampuné [[palinggihan Jepang ring Hindia Welanda|Belanda nyerah ring Jepang]], ida mawali nuju Indonésia nglintangin [[Penang]]. Ida raris malayar nuju [[Sumatra]] rauh ring [[Jakarta]] ring tengahing warsa 1942, irika ida nyurat ''[[Madilog]]''. Sesampunné ida marasa patut madué pakarya, ida nglamar nuju Badan Kasejahteraan Sosial lan ten suwé ida kakirim nuju [[tambang batu baa]] ring Bayah, ring pasisi kelod [[Jawa Barat|Jawa Kauh]]. {{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 51}} === Révolusi nasional === [[File:Ibrahim Datoek Tan Malaka, vermoedelijk te Jakarta, KITLV 141674.tiff|thumb|180px|Tan Malaka, {{circa|1945}}]] Sasampune [[Proklamasi Kamahardikaan Indonésia|proklamasi kamahardikaan Indonésia]], ida ngawit matemu sareng panjaknyané ngraga miwah para yowana. Ida taler ngawit nganggén wastannyané sané sujati malih, sesampun 20 warsa nganggén parab. Ida raris malancaran nuju [[Jawa]] tur nyingakin panjak kota [[Surabaya]], sané [[Patempuran Surabaya|mayuda nglawan Tentra India Inggris]] ring bulan Nopémber. Ida uning ring pabinayan perjuangan pantaraning panjak ring makudang-kudang genah miwah para pamucuk ring [[Jakarta]]. Ida ngamanahang para pamucuké punika kaliwat lemet ring sajeroning rundingan sareng Belanda.{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 51}} Solusinyané antuk pamutus sané karasayang puniki inggih punika ngadegang ''Persatuan Perjuangan'', koalisi saking sawatara 140 sekaa sané alitan, utamanyané nénten ngeranjing PKI. Risampuné makudang-kudang sasih mabligbagan, koalisi punika resmi kawangun ring kongres ring [[Surakarta]] ring tengah Januari 1946.{{sfn|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 3| pp = 109–119}} Koalisi ngambil "Program Minimum", sané maosang wantah kamahardikan sané jangkep sané prasida katampi, pemréntah mangda satinut ring pikayunan panjakné, saha pakebunan lan industri sané kadruenang olih asing patut kanasionalisasi.{{sfn|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 3| pp = 109–119}} "Persatuan Perjuangan" madué sokongan saking panjak sané akéh, taler sokongan saking tentra républik, utaminnyané Mayor Jénderal [[Soedirman|Sudirman]]. Ring sasih Pébruari warsa 1946, organisasi punika maksa [[Paristiwa 3 Juli|ngundurang raga sauntara]] Patih Agung [[Sutan Syahrir|Sutan Sjahrir]], pendukung rundingan sareng Belanda, lan [[Soekarno]] makonsultasi sareng Tan Malaka mangda ngrereh dukungannyané.{{sfn|Kahin|1952| pp = 174 – 176}}{{sfn|Jarvis|1987| p = 52}} Nanging, Tan Malaka kasinahang nénten prasida nyambunganh kepahan politik ring koalisinyané mangda prasida nguwah dados kontrol politik sané sujati, lan ida kaejuk nénten suwé salanturnyané,{{sfn|Mrázek|1972| p = 47}} sareng Sjahrir mawali dados pamucuk kabinet Sukarno.{{sfn|Kahin|1952| pp = 174 – 176}}{{sfn|Mrázek|1972| p = 47}} === Gerilya miwah séda === Risampune kaelébang, ida nelasang sasih-sasih salanturnyané ring [[Yogyakarta]], lan mautsaha ngadegang partai politik anyar, sané mawasta ''[[Partai Murba]]'', nanging nénten prasida ngulang malih kasuksesannyané sadurungnyané antuk ngadaut pengikut. Rikala Belanda [[Operasi Kraai|ngerebut pameréntah nasional]] ring Désémber 1948, ida ngungsi saking Yogyakarta, lan nuju padésaan [[Jawa Timur|Jawa Kangin]], irika ida ngaptiang mangda prasida kajaga olih bala [[yuda gerilya|gerilya]] anti-républik. Ida ngadegang markas ring [[Blimbing, Malang|Blimbing]], désa sané kaiter antuk bangket, tur nyambungang raga sareng Mayor Sabarudin, pamucuk Batalyon 38. Manut panampennyané, Mayor Sabarudin wantah sekaa masenjata sané sujatiné nglawan Belanda.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 64}} Nanging, Sabarudin sampun matungkasan sareng samian sekaa masenjata sané lianan. Ring tanggal 17 Pébruari, para pamucuk [[Tentra Nasional Indonésia|TNI]] ring Jawa Kangin mutusang mangda Sabarudin miwah sawitrané kaejuk tur kahukum manut [[hukum militér]]. Ring tanggal 19 raris ngarebut Tan Malaka ring Blimbing. Ring tanggal 20 Pébruari, Belanda ngepas dugas nika ngawitin serangan saking ''[[Korps Speciale Troepen]]'' (KST) sané mawasta "Operasi Macan" saking kota [[Kabupatén Nganjuk|Nganjuk]], Jawa Kangin. Ipun pada mamargi gelis tur brutal. Puisi nlatarang sacara rinci sapunapi prajurit TNI ngungsi nuju gunung lan sapunapi Tan Malaka, sané sampun keni tatu, mamargi ngranjing ring pos TNI lan digelis kalaksanayang eksekusi ring tanggal 21 Februari 1949. Malaka kabedil padem ring cokor bukit [[Gunung Wilis]], ring désa [[Selopanggung, Semen, Kediri|Selopanggung]], [[Kabupatén Kediri]] sesampun kaejuk tur katahan ring désa Pace. Manut Poeze, pabedilan punika kapréntah olih Letnan Kalih [[Soekotjo Sastrodinoto|Sukotjo]] saking batalyon Sikatan, divisi Brawijaya.{{sfn|Syaifudin|2012| p = 64}} Ten wénten laporan sané kakaryanin miwah Malaka kamakamang ring alasé.{{sfn|Poeze|2007| p = 105}} == Paninggalan == Para lelintihawan Indonésia nyobyahang Malaka pinaka "komunis, nasionalis, komunis nasional, trotskiis, idealis, miwah pamucuk Muslim".{{sfn|Kusno|2003|p=328}}, yadiastun Malaka ngraga nulak dados Trotskyisme, maosang indik pasal 6 lan 7 Program Minumum punika nglawan Trotskyisme.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malaka |first=Tan |title=Thesis |publisher=Octopus & Diandra Kreatif |year=2014 |isbn=978-602-71508-5-0 |location=Yogyakarta |language=id}}</ref> Karya sasuratan Tan Malaka sané pinih kaloktah inggih punika otobiographinyané, ''Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara''. Ida nyurat karya tigang jilid antuk tangan ri tatkala kakurung olih pamréntah républik Sukarno duk warsa 1947 miwah 1948. Karya punika magentos pantaraning bab téoritis sané nlatarang indik kapercayaan miwah tatwa politik Tan Malaka miwah bab otobiographi sané pinih konvénsional sané maosang makudang-kudang fase kahuripannyané. Jilid kaping tiga madué struktur narasi sane pinih lepas, madaging panampen indik [[historiographi]] Marxis, genahnyané indik perjuangan sané sedek kalanturang sareng Belanda antuk kamahardikan Indonésia, lan cetakan ulang pahan dokumén kunci sané mapaiketan sareng perjuangan. ''Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara'' inggih punika silih sinunggil saking otobiographi sané pinih alit sane kasurat ring aab kolonial Indonésia.{{sfn|Watson|2000}} Buku alih basa, ''From Jail to Jail'' (1991), nudut manah gerakan buruh sané mabasa Inggris.{{sfn|McInerney|2007}} == Bibliographi == {{Wikisourcelang|id|Pengarang:Tan Malaka}} {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * ''Parlemen atau Soviet'' - Parleménter utawi Soviét (1920) * ''SI Semarang dan Onderwijs'' - SI Semarang miwah Pendidikan (1921) * ''Dasar Pendidikan'' - Dasar Pendidikan (1921) * ''Tunduk Pada Kekuasaan Tapi Tidak Tunduk Pada Kebenaran'' - Tunduk majeng Kekuasaan, Sakémanten Ten Tunduk majeng Dharma (1922) * ''Naar de Republiek Indonesia (Menuju Republik Indonesia)'' - Nuju Républik Indonésia (1924) * ''Semangat Muda'' - Semangat Anom (1926) * ''[[Massa Actie]]'' - Aksi Masa (1926) * ''Local Actie and National Actie'' - Aksi Lokal miwah Aksi Nasional (1926) * ''Pari en Nasionalisten'' - Pari miwah Nasionalisme (1927) * ''Pari dan PKI'' - Pari miwah PKI (1927) * ''Pari International'' (1927) * ''Manifesto Bangkok'' (1927) * ''Aslia Bergabung'' - Gabungan Aslia (1943) * ''[[Madilog]] (Materialisme, Dialektika, Logika)'' - Materialisme, Dialektik, miwah Logika (1943) * ''Muslihat'' (1945) * ''Rencana Ekonomi Berjuang'' - Rencana Ékonomi Berjuang (1945) * ''Politik'' (1945) * ''Manifesto Jakarta'' (1945) * ''Thesis'' (1946) * ''Pidato Purwokerto'' - Pidarta Purwokerto (1946) * ''Pidato Solo'' - Pidarta Solo (1946) * ''Islam dalam Tinjauan Madilog'' - Islam ring Cingakan Madilog (1948) * ''Gerpolek (Gerilya, Politik, Ekonomi)'' (1948) * ''Pidato Kediri'' - Pidarta Kediri (1948) * ''Pandangan Hidup'' - Pandangan Urip (1948) * ''Kuhandel di Kaliurang'' - Tiang Gamel Kaliurang (1948) * ''Proklamasi 17-8-45, Isi dan Pelaksanaanya'' - 17-8-45 Proklamasi, Daging lan Pamargian (1948) * ''Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara'' - Saking Penjara nuju Penjara (1970) {{div col end}} == Catetan == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Lis Pustaka === {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal | last = Jarvis | first = Helen | year = 1987 | title = Tan Malaka: Revolutionary or Renegade? | journal = Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–55 | issn = 0007-4810 | url = http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v19n01.pdf | doi = 10.1080/14672715.1987.10409868 | access-date = 2021-03-12 | archive-date = 2011-08-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811043214/http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v19n01.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{cite book | title = Nationalism and Revolution in Indonésia | url = https://archive.org/details/nationalismrevol0000geor_y8o4 | last = Kahin | first = George McT. | year = 1952 | location = Ithaca, New York | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 978-0-87727-734-7 }} * {{cite journal | last = Kusno | first = Abidin | date = November 2003 | title = From City to City: Tan Malaka, Shanghai, and the Politics of Geographical Imagining | journal = Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 327–339 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | doi = 10.1111/1467-9493.00162 }} * {{cite book | last = Malaka | first = Tan | last2 = Jarvis | first2 = Helen | title = From Jail to Jail | year = 1991 | location = Athens, Ohio | publisher = Ohio University Center for International Studies | series = Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series | volume = 1 | ref = {{sfnRef|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 1}} }} * {{cite book | last = Malaka | first = Tan | last2 = Jarvis | first2 = Helen | title = From Jail to Jail | year = 1991 | location = Athens, Ohio | publisher = Ohio University Center for International Studies | series = Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series | volume = 2 | ref = {{sfnRef|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 2}} }} * {{cite book | last = Malaka | first = Tan | last2 = Jarvis | first2 = Helen | title = From Jail to Jail | year = 1991 | location = Athens, Ohio | publisher = Ohio University Center for International Studies | series = Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series | volume = 3 | ref = {{sfnRef|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 3}} }} * {{cite journal | last = McInerney | first = Andy | date = 1 January 2007 | title = Tan Malaka and Indonésia's Freedom Struggle | magazine = Socialism and Liberation | url = http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/07-01-01-tan-malaka-indonesias-freedom-s.html | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120820095802/http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/07-01-01-tan-malaka-indonesias-freedom-s.html | archive-date = 20 August 2012 }} * {{cite book | last = McVey | first = Ruth T. | title = The Rise of Indonésian Communism | url = https://archive.org/details/riseofindonesian00mcve | url-access = registration | year = 1965 | location = Ithaca, New York | publisher = Cornell University Press }} * {{cite journal | last = Mrázek | first = Rudolf | date = October 1972 | url = http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107127733 | title = Tan Malaka: A Political Personality's Structure of Experience | journal = Indonésia | volume = 14 | pages = 1–48 | publisher = Cornell University's Southeast Asia Program | location = Ithaca, New York | doi = 10.2307/3350731 | hdl = 1813/53543 | hdl-access = free }} * {{cite book | last = Poeze | first = Harry A. | title = Verguisd en vergeten: Tan Malaka, de linkse beweging en de Indonesische Revolutie, 1945–1949 | year = 2007 | publisher = KITLV | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-6718-258-4 }} * {{cite book | title = Tan Malaka, Gerakan Kiri, dan Revolusi Indonésia | last = Poeze | first = Harry A. | year = 2008 | publisher = Yayasan Obor Indonésia | location = Jakarta | isbn = 978-979-461-697-0 | volume = 1 | others = translated by Hersri Setiawan }} * {{cite book | title = Mewarisi Gagasan Tan Malaka | last = Suwarto | first = Wasid | year = 2006 | publisher = LPPM Tan Malaka | location = Jakarta | isbn = 978-979-99038-2-2 }} * {{cite book | title = Tan Malaka: Merajut Masyarakat dan Pendidikan Indonésia yang Sosialistis | author = Syaifudin | year = 2012 | publisher = Ar-Ruzz Media | location = Yogyakarta | isbn = 978-979-25-4911-9 }} * {{cite book | title = Kematian Tan Malaka | last = Tamin | first = Djamaludin | year = 1965 | publisher = No publisher }} * {{cite book | title = Of Self and Nation: Autobiography and the Representation of Modern Indonésia | url = https://archive.org/details/ofselfnationauto0000wats | last = Watson | first = C.W. | year = 2000 | location = Honolulu | publisher = University of Hawaii Press. | isbn = 978-0-8248-2281-1 }} {{Refend}} {{Pahlawan Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Pahlawan nasional Indonésia]] p26hm3968r6kyqrnlywqa12zlslirq4 0 2767 281039 257521 2026-08-27T19:34:25Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak inpo propinsi | nama = Sumatra Selatan <!-- Disembunyikan sebagai komentar: | foto = Sumsel-Wong-Kito-Galo.png --> | size = 250px | caption = Dari kanan atas searah jarum jam: [[Jembatan Ampera]], [[Masjid Agung Palembang]], Stadion Gelora Sriwijaya, [[Pempek]] Pelembang, Monumen Air Mancur, Hotel Arya Duta [[Kota Palembang]] | lambang = Coat of arms of South Sumatra.svg | peta = Locator sumsel final.png | koordinat = 5º 10' – 1º 20' [[Lintang Selatan|LS]]{{br}}101º 40' – 106º 30' [[Bujur Timur|BT]] | motto = "Bersatu Teguh" | dasar hukum = | tanggal = 12 Séptémber 1950 | ibu kota = [[Kota Palembang]] | nama gubernur = [[Herman Deru]] | nama wakil gubernur = [[Mawardi Yahya]] | nama ketua DPRD = [[Anita Noeringhati]] | nama Sékrétaris daerah = Nasrun Umar | luas = 91592,43 | penduduk = 8467432 | kepadatan = 92,45 | kecamatan = 212 | kelurahan = 3081 | suku = [[Wong Melayu|Melayu]] 36,37%<br /> [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]] 25,01%<br /> [[Wong Komering|Komering]] 5,68%<br /> [[Wong Sunda|Sunda]] 2,45%<br /> [[Tionghoa-Indonésia|Tionghoa]] 1,10%<br /> [[Orang Minang|Minangkabau]] 0,94%<br /> [[Wong Batak|Batak]] dan Lain-lain 28,45% <ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|title =Indonésia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape|date =|year =2003|url =https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury|accessdate=}}</ref> | agama = [[Islam]] 94,78%<br/>[[Kristen]] 3,15%<br/>— [[Kristen Protestan|Protestan]] 2,05%<br/>— [[Katolik]] 1,10%<br /> [[Buddha]] 1,18%<br /> [[Hindu]] 0,89%<ref name=AGAMA>{{cite web|url=https://sumsel.bps.go.id/indicator/108/637/1/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama.html|title=Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama di Sumatera Selatan|last=|first=|website=www.sumsel.bps.go.id|accessdate=26 Januari 2021}}</ref> | bahasa = [[basa Indonésia|Indonésia]] (resmi)<br/>[[basa Melayu|Melayu]] (dominan), [[basa Melayu Palembang|Melayu Palembang]], [[basa Melayu Tengah|Melayu Tengah]], [[basa Komering|Komering]], [[basa Ogan|Ogan]], [[basa Penesak|Penesak]], [[basa Tionghoa|Tionghoa]] | zona = | kode pos = 30''xxx''-32''xxx'' | translit_lang1_info = سومترا سلاتن | translit_lang1_type = [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] | translit_lang1 = bahasa Melayu | populasi ref = <ref name=PENDUDUK>{{cite web|url=https://sumsel.bps.go.id/indicator/12/813/1/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-jenis-kelamin-dan-kabupaten-kota-hasil-sp2020-.html |title=Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Jenis Kelamin dan Kabupaten Kota di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020|last=|first=|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=26 Januari 2021}}</ref> | kode area = {{collapsible list|0702 — Tebing Tinggi (Kabupatén Empat Lawang)| 0711 — Kota Palembang — Pangkalan Balai - Betung (Kabupatén Banyuasin) — Indralaya (Kabupatén Ogan Ilir)| 0712 — Kayu Agung (Kabupatén Ogan Komering Ilir) — Tanjung Raja (Kabupatén Ogan Ilir)| 0713 — Kota Prabumulih — Pendopo Talang Ubi (Kabupatén Muara Enim)| 0714 — Sekayu (Kabupatén Musi Banyuasin)| 0730 — Kota Pagar Alam — Kota Agung (Kabupatén Lahat)| 0731 — Lahat (Kabupatén Lahat)| 0733 — Kota Lubuklinggau — Muara Beliti (Kabupatén Musi Rawas)| 0734 — Muara Enim (Kabupatén Muara Enim)| 0735 — Baturaja (Kabupatén Ogan Komering Ulu) — Martapura (Kabupatén Ogan Komering Ulu Timur) — Muaradua (Kabupatén Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan)}} | TNKB = BG | warsa populasi = [[2020]] | peringkat populasi = | ref luas = <ref>[https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2017/07/26/b598fa587f5112432533a656/statistik-indonesia-2017.html "Statistik Indonésia 2017"]</ref> | nama lain = Sumatera Selatan<br />{{script|Rjng|ꤼꥈꤸꤳ꥓ꤽ ꤼꥉꤾꤳꤵ꥓}} | ISO = ID-SS | zona waktu = [[Galah Indonésia Kauh|WIB]] | utc = +07:00 | dau =Rp 1.756.924.452.000,- ([[2020]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf|title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2020|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2020)|accessdate=25 Januari 2021}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | IPM = {{decrease}} 70,01 ([[2020]])<br/>{{increase}} 70,02 ([[2019]])<br/> (<span style="background:Yellow;color:#000000">&nbsp;Sedang&nbsp;</span>)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html|title=Metode Baru Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2019-2 020|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=25 Januari 2021}}</ref> | lagu = [[Dek Sangke]] | flora = [[Duku]] | fauna = Ikan [[belida]] | web = {{URL|http://www.sumselprov.go.id/}} }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Sumatra Selatan''' (aksara Bali: ᬲᬸᬫᬢ᭄ᬭᬲᭂᬮᬢᬦ᭄, [[basa Bali]]: '''Sumatra Kelod''') inggih punika silih tunggil propinsi ring [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web |url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Propinsi piniki maibukota ring [[Palémbang]].<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik. Statistik Indonésia 2018. Jakarta. ISSN 0126-2912.</ref> Propinsi puniki jimbarnyané 91.592,43&nbsp;km². Ring warsa 2018, akéh kramanyanné kirang langkung 8.391.489 diri.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik">{{Cite web|url= https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2009/02/20/1267/penduduk-indonesia-menurut-provinsi-1971-1980-1990-1995-2000-dan-2010.html |title= Penduduk Indonésia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 dan 2010 |publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date= 6 April 2019}}</ref> ==Pamréntahan== ===Gubernur Sumatra Selatan=== {{utama|Gubernur Sumatra Selatan}} {{:Gubernur Sumatra Selatan}} ===Déwan Perwakilan=== {{utama|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Propinsi Sumatra Selatan}} {{:Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Propinsi Sumatra Selatan}} ===Kabupatén miwah kota=== {{utama|Kabupatén miwah kota ring Sumatra Selatan}} {{:Kabupatén miwah kota ring Sumatra Selatan}} == Kesehatan == === Rumah sakit === {{utama|Rumah sakit ring Sumatra Selatan}} {{:Rumah sakit ring Sumatra Selatan}} == Seni budaya == === Museum === {{utama|Museum ring Sumatra Selatan}} {{:Museum ring Sumatra Selatan}} === Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda === {{utama|Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Propinsi Sumatra Kelod}} {{:Lis Tetamian Budaya Tenbenda Indonésia ring Sumatra Kelod}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://sumselprov.go.id/ Situs Pamréntahan Sumatra Selatan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401202840/https://www.sumselprov.go.id/ |date=2023-04-01 }} * {{id}} [https://sumsel.bps.go.id/ Situs Badan Pusat Statistik Sumatra Selatan] * {{id}} [https://palembang.go.id Situs Resmi Kota Palémbang] * {{id}} [https://palembangkota.bps.go.id/publication.html Situs Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Palémbang] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Sumatra Selatan}} {{Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Sumatra]] [[Kategori:Propinsi ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sumatra Selatan]] c07l5q50lqkjqptyqmnjdumj0ap3kpc 0 2919 281084 142465 2026-08-27T20:13:31Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Krajan Kamboja''' inggih punika silih situnggil [[negara]] sané marupa [[monarki konstitusional]] ring [[Asia Kelod Kangin]]. Negara puniki pangalantur [[Krajan Khmer]] sané dados minguasain sajebag [[Samenanjung Indochina]] ring abad ka-11 miwah 14 M. ==Pustaka== * Deth, Sok Udom, and Serkan Bulut, eds. ''Cambodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts'' (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2017; comprehensive coverage) [http://www.academia.edu/download/55582662/Cambodias_Foreign_Relations.pdf full book online free]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * Path Kosal, "Introduction: Cambodia’s Political History and Foreign Relations, 1945–1998" pp 1–26 * Strangio, Sebastian. ''Cambodia: From Pol Pot to Hun Sen and Beyond'' (2020) * Un, Kheang. ''Cambodia: Return to Authoritarianism'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambodia-Authoritarianism-Elements-Politics-Southeast/dp/1108457932/ excerpt] * {{cite book |ref = Morris |last = Morris |first = Stephen J. |year = 1999 |title = Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia |url = https://archive.org/details/whyvietnaminvade0000morr |publisher= Stanford University Press |isbn = 0-8047-3049-0 }} [[Kategori:Negara]] [[Kategori:Kamboja]] [[Kategori:Negara ring Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Negara anggota ASEAN]] {{stub}} p7dv5otdkb69iakdod1efzazxi0ov76 0 3310 281122 104103 2026-08-27T20:41:04Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Kaca2|Aksara Latin}} {{Kaca1|[[​ᬧᬸᬧᬸᬢᬦ᭄|Aksara Bali]]}} {{2}} {{Suratan basa alus}} [[Berkas:Badung Puputan 1906.jpg|jmpl|Puputan Badung ring warsa 1906]] '''Puputan''' (aksara Bali: ᬧᬸᬧᬸᬢᬦ᭄) inggih punika tradisi bunuh diri massal sané kalaksanayang ri tatkala perang mangda para kramané nénten manyerahang raga ka musuhnyané.{{sfn|Pringle|2004|p=106}} Puputan mawit saking kruna puput sané maartos tanggal, putus, telas, miwah mati. Puputan sané kasub ring Bali inggih punika [[Puputan Jagaraga]] sané kalaksanayang olih Kerajaan Buléléng ri tatkala ngalawan pasukan kolonial Belanda, sasampun Raja Buléléng ngalaksanayang sistem tawan karang utawi nganahan makasami kapal asing sané wénten ring dermaga Buléléng antuk kapal-kapal dagang Belanda, miwah [[Puputan Margarana]] sané kapimpin olih serdadu Déwan Perjuangan Républik Indonésia Sunda Kecil (DPRI SK) sané mawasta [[I Gusti Ngurah Rai]] antuk ngalawan aksi militér kolonial [[Belanda]]. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} === Daging pustaka === * {{cite book |editor1-first = Andy |editor1-last = Barski |editor2-first = Albert |editor2-last = Beaucort |editor3-first = Bruce |editor3-last = Carpenter |title = Bali and Lombok |url = https://archive.org/details/balilombok0000unse_r8y2 |year = 2007 |publisher = Dorling Kindersley |series = DK Eyewitness Travel Guides |isbn = 978-0756628789 |ref = harv |lastauthoramp = true }} * {{cite book |title = Bali : a traveller's companion |editor1-first = Debbie Guthrie |editor1-last = Haer |editor2-first = Juliette |editor2-last = Morillot |editor3-first = Irene |editor3-last = Toh |edition = 3rd |oclc = 190787094 |lastauthoramp = true |year = 2007 |publisher = Editions Didier Millet (Singapore) |isbn = 9789814217354 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |first = Willard A |last = Hanna |title = Bali Chronicles |url = https://archive.org/details/balichroniclesli0000hann |publisher = Periplus, Singapore |year = 2004 |isbn = 0-79460272X |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |title = Colonial collections revisited |year = 2007 |publisher = CNWS Publication |isbn = 90-5789-152-2 |first = Pieter |last = ter Keurs |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=pOgsuCFVmOgC&pg=PA146 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |last = Pringle |first = Robert |year = 2004 |title = A short history of Bali: Indonésia's Hindu Realm |url = https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofba0000prin |publisher = [[Allen & Unwin]] |series = Short History of Asia Series |isbn = 978-1865088631 |ref = harv }} * {{ cite book | title = The Rough Guide to Bali and Lombok | first1 = Lucy | last1 = Ridout | first2 = Lesley | last2 = Reader | publisher = Rough Guides Ltd | lastauthoramp = true | edition = 4th | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1858289021 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=JlcL6HeY-uAC&pg=PA496 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite book | title = Insight Guide Bali | url = https://archive.org/details/bali0000unse_c4t5 | editor1-first = Scott | editor1-last = Rutherford | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1585732883 | publisher = Insight Guides | ref = harv }} [[Kategori:Puputan]] [[Kategori:Babad]] o7xtw5wa0tp84w0tfb8dbtisf1dwdqu 0 4527 281029 177812 2026-08-27T19:27:59Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |image = Phyllanthus_officinalis.jpg |image_caption = Taru Amla |image2 = Phyllanthus emblica BNC.jpg |image2_caption = Woh Amla | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Entikan mabunga]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Malpighiales]] | familia = [[Phyllanthaceae]] | tribus = [[Phyllantheae]] | subtribus = [[Flueggeinae]] | genus = ''[[Phyllanthus]]'' | species = '''''P. emblica''''' | binomial = ''Phyllanthus emblica'' |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=GRIN/> |synonyms = {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | *''Cicca emblica'' <small>(L.) Kurz</small> *''Diasperus emblica'' <small>(L.) Kuntze</small> *''Dichelactina nodicaulis'' <small>Hance</small> *''Emblica arborea'' <small>Raf.</small> *''Emblica officinalis'' <small>Gaertn.</small> *''Phyllanthus glomeratus'' <small>Roxb. ex Wall.</small> nom. inval. *''Phyllanthus mairei'' <small>H.Lév.</small> *''Phyllanthus mimosifolius'' <small>Salisb.</small> *''Phyllanthus taxifolius'' <small>D.Don</small> }} |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-153790 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=14 July 2014 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109182553/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-153790 |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} '''Amla''' (''Phyllanthus emblica'')<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate=9 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=Lim>{{cite book|author=Lim, T.K. |date=2012 |title= Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/ediblemedicinaln00050limt |chapter=''Phyllanthus emblica'' |publisher=Springer Netherlands |pages= [https://archive.org/details/ediblemedicinaln00050limt/page/258 258]–296 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_37 |isbn=9789400740525 |language=EN}}</ref> mawit saking Sansekerta '''amalaki''' punika warih taru [[gugur]] utawi [[Phyllanthaceae]], woh ipun dados keajeng. Ring galah sané sadurungné taru puniki akeh ring wewidangan Puri Kelodan, selanturné puri punika kewastanin Puri Amla, punika mawinan risampuné erupsi [[Gunung Agung]], kota [[Kabupatén Karangasem|Karangasem]] kewastanin Amlapura<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://v2.karangasemkab.go.id/index.php/profil/17/Sejarah |title=Sejarah Karangasem |language=ID |access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} lu2rhkq8o5gqg7u90xlfkw78n3mr3vp 0 4689 281292 132303 2026-08-28T00:53:53Z ~2026-46173-33 108648 281292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{other uses of|dasawarsa|Dasawarsa (disambiguasi)}} {{see also|Lis warsa|Lis abad|Lis milenium|Babad}} Puniki kaca indik '''Lis [[dasawarsa]]''' saking mula abad ka-18 SM nganti abad ka-21 M, miwah wénten pranala nuju ka suratan sané makait. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:center; font-size:90%;" ! Abad !colspan="10"| Dasawarsa |- !colspan="11"| [[Milenium ka-3 SM]] |- !colspan="11"| [[Milenium ka-2 SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-18 SM]] | [[1790-an SM]] || [[1780-an SM]] || [[1770-an SM]] || [[1760-an SM]] || [[1750-an SM]] || [[1740-an SM]] || [[1730-an SM]] || [[1720-an SM]] || [[1710-an SM]] || [[1700-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-17 SM]] | [[1690-an SM]] || [[1680-an SM]] || [[1670-an SM]] || [[1660-an SM]] || [[1650-an SM]] || [[1640-an SM]] || [[1630-an SM]] || [[1620-an SM]] || [[1610-an SM]] || [[1600-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-16 SM]] | [[1590-an SM]] || [[1580-an SM]] || [[1570-an SM]] || [[1560-an SM]] || [[1550-an SM]] || [[1540-an SM]] || [[1530-an SM]] || [[1520-an SM]] || [[1510-an SM]] || [[1500-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-15 SM]] | [[1490-an SM]] || [[1480-an SM]] || [[1470-an SM]] || [[1460-an SM]] || [[1450-an SM]] || [[1440-an SM]] || [[1430-an SM]] || [[1420-an SM]] || [[1410-an SM]] || [[1400-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-14 SM]] | [[1390-an SM]] || [[1380-an SM]] || [[1370-an SM]] || [[1360-an SM]] || [[1350-an SM]] || [[1340-an SM]] || [[1330-an SM]] || [[1320-an SM]] || [[1310-an SM]] || [[1300-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-13 SM]] | [[1290-an SM]] || [[1280-an SM]] || [[1270-an SM]] || [[1260-an SM]] || [[1250-an SM]] || [[1240-an SM]] || [[1230-an SM]] || [[1220-an SM]] || [[1210-an SM]] || [[1200-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-12 SM]] | [[1190-an SM]] || [[1180-an SM]] || [[1170-an SM]] || [[1160-an SM]] || [[1150-an SM]] || [[1140-an SM]] || [[1130-an SM]] || [[1120-an SM]] || [[1110-an SM]] || [[1100-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-11 SM]] | [[1090-an SM]] || [[1080-an SM]] || [[1070-an SM]] || [[1060-an SM]] || [[1050-an SM]] || [[1040-an SM]] || [[1030-an SM]] || [[1020-an SM]] || [[1010-an SM]] || [[1000-an SM]] |- !colspan="11"| [[Milenium ka-1 SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-10 SM]] | [[990-an SM]] || [[980-an SM]] || [[970-an SM]] || [[960-an SM]] || [[950-an SM]] || [[940-an SM]] || [[930-an SM]] || [[920-an SM]] || [[910-an SM]] || [[900-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-9 SM]] | [[890-an SM]] || [[880-an SM]] || [[870-an SM]] || [[860-an SM]] || [[850-an SM]] || [[840-an SM]] || [[830-an SM]] || [[820-an SM]] || [[810-an SM]] || [[800-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-8 SM]] | [[790-an SM]] || [[780-an SM]] || [[770-an SM]] || [[760-an SM]] || [[750-an SM]] || [[740-an SM]] || [[730-an SM]] || [[720-an SM]] || [[710-an SM]] || [[700-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-7 SM]] | [[690-an SM]] || [[680-an SM]] || [[670-an SM]] || [[660-an SM]] || [[650-an SM]] || [[640-an SM]] || [[630-an SM]] || [[620-an SM]] || [[610-an SM]] || [[600-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-6 SM]] | [[590-an SM]] || [[580-an SM]] || [[570-an SM]] || [[560-an SM]] || [[550-an SM]] || [[540-an SM]] || [[530-an SM]] || [[520-an SM]] || [[510-an SM]] || [[500-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-5 SM]] | [[490-an SM]] || [[480-an SM]] || [[470-an SM]] || [[460-an SM]] || [[450-an SM]] || [[440-an SM]] || [[430-an SM]] || [[420-an SM]] || [[410-an SM]] || [[400-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-4 SM]] | [[390-an SM]] || [[380-an SM]] || [[370-an SM]] || [[360-an SM]] || [[350-an SM]] || [[340-an SM]] || [[330-an SM]] || [[320-an SM]] || [[310-an SM]] || [[300-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-3 SM]] | [[290-an SM]] || [[280-an SM]] || [[270-an SM]] || [[260-an SM]] || [[250-an SM]] || [[240-an SM]] || [[230-an SM]] || [[220-an SM]] || [[210-an SM]] || [[200-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-2 SM]] | [[190-an SM]] || [[180-an SM]] || [[170-an SM]] || [[160-an SM]] || [[150-an SM]] || [[140-an SM]] || [[130-an SM]] || [[120-an SM]] || [[110-an SM]] || [[100-an SM]] |- ! [[Abad ka-1 SM]] | [[90-an SM]] || [[80-an SM]] || [[70-an SM]] || [[60-an SM]] || [[50-an SM]] || [[40-an SM]] || [[30-an SM]] || [[20-an SM]] || [[10-an SM]] || <ref group=note>[[0-an SM]] tusing masuk ring [[dasawarsa]], sakewala tuah ada sia warsa, nenten dasa, miwah tusing ade [[warsa 0]].</ref> |- !colspan="11"| [[Milenium ka-1]] |- ! [[Abad ka-1]] | <ref group=note>[[0-an]] tusing masuk ring [[dasawarsa]], sakewala tuah ada sia warsa, nenten dasa, miwah tusing ade [[warsa 0]].</ref> || [[10-an]] || [[20-an]] || [[30-an]] || [[40-an]] || [[50-an]] || [[60-an]] || [[70-an]] || [[80-an]] || [[90-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-2]] | [[100-an]] || [[110-an]] || [[120-an]] || [[130-an]] || [[140-an]] || [[150-an]] || [[160-an]] || [[170-an]] || [[180-an]] || [[190-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-3]] | [[200-an]] || [[210-an]] || [[220-an]] || [[230-an]] || [[240-an]] || [[250-an]] || [[260-an]] || [[270-an]] || [[280-an]] || [[290-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-4]] | [[300-an]] || [[310-an]] || [[320-an]] || [[330-an]] || [[340-an]] || [[350-an]] || [[360-an]] || [[370-an]] || [[380-an]] || [[390-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-5]] | [[400-an]] || [[410-an]] || [[420-an]] || [[430-an]] || [[440-an]] || [[450-an]] || [[460-an]] || [[470-an]] || [[480-an]] || [[490-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-6]] | [[500-an]] || [[510-an]] || [[520-an]] || [[530-an]] || [[540-an]] || [[550-an]] || [[560-an]] || [[570-an]] || [[580-an]] || [[590-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-7]] | [[600-an]] || [[610-an]] || [[620-an]] || [[630-an]] || [[640-an]] || [[650-an]] || [[660-an]] || [[670-an]] || [[680-an]] || [[690-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-8]] | [[700-an]] || [[710-an]] || [[720-an]] || [[730-an]] || [[740-an]] || [[750-an]] || [[760-an]] || [[770-an]] || [[780-an]] || [[790-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-9]] | [[800-an]] || [[810-an]] || [[820-an]] || [[830-an]] || [[840-an]] || [[850-an]] || [[860-an]] || [[870-an]] || [[880-an]] || [[890-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-10]] | [[900-an]] || [[910-an]] || [[920-an]] || [[930-an]] || [[940-an]] || [[950-an]] || [[960-an]] || [[970-an]] || [[980-an]] || [[990-an]] |- !colspan="11"| [[Milenium ka-2]] |- ! [[Abad ka-11]] | [[1000-an]] || [[1010-an]] || [[1020-an]] || [[1030-an]] || [[1040-an]] || [[1050-an]] || [[1060-an]] || [[1070-an]] || [[1080-an]] || [[1090-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-12]] | [[1100-an]] || [[1110-an]] || [[1120-an]] || [[1130-an]] || [[1140-an]] || [[1150-an]] || [[1160-an]] || [[1170-an]] || [[1180-an]] || [[1190-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-13]] | [[1200-an]] || [[1210-an]] || [[1220-an]] || [[1230-an]] || [[1240-an]] || [[1250-an]] || [[1260-an]] || [[1270-an]] || [[1280-an]] || [[1290-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-14]] | [[1300-an]] || [[1310-an]] || [[1320-an]] || [[1330-an]] || [[1340-an]] || [[1350-an]] || [[1360-an]] || [[1370-an]] || [[1380-an]] || [[1390-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-15]] | [[1400-an]] || [[1410-an]] || [[1420-an]] || [[1430-an]] || [[1440-an]] || [[1450-an]] || [[1460-an]] || [[1470-an]] || [[1480-an]] || [[1490-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-16]] | [[1500-an]] || [[1510-an]] || [[1520-an]] || [[1530-an]] || [[1540-an]] || [[1550-an]] || [[1560-an]] || [[1570-an]] || [[1580-an]] || [[1590-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-17]] | [[1600-an]] || [[1610-an]] || [[1620-an]] || [[1630-an]] || [[1640-an]] || [[1650-an]] || [[1660-an]] || [[1670-an]] || [[1680-an]] || [[1690-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-18]] | [[1700-an]] || [[1710-an]] || [[1720-an]] || [[1730-an]] || [[1740-an]] || [[1750-an]] || [[1760-an]] || [[1770-an]] || [[1780-an]] || [[1790-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-19]] | [[1800-an]] || [[1810-an]] || [[1820-an]] || [[1830-an]] || [[1840-an]] || [[1850-an]] || [[1860-an]] || [[1870-an]] || [[1880-an]] || [[1890-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-20]] | [[1900-an]] || [[1910-an]] || [[1920-an]] || [[1930-an]] || [[1940-an]] || [[1950-an]] || [[1960-an]] || [[1970-an]] || [[1980-an]] || [[1990-an]] |- !colspan="11"| [[Milenium ka-3]] |- ! [[Abad ka-21]] | [[2000-an]] || [[2010-an]] || '''[[2020-an]]''' || [[2030-an]] || [[2040-an]] || [[2050-an]] || [[2060-an]] || [[2070-an]] || [[2080-an]] || [[2090-an]] |- ! [[Abad ka-22]] | [[2100-an]] || [[2110-an]] || [[2120-an]] || [[2130-an]] || [[2140-an]] || [[2150-an]] || [[2160-an]] || [[2170-an]] || [[2180-an]] || [[2190-an]] |} == Cingak masih == * [[Lis warsa]] * [[Lis abad]] * [[Lis milenium]] == Catetan == {{reflist|group=note}} [[Kategori:Dasawarsa]] [[Kategori:Lis warsa]] [[Kategori:Sejarah garis waktu]] hgfdt2c35lcv2jt9tugfugqv9hkgje8 0 4765 281149 142748 2026-08-27T21:18:23Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Museum | name = Museum Puri Lukisan | native_name = | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_upright = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = Puri Lukisan Museum (17032172496).jpg | image_upright = | alt = | caption = Museum Puri Lukisan | map_type = | map_relief = | map_size = | map_caption = | coordinates = <!-- {{Coord}} --> | former_name = | established = {{Start date|1954}} | dissolved = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --> | location = [[Ubud, Gianyar|Kecamatan Ubud]], [[Kabupatén Gianyar]], [[Bali]], [[Indonésia]] | type = Museum lukisan | accreditation = | key_holdings = | collections = Lukisan, patung | collection_size = +150 lukisan | visitors = | founder = | executive_director = | leader_type = | leader = | director = | Présidént = | ceo = | chairperson = | curator = | architect = | historian = | owner = | publictransit = | car_park = | parking = | network = | website = {{URL|https://museumpurilukisan.com/}} | embedded = }} [[Berkas:Boma and Kesna - Puri Lukisan Museum (16438173643).jpg|jmpl|250px|Boma miwah Kesna]] [[Berkas:Ceremonial day for the weapons (1975) - Puri Lukisan Museum (17032531036).jpg|jmpl|250px|Tumpek Landep (karya gegambaran warsa 1975) ring Museum Puri Lukisan]] '''Museum Puri Lukisan''' inggih punika silih tunggil muséum sané wénten ring Bali. Muséum puniki magenah ring [[Ubud, Gianyar|Kecamatan Ubud]], [[Kabupatén Gianyar]], [[Bali]]. Muséum puniki pinaka muséum seni paling tua sané wénten ring Bali. Muséum Puri Lukisan madué koléksi lukisan Bali tradisional, ukiran kayu, miwah karya seni Bali kontemporér sané ngulangunin. Yéning manut ring wastan muséum, muséum Puri Lukisan punika madué arti Istana Lukisan. Lukisan utawi karya sané wénten ring muséum puniki makéhan seni, budaya, miwah sejarah Bali. Ring muséum puniki wénten lukisan Bali tradisional sané kawastanin lukisan Kamasan. Lukisan puniki sané ngawinang muséum puniki unik tur klasik. Ring warsa 1936, Bonnet ngadegang [[Pita Maha]]. Pita Maha inggih punika koperasi sané madué tatujon memajukan perkembangan seniman Bali. Ring warsa 1954, Bonnet ngadegang Muséum Puri Lukisan antuk wantuan saking pangeran Ubud Tjokorda Gde Agung Sukawati. Bonnet pinaka kurator kapertama ring muséum puniki. Muséum puniki jimbar pesan tur madué patpat gedung sané kaanggén nyimpen lukisan miwah karya seni sané lianan. == Koleksi == <gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:center"> Berkas:MPLDeblog.gif|"Embasnyane Anoman" karya I Gusti Nyoman Deblog (1906–1986) Berkas:MPLGelgel.gif|Karya lukis Gelgel Berkas:Battle between Boma and Krishna - Puri Lukisan Museum (16870525418).jpg|Yuda ri antara Boma miwah Krishna Berkas:Boma and Kesna - Puri Lukisan Museum (16438173643).jpg|Boma miwah Kesna Berkas:Ceremonial day for the weapons (1975) - Puri Lukisan Museum (17032531036).jpg|Tumpek Landep (karya gegambaran warsa 1975) ring Museum Puri Lukisan Berkas:Puri Lukisan Museum (17032344916).jpg|Silih tunggil gegambaran ring museum </gallery> == Poto Genah Museum == <gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:center"> File:Puri Lukisan Museum (16435717564).jpg|Genah masuk ring museum File:Puri Lukisan Museum4.JPG|Plakat pangadegan museum File:Puri Lukisan Museum (17058142485).jpg|Margi setapak ring jero museum File:Puri Lukisan Museum2.JPG|Lotus pond File:Puri Lukisan Museum (17057143642).jpg|Koleksi tapel </gallery> == Pustaka == {{refbegin|2}} === Lis pustaka === * {{Cite book|title=Pita Maha: Gerakan Seni Lukis Bali 1930-an|last=Adnyana|first=I Wayan Kun|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|year=2018|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Adnyana|2018}}}} * {{Cite book|url=|title=Seni Lukis Batuan|last=Adnyana|first=I Wayan Kun, dkk|last2=|publisher=Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi Bali|year=2017|isbn=|location=Denpasar|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Adnyana, dkk|2017}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Seni Lukis Modern Indonésia: Dari Pusat ke Pinggiran|last=Burhan|first=Muhammad Agus|publisher=BP. ISI|year=2011|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Burhan|2011}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Galeri Seniwati Bali|last=Djelantik|first=A.M.|publisher=Bentara Budaya|year=1996|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Djelantik|1996}}}} * {{Cite book|title=The Folk Art of Bali: The Narrative Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/folkartofbalinar0000fisc|last=Fischer|first=Joseph|last2=Cooper|first2=Thomas|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=|location=Oxford|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Fischer|Cooper|1998}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Ubud, The Spirit of Bali|url=https://archive.org/details/ubudspiritofbali0000kart|last=Kartajaya|first=Hermawan|last2=Indrio|first2=Bembi Dwi|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|year=2009|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Kartajaya|Indrio|2009}}}} * {{Cite book|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/14124/1/Ida%20bagus%20gelgel%20hasil%20karya%20dan%20pengabdiannya.pdf|title=Ida Bagus Gelgel: Hasil Karya dan Pengabdiannya|last=Lasminah|first=Putu|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional|year=1982|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Lasminah|1982}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Treasures of Bali: A Guide to Museums in Bali|last=Mann|first=Richard I.|publisher=Gateway Books International Published in Collaboration with the Museum Association of Bali|year=2006|isbn=|location=Denpasar|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Mann|2006}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Happy Shopping Bali|last=Merinda|first=Maria Fransiska|publisher=Elex Media Komputindo|year=2016|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Merinda|2016}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Bali yang Meradang: Buku Ketiga Trilogi "Menggugat Bali"|last=Setia|first=Putu|publisher=PT. Pustaka Manikgeni|year=2006|isbn=|location=Denpasar|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Setia|2006}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Essential Bali and Lombok|last=Sheehan|first=Sean|publisher=National Book Network|year=1998|isbn=|location=Lanham|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Sheehan|1998}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Pioneers of Balinese Painting: The Rudolf Bonnet Collection|last=Spanjaard|first=Helena|publisher=Rudolf Bonnet, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde (Netherlands), Rudolf Bonnet Foundation|year=2007|isbn=|location=Amsterdam|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Spanjaard|2007}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Daya Tarik Wisata Museum Sejarah dan Perkembangannya di Ubud Bali|last=Subhiksu|first=Ida Bagus Kade|last2=Utama|first2=Gusti Bagus Rai|publisher=Deepublish|year=2018|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Subhiksu|Utama|2018}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Buku Petunjuk Museum Le Mayeur|last=Sudana|first=I Nengah, dkk|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Museum Negeri Provinsi Bali|year=1991|isbn=|location=Denpasar|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Sudana, dkk|1991}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Kembang Rampai Désa Ubud|last=Sukawati|first=Tjokorda Oka A.A.|publisher=Pustaka Nayottama|year=2006|isbn=|location=Denpasar|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Sukawati|2006}}}} * {{Cite book|url=http://sippa.ciptakarya.pu.go.id/sippa_online/ws_file/dokumen_usulan/file_attachment/rakp_811ca936774f37991c9e0e8d92f5a9b6ee120902.pdf|title=RAKP (Rencana Aksi Kota Pusaka) Kabupaten Gianyar Provinsi Bali Tahun Anggaran 2016|last=Tim Penyusun RAKP Kabupatén Gianyar|first=|publisher=PT. Duta Dewata Konsultan|year=2016|isbn=|location=Gianyar|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Tim Penyusun RAKP Kabupatén Gianyar|2016}}|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226073526/http://sippa.ciptakarya.pu.go.id/sippa_online/ws_file/dokumen_usulan/file_attachment/rakp_811ca936774f37991c9e0e8d92f5a9b6ee120902.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|title=Mengenal Seorang Tokoh Idealis Pendiri Museum Puri Lukisan Ratna Wartha Ubud: Tjokorda Gde Agung Sukawati|last=Widia|first=Wayan|publisher=Proyek Pengembangan Permuseuman Bali, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|year=1985|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Widia|1985}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Mengenal Sepintas Seni Budaya Bali|last=Win|first=Bu|publisher=PT. Mapan (Mitra Aksara Panaitan)|year=2000|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Win|2000}}}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Museum Bali]] [[Kategori:Museum Indonésia]] {{Museum-stub}} m719n1rskzce8rpt8gubnbslidfgzqq 0 5439 281133 254637 2026-08-27T20:47:20Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Oktober 2020}} [[File:Microplastics in sediments.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|200px|Mikroplastik ring sedimen tukad]] '''Mikroplastik''' punika wantah [[plastik]] kebagi dados alit-alit sané ngeranayang polusi [[palemahan (biopisikal)|palemahan]] nyané.<ref>{{cite book |title=Microplastic Pollutants|url=https://archive.org/details/microplasticpoll0000craw|last1=Blair Crawford|first1=Christopher|last2=Quinn|first2=Brian|publisher=Elsevier Science|year=2016|isbn=9780128094068|edition=1st|location=|pages=}}{{page needed|date=November 2018}}</ref> Mikroplastik nénten [[Lis polimer sintetis|macem-macem plastik]], sakewanten sejebag soroh fragment plastik sané alit nyané kirang 5&nbsp;mm kedasaring antuk [[Administrasi Kasegaraan miwah Atmospher Nasional]] (NOAA) Amérika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arthur|first=Courtney|last2=Baker|first2=Joel|last3=Bamford|first3=Holly|date=January 2009|title=Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris|url=https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/publications-files/TM_NOS-ORR_30.pdf|journal=NOAA Technical Memorandum|volume=|pages=|via=|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2021-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428015250/https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/publications-files/TM_NOS-ORR_30.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.023 |pmid=24360334 |title=Annual variation in neustonic micro- and meso-plastic particles and zooplankton in the Bay of Calvi (Mediterranean–Corsica) |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=79 |issue=1–2 |pages=293–298 |year=2014 |last1=Collignon |first1=Amandine |last2=Hecq |first2=Jean-Henri |last3=Galgani |first3=François |last4=Collard |first4=France |last5=Goffart |first5=Anne |url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00169/28064/27275.pdf }}</ref> Punika ngeranjing palemahan saking mekudang-mekudang sumber, rumasuk [[kosmétik]], [[penganggé]], miwah proses industri. Mikroplastik kakepah antuk kalih jenis. Mikroplastik primer punika fragmen utawi partikel plastik sané ageng nyané sampun utawi kirang 5.0&nbsp;mm sadurung ngeranjing ka palemahan. Puniki rumasuk [[mikrofiber]] saking pengangge, [[mikrobead]], miwah biji plastik (kauningin antuk ''nurdles'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cole|first=Matthew|last2=Lindeque|first2=Pennie|last3=Fileman|first3=Elaine|last4=Halsband|first4=Claudia|last5=Goodhead|first5=Rhys|last6=Moger|first6=Julian|last7=Galloway|first7=Tamara S.|date=2013-06-06|title=Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton|url=|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=47|issue=12|pages=6646–6655|doi=10.1021/es400663f|pmid=23692270|hdl=10871/19651}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marinelitterthefacts.com/sources|title=Where Does Marine Litter Come From?|website=Marine Litter Facts|publisher=British Plastics Federation|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Boucher|first=Julien|last2=Friot|first2=Damien|date=2017|title=Primary Microplastics in the Oceans: a Global Evaluation of Sources|url=https://storyofstuff.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/IUCN-report-Primary-microplastics-in-the-oceans.pdf|journal=[[IUCN]]|volume=|doi=10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.01.en|isbn=978-2-8317-1827-9|pages=8|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2019-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116122637/https://storyofstuff.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/IUCN-report-Primary-microplastics-in-the-oceans.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kalih mikroplastik kekaryaning saking degradasi plastik ageng sané ngeranjing palemahan keni proses cuaca alami. Sumber sané dados mikroplastik sekunder rumasuk botol toya miwah kabonasi, jala be, miwah kantong plastik.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00267-017-0947-8 |pmid=29043380 |title=Are We Underestimating Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments? |journal=Environmental Management |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |year=2018 |last1=Conkle |first1=Jeremy L. |last2=Báez Del Valle |first2=Christian D. |last3=Turner |first3=Jeffrey W. }}</ref> Kalih jenis puniki keakuin kuat ring palemahan sané pinih duur, kautama ring perairan miwah [[ekosistem segara]]. [[File:Microplastic sample.jpg|thumb|upright|Conto mikroplastik]] Dados tambahan, plastik lambat kaurai, biasa nyané luwih siu menawi indik nyané nénten siu warsa. Puniki pacang ningkatang mikroplastik kaajeng miwah ngeranjing , taler [[bioakumulasi|keakumulasi]], ring peragan miwah jaringan akéh organisme.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grossman |first=Elizabeth |date=2015-01-15 |title=How Plastics from Your Clothes Can End up in Your Fish |url=http://time.com/3669084/plastics-pollution-fish/ |magazine=Time |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2020-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118092803/https://time.com/3669084/plastics-pollution-fish/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://4ocean.com/blogs/blog/how-long-does-it-take-trash-to-biodegrade|title=How Long Does it Take Trash to Decompose|first=|date=20 January 2017|work=4Ocean|access-date=25 Séptémber 2018|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065338/https://4ocean.com/blogs/blog/how-long-does-it-take-trash-to-biodegrade|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sajebang siklus miwah pemargi mikroplastik ring palemahan durung kauningin, sakewanten tetilikan sané mangkin kelaksananyang antuk nguningin pikobet puniki. [[File:Snap-40.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Serat mikroplastik kaidentifikasi ring palemahan segara]] [[File:Photodegraded Plastic Bag.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kantong plastik fotodegradasi nampek sareng margi pemenékan. Kirang langkung 2.000 lembar 1 nganti 25 mm. 3 sasih kakapar ring jaba.]] ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Palemahan]] [[Kategori:Polusi]] [[Kategori:Plastik]] 9tec7ed2a7txx4l2u0xevfzhgajb5ya 0 6168 281186 258596 2026-08-27T21:48:12Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Goa Gajah | native_name = | native_name_lang = Bali | image = Goa Gajah-Elephant Cave Entrance.jpeg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Goa Gajah | building_type = [[Pura]] | architectural_style = Bali | classification = | location = [[Bedulu, Blahbatuh, Gianyar|désa Bedulu]], [[Blahbatuh, Gianyar|Kecamatan Blahbatuh]], [[Kabupatén Gianyar]], [[Bali]] | address = désa Bedulu, Blahbatuh, Gianyar, Bali | location_city = | location_country = | iso_region = | coordinates = {{coord|-8.523196|115.286613|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_format = | altitude = | current_tenants = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | start_date = | stop_date = | est_completion = | topped_out_date = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = 19 Oktober 1995 (UNESCO heritage site) | parking = | website = | embed = | embedded = | references = | footnotes = }} <onlyinclude>'''Goa Gajah''' inggih punika goa sané kakaryanin ri tatkala jaman purbakala, tur kaanggén dados genah ibadah. Goa puniki magenah ring [[Bedulu, Blahbatuh, Gianyar|désa Bedulu]], [[Blahbatuh, Gianyar|Kecamatan Blahbatuh]], [[Kabupatén Gianyar]], [[Bali]]. Dohnyané kirang langkung 27 kilométer saking [[Kota Dénpasar|Dénpasar]]. Ring tanggal 19 Oktober 1995, goa puniki kacatet olih [[UNESCO]] dados warisan utawi tetamian jagat ring bidang kabudayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ardianto|first=Randy|date=2017-05-13|title=Pemanfaatan Model WRF-ARW Untuk Analisis Fenomena Atmosfer Borneo Vortex (Studi Kasus Tanggal 28 Desember 2014)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/positron.v7i1.19349|journal=POSITRON|volume=7|issue=1|pages=01|doi=10.26418/positron.v7i1.19349|issn=2549-936X}}</ref></onlyinclude> == Pangawitnyané == Wastan Goa Gajah mawit saking wasta "''Lwa Gajah"'' sané pinih kapertama kasengguh ring kria sastra [[Kakawin Nagarakretagama]] sané kasusun olih [[Mpu Prapanca]] (1365 M). Wasta punika kasurat ring pupuh 14/3, sané nlatarang indik wawengkon ring kangin Jawa, sané ngakuin kakuasaan saking Majapahit.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jalil|first=Abdul|date=2016-06-08|title=Dakwah MMI (Mengurai Kekerasan Sosial pada Diskusi di LKiS Yogyakarta)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/balagh.v1i1.44|journal=al-Balagh : Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1|doi=10.22515/balagh.v1i1.44|issn=2527-5682}}</ref> Lwa utawi Lwah (Loh) artosnyané tukad, nika mawinan lWa Gajah madué artos tukad gajah. Tukad sané magenah ring arep candi punika mawasta Tukad Petanu. Wasta Goa Gajah taler mawit saking pahan prarai raksasa sané wénten ring ajeng cangkem goa, sané kabaosang masaih sareng prarai gajah. Wénten taler sané maosang wasta punika kapolihang krana wénten arca Ganesha, déwa maprabhu gajah, ring silih tunggil ceruk ring tengahing goa punika. == Lelintihan == Kawéntenan Goa Gajah sané pinih kapertama, kauningin olih pejabat Hindia Belanda sané mawasta LC. Heyting, ring warsa 1923. Ring warsa 1925 Dr. WF. Stutterheim nglaksanayang panyelehan ring goa puniki. Dinas Purbakala RI sané kapimpin olih J.L Krijgman , nglaksanayang panyelehan tur pénggalian ring warsa 1954 ngantos warsa 1979, ring galah punika katemuang 6 togog anak istri utawi widyadari miwah pancoran yéh sané ring galahé puniki kaprecaya prasida ngicénin kasucian majeng ring anak sané rauh. Ring warsa 1931, Mr. Conrat Spies ngamolihang tetamian sané marupa stupa macabang tiga sané kapahat ring témbok batu sané sampun uug ring dasar Tukad Pangkung. Mawit saking warsa 1950 sasampun [[Badan Purbakala Républik Indonésia]] ngadegang kantor séksi wangunan cabang Bali sané magenah ring Gianyar tur kapimpin olih J.C. Krijgsman, panyelehan ring goa punika malih kaperhatiang. Nika mawinan ring sawatara warsa 1951 utawi 1952 kalaksanayang pénggalian ring palataran arep cangkem goa. Saking pénggalian punika kapolihang fondasi kuno sané mawentuk marepat. Ring warsa punika taler kapolihang retakan ring ajeng goa krana akah saking punyan kamboja sané mentik ring ajeng tebing nampek sareng cangkem goa. Ritatkala kabersihang kapolihang kalih pahan batu, sané kapertama punika pahan saking ajeng prabhun raksasa ring ajeng goa, sané kaping kalih pahan saking ukiran ring témbok goa. Wénten taler pedang sané kakaryanin saking batu padas,pahan saking arca raksasa ring arep goa. == Wentuknyané == Kompléks saking Goa Gajah kapah dados kalih pahan sané utama, ring kaja punika tetamian saking ajahan Siwa, sané kawuktiang saking kawéntenan Trilingga miwah togog Ganesha ring tengahing goa, tur kaanggén genah sembahyang. Kompléks ring kauh Goa Gajah punika wawengkon Tukad Pangkung, sané marupa reruntuhan Buddha mawentuk pajeng sané kasusun 13 miwah stupa macabang tiga sané kapahat ring batu sané ageng. == Kawigunannyané == Situs Goa Gajah kadadosang genah suci tur pusat saking kegiatan agama [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]] miwah [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]] ring masa pamerintahan Dinasti Warmadéwa ring abad ka X-XIV maséhi (400 warsa). Status situs Goa Gajah ring galahé puniki kadadosang genah nglaksanayang kegiatan agama utawi pura tur para kramané ngamaosang dados Pura Goa. == Galeri == <gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:center"> Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Pura Goa Gajah of Olifantsgrot TMnr 20027330.jpg|Goa Gajah Berkas:Gerbang Masuk Area Goa Gajah.jpg|jmpl|Kori ring area Goa Gajah Berkas:Rangda Cave, Bali 1475.jpg|jmpl|Goa Gajah, arep Berkas:Pintu Masuk Goa Gajah.jpg|Kori ring Goa Gajah Berkas:Ubud.GoaGajah.Fountain.Detail.jpg|Pancuran ring Goa Gajah Berkas:Goa Gajah-Bathing Temple-Fountains Close-up.jpeg|Pancuran saking muka Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Badplaats bij de Pura Goa Gajah of Olifantsgrot TMnr 60030419.jpg|Pancuran, ring masa rekonstruksi 1954 Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Badplaats bij de Pura Goa Gajah of Olifantsgrot TMnr 20027325.jpg|Pancuran, sesampun rekonstruksi 1971 Berkas:Goa Gajah, Hindu temple Ubud Bali Indonesia.jpg|Tigang bidadari miwah bidadara ring sisin kolam pancuran, 2014 Berkas:Ganesh (dieu hindou).JPG|Arca Ganesha Berkas:Patung di area Goa Gajah.jpg|Arca raksasa ring arep Goa Gajah </gallery> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/299/ Elephant Cave - UNESCO World Heritage Centre] Accessed 2009-03-06. * {{cite book | last = Pringle | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Pringle (diplomat) | title = [[Bali: Indonésia's Hindu Realm]]; A short history of | publisher = [[Allen & Unwin]] | series = Short History of Asia Series | year = 2004 | doi = | isbn = 1-86508-863-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Davison | first = J. |author2=Nengah Enu |author3=Bruce Granquist |author4=Luca Invernizzi Tettoni | title = Introduction to Balinese Architecture | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoba0000davi | publisher = [[Tuttle Publishing]] | year = 2003 | doi = | isbn = 0-7946-0071-9 }} {{Wikivoyage-inline|Central Bali}} {{commons category|Goa Gajah}} [[Kategori:Pura ring Gianyar]] alpt4rm93vdps8ypq46fwxz5qk66x5o 0 6575 281175 240878 2026-08-27T21:39:39Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Pura Pulaki | native_name = | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = Temple hindouiste de Pura Pulaki - panoramio - Eric Bajart.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = <!-- or | alt = --> | image_caption = Pura Pulaki | map_type = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_size = | map_dot_label = | relief = | former_names = | alternate_names = | etymology = | status = | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = [[Pura]] | architectural_style = [[Undagi Bali|Bali]] | classification = | location = [[Banyupoh, Gerokgak, Buléléng|Banyupoh]], [[Gerokgak, Buléléng|Gerokgak]] [[Kabupatén Buléléng|Buléléng]], [[Bali]], [[Indonésia]] | address = Jl. Singaraja-Gilimanuk, Banyupoh, Gerokgak, Kabupatén Buléléng, Bali 81155 | location_city = | location_country = | iso_region = | coordinates = {{Coord|-8.145668|114.680338|display=inline,title}} | altitude = | current_tenants = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | start_date = | stop_date = | est_completion = 1489 | topped_out_date = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | relocated_date = | renovation_date = | closing_date = | demolition_date = <!-- or | destruction_date = --> | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | landlord = | affiliation = | height = | architectural = | tip = | antenna_spire = | roof = | top_floor = | observatory = | diameter = | circumference = | weight = | other_dimensions = | structural_system = | material = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | structural_engineer = | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | main_contractor = | awards = | designations = | known_for = | ren_architect = | ren_firm = | ren_engineer = | ren_str_engineer = | ren_serv_engineer = | ren_civ_engineer = | ren_oth_designers = | ren_qty_surveyor = | ren_contractor = | ren_awards = | rooms = <!-- or | unit_count = --> | parking = | url = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embed = | embedded = | references = | footnotes = }} '''Pura Pulaki''' silih tunggil [[pura]] sané magenah ring sisi kauh [[Kabupatén Buléléng]], [[Bali]], kasub antuk [[bojog]] miwah dados genah singgah ngaturang bhakti ri tatkala jagi ka Jawi saking sisi kalér. Pura punika kewangun ring duur tanah asah sané kakelilingin batu-batuan. Pura Pulaki punika sinunggil Pura Segara, genah ipun nampek segara. ==Babad== [[File:Macaque a longue queue.jpg|278x278px|thumb|right|Bojog ring Pura Pulaki]] Wewidangan Pulaki sampun katempatin saking galah prasejarah. Mekudang-kudang alat batu sané maasah sekadi kapak katemu ring Pura Melanting, punika pura nampek Pura Pulaki, ring warsa 1987. Wewengkon Pura Pulaki kaperkiraan dados pusat pradaban pre-Hindu sané nganggén genah spiritual ipun sekadi piramid. Georgapi, Batuan ring Pulaki becik keanggén padukuhan, keanggén olih pedagang saking Jawi miwah [[Kepoluan Maluku|Maluku]]. Ring abad ka-14, Pulaki kecatet dados pusat parkembangan sekte [[Vaishnava]].<ref name="babad"/> Ring untat abad ka-15, [[Dang Hyang Nirartha]], [[Brahmin]] saking kerajaan [[Majapahit]] ring Jawi, rauh ring Bali antuk mangajarang kasulinggihan ring Bali. Ida ngewangun makudang-kudang pura ring Bali rumasuk Pura Pulaki ring 1489, warsa Pura Pulaki kawentuk.{{sfn|Pringle|2004|p=65}} Legenda irika nyaritayang, Dang Hyang Nirartha kakawal oleh [[bojog]] saking wana nganti ka genah Pura Pulaki kewangun.<ref name="babad"/> Risampunne, Pura Pulaki nenten kaempon. Ring warsa 1920, [[Pamerentah Kolonial Belanda]] nyewaang wewengkon Pulaki pedagang Cina sané mapesengan Ang Tek What. Wewidangan punika rumasuk pura, risampuné kaambil olih pamerentah Indlnesia ring warsa 1950 taler karestorasi miwah kalindungin.<ref name="babad"/> == Wagian Pura == Pura Pulaki punika pura utama saking pesanakan ring wewidangan ipun. Pura ring wewengkon Pura Pulaki wénten Pura Pemuteran, sané kasub antuk mumbul beheng, Pura Kerta Kawat, miwah Pura Pabean. Pura Pulaki nampek pasisi Gondol.<ref name="babad">{{cite web |url=http://www.babadbali.com/pura/plan/pulaki.htm |title=Pura Pulaki, Tempat Suci Peninggalan Prasejarah |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=Babad Bali |publisher=Yayasan Bali Gelang |access-date=November 24, 2017 |quote= |archive-date=November 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115150856/http://www.babadbali.com/pura/plan/pulaki.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="baliblog">{{cite web|url=http://www.baliblog.com/travel-tips/bali-travel/balinese-culture/temples/important-balinese-temples.html|title=Important Balinese temples|website=Bali Blog|accessdate=November 24, 2017|archive-date=January 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121124522/http://www.baliblog.com/travel-tips/bali-travel/balinese-culture/temples/important-balinese-temples.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sekadi [[pura]] ring Bali, Pura Pulaki kewagi antuk jaba pisan utawi nistaning mandala, jaba tengah utawi madya mandala, miwah jero utawi utamaning mandala.{{sfn|Stuart-Fox|1999|p=47}}{{sfn|Auger|2001|p=98}} ==Pustaka == {{reflist}} === Cingak malih === * [[Pura ring Bali]] === Suratan liyanan === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Auger |editor-first=Timothy |date=2001 |series=Eyewitness Travel Guides |title=Bali & Lombok |location=London |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=0751368709 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Fox |editor-first=James J. |date=1999 |series=Indonésian Heritage |title=Religion and Ritual: Balinese Hindu Temples |last=Stuart-Fox |first=David |location=Singapore |publisher=Archipelago Press |isbn=9813018585 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|date=1999 |title=A Short History of Bali: Indonésia's Hindu Realm |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofba0000prin |last=Pringle |first=Robert |location=Crows Nest |publisher=Allan & Unwin |isbn=1-86508-863-3 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} {{Pura Kahyangan Jagat}} [[Kategori:Pura ring Buléléng|Pulaki]] lyi0g7imvmp1hmeoro6fdbjuzhv4rwc 0 7196 281283 246528 2026-08-27T22:44:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Kakia | fossil_range = [[Devonian]] awal – sané mangkin | image = File:Sand tiger shark near German U-boat.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = [[Kakia macan pasir]] (''Carcharias taurus'') | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Chondrichthyes]] | subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]] | superordo = '''Selachimorpha''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Ordo (biologi)|Ordo]] | subdivision = * '''[[Galeomorphii]]''' ** [[Carcharhiniformes]] ** [[Heterodontiformes]] ** [[Orectolobiformes]] ** [[Lamniformes]] * '''[[Squalomorphii]]''' ** [[Hexanchiformes]] ** [[Squaliformes]] **{{extinct}}[[Protospinaciformes]] ** [[Echinorhinus|Echinorhiniformes]] **[[Squatiniformes]] **[[Pristiophoriformes]] * ?{{extinct}}[[Synechodontiformes]] | synonyms = *Pleurotremata *Selachimorpha }} <!--{{Sharksportal}}--> '''Kakia''' utawi '''Kakya''' silih tunggil sekaa ([[superordo]] '''Selachimorpha''') [[ulam]] ngélah kerangka [[tulang nguda]] sané jangkep <ref name="Budker">{{cite book|last= Budker|first=Paul|title=The Life of Sharks|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|location=London|date=1971|id= SBN 297003070}}</ref>. Ipun meangkihan nganggo lima nganti enem [[hangsangan]] ring sampingné nampék sirah ipun, akéh hangsangan punika mawit antuk [[spésiés]] ipun. Kakia ngelah awak sané kalapis olih kulit ''dermal denticles'' anggo nyaibin kulit ipun saking karusakan olih [[parasit]] miwah antuk wewehan [[dinamika toya]].<ref name="Budker" /> Gigi ipun wénten énggal kagentosin, sané ketus ri tatkala ngalih mangsa ring karangé. Kakya wénten makudang-kudang, wénten spésiés sané agengné atapak asta [[Kakia pigmi]], ''Euprotomicrus bispinatus'', situnggil spésiés saking segara dalem lantang ipun wantah 22&nbsp;cm. Nganti [[Kakia paus]], ''Rhincodon typus'', dados ulam pinih ageng sané prasida tumbuh nganti 12&nbsp;méter, sekadi [[paus]], wantah ngamah [[plankton]] saking saringan ring mulut ipun. [[Kakia banténg]], ''Carcharhinus leucas'', dados spesies pinih kasub mawinan prasida wénten ring toya pakeh taler toya tawar (soroh punika kawéntenang ring [[Danu Nikaragua]], ring [[Amérika Tengah]]) miwah ring [[délta tukad|délta-délta]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Thomas B.|date=1999|title=The Shark Almanac|url=https://archive.org/details/sharkalmanac0000alle_j4g3|location=New York|publisher=The Lyons Press|id= ISBN 1-55821-582-4}}</ref> ==Pustaka== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">{{reflist}}</div> <div class="references-small"> =====Pustaka umum===== * {{cite book|last=Castro|first=Jose|title=The Sharks of North American Waters|url=https://archive.org/details/sharksofnorthame00jose|location=College Station|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|date=1983|id= ISBN 0-89096-143-3}} * {{cite book|last=Stevens|first=John D.|title= Sharks|url=https://archive.org/details/sharks00stev|location= New York|publisher=NY Facts on File Publications|date=1987|id= ISBN 1-858052-49-4}} * {{cite book|last=Pough|first=F. H.|coauthors=Janis, C. M. & Heiser, J. B.|date=2005|title=Vertebrate Life. 7th Ed.|publisher=Pearson Education Ltd.|location=New Jersey|id = ISBN 0-13-127836-3}} </div> ===Pranala jaba=== {{Wikispecies|Selachimorpha}} * [http://www.sharks.org Shark Research Institute] * [http://www.bullgallery.com/2012/06/bull-shark-photo-gallery.html Bull Shark Photos] * [http://www.adoptashark.com Adopt a Shark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403175244/http://www.adoptashark.com/ |date=2007-04-03 }} * [http://www.iemanya.org Shark Conservation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511172401/https://iemanya.org/ |date=2021-05-11 }} * [http://www.geerg.ca Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Education and Research Group] * [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Sharks/ISAF/ISAF.htm The International Shark Attack File] * [http://www.sharktrust.org/sharkconservation.html Shark Trust Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517013702/http://www.sharktrust.org/sharkconservation.html |date=2007-05-17 }} * [http://www.elasmo-research.org ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research] * [http://www.whaleshark.org ECOCEAN Whale Shark Photo-identification Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102171512/http://www.whaleshark.org/ |date=2018-01-02 }} * [https://www.wildlife.de/en/galerie/45/bullshark.html Photographs of sharks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122171351/http://www.jostimages.com/galerie/sharks/index.html |date=2022-11-22 }} * [http://www.robertosozzani.it/Sharks/cont.html Sharks Photo gallery] * [http://www.sharkology.com Sharkology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817184018/https://sharkology.com/ |date=2018-08-17 }} * [http://www.onewhale.com/sharks.htm Shark cartoons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202022954/http://www.onewhale.com/sharks.htm |date=2008-12-02 }} * [http://www.elasmo-research.org/research/checklist_res.htm Lis keanyarin saking sajebag spésiés kakya sané kapanggih] * [http://bite-back.com Bite-Back.com] * [http://www.sharkattackfile.net Global Shark Attack File] * [http://www.oceanconservancy.org/sharks The Ocean Conservancy: Sharks] [[Kategori:Kakia| ]] [[Kategori:Iktiologi]] [[Kategori:Buron]] o07rzvj57uq4q2snzyrb49c00qzw7my 0 7667 281079 143181 2026-08-27T20:10:31Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281079 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Joyopis.svg|thumb|Joystick.]] '''Vidheo gim''' punika pelalian ring anggé [[interaksi]] sareng antarmuka pangango liwat gegambar ring di guna saking piranti vidheo. ==Pustaka== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite web |last=Blodget|first=Henry | date = 12 April 2005 | url = http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/go_east_young_man/2005/04/how_to_solve_chinas_piracy_problem.html | title = How to Solve China's Piracy Problem | publisher = Slate.com | access-date = 12 February 2006 }} * {{cite web|last=Costikyan |first=Greg |year=1994 |url=http://www.costik.com/nowords.html |title=I Have No Words & I Must Design |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812015347/http://www.costik.com/nowords.html |archive-date=12 August 2008 }} * {{Cite book | author = Crawford, Chris | year = 1982 | url = http://library.vancouver.wsu.edu/art-computer-game-design | title = The Art of Computer Game Design | access-date = 2021-10-30 | archive-date = 2015-07-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150702204947/http://library.vancouver.wsu.edu/art-computer-game-design | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | author = Lieu, Tina |date=August 1997 | url = http://www.cjmag.co.jp/magazine/issues/1997/aug97/0897pcgames.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19980112155115/http://www.cjmag.co.jp/magazine/issues/1997/aug97/0897pcgames.html | archive-date = 12 January 1998 | title = Where have all the PC games gone? | publisher = Computing Japan }} * {{cite book |author=Pursell, Carroll |date=2015 |title=From Playgrounds to PlayStation: The Interaction of Technology and Play |url=https://archive.org/details/fromplaygroundst0000purs |place=Baltimore, MD |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press}} * {{cite book |first=Katie|last=Salen | title=The Game Design Reader: A Rules of Play Anthology|url=https://archive.org/details/gamedesignreader0000unse|author2=Eric Zimmerman | year=2005 | publisher=[[The MIT Press]] | isbn=978-0-262-19536-2}} * {{cite web | author = Smuts, Aaron | year = 2005 | url = http://www.contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=299 | title = Are Video Games Art? | access-date = 2021-10-30 | archive-date = 2010-12-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101214025334/http://contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=299 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | author = Winegarner, Beth | date = 28 January 2005 | url = http://www.gamespot.com/news/game-sales-hit-record-highs-6117438 | title = Game sales hit record highs | publisher = Gamespot | access-date = 12 February 2006 }} * {{cite journal | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | date = 1 October 2002 | pages = 395–417 | doi = 10.1080/1362517022000047334 | title = Digital Dinosaurs and Artificial Life: Exploring the Culture of Nature in Computer and Video Games | author = John Wills | journal = Cultural Values (Journal for Cultural Research)| s2cid = 144132612 }} * {{cite book |editor1=Williams, J.P. |editor2=Smith, J.H. |date=2007 |title=The players' realm: studies on the culture of video games and gaming |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Co}} {{Refend}} [[Kategori:Vidheo gim]] [[Kategori:Teknologi]] 06s8doyuf083vhrzhpr2bgkvg9p2s6b 0 7717 281227 66335 2026-08-27T22:13:19Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} [[File:Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg|thumb|220px|{{PAGENAME}}]] '''''Magnavox Odyssey''''' punika [[konsol gim]] komersial pretama. Konsol puniki dirilis ring [[Amérika Serikat]] di Séptémber taun 1972. == Pustaka == * {{cite book |title=[[High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games]] |last1=DeMaria |first1=Rusel |last2=Wilson |first2=Johnny L. |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw Hill/Osborne]] |edition=2nd |date=December 2003 |isbn=978-0-07-223172-4}} * {{cite book |title=[[Replay: The History of Video Games]] |last=Donovan |first=Tristan |publisher=Yellow Ant |date=2010-04-20 |isbn=978-0-9565072-0-4}} * {{cite book |title=Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun |url=https://archive.org/details/atariincbusiness0000gold |last1=Goldberg |first1=Marty |last2=Vendel |first2=Curt |publisher=Syzygy Press |date=2012-11-25 |isbn=978-0-9855974-0-5}} [[Kategori:Konsol gim]] nh9dv8iqqzvrho6gi0luwhebeha1krp 0 7842 281146 54536 2026-08-27T21:16:48Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Oktober 2020}} {{about|the media franchise as a whole|the original 1977 film|Star Wars (film)|other uses}} {{Infobox media franchise | title = ''Star Wars'' | image = Star wars2.svg | imagesize = 220px | caption = The ''Star Wars'' logo | creator = [[George Lucas]] | origin = ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977){{Efn|The film's release was preceded by {{nowrap|[[Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker|its novelization]]}} in November 1976.}} | owner = [[Lucasfilm]] | vgs = * ''[[Star Wars: X-Wing (video game series)|X-Wing]]''<br/>(4 games; 1993-1999) * ''[[Star Wars: Jedi Knight|Jedi Knight]]''<br/>(4 games; 1995-2003) * ''[[Star Wars: Rogue Squadron (series)|Rogue Squadron]]''<br/>(3 games; 1998-2003) * ''[[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (series)|Knights of the Old Republic]]'' (3 games; 2003-) * ''[[Star Wars: Battlefront|Battlefront]]''<br/>(8 games; 2004-2017) * ''[[Lego Star Wars#Video games|Lego Star Wars]]''<br/>(6 games; 2005-2020) * Other [[List of Star Wars video games|Full list]] | books = [[List of Star Wars reference books|List of reference books]] | novels = [[List of Star Wars books|List of novels]] | short_stories = See list of novels | comics = [[List of Star Wars comic books|List of comics]] | strips = See list of comics | magazines = ''[[Star Wars Insider]]'' (1987–) | films = * [[List of Star Wars films#Skywalker saga|Skywalker saga]]<br/>(9 films; 1977–2019) * ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]''<br/>(1 theatrical pilot; 2008) * [[List of Star Wars films#Anthology films|Anthology]]<br/>(2 films; 2016–present) [[List of Star Wars films|Full list]] | tv = *''[[The Mandalorian]]'' (2019) *Untitled Cassian Andor series (TBA) *Untitled Obi-Wan Kenobi series (TBA) | atv = [[List of Star Wars television series#Animated series|{{nowrap|List of animated series}}]] | tv_films = [[List of Star Wars films#Produced for television|List of TV films]] | tv_specials = ''[[The Star Wars Holiday Special|Holiday Special]]'' (1978) | shorts = ''Reflections'' (2018) | plays = | musicals = | rpgs = [[Star Wars role-playing games|List of RPGs]] | radio = [[Star Wars (radio series)|List of radio dramas]] | soundtracks = | music = [[Music of Star Wars|Music]] | toys = [[#Merchandising|Merchandise]] | attractions = [[List of Star Wars theme parks attractions|List of attractions]] }} '''''Star Wars''''' inggih punika opera saking amerika sané kakaryanin olih [[George Lucas]], sané kakawitin antuk [[Star Wars (film)|eponymous 1977 film]] miwah énggal pisan dados budaya pop ring jagate. ==Catetan== {{notelist}} ===Pustaka=== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=RollOut>{{cite web |last=Brooks |first=Dan |title=Star Wars Roll Out, An Adorable New Series of Animated Shorts, Bounces to the Screen - Exclusive |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/star-wars-roll-out |website=StarWars.com |accessdate=August 12, 2019 |date=August 7, 2019}}</ref> }} ===Lis Pustaka=== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title= Once Upon a Galaxy: A Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back |url= https://archive.org/details/onceupongalaxyjo0000arno | last = Arnold | first= Alan | year = 1980 | publisher = Ballantine Books | isbn = 978-0-345-29075-5 | ref = }} * {{Cite book|title= The Annotated Screenplays |url= https://archive.org/details/starwarsannotate0000unse | last = Bouzereau | first = Laurent | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-345-40981-2 | publisher = Del Rey | ref = }} * {{cite book|title= The Secret History of Star Wars |url= https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofs0000mich | last = Kaminski | first = Michael | year = 2008 | origyear = 2007 | publisher = Legacy Books Press | isbn = 978-0-9784652-3-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book|title= The Making of Star Wars, Episode III: Revenge of the Sith | last = Rinzler | first = Jonathan W. | year = 2005 | publisher = Del Rey | isbn = 978-0-345-43139-4 | ref = | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/makingofstarwars0000rinz }} * {{Cite book|title= The Making of Star Wars: The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film (Star Wars)|url= https://archive.org/details/makingofstarwars0000rinz_u4g9| last = Rinzler | first = Johathan W | author-mask = 3 | year = 2007 | publisher = Del Rey | isbn = 978-0-345-49476-4 | ref = harv}} {{refend}} ===Pustaka liyanan=== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title= Star Wars and Philosophy | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YL4Fm_5wbHUC&pg=PP1 | last = Decker | first = Kevin S. | year = 2005 | publisher = Open Court | isbn = 978-0-8126-9583-0}} * {{Cite book | title= The Power of Myth | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2GOIGuh5GJ4C&pg=PR1 |last = Campbell | first = Joseph | year = 1991 | publisher = [[Anchor]] | isbn = 978-0-385-41886-7}} * {{Cite book|title= Star Wars: The Magic of Myth | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5wROWR2Wbv8C&pg=PP1 | last = Henderson | first = Mary | date = 1997 | publisher = [[Bantam Books|Bantam]] | isbn = 978-0-553-10206-2}} * {{Cite book|title= The Science of Star Wars | last = Cavlelos | first = Jeanne | year = 1999 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | isbn = 978-0-312-20958-2 | title-link = The Science of Star Wars (book)}} * {{Cite book|title= Star Wars and History | editor = Nancy R. Reagin, Janice Liedl | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year = 2012| isbn = 978-0-470-60200-3 | title-link = Star Wars and History}} * {{Cite book|title= Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination|url = https://archive.org/details/starwarswheresci0000unse | url-access = registration| publisher = [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] & [[Boston Museum of Science]] | date = October 2005 | isbn = 978-0-7922-6200-8}} {{refend}} ===Pranala jaba=== * {{Official website|http://www.starwars.com/}} * {{Wookieepedia|''Star Wars''}} * [http://www.swgalaxymap.com/download/ ''Star Wars'' Map - 2020 official]; [http://www.swgalaxymap.com/wp-content/uploads/maps/GFFA-high.jpg HiRez]; [http://www.swgalaxymap.com/ WebSite] {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikibooks}} {{Commons}} {{Wikivoyage|Star Wars tourism}} {{George Lucas}} {{Star Wars}} {{Star Wars universe}} {{Star Wars Legends novels}} {{Star Wars canon novels}} {{Star Wars comics}} {{Star Wars games}} {{Navboxes | title =Other ''Star Wars'' related articles | list1 = {{Lucasfilm}} {{Non-canon Star Wars}} {{DisneyConsumer}} {{Disney franchises}} {{Hasbro}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Star Wars| ]] 1rue82kxk0mhtzk20pcfqazitrrcflu 0 7898 281054 280120 2026-08-27T19:49:31Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 14 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Oktober 2020}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Alan Turing | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE|FRS|size=100%}} | image = Alan Turing az 1930-as években.jpg | caption = Turing ring warsa&nbsp;1928 mayusa 16<!-- original source says simply: "AMT aged 16, head and shoulders" --> | birth_name = Alan Mathison Turing | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1912|6|23}} | birth_place = [[Maida Vale]], London, Inggris | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1954|6|7|1912|6|23}} | death_place = {{Nowrap|[[Wilmslow]], Cheshire, Inggris}} | resting_place = Abu kasebar ring taman [[Krematorium Woking]] | death_cause = Ulah pati (kacawang) olih [[kawisa sianida]] | field = {{Plainlist| * [[Logika]] * Matematika * [[Analisis-kripto]] * [[Ilmu Komputer]] * [[Matematika miwah teori Biologi]]<ref name=googlescholar>{{Google scholar id}}</ref>}} | work_institutions = {{Plainlist| * [[Universitas Manchester]] * [[Kode Pameréntah miwah Sekolah Cypher]] * [[Laboratorium Fisik Nasional, Inggris|Laboratorium Fisik Nasional]]}} | education = [[Sekolah Sherborne]] | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Universitas Cambridge]] <!--[[King's College, Cambridge]] doestn't award degrees--> ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]]) * [[Universitas Princeton]] (PhD)}} | doctoral_advisor = [[Alonzo Church]]<ref name="mathgene">{{MathGenealogy|id=8014}}</ref> | doctoral_students = [[Robin Gandy]],<ref name="mathgene"/><ref name=gandyphd>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|title=On axiomatic systems in mathematics and theories in physics|first=Robin Oliver|last=Gandy|year=1953|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245090|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.590164}}|publisher=University of Cambridge|doi=10.17863/CAM.16125|accessdate=9 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152236/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245090|archivedate=9 December 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> [[Beatrice Worsley]]<ref name="bowen19">{{cite chapter| first=Jonathan P. |last=Bowen | authorlink=Jonathan Bowen | chapter=The Impact of Alan Turing: Formal Methods and Beyond | editor-last1=Bowen | editor-first1=Jonathan P. | editor-last2=Liu | editor-first2=Zhiming | editorlink2=Zhiming Liu (computer scientist) | editor-last3=Zhang | editor-first3=Zili | title=Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems. SETSS 2018 | series=[[Lecture Notes in Computer Science]] | volume=11430 | pages=202–235 |year=2019 | publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] | location=Cham | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-17601-3_5 }}</ref> | influences = [[Max Newman]]<ref>[[Ivor Grattan-Guinness|Grattan-Guinness, Ivor]], Chapter 40, ''Turing's mentor, Max Newman''. In {{cite book| author-link1 = Jack Copeland|last1 = Copeland | first1=B. Jack | authorlink2=Jonathan Bowen | last2=Bowen | first2=Jonathan P. | authorlink3=Robin Wilson (mathematician)| last3=Wilson | first3=Robin | last4=Sprevak | first4=Mark | title=The Turing Guide | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-19-874782-6|title-link = The Turing Guide }}</ref> | thesis_title = Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals | thesis_url = https://webspace.princeton.edu/users/jedwards/Turing%20Centennial%202012/Mudd%20Archive%20files/12285_AC100_Turing_1938.pdf | thesis_year = 1938 | signature = Alan Turing signature.svg | known_for = {{Plainlist| * [[Kriptanalisis saking Enigma]] * [[Bukti Turing]] * [[Mesin Turing]] * [[Tes Turing]] * [[Mesin nénten nragya|Mesin nénten kaorganisir]] * [[Pola turing]] * [[Pengurangan turing]] * [[Dasar Kimia Morfogenesis]] }} | prizes = [[Smith's Prize]] (1936) | partner = [[Joan Clarke]]<br/>(matuangan warsa 1941; nénten mawiwaha) | nationality = Inggris }} '''Alan Mathison Turing''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE|FRS}} ({{lekadmati||23|6|1912||7|6|1954|kat=T}}) punika wong [[Britania Agung|Inggris]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The British Library |title=Who was Alan Turing? |access-date=29 July 2019 |url=https://www.bl.uk/people/alan-turing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723191531/https://www.bl.uk/people/alan-turing |archive-date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> matematikawan, [[ilmuwan komputer]], [[logika]]wan, [[kriptoanalisis|cryptanalyst]], pantatwa, miwah [[matematika miwah téori biologi|ahli biologi téoritis]].<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | author=Anon| surname = Turing | othernames = Alan Mathison | id = U243891 | year = 2017 | doi = 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U243891 | edition = onliné [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Turing pinih mingaruhin ring parkembangan [[ilmu komputer téoritis]], ngicen formalisasi konsep [[algoritma]] miwah [[paitungan]] nganggé [[mesin Turing]], sané prasida kaanggap manados model [[komputer tetujon umum]].<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Newman | first1 = M.H.A. | authorlink = Max Newman | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019 | title = Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 253–263 | year = 1955 | jstor = 769256 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sipser|2006|p=137}}</ref> Turing keanggep dados bapak ilmu komputer téoritis miwah [[kawikanan tetironan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Beavers|2013|p=481}}</ref> Menawi pekaryan ipun nenten keakuin mawinan ida rumasuk homoséksual Rikala [[Yuda Jagat II]], Turing mekarya antuk mecatin pamecahan [[sandi]] Jérman, rumasuk paningkatan metode [[Bomba (kriptograpi)|bom]] Polandia sadurung yuda, mesin [[éléktromékanik|éléktromékanis]] sané prasida nemu pangaturan antuk [[mesin Énigma]]. Turing madué pakaryan penting ring mecahang sesuratan kode sané kacegat sané prasida ngaryanang Sekutu menang pantaraning Nazi ring akéh patempuran, rumasuk [[Patempuran Atlantik]], miwah prasida ngawantu yuda.<ref name="bbc-copeland"/> Makudang-kudang wit antuk Winston Churchill nikayang Turing medué kontribusi tunggal pinih ageng antuk kamenangan Sekutu ring yuda pantaraning Nazi Jérman. Menawi, The Churchill Centre miwah penyurat biograpi Turing [[Andrew Hodges]] nikayang nénten wénten bukti dokuménter sané ngewantu paindikan punika.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory |title=Churchill Said Turing Madé the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory |first=Jonathan |last=Schilling |date=8 January 2015 |publisher=The Churchill Centre: Myths |accessdate=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217170510/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory |archive-date=17 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html |title=Part 4: The Relay Race |first=Andrew |last=Hodges |authorlink=Andrew Hodges |publisher=Update to [[Alan Turing: The Enigma]] |accessdate=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120190931/http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html |archive-date=20 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8250592.stm |title=Profile: Alan Turing |first=Clare |last=Spencer |publisher=BBC News |date=11 Séptémber 2009 |quote=Update 13 February 2015 |access-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213095303/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mawinan pikobet [[babad kontrafaktual]], meweh antuk ngecawang efek saking intelijén Ultra ring yuda,<ref>{{cite book | title=A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century | url=https://archive.org/details/centuryofspiesin0000rich | first=Jeffery T. | last=Richelson | authorlink=Jeffrey T. Richelson | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | date=1997 | page=[https://archive.org/details/centuryofspiesin0000rich/page/296 296]}} and {{cite book | first=Guy | last=Hartcup | authorlink=Guy Hartcup | title=The Effect of Science on the Second World War | publisher=Macmillan Press | location=Basingstoke, Hampshire | date=2000 | pages=96–99}}</ref> menawi kacawang pekaryan ipun ngendepang kala yuda ring Éropa luwih kalih warsa miwah nyalametang 14&nbsp;yuta diri.<ref name="bbc-copeland">{{cite news | last=Copeland | first=Jack | authorlink=Jack Copeland | title=Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives' | date=18 Juné 2012 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691 | publisher=BBC News Technology | accessdate=26 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045451/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691 | archive-date=11 October 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Risampuné yuda, Turing mekarya ring [[Laboratorium Fisik Nasional, Inggris|Laboratorium Fisik Nasional]], ring irika ida ngaryaning désain [[Mesin Komputasi Otomatis]]. Mesin Komputasi Otomatis punika silih tunggil désain kapertama antuk komputer medué program sané kasimpen. Ring warsa 1948, Turing sareng [[Laboratorium Mesin Komputasi]] ring [[Universitas Victoria ring Manchester]], ida ngewantu ngembangang [[komputer Manchester]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=231–233}}</ref> miwah mikayunin [[biologi matematika]]. Ida menyurat situnggil makalah nganggén dasar kimia [[morfogénésis]]<ref name=googlescholar/> miwah ngecawang [[jam kimia|berosilasi]] [[réaksi kimia]] sekadi [[réaksi Belousov-Zhabotinsky]], kapertama kacingak warsa 1960-an. Turing ring warsa 1952 katuntut mawinan parilaksana homoséksual, ida polih kaubadin antuk [[kapelesan kimia]], nganggén [[Diethylstilbestrol|DES]], sané dados alternatif tahanan penjara. Turing lebar ring warsa 1954, 16 dina sadurung wanti warsa ipun kaping 42, saking [[kacetik sianida]]. Pameriksaan nikayang ida salah pati, menawi kecatet pinaka bukti punika nénten konsistén sareng kacetik sané nénten buwaka. Ring warsa 2009, risampuné [[kampanye internét]], Perdana Menteri Inggris [[Gordon Brown]] nunas sinampura saking aran Pamréntahan Inggris antuk "parilaksana sané nénten becik majeng ida".<ref name="BBC-pardon">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |title='Alan Turing law': Thousands of gay men to be pardoned |date=20 October 2016 |accessdate=20 October 2016 |publisher=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020125029/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist|30m}} === Sumber pustaka === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = Turing and the Universal Machiné | url = https://archive.org/details/turinguniversalm0000agar | location = Duxford | publisher=Icon | year=2001 | isbn = 978-1-84046-250-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = The government machine: a revolutionary history of the computer | url = https://archive.org/details/governmentmachin0000agar | publisher=MIT Press | year = 2003 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-262-01202-7 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Alexander | first = C. Hugh O'D. | author-link = Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander (circa 1945) | title = Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/gne/gne-000.htm | publisher=The National Archives, Kew, Reference HW 25/1 | ref = {{harvid|Alexander|circa 1945}}}} * {{cite book |last=Beavers |first=Anthony |editor1-first=S. Barry |editor1-last=Cooper|editor2-first=Jan |editor2-last=van Leeuwen |title=Alan Turing: His Work and Impact |publisher=Elsevier |location=Waltham |year=2013 |pages=481–485 |chapter=Alan Turing: Mathematical Mechanist |isbn=978-0-12-386980-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=C9WQbm4ovFoC&pg=PA481 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Beniger | first = James | authorlink = James R. Beniger | title = The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society | publisher=Harvard University Press | year = 1986 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-674-16986-9 | title-link = The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society }} * {{Cite book | last = Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | year = 1864 | publication-date = 2008 | editor-last = Campbell-Kelly | editor-first = Martin | editor-link = Martin Campbell-Kelly | title = Passages from the life of a philosopher | publisher=Rough Draft Printing | isbn = 978-1-60386-092-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bodanis | first = David | author-link = David Bodanis | title = Electric Universe: How Electricity Switched on the Modern World | url = https://archive.org/details/electricuniverse0000boda_a1q6 | year = 2005 |publisher=Three Rivers Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-307-33598-2 | oclc = 61684223}} * Bruderer, Herbert: [http://www.oldenbourg-verlag.de/wissenschaftsverlag/konrad-zuse-und-schweiz/9783486713664 ''Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz. Wer hat den Computer erfunden? Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von Neumann''] Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2012, XXVI, 224 Seiten, {{isbn|978-3-486-71366-4}} * {{Cite book | last = Campbell-Kelly | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Campbell-Kelly | last2 = Aspray | first2 = William | title = Computer: A History of the Information Machiné | publisher = Basic Books | year = 1996 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-02989-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/computerhistoryo00camp }} * {{Cite book | last = Ceruzzi | first = Paul E. | authorlink = Paul E. Ceruzzi | title = A History of Modern Computing | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru | publisher=MIT Press | year = 1998 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London | isbn = 978-0-262-53169-6}} * {{Cite book | last = Chandler | first = Alfred | authorlink = Alfred D. Chandler Jr. | title = The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business | publisher = Belknap Press | year = 1977 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-674-94052-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/visiblehandmanag00chan }} * {{cite journal|last1=Church|first1=Alonzo|authorlink=Alonzo Church|title=An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-mathematics_1936-04_58_2/page/345|journal=[[American Journal of Mathematics]]|volume=58|issue=2|year=1936|pages=345–363|issn=0002-9327|doi=10.2307/2371045|ref=harv|jstor=2371045}} * {{cite book | last = Cooper | first = S. Barry | last2 = van Leeuwen | first2 = Jan | title = Alan Turing: His Work and Impact | url = https://archive.org/details/alanturinghiswor0000coop | year = 2013 | location = New York | publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-12-386980-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite journal | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: Its Origins and Originators | journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 38–45 | year = 2004a |doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2004.26 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book |editor-last = Copeland |editor-first = B. Jack| authorlink = | title = The Essential Turing | year = 2004b | publisher=Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-825079-1 | oclc = 156728127 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Copeland | editor-first = B. Jack | authorlink = | title = Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Enginé | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-856593-2 | oclc = 224640979 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/alanturingsautom0000unse }} * {{Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = | title = Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers | url = https://archive.org/details/colossussecretso0000unse | year = 2006 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-284055-4 | ref = harv }} ** {{Cite book | last = Hilton | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Hilton | year = 2006 | chapter = Living with Fish: Breaking Tunny in the Newmanry and Testery | ref = harv |title=Colussus}} in {{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|pp=189–203}} * {{Cite book | last = Edwards | first = Paul N | title = The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America | url = https://archive.org/details/closedworldcompu0000paul | publisher=MIT Press | year = 1996 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-262-55028-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Gannon | first = Paul | title = Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret | url = https://archive.org/details/colossusbletchle0000gann | place = London | publisher=Atlantic Books | origyear = 2006 | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-84354-331-2 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Hodges | first = Andrew| authorlink = Andrew Hodges | title = Alan Turing : the enigma|location = London | publisher=Burnett Books | isbn = 978-0-09-152130-1 | year = 1983 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hochhuth | first = Rolf | authorlink = Rolf Hochhuth | title = Alan Turing: en berättelse | publisher=Symposion | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-91-7868-109-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Leavitt | first = David | authorlink = David Leavitt | year = 2007 | title = The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer | url = https://archive.org/details/manwhoknewtoomuc0000leav | publisher=Phoenix | isbn = 978-0-7538-2200-5 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Levin | first = Janna | authorlink = Janna Levin | title = A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines | url = https://archive.org/details/madmandreamsoftu0000levi_y7k7 | publisher=Knopf | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4000-3240-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Lewin | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Lewin | title = Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story | url = https://archive.org/details/ultragoestowarse0000lewi | edition = Classic Penguin | series = Classic Military History | year = 1978 | publication-date = 2001 | publisher=Hutchinson & Co | location = London | isbn = 978-1-56649-231-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Lubar | first = Steven | year = 1993 | title = Infoculture | location = Boston, Massachusetts and New York | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 978-0-395-57042-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/infoculturesmith00luba }} * {{Cite journal | last = Mahon | first = A.P. | title = The History of Hut Eight 1939–1945 | publisher=UK National Archives Reference HW 25/2 | year = 1945 | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/hut8/hut8-000.htm | accessdate =10 December 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Oakley | editor-first = Brian | editor-link = Brian Oakley | title = The Bletchley Park War Diaries: July 1939&nbsp;– August 1945 | publisher=Wynné Press | year = 2006 | edition = 2.6 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite journal | last = O'Connell | first = H | last2 = Fitzgerald | first2 = M | title = Did Alan Turing have Asperger's syndrome? | journal=Irish Journal of Psychological Mediciné | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–31 | publisher=Irish Institute of Psychological Mediciné | year = 2003 | issn = 0790-9667 | ref = harv | doi=10.1017/s0790966700007503| pmid = 30440230 }} * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Turing|title=Alan Mathison Turing}} * Petzold, Charles (2008). "[[The Annotated Turing]]: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine". [[Indianapolis]]: Wiley Publishing. {{isbn|978-0-470-22905-7}} * Smith, Roger (1997). ''Fontana History of the Human Sciences''. London: Fontana. * {{Cite book | last = Sipser | first = Michael | title = Introduction to the Theory of Computation | publisher=PWS Publishing | isbn = 978-0-534-95097-2 | year = 2006 | ref = harv }} * Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). ''Computer Power and Human Reason''. London: W.H. Freeman. {{isbn|0-7167-0463-3}} * {{Cite news | last= Turing | first= A.M. |year = 1937 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem | origyear = Delivered to the Society November 1936 | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 42 | pages = 230–65 | doi= 10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 | url = http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/activities/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf | ref= harv }} and {{Cite news| last = Turing | first = A.M. | publication-date = 1937 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem: A correction | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 43 | pages = 544–46 | doi = 10.1112/plms/s2-43.6.544 | year = 1938 }} * {{Cite book | last = Turing | first = Sara Stoney | title = Alan M Turing | publisher=W Heffer | year = 1959}} Turing's mother, who survived him by many years, wrote this 157-page biography of her son, glorifying his life. It was published in 1959, and so could not cover his war work. Scarcely 300 copies were sold (Sara Turing to Lyn Newman, 1967, Library of [[St John's College, Cambridge]]). The six-page foreword by [[Lyn Irvine]] includes reminiscences and is more frequently quoted. It was re-published by Cambridge University Press in 2012, to honour the centenary of his birth, and included a new foreword by [[Martin Davis (mathematician)|Martin Davis]], as well as a never-before-published memoir by Turing's older brother John F. Turing. * {{Cite book | last = Whitemore | first = Hugh | authorlink = Hugh Whitemore | last2 = Hodges | first2 = Andrew | authorlink2 = Andrew Hodges | title = Breaking the code | publisher=S. French | year = 1988}} This 1986 Hugh Whitemore play tells the story of Turing's life and death. In the original West End and Broadway runs, [[Derek Jacobi]] played Turing and he recreated the role in a 1997 television film based on the play made jointly by the BBC and [[WGBH-TV|WGBH, Boston]]. The play is published by Amber Lané Press, [[Oxford]], ASIN: B000B7TM0Q * Williams, Michael R. (1985) ''A History of Computing Technology'', [[Englewood Cliffs]], [[New Jersey]]: [[Prentice-Hall]], {{isbn|0-8186-7739-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Yates |first=David M. |title=Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Science Museum, London|London Science Museum]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-901805-94-2 |oclc=123794619 }} {{Refend}} == Pustaka liyanan == === Artikel === * {{cite journal| year=1950|last=Turing|first=Alan|title=Computing Machinery and Intelligence|journal=[[Mind (journal)|Mind]] |volume=49|issue=236|pages= 433–460 |url=https://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/471/papers/turing.pdf | ref=harv|doi=10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433}} * {{cite journal| title=The Mind and the Computing Machine: Alan Turing and others|journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]] |url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html |editor-first=B. Jack | editor-last=Copeland | ref=harv}} * {{cite journal| title=Alan Turing: Father of the Modern Computer|journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]] |url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article040101.html |editor-first=B. Jack | editor-last=Copeland | ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopaedia |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |editor=Edward N. Zalta|encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Alan Turing |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/ |accessdate=10 January 2011 |edition=Winter 2009 |date=27 August 2007 |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite ODNB|id=36578|title=Turing, Alan Mathison|year=2004|last=Hodges|first=Andrew}} * {{cite journal|last=Gray|first=Paul|date=29 March 1999|title=Computer Scientist: Alan Turing|journal=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html|ref=harv|access-date=4 August 2020|archive-date=19 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html|url-status=dead}} === Pustaka/Buku === * {{Citation |last= Bernhardt |first= Chris |title= Turing's Vision: The Birth of Computer Science |publisher= MIT Press |year= 2017 |isbn= 978-0-262-53351-5 }} * {{cite book| authorlink1=Jack Copeland | last1=Copeland |first1=B. Jack | authorlink2=Jonathan Bowen | last2=Bowen | first2=Jonathan P. | authorlink3=Robin Wilson (mathematician) | last3=Wilson | first3=Robin | last4=Sprevak | first4=Mark | title=The Turing Guide | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date=2017 | isbn=978-0-19-874783-3 | title-link=The Turing Guide }} * {{cite book| title=Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe | url=https://archive.org/details/turingscathedral0000dyso_n1l6 | authorlink=George Dyson (science historian) | first=George | last=Dyson | isbn=978-1-4000-7599-7 | year=2012 | publisher=Vintage }} * {{cite book| authorlink=James Gleick | last=Gleick | first=James | title=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood | location=New York | publisher=Pantheon | date=2011 | isbn=978-0-375-42372-7 | title-link=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood }} * {{cite book| title=Alan Turing: The Enigma| url=https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg_j8m3| year=2014 | first=Andrew | last=Hodges | authorlink=Andrew Hodges | publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | isbn=978-0-691-16472-4 }} (originally published in 1983); basis of the film ''[[The Imitation Game]]'' [[Kategori:Biograpi]] bx2a0101n9e8tfa8x8hrxzqmh2sb7z5 0 8036 281088 273799 2026-08-27T20:16:19Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox |image = Piper retrofractum Pj DSC 1070.jpg |status = |status_system = |genus = Piper |species = retrofractum |authority = Vahl |synonyms =''Piper officinarum'' <small>(Miq.) C.DC.</small> }} '''Tabia bun''' ('''''Piper retrofractum'''''), ring [[basa Inggris]] kauningin antuk ''Balinese long pepper'' utawi ''Javanese long pepper'', silih tunggil tetanduran saking kaluwarga ''[[Piperaceae]]'', woh ipun keanggén lakaran basa-basa, don ipun keanggén [[urab]]. Woh ''Piper retrofractum'' pateh ring rasa tur wentuk ipun sareng [[Tabia bun India]] (''P. longum''). Ring [[Kamboja]], mawasta ដីប្លី (Dei-Phlei) lan, ring [[Thailand]] mawasta ดีปลี (Dee'bPlee). Tetanduran punika wantah rerambatan ageng diameter batang ipun 3–4&nbsp;mm. Don ipun rumasuk [[Glabrousness#Ring botani|glabrous]], [[lanceolate]], sareng pucuk acuminate miwah basis asimetris, kirang langkung lantang 10–12&nbsp;cm miwah jimbar ipun 3–3.5&nbsp;cm. Rambatan duiin ipun rumasuk [[Dioecy#Ring botani|dioecious]], sané lanang 5&nbsp;cm miwah istri kirang langkung 4&nbsp;cm miwah jimbar ipun 0.5–1&nbsp;cm, miwah akehan ovarium nempel ring sumbu. Woh ipun mawentuk bunder miwah kasusun padet ring sumbu.<ref>{{ cite book | first1=Yoshitaka | last1=Tanaka | first2=Nguyen | last2=Van Ke | date=2007 | title=Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden | url=https://archive.org/details/ediblewildplants0000yosh | publisher=Thailand: Orchid Press | isbn=9745240893 | page=[https://archive.org/details/ediblewildplants0000yosh/page/113 113]}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} {{commons|Piper retrofractum}} ===Pranala jaba=== * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PIRE9 Plants Profile for Piper retrofractum (Balinese long pepper)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112125723/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PIRE9 |date=2012-11-12 }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q7504329}} {{Piperales-stub}} tozheowkp43iaboxh0zhdhfmlcmscfp 0 8065 281043 280147 2026-08-27T19:36:19Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Mount Bromo, Java, Indonesia.jpg|jmpl|250px|[[Semeru|Mahameru]] (Semeru) di atas [[Gunung Bromo]], Jawa Timur.]] [[Berkas:East Indonesia Island Chain from ISS.jpg|jmpl|250px|Jawa Timur, Bali, Lombok dan Sumba dari atas satelit, nampak enam gunung berapi aktif]] [[Berkas:Mahameru-volcano.jpeg|jmpl|250px|[[Mahameru]] (Seméru) ring duur [[Gunung Bromo]], Jawa Timur.]] Geografi Indonésia kakasorang olih gunung api sané kawentuk olih zona subduksi pantaraning lempeng Eurasia miwah lempeng Indo-Australia. Makudang-kudang gunung berapi kasub krana letusannyané, minakadi Krakatau sané letusannyané mangaruhan global ring warsa 1883,<ref name="winchester2003">{{cite book|last=Winchester|first=S.|year=2003|title=Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883|url=https://archive.org/details/krakatoadaywo00winc|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=0-06-621285-5|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> letusan supervulkan Gunung Toba sané katarka mamargi 74.000 warsa sané ngawinang kawéntenan musim dingin vulkanik salami nem warsa,<ref name="Oppenheimer2002">{{Cite journal|last=Oppenheimer|first=C.|date=2002|title=Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ≈74 kyr BP?|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002QSRv...21.1593O|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=21|pages=1593–1609|doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00154-8|issn=0277-3791}}</ref> miwah Gunung Tambora antuk letusan pinih ageng sané naenin kacatet ring babad ring warsa 1815.<ref name="Stothers1984">{{cite journal|last=Stothers|first=Richard B.|year=1984|title=The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1984-06-15_224_4654/page/1191|journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]]|volume=224|issue=4654|pages=1191–1198|doi=10.1126/science.224.4654.1191|pmid=17819476|biSMode=1984Sci...224.1191S}}</ref> Gunung api ring Indonésia pinaka pahan saking Sabuk Alpida miwah Cincin Api Pasifik. 150 entri ring daftar ring sor puniki kaklompokang dados nem wewidangan geografis, papat saking punika madué gunung api ring sajeroning busur Sunda. Kalih wewidangan tiosan inggih punika gunung berapi ring Halmahera, rumasuk pulo-pulo vulkanik sané nampek irika, miwah gunung berapi ring Sulawesi miwah Kepulauan Sangihe. Wewidangan sané pinih untat magenah ring satunggal busur vulkanik sareng gunungapi ring Filipina. Gunung api sané pinih aktif inggih punika Kelud miwah Merapi ring Pulo Jawa, sané ngawinang akéh séda ring wewidangan punika. Ngawit warsa 1000 Masehi, Kelud sampun makeplug ping 30, antuk letusan pinih ageng sané madaging kekuatan 5 VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kelut Eruptive History|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=263280&vtab=Eruptions|website=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Institusi Smithsonian]]|language=en|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref> raris Merapi sampun makeplug ping 100.[ Asosiasi Internasional Vulkanologi miwah Kimia Interior Bumi, ngawastanin Merapi pinaka Gunung Api Dasawarsa puniki saking warsa 1995 santukan aktivitas vulkaniknyané sané tegeh pisan. Ring warsa 2012, Indonésia madué 127 gunung berapi aktif sané akéh kramanyané kirang langkung 5 yuta diri. Ngawit 26 Désémber 2004, risampuné linuh ageng miwah tsunami, makasami pola letusan gunung berapi mauwah, minakadi Gunung Sinabung, sané pinih untat meletus duk warsa 1600-an, sakéwanten dumadak aktif malih ring warsa 2010 miwah meletus ring warsa 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/node/186891 |title=Indonesia Miliki 127 Gunung Api Aktif |date=5 2, 2012 |access-date=2014-01-22 |archive-date=2018-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117094451/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/node/186891 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Kelompok Géograpis == === Sumatra === {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Pulau Weh|Weh]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|617|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dtsh|2588000|||SM|format=dmy}}[[Pleistosen]] |{{coord|5.82|N|95.28|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Seulawah Agam|Seulawah Agam]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,810|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1839|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|5.448|N|95.658|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Peuet Sagoe|Peuet Sagoe]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,801|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2000|12|25|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|4.914|N|96.329|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Geureudong|Geureudong]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,885|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1937|format=dmy}} |{{coord|4.813|N|96.82|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kembar|Kembar]] |[[Gunung berapi perisai|perisai]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,245|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dtsh|2588000|||SM|format=dmy}}[[Pleistosen]] |{{coord|3.850|N|97.664|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sibayak]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,212|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1881|format=dmy}} |{{coord|3.23|N|98.52|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sinabung]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,460|m|ft|sortable=on}} |9 Juni 2019 |{{coord|3.17|N|98.392|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Danau Toba|Toba]] |[[supervulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,157|m|ft|sortable=on}} |72000 SM |{{coord|2.58|N|98.83|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Helatoba-Tarutung]] |[[Fumarol]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,100|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dtsh|2588000|||SM|format=dmy}}[[Pleistosen]] |{{coord|2.03|N|98.93|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Imun]] |Nénten kauningang | align="right" |{{convert|1,505|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|2.158|N|98.93|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sibualbuali]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,819|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.556|N|99.255|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Lubukraya]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,862|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.478|N|99.209|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sorikmarapi]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,145|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1986|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|0.686|N|99.539|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Talakmau]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,919|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.079|N|99.98|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sarik-Gajah]] |[[Kerucut vulkanis|kerucut]] | align="right" |Nénten kauningang |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.008|N|100.20|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Marapi]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,891|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2004|8|5|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|0.381|S|100.473|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Singgalang|Singgalang]] |[[Stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,877|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.420|S|100.317|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Tandikat]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,438|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1924|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|0.433|S|100.317|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sago]] |[[Stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,271|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.354|S|100.378|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Talang|Talang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,597|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2005|April|12|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|0.978|S|100.679|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kerinci|Kerinci]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,800|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2004|6|22|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|1.697|S|101.264|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Hutapanjang|Hutapanjang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,021|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|2.33|S|101.60|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sumbing (Sumatra)|Sumbing]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,507|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1921|5|23|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|2.414|S|101.728|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kunyit|Kunyit]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,151|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|2.592|S|101.63|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Pendan|Pendan]] |Nénten kauningang | align="right" |Nénten kauningang |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|2.82|S|102.02|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Belirang-Beriti]] |gabungan | align="right" |{{convert|1,958|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|2.82|S|102.18|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Bukit Daun]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,467|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|3.38|S|102.37|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kaba|Kaba]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,952|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2000|8|22|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|3.52|S|102.62|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Dempo|Dempo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,173|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1994|10|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|4.03|S|103.13|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Patah|Patah]] |Nénten kauningang | align="right" |{{convert|2,852|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|4.27|S|103.30|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Bukit Lumut Balai]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,055|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|4.23|S|103.62|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Besar|Besar]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,899|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1940|April|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|4.43|S|103.67|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Danau Ranau|Ranau]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,881|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|4.83|S|103.92|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sekincau Belirang]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,719|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|5.12|S|104.32|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Suwoh|Suoh]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,000|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1933|7|10|format=dmy}} (4) |{{coord|5.25|S|104.27|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Hulubelu]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,040|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1836|format=dmy}} |{{coord|5.35|S|104.60|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Rajabasa|Rajabasa]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,281|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1798|format=dmy}} |{{coord|5.78|S|105.625|E|type:mountain}} |} ;Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0601|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sumatra|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> === Selat Sunda miwah jawa === {|class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Krakatau]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|813|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2018|12|22|format=dmy}} () |{{coord|6.102|S|105.423|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Pulosari]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,346|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.342|S|105.975|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Karang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,778|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.27|S|106.042|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Kiaraberes-Gagak]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,511|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1939|April|6|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|6.73|S|106.65|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Perbakti]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,699|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.75|S|106.68|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Salak|Salak]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,211|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1938|1|31|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|6.72|S|106.73|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Gedé|Gedé]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,958|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1957|3|13|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|6.78|S|106.98|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Patuha|Patuha]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,434|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.160|S|107.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Wayang-Windu]] |[[kubah lava]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,182|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.208|S|107.63|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Malabar|Malabar]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,343|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.13|S|107.65|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tangkuban Perahu|Tangkuban Perahu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,084|m|ft|sortable=on}} |2 Agustus 2019 (4) |{{coord|6.77|S|107.60|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Papandayan|Papandayan]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,665|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2002|November|11|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.32|S|107.73|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kendang|Kendang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,608|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.23|S|107.72|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kamojang|Kamojang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,730|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dtsh|2588000|||SM|format=dmy}}[[Pleistosen]] |{{coord|7.125|S|107.80|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Guntur|Guntur]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,249|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1847|10|16|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.143|S|107.840|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tampomas|Tampomas]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,684|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.77|S|107.95|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Galunggung|Galunggung]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,168|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1984|1|9|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|7.25|S|108.058|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Telaga Bodas|Talagabodas]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,201|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.208|S|108.07|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Kawah Karaha|Karaha]] |[[fumarol]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,155|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.12|S|108.08|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Cereme|Cereme]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,078|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1951|format=dmy}} |{{coord|6.892|S|108.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Slamet|Slamet]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,432|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1999|5|1|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|7.242|S|109.208|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Kompleks Vulkanik Dieng|Dieng]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,565|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1996|12|31|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|7.20|S|109.92|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sundoro|Sundoro]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,136|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1971|10|29|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.30|S|109.992|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sumbing|Sumbing]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,371|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1730|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|7.384|S|110.070|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ungaran|Ungaran]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,050|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.18|S|110.33|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Telomoyo|Telomoyo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,894|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.37|S|110.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Merbabu|Merbabu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,145|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1797|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.45|S|110.43|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,968|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2013|November|18|format=dmy}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1288101937/mt-merapi-erupts|title=Mount Merapi Erupts|date=18 November 2013|accessdate=2013-11-19|publisher=[[ANTARA]]}}</ref> |{{coord|7.542|S|110.442|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Muria|Muria]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,625|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|160|||SM|format=dmy}} ± 30&nbsp;warsa |{{coord|6.62|S|110.88|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lawu|Lawu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,265|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1885|November|28|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|7.625|S|111.192|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Wilis|Wilis]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,563|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.808|S|111.758|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,731|m|ft|sortable=on}} |13 Pébruari 2014 (4) |{{coord|7.93|S|112.308|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kawi|Kawi]]-[[Gunung Butak|Butak]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,651|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.92|S|112.45|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Arjuno|Arjuno]]-[[Gunung Welirang|Welirang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,339|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1952|8|15|format=dmy}} (0) |{{coord|7.725|S|112.58|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Penanggungan|Penanggungan]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,653|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.62|S|112.63|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Dataran Tinggi Malang|Malang]] |[[maar]] | align="right" |{{convert|680|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.02|S|112.68|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Seméru|Seméru]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,676|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1967|format=dmy}}–2020 berkelanjutan (3) |{{coord|8.108|S|112.92|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Kaldera Tengger|Tengger]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,329|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2004|6|8|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.942|S|112.95|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lamongan|Lamongan]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,651|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1898|2|5|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.979|S|113.342|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lurus|Lurus]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|539|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.73|S|113.58|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Argapura|Iyang-Argapura]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,088|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.97|S|113.57|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Raung|Raung]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,332|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2002|6|2|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.125|S|114.042|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ijen|Ijen]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,799|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1999|6|28|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.058|S|114.242|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Baluran|Baluran]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,247|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.85|S|114.37|E|type:mountain}} |} ;Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0602|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Krakatau|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0603|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Java|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> === Kepulauan Sunda Kecil === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Gunung Merbuk|Merbuk]] |tba | align="right" |{{convert|1,386|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang | - |- |[[Bratan]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,276|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.28|S|115.13|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Batur|Batur]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,717|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1999|3|15|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.242|S|115.375|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Agung|Agung]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,142|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1963|2|18|format=dmy}} (5) |{{coord|8.342|S|115.508|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Rinjani|Rinjani]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,726|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2004|10|1|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.42|S|116.47|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tambora|Tambora]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,722|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1967|format=dmy}} ± 20&nbsp;warsa (0) |{{coord|8.25|S|118.00|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sangeang|Sangeang Api]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,949|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1985|7|30|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|8.20|S|119.07|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Wai Sano]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|903|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.72|S|120.02|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Poco Leok|Poco Leok]] |Nénten kauningang | align="right" |{{convert|1,675|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.68|S|120.48|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ranakah|Ranakah]] |[[kubah lava]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,100|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1991|3|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.62|S|120.52|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Inierie|Inierie]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,245|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|8050|||SM|format=dmy}} |{{coord|8.875|S|120.95|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ine Lika|Inielika]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,559|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2001|1|11|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.73|S|120.98|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ebulobo|Ebulobo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,124|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1969|2|27|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.82|S|121.18|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Iya|Iya]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|637|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1969|1|27|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|8.897|S|121.645|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sukaria|Sukaria]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,500|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.792|S|121.77|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Ndete Napu]] |[[fumarol]] | align="right" |{{convert|750|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.72|S|121.78|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kelimutu|Kelimutu]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,639|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1968|6|3|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.77|S|121.82|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Paluweh|Paluweh]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|875|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1985|2|3|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.32|S|121.708|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Égon|Égon]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,703|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2005|2|6|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.67|S|122.45|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ilimuda|Ilimuda]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,100|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.478|S|122.671|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lewotobi|Lewotobi]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,703|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2003|5|30|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.542|S|122.775|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Leroboleng|Leroboleng]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,117|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2003|6|26|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|8.358|S|122.842|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Riang Kotang]] |[[fumarol]] | align="right" |{{convert|200|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.30|S|122.892|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Iliboleng|Iliboleng]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,659|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1993|6|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.342|S|123.258|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lewotolo|Lewotolo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,423|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1951|12|15|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.272|S|123.505|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ililabalekan|Ililabalekan]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,018|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.55|S|123.38|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Iliwerung|Iliwerung]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,018|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1999|5|22|format=dmy}} (0) |{{coord|8.53|S|123.57|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Batutara|Batu Tara]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|748|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1847|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.792|S|123.579|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sirung|Sirung]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|862|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1970|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.508|S|124.13|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Yersey]] |bawah laut | align="right" |{{convert|-3,800|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.53|S|123.95|E|type:mountain}} |} ;Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0604|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Lesser Sunda Islands|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17|archive-date=2017-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108091629/http://volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0604|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Laut Banda === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Emperor of China]] |[[Gunung api bawah laut|bawah laut]] | align="right" |{{convert|-2,850|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.62|S|124.22|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Nieuwerkerk (gunung api)|Nieuwerkerk]] |[[Gunung api bawah laut|bawah laut]] | align="right" |{{convert|-2,285|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.60|S|124.675|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung api Wetar]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|282|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1699|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|6.642|S|126.65|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Wurlali|Wurlali]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|868|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1892|6|3|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.125|S|128.675|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Teon|Teon]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|655|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1904|6|3|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|6.92|S|129.125|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Nila|Nila]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|781|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1968|5|7|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|6.73|S|129.50|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Serua|Serua]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|641|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1921|9|18|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|6.30|S|130.00|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Manuk|Manuk]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|282|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|5.53|S|130.292|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Banda Api]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|640|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1988|5|9|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|4.525|S|129.871|E|type:mountain}} |} Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0605|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Banda Sea|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> === Sulawesi miwah Kepulauan Sangihe === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Colo (gunung api)|Colo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|507|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1983|7|18|format=dmy}} (4) |{{coord|0.17|S|121.608|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Ambang]] |[[Gunung api kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,795|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1845|||format=dmy}} ± 5&nbsp;years |{{coord|0.75|N|124.42|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Soputan]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,784|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dtsh|2007|10|24}}24–30 10 2007 |{{coord|1.108|N|124.73|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sempu|Sempu]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,549|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.13|N|124.758|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tondano|Tondano]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,202|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.23|N|124.83|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lokon|Lokon]]-[[Gunung Empung|Empung]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,580|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2011|7|15|format=dmy}} |{{coord|1.358|N|124.792|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Mahawu|Mahawu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,324|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1977|November|16|format=dmy}} (0) |{{coord|1.358|N|124.858|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Klabat|Klabat]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,995|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.47|N|125.03|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tongkoko|Tongkoko]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,149|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1880|||format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|1.52|N|125.20|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Ruang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|725|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2002|9|25|format=dmy}} (4) |{{coord|2.30|N|125.37|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Karangetang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,784|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2007|8||format=dmy}} |{{coord|2.78|N|125.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Banua Wuhu]] |[[Gunung api bawah laut|bawah laut]] | align="right" |{{convert|-5|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1919|7|18|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|3.138|N|125.491|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Awu|Awu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,320|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2004|6|2|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|3.67|N|125.50|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Submarine 1922]] |[[Gunung api bawah laut|bawah laut]] | align="right" |{{convert|-5,000|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|3.97|N|125.17|E|type:mountain}} |} Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0606|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sulawesi|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17|archive-date=2006-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230201539/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0606|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0607|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sangihe Islands|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17|archive-date=2006-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230114012/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0607|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Halmahera === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Tarakan (gunung api)|Tarakan]] |[[kerucut piroklastik]] | align="right" |{{convert|318|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.83|N|127.83|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Dukono]] |[[Gunung api kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,335|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1933|8|13|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|1.68|N|127.88|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Tobaru]] |Nénten kauningang | align="right" |{{convert|1,035|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.63|N|127.67|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ibu|Ibu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,325|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2005|5||format=dmy}} (0) |{{coord|1.488|N|127.63|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Gamkonora|Gamkonora]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,635|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2007|7|9|format=dmy}} (?) |{{coord|1.38|N|127.53|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Todoko-Ranu]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|979|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.25|N|127.47|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Jailolo|Jailolo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,130|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.08|N|127.42|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Hiri|Hiri]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|630|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.90|N|127.32|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gamalama]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,715|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2003|7|31|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|0.80|N|127.33|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Tidore]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,730|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.658|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Mare|Mare]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|308|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.57|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Moti|Moti]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|950|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.45|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kie Besi|Kie Besi]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,357|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1988|7|29|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|0.32|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tigalalu|Tigalalu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|422|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.07|N|127.42|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Bukit Amasing|Amasing]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,030|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.53|S|127.48|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Bukit Bibinoi|Bibinoi]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|900|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.77|S|127.72|E|type:mountain}} |} Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0608|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Halmahera|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> == Lis Letusan == {| class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tanggal letusan ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Gunung api ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tanggal berhenti ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |[[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]] ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Karakteristik ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |[[Tsunami|Tsunami]] ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Volume [[Tefrit|tefrit]] ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Korban diri ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Sumber |- | align="center" |{{dts|2010|11|3|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] | align="center" |{{dts|2010|11|8|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,pf,ld,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |138 | align="center" |<ref name="merapi">{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&volpage=erupt|title=Merapi Eruptive History|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-12-19|archive-date=2007-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820155139/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&volpage=erupt|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1990|2|10|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] | align="center" |{{dts|1990|3||format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.13&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |35 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene">{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm|title=Large Holocene Eruptions|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-12-18|archive-date=2012-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117212357/http://volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1983|7|18|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Colo (gunung api)|Colo]] | align="center" |{{dts|1983|12||format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,pf,ph | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |0 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1982|April|5|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Galunggung|Galunggung]] | align="center" |{{dts|1983|1|8|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,pf,lf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.37&nbsp;km³ + | align="center" |68 | align="center" |<ref>{{cite journal|author=Katili, J.A. and Sudradjat, A.|year=1984|title=Galunggung: the 1982-1983 eruption|journal=Volcanology Survei Indonésia|pages=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/indonesia/galunggung.html|title=Galunggung, Java, Indonésia|work=Volcano World|publisher=Department of Geosciences at OrÉgon State University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616143900/http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/indonesia/galunggung.html|archivedate=2008-06-16|accessdate=2006-12-30|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1972|10|6|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] | align="center" |{{dts|1985|3||format=dmy}} | align="center" |2 | align="center" |cv,pf,lf,ld,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.021&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |29 | align="center" |<ref name="merapi" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1966|April|26|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] | align="center" |{{dts|1966|April|27|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,cl,pf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.089&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |212 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1963|3|17|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Agung|Agung]] | align="center" |{{dts|1964|1|27|format=dmy}} | align="center" |5 | align="center" |cv,pf,lf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |1&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |1,148 | align="center" |<ref name="Rampino">{{cite journal|author=Michael R. Rampino and Stephen Self|year=1982|title=Historic eruptions of Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883), and Agung (1963), their stratospheric aerosols, and climatic impact|url=https://archive.org/details/quaternary-research_1982-09_18_2/page/127|journal=Quaternary Research|volume=18|issue=2|pages=127–143|bibcode=1982QuRes..18..127R|doi=10.1016/0033-5894(82)90065-5}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1951|8|31|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] | align="center" |{{dts|1951|8|31|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,cl,pf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.2&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |7 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1930|11|25|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] | align="center" |{{dts|1931|9||format=dmy}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |cv,rf,pf,lf,ld,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.0017&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |1,369 | align="center" |<ref name="merapi" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1919|5|19|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] | align="center" |{{dts|1919|5|20|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,cl,pf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.19&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |5,110 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1892|6|7|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Awu|Awu]] | align="center" |{{dts|1892|6|12|format=dmy}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |cv,pf,lm | align="center" |ya | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |1,532 | align="center" |<ref name="awu">{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0607-04=&volpage=erupt|title=Awu's Eruptive History|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-12-31|archive-date=2007-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707110803/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0607-04=&volpage=erupt|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1883|8|26|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Krakatau|Krakatau]] | align="center" |{{dts|1884|2||format=dmy}} | align="center" |6 | align="center" |cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc | align="center" |15–42&nbsp;m | align="center" |5–8.5&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |36,600 | align="center" |<ref name="Rampino" /><ref name="winchester2003"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=B.H. Choi, E. Pelinovsky, K.O. Kim and J.S. Lee|year=2003|title=Simulation of the trans-oceanic tsunami propagation due to the 1883 Krakatau volcanic eruption|url=http://iri.ldeo.columbia.edu/~lareef/tsunami/nhs-3-321.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences|volume=3|issue=5|pages=321–332|doi=10.5194/nhess-3-321-2003|access-date=2020-07-22|archive-date=2006-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912023833/http://iri.ldeo.columbia.edu/~lareef/tsunami/nhs-3-321.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1872|April|15|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] | align="center" |{{dts|1872|April|21|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,pf | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.33&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |200 | align="center" |<ref name="merapi" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1856|3|2|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Awu|Awu]] | align="center" |{{dts|1856|3|17|format=dmy}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |cv,pf,lm | align="center" |ya | align="center" |0.51±0.50&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |2,806 | align="center" |<ref name="awu" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1822|10|8|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Galunggung|Galunggung]] | align="center" |{{dts|1822|12||format=dmy}} | align="center" |5 | align="center" |cv,pf,ld,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |1&nbsp;km³ + | align="center" |4,011 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1815|April|10|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Tambora|Gunung Tambora]] | align="center" |{{dts|1815|7|15|format=dmy}} | align="center" |7 | align="center" |cv,pf,cc | align="center" |1–2&nbsp;m | align="center" |160&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |71,000+ | align="center" |<ref name="Stothers1984"/><ref name="Oppenheimer2003">{{cite journal|last=Oppenheimer|first=Clive|year=2003|title=Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_progress-in-physical-geography_2003-06_27_2/page/230|journal=Progress in Physical Geography|volume=27|issue=2|pages=230–259|doi=10.1191/0309133303pp379ra}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1812|8|6|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Awu|Awu]] | align="center" |{{dts|1812|8|8|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,pf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.55±0.50&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |963 | align="center" |<ref name="awu" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1772|8|12|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Papandayan|Papandayan]] | align="center" |{{dts|1772|8|12|format=dmy}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |cv,ph | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |2,957 | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.orÉgonstate.edu/education/facts/deadly_volcs.html|title=The Deadliest Eruptions|work=Volcano World|publisher=Department of Geosciences at OrÉgon State University|accessdate=2009-03-15}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1672|8|4|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] | align="center" |{{dtsh|1672||}}nénten kauningin | align="center" |3 | align="center" |cv,pf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |3,000 | align="center" |<ref name="merapi" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1586|||format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] | align="center" |{{dtsh|1586||}}nénten kauningin | align="center" |5 | align="center" |cf,cl,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |1&nbsp;km³ + | align="center" |10,000 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dtsh|74000|||SM}}≈ 74,000 [[Sebelum Masehi|SM]] | align="center" |[[Danau Toba|Toba]] | align="center" |{{dtsh|74000|||SM}}nénten kauningin | align="center" |8 | align="center" |pf,lf,cc | align="center" |mungkin | align="center" |2,800&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |hampir memusnahkan populasi manusia | align="center" |<ref name="Oppenheimer2002"/> |} Jumlah korban diri masumber saking Survei Vulkanologi Indonésia,<ref name="vsi">{{cite web|url=http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/|title=Centre of Volcanology & Geological Hazard Mitigation|publisher=Volcanological Survey of Indonésia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216081307/http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/|archivedate=2006-12-16|accessdate=2006-12-31|url-status=live}}</ref> lanTanguy et al. (1998).<ref>{{cite journal|author=J.-C. Tanguy, Ch. Ribière, A. Scarth and W.S. Tjetjep|year=1998|title=Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/8bn1re4crce6yr8r/|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology|volume=60|issue=2|pages=137–144|bibcode=1998BVol...60..137T|doi=10.1007/s004450050222}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> cutetan: cv= letusan ventilasi sentral, pf=[[Aliran piroklastik|aliran piroklastik]], lf=[[Aliran lava|aliran lava]], lm=[[Lumpur|lumpur]] [[Lahar|lahar]], cl=letusan [[Danau kawah|danau kawah]], ph=[[Letusan freatik|letusan freatik]], ld=[[Kubah lava|ekstrusi kubah lava]], cc=[[Kaldera|keruntuhan kaldera]], se=[[Gunung api bawah laut|letusan bawah laut]], fa=[[Fumarol|aktivitas fumarol]], rf=letusan celah radial. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cingak malih === * [[Gunung Api ring Indonésia]] * [[Lis linuh Indonésia]] * [[Lis Gunung Api]] === Pranala jaba === * {{Id}}[http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/ Volcanological Survey Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615045156/http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/ |date=2006-06-15 }} * {{En}}[http://www.indovolcano.com/ Indonesian Volcanoes and mountains of Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203085814/http://www.indovolcano.com/ |date=2021-02-03 }} [[Kategori:Gunung ring Indonésia|*]] [[Kategori:Lis Gunung|*]] [[Kategori:Gunung Api ring Indonésia|*]] [[Kategori:Lis gunung Api|*]] 2balgrxu2txumqg068q4mgp22abddmi 0 8187 281284 280174 2026-08-27T22:45:12Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Désémber 2020}} [[File:Balai Basarah Induk Intan Kaharingan Muara Teweh.JPG|thumb|Balai Basarah genah maturan Kaharingan]] '''Kaharingan''' silih tunggil [[agama tradisional]] sané keanut oleh akéh [[wong Dayak|Dayak]] ring [[Kalimantan]], [[Indonésia]]; khusus nyané ring Kalimantan Tengah, menawi akéh sané ngegingsir dados [[Agama Kristen|Kristen]] utawi [[Islam]]. Kacawang akéh wong Dayak sané ngemargiang tradisi agama Kaharingan, menawi sering nikayang dané nyarengin situnggil [[agama ring Indonésia]] sané keakuin mangda nénten keni diskriminasi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/world/asia/borneo-tribe-practices-its-own-kind-of-hinduism.html|title=Borneo Tribe Practices Its Own Kind of "Hinduism"|last=Belford|first=Aubrey|date=2011-09-25|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Konsep "Pemargi Urip", miwah sistem kapercayaan puniki ngecangkup konsep akéh déwa taler wénten situnggal déwa pinih duur—wiyadin wénten hasil saking menuhin kaperluan antuk "Satu Tuhan Yang Maha Esa" (Ketuhanan Sané Maha Esa), sané sila kapertama ring ideologi negara Indonésia [[Pancasila]]. Pengaruh [[Agama Hindu|Hindu-Jawa]] kawéntenang ring iriki, taler pameréntah Indonésia ngenyingakin punika [[Hindu tradisional]] mawinan pamerentah Indonésia wantah mingakuin [[Agama ring Indonésia|enem agama resmi]], miwah Kaharingan nénten situnggil saking nika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Belford|first=Audrey|title=Borneo Tribe Practices Its Own Kind of Hinduism|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/world/asia/borneo-tribe-practices-its-own-kind-of-hinduism.html?pagewanted=all&action=click&module=Search&region=searchResults%230&version=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fsearch%2Fsitesearch%2F%3Faction%3Dclick%26region%3DMasthead%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26module%3DSearchSubmit%26contentCollection%3DHomepage%26t%3Dqry62%23%2FDayak|accessdate=1 March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=Séptémber 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CQZ_AAAAMAAJ&q=Kaharingan+hindu Anthropos, Volume 102, Issue 2], Österreichische Leo-Gesellschaft, Görres-Gesellschaft, Anthropos Institute; Zaunrith'sche Buch-, Kunst- und Steindruckerei, 2007, ''... It is remarkable to see how positive and self-conscious Kaharingans currently are in their interior villages. "We are Hindus," they proclaim. Likewise, people in Palangla Raya are proud of being part of a Hindu world community ...''</ref> Upacara utama Kaharingan punika upacara ''[[Tiwah]]'', dudonan upacara ipun kamargiang asasih, ring karya punika akéh nagturang yadnya beburon sekadi kebo, sampi, bawi, taler ayam, keaturang majeng atma, pitara miwah déwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Greer|first=Charles Douglas|title=Religions of Man: Facts, Fibs, Fears and Fables|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781438908311|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=Bloomington, IN|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781438908311/page/135 135]|isbn=978-1-4389-0831-1}}</ref> Genah maturan ipun kewastanin ''Balai Basarah'' utawi ''Balai Kaharingan'' taler situnggil kitab suci kauningin antuk Panaturan, ''Talatah Basarah'' (kelompok maturan) miwah ''Tawar'' (pinaka ngerereh wantuan ''Ranying Hatalla Langit'' utawi Tuhan taler para [[Pitara]], dané ngaturang beras).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/world/asia/borneo-tribe-practices-its-own-kind-of-hinduism.html|title=Borneo Tribe Practices Its Own Kind of Hinduism|last=Belford|first=Aubrey|date=2011-09-25|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baier|first=Martin|date=2007|title=The Development of the Hindu Kaharingan Religion: A New Dayak Religion in Central Kalimantan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anthropos_2007_102_2/page/566|journal=Anthropos|volume=102|issue=2|pages=566–570|issn=0257-9774|jstor=40389742|doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2007-2-566}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{reflist}} ==Cingak malih== {{Div col}} *[[Anito]] *[[Babaylan]] *[[Genius loci]] *[[Kami]] *[[Kupua]] *[[Moai]] *[[Nuku-mai-tore]] *[[Taotao Mona]] *[[Tiki]] *[[Yōkai]] *[[Shinto]] {{div col end}} == Pranala jaba == * [http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_411.html#2195 ''Kaharingan entry on adherents.org''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403113901/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_411.html#2195 |date=2009-04-03 }} * [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40389742?uid=3738672&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21102103913223 ''The Development of the Hindu Kaharingan Religion''] * [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5087453W/Kepercayaan_Kaharingan_pada_suku_Dayak_%28suku_terasing%29_dipedalaman_Kalimantan_Selatan ''Kepercayaan Kaharingan pada suku Dayak (suku terasing) di pedalaman Kalimantan Selatan''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130730184401/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/443/tanjung-puting-national-park-re-introducing-orang-utans-to-the-wild/article/238/the-hindu-kaharingan-faith-of-the-dayaks-and-local-wisdom-to-preserve-precious-rainforests The hindu-kaharingan ''faith of the dayaks and local wisdom to preserve precious rainforests''] * [[:id:Hindu Kaharingan|Hindu Kaharingan]] * [http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/KATKAH/kaharingan.php Kaharingan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726030928/https://indahnesia.com/indonesia/KATKAH/kaharingan.php |date=2020-07-26 }} [[Kategori:Agama tradisional]] [[Kategori:Hindu ring Indonésia]] g7nc907vej4plyvnz0au46knxnesejh 0 11494 281097 113774 2026-08-27T20:21:33Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Nopémber 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Nikola Tesla | native_name = Никола Тесла | image = N.Tesla.JPG | alt = Potrek Nikola Tesla, lanang berag makumis antuk rai berag miwah lalentek lancip. | caption = Tesla {{circa|1896}} | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1856|7|10|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Smiljan]], [[Kaprabon Austria]] (mangkin [[Kroasia]]) | death_date = {{Death date and age|1943|1|7|1856|7|10|df=yes}} | death_place = [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | citizenship = <!-- nationality -->Austria (1856–1891)<br />Amérika {{No wrap|(1891–1943)}} | resting_place = [[Museum Nikola Tesla]]<br/>[[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] | education = [[Graz University of Technology]] (putus sekolah) | module = {{Infobox engineering career | discipline = [[Undagi kalistrikan]]<br/>[[Undagi Mesin]] | institutions = | practice_name = | employer = | significant_projects = {{plainlist| * [[Arus bolak-balik]] * terilikan arus mategangan duur miwah frekuensi duur }} | significant_design = {{collapsible list |title= {{nbsp}} |{{plainlist| * [[Montor AC]] * [[Sundih tombol karbon]] * [[Sunar X]] * [[Montor induksi]] * [[Bola plasma]] * [[Sundih plasma]] * [[Sistem polifase]] * [[Kontrol radio]] * [[Kopling induktif resonan]] * [[Médan magnet mapiteh]] * [[Teleforce]] * [[Telegeodinamika]] * [[Teleoperation]] * [[Kumparan Tesla]] * [[Stasiun Tetilikan Tesla]] * [[Oskillator Tesla]] * [[Turbin Tesla]] * [[Katup tesla]] * [[Torpedo]] {{sfn|Jonnes|2004|p=355}} * [[Kapasitor variabel vakum]] * [[Sunar ungu]] * [[VTOL]] * [[Tower Wardenclyffe]] * [[Transfer arus nirkabel]] * [[Sistem Nirkabel Gumi]] }} <!-- plainlist --> }} <!-- collapsible --> | significant_advance = | significant_awards = {{collapsible list |title= {{nbsp}} |{{plainlist| * [[Order of St. Sava]], II Class, Pameréntah Serbia (1892) * [[Elliott Cresson Medal]] (1894) * [[Order of Prince Danilo I]] (1895) * [[Edison Medal]] (1916) * [[Order of St. Sava]], I Class, Pameréntah Yugoslavia (1926) * [[Order of the Yugoslav Crown]] (1931) * [[John Scott Medal]] (1934) * [[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)|Order of the White Eagle]], I Class, Pameréntah Yugoslavia (1936) * [[Order of the White Lion]], I Class, Pameréntah Cékoslowakia (1937) * University of Paris Medal (1937) * The Medal of the University St Clement of Ochrida, [[Sofia, Bulgaria]] (1939) }} <!-- plainlist --> }} <!-- collapsible --> }} <!-- Infobox engineering career --> | signature = Nikola Tesla signature 1900.svg }} '''Nikola Tesla''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛ|s|l|ə}}; {{lang-sr-cyr|Никола Тесла}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/tesla "Tesla"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA-sh|nǐkola têsla|pron}};{{efn|{{wikt-lang|sh|тесла}} keuna punika ring Serbia meartos ''[[adze]]'' miwah prasida manados pesengan antuk jatma sané mekarya, sekadi, [[undagi taru]]. Menawi, ring kasus Nikola Tesla, wastan untat kacawang saking wastan tradisional antuk anggota silih tunggil kepahan kaluwarga Draganić mawinan ceciren sané kawarisang marupa untu arep sané ngonjol miwah linggah marupa wilah kapak.<ref>[[John Joseph O'Neill (journalist)|John Joseph O'Neill]] (1944), ''[[Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla]]'', Chapter One</ref>}} 10 Juli 1856&nbsp;– 7 Januari 1943) punika [[Serbia-Amérika]]<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE NATIONALITY OR ETHNICITY; SEE Talk:Nikola Tesla/Nationality and ethnicity -->{{sfn|Burgan|2009|p=9}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Electrical pioneer Tesla honoured|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5167054.stm|work=BBC News|accessdate=20 May 2013|date=10 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|title=No, Nikola Tesla's Remains Aren't Sparking Devil Worship In Belgrade|date=9 June 2015|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/tesla-remains-sparking-devil-worship-in-belgrade/27062700.html}}</ref> [[pangripta]], [[insinyur listrik]], [[undagi mesin|insinyur mesin]], miwah [[futuris]] kasub mawinan kontribusi nyané ring désain sistem [[arus bolak-balik]] (AC) [[pasokan listrik]] modérn.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laplante|first=Phillip A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soSsLATmZnkC|title=Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering 1999|page=635|publisher=Springer|year=1999|isbn=978-3-540-64835-2 }}</ref> Embas miwah gedé ring [[Kaprabon Austria]], Tesla melajah undagi miwah fisika ring warsa 1870-an antuk tan pagelar, polih kawikanan praktisi ring pemahbah warsa 1880-an makarya ring [[teleponi]] miwah ring Continental Edison ring [[industri tenaga listrik]]. Warsa 1884 ida mamigrasi ring Amérika Serikat, ida manados warga negara sané manaturalisasi. Ida mekarya antuk galah cendek ring [[Mesin Edison]] rinh New York City sadurung ida makarya soang-soang. Saking wantuan mitra antuk nawurin miwah ngamasarang kawikanan ipun, Tesla ngewangun laboratorium miwah pautsahan ring New York antuk ngawedhar makudang-kudang piranti listrik miwah mekanik. Paten AC [[arus bolak-balik]] (AC) [[montor induksi]] miwah [[sistem polifase|polifase]], kalisensi olih [[Pautsahaan Westinghouse Electric|Westinghouse Electric]] ring warsa 1888, sané sampun ngicayang jinah akéh miwah manados sistem polifasé sané untat kapasarang olih pautsahaan punika. Ngabecikang tetilikan ipun, ida prasida ngepatenang miwah ngadol, Tesla matetilikan ring osilator/generator mekanis, tabung pelepasan listrik, miwah pengawit panggambaran sunar-X. Ida taler membangun kapal ''wireless'', sané kapertama kacingakang. Tesla kasub manados patilik miwah nyingakang pakaryan ipun majeng sélébriti miwah pelanggan sugih ring lab nyané, taler kasub mawinan kawikanan ipun ring kuliah umum. Warsa 1890-an, Tesla matetilikan antuk panyunaran nirkabel miwah distribusi tenaga listrik nirkabel ring sajebag guminé ring tegangan tinggi, tetilikan daya frekuensi tinggi ring New York miwah [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]]. Ring warsa 1893, ida nikayang indik prasida [[mebaosan nirkabel]] nganggén piranti ipun. Tesla nyoba manah ipun antuk aluh ring proyék [[Wardenclyffe Tower]] sané nénten puput, komunikasi nirkabel riantara benoa miwah pamancar daya, menawi ida kirangan jinah sadurung muputang proyék punika.<ref name="tsteslatower">{{cite web|title=Tesla Tower in Shoreham Long Island (1901 - 1917) meant to be the 'World Wireless' Broadcasting system|url=http://www.teslasociety.com/teslatower.htm|publisher=Tesla Memorial Society of New York|accessdate=3 June 2012}}</ref> Sesampun Wardenclyffe, Tesla matetilikan antuk ring 1910-an miwah 1920-an antuk makudang tingkat kahasilang. Sesampun akéh jinah ipun, Tesla meneng ring makudang-kudang hotel ring New York, ninggalang utang sané durung katawur. Ida seda ring New York City pinanggal 7 Januari 1943.<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Shei|first=Tim|title=Marconi and Tesla: Pioneers of Radio Communication|url=https://archive.org/details/marconiteslapion0000oshe|year=2008|publisher=MyReportLinks.com Books|isbn=978-1-59845-076-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/marconiteslapion0000oshe/page/106 106]}}</ref> Pakaryan Tesla nénten wénten sané ngaweruhin, nganti 1960, ri kala [[Konferensi Umum antuk Bobot miwah Sikut]] ngaranin [[satuan SI]] saking [[karapatan fluks magnet]] [[tesla (satuan)|tesla]] antuk ngahormatin ida.<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to the Tesla Memorial Society of New York Website|url=http://www.teslasociety.com/mri_digest.htm |publisher=Tesla Memorial Society of New York|accessdate=3 June 2012}}</ref> Pakaryan-pakaryan Tesla kasub malih ring warsa 1990-an.<ref>{{harvnb|Van Riper|2011|p=150}}</ref> ==Cutetan== {{Notelist}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} 3kgt2x46jm4gjfzxl9o84lnb6vol886 0 11528 281171 270197 2026-08-27T21:36:32Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dance | name = Gambuh | native_name = | native_name_lang = | etymology = | image = 09 05 07 ngayah GAMBUH Batuan ( 2007 — PICs ) — 11 arya.jpg | alt = 270px | caption = Balih-balihan Gambuh sané ngambarang arya | genre = Dramatari | signature = | instruments = | inventor = | year = Abad ka-11 | origin = [[Indonésia]] }} '''Gambuh''' punika wangun kuna drama tari [[Bali]], sané sampun wénten ring abad ka-11, wit sasolahan puniki pinaka rangkepan sesolahan Jawa miwah Bali. Kairingin olih [[gamelan]] gambuh. Gambuh mawit saking kruna ''Gam'' maartos mamargi, miwah ''Bhu'' maartos bupati utawi raja, punika mawinan gambuh maartos pamargi bupati utawi raja.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.isi-dps.ac.id/berita/pasang-surut-gambuh-pedungan-di-tengah-laju-budaya-global-2/ |title=Pasang Surut Gambuh Pedungan di Tengah Laju Budaya Global |author=I Nengah Sarwa miwah Wardizal |publisher=ISI Denpasar |access-date=14 Oktober 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kanikayang dramatari puniki manados sumber saking kasenian sesolahan miwah gamelan ring Bali.<ref name=balix>{{citation |title=Gambuh, Sumber Tari Bali yang Luluh Digerus Zaman |url=https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/read/2018/04/29/68923/gambuh-sumber-tari-bali-yang-luluh-digerus-zaman |publisher=Bali Express |date=29 Agustus 2018 |access-date=14 Oktober 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sadurungné wantah kasolahang olih para lanang, mawinan sesolahan puniki kamargiang ring Pura, taler nénten akéh sané prasida manados pragina ri kala wénten anak istri sané [[cuntaka]]. Sané mangkin sampun akéh anak istri sané prasida taler sareng ring dramatari puniki, manawi ngrereh pragina anyar sané jagi nerusang kantun méweh mawinan sang pragina patut prasida ngartos miwah mabaosan [[basa Kawi]].<ref>{{citation |title=Pementasan Tari Gambuh Kedisan Ditengah Sulitnya Mencari Generasi Penerus |url=https://www.balipost.com/news/2018/06/28/48987/Pementasan-Tari-Gambuh-Kedisan-Ditengah...html |publisher=Bali Post |date=28 Juni 2018 |access-date=14 Oktober 2020}}</ref> Ring warsa 2015, Dramatari Gambuh kadadosang ''Warisan Budaya Tak Benda''. <ref name=WBTB>{{citation |title=Dramatari Gambuh |url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailTetap=245 |publisher=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya |access-date=14 Oktober 2020}}</ref> ==Lelintihan== '''Gambuh''' punika silih tunggil wentuk pinih kuna ring seni balih-balihan Bali,<ref name="Oxford">{{citation |title=Gambuh |work=Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance | volume=1 | editor=Dennis Kennedy | publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 | page=495 }}</ref><ref name="Bandem">{{citation |jstor=834127 |title=Gambuh: A Classical Balinese Dance-Drama in ''Asian Music''|author=I Madé Bandem and Fredrik deBoer |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1978 |volume=10 |pages=115–127}}</ref><ref name="Tenzer"/> Kruna Gambuh kapertama kabaosang ring [[lontar Candra Sengkala]] nganggén [[Basa Kawi]] sané nganikayang<ref name=ptsuardana/> {{cquote|''Sri Udayana suka angetoni wang Jawaa mengigal, sira anunggalaken sasolahan Jawa mwang Bali, angabungaken ngaran Gambuh, kala iḉaka lawangngapit lawang'' Artos ipun: Sri Udayana seneng nyingakin wong Jawa masolah sané ngejangkepang sesolahan Jawa sareng sesolahan Bali, jangkepan punika kaaranin Gambuh, ring warsa ḉaka 929 utawi warsa 1007 Maséhi.|source=lontar Candra Sengkala}} Sumber liyané sané nikayang Gambuh ring [[Babad Dalem]], inggih punika<ref name=ptsuardana>{{citation |url=http://blog.isi-dps.ac.id/ptsuardana/tari-gambuh |title=Tari Gambuh |author=Putu Suardana |publisher=ISI Denpasar |access-date=10 Oktober 2020 |date=20 Maret 2018 |archive-date=2020-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014200717/http://blog.isi-dps.ac.id/ptsuardana/tari-gambuh |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{cquote|''Puput kedaton ring Samprangan, kedatwanira Dalem Wawu Rawuh, wangun Gambuh paara aryeng Majapahit ring Bali, sunia buta segara bumi''. Artos ipun : Puput kraton ring Samprangan punika manados kraton saking Dalem Wawu Rawuh, karipta satunggal Gambuh olih para arya Majapahit sané meneng ring Bali ring warsa ḉaka 1350 utawi warsa 1428 Maséhi|source=Babad Samprangan}} Saking aab [[Majapahit#Pudar|Majapahit untat]] (sawatara abad ka-15) akédik uwahan Gambuh sané kauningin.<ref name="Bandem"/><ref name="Susilo">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/cseas/pubs/explore/v1n2-art5.html |title=Gambuh: A Dance-Drama of the Balinese Courts in Explorations in ''Southeast Asian Studies: A Journal of the Southeast Asian Studies Student Association'', Vol 1, No. 2, Fall 1997 |author=Emiko Susilo |publisher=University of Hawai'i Southeast Asian Studies Student Association |year=1997 |access-date=2011-04-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604033810/http://www.hawaii.edu/cseas/pubs/explore/v1n2-art5.html |archive-date=2010-06-04 |df= }}</ref>{{cquote|ri kala tari-drama Majapahit rauh ring Bali, dané polih swadharma anyar ngalestariang tradisi dinasti sané runtuh|author=Emiko Susilo<ref name="Susilo"/>}} Daweg punika Gambuh punika wagian anyar saking seni balih-balihan Bali sané mingaruhin wentuk drama tari, sekadi [[Tari Topeng]] miwah Dramatari [[Arja]].<ref name="Susilo"/> Mabad-abad seni puniki kadukung miwah kalindungin puri-puri ring Bali, ring galah punika Gambuh polih galah mas nyané. Rikala sistem puri runtuh ring [[Badbad Bali#Padudukan Belanda ring nusa Bali|yuda sareng Belanda]], dukungan puniki rusak miwah akéh seni gambuh ical. Sekadi akéh kesenian liyané sané duk sané lintang wantah polih kalindungin krajaan, Gambuh polih dukungan krama nyané kasolahang ring upacara ring pura.<ref name="Oxford"/> Mawinan sistem puri sampun runtuh, gambuh puniki nénten wénten sané ngaryanin pakem miwah uger-uger nyané, selanturné désa sané sekaa gambuh nyané kantun aktip, meduwé pakem, uger-uger miwah pabaosan sané metiosan sareng désa liyané, asapunika mawit saking kawikanan para pragina ring désa soang-soang.<ref name=batuan>{{citation |url=http://batuan.desa.id/2017/01/30/gambuh/ |title=Gambuh-Désa Batuan |publisher=Désa Batuan |access-date=14 Oktober 2020 |archive-date=2020-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015191653/http://batuan.desa.id/2017/01/30/gambuh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sané mangkin Gambuh makénkén ical. Ring warsa 1997, Susilo nilik, akéh nyané minab wantah wénten petang sekaa sané masolah antuk manutin uger-uger Gambuh.<ref name="Susilo"/> Nénten kasub punika taler ring pragina Bali. Sesolahan miwah gamelan ipun méweh; pebaosan nyané patut ririh ma[[basa Kawi]]. Galah sesolahan nyané lantang lan, nénten sekadi balih-balihan [[wayang]], sané wénten tuntunan antuk sang sané nyingakin.<ref name="Susilo"/> == Lakon == Ngajangkepang sesolahan, gamelan, miwah drama, gambuh manutin akéh sané nyolahang satua [[Malat]], rangkaian gaguritan indik Putraraja Jawa [[Raden Panji]], tumitisan [[Déwa Wisnu|Wisnu]]. Ring wengi pawiwahan ipun, ida kapisah sareng calon ipun, [[Panji (pangeran)#Chandra Kirana|Candra Kirana]], ngawitin satua kalih matresna ngerereh satunggal sareng liyané ring galah ngawarsa-warsa miwah ring akéh wewengkon ring Jawa abad patengahan. Dané ring untat matemu ring medan yuda, nguningin satunggal sareng liyané antuk panyamaran dané, miwah urip rahayu nganti padem.<ref name="Susilo"/> Tokoh liyané rumasuk prajuru jaksa miwah parekan ipun. Tokoh alus mabaos ring [[basa Kawi]], basa sastra kuna, sané kasalin antuk sang sané nyingakin ring [[basa Bali]] kontemporér olih tokoh parekan ipun.<ref name="Oxford"/> Lakon sané tiosan sareng satua Panji inggih punika [[Ranggalawé]], [[Damar Wulan]] [[Undakan Pengrus]], [[Ni Diah Tantri]], [[Pakang Raras]], [[Cupak Gerantang]] miwah [[Amad Muhamad]] sané manados karya pinih untat sesampun karuntuhan [[Majapahit]], punika situnggil satua [[Islam]].<ref name=balix/><ref name=ptsuardana/><ref name=arini/> ==Gamelan gambuh== Satunggal gamelan gambuh sané jangkep kadagingin olih 17 panggambel antuk ngiringin darmatari puniki. Instrumén utama ring balih-balihan gambuh punika suling [[tiing]] sané pélog ipun endep kaaranin [[suling]] gambuh, lantang ipun riantara 75 miwah 100&nbsp;cm taler diaméter nyané 4 miwah 5&nbsp;cm. Ketah nyané wénten petang suling sekadi punika, menawi prasida wantah kalih utawi enam suling.<ref name="Rembang">{{cite book |title=Music Gambuh Batuan dan Pedungan |authors=I Nyoman Rembang, I Wayan Sudiana, Tilman Seebass, Wayné Vitale (editor)}}</ref> Suling gambuh kamainang lagu antuk [[rebab]] taler instrumén perkusi nyarengin swara antuk makudang guru miwah lagu: [[gong]] madya, [[kajar (instrumén)|kajar]], kalih [[kendang]], [[klenang]], [[gentorag]], [[rincik]], satunggal metalofon kaaranin [[kenyir]], [[kangsi (gamelan)|kangsi]] miwah [[gumanak]].<ref name="Oxford"/><ref name="Tenzer">{{cite book |isbn=0-945971-30-3 |title=Balinese Gamelan |url=https://archive.org/details/balinesemusic0000tenz |author=Tenzer, Michael |publisher=Periplus Editions |year=1991}} Page 20.</ref> Tigang instrumen untat —kenyir, kangsi, miwah gumanak- sané mangkin nénten wénten ring ansambél gamelan liyané ring Bali.<ref name="Rembang"/> ==Sekaa== Gambuh kantun aktip wantah ring désa:<ref name=arini>{{citation |url=https://www.isi-dps.ac.id/berita/gambuh-sebagai-inspirator-seni-pertunjukan-bali/?doing_wp_cron=1602638688.6362619400024414062500 |title=Gambuh sebagai Inspirator Seni Pertunjukan Bali |author=A.A.Ayu Kusuma Arini, SST.,M.Si. |publisher=ISI Denpasar |access-date=14 Oktober 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Kedisan, Tegallalang, Gianyar|Désa Kedisan]] miwah [[Batuan, Sukawati, Gianyar|Désa Batuan]] (Gianyar) * [[Pering Sari, Selat, Karangasem|Padang Aji]] miwah [[Budakeling, Bebandem, Karangasem|Désa Budakeling]] (Karangasem) * [[Tumbak Bayuh, Mengwi, Badung|Désa Tumbak Bayuh]] (Badung) * [[Pedungan, Dénpasar Selatan, Dénpasar|Désa Pedungan]] (Dénpasar) * [[Manikyang, Selemadeg, Tabanan|Apit Yéh]] (Tabanan) * [[Bungkulan, Sawan, Buléléng|Désa Bungkulan]], [[Anturan, Buléléng, Buléléng|Désa Anturan]] miwah [[Nagasepaha, Buléléng, Buléléng|Désa Nagasepaha]] (Buléléng) == Galéri == <gallery> 09 21_07_GAMBUH_Budakeling_(_2007_—_PICs_)_—_02_Condong_&_Kawan-2.jpg 09 21_07_GAMBUH_Budakeling_(_2007_—_PICs_)_—_11_gambelan.jpg 09 05_07_ngayah_GAMBUH_Batuan_(_2007_—_PICs_)_—_24_JEFF_tukang_suling.jpg Une nuit balinaise, théâtre national de Chaillot, Paris 2012.jpg Arya (111001659).jpeg Seruling Gambuh Bali.jpg </gallery> ==Cingak malih== * [[Tari Bali]] * [[Musik Bali]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Budaya Bali]] [[Kategori:Musik Bali]] [[Kategori:Étnomusikologi]] [[Kategori:Ansambel miwah genré Gamelan]] [[Kategori:Tarian Bali]] qrt25011pwrbwsambav5klei4rmxd32 0 11623 281030 65878 2026-08-27T19:28:20Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Désémber 2020}} {{Speciesbox |name = Kasna |image = File:Bunga Edelweiss.jpg |image_caption = Kasna ring [[Gunung Gedé]] |taxon = Anaphalis javanica |authority=(Reinw. ex Blume) DC.<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/150212#page/276/mode/1up Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de. 1837. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 271]</ref> |synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=E096DF8F58BDFD616645205F9F8FEDEC?id=209594-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditAdvPlantNameSearch.do%3Bjsessionid%3DE096DF8F58BDFD616645205F9F8FEDEC%3Ffind_infragenus%3D%26find_geoUnit%3D%26find_includePublicationAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_addedSince%3D%26find_family%3D%26find_genus%3DGnaphalium%26find_infrafamily%3D%26find_rankToReturn%3Dspec%26find_publicationTitle%3D%26find_authorAbbrev%3D%26find_infraspecies%3D%26find_includeBasionymAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_modifiedSince%3D%26find_species%3Djavanicum%26output_format%3Dnormal The International Plant Names Index]</ref> |synonyms=''Gnaphalium javanicum'' "Bunga Senduro" <small>Reinw. ex Blume</small> |}} '''Kasna''' ketah kauningin antuk ''Édelweiss'' (''Anaphalis javanica'') satmaka spésiés entikan masekar éndemik [[Indonésia]]. Aké katemu ring wewengkon pegunungan [[Jawa]], kelod [[Sumatera]], kelod [[Sulawesi]], [[Bali]], miwah [[Lombok]].<ref name="WILDINDONESIA">{{cite book | last =Whitten | first =Tony and Jane | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Wild Indonésia: The Wildlife and Scenery of the Indonésian Archipelago | url =https://archive.org/details/wildindonesiawil0000tony | publisher =New Holland | year =1992 | location =United Kingdom | pages =[https://archive.org/details/wildindonesiawil0000tony/page/127 127] | isbn = 1-85368-128-8}}</ref> Yadiastun entikan wayah prasida tegeh ipun ngantos kutus méter, menawi akéhan spésimen nénten ngantos améter. Ketah masekar riantara sasih April miwah Agustus.<ref name="WILDINDONESIA"/> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} nnjj7oka0872qzpzj03syxft1wsftpg 0 12234 281154 216538 2026-08-27T21:22:22Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Kaca2|Aksara Latin}} {{Kaca1|[[ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄|Aksara Bali]]}} {{2}} {{Suratan basa alus}} [[Berkas:Copper_plate_inscriptions_of_king_Jayapangus_regarding_the_village_border_in_Kintamani_Bangli_Bali_12th_century.jpg|jmpl|275px|Prasasti [[temaga]] Raja Jayapangus, indik wates désa ring [[Kintamani, Kintamani, Bangli|Kintamani]], [[Bangli]]. Prasasti puniki saking abad ke-12 sané magenah ring [[Museum Bali]]]] '''Jayapangus''' (aksara Bali: ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄) utawi ''Jaya Pangus'' (madeg ratu saking warsa 1178–1181 M) inggih punika [[Kerajaan Bedahulu|Raja Bali]] saking trah lelintihan Warmadewa. Ida kauningin saking [[Prasasti|prasasti-prasastinya]], sané marupa [[pajak]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5TOBKsLvjjkC&pg=RA1-PA49-IA4 ''A short history of Bali'' Robert Pringle p.53]</ref> Ida warih saking murdaning jagat sané sampun kasub [[Airlangga]].{{sfn|Barski|2007|p=34}} Raja Jayapangus wantah sang ngamel jagat sané pinih kasub miwah sané pinih utama ring pantaraning raja-raja duka masa Bali Kuno. Ida ngamedalang 43 prasasti selami tigang warsa. Prasasti sané pinih tua wantah prasasti Mantring A sané mawarsa 1099 Saka (1178M) sané tiosan mawarsa 1103 Saka (1181 M).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditpcbm/2015/06/19/raja-jayapangus-dari-bali-mengeluarkan-40-an-prasasti-dalam-satu-tahun/|title=Raja Jayapangus dari Bali Mengeluarkan 40 an Prasasti dalam Satu Tahun|author=Direktorat Pelestarian Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman|date=19 Juni 2015|website=Kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=3 Juli 2016|archive-date=2017-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822055620/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditpcbm/2015/06/19/raja-jayapangus-dari-bali-mengeluarkan-40-an-prasasti-dalam-satu-tahun/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jayapangus kasub dados raja sané ngentenang makasami panjak idané mangda mawali ngamargiang sahananing upacara agama kantos ida ngamolihang panugrahan (raris kauningin [[Galungan|Rahina Galungan]]). Duk ida ngambel jagat, kahanan jagat Baliné kertha rahayu miwah pamargin agama [[Hindu]] sayan ngalimbak. Raja Jayapangus madeg ratu ngantos [[Tahun Saka|warsa Çaka]] 1103 (1181 [[Masehi]]). Jayapangus minab ajin Ida Ratu [[Arjayadengjayaketana]]. Ida pinaka pangawit. == Sejarah == Raja Jayapangus sané maparab '''''Pāduka Śri Māhāraja Haji Jayapangus Arkaja Cihna/Lañcana''''' inggih punika raja Bali Kuno sané dados pralambang salunglung sabayantakan pantaraning krama ring Bali minakadi krama Bali miwah [[Cina]] duk punika sané ngawinang jagat Baliné kertha rahayu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2011/12/29/03501229/warisan.semangat.pluralisme.jaya.pangus|title=Warisan Semangat Pluralisme Jaya Pangus|last=Déwanto|first=Herpin|date=29 Désémber 2011|website=[[Kompas.com]]|accessdate=3 Juli 2016}}</ref> Santukan polih panglalah saking [[kabudayaan Cina]] ring masa Bali Kuno, satua-satua sané becik ring krama Cina sayang nglimbak ring Bali, minakadi satua Sampik – Ing Tay. Kawéntenan silat saking Cina taler nglimbak ring Bali Kuno sekadi pencak. Taler nglimbak sasolahan sané nyarengin akéh pragina minakadi Baris Dapdap, Baris Demung, Baris Presi, Baris Tumbak, Baris Tamiang, miwah sané tiosan.<ref>{{cite journal|author=I Putu Budiana; I Wayan Mudana; Ketut Sedana Arta.|title=Pemanfaatan Kebudayaan Cina pada Masa Pemerintahan Sri Haji Jayapangus di Pura Dalem Balingkang, di Désa Pinggan, Kintamani, Bangli dan Potensinya sebagai Sumber Belajar Sejarah Lokal di SMA|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPS/article/view/2571/2194|journal=Jurnal Widya Winayata|volume=2|number=1|access-date=2020-11-01|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127122904/https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPS/article/view/2571/2194|url-status=dead}}</ref> Santukan pamargin ngambel jagat duk punika karasayang rahat pisan, punika mawinan Raja Jayapangus nganggén makudang-kudang cakepan [[hukum]] [[Hindu]] pinaka dasar ida ngamargiang pamréntahan. Awig-awig sané kakaryanin punika patut kamargiang olih sahananing wadwan ida ring puri taler krama Bali Kuno. Awig-awig utawi niti sastra sané katah munggah ring [[prasasti]] inggih punika ''Manawakamandaka'', ''Manawakamandaka Dharmasastra'', miwah ''Manawaśasanadharma''. Tiosan ring punika taler kamargiang indik ''Dasaśila'', puniki wantah tata titi sans patut kamargiang olih eang ngamel jagat miwah''Pancaśiksa'', kpuniei wantah tata titi ri kala ngamargiang sasana dados pangremba jagat. === Barong Landung === {{utama|Barong Landung}} {{refimprove}} [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gezicht_vanuit_Kintamani_op_het_Baturmeer_en_de_vulkanen_Abang_en_Agung_TMnr_60026959.jpg|jmpl|Pucak [[Gunung Batur]] sané dados patapan Ida Jayapangus]] Sasukat ida dados ngambel jagat, Ida mapuri ring [[Puri Balingkang]] [[Kintamani]] duk warsa [[1133]] - [[1173]] sané kacaritayang ring [[Barong Landung (satua)|satua Barong Landung]]: {{cquote|Raja Jaya Pangus kanikayang medué kalih pamaisuri, Paduka ''Bhatari Sri Parameswari Indujaketana'' miwah Paduka ''Sri Mahadewi Shashanhkaja Cihna'' (Sang Dewi Laksana Bulan)}} Carita sané kauningin ring krama Baliné, wiadin tasih kadebatang, pinaka rabin Ida wantah Kang Cing We, putri saking Tuan Subandar [[Cina]]. Kacaritayang Raja Jayapangus jatu karma ring Putri Kang Cing We. Sakéwanten ri kala sampun ngamargiang pawiwahan, sang kalih durung taler maderbé sentana. Raja Jayapangus raris mamargi ngamargiang tapa ring [[Gunung Batur]] mangda kapicayang sentana.{{Ngidih pustaka}} Risampun Raja Jayapangus mayoga ring Alas Batur raris Ida matemu ring [[Déwi Danu]]. Irika raris sang kalih matemu semara, kantos sang kalih marabian. Santukan kasuén Ida ring Alas Batur, raris Raja Jayapangus karereh olih Kang Cing We ke Gunung Batur. Irika raris Kang Cing We uning indik Raja Jayapangus sampun marabian sareng Dewi Danu. Kang Cing We miwah Dewi Danu raris macentokan. Batari Batur, ibun Dewi Danu sané ngaksi kawéntenané punika raris ngeseng Jayapangus dan Kang Cing We.{{Ngidih pustaka}} Krama Bali raris duka antuk kawéntenané punika, raris mapinunas ring Ida Batari Batur mangda makarya pratima pinaka cihna Ida Jayapangus kalih rabin Ida. Jayapangus raris kasupat dados [[Barong Landung]] raris Kang Cing We kasupat dados Patung Bekung.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bali.tribunnews.com/2016/06/29/ketika-raja-jaya-pangus-memadu-kasih-di-bali-dan-dikutuk-menjadi-barong-landung|title=Ketika Raja Jaya Pangus Memadu Kasih di Bali Dan Dikutuk Menjadi Barong Landung|last=Putu Wahyura|first=A.A. Gde|date=29 Juni 2016|website=[[Tribunnews.com]]|accessdate=3 Juli 2016}}</ref> == Panguntating Masa Madég Ratu == [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Acteurs_verkleed_als_reuzen_en_boze_geesten_TMnr_10004870.jpg|jmpl|[[Barong Landung]]]] {{cquote|Ring rahina Wrespati Wage Wara Pujut sawatara sasih Pébruari 1116, ri kala punika Cri Maharaja Aji Jaya Pangus lebar, atman ipun nuju swargaloka. Abu puspasarira nyané kacandiyang ring patapaan Dharmaanyar miwah irika pura sané maaran panti-panti sané kasungsung olih Dang Acarya Jiwaya|source=Suratan prasasti ring Pura Pengukur-Ukuran ring Désa [[Péjéng, Tampaksiring, Gianyar|Pejeng]], [[Tampaksiring, Gianyar|Tampaksiring]], [[Kabupatén Gianyar|Gianyar]], Bali.}} Raja Jayapangus risampuné lebar raris kaprabu ring Dharma Anyar. Ida maderbé oka kakalih inggih punika Sri Hikajaya miwah Sri Danadiraja. Silih tunggil tetamian saking Ida Jayapangus inggih punika [[Goa Garba]]. Goa Garba punika ring sor Pura Pengukur-Ukuran. Goa Garba wantah genah patapan sané magenah ring sisin abing [[Tukad Pakerisan]] sané kasub. Mangda prasida ka genahé puniki pacang ngaliwatin [[pamedal]] sané kasusun saking batu-batu tukad. Ring genah patapan punika wénten pancoran taler wénten aungan sané nuju ka silih tunggih genah tiosan. Ring Goa Garba puniki taler wénten sasuratan antuk aksara [[Kadiri Kwadrat]] sané masurat "Sra”. == Cingak masih == * [[Lelintihan Bali]] * [[Hinduisme ring Indonésia]] * [[Hubungan Tiongkok–Indonésia]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Pustaka liyanan == {{refbegin}} * {{citation|first=Andy|last=Barski|year=2007|title=Bali and Lombok|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=London|isbn=978-0-7566-2878-9}} * {{cite book|author=C.C. Berg|title=De middeljavaansche historische traditie|year=1927|location=Santpoort}} * {{cite book|author=A.J. Bernet Kempers|title=Monumental Bali; Introduction to Balinese Archaeology & Guide to the Monuments|url=https://archive.org/details/monumentalbaliin0000bern|year=1991|ISBN=0-945971-16-8|location=Berkeley & Singapore}} * {{cite journal|last=Creese|first=Helen|year=1991|title=Balinese babad as historical sources; A reinterpretation of the fall of Gelgel|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=147}} * {{cite journal|last=Nordholt|first=Henk Schulte|year=1980|title=Macht, mensen en middelen; Patronen en dynamiek in de Balische politiek ca. 1700-1840|journal=Doctoraalscriptie|location=Amsterdam}} * {{cite book|last=Nordholt|first=Henk Schulte|title=The Spell of Power; A History of Balinese Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/spellofpowerhist0000schu|year=1996|ISBN=90-6718-090-4|location=Leiden}} * {{cite book|last=Wiener|first=Margaret J.|title=Visible and Invisible Realms; Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali|year=1995|ISBN=0-226-88580-1|location=Chicago & London}} {{refend}} {{s-start}} {{succession box|before=[[Ragajaya]]|title=[[Daftar Raja Bali|Raja Bali]]|years=1178–1181|after=[[Arjayadengjayaketana]]}} {{s-end}} [[Kategori:Raja Bali]] [[Kategori:Sejarah Bali]] bbm36ckppz9w1on8o9lq39a4vao400x 0 12551 281056 214248 2026-08-27T19:53:17Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Olympic games|1896|Masan Panes|Olimpiade| | image = Athens 1896 report cover.jpg | caption = Sampul parikanda resmi Olimpiade Musim Panas 1896 | host_city = [[Athéna]], Yunani | nations = 14{{#tag:ref|Nomor, sané kaicen olih Komité Olimpiade Internasional, prasida kanikayang kasengguh miwah dados pinih akedik 10 miwah pinih akéh 15. Akéh hawinan metiosan punika: Téam nasional akéhan nénten wénten duk punika, miwah akéhan atlet ngawakilin ngaraga utawi klub dané. Tiosan, negara nénten kauningin becik sekadi mangkin. Akéh negara iriki akéh sané ketah keanggén olih sumber modern. Cingak [[#Wangsa sané nyarengin|wagian sané rélevan]] antuk inpormasi selanturnyané.|group=lower-alpha|name=country}} | athletes = 241 (sinamian putra){{#tag:ref|Akéh atlit puniki mawit saking Komité Olimpiade Internasional. Kauningin antuk 179 jatma. Mallon & Widlund nikayang 245 atlit, asapunika De Wael nikayang 246.|group=lower-alpha|name=athletes}} | events = 43 ring 9 [[Olahraga Olimpiade|olahraga]] | opening = 6 April | closing = 15 April | opened_by = [[Lis raja Yunani|Raja]] [[George I saking Yunani|George I]]<ref>{{citation |title=Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games f the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=Séptémber 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=14 Agustus 2016|access-date=22 Désémber 2018}}</ref> | stadium = [[Stadion Panathenaic]] | next = [[Olimpiade Masan Panes 1900|Paris 1900]] }} '''Olimpiade Masan Panes 1896''' ({{lang-el|Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 1896|link=no|Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 1896}}), resmi kauningin dados '''Wimbakara Olimpiade I''', punika [[Olimpiade]] internasional kapertama ring [[lelintihan modern]]. Kadudonin olih [[Komité Olimpiade Internasional]] (IOC), sané sampun karipta olih [[Pierre de Coubertin]], kaselenggara ring [[Athéna]], [[Kerajaan Yunani|Yunani]], saking 6 ngantos 15 April 1896. == Cutetan == {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == {{Commons category|1896 Summer Olympics}} * {{IOC games|games=1896 Summer Olympics }} *[https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/cultural-collections/archives/from-the-parliamentary-collections/parliament-and-the-olympics/programmecoverolympics/ 1896 Olympic Games Programme - UK Parliament Living Heritage] * {{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/almanach_uk.asp |title=Almanac of the 18 June |accessdate=16 Juni 2008 |work=Almanac of the Day |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]}} * {{cite web|title=Athens 1896|publisher=[[Bulgarian Olympic Committee]]|url=http://www.bgolympic.org/fce/index.shtml?s=001&p=0039&n=000001|accessdate=7 Juli 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190956/http://www.bgolympic.org/fce/index.shtml?s=001&p=0039&n=000001 |archivedate=2013-10-29}} * {{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement|editor=John E. Findling, Kimberly D. Pelle|last=Bijkerk|first=Anthony T.|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|chapter=Pierre de Coubertin|isbn=0-313-32278-3|oclc=52418065}} * {{Cite magazine|first=Pierre De |last=Coubertin |author2=Hambidge, Jay|authorlink= Pierre De Coubertin|title=The Olympic Games of 1896 |url=http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&cite=&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0053%2F&tif=00055.TIF&pagenum=39|magazine=[[The Century Magazine]] |volume=LIII|issue=1|accessdate=28 Juni 2008 |date=November 1896}} * {{Cite book |last=Coubertin |first=Pierre De |authorlink=Pierre De Coubertin |author2=Timoleon J. Philemon, N.G. Politis and Charalambos Anninos |title=The Olympic Games: BC 776&nbsp;– AD 1896 |work=The Olympic Games in 1896&nbsp;– Second Part |publisher=Charles Beck |location=Athens |year=1897 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf |accessdate=25 Juli 2008 |archive-date=2008-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527211831/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book|title=Architecture of Greece|last=Darling|first=Janina K.|year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-32152-3|chapter=Panathenaic Stadium, Athens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4F-v35--l_gC&q=Panathenaic+Stadium,+Averoff,+Constantine |oclc=54500822 |accessdate=2016-04-09}} * {{cite web|last=De Wael|first=Herman|title=Herman's Top Athina 1896 Olympians|url=http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/topath96.html|accessdate=3 July 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130160551/http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/topath96.html |archivedate=2007-11-30}} * {{Cite news|title=George Averoff Dead |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/08/04/101824945.pdf |work=The New York Times |date=4 August 1899|accessdate=31 July 2008 }} * {{Cite book|title=Tennis: a Cultural History |format=PDF|last=Gillmeister|first=Heiner|year=1998 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=0-7185-0195-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hftxBcXOQxsC&q=1896,+Egypt,++Kasdaglis |oclc=67496016 |accessdate=2016-04-09}} * {{Cite journal | last = Gillmeister | first = Heiner | date = Winter 1995 | title = Olympic Tennis: Some Afterthoughts | journal = Citius, Altius, Fortius | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–25 | url = http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv3n1/JOHv3n1g.pdf | accessdate = 25 July 2008 | archive-date = 24 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120124043053/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv3n1/JOHv3n1g.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book|title=Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism|last=Guttmann|first=Allen|year=1994 |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=0-231-10042-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJn8paCwgJYC&q=Subercaseaux,+1896,+games |oclc=231638134 |accessdate=2016-04-09}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.coch.cl/museo.htm | title = La Presencia de Chile en los Juegos Olimpicos | accessdate=3 Juli 2008| publisher = Olympic Committee of Chile | language = Spanish| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702073204/http://www.coch.cl/museo.htm| archivedate = 2 July 2008}} * {{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement|editor=John E. Findling, Kimberly D. Pelle|last=Lennartz|first=Karl|author2=Wassong, Stephen|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|chapter=Athens 1896|isbn=0-313-32278-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&q=1896+games,+cycling |oclc=52418065 |accessdate=2016-04-09}} * {{Cite book|title=Running through the Ages|last=Martin|first=David E.|author2=Gynn, Roger W. H. |year=2000|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=0-88011-969-1|chapter=The Olympic Marathon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qb125O62NVQC&q=Stamata+Revithi |oclc=42823784 |accessdate=2016-04-09}} * {{Cite book|title=America's First Olympics: The St. Louis Games Of 1904 |last=Matthews|first=George R.|year=2005|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=0-8262-1588-2|chapter=The Ghost of Plato|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKRUmep515oC&q=Wenlock,+Brookes,+Coubertin |oclc=58468164 |accessdate=2016-04-09}} * {{Cite book|last=McGehee|first=Richard V.|title=Strange Pilgrimages: Exile, Travel, and National Identity in Latin America|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2000|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf|chapter=The Impact of Imported Sports on the Popular Culture of Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Mexico and Central America|editor=Ingrid Elizabeth Fey, Karen Racine|isbn=0-8420-2694-0|accessdate=25 July 2008|oclc=237382448|archive-date=27 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527211831/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|last=Mullins |first=Samuel P. |url=http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84099.htm |title=Pierre de Coubertin and the Wenlock Olympian Games |accessdate=11 Juli 2008 |publisher=University of Leeds |work=Proceedings of the International Olympic Academy–Selected 1980s Proceedings |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218043658/http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1980s/84099.htm|archivedate=18 February 2011}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.fhw.gr/olympics/ancient/en/304b.html|title=Professionals and Amateurs|accessdate=18 Juli 2008 |work=From Ancient Olympia to Athens of 1896|publisher=Foundation of the Hellenic World}} * {{Cite book|title=Running through the Ages|last=Sears |first=Edward S.|year=2001 |publisher=McFarland|isbn=0-7864-0971-1|chapter=The Revival of the Olympic Games|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxxOw3FvOgwC&q=Burke,++crouch+start |oclc=46650949 |accessdate=2016-04-09}} * {{Cite book|title=The Olympic Games: A Social Sciences Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/olympicgamessoci0ed2tooh_i1z5 |last=Toohey |first=Kristine |year=2007 |publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-84593-355-5}} * {{Cite book|title=The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival |last=Young |first=David C. |year=1996 |location= Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-7207-3}} * {{Cite book|title=A Brief History of the Olympic Games|last=Young |first=David C. |year=2004 |location= Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=1-4051-1130-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCNtwn24iK8C&q=Zappas+Olympic+Committee |chapter=The Modern Olympic Games |oclc=54111254 |accessdate=2016-04-09}} * {{Cite journal | authorlink1 = Frank Zarnowski | last = Zarnowski | first = C. Frank | date = Summer 1992 | title = A Look at Olympic Costs | journal = Citius, Altius, Fortius | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–32 | url = http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf | accessdate = 24 Maret 2007 | archive-date = 2008-05-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012143/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf | url-status = dead }} == Suratan == * {{Cite book| author=Greenberg, Stan | title=The Guinness Book of Olympic Facts and Feats | url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofol0000gree_x3w5 | publisher=Guinness | location=Enfield | year=1996 | isbn=0-85112-639-1 | oclc=35921786}} * {{Cite book| author=Kluge, Volker | title=Olympische Sommerspiele: die Chronik I | url=https://archive.org/details/olympischesommer0000klug | publisher=Sportverlag | location=Berlin | year=1997 | isbn=3-328-00715-6 | oclc=38258227}} * {{Cite book| editor=Lennartz, Karl | title=Die olympischen Spiele 1896 in Athen: Erläuterungen zum Neudruck des Offiziellen Berichtes | publisher=Agon | location=Kassel | year=1996 | id=}} * {{Cite book| author=MacAloon, John J | title=This Great Symbol: Pierre de Coubertin and the Origins of the Modern Olympic Games | publisher=The University of Chicago Press | location=Chicago | year=1982 | id=}} * {{Cite book| author=Smith, Michael Llewellyn | title= Olympics in Athens 1896. The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games | url=https://archive.org/details/olympicsinathens0000smit | publisher=Profile Books | location=London | year = 2004 | isbn=1-86197-342-X | oclc=186174794}} * {{Cite book| author=Wallechinsky, David | title=The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics | url=https://archive.org/details/completebookofsu0000wall | publisher=Overlook Press | location=Woodstock | year=2000 | isbn=1-58567-033-2 | oclc=43561597}} * {{Cite book | author=Randall, David | title=1896: The First Modern Olympics | url=http://www.1896olympics.com/ | format=ebook | publisher=Blacktoad Publishing | location=London | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-9570591-0-8 | accessdate=2016-04-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209003424/http://www.1896olympics.com/ | archive-date=9 December 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }} {{S-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Olimpiade Zappas]]}} {{s-ttl|title=''[[Olimpiade Masan Panes]]'' <br /> [[Athens]]|years=''Olimpiade I'' (1900)}} {{s-aft|after=[[Olimpiade Masan Panes 1900|Paris]]}} {{s-end}} {{Olympic Games}} [[Kategori:Olahraga]] [[Kategori:Olimpiade Masan Panes]] 87feclsvarb4au8h1vaf2n6w09nxgs4 0 12710 281138 280212 2026-08-27T21:11:21Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 84 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinpo Yuda Jagat II}} '''Yuda Jagat&nbsp;II''' (ketah ancengang dados '''YJII''' utawi '''YJ2'''), taler kauningin antuk '''Yuda Jagat Kalih''', punika [[yuda jagat]] sané kawéntenang saking warsa 1939 ngantos 1945. Kasarengin olih [[Yuda jagat II mawit negara|akéhan negara ring gumine]]—Rumasuk sinamian [[kakuatan ageng]]—Ngawangun kalih [[paiketan militer]] sané malawanan: [[Sekutu Yuda Jagat II|Sekutu]] miwah [[Kakuatan Poros|Poros]]. Yuda puniki kasarengin olih langkung saking 100&nbsp;yuta [[Personil militer|personil]] langkung saking 30 negara, negarautama nganggén sinamian artha brana, industri, miwah kawikanan dané ring yuada puniki, nyamarang patiosan riantara sumber sipil miwah militer. Yuda Jagat&nbsp;II punika [[Lis yuda manutin akéh korban séda|konplik pinih ngematiang]] ring lelintihan manusa, ngaranayang [[Korban Yuda Jagat II|70 ngantos 85 yuta séda]], antuk langkung akéh krama sipil pantaraning personil militer sané séda. Dasaan yuta jatma séda mawinan [[génosida]] (rumasuk [[Holokaus]]), séda karencanan mawinan [[kasedukan]], [[pambantaian]], miwah grubug. [[Angakatan udara Yuda Jagat II|Kapal terbang polih lakon utama]] ring yuda, rumasuk ring [[pangeboman strategis]] pusat-pusat populasi, miwah satunggal pangangean [[sanjata nuklir]] ring yuda. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|group=nb}} {{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} :{{Cite book|last=Adamthwaite|first=Anthony P.|authorformat=scap|year=1992|title=The Making of the Second World War|isbn=0-415-90716-0|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Aksar|first=Yusuf|authorformat=scap|year=2004|title=Implementing Intnl Humanitaria: From the AD Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court|location=London and New York, NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-7146-5584-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Irvine H., Jr. |authorformat=scap|year=1975|title=The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex|journal=The Pacific Historical Review|volume=44|issue=2|jstor=3638003|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Applebaum|first=Anne|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Anne Applebaum|year=2003|title=[[Gulag: A History|Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps]]|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]]|isbn=978-0-7139-9322-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=2012|title=Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]]|isbn=978-0-7139-9868-9|ref=CITEREFApplebaum2012}} :{{Cite journal|last=Bacon|first=Edwin |authorformat=scap|year=1992|title=Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II|journal=[[Soviet Studies]]|volume=44|issue=6|pages=1069–1086|jstor=152330|doi=10.1080/09668139208412066|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Badsey|first=Stephen|authorformat=scap|year=1990|title=Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout|url=https://archive.org/details/normandy1944alli0000bads_o8g0|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-85045-921-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Balabkins|first=Nicholas|authorformat=scap|year=1964|title=Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948|url=https://archive.org/details/germanyunderdire0000bala|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-0449-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Barber|first1=John|authorformat=scap|last2=Harrison|first2=Mark|year=2006|chapter=Patriotic War, 1941–1945|title=''In Ronald Grigor Suny, ed.,''' The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III: The Twentieth Century ''(pp.&nbsp;217–242)''|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-81144-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Barker|first=A. 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Berend|year=1996|title=Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-55066-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Gail Lee|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Gail Lee Bernstein|year=1991|title=Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/recreatingjapane0000unse|location=Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-07017-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Bilhartz|first1=Terry D.|authorformat=scap|last2=Elliott|first2=Alan C.|year=2007|title=Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/currentsinameric0000bilh|location=Armonk, NY|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|isbn=978-0-7656-1821-4|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Bilinsky|first=Yaroslav|authorformat=scap|year=1999|title=Endgame in NATO's Enlargement: The Baltic States and Ukraine|location=Westport, CT|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-275-96363-7|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Bix|first=Herbert P.|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Herbert P. 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Watson|year=2003|title=Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/tricolorcrescent0000wats|location=Westport,&nbsp;CT|publisher=[[Praeger]]|isbn=0-275-97470-7|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.|authorlink=Gerhard Weinberg|authorformat=scap|year=2005|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-85316-3|ref=harv}}; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy :{{Cite book|last=Wettig|first=Gerhard|authorformat=scap|year=2008|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953|location=Lanham,&nbsp;MD|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Wiest|first1=Andrew|authorformat=scap|last2=Barbier|first2=M. K.|year=2002|title=Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare|location=St Paul, MN|publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-7603-1401-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Andrew|authorformat=scap|year=2006|title=Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished|url=https://archive.org/details/liberalismwarvic0000will|location=Abingdon & New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-35980-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Wilt|first=Alan F. |authorformat=scap|authorlink=Alan F. Wilt|year=1981|title=Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941|journal=Military Affairs|volume=45|issue=4|pages=187–91|jstor=1987464|doi=10.2307/1987464|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wohlstetter|first=Roberta|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Roberta Wohlstetter|year=1962|title=Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision|url=https://archive.org/details/pearlharborwarni0000wohl|location=Palo Alto,&nbsp;CA|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-0597-4|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wolf|first=Holger C.|authorformat=scap|year=1993|chapter=The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951|title=''In [[Rudi Dornbusch|Rudiger Dornbusch]], Wilhelm Nölling and [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard|Richard Layard]], eds.,'' Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ''(pp.&nbsp;29–56)''|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-04136-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=James&nbsp;B.|authorformat=scap|year=2007|title=Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?|url=https://archive.org/details/japanesemilitary0000wood|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5339-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Yoder|first=Amos|authorformat=scap|year=1997|title=The Evolution of the United Nations System|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofunite0000yode|edition=3rd|location=London & Washington,&nbsp;DC|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=1-56032-546-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Zalampas|first=Michael|authorformat=scap|year=1989|title=Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerthird0000zala|publisher=Bowling Green University Popular Press|isbn=0-87972-462-5|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Zaloga|first=Steven&nbsp;J.|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Steven Zaloga|year=1996|title=Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-478-7|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=2002|title=Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg|url=https://archive.org/details/poland1939birtho0000zalo|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84176-408-5|ref=CITEREFZaloga2002}} : Zeiler, Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois, eds. ''A Companion to World War II'' (2 vol 2013), 1030pp; comprehensive overview by scholars :{{Cite book|last=Zeiler|first=Thomas W.|authorformat=scap|year=2004|title=Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/unconditionaldef0000zeil|location=Wilmington, DE|publisher=Scholarly Resources|isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Zetterling|first1=Niklas|authorformat=scap|last2=Tamelander|first2=Michael|year=2009|title=''Bismarck'': The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship|url=https://archive.org/details/bismarckfinalday0000zett|location=Drexel Hill,&nbsp;PA|publisher=[[Casemate Publishers|Casemate]]|isbn=978-1-935149-04-0|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} [[Kategori:Yuda Jagat|II]] 6fzq4ots7up1m2k3va9yj6s8x9iv93n 0 12933 281277 228041 2026-08-27T22:40:46Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vanuatu infobox}} '''Vanuatu''' (aksara Bali: ᬨᬦᬸᬯᬢᬸ; {{IPAc-en|lang|audio=en-us-Vanuatu.ogg|ˌ|v|ɑː|n|u|ˈ|ɑː|t|uː}} {{respell|VAH|noo|AH|too}} or {{IPAc-en|v|æ|n|ˈ|w|ɑː|t|uː}} {{respell|van|WAH|too}}; {{IPA-all|vanuatu|Bislama and French pronunciation}}), atan resmi '''Républik Vanuatu''' ({{lang-fr|link=no|République de Vanuatu}}; [[Bislama]]: ''Ripablik blong Vanuatu''), silih tunggil [[negara nusa]] sané magenah ring Samudra Pasifik Kelod. Kapuloan nyané maasal saking vulkanik, punik 1750 km kangin Ostrali Kalér, 540 km kalér kangin [[Kalédonia Anyar]], ring kangin [[Nusa Papua]], kelod kauh [[Kapuloan Solomon]], miwah ring sisi kauh [[Fiji]]. == Politik == {{utama|Politik Vanuatu}} [[Berkas:Vanuatu Provinces.JPG|jmpl|kiri|Pembagian administratif Vanuatu]] Vanuatu inggih punika negara [[republik parlemen]] sane wenten ring sor konstitusi sane Presiden Vanuatu dados kepala negara, lan Perdana Menteri Vanuatu dados kepala pemerintah. === Pembagian administratif === {{utama|Pembagian administratif Vanuatu|Propinsi di Vanuatu}} Vanuatu sampun kakepah dados 6 [[propinsi]] ngawit [[1994]]. Wastan makasami propinsi mawit saking aksara kapertama wastan pulo-pulo sane dados wastannyane: * [[Propinsi Malampa|Malampa]] ('''Mal'''akula, '''Am'''brym, '''Pa'''ama) * [[Propinsi Penama|Penama]] ('''Pen'''tecost, '''Am'''bae, '''Ma'''ewo) * [[Propinsi Sanma|Sanma]] ('''San'''to, '''Ma'''lo) * [[Propinsi Shefa|Shefa]] ('''Sh'''epherd, '''Efa'''te) * [[Propinsi Tafea|Tafea]] ('''T'''anna, '''A'''niwa, '''F'''utuna, '''E'''rromango, '''A'''neityum) * [[Propinsi Torba|Torba]] ('''Tor'''res, '''Ba'''nks) == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Bibliografi === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Bedford | first1 = Stuart | last2 = Spriggs | first2 = Matthew | date = 2008 | title = Northern Vanuatu as a Pacific Crossroads: The Archaeology of Discovery, Interaction, and the Emergence of the "Ethnographic Present" | journal = Asian Perspectives | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–120 | publisher = UP Hawaii | jstor = 42928734 | ref = harv }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130317064043/http://www.phtpacific.org/content/vut-agriculture-census-2007 Census of Agriculture 2007 Vanuatu], Vanuatu National Statistics Office (2008) * {{cite encyclopedia |first1 = Terry |last1 = Crowley |author1-link = Terry Crowley (linguist) |date = 2000 |url = https://books.google.com/books?hl=fr&id=INhL6k_89QoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA154&ots=uffi8KMups&sig=uzQu5d61th2c3fSOUnHqXNRnzsc#v=onepage&f=false |title = The language situation in Vanuatu |encyclopedia = Language Planning and Policy in the Pacific: Fiji, the Philippines and Vanuatu |volume = '''1''' |editor1-first = Richard B. |editor1-last = Baldauf |editor2-first = Robert B. |editor2-last = Kaplan |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |last1 = Crowley |first1 = Terry |title = Bislama reference grammar |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V7Td_VMSh9gC&pg=PA3 |date = 2004 |publisher = UP Hawaii |isbn = 978-0824828806 |ref = harv |access-date = 2019-02-14 |archive-date = 2023-02-17 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230217173203/https://books.google.com/books?id=V7Td_VMSh9gC&pg=PA3 |dead-url = no }} * {{cite journal |last1 = François |first1 = Alexandre |author1-link = Alexandre François (linguist) |date = 2012 |title = The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages |journal = International Journal of the Sociology of Language |volume = 2012 |issue = 214 |doi = 10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022 |pages = 85–110 |publisher = De Gruyter |url = https://anu.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois/Papers/1525506/The_dynamics_of_linguistic_diversity_Egalitarian_multilingualism_and_power_imbalance_among_northern_Vanuatu_languages |ref = harv }} * {{cite journal |last1 = Harris |first1 = Richard |title = Tales from the South Pacific – diving medicine in Vanuatu |journal = Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine |publisher = [[South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society]] |volume = 36 |number = 1 |date = 2006 |pages = 22–23 |url = http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/10172 |accessdate = 10 March 2013 |ref = harv |archive-date = 2013-05-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063525/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/10172 |dead-url = yes }} * {{cite book | last1 = Hess | first1 = Sabine C. | title = Person and Place: Ideas, Ideals and the Practice of Sociality on Vanua Lava, Vanuatu | url = https://archive.org/details/personplaceideas0000hess | date = 2009 | publisher = Berghahn | isbn = 978-1845455996 | ref = harv }} * {{cite conference | editor-first1 = John | editor-last1 = Lynch | editor-first2 = Fa'afo | editor-last2 = Pat | conference = International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics | title = Proceedings of the first International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics (1993) | location = Port Vila, Vanuatu | publisher = Australian National University | isbn = 978-0858834408 | date = 1996 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book |first1 = Thomas Anton |last1 = Reuter |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oP0s2861LqUC&pg=PA29 |title = Custodians of the Sacred Mountains: Culture and Society in the Highlands of Bali |publisher = UP Hawaii |date = 2002 |isbn = 978-0824824501 |ref = harv |access-date = 2019-02-14 |archive-date = 2023-02-17 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230217173204/https://books.google.com/books?id=oP0s2861LqUC&pg=PA29 |dead-url = no }} * {{cite book |first1 = Thomas Anton |last1 = Reuter |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y43gLk8IyeEC&pg=PA326 |title = Sharing the Earth, Dividing the Land: Land and Territory in the Austronesian World |publisher = ANU E Press |date = 2006 |isbn = 978-1920942694 |ref = harv |access-date = 2019-02-14 |archive-date = 2023-02-17 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230217173203/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y43gLk8IyeEC&pg=PA326 |dead-url = no }} * {{cite book | last1 = Shears | first1 = Richard | title = The Coconut War: the Crisis on Espiritu Santo | date = 1980 | location = North Ryde, NSW | publisher = Cassell | isbn = 978-0726978661 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | first1 = Robert George | last1 = Sprackland | title = Giant Lizards | url = https://archive.org/details/giantlizards0000spra | publisher = TFH | location = Neptune, NJ | date = 1992 | isbn = 978-0866226349 | ref = harv }} * {{cite conference | editor-first1 = Garry W. | editor-last1 = Trompf | title = The Gospel Is Not Western: Black Theologies from the Southwest Pacific | publisher = Orbis | isbn = 978-0883442692 | date = 1987 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | first1 = Edward Osborne | last1 = Wilson | author1-link = E. O. Wilson | title = [[Naturalist (book)|Naturalist]] | date = 1994 | publisher = Shearwater | edition = 1st | isbn = 978-1559632881 | ref = harv }} {{refend}} == Bacaan lanjutan == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | title = Unfolding the Moon: Enacting Women's Kastom in Vanuatu | url = https://archive.org/details/unfoldingmoonena0000bolt | first1 = Lissant | last1 = Bolton | publisher = UP Hawaii | date = 2003 | isbn = 978-0824825355 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Arts of Vanuatu | url = https://archive.org/details/artsofvanuatu0000unse | editor1-first = Joël | editor1-last = Bonnemaison | editor2-first = Kirk | editor2-last = Huffman | editor3-first = Darrell | editor3-last = Tryon | editor4-first = Christian | editor4-last = Kaufmann | date = 1998 | publisher = UP Hawaii | isbn = 978-0824819569 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Diving and Snorkeling Guide to Vanuatu | url = https://archive.org/details/divingsnorkeling0000bowd | first1 = Bob | last1 = Bowdey | first2 = Judy | last2 = Beaty | first3 = Brian | last3 = Ansell | publisher = Lonely Planet | date = 1995 | isbn = 978-1559920803 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Birds of Vanuatu | first1 = Heinrich L. | last1 = Bregulla | publisher = Nelson | date = 1992 | isbn = 978-0904614343 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = The Birds of the Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia | first1 = Chris | last1 = Doughty | first2 = Nicolas | last2 = Day | first3 = Andrew | last3 = Plant | publisher = Helm | date = 1999 | isbn = 978-0713646900 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Women in Vanuatu: Analyzing Challenges to Economic Participation | url = https://archive.org/details/womeninvanuatuan0000unse | first1 = Amanda | last1 = Ellis | first2 = Clare | last2 = Manuel | first3 = Jozefina | last3 = Cutura | first4 = Chakriya | last4 = Bowman | publisher = World Bank Group | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-0821379097 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Gender, Christianity and Change in Vanuatu: An Analysis of Social Movements in North Ambrym | series = Anthropology and Cultural History in Asia and the Indo-Pacific | first1 = Annelin | last1 = Eriksen | publisher = Routledge | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-0754672098 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Vanuatu Adventures: Kava and Chaos in the Sth Pacific | first1 = Jocelyn | last1 = Harewood | date = 2012 }} * {{cite book | title = Women of the Place: Kastom, Colonialism and Gender in Vanuatu | series = Studies in anthropology and history | volume = '''12''' | first1 = Margaret | last1 = Jolly | publisher = Harwood Academic | date = 1993 | isbn = 978-3718654536 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Pentecost: An island in Vanuatu | first1 = Genevieve | last1 = Mescam | others = (Photographer) Coulombier, Denis | publisher = U South Pacific | date = 1989 | isbn = 978-9820200524 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Power of Perspective: Social Ontology and Agency on Ambrym Island, Vanuatu | url = https://archive.org/details/powerofperspecti0000riok | first1 = Knut Mikjel | last1 = Rio | publisher = Berghahn | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-1845452933 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = House-girls Remember: Domestic Workers in Vanuatu | url = https://archive.org/details/housegirlsrememb0000unse | editor1-first = Margaret | editor1-last = Rodman | editor2-first = Daniela | editor2-last = Kraemer | editor3-first = Lissant | editor3-last = Bolton | editor4-first = Jean | editor4-last = Tarisesei | publisher = UP Hawaii | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-0824830120 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Atlas du Vanouatou (Vanuatu) | date = 2009 | first1 = Patricia | last1 = Siméoni | location = [[Port-Vila]] | publisher = Géo-consulte | language = fr | isbn = 978-2953336207 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Ethnology of Vanuatu: An Early Twentieth Century Study | first1 = Felix | last1 = Speiser | publisher = Crawford House | date = 1991 | isbn = 978-1863330213 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = The Other Side: Ways of Being and Place in Vanuatu | url = https://archive.org/details/othersidewaysofb0000tayl | series = Pacific Islands Monograph | first1 = John Patrick | last1 = Taylor | publisher = UP Hawaii | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-0824833022 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Getting Stoned with Savages: A Trip Through the Islands of Fiji and Vanuatu | url = https://archive.org/details/gettingstonedwit00troo | first1 = J. Maarten | last1 = Troost | publisher = Broadway | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0767921992 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Cavorting With Cannibals: An Exploration of Vanuatu | first1 = Rick | last1 = Williamson | publisher = Narrative | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-1589762367 | ref = harv }} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links|voy=Vanuatu}} {{commons}} {{wikivoyage|Vanuatu}} * {{en}} [http://www.vanuatugovernment.gov.vu/ Situs resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217023336/http://www.vanuatugovernment.gov.vu/ |date=2010-02-17 }} * {{en}} [http://www.vanuatutourism.com/ Situs resmi pariwisata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104072237/http://www.vanuatutourism.com/ |date=2008-11-04 }} * {{en}} [http://www.vanuatu.net.vu/VanuatuOnlineDirectory.html Vanuatu Online Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204041306/http://www.vanuatu.net.vu/VanuatuOnlineDirectory.html |date=2006-02-04 }} {{Negara ring Oséania|state=show}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Negara-negara Persemakmuran}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Vanuatu| ]] [[Kategori:Negara ring Oséania]] [[Kategori:Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Negara mikro]] {{geo-stub}} 8iixci3gjr5bjm89z1bvi3t89msx6a7 0 12983 281087 280161 2026-08-27T20:15:51Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Désémber 2020}} {{infobox Aircraft | name = Su-27M / Su-35 | image = MAKS Airshow 2015 (20615630784).jpg | image size = 300 | caption = Su-35S [[Angkatan Udara Rusia]] | type = [[Kapal tempur multiperan|Peran ganda]] [[Kapal tempur superioritas udara]] | national origin = [[Uni Soviét]] ([[Russia]] saking 1991) | manufacturer = | design group = [[Biro Désain Sukhoi]] | builder = [[Asosiasi Pangardi Pesawat Komsomolsk-on-Amur]] | first flight = Su-27M: 28 Juni 1988<br/>Su-35S: 19 Pébruari 2008 | introduced = Pébruari 2014 | retired = | status = ring pelayanan | primary user = [[Angkatan Udara Rusia]] | more users = [[Angkatan Udara Tentara Pambebasan Rakyat Cina]] | produced = Su-27M: 1987–1995<br/>Su-35S: 2007–mangkin | number built = Su-27M: 12<br/>Su-35S: 119 (3 tést miwah 116 pesawat sérial) | unit cost = '''Ajin doméstik:''' US$40 ([[ajin flyaway]]) - 65&nbsp;yuta (sanjata jangkep) (2009)<ref name=64jetorder>{{cite news |url= http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090818/155845491.html |title= Russian Defense Ministry orders 64 Su-family fighters |agency=RIA Novosti |date=18 August 2009 |accessdate= 18 July 2010 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090821150710/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090818/155845491.html |archivedate= 21 August 2009}}</ref><br>'''Ajin ékspor:''' US$84–100&nbsp;yuta (sanjata jangkep, 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/37858|title=Report: Egypt, Russia Sign $2B Deal for Su-35 Fighter Jets|website= |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> | developed from = [[Sukhoi Su-27]] | variants with their own articles = [[Sukhoi Su-37]] | developed into = }} '''Sukhoi Su-35''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Сухой Су}}-35; [[kode NATO]]: '''Flanker-E''') silih tunggil anran antuk kalih turunan panganyaran saking kapal tempur partahanan udara [[Sukhoi Su-27|Su-27]]. Mallinggihan kalih, [[twinjet|mesin ganda]], ''[[Supermaneuverability|supermaneuverable]]'', karipta olih [[Biro Désain Sukhoi]] miwah kakardi olih [[Pabrik Pesawat Komsomolsk-on-Amur]]. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ===Cingak taler=== * [[Sukhoi Su-27]] * [[Sukhoi Su-30]] * [[Sukhoi Su-57]] ===Cutetan=== {{Reflist|group=N}} ===Suratan=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2001/2001%20-%200808.html |title=Sukhoi fighter updates make debut appearance |journal=[[Flight International]] |date=13–19 March 2001 |issue=4771 |volume=159 |page=20 |location=London |publisher=Reed Businees Information |issn=0015-3710 |accessdate=12 Séptémber 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706011923/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2001/2001%20-%200808.html |archivedate=6 July 2010 }} * {{Cite book|last=Andrews|first=Thomas|date=Spring 2003|chapter=Su-27/30 family: 'Flanker' in the 21st Century|title=International Air Power Review|volume=8|location=Norwalk, Connecticut|publisher=AIRtime Publishing|isbn=1-880588-54-4}} * {{Cite journal|last=Archibald|first=David|title=Resolving the F-35 Nightmare|journal=Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy|volume=44|issue=2|publisher=International Strategic Studies Association|location=Alexandria, Virginia|year=2016|pages=12–14|issn=0277-4933}} * {{Cite journal|last=Barrie|first=Douglas|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%200482.html|title=Advanced Flanker future hinges on export|journal=[[Flight International]]|date=26 February – 4 March 1997|location=London|publisher=Reed Businees Information|volume=151|issue=4563|page=8|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807195203/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%200482.html|archivedate=7 August 2017|issn=0015-3710}} * {{Cite journal|last=Barrie |first=Douglas |author-mask=3|date=1 Séptémber 2003|title=Singular Demands|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aviation-week-space-technology_aviation-week-space-technology_2003-09-01_159_9/page/39 |journal=Aviation Week & Space Technology|volume=159|issue=9|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|page=39|issn=0005-2175}} * {{Cite journal|last=Butowski|first=Piotr|date=Summer 2004|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126558892.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122311/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126558892.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 Séptémber 2015|title=Halfway to PAK FA|journal=Interavia Business & Technology|location=Geneva|publisher=Aerospace Media Publishing|issue=676|pages=38–41|url-access=subscription|via=[[HighBeam Research]]|issn=1423-3215|access-date=19 April 2013|accessdate=21 November 2020|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122311/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126558892.html}} * {{cite journal|last=Butowski|first=Piotr|author-mask=3|title=Wraps come off new Russian fighters|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-170506722.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233557/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-170506722.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|journal=Interavia Business & Technology|location=Geneva|publisher=Aerospace Media Publishing|issue=689|pages=34–36|url-access=subscription|via=[[HighBeam Research]]|access-date=19 April 2013|date=22 Séptémber 2007|issn=1423-3215|accessdate=21 November 2020|archivedate=10 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910081643/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-170506722.html}} *{{cite journal |last=Butowski |first=Piotr |title=The final Flanker |journal=[[Air International]] |date=October 2019 |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=36–39 |issn=0306-5634 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Fink|first=Donald|date=6 December 1993|title=New Su-35 Boasts Greater Agility|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aviation-week-space-technology_aviation-week-space-technology_1993-12-06_139_23/page/44|journal=Aviation Week & Space Technology|volume=139|issue=23|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|pages=44–46|issn=0005-2175}} * {{Cite journal|last=Fiszer|first=Michal|date=August 2004|title=Red Fighters Revised|journal=[[Journal of Electronic Defense]]|location=Gainesville, Florida|publisher=Association of Old Crows|volume=27|issue=8|pages=43–44, 46–53|issn=0192-429X}} * {{cite journal |last=Fomin |first=Andrey |url=http://en.take-off.ru/pdf_to/to10.pdf |title=Su-35 Has Flown! |pages=24–29 |journal=Take-Off |publisher=Aeromedia Publishing |location=Moscow |date=May 2008 |accessdate=26 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195316/http://en.take-off.ru/pdf_to/to10.pdf |archivedate=29 October 2013 }} * {{cite journal |last=Fomin |first=Andrey |author-mask=3 |url=http://en.take-off.ru/pdf_to/to23.pdf |title=Su-35S in trials |journal=Take-Off |publisher=Aeromedia Publishing |location=Moscow |date=July 2012 |pages=16–17 |accessdate=26 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193146/http://en.take-off.ru/pdf_to/to23.pdf |archivedate=29 October 2013 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Fomin|first=Andrey|author-mask=3|url=http://en.take-off.ru/pdf_to/to29.pdf|title=Su-35S Being Fielded With Success|journal=Take-Off|date=July 2014|publisher=Aeromedia Publishing|location=Moscow|pages=36–39|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602213831/http://en.take-off.ru/pdf_to/to29.pdf|archivedate=2 June 2017}} * {{cite journal |last=Gethin |first=Howard |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1998/1998%20-%202468.html |title=Sukhoi flies latest Su-37 demonstrator |date=9–15 Séptémber 1998 |journal=[[Flight International]] |volume=154 |issue=4642 |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Reed Business Information |accessdate=26 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108112022/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1998/1998%20-%202468.html |archivedate=8 November 2012 |issn=0015-3710 }} * {{cite book |last1=Gill |first1=Bates |authorlink1=Bates Gill |last2=Kim |first2=Taeho |title=China's Arms Acquisitions from Abroad: A Quest for 'Superb and Secret Weapons' |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-829196-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasarmsacquis0000gill }} * {{cite book|last=Gordon |first=Yefim |title=Sukhoi Su-27 |series=Famous Russian Aircraft |location= Hinckley, UK |publisher=Midlands Publishing |year= 2007 |isbn=978-1-85780-247-4}} * {{cite book |last1=Joo |first1=Seung-Ho |last2=Kwak |first2=Tae-Hwan Kwak |title=Koréa in the 21st Century |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781560729907 |location=Hauppauge, New York |publisher=Nova Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-1-56072-990-7}} * {{Cite journal|last=Komarov|first=Alexey|date=4 February 2002|title=Brazil Inks Fighter and Launcher Pacts with Russia and Ukraine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aviation-week-space-technology_2002-02-04_156_5/page/61|journal=Aviation Week & Space Technology|volume=156|issue=5|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|page=61|issn=0005-2175}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kopp|first=Carlo|authorlink=Carlo Kopp|title=Sukhoi's Su-35S – not your father's Flanker|journal=Defence Today|location=Amberley, Queensland|publisher=Strike Publications|date=March 2010|pages=8–10|issn=1447-0446}} * {{Cite journal|last=Madér|first=Georg|title=Los FLANKERs del Présidénte|journal=Military Technology|location=Bonn|publisher=Monch Publications|volume=31|issue=3|date=March 2007|pages=102–104|issn=0722-3226}} * {{Cite journal|last=Novichkov|first=Nicolay|title=Sukhoi Set to Exploit Thrust Vector Control|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aviation-week-space-technology_1996-08-26_145_9/page/52|journal=Aviation Week & Space Technology|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|volume=145|issue=9|date=26 August 1996|page=52|issn=0005-2175}} * {{Cite journal|last=Pyadushkin|first=Maxim|title=Russian Revival|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aviation-week-space-technology_2010-12-13_172_45/page/28|journal=Aviation Week & Space Technology|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|volume=172|issue=45|page=28|date=13 December 2010|issn=0005-2175}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Pyadushkin|first1=Maxim|author-mask1=3|last2=Perrett|first2=Bradley|date=27 October 2014|title=Back for More|journal=Aviation Week & Space Technology|volume=176|issue=38|location=New York|publisher=Penton Media|pages=18–19|issn=0005-2175}} * {{Cite journal|last=Rivers|first=Brendan|title=Brazil Delays Fighter Program Again|date=February 2005|journal=[[Journal of Electronic Defense]]|page=18|volume=28|issue=2|location=Gainesville, Florida|publisher=Association of Old Crows|issn=0192-429X}} * {{cite journal|last=Sherman|first=Kenneth B.|title=US to ROK: "Buy American"|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78639426.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233338/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78639426.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|journal=[[Journal of Electronic Defense]]|page=22|volume=24|issue=9|location=Gainesville, Florida|publisher=Association of Old Crows|url-access=subscription|via=[[HighBeam Research]]|access-date=22 April 2013|date=1 Séptémber 2001|issn=0192-429X|accessdate=21 November 2020|archivedate=5 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233338/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78639426.html}} * {{cite journal |last=Sweetman |first=Bill |authorlink=Bill Sweetman |title=Russian stealth research revealed |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126317422.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233528/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126317422.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2013 |journal=[[Journal of Electronic Defense]] |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=26–27 |location=Gainesville, Florida |publisher=Association of Old Crows |url-access=subscription |via=[[HighBeam Research]] |date=April 2004 |issn=0192-429X |access-date=22 April 2013 |accessdate=21 November 2020 |archivedate=5 November 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233528/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126317422.html }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sweetman|first=Bill|author-mask=3|date=24 June 2013|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/sukhoi-test-pilot-explains-supermaneuverability|title=Tight Corners|journal=Aviation Week & Space Technology|volume=175|issue=21|location=New York|publisher=Penton Media|page=33|issn=0005-2175|accessdate=4 August 2017}} * {{Cite journal|last=Sweetman|first=Bill|author-mask=3|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/sukhoi-t-50-shows-flight-control-innovations|title=New Moves|journal=Aviation Week & Space Technology|volume=175|issue=28|location=New York|publisher=Penton Media|pages=43–44|date=19 August 2013|issn=0005-2175|accessdate=23 July 2017}} * {{Cite journal |last=Velovich |first=Alexander |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%201112.html |title=Thrust-vectoring Sukhoi Su-35 flies |date=8–14 May 1996 |journal=[[Flight International]] |location=London |publisher=Reed Business Publishing |issue=4522 |volume=149 |page=16 |issn=0015-3710 |access-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314022230/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%201112.html |archive-date=14 March 2011 |url-status=dead |accessdate=21 November 2020 |archivedate=14 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314022230/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%201112.html }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=Mel |title=Superfighters: The Next Generation of Combat Aircraft |url=https://archive.org/details/superfightersnex0000unse |chapter=Sukhoi 'Super Flankers' |location=Norwalk, Connecticut |publisher=AIRtime Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1-880588-53-6}} * {{cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |title=Chinese Foreign Policy: Pragmatism and Strategic Behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/chineseforeignpo0000unse_n7z0 |location=Armonk, New York |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7656-1284-7}} {{Refend}} ===Paranala jaba=== {{Commons category|Sukhoi Su-35}} * Kaca wéb resmi Sukhoi Su-35 ring {{Official website|https://www.sukhoi.org/products/samolety/256/|Sukhoi}} miwah {{Official website|http://www.knaapo.ru/products/su-35/|KnAAPO}} {{Sukhoi}} 84y72t8ds6fek5hjw9t8vgvvtzics7c 0 13071 281164 280133 2026-08-27T21:32:26Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 12 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Désémber 2020}} {{Infobox military conflict |conflict=Yuda Punic Katiga |partof= [[Yuda Punic]] |image = City of Carthage circa 149 BC.png |image_size = |caption = Patahanan kota [[Kartago]] | alt = peta sané nikayang patahanan kota Kartago |date=149–146 BC (4 warsa) |place= Wewidanagan Kartago ring aab modérn [[Tunisia]] |casus = Yuda Kartago sareng [[Numidia]] ngarusak palugraan |result=Roman menang<br /> *Rusak Kartago |combatant1= [[Républik Romawi|Roma]] |combatant2= [[Kartago Kuna|Kartago]] |commander1=[[Scipio Aemilianus]]<br />[[Manius Manilius]]<br />[[Lucius Marcius Censorinus (konsul 149 BC)|Lucius Marcius Censorinus]]<br />[[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (konsul 148 BC)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso]] |commander2=[[Hasdrubal Boeotarch|Hasdrubal]]<br/>Diogenes |strength1=36,000–46,000 infantéri<br />4,000 kavaléri |strength2=20,000 utawi langkung bala yuda<br />Makeh sipil masanjata |casualties1=nénten kauningin |casualties2=Ngantos 750,000 séda, rumasuk sipil<br />50,000 selamat [[Pasuwitaan ring Roma kuna|kapasuwita]] }} '''Yuda Punic Katiga''' punika sané kaping tiga miwah ungkur saking [[Yuda Punic]] riantara [[Kartago Kunu|Kartago]] pantaraning [[Républik Romawi|Roma]], kamargiang saking 149 ngantos 146 SM . Yuda punika kalaksayang sinamian ring wewidangan Kartago, ring kalér [[Tunisia]] sané mangkin. Rikala [[Yuda Punic Kakalih]] puput ring 201 SM, satunggal palugraan tentrem Kartago nénten kapanggih mayuda tan palugra Roma. Mitra Roma, Raja [[Masinissa]] saking [[Numidia]], ngawiguna punika antuk kaulang-ulang nyerang miwah ngambil wewidangan Kartago tan pakahukum. Ring warsa 149 SM Kartago makta bala yuda, kapimpin [[Hasdrubal Boeotarch|Hasdrubal]], pantaraning Masinissa, yadiastun wénten palugraan. Kampanye punika kapuputin antuk sinangkala mawinan [[Patempuran Oroscopa]] kapuputan antuk kakaoanan Kartago miwah panyerahan bala yuda Kartago. Sekaa anti-Kartago ring Roma nganggén parilaksana militer nénten resmi antuk paboyan pasiapan ékspedisi hukuman. Sapunika ring warsa 149 SM, bala yuda Romawi sané akéh ngalabuh ring [[Utica, Tunisia|Utica]] ring Afrika Kalér. Jadma Kartago ngupadi antuk ngamenengang jatma Romawi, yadiastun jatma Kartago nyerahang sinamian sanjata ipun, jatma Romawi terus neken ngepung kota Kartago. Kampanye Romawi polih kamedunan maulang-ulanh ri kala warsa 149 SM, wantah prasida kabecikin olih [[Scipio Aemilianus]], satunggil parwira madya. Satunggal komandan Romawi sané wawu ngambil alih ring warsa 148 SM, polih asil pateh jelekné. Ring pamilihan ngawarsa hakim Romawi ring pamahbah 147 SM, dukungan krama antuk Scipio langkung akéh asapunika pawatesan yusa sané kamargiang kacabut antuk ngalédangang ida kadadosang [[Konsul Romawi|konsul]] miwah komandan ring Afrika. Taktik Scipio kamargiang antuk kalih kamenangan Kartago, menawi ida ngancengang pangepungan miwah ngawitin pewangunan [[Molé (arsitéktur)|Molé]] sané ageng antuk ngadang pasokan ngeranjing nuju Kartago nganggén [[blokade pamargi]]. Jatma Kartago akéhan sampun ngawangun malih armada dané miwah [[serangan nadak]], nangkejutin jatma Romawi; sesampun patempuran sané nénten pastika, Kartago iwang ngatur pamedalan ipun, asapunika akéh kélangan jukung. Jatma Romawi lanturan ngawangun wangunan bata ageng ring wewengkon labuhan sané ngadominasi tembok kota. Sesampun punika puput Scipio ngapimpin bala yuda antuk ngepung kamp lapangan bala yuda Kartago miwah maksa akéhan kota ageng miwah kota sané kantun ngadukung Kartago antuk nyerah. Ting masan semi 146 SM, Romawi ngamargiang serangan ungkur ipun miwah ring nem rahina sampun rusak kota miwah ngamatiang krama nyané; wantah ring rahina ungkur ipun ngapenjara, 50.000 riantara ipun kaadol manados parekan. Wewidangan Kartago sané sadurung nyané manados [[Propinsi Afrika|Propinsi Romawi ring Afrika]] antuk Utica dados ibukota ipun. Punika aabad sadurung situs Kartago [[Kartago Romawi|kawangun malih manados kota Romawi]]. == Sumber utama == Sumber utama antuk akéhan aspek Yuda Punic punika pababad [[Polybius]] ({{circa|200}}-{{circa|118 BC}}), satunggal Yunani kakirim rinuju Roma ring 167 SM manados sandera.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=20–21}} Karya ipun jangkep sané mangkin ical indik [[taktik militer]],{{sfn|Shutt|1938|p=53}} menawi ida kaloktah mawinan [[The Histories (Polybius)|''The Histories'']], kasuratin kirang langkung 146 SM.{{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=20}}{{sfn |Walbank|1990|pp=11–12}} Ida nyarengin palindung miwah timpal nyané,{{sfn |Astin|2006|p=5}} jenderal Romawi [[Scipio Aemilianus]], ring Afrika Kalér duk Yuda Punic Katiga;{{sfn|Champion|2015|pp=96,108}} punika kapastika Polybius ketah prasida kaandelin antuk nyaritayang pamargin Scipio sané nguntungang.{{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=21}}{{sfn|Astin|2006|pp=5–6}}{{sfn|Walbank|1979|p=662}} Tiosan punika, kepahan utama saking akun ''The Histories''{{'}} saking Yuda Punic Katiga sampun ical.{{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=21}}{{sfn|Hoyos|2015|p=2}} Carita [[annalis]] [[Livy]] Romawi, punika mawit saking Polybius, akéh keanggén olih pababad modern saking Yuda Punic, {{sfn |Champion|2015|p=95}} menawi sinamian cutetan punika sesampun warsa 167 SM punika wantah lis kontén. {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p = 22}} {{sfn|Mineo|2015|p = 123}} Cutetan kuna liayanan saking Yuda Punic Katiga makéh sampun ical rumasuk saking [[Plutarch]], [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] {{sfn|Mineo|2015|p = 126}} miwah basa Yunani olih [[Diodorus Siculus]]. {{sfn|Mineo|2015|p = 119}} Pababad modern taler nganggén cutetan saking [[Appian]] Yunani abad ka-2 M. {{sfn|Le Bohec|2015|p = 430}} {{sfn|Mineo|2015|p = 125}} Pababad modern Bernard Mineo nikayang "punika pinih satunggal cutetan jangkep miwah malanturan saking yuda puniki". {{Sfn|Mineo|2015|p = 126}} Punika kacawang makeh kawéntan saking Polybius, menawi makudang pikobet antuk punika sampun kauningayang. {{sfn|Walbank|1979|p = 662}} {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp = 22–23}} Puniki pikobet titiang miwah yuda katiga Punic, yuda katiga puniki pinih nénten kauningin pamastika ipun. {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p = 24}} Wit tiosan rumasuk koin, prasasti, bukti [[arkéologi]] miwah bukti émpiris saking rékonstruksi. {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp = 23, 98}} ==Liyanan== ===Cutetan=== {{reflist|group=note}} ===Pustaka=== {{reflist|20em}} ===Wit=== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |first=A. E. |last=Astin|title=Scipio Aemilianus|url=https://archive.org/details/scipioaemilianus0000aeas | location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1967| oclc=250072988}} * {{cite book |first=A. E. |last=Astin| chapter=Sources |pages=1–16 | editor2-first= F. W. |editor2-last=Walbank |editor1-first=A. E. |editor1-last=Astin |editor3-first=M. W. |editor3-last=Frederiksen |editor4-first=R. M. |editor4-last=Ogilvie |editor2-link=F. W. 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V. |last=Harris|author-link= William V. Harris | chapter=Roman Expansion in the West |pages=107–162 | editor2-first= F. W. |editor2-last=Walbank |editor1-first=A. E. |editor1-last=Astin |editor3-first=M. W. |editor3-last=Frederiksen |editor4-first=R. M. |editor4-last=Ogilvie |editor2-link=F. W. 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K. |name-list-style=amp |last2=Lewis |first2=R. B. |date=1963 |title=Carthaginian Gold and Electrum Coins |url= |location=London |publisher=Royal Numismatic Society |page= |oclc=1024975511 |author-link= }} * {{Cite book|title=Historie de lA̕frique du Nord|last=Jouhaud|first=Edmond Jules René|date=1968|location=Paris|publisher=Éditions des Deux Cogs dÓr|oclc= 2553949 |language=fr}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Hoyos|editor1-first=Dexter|last=Kunze |first=Claudia|chapter=Carthage and Numidia, 201–149 |date=2015 |orig-year=2011|title=A Companion to the Punic Wars|location=Chichester, West Sussex|publisher=John Wiley|pages=395–411 |isbn=978-1-1190-2550-4|author-link=}} * {{cite book|last=Lazenby|first=John|title=The First Punic War: A Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/firstpunicwarmil00laze|location=Stanford, California|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8047-2673-3}} * {{cite book |last=Lazenby |first=John |date=1998 |title=Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War |url= |location=Warminster |publisher=Aris & Phillips |page= |isbn=978-0-85668-080-9 |author-link=}} * {{cite book|last=Miles|first=Richard|author-link= Richard Miles (historian) |title=Carthage Must be Destroyed|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141018096|location=London|publisher=Penguin |year=2011|isbn=978-0-14-101809-6}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Hoyos |editor1-first=Dexter |first=Bernard |last=Mineo |chapter=Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius) |date=2015 |orig-year=2011 |title=A Companion to the Punic Wars |location=Chichester, West Sussex |publisher=John Wiley |pages= 111–128 |isbn=978-1-1190-2550-4 |author-link=}} * {{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Stephen |date=2007 |title=A History of the Later Roman Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflaterro0000mitc |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |page= |isbn=978-1-4051-0856-0 |author-link= }} * {{cite book |last=Pollard |first=Elizabeth |date=2015 |title=Worlds Together Worlds Apart |url=https://archive.org/details/worldstogetherwo0000poll |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton |page= |isbn= 978-0-393-91846-5 |author-link=}} * {{cite book |last=Purcell |first= Nicholas |date=1995 |title=Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on his Seventy Fifth Birthday |url=https://archive.org/details/ethicsrhetoriccl0000unse |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ethicsrhetoriccl0000unse/page/133 133]–148 |isbn=978-0-19-814962-0 |author-link=Nicholas Purcell (classicist) |chapter=On the Sacking of Carthage and Corinth |editor1-last= Innes |editor1-first=Doreen |editor2-last= Hine |editor2-first=Harry |editor3-last=Pelling |editor3-first=Christopher }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Hoyos |editor1-first=Dexter |first=John |last=Richardson |chapter=Spain, Africa, and Rome after Carthage |date=2015 |orig-year=2011 |title=A Companion to the Punic Wars |location=Chichester, West Sussex |publisher=John Wiley |pages= 467–482 |isbn=978-1-1190-2550-4 |author-link=}} *{{Cite journal | volume =81 | issue =2 | pages =140–146 | last =Ridley | first =Ronald | title =To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1986-04_81_2/page/140 | journal =Classical Philology | date =1986 | jstor =269786 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |author1-link= George Ripley (transcendentalist) |author2-link=Charles Anderson Dana | author1-last =Ripley | author1-first =George | author2-last =Dana | author2-first =Charles A. | encyclopedia =The New American Cyclopædia: a Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge | title =Carthage | url =https://archive.org/stream/newamericancycl01danagoog#page/n508/mode/1up | access-date =29 July 2020 | year =1858–1863 | publisher =D. Appleton | series = | volume =4 | location =New York | oclc =1173144180 | page =497}} *{{Cite journal | volume =2 | issue =3 | pages =98–107 | last =Scullard | first =Howard | title =Carthage | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_greece-rome_1955-10_2_3/page/98 | journal =Greece & Rome | date =1955 | jstor =641578 }} * {{cite book |last=Scullard |first=Howard H.|author-link= Howard Hayes Scullard |date=2002 |title= A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofromanwo0000scul_v3m5 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page= |isbn=978-0-415-30504-4 }} * {{Cite journal | volume =8 | issue =22 | pages =50–57 | last =Shutt | first =Rowland | title =Polybius: A Sketch | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_greece-rome_1938-10_8_22/page/50 | journal =Greece & Rome | date =1938 | jstor =642112 | doi =10.1017/S001738350000588X}} * {{cite book | last1 = Sidwell | first1 = Keith C. | last2=Jones | first2= Peter V. |author-link2= Peter Jones (classicist) | title = The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture | url = https://archive.org/details/worldofromeintro0000unse | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year = 1998 | location=Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-38600-5}} * {{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/37 |title=Archaeological Site of Carthage |last= |first= |date=2020 |website=UNESCO |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 July 2020 |ref={{sfnRef|UNESCO|2020}}}} *{{Cite journal| volume = 2| issue = 32| pages =79–95| last = Vogel-Weidemann| first = Ursula| title = Carthago delenda est: Aitia and Prophasis| journal =Acta Classica| date = 1989| jstor = 2459-1872}} * {{cite book |last=Walbank |first=F.W. |date=1979 |title=A Historical Commentary on Polybius |volume =III |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon |page= |isbn= 978-0-19-814011-5 }} * {{cite book |last=Walbank |first=F.W. |date=1990 |title=Polybius |volume =1 |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |page= |isbn= 978-0-520-06981-7 }} {{refend}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Third Punic War |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }} {{Yuda Punic navbox}} {{Yuda Romawi Kuna|state=autocollapse}} [[Kategori:Yuda Punic Katiga| Yuda Punic Katiga]] [[Kategori:Yuda Punic]] 8wkvb6u63bidpcn5kg5mgik95c6f5o4 0 13120 281143 219673 2026-08-27T21:14:23Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox international football competition | tourney_name = Piala Jagat FIFA | year = 1930 | other_titles = 1er Campeonato Mundial de Fútbol | image = Uruguay 1930 World Cup.jpg | alt = Poster magaya Art Deco, sané ngambarang panjaga gawang kaaluhang sané ngalaksanayang panyelametan ring duur. Wagian metén medaging suratan antuk aksara magaya: "1er Campeonato Mundial de Futbol" ring warna selem, miwah "Uruguay 1930 Montevideo 15 Julio Agosto 15" ring warna petak miwah jenar. | size = 175px | caption = Poster resmi; karipta olih<br/>[[Guillermo Laborde]] | country = Uruguay | dates = 13–30 Juli | num_teams = 13 | confederations = 3 | venues = 3 | cities = 1 | champion = Uruguay | count = 1 | second = Argéntina | third = Amérika Serikat | third-flagvar = 1912 | third-note = {{refn|name=third|Yadiastun [[play-off genah katiga]] nénten kamainang ring Piala Jagat ngantos [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1934|1934]], akun tiosan kakait napiké ring pemahbah nyané partandingan parebutan genah katiga kawéntenang. Makéh sumber nikayang Yugoslavia nénten narima ngamainang partandingan parebutan genah katiga mawinan dané kuciwa sareng wasit ring semifinal pantaraning Uruguay.<ref name="four weeks"/> Parikanda komité téknis FIFA indik [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1986|Piala Jagat 1986]] rumasuk paringkat rétrospéktip penuh saking sajebag tim ring sinamian final Piala Jagat sadurung nyané; parikanda puniki magenahang Amérika Serikat ring paringkat katiga miwah Yugoslavia kapat, mawinan patiosan gol sané langkung becik saking cutetan sané sujati,<ref name="F279"/> sebuah latihan sejak dilanjutkan oleh FIFA.<ref name="awards"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/all-time-fifa-world-cup-ranking-1930-2014-1180321.pdf?cloudid=nynltbogj47gfjtfszqr |title=Fact Sheet: FIFA World Cup All-time Ranking 1930–2014 |work=FIFA |format=PDF |access-date=8 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408044843/https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/all-time-fifa-world-cup-ranking-1930-2014-1180321.pdf?cloudid=nynltbogj47gfjtfszqr |archive-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>}} | fourth = Krajaan Yugoslavia | fourth-note = {{refn|name=third}} | matches = 18 | goals = 70 | attendance = 590549 | top_scorer = {{fbicon|ARG}} [[Guillermo Stábile]]<br />(8 gol) | nextseason = [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1934|1934]] }} '''Piala Jagat FIFA 1930''' kaperdana [[Piala Jagat FIFA]] kamargiang, wimbakara [[sépakbola]] jagat antuk tim [[Lis tim nasional sépakbola putra|nasional putra]]. Punika kalaksanayang ring Uruguay saking 13 ngantos 30 Juli 1930. [[Badan pangatur olahraga]] [[FIFA]], ngamilih Uruguay manados negara tuan umah, mawinan negara punika jagi ngarayang wanti warsa kaping satus [[Konstitusi Uruguay|konstitusi kapertama]] miwah [[tim nasional sépakbola Uruguay]] sampun prasida ngapertahang gelar sépakbola ipun ring [[Sépakbola ring Olimpiade Masan Panés 1928|Olimpiade Masan Panés 1928]]. Sinamian partandingan kamainang ring [[ibu kota]] Uruguay, [[Montévidéo]], makehan ring [[Éstadio Cénténario]], sané kawangun antuk turnamén punika. Tigang welas téam (pitu saking [[Amérika Kelod]], papat saking Éropa miwah kalih saking [[Amérika Kalér]]) nyarengin turnamén. Wantah akedik téam Éropa sané nyarengin mawianan méweh malancaran nuju Amérika Kelod. Téam kakepah manados petang grup, antuk jayanti soang-soang grup ngalantur ring semifinal. Kalih partandingan Piala Jagat kapertama kamargiang sareng-sareng miwah kamenangin olih [[tim nasional sépakbola Perancis|Perancis]] miwah [[tim nasional sépakbola Amérika Serikat|Amérika Serikat]], sané ngaonang punika [[tim nasional sépakbola Méksiko|Méksiko]] 4–1 miwah [[tim nasional sépakbola Bélgia|Bélgia]] 3–0. [[Lucien Laurent]] saking Perancis nyétak gol kapertama ring lelintihan Piala Jagat, asapunika panjaga gawang Amérika Serikat [[Jimmy Douglas (sépakbola Amérika)|Jimmy Douglas]] nyatetang "''[[clean sheet]]''" kapertama ring turnamén punika. [[Tim nasional sépakbola Argéntina|Argéntina]], Uruguay, Amérika Serikat, miwah [[Tim nasional sépakbola Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] jayanti grup nyané soang-soang antuk ngalantur rinuju semifinal. Ring final, tuan umah miwah favorit pra-turnamén Uruguay ngaonang Argéntina 4-2 ring arep 68,346&nbsp;pamiarsa, manados negara kapertama sané ngajayanti Piala Jagat. ==Genah acara== [[Italia]], [[Swédia]], [[Belanda]], [[Spanyol]], [[Hungaria]], miwah [[Uruguay]] ngajuang proposal antuk manados tuan acara sépakbola kapertama puniki.<ref name="FIFAhistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/fifa/first-fifa-world-cup.html |title=History of FIFA&nbsp;– The first FIFA World Cup |work=FIFA |accessdate=14 Juni2014 |archive-date=2015-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429164718/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/fifa/first-fifa-world-cup.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BBC1930">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/history/newsid_1632000/1632201.stm |title=World Cup History&nbsp;– Uruguay 1930 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |date=11 April 2002 |accessdate=14 Juni 2009 }}</ref> Tawahan Uruguay manados pilihan pinih becik sesampun samian negara siosan tan ngalanturang panawahan ipun. Samian laga kalangsungang ring [[Montévidéo]]. Wénten tiga sané stadion kaanggén punika, [[Éstadio Cénténario]], [[Éstadio Pocitos]] miwah [[Éstadio Gran Parqué Céntral]]. Éstadio Cénténario kawangun antuk wimbakara miwah manados parayaan satus warsa kamahardikaan Uruguay, sané karancang olih Juan Scasso,<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldblatt |first=David |title=The Ball is Round: A Global History of Football |publisher=Penguin |location=London |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-101582-8 |page=248 }}</ref> Punika stadion utama antuk wimbakara, sané kasengguh olih Rimet manados "kuil sépakbola".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunning |first1=Eric |last2=Malcolm |first2=Dominic |title=Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/sport0000rout |page=[https://archive.org/details/sport0000rout/page/46 46] |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-26292-7 }}</ref> Antuk kapasitas 90.000, stadion sépakbola pinih ageng ring dura Kapuloan Inggris.<ref name=g249/> Stadion puniki manados tuan umah 10 saking 18&nbsp;laga, rumasuk semifinal muwah final. Menawi, jadwal konstruksi sané magelis-gelisa miwah kagulgul krana masan sabeh ngardi Cénténario nénten sayaga kaanggén ring galah lima rahina sadurung wimbakara.<ref name="G16">Glanville, p. 16</ref> Laga pangawit kamainang ring stadion sané alitan, ketah kaanggén olih klub sépakbola Montévidéo [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] miwah [[Péñarol]], Parqué Central miwah Pocitos makapasitas 20.000. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !colspan=3|[[Montévidéo]] |- |[[Éstadio Cénténario]] |[[Éstadio Gran Parqué Céntral]] |[[Éstadio Pocitos]] |- |<small>{{Coord|34|53|40.38|S|56|9|10.08|W|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Estadio Centenario}}</small> |<small>{{Coord|34|54|4|S|56|9|32|W|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Estadio Gran Parque Central}}</small> |<small>{{Coord|34|54|18.378|S|56|9|22.42|W|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Estadio Pocitos}}</small> |- |Capacity: '''90,000''' |Capacity: '''20,000''' |Capacity: '''10,000''' |- |[[File:Estadio Centenario 1930.jpg|250px]] |[[File:Gran Parque Central 1900.jpg|226px]] |[[File:Estadio Pocitos 1930.jpg|226px]] |- ! colspan="1" | {{location map+|Uruguay|float=center|width=200|places= {{location map~|Uruguay|lat=-34.90|long=-56.15|label='''[[Montévidéo]]'''|position=top}} |caption=}} ! colspan="2" | {{location map+|Uruguay Montévidéo|width=340|float=center|caption= |places= {{location map~|Uruguay Montévidéo|lat=-34.9011|long=-56.1645|label='''[[Éstadio Cénténario|Cénténario]]'''|position=left}} {{location map~|Uruguay Montévidéo|lat=-34.9075|long=-56.1516|label='''[[Éstadio Pocitos|Pocitos]]'''|position=right}} {{location map~|Uruguay Montévidéo|lat=-34.8844|long=-56.1587|label='''[[Éstadio Gran Parqué Céntral|Gran&nbsp;Parqué]]'''|position=top}}}} |} ==Babak grup== ===Grup 1=== {{main|Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 1}} {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 1|transcludesection=Standings}} {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 1|transcludesection=1-1}} ---- {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 1|transcludesection=1-2}} ---- {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 1|transcludesection=1-3}} ---- {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 1|transcludesection=1-4}} ---- {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 1|transcludesection=1-5}} ---- {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 1|transcludesection=1-6}} ===Grup 2=== {{main|Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 2}} {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 2|transcludesection=Standings}} {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 2|transcludesection=2-1}} ---- {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 2|transcludesection=2-2}} ---- {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 2|transcludesection=2-3}} ===Grup 3=== {{main|Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 3}} {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 3|transcludesection=Standings}} {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 3|transcludesection=3-1}} ---- {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 3|transcludesection=3-2}} ---- {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 3|transcludesection=3-3}} ===Grup 4=== {{main|Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 4}} {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 4|transcludesection=Standings}} {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 4|transcludesection=4-1}} ---- {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 4|transcludesection=4-2}} ---- {{:Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Grup 4|transcludesection=4-3}} ==Babak gugur== {{main|Babak gugur Piala Jagat FIFA 1930}} ===Bagan=== {{#lst:Babak gugur Piala Jagat FIFA 1930|Bracket}} ===Semi-final=== {{#lst:Babak gugur Piala Jagat FIFA 1930|SF1}} ---- {{#lst:Babak gugur Piala Jagat FIFA 1930|SF2}} ===Final=== {{main|Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1930}} {{#lst:Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1930|Final}} ==Cutetan== <references group="note"/> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Suratan== *{{cite book |last=Almeida |first=Rony J. |title=Where It All Began |publisher=Lulu |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4116-7906-1 }} *{{cite book |last=Crouch |first=Terry |title=The World Cup: The Complete History |url=https://archive.org/details/worldcupcomplete0000crou_f0z0 |publisher=Aurum |location=London |year=2002 |isbn=1-85410-843-3}} *{{cite book |last1=Dunning |first1=Eric |last2=Malcolm |first2=Dominic |title=Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/sport0000rout |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-26292-7 }} *{{cite book |last=Freddi |first=Cris |title=Complete Book of the World Cup 2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/completebookofwo0000fred |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |year=2006 |isbn=0-00-722916-X }} *{{cite book |last=Glanville |first=Brian |title=The Story of the World Cup |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofworldcup0000glan_v6n8 |publisher=Faber and Faber |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=0-571-22944-1 }} *{{cite book |last=Goldblatt |first=David |title=The Ball Is Round: A Global History of Soccer |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59448-296-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1158WHUTvwC |accessdate=30 August 2010 }} *{{cite book |last=Hunt |first=Chris |title=World Cup Stories: The history of the FIFA World Cup |publisher=Interact |year=2006 |location=Ware |isbn=0-9549819-2-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffifawor0000hunt }} *Jawad, Hyder (2009); ''Four Weeks In Montevideo: The Story of World Cup 1930'', (Seventeen Media & Publishing) *{{cite book |last=Lisi |first=Clemente Angelo |title=A history of the World Cup: 1930–2006 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |year=2007 |isbn=0-8108-5905-X |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofworldcu0000lisi |url-access=registration |accessdate=26 April 2011 }} *{{cite book |last=Seddon |first=Peter |title=The World Cup's Strangest Moments |publisher=Robson |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=1-86105-869-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worldcupsstrange0000sedd }} ==Pranala jaba== * {{Commons category-inline|1930 FIFA World Cup}} *[https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/uruguay1930/index.html Piala Jagat FIFA 1930 Uruguay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404102806/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/uruguay1930/index.html |date=2019-04-04 }}, FIFA.com {{Piala Jagat FIFA 1930}} {{Stadion Piala Jagat FIFA 1930}} {{Piala Jagat FIFA}} [[Kategori:Olahraga]] [[Kategori:Piala Jagat FIFA|1930]] l5575ms35q3w298abit747c0byrztll 0 14748 281288 76330 2026-08-27T22:47:00Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Kancil | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Oligocene|Recent}} | image = Mouse-deer_Singapore_Zoo_2012.JPG | image_caption = ''Tragulus kanchil'' | taxon = Tragulidae | authority = [[Henri Milne-Edwards|H. Milne-Edwards]], 1864 | subdivision_ranks = [[Génus|Généra]] | subdivision = *''[[Hyemoschus]]'' *''[[Moschiola]]'' *''[[Tragulus]]'' }} '''Kancil''' (aksara Bali: ᬓᬜ᭄ᬘᬶᬮ᭄) silih tunggil [[beburon makuku genap]] sané alit ngarangkep dados [[kaluwarga (biologi)|kaluwarga]] '''Tragulidae''', wantah satunggal anggota infraordo [[Tragulina]] sané kantun. 10&nbsp; spésiés sané [[Takson sané kantun|kantun]] kagenahang ring tigang généra,<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3|id=14200123}}</ref><ref name=MoschiolaTaxonomy>{{cite journal |author1=Groves, C. |author2=Méijaard, E. |year=2005 |title=Intraspecific variation in Moschiola, the Indian chevrotain |journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=Supplement 12 |pages=413–421}}</ref> menawi makudang spésiés wantah kauningin saking [[fosil]].<ref name=extinct>{{cite journal |author1=Farooq, U. |author2=Khan, M.A. |author3=Akhtar, M. |author4=Khan, A.M. |year=2008 |url=http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-08-32-1/zoo-32-1-14-0612-5.pdf |title=Lower dentition of Dorcatherium majus (Tragulidae, Mammalia) in the Lower and Middle Siwaliks (Miocene) of Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928075033/http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-08-32-1/zoo-32-1-14-0612-5.pdf |archive-date=28 Séptémber 2011 |journal=Tur. J. Zool. |volume=32 |pages=91–98}}</ref> Spésiés sané kantun katemuin ring wana [[Asia Kelod]] miwah [[Asia Kelod-Kangin|Kelod Kangin]], antuk [[Kancil Yéh|spésiés tunggal]] ring wana sabeh [[Afrika Tengah]] miwah [[Afrika Kawan|Kawan]].<ref name=walker>{{cite book |editor=Nowak, R.M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0002nowa_d2q4 |edition=6th |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |place=Baltimore, MD}}</ref> Punika rumasuk [[Buron ngeraga|solitér]] utawi idup mapasangan, miwah ngamah ngantos sinamian tetanduran.<ref name=walker/> Kancil pinaka mamalia [[kuku|makuku]] pinih alit ring guminé. Spésiés Asia bobot ipun riantara 0.7 - 8.0&nbsp;kg, asapunika kancil Afrika langkung ageng antuk bobot ipun 7– 16&nbsp;kg.<ref>{{cite web |website=Ultimate Ungulate |url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Hyemoschus_aquaticus.html |title=''Hyemoschus aquaticus'' |access-date=12 October 2010}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Buron]] hy2oeuglfe6n8o7dknewfyz0i7joi9i 0 14753 281035 71285 2026-08-27T19:31:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Bed_bug,_Cimex_lectularius_(9627010587).jpg | genus = Cimex | species = lectularius | authority= [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] }} [[File:Adult_bed_bug,_Cimex_lectularius.jpg|thumb]] Titih utawi '''''Cimex lectularius''''' silih tunggil spésiés [[Cimicidaé]]. [[Inang utama]] punika [[manusa]], miwah kanikayang manados "hama panganggu" utama ring guminé. Yadiastun titih pradisa kainfeksi sawatara 28 patogén manusa, nénten wénten tetilikan sané nemu gumintit puniki prasida ngalahlahin sinamian nyané ring manusa.<ref name=Kolb2009>{{cite journal |first1 = Adam |last1 = Kolb |first2 = Glen R. |last2 = Needham |first3 = Kimberly M. |last3 = Neyman |first4 = Whitney A. |last4 = High |title = Bedbugs |journal = Dermatologic Therapy |volume = 22 |issue = 4 |pages = 347–52 |year = 2009 |pmid = 19580578 |doi = 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01246.x }}</ref> Durung wénten tetilikan sané nikayang titih kapresida ngelahlahin [[HIV]], [[MRSA]], [[hépatitis B]], [[hépatitis C]], miwah [[hépatitis E]]. Menawi, wénten sané nikayang prasida ngalahlahin [[arbovirus]].<ref>{{cite journal |title = Bed bugs and infectious disease: a case for the arboviruses |last1 = Adelman |first1 = ZN |journal = PLoS Pathogens |date = Aug 2013 |pmid = 23966852 |doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003462 |volume = 9 |issue = 8 |pages = e1003462 |pmc = 3744395 }}</ref> Sang sané cegut titih wénten sané nénten merasa ngantos kulit ipun sekadi bentol miwah lotlot matatu.<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book |author = James, William D. |title = Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |url = https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseaseso0000jame_10ed |publisher = Saunders Elsevier |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-7216-2921-6 |last2 = Berger |first2 = Timothy G. }}</ref> Rumasuk ruam kulit, efek psikologis, miwah alérgi.<ref name=GP2009>{{cite journal |vauthors = Doggett SL, Russell R |title = Bed bugs&nbsp;– What the GP needs to know |journal = Aust Fam Physician |volume = 38 |issue = 11 |pages = 880–4 |date = November 2009 |pmid = 19893834 }}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q940337}} [[Kategori:Buron]] [[Kategori:Gumatat Gumintit]] j3819uurqpdpcd9p9wppmi8rxkzk3ln 0 14849 281215 273271 2026-08-27T22:06:48Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Museum | name = Museum Semarajaya | native_name = ᬫᬸᬲᬾᬳᬸᬫ᭄​ᬲᭂᬫᬭᬚᬬ | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_upright = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = Semarajaya Museum - 2015.02 - panoramio.jpg | image_upright = | alt = | caption = Panorama Museum Semarajaya | map_type = | map_relief = | map_size = | map_caption = | coordinates = <!-- {{Coord}} --> | former_name = | established = {{Start date|1992|April|28}} | dissolved = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --> | location = [[Semarapura]], [[Kabupatén Klungkung|Klungkung]], [[Bali]], [[Indonésia]] | type = | accreditation = | key_holdings = | collections = | collection_size = | visitors = | founder = | executive_director = | leader_type = | leader = | director = | Présidént = | ceo = | chairperson = | curator = | architect = | historian = | owner = | publictransit = | car_park = | parking = | network = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embedded = }} '''Museum Semarajaya''' (aksara Bali: ᬫᬸᬲᬾᬳᬸᬫ᭄​ᬲᭂᬫᬭᬚᬬ) silih tunggil [[museum]] sané magenah ring [[Kabupatén Klungkung]], propinsi [[Bali]], [[Indonésia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Museums of Southeast Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz|last=Lenzi|first=Iola|date=2004|publisher=Archipelago Press|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4068-96-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz/page/200 200]}}</ref> ==Lelintihan== Museum Semarajaya punika museum sané kawangun khusus antuk panginget “Puputan Klungkung”. Puputan Klungkung pinaka yuda sané kamargiang ring 28 April 1908 pantaraning semeton Bali ring Klungkung sareng [[Belanda]]. Ring yuda punika padem [[Ida I Déwa Agung Gedé Jambé]] sané wawu manados raja [[Krajan Klungkung]] warsa 1904. Museum puniki meduwé koleksi paninggalan Kerajaan Klungkung sekadi piranti upacara, piranti ring palemahan, sanjata miwah karya seni. Paresmian Museum Semarajaya kamargiang ring 28 April 1992 olih Menteri Dalam Negeri, Bapak Rudini. Museum Semarajaya sadurungné dados gedung Sekolah MULO (Sekolah Menengah Aab Belanda) selanturné manados SMPN 1 Klungkung sané magenah ring [[Kerta Gosa|Komplek Kertha Gosa/Taman Gili]]. Pameréntah Belanda ngewangun gedung ring tanggal 28 April 1908 tepat ipun sesampun Puputan Klungkung. Bangunan museum stil Belanda kacampuh stil Bali.<ref>{{citation |url=http://museum.kemdikbud.go.id/museum/profile/eyJpdiI6IitRMmVnQTk4UDQxeERRTm56SVJCUFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibUpBOXB6M0M2bVdMZVBSVzZyR3RqQT09IiwibWFjIjoiNWVjYzliNGQ3YTBjODc1NTU2ZmY2YTMyOGE4MjdjZWQ2MjEzMTgyZThhNzUzZjkyZjc5YzUzNzY3YTAxZmQzMSJ9 |title=Museum Semarajaya |publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan |accessdate=28 Januari 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Koléksi == koléksi lukisan saking palukis kasub saking Italia maparab [[Emilio Ambron]]. Ida polih nyeneng ring Bali riantara 1938 nganti 1942. Kawéntenan 69 lukisan saking Emilio ring museum puniki.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.kintamani.id/museum-semarajaya-klungkung-wisata-edukatif-menyaksikan-peninggalan-sejarah-masa-lalu-004421.html |title=Museum Semarajaya Klungkung, Wisata Edukatif Menyaksikan Peninggalan Sejarah Masa Lalu |accessdate=28 Januari 2021 |publisher=Kintamani.id |archive-date=2020-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928212936/https://www.kintamani.id/museum-semarajaya-klungkung-wisata-edukatif-menyaksikan-peninggalan-sejarah-masa-lalu-004421.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tiosan punika, kawéntenang koléksi [[lontar]], piranti ngaryanin [[uyah]], miwah sané liyané. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cingak malih === * [[Kerta Gosa]] * [[Krajan Klungkung]] * [[Wayang Kamasan]] === Literatur === * {{cite book|title=Museums of Southeast Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz|last=Lenzi|first=Iola|date=2004|publisher=Archipelago Press|location=Singapore|isbn=981-4068-96-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz/page/200 200]}} === Pranala jaba === * [http://www.wcities.com/en/record/,294764/191/record.html WCities | Museum Semarajaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226235536/http://www.wcities.com/en/record/,294764/191/record.html |date=2007-12-26 }} [[Kategori:Museum Bali]] {{museum-stub}} o6w099nzlo51lzvtv4r6y6ryhkiv34z 0 14973 281112 239017 2026-08-27T20:36:29Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |honorific-prefix = Raden |name = Soedirman |image = Sudirman.jpg |imagesize = |caption = |office = Panglima Besar Tentara Keamanan Rakyat |order = ke-1 |term_start = [[12 Nopémber]] [[1945]] |term_end = [[29 Januari]] [[1950]] |Présidént = [[Soekarno]] |predecessor = |successor = [[Soeharto]] |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1916|01|24}}{{efn|name=A}} |birth_place = {{flagicon|Hindia Belanda}} [[Purbalingga]], [[Hindia Belanda]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1950|01|29|1916|01|24|df=yes}} |death_place = {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Magelang]], [[Indonésia]] |party = |spouse = |children = |residence = |alma_mater = |occupation = |nickname = |allegiance = {{plain list| *{{flag|Kaprabon Jepang}} <small>(1944–1945)</small> *{{flag|Indonésia}} <small>(1945–1950)</small> }} |branch = [[Berkas:Insignia of the Indonesian Army.svg|25px]] [[TNI Angkatan Darat]] |restingplace = [[Taman Makam Pahlawan Kusuma Negara|Taman Makam Pahlawan Semaki]] |restingplacecoordinates = {{coord|7|48|9.88|S|110|23|2.11|E|region:ID|display=inline,title}} |serviceyears = 1944–1950 |rank = {{plain list| *[[Letnan Jenderal]] <small>(saat kematian)</small> *[[Jenderal]] <small>(anumerta, 1950)</small> *[[Berkas:Pdu jendbesartni.png|25px]] [[Jenderal Besar]] <small>(anumerta, 1997)</small> }} |battles = [[Revolusi Nasional Indonésia]] |battles_label = |awards = [[Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia]] |commands = {{plain list| * Tentara [[Pembela Tanah Air|PETA]], [[Banyumas]] * Divisi V [[TKR]], Banyumas }} |relations = |signature_alt = A hastily-scrawled signature |signature = Signature of Sudirman.svg }} Jenderal Besar TNI (Anumerta) Raden '''Soedirman''' (EYD: '''Sudirman'''; {{lekadmati|[[Kabupatén Purbalingga|Purbalingga]]|24|1|1916|[[Kabupatén Magelang|Magelang]]|29|1|1950|kat=t}}) inggih punika silih tunggil perwira tinggi Indonésia ring aab Revolusi Nasional Indonésia. Dané pinaka panglima ageng Tentara Nasional Indonésia kapertama. Sasampun kulawargané maglingsir ka Cilacap duk 1916, Soedirman urip pinaka sisya sané jemet; dané taler ngamiletin sekaa Islam Muhammadiyah. Wusan puput ngranjing ring sekolah keguruan, ring 1936 dané dados guru, nglantur pinaka kepala sekolah ring sekolah dasar Muhammadiyah taler pinaka manggala sekaa truna Muhammadiyah ring 1937. Sasampun Jepang ngadeg ring Hindia Belanda duk 1942, Soedirman tetep nglaksanayang paplajahan, Ring warsa 1944, dané ngamiletin tentara Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) sané kasarengin olih [[Jepang]], pinaka komandan baliton ring Banyumas. Sasampun Indonésia ngamolihang kamahardikaan ring 17 Agustus 1945, Soedirman malaib saking penjara, raris nuju Jakarta matemu sareng Présiden [[Soekarno]]. Dané kanikain ngadeg sekaa Badan Keamanan Rakyat ring Banyuma. Sekaanyané raris pinaka pahan saking Divisi V ring 20 Oktober olih panglima [[Oerip Soemohardjo]]. Ring 12 Novémber 1945, Soedirman kapilih pinaka panglima ageng. Soedirman taler nyarengin payudhan ring Ambarawa nglawan sekaa Inggris miwah Belanda. Payudhan puniki taler ngwetuang Perjanjiang Linggarjati sané kasusun olih Soedirman kalanturang antuk Perjanjian Renville sané ngawinang wewidangan Indonésia kaambil ring Agrési Militer I olih Belanda taler ngambil 35.000 tentara Indonésia. Ring pangawit bulan Agustus 1949, Sudirman nangkilin Sukarno miwah nunas ring ida mangda nglanturang perang gerilya; Sudirman nenten ngajap [[Belanda]] pacang ninutin [[Pararem Roem-Royen]], madasar antuk tan mapikolihnya pararem-pararem sane sampun-sampun. Sukarno nenten adung, sane ngawinang Sudirman kaon. Rikala Sudirman nyihnayang jagi suud saking jabatanipun, nyalahang tan ajegnya pamrentah sane ngawinang ipun keni sakit tuberculosis miwah padem ipun Oerip ring bulan November 1948, Sukarno taler nyihnayang jagi suud. Santukan ipun mikayunin mungguing suud punika pacang ngawinang tan stabil, Sudirman nenten nglanturang pikayunanipun, miwah gencatan senjata ring sawewengkon Jawa kawiwitan ring tanggal 11 Agustus 1949. Kantun keni sakit [[tuberculosis]], Sudirman kauningin ring rumah sakit Panti Rapih Yogyakarta, ring dija ipun jenek kantos Oktober, rikala ipun kapindahang ring sanatorium ring Pakem sane nampek. Mawinan sakit punika, Sudirman arang ngenah ring arepan krama akeh. Sudirman kapindahang ka gria ring Magelang ring bulan Desember. Ring masa punika, pamrentah Indonesia miwah Belanda ngamargiang paruman sane kalaksanayang kanti makudang-kudang bulan sane ngasilang pangakuan kedaulatan Indonesia saking Belanda ring tanggal 27 Desember 1949. Sudirman, yadiastun sakit, malih kasahyang ring rahina punika pinaka panglima agung TNI, sane mangkin ngayah ring Republik Indonesia Serikat sane wau kawangun. Ring tanggal 28 Desember, Jakarta malih dados ibu kota negara. Sudirman seda ring [[Kota Magelang|Magelang]] ring jam 18:30 WIB ring tanggal 29 Januari 1950; indik puniki kasiarang ring siaran khusus RRI. Sasampun nampi orti indik sedanipun, grian kulawarga Sudirman katamiu antuk akeh jadma, termasuk Brigade 9 sami sane mamarkas ring palemahan sane nampek. Ring semeng benjangipun, layon Sudirman kabakta ka Yogyakarta. Rikala iring-iringan layon nglintang, kapucukin antuk patpat tank miwah kawangun antuk wolung dasa motor, panyiuan jadma majujuk ring sisin margine. Iring-iringan punika kaatur antuk anggota Brigade 9. == Pustaka == {{reflist|3}} === Cutetan === {{notes |notes = {{efn |name = A | 24 Januari 1916 adalah tanggal yang diakui pemerintah Indonésia. Tanggal yang sebenarnya mungkin berbeda {{harv|Adi|2011|pp=1–2}}. Sejarawan Solichin Salam misalnya, menjadikan 7 Pébruari 1912 sebagai tanggal lahir Soedirman, sejarawan lain Yusuf Puar menjadikan 7 Séptémber 1912 sebagai tanggal lahirnya (dikutip dari {{harvnb|Said|1991|p=80}}). }} }} ===Lis pustaka=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=Sedjarah Perkembangan Angkatan Darat |last= Imran |first=Amrin |coauthor=Drs.Hayun Ugaya, Drs Tanu Suherly, Sri Suko BA |publisher=Seri Text-Book Sedjarah ABRI, Departemen Pertahanan Keamanan, Pusat Sedjarah ABRI |year=1971 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |title=Sejarah TNI Jilid I (1945-1949) |last= TNI |first=Markas Besar |publisher=Pusat Sejarah Dan Tradisi TNI |location=Jakarta |year=2000 |isbn=979-9421-00-4 |isbn=979-9421-01-2 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |title=Tentara Nasional Indonésia, Jilid I, Cetakan II |last=Nasution |first=A.H |publisher=Ganeco N.V. |location=Bandung |year=1963 |ref=harv }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.unsoed.ac.id/en/node/about-unsoed |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717181109/http://www.unsoed.ac.id/en/node/about-unsoed |archivedate=2014-07-17 |accessdate=17 Juni 2012 |publisher=Universitas Jenderal Soedirman |title=Tentang UNSOED |ref={{sfnRef|Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, About UNSOED}} |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=Soedirman: Bapak Tentara Indonésia |last=Adi |first=A. Kresna |publisher=Mata Padi Pressindo |isbn=978-602-95337-1-2 |location=Yogyakarta |ref=harv |year=2011 }} * {{cite book |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=87totx4p3ZcC&vq |title=Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944–1946 |isbn=978-979-3780-14-6 |author1=Anderson |first1=Benedict Richard O'Gorman |authorlink=Benedict Anderson |year=2005 |publisher=Equinox |location=Jakarta |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |url = http://books.google.ca/books?id=0M4Pl_VCExgC |title = Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia |isbn = 978-0-674-02153-2 |last1 = Bayly |first1 = Christopher Alan |last2 = Harper |first2 = Timothy Norman |year = 2007 |ref = harv |location = Cambridge |publisher = Belknap Press }} * {{cite web |title=Bintang Mahaputra Adipurna |url=http://www.setneg.go.id/index.php?option=com_tandajasa&Itemid=43&cat=2&id=6 |work=Bintang Républik Indonésia |publisher=Sekretariat Negara Républik Indonésia |accessdate=17 Méi 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Sekretariat Negara Républik Indonésia, Bintang Mahaputra Adipurna}} }} * {{cite web |title=Bintang Mahaputra Pratama |url=http://www.setneg.go.id/index.php?option=com_tandajasa&cat=2&id=9&Itemid=43&limit=1&limitstart=2 |work=Bintang Républik Indonésia |publisher=Sekretariat Negara Républik Indonésia |accessdate=17 Méi 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Sekretariat Negara Républik Indonésia, Bintang Mahaputra Pratama}} }} * {{cite web |title=Bintang Républik Indonésia Adipradana |url=http://www.setneg.go.id/index.php?option=com_tandajasa&cat=1&id=2&Itemid=43&limit=1&limitstart=2 |work=Bintang Républik Indonésia |publisher=Sekretariat Negara Républik Indonésia |accessdate=17 Méi 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Sekretariat Negara Républik Indonésia, Bintang Républik Indonésia Adipradana}} }} * {{cite web |title=Bintang Républik Indonésia Adipurna |url=http://www.setneg.go.id/index.php?option=com_tandajasa&Itemid=43&cat=1&id=1 |work=Bintang Républik Indonésia |publisher=Sekretariat Negara Républik Indonésia |accessdate=17 Méi 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Sekretariat Negara Républik Indonésia, Bintang Républik Indonésia Adipurna}} }} * {{cite book |last=Coates |first=John |title=An Atlas of Australia's Wars |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne |ref=harv |isbn=978-0-19-555914-9 }} * {{cite book |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=OMxQwXQghgkC |title=2013 Standard Catalog of World Paper Money&nbsp;– Modern Issues: 1961–Present |isbn=978-1-4402-2956-5 |author1=Cuhaj |first1=George S |year=2012 |ref=harv |publisher=Krause Publications |location=Iola }} * {{cite web |title=Daftar Nama Pahlawan Nasional Républik Indonésia |url=http://www.kemsos.go.id/modules.php?name=Pahlawan&opsi=mulai-1 |work=Bintang Républik Indonésia |publisher=Sekretariat Negara Républik Indonésia |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524153747/http://www.kemsos.go.id/modules.php?name=Pahlawan&opsi=mulai-1 |archivedate=2017-05-24 |accessdate=9 Méi 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Sekretariat Negara Républik Indonésia, Daftar Nama Pahlawan}} |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |title=Djenderal Sudirman Wafat |work=Kedaulatan Rakjat |page=1 |date=30 Januari 1950 |ref={{sfnRef|KR 1950, Djenderal Sudirman Wafat}} }} * {{cite book |last=Imran |first=Amrin |year=1980 |publisher=Mutiara |location=Jakarta |title=Panglima Besar Jenderal Soedirman |oclc=220643587 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Imran |first=Amrin |year=1983 |publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan |location=Jakarta |title=Urip Sumohardjo |trans_title= |oclc=10945069 |ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |last=Kahin |first=George McTurnan |author-link=George McTurnan Kahin |year=1952 |title=Nationalism and Revolution in Indonésia |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalismrevol0000geor_y8o4 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-9108-5 |ref=harv |location=Ithaca }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/342368/Linggadjati-Agreement |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110043713/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/342368/Linggadjati-Agreement |archivedate=2014-11-10 |accessdate=12 Juni 2012 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |title=Linggadjati Agreement |ref={{sfnRef|Britannica, Linggadjati Agreement}} |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |title=Magelang Berkabung |work=Kedaulatan Rakjat |page=1 |date=31 Januari 1950 |ref={{sfnRef|KR 1950, Magelang Berkabung}} }} * {{cite book |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=dVxi2oXZqjkC |title=History in Uniform: Military Ideology and the Construction of Indonésia's Past |isbn=978-9971-69-360-2 |last1=McGregor |first1=Katharine E |year=2007 |ref=harv |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Honolulu Press }} * {{cite web |title=Museum Sudirman |url=http://www.magelangkota.go.id/info-kota/pariwisata/wisata-pendidikan/museum-sudirman |publisher=Pemerintah Kota Magelang |accessdate=16 Juni 2012 |archivedate=2017-05-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505131459/http://www.magelangkota.go.id/info-kota/pariwisata/wisata-pendidikan/museum-sudirman |ref={{sfnRef|Pemerintah Kota Magelang, Museum Sudirman}} |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=WrkzPcxBnLMC |title=Takhta untuk Rakyat: Celah-celah Kehidupan Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX |isbn=978-979-22-6767-9 |editor1-first=Mohamad |editor1-last=Roem |editor1-link=Mohamad Roem |editor2-first=Mochtar |editor2-last=Lubis |editor2-link=Mochtar Lubis |editor3-first=Kustiniyati |editor3-last=Mochtar |editor4-first=Maimoen |editor4-last=S. |last=Nasution |first=A. H. |authorlink=Abdul Haris Nasution |publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama |location=Jakarta |year=2011 |origyear=1982 |edition=Revised |ref=harv }} * {{cite web |title=Oerip Soemohardjo |url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/english/encyclopedia/detail/2102 |work=Encyclopedia of Jakarta |publisher=Pemerintah Kota Jakarta |accessdate=9 Méi 2012 |archivedate=9 Méi 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/67WUfhDjl |ref={{sfnRef|Pemerintah Kota Jakarta, Oerip Soemohardjo}} }} * {{cite news |title=Pa' Dirman Istirahat |work=Kedaulatan Rakjat |page=1 |date=30 Januari 1950 |ref={{sfnRef|KR 1950, Pak Dirman Istirahat}} }} * {{cite news |title=Perdjalanan Terachir Dj. Sudirman |work=Kedaulatan Rakjat |page=1 |date=31 Januari 1950 |ref={{sfnRef|KR 1950, Perdjalanan Terachir}} }} * {{cite book |last =Ricklefs |first =M.C. |title =A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1200 |edition=2nd |publisher =MacMillan |year =1993 |location =London |ref=harv |isbn =978-0-333-57689-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Said |first=Salim |isbn=978-981-3035-90-4 |year=1991 |title=Genesis of Power: General Sudirman and the Indonesian Military in Politics, 1945–49 |location=Singapura |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |ref=harv }} * {{cite news |last=Saragih |first=Bagus BT |title=SBY bestows honors to late Cabinet members |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/08/13/sby-bestows-honors-late-cabinet-members.html |work=The Jakarta Post |date=13 August 2012 |archivedate=15 August 2012 |accessdate=26 August 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815183226/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/08/13/sby-bestows-honors-late-cabinet-members.html |ref={{sfnRef|Saragih 2012, SBY bestows honors}} |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Sardiman |title=Guru Bangsa: Sebuah Biografi Jenderal Sudirman |publisher=Ombak |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=978-979-3472-92-8 |year=2008 |ref=harv }} * {{cite journal |last1=Setiadi |first1=Purwanto<!--(team leader)--> |last2=Yuliawati<!--(project leader)--> |title=Sudirman: A Soldier's Story |pages=14–51 |journal=Tempo English |year=2012 |month=11–18 November |issn=1411-6065 |publisher=Arsa Raya Perdana |issue=1312 |location=Jakarta |ref={{sfnRef|Setiadi|Yuliawati|2012}} }} * {{cite web |title=Sudirman |url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/english/encyclopedia/detail/3015 |work=Encyclopedia of Jakarta |publisher=Pemerintah Kota Jakarta |accessdate=16 Juni 2012 |archivedate=16 Juni 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/68S7xwlJR |ref={{sfnRef|Pemerintah Kota Jakarta, Sudirman}} }} * {{cite book |title=Panglima Besar TNI Jenderal Soedirman: Pemimpin Pendobrak Terakhir Penjajahan di Indonésia: Kisah Seorang Pengawal |year=1992 |last= Tjokropranolo |editor-first=Marzuki |editor-last=Arifin |publisher=Surya Persindo |location=Jakarta |isbn=978-979-8329-00-5 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2009 tentang Gelar, Tanda Jasa, dan Tanda Kehormatan |publisher=Pemerintah Républik Indonésia |ref={{sfnRef|UU No. 20/2009}} |date=18 Juni 2009 |location=Jakarta }} {{refend}} {{Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia}} 7vjhqoxfmv0fwimdy70lumqmu49yz7c 0 15021 281219 150665 2026-08-27T22:08:26Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[Her Excellency]] | name = Aung San Suu Kyi | native_name = {{small|အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်}} | native_name_lang = my | image = Remise du Prix Sakharov à Aung San Suu Kyi Strasbourg 22 octobre 2013-18.jpg | office = [[Papitutur Negara Myanmar]] | Présidént = [[Htin Kyaw]]<br />[[Myint Swe (Jénderal)|Myint Swe]] (Akting)<br />[[Win Myint (politikus, embas 1951)|Win Myint]] | term_start = 6 April 2016 | term_end = 1 Pébruari 2021 | predecessor = [[Thein Sein]] (manados Pardana Menteri) | successor = [[Min Aung Hlaing]] (manados pamimpin negara) | office1 = [[Kamenterian Dura Negara (Myanmar)|Menteri Dura Negara]] | Présidént1 = [[Htin Kyaw]]<br />[[Myint Swe (Jénderal)|Myint Swe]] (Akting) <br /> Win Myint | deputy1 = [[Kyaw Tin]] (2016–2017) | term_start1 = 30 Meret 2016 | term_end1 = 1 Pébruari 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Wunna Maung Lwin]] | successor1 = [[Wunna Maung Lwin]] | office2 = [[Kantor Présidén Myanmar|Kantor Menteri Kantor Présidén]] | Présidént2 = [[Htin Kyaw]]<br />[[Myint Swe (Jénderal)|Myint Swe]] (Akting) <br /> Win Myint | term_start2 = 30 Maret 2016 | term_end2 = 1 Pébruari 2021 | predecessor2 = [[Aung Min]]<br />[[Hla Tun]]<br />[[Soe Maung]]<br />[[Soe Thein]]<br />[[Thein Nyunt]] | successor2 = ''Puyung'' | office3 = [[Kamenterian Pandidikan (Myanmar)|Menteri Pandidikan]] | Présidént3 = [[Htin Kyaw]] | term_start3 = 30 Maret 2016 | term_end3 = 5 April 2016 | predecessor3 = [[Khin San Yi]] | successor3 = [[Myo Thein Gyi]] | office4 = [[Kamenterian Listrik miwah Énergi (Myanmar)|Menteri Listrik miwah Énergi]] | Présidént4 = [[Htin Kyaw]] | term_start4 = 30 Maret 2016 | term_end4 = 5 April 2016 | predecessor4 = [[Khin Maung Soe]]<br />[[Zeya Aung]] | successor4 = Pe Zin Tun | office5 = Présidén [[Liga Nasional antuk Démokrasi]] | term_start5 = 18 Nopémber 2011 | term_end5 = | predecessor5 = [[Aung Shwe]] | successor5 = | office6 = [[Oposisi (Myanmar)|Pamimpin Oposisi]] | Présidént6 = [[Thein Sein]] | term_start6 = 2 Méi 2012 | term_end6 = 29 Januari 2016 | predecessor6 = [[Sai Hla Kyaw]] | successor6 = [[Thein Sein]] | office7 = Sékrétaris Jénderal [[Liga Nasional antuk Démokrasi]] | term_start7 = 27 Séptémber 1988 | term_end7 = 18 Nopémber 2011 | predecessor7 = Posisi katetapang | successor7 = Posisi katetapang | office8 = Anggota [[Déwan Parwalian Krama (Myanmar)|Déwan Parwalian Krama]]<br />for [[Kawhmu Township|Kawhmu]] | term_start8 = 2 Méi 2012 | term_end8 = 30 Maret 2016 | predecessor8 = [[Soe Tint]] | successor8 = ''Puyung'' | majority8 = 46,73 (71.38%) | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1945|6|19}} | birth_place = [[Yangon|Rangoon]], [[Pamréntahan Inggris ring Burma|Burma Inggris]]<br />(mangkin Yangon, [[Myanmar]]) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Liga Nasional antuk Démokrasi]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Michael Aris]]|1 January 1972|27 March 1999|reason=died}} | children = 2, rumasuk [[Alexander Aris]] | parents = [[Aung San]] (Ajik)<br />[[Khin Kyi]] (Ibu) | relatives = [[Aung San Oo]] (raka)<br />[[Ba Win]] (uwak)<br />[[Sein Win (Pameréntah Burma Ring Pangasingan)|Sein Win]] (misan) | residence = [[54 University Avenue]] | alma_mater = [[Universitas Delhi]] ([[B.A.|BA]])<br />[[Universitas Oxford]] (BA, [[M.A.|MA]])<br />[[Universitas SOAS London]] ([[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]]) <ref name="Complete University Guide">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies |title=The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |publisher=Complete University Guide |access-date=28 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127072609/http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies |archive-date=27 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> | awards = [[Panghargaan Memorial Thorolf Rafto|Panghargaan Rafto]]<br />[[Panghargaan Sakharov]]<br />[[Nobél Pardamaian]]<br />[[Panghargaan Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br />[[Panghargaan Internasional Simón Bolívar]]<br />[[Panghargaan Olof Palme]]<br />[[Pardamaian Jagat Bhagwan Mahavir]]<br />[[Medali Mas Kongrés]] | signature = Aung San Suu Kyi signature 2013.svg | website = {{url|eng.nldchairperson.org|Party website}} | module = {{Listen |embed = yes |title = Swara Aung San Suu Kyi |filename = Aung San Suu Kyi BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 27 January 2013 b01q7gvl.flac |type = speech |description = saking program BBC ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', 27 Januari 2013<ref name="BBC-b01q7gvl">{{Cite episode |title=Aung San Suu Kyi |series=Desert Island Discs |series-link=Desert Island Discs |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01q7gvl |access-date=18 January 2014 |station=BBC Radio 4 |date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226125025/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01q7gvl%20 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | height = | caption = Aung San Suu Kyi ring Parlemén Éropa ring Strasbourg, Prancis galah Oktober 2013 }} '''Aung San Suu Kyi''' ({{IPAc-en|aʊ|ŋ|_|ˌ|s|ɑː|n|_|s|uː|_|ˈ|tʃ|iː}};<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 Séptémber 2007|title=How to pronounce "Aung San Suu Kyi"|url=https://viss.wordpress.com/2007/09/15/how-to-pronounce-aung-san-suu-kyi/|access-date=4 June 2020|website=Fifty Viss|language=en}}</ref> {{MYname|MY=အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်|MLCTS=aung hcan: cu. krany}} {{IPA-my|àʊɰ̃ sʰáɰ̃ sṵ tɕì}}; {{lekadmati||19|06|1945|kat=T}}; aksara Bali: ᬅᬳᬸᬂ​ᬲᬦ᭄​ᬲᬹ​ᬓᬶ) inggih punika politikus [[Myanmar]], diplomat, panyurat, miwah pamenang [[Nobel Pardamaian]] warsa 1991 sané manados [[Papitutur Negara Myanmar]] saking warsa 2016 nganti 2021. Manados pamimpin [[Liga Nasional antuk Démokrasi]] (NLD) miwah papitutur negara kapertama, ida meduwé parilaksana ring transisi Myanmar saking junta militér nuju [[démokrasi]] parsial ring warsa 2010-an. Pinanggal 1 Pébruari 2021, Aung San Suu Kyi katangkep olih militér ri kala [[kudéta Myanmar 2021]] sesampun dané nikayang asil [[pamilihan umum Myanmar 2020|pamilihan umum Nopémber 2020]] punika astenya.<ref name=detainedbbc/> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Sasuratan=== {{Refbegin}} * Miller, J. E. (2001). ''Who's Who in Contemporary Women's Writing.'' Routledge. * Reid, R., Grosberg, M. (2005). ''Myanmar (Burma).'' Lonely Planet. {{ISBN|978-1-74059-695-4}}. * Stewart, Whitney (1997). ''Aung San Suu Kyi: Fearless Voice of Burma.'' Twenty-First Century Books. {{ISBN|978-0-8225-4931-4}}. {{Refend}} ==Wacakan lanturan== * {{Cite book |author=Aung Zaw |title=The Face of Resistance: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Fight for Freedom |url=https://archive.org/details/faceofresistance0000aung |publisher=Mekong Press |place=Chiang Mai |year=2014}} * ''Aung San Suu Kyi (Modern Peacemakers)'' (2007) by Judy L. Hasday, {{ISBN|978-0-7910-9435-8}} * ''The Lady: Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Laureate and Burma's Prisoner'' (2002) by Barbara Victor, {{ISBN|978-0-571-21177-7}}, or 1998 hardcover: {{ISBN|978-0-571-19944-0}} * ''The Lady and the Peacock: The Life of Aung San Suu Kyi'' (2012) by Peter Popham, {{ISBN|978-1-61519-064-5}} * ''Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi'' (2007) by Justin Wintle, {{ISBN|978-0-09-179681-5}} * ''Tyrants: The World's 20 Worst Living Dictators'' (2006) by David Wallechinsky, {{ISBN|978-0-06-059004-8}} * ''Aung San Suu Kyi (Trailblazers of the Modern World)'' (2004) by William Thomas, {{ISBN|978-0-8368-5263-9}} * ''No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs'' (2002) by Naomi Klein {{ISBN|978-0-312-42143-4}} * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bV3shLzx0B4C&printsec=frontcover Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy] (ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series)'' (1999) by Gustaaf Houtman, {{ISBN|978-4-87297-748-6}} * ''Aung San Suu Kyi: Standing Up for Democracy in Burma (Women Changing the World)'' (1998) by Bettina Ling {{ISBN|978-1-55861-197-9}} * ''Prisoner for Peace: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy (Champions of Freedom Series)'' (1994) by John Parenteau, {{ISBN|978-1-883846-05-3}} * ''Des femmes prix Nobel de Marie Curie à Aung San Suu Kyi, 1903–1991'' (1992) by Charlotte Kerner, Nicole Casanova, Gidske Anderson, {{ISBN|978-2-7210-0427-7}} * ''Aung San Suu Kyi, towards a new freedom'' (1998) by Chin Geok Ang {{ISBN|978-981-4024-30-3}} * ''Aung San Suu Kyi's struggle: Its principles and strategy'' (1997) by Mikio Oishi {{ISBN|978-983-9861-06-8}} * ''Finding George Orwell in Burma'' (2004) by Emma Larkin {{ISBN|0-14-303711-0}} * ''Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember'' (2005) by John McCain, Mark Salter. Random House {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6412-0}} * {{cite journal|url=http://charlesesalazar.pbworks.com/f/The+idea+of+freedom+in+burma+and+the+pol+thought+of+aung+sang+suu+kyi.pdf|title= The Idea of Freedom in Burma and the Political Thought of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi|last=Silverstein|first=Josef|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=69|number=2|date=Summer 1996|pages=211–228|jstor=2760725|doi= 10.2307/2760725}} * ''Under the Dragon: A Journey Through Burma'' (1998/2010) by Rory MacLean {{ISBN|978-1-84511-622-4}} * {{cite book|last1=Richard|first1=Shannon|title=The Lady of Burma|date=8 January 2007|publisher=OBERON Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=9781849438919|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZpLPzsvIBUC|access-date=5 October 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==Pranala jaba== {{sisterlinks|c=Category:Aung San Suu Kyi|d=Q36740|b=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|wikt=no|n=Category:Aung San Suu Kyi}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110125034340/http://www.dassk.org/ Aung San Suu Kyi's website] (Site appears to be inactive. Last posting was in July 2014) * {{Nobelprize}} * {{OL author}} * {{Guardian topic}} * {{NYTtopic|people/a/daw_aung_san_suu_kyi}} * {{C-SPAN|San Aung}} {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-new|office}} {{s-ttl|title=Sékrétaris Jénderal [[Liga Nasional antuk Démokrasi]]|years=1988–2011}} {{s-non|reason=Position abolished}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Aung Shwe]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Présidén [[Liga Nasional antuk Démokrasi]]|years=2011–mangkin}} {{s-inc}} |- {{s-par}} {{s-bef|before=[[Soe Tint]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Anggota [[Déwan Pawakilan Krama (Myanmar)|Déwan Pawakilan Krama]]<br />for [[Kota Kawhmu|Kawhmu]]|years=2012–2016}} {{s-vac}} |- {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Sai Hla Kyaw]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Oposisi (Myanmar)|Pamimpin Oposisin]]|years=2012–2016}} {{s-aft|after=[[Khin Aung Myint]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Wunna Maung Lwin]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Departemén Dura Negara (Myanmar)|Menteri Dura Negara]]|years=2016–mangkin}} {{s-inc|rows=3}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Aung Min]]<br />[[Hla Tun]]<br />[[Soe Maung]]<br />[[Soe Thein]]<br />[[Thein Nyunt]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Kantor Présidén Myanmar|Kantor Menteri Kantor Présidén]]|years=2016–mangkin}} |- {{s-vac|last=[[Thein Sein]]|as=[[Pardana Menteri Myanmar]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Papitutur Negara Myanmar]]|years=2016–mangkin}} |- {{s-ach}} {{s-bef|before=[[Alexander Dubček]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Panerima [[Panghargaan Sakharov]]|years=1990}} {{s-aft|after=[[Adem Demaçi]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Doina Cornea]]}} {{s-ttl|rows=2|title=Panerima [[Panghargaan Memorial Thorolf Rafto]]|years=1990}} {{s-aft|after|rows=2|after=[[Yelena Bonner]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Péter Molnár (akademik)|Péter Molnár]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Mikhail Gorbachev]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Panerima [[Nobél Padamaian]]|years=1991}} {{s-aft|after=[[Rigoberta Menchú]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Maurice Strong]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Panerima [[Panghargaan Jawaharlal Nehru]]|years=1993}} {{s-aft|after|after=[[Mahathir Mohamad]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Dandeniya Gamage Jayanthi]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Panerima [[Panghargaan Gwangju antuk Hak Asasi Manusa]]|years=2004}} {{s-aft|after=[[Wardah Hafidz]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Denis Mukwege]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Panerima [[Medali Wallenberg]]|years=2011}} {{s-aft|after=[[Maria Gunnoe]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aung San Suu Kyi}} [[Kategori:Aung San Suu Kyi| ]] [[Kategori:Kaica Nobél Padamaian]] qxw2jpjdpq4gxfbjgnryz0seryavxi4 0 15545 281156 141775 2026-08-27T21:23:21Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Kaca2|[[Jayapangus|Aksara Latin]]}} {{Kaca1|Aksara Bali}} {{2}} [[Berkas:Copper_plate_inscriptions_of_king_Jayapangus_regarding_the_village_border_in_Kintamani_Bangli_Bali_12th_century.jpg|jmpl|250px|ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​[[ᬢᭂᬫᬕ]]​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄᭞​​ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬶᬓ᭄​ᬯᬢᭂᬲ᭄​ᬤᬾᬲ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ᭞​​ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ᭞​​ᬩᬗ᭄ᬮᬶ|ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ]]᭞​​[[ᬩᬗ᭄ᬮᬶ]]᭟​​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓᬶ​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬳᬩᬤ᭄​ᬓᬾ​᭝᭑᭒᭝​​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬕᭂᬦᬄ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬫᬸᬲᭂᬳᬸᬫ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶ]]]] '''ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄''' ꧌ᬫᬤᭂᬕ᭄​ᬭᬢᬸ​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬯᬃᬲ​᭝᭑᭑᭗᭘᭝​–᭝᭑᭑᭘᭑᭝​​ᬫ᭄꧍​​ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​[[ᬓ᭄ᬭᬚᬵᬦ᭄​ᬩᭂᬤᬳᬸᬮᬸ|ᬭᬚ​ᬩᬮᬶ]]​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬢ᭄ᬭᬄ​ᬮᬾᬮᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬶᬳᬦ᭄​ᬯᬃᬫᬤᬾᬯ᭟​​ᬇᬤ​ᬓᭁᬦᬶᬗᬶᬦ᭄​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​[[ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ|ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶᬜ]]᭞​​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬭᬸᬧ​[[ᬧᬚᬓ᭄]]᭟​<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5TOBKsLvjjkC&pg=RA1-PA49-IA4 ''ᬅ​ᬰᭀᬃᬢ᭄​ᬳᬶᬲ᭄ᬢᭀᬃᬬ᭄​ᬳᭀᬧ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶ'' Robert Pringle p.53]</ref> ᬇᬤ​ᬯᬭᬶᬄ​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬫᬸᬃᬤᬦᬶᬂ​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬸᬦ᭄​ᬓᬲᬸᬩ᭄​[[ᬅᬳᬶᬃᬮᬂᬕ]].{{sfn|Barski|2007|p=34}} ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​ᬲᬂ​ᬗᬫᭂᬮ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬧᬶᬦᬶᬄ​ᬓᬲᬸᬩ᭄​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬧᬶᬦᬶᬄ​ᬳᬸᬢᬫ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬦ᭄ᬢᬭᬦᬶᬂ​ᬭᬚ​ᬭᬚ​ᬤᬸᬓ​ᬫᬲ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬓᬸᬦᭀ᭟​​ᬇᬤ​ᬗᬫᭂᬤᬮᬂ​᭝᭔᭓᭝​​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬲᭂᬮᬫᬶ​ᬢᬶᬕᬂ​ᬯᬃᬲ᭟​​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬧᬶᬦᬶᬄ​ᬢᬸᬯ​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬫᬦ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬅ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬯᬃᬲ​᭝᭑᭐᭙᭙᭝​​ᬲᬓ​꧌᭝᭑᭑᭗᭘᭝​ᬫ᭄꧍​​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬢᬶᬬᭀᬲᬦ᭄​ᬫᬯᬃᬲ​᭝᭑᭑᭐᭓᭝​​ᬲᬓ​꧌᭝᭑᭑᭘᭑᭝​​ᬫ᭄꧍​᭟​<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditpcbm/2015/06/19/raja-jayapangus-dari-bali-mengeluarkan-40-an-prasasti-dalam-satu-tahun/|title=ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬤᬭᬶ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬫᭂᬗᬾᬍᬮᬸᬯᬃᬓᬦ᭄​᭝᭔᭐᭝​​ᬳᬦ᭄​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬤᬮᬫ᭄​ᬲᬢᬸ​ᬢᬳᬸᬦ᭄|author=Direktorat Pelestarian Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman|date=19 Juni 2015|website=Kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=3 Juli 2016|archive-date=2017-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822055620/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditpcbm/2015/06/19/raja-jayapangus-dari-bali-mengeluarkan-40-an-prasasti-dalam-satu-tahun/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬓᬲᬸᬩ᭄​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬗᭂᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦᬂ​ᬫᬓᬲᬫᬶ​ᬧᬜ᭄ᬚ᭄ᬭᬓ᭄​ᬳᬶᬤᬦᬾ​ᬫᬂᬤ​ᬫᬯᬮᬶ​ᬗᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬲᬳᬦᬦᬶᬂ​ᬳᬸᬧᬘᬭ​ᬳᬕᬫ​ᬓᬦ᭄ᬢᭀᬲ᭄​ᬳᬶᬤ​ᬗᬫᭀᬮᬶᬳᬂ​ᬧᬦᬸᬕ᭄ᬭᬳᬦ᭄​꧌ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬓᭁᬦᬶᬗᬶᬦ᭄​[[ᬕᬮᬸᬗᬦ᭄ᬭ|ᬭᬳᬶᬦᬕᬮᬸᬗᬦ᭄]]꧍​᭟​​ᬤᬸᬓ᭄​ᬳᬶᬤ​ᬗᬫ᭄ᬩᭂᬮ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄᭞​​ᬓᬳᬦᬦ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶᬦᬾ​ᬓᬾᬃᬝ​ᬭᬳᬬᬸ​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬧᬫᬃᬕᬶᬦ᭄​ᬳᬕᬫ​[[ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬸ]]​ᬲᬬᬦ᭄​ᬗᬮᬶᬫ᭄ᬩᬓ᭄᭟​​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬫᬤᭂᬕ᭄​ᬭᬢᬸ​ᬗᬦ᭄ᬢᭀᬲ᭄​[[ᬯᬃᬲ​ᬲᬓ]]​᭝᭑᭑᭐᭓᭝​​꧌᭝᭑᭑᭘᭑᭝​​[[ᬫᬲᬾᬳᬶ]]꧍​᭟​​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬫᬶᬦᬩ᭄​ᬳᬚᬶᬦ᭄​ᬇᬤ​ᬭᬢᬸ​[[ᬅᬃᬚᬬᬤᬾᬗᬬᬓᭂᬢᬦ]]᭟​​ᬇᬤ​ᬧᬶᬦᬓ​ᬧᬗᬯᬶᬢ᭄᭟ == ᬍᬮᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬶᬳᬦ᭄ == ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬧᬭᬩ᭄​'''''ᬧᬤᬸᬓ​ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬫᬵᬳᬵᬭᬚ​ᬳᬚᬶ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬅᬃᬓᬚ​ᬘᬶᬄᬦ/ᬮ-᭄ᬘᬦ'''''​ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬭᬚ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬓᬸᬦᭀ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬮᬫ᭄ᬩᬂ​ᬲᬮᬸᬗ᭄ᬮᬸᬂ​ᬲᬩᬬᬦ᭄ᬢᬓᬦ᭄​ᬧᬦ᭄ᬢᬭᬦᬶᬂ​ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬫᬶᬦᬓᬤᬶ​ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​[[ᬘᬶᬦ]]​ᬤᬸᬓ᭄​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬗᬯᬶᬦᬂ​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶᬦᬾ​ᬓᬾᬃᬝ​ᬭᬳᬬᬸ᭟<ref>{{cite web|url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2011/12/29/03501229/warisan.semangat.pluralisme.jaya.pangus|title=ᬯᬭᬶᬲᬦ᭄​ᬲᭂᬫᬗᬢ᭄​ᬧ᭄ᬮᬸᬭᬮᬶᬲ᭄ᬫᭂ​ᬚᬬ​ᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄|last=Déwanto|first=Herpin|date=29 Désémber 2011|website=[[Kompas.com]]|accessdate=3 Juli 2016}}</ref> ᬲᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬓᬦ᭄​ᬧᭀᬮᬶᬄ​ᬧᬗ᭄ᬮᬮᬄ​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​[[ᬓᬩᬸᬤᬬᬵᬦ᭄​ᬘᬶᬦ]]​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬫᬲ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬓᬸᬦᭀ᭞​​ᬲᬢᬸᬯ​ᬲᬢᬸᬯ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬩᭂᬘᬶᬓ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬘᬶᬦ​ᬲᬬᬂ​ᬗ᭄ᬮᬶᬫ᭄ᬩᬓ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬩᬮᬶ᭞​​ᬫᬶᬦᬓᬤᬶ​ᬲᬢᬸᬯ​ᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬶᬓ᭄​–​ᬇᬂ​ᬢᬬ᭄᭟​​ᬓᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦᬦ᭄​ᬲᬶᬮᬢ᭄​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬘᬶᬦ​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬗ᭄ᬮᬶᬫ᭄ᬩᬓ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬓᬸᬦᭀ​ᬲᬾᬓᬤᬶ​ᬧᬾᬜ᭄ᬘᬓ᭄᭟​​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬗ᭄ᬮᬶᬫ᭄ᬩᬓ᭄​ᬲᬲᭀᬮᬳᬦ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬜᬋᬗᬶᬦ᭄​ᬳᬓᬾᬄ​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬕᬶᬦ​ᬫᬶᬦᬓᬤᬶ​ᬩᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬤᬧ᭄ᬤᬧ᭄᭞​​ᬩᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬤᬾᬫᬸᬂ᭞​​ᬩᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬧ᭄ᬭᭂᬲᬶ᭞​​ᬩᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬢᬸᬫ᭄ᬩᬓ᭄᭞​​ᬩᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬢᬫᬶᬬᬂ᭞​​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬢᬶᬬᭀᬲᬦ᭄᭟​<ref>{{cite journal|author=I Putu Budiana; I Wayan Mudana; Ketut Sedana Arta.|title=ᬧᭂᬫᬦ᭄ᬧᬵᬢᬦ᭄​ᬓᬾᬩᬸᬤᬬᬵᬦ᭄​ᬘᬶᬦ​ᬧᬤ​ᬫᬲ​ᬧᭂᬫᭂᬭᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬳᬦ᭄​ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬳᬚᬶ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬤᬶ​ᬧᬸᬭ​ᬤᬍᬫ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶᬂᬓᬂ᭞​​ᬤᬶ​ᬤᬾᬲ​ᬧᬶᬂᬕᬦ᭄᭞​​ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ᭞​​ᬩᬗ᭄ᬮᬶ​ᬤᬦ᭄​ᬧᭀᬢᬾᬦ᭄ᬲᬶᬜ​ᬲᬾᬩᬕᬿ​ᬲᬸᬫ᭄ᬩᭂᬃ​ᬩᭂᬮᬚᬃ​ᬲᭂᬚᬭᬄ​ᬮᭀᬓᬮ᭄​ᬤᬶ​᭞​ᬏᬲᬏᬫᬅ᭞​|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPS/article/view/2571/2194|journal=Jurnal Widya Winayata|volume=2|number=1|access-date=2021-02-23|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127122904/https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPS/article/view/2571/2194|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᬲᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬓᬦ᭄​ᬧᬫᬃᬕᬶᬦ᭄​ᬗᬫ᭄ᬩᭂᬮ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬤᬸᬓ᭄​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬓᬭᬲᬬᬂ​ᬭᬳᬢ᭄​ᬧᬶᬲᬦ᭄᭞​​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬫᬯᬶᬦᬦ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬗᬂᬕᬾᬦ᭄​ᬫᬓᬸᬤᬂ​ᬓᬸᬤᬂ​ᬘᬓᭂᬧᬦ᭄​[[ᬳᬸᬓᬸᬫ᭄]]​[[ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬸ]]​ᬧᬶᬦᬓ​ᬤᬲᬃ​ᬳᬶᬤ​ᬗᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬧᬫ᭄ᬭᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᬳᬦ᭄᭟​​ᬅᬯᬶᬕ᭄​ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬓᬃᬬᬦᬶᬦ᭄​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬧᬢᬸᬢ᭄​ᬓᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬳᭀᬮᬶᬄ​ᬲᬳᬦᬦᬶᬂ​ᬯᬤ᭄ᬯᬦ᭄​ᬳᬶᬤ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬸᬭᬶ​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬓᬸᬦᭀ᭟​​ᬅᬯᬶᬕ᭄​ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄​ᬳᬸᬢᬯᬶ​ᬦᬶᬢᬶ​ᬲᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬢᬄ​ᬫᬸᬂᬕᬄ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ]]​ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​''ᬫᬦᬯᬓᬫᬦ᭄ᬤᬓ''᭞​​''ᬫᬦᬯᬓᬫᬦ᭄ᬤᬓ​ᬟᬃᬫᬲᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ''᭞​​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​''ᬫᬦᬯśaᬲᬦᬟᬃᬫ''᭟​ ᬢᬶᬬᭀᬲᬦ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬢᬮᬾᬃ​ᬓᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬶᬓ᭄​''ᬤᬲᬰᬶᬮ''᭞​​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓᬶ​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​ᬢᬢ​ᬢᬶᬢᬶ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬧᬢᬸᬢ᭄​ᬓᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬳᭀᬮᬶᬄ​ᬲᬂ​ᬗᬫᭂᬮ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ''ᬧᬜ᭄ᬘᬰᬶᬓ᭄ᬲ''᭞​​ᬓ᭄ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬬᬾᬳᬶ​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​ᬢᬢ​ᬢᬶᬢᬶ​ᬭᬶ​ᬓᬮ​ᬗᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬲᬲᬦ​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬧᬗ᭄ᬭᬾᬫ᭄ᬩ​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄᭟​ === ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ === [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gezicht_vanuit_Kintamani_op_het_Baturmeer_en_de_vulkanen_Abang_en_Agung_TMnr_60026959.jpg|jmpl|ᬧᬸᬘᬓ᭄​[[ᬕᬸᬦᬸᬂ​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ]]​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬧᬢᬧᬦ᭄​ᬇᬤ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄]]​ᬲᬲᬸᬓᬢ᭄​ᬳᬶᬤ​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬗᬫ᭄ᬩᭂᬮ᭄​ᬚᬕᬢ᭄᭞​​ᬇᬤ​ᬫᬧᬸᬭᬶ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬧᬸᬭᬶ​ᬩᬮᬶᬂᬓᬂ]]​[[ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ᭞​​ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ᭞​​ᬩᬗ᭄ᬮᬶ|ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ]]​ᬤᬸᬓ᭄​ᬯᬃᬲ​[[᭝᭑᭑᭓᭓᭝​]]​​​[[᭝᭑᭑᭗᭓᭝​]]​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬘᬭᬶᬢᬬᬂ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ​꧌ᬲᬢᬸᬯ꧍​|ᬲᬢᬸᬯ​ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ]]: {{cquote|ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬ​ᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬓᬦᬶᬓᬬᬂ​ᬫᬾᬤᬸᬯᬾ​ᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬧᬫᬿᬲᬸᬭᬶ᭞​​ᬧᬤᬸᬓ​''ᬪᬢᬭᬶ​ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬧᬭᬫᬾᬲ᭄ᬯᬭᬶ​ᬇᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬚᬓᬾᬢᬦ''​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬧᬤᬸᬓ​''ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬫᬳᬤᬾᬯᬶ​ᬘᬘᬂᬓᬚ​ᬘᬶᬄᬦ''​꧌ᬘᬶᬦ꧍​}} ᬘᬭᬶᬢ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᭁᬦᬶᬗᬶᬦ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬩᬮᬶᬦᬾ᭞​​ᬧᬶᬦᬓ​ᬭᬩᬶᬦ᭄​ᬇᬤ​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​[[ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ]]᭞​​ᬧᬸᬢ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬢᬸᬯᬦ᭄​ᬲᬸᬩᬦ᭄ᬤᬃ​[[ᬘᬶᬦ]]᭟​​ᬓᬘᬭᬶᬢᬬᬂ​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬚᬢᬸ​ᬓᬃᬫ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬸᬢ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ᭟​​ᬲᬓᬾᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦ᭄​ᬭᬶ​ᬓᬮ​ᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬸᬦ᭄​ᬗᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬧᬯᬶᬯᬳᬦ᭄᭞​​ᬲᬂ​ᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬤᬸᬭᬸᬂ​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬫᬤᭂᬃᬩᬾ​ᬲᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᬦ᭟​​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬫᬫᬃᬕᬶ​ᬗᬫᬃᬕᬶᬬᬂ​ᬢᬧ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬕᬸᬦᬸᬂ​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ]]​ᬫᬂᬤ​ᬓᬧᬶᬘᬬᬂ​ᬲᭂᬦ᭄ᬢᬦ᭟​ ᬭᬶᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬸᬦ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬫᬬᭀᬕ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬅᬮᬲ᭄​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬇᬤ​ᬫᬢᭂᬫᬸ​ᬭᬶᬂ​[[ᬤᬾᬯᬶ​ᬤᬦᬸ]]᭟​​ᬇᬭᬶᬓ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬲᬂ​ᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬫᬢᭂᬫᬸ​ᬲᬾᬫᬭ᭞​​ᬓᬦ᭄ᬢᭀᬲ᭄​ᬲᬂ​ᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬫᬭᬩᬶᬬᬦ᭄᭟​​ᬲᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬓᬦ᭄​ᬓᬲᬸᬯᬾᬦ᭄​ᬇᬤ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬅᬮᬲ᭄​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ᭞​​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬓᬋᬋᬄ​ᬳᭀᬮᬶᬄ​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ​ᬓ​ᬕᬸᬦᬸᬂ​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ᭟​​ᬇᬭᬶᬓ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ​ᬳᬸᬦᬶᬂ​ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬶᬓ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬸᬦ᭄​ᬫᬭᬩᬶᬬᬦ᭄​ᬲᬋᬂ​ᬤᬾᬯᬶ​ᬤᬦᬸ᭟​​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬤᬾᬯᬶ​ᬤᬦᬸ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬫᬘᭂᬦ᭄ᬢᭀᬓᬦ᭄᭟​​ᬩᬢᬭᬶ​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ᭞​​ᬳᬶᬩᬸᬦ᭄​ᬤᬾᬯᬶ​ᬤᬦᬸ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬗᬓ᭄ᬲᬶ​ᬓᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᬾᬦᬦᬾ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬗᭂᬲᭂᬂ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬤᬦ᭄​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ᭟ ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬤᬸᬓ​ᬳᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬓ᭄​ᬓᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᬾᬦᬦᬾ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ᭞​​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬫᬧᬶᬦᬸᬦᬲ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬇᬤ​ᬩᬢᬭᬶ​ᬩᬢᬸᬃ​ᬫᬂᬤ​ᬫᬓᬃᬬ​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬢᬶᬫ​ᬧᬶᬦᬓ​ᬘᬶᬄᬦ​ᬇᬤ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬭᬩᬶᬦ᭄​ᬇᬤ᭟​​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬓᬲᬸᬧᬢ᭄​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​[[ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬩᬮᬶ|ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ]]​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬓᬂ​ᬘᬶᬂ​ᬯᬾ​ᬓᬲᬸᬧᬢ᭄​ᬤᬤᭀᬲ᭄​ᬧᬢᬸᬂ​ᬩᭂᬓᬸᬂ᭟<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bali.tribunnews.com/2016/06/29/ketika-raja-jaya-pangus-memadu-kasih-di-bali-dan-dikutuk-menjadi-barong-landung|title=ᬓᭂᬢᬶᬓ​ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬ​ᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬫᬾᬫᬤᬸ​ᬓᬲᬶᬄ​ᬤᬶ​ᬩᬮᬶ​ᬤᬦ᭄​ᬤᬶᬓᬸᬢᬸᬓ᭄​ᬫᬾᬜ᭄ᬚ᭄ᬭᬤᬶ​ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ|last=Putu Wahyura|first=A.A. Gde|date=29 Juni 2016|website=[[Tribunnews.com]]|accessdate=3 Juli 2016}}</ref> == ᬧᬗᬸᬦ᭄ᬢᬢᬶᬂ​ᬫᬲ​ᬫᬤᬾᬕ᭄​ᬭᬢᬸ == [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Acteurs_verkleed_als_reuzen_en_boze_geesten_TMnr_10004870.jpg|jmpl|[[ᬩᬭᭀᬂ​ᬮᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬂ]]]] {{cquote|ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬭᬳᬶᬦ​ᬯ᭄ᬭᭂᬲ᭄ᬧᬢᬶ​ᬯᬕᬾ​ᬯᬭ​ᬧᬸᬚᬸᬢ᭄​ᬲᬯᬢᬭ​ᬲᬲᬶᬄ​ᬧᬾᬩ᭄ᬭᬸᬯᬭᬶ​᭝᭑᭑᭑᭖᭝​᭞​​ᬭᬶᬓᬮ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬘ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬫᬳᬭᬚ​ᬅᬚᬶ​ᬚᬬ​ᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬮᬾᬩᬃ᭞​​ᬳᬢ᭄ᬫᬦ᭄​ᬳᬶᬧᬸᬦ᭄​ᬦᬸᬚᬸ​ᬲ᭄ᬯᬃᬕᬮᭀᬓ᭟​​ᬅᬩᬸ​ᬧᬸᬲ᭄ᬧᬲᬭᬶᬭ​ᬜᬦᬾ​ᬓᬘᬦ᭄ᬤᬶᬬᬂ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬢᬧᬵᬦ᭄​ᬟᬃᬫᬵᬜᬃ​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬳᬶᬭᬶᬓ​ᬧᬸᬭ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬵᬭᬦ᭄​ᬧᬦ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬧᬦ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬲᬸᬂᬲᬸᬂ​ᬳᭀᬮᬶᬄ​ᬤᬂ​ᬅᬘᬃᬬ​ᬚᬶᬯᬬ|source=ᬲᬸᬭᬢᬦ᭄​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬲ᭄ᬢᬶ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬧᬸᬭ​ᬧᬾᬗᬸᬓᬸᬃ​ᬉᬓᬸᬭᬦ᭄​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬤᬾᬲ​[[ᬧᬾᬚᬾᬂ᭞​​ᬢᬫ᭄ᬧᬓ᭄ᬲᬶᬭᬶᬂ᭞​​ᬕᬶᬬᬜᬃ|ᬧᬾᬚᬾᬂ]]᭞​​[[ᬢᬫ᭄ᬧᬓ᭄ᬲᬶᬭᬶᬂ᭞​​ᬕᬶᬬᬜᬃ|ᬢᬫ᭄ᬧᬓ᭄ᬲᬶᬭᬶᬂ]]᭞​​[[ᬓᬩᬸᬧᬢᬾᬦ᭄​ᬕᬶᬬᬜᬃ|ᬕᬶᬬᬜᬃ]]᭞​​ᬩᬮᬶ᭟​}} ᬭᬚ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬭᬶᬲᬫ᭄ᬧᬸᬦᬾ​ᬍᬩᬃ​ᬭᬭᬶᬲ᭄​ᬓᬧ᭄ᬭᬩᬸ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬟᬃᬫ​ᬅᬜᬃ᭟​​ᬇᬤ​ᬫᬤᭂᬃᬩᬾ​ᬳᭀᬓ​ᬓᬓᬮᬶᬄ​ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬳᬶᬓᬚᬬ​ᬫᬶᬯᬄ​ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ​ᬤᬦᬤᬶᬭᬚ᭟​ ᬲᬶᬮᬶᬄ​ᬢᬸᬂᬕᬶᬮ᭄​ᬢᭂᬢᬫᬶᬬᬦ᭄​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬇᬤ​ᬚᬬᬧᬗᬸᬲ᭄​ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​[[ᬕᭀᬯ​ᬕᬃᬩ]]᭟​​ᬕᭀᬯ​ᬕᬃᬩ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬲᭀᬃ​ᬧᬸᬭ​ᬧᭂᬗᬸᬓᬸᬃ​ᬉᬓᬸᬭᬦ᭄᭟​​ᬕᭀᬯ​ᬕᬃᬩ​ᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄ​ᬕᬾᬦᬄ​ᬧᬢᬧᬦ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬕᭂᬦᬄ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬲᬶᬲᬶᬦ᭄​ᬳᬩᬶᬂ​[[ᬢᬸᬓᬤ᭄​ᬧᬓᭂᬭᬶᬲᬦ᭄]]​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬲᬸᬩ᭄᭟​​ᬫᬂᬤ​ᬧ᭄ᬭᬲᬶᬤ​ᬓ​ᬕᬾᬦᬳᬾ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓᬶ​ᬧᬘᬂ​ᬗᬮᬶᬯᬢᬶᬦ᭄​[[ᬧᬫᭂᬤᬮ᭄]]​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬓᬲᬸᬲᬸᬦ᭄​ᬲᬓᬶᬂ​ᬩᬢᬸ​ᬩᬢᬸ​ᬢᬸᬓᬤ᭄᭟​​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬕᭂᬦᬄ​ᬧᬢᬧᬦ᭄​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ​ᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦ᭄​ᬧᬜ᭄ᬘᭀᬭᬦ᭄​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦ᭄​ᬳᬳᬸᬗᬦ᭄​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬦᬸᬚᬸ​ᬓ​ᬲᬶᬮᬶᬄ​ᬢᬸᬂᬕᬶᬄ​ᬕᭂᬦᬄ​ᬢᬶᬬᭀᬲᬦ᭄᭟​​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬕᭀᬯ​ᬕᬃᬩ​ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓᬶ​ᬢᬍᬃ​ᬯᬾᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦ᭄​ᬲᬲᬸᬭᬢᬦ᭄​ᬳᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬓ᭄​ᬳᬓ᭄ᬲᬭ​[[ᬓᬤᬶᬭᬶ​ᬓ᭄ᬯᬤ᭄ᬭᬢ᭄]]​ᬲᬦᬾ​ᬫᬲᬸᬭᬢ᭄​''ᬲ᭄ᬭ''᭟​ == ᬘᬶᬗᬓ᭄​ᬫᬲᬶᬄ == * [[ᬮᬾᬮᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬶᬳᬦ᭄​ᬩᬮᬶ]]​ * ​[[ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬯᬶᬲ᭄ᬫᭂ​ᬭᬶᬂ​ᬇᬦ᭄ᬤᭀᬦᬾᬲᬶᬬ]] * ​[[ᬢᬾᬢᬾᬫᭀᬦ᭄​ᬘᬶᬦ–ᬇᬦ᭄ᬤᭀᬦᬾᬲᬶᬬ]] == ᬧᬸᬲ᭄ᬢᬓ == {{Reflist|30em}} == ᬧᬸᬲ᭄ᬢᬓ​ᬮᬶᬬᬦᬦ᭄ == {{refbegin}} * {{citation|first=Andy|last=Barski|year=2007|title=Bali and Lombok|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=London|isbn=978-0-7566-2878-9}} * {{cite book|author=C.C. Berg|title=De middeljavaansche historische traditie|year=1927|location=Santpoort}} * {{cite book|author=A.J. Bernet Kempers|title=Monumental Bali; Introduction to Balinese Archaeology & Guide to the Monuments|url=https://archive.org/details/monumentalbaliin0000bern|year=1991|ISBN=0-945971-16-8|location=Berkeley & Singapore}} * {{cite journal|last=Creese|first=Helen|year=1991|title=Balinese babad as historical sources; A reinterpretation of the fall of Gelgel|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=147}} * {{cite journal|last=Nordholt|first=Henk Schulte|year=1980|title=Macht, mensen en middelen; Patronen en dynamiek in de Balische politiek ca. 1700-1840|journal=Doctoraalscriptie|location=Amsterdam}} * {{cite book|last=Nordholt|first=Henk Schulte|title=The Spell of Power; A History of Balinese Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/spellofpowerhist0000schu|year=1996|ISBN=90-6718-090-4|location=Leiden}} * {{cite book|last=Wiener|first=Margaret J.|title=Visible and Invisible Realms; Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali|year=1995|ISBN=0-226-88580-1|location=Chicago & London}} {{refend}} {{s-start}} {{succession box|before=[[ᬭᬕᬚᬬ]]|title=[[ᬮᬶᬲ᭄​ᬭᬚ​ᬩᬮᬶ|ᬭᬚ​ᬩᬮᬶ]]|years=1178–1181|after=[[ᬅᬃᬚᬬᬤᬾᬗᬬᬓᭂᬢᬦ]]}} {{s-end}} [[Kategori:ᬭᬚ​ᬩᬮᬶ]] [[Kategori:ᬮ᭄ᬮᭂᬮᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬶᬳᬦ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ]] 3m76ot21n4jtduylt31ckh7e54p7dyp 0 15705 281082 178928 2026-08-27T20:12:18Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name = Danu Baikal |pushpin_map=Russia Irkutsk Oblast |image = Olkhon 2014-06-13 07-38-36 IMG 6874-36-2-2 (32577582872).jpg |caption = |image_bathymetry = Karte baikal2.png |caption_bathymetry = |location = [[Sibéria]], [[Rusia]] |coords = {{Coord|53|30|N|108|0|E|region:RU-BU_type:waterbody_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}} |lake_type = [[Danu kuna]], [[Danu celah|Danu celahan banua]] |inflow = [[Selenga]], [[Barguzin (tukad)|Barguzin]], [[Upper Angara]] |outflow = [[Angara]] |catchment = 560000 km² |basin_countries = [[Mongolia]] miwah [[Rusia]] |length = 636 km |width = 79 km |area = 31722 km²<ref name="INTAS">{{cite web|url= http://users.ugent.be/~mdbatist/intas/morphometry.htm|title= A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal. Morphometric Data. INTAS Project 99-1669. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Consolidated Research Group on Marine Geosciences (CRG-MG), University of Barcelona, Spain; Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation; State Science Research Navigation-Hydrographic Institute of the Ministry of Defense, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation|publisher= Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium|access-date= 9 July 2009|archive-date= 25 December 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225085935/http://users.ugent.be/~mdbatist/intas/morphometry.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> |depth = {{convert|744.4|m|abbr= on}}<ref name="INTAS"/> |residence_time = 330 warsa<ref>{{cite web |author= M.A. Grachev |url= http://lin.irk.ru/grachev/eng/introduction.htm |title= On the present state of the ecological system of lake Baikal |publisher= Limnological Institute, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences |access-date= 9 Juli 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110820023119/http://lin.irk.ru/grachev/eng/introduction.htm |archive-date= 20 Agustus 2011 }}</ref> |max-depth = 1642 m<ref name="INTAS"/> |volume = 23615.39 km³<ref name="INTAS"/> |shore = 2100 km |elevation = 455.5 m |islands = 27 ([[Nusa Olkhon]]) |cities = [[Severobaykalsk]], [[Slyudyanka]], [[Baykalsk]], [[Ust-Barguzin]] |frozen = Januari–Méi |reference = |extra = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |child = yes |ID = 754 |Year = 1996 |Criteria = Natural: vii, viii, ix, x |Area = 8,800,000 ha }} }} '''Danu Baikal''' (aksara Bali:ᬤᬦᬸ​ᬩᬿᬓᬮ᭄; ''Baikal Lake'' {{IPAc-en|b|aɪ|ˈ|k|ɑː|l|,_|-|ˈ|k|æ|l}};<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/baikal "Baikal"]. ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{lang-rus|links= no|озеро Байкал|r= Ozero Baykal|p= ˈozʲɪrə bɐjˈkaɫ}}; {{lang-bua|Байгал нуур}}, ''Baigal nuur'')<ref>Dervla Murphy (2007) ''Silverland: A Winter Journey Beyond the Urals'', London, John Murray, p. 173</ref>) silih tunggil [[danu celah]] sané magenah ring kelod [[Sibéria]], ring kalér kauh Rusia, riantara [[Oblast Irkutsk]] miwah [[Républik Buryatia|Républik Buryat]] ring kelod kangin. Danu Baikal silih tunggil danu [[toya tawar]] [[Lis danu mawit volume|pinih ageng]] mawit volume ipun ring guminé, madaging 22 nganti 23% [[toya pamukaan]] gumi.<ref>{{cite book|author1= Schwarzenbach, Rene P. |author2= Philip M. Gschwend |author3= Dieter M. Imboden | title= Environmental Organic Chemistry |url= https://archive.org/details/environmentalorg0002schw | year= 2003 | publisher= Wiley Interscience | edition= 2 | page= [https://archive.org/details/environmentalorg0002schw/page/1052 1052] | isbn= 9780471350538}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| authors= Tyus, Harold M. | title= Ecology and Conservation of Fishes | year= 2012 | publisher= CRC Press | page= 116 | isbn= 978-1-4398-9759-1}}</ref> antuk 23615.39 km³ toya,<ref name="INTAS"/> madaging luwih langkung toya saking sinamian gabungan [[Danu Ageng]] ring [[Amérika Kalér]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1= Bright |editor-first1= Michael | others= preface by Koichiro Mastsuura|title= 1001 natural wonders : you must see before you die|url= https://archive.org/details/1001naturalwonde0000unse |date= 2010|publisher= Cassell Illustrated|location= London|isbn= 9781844036745|page= [https://archive.org/details/1001naturalwonde0000unse/page/620 620]|edition= 2009 }}</ref> Antuk jero maksimal ipun 1642 m,<ref name="INTAS"/> Baikal punika [[Lis danu mawit jero|danu pinih jero]] ring guminé.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://geology.com/records/deepest-lake.shtml|title= Deepest Lake in the World|publisher= geology.com |access-date= 18 August 2007}}</ref> Punika [[piring secchi|pinih ngenah]]<ref name=Jung2004>{{cite book |title= Ecosystems and Natural Resources of Mountain Regions. Proceedings of the first international symposium on Lake Baikal: The current state of the surface and underground hydrosphere in mountainous areas. "Nauka", Novosibirsk, Russia |authors= Jung, J., Hojnowski, C., Jenkins, H., Ortiz, A., Brinkley, C., Cadish, L., Evans, A., Kissinger, P., Ordal, L., Osipova, S., Smith, A., Vredeveld, B., Hodge, T., Kohler, S., Rodenhouse, N. and Moore, M. |editor1-first= A.I. |editor1-last= Smirnov |editor2-first= L.R. |editor2-last= Izmest'eva |year= 2004 |pages= 131–140 |chapter= Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Lake Baikal and its relationship to body size |chapter-url= http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Faculty/Mmoore/Content/JUNG_et_al_2004.pdf |access-date= 9 August 2009 |archive-date= 15 June 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615182026/http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Faculty/Mmoore/Content/JUNG_et_al_2004.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> miwah [[danu kuna|danu pinih kuna]] ring guminé,<ref name="touchstone">{{cite web|url= http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/baikal/|title= Lake Baikal – A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies|publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120629180319/http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/baikal/|archive-date= 29 June 2012|access-date= 3 January 2016}}</ref> ring 25–30&nbsp;yuta warsa.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754|title= Lake Baikal – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date= 5 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=ScienceDaily2017>{{cite web|url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170726103013.htm|title= Lake Baikal: Protection of a unique ecosystem|website= ScienceDaily|date= 26 July 2017|access-date= 16 January 2018}}</ref> Rumasuk [[Lis danu mawit jimbar|danu pinih ageng kepitu ring guminé]] mawit jimbar pamukaan. == Pustaka == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Danu]] ogthzv376cm5vz241c2m9vzlj2imu6t 0 15718 281085 208776 2026-08-27T20:13:56Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Volga | name_native = Волга | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Yaroslavl. Volga River. Cathedral of the Dormition P5212700 2200.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Tukad Volga ring [[Yaroslavl]] | map = volgarivermap.png | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Peta cekungan drainase Volga | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Genah | subdivision_name1 = [[Éropa Kangin]] | subdivision_type2 = Negara | subdivision_name2 = [[Féderasi Rusia]] | subdivision_type3 = Kota | subdivision_name3 = [[Tver]], [[Yaroslavl]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Cheboksary]], [[Kazan]], [[Ulyanovsk]], [[Samara]], [[Saratov]], [[Volgograd]], [[Astrakhan]] <!-----------------PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = 3531 km<ref name=gvr/> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Astrakhan]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = 8060 m³/s | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Bukit Valdai]], [[Tver Oblast]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|57|9|N|32|36|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = 228<ref name="readersnatural" /> m | mouth = [[Segara Kaspia]] | mouth_location = [[Oblast Astrakhan]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|45|50|N|47|58|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA87888EC23774E0440003BA962ED3|Volga}}</ref> | mouth_elevation = -28<ref name="readersnatural" /> m | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = 1360000 km²<ref name=gvr/> | tributaries_left = [[Kama (tukad)|Kama]] | tributaries_right = [[Oka (tukad)|Oka]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Tukad Volga''' (aksara Bali: ᬢᬸᬓᬤ᭄​ᬨᭀᬮ᭄ᬕ; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɒ|l|ɡ|ə|,_|ˈ|v|oʊ|l|ɡ|ə}}; {{lang-rus|Во́лга|a=Ru-Волга.ogg|p=ˈvoɫɡə}}) silih tunggil [[Lis tukad ring Éropa#Tukad ring Éropa mawit lantang|tukad pinih lantang]] ring [[Éropa]]. Ngembak saking [[Rusia Tengah]] nuju [[Rusia Selatan]] miwah nuju [[Segara Kaspia]], ipun medué lantang 3531 km miwah jimbar genah toya ipun 1360000 km².<ref name=gvr>[http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=179058 «Река Волга»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021422/http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=179058 |date=2016-03-05 }}, Russian State Water Registry</ref> Punika taler manados tukad pinih ageng ring Éropa ring paindikan [[Debit (hidrologi)|debit]] miwah [[wewengkon aliran tukad]]. Ipun kanikain manados [[Tukad ring Rusia|tukad nasional]] saking [[Rusia]]. Negara wagian Rusia kuno, [[Rus 'Khaganate]], kaadegang ring nampek tukad Volga.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gannholm|first=Tore|title=Birka, Varangian Emporium|url=https://www.academia.edu/40313672/Birka_Varangian_Emporium|language=en}}</ref> Sacara lelintihan, punika genah patemuan kabudayaan Éurasia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Grand strategy of the byzantine empire.|last=Luttwak, Edward N.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Harvard|isbn=978-0674062078|pages=52|oclc=733913679}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Joel|date=2007|title=Iran and Its Neighbors in Late Antiquity: Art of the Sasanian Empire (224–642 C.E.)|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=111|issue=4|pages=797|doi=10.3764/aja.111.4.795|issn=0002-9114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Volga river|url=https://archive.org/details/volgariver0000mcne|last=McNeese, Tim.|date=2005|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=0791082474|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/volgariver0000mcne/page/14 14]–16|oclc=56535045}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|Volga}} {{EB1911 Poster|Volga}} *[http://earthfromspace.photoglobe.info/spc_volga_delta.html Delta Volga saking Dura Angkasa] *[http://as-volga.com Potrek saking pasisi Volga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707172425/http://as-volga.com/ |date=2011-07-07 }} *{{osmrelation-inline|1730417}} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=la1gakAbIgw Video indik wit Volga] {{Volga River}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tukad Volga| ]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Kostroma]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Moskow]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Nizhny Novgorod]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Astrakhan]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Chuvashia]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Kalmykia]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Samara]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Saratov]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Tatarstan]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Tver]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Volgograd]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Yaroslavl]] [[Kategori:Anak tukad Segara Kaspia]] hnmg4ghkrmnb8oxbpt84rusbhuumvu8 0 15874 281150 280123 2026-08-27T21:19:09Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox eruption | name = Letusan Samalas 1257 | image = | image_size = | caption = | date = 1257 | start_time = | volcano = Samalas | type = [[Letusan Plinian|Ultra-Plinian]] | location = [[Nusa Lombok]], [[Indonésia]] | coordinates = {{coord|8|24|36|S|116|24|30|E|display=inline,title}} | VEI = 7<ref name="SI">{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=264030&vtab=Eruptions|title=Rinjani|work=[[Global Volcanism Program]]|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|access-date=22 January 2020}} | map = Lombok Topography (labelled).png | map_size= | map_caption = Kompléks gunung marapi-kaldéra ring kalér Lombok | impact = }} Ring warsa 1257, letusan ageng kawéntenang ring [[gunung marapi]] Samalas ring [[Nusa Lombok]]. Paindikan punika minab ageng [[Indéks Letusan Gunung Berapi]] nyané 7,{{efn|Indéks Letusan Gunung Berapi punika skala antuk mingukurin ageng nyané satunggil [[letusan eksplosip]];{{sfn|Newhall|Self|Robock|2018|p=572}} skala 7 manikayang letusan sané ageng pisan sané ngasilang sawatara {{convert|100|km3}} saking endapan vulkanik. Letusan puniki kawéntenan asiki utawi kaping kalih per milénium, yadiastun akéh nyané minab kantun iyegang mawinan cutetan géologi miwah lelintihan nyané nénten jangkep.{{sfn|Newhall|Self|Robock|2018|p=573}}}} manadosang silih tunggil letusan gunung marapi pinih ageng ri kala [[Holosén|aab Holosén]]. Punika nyiptayang [[kolom letusan]] nganti makilométer nuju atmospir miwah [[embakan piroklastik]] sané nanem makéhan nusa Lombok miwah nyebrangin segara nganti nusa [[Sumbawa]]. Embakan punika mingangcurin palemahan manusa, rumasuk kota [[Pamatan]], pinaka ibu kota satunggil krajaan ring Lombok. Abu saking letusan nganti {{convert|340|km}}ring [[Nusa Jawa]]; gunung berapi nedunang sakung saking {{convert|10|km3}}wewatuan miwah abu. ==Cutetan== {{notelist}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|3}} === Jurnal === * {{cite journal|last1= Michel |first1=Simon |last2=Swingedouw |first2=Didier |last3=Chavent |first3=Marie |last4=Ortega|first4=Pablo|last5=Mignot|first5=Juliette|last6=Khodri|first6=Myriam|title=Reconstructing climatic modes of variability from proxy records using ClimIndRec version 1.0|journal=Geoscientific Model Development|date=3 March 2020|volume=13|issue=2|page=852|doi=10.5194/gmd-13-841-2020|bibcode=2020GMD....13..841M|url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/13/841/2020/|language=en|issn=1991-959X|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Ramos|first2=Alexandre M.|last3=Raible|first3=Christoph C.|last4=Messmer|first4=M.|last5=Tomé|first5=Ricardo|last6=Pinto|first6=Joaquim G.|last7=Trigo|first7=Ricardo M.|title=North Atlantic Integrated Water Vapor Transport—From 850 to 2100 CE: Impacts on Western European Rainfall|journal=Journal of Climate|date=1 January 2020|volume=33|issue=1|page=267|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0348.1|bibcode=2020JCli...33..263S|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/33/1/jcli-d-19-0348.1.xml?tab_body=fulltext-display|language=EN|issn=0894-8755}} * {{cite journal|last1=Du|first1=Xiaojing|last2=Hendy|first2=Ingrid|last3=Hinnov|first3=Linda|last4=Brown|first4=Erik|last5=Schimmelmann|first5=Arndt|last6=Pak|first6=Dorothy|title=Interannual Southern California Precipitation Variability During the Common Era and the ENSO Teleconnection|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=2020|volume=47|issue=1|page=8|doi=10.1029/2019GL085891|bibcode=2020GeoRL..4785891D|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL085891|language=en|issn=1944-8007|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-03-05|archive-date=2020-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308114120/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL085891|url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal|last1=Hao|first1=Zhixin|last2=Zheng|first2=Jingyun|last3=Yu|first3=Yingzhuo|last4=Xiong|first4=Danyang|last5=Liu|first5=Yang|last6=Ge|first6=Quansheng|title=Climatic changes during the past two millennia along the Ancient Silk Road|journal=Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment|date=1 October 2020|volume=44|issue=5|pages=619–620|doi=10.1177/0309133319893919|s2cid=213726073|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0309133319893919|language=en|issn=0309-1333}} * {{Cite journal|date=2021|editor-last=Roverato|editor-first=Matteo|editor2-last=Dufresne|editor2-first=Anja|editor3-last=Procter|editor3-first=Jonathan|title=Volcanic Debris Avalanches|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-030-57411-6|journal=Advances in Volcanology|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6|issn=2364-3277|page=40|isbn=978-3-030-57410-9|s2cid=226971090}} * {{cite journal|last1=Dee|first1=Sylvia G.|last2=Cobb|first2=Kim M.|last3=Emile-Geay|first3=Julien|last4=Ault|first4=Toby R.|last5=Edwards|first5=R. 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(Lombok, Indonesia)| last1=Vidal| first1=Céline M.| last2=Komorowski| first2=Jean-Christophe| last3=Métrich| first3=Nicole| last4=Pratomo| first4=Indyo| last5=Kartadinata| first5=Nugraha| last6=Prambada| first6=Oktory| last7=Michel| first7=Agnès| last8=Carazzo| first8=Guillaume| last9=Lavigne| first9=Franck| last10=Rodysill| first10=Jessica| last11=Fontijn| first11=Karen| author12=Surono| journal=Bulletin of Volcanology| date=8 August 2015| volume=77| issue=9| page=73| doi=10.1007/s00445-015-0960-9| bibcode=2015BVol...77...73V| s2cid=127929333}} * {{cite journal|last1=Wade|first1=David C.|last2=Vidal|first2=Céline M.|last3=Abraham|first3=N. Luke|last4=Dhomse|first4=Sandip|last5=Griffiths|first5=Paul T.|last6=Keeble|first6=James|last7=Mann|first7=Graham|last8=Marshall|first8=Lauren|last9=Schmidt|first9=Anja|last10=Archibald|first10=Alexander T.|title=Reconciling the climate and ozone response to the 1257 CE Mount Samalas eruption|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=27 October 2020|volume=117|issue=43|pages=26651–26659|doi=10.1073/pnas.1919807117|pmid=33046643|pmc=7604509|bibcode=2020PNAS..11726651W|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/117/43/26651.short|language=en|issn=0027-8424|pmc-embargo-date=April 12, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{refend}} ==Pranala jaba== * {{cite web|url=https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/enquete-sur-leruption-qui-a-marque-le-moyen-age|author=Grégory Fléchet|date=13 August 2018|title=Investigation on the eruption that marked the Middle Ages – Enquête sur l'éruption qui a marqué le Moyen ge|work=CNRS Le journal|access-date=10 March 2019|ref=none}} * [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/aug/05/medieval-volcano-disaster-london-graves Mass grave in London reveals how volcano caused global catastrophe] * [https://www.google.com/maps/@-8.3833178,116.4106039,37236m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en Google Earth view of the north of Lombok including Rinjani and the caldera] {{DEFAULTSORT:Samalas, meletus 1257}} [[Kategori:Gunung Marapi ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Letusan gunung marapi ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:1257 ring Asia]] [[Kategori:1257 rin Éropa]] [[Kategori:1257 ring Inggris]] [[Kategori:1257]] [[Kategori:Letusan VEI-7|Samalas]] p5favt52kdnjo0xkbf626vrouikuhen 0 15950 281183 280164 2026-08-27T21:46:10Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder |honorific_prefix = {{Pre-nominal styles|RHon|size=100%}} |name = The Baroneléss Thatcher |honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|LG|OM|DStJ|PC|FRS|HonFRSC}} |image = Margaret Thatcher stock portrait (cropped).jpg |alt = potrék atenga Thatcher ring patengahan 1990-an |caption = Potrét studio, {{circa|1995&ndash;96}} |office = [[Maha Patih Britania Raya]] |term_start = 4 Méi 1979 |term_end = 28 Nopémber 1990 |monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] |deputy = [[Geoffrey Howe]] {{nowrap|(1989–90)}} |predecessor = [[James Callaghan]] |successor = [[John Major]] |office1 = [[Pamimpin Oposisi (Britanian Raya)|Pamimpin Oposisi]] |term_start1 = 11 Pébruari 1975 |term_end1 = 4 Méi 1979 |monarch1 = Elizabeth II |primeminister1 = {{Unbulleted list |[[Harold Wilson]] |James Callaghan}} |deputy1 = [[William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw|William Whitelaw]] |predecessor1 = [[Edward Heath]] |successor1 = James Callaghan |office2 = [[Pamimpin Partai Konservatif (Inggris)|Pamimpin Partai Konservatif]] |term_start2 = 11 Pébruari 1975 |term_end2 = 28 Nopémber 1990 |deputy2 = [[William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw|The Viscount Whitelaw]] |predecessor2 = Edward Heath |successor2 = John Major {{Collapsed infobox section begin |Cabinet posts |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes |office3 = [[Sékrétaris Negara antuk Pandidikan&nbsp;miwah&nbsp;Sains]] |term_start3 = 20 Juni 1970 |term_end3 = 4 Maret 1974 |primeminister3 = Edward Heath |predecessor3 = [[Edward Short, Baron Glenamara|Edward Short]] |successor3 = [[Reg Prentice]] |office4 = [[Sékrétaris Parlemen antuk Menteri&nbsp;Purna]] |term_start4 = 9 Oktober 1961 |term_end4 = 16 Oktober 1964 |alongside4 = {{Nowrap|[[Richard Sharples]] and [[Lynch Maydon]]}} |primeminister4 = {{Unbulleted list |[[Harold Macmillan]] |[[Alec Douglas-Home]]}} |predecessor4 = [[Patricia Hornsby-Smith, Baroness Hornsby-Smith|Patricia Hornsby-Smith]] |successor4 = [[Norman Pentland]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont=yes |[[Shadow Cabinet]] posts |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes |office5 = [[Sékrétaris Negara Lawatan antuk&nbsp;Palemahan]] |term_start5 = 5 Maret 1974 |term_end5 = 11 Pébruari 1975 |leader5 = Edward Heath |1blankname5 = [[wikt:shadow minister|Lawatan]] |1namedata5 = [[Anthony Crosland]] |predecessor5 = Anthony Crosland |successor5 = [[Timothy Raison]] |office6 = [[Sékrétaris Negara Lawatan antuk Pandidikan&nbsp;miwah&nbsp;Sains]] |term_start6 = 10 Januari 1967 |term_end6 = 20 Juni 1970 |leader6 = Edward Heath |1blankname6 = Palawatan |1namedata6 = {{Unbulleted list |Anthony Crosland |[[Patrick Gordon Walker]] |Edward Short}} |predecessor6 = [[Richard Crossman]] |successor6 = Edward Short{{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont=yes |last=yes |Further offices held |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes |order7 = 22nd |office7 = Kanselir College of William&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Mary |term_start7 = 1 July 1993 |term_end7 = 1 July 2000 |predecessor7 = [[Warren E. Burger]] |successor7 = [[Henry Kissinger]] |office8 = [[Lis anggota House of Lords l|Anggota House of Lords]] |status8 = [[Lords Temporal|Lord Temporal]] |term_label8 = Yusa [[samasa urip]] |term_start8 = 30 June 1992 |term_end8 = 8 April 2013 |office9 = [[Anggota Parlemen (Britania Raya)|Anggota Parlemen]]<br />for [[Finchley (Wewidangan pamilihan Parleméqn Inggris)|Finchley]] |term_start9 = 8 October 1959 |term_end9 = 16 March 1992 |predecessor9 = [[John Crowder]] |successor9 = [[Hartley Booth]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} |birth_name = Margaret Hilda Roberts |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1925|10|13}} |birth_place = [[Grantham, Lincolnshire]], England |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2013|4|8|1925|10|13}} |death_place = [[City of Westminster|Westminster, London]], Inggris |resting_place = [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]] |resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord |51.489057| -0.156195|region:GB_type:landmark |display=inline}} |party = [[Partai Konservatif (Inggris)|Konservatif]] |spouse = {{Marriage|[[Denis Thatcher]]|13 Désémber 1951|26 Juni 2003|end=d}} |children = {{Hlist|[[Mark Thatcher|Mark]]|[[Carol Thatcher|Carol]]}} |education = [[Kesteven and Grantham Girls'&nbsp;School]] |alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list |[[Somerville College, Oxford]] |[[Inns of Court School of Law]]}} |awards = [[Honours of Margaret Thatcher|''Cingak lis'']] |parents = [[Alfred Roberts]] (aji) |occupation = {{Hlist|[[Barrister]]|[[chemist]]|politician}} |signature = Signature of Margaret Thatcher.svg |signature_alt = tanda tangan kursif antuk tinta |website = {{Official website|margaretthatcher.org|name=Foundation}} }} '''Margarét Hilda Thatcher, Baronéss Thatcher''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|LG|OM|DStJ|PC|FRS|HonFRSC|commas=on|size=small}} ({{nee|'''Roberts'''}}; 13 Oktober 1925{{snd}}8 April 2013) silih tunggil politikus Inggris miwah {{citeref|Mason|2013|stateswoman|style=plain}} sané ngamong dadoa [[Maha Patih Inggris]] saking 1979 nganti 1990 miwah [[Pamimpin Partai Konservatif (Inggris)|Pamimpin Partai Konservatif]] saking 1975 nganti 1990. Ida pinaka maha patih Inggris pinih sué ring abad ka-20 miwah anak istri kapertama sané ngamong jabatan punika. Situnggil jurnalis Soviet ngaparabin ipun "'''Iron Lady'''" (Istri Wesi), paran sané kakaitang sareng politik tan pakompromi miwah gaya kapemimpinan nyané. Manados maha patih, ida nerapang kabijakan sané kauningin antuk [[Thatcherism]]. Thatcher melajah kimia ring [[Somerville College, Oxford]], miwah makarya ajebos manados panilik [[ahli kimia]], sadurung dados [[pangacara]]. Ida [[Lis anggota parlemén sané kapilih ring pamilihan umum Inggris Raya 1959|Anggota Parlemén kapilih]] antuk[[Finchley (konstituénsi Parlemén Inggris)|Finchley]] ring [[Pamilihan umum Krajaan Inggris 1959|1959]]. [[Edward Heath]] nunjuk [[Sékrétaris Negara antuk Pandidikan|Sékrétaris Negara antuk Pandidikan miwah Sains]] ring [[Kamenterian Heath|Pemeréntahan 1970–1974]]. Ring 1975, ida ngalahang Heath ring [[Pamilihan kapemimpinan Partai Konservatif 1975|Pamilihan kapemimpinan Partai Konservatif]] manados [[Pamimpin Oposisi (Britania Raya)|Pamimpin Oposisi]], anak istri kapertama sané mimpin partai politik ageng ring Britania Raya. Manados Maha Patih sesampun ngamenang [[pamilihan umum Britania Raya 1979|pamilihan umum 1979]], Thatcher ngenalang sarangkaian kabijakan ékonomi sané kanikain antuk ngawalikang [[inplasi]] sané duur miwah parjuangan Inggris sesampun [[Masan Dingin Katenpuasan]] taler [[Résési awal 1980-an|résési sané pacang rauh]].{{refn|Ring pamahbah antuk [[Lis manifésto pamilihan umum Partai Konservatif (Inggris)|Manifésto Konservatif]] saking 1979, ida nyurat indik "manah nénten madaya, pinaka iraga punika wangsa sadurungné ageng sané sapunapi sampun katinggal".<ref name="PoliticalStuff.co.uk" />|group=nb}} Tatwa politik miwah kabijakan ékonomi nyané nganekenang [[dérégulasi]] (kautama ring séktor kajinahan), privatisasi [[pautsahaan negara|utsaha negara]], miwah mingurangin kakuasaan miwah pingaruh seka pakarya. Popularitas nyané ring warsa-warsa kapertama nyané ring kantor ngamudar ring tengah résési miwah munggah nyané pangangguran, nganti kamenangan ring [[Yuda Falklands]] warsa 1982 miwah pamulihan ékonomi maktaang kabangkitan malih dukungan, asapunika ida kapilih malih antuk [[kamenangan telak]] [[Pamilihan umum Britania Raya 1983|1983]]. Ida selamat saking pacobaan pamademan olih [[IRA sauntara]] ring warsa 1984 [[pangeboman hotél Brighton]] miwah mikolehin kamenangan politik ngalawan [[Seka Pakarya Nasional (Britania Raya)|Seka Pakarya Nasional]] ring [[pamogokan panambang Inggris (1984–85)|pamogokan panambang 1984–85]]. Thatcher kapilih malih antuk masa jabatan katiga antuk kamenangan telak ring [[pamilihan umum Britania Raya 1987|1987]], menawi dukungan selantur nyané antuk [[Pajak Jajak Pendapat (Britania Raya)|Pajak Komunitas]] ("poll tax") sanget nénten kasub, miwah pacingakan [[Éurosképtisism ring Britania Raya|Éurosképtis]] sané munggah ring [[Komunitas Ékonomi Éropa|Komunitas Éropa]] nénten kawagiang olih jadma ring kabinét nyané. Ida ngundurang raga mamados maha patih miwah pimpinan partai ring warsa 1990, sesampun [[pamilihan kapemimpinan Partai Konservatif 1990|tantangan kaluncurang antuk kapemimpinan nyané]].{{refn|Ngamenangang dukungan saking mayoritas partai nyané ring itehan kapertama padudukan swara, Thatcher kaicalan petang swara saking margin 15% sané karereh antuk ngamenangang kontes sacara langsung. Karuntuhan punika kaceciren manados "[[kudéta]] langka ring puncak politik Inggris: sané kapertama saking [[Lloyd George]] ngetep [[Asquith]] ring warsa 1916."<ref name="Heffer" />|group=nb}} Sesampun purna saking [[Déwan Pawalian Krajaan Inggris|Commons]] ring warsa 1992, ida kaica yusa [[timpal urip]] manados Baronéss Thatcher (saking [[Kesteven]] ring [[County of Lincolnshire]]) sané ngicain hak anruk malinggih ring [[umah wangsawan]]. Ring 2013, ida [[Kapademan miwah pamakaman Margaret Thatcher|padem mawinan stroke]] ring [[Hotel Ritz, London]], ring yusa 87 warsa. Satunggil tokoh kontroversial ring politik Inggris, Thatcher tetep kacingak becik ring [[Paringkat lelintihan maha patih Inggris]]. Masa jabatan nyané pinaka [[Panataan malih politik|panataan malih]] nuju kabijakan [[Néoliberalisme|néoliberal]] ring Britania Raya miwah padebatan indik warisan meweh sané kakaitang sareng Thatcherisme kantun kalanturang nganti abad ka-21. {{TOC limit|limit=3}} ==Publikasi== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |author={{harvp|Thatcher|1993}} |year=<!--1993--> |title=The Downing Street Years |title-link=The Downing Street Years |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-00-255049-9}} * {{cite book |author={{harvp|Thatcher|1995}} |year=<!--1995--> |title=The Path to Power |title-link=The Path to Power (Thatcher book) |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-00-255050-5}} * {{cite book |author={{harvp|Thatcher|2003}} |year=<!--2003--> |title-link=Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World |title=Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0-06-095912-8}} {{refend}} ==Pustaka== ===Cutetan=== {{Reflist|group=nb|30em|refs= {{refn|group=nb|name=Campbell|{{harvtxt|Campbell|2011a|p=800}} taler nyuratin indik pacingakan katiga sané prasida kaiyegang: Thatcher "mikolihin doh luwih kedik" bandingan sané ida miwah "[[tuh]]" ida pacang kaambil; ida tan prasida antuk ngawatesin pangluaran publik, mingurangin utawi ngaprivatisasi [[negara kasejahteraan]], nguahin tatindakan fundamental krama umum, utawi "ningkatang" kabebasan ring genah [[Sentralisasi|kapusat]] kontrol druéné antuk "makeh widang kauripan nasional".}} }} ===Suratan=== {{Reflist|20em|refs= <ref name="PoliticalStuff.co.uk"> {{cite web | title=1979 Conservative Party General Election Manifesto | url=http://www.conservativemanifesto.com/1979/1979-conservative-manifesto.shtml | website=PoliticalStuff.co.uk | access-date=28 July 2009}} </ref><ref name="Heffer"> {{cite magazine | last=Heffer |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Heffer | date=29 October 2019 | title=The rats and cowards who brought down a Titan | url=https://thecritic.co.uk/issues/november-2019/the-rats-and-cowards-who-brought-down-a-titan/ | magazine=The Critic Magazine | access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref> }} ===Bibliograpi=== {{Main|Bibliography of Margaret Thatcher}} {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | last1=Adeney |first1=Martin | last2=Lloyd |first2=John |author-link2=John Lloyd (journalist) | year=1988 | title=The Miners' Strike 1984–85: Loss Without Limit | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-7102-1371-6}} * {{cite journal | last=Agar |first=Jon | year=2011 | title=Thatcher, scientist | journal=[[Notes and Records]] |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=215–232 | doi=10.1098/rsnr.2010.0096 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |last = Aitken |first = Jonathan |author-link = Jonathan Aitken |year = 2013 |title = Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality |url = {{Google books|HW-rAAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = A & C Black |isbn = 978-1-4088-3186-1 }} * {{cite journal | last=Anwar |first=Muhammad | year=2001 | title=The participation of ethnic minorities in British politics | journal=[[Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=533–549 | doi=10.1080/136918301200266220 | s2cid=144867334}} * {{cite book |last = Atkinson |first = Max |author-link = Max Atkinson |year = 1984 |title = Our Masters' Voices: The Language and Body Language of Politics |url = {{Google books|yqM4zGmsYioC|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Psychology Press |isbn = 978-0-415-01875-3 }} * {{cite book | last=Barker |first=Martin | year=1981 | title=The New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribe | location=London, UK |publisher=Junction Books | isbn=978-0-86245-031-1}} * {{cite book |last = Barr |first = Damian |author-link = Damian Barr |year = 2013 |title = Maggie and Me |url = {{Google books|nes_AQAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = A & C Black |isbn = 978-1-4088-3806-8 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Barrell | editor-first=Ray | year=1994 | title=The UK Labour Market: Comparative Aspects and Institutional Developments | url={{Google books|Izl1A_9TrREC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-46825-1 }} * {{cite book |last = Beckett |first = Andy |author-link = Andy Beckett |year = 2010 |title = When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies |url = {{Google books|-NURERF4hb8C|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Faber and Faber |isbn = 978-0-571-25226-8 }} * {{cite book | last=Beckett | first=Clare | year=2006 | title=The 20 British Prime Ministers of the 20th Century: Thatcher | url={{Google books|QeIHpjNolKAC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Haus | isbn=978-1-904950-71-4 }} * {{cite book | last=Bern | first=Paula | year=1987 | title=How to Work for a Woman Boss, Even If You'd Rather Not | url=https://archive.org/details/howtoworkforwoma00bern | url-access=registration | location=New York City | publisher=Dodd Mead | isbn=978-0-396-08839-4 }} * {{cite book |last = Blundell |first = John |author-link = John Blundell (economist) |year = 2008 |title = Margaret Thatcher: A Portrait of the Iron Lady |url = {{Google books|hbyeLS83iEIC|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Algora |isbn = 978-0-87586-632-1 }} **{{cite book |last = Blundell |first = John |author-mask = {{nothing}} |year = 2013 |title = Remembering Margaret Thatcher: Commemorations, Tributes, and Assessments |url = {{Google books|4MYn9j-gftAC|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Algora |isbn = 978-1-62894-017-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Burns | first=William E. | year=2009 | title=A Brief History of Great Britain | url={{Google books|Fjf4YynnC90C|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Infobase | isbn=978-1-4381-2737-8 }} * {{cite book | last1=Butler | first1=David | author-link=David Butler (psephologist) | display-authors=1 | last2=Kavanagh | first2=Dennis | author-link2=Dennis Kavanagh | year=1980 | title=The British General Election of 1979 | url={{Google books|3tWuCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | isbn=978-1-349-04755-0 }} **{{cite book | last=Butler |first=David |author-mask={{nothing}} | year=1994 | title=British Political Facts 1900–1994 | url=https://archive.org/details/britishpolitical0000butl_n7n1 | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=978-0-333-52616-3}} * {{cite book | editor-last=Byrd |editor-first=Peter | year=1988 | title=British Foreign Policy under Thatcher | publisher=St. Martin's Press | isbn=978-0-86003-401-8}} * {{cite book | last=Campbell |first=John |author-link=John Campbell (biographer) | year=2000 | title=Margaret Thatcher: The Grocer's Daughter |volume=1 | publisher=Pimlico | isbn=978-0-7126-7418-8}} **{{cite book | last=Campbell |first=John |author-mask={{nothing}} | year=2003 | title=Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady |volume=2 | publisher=Pimlico | isbn=978-0-7126-6781-4}} **{{cite book | last=Campbell | first=John | author-mask={{nothing}} | year=2011a | title=Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady | volume=2 | url={{Google books|RfHYhcFWbm4C|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Random House | isbn=978-1-4464-2008-9 }} **{{cite book | last=Campbell | first=John | author-mask={{nothing}} | year=2011b | editor-last=Freeman | editor-first=David | title=The Iron Lady: Margaret Thatcher, from Grocer's Daughter to Prime Minister | url={{Google books|odLmZZ514AkC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=978-1-101-55866-9 }} * {{cite ODNB | last=Cannadine |first=David |author-link=David Cannadine | year=2017 | title=Thatcher [née Roberts], Margaret Hilda, Baroness Thatcher (1925–2013) | id=106415}} * {{cite book |last = Childs |first = David |author-link = David Childs (academic) |year = 2006 |title = Britain Since 1945: A Political History |url = {{Google books|HDBiaIbyLTsC|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Taylor & Francis |isbn = 978-0-415-39326-3 }} * {{cite book | last=Chin | first=Rita | year=2009 | chapter=Guest Worker Migration and the Unexpected Return of Race | chapter-url={{Google books|tqlrRJHwjKoC|page=80|plainurl=yes}} | title=After the Nazi Racial State: Difference and Democracy in Germany and Europe | publisher=University of Michigan Press | publication-date=2010 | isbn=978-0-472-02578-7 }} * {{cite book | last=Cochrane | first=Feargal | year=1997 | title=Unionist Politics and the Politics of Unionism Since the Anglo-Irish Agreement | url={{Google books|KnAyhBCnpLQC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Cork University Press | isbn=978-1-85918-138-6 }} * {{cite journal | last=Cooper |first=James | year=2010 | title=The Foreign Politics of Opposition: Margaret Thatcher and the Transatlantic Relationship before Power | journal=Contemporary British History |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=23–42 | doi=10.1080/13619460903565358 | s2cid=144038789}} * {{cite book | last=Cormac | first=Rory | year=2018 | title=Disrupt and Deny: Spies, Special Forces, and the Secret Pursuit of British Foreign Policy | url={{Google books|emZaDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-878459-3 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Cowley |first1=Philip |author-link=Philip Cowley | last2=Bailey |first2=Matthew | year=2000 | title=Peasants' Uprising or Religious War? Re-examining the 1975 Conservative Leadership Contest | journal=[[British Journal of Political Science]] |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=599–630 | doi=10.1017/s0007123400000260 | jstor=194287|s2cid=154834667 }} * {{cite journal | last=Crewe | first=Ivor | author-link=Ivor Crewe | year=1991 | title=Margaret Thatcher: As the British Saw Her | url=https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/public-perspective/ppscan/22/22015.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105145426/https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/public-perspective/ppscan/22/22015.pdf | archive-date=5 January 2019 | journal=The Public Perspective | pages=15–16 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Dale | editor-first=Iain | editor-link=Iain Dale | editor-last2=Tucker | editor-first2=Grant | year=2012 | title=The Margaret Thatcher Book of Quotations | url={{Google books|vPatAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Biteback | isbn=978-1-84954-465-8 }} * {{cite book |last = Dorril |first = Stephen |author-link = Stephen Dorril |year = 2002 |title = MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service |url = https://archive.org/details/mi6insidecovertw00dorr |url-access = registration |publisher = Simon and Schuster |isbn = 978-0-7432-1778-1 }} * {{cite book |last = English |first = Richard |author-link = Richard English |year = 2005 |title = Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA |url = {{Google books|WxJutBLDxg0C|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-517753-4 }} * {{cite book | last=Evans | first=Eric J. | author-link=Eric J. Evans | year=2004 | title=Thatcher and Thatcherism | url={{Google books|1mUs6BAA0DkC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Routledge | publication-date=2013 | isbn=978-0-415-66018-1 }} * {{cite book | last1=Feigenbaum | first1=Harvey | last2=Henig | first2=Jeffrey | last3=Hamnett | first3=Chris | year=1998 | title=Shrinking the State: The Political Underpinnings of Privatization | url={{Google books|mD-WWatCnXoC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-63918-7 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Floud | editor-first=Roderick | editor-link=Roderick Floud | editor-last2=Johnson | editor-first2=Paul | editor-link2=Paul Johnson (writer) | year=2004 | title=The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain: Structural Change and Growth, 1939–2000 | volume=3 | url={{Google books|ugx3XIkE-mEC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-52738-5 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Friedman | editor-first=Lester D. | year=2006 | title=Fires Were Started: British Cinema and Thatcherism | url={{Google books|qUhg-dDTnGkC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Wallflower Press | isbn=978-1-904764-71-7 }} * {{cite book |last = Gamble |first = Andrew |author-link = Andrew Gamble |year = 2009 |title = The Spectre at the Feast: Capitalist Crisis and the Politics of Recession |url = {{Google books|rZ4cBQAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan |isbn = 978-0-230-24052-0 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book | last1=Gardiner | first1=Nile | author-link=Nile Gardiner | last2=Thompson | first2=Stephen | year=2013 | title=Margaret Thatcher on Leadership: Lessons for American Conservatives Today | url={{Google books|O3uDAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Regnery | isbn=978-1-62157-179-7 }} * {{cite book | last=Gelb | first=Joyce | year=1989 | title=Feminism and Politics: A Comparative Perspective | url={{Google books|z7B5Uuw4mFYC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=978-0-520-07184-1 }} * {{cite book | last1=Glover |first1=Peter C. | last2=Economides |first2=Michael J. | year=2010 | title=Energy and Climate Wars: How Naive Politicians, Green Ideologues, and Media Elites are Undermining the Truth about Energy and Climate | url=https://archive.org/details/energyclimatewar0000glov | publisher=Bloomsbury | isbn=978-1-4411-5307-4}} * {{cite book | editor-last=Görtemaker |editor-first=Manfred | year=2006 | title=Britain and Germany in the Twentieth Century | publisher=Berg | isbn=978-1-85973-842-9}} * {{cite book |last = Hansen |first = Randall |author-link = Randall Hansen |year = 2000 |title = Citizenship and Immigration in Post-war Britain |url = {{Google books|qj8GEjW91oEC|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-158301-8 }} * {{cite book | last1=Hastings | first1=Max | author-link=Max Hastings | last2=Jenkins | first2=Simon | author-link2=Simon Jenkins | year=1983 | title=The Battle for the Falklands | url={{Google books|VaESazCk4doC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Macmillan | publication-date=2012 | isbn=978-0-330-53676-9 }} * {{cite book | last=Howe |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Howe | year=1994 | title=Conflict of Loyalty | url=https://archive.org/details/conflictofloyalt0000howe | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=978-0-333-59283-0}} * {{cite book | last=Jackling | first=Roger | author-link=Roger Jackling | year=2005 | contribution=The Impact of the Falklands Conflict on Defence Policy | contribution-url={{Google books|9AWE9_F7p7cC|page=239|plainurl=yes}} | contribution-url-access=limited | editor-last=Badsey | editor-first=Stephen | editor2-last=Grove | editor2-first=Mark | editor3-last=Havers | editor3-first=Rob | title=The Falklands Conflict Twenty Years On: Lessons for the Future | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-35029-7 }} * {{cite book | last=James | first=Clive | author-link=Clive James | year=1977 | chapter=Thatcher takes command | chapter-url={{Google books|8t4sDgAAQBAJ|page=102|plainurl=yes}} | title=Visions Before Midnight | title-link=Visions Before Midnight | publisher=Macmillan | publication-date=2017 | isbn=978-1-5098-3244-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Johnson |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Louis McIntosh Johnson | year=1991 | title=The Grand Experiment: Mrs. Thatcher's Economy and How It Spread | url=https://archive.org/details/grandexperimentm0000john | publisher=Westview Press | isbn=978-0-8133-1913-1}} * {{cite book | last=Jones | first=Bill | year=2007 | section=Media organisations and the political process | section-url={{Google books|6hynlgLMxbAC|page=224|plainurl=yes}} | section-url-access=limited | editor-last=Jones | editor-first=Bill | editor-last2=Kavanagh | editor-first2=Dennis | editor-last3=Moran | editor-first3=Michael | title=Politics UK | publisher=Pearson Education | isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 }} * {{cite book | last=Kaplan |first=Morton |author-link=Morton Kaplan | year=2000 | title=Character and Identity: The Sociological Foundations of Literary and Historical Perspectives |volume=2 | publisher=Professors World Peace Academy | isbn=978-1-885118-10-3 | ol=8702932M}} * {{cite book | last=Khabaz | first=David V. | year=2006 | title=Manufactured Schema: Thatcher, the Miners and the Culture Industry | url={{Google books|7YeOtDprzcQC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Troubador | isbn=978-1-905237-61-6 }} * {{cite journal | last=Klein |first=Rudolf | year=1985 | title=Why Britain's conservatives support a socialist health care system | journal=[[Health Affairs]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=41–58 | doi=10.1377/hlthaff.4.1.41 |doi-access=free | pmid=3997046}} * {{cite journal | last=Lahey |first=Daniel James | year=2013 | title=The Thatcher government's response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979–1980 | 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The Man and the System | url={{Google books|po9Ki83S2WwC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Transaction | publication-date=2009 | isbn=978-1-4128-1382-2 }} {{Refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Sister project links|s=Author:Margaret Thatcher}} * {{official website|url=//www.thatchercentre.com/margaret-thatcher|name=Margaret Thatcher Centre}} * {{official website|url=//www.margaretthatcher.org/essential/biography.asp|name=Margaret Thatcher Foundation}} * {{Hansard-contribs|mrs-margaret-thatcher|Margaret Thatcher}} * {{Internet Archive author|sname=Margaret Thatcher}} * {{Library resources about}} * {{Librivox author|id=3625}} * {{UK National Archives ID}} * {{C-SPAN|margaretthatcher}} * {{IMDb name|0857137}} * {{Guardian topic}} * {{NYTtopic|people/t/margaret_h_thatcher}} * {{NPG name|05827}} * {{Webarchive|title=Obituary (''BBC News'') |url=//web.archive.org/web/20130408204606/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-10364876}} * {{Webarchive|nolink=1|title=History of Baroness Margaret Thatcher (''gov.uk'') |url=//web.archive.org/web/20131005092036/https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/margaret-thatcher}} {{Navboxes |title=Kantor miwah patiosan |state=expanded |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-par|uk}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Crowder]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Anggota Parlemén antuk [[Finchley (konstituénsi Parlemén Inggris)|Finchley]]|years=[[1959 United Kingdom general election|1959]]–[[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hartley Booth]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Richard Crossman]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Sékrétaris Negara Lawatan antuk Pandidikan miwah Sains]]|years=1967–1970}} {{s-aft|after=[[Edward Short, Baron Glenamara|Edward Short]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Edward Short, Baron Glenamara|Edward Short]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Sékrétaris Negara antuk Pandidikan miwah Sains]]|years=1970–1974}} {{s-aft|after=[[Reg Prentice]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Anthony Crosland]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Sékrétaris Lawatan Negara antuk Palemahan, Pangan miwah Urusan Padésaan|Sékrétaris Negara Lawatan antuk Palemahan Urip]]|years=1974–1975}} {{s-aft|after=[[Timothy Raison]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Edward Heath]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pamimpin Oposisi (Inggris Raya)|Pamimpin Oposisi]]|years=1975–1979}} {{s-aft|after=[[James Callaghan]]}} {{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[James Callaghan]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Maha Patih Inggris Raya]]|years=1979–1990}} {{s-aft|rows=3|after=[[John Major]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Tuan Kapertama Pabendaharaan]]|years=1979–1990}} {{s-break}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Menteri Kapegawaian]]|years=1979–1990}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Edward Heath]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pamimpin Partai Konservatif (Inggris)|Pamimpin Partai Konservatif]]|years=1975–1990}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Major]]}} {{s-dip}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ronald Reagan]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Ketua [[Seka Kutus|Seka Tujuh]] |years=1984}} {{s-aft|after=[[Helmut Kohl]]}} {{s-aca}} {{s-bef|before=[[François Mitterrand]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Pabaos Doa saking [[College of Europe]]|years=1988}} {{s-aft|after=[[Jacques Delors]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Warren E. Burger]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Kanselir College saking William & Mary]]|years=1993–2000}} {{s-aft|after=[[Henry Kissinger]]}} {{s-ach|rec}} {{s-bef|before=[[Edward Heath|Sir Edward Heath]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Maha Patih Inggris pinih lingsir]]|years=2005–2013}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Major|Sir John Major]]}} {{s-ach|aw}} {{s-bef|before=[[Bob Hope]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Panampi [[Panghargaan Kamahardikaan Ronald Reagan]]|years=1998}} {{s-aft|after=[[Billy Graham]]}} {{s-end}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thatcher, Margaret}} [[Kategori:Margaret Thatcher| ]] [[Kategori:Maha patih istri]] 5mkncr2umdrb0rvx2e084zpwokq88mg 0 16020 281199 264511 2026-08-27T21:56:51Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy |Name = Inan lima |Latin = pollex <br/>digitus I manus <br/>digitus primus manus |Image = Sobo 1909 130.png |Caption = Tulang inan lima, kacingak saking kiwa |Width = 350 |Image2 = |Caption2 = |Precursor = |System = |Artery = [[Arteri Princeps pollicis]] |Vein = [[Jaringan lima vena punggung]] |Nerve = [[Saraf digital dorsal saking saraf radial]], [[saraf digital palmar sané tepat saking saraf median]] |Lymph = [[Kelenjar getah bening infraklavikular]]<ref>{{NormanAnatomy|clinicalconsiderations}}</ref> }} [[Berkas:Thumbup.jpg|jmpl|inan lima utawi jempol]] Ring [[anatomi jadma]], '''inan lima''' utawi '''jempol''' (singgih: '''gusta''') inggih punika silih tunggil [[jeriji]] ring [[lima]]. Inan lima malenan saking papat jeriji liyanan. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Lis Pustaka === {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} : {{Cite journal |ref = harv |last1 = Almécija |first1 = S. |last2 = Moyà-Solà |first2 = S. |last3 = Alba |first3 = D. M. |title = Early Origin for Human-Like Precision Grasping: A Comparative Study of Pollical Distal Phalanges in Fossil Hominins |journal = PLoS ONE |volume = 5 |issue = 7 |pages = e11727 |year = 2010 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0011727 |pmid = 20661444 |pmc = 2908684 |bibcode = 2010PLoSO...511727A }} : {{cite book |ref = harv |year = 2007 |last = Ankel-Simons |first = Friderun |title = Primate Anatomy |chapter = Chapter 8: Postcranial Skeleton |page = 345 |edition = 3rd |publisher = Academic Press |isbn = 978-0-12-372576-9 }} : {{cite book |ref = harv |last = Austin |first = Noelle M. |title = Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis |url = https://archive.org/details/jointstructurefu0000leva |edition = 4th |chapter = Chapter 9: The Wrist and Hand Complex |editor1-first = Pamela K. |editor1-last = Levangie |editor2-first = Cynthia C. |editor2-last = Norkin |publisher = F. A. Davis Company |location = Philadelphia |isbn = 978-0-8036-1191-7 |year = 2005 }} : {{cite book |ref = harv |last1 = Brown |first1 = David P. |last2 = Freeman |first2 = Eric D. |last3 = Cuccurullo |first3 = Sara |last4 = Freeman |first4 = Ted L. |editor-last = Cuccurullo |editor-first = Sara |title = Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review |chapter = Upper Extremities—Hand Region: Range of Motion of the Digits |publisher = Demos Medical Publishing |year = 2004 |chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=physmedrehab&part=A4492#A4530 |isbn = 978-1-888799-45-3 }} ([[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]) : {{cite book |ref = harv |year = 1999 |last = Brunelli |first = Giovanni R. |editor1-last = Brüser |editor1-first = Peter |editor2-last = Gilbert |editor2-first = Alain |title = Finger bone and joint injuries |chapter = Stability in the first carpometacarpal joint |publisher = Taylor & Francis |isbn = 978-1-85317-690-6 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-pzGRMvXFzAC&pg=PA167 }} : {{Cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350310402 |ref=harv |year=1993 |last1=Byrne |first1=R.W. |last2=Byrne |first2=J.M.E. |title=Complex Leaf-Gathering Skills of Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei): Variability and Standardization |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=241–261 |url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sp/people/personal/rwb/publications/1993%20Byrne_Byrne_AJP.pdf |issn=0275-2565 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920100630/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sp/people/personal/rwb/publications/1993%20Byrne_Byrne_AJP.pdf |archivedate=Séptémber 20, 2009 }} : {{Cite journal |ref = harv |last1 = Christel |first1 = Marianne I. |last2 = Kitzel |first2 = Stefanie |last3 = Niemitz |first3 = Carsten |authorlink3 = Carsten Niemitz |title = How Precisely do Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Grasp Small Objects? |journal = International Journal of Primatology |volume = 19 |issue = 1 |pages = 165–194 |date = 30 November 2004 |url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/w06281n1m71n7418/ |doi = 10.1023/A:1020319313219 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Pébruari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} : {{Cite journal |ref = harv |last1 = Costello |first1 = Michael B. |last2 = Fragaszy |first2 = Dorothy M. |title = Prehension in Cebus and Saimiri: I. Grip type and hand preference |journal = American Journal of Primatology |volume = 15 |issue = 3 |pages = 235–245 |date = March 1988 |url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/110487513/PDFSTART |doi = 10.1002/ajp.1350150306 }}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} : {{cite journal |ref = harv |last1 = de Klerk |first1 = W.J. |last2 = Forster |first2 = C.A. |last3 = Sampson |first3 = S.D. |last4 = Chinsamy |first4 = A. |author5 = Ross, C.F. |title = A new coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of South Africa |journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |year = 2000 |issue = 2 |volume = 20 |pages = 324–332 |url = http://rosslab.uchicago.edu/publications/De%20Klerk%20et%20al.%202000.pdf |doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0324:ancdft]2.0.co;2 |access-date = 2021-03-11 |archive-date = 2012-01-30 |archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120130211657/http://rosslab.uchicago.edu/publications/De%20Klerk%20et%20al.%202000.pdf |url-status = dead }} : {{cite journal |ref = harv |last1 = Diogo |first1 = R |last2 = Richmond |first2 = BG |last3 = Wood |first3 = B |title = Evolution and homologies of primate and modern human hand and forearm muscles, with notes on thumb movements and tool use |journal = Journal of Human Evolution |year = 2012 |volume = 63 |issue = 1 |pages = 64–78 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.04.001 |pmid=22640954 }} : {{Cite book |ref = harv |last = Ellerman |first = John Reeves |title = The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. II. Family Muridae |publisher = British Museum (Natural History) |year = 1941 |location = London |url = https://archive.org/stream/familiesgeneraof02elle#page/2/mode/2up/search/Lophiomyidae }} : {{cite journal |ref = harv |last1 = Franzen |first1 = JL |last2 = Gingerich |first2 = PD |last3 = Habersetzer |first3 = J |last4 = Hurum |first4 = JH |author5=von Koenigswald, W |display-authors=etal |title = Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology |journal = PLoS ONE |year = 2009 |volume = 4 |issue = 5 |pages = e5723 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0005723 |pmid=19492084 |pmc=2683573 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5723F |editor1-last = Hawks |editor1-first = John }} : {{cite journal |ref=harv |last1=Harcourt-Smith |first1=W E H |last2=Aiello |first2=L C |title=Fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion |volume=204 |issue=5 |pages=403–16 |date=May 2004 |journal=Journal of Anatomy |pmid=15198703 |pmc=1571304 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00296.x |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0021-8782&date=2004&volume=204&issue=5&spage=403 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105130203/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0021-8782&date=2004&volume=204&issue=5&spage=403 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-01-05 }} : {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0021-9290(08)70148-9 |ref=harv |last=Hsu |first=Ar-Tyan |author2=Meng-Tsu Hu |author3=Fong Ching Su |title=Effect of Gender, Flexibility and Thumb Type on Thumb Tip Generation |journal=Journal of Biomechanics |date=July 2008 |volume=41 |issue=Supplement 1 |pages=S148 |url=http://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9290%2808%2970148-9/abstract }} : {{cite book |ref = harv |last1 = Jones |first1 = Lynette A. |last2 = Lederman |first2 = Susan J. |title = Human hand function |url = https://archive.org/details/humanhandfunctio0000jone |publisher = Oxford University Press US |year = 2006 |isbn = 9780195173154 }} : {{cite journal |ref = harv |last1 = Leakey |first1 = LSB |author1-link = Louis Leakey |last2 = Tobias |first2 = PV |author2-link = Phillip V. Tobias |last3 = Napier |first3 = JR |author3-link = John Napier (primatologist) |title = A New Species of Genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge |journal = Nature |date = April 1964 |volume = 202 |pages = 7–9 |url = http://purple.niagara.edu/wje/Bio121/Leaky%201964%20habilis.pdf |pmid = 14166722 |doi = 10.1038/202007a0 |bibcode = 1964Natur.202....7L |issue = 4927 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Pébruari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} : {{Cite book |ref = harv |year = 1942 |last = McBride |first = Earl Duwain |title = Disability evaluation: principles of treatment of compensable injuries |publisher = Lippincott |page = 631 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YIpgQgAACAAJ }} : {{cite book |ref = harv |last = McDade |first = Melissa C. |title = Grzimek's animal life encyclopedia: Volumes 12–16, Mammals I–V |edition = 2nd |chapter = Koalas (''Phascolartidae'') |editor1-last = Hutchins |editor1-first = Michael |editor2-last = Kleiman |editor2-first = Devra G. |editor3-last = Geist |editor3-first =Valerius |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last = McDade |editor4-first = Melissa C. |location = Farmington Hills, MI |publisher = Gale Group |year = 2003 }} : {{cite journal |doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.1.313 |ref = harv |last1 = Moyà-Solà |first1 = Salvador |pmc = 15136 |last2 = Köhler |first2 = Méike |pmid = 9874815 |last3 = Rook |first3 = Lorenzo |title = Evidence of hominid-like precision grip capability in the hand of the Miocene ape Oreopithecus |journal = PNAS |date = January 5, 1999 |volume = 96 |issue = 1 |pages = 313–317 |url = http://www.pnas.org/content/96/1/313.full.pdf |bibcode = 1999PNAS...96..313M }} : {{Cite journal |ref = harv |last = Napier |first = John Russell |title = The prehensile movements of the human hand |pmid = 13376678 |journal = J Bone Joint Surg Br |volume = 38 |issue = 4 |pages = 902–913 |date = November 1956 |url = http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/38-B/4/902.full.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} : {{cite book |ref = harv |last = Nowak |first = Ronald M. |title = Walker's mammals of the world, Volume 2 |edition = 6th |publisher = JHU Press |year = 1999 |isbn = 978-0-8018-5789-8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&pg=PA89 }} : {{cite book |ref = harv |year = 2004 |last = Platzer |first = Werner |title = Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System |publisher = Thieme |isbn = 3-13-533305-1<!---US: 1-58890-159-9---> |edition = 5th }} : {{Cite journal |ref = harv |last = Senter |first = Phil |title = Comparison of forelimb function between ''Deinonychus'' and ''Bambiraptor'' (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) |journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |year = 2006 |volume = 26 |issue = 4 |pages = 897–906 |doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[897:COFFBD]2.0.CO;2 }} : {{Cite journal |ref = harv |year = 1946 |last1 = Slocum |first1 = D.B. |last2 = Pratt |first2 = D.R. |title = Disability Evaluation for the Hand |journal = Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery |volume = 28 |issue = 3 |page = 491 |url = http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/reprint/28/3/491.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} : {{cite journal |ref = harv |last1 = van Nierop |first1 = Onno A. |last2 = van der Helm |first2 = Aadjan |last3 = Overbeeke |first3 = Kees J. |last4 = Djajadiningrat |first4 = Tom J.P. |title = A natural human hand model |journal = Visual Comput |volume = 24 |year = 2008 |issue = 1 |pages = 31–44 |doi = 10.1007/s00371-007-0176-x |url = http://www.ece.uvic.ca/~btill/papers/mocap/vanNierop_etal_2008.pdf }} : {{Cite journal |ref = harv |date=January 2003 |last = Young |first = Richard W. |title = Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing |journal = Journal of Anatomy |volume = 202 |issue = 1 |pages = 165–174 |pmid = 12587931 |pmc=1571064 |doi = 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00144.x }} {{Refend}} {{Anatomi jadma}} [[Kategori:Anatomi lima betén]] [[Kategori:Jeriji]] {{anatomi-stub}} ojrqrha6ahtnjxkv9krnsoo0hb6pvaq 0 16614 281086 255662 2026-08-27T20:15:08Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sea | name = Segara Adriatik | image = Adriatic Sea 2003.jpg | alt = Peta saking Segara Adriatik | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Éropa Kelod]] | coords = {{Coord|43|N|15|E|type:waterbody_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Segara]] | inflow = [[Adige]], [[Bojana (tukad)|Bojana]], [[Drin (tukad)|Drin]], [[Krka (Kroasia)|Krka]], [[Neretva]], [[Po (tukad)|Po]], [[Soča]] | outflow = [[Segara Ionian]] | catchment = {{convert|235000|km2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = ''Mawatesan'': [[Itali]], [[Albania]], [[Kroasia]], [[Yunani]], [[Monténégro]], [[Slovénia]], taler [[Bosnia miwah Hérzegovina]]<br />''Nénten mawatesan'': [[Sérbia]], [[Makédonia Kalér]], [[Kosovo]],{{efn|name=status}} [[Austria]], [[Swiss]] miwah [[Perancis]] ([[bak drainase]] antuk tukad maloloan)<ref>{{cite report|chapter-url = https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/publications/assessment/English/J_PartIV_Chapter6_En.pdf |chapter= Drainage Basin of the Mediterranean Sea|title = Second Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters|publisher= [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|UNECE]]|date = August 2011}}</ref> | length = {{convert|800|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|138600|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|252.5|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|1233|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|35000|km3|ékar.ft|abbr=on}} | residence_time = 3.4±0.4 years | salinity = 38–39 [[Unit salinitas praktis|USP]] | shore = {{convert|3739.1|km|abbr=on}} | temperature_high = {{convert|24|C|F}} | temperature_low = {{convert|9|C|F}} | frozen = | islands = [[Lis Nusa ring Segara Adriatik|Langkung 1300]] | trenches = | benches = | cities = [[Bari]], [[Venice]], [[Trieste]], [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Pescara]], [[Šibenik]], [[Rimini]], [[Rijeka]], [[Durrës]], [[Ancona]], [[Zadar]], [[Vlorë]], [[Brindisi]], [[Dubrovnik]], [[Neum]] | reference = <!-- Too many! --> }} '''Segara Adriatik''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|eɪ|d|r|i|ˈ|æ|t|ᵻ|k}}) silih tunggil patoyan sané ngawelasang [[Samenanjung Itali]] saking [[Balkan]]. Adriatik punika lengen pinih kalér saking [[Segara Méditérania]], ngapentang saking [[Selat Otranto]] (punika kahubungin nuju [[Segara Ionia]]) nuju kalér kawan miwah [[Lebah Po]]. Negara-negara miwah pasisi ring Segara Adriatik punika [[Albania]], [[Bosnia miwah Hérzegovina]], [[Kroasia]], [[Itali]], [[Monténégro]] miwah [[Slovénia]]. == Galéri == <gallery caption="Labuhan ring Adriatik" widths="200px"> File:Durres harbor from the sea.jpg|[[Labuhan Durrës]], labuhan pinih ageng ring Albania File:Luka brajdica 040408.jpg|[[Labuhan Rijéka]], labuhan kargo pinih ageng ring Kroasia File:Koper (39).jpg|[[Labuhan Koper]], labuhan pinih ageng ring [[Slovénia]] File:Triest Port1.JPG|[[Labuhan Triésté]], labuhan kargo pinih ageng ring Adriatik File:The port of Bar, view from Vrsuta mnt (39372956332).jpg|[[Labuhan Bar]], labuhan pinih ageng ring Monténégro File:Porto_ancona.jpg|Labuhan [[Ankona]], labuhan penumpang sané ageng </gallery> == Cutetan == {{Notelist|notes= {{efn|name=status|{{Kosovo-note}}}} }} == Pustaka == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Clear}} === Suratan === * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn949Sr-POkC|title=A Classical Dictionary: Containing the Principle Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors|author-link=Charles Anthon|first=Charles|last=Anthon|isbn=978-1-4179-7654-6|publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]]|year=2005}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_45Mb-OJIcC|first=Giovanni|last=Barrocu|chapter=Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers of Italy|editor-first=Juan Antonio López|editor-last=Geta|publisher=Instituto Geológico y Minero de España|year=2003|isbn=978-84-7840-471-1|title=Coastal Aquifers Intrusion Technology: Mediterranean Countries}} * {{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYRup5mRcGsC|title=Albania|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology|publisher=Springer|year=1997 | isbn = 978-0-412-74040-4|editor1-first=Eldridge M|editor1-last=Moores|editor2-first=Rhodes Whitmore|editor2-last=Fairbridge|first1=L.|last1=Beccaluva|first2=M.|last2=Shallo|first3=M.|last3=Coltorti|first4=I|last4=Premti|first5=F | last5 = Siena}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxWVegnYS-oC|title=Biodiversity in enclosed seas and artificial marine habitats: proceedings of the 39th European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Genoa, Italy, 21–24 July 2004 |editor1-last=Relini|editor1-first=Giulio|editor2-last=Ryland|editor2-first=J|year=2007 |series=Developments in Hydrobiology |volume=193 |isbn=978-1-4020-6155-4|chapter=Biodiversity issues for the forthcoming tropical Mediterranean Sea|first=Carlo Nike|last=Bianchi}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLVFW0an7NUC|title=The maritime boundaries of the Adriatic Sea|first1=Gerald Henry|last1=Blake|first2=Duško |last2=Topalović|first3=Clive H|last3=Schofield|isbn=978-1-897643-22-8|year=1996|publisher=[[IBRU]]}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vY650GD-OLkC |chapter=Fisheries of the Adriatic Sea |title=Marine Eutrophication and Population Dynamics: With a Special Section on the Adriatic Sea: 25th European Marine Biology Symposium, Institute of Zoology, University of Ferrara |first=Giovanni |last=Bombace|editor-last=Colombo|editor-first=Giuseppe |year=1992 |publisher=Olsen&Olsen |isbn=978-87-85215-19-2}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMZI2QEer9QC|title=Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century|first=Fernand|last=Braudel|author-link=Fernand Braudel|publisher=University of California Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-520-08116-1}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_Pft6RqfYIC|title=The Norman conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily|first=Gordon S.|last=Brown|publisher=McFarland|year=2003|isbn= 978-0-7864-1472-7}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow|url-access=registration|title=The Byzantine Empire|first=Robert|last=Browning|isbn= 978-0-8132-0754-4|publisher=CUA Press|year=1992}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoveni00buck|url-access=registration|title=The Rough Guide to Venice & the Veneto|publisher=[[Rough Guides]]|isbn= 978-1-84353-302-3|year=2004|first1=Jonathan|last1=Buckley|first2=Charles|last2=Hebbert|first3=Kate|last3=Hughes}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNHxISN-dmQC|title=Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940|first=H. James|last=Burgwyn|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1997|isbn=978-0-275-94877-1}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dw3FEpOUrRkC|title=A history of the Ostrogoths|first=Thomas S.|last=Burns|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-253-20600-8}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3C9b4FvpEwC|title=Greek colonisation|editor-first=Gocha R.|editor-last=Tsetskhladze|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-15576-3|chapter=Greek colonisation in the Adriatic|first=Pierre|last=Cabanes}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOhSAAAAYAAJ|title=Calmet's dictionary of the Holy Bible|first1=Antoine Augustin|last1=Calmet|author-link1=Antoine Augustin Calmet|first2=Charles|last2=Taylor|year=1830}} * {{cite book|title=Earth-Moon Relationships: Proceedings of the Conference Held in Padova, Italy at the Accademia Galileiana Di Scienze Lettere Ed Arti, November 8–10, 2000|editor=Cesare Barbieri|editor2=Francesca Rampazzi|publisher=Springer|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7923-7089-5|chapter=Lunar influences on climate|first=Dario|last=Camuffo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpVg1hGlVDUC}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ru_0wmkCkwC|title=Water-quality engineering in natural systems|first=David A.|last=Chin|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2006|isbn=978-0-471-71830-7}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7gzrJDlUv8C|title=Venice Triumphant|first1=Elisabeth |last1=Crouzet-Pavan|first2=Lydia G.|last2=Cochrane|publisher=[[JHU Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8018-8189-3}} * {{cite book|title=Europe Between the Oceans|author-link=Barry Cunliffe|first=Barry|last=Cunliffe|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHUEAQAAIAAJ|isbn= 978-0-300-11923-7|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFwkVgQNHlsC|title=Physical oceanography of the Adriatic Sea|first1=Benoit|last1=Cushman-Roisin|first2=Miroslav|last2=Gačić|first3=Pierre-Marie |last3=Poulain|isbn=978-1-4020-0225-0|year=2001|publisher=Springer}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJJWEnXTHdIC|title=The Serbs|first=Sima M.|last=Ćirković|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2004|isbn=978-0-631-20471-8}} * {{cite book|pages=127–128|title=Rome in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9wNxgCo7ycC|first=Peter R.|last=D'Agostino|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8078-5515-7}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Faranda |editor2-first=Letterio |editor2-last=Guglielmo |editor3-first=Giancarlo |editor3-last=Spezie |title=Mediterranean Ecosystems: structures and processes |chapter=Bacterial Abundance in the Adriatic Sea |first=Paola |last=Del Negro|year=2001|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-88-470-0114-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpGySvuZ6BkC |editor1-first=Francesco}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9dfXu8OgYC|title=Flooding and environmental challenges for Venice and its lagoon: state of knowledge|editor1-first=Caroline|editor1-last=Fletcher|editor2-first=Tom|editor2-last=Spencer|first=Maurizio|last=Ferla|chapter=APAT duties and techno-scientific activities|isbn=978-0-521-84046-0|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005}} * {{cite book|last=Fremont-Barnes|first=Gregory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_2wkP4j-EsC|title=Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815: Volume 1|publisher=Greenwood|year=2007|page=495|isbn=978-0-313-33446-7}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C|first=Richard C.|last=Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-1-57607-800-6}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQCxiXEwxrwC|title=The Eastern Mediterranean As a Laboratory Basin for the Assessment of Contrasting Ecosystems|publisher=Springer|year=1999|isbn=978-0-7923-5586-1|editor=Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli|editor2=Valery N. 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Annales Publishing House; Scientific and Research Institute Koper; The Historical Society for the Southern Littoral|isbn=961-6033-67-0|year=2005}} * {{cite conference|url=http://www.mbss.org/staff/doc/V_Malacic/MalacicFaganeliMalej_EnvironmImpactOfLNGterminalsGulfTS_InCoscunHG_IntegrationInformationEnvironmSecuritySpringer2008sm.pdf|title=Environmental Impact of LNG Terminals in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic)|first1=V.|last1=Malačič|first2=J.|last2=Faganeli|first3=A.|last3=Malej|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-6575-0|year=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004424/http://www.mbss.org/staff/doc/V_Malacic/MalacicFaganeliMalej_EnvironmImpactOfLNGterminalsGulfTS_InCoscunHG_IntegrationInformationEnvironmSecuritySpringer2008sm.pdf|archive-date=9 January 2015|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJEhbcRSELwC|title=Venice reconsidered|first1=John Jeffries |last1=Martin|first2=Dennis|last2=Romano|publisher=[[JHU Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8018-7308-9}} * {{cite book|chapter=Chapter 6: Pleistocene and Holocene Sediments|title=The northern Adriatic ecosystem: Deep time in a shallow sea|first=Frank Kenneth|last=McKinney|edition=illustrated|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TuxEf_Yn4YkC|year=2007|isbn=978-0-231-13242-8}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAsy2dy75PMC|title=Advances in Environmental Research|editor1-last=Rades|editor1-first=Charles V.|editor2-first=Evan B.|editor2-last=Tilesman|publisher=Nova Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-1-60456-413-6|chapter=Research trends on demersal fisheries oceanography in the Mediterranean|first1=Joan|last1=Moranta|first2=Antoni|last2=Quetglas|first3=Enric|last3=Massutí|first4=Beatriz|last4=Guijarro|first5=Francesc|last5=Ordines|first6=María|last6=Valls|ref={{harvid|Moranta et al.|2008}}}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C|title=The Italians of Dalmatia|first=Luciano|last=Monzali|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8020-9621-0}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAiFM3lQm58C|title=The Adria microplate: GPS geodesy, tectonics and hazards|publisher=Springer|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4020-4234-8|editor1-first=Nicholas|editor1-last=Pinter|editor2-first=Gyula|editor2-last=Grenerczy|editor3-first=John|editor3-last=Weber|editor4-first=Seth|editor4-last=Stein|editor5-first=Damir|editor5-last=Medak|chapter=Seismicity of the Adriatic microplate and a possible triggering: geodynamic implication|first=Betim|last=Muço}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C|title=Placenames of the world|first=Adrian|last=Room|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7|year=2006}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC|title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy|first=Daniel Don|last=Nanjira|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn= 978-0-313-37982-6}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TznfHevgsEcC|title=The land and the spirit of Italy|first=John J.|last=Navone|publisher=Legas / Gaetano Cipolla|year=1996|isbn=978-1-881901-12-9}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTC3IWC_py8C|title=The Congress of Vienna|first=Harold|last=Nicolson|publisher=Grove Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8021-3744-9}} * {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5b57HtZH0kC|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4240-6962-0|first1=Thomas F. 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Morse|last=Stephens|year=2010}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/germaniaandagri00anthgoog|title=The Germania and Agricola, and also selections from the Annals, of Tacitus|author-link=Cornelius Tacitus|first=Cornelius|last=Tacitus|editor-first=Charles|editor-last=Anthon|publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper]]|year=1853}} * {{cite book|chapter=1.6 Hydrology and Biogeochemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDmX5XKkQCcC|title=Rivers of Europe|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-12-369449-2|first1=Klement|last1=Tockner|first2=Urs|last2=Uehlinger|first3=Christopher T|last3=Robinson}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC|title=War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945|first=Jozo |last=Tomasevich|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2}} * {{cite book|title=Tectonic aspects of the Alpine-Dinaride-Carpathian system|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=864MOs0qeuEC|editor1-first=Siegfried|editor1-last=Siegesmund|editor2-first=Bernhard|editor2-last=Fügenschuh|editor3-first=Niko|editor3-last=Froitzheim|publisher=Geological Society|year=2008|isbn=978-1-86239-252-6|chapter=Tectonic evolution of the northwestern Internal Dinarides as constrained by structures and rotation of Medvednica Mountains, North Croatia|first1=Bruno|last1=Tomljenović|first2=László|last2=Csontos|first3=Emő|last3=Márton|first4=Péter|last4=Márton}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC|title=A global chronology of conflict|editor-first=Spencer C.|editor-last=Tucker|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2009|isbn=978-1-85109-667-1|ref={{harvid|Tucker|2009}}}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C|title=World War I|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85109-420-2|first=Spencer C.|last=Tucker}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC|title=The European powers in the First World War|first=Spencer C.|last=Tucker|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8153-0399-2}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTu8034MPWYC|title=Global coastal change|first=Ivan|last=Valiela|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1-4051-3685-3|year=2006}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBNr2kdRbTcC|title=Geology and tectonic evolution of the central-southern Apennines, Italy|publisher=Geological Society of America|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8137-2469-0 | access-date = 3 February 2012|first1=Livio|last1=Vezzani|first2=Andrea|last2=Festa|first3=Francesca C.|last3=Ghisetti}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUFGlFDQzsUC|title= Law of the Sea, Environmental Law, and Settlement of Disputes: Liber Amicorum Judge Thomas A. Mensah|chapter=Sea Boundary Delimitation and Internal Waters |last=Vukas |first=Budislav |editor1-last=Mensah|editor1-first=Thomas A|editor2-last=Ndiaye|editor2-first=Malick Tafsir|editor3-last=Wolfrum|editor3-first=Rüdiger |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn= 978-90-04-16156-6 |year=2007 |pages=553–566}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpzNoUR5ud4C|title=Maritime Delimitation|editor1-first=Rainer|editor1-last=Lagoni|editor2-first=Daniel|editor2-last=Vignes|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2006|isbn=978-90-04-15033-1|chapter=Maritime Delimitation in a Semi-enclosed Sea: The Case of the Adriatic Sea|first=Budislav|last=Vukas}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C|title=The Illyrians|first=John|last=Wilkes|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=1995|isbn=978-0-631-19807-9}} * {{cite conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvlOAAAAMAAJ |book-title=Bruun memorial lectures: The importance and application of satellite and remotely sensed data to oceanography |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=1979 |title=Oceanographic Time Series in the Adriatic Sea|first=Mira|last=[[Zore-Armanda]]|isbn=978-92-3-101746-9}} == Pranala jaba == {{Wiktionary}} {{Commons|Adriatic Sea|Adriatic Sea}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Adriatic Sea}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110912063606/http://www.charts.noaa.gov/NGAViewer/Region_5_NGA_ViewerTable.shtml Region 5&nbsp;– Western Africa, Mediterranean, Black Sea Nautical Charts] from the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110731095550/http://www.charts.noaa.gov/NGAViewer/54131.shtml Nautical Chart 54131 (Adriatic Sea)] from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency * [http://www.obala.hr/ the seashore of our posterity]&nbsp;– video recording of Albanian, Croatian, and Montenegrin coasts {{Lis segara}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Segara Adriatik| ]] [[Kategori:Segara Éropa]] [[Kategori:Segara marjinal Méditérania]] [[Kategori:Segara ring Itali]] [[Kategori:Patoyan ring Kroasia]] [[Kategori:Segara ring Albania]] [[Kategori:Payotan ring Monténégro]] [[Kategori:Patoyan ring Slovénia]] [[Kategori:Patoyan ring Bosnia miwah Hérzégovina]] [[Kategori:Patoyan ring Slovenia Littoral]] n469sqzxp5pk4v3dce28pfykezwlsd3 0 17096 281191 280968 2026-08-27T21:51:21Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281191 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=USAT Liberty.jpg |Ship caption=USS ''Liberty'' (ID # 3461) ring genah pawangunan ipun, Federal Shipbuilding Co., Kearny, New Jersey, sawatara Séptémber 1918. Kapal pangangkut puniki maoperasi saking Oktober 1918 nganti Méi 1919. }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country=Amérika Serikat |Ship flag={{USN flag|1942}} |Ship name=USS ''Liberty'' |Ship namesake= |Ship awarded= |Ship builder=*[[Federal Shipbuilding]] *[[Kearny, New Jersey]] |Ship yard number=1 |Ship laid down= |Ship launched=19 Juni 1918 |Ship acquired= |Ship commissioned=7 Oktober 1918 |Ship decommissioned=7 Méi 1919 |Ship in service= |Ship out of service= |Ship struck= |Ship honors= |Ship fate=katorpédo olih {{ship|Kapal silem Jepang|I-166||2}}, 11 Januari 1942, miwah kadampar |Ship status= |Ship notes= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship class= |Ship displacement=13,130 ton |Ship length={{convert|411|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} |Ship beam={{convert|55|ft|abbr=on}} |Ship draft={{convert|26|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion= |Ship speed={{convert|11|kn|km/h}} |Ship complement=70 |Ship armament=bedil 1 × 6", bedil 1 × 3" |Ship notes= }} |} '''USAT ''Liberty''''' silih tunggil [[kapal kargo]] [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Serikat]] sané katorpédo {{ship|Kapal silem Jepang|I-166||2|up=yes}} ring Januari 1942 miwah kadampar ring nusa [[Bali]], [[Indonésia]]. Ipun kawangun mnados [[Kapal désain 1037]] antuk [[Déwan Pangiriman Amérika Serikat]] ring [[Yuda Jagat I]] miwah taén maswadharma ring [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]] ring yuda ipun manados '''USS ''Liberty'' (ID-3461)''' transportasi baburon. Ipun taler kaloktah manados kapal kapertama sané kawangun [[Federal Shipbuilding]], [[Kearny, New Jersey]]. [[Gunung Agung#Lelintihan Meletus|Letusan gunung marapi ring warsa 1963]] ngisidang kapal saking pasisi, miwah bangke kapal ''Liberty'' mangkin manados situs [[Nyilem scuba|nyilem]] sané kasub. ==Yuda Jagat I== ''Liberty'' kaluncurang 19 Juni 1918 olih [[Federal Shipbuilding Company]] ring [[Kearny, New Jersey]], miwah kaakuisisi olih [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]] ring tanggal 7 Oktober 1918 punika ring rahina sané pateh Letnan Komandan Charles Longbottom kaica manados komandan nyané. Katugasang nuju [[Layanan Transportasi Dura Negara Angkatan Segara]], ''Liberty'' mamargi saking [[New York Navy Yard]] ring 24 Oktober 1918, rauh ring [[Brest, Prancis]], antuk kargo [[jaran]] ring tanggal 8 Nopémber. Selami 6 sasih, ''Liberty'' pacang pesiar sareng kalih kapal tambahan saking [[New York]] nuju Prancis sané makta kargo baburon miwah umum ring Labuhan Prancis. Sarat antuk 436 ton kargo [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Serikat]] miwah 2.072 ton rél baja, ''Liberty'' rauh ring [[Newport News, Virginia]], ring tanggal 30 April 1919 saking pesiar ungkur nyané. Ipun kanonaktipang irika ring tanggal 7 Méi miwah kawaliang nuju [[Badan Pangiriman Amérika Serikat]] ring rahina sané pateh. == Ri antara yuda == Ring tanggal 20 Oktober 1929, ''Liberty'' mapalu sareng [[Kapal tug|tug]] {{Ship|ST|Dogue||2}} ring [[Le Havre]], [[Seine Maritime]], [[Prancis]]. ''Dogue'' karam antuk kaicalan kalih awak.<ref name=Times211029a>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Casualty reports |day_of_week=Monday |date=21 October 1929 |page_number=23 |issue=45339 |column=F }}</ref> Ring tanggal 23 Nopémber 1933, ''Liberty'' mapalu sareng [[kapal kargo]] Amérika {{SS|Ohioan|1914|2}} ring [[Kanal Ambrose]]. Asapunika, ''Ohioan'' kandas ring nampek [[Tepi Kawan Ingan]].<ref name=Times241133>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Two American steamers in collision |day_of_week=Friday |date=24 November 1933 |page_number=25 |issue=46610 |column=D }}</ref> ==Yuda Jagat II== Ring 1939, ''Liberty''—yadiastun kadruénang olih [[Komisi Maritim Amérika Serikat]] (panerus USSB)—Kakaryanin olih [[Southgate-Nelson Corporation]] ring [[Norfolk, Virginia]]. Southgate-Nelson punika operator saking makudang [[jalur paket]], rumasuk [[Jalur Marga Hampton Amérika]], [[Jalur Yankee]], miwah [[Jalur Oriole]], sakewanten [[wit kaping kalih]] nénteen nganikayang layanan saking ''Liberty'' malayar.<ref>Jordan, p. 418.</ref> Ring Nopémber 1940, ''Liberty'' silih tunggil saking dasa kapal sané kabakta olih [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Serikat]] antuk dinas patahanan.<ref name=LAT-SN194011>{{cite news |last=Cave |first=Wayne B. |title=Shipping news and activities at Los Angeles Harbor |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=7 November 1940 |page=A12}}</ref><ref group=Note>Sanga kapal liyanan kaambil oléh [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Serikat]] punika {{USAT|Chirikof||2}}, {{USAT|Etolin||2}}, {{USAT|West Corum||2}}, {{SS|Waukegan||2}}, {{USAT|Edenton||2}}, {{SS|West Segovia||2}}, {{USAT|Amérika||2}}, {{SS|Présidén Roosevelt|1922|2}}, miwah {{SS|Présidén Jefferson|1921|2}}. (cingak pustaka #4)</ref> Ri kala punika [[Amérika Serikat]] ngaranjing Yuda Jagat II ring sasih Désémber 1941, USAT ''Liberty'' magenah ring Pasifik. Ring sasih Januari 1942, ipun ring pamargi saking [[Ostrali]] nuju [[Filipina]] antuk makta muatan saking wagian rel sepur miwah karet. Ring 11 Januari, ''Liberty'' katorpédo olih {{ship|Kapal silem Jepang|I-66||2|up=yes}} sawatara {{convert|10|nmi|km}}kelod kawan [[Selat Lombok]], nampek sareng {{coord|08|54|S|115|28|E}}. Kapal parusak AS {{USS | Paul Jones | DD-230 | 2}} miwah [[parusak]] [[Welanda]] {{HNLMS|Van Ghent|1926|2}}, nyarengin kapal sané rusak ring duriné mangda neked ring [[Labuhan Celukan Bawang]] ring [[Singaraja]], labuhan Welanda miwah pusat administrasi antuk [[Kepuloan Sunda Alit]], ring pasisi kalér [[Bali]]. Menawi ipun kaakéhan keni toya miwah mawinan punika kadampar pasisi kangin Bali ring [[Tulamben, Kubu, Karangasem|Tulamben]] asapunika kargo miwah palengkapan nyané prasida kaselamatang. Ring warsa 1963, gejeran kakait antuk letusan [[Gunung Agung]] ngamawinang kapal mangingsir saking pasisi, miwah sané mangkin kelem ring {{convert|25|nganti|100|ft}}toya, nyadiayang silih tunggil genah nyilem pinih kasub ring Bali. Bangké kapal USAT ''Liberty'' ketah iwang kanikayang manados {{USAT|Liberty Glo}}<ref group=Note>{{SS|Liberty Glo}} punika [[Hog Islander]] sané kawangun ring ungkur [[Yuda Jagat I]], menawi selamat saking Yuda Jagat II sané kawési tuayang ring [[Baltimore, Maryland]], ring Nopémber 1950.</ref> utawi kauninging antuk aran sané iwang, USS ''Liberty''. Bangké kapal punika kapah iwang kanikayang dados [[Kapal Liberty]], saking kahémengan aran kapal antuk kelas kapal kargo désain standar Yuda Jagat II. == Genah nyilem == Bangké kapal ''Liberty'' masandar ring nampek {{convert|30|m|ft|sigfig=1}}toya ring [[Tulamben, Kubu, Karangasem|Tulamben]], Bali, [[Indonésia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diveconcepts.com/bali/spot-usat-liberty.php|title=USAT Liberty :: Dive Concepts Bali|website=www.diveconcepts.com|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Titik pinih tegeh saking bangké kapal magenah ring kajeroan sawatara {{convert|5|m|ft}}miwah titik pinih éndep magenah ring sawatara {{convert|30|m|ft|sigfig=1}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diveplanit.com/dive-site/usat-liberty-wreck-tulamben-bay/|title=USAT Liberty Wreck in Tulamben Bay|date=2016-06-29|website=Diveplanit|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Bangké kapal punika cingakan sané becik indik sapunapi palemahan ngardi kauripan ring dija-dija miwah formasi karang sané becik prasida kacingakin ring sanjata bangké kapal inucap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://divetip.com/diving-liberty-wreck-bali/|title=Diving USAT Liberty Wreck|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-15|archive-date=2020-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420123817/https://divetip.com/diving-liberty-wreck-bali/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Galéri== <gallery> File:Liberty-wreck1.JPG|arep bedil 6-inch File:Liberty-wreck2.JPG|pamuat boom File:Liberty-wreck3.JPG|atenga palka kelés File:Liberty-wreck4.JPG|profil rel katutupin olih karang </gallery> ==Cutetan== {{Reflist|group=Note}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Suratan== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061359/http://www.divingatbalishangrila.com/diving-bali.htm Nyilem ring USAT ''Liberty''] * {{cite book |last=Jordan |first=Roger W. |title=The World's Merchant Fleets, 1939: The Particulars And Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships |url=https://archive.org/details/worldsmerchantfl0000rwjo |publisher=Chatham |location=London |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldsmerchantfl0000rwjo/page/383 383] |isbn=1-86176-023-X}} * {{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/l6/liberty-ii.htm}} *[http://gekodivebali.com/bali-dive-sites/usat-liberty-shipwreck Inpo sareng photo miwah map saking ''Liberty'' ring Tulamben]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Commons category|USAT Liberty (ship, 1918)}} {{coord|8|017|03|S|115|035|021|E|source:nlwiki_region:ID_scale:50000|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Liberty (ID-3461)}} [[Kategori:Wangunan miwah struktur ring Bali]] [[Kategori:Situs panyileman bangke kapal]] cr7ym0jdtg7x01j0fswrp6jbg5mjis5 0 17270 281276 178105 2026-08-27T22:40:14Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Méi 2021}} {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=File:Irian ships 201.jpg |Ship caption=KRI ''Irian'' (201) }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country=[[Uni Soviét]] |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Uni Soviét|naval}} |Ship name= ''Ordzhonikidze'' |Ship namesake=[[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]] |Ship ordered= |Ship builder= [[Galangan Kapal Admiralty]], [[Leningrad]] |Ship laid down= 19 Oktober 1949 |Ship launched= 17 Séptémber 1950 |Ship acquired= |Ship commissioned= 30 Juni 1952 |Ship decommissioned= |Ship in service= |Ship out of service=Kaadol antuk Indonésia ring 1962 |Ship struck= |Ship reinstated= |Ship honours= |Ship fate= |Ship notes= }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header=title |Ship country=[[Indonésia]] |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Indonésia|naval}} |Ship name= KRI ''Irian '' (201) |Ship namesake=[[Papua|Irian Barat]] |Ship ordered= |Ship builder= |Ship laid down= |Ship launched= |Ship acquired= 1962 |Ship commissioned= 1963 |Ship decommissioned= |Ship in service= |Ship out of service= |Ship struck= |Ship reinstated= |Ship honours= |Ship fate=Kawesi tuayang warsa 1972 |Ship notes= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship class={{sclass-|Sverdlov|cruiser}} |Ship displacement=*13,600&nbsp;tons standard, *16,640&nbsp;tons full load |Ship length=*{{convert|210|m|ft|abbr=on}} total *{{convert|205|m|ft|abbr=on}} garis garis toya |Ship beam={{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=on}} |Ship draught={{convert|6.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion= *geared steam turbines, 6 x boilers, {{convert|110,000|hp|lk=in|abbr=on}} *2 x shaft |Ship speed={{convert|32.5|kn}} |Ship range={{convert|9000|nmi|lk=in}} ring {{convert|18|kn}} |Ship complement=1,250 |Ship sensors=*MR-500 Kliver ''Big Net'' utawi Kaktus ''Top Trough'' radar udara jarak doh<ref name=russianships68bis/><ref name="conwaysp379"/> *P-8 ''Knife Rest A'' paingetan udara radar udara parereh 2D VHF<ref name="conwaysp379"/> *Flut-N ''Slim Net'' parerah udara<ref name="conwaysp379"/> *''Ryf'' miwah ''Zalp'' kontrol bedilan radar antuk batterie utama (''152-mm guns'')<ref name=russianships68bis/><ref name="conwaysp379"/> *''Yakor'' kontrol bedilan radar antuk batterie kaping kalih (''100-mm guns'')<ref name="conwaysp379"/> *''SPN-500'' stabiliser bedilan antuk batterie kaping kalih<ref name="conwaysp379"/> *''Zenit-68bis'' sistem kontrol anti pesawat<ref name="conwaysp379"/> *''Zarya'' sistem kontrol bedilan torpedo<ref name="conwaysp379"/> *H/F sonar<ref name="conwaysp379"/> |Ship EW= |Ship armament=*'''Utama''': <br> Bedil 12 × {{convert|152|mm|in|adj=on}}/57 [[Caliber|cal]] B-38 ring ''four-triple'' turet Mk5-bis<ref name=russianships68bis/><ref name="conwaysp379"/> <br> 12 × {{convert|100|mm|in|adj=on}}/56 cal guns mounted in ''six-twin'' SM-5-1 turrets<ref name=russianships68bis/><ref name="conwaysp379"/> *'''Anti pesawat''': <br>Bedil 32 × {{convert|37|mm|in|adj=on}} [[anti pesawat]] ''sixteen-twin'' turet V-11<ref name=russianships68bis/><ref name="conwaysp379"/> *'''Torpedo''': <br>tabung torpedo 10 × {{convert|533|mm|in|adj=on}}''two-quintuple'' turet PTA-53-68-bis tubes (''five each'')<ref name=russianships68bis/><ref name="conwaysp379"/> |Ship armour=* [[Sabuk armor|sabuk]]: {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} * [[Menara anjungan]]: {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} * [[Dék (kapal)|Dék]]: {{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} * Turet: {{convert|175|mm|in|abbr=on}} arep, {{convert|65|mm|in|abbr=on}} sisi, {{convert|60|mm|in|abbr=on}} duri, {{convert|75|mm|in|abbr=on}} atap * Barbettes: {{convert|130|mm|in|abbr=on}} * Bulkheads: {{convert|100|-|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} | |Ship aircraft= |Ship aircraft facilities= |Ship notes= }} |} '''''KRI Irian''''',{{refn|group=note|Nganggén pangater Angkatan Segara Indonésia "KRI"}} aran sadurungné '''''Ordzhonikidze''''' ({{lang-ru|Орджоникидзе}}) punika [[kapal parusak]] [[Kapal perusak kelas Sverdlov|''Sverdlov''-class]], désain Soviét "Proyék 68bis", saking [[Angkatan Segara Uni Soviét]] ngadolin [[Angkatan Segara Indonésia]] warsa 1960an. ==Galéri== [[File:Irian ship crew.jpg|250px|thumb|none|Kru kapal parusak ''Irian'' ring dék kapal]] [[File:Irian ship training.jpg|250px|thumb|none|''Irian'' ri kala latihan]] [[File:Irian cruiser crew.jpg|250px|thumb|none|''Irian'' sareng kru ipun]] [[File:Indonesian navy helicopter irian.jpg|250px|thumb|none|Situnggil Helikopter Angkatan Segara Indonésia ring duur ''Irian'']] ==Cutetan== {{reflist|group=note}} ==Pustaka== {{reflist}} ==Suratan== *{{cite book|editor-last1=Gardiner |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Chumbley |editor-first2=Stephen |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 |url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_i1t7 |year=1995 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland, USA |isbn=1-55750-132-7 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Muraviev |first1=Alexey |last2=Brown |first2=Colin |date=December 2008 |title=Strategic Realignment or Déjà vu? Russia-Indonésia Defence Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century |url=http://sdsc.bellschool.anu.edu.au/experts-publications/publications/1893/strategic-realignment-or-d%C3%A9j%C3%A0-vu-russia-indonesia-defence |journal=SCDC Working Papers |issue=411 |pages=42 |access-date=19 Séptémber 2020 |archive-date=2021-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423204507/http://sdsc.bellschool.anu.edu.au/experts-publications/publications/1893/strategic-realignment-or-d%C3%A9j%C3%A0-vu-russia-indonesia-defence |url-status=dead }} [[Kategori:Kapal Yuda Indonésia]] d0gf6lmw097jhbnmh9ltfamf7zk2dkk 0 17587 281070 214753 2026-08-27T20:03:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-6.0641|105.9207|display=title}} {{Genah liyanan|Anyar}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Anyar |peta = <!-- Diisi dengan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Anjer aan de noordkust van Java TMnr 3728-415.jpg |caption = [[Pasih Jawa]] ring Anyer, lukisan [[Abraham Salm]] warsa 1860s. |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Banten |dati2 = Kabupatén |nama dati2 = Sérang |nama camat = |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 42167 |luas = |penduduk = |kepadatan = |kelurahan = 12 désa }}{{Suratan basa alus}} [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Anjer vuurtoren TMnr 10010402.jpg|jmpl|270px|Mercusuar Anyer (warsa 1933)]] '''Anyar''' (Aksara Bali: ᬅᬜᬃ) tasih kasub maaran '''Anjer'''{{sfnp|EB|1878}} utawi '''Angier''', inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kabupatén Sérang]], propinsi [[Banten]], ring negara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Anyar madué 12 désa, inggih punika: {{col-css3-begin|2}} * [[Anyar, Anyar, Sérang|Anyar]] * [[Bandulu, Anyar, Sérang|Bandulu]] * [[Banjarsari, Anyar, Sérang|Banjarsari]] * [[Bunihara, Anyar, Sérang|Bunihara]] * [[Cikoneng, Anyar, Sérang|Cikoneng]] * [[Grogol Indah, Anyar, Sérang|Grogol Indah]] * [[Kosambironyok, Anyar, Sérang|Kosambironyok]] * [[Mekarsari, Anyar, Sérang|Mekarsari]] * [[Sindangkarya, Anyar, Sérang|Sindangkarya]] * [[Sindang Mandi, Anyar, Sérang|Sindang Mandi]] * [[Tambang Ayam, Anyar, Sérang|Tambang Ayam]] * [[Tanjung Manis, Anyar, Sérang|Tanjung Manis]] {{col-css3-end}} == Galeri == <gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:center"> Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Olieverfschildering voorstellend een Nederlandse post aan de bocht van Anjer op Java TMnr 1754-12.jpg|Lukisan Anyer ring warsa 1825 Berkas:Sunda-Straße vor dem Hafen, Anyer.jpg||[[Litografi]] Anyer ring warsa 1865-1872 madasar lukisan [[Abraham Salm]]. Berkas:Stamps of Indonesia, 055-07.jpg|Prangko Mercusuar Cikoneng Berkas:Anyer island.jpg|Suasana Pasih Anyer </gallery> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Bibliograpi === * {{citation |contribution=[[s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anjer|Anjer]] |title=''[[s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 9th ed.]], [[s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Volume II|Vol.&nbsp;II]]'' |editor-last=Baynes |editor-first=Thomas Spencer |display-editors=0 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |date=1878 |ref={{harvid|EB|1878}} |p=58 }}. * {{cite book | last =Witton | first =Patrick| title =Indonésia | url =https://archive.org/details/indonesia0000unse_i2g4 | publisher =Lonely Planet | year =2003 | location =Melbourne | isbn = 1-74059-154-2 | page =[https://archive.org/details/indonesia0000unse_i2g4/page/166 166] }} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://bantenprov.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Banten] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929193306/https://www.bantenprov.go.id/ |date=2023-09-29 }} * {{id}} [https://banten.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Banten] * {{id}} [http://serangkab.go.id Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kabupatén Sérang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126184024/https://serangkab.go.id/ |date=2020-11-26 }} * {{id}} [http://serangkab.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupatén Sérang] ''cutetan: URL ring galahe mangkin dados mauah utawi ilang. Yéning URL nénten aktip, ngiring usapin saking lis.'' {{Anyar, Sérang}} {{Kabupatén Sérang}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Anyar, Sérang]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kabupatén Sérang]] {{kecamatan-stub}} 7ghhj643dly9vlifwau9x6udtaifnk6 0 17654 281121 97006 2026-08-27T20:40:24Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Olympic games|1908|Masan Panes|Olimpiade| | image = File:1908-poster-2.jpg | caption = Program antuk Olimpiade Masan Panes 1908 | host_city = [[London]], Britania Raya | nations = 22 | athletes = 2,008 (1,971 men, 37 women) | events = 110 in 22 [[Olahraga olimpiade|olahraga]] (24 cabang olahraga) | opening = 27 April | closing = 31 Oktober | opened_by = [[Monarki Britania Raya|Raja]] [[Edward VII]]<ref>{{citation |title=Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=13 Séptémber 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> | stadium = [[Stadion White City]] | prev = [[Olimpiade Masan Panes 1904|St. Louis 1904]] | next = [[Olimpiade Masan Panes 1912|Stockholm 1912]] }} '''Olimpiade Masan Panes 1908''', aran resmi ipun '''Wimbakara Olimpiade IV''', miwah ketah kauningin antuk '''London 1908''', pinaka [[acara multi-olahraga]] [[Olahraga internasional|internasional]] sané kamargiang ring [[London]], [[Krajaan Inggris Raya miwah Irlandia|Britania Raya]], saking 27&nbsp;April nganti 31&nbsp;Oktober 1908.<ref name=athletes_number>{{cite web|title=The Olympic Summer Games Factsheet|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/The_Olympic_Summer_Games.pdf|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{commons category|1908 Summer Olympics}} * {{IOC games|games=1908 Summer Olympics }} *[https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/cultural-collections/archives/from-the-parliamentary-collections/parliament-and-the-olympics/northcliffeblumenfeldletter/ Parlemén & Olimpiade 1908 - Warisan Urip Parlemén Inggris Raya] * {{cite book|author=Cook, Theodore Andrea |title=The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report |publisher=[[British Olympic Association]] |location=London |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1908/1908.pdf |access-date=2008-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012144/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1908/1908.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |url-status=dead |date=May 1909 }} * {{cite book |author=Mallon, Bill |author2=Buchanan, Ian |title=The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary |publisher=McFarland |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7864-0598-5 |chapter=Background |chapter-url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1908.pdf |access-date=2008-05-08 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/resultsofearlymo00mall_0 }} * {{cite book |author=Jenkins, Rebecca |title=The First London Olympics: 1908 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstlondonolymp0000jenk_l8d6 |publisher=Piatkus Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7499-5168-9}} * [http://www.britishpathe.com/video/olympic-games-in-london/ Rekaman video Olimpiade Masan Panes 1908] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803210923/http://www.la21.org.uk/whitecity/stadium.html White City Stadium/BBC radio] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513051243/http://www.russelljames.co.uk/rjolympics.htm ''The London Olympics'' olih Russell James] {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Olimpiade Masan Panes 1904|St. Louis]]}} {{s-ttl|title=''[[Olimpiade Masan Panes]]'' <br>[[London]]|years=''IV Olympiad'' (1908)}} {{s-aft|after=[[Olimpiade Masan Panes 1912|Stockholm]]}} {{s-end}} {{Olympic Games}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Olimpiade Masan Panes|1908]] edwkino2mlzchdbl4gae85jlep5iyzz 0 18065 281148 215509 2026-08-27T21:17:31Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotak inpo aluminium}} '''Aluminium''' utawi '''aluminum''' silih tunggil [[datu kimia]] antuk [[Simbol (kimia)|simbol]]&nbsp;'''Al''' miwah [[wilangan atom]]&nbsp;13. Aluminium madué massa jenis sané luwih éndép pantaraning sareng [[logam]] ketah liyanan, sawatara apertiga saking [[baja]]. Ipun ngelah afinitas sané ageng majeng [[oksigén]], miwah [[Passivasi (kimia)|ngawentuk lapisan pasaiban]] saking [[Aluminium oksida|oksida]] ring pamukaan ri kala keni udara. Aluminium kacingak sekadi [[pérak]], ring warna miwah kamampuan antuk mantulang sunar. Ipun belek, [[kamagnetisan|tan-magnetis]] miwah [[daktilitas|ulet]]. Ipun ngelah satunggil isotop tegteg, ²⁷Al; isotop puniki sangat umum, manadosang aluminium datu pinih umum karoras ring palemahan semesta. Radioaktivitas [[Aluminium-26|²⁶Al]] kaanggén ring [[Pananggalan radiometrik|radiodating]]. == Cutetan == {{notelist}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Suratan == * {{cite book |last=Davis|first=J. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEeiQEeLOmYC|title=Corrosion of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys|date=1999|publisher=ASM International|isbn=978-1-61503-238-9|language=en}} * {{cite book |title=Lange's handbook of chemistry |last=Dean |first=J. A. |date=1999 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-016384-3 |edition=15 |oclc=40213725}} * {{cite book | last = Drozdov | first = A. | year = 2007 | title = Aluminium: The Thirteenth Element | title-link = Aluminium: The Thirteenth Element | publisher = [[RUSAL]] Library | isbn = 978-5-91523-002-5}} * {{cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=N. N. |author-link1=Norman Greenwood |last2=Earnshaw |first2=A. |year=1997 |title=Chemistry of the Elements |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Butterworth-Heinemann]] |isbn=978-0-08-037941-8}} * {{cite book |last=King |first=R. B. |date=1995 |title=Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements |url=https://archive.org/details/inorganicchemist0000king |publisher=Wiley-VCH |isbn=978-0-471-18602-1}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lide|editor-first=D. R.|title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide|url-access=registration|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|date=2004|edition=84|isbn=978-0-8493-0566-5}} * {{cite report |last=Nappi |first=C. |year=2013 |title=The global aluminium industry 40 years from 1972 |publisher=International Aluminium Institute |url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2016/ph240/mclaughlin1/docs/nappi.pdf |access-date=10 November 2017}} * {{cite book |last=Richards |first=J. W. |year=1896 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924003633751/cu31924003633751_djvu.txt |title=Aluminium: Its history, occurrence, properties, metallurgy and applications, including its alloys |edition=3 |publisher=Henry Carey Baird & Co.}} * {{cite book|last=Schmitz|first=C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvT2OEf8DskC|title=Handbook of Aluminium Recycling|date=2006|publisher=Vulkan-Verlag GmbH|isbn=978-3-8027-2936-2|language=en}} ==Wacénan lanturan== * Mimi Sheller, ''Aluminum Dream: The Making of Light Modernity''. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2014. ==Pranala jaba== {{commons category|Aluminium}} {{EB1911 poster|Aluminium}} * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/013.htm Aluminium] ring ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (Universitas Nottingham) * ''[https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1076&tid=34 Portal Zat Matuba - Aluminium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212212014/https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1076&tid=34 |date=2016-12-12 }}'' – saking [[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]], Departemén Kakenakan miwah Layanan Kamanusaan Amérika Serikat * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0022.html CDC – NIOSH Buku Panduan antuk Baya Kimia - Aluminium] * [http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/aluminum/aluminum_table12.html World production of primary aluminium, by country] * [http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=aluminum&months=300 Lelintihan ajin aluminium, mawit IMF] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071106081754/http://www.world-aluminium.org/About+Aluminium/Story+of/In+history History of Aluminium] – from the website of the International Aluminium Institute * [http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic113.htm Emedicine – Aluminium] * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.38661|name=Aluminum(1941)}} {{Tabél périodik (navbox)}} {{Authority control}} eq5772tm2tv9acnzb3mntzyj3wfh5iu 0 18277 281004 236058 2026-08-27T19:12:47Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | name = Salman Khan | image = Salman Khan at Renault Star Guild Awards.jpg | alt = Salman Khan | caption = Khan ring [[Producers Guild Film Awards]] sasih Pebruari 2013 | birth_name = Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/salman-khan-completes-40m-followers-on-twitter-fans-claim-bhaijaan-will-keep-ruling-610004|title=Salman Khan completes 40m followers on Twitter, fans claim 'Bhaijaan will keep ruling'|first=Parina|last=Taneja|date=22 April 2020|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1965|12|27}} | birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India | alias = | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|presenter}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/salman-khan-to-amitabh-bachchan-philanthropic-bollywood/story-a81O2rgwp9AdqhuWryLOJL.html|title=Salman Khan to Amitabh Bachchan: philanthropic Bollywood|date=9 May 2013}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | years_active = 1988{{endash}}mangkin | net_worth = $360 million (2020)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/photos/entertainment/meet-the-worlds-richest-movie-star-an-indian-shah-rukh-khan-1.1578313981556?slide=15|first=Shreya|last=Bhatia|title=Meet the world's richest movie star, an Indian: Shah Rukh Khan|date=6 January 2020|website=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> | awards = [[Lis penghargaan miwah nominasi sané kapolihang Salman Khan|Lis jangkep]] | father = [[Salim Khan]] | relatives = [[Sohail Khan]] (nyama)<br/>[[Arbaaz Khan]] (nyama)<br/>Cingak [[Kaluwarga Salim Khan]] | website = | signature = Salman Khan Official Signature.jpg | education = }} '''Salman Khan''' embas 27 Désémber 1965 inggih punika aktor, produser, pagending miwah selebritas saking [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.merdeka.com/salman-khan/profil/|title=Profil - Salman Khan|website=merdeka.com|language=en|access-date=2021-05-25|archive-date=2021-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525030240/https://m.merdeka.com/salman-khan/profil/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Khan polih makudang – kudang paican sakadi Penghardgaan Film Nasional dados produser Film miwah kalih [[Penghargaan Filmfare]] ring akting. Khan wantah panak pinih gedé saking panyurat skenario [[Salim Khan]]. Khan ngawitin karirnyane ting pilem [[Biwi Ho To Aisi]] (1988) dados pragina pendukung, ngelanturang dados pragina utama ting pilem [[Maine Pyar Kiya]] (1989). Karirnyane ring Bollywood alanturang ring warsa 1990-an ring pilem – pilem minakasi [[Hum Aapke Hain Kooun..!]] (1994), [[Karan Arjun]] (1995), [[Biwi No.1]] (1999), [[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]] (1999). Polih meneng ring warsa 2000-an, Khan mawali mragianin pilem tur sayan kasub ring pilem [[Dabangg]] (2010), [[Ready]] (2011), [[Ek Tha Tiger]] (2012), [[Kick]] (2014), [[Sultan]] (2016) miwah [[Tiger Zinda Hai]] (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.kompas.com/read/2020/04/08/181943366/profil-salman-khan-aktor-sukses-bollywood-yang-cinta-keluarga|title=Profil Salman Khan, Aktor Sukses Bollywood yang Cinta Keluarga Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2020-04-08|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref>. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpi == {{refbegin}} * {{citation |author=Jasim Khan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jgHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT58|title=Being Salman|date=27 December 2015|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn= 978-8-18-475094-2|ref={{sfnref|Jasim Khan|2015}}}} * {{cite book | last=Ghosh | first=Biswadeep | title=Hall of Fame: Salman Khan | url=https://archive.org/details/halloffamesalman0000ghos | location=Mumbai | publisher=Magna Books | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7809-249-2}} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Salman Khan|b=no|n=no|q=Salman Khan|s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=q9543}} * {{IMDb name}} * {{Twitter}} * {{Instagram}} * {{Bollywood Hungama person}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes person|salman_khan}} [[Kategori:Artis India]] hkb6knd9euc6cpre2zfr8lx53bx45ui 0 18514 281135 267875 2026-08-27T20:49:07Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | image = Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg | alt = Potrét Napoléon mayusa tigang dasa, nganggén setélan kuaca militér mapangkat tegeh mawarna putih miwah pelung tua. Ring gambar aslinyané, ipun majujuk ring tengah furnitur abad ka-18 | caption = ''[[Kaisar Napoléon ri kala plajahan nyané ring Tuileries]]'', olih [[Jacques-Louis David]], 1812 | succession = [[Kaisar Prancis]] | moretext = ([[Gaya panguasa Prancisn|malih...]]) | reign = 18 Méi 1804 – 6 April 1814 | reign-type = Pamréntahan ka-1 | cor-type = [[Panobatan Napoléon I|Panobatan]] | coronation = 2 Désémber 1804<br />[[Notre-Dame Cathedral]] | successor = [[Louis XVIII]] (dados Raja Prancis) | reign-type1 = [[Satus Rahina|Pamréntahan ka-2]] | reign1 = 20 Maret 1815 – 22 Juni 1815 | successor1 = [[Napoléon II]] (kaiyegang) | succession2 = [[Raja Italia]] | reign2 = 17 Maret 1805 – 11 April 1814 | coronation2 = 26 Méi 1805<br />[[Katedral Milan]] | succession3 = [[Konsulat Prancis|Konsul Pertama Prancis]] | reign3 = 10 Nopémber 1799 – {{nowrap|18 Méi 1804}} | regent3 = [[Jean Jacques Régis]]<!-- Second Consul of France --><br />[[Charles-François Lebrun]]<!-- Third Consul of France --> | reg-type3 = Ko-Konsul | reign-type3 = Manjabat | succession4 = [[Présidén Itali]] | reign4 = 26 Januari 1802 – {{nowrap|17 Maret 1805}} | regent4 = [[Francesco Melzi d'Eril]] | reg-type4 = {{nowrap|Wakil Présidén}} | reign-type4 = Manjabat | birth_name = Napoleone Bonaparte<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/fac-simile-de-l-acte-de-bapteme-de-napoleon-redige-en-italien_carton|title=&#124; Fac-similé de l'acte de baptême de Napoléon, rédigé en italien. &#124; Images d'Art|access-date=2021-05-31|archive-date=2022-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411135513/https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/fac-simile-de-l-acte-de-bapteme-de-napoleon-redige-en-italien_carton|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1769|8|15|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Ajaccio]], [[Korsika]], [[Krajaan Prancis]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1821|5|5|1769|8|15|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Longwood, Saint Helena]], [[Krajaan Inggris]] | burial_date = 15 Désémber 1840 | burial_place = [[Les Invalides]], [[Paris]], [[Monarki Juli|Prancis]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Joséphine de Beauharnais]]|09-03-1796|10-01-1810|end=div}}<br />{{marriage|[[Marie Louise saking Austria]]|11-03-1810}} | issue = [[Napoleon II]] | issue-link = #Rabi, selir, miwah raré | issue-pipe = | full name = Napoléon Bonaparte | house = [[Rumah Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] | father = [[Carlo Buonaparte]] | mother = [[Letizia Ramolino]] | religion = [[Geréja Katolik ring Prancis|Katolik Roma]]<br>''[[#Agama|cingak sajangkepné]]'' | signature = [[Berkas:Firma Napoleón Bonaparte.svg|180px]] {{labeldata|Lambang|[[File:Grandes Armes Impériales (1804-1815)2.svg|180px]]}} }} '''Napoléon Bonaparte'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|n|ə|ˈ|p|oʊ|l|i|ən|,_|-|ˈ|p|oʊ|l|j|ən}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/napoleon "Napoleon"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA-fr|napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt|lang}}, embas maparab '''Napoleone''', {{IPA-it|napoleˈoːne|lang}}}} (15 August 1769 – 5 Méi 1821) silih tunggil pamimpin militér miwah politik Prancis sané manados kasub ri kala [[Révolusi Prancis]] miwah mimpin [[cutetan patempuran Napoléon Bonaparte|makudang kampanye sukses]] ri kala [[Yuda Révolusi Prancis|Yuda Révolusi]]. Ida punika manggala ''de facto'' Républik Prancis manados Konsul Kapertama saking warsa 1799 nganti 1804. Manados '''Napoléon I''', Ida dados [[Kaisar Perancis]] saking 1804 nganti 1814 taler ring 1815. Napoléon ngadominasi paindikan Éropa miwah global langkung saking dasawarsa sambilang ngamanggalain [[Prancis]] ngalawan makudang pasioman ring [[Yuda Napoléon]]. Ida ngamenangang makéhan yuda puniki miwah makéhan patempuran nyané, ngawangun [[Kakaisaran Prancis Kapartama|kakaisaran ageng]] sané minguasain banua Éropa sadurung runtuh warsa 1815. Silih tunggil komandan pinih ageng ring lelintihan, yuda miwah kampanye nyané kapelajahin ring sekolah militér ring samian gumi. Sakéwanten Ida tetep manados silih tunggil tokoh politik pinih kasub miwah kontrovérsial ring [[lelintihan manusa]].<ref name="Roberts, Andrew 2014">Roberts, Andrew. ''Napoleon: A Life''. Penguin Group, 2014, Introduction.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Messenger, ed. |title=Reader's Guide to Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VT7fAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|pages=391–427|isbn=978-1-135-95970-8}}</ref> Napoléon madué pingaruh sané jimbar miwah kuat majeng gumi modérn, makta réformasi liberal nuju makéh wawengkon sané kakalahang miwah kaatur, kautama sekadi [[Negara-negara Sor]], [[Swiss]], miwah makéhan [[Italia]] miwah [[Jérman modérn]]. Ida nerapang kawicakan liberal ngadasar ring Prancis miwah ring sajebang Éropa Kawan.{{Efn|Ida mangaadegang sistem pandidikan umum,{{sfn|Grab|2003|page=56}} ngusapin sisa-sisa [[féodalisme]],<ref name="Broers">Broers, M. and Hicks, P.''The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, p. 230</ref> [[Napoléon miwah Yahudi|Yahudi sané kabébasang]] miwah agama minoritas liyanan,<ref name="Conner">Conner, S. P. ''The Age of Napoleon''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, pp. 38–40.</ref> ngusapin [[Inkuisisi Spanyol]],<ref name="JosephPerez">Perez, Joseph. ''The Spanish Inquisition: A History''. Yale University Press, 2005, p. 98</ref> ngamargiang [[Pamatéhan ring arep awig|pasaiban awig]] antuk kelas madya sané wawu ngenah,<ref name="FisherBarnes">Fremont-Barnes, G. and Fisher, T. ''The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire''. Osprey Publishing, 2004, p. 336</ref> miwah kakuasaan negara kapusat sareng ngorbanang otoritas agama.<ref>Grab, A. ''Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, Conclusion.</ref>}} Prestasi hukum sané séwaka, [[Kode Napoléon]], sanget mingaruhin. Roberts nganikayang, "Manahan sané nyangga gumi modérn iraga—ngaritokrasi, kapatehan ring arep awig, hak druén, toléransi magama, pandidikan sekulér modérn, kajinahan sané becik, miwah sané liyanan—kaperjuangang, kakonsolidasiyang, kakodifikasi miwah kajimbarang sacara géograpis olih Napoléon. Majeng dané ida minambahin Pamréntahan lokal sané rasional miwah éfisién, muputang parampok padésaan, nuwukang ilmu kawikanan miwah seni, pangusapan féodalisme miwah kodifikasi awig pinih ageng sesampun runtuh nyané [[Kakaisaran Romawi]]."<ref>Andrew Roberts, ''Napoleon: A Life'' (2014), p. xxxiii.</ref> ==Cingak taler== * [[Joachim Murat]] ==Cutetan== {{notelist}} ==Anggitan== {{Reflist|2}} ==Pustaka== {{refbegin}} {{Columns-start|num=2}} === Studi Biograpi === * {{cite book|title=Life of Napoleon Bonaparte|last=Abbott|first=John|isbn=978-1-4179-7063-6|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2005}} * {{cite book|last=Bell|first=David A.|title=Napoleon: A Concise Biography|place=Oxford and New York|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-026271-6}} only 140pp; by a scholar * {{cite book|first=Rafe|last=Blaufarb|title=Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonsymbolfo0000blau|year=2007|publisher=Bedford|isbn=978-0-312-43110-5}} * {{cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|title=Napoleon|publisher=Leo Cooper|year=2002|isbn=978-0-85052-750-6}} * {{cite book|first=Vincent|last=Cronin|author-link=Vincent Cronin|title=Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleon0000cron_y3x1|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1994|isbn=978-0-00-637521-0}} * {{cite book |first=Philip |last=Dwyer |title=Napoleon: The Path to Power |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpathtopo0000dwye |url-access=registration |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008 |asin=B00280LN5G }} * {{cite book|first=Philip |last=Dwyer |title=Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power |publisher=Yale University Press|year= 2013 |asin= B00GGSG3W4}} * {{cite book|author=Englund, Steven |title=Napoleon: A Political Life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpolitica0000engl |isbn=978-0-674-01803-7|year=2010|publisher=Scribner}} * Gueniffey, Patrice. ''Bonaparte: 1769–1802'' (Harvard UP, 2015, French edition 2013); 1008 pp.; vol 1 of most comprehensive recent scholarly biography by leading French specialist; less emphasis on battles and campaigns [https://www.amazon.com/Bonaparte-1769-1802-Patrice-Gueniffey/dp/0674368355/ excerpt]; also [https://networks.h-net.org/node/12840/reviews/128469/reynolds-gueniffey-bonaparte-1769-1802 online review] * {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Paul|title=Napoleon: A life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpenguinl00unse|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002 |isbn=978-0-670-03078-1}}; 200 pp.; quite hostile * {{cite book|author=Lefebvre, Georges|title=Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonfrom18br00lefe|url-access=registration|year=1969|publisher=Columbia University Press}} influential wide-ranging history ** {{cite book|author=Lefebvre, Georges|title=Napoleon: from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTwJAQAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231033138}} * {{cite book|last=Lyons |first=Martyn |author-link=Martyn Lyons |year=1994 |title=Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonbonapart0000lyon |publisher=St. Martin's Press }} * {{cite book |last=Markham |first=Felix |title=Napoleon |publisher=Mentor |year=1963 |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10369968 |access-date=2021-05-31 |archive-date=2010-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055859/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status=dead }}; 303 pp.; short biography by an Oxford scholar [https://www.questia.com/library/1446436/napoleon online] * {{cite book|first=Frank |last=McLynn |author-link=Frank McLynn |title=Napoleon |publisher= [[Pimlico (publishing imprint)|Pimlico]] |year= 1998 |isbn= 978-0-7126-6247-5 |id= {{ASIN|0712662472|country=uk}}}} * {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Andrew|title=Napoleon: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonlife0000robe|year=2014|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-670-02532-9}} * {{cite book|author=Thompson, J.M.|title=Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2uTaPHPnZ8C|year=1951|publisher=Oxford U.P.}}, 412 pp.; by an Oxford scholar {{refend}} [[Kategori:Biograpi]] 5ix6wj4vdmc1f0j7gmh2p4ttdzmh9ux 0 18800 281018 90732 2026-08-27T19:21:54Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281018 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dubnium''' silih tunggil [[datu kimia]] [[datu sintésis|sintésis]] antuk [[Simbol (kimia)|simbol]] '''Db''' miwah [[wilangan atom]] 105. Dubnium sanget radioaktip: [[isotop dubnium|isotop]] sané pinih tegteg kauningin, dubnium-268, ngelah [[paruh idup]] sawatara 28 jam. Punika sanget ngawatesin panelitian indik dubnium. == Cutetan == {{notelist}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Suratan == * {{cite journal |title=The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 |last1=Audi |first1=G. |last2=Kondev |first2=F. G. |last3=Wang |first3=M. |last4=Huang |first4=W. J. |last5=Naimi |first5=S. |display-authors=3 |journal=Chinese Physics C |volume=41 |issue=3 <!--Citation bot deny-->|pages=030001 |year=2017 |bibcode=2017ChPhC..41c0001A |ref=CITEREFAudi_et_al.2017}}<!--for consistency and specific pages, do not replace with {{NUBASE2016}}--> * {{cite book|last=Beiser|first=A.|title=Concepts of modern physics|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-244848-1|edition=6th|oclc=48965418}} * {{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=D. C. |author-link=Darleane C. Hoffman |last2=Ghiorso |first2=A. |author-link2=Albert Ghiorso |last3=Seaborg |first3=G. T. |title=The Transuranium People: The Inside Story |url=https://archive.org/details/transuraniumpeop0000hoff |year=2000 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-1-78-326244-1}} * {{cite book |last=Kragh |first=H. |author-link=Helge Kragh |date=2018 |title=From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation |url=https://archive.org/details/fromtransuranict0000krag |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-319-75813-8}} * {{cite journal|last1=Zagrebaev|first1=V.|last2=Karpov|first2=A.|last3=Greiner|first3=W.|date=2013|title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?|journal=[[Journal of Physics: Conference Series]]|volume=420|issue=1|pages=012001|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001|arxiv=1207.5700|bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2001Z|s2cid=55434734|issn=1742-6588}} {{Commons|Dubnium}} {{Tabél périodik (navbox)}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Dubnium| ]] [[Kategori:Datu kimia]] [[Kategori:Datu sintésis]] th8qpfz6d8tkqir6z6k1mxnv6lz58mw 0 18875 281177 279711 2026-08-27T21:40:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotak inpo praséodimium}} '''Praséodimium''' silih tunggil [[datu kimia]] antuk [[Simbol (kimia)|simbol]] '''Pr''' miwah [[wilangan atom]] 59. Punika anggota katiga saking dérét [[lantanida]] miwah sacara tradisional kanikayang silih tunggil [[logam tanah langka]]. Praséodimium pinaka [[logam]] sané bélék, kapérakan, prasida kaprapén miwah ulet, kahargain krana cecirém magnétik, listrik, kimia, miwah optik nyané. Sanget réaktif antuk katemuin ring rupa asli, miwah logam praséodimium murni alon-alon dados lapisan oksida ijo ri kala keni udara. ==Pustaka== {{reflist|30em}} ==Suratan== *{{cite book|author=Emsley, John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4|date=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}} *{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}} == Wacénan lantur == * R. J. Callow, ''The Industrial Chemistry of the Lanthanons, Yttrium, Thorium and Uranium'', Pergamon Press, 1967. == Pranala jaba == {{Commons|Praseodymium}} {{Wiktionary|praseodymium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pr/index.html WebElements.com—Praseodymium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516060646/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pr/index.html |date=2008-05-16 }} * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele059.html It's Elemental—The Element Praseodymium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430011802/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele059.html |date=2008-04-30 }} {{clear}} {{Tabél périodik (navbox)}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Praséodimium| ]] [[Kategori:Datu kimia]] [[Kategori:Lanthanida]] muuaz5624rr0905p44jbof681zn58iq 0 18952 281243 97023 2026-08-27T22:22:51Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox venue | stadium_name = Hampden Park | nickname = '''''Stadion nasional Skotlandia''''' <br/> '''''Hampden ''''' | logo_image = | logo_caption = | image = File:HampdenParkPanorama.JPG | image_size = 320px | caption = Panorama Hampden Park saking Tribun Kelod ri kala [[Ayr United F.C.]] vs [[Kilmarnock F.C.]] utawi [[Derby Ayrshire]], Januari 2012 | pushpin_map = Skotlandia Glasgow | pushpin_mapsize = 260 | pushpin_map_caption = genah ring Glasgow | pushpin_label_position = left | coordinates = {{coord|55|49|33|N|4|15|7|W|type:landmark|display=inline}} | location = [[Gunung Florida]], Glasgow, Skotlandia | opened = 31 Oktober 1903 | renovated = 1999 | parking = Parkir kasedia irika | publictransit = {{rint|gb|rail}} [[Stasiun sepur Gunung Florida]] <Br/> {{rint|gb|rail}} [[Stasiun sepur King Park]] <br/> {{rint|glasgow}} [[Sepur aungan Glasgow]] <br/> {{rint|gb|bus}} [[Stasiun bus Buchanan]] | capacity = {{SPFL-stadiums|queenspark}} (sépakbola)<ref name = "kapasitas">{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/queens-park/ |title=Queen's Park Football Club |website=www.spfl.co.uk |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref><br />{{formatnum: 44000}} (atlétik)<ref name = "conversion"/> | record_attendance = {{formatnum: 149547}} ([[Tim nasional sépakbola Skotlandia|Skotlandia]]-[[Tim nasional sepak bola Inggris|Inggris]], 17 April 1937) | surface = Pamukaan [[padang]] alami | owner = [[Asosiasi Sépakbola Skotlandia]] | suites = 66<ref>https://stadiumexperience.com/clubs/hampden-park-stadium/</ref> | tenants = {{infobox stadium/tenantlist | tenant_clubs = [[Queen's Park F.C.]]<br />[[Tim nasional sépakbola Skotlandia]]<br />[[Glasgow Tigers (speedway)|Glasgow Tigers]]<br />[[Scottish Claymores]]<br />[[Celtic F.C.]] | tenant_years = 1903–2021<br />1906–mangkin<br />1969–1972<br />1998–2004<br />1994–1995 | website = {{URL|www.hampdenpark.co.uk}} }} }} '''Hampden Park''' (ketah kauningin antuk '''Hampden''') silih tunggil [[sépakbola]] [[stadion]] ring [[Gunung Florida]], [[Glasgow]], Skotlandia. Punika ngelah kapasitas {{SPFL-stadiums|queenspark}}<ref name="capacity"/> manados [[stadion nasional]] [[sépakbola ring Skotlandia]]. Punika kandang normal [[tim nasional sépakbola Skotlandia]] miwah manados kandang klub [[Queen's Park F.C.|Queen's Park]] antuk langkung saking aabad. Hampden nyabran warsa dados tuan umah untat pacentokan [[Piala Skotlandia]] miwah [[Piala Liga Skotlandia]] taler kaanggén konsér gendingan miwah acara olahraga liyanan, sekadi kakonfigurasi malih manados stadion [[trek miwah lapangan|atlétik]] antuk [[Pacentokan Pasemakmuran 2014]]. Hampden Park pinaka [[Lis stadion Éropa mawit kapasitas|stadium pinih ageng ka-55 ring Éropa]]<ref>https://www.worldstadiumdatabase.com/list-of-uefa-category-4-stadiums.htm</ref> miwah [[Lis stadion ring Inggris Raya mawit kapasitas|stadium pinih ageng ka-13 ring Inggris]] mawit kapasitas. <ref>https://spfl.co.uk/clubs/queens-park</ref> ==Pustaka== {{reflist}} '''Sources''' *{{cite book | first = Simon | last = Inglis | title = Football Grounds of Britain | url = https://archive.org/details/footballgroundso0000ingl | year = 1996 | publisher = Collins Willow | isbn = 0-00-218426-5 }} *{{cite book | first1 = Forrest | last1 = Robertson | first2 = David | last2 = Ross | title = The First 100 Years of Hampden | year = 2003 | url = https://archive.org/details/first100yearsofh0000robe | publisher = First Press Publishing | isbn = 1-901603-18-0 }} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|Hampden Stadium|Stadion Hampden}} *{{Official website|http://www.hampdenpark.co.uk/}} pugujzv1yxkv43jvpe82p3egosrtvbl 0 18987 281022 150833 2026-08-27T19:24:18Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotak inpo nobélium}} '''Nobélium''' silih tunggil [[datu kimia]] [[Datu sintétis|sintétis]] antuk [[Simbol (kimia)|simbol]] '''No''' miwah [[wilangan atom]] 102. Kaaranin antuk minghormatin [[Alfred Bernhard Nobel|Alfred Nobel]], panemu [[dinamit]] miwah dermawan sains. Satunggil [[logam]] [[radioaktip]], punika [[datu transuranik]] kadasa miwah pinaka anggota kakalih saking ungkur [[aktinida]]. Sekadi samian datu antuk nomor atom langkung 100, nobélium wantah prasida kakardi ring [[akselerator partikel]] anruk ngabombardir datu sané luwih ingan sareng partikel mamuatan. Akéh nyané roras [[isotop nobélium|isotop nobélium]] sané kauningin; sané pinih tegteg punika ²⁵⁹No antuk [[paruh idup]] punika 58&nbsp;menit, menawi maumur éndép ²⁵⁵No (paruh idup 3.1&nbsp;menit) pinih umum kaanggén ring kimia krana prasida kakardi akéh. == Cutetan == {{Notelist}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Suratan== * {{cite journal |title=The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 |last1=Audi |first1=G. |last2=Kondev |first2=F. G. |last3=Wang |first3=M. |last4=Huang |first4=W. J. |last5=Naimi |first5=S. |display-authors=3 |journal=Chinese Physics C |volume=41 |number=3|pages=030001 |year=2017 |bibcode=2017ChPhC..41c0001A |ref=CITEREFAudi2017|url=http://cms.iopscience.org/ac0c0614-0d60-11e7-9a47-19ee90157113/030001.pdf?guest=true}}<!--for consistency and specific pages, do not replace with {{NUBASE2016}}--> * {{cite book|last=Beiser|first=A.|title=Concepts of modern physics|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-244848-1|edition=6th|oclc=48965418|ref=CITEREFBeiser2003}} * {{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=D. C. |author-link=Darleane C. Hoffman |last2=Ghiorso |first2=A. |author-link2=Albert Ghiorso |last3=Seaborg |first3=G. T. |title=The Transuranium People: The Inside Story |url=https://archive.org/details/transuraniumpeop0000hoff |year=2000 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-1-78-326244-1 |ref=CITEREFHoffman2000}} * {{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0211-0_13 |title=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements |url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryactinid00mors |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemistryactinid00mors/page/n1639 1621]–1651 |date=2011 |isbn=978-94-007-0210-3 |publisher=Springer |place=Netherlands |last=Silva |first=Robert J. |editor-last=Morss |editor-first=Lester R. |editor2-last=Edelstein |editor2-first=Norman M. |editor3-last=Fuger |editor3-first=Jean |chapter=Chapter 13. Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium |ref=Silva}} * {{cite journal|last1=Zagrebaev|first1=V.|last2=Karpov|first2=A.|last3=Greiner|first3=W.|s2cid=55434734|date=2013|title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?|journal=[[Journal of Physics: Conference Series]]|volume=420|issue=1|pages=012001|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001|arxiv=1207.5700|bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2001Z|issn=1742-6588|ref=CITEREFZagrebaev2013}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons|Nobelium|Nobélium}} * [http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/ Bagan Nuklida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721051025/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/ |date=2011-07-21 }}. nndc.bnl.gov * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/102.shtml Laboratorium Nasional Los Alamos – Nobélium] * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/102.htm Nobélium] ring ''[[Tabél Périodik Vidéo]]'' (Universitas Nottingham) {{Tabél périodik (navbox)}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Nobélium| ]] [[Kategori:Datu kimia]] [[Kategori:Aktinida]] [[Kategori:Datu sintétis]] [[Kategori:Alfred Nobél]] clax64mq320wgh4x0szo9y4pipidpao 0 18991 281257 150860 2026-08-27T22:30:13Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak inpo kalifornium}} '''Kalifornium''' silih tunggil [[datu kimia]] [[Datu sintétis|sintétis]] antuk [[Simbol (kimia)|simbol]] '''Cf''' miwah [[wilangan atom]] 98. Datu puniki kapertama kasintesis warsa 1950 ring [[Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Bérkléy]] (selanturné Laboratorium Radiasi Universitas California), antuk ngabombardir [[curium]] antuk [[partikel alpha]] ([[ion]] [[hélium-4]]).<ref>{{Citation|title=Price Comparison (Most Expensive Substance)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h66rScoVEhI|accessdate=2020-01-24|language=id-ID}}</ref> Punika [[datu radioaktip]] [[aktinida]], [[datu transuranium]] kanem manados [[datu sintétis|kasintésis]], miwah ngelah bobot atom pinih tegeh kaping kalih saking samian datu sané sampun kaproduksi akéh antuk kacingak sareng [[panyingakan langsung]] (sesampun [[éinsteinium]]). Datu puniki kaaranin universitas miwah [[negara wagian Amérika Serikat]] saking [[California]]. == Panganggen == Kalifornium dados kaanggén antuk terapi [[kanker]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mastah.org/kalifornium-californium-cf-penjelasan-ciri-sifat-dan-fungsi-kegunaan/|title=Kalifornium {{!}} Californium (Cf) : Penjelasan, Ciri Sifat dan Kegunaan|date=2017-11-30|website=MASTAH|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> Datu puniki silih tunggil wit neutron sané éfisién. Wiadin nika akéh potensi kagunaan anyar ring datu puniki. == Cutetan == {{Notes | Notes = {{efn | name = age of earth | Gumi [[Datu Gumi|kaadégang 4,5 miliar warsa sané riin]], miwah tingkat émisi néutron alami ring jero nyané prasida kaasilang kalifornium saking datu-datu sané langkung tegteg sanget kawates. }} }} == Pustaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Suratan == <!--NOTE only add URLs to places where at least some preview of the book is available --> * {{cite book | last1 = Cotton | first1 = F. Albert | last2 = Wilkinson | first2 = Geoffrey | last3 = Murillo | first3 = Carlos A. | last4 = Bochmann | first4 = Manfred | title = Advanced Inorganic Chemistry | url = https://archive.org/details/advancedinorgani0000unse | edition = 6th | date = 1999 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | isbn = 978-0-471-19957-1 }} * {{cite book | author = CRC contributors | title = Handbook of Metal Etchants | editor1-first = Perrin|editor1-last = Walker | editor2-first = William H.| editor2-last = Tarn | date = 1991 | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 978-0-8493-3623-2 | ref = {{sfnRef|CRC|1991}} }} * {{cite book | author = CRC contributors | title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | editor-first = David R.|editor-last = Lide | edition = 87th | date = 2006 | publisher = CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group | isbn = 978-0-8493-0487-3 | ref = {{sfnRef|CRC|2006}} }} * {{cite book | title = The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp | chapter-url-access = registration | publisher = Reinhold Book Corporation | date = 1968 | editor-last = Hampel |editor-first = Clifford A. | last = Cunningham | first = B. B. | chapter = Californium | lccn = 68029938 }} * {{cite book | title = The Elements | last = Emsley | first = John | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-19-855818-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgYpAAAAYAAJ }} * {{cite book | title = Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements | last = Emsley | first = John | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-19-850340-8 | chapter = Californium | url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl | url-access = registration }} * {{cite book | last1 = Greenwood | first1 = N. N. | last2 = Earnshaw | first2 = A. | title = Chemistry of the Elements | edition = 2nd | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | date = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-7506-3365-9 }} * {{cite book | title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements | editor1-first = Lester R. | editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M. | editor2-last = Edelstein | editor3-last = Fuger|editor3-first = Jean | last = Haire|first = Richard G. | chapter = Californium | publisher = Springer Science+Business Media | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-4020-3555-5 | edition = 3rd }} * {{cite book | last = Heiserman | first = David L. | date = 1992 | title = Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds | publisher = TAB Books | isbn = 978-0-8306-3018-9 | chapter = Element 98: Californium | url=https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis | url-access = registration }} * {{cite book | others = trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary | editor1-first = Hans-Dieter | editor1-last = Jakubke | editor2-first = Hans | editor2-last = Jeschkeit | title = Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | date = 1994 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC | isbn = 978-3-11-011451-5 | ref = {{sfnRef|Jakubke|1994}} }} * {{cite book | last = Krebs | first = Robert | title = The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide | url = https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure0000kreb | date = 2006 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-313-33438-2 }} * {{cite book | title = Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version | author = National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement | date = 2008 | publisher = National Academies Press | ref = {{sfnRef|NRC|2008}} | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3cT2REdXJ98C | isbn = 978-0-309-11014-3 }} * {{cite book | editor1-last = O'Neil|editor1-first = Marydale J. | editor2-last = Heckelman|editor2-first = Patricia E. | editor3-last = Roman|editor3-first = Cherie B. | title = The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals | edition = 14th | publisher = Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-911910-00-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kEYfRAAACAAJ | ref = {{sfnRef|O'Neil|2006}} }} * {{cite journal | title = Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope | last1 = Osborne-Lee|first1 = I. W. | last2 = Alexander|first2 = C. W. | journal = Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706 | date = 1995 | url = http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=205871 |doi=10.2172/205871 | ref = {{sfnRef|Osborne-Lee|1995}} }} * {{cite book | last1 = Ruiz-Lapuente | first1 = P. | last2 = Canal | first2 = R. | last3 = Isern | first3 = J. | date = 1996 | title = Thermonuclear Supernovae | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]] | isbn = 978-0-7923-4359-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I6Rl1VAAX3QC | ref = {{sfnRef|Ruiz-Lapuente|1996}} }} * {{cite book | last1 = Seaborg|first1 = Glenn T. | author-link1 = Glenn T. Seaborg | last2 = Loveland|first2 = Walter D. | title = The Elements Beyond Uranium | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | date = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-471-89062-1 | ref = {{sfnRef|Seaborg|1990}} | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QFhRAAAAMAAJ }} * {{cite book | last = Seaborg | first = Glenn T. | date = 1994 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA245 | title = Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg | publisher = World Scientific | isbn = 978-981-02-1440-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Seaborg | first = Glenn T. | date = 1996 | editor = Adloff, J. P. | title = One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity | publisher = Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag | isbn = 978-3-486-64252-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=whGiCQywLi8C }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Seaborg | first = Glenn T. | encyclopedia = Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry | title = Californium | editor = Geller, Elizabeth | publisher = McGraw-Hill | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-07-143953-4 | page = 94 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC }} * {{cite book | last1 = Szwacki | first1 = Nevill Gonzalez | last2 = Szwacka | first2 = Teresa | title = Basic Elements of Crystallography | publisher = Pan Stanford | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-981-4241-59-5 | url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/39588027/Basic-Elements-of-Crystallography | ref= {{sfnRef|Szwacki|2010}} }} * {{cite book | last1 = Weeks | first1 = Mary Elvira | author-link=Mary Elvira Weeks| last2 = Leichester |first2=Henry M. | date = 1968 | title = Discovery of the Elements | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme0000week | chapter-url-access = registration | publisher = Journal of Chemical Education | chapter = 21: Modern Alchemy | pages = [https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme0000week/page/848 848–850] | isbn = 978-0-7661-3872-8 | lccn = 68015217 }} == Pranala jaba == {{Commons|Californium|Kalifornium}} {{wiktionary|californium}} * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/098.htm Californium] ring ''[[Tabél Périodik Vidéo]]'' (Universitas Nottingham) * [http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq6.html#nfaq6.2 NuclearWeaponArchive.org – Kalifornium] * [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rel+@na+californium,radioactive Bank Data Datu Mabaya – Kalifornium, Radioaktip] {{Tabél périodik (navbox)}} {{Authority control}} {{Commons category-inline}} [[Kategori:Kalifornium| ]] [[Kategori:Datu kimia]] [[Kategori:Aktinida]] [[Kategori:Datu sintétis]] ffpepsbt1dbqmd2au5ijwean9aie0fv 0 18995 281165 268344 2026-08-27T21:33:43Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak inpo plutonium}} '''Plutonium''' silih tunggil [[datu kimia]] antuk [[Simbol (kimia)|simbol]] '''Pu''' miwah [[wilangan atom]] 94. Punika [[logam]] [[aktinida]] antuk cingakan klau masawang pérak miwah manados [[pangotor]] pinaka keni udara, miwah ngawentuk lapisan buuk [[plutonium(IV) oksida|pinaka kaoksidasi]]. Daru ketah nyané nganikayang nem [[alotrop]] miwah papat [[paindikan oksidasi]]. Maréaksi sareng [[karbon]], [[halogén]], [[nitrogén]], [[silikon]], miwah [[hidrogén]]. Ri kala keni udara ayun, ngawentuk [[oksida]] miwah [[hidrida]] sané prasida ngajimbaranh sampel nganti 70% volume, ring galah nyané ngelupas manados bubuk punika [[piroforisitas|piroforik]]. Punika radioaktip miwah prasida kaakumulasi ring [[balung]], sané ngardi pangamongan plutonium mabaya. ==Cutetan== ===Cutetan batis=== {{Reflist|group=note}} ===Anggitan=== {{Reflist}} ==Pustaka== <!-- Only list books (hence section title ("Pustaka"?)) used as Pustaka here --> {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * <!-- As -->{{cite book |title = Understanding Physics |last = Asimov |first = Isaac |author-link = Isaac Asimov |chapter = Nuclear Reactors |date = 1988 |isbn = 0-88029-251-2 |location=New York |publisher = Barnes & Noble Publishing }} * <!-- Be -->{{cite book |last = Bernstein |first=Jeremy |date=2007 |title=Plutonium: a History of the World's most Dangerous Element |url = https://archive.org/details/plutoniumhistory0000bern |url-access = registration |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Joseph Henry Press |isbn=978-0-309-10296-4 |oclc=76481517 }} * <!-- Cl -->{{cite book |last = Clark |first=Ronald |author-link = Ronald W. Clark |title = The Birth of the Bomb: The Untold Story of Britain's Part in the Weapon That Changed the World |url = https://archive.org/details/bwb_KS-776-003 |date = 1961 |location=London |publisher=Phoenix House |oclc=824335 }} * <!-- Ea -->{{cite book |title = Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry |url = https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00eagl |url-access = registration |last = Eagleson |first = Mary |location=Berlin |publisher = Walter de Gruyter |isbn = 978-3-11-011451-5 |date = 1994 }} * <!-- Em -->{{cite book |title = Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements |url = https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_z4q6 |last = Emsley |first = John |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2001 |location = Oxford (UK) |isbn = 0-19-850340-7 |chapter = Plutonium |ref = CITEREFEmsley2001 }} * <!-- Go -->{{cite book |title = The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb |publisher = United States Department of Energy |id = DOE/MA-0001-01/99 |location = Oak Ridge |last = Gosling |first = F. G. |url = http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/DE99001330.pdf |date = 1999 |access-date = February 15, 2009 |isbn = 0-7881-7880-6 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090224204033/http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/DE99001330.pdf |archive-date = February 24, 2009 }} * <!-- Gr -->{{cite book |last = Greenwood |first = N. N. |author2=Earnshaw, A. |title = Chemistry of the Elements |edition = 2nd |publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann |location = Oxford (UK) |year = 1997 |isbn = 0-7506-3365-4 |ref = CITEREFGreenwood1997}} * <!-- He -->{{cite book |last = Heiserman |first = David L. |title = Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis |chapter-url-access = registration |location = New York (NY) |year = 1992 |publisher = TAB Books |isbn = 0-8306-3018-X |chapter = Element 94: Plutonium |pages = [https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis/page/337 337–340] |ref = CITEREFHeiserman1992 }} * <!-- Ho -->{{cite book|last=Hoddeson |first=Lillian|author-link=Lillian Hoddeson|first2=Paul W. |last2=Henriksen |first3=Roger A. |last3=Meade |first4=Catherine L. |last4=Westfall|author4-link= Catherine Westfall |title=Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/criticalassembly0000unse_u2h0 |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1993 |isbn=0-521-44132-3 |oclc=26764320 }} * {{cite book |last=Hunner|first=Jon |title=Inventing Los Alamos |url=https://archive.org/details/inventinglosalam0000jonh|date=2004 |isbn=978-0-8061-3891-6 }} * {{cite book |title=Canadian Research Reactors |last=Hurst |first=D. G. |last2=Ward |first2=A. G. |publisher= Atomic Energy of Canada Limited |url=http://www.scintillators.ru/booc/criticality/reports/ref_066.pdf |access-date=February 6, 2015 |date=1956 |location=Ottawa |oclc=719819357 }} * <!-- J -->{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=L79odes2ihEC&pg=PA73 |title=Nuclear Energy |last=Jha |first=D. K. |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |date=2004 |isbn=81-7141-884-8 }} * <!-- K -->{{cite book |last1=Kaku |first1=Michio |first2=Jennifer |last2=Trainer |title=Nuclear Power, Both Sides: The Best Arguments for and Against the Most Controversial Technology |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |date=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7A9A9BSk0eUC&lpg=PA77&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q=ralph%20nader%20microgram%20plutonium&f=false |access-date=December 8, 2013 |isbn=9780393301281 }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=8r8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA456 |title=plutonium 1965 |last=Kay |first=A. E. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=1965 }} * <!-- Li -->{{cite book |title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |editor-first = David R. |editor-last=Lide |edition = 87th |date = 2006 |publisher = CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group |location = Boca Raton |isbn = 0-8493-0487-3 }} * <!-- Ma -->{{cite book |url=https://www-nds.iaea.org/publications/indc/indc_usa_0085_II.pdf |editor1-last=Magurno |editor1-first=B. A. |editor2-last=Pearlstein |editor2-first=S. |title=Proceedings of the conference on nuclear data evaluation methods and procedures. BNL-NCS 51363. |volume=II |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |place=Upton |date=1981 |access-date=August 6, 2014 }} * {{cite book |title = Physics for Radiation Protection |last = Martin |first = James E. |date = 2000 |publisher = Wiley-Interscience |isbn = 0-471-35373-6 }} * <!-- Mc -->{{cite book |url = http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00314607.pdf |access-date = February 6, 2015 |title = A Review of Criticality Accidents |id = LA-13638 |publisher = Los Alamos National Laboratory |location = Los Alamos |date = 2000 |last1 = McLaughlin |first1 = Thomas P. |last2 = Monahan |first2 = Shean P. |last3 = Pruvost |first3 = Norman L. |archive-date = January 18, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170118111722/http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00314607.pdf |url-status = dead }} * <!-- Mi -->{{cite book |title = The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp |chapter-url-access = registration |publisher = Reinhold Book Corporation |location = New York (NY) |year = 1968 |editor = Clifford A. Hampel |last = Miner |first = William N. |author2=Schonfeld, Fred W. |chapter = Plutonium |pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/page/540 540–546] |ref = CITEREFMiner1968 |lccn = 68029938 }} * <!-- Mo -->{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=W3FnEOg8tS4C&pg=PA169 |title=Nuclear forensic analysis |last=Moody |first=Kenton James |last2=Hutcheon |first2=Ian D. |last3=Grant |first3=Patrick M. |publisher=CRC Press |date=2005 |isbn=0-8493-1513-1 }} * <!-- Rh -->{{cite book |last = Rhodes |first = Richard |author-link=Richard Rhodes |date = 1986 |title = The Making of the Atomic Bomb |isbn = 0-671-65719-4 |publisher = Simon & Schuster |location = New York |title-link = The Making of the Atomic Bomb }} * <!-- Se -->{{cite book |last1=Seaborg |first1=G. T. |last2=Seaborg |first2=E. |date=2001 |title=Adventures in the Atomic Age: From Watts to Washington |url=https://archive.org/details/adventuresinatom00seab |url-access=registration |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=0-374-29991-9 }} * <!-- Sk -->{{cite book |first=Morty |last=Sklar |title=Nuke-Rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780930370169 |series=The Contemporary anthology series |date=1984 |publisher=The Spirit That Moves Us Press }} * <!-- St -->{{cite book |title=SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security |author=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |author-link=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-923021-1 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2M0C6SERFG0C&pg=PA567 }} * <!-- Ti -->{{cite book |title=Plentiful Energy: The Story of the Integral Fast Reactor, the Complex History of a Simple Reactor Technology, with Emphasis on Its Scientific Basis for Non-specialists |url=https://archive.org/details/plentifulenergys0000till |last=Till |first=C. E. |last2=Chang |first2=Y. I. |isbn=978-1-4663-8460-6 |date=2011 |publisher=Charles E. Till and Yoon Il Chang }} * <!-- Wa -->{{cite book |title = History of 100-B Area |publisher = Westinghouse Hanford Company |location = Richland, Washington |id = WHC-EP-0273 |last = Wahlen |first = R. K. |date = 1989 |url = http://www.hanford.gov/doe/history/files/HistoryofBArea.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327001116/http://www.hanford.gov/doe/history/files/HistoryofBArea.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2009 |access-date = February 15, 2009 }} * <!-- We -->{{cite book |last = Welsome |first = Eileen |title = The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War |url = https://archive.org/details/plutoniumfilesam0000wels_g1e8 |publisher = Random House |date = 2000 |location = New York |isbn = 0-385-31954-1 }} {{refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Plutonium.ogg|date=2009-07-18}} * {{cite web |url = http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science/Plutonium |title = Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues - Plutonium |publisher = [[Washington and Lee University]] |access-date = February 15, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090203184521/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FPlutonium |archive-date = February 3, 2009 |url-status = dead }} * {{cite web |url = http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060929015050/http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/ |archive-date = Séptémber 29, 2006 |title = A Perspective on the Dangers of Plutonium |first = W. G. |last = Sutcliffe |display-authors=etal |publisher = [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] |date = 1995 }} * {{cite web| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/crs/97-564.htm |title = Nuclear Weapons: Disposal Options for Surplus Weapons-Usable Plutonium |first = C. M. |last = Johnson |author2=Davis, Z.S. |work = CRS Report for Congress # 97-564 ENR |date = 1997 |access-date = February 15, 2009 }} * {{cite web |url = http://www.ieer.org/fctsheet/pu-props.html |title = Physical, Nuclear, and Chemical, Properties of Plutonium |publisher = [[IEER]] |date = 2005 |access-date = February 15, 2009 }} * {{cite web |url = http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2006/Plutonium/Plutonium.html |title = Plutonium crystallography |last = Bhadeshia |first = H. }} * {{cite journal |url = http://discovermagazine.com/2005/nov/end-of-plutonium |title = End of the Plutonium Age |last = Samuels |first = D. |journal = Discover Magazine |volume = 26|issue = 11 |date = 2005 }} * {{cite web |url = https://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/plutonium.htm |title = Plutonium production |publisher = [[Federation of American Scientists]] |first = J. |last = Pike |author2 = Sherman, R. |date = 2000 |access-date = February 15, 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090203203853/http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/plutonium.htm |archive-date = February 3, 2009 }} * {{cite web |url = http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Library/Plutonium/ |title = Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication }} * {{cite web |url = http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/world-plutonium-inventories-ong.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805165417/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/world-plutonium-inventories-ong.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2014 |title = World Plutonium Inventories |publisher = Nuclear Files.org |first = C. |last = Ong |date = 1999 |access-date = February 15, 2009 }} * {{cite journal |url = https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/number26.htm |title = Challenges in Plutonium Science |journal = Los Alamos Science |volume = I & II |issue = 26 |date = 2000 |access-date = February 15, 2009 |archive-date = January 18, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083808/https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/number26.htm |url-status = dead }} * {{cite web |publisher = [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] |url=http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_plutonium_48kbps_tcm18-121120.MP3 |title=Plutonium |access-date=February 6, 2015 }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/094.htm |title=Plutonium |series=[[The Periodic Table of Videos]] |publisher=University of Nottingham |access-date=February 6, 2015 }} {{Tabél périodik (navbox)}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Plutonium| ]] [[Kategori:Datu kimia]] [[Kategori:Aktinida]] [[Kategori:Karsinogén]] [[Kategori:Lakaran nuklir]] [[Kategori:Datu sintétis]] fa6zk7lpyst0x27sfdj93lwj3fb9h9y 0 19002 281176 144740 2026-08-27T21:40:11Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info néptunium}} '''Néptunium''' silih tunggil [[datu kimia]] antuk [[Simbol (kimia)|simbol]] '''Np''' miwah [[wilangan atom]] 93. Logam [[radioaktivitas|radioaktip]] [[aktinida]], néptunium miwah [[datu transuranik]] kapertama. Genah nyané ring [[tabél périodik]] tepat sesampun [[uranium]], kaaranin mawit planét [[Uranus]], mawinan [[Neptunus]], planét sesampun jaba sisi Uranus. Satunggal atom néptunium ngelah 93 [[proton]] miwah 93 éléktron, pitu riantara nyané [[éléktron valénsi]]. Logam Néptunium mawarna pérak miwah [[pangotor]] ri kala keni udara. Datu kawéntenan ring tiga rupa [[alotrop|alotropik]] miwah ketah nyané nganikayang lima [[paindikan oksidasi]], kakawitin saking +3 nganti +7. Punika [[paluruhan radioaktif|radioaktip]], [[tuba radiasi|nubain]], [[piroforisitas|piroforik]], miwah prasida kaakumulasi ring [[balung]], sané ngardi pangopénan néptunium mabaya. ==Pustaka== {{reflist|30em}} ==Suratan== *{{cite book |last=Atwood |first=David A. |title=Radionuclides in the Environment |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5ATOuAFRlYC|isbn=9781118632697 }} *{{cite book |last=Emsley |first=John |title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements |url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4 |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |location=New York |isbn=978-0-199-60563-7}} *{{cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Klaus |title=Otto Hahn: Achievement and Responsibility |date=2001 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-95057-0 |bibcode=2002ohar.book.....H |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ottohahnachievem0000hoff }} *{{cite book |last=Lemire |first=Robert J.|title=Chemical Thermodynamics of Neptunium and Plutonium |date=2001| publisher=Elsevier| location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-0-444-50379-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApDIq9BatBMC}} *{{cite book |last=Rhodes |first=Richard |title=The Making of the Atomic Bomb |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo0000rhod_v1i2 |edition=25th Anniversary |date=2012 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-1-451-67761-4}} *{{cite book |last1=Yoshida |first1 = Zenko|first2 = Stephen G.|last2 = Johnson|first3 = Takaumi|last3 = Kimura|first4 = John R.|last4=Krsul|ref=Yoshida et al.|contribution = Neptunium|title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements|editor1-first = Lester R.|editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M.|editor2-last = Edelstein|editor3-first = Jean|editor3-last = Fuger|edition = 3rd|date = 2006|volume = 3|publisher = Springer|location = Dordrecht, the Netherlands|pages = 699–812|url = http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/neptunium.pdf|doi = 10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190715/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/neptunium.pdf|archive-date=January 17, 2018|isbn = 978-1-4020-3555-5}} ==Literatur== * ''Guide to the Elements – Revised Edition'', Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) {{ISBN|0-19-508083-1}} * Lester R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger (Hrsg.): ''The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements'', Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht 2006, {{ISBN|1-4020-3555-1}}. * {{cite journal|author=Ida Noddack|author-link=Ida Noddack|date=1934|pages=653–655|title=Über das Element 93|volume=47|journal=Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie|url=http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Noddack-1934.html|doi=10.1002/ange.19340473707|issue=37}} * Eric Scerri, A Very Short Introduction to the Periodic Table, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-19-958249-5}}. ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|Neptunium|Néptunium}} {{Wiktionary|Neptunium}} * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/093.htm Néptunium] ring ''[[Tabél Périodik Vidéo]]'' (Universitas Nottingham) * [http://www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-08/danl-lbw060502.php Lab ngawangun bola neptunium kapertama ring gumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925064716/http://www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-08/danl-lbw060502.php |date=2006-09-25 }}, [[Departemén Wasa A.S.]] Orti Risét * [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+neptunium,+radioactive Bank Data Datu Mabaya NLM – Néptunium, Radioaktip] * [http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/neptunium.pdf Neptunium: Human Health Fact Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040206045605/http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/neptunium.pdf |date=2004-02-06 }} * [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/neptunium.html C&EN: Punika Datu: Tabél Périodik – Néptunium] {{Clear}} {{Tabél périodik (navbox)}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Néptunium| ]] [[Kategori:Aktinida]] [[Kategori:Datu kimia]] [[Kategori:Datu sintétis]] ahgsqbf4zq04y02nms2khcoyb0cobll 0 19240 281095 248538 2026-08-27T20:20:25Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Panda | image = Grosser Panda.JPG | image_caption = Panda ring [[Taman Segara Hong Kong]] | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author = Swaisgood, R. |author2=Wang, D. |author3=Wei, F. | title = ''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'' (errata version published in 2017) | volume= 2016 | page = e.T712A121745669 | year = 2016 }}</ref> | status2 = E | status2_system = ESA | status2_ref =<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?sId=6600 | title=Species Profile}}</ref> | genus = Ailuropoda | species = melanoleuca | authority = [[Armand David|David]], 1869<ref>{{cite journal|last1=David|first1=Armand |author-link=Armand David |title=Voyage en Chine|journal=Bulletin des Nouvelles Archives du Muséum|date=1869|volume=5|page=13|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13953952|quote=Ursus melanoleucus}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subspésiés | subdivision = *''[[#Subspésiés|A. m. melanoleuca]]'' *''[[Panda Qinling|A. m. qinlingensis]]'' | range_map = Mapa distribuicao Ailuropoda melanoleuca.png | range_map_caption = Pasebaran panda }} {{Infobox Chinese |pic=Panda (Chinese characters).svg |piccap="Panda" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters<ref>Like the English "giant", the term ''dà'' ("large") is technically prefixed to the name "panda" in Chinese, but is not generally in everyday use.</ref> |picupright=0.45 |s=熊猫 |t=熊貓 |l="bear cat" |p=xióngmāo |w=hsiung²-mao¹ |mi={{IPAc-cmn|x|iong|2|.|m|ao|1}} |suz=yón-mau |j=hung4-maau1 |ci={{IPAc-yue|h|ung|4|.|m|aau|1}} |y=hùhng-māau |s2=猫熊 |t2=貓熊 |l2="cat bear" |poj2=niau-hîm |h2=meu-yùng }} [[File:Pandas playing 640x480.ogv|thumb|Shakugan No Shana Shana Tan as Tabitha St. Germain 2006 & Littlest Pet Shop 2012 Pepper Mildred Clark as Tabitha St. Germain]] '''Panda''' utawi '''Panda Ageng''' (''Ailuropoda melanoleuca''; {{zh|s=大熊猫|p=dàxióngmāo}}),<ref name="Scheff Duncan">{{cite book|last=Scheff|first=Duncan|title=Giant Pandas|edition=illustrated|series=Animals of the rain forest|year=2002|publisher=Heinemann-Raintree Library|isbn=0-7398-5529-8|page=7}}</ref> taler kauningin antuk '''beruang panda''' silih tunggil [[beruang]]<ref name="Lindburg, Donald G.; Baragona, Karen 2004">{{cite book |author1=Lindburg, Donald G. |author2=Baragona, Karen |title=Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation |url=https://archive.org/details/giantpandasbiolo0000unse |publisher=University of California Press|year=2004|isbn=0-520-23867-2}}</ref> asli saking [[Cina Tengah Kelod]].<ref name="iucn"/> Cecirén nyané [[mantel beburon|mantel]] selem-putih sané tebel miwah awak sané mokoh. Aran "panda ageng" ketah kaanggén antuk ngaliyanang saking [[panda barak]], pisaga [[Musteloidea|musteloid]]]. Yadiastun rumasuk ordo [[karnivora]], panda ageng punik [[folivora]], antuk pucuk [[tiing]] miwah don ngawangun langkung saking 99% amahan nyané.<ref>Anggitan: "Tiing ngawangun 99 persén amahan panda", "more than 99 percent of their diet is bamboo": p. 63 saking {{harvnb|Lumpkin|Seidensticker|2007}} (cingak ring édisi 2002).</ref> Panda ring palemahan liar acepok-cepok ngamah pepadangan liayanan, ubi-ubian liar, utawi ulam marupa paksi, buron pangerat, utawi bangké. Ring panangkaran, dané minab polih madu, taluh, ulam, ubi, don [[betbetan]], juuk, utawi biu sareng amahan sané kasediayang kusus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/mammals/giant-panda/ |title=Giant Panda |publisher=Discovery Communications, LLC |access-date=8 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107032418/http://animal.discovery.com/mammals/giant-panda/ |archive-date=7 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/GiantPandas/PandaFacts/default.cfm|title=Giant Pandas|publisher=National Zoological Park|access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} lmd68aou4xjy531e8i0pqy95xo5f4yu 0 21265 281057 145013 2026-08-27T19:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281057 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:UZB orthographic.svg|jmpl]] '''Uzbékistan''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ʊ|z|ˌ|b|ɛ|k|ɪ|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|ʌ|z|-|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ʊ|z|ˈ|b|ɛ|k|ɪ|s|t|æ|n|,_|-|s|t|ɑː|n}};<ref> {{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}. This source gives the British pronunciation as {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʊ|z|b|ɛ|k|ɪ|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|ʌ|z|-|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}, rather than {{IPAc-en|ʊ|z|ˌ|b|ɛ|k|-|}} found in CEPD. It also does not list the {{IPAc-en|ʊ|z|ˈ|b|ɛ|k|ɪ|s|t|ɑː|n}} variant in American English.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}. This source does not list the {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}} pronunciation in British English.</ref> {{lang-uz|O{{okina}}zbekiston}}, {{IPA-uz|ozbekiˈstɒn|pron}}), resmi '''Républik Uzbékistan''' ({{lang-uz|O{{okina}}zbekiston Respublikasi}}), silih tunggil negara [[negara kakurung darat]] ring [[Asia Tengah]]. [[ibukota]] miwah kota pinih ageng nyané [[Toshkent]]. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Negara|Uzbekistan]] g21w692mf5hbbeqmupf92qmcsbfk01p 0 21349 281016 139130 2026-08-27T19:20:58Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Oktober 2021}} {{Infobox river | name = Mambéramo | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = ᬢᬸᬓᬤ᭄ᬫᬫ᭄ᬩᬾᬭᬫᭀ | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Mamberamo River NASA.jpg | image_size = 250 | image_caption = Loloan Tukad Mambéramo kacingak saking dura angkasa | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Negara | subdivision_name1 = [[Indonésia]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Propinsi | subdivision_name3 = [[Papua]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|1,112|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|5500|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|9,000|m3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = patemuan [[Tukad Tariku|Tariku]] miwah [[Tukad Taritatu|Taritatu]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= {{coord|2|55|30|S|138|26|30|E|type:river_region:ID-PP|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = Pasifik | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|1|28|S|137|54|E|region:ID-PP|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|79,774|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Tukad Tariku]] | tributaries_right = [[Tukad Taritatu]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Mambéramo''' silih tunggil [[tukad]] pinih dawa kaping kalih ring [[Nusa Papua]], sesampun [[Tukad Sépik]]. Magenah ring propinsi [[Papua]], Indonésia. Pinaka tukad pinih ageng ring Indonésia manut volume debit, miwah pinih jimbar.<ref name="fragmentation">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf |title=Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World’s Large River Systems |access-date=2013-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202803/http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tukad puniki kaadegang saking patemuan panak tukad ring duurné, tukad [[Tukad Tariku|Tariku]] miwah [[Tukad Taritatu|Taritatu]] ring wawidangan [[Dataran Danu Mambéramo]], cekungan interior antuk wana rawa toya ening sané jimbar miwah lapangan padang. Ngembak nuju kalér riantara [[Pagunungan Van Rees]] miwah [[Pagunungan Foja]] ngentasi makudang jeram miwah ngarai. 160&nbsp;km ungkur tukad prasida kalayarin.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Mamberamo-River "Mamberamo River". ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Kaaksés 7 Juni 2020]</ref> Rinng dataran éndép pasisi tukad kawatesin olih rawa-rawa miwah ngawentuk [[delta tukad]] sané jimbar. Mambéramo ngembak nuju [[Samudra Pasifik]] ring titik kalér Tanjung Narwaku Lebah tukad sané ageng punika umah antuk makudang [[masyarakat tak tersentuh]] miwah [[kaakéhan soroh hayati]] sané akéh. Ring warsa 1990-an, [[Pemeréntah Indonésia]] madué rencana antuk ngawangun [[bendungan pambangkit listrik wasa toya]] ageng ring Mambéramo sané pacang ngelemang makéhan wewengkon irika. Rencana puniki kawangdé sesampun krisis monetér Indonésia 1998-1999, menawi wénten rasa jerih seka palemahan prasida kemanten kauripang ring aab sané pacang rauh. Sané mangkin, Mambéramo tetep dados tukad pinih ageng kaping kalih ring guminé sané sajangkepné nénten usik olih bendungan, sesampun [[Tukas Fly|Fly]] sané masikian nusa sareng tukad puniki.<ref name="fragmentation"/> Wawengkon Mambéramo manut artos jimbar ipun puniika rumasuk makudang pagunungan nampek nyané, rrumasuk Van Rees miwah [[Pegunungan Foja]] (taler kauningin antuk Foya), sané manados subjék panilikan biologis gelis wawu-wawu niki sané kamargiang olih [[Konsérvasi Internasional]], [[Lembaga Ilmu Kawikanan Indonésia]], miwah [[Universitas Cenderawasih]]. Tim ilmiah nemuin spesies paksi anyar kapertama saking Papua sesampun 60 warsa, miwah makéh éntikan miwah buron anyar liyanan. Pagunungan Foya sekadi gudang kaakéhan soroh hayati sané becik antuk global. ==Panak tukad== Lis panak tukad Mamberamo manut dawan ipun. * [[Tukad Taritatu]] {{convert|808|km|abbr=on}} * [[Tukad Tariku]] {{convert|488|km|abbr=on}} ==Lelintihan== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het stroomgebied van de boven Mamberano in Nieuw Guinea waar het explorateurs bivak ligt TMnr 10020882.jpg|thumb|left|Tukad Mambéramo wagian duur kapotrék ri kala Ékspedisi Nugini Tengah-Kalér sané kamanggalain olih Le Roux]] Warsa 1545, navigator [[Spanyol]] [[Yñigo Ortiz de Retez|Iñigo Ortiz de Retes]] malayar ring pasisi kalér nusa nganti loloan tukad sané petayang ''San Agustín''. Ring ring genah punika, ring tanggal 20 Juni 1545, Ida mingakuin wawengkon punika wagian [[Spanyol Anyar|Mahkota Spanyol]], miwah ring proses pangicaan aran ipun (''Nueva Guinea'') sané kauningin ngantos mangkin. Jadma Éropa kapertama sané ngaranjing loloan Mambéramo punika wargi Welanda Dr D. F. van Braam Morris ring warsa 1883. [[warga (gelar)|warga]] saking [[Maluku]] kalér ([[Térnaté]]) ngadayung ring tukad antuk ngamastika mabahan toya punika prasida kaentasin jukung uap.<ref>Souter (1963) p. 145</ref> Salanturné ring warsa 1884 Van Braam Morris mawali nganggén jukung uap "Havik" miwah ngetasin {{Convert|60|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} (ri kala goak makeber) mambahan tukad.<ref>{{in lang|nl}} [http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010291318%3Ampeg21%3Ap001%3Aa0004 'Nieuw Guinea'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109214656/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?identifier=ddd:010291318:mpeg21:a0004&coll=ddd |date=2020-01-09 }}, in de ''De Locomotief'', donderdag 5 maart 1885 no. 57. Visited 2 July 2013</ref> [[File:Sungai Mamberamo.jpg|thumb|Tukad Mamberamo warsa 2017]] ==Suaka Margasatwa Mambéramo Foja== {{Main|Suaka Margasatwa Mambéramo Foja}} [[Suaka Margasatwa Mamberamo Foja]] ngajangkepin wawengkon jimbar nyané 16.610&nbsp;km², ngapentang salantang Mamberamo miwah panak-panak tukad utama nyané ring batis Pagunungan Tengah nganti Samudra Pasifik. Punika ngajangkepin Dataran Daanu Tengah, miwah ngelatang nuju kelod ring selantang sisi kangin tukadd antuk ngajangkepin Pagunungan Foya, delta tukad, miwah pasih.<ref>Petocz, Ronald G. (1989). ''Conservation and Development in Irian Jaya: A Strategy for Rational Resource Utilization''. Brill, 1989.</ref> ==Titi Mambéramo== Titi Mambéramo punika pentang kabel ppinih kalih ring Indonésia sesampun [[Titi Kutai Kartanegara]] antuk dawan nyané 235 méter miwah 270 méter nganti titi sané ungkur pegat ring Nopémber 2011.<ref>{{citation |url=https://repository.maranatha.edu/25980/1/1521018_Abstract_TOC.pdf |first=Muhammad Eko |last=Setiawan |title=Désain Struktur Atas Jembatan Cable Stayed Bentang 470 Meter |publisher=Universitas Katolik Maranatha}}</ref> ==Cingak taler== *[[Wawengkon basa Mékong-Mambéramo]] *[[Basa Mambéramo Betén]] *[[Basa Kwérba Mambéramo]] ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== *{{Cite book |title=New Guinea: The Last Unknown |url=https://archive.org/details/newguinealastunk0000gavi |first=Gavin |last=Souter |year=1963|publisher=Angus & Robertson |isbn= 0-207-94627-2}} {{Tukad ring Papua}} {{Tukad ring Indonésia}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tukad ring Propinsi Papua|Mambéramo]] [[Kategori:Tukad ring Indonésia|Mambéramo]] tr3sk2huou39k9gx67rskhyyhyomddo 0 21388 281116 109241 2026-08-27T20:37:59Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Oktober 2021}} {{Short description|tukad pinih lantang ring Jawa}} {{Infobox river | name = Bengawan Solo<br />{{jav|ꦧꦼꦔꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦭ}} | image = Bojonegoro_bengawan_solo.jpg | image_size = 270px | image_caption = Bengawan Solo ngentasi [[Kabupatén Bojonegoro]], [[Jawa Kangin]] | map = Bengawan Solo topography map.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Gunung Lawu]]<br />[[Gunung Merapi]]<br />[[Gunung Merbabu]] | mouth_location = [[Segara Jawa]] | subdivision_type1 = Negara | subdivision_name1 = [[Indonésia]] | progression = | length = {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=fao/> | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = 684 m3/s (24,155 cu ft/s) | basin_size = {{convert|16100|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=fao>{{Cite book | title = Land resources information systems in Asia: proceedings of a regional workshop held in Quezon City, the Philippines, 25–27 January 2000 | publisher = [[Organisasi Pangan miwah Partanian]] | year = 2000 | pages = 58 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XLEVfZozvbIC&pg=PA58 | isbn = 9789251045169 }}</ref> | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Tukad Solo''' utawi '''Bengawan Solo''', antuk ''Bengawan'' ring [[Jawi Kuna]] maartos ''[[tukad]]'', miwah ''Solo'' maasal saking aran sané lintang [[Surakarta]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=NOORDUYN |first1=J. |title=FURTHER TOPOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE FERRY CHARTER OF 1358: WITH APPENDICES ON DJIPANG AND BODJANEGARA |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |date=1968 |volume=124 |issue=4 |page=470 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27860979 |issn=0006-2294}}</ref>) punika tukad pinih dawa ring [[Nusa Jawa]] [[Indonésia]], lantang nyané sawatara 600&nbsp;km. Tiosan toya ring tukad punika kawiguna olih krama miwah genah partanian ring pahan kangin miwah kalér nusa, Wawengkon nyané kaloktah olih para [[paléoantropologi]]. Makéh panemuan sisa-sisa [[Hominidaé|hominid]] riin (saking 100,00 nganti 1,5 yuta warsa sané lintang) ring makudang situs ring lebah tebe, kautama ring [[Sangiran]], rumasuk fosil manusa purba kapertama sané katemuin ring dura Éropa, sané kaaranin tengkorak "[[Manusa Jawa]]".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Evolution The Human Story|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionhumanst0000unse|last=Evolution The Human Story|first=Evolution The Human Story|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|year=2011|isbn=1405361654}}</ref> Bengawan Solo taler dados genah ulung nyané [[Garuda Indonésia Flight 421]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Walling | first = Michael G. | title = In the Event of a Water Landing | publisher = Cutter Publishing | year = 2010 | pages = 72 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XGp_gsR-5agC&pg=PT72 | isbn =9780982855300 }}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Tukad ring Jawa]] [[Kategori:Tukad ring Indonésia]] kmjqgrhbpkmewyqicxnr6s2elsznq2y 0 21695 281192 109340 2026-08-27T21:51:57Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Warbox | conflict = Intervénsi Welanda ring Bali (1906) | image = Dutch troops landing at Sanur 1906.jpg | caption = Pasukan Belanda mendarat ring [[Sanur]], 1906. | date = Séptémber–Oktober 1906 | place = [[Bali]], [[Indonésia]] | result = Nicapang jayanti Welanda. Kendali Belanda antuk wawengkon kelod Bali. | combatant1 = [[Berkas:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|25px]] [[Welanda]] | combatant2 = [[Badung]]<br> [[Tabanan]]<br> [[Klungkung]] | commander1 = [[Berkas:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|25px]] Mayor Jenderal [[Marinus Bernardus Rost van Tonningen|Rost van Tonningen]] | commander2 = | strength1 = 3 batalion infantri<br>1 detasemén kavaléri<br>2 baturai artiléri<br>Angkatan segara<ref>Hanna, p.140</ref> | strength2 = | casualties1 = minimal | casualties2 = >1,000 diri padem }} {{Intervénsi Welanda ring Bali}} {{Kotak kampanye kolonial Belanda}} [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Militairen van het KNIL op verkenning in de omgeving van Sesetan tijdens de militaire expeditie op Bali TMnr 60050657.jpg|jmpl|250px|Poto kakardi ri kala ékspedisi Bali warsa 1906. Tentara KNIL ngamargiang panilikan ring wawidangan [[Sésétan, Dénpasar Selatan, Dénpasar|Sésétan]] ri kala ékspedisi militér ring Bali.]] [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Militairen van het KNIL tijdens de militaire expeditie op Bali TMnr 60050660.jpg|jmpl|250px|Poto kaambil ri kala ékspedisi Bali warsa 1906. Bala yuda KNIL ri kala ékspedisi militér ring Bali.]] [[Berkas:Dutch cavalry at Sanur 1906.jpg|jmpl|250px|Kavaleri Belanda ring [[Sanur, Dénpasar Selatan, Dénpasar|Sanur]]]] '''Intervénsi Welanda ring Bali''' warsa 1906 (taler kaloktah antuk '''Puputan Badung''') inggih punika intervénsi militér [[Welanda]] ring [[Bali]], sané ngamademang langkung 1.000 diri, sané makéhan punika warga sipil. Puniki intervénsi militér kaenem Welanda ring Bali. Intervénsi puniki silih tunggil rupa kampanye palinggihan Welanda antuk Hindia Timur. Kampanye puniki ngapademang panguasa Bali saking [[Krajaan Badung]] jangkep rabi miwah okan-okan nyané, ngarusak krajaan Badung miwah [[Krajaan Tabanan|Tabanan]] taler ngirangin wasa [[krajaan Klungkung]].<ref name=h140>Hanna, pp.140–141</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Buku === * {{cite book|author=Willard A. Hanna|title=Bali Chronicles|url=https://archive.org/details/balichroniclesli0000hann|publisher=Periplus, Singapore|year=2004|isbn=0-7946-0272-X}} * {{cite book|author=Andy Barski, Albert Beaucort and Bruce Carpenter, Barski|title=Bali and Lombok|url=https://archive.org/details/balilombok0000unse_r8y2|year=2007|publisher=Dorling Kindersley, London|isbn=978-0-7566-2878-9}} * {{cite book|author=Debbie Guthrie Haer, Juliette Morillot and Irene Toh, Haer|title=Bali, a traveller's companion|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year= 2001|isbn=978-981-4217-35-4}} [[Kategori:Lelintihan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Yuda sané kasarengin Welanda]] [[Kategori:Yuda sané kasarengin Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Yuda ring warsa 1906]] [[Kategori:Lelintihan Bali]] [[Kategori:Hindia Welanda ring warsa 1906]] {{lelintihan-stub}} j0fl3eo9jzqg0d6jg0dzqol6z8fk9ie 0 22000 281127 241836 2026-08-27T20:43:31Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281127 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Analemma fishburn.tif|right|thumb|Satunggal [[analémma]] sané ngambarang pauahan [[genah Matahari]] ri kala awarsa, sané kacingak saking kala sané tetep ring arahina.]] A'''warsa''' inggih punika [[periode orbit]] [[Gumi]] mamargi ring [[Orbit Gumi|orbit nyané]] ngiterin [[Surya]]. Krana kamérengan sumbu Gumi, awarsa punika ngawinan wénten [[masan]], kacihnain antuk pagentosan [[cuaca]], jam [[tengai]], miwah makrana ring [[végétasi]] miwah [[Kalanusan (tanah)|kalanusan tanah]]. Ring wawengkon [[Iklim sedeng|maiklim sedeng]] miwah [[Iklim subkutub|subkutub]] ring sajebag guminé, papat masan ketah nyané kauningin: [[masan semi]], [[masan panés]], [[masan aas]] miwah [[masan dingin]]. Ring wawengkon [[tropika|tropis]] miwah [[subtropis]], masan nyané tan kapastika; menawi ring wawengkon tropis ngamasan, [[Masan sabeh|masan ''sabeh'']] miwah ''[[Masan panes|gentuh]]'' ngawarsa kawéntenan nyané kapastika. Satunggal [[warsa kaléndér]] punika kacawang akéh rahina saking periode orbit Gumi manados kaitung ring [[kalénder]] katentu. [[Kalénder Grégorian|Kalénder Grégorian, utawi modérn]], ngaturang warsa kalénder langkung becik manados [[warsa ketah]] (365 rahina) utawi [[warsa kabisat]] (366 rahina), taler sekadi [[kalénder Julian]]. Antuk kalénder Gregorian lantang rerata warsa kalénder (warsa rerata) rIng samian siklus kecosan jangkep 400 warsa punika 365,2425 rahina. Standar ISO [[ISO 80000-3]], Annex C, ngadukung simbol "a" (Basa Latin ''[[:wikt:annus|annus]]'') antuk ngawakilin awarsa punika 365 utawi 366 hari. Ring Basa Inggris, ketah kaancengang "y" miwah "yr", yén selehin ring Basa Bali dados "w" miwah "wr”. Ring widang [[astronomi]], [[Warsa Julian]] punika [[satuan kala]]; sané kadefinisiyang manados 365,25 [[rahina]] ({{val|86400}} [[detik]] ([[satuan pokok SI]])), antuk total tepat ipun {{val|31557600}} detik ring awarsa astronomi Julian.<ref>[[International Astronomical Union]] "[http://www.iau.org/science/publications/proceedings_rules/units/ SI units] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716232020/http://www.iau.org/science/publications/proceedings_rules/units/ |date=2013-07-16 }}" accessed February 18, 2010. (See Table 5 and section 5.15.) Reprinted from George A. Wilkins & IAU Commission 5, [http://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf "The IAU Style Manual (1989)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170213/http://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf |date=2011-07-26 }} (PDF file) in ''IAU Transactions'' Vol. XXB</ref> Kruna "warsa" taler kaanggén antuk kala sané mapaiketan gomyong, menawi nénten idéntik sareng warsa kalénder utawi astronomi, minakadi [[warsa ngamasan]], [[warsa fiskal]], [[warsa akademik]], msl. Punika taler, "warsa" prasida maartos periode orbit [[planet]]: minakadi, warsa [[Mars]] utawi warsa [[Venus]] punika conto saking kala sané kaperluang planet antuk satunggal transit orbit jangkep. Paistilah puniki taler prasida kaanggén antuk anggitan antuk periode utawi siklus lantang, sekadi ''[[Great Year]]''.<ref>[[OED]], s.v. "year", entry 2.b.: "''transf.'' Applied to a very long period or cycle (in chronology or mythology, or vaguely in poetic use)."</ref> == Cingak taler == * Warsa mangkin: [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]] * [[Kalénder Bali saka|Warsa Saka]]: {{SAKAYEAR}} * [[Lis warsa]] * [[Kaléndér]] == Pustaka == === Cutetan === {{Reflist}} == Wacénan lantur == * {{Cite book | title=Time, the Familiar Stranger | url=https://archive.org/details/timefamiliarstra0000fras | last=Fraser | first=Julius Thomas | edition=illustrated | location=Amherst | publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]] | year=1987 | isbn=0-87023-576-1 | oclc=15790499 }} * {{Cite book | title=What is Time? | url=https://archive.org/details/whatistime0000whit | last=Whitrow | first=Gerald James | location=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2003 | isbn=0-19-860781-4 | oclc=265440481 }} == Pranala jaba == * [[:v:sl:letnice|Images of years]] {{Wiktionary}} {{Commons category|Years|Warsa}} {{Sistem Kaléndér}} {{Authority control}} {{Kala-stub}} [[Kategori:Satuan Kala]] 76g2761znwymklvs98cyzqdc8jxkiic 0 22314 281159 218406 2026-08-27T21:26:14Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 9 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Manchester United | image = Manchester United FC crest.svg | upright = 0.8 | alt = Kruna "Manchester" miwah "United" ngiterin satunggil panji sané ngenahang jukung antuk layar penuh miwah iblis sané ngaba trisula. | fullname = ''Manchester United Football Club'' | nickname = ''The Red Devils''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2015-16.pdf |title=Premier League Handbook Season 2015/16 |access-date=23 May 2016 |work=[[Premier League]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906045556/http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2015-16.pdf |archive-date=6 Séptémber 2015 }}</ref> | short name = {{bulleted list|Man United/Utd|United<ref>{{cite news |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-england-bou-mun/man-united-must-aim-for-top-four-not-title-challenge-mourinho-idUKKCN1N7169 |title=Man United must aim for top four, not title challenge – Mourinho |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2 November 2018 |access-date=4 October 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911192940/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-england-bou-mun/man-united-must-aim-for-top-four-not-title-challenge-mourinho-idUKKCN1N7169 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/premier-league/marcus-rashfords-92nd-minute-winner-enough-for-man-united-to-scrape-a-win-at-bournemouth-37488476.html|title=Marcus Rashford's 92nd minute winner enough for Man United to scrape a win at Bournemouth|website=independent}}</ref>}} | founded = {{Start date and age|df=y|1878}}, dados Newton Heath LYR F.C.<br />{{Start date and age|df=yes|1902}}, dados Manchester United F.C. | ground = [[Old Trafford]] | capacity = 74.140<ref name="cap2021">{{cite web|title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21|url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2021|publisher=Premier League|access-date=12 April 2021|page=28}}</ref> | owner = [[Manchester United padruénan Glazer|Manchester United plc]] ({{NYSE|MANU}}) | chairman = [[Joel Glazer|Joel]] miwah [[Avram Glazer]] | chrtitle = Co-manggala | manager = [[Erik ten Hag]] | league = [[Liga Utama Inggris]] | season = 2022–23 | position = Liga Utama Inggris, 3 | pattern_la1 = _manutd2425h | pattern_b1 = _manutd2425h | pattern_ra1 = _manutd2425h | pattern_sh1 = _manutd2425h | pattern_so1 = _manutd2425hl | leftarm1 = ff0000 | body1 = ff0000 | rightarm1 = ff0000 | shorts1 = ffffff | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _manutd2425a | pattern_b2 = _manutd2425a | pattern_ra2 = _manutd2425a | pattern_sh2 = _manutd2425a | pattern_so2 = _manutd2425al | leftarm2 = 001a67 | body2 = 001a67 | rightarm2 = 001a67 | shorts2 = 001a67 | socks2 = 001a67 | pattern_la3 = _manutd2425t | pattern_b3 = _manutd2425t | pattern_ra3 = _manutd2425t | pattern_sh3 = _manutd2425t | pattern_so3 = _manutd2425tl | leftarm3 = faf9f6 | body3 = faf9f6 | rightarm3 = faf9f6 | shorts3 = faf9f6 | socks3 = faf9f6 | website = https://www.manutd.com/ | current = Manchester United F.C. masan 2022–23 }} '''''Manchester United Football Club''''' silih tunggil klub [[sépakbola]] profésional sané mabasis ring [[Old Trafford (wawengkon)|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester Raya]], Inggris, sané malaga ring [[Liga Utama Inggris]], pacentokan pinih tegeh ring [[Sistem liga sépakbola Inggris|Sépakbola Inggris]]. Kaparabin "''Sétan'' Abang", klub puniki kaadegang dados Klub Sépakbola Newton Heath LYR ring warsa 1878, magentos dados Manchester United ring warsa 1902 miwah magingsir nuju stadion sané mangkin, [[Old Trafford]], ring warsa 1910. ==Wacénan lantur== *{{cite book |editor1-last=Andrews |editor1-first=David L. |title=Manchester United: A Thematic Study |url=https://archive.org/details/manchesterunited0000unse_x6o5 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-33333-7 }} *{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Justyn |last2=Bostock |first2=Adam |last3=Butler |first3=Cliff |last4=Ferguson |first4=Jim |last5=Meek |first5=David |last6=Mitten |first6=Andy |last7=Pilger |first7=Sam |last8=Taylor |first8=Frank OBE |last9=Tyrrell |first9=Tom |title=The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/officialmanchest0000andr |orig-year=1998 |edition=3rd |year=2001 |publisher=Manchester United Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-233-99964-7}} *{{cite book |last1=Bose |first1=Mihir |title=Manchester Disunited: Trouble and Takeover at the World's Richest Football Club |year=2007 |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-84513-121-0 }} *{{cite book |last1=Crick |first1=Michael |last2=Smith |first2=David |title=Manchester United – The Betrayal of a Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/manchesterunited0000cric_t8b6 |year=1990 |publisher=Pan Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-330-31440-4 }} *{{cite book |last=Devlin |first=John |title=True Colours: Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day |url=https://archive.org/details/truecoloursfootb0000devl |year=2005 |publisher=A & C Black |location=London |isbn=978-0-7136-7389-0 }} *{{cite book |last1=Dobson |first1=Stephen |last2=Goddard |first2=John |editor1-last=Fort |editor1-first=Rodney |editor2-last=Fizel |editor2-first=John |title=International Sports Economics Comparisons |year=2004 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-275-98032-0 |chapter=Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe}} *{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Eric |title=Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation |url=https://archive.org/details/sportmatterssoci0000dunn |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-09378-1 }} *{{cite book |last=Hamil |first=Sean |editor1-last=Chadwick |editor1-first=Simon |editor2-last=Arth |editor2-first=Dave |title=International Cases in the Business of Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalcas0000unse |year=2008 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-7506-8543-6 |chapter=Case 9: Manchester United: the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand }} *{{cite book |last=Inglis |first=Simon |title=Football Grounds of Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/footballgroundso0000ingl |orig-year=1985 |edition=3rd |year=1996 |publisher=CollinsWillow |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-218426-7 }} *{{cite book |last=James |first=Gary |title=Manchester: A Football History |publisher=James Ward |location=Halifax |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9558127-0-5 }} *{{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Steve |editor-first=Ian |editor-last=McLeish |date=March 2010 |title=Design for life |journal=Inside United |issue=212 |issn=1749-6497 }} *{{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Alex |title=The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United |url=https://archive.org/details/officialillustra0000unse |publisher=Orion Books |year=2006 |location=London |isbn=978-0-7528-7603-0 }} *{{cite book |last1=Shury |first1=Alan |last2=Landamore |first2=Brian |title=The Definitive Newton Heath F.C |publisher=SoccerData |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-899468-16-4 }} *{{cite book |last1=Tyrrell |first1=Tom |last2=Meek |first2=David |title=The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878–1996 |orig-year=1988 |edition=5th |year=1996 |publisher=Hamlyn |location=London |isbn=978-0-600-59074-3 }} *{{cite book |last=White |first=Jim |title=Manchester United: The Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/manchesterunited0000whit_w8i5 |year=2008 |publisher=Sphere |location=London |isbn=978-1-84744-088-4 }} *{{cite book |last=White |first=John |title=The United Miscellany |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedmiscellany0000whit_y9e1 |orig-year=2005 |edition=2nd |year=2007 |publisher=Carlton Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-84442-745-1 }} ==Pranala jaba== {{wikiquote}} {{Wikinews category|Manchester United F.C.}} {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} {{in lang|ar|zh|en|fr|ja|ko|es}} * [http://www.stretfordend.co.uk/ Official statistics website] * [http://www.joinmust.org/ Official Manchester United Supporters' Trust] {{BBC football info|manchester-united}} * [http://www.skysports.com/football/teams/manchesterunited Manchester United] at Sky Sports * [http://www.premierleague.com/page/manchester-united Manchester United] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606075748/http://www.premierleague.com/page/manchester-united |date=2011-06-06 }} at Premier League * {{Finance links | symbol = MANU | sec_cik = MANU | google = NYSE:MANU | yahoo = MANU | bloomberg = MANU:US | reuters = MANU | nasdaq = MANU }} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Manchester United F.C.| ]] [[Kategori:Klub sépakbola Inggris]] pjxeachpj5m5kepx5eme510dwn38i6y 0 22315 281254 232183 2026-08-27T22:28:15Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Arsenal | image = | upright = 0.7 | fullname = ''The Arsenal Football Club''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00109244|title=The Arsenal Football Club|work=[[Companies House]]|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]]|access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/the-arsenal-way|title=The Arsenal Way|publisher=Arsenal F.C.|date=24 January 2013|access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref> | nickname = ''The Gunners''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/why-arsenal-nickname-gunners-badge-explained/nl54aab5ffik1fk9ztzbce7sc|title=Why is Arsenal's nickname 'The Gunners'? Club term & badge explained|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=4 March 2020|access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref><br /> The Arsenal | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1886|10}} as ''Dial Square''<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |title=10/05/2017 -'Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |website=www.arsenal.com |access-date=2 November 2018}}</ref> | ground = [[Stadion Émirates]] | capacity = 60,704<ref name="cap2021">{{cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |access-date=12 April 2021|page=4}}</ref> | owner = [[Kroenke Sports & Entertainment]] | chairman = | manager = [[Mikel Arteta]] | league = {{English football updater|Arsenal}} | season = {{English football updater|Arsenal2}} | position = {{English football updater|Arsenal3}} | current = Arsenal F.C. masan 2021–22 | pattern_la1 = _arsenal2425h | pattern_b1 = _arsenal2425h | pattern_ra1 = _arsenal2425h | pattern_sh1 = _arsenal2425h | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = F00000 | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = F00000 | pattern_la2 = _arsenal2425a | pattern_b2 = _arsenal2425a | pattern_ra2 = _arsenal2425a | pattern_sh2 = _arsenal2425a | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000000 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 | pattern_la3 = _arsenal2425T | pattern_b3 = _arsenal2425T | pattern_ra3 = _arsenal2425T | pattern_sh3 = _arsenal2425t | pattern_so3 = _arsenal2425tl | leftarm3 = 9adee9 | body3 = 9adee9 | rightarm3 = 9adee9 | shorts3 = 000040 | socks3 = 000040 | website = https://www.arsenal.com }} '''Arsenal Football Club''' inggih punika klub [[sépakbola]] profesional sané magenah ring [[London Borough ring Islington|Islington]], [[London]], [[Inggris]]. Arsenal malaga [[Liga Utama Inggris]], pacentokan pinih tegeh ring [[Sistem liga sépakbola Inggris|sépakbola Inggris]]. Klub niki kaadegang ring warsa 1886. Daweg punika klub puniki mawasta Dial Square. Klub puniki sampun ngamolihang 13 gelar ring Liga Inggris (10 ring era Divisi Pertama lan 3 ring era Premier League) lan dados klub pemenang piala FA paling akeh, inggih punika 14 gelar. Arsenal ngamel rekor periode pinih makelo wenten ring Liga Inggris tanpa polih keni degradasi duk warsa 1919 tur dados tim sane ngamolihang jayanti kapertama ring klasemen Liga Inggris ring abad ke-20. Arsenal dados tim kaping kalih di Inggris sane muputang musim tanpa kalah (musim 2003--2004) lan tim kapertama sane prasida kadi nika ring sajeroning 38 patandingan. Arsenal kaadegang ring warsa 1886 ring Woolwich lan ring warsa 1893 dados klub kapertama ring Inggris Selatan sane ngranjing ring Football League. Ring warsa 1913, klub puniki pindah ngajanang nglintangin kota ke Stadion Arsenal ring Highbury. ring warsa 1930, Arsenal sampun dados pemenang 5 gelar Liga Championship lan dua Piala FA. Ri sampune periode perang, klub puniki dados juara ring Liga lan Piala FA ring musim 1970--1971, tur dua gelar ring warsa 1990-an lan dekade kapertama ring abad ke-21, tur neked ring Final Liga Champions UEFA 2006. Arsenal madue saingan sane pinaka tim Lonton Utara, Tottenham Hotspur, sane ketah kauningin pinaka Derby London Utara. Ring warsa 2013, Arsenal dados klub sepak bola pinih sugih kaping pat ring jagate, antuk nilai $13 miliar. Ring kancah Premier League, Arsenal pinaka silih tunggil tim sane ten taen degradasi. Arsenal pinaka tim sepak bola pertama sane ngenalin angka ring baju sepak bola. ==Cutetan== {{Notelist}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpi== * {{cite book |last1=Attwood |first1=Tony |last2=Kelly |first2=Andy |last3=Andrews |first3=Mark |title=Woolwich Arsenal FC: 1893–1915 The club that changed football |date=1 August 2012|publisher=First and Best in Education |isbn=978-1-86083-787-6|edition=First}} * {{cite book |last1=Cross |first1=John |title=Arsene Wenger: The Inside Story of Arsenal Under Wenger |date=17 Séptémber 2015 |publisher=Simon & Schuster UK |isbn=978-1-4711-3793-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owo-BQAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |last1=Elkin |first1=James |last2=Shakeshaft |first2=Simon |title=The Arsenal Shirt: Iconic Match Worn Shirts from the History of the Gunners |date=1 November 2014 |publisher=Vision Sports Publishing |isbn=978-1-909534-26-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Soar |first1=Phil |last2=Tyler |first2=Martin |title=Arsenal 125 Years in the Making: The Official Illustrated History 1886–2011 |url=https://archive.org/details/arsenalofficiali0000soar |date=3 October 2011 |publisher=Hamlyn |isbn=978-0-600-62353-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Sowman |first1=John |last2=Wilson |first2=Bob |title=Arsenal: The Long Sleep 1953 – 1970: A view from the terrace |date=18 January 2016 |publisher=Hamilton House |isbn=978-1-86083-837-8}} * {{cite book |last1=Spurling |first1=Jon |title=Rebels for the Cause: The Alternative History of Arsenal Football Club |date=2 November 2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-78057-486-8 |edition=New |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcsXyTmY7MoC}} ==Wacénan lantur== * {{cite book |last1=Andrews |first1=Mark |last2=Kelly |first2=Andy |last3=Stillman |first3=Tim |title=Royal Arsenal: Champions of the South |date=8 November 2018|publisher=legends publishing |isbn=9781906796594|edition=First|ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Callow| first1=Nick |title=The Official Little Book of Arsenal |date=11 April 2013 |publisher=Carlton Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-84732-680-5 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Castle |first1=Ian |title=Arsenal |date=30 August 2012 |publisher=FeedaRead.com |isbn=978-1-78176-752-8 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Fynn |first1=Alex |last2=Whitcher |first2=Kevin |title=Arsènal: The Making of a Modern Superclub |date=18 August 2011 |publisher=Vision Sports Publishing |isbn=978-1-907637-31-5 |edition=3rd |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Glanville |first1=Brian |title=Arsenal Football Club: From Woolwich to Whittaker |date=2011 |publisher=GCR Books |isbn=978-0-9559211-7-9 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Hayes |first1=Dean |title=Arsenal: The Football Facts |url=https://archive.org/details/arsenalfootballf0000haye |date=2007 |publisher=John Blake |isbn=978-1-84454-433-2|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |author=Hornby, Nick |title=Fever Pitch |publisher=Indigo |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-575-40015-3|author-link=Nick Hornby |title-link=Fever Pitch |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Joy |first=Bernard |title=Forward, Arsenal! |date=2009 |orig-year=First Published 1952 |publisher=GCR Books Limited |isbn=978-0-9559211-1-7 |edition=Republished |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxavt42c3t0C |author-link=Bernard Joy }} * {{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=David |title=Arsenal 'Til I Die: The Voices of Arsenal FC Supporters |date=28 August 2014 |publisher=Meyer & Meyer Sport |isbn=978-1-78255-038-9 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Maidment |first1=Jem |title=The Official Arsenal Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive A-Z of London's Most Successful Club |date=2008 |publisher=Hamlyn |isbn=978-0-600-61888-1 |edition=revised |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Mangan |first1=Andrew |last2=Lawrence |first2=Amy |last3=Auclair |first3=Philippe |last4=Allen |first4=Andrew |title=So Paddy Got Up: An Arsenal anthology |date=7 December 2011 |publisher=Portnoy Publishing |isbn=978-0-9569813-7-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RqvAwAAQBAJ|ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Roper |first1=Alan |title=Real Arsenal Story: In the Days of Gog |date=1 November 2003 |publisher=Wherry Publishing |isbn=978-0-9546259-0-0 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Spragg |first1=Iain |last2=Clarke |first2=Adrian |title=The Official Arsenal FC Book of Records |date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Carlton Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-78097-668-6 |edition=2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Spurling |first1=Jon |title=Highbury: The Story of Arsenal in N.5 |url=https://archive.org/details/highburystoryofa0000spur_d3c2 |date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Orion |isbn=978-1-4091-5306-1 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Stammers |first1=Steve |title=Arsenal: The Official Biography: The Compelling Story of an Amazing Club |url=https://archive.org/details/arsenalofficialb0000stam |date=7 November 2008 |publisher=Hamlyn |isbn=978-0-600-61892-8 |edition=First |ref=none}} * {{cite book |author=Wall, Bob |title=Arsenal from the Heart |date=1969 |publisher=Souvenir Press Limited |isbn=978-0-285-50261-1 |author-link=Bob Wall (football administrator) |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=Tom |title=The End: 80 Years of Life on the Terraces |url=https://archive.org/details/end80yearsoflife0000tomw |date=13 October 1995 |publisher=Mainstream Publishing Company, Limited |isbn=978-1-85158-793-3 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |author1=Whittaker, Tom |last2=Peskett |first2=Roy |title=Tom Whittaker's Arsenal Story |date=1957 |publisher=Sporting Handbooks |edition=First |ref={{harvid|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}}|author1-link=Tom Whittaker (footballer) }} ==Pranala jaba== {{sisterlinks|n=Category:Arsenal F.C.|wikt=no|v=no|b=no|s=no}} {{Portal|Sepak bola}} * {{resmi|www.arsenal.com}} * {{id}} [http://www.id-arsenal.com/ Situs web resmi Arsenal Indonesia Supporters] * {{en}} [http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/clubs/profile.overview.html/arsenal Arsenal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102040907/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/clubs/profile.overview.html/arsenal |date=2014-11-02 }} di situs resmi [[Premier League]] * {{en}} [http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=52280/profile/index.html Arsenal] di situs resmi [[UEFA]] {{Arsenal F.C.}} {{Navboxes|titlestyle=background:#ef0107; color:white; border:1px color:#023474;|list1= {{Liga Utama Inggris}} {{G14}} {{Juara Piala Winners UEFA}} {{Sepak bola ring London}} {{FIFA Clubs of the 20th Century}} }} [[Kategori:Arsenal F.C.| ]] [[Kategori:Pemenang Piala FA]] [[Kategori:Pemenang Piala EFL]] [[Kategori:Klub sepak bola Inggris]] [[Kategori:Klub Liga Utama Inggris]] [[Kategori:Tim sepak bola London]] [[Kategori:Klub pemenang Piala Winners UEFA]] ie4t1slfj6c1zaet56jx2el6kc7s0bz 0 22489 281105 202451 2026-08-27T20:25:53Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Oktober 2021}} {{Infobox weapon | name = Léopard 2 | image = Leopard 2 A5 der Bundeswehr.jpg | caption = Léopard 2A5 saking [[Tentara Jérman]] (''Heer'') | type = [[Tank tempur utama]] | is_vehicle = yes | service = 1979–mangkin<ref name=TGelbart /> | wars = [[Yuda ring Afghanistan (2001–mangkin)|Yuda ring Afghanistan]] <br />[[Intervénsi militér Turki ring Suriah (Agustus 2016 – Maret 2017)|Yuda semeton Suriah]] | designer = Krauss-Maffei | number = 3,600<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/deutsche-panzer-fuer-katar/8371316.html |title=Deutsche Panzer für Katar |access-date=26 October 2019 | language=de }}</ref> | length = 2A6: {{convert|9.97|m|ft|abbr=off}} (senjata malu) | width = 2A6: {{convert|3.75|m|ft|abbr=on}} | height = 2A6: {{convert|3.0|m|ft|abbr=on}} | image_size = 300 | origin = [[Jérman Kawan]] | is_UK = no | used_by = Cingak ''[[#Operator|Operator]]'' | design_date = 1970s | manufacturer = [[Krauss-Maffei Wegmann]] <br />[[Maschinenbau Kiel]] | unit_cost = 2A6: {{US$|5.74 million}} (2007)<ref>{{cite web |work= Defense update |date= 16 April 2007 |url= http://defense-update.com/newscast/0407/news/160407_leo2.htm |title= Canada Acquires 120 Leopard 2 Tanks from German, Dutch Surplus |access-date= 12 October 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091231060606/http://defense-update.com/newscast/0407/news/160407_leo2.htm |archive-date= 31 December 2009 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref> | production_date = 1979–mangkin | variants = Cingak ''[[#Soroh|Soroh]]'' | weight = 2A6: {{convert|62.3|t|ST||abbr=off}} | crew = 4<ref name=TGelbart /> | armour = 2A6: komposit génerasi ka-3; rumasuk baja kakerasan tinggi, tungsten miwah pangisi plastik antuk komponén keramik. | primary_armament = 1× [[Rhéinmétall 120 mm gun|120&nbsp;mm Rhéinmétall L/44 utawi L/55]] bedil [[smoothbore]]<ref name= TGelbart /> (42 rounds) | secondary_armament = 2× [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62 mm]] [[Rhéinmétall MG3|MG3A1]]<ref name= TGelbart /> or 2×[[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62 mm]] [[FN MAG]] (4,750 rounds) | engine = [[MTU Friedrichshafen|MTU]] MB 873 Ka-501 [[Radiator (pendingin mesin)|pendingin éncéh]] [[mesin V12|V12]] [[twin-turbo]] [[mesin diesel]] | engine_power = 1,500 PS (1,479&nbsp;hp, 1,103&nbsp;kW) at 2,600&nbsp;rpm | transmission = Renk HSWL 354 | fuel_capacity = {{Convert|1,200|l|abbr=off|0}}<ref>{{Citation |last= Foss |first= Christopher F |title= Jane's Tanks and Combat Vehicles Recognition Guide |publisher= HarperCollins |place= New York |year= 2002 |page= 32}}.</ref> | pw_ratio = (23hp/tonne){{convert|24.1|PS/t|abbr=on}} | suspension = [[Suspensi batang torsi]] | clearance = | vehicle_range = Marga: {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}<br />Ten marga: {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}}(internal fuel){{citation needed|date=November 2019}}<!-- <ref name=TGelbart /> --> | speed = {{convert|70|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kmweg.com/systems-products/tracked-vehicles/main-battle-tank/leopard-2-a6/ |title=Die Leistungsmerkmale des LEOPARD 2 A6M |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615152443/https://www.kmweg.com/systems-products/tracked-vehicles/main-battle-tank/leopard-2-a6/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LEOPARD 2 A6 - KMW |url=https://www.kmweg.com/systems-products/tracked-vehicles/main-battle-tank/leopard-2-a6/ |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=kmweg.com |archive-date=2021-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615152443/https://www.kmweg.com/systems-products/tracked-vehicles/main-battle-tank/leopard-2-a6/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} '''Léopard 2''' silih tunggil [[tank tempur utama]] sané kakembangang olih [[Krauss-Maffei Wegmann|Krauss-Maffei]] warsa 1970-an antuk [[Bundeswehr|Tentara Jérman Kawan]]. Tank puniki kapertama ngaranjingblayanan warsa 1979 antuk ngentosin [[Léopard 1]] sané sadurungné dados tank tempur utama [[Tentara Jérman]]. Punika kasanjatain meriam smoothbore 120&nbsp;mm, miwah kadukung olih mesin diesel V-12 twin-turbo. Makudang soroh tank puniki sampun maswadharma ring angkatan masanjata Jérman miwah 13 negara Éropa liyanan, taler makudang negara non-Éropa, rumasuk [[Kanada]], [[Chili]], [[Indonésia]] miwah [[Singapura]]. Léopard 2 kaanggén ring Kosovo olih Angkatan Darat Jerman, miwah sampun kaanggén [[Afghanistan]] olih kontribusi [[Welanda]], [[Dénmark]], miwah Kanada antuk [[Pasukan Wantuan Kaamanan Internasional]]. ==Cutetan== {{Reflist|group="nb"}} {{clear}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliograpi== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Jerchel |first1=Michael|last2 = Schnellbacher | first2 = Uwe |title=Leopard 2 Main Battle Tank 1979–1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/leopard2mainbatt0000jerc |year=1998 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |location= [[London]] |isbn= 978-1-85532-691-0 |oclc= 40544103}} * {{cite book|last =Krapke|first =Paul W | trans-title = Leopard 2 becoming and achievement |title= Leopard 2 sein Werden und seine Leistung|date=June 2004|publisher= Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-83341425-1|language= de}} * {{cite book |last=Scheibert |first=Michael |title=Leopard 2 A5 Euro-Leopard |year=1996 |publisher= Pudzun-Pallas-Verlag |location= Wölfersheim-Berstadt |isbn=3-7909-0576-3 |language= de}} * {{cite book |last1=Scheibert |first1=Michael | last2 = Schneider | first2 = Wolfgang | trans-title = Leopard 2 a top product of German military technology |title=Leopard 2 Ein Spitzenprodukt deutscher Wehrtechnik |year=1986 |publisher= Pudzun-Pallas-Verlag |location=Dorheim |isbn=3-7909-0265-9 |language= de}} {{Refend}} ==Pranala jaba== * [http://www.military-today.com/tanks/revolution.htm Leopard 2 Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611031302/http://www.military-today.com/tanks/revolution.htm |date=2020-06-11 }} * [http://www.armyrecognition.com/germany_german_army_heavy_armoured_vehicle_tank_uk/leopard_2a4_main_battle_tank_technical_data_sheet_specifications_description_pictures_video.html Leopard 2A4 main battle tank(Army recognition)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103085721/http://www.armyrecognition.com/germany_german_army_heavy_armoured_vehicle_tank_uk/leopard_2a4_main_battle_tank_technical_data_sheet_specifications_description_pictures_video.html |date=2013-11-03 }} * [http://www.armyvehicles.dk/leopard2a5.htm Army Vehicles.DK Leopard 2A5] * [http://www.armyvehicles.dk/leopard2a4.htm Army Vehicles.DK Leopard 2A4] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060708071204/http://www.militaryperiscope.com/mdb-smpl/weapons/gcv/tanks/w0001000.shtml Military Periscope - Leopard 2 main battle tank] * [http://www.fprado.com/armorsite/leo2.htm Fprado.com - Kampfpanzer Leopard 2] * [http://www.enemyforces.com/tanks/leopard2a5.htm Leopard 2A5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430224010/http://www.enemyforces.com/tanks/leopard2a5.htm |date=2006-04-30 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060625181452/http://www.edu.lahti.fi/~aroinila/leo/asemaan2.wmv A Finnish Army Leopard 2A4 firing from a hull-down position] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060625181443/http://www.edu.lahti.fi/~aroinila/leo/loader.wmv A Finnish Leopard 2A4 firing, videoed from inside the turret] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070823184305/http://www.danskpanser.dk/Baeltekoretojer/Leopard2A5.htm Danish Leopard 2A5] * [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/weapons/leopard Singapore Leopard 2A4 MBT]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 92vvrtc2l1vm0rkksolemsbaicivlge 0 22592 281187 145065 2026-08-27T21:49:19Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281187 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=HMS Terror (I03).jpg |Ship caption=HMS ''Terror'' ring Oktober 1933 }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country=Britania Agung |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|UK|naval}} }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship class=[[Kapal monitor kelas Terror]] |Ship displacement={{convert|8450|LT|t|lk=on}} |Ship length=*{{convert|380|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} (Perpendikuler) *{{convert|405|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} (Sakara) |Ship beam={{convert|88|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on|1}} |Ship draught={{convert|11|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on|1}} |Ship power=*4 × [[Paluab Babcock & Wilcox]] *{{convert|6000|ihp|kW|lk=on|abbr=on}} |Ship speed={{convert|12|kn|lk=in}} |Ship range={{cvt|2480|nmi|lk=in}} |Ship complement=204 prawira miwah prajurit }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= (1939) |Ship armament=*1 × Meriam laras dobel kaliber {{convert|15|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} *6 × Meriam laras singel kaliber {{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} *2 × Senapan mesin laras kuadrupel kaliber {{convert|0.5|in|mm|abbr=on|1}} |Ship notes= }} |} '''HMS ''Terror''''' inggih punika silih tunggil [[kapal monitor]] kelas Terror druen [[Angkatan Segara Britania Agung]] sané nyarengin Yuda Jagat. Kapal puniki kakaryanin olih [[Harland & Wolff]] ring [[Gavan]]. Kapal puniki sampun prasida matugas ring pinanggal 22 Juli 1916 ring sor komando Henry John Haynes. Kapal punika ngamolihang wasta/aran saking kapal bom {{HMS|Terror|1813|2}} kang kalahine ring Ékspédisi Franklin (1845-1848). Kapal puniki kabet ring pinanggal [[24 Pébruari]] [[1941]]. ==Karier== * [[Yuda Jagat I]] * Aab Interbellum * [[Yuda Jagat II]] ==Pustaka== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book |last1=Bechthold |first1=Michael |year=2017 |title=Flying to Victory: Raymond Collishaw and the Western Desert Campaign, 1940–1941 |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=9780806157863 }} *{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=David K. |year=2012 |orig-year=First published 1999 |title=The Grand Fleet; Warship Design and Development 1906–1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/grandfleetwarshi0000brow |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=9781848320857 }} *{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=David K. |year=2012 |orig-year=First published 2000 |title=Nelson to Vanguard; Warship Design and Development 1923–1945 |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=9781848321496 }} *{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=David |year=2013 |title=Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: Vol. II: November 1940 – December 1941 |location=Hoboken |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=9781136341205 }} *{{cite book |last1=Buxton |first1=Ian |title=Big gun Monitors: Design, Construction and Operations 1914–1945 |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Pen & Sword |date=2008 |orig-year=First published 1978 |edition=2nd Revised |isbn=978-1-84415-719-8 }} *{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=Bill |title=The Fatal Fortress: The Guns and Fortifications of Singapore 1819 – 1953 |publisher=Pen & Sword |date=2016 |isbn=9781473829619 }} *{{cite book |last1=Crossley |first1=Jim |title=Monitors of the Royal Navy: How the Fleet Brought the Great Guns to Bear |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Pen & Sword |year=2013 |isbn=9781783830046 }} *{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=Steve R. |title=Securing the Narrow Sea: The Dover Patrol 1914–1918 |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=9781848322516 }} *{{cite book |last1=Jacobs |first1=Peter |year=2016 |title=Fortress Island Malta: Defence & Re-supply During the Siege |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=9781473882560 }} *{{cite book |last1=Lake |first1=Deborah |title=The Zeebrugge and Ostend Raids 1918 |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Leo Cooper |year=2002 |isbn=0850528704 }} *{{cite book |last1=Latimer |first1=Jon |year=2013 |title=Operation Compass 1940: Wavell's Whirlwind Offensive |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781472805409}} *{{cite book |last1=Lind |first1=L. J. |last2=Payne |first2=A. |year=1976 |title=Scrap Iron Destroyers: The Story of HMA Ships ''Stuart'', ''Vampire'', ''Vendetta'', ''Voyager'' and ''Waterhen'' |location=[[Garden Island, New South Wales|Garden Island]] |publisher=The Naval Historical Society of Australia |isbn=0909153043}} *{{cite book |last1=Murfett |first1=Malcolm H. |last2=Miksic |first2=John |last3=Farell |first3=Brian |last4=Shun |first4=Chiang Ming |orig-year=First published 1999 |title=Between 2 Oceans: A Military History of Singapore from 1275 to 1971 |edition=2nd |location=Singapore |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Editions |date=2011 |isbn=9789814435451 }} *{{cite book |last1=Otter |first1=Ken |title=HMS ''Gloucester'': The Untold Story |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Pen & Sword |date=2001 |orig-year=First published 1999 |edition=2nd |isbn=9781526714022 }} *{{cite book |last1=Parker |first1=Linda |year=2013 |title=Ice, Steel and Fire: British Explorers in Peace and War, 1921–45 |location=Solihull |publisher=Helion & Company |isbn=978-1-909982-45-1 }} *{{cite book |year=1969 |orig-year=First published 1919 |editor1-last=Parkes |editor1-first=Oscar |editor2-last=Prendergast |editor2-first=Maurice |title=Jane's Fighting Ships 1919 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012202881 |location=New York |publisher=Arco Publishing Co |isbn=9780715347164 |oclc=1902851 |access-date=23 December 2019 }} *{{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=Major-General I.S.O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=Captain F.C. |last3=Molony |first3=Brigadier C.J.C. |last4=Toomer |first4=Air Vice-Marshal S.E. |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J.R.M. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume II: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally |publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing |date=15 August 2014 |orig-year=First published 1956 |isbn=9781782896227}} *{{cite book |last1=Prince |first1=Stephen |year=2012 |title=The Blocking of Zeebrugge: Operation Z-O 1918 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781849082594 }} *{{cite book |last1=Raugh |first1=Harold E. |year=2013 |title=Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=9780806189789 }} *{{cite book|title=British Warships of the Second World War |last1=Roberts |first1=John |publisher=Chatham Publishing |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=1-86176-131-7}} *{{cite book |last1=Spence |first1=Daniel Owen |title=Colonial Naval Culture and British Imperialism, 1922–67 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015 |isbn=9781526102348 }} *{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter |year=2011 |title= The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka: A Complete History |location=London, UK |publisher=Crecy Publishing |isbn=978-0-85979-156-4}} *{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Michael J. H. |title=Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi0000unse_s9y0 |publisher=Studio |year=1990 |isbn=1-85170-378-0}} *{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David A. |year=1999 |title=Malta Convoys 1940-42: The Struggle at Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/maltaconvoys00unse |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Leo Cooper |isbn=0850526639 }} *{{cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Phillip |year=2008 |orig-year=First published 1978 |title=The Zeebrugge Raid |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |isbn=978-1-84415-677-1 }} *{{cite book |last1=Wynn |first1=Kenneth G. |year=2015 |title=Men of the Battle of Britain: a Biographical Dictionary of the Few |location=Havertown |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |isbn=9781473847682 }} {{refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|HMS Terror (ship, 1916)|{{PAGENAME}}}} *[http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5460.html Uboat.net - HMS ''Terror''] {{Kapal monitor kelas Erebus}} [[Kategori:Kapal warsa 1916]] {{kapal-stub}} 3iidxd74z6t4wjjoomb7quyengm0pxg 0 22698 281031 243686 2026-08-27T19:28:53Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281031 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=file:USS Hornet (CV-8).jpg |Ship caption= }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country=Amérika Serikat |Ship flag={{USN flag|1942}} |Ship name= ''Hornet'' |Ship namesake=[[Tabuan|Hornet]] |Ship ordered=30 Maret 1939 |Ship awarded= |Ship builder=[[Newport News Shipbuilding Company]] |Ship original cost= |Ship yard number= |Ship way number= |Ship laid down=25 Séptémber 1939 |Ship launched=14 Désémber 1940 |Ship sponsor= Annie Reid Knox |Ship christened= |Ship completed= |Ship commissioned=20 Oktober 1941 |Ship recommissioned= |Ship decommissioned= |Ship in service= |Ship out of service= |Ship renamed= |Ship refit= |Ship sunk=13 Januari 1943 |Ship motto= |Ship nickname= "Fighting Lady", "Happy Hornet", miwah "Horny Maru" |Ship fate= Kaleb ring [[Yuda Kapuloan Santa Cruz]] |Ship badge= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship class=Kapal ina kelas Yorktown |Ship displacement=*{{convert|20000|LT|t|abbr=on}} (standar) *{{convert|25500|LT|t|abbr=on}} (ebek) |Ship length={{convert|824|ft|9|in|abbr=on}} (makejang) |Ship beam=*{{convert|83|ft|3|in|abbr=on}} (garis toya) *{{convert|114|ft|abbr=on}} (makejang) |Ship draft={{convert|28|ft|abbr=on}} (ebek) |Ship power=*9 × [[Paluab Babcock & Wilcox]] *{{convert|120000|shp|kW|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion=4 poros; 4 geared [[turbin steam]] |Ship speed=*{{convert|32.5|kn|lk=in}} (design) |Ship range={{cvt|12500|nmi|lk=in}} @ {{convert|15|kn}} |Ship complement=2.919 prawira miwah prajurit |Ship sensors= |Ship armament=*8 × Meriam dwi-guna laras singel kaliber [[5"/38 caliber gun|{{cvt|5|in|mm|0}}]] *4 × Sanjata anti-kapal terbang laras kuadrupel kaliber {{cvt|1.1|in|mm}} *24 × [[Sanjata mesin M2 Browning|Sanjata mesin laras singel kaliber {{cvt|.50|in|mm|1}}]] |Ship armor=*Sabuk: {{cvt|2.5|-|4|in|mm|0}} *Dek: {{cvt|4|in|mm|0}} |Ship aircraft=72 × kapal terbang |Ship aircraft facilities=*3 × elevator kapal terbang *3 × ketapel kapal terbang |Ship notes= }} |} '''USS ''Hornet'' (CV-8)''' inggih punika silih tunggil [[kapal ina]] kelas Yorktown druen [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]] sané nyarengin [[Yuda Jagat II]]. Kapal puniki kakaryanin ring [[Virginia]]. Kapal puniki sampun prasida matugas ring sor komando kaptén [[Marc Mitscher]]. Kapal puniki kaleb ring pinanggal 27 Oktober 1942. ==Karier== * [[Rancaban Doolittle]], April 1942 * [[Yuda Midway]], Juni 1942 * Kampanye Kapuloan Solomon, Agustus–Oktober, 1942 * [[Yuda Kapuloan Santa Cruz]] Oktober 1942 == Pangargan == {| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |colspan=3|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}} |- |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}} |{{ribbon devices|number=4|type=service-star|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign ribbon.svg|width=103}} |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}} |} == Pustaka == * {{cite book | last=Campbell |first=Douglas E., PhD |title=Volume I: U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard Aircraft Lost During World War II – Listed by Ship Attached |url={{google books|vFtIAwAAQBAJ|pages=91–92|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=Lulu.com | date=2011 | isbn=1-257-82232-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Norman |date=1983 |title=U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History |url={{google books|-UT7MDTeKj8C|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=978-0-8702-1739-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hammel |first=Eric M. |date=2005 |title=Carrier Strike: The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, October 1942 |url=https://archive.org/details/carrierstrikebat0000hamm |publisher=Zenith Imprint |page=[https://archive.org/details/carrierstrikebat0000hamm/page/380 380] |isbn=0-7603-2128-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Mitscher|first=M.A.|author-link=Marc Mitscher|date=13 June 1942|title=Battle of Midway: USS ''Hornet'' Action Report|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/archives/digitized-collections/action-reports/wwii-battle-of-midway/uss-hornet-action-report.html|journal=|volume=|pages=|access-date=13 Feb 2019|ref={{sfnRef|Mitscher|13 June 1942}}|via=|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203230119/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/archives/digitized-collections/action-reports/wwii-battle-of-midway/uss-hornet-action-report.html|url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal |work=Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual, NAVPERS 15,790 |date=1953 |title=Part II. Unit Awards |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/Awards/Awards-II |ref={{sfnRef|Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual - Part II|1953}} }} * {{cite journal |work=Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual, NAVPERS 15,790 |date=1953 |title=Part III. List of Authorized Operations and Engagements, Asiatic-Pacific Area |ref={{sfnRef|Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual - Part III|1953}} }} * {{cite journal |work=Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual, NAVPERS 15,790 |date=1953 |title=Part IV. Campaign and Service Medals |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/Awards/Awards-IV |ref={{sfnRef|Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual - Part IV|1953}} }} * {{cite web |last=Peña |first=Fabio |date=5 October 2008 |title=USS ''Hornet'' (CV-8): Commanding Officers |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/02/08co.htm |website=NavSource Online: Aircraft Carrier Photo Archive |ref={{sfnRef|Navsource.org Commanding Officers}} |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514062410/http://navsource.org/archives/02/08co.htm |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Rose |first=Lisle A. |year=1995 |title=The Ship That Held the Line: The U.S.S. Hornet and the First Year of the Pacific War |url={{google books|hsYYunsH-0sC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=1-55750-008-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |last=Yarnall |first=Paul |title=USS ''Hornet'' (CV-8) |date=15 March 2015 |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/02/08.htm |website=NavSource Online: Aircraft Carrier Photo Archive |ref={{sfnRef|Navsource.org}} |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223160524/http://www.navsource.org/archives/02/08.htm |url-status=dead }} * {{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/h/hornet-vii.html}} == Pranala jaba == {{Commons and category|USS Hornet (CV-8)|USS Hornet (CV-8)}} * {{cite web|author=Michael Pocock |url=http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/aircraft_carriers/uss_hornet_cv8_page_1.htm |title=Maritimequest USS ''Hornet'' CV-8 Photo Gallery |publisher=Maritimequest.com |access-date=18 April 2012}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.microworks.net/pacific/battles/santa_cruz.htm |title=More detail on last hours of ''Hornet'' |publisher=Microworks.net |access-date=18 April 2012}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.wwiiarchives.net/servlet/action/documents/usa/126/0 |title=WWII Archives ''Hornet'' (CV-8) original Ship Action Reports Scanned in from the National Archives |publisher=WWIIarchives.net |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308121122/http://www.wwiiarchives.net/servlet/action/documents/usa/126/0 |archive-date=8 March 2013 }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.wwiiarchives.net/servlet/action/documents/usa/127/0 |title=WWII Archives U.S.S. ''Hornet'' (CV-8) original 32 Page War Damage Report Scanned in from the National Archives |publisher=Wwiiarchives.net |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308122618/http://www.wwiiarchives.net/servlet/action/documents/usa/127/0 |archive-date=8 March 2013 }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/02/08.htm |title=NavSource Aircraft Carrier Photo Index for ''Hornet'' (CV-8), with Awards, Medals, and Ribbons Listing |publisher=Navsource.org |access-date=18 April 2012 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223160524/http://www.navsource.org/archives/02/08.htm |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web|url=http://www.researcheratlarge.com/Ships/CV8/MidwayF4FDamageReport.html |title=USS ''Hornet'' Damage Report during the Battle of Midway |publisher=Researcheratlarge.com |access-date=18 April 2012}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.cv6.org/decoration/tf16cite/tf16cite.htm |title=Decorations – Task Force 16 Citation |publisher=Cv6.org |access-date=18 April 2012 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401132830/http://www.cv6.org/decoration/tf16cite/tf16cite.htm |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5510.html |title=Commanders of the USS ''Hornet'' (CV-8) |publisher=Uboat.net |access-date=18 April 2012}} {{kapal ina kelas Yorktown}} {{Coord|8|38|23|S|166|42|34|E|display=title}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kapal warsa 1940]] {{kapal-stub}} 6sgor2z9w7j7r3t2ryot058z3hazw95 0 22811 281231 241765 2026-08-27T22:15:59Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{other ships|USS Enterprise}} {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=file:USS Enterprise (CV-6) in Puget Sound, September 1945.jpg |Ship caption=USS ''Enterprise'' ketika berlayar pada warsa 1945 }} {{Infobox ship career |Ship name=USS ''Enterprise'' |Ship country=[[Amérika Serikat]] |Ship flag={{USN flag|1947}} |Ship builder=[[Northrop Grumman Newport News|Newport News Shipbuilding]] |Ship ordered=1933 |Ship laid down=16 Juli 1934 |Ship launched=3 Oktober 1936 |Ship commissioned=12 Méi 1938 |Ship decommissioned=17 Pébruari 1947 |Ship fate=Kabét warsa 1958–1960 |Ship identification=[[Nomor lambung]]: CV-6 |Ship struck= |Ship motto= |Ship nickname=* ''The Big E'' * '' Lucky E'' * ''The Grey Ghost'' * ''The Galloping Ghost'' |Ship honors=[[Berkas:Bronze-service-star-3d-vector.svg|18px]] 20 [[bintang yuda]] |Ship badge=[[File:Insignia of USS Enterprise (CV-6) 1938.png|150px]] }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Header caption= |Ship class={{sclass|Yorktown|kapal ina}} |Ship displacement= *Ugas nadi: **19.800 ton (standar) **25.500 ton (ebek) *Uling Oktober 1943: **21.000 ton (standar) **32.060 ton (ebek) |Ship length= *Ugas nadi: **{{convert|770|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} (garis air) **{{convert|824|ft|9|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (makejang) *Uling Juli 1942: **{{convert|827|ft|5|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (makejang) |Ship beam=*Ugas nadi: **{{convert|83|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}} **{{convert|109|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (makejang) *Uling Oktober 1942: **{{convert|114|ft|5|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (makejang) *Uling Oktober 1943: **{{convert|95|ft|5|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (garis air) |Ship draft= {{convert|25|ft|11.5|in|m|1|abbr=on}} |Ship power={{convert|120000|shp|abbr=on|0|lk=in}} |Ship propulsion=* 4 × baling *4 × Turbin uab gir Parsons *9 × [[Paluab Babcock & Wilcox]] |Ship speed={{convert|32,5|kn|lk=in}} |Ship range={{convert|12500|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} @ {{convert|15|kn}} |Ship complement=2.217 prawira miwah prajurit (1941) |Ship sensors=[[CXAM RADAR|CXAM-1 RADAR]] <!-- |Ship armament= Ugas nadi: *8 × single [[5"/38 caliber gun|5 in/38 cal]] gun *4 × quad [[1.1"/75 caliber gun|1.1 in/75 cal]] gun *24 × [[.50 caliber machine gun]] *Uling April 1942: *8 × 5 in/38 cal *4 × quad 1.1 in/75 cal *30 × [[Meriam Oerlikon 20 mm]] *Uling Juni 1942 - September 1942: *8 × 5 in/38 cal *5 × quad 1.1 in/75 cal *32 × 20 mm Oerlikon *Uling September 1942: *8 × 5 in/38 cal *4 × quad [[Bofors 40 mm]] *1 × quad 1.1 in/75 cal *44 × 20 mm Oerlikon (46 sejak November 1942) *Uling Oktober 1943: *8 × 5 in/38 cal *40 × 40 mm Bofors (8×2, 6×4) *50 × 20 mm Oerlikon *Uling September 1945: *8 × 5 in/38 cal *54 × 40 mm Bofors (5×2, 11×4) *32 × 20 mm Oerlikons (16×2) |Ship armor=*Sabuk: 2.5–4 inchi *60 lb protective decks *4 in bulkheads *4 in side and 2 in top round conning tower *4 in side over steering gear --> |Ship aircraft=90 kapal terbang |Ship aircraft facilities=* 3 × elevator kapal terbang *2 × ketapel hidraulik kapal terbang ring dek *1 × ketapel hidraulik kapal terbang ring hangar }} |} '''USS ''Enterprise'' (CV-6)''' inggih punika silih tunggil [[kapal ina]] kelas Yorktown druen [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]] sané nyarengin [[Yuda Jagat II]]. Kapal puniki kakaryanin Newport News Shipbuilding ring [[Virginia]], miwah kasponsorin olih Lulie Swanson. Kapal puniki sampun prasida matugas ring sor komando kaptén [[Newton H. White, Jr.]]. Kapal puniki kabét uling warsa 1958–1960. ==Karier== * [[Rancaban ka Pearl Harbor]] * [[Rancaban Doolittle]] * [[Yuda Midway]] * [[Yuda Solomon Bedauh]] * [[Yuda Segara Guadalkanal]] * [[Yuda Kapuloan Rennell]] * [[Yuda Makin]] * [[Yuda Segara Filipina]] * [[Yuda Saipan]] * [[Yuda Celuk Leyte]] * [[Rancaban Segara Cina Kelod]] * [[Yuda Iwo Jima]] * [[Yuda Okinawa]] * [[Operasi Magic Carpet]] ==Pangargan== {| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |colspan="3"| {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=United States Navy Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg|width=106}} |- |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} |{{ribbon devices|number=20|type=service-star|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} |- |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Presidential Unit Citation (Philippines).svg|width=106}} |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Phliber rib.svg|width=106}} |} ==Pustaka== *{{cite journal |last1=Coté|first1=Larry|last2=Wright|first2=Christopher C.|title=Question 14/57: Concerning Reduction in Armament in ''Enterprise'' (CV-6) Following the End of World War II|journal=Warship International |date=December 2020 |volume=LVII |issue=4 |pages=274–280 |issn=0043-0374}} * {{cite DANFS |last= Evans |first=Mark L. |date=26 April 2017 |ref={{sfnref|DANFS CV-6|2017}} |title= Enterprise VII (CV-6) |url= https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/e/enterprise-cv-6-vii.html |access-date= 15 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201107070718/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/e/enterprise-cv-6-vii.html |archive-date= 7 November 2020 |url-status= live}} * {{Cite book |last= Lundstrom |first= John B. |title= The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign: Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942 |url= https://archive.org/details/firstteamguadalc0000lund |publisher= Naval Institute Press |year= 1994 |isbn=978-1-59114-472-4 |edition= 2005 |location= Annapolis, Maryland}} * {{cite web |last= Shepherd |first= Joel |date= 2003 |title= USS Enterprise CV-6: The Most Decorated Ship of the Second World War |website= CV6.org |url= http://www.cv6.org/ |access-date= 15 November 2020 |archive-date= 25 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210125225514/http://www.cv6.org/ |url-status= dead }} * {{Cite book |last= Stafford |first= Edward P. |date= 2002 |title= The Big E: The Story of the USS Enterprise |url= https://archive.org/details/bigestoryofussen00unse |publisher= Naval Institute Press |location= Annapolis, Maryland |orig-year= First published 1962 |isbn=9781557509987 |oclc= 48493709}} * {{Cite book |last= Tillman |first= Barrett |title= Enterprise: America's Fightingest Ship and the Men Who Helped Win World War II |url= https://archive.org/details/enterpriseameric00till |publisher= Simon & Schuster |year= 2012 |isbn= 978-1-4391-9087-6 |location= New York}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commonscat-inline|USS Enterprise (CV-6)|USS Enterprise}} *[http://www.navsource.org/archives/02/06.htm USS ''Enterprise'' (CV-6)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195325/http://www.navsource.org/archives/02/06.htm |date=2020-11-11 }} (NavSource.org) {{kapal ina kelas Yorktown}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kapal warsa 1936]] {{kapal-stub}} 651perj6kod32lix7pv6ywbt594i9jq 0 22829 281064 256798 2026-08-27T19:59:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club |clubname = Liverpool F.C. |image = |fullname = Liverpool Football Club |nickname = The Reds |founded = {{start date and age|1892|6|3|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/history/timeline/1892-1917/liverpool-football-club-is-formed |title=Liverpool Football Club is formed |publisher=Liverpool F.C |accessdate=15 March 2013 |quote=Liverpool F.C. was formed on 15 March 1892. It was at John Houlding's house in Anfield Road that he and his closest friends left from Everton FC, formed a new club.}}</ref> |ground = [[Anfield]] |capacity = 53.394<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pulse-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/premierleague/document/2018/07/30/8944eb84-6450-4f80-8f46-64c6e2e1b929/PL_Handbook-2018-19.pdf |format=PDF |title=Premier League Handbook 2018–19|publisher=Premier League |accessdate=30 Juli 2018|language=en}}</ref> |owner = Fenway Sports Group |chairman = Tom Werner |manager = [[Arne Slot]] |league = [[Liga Utama Inggris]] | season = [[Liga Utama Inggris 2025–2026|2025–26]] | position = [[Liga Utama Inggris]], 1st of 20 |current = Liga Utama Inggris 2025–2026 |website = http://www.liverpoolfc.com/ | pattern_b1 = _liverpool2526h | pattern_ra1 = _liverpool2526h | pattern_sh1 = _liverpool2526h | pattern_so1 = _liverpool2526hl | leftarm1 = E00000 | body1 = E00000 | rightarm1 = E00000 | shorts1 = E00000 | socks1 = E00000 | pattern_la2 = _liverpool2526a | pattern_b2 = _liverpool2526a | pattern_ra2 = _liverpool2526a | pattern_sh2 = _liverpool2526a | pattern_so2 = _liverpool2526al | leftarm2 = 141414 | body2 = 141414 | rightarm2 = 141414 | shorts2 = 141414 | socks2 = 141414 | pattern_la3 = _liverpool2526t | pattern_b3 = _liverpool2526t | pattern_ra3 = _liverpool2526t | pattern_sh3 = _liverpool2526t | pattern_so3 = _liverpool2526tl | leftarm3 = ffffff | body3 = ffffff | rightarm3 = ffffff | shorts3 = 000000 | socks3 = ffffff }} '''Liverpool Football Club''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|v|ər|p|uː|l}} (ketah '''''Liverpool''''' utawi '''''The Reds''''') silih tunggil klub [[sépakbola]] asal [[Inggris]] sané mabasis ring [[Liverpool|Kota Liverpool]]. Sané mangkin Liverpool dados pamilet [[Liga Utama Inggris|Liga Utama Inggris]]. Liverpool taler pinaka jayanti [[Liga Utama Inggris|Liga Utama Inggris]] musim 2024–2025. Liverpool kaadegang warsa [[1892]] miwah nyarengin [[The Football League|Football League]] ring awarsa salanturné. Klub puniki sampun main ring [[Anfield|Stadion Anfield]] saking pangadegan nyané sané magenah ring 4,8&nbsp;km saking pusat kota [[Liverpool|Liverpool]]. == Cutetan == {{reflist|group="ket"}} == Pustaka == {{reflist|2}} == Bibliograpi == * {{cite book|last=Cox|first=Richard|coauthors=Dave Russell, Wray Vamplew|title=Encyclopedia of British football|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-7146-5249-0 }} * {{cite book|last=Crilly|first=Peter|title=Tops of the Kops: The Complete Guide to Liverpool's Kits|publisher=Trinity Mirror Sport Media|year=2007|isbn=978-1-905266-22-7 }} * {{cite book|last=Graham|first=Matthew|title=Liverpool|publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd|year=1985|isbn=0-600-50254-6}} * {{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Stephen F.|title=The Boot Room Boys: Inside the Anfield Boot Room|url=https://archive.org/details/bootroomboysinsi0000kell|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1999|isbn=0-00-218907-0}} * {{cite book|first=Stephen F.|last=Kelly|title=You'll Never Walk Alone|url=https://archive.org/details/youllneverwalkal0000step|publisher=Queen Anne Press|year=1988|isbn=0-356-19594-5 }} * {{cite book|author=Liversedge, Stan|title=Liverpool:The Official Centenary History|url=https://archive.org/details/liverpoolofficia0000live|publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd|year=1991|isbn=0-600-57308-7}} * {{cite book|first=Brian|last=Pead|title=Liverpool A Complete Record|url=https://archive.org/details/liverpoolcomplet0000pead|publisher=Breedon Books|year=1986|isbn=0-907969-15-1 }} == Pranala jaba == {{sisterlinks|n=Category:Liverpool F.C.|wikt=no|v=no|b=no|s=no}} * {{twitter|LFC}} * {{official website|http://www.liverpoolfc.com}} * {{en}} [http://www.skysports.com/football/teams/liverpool Entri] ring situs SkySports.com * {{en}} [http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/clubs/profile.overview.html/liverpool Entri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702085032/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/clubs/profile.overview.html/liverpool |date=2016-07-02 }} pada situs web resmi [[Liga Utama Inggris]]. * {{en}} [http://www.liverpool-clip.blogspot.com/ liverpool clip video website ] * {{id}} [http://forum.big-reds.org/ Situs resmi Suporters Liverpool Indonésia ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505212613/http://forum.big-reds.org./ |date=2021-05-05 }} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Liverpool F.C.| ]] [[Kategori:Klub sépakbola Inggris]] s2gdbudprbgbcd5p24q5tj02dbknqw2 0 22907 281098 118045 2026-08-27T20:22:23Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Januari 2022}} {{Infobox musical artist|name=The Carpenters|background=group_or_band|image=Carpenters - Nixon - Office.png|landscape=yes|caption=The Carpenters sasih 1972.|alias=<!--Carpenters-->|origin=[[Downey]], [[California]], [[Amérika Serikat]]|genre={{flatlist| * [[Pop musik|Pop]] * [[Soft rock]]{{sfn|Talevski|2006|p=70}}{{sfn|Simpson|2011|p=61}} * [[easy listening]] }}|years_active=1968–1983|label=[[A&M Records]]|associated_acts=[[The Richard Carpenter Trio]], [[Spectrum]]|current_members=|website={{URL|carpentersofficial.com}}|past_members=[[Richard Carpenter]]<br />[[Karen Carpenter]]}}'''The Carpenters''' inggih punika sekaa gegendingan saking [[Amérika Serikat]]. Sané rumasuk juru gending punika inggihnyané [[Richard Carpenter]] miwah [[Karen Carpenter]]. Sekaa punika kamedalang duk tanggal 1968. == Diskografi == {{Utama|The Carpenters diskografi}} * ''[[Ticket to Ride]]'' (1969) * ''[[Close to You]]'' (1970) * ''[[Carpenters (album)|Carpenters]]'' (1971) * ''[[A Song for You]]'' (1972) * ''[[Now & Then]]'' (1973) * ''[[Horizon]]'' (1975) * ''[[A Kind of Hush]]'' (1976) * ''[[Passage]]'' (1977) * ''[[Christmas Portrait]]'' (1978) * ''[[Madé in America]]'' (1981) * ''[[Voice of the Heart]]'' (1983) * ''[[An Old-Fashioned Christmas]]'' (1984) * ''[[Lovelines]]'' (1989) * ''[[As Time Goes By]]'' (2004) == Publikasi == * {{cite book|last=Coleman|first=Ray|url=https://archive.org/details/carpentersuntold00cole|title=The Carpenters: The Untold Story|publisher=Harpercollins|year=1994|isbn=978-0-06-018345-5}} * {{cite book|last=Costin|first=Carolyn|url=https://archive.org/details/eatingdisorderso00cost|title=The Eating Disorder Sourcebook|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|year=2007|isbn=978-0-0718-1999-2|url-access=registration}} * {{cite web|url=http://ccrma.stanford.edu/CCRMA/Courses/192d:1997/rc_arranging.htm|title=Arranging Master Class: Richard Carpenter|last=Levitin|first=Daniel|year=1995|work=Electronic Musician|access-date=October 7, 2017}} * {{cite journal|last=Lott|first=Eric|year=2008|title=Perfect is Dead: Karen Carpenter, Theodor Adorno, and the Radio; or, If Hooks Could Kill|publisher=Criticism|volume=50|issue=2|via=[[Project MUSE]]}} * {{cite book|last=Petrucelli|first=Alan W.|title=Morbid Curiosity: The Disturbing Demises of the Famous and Infamous|url=https://archive.org/details/morbidcuriosityd0000petr|publisher=Penguin|year=2009|isbn=978-1-1011-4049-9}} * {{cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Randy|url=https://archive.org/details/littlegirlblueli00schm|title=Little Girl Blue: The Life Of Karen Carpenter|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1-556-52976-4|ref={{harv|Schmidt|2010}}}} * {{cite book|title=Yesterday Once More: The Carpenters Reader|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-613-74417-8|editor-last=Schmidt|editor-first=Randy|pages=47–49|ref={{harv|Schmidt|2012}}|orig-year=2002}} * {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Kim|title=Early 70s Radio: The American Format Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/early70sradioame0000simp|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2011|isbn=978-1-44112-9-680}} * {{cite book|last=Stanton|first=Scott|url=https://archive.org/details/tombstonetourist00stan_0|title=The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2003|isbn=978-0-743-46330-0}} * {{cite book|last=Talevski|first=Nick|title=Rock Obituaries – Knocking On Heaven's Door|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-8460-9091-2}} * {{cite book|last=Terrace|first=Vincent|title=Television Specials: 5,336 Entertainment Programs, 1936–2012|url=https://archive.org/details/televisionspecia0000terr_h3f6|publisher=McFarland|year=2013|isbn=978-1-476-61240-9|edition=2nd}} * {{cite book|last=Tobler|first=John|title=The Complete Guide to the Music of the Carpenters|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-711-96312-2|author-link=John Tobler}} * {{cite book|last=Zerbe|first=Kathryn J.|url=https://archive.org/details/bodybetrayed00mdka|title=The Body Betrayed: A Deeper Understanding of Women, Eating Disorders, and Treatment|publisher=Gürze Books, LLC.|year=1995|isbn=0-936077-23-9}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Musik]] q425mj92ijanajsfatqqx2qm5i3ils8 0 24181 281252 150811 2026-08-27T22:26:36Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Warna''' utawi '''''Varṇa''''' ({{lang-sa|वर्ण|varṇa}}), ring paindikan [[agama Hindu]],<ref name="Doniger 1999 186"/> nganggit ring idéologi [[Babad Agama Wéda#Brahmanisme|brahmana]] saking tingkatan ring [[kelas krama|kelas]] parakrama.<ref>{{Cite q|Q108732338|url=https://www.hindutvaharassmentfieldmanual.org/glossary#varna|chapter=Glossary|access-date=2021-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Q|Q55879169|title=varṇa (‘ class’, lit. ‘ colour’)|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-2620|last=Johnson|first=W. J.|isbn=9780198610250}}{{ODNBsub}}</ref> Idéologi kanikayang ring susastra sekadi ''[[Manusmriti]]'',<ref name="Doniger 1999 186"/><ref name="Monier-Williams 2005 924"/><ref name="Malik 2005 p.48"/> sané ngakepah paindikan parakrama manados papat warna utawi kasengguh caturwarna luiré:<ref name="Doniger 1999 186">{{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration | publisher=Merriam-Webster |location=Springfield, MA, USA |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/186 186]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ingold |first=Tim |title=Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology |url=https://archive.org/details/companionencyclo0000unse_a7b9 |publisher=Routledge |location=London New York |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-28604-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/companionencyclo0000unse_a7b9/page/1026 1026]}}</ref> *'''''Warṇa''''' [[Brahmana]] : pandita, guru, miwah ilmuwan *'''''Warṇa''''' [[Kesatria]] : pameréntah, balayuda miwah pegawai pameréntah. *'''''Warṇa''''' [[Waisya]] : petani, bandéga miwah pedagang.<ref name="Kumar2002">{{cite book |first=Arun |last=Kumar |title=Encyclopaedia of Teaching of Agriculture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhWZNMlzHewC&pg=PA411 |year=2002 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-1316-3 |page=411 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *'''''Warṇa''''' [[Shudras]] : seka parakrama sané ngayahin krama liyanan minakadi pelayan miwah buruh. Sekaa sané rumasuk ring silih tunggil saking papat warna utawi kelas punika kaparabin ''[[Sawarna (Hindu)|sawarna]]''. Dané sané nénten rumasuk ring papat warna punika kaparabin ''[[awarna]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Hindu Sociology|page=92|publisher=Surabhi Publications|year=2011|author=DR Jatava}}</ref><ref>Yājñika, Acyuta and Sheth, Suchitra (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&pg=PA260 ''The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond''], p. 260. Penguin Books India</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Agama Hindu]] jiht9cfmhnw5aepwupq6avhzhvjnwuh 0 24694 281042 239675 2026-08-27T19:35:43Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Komodo | fossil_range = <br />[[Pliosén]]–[[Holosén]],<ref name="aust"/> {{fossilrange|3.8|0}} | image = Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) 4.jpg | image_caption = [[Taman Nasional Komodo]], [[Indonésia]] | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Jessop, T. |author2=Ariefiandy, A. |author3=Azmi, M. |author4=Ciofi, C. |author5=Imansyah, J. |author6=Purwandana, D. |date=2021 |title=''Varanus komodoensis'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T22884A123633058 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T22884A123633058.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Varanus | parent = Varanus (Varanus) | species = komodoensis | authority = [[Peter Ouwens|Ouwens]], 1912<ref name="Ouwens1912">{{cite journal |last=Ouwens |first=P. A. |author-link=Peter Ouwens |year=1912 |title=On a large ''Varanus'' species from the island of Komodo |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Botanique de Buitenzorg. |volume=6 |pages=1–3 |series=2 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3873564#page/323/mode/1up |access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> | range_map = Komodo_dragon_distribution.gif | range_map_caption = Komodo dragon distribution }} '''Komodo''' utawi '''Alu Komodo''' (''Varanus komodoensis'') silih tunggil anggota kaluwarga [[alu]] [[Varanidae]] sané [[éndemik]] ring nusa [[Nusa Komodo|Komodo]], [[Nusa Rinca|Rinca]], [[Nusa Florés|Florés]], miwah [[Gili Motang]] [[Indonésia]]. Punika dados spésiés pinih ageng saking [[kadal]], tumbuh ngantos lantang maksimum {{convert|3|m|ft|0}}, miwah baat nyané sawatara {{convert|70|kg|lb}}. Kran ageng nyané, komodo dados [[prédator muncuk]], miwah nganomidasi [[ékosistem]] genah dané. Komodo maboros miwah nyagrep mangsa rumasuk [[invertébrata]], [[paksi]], miwah [[mamalia]]. ==Cingak taler== * [[Alu]] * [[Museum Fauna Komodo miwah Taman Réptil]] * [[Alu Papua]] (''Varanus salvadorii''), alu sané kasengguh dados alu pinih lantang * [[Toxicofera]], [[klad]] hipotétis sané ngajangkepin samian reptil maupas, rumasuk komodo * ''[[Mégalania|Varanus priscus]]'' (sadurungné kauningin antuk ''Megalania prisca''), alu varanid ageng sané sampun punah saking aab [[Pléistosén]] Ostrali ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Wacénan lantur== * {{cite book |author=Attenborough, David |title=Zoo Quest for a Dragon|publisher=[[Lutterworth Press]]|location=London |year=1957 }} * {{cite book |author=Auffenberg, Walter |author-link=Walter Auffenberg|title=The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor |publisher=University Presses of Florida |location=Gainesville |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-8130-0621-5}} * {{cite book |author=Burden, W. Douglas |title=Dragon Lizards of Komodo: An Expedition to the Lost World of the Dutch East Indies |publisher=G.P. Putnum's Sons |year=1927 |location = New York, London}} * {{cite book |author1=Eberhard, Jo |author2=King, Dennis |author3=Green, Brian |author4=Knight, Frank |author5=Keith Newgrain |title=Monitors: The Biology of Varanid Lizards |url=https://archive.org/details/monitorsbiologyo0000king |publisher=Krieger Publishing Company |location=Malabar, Fla |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-57524-112-8}} * {{cite book |author1=Lutz, Richard L |author2=Lutz, Judy Marie |title=Komodo: The Living Dragon |publisher=DiMI Press |location=Salem, Or |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-931625-27-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/komodolivingdrag00lutz_0 }} == Pranala jaba == * {{Commons and category-inline|Varanus komodoensis|Varanus komodoensis}} * {{Wikispecies inline|Varanus komodoensis|''Varanus komodoensis''}} {{Varanoidea}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q4504}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional Komodo]] g7klbs0x2d9igrww0tkuihavdpc3am8 0 24719 281256 132222 2026-08-27T22:29:26Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Z46''''' inggih punika kapal parusak tipe 1936C druén [[Kriegsmarine|Angkatan Segara Jerman Nazi]]. Nanging krana Jerman kalah, kapal puniki pangklanga. <!-- ==Spesifkasi== Berat benaman: 2636 ton (2594 ton panjang) (standar) 3071 ton (3022 ton panjang) (rancangan) 3683 ton (3625 ton panjang) (muat penuh) Panjang: 121,5 meter (399 ft) (garis air) 126,2 meter (414 ft) (keseluruhan) Lebar: 12,2 meter (40 ft)[2] Sarat air: 3,62 meter (11,9 ft) (standar) 3,88 meter (12,7 ft) (rancangan) 4,45 meter (14,6 ft) (muat penuh) Kedalaman: 6,65 meter (21,8 ft)[2] Tenaga: 70000 tenaga kuda poros (52000 kW)[2] Pendorong: 2 × Poros baling 2 × Turbin uap 6 × Pendidih uap Wagner Kecepatan: 37,5 knot (69,5 km/h; 43,2 mph) (maksimal) 19 knot (35 km/h; 22 mph) (jelajah) Jangkauan: 2500 mil laut (4600 km; 2900 mi) pada 19 knot (35 km/h; 22 mph)[1] Awak kapal: 320 orang[3] Sanjata: * 3 × Meriam tembak cepat 12,8 sentimeter (5,0 in) laras ganda * 3 × Meriam anti-pesawat 3,7 sentimeter (1,5 in) laras ganda * 8–14 × Senapan anti-pesawat 2 sentimeter (0,8 in) * 2 × 4 Tabung torpedo 53,3 sentimeter (21,0 in) * 60 × Ranjau laut * 4 × Peluncur peledak kedalaman --> ==Pustaka== *{{cite book |last=Gröner|first=Erich |title=German Warships: 1815–1945, Major Surface Warships |year=1990 |location=Annapolis|volume=I |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-0-87021-790-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Koop |first1=Gerhard |last2=Schmolke |first2=Klaus-Peter |title=German Destroyers of World War II |year=2003 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis|isbn=978-1-59114-307-9 |lastauthoramp=y |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Whitley|first=M. J. |title=German Destroyers of World War Two |url=https://archive.org/details/germandestroyers0000whit|publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis|year=1991 |isbn=978-1-55750-302-2|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last1=Gardiner|first1=Robert|last2=Chesneau|first2=Roger|title=Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|year=1980|url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds1922unse|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=0-85177-146-7|ref=Gardiner and Chesneau}} *{{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H.T.|title=German Warships of the Second World War|year=1975|publisher=Macdonald and Jane's|location=London|isbn=0356046613|ref=Lenton}} {{kapal-stub}} efn15mkife39kodrmw7kmoldrvvcnv8 0 24789 281207 118084 2026-08-27T22:01:00Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilangan Romawi''' utawi '''Angka Romawi''' inggih punika [[sistem wilangan]] sané maasal saking [[Romawi kuna]] miwah tetep dados cara panyuratan wilangan ring sajebag [[Éropa]] ngantos [[Aab Patengahan Ungkur]]. Wilangan ring sistem puniki kawakilin olih kombinasi aksara saking [[aksara Latin]]. Gaya modérn nganggén pitu simbol, soang-soang antuk aji integer tetep:<ref name="gordon">{{cite book | title = Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy | url = https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000arth | last = Gordon | first = Arthur E. | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1982 | isbn = 0-520-05079-7 | location = Berkeley | quote = Alphabetic symbols for larger numbers, such as Q for 500,000, have also been used to various degrees of standardization. }}</ref> {| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="margin-left: 3em" |- ! Simbol | {{rn|[[I]]}} | {{rn|[[V]]}} | {{rn|[[X]]}} | {{rn|[[L]]}} | {{rn|[[C]]}} | {{rn|[[D]]}} | {{rn|[[M]]}} |- ! Aji | 1 | 5 | 10 | 50 | 100 | 500 | 1000 |} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sistem wilangan]] n0t9igyno7qml6f8idtshhcbo1ebneq 0 24907 281238 227561 2026-08-27T22:20:15Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281238 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Toy Story''''' silih tunggil [[pilem bebanyolan]] [[animasi komputer]] Amérika warsa 1995 karipta olih [[Studio Animasi Pixar]] miwah kawedar olih [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. Séri kapertama ring [[Toy Story (waralaba)|waralaba '' Toy Story'']], manados pilem animasi komputer kapertama, taler dados pilem kapertama saking Pixar. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpi == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter|author-link=Walter Isaacson |title=[[Steve Jobs (book)|Steve Jobs]] |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4516-4853-9}} * {{cite book |last=Kanfer |first=Stefan |title=Serious Business: The Art and Commerce of Animation in America from Betty Boop to Toy Story |location=New York |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2000 |orig-year=1997 |isbn=978-0-306-80918-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/seriousbusinessa00kanf}} * {{cite book |last=Paik |first=Karen |title=To Infinity and Beyond!: The Story of Pixar Animation Studios |url=https://archive.org/details/toinfinitybeyond0000paik |publisher=Chronicle Books |location=San Francisco |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8118-5012-4}} * {{cite book |last=Price |first=David |year=2008 |title=The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-307-26575-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307265753}} {{Refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Sister project links|display=''Toy Story''|d=Q171048|c=category:Toy Story|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://toystory.disney.com/toy-story Official Disney website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806155301/https://toystory.disney.com/toy-story |date=2020-08-06 }} * [https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/toy-story#toy-story-1 Official Pixar website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905025718/https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/toy-story/#toy-story-1 |date=2018-09-05 }} * [https://archive.org/details/toy-story-1995 Toy Story on Archive] * {{IMDb title|0114709|Toy Story}} * {{tcmdb title|93744|Toy Story}} * {{bcdb title|7257|Toy Story}} * {{Amg movie|132294|Toy Story}} * {{DisneyAtoZ|title=''Toy Story''}} {{Film animasi Disney}} {{Pixar Animation Studios}} [[Kategori:Film mabasa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Film animasi Disney]] [[Kategori:Film Amérika Serikat warsa 1995]] [[Kategori:Film Amérika Serikat]] [[Kategori:Film animasi warsa 1995]] cf4xk45oxp1pyswdcu28v8a2hzmb2tv 0 24948 281275 270810 2026-08-27T22:40:05Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writing system |name = Aksara latin |type = Alphabét |languages = [[basa Latin|Latin]], [[Rumpun basa Roman]], [[Rumpun basa Germanik]], dan lain-lain. |time = kirang langkung saking 700 SM nganti mangkin |fam1 = [[Hieroglif Mesir]] |fam2 = [[Abjad Proto-Sinai]] |fam3 = [[Abjad Fenisia]] |fam4 = [[Aksara Yunani]] |fam5 = [[Aksara Etruska]] |sisters = [[Aksara Kiril]]<br />[[Aksara Koptik]]<br />[[Aksara Armenia]]<br />[[Aksara Rune|Aksara Rune/Futhark]] |children = Akéh: cingak [[Aksara sané maasal saking aksara Latin]] |sample = Modern basic Latin alphabet sample.svg |sample_desc = Contoh pasang aksara ring aksara Latin Modérn. |unicode = Cingak [[aksara Latin ring Unicode]] |iso15924 = Latn |IPAChartEng= 1 }} '''Aksara Latin''' utawi '''Aksara Romawi''' silih tunggil [[aksara]] soroh [[alphabét]] sané kapartama kaanggén jadma [[Romawi Kuna|Romawi]] antuk nyurat [[basa Latin]] sawatara saking abad ka-7 [[Sadurung Maséhi]]. {| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center" |+ Aksara Latin Klasik |- ! style="text-align:left" | Aksara ! style="width:5em"| [[A]] ! style="width:5em"| [[B]] ! style="width:5em"| [[C]] ! style="width:5em"| [[D]] ! style="width:5em"| [[E]] ! style="width:5em"| [[F]] ! style="width:5em"| [[G]] ! style="width:5em"| [[H]] |- ! style="text-align:left" | Aran Latin | ā || bē || cē || dē || ē || ef || gē || hā |- class="IPA" ! style="text-align:left" | Pawacénan Latin ([[Bantuan:Pengucapan|AFI]]) | /aː/ || /beː/ || /keː/ || /deː/ || /eː/ || /ɛf/ || /ɡeː/ || /haː/ |- | colspan="8" style="font-size:3px; line-height:1px;;"| &nbsp; |- ! style="text-align:left" | Aksara ! [[I]] !! [[K]] !! [[L]] !! [[M]] !! [[N]] !! [[O]] !! [[P]] !! [[Q]] |- ! style="text-align:left" | Aran Latin | ī || kā || el || em || en || ō || pē || qū |- class="IPA" ! style="text-align:left" | Pelafalan Latin ([[Bantuan:Pengucapan|AFI]]) | /iː/ || /kaː/ || /ɛl/ || /ɛm/ || /ɛn/ || /oː/ || /peː/ || /kuː/ |- | colspan="8" style="font-size:3px; line-height:1px;;"| &nbsp; |- ! style="text-align:left" | Aksara ! [[R]] !! [[S]] !! [[T]] !! [[V]] !! [[X]] !! [[Y]] !! [[Z]] !! rowspan="3"| &nbsp; |- ! style="text-align:left" | Aran Latin | er || es || tē || ū || ex || ī Graeca || zēta |- class="IPA" ! style="text-align:left" | Pawacénan Latin ([[Wantuan:Pengucapan|AFI]]) | /ɛr/ || /ɛs/ || /teː/ || /uː/ || /ɛks/ || /iː ˈɡrajka/ || /ˈzeːta/ |} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Lis Pustaka === * {{cite book|author=Jensen, Hans|year=1970|title=Sign Symbol and Script|url=https://archive.org/details/signsymbolscript0000jens_k2u5|location=London|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd|isbn=0-04-400021-9}}. Transl. of {{cite book|author=Jensen, Hans|title=Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart|url=https://archive.org/details/dieschriftinverg0000jens|publisher=[[Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften]]|year=1958}}, as revised by the author * {{cite book|author=[[Helmut Rix|Rix, Helmut]]|year=1993|chapter=La scrittura e la lingua|editor=[[Mauro Cristofani|Cristofani, Mauro]] (hrsg.)|title=Gli etruschi - Una nuova immagine|location=Firenze|publisher=Giunti|pages=S.199–227}} * {{cite book|author=Sampson, Geoffrey|year=1985|title=Writing systems|publisher=London (etc.): Hutchinson}} * {{cite book|author=Wachter, Rudolf|year=1987|title=Altlateinische Inschriften: sprachliche und epigraphische Untersuchungen zu den Dokumenten bis etwa 150 v.Chr. Bern (etc.)}}: Peter Lang. * {{cite book|chapter=The names of the letters of the Latin alphabet ''(Appendix C)''|author=W. Sidney Allen|title=Vox Latina — a guide to the pronunciation of classical Latin|url=https://archive.org/details/voxlatinaguideto0000alle_g6w2|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1978|isbn=0-521-22049-1 (Second edition)}} * {{cite book|author=Biktaş, Şamil|year=2003|title=Tuğan Tel}} {{Huruf Latin}} {{Soroh aksara|state=show|state3=show}} [[Kategori:Aksara Latin| ]] [[Kategori:Aksara Latin| ]] 8dmalk9tnbozf1vgwxk7x75vwn5n7b7 0 25074 281205 217759 2026-08-27T22:00:01Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Chelsea | image = Chelsea FC.svg | upright = 0.8 | fullname = Chelsea Football Club | nickname = The Blues<br> The Pensioners<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Chelsea's first cup final – a century ago |url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2015/04/chelsea_s-first-cup-final--a-century-ago.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826204919/http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2015/04/chelsea_s-first-cup-final--a-century-ago.html |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |publisher=Chelsea FC}}</ref><br> | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1905|3|10}}<ref name="teamhistory">{{Cite web |title=Team History – Introduction |url=http://www.chelseafc.com/page/TeamHistory/0,,10268,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527214035/http://www.chelseafc.com/page/TeamHistory/0%2C%2C10268%2C00.html |archive-date=27 May 2011 |access-date=11 May 2011 |website=chelseafc.com |publisher=Chelsea FC}}</ref> | ground = [[Stamford Bridge (Stadion)|Stamford Bridge]] | capacity = 40,834<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |access-date=12 April 2021 |page=12 }}</ref> | coordinates = {{Coord|51|28|54|N|0|11|28|W|type:landmark_region:GB_scale:2000|display=it}} | chairman = [[Bruce Buck]] | owner = [[Roman Abramovich]] | mgrtitle = Head coach | manager = [[Thomas Tuchel]] | captain = [[Cesar Azpilicueta]] | league = {{English football updater|Chelsea}} | season = {{English football updater|Chelsea2}} | position = {{English football updater|Chelsea3}} | current = | website = http://www.chelseafc.com/ | pattern_la1 = _chelsea2425h | pattern_b1 = _chelsea2425h | pattern_ra1 = _chelsea2425h | pattern_sh1 = _chelsea2425h | pattern_so1 = _chelsea2425h | leftarm1 = 0040D0 | body1 = 0040D0 | rightarm1 = 0040D0 | shorts1 = 0040D0 | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _chelsea2425a | pattern_b2 = _chelsea2425a | pattern_ra2 = _chelsea2425a | pattern_sh2 = _chelsea2425a | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = FEEEEE | body2 = FEEEEE | rightarm2 = FEEEEE | shorts2 = FEEEEE | socks2 = FEEEEE | pattern_la3 = _chelsea2425t | pattern_b3 = _chelsea2425t | pattern_ra3 = _chelsea2425t | pattern_sh3 = _chelsea2425t | pattern_so3 = | leftarm3 = 181818 | body3 = 181818 | rightarm3 = 181818 | shorts3 = 181818 | socks3 = 181818 }} '''Chelsea Football Club''' silih tunggil klub [[sépakbola]] profésional [[Inggris]] sané mabasis ring [[Fulham]], [[London Kawan]]. Kaadegang warsa 1905, klub puniki pamilet saking [[Liga Utama Inggris]], liga pinih duur [[Sépakbola ring Inggris|sépakbola Inggris]]. Chelsea rumasuk riantara [[Lis klub sépakbola ring Inggris mawit panghargaan kompetitif sané kajayanti|klub pinih suksés Inggris]], sesampun dados jayanti langkung saking tigang dasa panghargaan kompetitif, rumasuk nam jayanti liga miwah kutus jayanti Éropa. Kandang nyané ring [[Stamford Bridge (stadium)|Stamford Bridge]].<ref name="capacity">{{cite web|title=General Club Information|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/about-chelsea/about-the-club/general-club-information|website=ChelseaFC.com|date=January 18, 2018|access-date=May 31, 2021}}</ref> ==Catetan== {{reflist|group=note}} <references group="nb" /> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Wacénan lantur== * {{Cite book |last=Batty |first=Clive |title=Kings of the King's Road: The Great Chelsea Team of the 60s and 70s |publisher=Vision Sports Publishing Ltd |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-9546428-1-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Batty |first=Clive |title=A Serious Case of the Blues: Chelsea in the 80s |url=https://archive.org/details/seriouscaseofblu0000cliv |publisher=Vision Sports Publishing Ltd |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-905326-02-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Glanvill |first=Rick |title=Chelsea FC: The Official Biography – The Definitive Story of the First 100 Years |url=https://archive.org/details/chelseafcofficia0000unse |publisher=Headline Book Publishing Ltd |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7553-1466-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Hadgraft |first=Rob |title=Chelsea: Champions of England 1954–55 |publisher=Desert Island Books Limited |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-874287-77-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Harry |title=Chelsea's Century |publisher=Blake Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84454-110-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Ingledew |first=John |title=And Now Are You Going to Believe Us: Twenty-five Years Behind the Scenes at Chelsea FC |publisher=John Blake Publishing Ltd |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84454-247-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Matthews |first=Tony |title=Who's Who of Chelsea |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoofchelsea0000matt |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84596-010-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Mears |first=Brian |title=Chelsea: A 100-year History |publisher=Mainstream Sport |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84018-823-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Mears |first=Brian |title=Chelsea: Football Under the Blue Flag |url=https://archive.org/details/chelseamainstrea0000bria |publisher=Mainstream Sport |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84018-658-1}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} * [http://www.premierleague.com/clubs/4/Chelsea/overview Chelsea F.C.] at Premier League {{BBC football info|chelsea}} [[Kategori:Klub sépakbola Inggris]] edc4vqnv5atun394q14kkelwk3zxkn6 0 25075 281214 271307 2026-08-27T22:06:14Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Manchester City | image = | upright = 0.8 | alt = | fullname = Manchester City Football Club | nickname = City, Cityzens,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cityzens at Home|url=https://www.mancity.com/cityzensathome|website=ManCity.com|publisher=Manchester City FC|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502064622/https://www.mancity.com/cityzensathome|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Citizens, The Sky Blues | short name = City, Man City | founded = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|1880}} as St. Mark's (West Gorton)<br>{{start date and years ago|df=yes|1887}} as Ardwick Association F.C.<br>{{start date and years ago|df=yes|1894|4|16}} as Manchester City<ref>On 16 April 1894, the name was changed to ''Manchester City''.</ref> | ground = [[Stadion City of Manchester]] | capacity = 53,400<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visiting the Etihad Stadium|url=https://www.mancity.com/etihad-stadium/visiting-the-etihad-stadium|access-date=23 Séptémber 2021|website=Manchester City FC|language=en}}</ref> | owner = [[City Football Group]] | chairman = [[Khaldoon Al Mubarak]] | manager = | league = {{English football updater|ManchesC}} | season = 2023/24 | position = ke-1 | current = | website = http://www.mancity.com | pattern_la1 = _mancity2223h | pattern_b1 = _mancity2223h | pattern_ra1 = _mancity2223h | pattern_sh1 = _mancity2223h | pattern_so1 = _mancity2223hl | leftarm1 = 78BCFF | body1 = 78BCFF | rightarm1 = 78BCFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = 78BCFF | pattern_la2 = _mancity2223a | pattern_b2 = _mancity2223a | pattern_ra2 = _mancity2223a | pattern_sh2 = _mancity2223a | pattern_so2 = _mancity2223al | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = FFFFFF | pattern_la3 = _mancity2223t | pattern_b3 = _mancity2223t | pattern_ra3 = _mancity2223t | pattern_sh3 = _mancity2223t | pattern_so3 = _mancity2223tl | leftarm3 = D3FE7A | body3 = D3FE7A | rightarm3 = D3FE7A | shorts3 = 384157 | socks3 = D3FE7A }} '''Manchester City Football Club''' silih tunggil klub [[sépakbola]] Inggris sané mabasis ring [[Manchester]], malaga ring [[Liga Utama Inggris]], pacentokan liga duur sépakbola Inggris. Kaadegang 1880 dados '''St. Mark's (Gorton Kawan)''', punika dados '''Ardwick Association Football Club''' ring 1887 miwah Manchester City ring 1894. Stadion kandang klub punika [[Stadion City of Manchester|Stadion Etihad]] ring Manchester Kangin, sané kagingsirang warsa 2003, polih malaga ring [[Maine Road]] saking 1923. Klub ngadopsi jersey kandang [[biru langit]] dané warsa 1894 ring masan kapertama saking iterasi klub sané mangkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Manchester_City/Manchester_City.htm|title=Manchester City - Historical Football Kits|publisher=Historicalkits|access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref> == Bibliograpi == {{refbegin|40em}} * {{Cite book |last=Buckley |first=Andy |author2=Burgess, Richard |title=Blue Moon Rising: The Fall and Rise of Manchester City |publisher=Milo |location=Bury |year=2000 |isbn=0-9530847-4-4}} * {{Cite book| last=Gardner |first=Peter |title=The Manchester City Football Book No. 2 |publisher=Stanley Paul |location=London |year=1970 |isbn=0-09-103280-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Inglis |first=Simon |title=The Football Grounds of Great Britain (2nd ed.) |publisher=Collins Willow |location=London |year=1987 |isbn=0-00-218249-1}} * {{Cite book | author=James, Gary | title=Manchester: The Greatest City | url=https://archive.org/details/manchestergreate0000gary | isbn=1-899538-09-7 | publisher=Polar Publishing | year=2002 }} * {{Cite book |last=James|first= Gary| title= The Official Manchester City Hall of Fame |url=https://archive.org/details/officialmanchest0000jame|publisher=Hamlyn |year= 2005 |isbn=0-600-61282-1}} * {{Cite book |last=James |first=Gary |title=Manchester City – The Complete Record |publisher=Breedon |location=Derby |year=2006 |isbn=1-85983-512-0}} * {{Cite book |last=James |first=Gary |title=Manchester – A Football History |publisher=James Ward |location=Halifax |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9558127-0-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Penney|first=Ian |title=Manchester City: The Mercer-Allison Years |url=https://archive.org/details/manchestercityme0000ianp|publisher=Breedon |year=2008 |location=Derby |isbn=978-1-85983-608-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Rowlands |first=Alan |title=Trautmann: The Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/trautmann0000alan |publisher=Breedon |location=Derby |year=2005 |isbn=1-85983-491-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Tossell|first=David |title=Big Mal: The High Life and Hard Times of Malcolm Allison, Football Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/bigmalhighlifeha0000toss|publisher=Mainstream |year=2008 |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-84596-478-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Wallace|first=David |title=Century City – Manchester City Football Club 1957/58 |publisher=King of the Kippax |year=2007 |location=Leigh |isbn=978-0-9557056-0-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Andrew |title=The Manchester City Story |publisher=Breedon|location=Derby |year=1984 |isbn=0-907969-05-4}} {{refend}} == Catetan == {{notelist}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Pranala jaba == {{Commons category}} {{Wikinews category|Manchester City F.C.}} * {{Official website}} * {{BBC Football Info|BBClinkname=manchester-city}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150915073432/http://scoreshelf.com/wmbb/en/Manchester_City Manchester City F.C.] ring ScoreShelf * [http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=52919/profile/index.html Manchester City F.C.] ring UEFA [[Kategori:Klub sépakbola Inggris]] ix9uee4unefy5m8izqzh105ydwzc7db 0 25255 281282 228843 2026-08-27T22:43:57Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Béijing | native_name = {{native name|zh-cn|paren=no|北京}} | native_name_lang = zh | official_name = Munisipalitas Béijing<ref>{{cite web |title=Government |url=https://english.beijing.gov.cn/government/departments/index.html |publisher=The People's Government of Beijing Municipality |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729212046/https://english.beijing.gov.cn/government/departments/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | other_name = Peking | settlement_type = [[Ibu kota|Ibu kota]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Beijing Info |url=https://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/index.html |publisher=The People's Government of Beijing Municipality |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807090224/https://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> miwah [[Munisipalitas kakelola langsung ring Cina|munisipalitas]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:1; | caption_align = center | perrow = 1/2/2/1 | image1 = Skyline of Beijing CBD from the southeast (20210907094201).jpg | caption1 = [[Distrik bisnis pusat Béijing]] sareng [[Cina Zun]] (tengah) | image2 = 20200110 Hall of Supreme Harmony courtyard-1.jpg | caption2 = [[Kota Kalarang]] | image3 = Temple of Heaven 20160323 01.jpg | caption3 = [[Tian Tan]] | image4 = 2014.08.19.110005 Great Wall Badaling.jpg | caption4 = [[Badaling|Témbok Ageng Badaling]] | image5 = Tiananmen Gate.jpg | caption5 = [[Tiananmen]] | image6 = Xicheng,_Beijing,_China_-_panoramio_(119).jpg | caption6 = [[Aula Ageng Rakyat]] (kiwa) lan<br /> [[Pusat Seni Bebalihan Nasional (Cina)|Pusat Seni Bebalihan Nasional]] (tengen) }} | image_map = {{Infobox mapframe|wikidata=yes|stroke-width=1 |shape-fill-opacity=0|geomask=Q956|zoom=7|frame-lat=40.26|frame-long=116.39|marker=city}} | image_map1 = Beijing in China (+all claims hatched).svg | map_caption1 = Genah Munisipalitas Béijing sareng Cina | coordinates = {{Coord|39|54|24|N|116|23|51|E|type:adm1st_region:CN-11|display=it}} | coor_pinpoint = [[Alun-alun Tian'anmén]] [[Upacara Pangibaran Kobér (Cina))|kobér nasional]] | subdivision_type = Negara | subdivision_name = [[Cina]] | established_title = Kaadegang | established_date = 1045 BC | founder = [[Dinasti Zhou]] ([[Zhou Kauh]]) | parts_type = Divisi<br />&nbsp;- [[County-level division|County-level]]<br />&nbsp;- [[Pembagian administratif Republik Rakyat Tiongkok#Tingkat kotamadya|Tingkat-<br />tamadya]] | parts = <br />[[Lis divisi administratip Béijing|16 distrik]]<br />343 kotamadya miwah subdistrik | government_type = [[Munisipalitas kakelola langsung ring Cina|Munisipalitas]] | governing_body = [[Kongrés Rakyat Kota Beijing]] | seat_type = Kursi munisipalitas | seat = [[Distrik Tongzhou, Béijing|Distrik Tongzhou]] | leader_title = [[Sekretaris Partai Komunis Béijing|Sekretaris Partai]] | leader_name = [[Yin Li (politikus)|Yin Li]] | leader_title1 = Pamucuk Kongrés | leader_name1 = [[Li Xiuling]] | leader_title2 = [[Walikota Béijing|Walikota]] | leader_name2 = [[Yin Yong (politician)|Yin Yong]] | leader_title3 = Pamucuk [[Konferénsi Konsultatif Politik Rakyat Tiongkok|CPPCC]] | leader_name3 = [[Wei Xiaodong]] | leader_title4 = Pawakilan [[Kongrés Rakyat Nasional]] | leader_name4 = 53 wakil | total_type = Munisipalitas | area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in China – Survey |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |publisher=[[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China]] |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526181645/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |archive-date=26 May 2014}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 16410.54 | area_land_km2 = 16410.54 | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = 16410.54 | area_metro_km2 = 12796.5 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 43.5 | elevation_max_ft = 7556 | elevation_max_point = [[Gunung Ling (Béijing)|Gunung Ling]] | population_total = 21,893,095 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_as_of = Sénsus 2020 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3) |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=[[Biro Statistik Nasional Cina]] |archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511104847/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_urban = 21,893,095 | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | population_metro = 22,366,547 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = Peringkat ring Cina | population_blank1 = Populasi: [[Lis divisi administratip Républik Rakyat Cina manut populasi|ka-27]];<br />Kapadetan: [[Lis divisi administratip Républik Rakyat Cina manut kapadetan|ka-4]] | population_demonym = <!--Don't restore Beijinger without cite. See talk page--> | demographics_type1 = [[Lis sekaa étnis ring Cina|Étnis]] utana | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = [[Han Cina|Han]] | demographics1_info5 = 0.7% | postal_code_type = [[Lis kode pos ring Cina|Kode pos]] | postal_code = '''1000'''00–'''1026'''29 | area_code = [[Nomer télépon ring Cina|10]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-BJ]] | blank_info_sec1 = 2022 | demographics_type2 = [[Produk doméstik bruto|GDP]] {{normal|(2023)}}<ref name="GDPdata">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[Biro Statistik Nasional Cina]]|date=March 2024|access-date=22 June 2024|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109073448/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|url-status=live}} cingak taler {{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[Biro Statistik Nasional Cina]]|date=March 2024|access-date=22 June 2024|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109073448/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|url-status=live}}; cingak taler {{cite web|url=https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengcefagui/202403/t20240321_3596451.html|title=zh: 2023年北京市国民经济和社会发展统计公报|website=beijing.gov.cn|date=21 Maret 2024|access-date=12 June 2024|archive-date=3 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003001137/https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengcefagui/202403/t20240321_3596451.html|url-status=live}} The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar {{cite press release| url=https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html| title=Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development| publisher=Biro Statistik Nasional Cina| date=29 February 2024| access-date=22 June 2024| archive-date=5 March 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305035331/https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html| url-status=live}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Munisipalitas | demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 4,376 miliar ([[Lis divisi administratip Cina manut PDB|13]]) <br />[[US$]] 621 miliar | demographics2_title2 = Per kapita | demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 200,273 ([[Lis divisi administratip Cina manut PDB per kapita|ka-1]]) <br /> US$ 28,421 | blank3_name_sec1 = Patumbuhan {{huh|date=November 2024}} | blank3_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.7% | blank4_name_sec2 = [[Indéks Pawangunan Manusa|HDI]] (2022) | blank4_info_sec2 = 0.905<ref name="SHDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices (8.0)- China |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Global Data Lab |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924022302/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[Lis divisi administratip Cina manut HDI|ka-1]]) – {{color|green|sanget tegeh}} | blank5_name = Pangater [[Plat nomer Républik Rakyat Cina|Plat nomer]] | blank5_info = {{lang|zh-cn|京A, C, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q}}<br />{{lang|zh-CN|京B}} (taksi)<br />{{lang|zh-cn|京G, Y}} (jaba wawengkon urban)<br />{{lang|zh-cn|京O, D}} (polisi miwah otorisas) | blank6_name = Ancengan | blank6_info = {{plainlist| * BJ / {{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|京}} ({{zh|labels=no|p=jīng}}) }} | website = {{URL|https://www.beijing.gov.cn|beijing.gov.cn}}<br />{{URL|https://english.beijing.gov.cn}} | footnotes = | demographics1_info1 = 95%| | timezone = [[Galah Standar Cina|CST]] | utc_offset = +08:00 | timezone_DST = [[Galah Masan Panes Cina|CDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +09:00 | module = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=yes | tree = [[Arborvitae Cina]] (''Platycladus orientalis'')<br />[[Styphnolobium japonicum|Taru Pagoda]] (''Styphnolobium japonicum'') | flower = [[Rosa chinensis|Mawa Cina]] (''Rosa chinensis'')<br />[[Chrysanthemum]] (''Chrysanthemum morifolium'') | bird = | flowering_tree = | butterfly = | fish = | other_symbols = }} }} {{Infobox Chinese | pic = Beijing name.svg | piccap = "Beijing" ring Karakter Cina [[kaishu|regular]] | picupright = 0.5 | c = {{linktext|lang=zh|北京}} | l = "Ibukota Kalér" | p = Běijīng | psp = Peking{{NoteTag|Loaned earlier via French "Pékin".}}<br />[[Peiping]] <small>(1368–1403;<br />1928–1937; 1945–1949)</small> | w = Pei³-ching¹ | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Zh-Beijing.ogg|b|ei|3|.|j|ing|1}} | bpmf = ㄅㄟˇ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄐㄧㄥ | gr = Beeijing | j = bak1 ging1 | y = Bākgīng | ci = {{IPAc-yue|b|ak|1|-|g|ing|1}} | suz = Poh-cin | poj = Pak-kiaⁿ | tl = Pak-kiann | buc = Báe̤k-gĭng | h = Bet⁵-gin¹ | showflag = p | t = | s = | altname = | tp = Běijing }} '''Béijing''' ({{IPAc-en|b|eɪ|ˈ|dʒ|ɪ|ŋ}} {{Respell|bay|JING}};<ref>{{lexico|Beijing}}</ref><ref name="longman">{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John |author-link = John C. Wells |title = Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse |publisher=Pearson Longman |edition=3rd |date=3 April 2008 |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0 }}</ref> {{Lang-zh|c=北京|p=Běijīng}}; {{small|Mandarin pronunciation:}} {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Beijing pronunciation.ogg|b|ei|3|.|j|ing|1}}), [[Romanisasi pos Cina|aksara latin alternatif]] dados '''Péking'''<ref>{{citation |title = China Postal Album: Showing the Postal Establishments and Postal Routes in Each Province |edition = 1st |location = Shanghai, [[Qing dynasty|China]] |publisher = Directorate General of Posts |year = 1907 }}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|p|iː|ˈ|k|ɪ|ŋ}} {{Respell|pee|KING}}),<ref>{{cite OED|Peking}}</ref> inggih punika [[ibukota]] saking [[Républik Krama Cina]]. Dados [[Lis ibukota negara mawit populasi|ibukota negara pinih padet]] ring guminé, antuk langkung 21 yuta krama ring jero wawengkon administratip saking 16,410.5&nbsp;km² (6336 sq. mi.).<ref name="bulletin2018">{{cite web |url= http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/zxfb/201901/t20190123_415558.html |title = Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics and NBS Survey Office in Beijing |publisher = Biro Statistik Nasional Cina |language = en |date= 23 January 2019 |access-date= 24 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190123121721/http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/zxfb/201901/t20190123_415558.html |archive-date= 23 January 2019 |url-status=live |df= dmy-all }}</ref> == Catetan == <references group="note"/> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} mlw3tson73n92ql70eo0abukstlikkg 0 25256 281272 229067 2026-08-27T22:39:11Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Moskwa | native_name = Москва | settlement_type = [[Ibu kota]] miwah [[Kota federal ring Rusia|kota federal]] | image_skyline = MoscowCollage.jpg | image_caption = '''Saking kiwa ka tengen, baduur ka beten:''' [[Menara Spasskaya]], [[Katedral Kristus Sang Juru Selamat]], [[Pusat Bisnis Internasional Moskwa|MIBC]], [[Sungai Moskwa]], [[Universitas Negeri Moskwa]], [[Teater Bolshoi]], [[Lapangan Merah]] | imagesize = 300px | image_flag = Flag of Moscow, Russia.svg | image_shield = Coat of arms of Moscow.svg | anthem = "[[Moya Moskva]]"<br> | image_map = Moscow in Russia (special marker).svg | subdivision_type = [[Negara]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Rusia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Distrik Federal ring Rusia|Distrik federal]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Distrik Federal Pusat|Pusat]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Wilayah ekonomi Rusia|Wilayah ekonomi]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Wilayah ekonomi Pusat|Pusat]] | established_date = 1147 | established_title = Kapertama kasengguh | governing_body = Duma Kota Moskwa | leader_title = [[Wali kota]]<ref name="wali kota">{{cite web|url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107|title=Wali Kota Moskwa|publisher=Pemerintah Kota Moskwa|accessdate=18 Maret 2010|archive-date=2011-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154527/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | leader_name = [[Sergey Sobyanin]] | area_total_km2 = 2.561,5 | elevation_m = 156 | population_total = 13010112 | area_rank = ke-83 | population_as_of = Sensus 2021 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 5080,09 | population_urban = 17000000 | population_density_metro_km2 = 21534777 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Demographia World Urban Areas (PDF)|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf}}</ref> | population_rank = ke-1 | population_demonym = ''Moskvích'', ''Moskvíchka'', ''Moskvichí'' | timezone1 = [[Waktu Moskwa|MSK]] | utc_offset = +3 | iso_code = RU-MOW | registration_plate = 77, 177, 777; 97, 197, 797; 99, 199, 799, 977<ref>{{cite web|title=Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации|url=https://ria.ru/20221116/avtokody-1831987874.html}}</ref> | website = [https://www.mos.ru/en mos.ru/en] | coordinates = {{coord|55|45|21|N|37|37|2|E|type:adm1st_region:RU-MOS|display=inline,title}} | mapsize = 300px | flag_size = 120px }} '''Moskow''' ({{lang-ru|Москва}}, ''Moskva'', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|k|oʊ}} {{respell|MOS|koh}}, <small>kautama [[Basa Inggris Amérika|AS]]</small> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|k|aʊ}} {{respell|MOS|kow}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref> {{lang-rus|links=no|Москва|r=Moskva|p=mɐˈskva|a=Москва2.oga}}) inggih punika [[ibukota]] miwah [[Lis kota miwah pradésa ring Rusia mawit populasi|kota pinih ageng]] ring [[Rusia]]. Kota ini berdiri di [[Tukad Moskva]] ring [[Rusia Tengah]], antuk populasi kacawang 12,4 yuta krama ring jero wates kota,<ref name=est.2020>{{cite web|title=Russia: Central'nyj Federal'nyj Okrug - Central Federal District|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/central/|publisher=City Population.de|date=August 8, 2020|access-date=Séptémber 1, 2020}}</ref> langkung 17 yuta krama ring wawengkon urban,<ref name="Urban">{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|publisher=Demographia|access-date=July 22, 2020}}</ref> miwah langkung 20 yuta krama ring [[Wawengkon métropolitan Moskow|Wawengkon métropolitan]].<ref name="Megapolis">{{cite web|url=https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration|title=A 3-Hour Commute: A Close Look At Moscow The Megapolis|work=Strelka Mag|first=Alexander |last=Akishin|date=August 17, 2017|access-date=May 23, 2020|archive-date=April 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121056/https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kota puniki magenahin {{Convert|2511|km2|mi2|abbr=}}, asapunika wawengkon pakotaan ngajangkepin {{Convert|5891|km2|mi2|abbr=}},<ref name="Urban"/> miwah wawengkon métropolitan magenahin langkung saking {{Convert|26000|km2|mi2|abbr=}}.<ref name="Megapolis"/> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} 42wssx063anhtqe83w1z8dxj6i990sg 0 25398 281290 255265 2026-08-28T00:11:58Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 281290 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:center"> Berkas:Coat of Arms of Regency Kutai Timur.png|Panji Kabupatén Kutai Timur Berkas:Lokasi Kalimantan Timur Kabupaten Kutai Timur.svg|Peta genah Kabupatén Kutai Timur ring Kalimantan Timur </gallery> Puniki suratan indik '''lis [[kecamatan]] miwah [[kelurahan]] ring [[Kabupatén Kutai Timur]]''', propinsi [[Kalimantan Timur]], [[Indonésia]] mawit saking Pérméndagri Nomor 137 warsa 2017 indik Kode miwah Data Wilayah Administrasi Pamréntahan. <onlyinclude>Kabupatén Kutai Timur manika madué 18 kecamatan, 2 kelurahan, miwah 139 désa. Ring warsa 2017, akéh kramanyané kirang langkung 416.800 diri tekén jimbar wewidangan 35.747,50 km² miwah sebaran kramanyané 12 diri/km².<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> Kecamatan miwah kelurahan ring Kabupatén Kutai Timur, inggih punika: {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |-valign="top" style="background-color: #ccc;" !Kode <br/>Kéméndagri !!Kecamatan !!Akéh <br/>Kelurahan !!Akéh <br/>Désa !!Status !!Lis <br/>Désa/Kelurahan |-valign="top" |64.08.17 |[[Batu Ampar, Kutai Timur|Batu Ampar]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 7||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Batu Timbau, Batu Ampar, Kutai Timur|Batu Timbau]] * [[Batu Timbau Ulu, Batu Ampar, Kutai Timur|Batu Timbau Ulu]] * [[Benua Harapan, Batu Ampar, Kutai Timur|Benua Harapan]] * [[Himba Lestari, Batu Ampar, Kutai Timur|Himba Lestari]] * [[Mawai Indah, Batu Ampar, Kutai Timur|Mawai Indah]] * [[Mugi Rahayu, Batu Ampar, Kutai Timur|Mugi Rahayu]] * [[Telaga, Batu Ampar, Kutai Timur|Telaga]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.09 |[[Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Bengalon]] |align="center"| ||align="center"|11||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Keraitan, Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Keraitan]] * [[Muara Bengalon, Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Muara Bengalon]] * [[Sekerat, Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Sekerat]] * [[Sepaso, Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Sepaso]] * [[Sepaso Barat, Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Sepaso Barat]] * [[Sepaso Selatan, Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Sepaso Selatan]] * [[Sepaso Timur, Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Sepaso Timur]] * [[Tebangan Lembak, Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Tebangan Lembak]] * [[Tepian Baru, Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Tepian Baru]] * [[Tepian Indah, Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Tepian Indah]] * [[Tepian Langsat, Bengalon, Kutai Timur|Tepian Langsat]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.06 |[[Busang, Kutai Timur|Busang]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 6||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Long Bentuk, Busang, Kutai Timur|Long Bentuk]] * [[Long Lees, Busang, Kutai Timur|Long Lees]] * [[Long Nyelong, Busang, Kutai Timur|Long Nyelong]] * [[Long Pejeng, Busang, Kutai Timur|Long Pejeng]] * [[Mekar Baru, Busang, Kutai Timur|Mekar Baru]] * [[Rantau Sentosa, Busang, Kutai Timur|Rantau Sentosa]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.10 |[[Kaliorang, Kutai Timur|Kaliorang]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 7||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Bangun Jaya, Kaliorang, Kutai Timur|Bangun Jaya]] * [[Bukit Harapan, Kaliorang, Kutai Timur|Bukit Harapan]] * [[Bukit Makmur, Kaliorang, Kutai Timur|Bukit Makmur]] * [[Bumi Sejahtera, Kaliorang, Kutai Timur|Bumi Sejahtera]] * [[Citra Manunggal Jaya, Kaliorang, Kutai Timur|Citra Manunggal Jaya]] * [[Kaliorang, Kaliorang, Kutai Timur|Kaliorang]] * [[Selangkau, Kaliorang, Kutai Timur|Selangkau]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.16 |[[Karangan, Kutai Timur|Karangan]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 7||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Baay, Karangan, Kutai Timur|Baay]] * [[Batu Lepoq, Karangan, Kutai Timur|Batu Lepoq]] * [[Karangan Dalam, Karangan, Kutai Timur|Karangan Dalam]] * [[Karangan Hilir, Karangan, Kutai Timur|Karangan Hilir]] * [[Karangan Seberang, Karangan, Kutai Timur|Karangan Seberang]] * [[Mukti Lestari, Karangan, Kutai Timur|Mukti Lestari]] * [[Pengadan, Karangan, Kutai Timur|Pengadan]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.15 |[[Kaubun, Kutai Timur|Kaubun]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 8||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Bukit Permata, Kaubun, Kutai Timur|Bukit Permata]] * [[Bumi Etam, Kaubun, Kutai Timur|Bumi Etam]] * [[Bumi Jaya, Kaubun, Kutai Timur|Bumi Jaya]] * [[Bumi Rapak, Kaubun, Kutai Timur|Bumi Rapak]] * [[Cipta Graha, Kaubun, Kutai Timur|Cipta Graha]] * [[Kadungan Jaya, Kaubun, Kutai Timur|Kadungan Jaya]] * [[Mata Air, Kaubun, Kutai Timur|Mata Air]] * [[Pengadan Baru, Kaubun, Kutai Timur|Pengadan Baru]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.08 |[[Kombeng, Kutai Timur|Kombeng]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 7||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Kombeng Indah, Kombeng, Kutai Timur|Kombeng Indah]] * [[Makmur Jaya, Kombeng, Kutai Timur|Makmur Jaya]] * [[Marga Mulya, Kombeng, Kutai Timur|Marga Mulya]] * [[Miau Baru, Kombeng, Kutai Timur|Miau Baru]] * [[Sidomulyo, Kombeng, Kutai Timur|Sidomulyo]] * [[Sri Pantun, Kombeng, Kutai Timur|Sri Pantun]] * [[Sukamaju, Kombeng, Kutai Timur|Sukamaju]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.18 |[[Long Mesangat, Kutai Timur|Long Mesangat]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 7||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Melan, Long Mesangat, Kutai Timur|Melan]] * [[Mukti Utama, Long Mesangat, Kutai Timur|Mukti Utama]] * [[Segoi Makmur, Long Mesangat, Kutai Timur|Segoi Makmur]] * [[Sika Makmur, Long Mesangat, Kutai Timur|Sika Makmur]] * [[Sumber Agung, Long Mesangat, Kutai Timur|Sumber Agung]] * [[Sumber Sari, Long Mesangat, Kutai Timur|Sumber Sari]] * [[Tanah Abang, Long Mesangat, Kutai Timur|Tanah Abang]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.01 |[[Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Muara Ancalong]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 9||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Gemar Baru, Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Gemar Baru]] * [[Kelinjau Ilir, Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Kelinjau Ilir]] * [[Kelinjau Ulu, Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Kelinjau Ulu]] * [[Long Nah, Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Long Nah]] * [[Long Poq Baru, Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Long Poq Baru]] * [[Long Tesak, Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Long Tesak]] * [[Muara Dun, Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Muara Dun]] * [[Senyiur, Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Senyiur]] * [[Teluk Baru, Muara Ancalong, Kutai Timur|Teluk Baru]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.02 |[[Muara Wahau, Kutai Timur|Muara Wahau]] |align="center"| ||align="center"|10||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Bea Nehas, Muara Wahau, Kutai Timur|Bea Nehas]] * [[Dea Beq, Muara Wahau, Kutai Timur|Dea Beq]] * [[Diaq Lay, Muara Wahau, Kutai Timur|Diaq Lay]] * [[Jak Luay, Muara Wahau, Kutai Timur|Jak Luay]] * [[Karya Bhakti, Muara Wahau, Kutai Timur|Karya Bhakti]] * [[Long Wehea, Muara Wahau, Kutai Timur|Long Wehea]] * [[Muara Wahau, Muara Wahau, Kutai Timur|Muara Wahau]] * [[Nehas Liah Bing, Muara Wahau, Kutai Timur|Nehas Liah Bing]] * [[Wahau Baru, Muara Wahau, Kutai Timur|Wahau Baru]] * [[Wanasari, Muara Wahau, Kutai Timur|Wanasari]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.03 |[[Muara Bengkal, Kutai Timur|Muara Bengkal]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 7||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Batu Balai, Muara Bengkal, Kutai Timur|Batu Balai]] * [[Benua Baru, Muara Bengkal, Kutai Timur|Benua Baru]] * [[Muara Bengkal Ilir, Muara Bengkal, Kutai Timur|Muara Bengkal Ilir]] * [[Muara Bengkal Ulu, Muara Bengkal, Kutai Timur|Muara Bengkal Ulu]] * [[Mulupan, Muara Bengkal, Kutai Timur|Mulupan]] * [[Ngayau, Muara Bengkal, Kutai Timur|Ngayau]] * [[Senambah, Muara Bengkal, Kutai Timur|Senambah]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.14 |[[Rantau Pulung, Kutai Timur|Rantau Pulung]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 9||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Kebon Agung, Rantau Pulung, Kutai Timur|Kebon Agung]] * [[Manunggal Jaya, Rantau Pulung, Kutai Timur|Manunggal Jaya]] * [[Margo Mulyo, Rantau Pulung, Kutai Timur|Margo Mulyo]] * [[Masalap Raya, Rantau Pulung, Kutai Timur|Masalap Raya]] * [[Mukti Jaya, Rantau Pulung, Kutai Timur|Mukti Jaya]] * [[Pulung Sari, Rantau Pulung, Kutai Timur|Pulung Sari]] * [[Rantau Makmur, Rantau Pulung, Kutai Timur|Rantau Makmur]] * [[Tanjung Labu, Rantau Pulung, Kutai Timur|Tanjung Labu]] * [[Tepian Makmur, Rantau Pulung, Kutai Timur|Tepian Makmur]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.11 |[[Sandaran, Kutai Timur|Sandaran]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 9||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Manubar, Sandaran, Kutai Timur|Manubar]] * [[Manubar Dalam, Sandaran, Kutai Timur|Manubar Dalam]] * [[Marukangan, Sandaran, Kutai Timur|Marukangan]] * [[Sandaran, Sandaran, Kutai Timur|Sandaran]] * [[Susuk Dalam, Sandaran, Kutai Timur|Susuk Dalam]] * [[Susuk Luar, Sandaran, Kutai Timur|Susuk Luar]] * [[Susuk Tengah, Sandaran, Kutai Timur|Susuk Tengah]] * [[Tadoan, Sandaran, Kutai Timur|Tadoan]] * [[Tanjung Mangkalihat, Sandaran, Kutai Timur|Tanjung Mangkalihat]] }} |-valign="top" | rowspan="2" |64.08.12 | rowspan="2" |[[Sangatta Selatan, Kutai Timur|Sangatta Selatan]] | rowspan="2" align="center" | 1|| rowspan="2" align="center" | 3||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Sangatta Selatan, Sangatta Selatan, Kutai Timur|Sangatta Selatan]] * [[Sangkima, Sangatta Selatan, Kutai Timur|Sangkima]] * [[Sangkima Lama, Sangatta Selatan, Kutai Timur|Sangkima Lama]] }} |- |Kelurahan |{{Flatlist| * [[Singa Geweh, Sangatta Selatan, Kutai Timur|Singa Geweh]] }} |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" |64.08.04 | rowspan="2" |[[Sangatta Utara, Kutai Timur|Sangatta Utara]] | rowspan="2" align="center" | 1|| rowspan="2" align="center" | 3||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Sangatta Utara, Sangatta Utara, Kutai Timur|Sangatta Utara]] * [[Singa Gembara, Sangatta Utara, Kutai Timur|Singa Gembara]] * [[Swarga Bara, Sangatta Utara, Kutai Timur|Swarga Bara]] }} |- |Kelurahan |{{Flatlist| * [[Teluk Lingga, Sangatta Utara, Kutai Timur|Teluk Lingga]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.05 |[[Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Sangkulirang]] |align="center"| ||align="center"|15||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Benua Baru Ilir, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Benua Baru Ilir]] * [[Benua Baru Ulu, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Benua Baru Ulu]] * [[Kerayaan, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Kerayaan]] * [[Kolek, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Kolek]] * [[Maloy, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Maloy]] * [[Mandu Pantai Sejahtera, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Mandu Pantai Sejahtera]] * [[Mandu Dalam, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Mandu Dalam]] * [[Pelawan, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Pelawan]] * [[Peridan, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Peridan]] * [[Perupuk, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Perupuk]] * [[Pulau Miang, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Pulau Miang]] * [[Saka, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Saka]] * [[Sempayau, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Sempayau]] * [[Tanjung Manis, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Tanjung Manis]] * [[Tepian Terap, Sangkulirang, Kutai Timur|Tepian Terap]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.07 |[[Telen, Kutai Timur|Telen]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 8||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Juk Ayak, Telen, Kutai Timur|Juk Ayak]] * [[Kernyanyan, Telen, Kutai Timur|Kernyanyan]] * [[Long Noran, Telen, Kutai Timur|Long Noran]] * [[Long Segar, Telen, Kutai Timur|Long Segar]] * [[Long Melah, Telen, Kutai Timur|Long Melah]] * [[Marah Haloq, Telen, Kutai Timur|Marah Haloq]] * [[Muara Pantun, Telen, Kutai Timur|Muara Pantun]] * [[Rantau Panjang, Telen, Kutai Timur|Rantau Panjang]] }} |-valign="top" |64.08.13 |[[Teluk Pandan, Kutai Timur|Teluk Pandan]] |align="center"| ||align="center"| 6||Désa||{{Flatlist| * [[Danau Redan, Teluk Pandan, Kutai Timur|Danau Redan]] * [[Kandolo, Teluk Pandan, Kutai Timur|Kandolo]] * [[Martadinata, Teluk Pandan, Kutai Timur|Martadinata]] * [[Suka Damai, Teluk Pandan, Kutai Timur|Suka Damai]] * [[Suka Rahmat, Teluk Pandan, Kutai Timur|Suka Rahmat]] * [[Teluk Pandan, Teluk Pandan, Kutai Timur|Teluk Pandan]] }} |-valign="top" style="background-color: #ccc;" ! !!TOTAL !!2 !!139 !! !! |}</onlyinclude> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} === Cingak malih === * [[Kecamatan miwah kelurahan ring Indonésia]] * [[Kecamatan miwah kelurahan ring Kalimantan Timur]] * [[Kabupatén miwah kota ring Kalimantan Timur]] === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://kaltimprov.go.id Situs Resmi Pamréntahan Propinsi Kalimantan Timur] * {{id}} [https://kaltim.bps.go.id/id Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Kalimantan Timur] * {{id}} [https://kutaitimurkab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamréntahan Kabupatén Kutai Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508161201/https://kutaitimurkab.go.id/ |date=2025-05-08 }} * {{id}} [https://kutimkab.bps.go.id/id Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupatén Kutai Timur] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kaapus saking lis.'' {{Kabupatén Kutai Timur|state=expanded}} {{Kalimantan Timur}} [[Kategori:Kecamatan miwah kelurahan ring Kalimantan Timur|Kutai Timur, Kabupatén]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén Kutai Timur]] 1is73xvbxg7ul38fcrrgntpol4oqawn 0 25570 281137 223443 2026-08-27T20:51:32Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox|name=Bawang bombai|image=Onions.jpg|image_width=240px|image_caption=Bawang bombai|regnum=[[Plantae]]|divisio=[[Magnoliophyta]]|classis=[[Monokotiledon|Liliopsida]]|ordo=[[Asparagales]]|familia=[[Alliaceae]]|genus='''''[[Allium]]'''''|binomial=''Allium cepa''|binomial_authority=[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]}} '''Bawang bombai''' utawi '''Bawang gedé''' (Latin: ''Allium Cepa'' Linnaeus) silih tunggil soroh [[bawang]] sané pinih akéh kabudidaya, ketah kacunduk dados basa utawi lakaran ajengan, marupa bunter ageng tur umbiné tebel.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brewster|first=James L.|title=Onions and other vegetable alliums|url=https://archive.org/details/onionsotherveget0000brew|publisher=CAB International|year=1994|isbn=0-85198-753-2|edition=1|location=Wallingford, UK|page=[https://archive.org/details/onionsotherveget0000brew/page/16 16]}}</ref> == Pustaka == <references /> {{Rempah-rempah}} motojw3fs3w3e42l6ubdfmlkwkoep59 0 25702 281151 279856 2026-08-27T21:19:35Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Maret 2022}} {{Speciesbox|status=DD|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Solano, E. |author2=Puente, R. |author3=Ayala-Hernández, M.M. |author4=Hodgson, W. |author5=Clary, K. |author6=Salywon, A. |date=2021 |title=''Yucca aloifolia'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T117422548A117469927 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T117422548A117469927.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>|name=Spanish bayonet|taxon=Yucca aloifolia|image=Yucca-aloifolia-20071002-2.jpg|image_caption=''Yucca aloifolia'', cultivated, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|synonyms=*''Dracaena lenneana'' <small>Regel</small> *''Sarcoyucca aloifolia'' <small>(L.) [[Karl Hermann Leonhard Lindinger|Lindinger]]</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''arcuata'' <small>(Haw.) Trel.</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' f. ''arcuata'' <small>(Haw.) Voss</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''conspicua'' <small>(Haw.) Engelm.</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' f. ''conspicua'' <small>(Haw.) Engelm.</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' f. ''crenulata'' <small>(Haw.) Voss</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''draconis'' <small>(L.) Engelm.</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' f. ''draconis'' <small>(L.) Voss</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''flexifolia'' <small>J.Bommer</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''gigantea'' <small>Sprenger</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''marginata'' <small>J.Bommer</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''menandi'' <small>Trel.</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''purpurea'' <small>Baker</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''quadricolor-variegata'' <small>Carrière</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''roseomarginata'' <small>Regel</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''serratifolia'' <small>Sprenger</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''stenophylla'' <small>J.Bommer</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''tenuifolia'' <small>(Haw.) Trel.</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' f. ''tenuifolia'' <small>(Haw.) Voss</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' f. ''tenuifolia'' <small>(Haw.) Trel.</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''tricolor'' <small>J.Bommer</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''variegata'' <small>Naudin</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''versicolor'' <small>Carrière</small> *''Yucca aloifolia'' var. ''yucatana'' <small>([[Georg Engelmann|Engelm]]) [[William Trelease|Trel.]]</small> *''Yucca arcuata'' <small>[[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haw.]]</small> *''Yucca atkinsii'' <small>Baker</small> *''Yucca conspicua'' <small>Haw.</small> *''Yucca crenulata'' <small>Haw.</small> *''Yucca draconis'' <small>L.</small> *''Yucca haruckeriana'' <small>Crantz</small> *''Yucca parmentieri'' <small>Carrière</small> *''Yucca jacksonii'' <small>E.J.Whalen</small> *''Yucca purpurea'' <small>Baker</small> *''Yucca quadricolor'' <small>Baker</small> *''Yucca serrulata'' <small>[[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haw.]]</small> *''Yucca striata'' <small>auct.</small> *''Yucca tenuifolia'' <small>Haw.</small> *''Yucca tricolor'' <small>Baker</small> *''Yucca yucatana'' <small>[[Georg Engelmann|Engelm.]]</small>|synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/name/18401411 Tropicos]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-291591 |title=The Plant List |access-date=2022-01-21 |archive-date=2018-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112101247/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-291591 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} '''Bagu''' (''Yucca aloifolia'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.babadbali.com/canangsari/aneka-tanaman-bali.htm|title=Babad Bali - Canangsari|website=www.babadbali.com|access-date=2022-01-21|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050103/http://www.babadbali.com/canangsari/aneka-tanaman-bali.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="l">[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/331/mode/1up Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 319. 1753].</ref> inggih punika sinunggil [[spésiés]] saking génus ''[[Yucca]]''. Woh nyane prasida kaajeng.<ref>{{cite book|last=Little|first=Elbert L.|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region|url=https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi0000litt|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-394-50760-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi0000litt/page/317 317]}}</ref> Akah bagu prasida kaanggén sabun miwah sampo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.practicalsurvivor.com/usefulplants|title=Useful Plants &#124; Practical Survivor|access-date=2022-01-21|archive-date=2022-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616174856/http://www.practicalsurvivor.com/usefulplants|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Tetanduran]] d56rijtdwx62uyjgws0bae6twzsp0h6 0 25876 281101 277315 2026-08-27T20:24:20Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox football tournament | logo = FIFA World Cup wordmark (2023).svg | caption = logo aksara Piala Jagat FIFA | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1930}} | region = Internasional ([[FIFA]]) | number of teams = {{nowrap|32 (final)}} | current champions = {{nowrap|{{fb|ESP}} (jayati ka-2)}} | most successful team = {{nowrap|{{fb|BRA}} (5 jayanti)}} | broadcasters = [[Lis panyiar Piala Jagat FIFA|Lis panyiar]] | website = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/ Official website] | current = [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2026]] }} {{Infobox | image1 = [[File:Spain World Cup Winners Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-1.jpg|230px]] | caption1 = [[Tim nasional sépakbola Spanyol|Spanyol]], jayanti jagat sané mangkin | bodyclass = hlist nowraplinks | headerstyle = border-top:1px solid #aaa | header1 = Wimbakara | data2 = * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1930|1930]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1934|1934]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1938|1938]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1950|1950]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1954|1954]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1958|1958]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1962|1962]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1966|1966]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1970|1970]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1974|1974]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1978|1978]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1982|1982]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1986|1986]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1990|1990]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1994|1994]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1998|1998]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2002|2002]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2006|2006]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2010|2010]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2014|2014]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2018|2018]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2022|2022]] * [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2026|2026]] * ''[[Piala Jagat FIFA 2030|2030]]'' * ''[[Piala Jagat FIFA 2034|2034]]'' }} '''Piala Jagat FIFA''', ketah kasengguh '''Piala Jagat''', inggih punika wimbakara [[sépakbola]] internasional sané kasarengin [[Lis tim nasional sépakbola putra|tim nasional putra]] sénior saking anggota ''{{lang|fr|Fédération Internationale de Football Association}}'' ([[FIFA]]), badan pangatur olahraga sépakbola sajebag jagat. Wimbakara puniki kamargiang nyabran petang warsa, kakawitin saking [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1930|wimbakara pardana ring warsa 1930]], siosan ring warsa 1942 miwah 1946 nénten kamargiang krana wénten [[Yuda Jagat II|Yuda Jagat Kalih]]. Jayanti pinih ungkur punika [[Tim nasional sépakbola Prancis|Prancis]], sané dados jayanti kaping kalih nyané ring [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2018|wimbakara 2018]] ring Rusia. Format sané mangkin wénten [[kualifikasi Piala Jagat FIFA|babak kualifikasi]], sané kamargiang lami inpun tigang warsa sadurungné, antuk manentuang tim sira sané lolos nuju babak wimbakara. Ring babak wimbakara, 32 tim (rumasuk negara tuan umah sané otomatis lolos) masaing ngaperebutang gelar ring genah-genah ring negara tuan umah sawatara asasih. Piala Jagat punika wimbakara sépakbola pinih kaloktah ring jagatné, taler acara olahraga tunggal sané pinih akéh kacingak miwah kasarengin ring jagat. Panayangan kumulatif saking makasami laga [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2006|Piala Jagat 2006]] kanikayang sawatara 26.29&nbsp;miliar antuk sawatara 715.1&nbsp;yuta jadma dados pamiarsa [[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 2006|laga final]], sapersia saking samian populasi planét Jagat.<ref name="2006coverage">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120073325/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 January 2012 |title=2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before |work=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=6 February 2007 |access-date=11 October 2009}}</ref><ref>Tom Dunmore, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9j1wbp2t1usC&pg=PA235#v=onepage Historical Dictionary of Soccer], page 235, quote "Piala Jagat mangkin dados acara olahraga sané pinih akéh kapebalih ring jagat saking télévisi, asapunika sampun ring duur Olimpiade."</ref><ref>Stephen Dobson and John Goddard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GxyG0XXdvR4C&pg=PA407#v=onepage The Economics of Football], page 407, quote "Piala Jagat inggih punika acara olahraga pinih akéh kapebalih ring jagat: kacawang kumulatif pamiarsa télévisi antuk Piala Jagat 2006 ring Jerman punika 26.2&nbsp;miliar, rerata 409&nbsp;yuta pamiarsa per laga."</ref><ref>Glenn M. Wong, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qEELS7T_Tm0C&pg=PA144#v=onepage The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports], page 144, quote "Piala Jagat inggih punika acara olahraga pinih akéh kapebalih ring jagat. Ring warsa 2006, langkung saking 30&nbsp;miliar pamirsa ring 214 negara mabalih Piala Jagat ring télévisi, miwah langkung saking 3.3&nbsp;yuta pamiarsa ngarauhin 64 laga wimbakara."</ref> Pitulas negara sampun dados tuan umah Piala Jagat. Brasil, Prancis, Italia, Jerman, miwah Méksiko soang-soang sampun dados tuan umah ping kalih, wénten Uruguay, Swiss, Swédia, Chili, Inggris, Argéntina, Spanyol, Amérika Serikat, Jepang, miwah Koréa Kelod (sareng-sareng), Afrika Kelod, miwah Rusia soang-soang sampun dados tuan umah ping asiki. Qatar pacang dados tuan umah wimbakara 2022, miwah warsa 2026 kaselenggara sarengan olih Kanada, Amérika Serikat, miwah Méksiko, sané manadosang Méksiko dados negara kapertama sané dados tuan umah laga ring tiga Piala Jagat. ==Asil== {{See also|Lis final Piala Jagat FIFA}} {{small div| ;Sereg * aet: asil/laga kamenangang [[Pelantangan galah (olahraga)|sesampun palantangan galah]] * p: laga kamenangang sasampun [[Pinalti (sépakbola)|adu pinalti]] * TBD: nénten kamargiang }} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:93%; text-align:center; width:;" |- ! rowspan=2 style= "width:;" | {{abbr|Éd.|Édisi}} ! rowspan=2 style= "width:;" | Warsa ! rowspan=2 style= "width:100px;" |Tuan umah ! colspan=3 | Final ! colspan=3 | Parebutan genah katiga ! rowspan=2 style= "width:;" | {{abbr|No.<br>tim|Akéh tim}} |- ! width= 150px| Jayanti ! width= 70px|Skor ! width= 150px| ‘’Runner-up’’ ! width= 150px | Katiga ! width= 70px | Skor ! width= 150px | Kapat |- !1 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1930|1930]] |align=left| {{flag|Uruguay}} |'''{{fb-big|URU}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1930|4–2]]''' <br /><small>[[Éstadio Cénténario]], [[Montévidéo]]</small> |{{fb-big|ARG}} |{{fb-big|USA|1912}} |{{center|– {{refn|Nénten wénten laga parebutan genah katiga ring warsa 1930; kalih semifinalis sané kaon kaicain peringkat manut rékor makasami ipun ring wimbakara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1930uruguay |title=1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |access-date=30 Désémber 2018 |archive-date=23 Juni 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623111118/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1930uruguay |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=n|name=nothirdmatch}} }} |{{fb-big|Krajaan Yugoslavia}} |13 |- !2 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1934|1934]] |align=left| {{flag|Itali|1861}} |'''{{fb-big|ITA|1861}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1934|2–1]]''' {{aet}} <br /><small>[[Stadio Nazionale PNF]], [[Roma]]</small> |{{fb-big|TCH}} |{{fb-big|GER|1933}} |'''3–2''' <br /><small>[[Stadio Parténopéo|Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli]], [[Napoli]]</small> |{{fb-big|AUT}} |16 |- !3 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1938|1938]] |align=left| {{flag|Prancis|1794}} |'''{{fb-big|ITA|1861}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1938|4–2]]''' <br /><small>[[Stade Yves-du-Manoir|Stade de Colombes]], [[Paris]]</small> |{{fb-big|HUN|1920}} |{{fb-big|BRA|1889}} |'''4–2''' <br /><small>[[Stade Chaban-Delmas|Parc Lescure]], [[Bordeaux]]</small> |{{fb-big|SWE}} |15 |- align=center ! – | [[Lelintihan Piala Jagat FIFA#Piala Jagat FIFA 1942|1942]] | colspan="8" rowspan="2" | ''(Nénten kamargiang santukan [[Yuda Jagat II]])'' |- align=center ! – | 1946 |- !4 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1950|1950]] |align=left| {{flag|Brasil|1889}} |'''{{fb-big|URU}}''' |'''[[Uruguay v Brasil (Piala Jagat FIFA 1950)|2–1]]''' {{refn|Laga ungkur ring warsa 1950 punika grup round-robin sané madaging papat tim. Sacara pas nika, silih tunggil saking kalih laga ungkur ngacundungkang kalih tim pinih duur (lan wantah kalih tim sané prasida ngamenangang gelar), lan sané liyanan wénten riantara kalih tim pinih sor. Uruguay v Brasil ketah kasengguh dados final de facto Piala Jagat 1950.<ref name="wc1950">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/brazil1950/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220191844/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/brazil1950/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 Désémber 2013 |title=1950 FIFA World Cup |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |access-date=5 Maret 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mcwc/ip-301_09a_wc-finals_alltime_8864.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129182236/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mcwc/ip-301_09a_wc-finals_alltime_8864.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 Nopémber 2007 |title=FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |access-date=5 Maret 2009}}</ref>|group=n|name=wc1950}}<br /><small>[[Stadion Maracanã|Maracanã]], [[Rio de Janeiro]]</small> |{{fb-big|BRA|1889}} |{{fb-big|SWE}} |'''3–1''' {{refn|group=n|name=wc1950}} <br /><small>[[Stadion Pacaembu|Pacaembu]], [[São Paulo]]</small> |{{fb-big|ESP|1945}} |13 |- !5 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1954|1954]] |align=left| {{flag|Swiss}} |'''{{fb-big|FRG}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1954|3–2]]''' <br /><small>[[Wankdorfstadion]], [[Bern]]</small> |{{fb-big|HUN|1949}} |{{fb-big|AUT}} |'''3–1''' <br /><small>[[Hardturm]], [[Zürich]]</small> |{{fb-big|URU}} |16 |- !6 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1958|1958]] |align=left| {{flag|Swédia}} |'''{{fb-big|BRA|1889}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1958|5–2]]''' <br /><small>[[Stadion Råsunda|Råsundastadion]], [[Kotamadya Solna|Solna]]</small> |{{fb-big|SWE}} |{{fb-big|FRA}} |'''6–3''' <br /><small>[[Ullevi]], [[Gothenburg]]</small> |{{fb-big|FRG}} |16 |- !7 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1962|1962]] |align=left| {{flag|Chili}} |'''{{fb-big|BRA|1960}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1962|3–1]]''' <br /><small>[[Estadio Nacional de Chile|Estadio Nacional]], [[Santiago]]</small> |{{fb-big|TCH}} |{{fb-big|CHI}} |'''1–0''' <br /><small>Estadio Nacional, Santiago</small> |{{fb-big|YUG}} |16 |- !8 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1966|1966]] |align=left| {{flag|Inggris}} |'''{{fb-big|ENG}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1966|4–2]]''' {{aet}} <br /><small>[[Stadion Wémbley (1923)|Stadion Wembley]], [[London]]</small> |{{fb-big|FRG}} |{{fb-big|POR}} |'''2–1''' <br /><small>Stadion Wembley, London</small> |{{fb-big|URS|1955}} |16 |- !9 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1970|1970]] |align=left| {{flag|Méksiko}} |'''{{fb-big|BRA|1968}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1970 |4–1]]''' <br /><small>[[Stadion Azteca]], [[Kota Méksiko]]</small> |{{fb-big|ITA|1946}} |{{fb-big|FRG}} |'''1–0''' <br /><small>Stadion Azteca, kota Méksiko</small> |{{fb-big|URU}} |16 |- !10 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1974|1974]] |align=left| {{nowrap|{{flag|Jerman Kauh}}}} |'''{{fb-big|FRG}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1974|2–1]]''' <br /><small>[[Olympiastadion München|Olympiastadion]], [[München]]</small> |{{fb-big|NED}} |{{fb-big|POL|1928}} |'''1–0''' <br /><small>Olympiastadion, München</small> |{{fb-big|BRA|1968}} |16 |- !11 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1978|1978]] |align=left| {{flag|Argéntina}} |'''{{fb-big|ARG}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1978|3–1]]''' {{aet}} <br /><small>[[Stadion Monuméntal Antonio Vespucio Liberti|Monuméntal de Núñez]], [[Buénos Airés]]</small> |{{fb-big|NED}} |{{fb-big|BRA|1968}} |'''2–1''' <br /><small>Monumental de Núñez, Buénos Airés</small> |{{fb-big|ITA}} |16 |- !12 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1982|1982]] |align=left| {{flag|Spanyol}} |'''{{fb-big|ITA|1946}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1982|3–1]]''' <br /><small>[[Stadion Santiago Bernabéu|Santiago Bernabéu]], [[Madrid]]</small> |{{fb-big|FRG}} |{{fb-big|POL|}} |'''3–2''' <br /><small>[[Estadio José Rico Pérez]], [[Alicante]]</small> |{{fb-big|FRA}} |24 |- !13 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1986|1986]] |align=left| {{flag|Méksiko}} |'''{{fb-big|ARG}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1986 |3–2]]''' <br /><small>[[Stadion Azteca]], [[Kota Méksiko]]</small> |{{fb-big|FRG}} |{{fb-big|FRA}} |'''4–2''' {{aet}} <br /><small>[[Estadio Cuauhtémoc]], [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]]</small> |{{fb-big|BEL}} |24 |- !14 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1990|1990]] |align=left| {{flag|Itali|1946}} |'''{{fb-big|FRG}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1990|1–0]]''' <br /><small>[[Stadio Olimpico]], [[Roma]]</small> |{{fb-big|ARG}} |{{fb-big|ITA|1946}} |'''2–1''' <br /><small>[[Stadio San Nicola]], [[Bari]]</small> |{{fb-big|ENG}} |24 |- !15 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1994|1994]] |align=left| {{flag|Amérika Serikat}} |'''{{fb-big|BRA}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1994|0–0]]''' {{aet}}<br />{{pso|3–2}} <br /><small>[[Rose Bowl (stadion)|Rose Bowl]], [[Pasadena]]</small> |{{fb-big|ITA}} |{{fb-big|SWE}} |'''4–0''' <br /><small>Rose Bowl, Pasadena</small> |{{fb-big|BUL}} |24 |- !16 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 1998|1998]] |align=left| {{flag|Prancis}} |'''{{fb-big|FRA}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 1998|3–0]]''' <br /><small>[[Stade de France]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]</small> |{{fb-big|BRA}} |{{fb-big|CRO}} |'''2–1''' <br /><small>[[Parc des Princes]], [[Paris]]</small> |{{fb-big|NED}} |32 |- !17 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 2002|2002]] |align=left| {{flag|Koréa Kelod|1997}}<br />{{flag|Jepang}} |'''{{fb-big|BRA}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 2002|2–0]]''' <br /><small>[[Stadion Internasional Yokohama|Stadion Internasional]], [[Yokohama]]</small> |{{fb-big|GER|}} |{{fb-big|TUR}} |'''3–2''' <br /><small>[[Stadion Daegu]], [[Daegu]]</small> |{{fb-big|KOR|1997}} |32 |- !18 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 2006|2006]] |align=left| {{flag|Jerman}} |'''{{fb-big|ITA}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 2006|1–1]]''' {{aet}}<br />{{pso|5–3}} <br /><small>[[Olympiastadion Berlin|Olympiastadion]], [[Berlin]]</small> |{{fb-big|FRA}} |{{fb-big|GER}} |'''3–1''' <br /><small>[[MHPArena|Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion]], [[Stuttgart]]</small> |{{fb-big|POR}} |32 |- !19 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 2010|2010]] |align=left| {{flag|Afrika Kelod}} |'''{{fb-big|ESP}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 2010|1–0]]''' {{aet}} <br /><small>[[Stadion FNB|Soccer City]], [[Johannesburg]]</small> |{{fb-big|NED}} |{{fb-big|GER}} |'''3–2''' <br /><small>[[Stadion Celuk Nelson Mandela]], [[Port Elizabeth]]</small> |{{fb-big|URU}} |32 |- !20 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 2014|2014]] |align=left| {{flag|Brasil}} |'''{{fb-big|GER}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 2014 |1–0]]''' {{aet}} <br /><small>[[Stadion Maracanã|Maracanã]], [[Rio de Janeiro]]</small> |{{fb-big|ARG}} |{{fb-big|NED}} |'''3–0''' <br /><small>[[Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha|Estádio Nacional]], [[Brasília]]</small> |{{fb-big|BRA}} |32 |- !21 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 2018|2018]] |align=left| {{flag|Rusia}} |'''{{fb-big|FRA}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 2018|4–2]]''' <br /><small>[[Stadion Luzhniki]], [[Moskow]]</small> |{{fb-big|CRO}} |{{fb-big|BEL}} |'''2–0''' <br /><small>[[Stadion Krestovsky]], [[Saint Petersburg]]</small> |{{fb-big|ENG}} |32 |- !22 |[[Piala Jagat FIFA 2022|2022]] |align=left| {{flag|Qatar}} |'''{{fb-big|ARG}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 2022|3–3]]''' {{aet}}<br />{{pso|4–2}} <br /><small>[[Stadion Ikonik Lusail]], [[Lusail]]</small> |{{fb-big|FRA}} |{{fb-big|CRO}} |'''2–1''' <br /><small>[[Stadion Internasional Khalifah]], [[Al Rayyan]]</small> |{{fb-big|MAR}} |32 |- !''23'' |''[[Piala Jagat FIFA 2026|2026]]'' |align=left| ''{{flag|Kanada}}''<br />''{{flag|Méksiko}}''<br />''{{flag|Amérika Serikat}}'' |'''{{fb-big|ESP}}''' |'''[[Final Piala Jagat FIFA 2022|1–0]]''' {{aet}}<br /><small>[[Stadion MetLife]], [[Rutherford Kangin, New Jersey|Rutherford Kangin]]</small> |{{fb-big|ARG}} |{{fb-big|ENG}} |'''4–6''' <br /><small>[[Stadion Internasional Khalifah]], [[Al Rayyan]]</small> |{{fb-big|FRA}} |48 |- !''24'' |''[[Piala Jagat FIFA 2030|2030]]''{{refn|group=n|name=hosts2030}} |align=left| ''{{flag|Maroko}}''<br />''{{flag|Portugal}}''<br />''{{flag|Spanyol}}'' | | | | | | |48 |- !''25'' |''[[Piala Jagat FIFA 2034|2034]]'' |align=left| ''{{flag|Arab Saudi}}'' | | | | | | |48 |} ;Catetan {{reflist|group=n}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Cingak taler== * [[Piala Jagat Sépakbola Pasisi FIFA]] * [[Piala Jagat Antarklub FIFA]] * [[Piala Konféderasi FIFA]] * [[Piala Jagat Futsal FIFA]] * [[Piala Jagat U-17 FIFA]] * [[Piala Jagat U-20 FIFA]] * [[Piala Jagat Putri FIFA]] * [[Wasit Piala Jagat FIFA]] * [[Lis wimbakara sépakbola]] * [[Lis final Piala Jagat FIFA]] * [[Pamilet tim nasional ring Piala Jagat FIFA]] ==Anggitan== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Glanville |first=Brian |year=2005 | title=The Story of the World Cup |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofworldcup0000glan_v6n8 |publisher=Faber |isbn=0-571-22944-1 |ref=glanville}} {{refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|FIFA World Cup|Piala Jagat FIFA}} * {{official website|https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/index.html}} {{Piala Jagat FIFA}} {{FIFA navbox}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fifa World Cup}} [[Kategori:Olahraga]] [[Kategori:Piala Jagat FIFA| ]] qrr0g0hj4sq186qdtntrv7pcbtmuoj8 0 26444 281108 279201 2026-08-27T20:33:16Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Goa Mammoth | iucn_category = II | photo = Mammoth Cave Rotunda (USGS Lwt02830).jpg | photo_caption = Ruang Rotunda ring Goa Mammoth | map = USA Kentucky#USA | relief = 1 | map_caption = Genah ring Kentucky##Genah ring Amérika Serikat | location = Pradésa [[Edmonson, Kentucky|Edmonson]], [[Hart, Kentucky|Hart]], and [[Barren, Kentucky|Barren]], [[Kentucky]], A.S. | nearest_city = [[Brownsville, Kentucky|Brownsville]] | coordinates = {{coord|37|11|13|N|86|06|04|W|region:US|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | area_acre = 52830 | area_ref = <ref name="area">{{NPS area |year=2011 |access-date=March 7, 2012}}</ref> | established = 1 Juli 1941 | visitation_num = 533,206 | visitation_year = 2018 | visitation_ref = <ref name="visits">{{NPS Visitation| access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> | governing_body = [[National Park Service]] | website = [https://www.nps.gov/maca/ Taman Nasional Goa Mammoth] | embedded1 = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |child = yes |ID = 150 |Year = 1981 |Criteria = Palemahan: vii, viii, x }} }} '''Taman Nasional Goa Mammoth''' inggih punika [[taman nasional]] Amérika sané magenah ring sisi kawan-tengah [[Kentucky]], sané ngajangkepin atenga saking Goa Mammoth, [[Lis goa pinih lantang|sistem goa pinih lantang sané kauninging ring guminé]]. ==Pustaka== {{reflist|2}} ==Bibliographi== ===Pustaka umum=== * Bridwell, Margaret M. (Bridwell 1952) ''The Story of Mammoth Cave National Park Kentucky: A Brief History'' 11th Edition 1971. (First edition copyright 1952.) No ISBN. * Hoskins, R. Taylor [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107164817/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/regional_review/vol7-1-2j.htm Faithful Visitor] First Park Superintendent R. Taylor Hoskins describes the yearly visits of "Pete" a tame [[summer tanager]] (''Piranga rubra''). In ''The Regional Review'', Vol VII, 1 and 2 (July–August 1941) * Hovey, Horace Carter (Hovey 1880) ''One Hundred Miles in Mammoth Cave in 1880: an early exploration of America's most famous cavern''. with introductory note by William R. Jones. Golden, Colorado: Outbooks. (Copyright 1982) {{ISBN|0-89646-054-1}} * Hovey, Horace Carter ''Hovey's Handbook of The Mammoth Cave of Kentucky: A Practical Guide to the Regulation Routes''. (John P. Morton & Company, Louisville, Kentucky, 1909). [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49130 Full text transcription]. * {{cite book | last = Montfort | first = Nick | year = 2005 | title = Twisty Little Passages: An Approach To Interactive Fiction | url = https://archive.org/details/twistylittlepass0000mont | publisher = Cambridge: The MIT Press | isbn = 0-262-13436-5}} * Watson, Richard A., ed. (Watson 1981) ''The Cave Research Foundation: Origins and the First Twelve Years 1957–1968'' Mammoth Cave, Kentucky: Cave Research Foundation. ==Pranala jaba== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Mammoth Cave National Park|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=Special:Search/Mammoth Cave|v=no|voy=Mammoth Cave National Park|species=no|d=no}} * [https://www.nps.gov/maca/index.htm Situs wéb Taman Nasional Goa Mammoth] * [http://www.mcnpa.org/index.php Situs wéb Asosiasi Taman Nasional Goa Mammoth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423120940/http://www.mcnpa.org/index.php |date=2021-04-23 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925200202/http://www.caves.org/io/mcrg/ Situs Resmi Kamp Restorasi Goa Mammoth] * {{osmway|220416402}} * [http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/35mammoth/35mammoth.htm ''Mammoth Cave: Its Explorers, Miners, Archeologists, and Visitors'', parencana Pangajahan Dinas Taman Nasional antuk Genah Malelintihan (TwHP)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110110135356/http://southernspaces.org/2010/trying-dark-mammoth-cave-and-racial-imagination-1839-1869 Peter West, "Trying the Dark: Mammoth Cave and the Racial Imagination, 1839–1869", ''Southern Spaces'', 9 February 2010] *{{HAER |survey=KY-18 |id=ky0272 |title=Mammoth Cave Saltpeter Works, Mammoth Cave, Edmonson County, KY |photos=20 |dwgs=12 |data=37 |cap=2}} {{Goa pralelintihan Navbox}} {{Wawengkon sané kasaibin ring Kentucky}} {{Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat}} {{Situs Tetamian Jagat ring Amérika Serikat}} {{Konvensi Klub Wisatawan Taman Nasional}} {{Subterranea}} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional Goa Mammoth| ]] [[Kategori:Situs Tetamian Jagat ring Amérika Serikat|Goa Mammoth]] [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat|Goa Mammoth]] lvmf7tdjnoqhka6mvik3vrvym2a7h0h 0 26633 281128 230672 2026-08-27T20:44:07Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info pemegang jabatan | birth_name = Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin | name = Vladimir Putin | native_name = {{nobold|Влади́мир Пу́тин}} | native_name_lang = ru | image = Vladimir Putin (2017-01-17) (cropped).jpg | caption = Vladimir Putin, 2017 | office = Presiden Rusia | order = ke-2 dan ke-4 | primeminister = {{unbulleted list|[[Dmitry Medvedev]]|[[Mikhail Mishustin]]}} | term_start = 7 Mei 2012 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Dmitry Medvedev]] | successor = | primeminister1 = {{unbulleted list|[[Mikhail Kasyanov]]|[[Viktor Khristenko]]|[[Mikhail Fradkov]]|[[Viktor Zubkov]]}} | term_start1 = 7 Mei 2000 | term_end1 = 7 Mei 2008 <br /> Penjabat: 31 Desember 1999 – 7 Mei 2000 | predecessor1 = [[Boris Yeltsin]] | successor1 = [[Dmitry Medvedev]] | office2 = Perdana Menteri Rusia | order2 = ke-5 dan ke-9 | president2 = [[Dmitry Medvedev]] | deputy2 = [[Igor Shuvalov]] | term_start2 = 8 Mei 2008 | term_end2 = 7 Mei 2012 | predecessor2 = [[Viktor Zubkov]] | successor2 = [[Viktor Zubkov]] | president3 = [[Boris Yeltsin]] | deputy3 = {{unbulleted list|[[Viktor Khristenko]]|[[Mikhail Kasyanov]]}} | term_start3 = 9 Agustus 1999 | term_end3 = 7 Mei 2000 | predecessor3 = [[Sergei Stepashin]] | successor3 = [[Mikhail Kasyanov]] | office4 = [[Rusia Bersatu|Ketua Rusia Bersatu]] | term_start4 = 1 Januari 2008 | term_end4 = 30 Mei 2012 | predecessor4 = [[Boris Gryzlov]] | successor4 = [[Dmitry Medvedev]] | office5 = [[Dinas Keamanan Federal|Direktur Dinas Keamanan Federal]] | president5 = [[Boris Yeltsin]] | term_start5 = 25 Juli 1998 | term_end5 = 29 Maret 1999 | predecessor5 = [[Nikolay Kovalyov]] | successor5 = [[Nikolay Patrushev]] | birth_date = {{tanggal lahir dan umur|1952|10|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], {{flag|Uni Soviet}} <br> <small>(Sekarang St. Petersburg, {{flag|Rusia}})</small> | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Independen (politikus)|Independen]] (1991–1995; 2001–2008; 2012–sekarang) | otherparty = [[Partai Komunis Uni Soviet]] (1975–1991)<br />[[Rumah Kita – Rusia]] (1995–1999)<br />[[Kesatuan (partai politik Rusia)|Kesatuan]] (1999–2001)<br />[[Rusia Bersatu]] (2008–2012)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/9223621/Vladimir-Putin-quits-as-head-of-Russias-ruling-party.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/vladimir-putin/9223621/Vladimir-Putin-quits-as-head-of-Russias-ruling-party.html |archive-date=10 Januari 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Vladimir Putin quits as head of Russia's ruling party|date=24 April 2012|via=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />[[Barisan Rakyat Se-Rusia]] (2011–sekarang) | spouse = {{marriage|[[Lyudmila Putina|Lyudmila Aleksandrovna]]|1983|2014}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/04/02/vladimir-putin-divorce/7210689/|work=USA Today|first1=Cooper|last1=Allen|title=Putin divorce finalized, Kremlin says|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=23 Mei 2014}}</ref> | children = Mariya<br>Yekaterina | religion = [[Gereja Ortodoks Rusia|Kristen Ortodoks]] | education = [[Sarjana Hukum]]<br />[[Doktor]] Ilmu Ekonomi | alma_mater = [[Universitas Negeri Sankt-Peterburg]] | signature = Putin signature.svg | website = {{Official website|http://eng.putin.kremlin.ru}} | allegiance = {{flag|Uni Soviet}}<br />{{flag|Rusia}} | branch = [[KGB]]; [[Dinas Keamanan Federal|FSB]]; [[Angkatan Bersenjata Rusia]] | serviceyears = {{unbulleted list|1975–1991|1998–1999|2000–sekarang}} | rank = {{unbulleted list|[[Kolonel]] (Polkovnik)|Panglima Tertinggi}} | awards = [[Berkas:Orden of Honour.png|40 px|link=Order of Honour (Federasi Rusia)]] }} [[Berkas: Владимир Путин (18-06-2022).jpg|thumb|Vladimir Putin (2022)]] '''Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|uː|t|ɪ|n}}; {{lang-ru|Владимир Владимирович Путин}}, {{IPA-ru|vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn||Ru-Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.ogg}}}} (embas 7 Oktober 1952) inggih punika politisi Rusia miwah lad prawira intelijén sané mangkin ngamong dados [[présidén Rusia]]. == Referensi == {{Reflist|3}} === Cutetan === {{Notelist|group="lower-alpha"}} === Pustaka liyanan === * {{cite book|author-link=Richard Lourie|author-last=Lourie|author-first=Richard|title=Putin: His Downfall and Russia's Coming Crash|url=https://archive.org/details/putinhisdownfall0000lour|date=2017|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-53808-8}} * {{cite book|first=Anna|last=Arutunyan|year=2015|orig-year=2012; Czech ed.|title=The Putin Mystique: Inside Russia's Power Cult|location=Northampton, MA|publisher=Olive Branch Press|isbn=978-1-56656-990-3|oclc=881654740|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-DDAgAAQBAJ |ref=none}} * [[Ronald Asmus|Asmus, Ronald]] (2010). ''A Little War that Shook the World: Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West''. NYU. {{ISBN|978-0-230-61773-5}}. * Frye, Timothy. 2021. ''[https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691212463/weak-strongman Weak Strongman: The Limits of Power in Putin's Russia]''. Princeton University Press. *[[Masha Gessen|Gessen, Masha]] (2012). ''[[The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin]]''. London: Granta. {{ISBN|978-1-84708-149-0}}. * {{cite book|first=Ben|last=Judah|year=2015|title=Fragile Empire: How Russia Fell in and Out of Love with Vladimir Putin|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-20522-0 |ref=none}} * Lipman, Maria. "How Putin Silences Dissent: Inside the Kremlin's Crackdown." ''Foreign Affairs'' 95#1 (2016): 38+. * Myers, Steven Lee. ''The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin'' (2015). * Naylor, Aliide. ''[[The Shadow in the East|The Shadow in the East: Vladimir Putin and the New Baltic Front]]'' (I.B. Tauris, 2020), 256 pp. * Rosefielde, Steven. ''Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Putins-Russia-Economy-Defense-Foreign/dp/9811212678/ excerpt] * Sakwa, Richard. ''The Putin Paradox'' (Bloomsbury, 2020) [https://kar.kent.ac.uk/80013/1/9781788318303_Final_Revised_Proofs.pdf online]. * Sakwa, Richard. ''Putin Redux: Power and Contradiction in Contemporary Russia'' (2014). [http://psw.sagepub.com/content/14/2/298.1.extract online review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304221422/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1478929916630921l |date=2022-03-04 }} * Sperling, Valerie. ''Sex, Politics, & Putin: Political Legitimacy in Russia'' (Oxford UP, 2015). 360 pp. *Stoner, Kathryn E. 2021. Russia Resurrected: Its Power and Purpose in a New Global Order. Oxford University Press. * Toal, Gerard. ''Near Abroad: Putin, the West, and the Contest Over Ukraine and the Caucasus'' (Oxford UP, 2017). === Pranala jaba === {{sister project links|b=no|n=no|v=no|wikt=no|author=yes|commons=Category:Vladimir Putin|d=Q7747}} * [http://eng.putin.kremlin.ru/ Situs web pribadi resmi] * [http://eng.kremlin.ru/ Situs resmi Presiden Rusia] * {{DMOZ|Regional/Europe/Russia/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Politicians/Putin,_Vladimir}} * [https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/54/5469097_putin-biography-for-fred-.html Sebuah biografi Putin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816201531/https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/54/5469097_putin-biography-for-fred-.html |date=2021-08-16 }} dari [[bocoran email Stratfor 2012–13]] di [[WikiLeaks]] * {{C-SPAN|Vladimir Putin}} {{Manggala Rusia}} {{Manggala G8}} {{Manggala G20}} {{Manggala APEC saat ini}} {{Manggala CIS}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Putin, Vladimir}} [[Kategori:Présiden Rusia]] [[Kategori:Perdana Menteri Rusia]] [[Kategori:Person of the Year]] [[Kategori:Tokoh saking Sankt-Peterburg]] 3e3xizdpuqd49iti9d65osanvb1q3rx 0 26652 281038 280210 2026-08-27T19:33:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spésiés | subdivision_ranks = [[Spésiés]] | subdivision = {{plainlist| * ''[[Nycticebus bancanus|N. bancanus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr.|Lyon]], 1906)</small> * ''[[Nycticebus bengalensis|N. bengalensis]]'' <small>([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1800)</small> * ''[[Nycticebus borneanus|N. borneanus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr.|Lyon]], 1906)</small> * ''[[Nycticebus coucang|N. coucang]]'' <small>([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785)</small> * {{extinct}}[[? Nycticebus linglom|?&nbsp;''N. linglom'']] <small>Mein & Ginsburg, 1997</small> * ''[[Nycticebus javanicus|N. javanicus]]'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812</small> * ''[[Nycticebus kayan|N. kayan]]'' <small>Munds, Nekaris & Ford, 2012</small> * ''[[Nycticebus menagensis|N. menagensis]]'' <small>([[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1893)</small> * ''[[Nycticebus pygmaeus|N. pygmaeus]]'' <small>[[J. Lewis Bonhote|Bonhote]], 1907</small>}} | synonyms = * ''Tardigradus'' <small>[[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]] 1784: ([[Slender loris|preoccupied]])</small> * ''Loris'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] 1796</small> * ''Lori'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] 1799</small> * ''Stenops'' <small>[[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]] 1811</small> * ''Bradycebus'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] and [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]] 1820: ''([[nomen nudum]])''</small> * ''Bradylemur'' <small>[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]] 1839</small> Referensi:<ref name=Table2b>{{cite web|title=Table 2 b: taxonomic names and synonyms used by several authors: genus, species, subspecies, populations|url=http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/population_database/tables/02b-synonyms.pdf|work=Loris and potto conservation database|publisher=www.loris-conservation.org|accessdate=30 April 2013|page=3|format=PDF|date=4 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Synonyms of Slow Lorises (Nycticebus)|url=http://eol.org/pages/42022/names/synonyms|work=Encyclopedia of Life|publisher=eol.org|accessdate=30 April 2013}}</ref> }} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Tukang | image = Nycticebus coucang 002.jpg | image_caption = [[Tukang Sunda]]{{Clear}}''Nycticebus coucang'' | status = CITES_A1 | status_system = CITES | status_ref = <ref name=CITES_Apps/> | taxon = Nycticebus | authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812{{Sfn|Groves|2005|pp=122–123}} | type_species = ''[[Sunda slow loris|Nycticebus coucang]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = {{plainlist| * ''[[Nycticebus bancanus|N. bancanus]]'' <small>[[Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr.|Lyon]], 1906</small> * ''[[Bengal slow loris|N. bengalensis]]'' <small>([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1800)</small> * ''[[Nycticebus borneanus|N. borneanus]]'' <small>[[Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr.|Lyon]], 1906</small> * ''[[Sunda slow loris|N. coucang]]'' <small>([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785)</small> * ''[[Javan slow loris|N. javanicus]]'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812</small> * ''[[Nycticebus kayan|N. kayan]]'' <small>Munds, Nekaris & Ford, 2013</small> * ''[[Nycticebus menagensis|N. menagensis]]'' <small>[[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1893</small> * ''[[Pygmy slow loris|N. pygmaeus]]'' <small>[[J. Lewis Bonhote|Bonhote]], 1907</small> * {{extinct}}[[Nycticebus linglom|''N. linglom'']] <small>Méin & Ginsburg, 1997</small>}} | range_map = Slow loris area.png | range_map_alt = Peta pasebaran sané nganikayang kisaran makudang spésiés: kompléks tukang Sunda (''N. coucang'') ring Thailand, Malaysia, miwah Indonésia; tukang Béngal (''N. bengalensis'') ring India Kangin, Cina, Bangladésh, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Viétnam, miwah Kamboja; miwah tukang katé (''N. pygmaeus'') ring Viétnam miwah Laos. | range_map_caption=Pasebaran saking ''Nycticebus''{{Clear}}'''{{color|#e41a1c|bang}}''' = ''N.&nbsp;pygmaeus'';{{Clear}}'''{{color|#377eb8|béru}}''' = ''N.&nbsp;bengalensis'';{{Clear}}'''{{color|#a65628|soklat}}''' = ''N.&nbsp;bancanus'', ''N.&nbsp;borneanus'', ''N.&nbsp;coucang'', ''N.&nbsp;javanicus'', ''N.&nbsp;kayan'' & ''N.&nbsp;menagensis'' | synonyms = * ''Tardigradus'' <small>[[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]] 1784: ([[Slender loris|preoccupied]])</small> * ''Loris'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] 1796</small> * ''Lori'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] 1799</small> * ''Stenops'' <small>[[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]] 1811</small> * ''Bradycebus'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] and [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]] 1820: ''([[nomen nudum]])''</small> * ''Bradylemur'' <small>[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]] 1839</small> | synonyms_ref = <ref name=Table2b>{{cite web|title=Table 2 b: taxonomic names and synonyms used by several authors: genus, species, subspecies, populations|url=http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/population_database/tables/02b-synonyms.pdf|website=Loris and potto conservation database|publisher=www.loris-conservation.org|access-date=30 April 2013|page=3|date=4 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Synonyms of Slow Lorises (Nycticebus)|url=http://eol.org/pages/42022/names/synonyms|website=Encyclopedia of Life|publisher=eol.org|access-date=30 April 2013}}</ref> }} '''Tukang''' ({{lang-id|Kukang}}) adalah seka saking makudang [[spésiés]] [[primata]] [[nokturnal]] [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] sané ngawentuk [[génus]] '''''Nycticebus'''''. Kacunduk ring [[Asia Kelod Kangin]] miwah wawengkon sané mawatesan, ngawit saking [[Bangladésh]] miwah [[India Kalér Kangin]] ring sikawan ngantos [[Kapuloan Sulu]] ring [[Filipina]] ring sikangin, tur saking propinsi [[Yunnan]], Cina ring sikalér nuju [[Nusa Jawa]] ring sikelod. Saking kutus spésiés tukang sané kantun wénten, nenem spésiés punika wénten ring Indonésia, inggih punika ring pulo-pulo Sumatra, Jawa, miwah Kalimantan. Nycticebus (Nycticebus spp.) madué rupa sané lucu tur ngulangunin, punika mawinan akéh krama sané seneng ngaryanin primata puniki dados buron. Punika mawinan, samian soroh cangak puniki sampun keni baya punah. Kukang sampun kaprotéksi olih undang-undang Indonésia, mawinan madolan punika melanggar hukum (ilegal) miwah kriminal. Tukang inggih punika primata sané awaknyané alit, bunter, miwah buntutnyané cupit pisan. Prabunnyane bunter, bongkolnyane ngedeng, tur panyingakannyane lumbang. Rambutnyane alus tur majemuk. Wangun warnannyané mabinayan manut spésiés miwah kaanggén antuk identifikasi, sakéwanten katahnyané mabinayan saking coklat abu-abu pucat ngantos warnan tengguli. Wénten garis mawarna gadang saking bongkolnyané ngantos ka tengahing punggungnyané utawi dasar buntutnyané. Biasané wénten lingkaran selem ngiterin paningalané makakalih, sané kaselut olih garis pucat utawi putih sané ngelodang ring pantaran paningalané makakalih ngantos ka dauhné. Ring wengi, panyingakan paningalané galang pisan.{{Sfn|Payne|Francis|Phillipps|Kartikasari|2000|pp=242-3}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Lis pustaka === {{Reflist|colwidth=25em|refs= <ref name=CITES_Apps>{{cite web|url = http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Nycticebus|title = Checklist of CITES Species|website = CITES|publisher = UNEP-WCMC|accessdate = 18 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name=2012BBC>{{cite news|last1 = Walker|first1 = M.|title = Primate species: new slow loris found in Borneo|publisher = BBC News|date = 13 December 2012|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20704172|accessdate = 13 December 2012|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6DAEoNVc5?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20704172|archivedate = 2012-12-25|deadurl = no}}</ref> <ref name=2006CITES>{{cite conference|author = Management Authority of Cambodia|conference = CITES Fourteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties; The Hague (Netherlands) 3–15 June 2007|title = Notification to Parties: Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II|date = 6 October 2006|publisher = CITES|page = 31|url = http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf|format = PDF|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5vacXUYZJ?url=http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf|archivedate = 2011-01-08|access-date = 2015-12-31|dead-url = no}}</ref> <!-- <ref name=MUNews>{{cite web|last1 = Wall|first1 = T.|title = Three new species of venomous primate identified by MU researcher|url = http://munews.missouri.edu/news-releases/2012/1213-three-new-species-of-venomous-primate-identified-by-mu-researcher/|publisher = Missouri University News Bureau|accessdate = 19 December 2012|date = 13 December 2012|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6DAEjIOmw|archivedate = 24 December 2012|deadurl = no}}</ref> <ref name=2009Adam>{{cite news|last = Adam|first = D.|title = The eyes may be cute but the elbows are lethal|newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald|date = 9 July 2009|url = http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/the-eyes-may-be-cute-but-the-elbows-are-lethal-20090708-ddg8.html|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vb9EUVYe|archivedate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=2007Black>{{cite news|last = Black|first = R.|title = Too cute for comfort|newspaper = BBC News|date = 8 June 2007|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6731631.stm|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vcAx6E8j|archivedate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN_N._bengalensis>{{IUCN|id = 39758|taxon = ''Nycticebus bengalensis''|assessors = Streicher, U., Singh, M., Timmins, R.J. & Brockelman, W.|assessment_year = 2008|version = 2010.4|accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN_N._coucang>{{IUCN|id = 39759|taxon = ''Nycticebus coucang''|assessors = Nekaris, A. & Streicher, U.|assessment_year = 2008|version = 2010.4|accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN_N._javanicus>{{IUCN|id = 39761|taxon = ''Nycticebus javanicus''|assessors = Nekaris, A. & Shekelle, M.|assessment_year = 2008|version = 2010.4|accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN_N._menagensis>{{IUCN|id = 39760|taxon = ''Nycticebus menagensis''|assessors = Nekaris, A. & Streicher, U.|assessment_year = 2008|version = 2010.4|accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN_N._pygmaeus>{{IUCN|id = 14941|taxon = ''Nycticebus pygmaeus''|assessors = Streicher, U., Ngoc Thanh,V., Nadler,T., Timmins, R.J. & Nekaris, A.|assessment_year = 2008|version = 2010.4|accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=2010NatGeoNewsWatch>{{cite web|last = Braun|first = D.|title = Love potions threaten survival of lorises|publisher = National Geographic|year = 2010|url = http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/05/lorises-at-risk-from-illegal-trade.html|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vb6w7hxs|archivedate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=2007Sakamoto>{{cite web|last = Sakamoto|first = Masayuki|title = Slow lorises fly so fast into Japan|year = 2007|publisher = Japan Wildlife Conservation Society|url = http://www.jwcs.org/english/07.5.26%20Cop14%20Slow%20lorise%20report.pdf|format = PDF|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5w15o41GF|archivedate = 26 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=Hance2011>{{cite web|last = Hance|first = Jeremy|title = 'Cute' umbrella video of slow loris threatens primate|year = 2011|publisher = mongabay.com|url = http://news.mongabay.com/2011/0313-hance_umbrella_loris.html|accessdate = 16 March 2011|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5xElHShy2|archivedate = 16 March 2011}}</ref> <ref name=Sherwin2011>{{cite news|last = Sherwin|first = Adam|title = YouTube sensation fuelling trade in an endangered species|work = [[The Independent]]|url = http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/youtube-sensation-fuelling-trade-in-an-endangered-species-2248930.html|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5xNpE0eAD|archivedate = 22 March 2011|location=London|date=22 March 2011}}</ref> <ref name=nutrition>{{cite web|last = Schulze|first = H.|title = Nutrition of lorises and pottos|url = http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/captive_care/nutrition.html|publisher = Loris and potto conservation database|date = 11 July 2008|accessdate = 3 January 2011}}</ref> --> }} === Karya yang dikutip === {{Refbegin}} * <!-- Alterman|1995 -->{{cite book|last = Alterman|first = L.|year = 1995|contribution = Toxins and toothcombs: potential allospecific chemical defenses in ''Nycticebus'' and ''Perodicticus''|editor1-last = Alterman|editor1-first = L.|editor2-last = Doyle|editor2-first = G.A.|editor3-last = Izard|editor3-first = M.K|title = Creatures of the Dark: The Nocturnal Prosimians|url = https://archive.org/details/creaturesofdarkn0000unse_l0u4|location = New York, New York|publisher = Plenum Press|pages = [https://archive.org/details/creaturesofdarkn0000unse_l0u4/page/413 413]–424|oclc = 33441731|isbn = 978-0-306-45183-6|ref = harv}} * <!-- Ankel-Simons|2007 -->{{cite book|last = Ankel-Simons|first = F.|title = Primate Anatomy|edition = 3rd|publisher = Academic Press|location = San Diego, California|year = 2007|isbn = 0-12-372576-3|ref = harv}} * <!-- Bearder|1987 -->{{cite book|last = Bearder|first = Simon K.|title = Primate Societies|url = https://archive.org/details/primatesocieties0000unse|chapter = Lorises, Bushbabies, and Tarsiers: Diverse Societies in Solitary Foragers|editor1-last = Smuts|editor1-first = Barbara B.|editor2-last = Cheney|editor2-first = Dorothy L.|editor3-last = Seyfarth|editor3-first = Robert M.|editor4-last = Wrangham|editor4-first = Richard W.|editor5-last = Struhsaker|editor5-first = Thomas T.|year = 1987|location = Chicago, Illinois|publisher = The University of Chicago Press|isbn = 0-226-76716-7|ref = harv}} * <!-- Boddaert|1785 -->{{cite book|last = Boddaert|first = Pieter|year = 1785|title = Elenchus animalium|publisher = Hake|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=fXc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA67|oclc = 557474013|ref = harv}} * <!-- Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = J. -H.| last2 = Pan | first2 = D.| last3 = Groves | first3 = C. P.| last4 = Wang | first4 = Y. -X.| last5 = Narushima | first5 = E.| last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H.| last7 = Crow | first7 = P.| last8 = Thanh | first8 = V. N.| last9 = Ryder | first9 = O.| last10 = Zhang | first10 = H. -W.| last11 = Fu | first11 = Y.| last12 = Zhang | first12 = Y.| title = Molecular phylogeny of ''Nycticebus'' inferred from mitochondrial genes | doi = 10.1007/s10764-006-9032-5 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 27 | issue = 4| pages = 1187–1200 | year = 2006 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Chen|Zhang|Shi|Liu|1993 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = Z. | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Y. | last3 = Shi | first3 = L. | last4 = Liu | first4 = R. | last5 = Wang | first5 = Y. | title = Studies on the chromosomes of genus ''Nycticebus'' | url = https://archive.org/details/primates_1993-01_34_1/page/47 | doi = 10.1007/BF02381279 | journal = Primates | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 47–53 | year = 1993 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Choudhury|1988 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Choudhury | first1 = A. U. | title = Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_oryx_1988-04_22_2/page/89 | doi = 10.1017/S0030605300027551 | journal = Oryx | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 89–94 | year = 1988 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Choudhury|1992 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Choudhury | first1 = A. U. | year = 1992 | title = The slow loris (''Nycticebus coucang'') in North-East India | journal = Primate Report | volume = 34 | pages = 77–83 | ref = harv}} * <!-- Elliot|1913 -->{{cite book|last = Elliot|first = Daniel Giraud|authorlink1 = Daniel Giraud Elliot|title = A Review of the Primates|year = 1913|location = New York, New York|publisher = American Museum of Natural History|series = Monograph series, no. 1|url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10287437#page/175/mode/1up|oclc = 1282520|ref = harv}} * <!-- Fitch-Snyder|Schulze|Streicher|2003 -->{{cite book|last1 = Fitch-Snyder|first1 = Helena|last2 = Schulze|first2 = Helga|last3 = Streicher|first3 = Ulrike|chapter = Enclosure design for captive slow and pygmy lorises|editor-last = Shekelle, Myron; Maryanto, Ibnu; Groves, Colin; Schulze, Helga; Fitch-Snyder, Helena|year = 2003|publisher = LIPI Press|location = Cibinong, Indonesia|isbn = 978-979-799-263-7|title = Primates of the Oriental Night. Proceedings of the Indonesian Workshop: Taxonomy, husbandry, and conservation of tarsiers and lorises. Jakarta, Indonesia, 15–25 February 2003|url = http://anthropology.tamu.edu/faculty/gursky-doyen/publications/Gursky%202008b.pdf|pages = 123–135|format = PDF|ref = harv}} * <!-- Fitch-Snyder|Livingstone|2008 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Fitch-Snyder | first1 = H. | last2 = Livingstone | first2 = K. | title = Lorises: The Surprise Primate | journal = ZooNooz | year = 2008 | publisher = San Diego Zoo | issn = 0044-5282 | pages = 10–14 | ref = harv}} * <!-- Flynn|Morgan|2005 -->{{cite book|last1 = Flynn|first1 = L.J.|last2 = Morgan|first2 = M.E.|publisher = Brill Academic Publishers|isbn = 978-0-391-04247-6|year = 2005|pages = [https://archive.org/details/interpretingpast0000unse_j0a1/page/81 81]–101|chapter = New lower primates from the Miocene Siwaliks of Pakistan|title = Interpreting the past: Essays on human, primate, and mammal evolution in honor of David Pilbeam|url = https://archive.org/details/interpretingpast0000unse_j0a1|editor1-last = Lieberman|editor1-first = D.E.|editor2-last = Smith|editor2-first = R.J.|editor3-last = Kelley|editor3-first = J|ref = harv}} * <!-- Forbes|1896 -->{{cite book|last1 = Forbes|first1 = Henry O.|title = A Hand-book to the Primates|year = 1896|volume = 1|location = London|publisher = E. Lloyd|url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10100678|ref = harv}} * <!-- Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|1812 -->{{cite book|last1 = Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|first1 = Étienne|journal = Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle|year = 1812|title = Suite au Tableau des Quadrummanes. Seconde Famille. Lemuriens. Strepsirrhini|volume = 19|pages = 156–170|url = http://www.archive.org/stream/annalesdumusum19mus#page/164/mode/2up|language = French|ref = harv}} * <!-- Groves|2001 -->{{cite book|last = Groves|first = C.P.|title = Primate Taxonomy|url = https://archive.org/details/primatetaxonomy0000grov|location = Washington, D.C.|publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press|year = 2001|isbn = 978-1-56098-872-4|oclc = 44868886|ref = harv}} * <!-- Groves|2005 -->{{MSW3 Primates|id=12100112}} * <!-- Groves|1971 -->{{cite book|contribution = Systematics of the genus ''Nycticebus''|last1 = Groves|first1 = Colin P.|year = 1971|title = Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Primatology|volume = 1|location = Zürich, Switzerland|pages = 44–53|ref = harv}} * <!-- Groves|Maryanto|2008 -->{{cite book|last1 = Groves|first1 = C.|last2 = Maryanto|first2 = I.|year = 2008|publisher = Indonesian Institute of Sciences|location = Cibinong, Indonesia|pages = 115–122|chapter = Craniometry of slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus'') of insular Southeast Asia|title = Primates of the Oriental Night|editor1-last = Shekelle|editor1-first = M.|editor2-last = Maryanto|editor2-first = I.|editor3-last = Groves|editor3-first = C.|editor4-last = Schulze|editor4-first= H.|editor5-last=Fitch-Snyder|editor5-first=H.|ref = harv|displayeditors=5}} * <!-- Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007 -->{{Cite book|last1 = Hagey|first1 = L.R.|last2 = Fry|first2 = B.G.|last3 = Fitch-Snyder|first3 = H.|doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0_12|title = Primate Anti-Predator Strategies|editor1-last = Gursky|editor1-first = S.L.|editor2-last = Nekaris|editor2-first = K.A.I.|chapter = Chapter 12: Talking Defensively, a Dual Use for the Brachial Gland Exudate of Slow and Pygmy Lorises|pages = 253–272|year = 2007|publisher = Springer|location = New York|isbn = 0-387-34807-7|url = http://www.venomdoc.com/venomdoc/Mammals_files/slow%20loris%20chapter.pdf|format = PDF|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5ve55eWIW?url=http://www.venomdoc.com/venomdoc/Mammals_files/slow%20loris%20chapter.pdf|archivedate = 2011-01-11|pmid = |pmc = |ref = harv|access-date = 2015-12-31|dead-url = no}} * <!-- Husson|Holthuis|1953 -->{{cite journal|last1=Husson|first1=A.M.|last2=Holthuis|first2=L.B.|year=1953|title=On the early editions of Lacépède's "Tableaux des mammifères et des oiseaux", with remarks on two hitherto overlooked species: ''Lori bengalensis'' Lacépède, 1800, and ''Ornithorhynchus novae hollandiae'' Lacépède, 1800|journal=Zoologische Mededelingen|volume=32|issue=19|pages=211–219|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/318622|ref=harv}} * <!-- Krane|Itagaki|Nakanishi|Weldon|2003 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Krane | first1 = S. | last2 = Itagaki | first2 = Y. | last3 = Nakanishi | first3 = K. | last4 = Weldon | first4 = P. J. | title = "Venom" of the slow loris: sequence similarity of prosimian skin gland protein and Fel d 1 cat allergen | doi = 10.1007/s00114-002-0394-z| journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 60–62 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12590298| pmc = | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/chemistry/groups/nakanishi/publication/720-Venom%20of%20the%20Slow%20Loris-%20Sequence%20Similarity%20of%20Prosimian%20Skin%20Gland%20Protein%20and%20Fel%20d%201%20Cat%20Allergen.pdf| format = PDF| ref = harv|bibcode = 2003NW.....90...60K }} * <!-- Lacépède|1800 -->{{cite journal | last = Lacépède | first = B.G.E. de la Ville comte de | year = 1800 | location = Paris | publisher = imprimerie du cercle-social | journal = Séances des écoles normales, recueillies par des sténographes, et revues par les professeurs | title = Classification des oiseaux et des mammifères | volume = 9 | issue = appendix |pages = 1–86 | language = French | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=0u4NAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA68 | ref = harv}}<!-- See Husson and Holthuis (1953) for fuller discussion of this work.--> * <!-- Lydekker|1893 -->{{cite journal | last = Lydekker | first = R. | title = Mammalia | journal = Zoological Record | year = 1893 | volume = 29 | pages = 55&nbsp;pp | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=rrLlB6mBQOYC&pg=RA1-PA25 | ref = harv}} * <!-- Martin|1979 -->{{cite book|last = Martin|first = R.D.|year =1979|chapter = Phylogenetic aspects of prosimian behavior|editor = Doyle, G.A.; Martin, R.D|title = The Study of Prosimian Behavior|url = https://archive.org/details/studyofprosimian0000unse|publisher = Academic Press|location = New York, New York|isbn = 978-0-12-222150-7|oclc = 3912930|ref = harv}} * <!-- McGreal|2008 -->{{cite journal | last = McGreal | first = S. | title = Vet Describes the Plight of Indonesia's Primates | journal = IPPL News | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | year = 2008 | publisher = International Primate Protection League | issn = 1040-3027 | pages = 7–8 | url = http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/103_v35_nl_2008-05.pdf#page=7 | format = PDF | ref = harv}} * <!-- Mein|Ginsburg|1997 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Mein | first1 = P. | last2 = Ginsburg | first2 = L. | year = 1997 | title = Les mammifères du gisement miocène inférieur de Li Mae Long, Thaïlande : systématique, biostratigraphie et paléoenvironnement | journal = Geodiversitas | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 783–844 | issn = 1280-9659 | ref = harv}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305203305/http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/geodiv/g97n4a4.html Abstract in French and English]. * <!-- Menon|2009 -->{{cite book|title = Mammals of India|last = Menon|first = Vivek|year = 2009|location = Princeton, New Jersey|publisher = Princeton University Press|isbn = 978-0-691-14067-4|ref = harv}} * <!-- Munds|Nekaris|Ford|2013 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Munds | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = K. A. I. | last3 = Ford | first3 = S. M. | title = Taxonomy of the Bornean slow loris, with new species ''Nycticebus kayan'' (Primates, Lorisidae)| doi = 10.1002/ajp.22071 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–56 | year = 2013| origyear=2012 online| url = http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2013MundsetalBorneanLorisTaxonomy.pdf | format = PDF| pmid = 23255350| pmc = | ref = harv }} * <!-- Navarro-Montes|Nekaris|Parish|2009 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Navarro-Montes | first1 = Angelina | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = Anna | last3 = Parish | first3 = Tricia J. | title = Trade in Asian slow lorises (''Nycticebus''): using education workshops to counter an increase in illegal trade | journal = Living Forests | year = 2009 | issue = 15 | url = http://www.kfbglivingforests.org/content/issue15/feature1.php | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5w1Asy2fc?url=http://www.kfbglivingforests.org/content/issue15/feature1.php | archivedate = 2011-01-26 | ref = harv | access-date = 2015-12-31 | dead-url = yes }} * <!-- Sfn|Nekaris|2014 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | title = Extreme primates: Ecology and evolution of Asian lorises | journal = Evolutionary Anthropology | year = 2014 | volume = 23 | pages = 177–187 | url = http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/evan.21425.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv | doi=10.1002/evan.21425}} * <!-- Nekaris|Bearder|2010 -->{{cite book|last1 = Nekaris|first1 = K.A.I.|last2 = Bearder|first2 = S.K.|chapter = Chapter 4: The Lorisiform Primates of Asia and Mainland Africa: Diversity Shrouded in Darkness|year = 2010|pages = [https://archive.org/details/primatesinperspe0000unse/page/34 34]–54|title = Primates in Perspective|url = https://archive.org/details/primatesinperspe0000unse|editor1-last = Campbell|editor1-first = C.|editor2-last = Fuentes|editor2-first = C.A.|editor3-last = MacKinnon|editor3-first = K.|editor4-last = Bearder|editor4-first = S.|editor5-last = Stumpf|editor5-first = R.|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = New York, New York|isbn = 978-0-19-539043-8|ref = harv}} * <!-- Nekaris|Munds|2010 -->{{Cite book|editor1-last = Gursky-Doyen|editor1-first = S.|editor2-last = Supriatna|editor2-first = J|last1 = Nekaris|first1 = K.A.I.|last2 = Munds|first2 = R.|title = Indonesian Primates|url = https://archive.org/details/indonesianprimat00gurs_095|chapter = Chapter 22: Using facial markings to unmask diversity: the slow lorises (Primates: Lorisidae: ''Nycticebus'' spp.) of Indonesia|doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-1560-3_22|pages = [https://archive.org/details/indonesianprimat00gurs_095/page/n384 383]–396|year = 2010|publisher = Springer|location = New York|isbn = 978-1-4419-1559-7|pmid =|pmc =|ref = harv}} * <!-- Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K. A. I. | last2 = Shepherd | first2 = C. R. | last3 = Starr | first3 = C. R. | last4 = Nijman | first4 = V. | title = Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: a case study of slender and slow lorises (''Loris'' and ''Nycticebus'') in South and Southeast Asia | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20842 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 72 | issue = 10 | pages = 877–886| year = 2010 | pmid = 20806336| pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Nekaris|Starr|Collins|2010 -->{{Cite book|last1 = Nekaris|first1 = K. A. I.|last2 = Starr|first2 = C. R.|last3 = Collins|first3 = R. L.|last4 = Wilson|first4 = A.|chapter = Comparative ecology of exudate feeding by lorises (''Nycticebus'', ''Loris'') and pottos (''Perodicticus'', ''Arctocebus'')|editor1-last = Burrows|editor1-first = A. M.|editor2-last = Nash|editor2-first = L. T|title = Evolution of Exudativory in Primates|doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-6661-2_8|pages = 155–168|year = 2010|pmid =|pmc =|publisher = Springer|location = New York|isbn = 978-1-4419-6660-5|ref = harv}} * <!-- Nekaris|Bearder|2007 -->{{cite book|last1 = Nekaris|first1 = K.A.I.|last2 = Bearder|first2 = S.K.|chapter = Chapter 3: The Lorisiform Primates of Asia and Mainland Africa: Diversity Shrouded in Darkness|year = 2007|pages = [https://archive.org/details/primatesinperspe0000unse_h2r7/page/28 28]–33|title = Primates in Perspective|url = https://archive.org/details/primatesinperspe0000unse_h2r7|editor1-last = Campbell|editor1-first = C.|editor2-last = Fuentes|editor2-first = C.A.|editor3-last = MacKinnon|editor3-first = K.|editor4-last = Panger|editor4-first = M.|editor5-last = Stumpf|editor5-first = R.|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = New York, New York|isbn = 978-0-19-517133-4|ref = harv}} * <!-- Nekaris|Jaffe|2007 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Jaffe | first2 = S. | title = Unexpected diversity of slow lorises (''Nycticebus spp.'') within the Javan pet trade: implications for slow loris taxonomy | journal = Contributions to Zoology | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | year = 2007 | pages = 187–196 | url = http://www.djmt.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?idno=m7603a04;c=ctz | format = PDF | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5vc6Jc13z?url=http://www.djmt.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?idno=m7603a04;c=ctz | archivedate = 2011-01-09 | ref = harv | access-date = 2015-12-31 | dead-url = yes }} * <!-- Nekaris|Nijman|2007 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Nijman | first2 = V. | doi = 10.1159/000102316 | title = CITES Proposal Highlights Rarity of Asian Nocturnal Primates (Lorisidae: ''Nycticebus'') | journal = Folia Primatologica | volume = 78 | pages = 211–214 | year = 2007 | url = http://vincentnijman.org/files/a55_nekarisnijman_nycticebus_foliaprimatol_2007.pdf | format = PDF | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5ve9g2CbZ?url=http://vincentnijman.org/files/a55_nekarisnijman_nycticebus_foliaprimatol_2007.pdf | archivedate = 2011-01-11 | deadurl = no | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv | access-date = 2015-12-31 }} * <!-- Nowak|1999 -->{{cite book|last = Nowak|first = R.M.|year = 1999|publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press|title = Walker's Mammals of the World|edition = 6th|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=unODoWa7CM4C&printsec=frontcover|location = Baltimore, Maryland|isbn = 0-8018-5789-9|ref = harv}} * <!-- Osman Hill|1953a -->{{cite book|last1 = Osman Hill|first1 = W.C.|year = 1953a|title = Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini|url = https://archive.org/details/primatescomparat0002hill|publisher = Edinburgh University Press|series = Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3|oclc = 500576914|ref = harv}} * <!-- Osman Hill|1953b -->{{cite journal | last1 = Osman Hill | first1 = W.C. | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1953.tb00153.x | title = Early records of the slender loris and its allies | journal = Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | volume = 123 | issue = 1| pages = 43–47| year = 1953b | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Palmer|1904 -->{{cite book|last = Palmer|first = T.S.|title = Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals|year = 1904|publisher = Washington: G.P.O|url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27792212|oclc = 1912921|ref = harv}} * <!-- Pan|Chen|Groves|Wang|2007 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Pan | first1 = D. | last2 = Chen | first2 = J. H. | last3 = Groves | first3 = C. | last4 = Wang |first4 = Y. X. | last5 = Narushima | first5 = E. | last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H. | last7 = Crow | first7 = P. | last8 = Jinggong | first8 = X. | last9 = Thanh | first9 = V. N. | last10 = Ryder | first10 = O. | last11 = Chemnick | first11 = L. | last12 = Zhang | first12 = H. W. | last13 = Fu | first13 = Y. X. | last14 = Zhang | first14 = Y. P. | title = Mitochondrial control region and population genetic patterns of ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' and ''N. pygmaeus'' | doi = 10.1007/s10764-007-9157-1 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 791–799 | year = 2007 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv| display-authors = 8}} * <!-- Payne|Francis|Phillipps|Kartikasari|2000 -->{{Cite book |last1 = Payne|first1 = J. |last2 = Francis|first2 = C. M. |last3 = Phillipps|first3 = K. |last4 = Kartikasari|first4 = S. N. |title = Mamalia di Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak & Brunei Darussalam|doi =|pages = 386|year = 2000|pmid =|pmc =|publisher = WCS|location = Bogor|isbn = 979-95964-0-8|ref = harv}} * <!-- Perelman|Johnson|Roos|Seuánez|2011 -->{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342 | last1 = Perelman | first1 = P. | last2 = Johnson | first2 = W. E. | last3 = Roos | first3 = C. | last4 = Seuánez | first4 = H. N. | last5 = Horvath | first5 = J. E. | last6 = Moreira | first6 = M. A. M. | pmc = 3060065 | last7 = Kessing | first7 = B. | last8 = Pontius | first8 = J. | last9 = Roelke | first9 = M. | last10 = Rumpler | first10 = Y. | last11 = Schneider | first11 = M. P. | last12 = Silva | first12 = A. | last13 = O'Brien | first13 = S. J. | last14 = Pecon-Slattery | first14 = J. | editor1-last = Brosius | editor1-first = Jürgen | title = A molecular phylogeny of living primates | journal = PLoS Genetics | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = e1001342 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21436896| ref = harv}} * <!-- Phillips|Walker|2002 -->{{cite book|last1 = Phillips|first1 = E.M.|last2 = Walker|first2 = A.|year = 2002|chapter = Chapter 6: Fossil lorisoids|editor1-last = Hartwig|editor1-first = W.C|title = The Primate Fossil Record|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, New York|isbn = 978-0-521-66315-1|ref = harv}} * <!-- Pocock|1939 -->{{cite book|last1 = Pocock|first1 = R.I.|publisher = Taylor and Francis|location=London|year = 1939|title = The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia, vol. 1|ref=harv}} * <!-- Rowe|1996 -->{{cite book|last = Rowe|first = Noel|title = The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates|url = https://archive.org/details/pictorialguideto0000rowe_p5o5|year = 1996|publisher = Pogonias Press|location = East Hampton, New York|isbn = 0-9648825-0-7|ref = harv}} * <!-- Sanchez|2008 -->{{cite journal | last = Sanchez | first = K.L. | title = Indonesia's Slow Lorises Suffer in Trade | journal = IPPL News | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | year = 2008 | publisher = International Primate Protection League | issn = 1040-3027 | page = 10 | url = http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/105_v35_n2_2008-09.pdf#page=10 | format = PDF | ref = harv}} * <!-- Seiffert|Simons|Attia|2003 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Seiffert | first1 = E.R. | last2 = Simons | first2 = E.L. | last3 = Attia | first3 = Y. | doi = 10.1038/nature01489 | title = Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of lorises and galagos | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-03-27_422_6930/page/421 | journal = Nature | volume = 422| issue = 6930 | pages = 421–424| year = 2003 | pmid = 12660781| pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Seiffert | first1 = E.R. | last2 = Simons | first2 = E.L. | last3 = Ryan | first3 = T.M. | last4 = Attia | first4 = Y. | title = Additional remains of ''Wadilemur elegans'', a primitive stem galagid from the late Eocene of Egypt | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0505310102 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 102 | issue = 32 | pages = 11396–11401 | year = 2005 | pmid = | pmc = | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/102/32/11396.full.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv}} * <!-- Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Starr | first1 = C. | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = K. A. I. | last3 = Streicher | first3 = U. | last4 = Leung | first4 = L. | title = Traditional use of slow lorises ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' and ''N. pygmaeus'' in Cambodia: an impediment to their conservation | doi = 10.3354/esr00285 | journal = Endangered Species Research | year = 2010 | volume = 12| issue = 1| pages = 17–23| url = http://www.int-res.com/articles/esr2010/12/n012p017.pdf| format = PDF| pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Stone|Rehn|1902 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Stone | first1 = Witmer | last2 = Rehn | first2 = James A.G. | year = 1902 | title = A collection of mammals from Sumatra, with a review of genera ''Nycticebus'' and ''Tragulus'' | journal = Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia | volume = 54 | pages = 127–142 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=GPkbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136 | ref = harv}} * <!-- Sussman|2003| -->{{cite book|last = Sussman|first = R.W.|title= Primate Ecology and Social Structure|volume = Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs, and Tarsiers|edition = Revised First|publisher = Pearson Custom Publishing|location = Boston, Massachusetts|year = 2003|isbn = 978-0-536-74363-3|ref = harv}} * <!-- Tan|Drake|2001 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Tan | first1 = C. L. | last2 = Drake | first2 = J. H. | doi = 10.1159/000049918 | title = Evidence of tree gouging and exudate eating in pygmy slow lorises (''Nycticebus pygmaeus'')| journal = Folia Primatologica | volume = 72| issue = 1| pages = 37–39 | year = 2001 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Thomas|1922 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Thomas | first1 = Oldfield | authorlink1 = Oldfield Thomas | year = 1922 | title = Note on the nomenclature of the Northern Slow-loris | journal = The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume = 28 | page = 433 | url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30113007#page/565/mode/1up | ref=harv}} * <!-- Thorn|Nijman|Smith|Nekaris|2009 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Thorn | first1 = J.S. | last2 = Nijman | first2 = V. | last3 = Smith | first3 = D. | last4 = Nekaris | first4 = K.A.I. | title = Ecological niche modelling as a technique for assessing threats and setting conservation priorities for Asian slow lorises (Primates:''Nycticebus'') | doi = 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00535.x | journal = Diversity and Distributions | volume = 15 | pages = 289–298| year = 2009 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Swapna|Radhakrishna|Gupta|Kumar|2010 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Swapna | first1 = N. | last2 = Radhakrishna | first2 = S. | last3 = Gupta | first3 = A.K. | last4 = Kumar | first4 = A. | title = Exudativory in the Bengal slow loris (''Nycticebus bengalensis'') in Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura, northeast India | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20760 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 72| issue = 2| pages = 113–121| year = 2010 | pmid = 19937974| pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Swapna|Gupta|Radhakrishna|2008 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Swapna | first1 = N. | last2 = Gupta | first2 = Atul | last3 = Radhakrishna | first3 = Sindhu | title = Distribution survey of Bengal Slow Loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' in Tripura, northeastern India | journal = Asian Primates Journal | year = 2008 | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–40 | url = http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/APJ1.1.bengalensis.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv | access-date = 2015-12-31 | archive-date = 2011-07-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727185114/http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/APJ1.1.bengalensis.pdf | dead-url = yes }} * <!-- Utami|Van Hooff|1997 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Utami | first1 = S. S. | last2 = Van Hooff | first2 = J. A. R. A. M. | year = 1997| title = Meat-eating by adult female Sumatran orangutans (''Pongo pygmæus abelii'') | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–65 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)43:2<159::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-W| pmid = 9327098| pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Wang|Su|Lan|Liu|1996 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = Wen | last2 = Su | first2 = Bing | last3 = Lan | first3 = Hong | last4 = Liu | first4 = Ruiqing | last5 = Zhu | first5 = Chunling | last6 = Nie | first6 = Wenhui | last7 = Chen | first7 = Yuze | last8 = Zhang | first8 = Yaping | title = Interspecific differentiation of the slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus'') inferred from ribosomal DNA restriction maps | journal = Zoological Research | year = 1996 | volume = 17 | pages = 89–93 | ref = harv}} * <!-- Wiens|2002 -->{{Cite thesis | degree = Ph.D. | title = Behavior and ecology of wild slow lorises (''Nycticebus coucang''): social organization, infant care system, and diet | url = http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966021282&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=966021282.pdf | last = Wiens | first = Frank | year = 2002 | publisher = Bayreuth University | ref = harv | access-date = 2024-04-01 | archive-date = 2012-03-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120309212455/http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966021282&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=966021282.pdf | url-status = dead }} * <!-- Wiens|Zitzmann|2003 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Wiens | first1 = Frank| last2 = Zitzmann | first2 = Annette| doi = 10.1017/S0952836903003947 | title = Social structure of the solitary slow loris ''Nycticebus coucang'' (Lorisidae) | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 261| issue = 1| pages = 35–46 | year = 2003 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Wiens|Zitzmann|Hussein|2006 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Wiens | first1 = Frank | last2 = Zitzmann | first2 = Annette | last3 = Hussein | first3 = Nor Azman | doi = 10.1644/06-MAMM-A-007R1.1 | title = Fast food for slow lorises: is low metabolism related to secondary compounds in high-energy plant diet? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2006-08_87_4/page/790 | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 87 | issue = 4 | pages = 790–798 | year = 2006 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Wilde|1972 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Wilde | first1 = H. | title = Anaphylactic shock following bite by a 'slow loris', ''Nycticebus coucang'' | journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 592–594 | year = 1972 | pmid = 5075669 | issn = 00029637 | ref = harv }} * <!-- Worcester|Bourns|1905 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Worcester | first1 = D.C. | last2 = Bourns | first2 = F.S. | year = 1905 | title = Letters from the Menage Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands | journal = Bulletin of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences | volume = 4 | pages = 131–172 | ref = harv | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FI0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131}} * <!-- Zhang|Cheng|Shi|1993 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Zhang | first1 = Y. -P. | last2 = Chen | first2 = Z. -P. | last3 = Shi | first3 = L. -M. | doi = 10.1007/BF02196510 | title = Phylogeny of the slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus''): an approach using mitochondrial DNA restriction enzyme analysis | url = https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-primatology_1993-02_14_1/page/167 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–175 | year = 1993 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv }} {{Refend}} === Pranala jaba === * [http://www.traffic.org/home/2012/4/3/loris-trade-not-so-slow.html TRAFFIC: Loris trade not so slow] * [http://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/projects/25/Saving+the+slow+loris.html International Animal Rescue: Saving the slow loris]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121230042/http://internationalanimalrescue.org/projects/25/Saving+the+slow+loris.html |date=2013-01-21 }} * [http://nocturama.org/ Dr. Anna Nekaris' research and conservation] * [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/slow_loris Primate Fact Sheets: Slow loris (''Nycticebus'')] * [http://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12540/region/skull/bone/cranium Slow loris skeleton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422101524/https://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12540/region/skull/bone/cranium |date=2024-04-22 }} * [http://www.loris-conservation.org/ Asian loris and African pottos conservation website directory] {{Subject bar | book = Slow loris | portal1 = Primates | portal2 = Asia | commons = y | commons-search = Nycticebus | species = y | species-search = Nycticebus}} {{Lorisidae nav}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q74941}} [[Kategori:Nycticebus]] [[Kategori:Mamalia Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Satwa liar dilindungi ring Indonésia]] d2az8nuv9o2ckrzl522gog6wqv4kxap 0 26703 281185 247509 2026-08-27T21:47:32Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Présidént |honorific-prefix = <small>[[Jenderal Besar]] [[TNI]] ([[Purnawirawan|Purn.]]) [[Haji|H.]] [[Muhammad|M.]]</small> |name = Soeharto |image = President_Suharto,_1993.jpg |image_size = 220px |alt = Official portrait |caption = Portret resmi, 1993 |office = Présidén Indonésia |order = ke-2 |state = |term_start = 12 Maret 1967 |term_end = 21 Méi 1998<br /> <small> (Pejabat Présidén sampai 27 Maret 1968) </small> |vicePrésidént = {{unbulleted list|[[Hamengkubuwana IX]] (1973 - 1978)|[[Adam Malik]] (1978 - 1983)|[[Umar Wirahadikusumah]] (1983 - 1988)|[[Sudharmono]] (1988 - 1993)|[[Try Sutrisno]] (1993 - 1998)|[[B.J. Habibie]] (1998)}} |predecessor = [[Soekarno]] |successor = [[B.J. Habibie]] |office2 = Sékrétaris Jenderal [[Gerakan Non-Blok]] ke-16 |term_start2 = 7 Séptémber 1992 |term_end2 = 20 Oktober 1995 |predecessor2 = [[Dobrica Ćosić]] |successor2 = [[Ernesto Samper Pizano]] |office4 = Menteri Pertahanan Républik Indonésia |order4 = ke-13 |term_start4 = 28 Maret 1966 |term_end4 = 17 Oktober 1967 |Présidént4 = [[Soekarno]] |predecessor4 = [[A. H. Nasution]] |term_start5 = 17 Oktober 1967 |term_end5 = 28 Maret 1973 |Présidént5 = Soeharto |successor5 = [[Maraden Panggabean]] |office3 = Panglima Angkatan Bersenjata Républik Indonésia |order3 = ke-5 |term_start3 = 6 Juni 1968 |term_end3 = 28 Maret 1973 |Présidént3 = Soeharto |predecessor3 = [[Soedirman]] |successor3 = [[Maraden Panggabean]] |office6 = Ketua Presidium Kabinet Indonésia |order6 = ke-1 |term_start6 = 25 Juli 1966 |term_end6 = 17 Oktober 1967 |Présidént6 = {{unbulleted list|[[Soekarno]]|Soeharto}} |predecessor6 = [[Soekarno]]<br /><small>(Sebagai Perdana Menteri)</small> |successor6 = ''Jabatan dihapuskan'' |birthname = |birth_date = {{birth date|1921|6|8}} |birth_place = [[Kemusuk, Argomulyo, Sedayu, Bantul|Kemusuk]], [[Kesultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat]], [[Indonesia]] |death_date = {{death date and age|2008|1|27|1921|6|8}} |death_place = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] |restingplace = [[Astana Giribangun]], [[Matesih]], [[Karanganyar]], [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonesia]] |nationality = [[Indonesia]] |spouse = {{marriage|[[Tien Soeharto]]|26 December 1947|28 April 1996|end=d.}} |children = {{unbulleted list|[[Siti Hardijanti Rukmana]] (Tutut)<ref name="NYT">{{cite web|title=Suharto Dies at 86; Indonésian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed|date=28 Januari 2008|work=The New York Times|last=Berger|first=Marilyn|language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202231503/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>|[[Sigit Harjojudanto]] (Sigit)|[[Bambang Trihatmodjo]] (Bambang)|[[Siti Hediati Hariyadi]] (Titiek)|[[Hutomo Mandala Putra]] (Tommy)|[[Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih]] (Mamiek)}} |parents = Kertosoediro (ayah)<br /> Soekirah (ibu) |signature = Suharto signature.svg |serviceyears = 1940 - 1974 |rank = [[Berkas:Pdu jendbesartni.png|25px]] [[Jenderal Besar]] [[TNI]] |branch = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indische Leger|KNIL]]<br />{{small|(1940 - 1942)}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of PETA (Pembela Tanah Air).svg|25px}} [[Pembela Tanah Air|PETA]]<br />{{small|(1942 - 1945)}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Indonesian Army.svg|25px}} [[TNI Angkatan Darat]]<br />{{small|(1945 - 1974)}} |unit = [[Infanteri]] |party = [[Golongan Karya]] |allegiance = {{unbulleted list|{{flag|Hindia Belanda}} (1940 - 1942)|{{flag|Kekaisaran Jepang}} (1942 - 1945)|{{flag|Indonésia}} (1945 - 1974)}} |residence = |alma_mater = Akademi KNIL |occupation =[[Tentara]]<nowiki>, Politikus]]</nowiki> }} {{Infobox orang}} [[Jénderal Ageng]] [[Tentara Nasional Indonésia|TNI]] ([[Purnawirawan|Purn.]]) [[Haji|H.]] [[Muhammad|M.]] '''Soeharto''', ([[Éjaan Républik|ER]], [[Éjaan Sané Kasempurnayang|EYD]]: '''Suharto'''; {{lahirmati|[[Kemusuk, Argomulyo, Sedayu, Bantul|Kemusuk]], [[Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat|Yogyakarta]]|8|6|1921|[[Jakarta]]|27|1|2008}}) inggih punika [[Présidén Indonésia|Présidén Indonésia kaping kalih]] sané ngentosin [[Soekarno]], ngamong dados présidén lami ipun 32 warsa saking warsa 1967 ngantos 1998. Ring jagat internasional, kautama ring [[Gumi Kauh]], Soeharto ketah kaparabin antuk "''The Smiling General''" ({{lang-id|"Sang Jenderal yang Tersenyum"}}) krana rupa ipun sané ketah makenyem miwah nganyinahang kaajéran. Yadiastun sekadi punika, ida leket sareng kontroversi, ida ketah kasengguh [[otoritér]] antuk wong sané masebrangan sareng ida.<ref name="NYT"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921-2008|date=27 Januari 2008|language=en|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings|work=The Guardian|last=Gittings|first=John|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164141/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Is Indonésia’s Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto? |date=19 Méi 2018 |work=South China Morning Post |last=Hutton |first=Jeffrey |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/Indon%C3%A9sias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto |language=en |access-date=2018-12-14 |archive-date=2018-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217125832/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/Indonésias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto |dead-url=no |archivedate=2018-12-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217125832/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/Indon%C3%A9sias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tanda kehormatan === ;Indonésia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kepustakaan-presiden.perpusnas.go.id/award/?box=list&hlm=2&search_ruas=&search_keyword=&activation_status=&presiden_id=2&presiden=suharto|title=Penghargaan Présidén Soeharto|access-date=2021-10-30|website=Kepustakaan Présidén-Présidén RI|publisher=[[Perpustakaan Nasional Indonésia]]|archive-date=2021-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030044922/https://kepustakaan-presiden.perpusnas.go.id/award/?box=list&hlm=2&search_ruas=&search_keyword=&activation_status=&presiden_id=2&presiden=suharto|url-status=dead|archivedate=2021-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030044922/https://kepustakaan-presiden.perpusnas.go.id/award/?box=list&hlm=2&search_ruas=&search_keyword=&activation_status=&presiden_id=2&presiden=suharto}}</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |- |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna.png|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna rib.svg|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Sakti.png|width=100}} |- |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Dharma.png|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Gerilya.png|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Bintang Jasa Utama rib.svg|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma rib.svg|width=100}} |- |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama rib.svg|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Kartika Eka Paksi Utama.gif|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Jalasena Utama.png|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama.png|width=100}} |- |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Bintang Bhayangkara Utama rib.svg|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Kartika Eka Paksi Pratama.gif|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Kartika Eka Paksi Nararya.gif|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indonesian Armed Forces "8 Years" Service Star (1945-1953).gif|width=100}} |- |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Garuda.png|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Satyalencana Teladan.png|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Satyalencana Kesetiaan XVI.gif|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan I.gif|width=100}} |- |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Satya Lencana Perang Kemerderkaan II.gif|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Satya Lencana GOM I.gif|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Satyalencana G.O.M. II.gif|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Satyalencana G.O.M. III.gif|width=100}} |- |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Satyalencana G.O.M. IV.gif|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Satyalencana Satya Dharma.png|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Satyalencana Wira Dharma (1963).gif|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Satya Lencana Penegak.gif|width=100}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |- !Baris ke-1 | colspan="4"|[[Bintang Républik Indonésia Adipurna]] | colspan="4"|[[Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna]] | colspan="4"|[[Bintang Sakti]] |- !Baris ke-2 | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Dharma]] | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Gerilya]] | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Jasa|Bintang Jasa Utama]] | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma]] |- !Baris ke-3 | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Yudha Dharma|Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama]] | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi|Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama]] | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Jalasena|Bintang Jalasena Utama]] | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa|Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama]] |- !Baris ke-4 | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Bhayangkara|Bintang Bhayangkara Utama]] | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi|Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Pratama]] | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi|Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Nararya]] | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Sewindu Angkatan Perang Républik Indonésia]] |- !Baris ke-5 | colspan="3"|[[Bintang Garuda]] | colspan="3"|[[Satyalancana Teladan]] | colspan="3"|[[Satyalancana Kesetiaan]] 16 Tahun | colspan="3"|[[Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan I]] |- !Baris ke-6 | colspan="3"|[[Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan II]] | colspan="3"|[[Satyalancana G.O.M I]] | colspan="3"|[[Satyalancana G.O.M II]] | colspan="3"|[[Satyalancana G.O.M III]] |- !Baris ke-7 | colspan="3"|[[Satyalancana G.O.M IV]] | colspan="3"|[[Daftar tanda kehormatan di Indonésia#Bekas|Satyalancana Satya Dharma]] | colspan="3"|[[Satyalancana Wira Dharma]] | colspan="3"|[[Satyalancana Penegak]] |} ;Dura Negara {| class="wikitable" |- ! Negara ! Penghargaan ! Pita ! Warsa |- | rowspan=2| {{flag|Brunei}} | [[Darjah Kerabat Mahkota Brunei]] (D.K.M.B.) | align=center | [[Berkas:BRU Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1988 |- | [[Darjah Kerabat Laila Utama|Darjah Kerabat Laila Utama Yang Amat Dihormati]] (D.K.) | align=center | [[Berkas:BRU Family Order of Brunei 1st Class.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1988 |- | {{flag|Filipina}} | Kalung (''Raja'') [[Orde Sikatuna]] | align=center | [[Berkas:PHI Order of Sikatuna 2003 Grand Collar BAR.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1968 |- | rowspan=3| {{flag|Malaysia}} | [[Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara]] (D.M.N.) | align=center | [[Berkas:MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1988 |- | {{flag|Perak}}: [[Daftar tanda kehormatan di negara bagian dan wilayah persekutuan Malaysia#Perak|Darjah Kerabat Di-Raja Yang Amat Dihormati]] (D.K.) | align=center | [[Berkas:MY-PERA Royal Family Order of Perak - DK (before 2001).svg|80px]] | align=center | 1988 |- | {{flag|Johor}}: [[Daftar tanda kehormatan di negara bagian dan wilayah persekutuan Malaysia#Johor|Darjah Kerabat Johor Yang Amat Dihormati Kelas I]] (D.K. I) | align=center | [[Berkas:Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Johor - ribbon bar.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1990 |- | {{flag|Thailand}} | Knight of the Most Auspicious Order of the Rajamitrabhorn | align=center | [[Berkas:Order of the Rajamitrabhorn (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1970 |- | {{flag|Singapura}} | Darjah Utama Temasek | align=center | [[Berkas:Darjah Utama Temasek ribbon (1962–1996) ribbon.png|80px]] | align=center | 1974 |- | {{flag|Kamboja}} | Grand Collar of the National Order of Independence | align=center | [[Berkas:KHM National Independence Medal.png|80px]] | align=center | 1968 |- | {{flag|Jepang}} | Selempang Kebesaran [[Orde Krisantemum|Orde Tertinggi Krisantemum]] | align=center | [[Berkas:JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1968 |- | {{flag|Koréa Selatan}} | The Grand Order of Mugunghwa | align=center | [[Berkas:Grand Order of Mugunghwa (South Korea) - ribbon bar.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1981 |- | {{flag|Pakistan}} | [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] | align=center | [[Berkas:Nishan-e-Pakistan ribbon bar.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1982 |- | {{flag|Afrika Selatan}} | Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope | align=center | [[Berkas:Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif|80px]] | align=center | 1997 |- | {{flag|Austria}} | Grand Star (''Groß-Stern'') of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria | align=center | [[Berkas:AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 1st Class BAR.png|80px]] | align=center | 1973 |- | {{flag|Belanda}} | Kesatria Salib Agung [[Orde Singa Belanda]] | align=center | [[Berkas:Order of the Netherlands Lion ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1970 |- | {{flag|Belgia}} | Selempang Kebesaran [[Orde Leopold (Belgia)|Orde Leopold]] | align=center | [[Berkas:BEL - Order of Leopold - Grand Cordon bar.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1973 |- | {{flag|Kekaisaran Etiopia}} | Grand Cordon and Collar of the Order of the Queen of Sheba | align=center | [[Berkas:Order of The Queen of Sheba (Ethiopia) ribbon.gif|80px]] | align=center | 1968 |- | {{flag|Britania Raya}} | Knight Grand Cross (Military Division) of the [[Order of the Bath]] (G.C.B.) | align=center | [[Berkas:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1974 |- | {{flag|Dinasti Pahlavi}} | The First Class of the Order of Pahlavi | align=center | [[Berkas:Order of Pahlavi Ribbon Bar - Imperial Iran.svg|80px]] | align=center | ''Tidak diketahui'' |- | {{flag|Italia}} | Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic | align=center | [[Berkas:Cordone di gran Croce di Gran Cordone OMRI BAR.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1972 |- | {{flag|Jerman}} | Salib Agung Kelas Istiméwa [[Orde Jasa Républik Federal Jerman]] | align=center | [[Berkas:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 9 Sond des Grosskreuzes.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1970 |- | {{flag|Kuwait}} | Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great | align=center | [[Berkas:KUW Order of Mubarak the Great ribbon.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1977 |- | {{flag|Mesir}} | Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile | align=center | [[Berkas:EGY Order of the Nile - Grand Cordon BAR.png|80px]] | align=center | 1977 |- | {{flag|Prancis}} | Salib Agung Orde Nasional [[Légion d'honneur]] | align=center | [[Berkas:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|80px]] | align=center | ''Tidak diketahui'' |- | {{flag|Qatar}} | Collar of the Order of the Independence | align=center | [[Berkas:Order of Independence (Qatar) - ribbon bar.gif|80px]] | align=center | ''Tidak diketahui'' |- | {{flag|Romania}} | First Class of the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic | align=center | [[Berkas:ROM Ordinul Steaua Republicii Populare Române clasa I BAR.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1982 |- | {{flag|Arab Saudi}} | Badr Chain | align=center | [[Berkas:Decoration without ribbon - en.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1977 |- | {{flag|Spanyol}} | Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic | align=center | [[Berkas:Order of Isabella the Catholic - Sash of Collar.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1980 |- | {{flag|Suriah}} | Member 1st Class of the Order of the Umayyads | align=center | [[Berkas:Order Of Ummayad (Syria) - ribbon bar.gif|80px]] | align=center | 1977 |- | {{flag|Ukraina}} | First Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise | align=center | [[Berkas:Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise 1st 2nd and 3rd Class of Ukraine.png|80px]] | align=center | 1997 |- | {{flag|Venezuela}} | Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Liberator | align=center | [[Berkas:VEN Order of the Liberator - Grand Cordon BAR.png|80px]] | align=center | 1988 |- | {{flag|Yordania}} | Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali | align=center | [[Berkas:JOR Al-Hussein ibn Ali Order BAR.svg|80px]] | align=center | 1986 |- | {{flag|Yugoslavia}} | Yugoslav Star with Sash of the Order of the Yugoslav Star | align=center | [[Berkas:Order of the Yugoslavian Great Star Rib.png|80px]] | align=center | 1975 |} == Pustaka == {{reflist}} === Cingak malih === * [[Butir-Butir Budaya Jawa]] * [[Présiden Indonésia]] === Lis pustaka === <div class="references-small"> {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} * {{cite news |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 |title=Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again |publisher=ANTARA |date=22 February 2006 |accessdate=22 February 2006 |archive-date=2007-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325054315/http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite news |title=Army in Jakarta Imposes a Ban on Communists |work=The New York Times |date=19 October 1965}} * Benedict R. Anderson en Ruth T.McVey, A Preliminary Analysis of the 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonésia (Cornell University, 1971). * {{cite news |last=Aspinall |first=Ed |title=What happened before the riots? |date=October–December 1996 |publisher=Inside Indonésia |url=http://www.xn--insideindonsia-lkb.org/edit48/ed.htm |access-date=2013-04-14 |archive-date=2005-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505222646/http://www.insideIndonésia.org/edit48/ed.htm |dead-url=yes |archivedate=2005-05-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505222646/http://www.xn--insideindonsia-lkb.org/edit48/ed.htm |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |title=Attorney general doubts Soeharto can be prosecuted |work=The Jakarta Post |date=27 May 2005}} * {{cite book |first = William |last = Blum |year = 1995 |title = Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II |url = https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0 |publisher = Common Courage Press |location = Monroe, Me. |isbn =1-56751-052-3}} * ''[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions]''. Press Release. [[International Monetary Fund]]. (31 October 1997) * {{cite web |title=CIA Stalling State Department Histories |work=The National Security Archive |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/ |accessdate=23 May 2005}} * {{cite news |last=Colmey |first=John |title=The Family Firm |date=24 May 1999 |publisher=TIME Asia |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208155758/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html |archivedate=2001-02-08 |access-date=2007-02-13 |dead-url=no }} * Robert Cribb, "Genocide in Indonésia,1965–1966". Journal of Genocide Research no.2:219–239, 2001. * {{cite book |first = Robert E. |last = Elson |year = 2001 |title = Suharto: A Political Biography |url = https://archive.org/details/suhartopolitical0000elso |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn =0-521-77326-1}} * {{cite book|last =Friend|first =Theodore|title =Indonésian Destinies|publisher =The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|year =2003|url =https://archive.org/details/Indonesiandestin00theo|isbn =0-674-01834-6}} * {{cite web |title=H.AMDT.647 (A003): An amendment to prohibit any funds appropriated in the bill to be used for military education and training assistance to Indonésia |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: |publisher=THOMAS (Library of Congress) |accessdate=4 February 2006 |archive-date=2016-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050730/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: |dead-url=yes |archivedate=2016-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050730/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news|title=Indonésia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics|date=27 November 1996|publisher=Amnesty International|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index&start=391|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313112044/http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index%26start%3D391|archivedate=2006-03-13|access-date=2021-03-08|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite web |title=Indonésia Economic |work=Commanding Heights |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html |accessdate=23 May 2005}} * {{cite news |title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge |work=The New York Times |date=16 December 1965}} {{Col-2}} * "Jakarta Leftist Out As Army Chief" [[New York Times]] 15 October 1965 * {{cite news |first=Brendan |last=Koerner |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2097858 |title=How Did Suharto Steal $35 Billion? Cronyism 101 |work=Slate |date=26 March 2004 |accessdate=4 February 2006}} * {{cite news |title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge |work=The New York Times |date=16 December 1965}} * {{cite news |author=Lashmar, Paul and Oliver, James |title=MI6 Spread Lies to Put Killer in Power |url=https://archive.org/details/killme0000jame |work=The Independent|location=UK |date=16 April 2000}} * {{cite book |author=Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James |title=Britain's Secret Propaganda War |publisher=Sutton Pub Ltd |year=1999 |isbn=0-7509-1668-0}} * McDonald, H., ''Suharto's Indonésia'', Fontana Books, 1980, Blackburn, Australia, ISBN 0-00-635721-0 * {{cite news |title=Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor |year=1993 |publisher=World Bank |url=http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |access-date=2013-04-14 |archive-date=2007-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323210822/http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |dead-url=yes }} * Ricklefs, M.C. 1991. ''A History of Modern Indonésia since c.1300. 2nd Edition'', Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-333-57690-X * John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder, The 30 Séptémber Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconson Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-299-22034-1. * {{cite news |last=Simpson |first=Brad |title=Indonésia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice" |date= 9 July 2004 |publisher=National Security Archive |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm}} * {{cite book|last=Schwarz|first=A.|year=1994|title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonésia in the 1990s|url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=1-86373-635-2}} * {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm |title=Suharto tops corruption rankings |publisher=BBC News |date= 25 March 2004 |accessdate=4 February 2006}} * "Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief" [[New York Times]] 22 February 1966 * {{cite news |title=Tapol Troubles: When Will They End? |date=April–June 1999 |publisher=Inside Indonésia |url=http://xn--insideindonsia-lkb.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view |access-date=2013-04-14 |archive-date=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://insideIndonésia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view |dead-url=yes |archivedate=2012-03-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://xn--insideindonsia-lkb.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |author=Toer, Pramoedya Ananta |title=The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir |url=https://archive.org/details/mutessoliloquyme0000toer |publisher=Penguin |year=2000 |isbn=0-14-028904-6}} * {{cite web |title= United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=4 February 2006}} * [[Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA]], Tim Weiner. Doubleday, New York 2007 (ISBN 978-3-596-17865-0), chapter 15, CIA and Indonésia. * Whose Plot?-New light on the 1965 Events, Journal of Contemporary Asia 9, no.2 (1979):197–215. {{Col-end}} </div> === Pranala jaba === {{Commons category|Suharto}} {{Wikisource|Pernyataan Berhenti Sebagai Présidén Républik Indonésia, 21 Méi 1998}} * [http://www.soehartocenter.com/ Soeharto Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223185247/http://www.soehartocenter.com/ |date=2020-12-23 }} * [http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&presiden_id=2&presiden=suharto Soeharto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729085106/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&presiden=suharto&presiden_id=2 |date=2012-07-29 }} di Kepustakaan Présidén Républik Indonésia * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/4528925.stm Life in pictures: Indonésia's Suharto] di [[BBC]] * [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0d243cf4-ccac-11dc-8df7-000077b07658.html ''Financial Times'' obituary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121095817/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0d243cf4-ccac-11dc-8df7-000077b07658.html |date=2008-11-21 }} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings ''The Guardian'' obituary] * [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3260665.ece Obituary in ''The Times'', 28 January 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809110703/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3260665.ece |date=9 August 2011 }} {{clr}} {{kotak mulai}} {{s-off}} {{Kotak suksesi |jabatan = [[Présidén Indonésia]] |warsa = 1967 - 1998 |pendahulu = [[Soekarno]] |pengganti = [[BJ Habibie]]}} {{Kotak suksesi |jabatan = [[Daftar Menteri Pertahanan Indonésia|Menteri Pertahanan Indonésia]] |warsa = 1966 - 1971 |pendahulu =[[M. Sarbini]] |pengganti =[[Maraden Panggabean]]}} {{S-bef|before=[[Soekarno]]|as=Perdana Menteri}} {{S-ttl|title= [[Daftar Perdana Menteri Indonésia|Ketua Presidium Kabinet Indonésia]]|years=1966 - 1967}} {{S-non|reason=Jabatan dihapuskan}} {{s-mil}} {{kotak suksesi|jabatan=[[Panglima ABRI]]|pendahulu=[[Soedirman]]|pengganti=[[Maraden Panggabean]]|warsa=1968 - 1973}} {{kotak suksesi|jabatan=[[Kepala Staf TNI Angkatan Darat]]|pendahulu=[[Ahmad Yani]]|pengganti=[[Maraden Panggabean]]|warsa=1966 - 1968}} {{S-new}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Panglima Komando Strategi dan Cadangan Tentara Nasional Indonésia Angkatan Darat|Pangkostrad]]|years=1963 - 1965}} {{s-aft |after = [[Umar Wirahadikusumah]]}} {{s-gov}} {{kotak suksesi|jabatan=[[Badan Intelijen Negara|Kepala Badan Pusat Intelijen]]|pendahulu=[[Soebandrio]]|pengganti=[[Yoga Soegomo]]|warsa=1965 - 1966}} {{s-dip}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Dobrica Ćosić]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Sékrétaris Jenderal [[Gerakan Non-Blok]]|years=1992 - 1995}} {{s-aft|after=[[Ernesto Samper Pizano]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Bill Clinton]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Ketua [[Kerja Sama Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik]]|years=1994}} {{s-aft|after=[[Tomiichi Murayama]]}} |- {{s-new|office}} {{s-ttl|title=Ketua [[Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara]]|years=1976}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hussein Onn]]}} {{kotak selesai}} {{Kelompok templat |list1 = {{Soeharto}} {{Présidén Indonésia}} {{Kabinet Pembangunan VII}} {{Kabinet Pembangunan VI}} {{Kabinet Pembangunan V}} {{Kabinet Pembangunan IV}} {{Kabinet Pembangunan III}} {{Kabinet Pembangunan II}} {{Kabinet Pembangunan I}} {{Kabinet Ampera II}} {{Kabinet Ampera I}} {{Perdana Menteri Indonésia}} {{Wakil Perdana Menteri Indonésia (1960-1966)}} {{Sékrétaris Jenderal Gerakan Non-Blok}} {{Perang Dingin}} }} {{Authority control}} {{lifetime|1921|2008|Soeharto}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soeharto}} [[Kategori:Tokoh militér Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh TNI]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Tentara Nasional Indonésia Angkatan Darat]] [[Kategori:Kepala Staf Tentara Nasional Indonésia Angkatan Darat| ]] [[Kategori:Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Panglima Komando Militér IV/Diponegoro]] [[Kategori:Panglima Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat]] [[Kategori:Panglima Komando Daérah Militér XII/Tanjungpura]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Jawa]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Yogyakarta]] [[Kategori:Tokoh saking Bantul]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Angkatan 45]] [[Kategori:Politikus Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Orde Baru]] [[Kategori:Politikus Partai Golongan Karya]] [[Kategori:Présidén Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Penerima Bintang Républik Indonésia Adipurna]] [[Kategori:Penerima Bintang Jasa Utama]] [[Kategori:Soeharto| ]] [[Kategori:Kesatria Salib Agung Orde Singa Belanda]] ofksdj6wav36679jz3x4t3v2ttp5981 0 26993 281061 123287 2026-08-27T19:56:09Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Lao}} '''Vientiane''' ({{IPAc-en|v|i|,|ɛ|n|t|i|ˈ|ɑː|n}} {{Respell|vi|EN|ti|AHN}},<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|author-link=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3 April 2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{IPA-fr|vjɛ̃tjan|lang}}; {{lang-lo|[[wikt:ວຽງຈັນ|ວຽງຈັນ]]}}, ''Viangchan'', {{IPA-lo|ʋíːəŋ tɕàn|pron}}) inggih punika [[ibukota]] miwah kota pinuh ageng ring [[Laos]], Vientiane kakepah ring administratif dados 9 kota.<ref name="MYBARNKERD.BLOGSPOS(Laos)">{{cite web |url=http://mybarnkerd.blogspot.com/2015/12/blog-post.html?m=1/laos/|title=Vientiane is divided into nine cities[urban area]|website=MYBARNKERD.BLOGSPOS|date=17 Désémber 2018 |language=LAO}}</ref> Ngelah total wawengkon sawatara 3.920 kilométer persegi ring sisi [[Tukad Mékong]] nampek sareng pawatesan Thailand sareng Laos. Vientiane punika ibukota administratif ri tatkala Pamréntahan Prancis, sané mangkin dados pusat ékonomi Laos. Kota puniki ngelah populasi 948.477 ring [[Sensus]] 2020. pdgxnik4nj50web0hqfc8n9bttj3wft 0 26995 281028 223643 2026-08-27T19:27:19Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281028 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phnom Penh''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˌ|n|ɒ|m|_|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|,_|ˌ|p|n|ɒ|m|_|-}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|author-link=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=April 3, 2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/phnom_penh|title=Phnom Penh {{!}} Definition of Phnom Penh in US English by Oxford Dictionaries|authors=Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=June 6, 2019|archive-date=June 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606011214/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/phnom_penh|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/phnom-penh|title=Phnom Penh definition and meaning|authors=Collins English Dictionary|website=Collins English Dictionary|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|language=en|access-date=June 6, 2019}}</ref> {{lang-km|ភ្នំពេញ}}, {{lang|km-Latn|Phnum Pénh}} {{IPA-km|pʰnumˈpɨɲ|}}; lit. "Lebah [[Penh]]") inggih punika [[Ibukota]] tur [[Lis kota miwah kota alit ring Kamboja|kota pinih padet]] ring [[Kamboja]]. Punika sampun dados ibukota nasional saking aab [[protéktorat Prancis Kamboja]], taler sampun makembang dados pusat ékonomi, industri, miwah budaya wangsa ring negara Kamboja. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{Propinsi ring Kamboja}} f48z0jrk286upynmkqn08hny5vuyg7r 0 27072 281058 121180 2026-08-27T19:54:29Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pyongyang''' ({{IPAc-en|us|ˌ|p|j|ɒ|ŋ|ˈ|j|æ|ŋ}}, {{IPAc-en|uk|ˌ|p|j|ʌ|ŋ|ˈ|j|ɑː|ŋ}},<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn= 978-1-40588118-0}}</ref> {{IPA-ko|pʲʰʌ̹ŋ.ja̠ŋ|lang}}) inggih punika [[Ibukota|ibu kota]] tur kota pinih ageng ring [[Koréa Kalér]], sané kaloktah dados "'''Ibukota Révolusi'''". Pyongyang magenah ring [[Tukad Taedong]] sawatara {{cvt|109|km}} ulu saking loloan nyané ring [[Segara Kuning]]. Mawit sénsus krana 2008, kota puniki ngelah populasi 3.255.288.<ref name="Nkorea2008">{{cite book|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/North_Korea/Final%20national%20census%20report.pdf|title=D P R Korea, 2008 Population Census, National Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325102712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/2008_North_Korea_Census.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009|access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref> ru1z9vgt5rhyovu22cp4utb4ei6ulgt 0 27431 281230 122078 2026-08-27T22:14:12Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281230 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zagreb''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|ɑː|ɡ|r|ɛ|b|,_|ˈ|z|æ|ɡ|r|ɛ|b|,_|z|ɑː|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɛ|b}} {{respell|ZAH|greb}}, {{respell|ZAG|reb}}, {{respell|zah|GREB}},<ref> {{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}; {{cite book|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref> {{IPA-sh|zǎːɡreb|langhr|hr-Zagreb.ogg}})<ref>{{cite web|title=Hrvatski jezični portal|url=http://hjp.novi-liber.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=f15nWxR%2B&keyword=Zagreb|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> inggih punika [[ibu kota (politik)|ibu kota]] tur [[Lis kota ring Kroasia#Lis kota alit|kota pinih ageng]] saking [[Kroasia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Grad Zagreb službene stranice|url=http://www.zagreb.hr/|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 5l197eo21smxhhgbsbke6i5krbwshc0 0 27510 281244 279192 2026-08-27T22:23:46Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Simple Periodic Table Chart-blocks.svg|right|435x435px]] '''tabél périodik''', taler kaloktah antuk '''tabél périodik datu''' ('''kimia'''), inggih punika cingakan tabular saking [[datu kimia]]. Akéh kaanggén ring [[kimia]], [[fisika]], miwah ilmu liyanan, ring ketah nyané kanikayang dados ikon kimia. Punika formulasi grafis saking parikrama périodik, sané nganikayang pinaka cecirén datu kimia ngenatang mapaiketan sareng [[pawiguna périodik|périodik]] ring [[wilangan atom]] ipun. {{Tabél périodik}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Cutetan == {{Notelist}} == Bibliograpi == {{Refbegin}} * {{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}} * {{cite book |last1 = Petrucci |first1 = Ralph H. |last2 = Harwood |first2 = William S. |last3 = Herring |first3 = F. Geoffrey |date=2002 |title = General chemistry: principles and modern applications |url = https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00hill |url-access = registration |edition=8th |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn = 978-0-13-014329-7 |lccn=2001032331 |oclc=46872308 }} * [[Eric Scerri]]. 2020, ''The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance'', 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, New York, {{ISBN|978-0190914363}}. {{Refend}} == Wacénan lantur == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Calvo |first=Miguel |year=2019 |title= Construyendo la Tabla Periódica|page=407|location=Zaragoza, Spain |publisher=Prames |isbn=978-84-8321-908-9}} * {{cite book |last=Emsley |first=J. |year=2011 |title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements |url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4 |chapter=The Periodic Table|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4/page/634 634]–651|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=New|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7 |author-link=John Emsley }} * {{cite book |first1=Marco |last1=Fontani |first2=Mariagrazia |last2=Costa |first3=Mary Virginia |last3=Orna |year=2007 |title=The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side |url=https://archive.org/details/lostelementsperi0000font |page=[https://archive.org/details/lostelementsperi0000font/page/508 508]|location=Oxford|publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-938334-4}} * {{cite book |last=Mazurs |first=E. G.|year=1974 |title=Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years |location=Alabama |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-19-960563-7 |author-link=John Emsley }} * {{cite conference |editor1-first=D.H. |editor1-last=Rouvray |editor2-first=R. B. |editor2-last=King |title=The Periodic Table: Into the 21st Century |publisher= Research Studies Press |location=Baldock, Hertfordshire|conference=Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Periodic Table, part 1, Kananaskis Guest Ranch, Alberta, 14–20 July 2003 |isbn=978-0-86380-292-8 |year=2004}} * {{cite conference |editor1-first=D.H. |editor1-last=Rouvray |editor2-first=R. B. |editor2-last=King |title=The Mathematics of the Periodic Table |publisher= Nova Science |location=New York|conference=Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Periodic Table, part 2, Kananaskis Guest Ranch, Alberta, 14–20 July 2003 |isbn=978-1-59454-259-6 |year=2006}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ericscerri.com/books_elements.pdf |title=Books on the Elements and the Periodic Table |last=Scerri |first=E |date=n.d. |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811052254/http://www.ericscerri.com/books_elements.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite conference |editor1-first=E. |editor1-last=Scerri |editor2-first=G |editor2-last=Restrepo |title=Mendeleev to Oganesson: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Periodic Table |publisher= Oxford University Press |location=Oxford|conference=Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Periodic Table, Cuzco, Peru 14–16 August 2012 |isbn=978-0-86380-292-8 |year=2018}} * {{cite book|last=van Spronsen|first=J. W.|title=The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: A History of the First Hundred Years |url=https://archive.org/details/periodicsystemof0000spro|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Elsevier |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-444-40776-4}} * {{cite conference |editor-first=M. |editor-last=Verde |title= Atti del convegno Mendeleeviano: Periodicità e simmetrie nella struttura elementare della materia |publisher=Accademia delle Scienze di Torino |location=Torino |trans-title=Proceedings of the Mendeleevian conference: Periodicity and symmetry in the elementary structure of matter|conference=1st International Conference on the Periodic Table, Torino-Roma, 15–21 Séptémber 1969|year=1971}} {{Refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links|Periodic table}} * [https://digital.sciencehistory.org/focus/periodic-tables Periodic Table] featured topic page on [[Science History Institute]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042542/https://digital.sciencehistory.org/ Digital Collections] featuring select visual representations of the periodic table of the elements, with an emphasis on alternative layouts including circular, cylindrical, pyramidal, spiral, and triangular forms. * [http://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements] * [http://www.ptable.com/ Dynamic periodic table], with interactive layouts * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014171011/http://www.ericscerri.com/ Eric Scerri], leading philosopher of science specializing in the history and philosophy of the periodic table * [http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook//35_pt/pt_database.php The Internet Database of Periodic Tables] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160406/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/greenchemistry/research-innovation/research-topics/endangered-elements.html Periodic table of endangered elements] * [http://www.periodictable.com/ Periodic table of samples] * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/ Periodic table of videos] * [http://www.webelements.com/ WebElements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104110225/http://webelements.com/ |date=2014-01-04 }} {{Tabél périodik (navbox)}} {{tabél périodik Navbox}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tabél périodik| ]] [[Kategori:Datu kimia| ]] [[Kategori:Dmitri Mendeleev]] dx06mwddh9qrtngbhh2nh8rrooyq274 0 27566 281226 279722 2026-08-27T22:12:54Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious text | religion = [[Agama Weda historis]]<br />[[Hindu]] | image = Rigveda MS2097.jpg | caption = Naskah Rigveda ring [[Devanagari]], pangawit abad ka-19. Risampuné panugrahan juru tulis (''šrigaṇéśāyanamaḥ oṁ''), baris kapertama madué pada kapertama, RV 1.1.1a (''agniṃ iḷe puraḥ-hitaṃ yajñasya devaṃ ṛtvijaṃ'' - tiang ngajum [[Agni]], Imam sane kapilih, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi, menteri kurban"). Aksen nada kacihnayang antuk garis ring sor lan garis atas vertikal antuk warna barak. | image_size = 280px | alt = | language = [[Vedic Sanskrit]] | period = [[wikt:circa|c.]] 1500{{ndash}}1000&nbsp;BCE<ref name="Lucas F. Johnston, Whitney Bauman 2014 179">{{cite book |last=Lucas F. Johnston, Whitney Bauman |title=Science and Religion: One Planet, Many Possibilities |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |page=179}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name="dating"}} ([[Vedic period]]) | chapters = 10 mandala | sutras = | verses = 10,552 mantra<ref>{{cite web |title=Construction of the Vedas |url=https://sites.google.com/a/vedicgranth.org/www/what_are_vedic_granth/the-four-veda/interpretation-and-more/construction-of-the-vedas?mobile=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717035126/https://sites.google.com/a/vedicgranth.org/www/what_are_vedic_granth/the-four-veda/interpretation-and-more/construction-of-the-vedas?mobile=true |archive-date=17 July 2021 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=VedicGranth.Org}}</ref> |background=#FFC569}}{{Sastra Hindu}} '''Rigwéda''' utawi '''Rég Wéda''' (''Rigveda'' utawi ''Rig Veda'', {{Lang-sa|[[wikt:ऋग्वेद#Sanskrit|ऋग्वेद]]}} ''{{IAST|ṛgveda}}'', saking ''{{IAST|[[wikt:ऋच्#Sanskrit|ṛc]]}}'' "nyungjung"<ref>Maasal saking akah ''{{IAST|ṛc}}'' "antuk nyungjung", cf. Dhātupātha 28.19. [[Monier-Williams]] kaalih basa ''Rigveda'' dados "satunggil Veda Nyungjung utawi Himne-Veda".</ref> and ''{{IAST|[[wikt:वेद#Sanskrit|veda]]}}'' "kawikanan") inggih punika sastra [[India kuna]] marupa [[himne]], nganggén [[basa sansekerta]] (''sūktas''). Punika silih tunggil saking papat wagian [[kitab suci]] (''[[śruti]]'') [[Wéda]].{{sfn|Witzel|1997|pp=259{{ndash}}264}}<ref>Antonio de Nicholas (2003), ''Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man'', New York: Authors Choice Press, {{ISBN|978-0-595-26925-9}}, p. 273</ref> Rigveda (Sanskerta: ऋग्वेद ṛgvedá, saking kruna ṛc "puji" miwah veda "kaweruhan") dados pupulan puji-pujian (sūkta) agung ring basa Sanskerta Weda kuno. Kitab puniki marupa silih tunggil saking petang kitab suci utama (śruti) ring agami Hindu sane kasub kawastanin Catur Weda. Rigveda pinaka kitab Weda sane pinih tua tur dados silih tunggil teks pinih kuno ring basa-basa Indo-Eropa sane kantun prasida kapanggihin nyantos mangkin. Akehan para sarjana percaya mungguing suaran miwah daging Rigveda sampun katamiang madasar antuk lisan (getok tular) saking panyatusan warsa sedurung Masehi, nganggen metode ngapalang sane madue darsana, kadreman, miwah kapatutan sane pinih tegeh. Bukti filologis miwah linguistik ngicenin paneges mungguing pupulan teks Rigveda Samhita puniki kakawi ring wewidangan kaler-kauh subbenua India, pinih saking warsa 1500 ngantos 1000 SM (Zaman Perunggu). Teks puniki madue makudang-kudang sungsunan: Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyaka, miwah Upanisad. Daging utama saking Rigveda inggih punika Rigveda Samhita, sane madue 10 kitab (maṇḍala) madaging 1,028 sūkta utawi puji-pujian sane kawangun antuk kirang langkung 10,600 bait (sane kawastanin ṛc). == Sungsunan Kitab (Maṇḍala) == Kitab Rigveda kakepah dados dasa pahan agung sane kawastanin '''Maṇḍala'''. Nyabran maṇḍala madue tegeh, sungsunan, miwah yusa sane matiosan: {| class="wikitable" |'''Maṇḍala''' |'''Soroh / Kula Pangawi''' |'''Wewidangan Kuno''' |'''Daging Utama''' |- |'''Maṇḍala 1''' |Makudang-kudang kula rishi |Punjab nyantos Yamuna |Puji-pujian ring dewa-dewa, filosofi pangawit dunia |- |'''Maṇḍala 2–7''' |Kula Rishi (Gṛtsamāda, Viśvāmitra, Vāmadeva, Atri, Bharadvāja, Vasiṣṭha) |Kaler-Kauh (NW) miwah Punjab |Kasub kawastanin "Kitab Kula" (''Family Books''), pinih tua, ngenenin indik ritual miwah kosmologi |- |'''Maṇḍala 8''' |Kaṇva miwah Āṅgirasa |Kaler-Kauh miwah Punjab |Puji-pujian miwah uleman majeng ring para dewa |- |'''Maṇḍala 9''' |Makudang-kudang rishi matiosan |Punjab |Sajebag pahan ngenenin indik Dewa Soma miwah ritual pawentahan ajengan suci Soma |- |'''Maṇḍala 10''' |Makudang-kudang rishi matiosan |Haryana / India Tengah |Pinih anyar, madaging pitakon filosofis tegeh, dāna (kaluwihan dewek), miwah asal-mula jagat (Purusha Sukta) |} == Daging Kitab == Daging utama saking puji-pujian ring Rigveda puniki matetujon majeng ring para Dewa (panyungsungan ring khayangan). Dewa-dewa utama sane pinih akeh kapuji inggih punika: * Dewa Indra: Dewa sangkaning sabeh, angin, miwah ksatria agung (pinih akeh kapuji). * Dewa Agni: Dewa geni suci sane nyambungang manusane ring khayangan liwatan sarana upakara/yajna. * Dewa Soma: Dewa sane mapaiketan ring entik-entikan miwah yeh suci sane ngicenin kakuatan. Siosan ring puji-pujian majeng ring para Dewa, ring maṇḍala sane pinih anyar (pinih utama ring Maṇḍala 10), wénten sūkta-sūkta sane tegeh pisan nilai filosofisne, sekadi Nasadiya Sukta (nyritayang indik kawentenan sedurung jagate kakerep) miwah Purusha Sukta (nyritayang indik asal mula jagat raya saking raga Sang Purusha). Kasuksman ring Agami Hindu: Nyantos mangkin, makudang-kudang bait saking Rigveda kantun kawacen miwah kasuarang ring sajeroning upacara agami Hindu, silih tunggilne inggih punika Mantra Gayatri (saking Rigveda Mandala 3.62.10). Puniki ngawinang Rigveda pinaka silih tunggil teks kapercayan pinih tua ring dunia sane kantun miwah lestari kaanggen kauripan sarileme. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cutetan === {{reflist|group=note|35em|refs= <!-- D --> <!-- "dating" --> {{refn|group=note|name="dating"|It is certain that the hymns of the Rig Veda post-date [[Proto-Indo-Iranian|Indo-Iranian]] separation of {{circa|2000&nbsp;BCE}} and probably that of the relevant Mitanni documents of {{circa}} 1400&nbsp;BCE. Philological estimates tend to date the bulk of the text to the second half of the second millennium: * [[Max Müller]]: "the hymns of the Rig-Veda are said to date from 1500 B.C."<ref>{{cite book |last=Müller |first=F. Max |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA202 |title=India: What Can It Teach Us? |date=1883 |publisher=[[Longmans, Green & Co.]] |location=London |page=202 |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163253/https://books.google.com/books?id=DLQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA202 |url-status=live }}</ref> * The [[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|EIEC]] (s.v. [[Indo-Iranian languages]], p. 306) gives 1500{{ndash}}1000&nbsp;BCE. * Flood and Witzel both mention {{circa}} 1500{{ndash}}1200&nbsp;BCE.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=37}}{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=4}} * Anthony mentions {{circa}} 1500{{ndash}}1300&nbsp;BCE.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=454}} * Thomas Oberlies (''Die Religion des Rgveda'', 1998, p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets a wide range of 1700{{ndash}}1100&nbsp;BCE.{{sfn|Oberlies|1998|p=158}} {{harvnb|Oberlies|1998|p=155}} gives an estimate of 1100&nbsp;BCE for the youngest hymns in book 10.{{sfn|Oberlies|1998|p=155}} * {{harvnb|Witzel|1995|p=4}} mentions {{circa}} 1500{{ndash}}1200&nbsp;BCE. According to {{harvnb|Witzel|1997|p=263}}, the whole Rig Vedic period may have lasted from c. 1900&nbsp;BCE to c. 1200&nbsp;BCE: "the bulk of the RV represents only 5 or 6 generations of kings (and of the contemporary poets) of the Pūru and Bharata tribes. It contains little else before and after this 'snapshot' view of contemporary Rgvedic history, as reported by these contemporary 'tape recordings.' On the other hand, the whole Rgvedic period may have lasted even up to 700 years, from the infiltration of the Indo-Aryans into the subcontinent, c. 1900&nbsp;B.C. (at the utmost, the time of collapse of the Indus civilization), up to c. 1200&nbsp;B.C., the time of the introduction of iron which is first mentioned in the clearly post-Rgvedic hymns of the Atharvaveda."}} }} == Bibliograpi == {{refbegin}} '''Edisi''' * {{cite book |url={{Google books|1-PRAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-937018-4 |volume=1–3 |location=New York |translator-last=Stephanie W. Jamison |translator-last2=Joel P. Brereton}} ** {{cite book |last1=Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ |title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India |last2=Joel P. Brereton (tr.) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-937018-4 |series=3-volume set |access-date=6 October 2019 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907144356/https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}} ** {{cite book |last1=Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-PRAwAAQBAJ |title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India |last2=Joel P. Brereton (tr.) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014a |isbn=978-0-19-972078-1 |volume=1}} * editio princeps: [[Friedrich Max Müller]], ''The Hymns of the Rigveda, with [[Sayana]]'s commentary'', London, 1849{{ndash}}75, 6 vols., 2nd ed. 4 vols., Oxford, 1890{{ndash}}92. * [[Theodor Aufrecht]], 2nd ed., Bonn, 1877. * {{cite book |last=Sontakke |first=N.&nbsp;S. |title={{IAST|Rgveda-Samhitā: Śrimat-Sāyanāchārya virachita-bhāṣya-sametā}} |publisher={{IAST|Vaidika Samśodhana Maṇḍala}} |others=Sāyanachārya (commentary) |year=1933 |edition=First |editor-last3=Rājvade |editor-first3=V.&nbsp;K.}}. The editorial board for the First Edition included N.&nbsp;S. Sontakke (Managing Editor), V.&nbsp;K. {{IAST|Rājvade}}, M.&nbsp;M. {{IAST|Vāsudevaśāstri}}, and T.&nbsp;S. {{IAST|Varadarājaśarmā}}. * B. van Nooten und G. Holland, ''Rig Veda, a metrically restored text'', Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994. * Rgveda-Samhita, Text in Devanagari, English translation Notes and indices by H.&nbsp;H. Wilson, Ed. W.&nbsp;F. Webster, originally in 1888, Published Nag Publishers 1990, 11A/U.A. Jawaharnagar, Delhi-7. '''Komentar''' * [[Sayana]] (14th century) ** ed. Müller 1849{{ndash}}75 (German translation); ** ed. Müller (original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on 24 manuscripts). ** ed. Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samsodhana Mandala, Pune (2nd ed. 1972) in 5 volumes. * Rgveda-Samhitā Srimat-sāyanāchārya virachita-{{IAST|bhāṣya}}-sametā, ed. by Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samśodhana Mandala, Pune-9, 1972, in 5 volumes (It is original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on over 60 manuscripts). * {{citation |last=Sri Aurobindo |title=The Secret of veda |url=https://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Secret-Of-The-Veda-Aurobindo.pdf |year=1998 |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922103348/https://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Secret-Of-The-Veda-Aurobindo.pdf |url-status=live |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram press |archive-date=22 September 2020}} * [[Sri Aurobindo]], ''Hymns to the Mystic Fire'' (Commentary on the Rig Veda), Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin {{ISBN|0-914955-22-5}} [http://www.mountainman.com.au/rghmf_00.html Rig Veda – Hymns to the Mystic Fire – Sri Aurobindo – INDEX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406165021/http://www.mountainman.com.au/rghmf_00.html |date=6 April 2016}} * Raimundo Pannikar (1972), ''The Vedic Experience'', University of California Press '''Filologi''' * {{cite book |last=Harold G. Coward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC |title=The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter) |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-208-0426-5}} * Vashishtha Narayan Jha, ''A Linguistic Analysis of the Rgveda-Padapatha'' Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi (1992). * Bjorn Merker, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024500/http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990c12.htm Rig Veda Riddles In Nomad Perspective], Mongolian Studies, Journal of the Mongolian Society XI, 1988. * {{cite book |last=Oberlies |first=Thomas |title=Die Religion des Rgveda |date=1998 |publisher=Institut für Indologie der Universität Wien |location=Wien}} * {{cite book |last=Oldenberg |first=Hermann |title=''Hymnen des Rigveda. 1. Teil: Metrische und textgeschichtliche Prolegomena.'' Berlin 1888 |publisher=(please add), Wiesbaden 1982 |year=1894}} * —''Die Religion des Veda''. Berlin 1894; Stuttgart 1917; Stuttgart 1927; Darmstadt 1977 * —''Vedic Hymns'', The [[Sacred Books of the East]] Vol l. 46 ed. [[Friedrich Max Müller]], Oxford 1897 * Adolf Kaegi, ''The Rigveda: The Oldest Literature of the Indians'' (trans. R. Arrowsmith), Boston, Ginn and Co. (1886), 2004 reprint: {{ISBN|978-1-4179-8205-9}}. * {{cite book |last=Mallory |first=J.P. |title=Indo-Iranian Languages in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |title-link=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |year=1989 |publication-date=1997 |display-authors=etal}} '''Sejarah''' * {{citation |last=Anthony |first=David W. |title=The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World |year=2007 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]}} * {{citation |last=Avari |first=Burjor |title=India: The Ancient Past |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-35616-9}} * {{cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |author-link=Edwin Bryant (author) |title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate |url=https://archive.org/details/questfororiginso0000brya |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513777-4}} * {{citation |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=What Do Hindus Believe? |year=2013 |publisher=Granta Books |isbn=978-1-84708-940-3}} * {{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |year=1996 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |author-link=Gavin Flood}} * {{cite book |last=George Erdosy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6ZRShEIFwMC |title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1995 |isbn=978-3-11-014447-5}} * {{citation |last=Hexam |first=Irving |title=Understanding World Religions: An Interdisciplinary Approach |year=2011 |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]] |isbn=978-0-310-31448-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Gregory Possehl |title=Encyclopedia of Prehistory |last2=Michael Witzel |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-4684-7135-9 |editor-last=Peter N. Peregrine |chapter=Vedic |editor-last2=Melvin Ember}} * Lal, B.B. 2005. ''The Homeland of the Aryans. Evidence of Rigvedic Flora and Fauna & Archaeology'', New Delhi, Aryan Books International. * [[Shrikant G. Talageri|Talageri, Shrikant]]: ''[[The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis]]'', 2000. {{ISBN|81-7742-010-0}} * {{citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |work=EJVS |volume=1 |issue=4 |year=1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220153727/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2012}} * {{citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |title=Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas |volume=2 |pages=257{{ndash}}348 |year=1997 |editor-last=Michael Witzel |access-date=22 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804151138/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf |url-status=live |series=Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora |chapter=The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu |chapter-url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf |place=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |archive-date=4 August 2020 |author-link=Michael Witzel}} * {{cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00floo |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-21535-6 |editor-last=Flood, Gavin |chapter=Vedas and Upanisads |author-link=Michael Witzel |url-access=limited}} * {{cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |title=Which of Us are Aryans?: Rethinking the Concept of Our Origins |url=https://archive.org/details/alf.alfbk4697.934.rom |date=2019 |publisher=Aleph |isbn=978-93-88292-38-2 |editor-last=Thapar |editor-first=Romila |editor-link=Romila Thapar |chapter=Beyond the Flight of the Falcon |author-link=Michael Witzel}} * {{citation |last=Wood |first=Michael |title=The Story of India Hardcover |year=2007 |publisher=[[BBC Worldwide]] |isbn=978-0-563-53915-5}} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{wikisource|sa|ऋग्वेदः|Original Sanskrit text in Devanagari}} {{wikisource|The Rigveda|The Rigveda }} {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Rig Veda}} '''Text''' {{For|links to translations|#Translations}} * [https://holybooks.com/rig-veda/ The Rig Veda] The complete Rig Veda in English translation at holybooks.com * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/index.htm Devanagari and transliteration] experimental online text at: sacred-texts.com * [http://www.detlef108.de/Rigveda.htm ITRANS, Devanagari, transliteration] online text and PDF, several versions prepared by Detlef Eichler * [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/RV/index.html Transliteration, metrically restored] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124610/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/RV/index.html |date=4 March 2016}} online text, at: Linguistics Research Center, Univ. of Texas * ''[http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#veda The Hymns of the Rigveda]'', Editio Princeps by [[Friedrich Max Müller]] (large PDF files of book scans). Two editions: London, 1877 (Samhita and Pada texts) and Oxford, 1890{{ndash}}92, with Sayana's commentary. * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Rigveda}} * [https://vedaweb.uni-koeln.de/rigveda/ VedaWeb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116094656/https://vedaweb.uni-koeln.de/rigveda/ |date=2026-01-16 }}, online text of Rigveda with multiple translations and morphological glossing '''Kamus''' * [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/GRAScan/2014/web/webtc2/index.php Rigvedic Dictionary by Hermann Grassmann] (online database, uni-koeln.de) <!-- * [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18195792 Choral Hymns from the Rig Veda, Op.26], Gustav Holst, 14 pieces in 4 groups, Piano with Violins, Romantic Movements, [https://urresearch.rochester.edu/institutionalPublicationPublicView.action;jsessionid=5D762A8F787F4E6A6052D24FF5A5460E?institutionalItemVersionId=21426 Vocal Scores], University of Rochester--> {{Rigveda}} {{Topik Hindu}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Rigveda| ]] [[Kategori:sastra milenium kaping kalih SM]] [[Kategori:Teks-teks Agama Hindu]] [[Kategori:Kenangan Daftar Jagat]] [[Kategori:Kidung Weda]] 3t5y0t2a23juvs5ltfxbd5tzy901m91 0 28268 281274 138734 2026-08-27T22:39:56Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Jabatan Politik |jabatan = Wali Kota |lembaga = Padang |insignia = Logo Padang.svg |ukuraninsignia = 100px |keteranganinsignia = |departemen = |namaasli = |image = Wali Kota Padang Hendri Septa.jpg |imagesize = 130px |alt = |incumbent = [[Hendri Septa]] |incumbentsince = 7 April 2021 |gelar = |kediaman = Rumah Dinas Wali Kota Padang |tempo = 5 warsa, sasampune dados kapilih sapisan malih |dibentuk = 1945 (ring sor [[pamrentahan Indonésia]]) |pertama = [[Abdoel Hakim]] |website = {{URL|http://www.padang.go.id/}} }} <onlyinclude> Puniki suratan '''lis Wali Kota Padang''' sané dados pejabat saking warsa 1928 nganti mangkin. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |- ! colspan="6" |Pamréntahan [[Hindia Belanda]] (1928–1942) |- style="background-color:#cfc;" !colspan=2|Wali Kota !Ngawit jabatan !Wesana jabatan !Wakil Wali Kota !Cut. |- |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<small>Dr. Mr.</small><br/> [[Willem Matthijs Ouwerkerk]]<br/> <small>LL.D.</small> |rowspan=2| 23 November 1928 |rowspan=2| 1940 | Mr. C. Hoogenboom<br/>(1928–1931) | {{refn|group=ket.|Burgemeester Padang yang pertama}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=gfw5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|title=Burgemeesters in Nederlands-Indië 1916-1942|first=A.A.|last=Lutter|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.|page=142|place=Utrecht|year=2021|ISBN=978-94-6301-335-2|lang=nl}}</ref>{{sfn|Colombijn|1994}} |- | dr. [[Abdoel Hakim]]<br/>(1931–1940) | {{sfn|Harahap}} |- |[[Berkas:Dirk Kapteijn.jpg|100px]] |[[Dirk Kapteijn]] | 4 November 1940 | 1942 | dr. [[Abdoel Hakim]] | {{sfn|Harahap}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=gfw5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|title=Burgemeesters in Nederlands-Indië 1916-1942|first=A.A.|last=Lutter|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.|page=98|place=Utrecht|year=2021|ISBN=978-94-6301-335-2|lang=nl}}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" |Républik [[Indonésia]] (1945–sekarang) |- style="background-color:#cfc;" !colspan=2|Wali Kota !Dari !Sampai !Wakil Wali Kota !Ket. |- |[[File:Dr. A. Hakim Sumatra Barat.jpg|100px]] |<small>dr.</small><br/>[[Abdoel Hakim]]<br/><small>(Penjabat sementara)</small> | 1945 | Oktober 1945 | Sutan Ahmad<br/><small>(Penjabat sementara)</small><ref>{{Cite book|date=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6f_iPYsFm8gC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=dijalankan+oleh+St.+Ahmad&q=dijalankan+oleh+St.+Ahmad&hl=en|title=Sejarah daerah ...: Sumatra Barat|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Penerbitan Buku Bacaan dan Sastra Indonésia dan Daérah|language=id}}</ref> | |- | |[[Abubakar Jaar|<small>Mr.</small><br/>Abubakar Jaar]] | Oktober 1945 | 1946 | [[Bagindo Azizchan]] | {{sfn|Asnan|2007}}{{sfn|Husein|1992}} |- | [[Berkas:Bagindo Azizchan.jpg|100px]] |[[Bagindo Azizchan]] | 15 Agustus 1946 | 19 Juli 1947 | | {{refn|group=ket.|Meninggal dalam sebuah pertempuran melawan Belanda{{sfn|Husein|1992}}{{sfn|Sudarmanto|2007}}}} |- | |[[Said Rasjad]]<br/><small>(Penjabat sementara)</small> | 1947 | 1947 | | {{sfn|Sudarmanto|2007}} |- |[[File:Dr. A. Hakim Sumatra Barat.jpg|100px]] |<small>dr.</small><br/>[[Abdoel Hakim]]<br/><small>(Acting Wali Kota)</small> | Séptémber 1947 | Désémber 1949 | | {{sfn|Nasution|1991}} |- | | <small>dr.</small><br/>[[Rasidin]] | Désémber 1949 | 1956 | | {{sfn|Asnan|2007}} |- |[[Berkas:Bakhtiar Dt. Pado Penghulu.jpg|100px]] |[[Bachtiar Datuk Pado Panghulu]] | 1956 | 1958 | | {{sfn|Pemda Tingkat II Kotamadya Padang|1995}} |- | |[[Z. A. Sutan Pangeran|Zainul Abidin Sutan Pangeran]] | 1958 | 1966 | | {{refn|group=ket.|Mengundurkan diri pada Juni 1966{{sfn|Syamdani|2009}}{{sfn|Kahin|1999}}}} |- | | <small>Drs.</small><br/>[[Azhari]] | 1966 | 1967 | | {{sfn|Colombijn|1994}} |- | | <small>Drs.</small><br/>[[Akhirul Yahya]] | 1967 | 1971 | | {{sfn|Pemda Tingkat II Kotamadya Padang|1995}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[Berkas:Hasan Basri Durin.jpg|100px]] | rowspan="3" | <small>Drs.</small><br/>[[Hasan Basri Durin]] | 1971 | 1973 | | {{refn|group=ket.|Penjabat wali kota}} |- | 1973 | 1978 | | {{refn|group=ket.|Dua periode sejak 1973}} |- | 1978 | 1983 | | |- | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |[[Syahrul Ujud]]<br/><small>SH</small> | 1983 | 1988 | | |- | 1988 | 1993 | | {{refn|group=ket.|Dua periode{{sfn|Anwar|1986}}}} |- | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | <small>H.</small><br/>[[Zuiyen Rais]]<br/><small>MS</small> | 17 Juni 1993 | 17 Juni 1998 | | |- | 17 Juni 1998 | 28 Désémber 1999 | | {{refn|group=ket.|Wali kota nonaktif sejak 28 Désémber 1999, digantikan Masri Payan sebagai pelaksana harian, diangkat kembali pada 20 Juli 2000{{sfn|Kompas|2000}}}} |- | |Masri Payan | 28 Désémber 1999 | 20 Juli 2000 | | |- | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | <small>H.</small><br/>[[Zuiyen Rais]]<small><br/> MS</small> | 20 Juli 2000 | 17 April 2003 | | |- |- | 17 April 2003 | 11 Juni 2003 | | {{refn|group=ket.|Pelaksana tugas selama dua bulan, 17 April 2003 sampai 11 Juni 2003}} |- |[[Berkas:O.S. Yerli Asir, Mayor of Bukittinggi, 2005.jpg|100px]] | <small>Drs. H.</small><br/>[[Oktisir Sjovijerli Asir]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana tugas)</small> | 12 Juni 2003 | 17 Pébruari 2004 | | |- |rowspan=2| [[Berkas:Fauzi Bahar.jpg|100px]] |rowspan=2| <small>Dr.</small><br/>[[Fauzi Bahar]]<small><br/> MSi</small> | 17 Pébruari 2004 | 17 Pébruari 2009 | [[Yusman Kasim]] | |- | 17 Pébruari 2009 | 19 Pébruari 2014 | [[Mahyeldi Ansharullah]] | {{refn|group=ket.|Dua periode, terpilih kembali dalam pemilihan umum pada warsa 2009{{sfn|Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonésia|2007}}{{sfn|Febrianti|2003}}}} |- | [[Berkas:Erizal Agus.JPG|100px]] | <small>H.</small><br/>Erizal<small><br/> SH<br/>(Penjabat sementara)</small> | 19 Pébruari 2014 | 13 Méi 2014 | — | {{sfn|Pemerintah Kota Padang|2014}} |- |rowspan=2| [[Berkas:Mahyeldi Ansharullah, Wali Kota Padang 2019-2021.jpg|100px]] |rowspan=2| [[Mahyeldi Ansharullah|<small>H.</small><br/>Mahyeldi Ansharullah<small><br/> SP</small>]] | 13 Méi 2014 | 13 Méi 2019 | [[Emzalmi]] | {{sfn|Irwandi|2014}} |- | 13 Méi 2019 | 25 Pébruari 2021 | [[Hendri Septa]] | {{refn|group=ket.|Dua periode, terpilih kembali dalam pemilihan umum pada warsa 2019.{{sfn|Faradianti|2019}}}} |- |rowspan=2| [[Berkas:Wali Kota Padang Hendri Septa.jpg|100px]] |rowspan=2| [[Hendri Septa]]<br/><small>B.Bus. (Acc.), MIB</small> | 25 Pébruari 2021 | 7 April 2021 | – | {{refn|group=ket.|Pelaksana Tugas Wali Kota Padang}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Salinan arsip|url=https://langgam.id/cuti-pilkada-sejumlah-kepala-daerah-di-sumbar-tinggalkan-rumah-dinas/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026153939/https://langgam.id/cuti-pilkada-sejumlah-kepala-daerah-di-sumbar-tinggalkan-rumah-dinas/|archive-date=2020-10-26|dead-url=no|access-date=2021-02-25}}</ref> |- | 7 April 2021 | ''Petahana'' | ''Lowong'' | {{sfn|Rahmadi|2021}} |- |} ;Cutetan: {{reflist|group="ket."|3}}</onlyinclude> == Pustaka == ; Cutetan batis; {{reflist|2}} ; Lis pustaka; {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite web | url = http://poestahadepok.blogspot.com/2017/04/sejarah-kota-padang-21-abdoel-hakim.html | title = Sejarah Kota Padang (21): Abdoel Hakim, Satu-Satunya Orang Pribumi yang Menjadi Wakil Wali Kota di Era Belanda (1931-1942) | first = Akhir Matua | last = Harahap | work = Poestahadepok.blogspot.com | date = April 2017 | accessdate = 13 Agustus 2018 | ref = {{sfnRef|Harahap}} | archive-date = 2018-08-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180813112617/http://poestahadepok.blogspot.com/2017/04/sejarah-kota-padang-21-abdoel-hakim.html | dead-url = no }} * {{cite book |last = Asnan |first = Gusti |authorlink = Gusti Asnan |year = 2007 |title = Memikir Ulang Regionalisme: Sumatra Barat tahun 1950-an |publisher = Yayasan Obor Indonésia |ISBN = 978-979-461-640-6 |ref = {{sfnRef|Asnan|2007}} }} * {{cite news | url = http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2003/09/01/05815200/Fauzi-Bahar-Effendi-Terpilih-sebagai-Wali-Kota-Padang | title = Fauzi Bahar Effendi Terpilih sebagai Wali Kota Padang | last = Febrianti | work = [[Tempo.co]] | date = 1 Séptémber 2003 | accessdate = 10 Désémber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Febrianti|2003}} | archive-date = 2014-02-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174004/http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2003/09/01/05815200/Fauzi-Bahar-Effendi-Terpilih-sebagai-Wali-Kota-Padang | dead-url = no }} * {{cite book |last = Husein |first = Ahmad |year = 1992 |title = Sejarah Perjuangan Kemerdekaan RI di Minangkabau 1945-1950 |volume = 1 |publisher = Badan Pemurnian Sejarah Indonésia |ISBN = 978-979-405-126-9 |ref = {{sfnRef|Husein|1992}} }} * {{cite book | last = Sudarmanto | first = J. B | year = 2007 | title = Jejak-jejak Pahlawan: Perekat Kesatuan Bangsa Indonésia | publisher = Grasindo | ISBN = 978-979-759-716-0 | ref = {{sfnRef|Sudarmanto|2007}} }} * {{cite book |last = Nasution |first = Abdul Haris |authorlink = Abdul Haris Nasution |title = Sekitar Perang Kemerdekaan Indonésia: Periode Renville |year = 1991 |publisher = Disjarah-Ad, dan Penerbit Angkasa |ref = {{sfnRef|Nasution|1991}} }} * {{cite book |work = [[Pemerintahan Kota Padang|Pemda Tingkat II Kotamadya Padang]] |year = 1995 |title = 326 tahun Padang Kota Tercinta, 7 Agustus 1669–7 Agustus 1995: Gerbang Pariwisata Indonesia Kawasan Barat |publisher = Buana Lestari |ref = {{sfnRef|Pemda Tingkat II Kotamadya Padang|1995}} }} * {{cite book |last = Syamdani |year = 2009 |title = PRRI, Pemberontakan atau Bukan |publisher = Media Pressindo |ISBN = 978-979-788-032-3 |ref = {{sfnRef|Syamdani|2009}} }} * {{cite book |last = Kahin |first = A |year = 1999 |title = Rebellion to Integration: West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity, 1926–1998 |url = https://archive.org/details/rebelliontointeg0000kahi |publisher = Amsterdam University Press |ISBN = 90-5356-395-4 |ref = {{sfnRef|Kahin|1999}} }} * {{cite book |last = Colombijn |first = F |year = 1994 |title = Patches of Padang: The History of an Indonésian Town in the Twentieth Century and The Use of Urban Space |publisher = Research School CNWS |ISBN = 978-90-73782-23-5 |ref = {{sfnRef|Colombijn|1994}} }} * {{cite book |last = Anwar |first = Rosihan |authorlink = Rosihan Anwar |year = 1986 |title = Perkisahan Nusa, Masa 1973–1986 |publisher = Grafitipers |ref = {{sfnRef|Anwar|1986}} }} * {{cite news |title=Dicabut, SK Non-Aktif Wali Kota Zuiyen Rais |work=Kompas |archivedate=20 Juli 2000 |date=20 Juli 2000 |archiveurl=https://www.mail-archive.com/rantau-net@rantaunet.com/msg01344.html |url=http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0007/21/daerah/dica19.htm |ref={{sfnRef|Kompas|2000}} }} * {{cite book |last = Haris |first = Syamsuddin |year = 2007 |title = Partai dan Parlemen Lokal Era Transisi Demokrasi di Indonésia |work = Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonésia |ISBN = 978-979-799-052-7 |ref = {{sfnRef|Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonésia|2007}} }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.padang.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=574:erizal-penjabat-walikota-padang&catid=1&Itemid=222 |archiveurl = https://archive.today/20141125101443/http://www.padang.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=574:erizal-penjabat-walikota-padang&catid=1&Itemid=222 |first = Irwandi |last = Rais |title = Erizal Penjabat Wali kota Padang |work = Pemerintah Kota Padang |date = 21 Pébruari 2014 |archivedate = 2014-11-25 |ref = {{sfnRef|Irwandi|2014}} |access-date = 2014-11-25 |dead-url = no }} * {{cite news | url = http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/haluan-padang/31587-target-100-hari-kerja-benahi-kota-padang/ | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20140516003114/http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/haluan-padang/31587-target-100-hari-kerja-benahi-kota-padang/ | title = Target 100 Hari Kerja Benahi Kota Padang | work = [[Harian Haluan]] | date = 14 Méi 2014 | archivedate = 2014-05-16 | ref = {{sfnRef|Harian Haluan|2014}} | access-date = 2022-04-09 | url-status = live }} * {{cite news | url = http://padang.tribunnews.com/2019/05/13/mahyeldi-dan-hendri-sapta-dilantik-jadi-wali-kota-dan-wawako-padang-2019-2024 | title = Mahyeldi dan Hendri Sapta Dilantik Jadi Wali kota dan Wawako Padang 2019-2024 | first = Merinda | last = Faradianti | publisher = [[Tribunnews.com]] | date = 13 Méi 2019 | access-date = 13 Méi 2019 | ref = {{sfnRef|Faradianti|2019}} | archive-date = 2019-05-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513071715/http://padang.tribunnews.com/2019/05/13/mahyeldi-dan-hendri-sapta-dilantik-jadi-wali-kota-dan-wawako-padang-2019-2024 | dead-url = no }} * {{cite news | url = https://langgam.id/hendri-septa-resmi-dilantik-jadi-wali-kota-padang/ | title = Hendri Septa Resmi Dilantik Jadi Wali Kota Padang | author = Rahmadi | publisher = Langgam.id | date = 7 April 2021 | access-date = 7 April 2021 | ref = {{sfnRef|Rahmadi|2021}} | archive-date = 2021-04-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421045345/https://langgam.id/hendri-septa-resmi-dilantik-jadi-wali-kota-padang/ | dead-url = no }} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Kota Padang|*]] [[Kategori:Wali Kota Padang|*]] [[Kategori:Lis wali kota ring Indonésia|Padang]] [[Kategori:Politik ring Sumatra Barat]] ayp9isptg5ibzudlij3txrb39bj4mq6 0 28973 281260 190635 2026-08-27T22:31:04Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Kruger | photo = Kruger Zebra.JPG | photo_alt = | photo_caption = [[Zébra Burchell]] ring lanskap Kruger | photo_width = | map_image = Kruger National Park locator map.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Genah taman (wawengkon barak) ring Afrika Kelod | map_width = | location =Propinsi [[Limpopo]] miwah [[Mpumalanga]], [[Afrika Kelod]] | nearest_city = [[Mbombela]] (kelod) <br />[[Phalaborwa]] (tengah) | coordinates = {{coord|24|0|41|S|31|29|7|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | area_km2 = 19623 | area_ref = <ref name=East-60>{{cite book|title=Antelopes: Southern and South-Central Africa Pt. 2: Global Survey and Regional Action Plans|year=1989|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]], Antelope Specialist Group|isbn=978-2-88032-970-9|editor=East, R. |page=60 |chapter=Chapter 10: South Africa}}</ref><ref name=mw-902>{{cite book|title=Merriam Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia|date=January 2001|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|isbn=978-0-87779-017-4|page=902}}</ref><ref name=sadc-2006->{{cite web|title=The Official SADC Trade, Industry and Investment Review 2006 |url=http://www.sanec.org/images/stories/Country/south_africa_2006.pdf|publisher=Southern African Development Community|access-date=23 July 2011|page=217|year=2006}}</ref> | established = 31 Méi 1926<ref name=Stevenson>{{cite book |author=Stevenson-Hamilton, J. |year=1937 |title=South African Eden: The Kruger National Park 1902–1946 |publisher=Struik Publishers |place=}}</ref> | visitation_num = 1,659,793 (1,277,397 tamiu tengai, 382,396 nginep)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/moreforeignvisitors_krugernationalpark|title=Foreign visitor numbers to Kruger National Park on the rise in 2014/2015 financial year|last=Modise|first=A.|date=2015|website=South African Department of Environmental Affairs|access-date=2020-01-06|archive-date=2019-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714034128/https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/moreforeignvisitors_krugernationalpark|url-status=dead}}</ref> | visitation_year = 2014-15 warsa kajinahan | governing_body = [[Taman Nasional Afrika Kelod]] | world_heritage_site = | url = http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/ }} '''Taman Nasional Kruger''' inggih punika [[Lis taman nasional Afrika Kelod|Taman Nasional ring Afrika Kelod]] miwah silih tunggil [[cagar palemahan]] pinih ageng ring [[Afrika]]. Punika ngajangkepin wawengkon antuk jimbar {{cvt|19623|km2|mi2}} ring propinsi [[Limpopo]] miwah [[Mpumalanga]] ring kalér kangin [[Afrika Kelod]], taler ngajimbar {{cvt|360|km|mi}} saking kalér nuju kelod lan {{cvt|65|km|mi}} saking kangin nuju kawan. Kantor pusat administrasi nyané magenah ring [[Skukuza]]. Wawengkon taman kapertama kasaibin olih pameréntah [[Républik Afrika Kelod]] ring warsa 1898, miwah manados [[taman nasional Afrika Kelod|taman nasional]] kapertama ring Afrika Kelod ring warsa 1926. Ring sikawan tur sikelod Taman Nasional Kruger wénten kalih propinsi [[Limpopo]] miwah [[Mpumalanga]] ring Afrika Kelod. Sikalér punika [[Zimbabwe]], miwah sikangin punika [[Mozambik]]. Mangkin dados pahan saking [[Taman Lintas Wates Limpopo Ageng]], [[taman padaméan]] sané mingubungin Taman Nasional Kruger sareng [[Taman Nasional Gonarezhou]] ring Zimbabwe, miwah sareng [[Taman Nasional Limpopo]] ring Mozambik. Taman punika pahan saking [[Biosfér Ngarai Kruger]], satunggil wawengkon sané katetapang olih [[UNESCO]] dados Cagar Manusa miwah Biosfér Internasional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=SAF+06&mode=all|title=UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory|website=unesco.org}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpi == *{{cite book |last1=Carruthers |first1=Jane |title=The Kruger National Park: A Social and Political History |url=https://archive.org/details/krugernationalpa0000carr |date=1995 |publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal Press |location=Natal |isbn=9780869809150}} == External links == {{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Kruger National Park |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |voy=Kruger National Park |species=no |d=no }} {{GeoGroupTemplate}} * {{Official website|https://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/|Kruger National Park official website}} * [http://www.sanparks.org/webcams/ Webcams in the Kruger] {{Taman nasional Afrika Kelod}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kruger Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Afrika Kelod]] e23k0aajnlmr6bweigfkcsv5rdphtem 0 29152 281003 126945 2026-08-27T19:12:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Chimanimani | alt_name = Parque Nacional de Chimanimani | iucn_category = II | iucn_ref = <ref name = unep>UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Chimanimani from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 18 April 2022. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/555705345]</ref> | photo = Mt Binga Mozambique.JPG | photo_width = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = Pasaiban ngajangkepin [[Monte Binga]], titik pinih tegeh ring Mozambik | map = Mozambik | map_width = | map_alt = | map_caption = Genah Taman Nasional Chimanimani ring Mozambik | relief = yes | label = | label_position = | mark = | marker_size = | location = | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coordinates|19|47|42|S|33|05|21|E|region:MZ_type:landmark|name=TN Chimanimani}} | coords_ref = | area_km2 = 656 | designation = Taman Nasional | authorized = | created = | designated = 2003 (Cagar Nasional), 2020 (Taman Nasional) | established = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = | administrator = Administrasi Nasional Wawengkon Konservasi (ANAC) | operator = | owner = | world_heritage_site = | website = | url = | child = | embedded = }} '''Taman Nasional Chimanimani''' ([[Basa Portugis]]: Parque Nacional de Chimanimani) inggih punika [[Lis taman nasional ring Mozambik|taman nasional]] ring [[Propinsi Manica]], [[Mozambik]]. Magenah ring [[Pagunungan Chimanimani]] sané mawatesan sareng [[Zimbabwe]]. Sarengan [[Taman Nasional Chimanimani]] ring Zimbabwe, punika ngadegang Taman Lintas Wates Chimanimani.<ref name=bri>{{cite book |last1=Briggs |first1=Philip |title=Mozambique |url=https://archive.org/details/mozambiquebradtt0000brig_p5a4 |date=2014 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/mozambiquebradtt0000brig_p5a4/page/221 221]-222 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=1841624969}}</ref> Punika katetapang manados cagar nasional ring warsa 2003. Warsa 2020 status ipun munggah manados taman nasional.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Guyton|first=Jen|date=2021-05-03|title=Mozambique Mints a New National Park — and Surveys Its Riches|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/03/travel/mozambique-national-park.html|access-date=2021-05-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category inline|Chimanimani National Reserve}} {{Taman Nasional Mozambik}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chimanimani Mozambik, Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Mozambik]] oo80ra735xzoqieh53x29l9zfsixoln 0 29999 281161 196363 2026-08-27T21:27:00Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Agustus 2022}} '''Paku pidpid''' (''Nephrolepis cordifolia''), punika [[paku]] asli saking kalér [[Ostrali]] miwah [[Asia]].<ref name="PlantNET">{{cite web|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Nephrolepis~cordifolia|title=Nephrolepsis cordifolia|publisher=PlantNet - FloraOnline|accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> Ring Kapuloan Hawaii kaloktah antuk aran ''kupukupu'', ''okupukupu'' utawi ''ni'ani'au'' <ref>{{cite book|title=Growing plants for Hawaiian lei : 85 plants for gardens, conservation, and business|url=https://archive.org/details/growingplantsfor0000unse|date=2002|publisher=College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa|isbn=1929325134|location=Honolulu|page=[https://archive.org/details/growingplantsfor0000unse/page/24 24]}}</ref> entikan puniki kamanahang dados jejaitan paku pidpid sané ketah kaanggén hiasan ring upacara miwah upakara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kamusbahasaprovinsibali.id/bali-indonesia/cari/38488/paku+pidpid|title=paku pidpid {{!}} Balai Bahasa Provinsi Bali|website=kamusbahasapropinsibali.id|access-date=2022-06-07}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Pustaka == <references /> {{Uncategorized|date=Agustus 2022}} rx4orqzmim07k08euin3wdkz8lotkqa 0 30203 281114 134206 2026-08-27T20:37:10Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wong Jawa''' utawi '''Wong Jawi''' ({{lang-jv|ꦠꦶꦪꦁ​​ꦗꦮꦶ|Tiyang Jawi}} (''krama''); {{lang-jv|ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ|Wong Jawa}} (''ngoko''))<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harjawiyana|first=Haryana|author2=Theodorus Supriya|title=Kamus unggah-ungguh basa Jawa|publisher=Kanisius|year=2001|pages=185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NOupFY-YTAC&pg=PA185|isbn=978-979-672-991-3}}</ref> silih tunggil suku pinih ageng ring [[Indonésia]] sané maasal saking [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Jawa Kangin]], [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]], [[Kabupatén Indramayu]], [[Kabupatén Cirebon|Kabupatén]]/[[Kota Cirebon|Kota]] Cirebon ([[Jawa Kauh]]) miwah Kabupatén/Kota [[Kota Serang|Serang]]–[[Kota Cilegon|Cilegon]] ([[Banten]]). Ring warsa 2010, kirang langkung wénten 40,22% panjak Indonésia pinaka saking wong puniki.<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|title=Indonésia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape|date=|year=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury|access-date=}}</ref> Tiosan punika, wong Jawa wénten taler magenah ring negara minakadi [[Kalédonia Anyar]] miwah [[Suriname]], krana ring aab [[kolonial Belanda]] wong puniki kabakta merika manados pakarya. Sané mangkin wong Jawa ring Suriname dados silih tunggil wong pinih agebg irika miwah kaloktah dados [[Jawa Suriname]]. Wénten taler akéh wong Jawa ring makéhan [[propinsi ring Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], [[Arab Saudi]], miwah [[Welanda]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} azm8ef2tgbft75uq84rhtxbkexdhi03 0 30329 281044 243560 2026-08-27T19:37:03Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Death Valley | iucn_category = II | iucn_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/367731|title=Death Valley|publisher=Protected Planet|website=protectedplanet.net|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> | photo = Sand Dunes in Death Valley National Park.jpg | photo_caption = Bukit bias ring Taman Nasional Death Valley | map = California#USA|relief=1 | map_caption = Genah ring California##Genah ring Amérika Serikat | label = '''TN Death Valley''' | label_position = left | location = [[California]] miwah [[Névada]], Amérika Serikat | nearest_city = [[Lone Pine, California]]<br />[[Beatty, Névada]] | coordinates = {{coord|36|14|31|N|116|49|33|W|display=inline, title}} | area_acre = 3373063 | area_ref = <ref name="acreage">{{NPS area|2012|access-date=2014-03-16}}</ref> | established = 11 Pébruari 1933 (monumén nasional)<br />Oct. 31, 1994 (taman nasional)<ref name="NPSindex"/> | visitation_num = 1,678,660 | visitation_year = 2018 | visitation_ref = <ref name="visits">{{NPS visitation|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> | governing_body = [[Layanan Taman Nasional]] | website = [https://www.nps.gov/deva/ Taman Nasional Death Valley] }} '''Taman Nasional Death Valley''' utawi '''Taman Nasional Lebah Kematian''' inggih punika [[taman nasional]] Amérika sané ngentasin pawatesan [[California]]–[[Névada]], ring sikangin [[Sierra Névada]]. Wates taman punika [[Death Valley]], wagian kalér [[Lebah Panama]], wagian kelod [[Lebah Éuréka (County Inyo)|Lebah Éuréka]] miwah makéhan [[Saline Valley, California|Saline Valley]]. Taman puniki magenahin wawengkon antarmuka sajeroning gurun [[Gurun Great Basin|Great Basin]] miwah gurun [[Gurun Mojave|Mojave]] sané tuh, nyaibim sudut kalér kawan Gurun Mojave miwah palemahan nyané sané maragam ring [[Wajan uyah (géologi)|dataran uyah]], [[gundukan]] bias, [[tanah tandus]], lebah, ngarai, miwah pagunungan. Death Valley punika taman nasional pinih ageng ring Amérika Serikat sané madampingan, talee taman nasional pinih panes, pinih tuh, miwah pinih éndép ring Amérika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm|title=Death Valley National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126142816/https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm|archive-date=2017-01-26|url-status=live|access-date=2017-01-26}}</ref> Punika madaging [[Badwater Basin]], titik pinih éndép ring Pahan Kawan miwah pinih éndép ring [[Amérika Kalér]] ring {{convert|282|ft|m}} sor pamukaan segara. Langkung saking 93% taman punika [[Wawengkon Gurun Amérika Serikat|wawengkon liar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/backcountryroads.htm|title=Backcountry Roads – Death Valley National Park|publisher=National Park Service|website=nps.gov|date=August 25, 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011849/https://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/backcountryroads.htm|archive-date=2020-11-12|url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref> Taman puniki umah antuk akéh spésiés entikan miwah beburon sané sampun maadaptasi palemah [[gurun]] sané keras sekadi [[Larrea tridentata|semak kreosot]], [[Yucca brevifolia|taru Joshua]], [[domba tanduk ageng]], [[coyote]], miwah [[Pupfish Lebah Death]] sané kaancem punah, satunggil sané selamat saking masa-masa sané langkung belus. [[UNESCO]] ngaranjingang Death Valley manados fitur utama sadurungné [[Cagar Biosfer Gurun Mojave miwah Colorado]] warsa 1984.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=USA+39&mode=all "Biosphere Reserve Information – United States of America – Mojave and Colorado Deserts"]. ''unesco.org''. [[UNESCO]]. November 3, 2005. Kaaksés ring 22 Juni 2018.</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpi == {{NPS}}<br /> {{USGS}} * <!-- Ki -->{{cite book |title= Geology of U.S. Parklands |edition= Fifth |author= Kiver, Eugene P. |author2=David V. Harris |publisher= John Wiley & Sons |location= New York |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-471-33218-3 |ref= CITEREFKiver1999 }} * <!-- NPSi -->{{cite book | title = The National Parks Index | url = http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/index/index1.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070713113208/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/index/index1.pdf | archive-date = 2007-07-13 | publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior | access-date = 2008-10-05 | author = National Park Service | location = Washington, D.C. | date = 2001–2003 | ref = NPSindex}} * <!-- NPSm -->{{cite book | url = http://www.nps.gov/deva/parkmgmt/upload/GMP_001.pdf | title = Death Valley General Management Plan | publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior | access-date = 2008-09-28 | date = April 2002 | author = National Park Service | location = Washington, D.C. | ref = CITEREFNPS2002}} * <!-- NPSv -->{{cite book | url = http://www.nps.gov/deva/upload/Visitor%20Guide%202008-2.pdf | author = National Park Service | title = Death Valley National Park Visitor Guide 2008/2009 | publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior | access-date = 2008-09-28 | ref = NPSguide}} * <!-- NPSw -->{{cite web | url = http://www.nps.gov/deva/siteindex.htm | publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior | title = Death Valley National Park website | author = National Park Service | access-date = 2008-09-17 |ref=NPSwebsite}} (adapted public domain text) * Rothman, Hal K., and Char Miller. ''Death Valley National Park: A History'' (University of Nevada Press; 2013) 216 pages; an environmental and human history * <!-- Sh -->{{cite book |title= Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley |url= https://archive.org/details/geologyunderfoot0000shar |author= Sharp, Robert P. |author2=Allen F. Glazner |publisher= Mountain Press Publishing Company |location= Missoula, Montana |year= 1997 |isbn= 978-0-87842-362-0 |ref= CITEREFSharp1997 }} * <!-- USGSg -->{{cite web | author = U.S. Geological Survey | url = http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deva/devaft.html | title = Death Valley National Park Virtual Geology Field Trip | date = 2004-01-13 | access-date = 2008-09-16 | ref = CITEREFUSGS2004 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080922094804/http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deva/devaft.html | archive-date = 2008-09-22 | url-status = dead }} (adapted public domain text) * <!-- USGSw -->{{cite web | author = U.S. Geological Survey | url = http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deva/weather.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080601093356/http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deva/weather.html | archive-date = 2008-06-01 | title = Death Valley's Incredible Weather | access-date = 2008-10-05 | date = 2004-01-13 |ref=USGSweather}} * <!-- Wa -->{{cite book |last= Wallace |first= William James |author2=Edith Wallace |title= Ancient Peoples and Cultures of Death Valley National Monument |url= https://archive.org/details/ancientpeoplescu0000wall |location= Ramona, CA |publisher= Acoma Books |year= 1978 |isbn= 978-0-916552-12-1 |ref= CITEREFWallace1978 }} * <!-- Wr -->{{cite book |title= Geology of National Parks |url= https://archive.org/details/geologyofnationa0000harr_a4n7 |edition= Fifth |editor= Ann G. Harris|last= Wright |first= Laureen A. |author2=Miller, Martin G. |location= Dubuque, IA |publisher= Kendall/Hunt Publishing |year= 1997 |isbn= 978-0-7872-1065-6 |chapter= Chapter 46: Death Valley National Park, Eastern California and southwestern Nevada |pages= [https://archive.org/details/geologyofnationa0000harr_a4n7/page/610 610]–637 |ref= CITEREFWright_and_Miller1997 }} == Pranala Jaba == {{sister project links|auto=1}} * [https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm Taman Nasional Death Valley] olih [[Layanan Taman Nasional]] * [http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/Death_valley 1920s images of Death Valley and Surrounding Locales from the Death Valley Region Photographs Digital Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731012401/http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/Death_valley |date=2019-07-31 }}: Utah State University * [https://www.dvconservancy.org/death-valley-national-park/ Taman Nasional Death Valley] olih Konservasi Death Valley {{Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Death Valley Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional Death Valley| ]] [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat|Death Valley]] jf5j896o7a8pls0oq2vwwch81cxy4hu 0 30485 281069 130524 2026-08-27T20:03:19Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Glétser | alt_name = {{lang|fr|Parc national des Glaciers}} | iucn_category = II | iucn_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Protected Planet {{!}} Glacier National Park Of Canada|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/622|access-date=2020-10-13|website=Protected Planet}}</ref> | photo=Glacier np canada.JPG | photo_alt=Lebah mawana ring sor puncak masayong, antuk ngentasi Marga Raya Trans-Kanada | photo_caption=[[Rogers Pass (British Columbia)|Rogers Pass]], cingakan utama ring taman | map = Kanada##Kanada British Columbia | map_caption = Genah ring Kanada##Genah ring British Columbia | relief = yes | label = '''TN Glétser''' | location = [[Distrik Régional Columbia-Shuswap|Columbia-Shuswap]], [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]] | nearest_city = [[Revelstoke, British Columbia]] | coordinates = {{coords|51|18|0|N|117|31|7|W|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 1349 | established = {{start date|1886|10|10}} | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Taman Kanada]] | website = {{url|http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/bc/glacier/index.aspx|Taman Nasional Glétser}} }} '''Taman Nasional Glétser''' inggih punika pahan saking [[Lis taman nasional ring Kanada|sistem 43 taman miwah cagar palemahan]] ring sajebag [[Kanada]], silih tunggil saking pitu taman nasional ring [[British Columbia]]. Kaadegang ring warsa 1886, taman puniki ngajangkepin {{convert|1349|sqkm|abbr=on}}, miwah rumasuk pahan saking [[Pagunungan Selkirk]] sané dados pahan ageng pasekaan pagunungan sané langkung ageng, [[Pagunungan Kolombia]]. Punika taler madaging [[Rogers Pass (British Columbia)|Rogers Pass]] [[Situs Malelintihan Nasional Kanada|Situs Malelintihan Nasional]]. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpi== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | last1 = Boles | first1 = Glen W.| first2 = Roger W. | last2 = Laurilla | first3 =William L. | last3 = Putnam | title = Canadian Mountain Place Names | url = https://archive.org/details/canadianmountain0000bole | url-access = registration | location = Vancouver| publisher = Rocky Mountain Books | year= 2006| isbn = 9781894765794}} *{{cite book|last=Paquet|first=Maggie|title=Parks of British Columbia and the Yukon|url=https://archive.org/details/parksofbritishco0000magg|year=1990|publisher=Maia Publishing|location=North Vancouver, B.C.|isbn=9780969456803}} *{{cite book|last=Putnam|first=William Lowell|title=The great glacier and its house : the story of the first center of Alpinism in North America, 1885-1925 |year=1982 |publisher=American Alpine Club|location=New York, NY|isbn=9780930410131 |author-link=William Lowell Putnam III}} *{{cite book|last=Woods|first=John G.|title=Glacier country : Mount Revelstoke and Glacier National Parks|url=https://archive.org/details/glaciercountrymo0000wood|url-access=registration|year=1987|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre, in co-operation with Environment Canada, Parks|location=Vancouver, BC|isbn=0888945418}} {{refend}} ==Wacénan lantur== *[[George Mercer Dawson|Dawson, George M.]] ''[https://archive.org/stream/cihm_14866#page/n11/mode/2up Note on the Geological Structure of the Selkirk Range.]'' Rochester, NY: [[Geological Society of America]], 1891. *[[Arthur Oliver Wheeler|Wheeler, A. O.]] ''[https://archive.org/stream/selkirkmountains00whee#page/n3/mode/2up The Selkirk Mountains: A Guide for Mountain Climbers and Pilgrims]'' Winnipeg, Man, Stovel Co., 1912. ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|Glacier National Park (Canada)}} {{wikivoyage|Glacier National Park (British Columbia)}} * {{official website|http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/bc/glacier/index.aspx}} * [http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/bc/glacier/visit/visit12.aspx Map of the park] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160920041726/http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/nuages-clouds/en/index.html Munggah nuju Ambubu] Kandarupa Ambaralaya saking Museum Vancouver Kalér {{Taman Nasional ring Kanada}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Glester Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Kanada]] 5zsd10avwxh2ytunkihiqk3ib39mqyx 0 30503 281279 171235 2026-08-27T22:42:20Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Dryandra Woodland | alt_name = [[Basa Nyungar|Noongar]]: Wilgadjny | iucn_category = ii | iucn_ref = <!-- images --> | photo = Dryandra woodland ent gnangarra.JPG | photo_caption = Lawang ngeranjing nuju Dryandra Woodland ring margi Narrogin-Wandering <!-- map --> | map = | map_image = {{Infobox mapframe | frame-width = 222 | frame-height = 222 | marker = park | marker-colour = #759F4F | shape-fill = #81AF81 | stroke-colour = #C60C30 | stroke-width = 2 | zoom = 9 }} | map_size = | map_caption = {{wikidata |property |P1448 }} terletak kira-kira {{convert|164|km|mi|abbr=off}} kelod kangin [[Perth]] ring [[Ostrali Kawan]]. | relief = <!-- location --> | location = [[Sabuk Gandum (Ostrali Kawan)|Sabuk Gandum]], Ostrali Kawan | nearest_city = | nearest_town = | coordinates = {{coord |region:AU-WA_type:landmark_dim:{{wikidata |property |qualifier |raw |P625 |P2386 |format=%q}} |name={{wikidata |property |P1448 }} |display=inline,title |format=dms}}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P625}} | coords_ref = <!-- stats --> | length = | length_mi = | length_km = | width = | width_mi = | width_km = | area_km2 = {{convert|input=P2046|km2|disp=number}} | area_ref = | elevation = | elevation_avg = | elevation_min = | elevation_max = | dimensions = | designation = <!-- dates & info --> | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = {{ubl |{{#time: Y|{{wikidata |property |qualifier |P571 |P2868=Q179049}}}}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P571}} (Cagar Palemahan) |{{#time: Y|{{wikidata |property |qualifier |P571 |P2868=Q46169}}}}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P571}} (Taman Nasional) }} | named_for = [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'']] | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = | administrator = | operator = | owner = <!-- website, embedded --> | website = {{official URL}} | embedded = {{Infobox designation list |embed = yes |designation1 = Lis Pakebunan Nasional Ostrali |designation1_offname = Wana Dryandra |designation1_type = Palemahan |designation1_criteria = |designation1_date = 21 Maret 1978 |delisted2_date = |designation1_partof = |designation1_number = {{RNE|9928}} |designation1_free2name = Genah Nomor Berkas |designation1_free2value = 5/06/094/0001 }} }} '''Dryandra Woodland''' inggih [[taman nasional]] ring [[Ostrali Kawan]] ring jero Shire [[Shire Cuballing|Cuballing]], [[Shire Williams|Williams]] miwah [[Shire Wandering|Wandering]], antuk {{convert|164|km|mi|abbr=off}} kelod kangin [[Perth]] miwah {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=off}} kalér kawan kota [[Narrogin, Ostrali Kawan|Narrogin]]. Punika kompléks saking 17 blok matiosan sané kakelola olih [[Departemén Taman miwah Margasatwa (Ostrali Kawan)|Departemén Taman miwah Margasatwa]] Ostrali Kawan miwah kasebar ring nampekan {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=off}} kabelasang olih lahan patanian. Wawengkon punika kaanggap manados silih tunggil wawengkon konservasi utama negara wagian, miwah yadiastun madoh-dohan krana lelintihan operasi panarungan, akéh spesies beburon sané kaancem kantun ngawangun malih populasi ipun saking pangicalan prédator sané kakenalang sekadi [[rubah]] miwah [[méong liar]]. Gabungan jimbar wana punika {{convert|input=P2046|mi2|abbr=off}}, antuk blok individu saking ukuran {{convert|87|ha|mi2|abbr=off}} to {{convert|12,283|ha|mi2|abbr=off}}.<ref name="calm1">{{cite web|url=http://www.naturebase.net/pdf/nature/management/dryandra.pdf |work=Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) |title=Dryandra Woodland Management Plan 1995-2005 |year=1995 |access-date=2007-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921220806/http://www.naturebase.net/pdf/nature/management/dryandra.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Serventy| first=Vincent|author-link=Vincent Serventy|year=1970|title=Dryandra - The Story of an Australian Forest|url=https://archive.org/details/dryandrastoryofa0000serv|publisher=A H & A W Reed|location=[[Sydney]]|isbn=0-589-07066-5}}</ref> Wagian saking Dryandra Woodland kadaftar ring [[Lis Pakebunan Nasional]] olih [[Déwan Tetamian Ostrali]].<ref name="ahc1">{{cite AHD|9928|access-date=2007-01-07}}</ref> Dryandra Woodland kanikayang dados taman nasional ring warsa {{wikidata |property |qualifier |P571 |P2868=Q46169}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/McGowan/2022/01/Dryandra-Woodland-is-Western-Australias-newest-national-park.aspx|title=Dryandra Woodland is Western Australia’s newest national park|work=Government of Western Australia|access-date=12 Pébruari 2022|archive-date=2022-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212060621/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/McGowan/2022/01/Dryandra-Woodland-is-Western-Australias-newest-national-park.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Wacénan lantur == * Coate, Kevin. 1991. ''Dryandra State Forest - history and description of the state forest'' Naturalist News, April 1991, p.&nbsp;1-2. == Pranala jaba == {{commons category}} *{{official website}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061217181755/http://www.cuballing.wa.gov.au/attractions/dryandra.html Shire of Cuballing] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060918144253/http://www.williams.wa.gov.au/tourism/attractions.html Shire of Williams] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060820130200/http://www.conservation.wa.gov.au/photo.htm?GID=9 Conservation Commission photo gallery] *[https://parks.dpaw.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/downloads/parks/Dryandra%20Woodland%20Brochure.pdf Parks and Wildlife's Dryandra Woodland brochure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326092739/https://parks.dpaw.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/downloads/parks/Dryandra%20Woodland%20Brochure.pdf |date=2022-03-26 }} {{Taman Nasional Ostrali Kawan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dryandra Woodland Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Ostrali Kawan]] mgr2gal7o2gqi2hl6laf907c0xd7fe6 0 30744 281033 241604 2026-08-27T19:29:32Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Pirin | iucn_category = II | photo = Pirin - Gergiyski ezera - IMG 4439.jpg | photo_caption = Pacingakan khas sané ngenahang danu miwah puncak marmer | location = [[Propinsi Blagoevgrad]], [[Bulgaria]] | map = Bulgaria | label = Taman Nasional Pirin | label_position = top | relief = 1 | nearest_city = [[Bansko]] | embedded1 = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child = yes | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(vii), (viii), (ix)}}(vii), (viii), (ix) | ID = 225bis | year = 1983 | extension = 2010 | area = {{convert|38,350.04|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | buffer_zone = {{convert|1,078.28|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | website = {{url|www.pirin.bg}} }} | coordinates = {{coord|41|40|N|23|30|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 403.56 | established = 1962 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Kamenterian Palemahan Urip miwah Toya (Bulgaria)|Kamenterian Palemahan Urip miwah Toya]] }} '''Taman Nasional Pirin''' ({{lang-bg|Национален парк "Пирин"}}), sujatiné maparinama '''Taman Nasional Vihren''', ngajangkepin makehan [[Pagunungan Pirin]] ring kelod kawan Bulgaria, ngacakupin jimbar {{convert|403.56|km2|abbr=on}}. Punika dados silih tunggil saking tiga taman nasional ring negara puniki, sané liyanan punika [[Taman Nasional Rila]] miwah [[Taman Nasional Balkan Tengah]]. Taman puniki kaadegang ring warsa 1962 miwah wawengkon nyané kajimbarang makudang lipet sesampun pangadegan ipun. Taman Nasional Pirin kanikayang dados [[Situs Tetamian Jagat]] [[UNESCO]] ring warsa 1983. Kategehan mavariasi saking 950&nbsp;m nuji 2,914&nbsp;m ring [[Vihren]], puncak pinih tegeh kaping kalib ring Bulgaria miwah katiga ring [[Balkan]]. == Pustaka == * {{cite book | ref={{harvid|Dimitrova|al|2004}} | title = Pirin National Park. Management Plan (Национален парк "Пирин". План за управление) | last1 = Димитрова (Dimitrova) | first1 = Людмила (Lyudmila) | others = и колектив | year = 2004 | language = bg | publisher = [[Ministry of Environment and Water (Bulgaria)|Ministry of Environment and Water]], Bulgarian Foundation "Biodiversity" | location = София ([[Sofia]]) }} * {{cite book | ref={{harvid|Donchev|Karakashev|2004}} | title = Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България (Topics on Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria) | last1 = Дончев (Donchev) | first1 = Дончо (Doncho) | last2 = Каракашев (Karakashev) | first2 = Христо (Hristo) | year = 2004 | language = bg | publisher = Ciela | location = София (Sofia) | isbn = 954-649-717-7 }} * {{cite book | title = Walking in Bulgaria's National Parks | url = https://archive.org/details/walkinginbulgari0000perr | last = Perry | first = Julian | year = 2010 | language = en | publisher = Cicerone | isbn = 978-1-85284-574-2 }} * {{cite journal|last=Gachev|first=Emil|date=2011|title=Inter-annual size variations of Snezhnika Glacieret (the Pirin Mountains, Bulgaria) in the last ten years|journal=Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica|pages=47–68|publisher=[[Polish Academy of Sciences]]|volume=XLV|issn=0081-6434|url=http://www.igipz.pan.pl/tl_files/igipz/ZGiHGiW/sgcb/sgbc_45/03gaczew.pdf|access-date=9 July 2016}} * {{cite journal|last1=Grunewald|first1=Karsten|first2=Jörg|last2=Scheithauer|date=2010|title=Europe's southernmost glaciers: response and adaptation to climate change|journal=Journal of Glaciology|publisher=[[International Glaciological Society]]|volume=56|pages=129–142|issn=0022-1430|url=http://www.igsoc.org:8080/journal/56/195/j09j048.pdf|access-date=9 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112432/http://www.igsoc.org:8080/journal/56/195/j09j048.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015}} === Pranala jaba === {{Commons category|Pirin National Park}} * {{cite web |url= http://www.pirin-np.com/ |title= Pirin National Park |publisher= Official Site of Pirin National Park |access-date= 25 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160110043706/http://pirin-np.com/ |archive-date= 10 January 2016 |url-status= dead }} * {{cite web |url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/225 |title= Pirin National Park |publisher= Official Site of UNESCO|access-date=25 June 2016}} * {{cite web |url= https://bulgariatravel.org/en/pirin-national-park/ |title= Pirin National Park |publisher= Official Tourism Portal of Bulgaria |access-date= 15 February 2021 |archive-date= 1 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210301162712/https://bulgariatravel.org/en/pirin-national-park/ |url-status= dead }} {{Situs Tetamian Jagat Bulgaria}} {{Wawengkon saiban Bulgaria}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pirin Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Bulgaria]] [[Kategori:Situs Tetamian Jagat ring Bulgaria]] plymcpfh8p52lillb6no5wwr3yk6z4e 0 30790 281240 131192 2026-08-27T22:21:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Aso Kujū | alt_name = 阿蘇くじゅう国立公園 | iucn_category = II | photo = Mt.Aso and caldera01.jpg | photo_caption = Gunung Aso miwah kawah nyané | location = [[Kyūshū]], [[Jepang]] | nearest_city = | coords = {{coord|32|53|06|N|131|06|15|E|source:plwiki_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline,title}} | area = 726.78 km² | established = 4 Désémber 1934 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = }} {{nihongo|'''Taman Nasional Aso Kujū'''|阿蘇くじゅう国立公園|Aso Kujū Kokuritsu Kōen}} inggih punika [[taman nasional]] ring [[Préféktur Jepang|Préféktur]] [[Préféktur Kumamoto|Kumamoto]] miwah [[Préféktur Ōita|Ōita]], [[Jepang]]. Taman puniki polih parinama nyané saking [[Gunung Aso]], [[gunung marapi]] aktip pinih ageng ring Jepang, miwah [[Gunung Kujū|Pagunungan Kujū]].<ref name="Sites">{{cite web|url=http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/parks/aso.html |title=Introducing places of interest: Aso-Kuju National Park |publisher=[[Kamenterian Palemahan Urip (Jepang)|Kamenterian Palemahan Urip]] |accessdate=7 Pébruari 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208034519/http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/parks/aso.html |archivedate=8 Pébruari 2012 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=National Parks of Japan |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalparksofj0000suth |author1=Sutherland, Mary |author2=Britton, Dorothy |publisher=[[Kodansha]] |year=1995 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nationalparksofj0000suth/page/143 143]–5 |ISBN=4-7700-1971-8}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208034519/http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/parks/aso.html Taman Nasional Aso Kujū] * {{in lang|ja}} [http://www.env.go.jp/park/aso/ Taman Nasional Aso Kujū] * [http://www.env.go.jp/park/aso/intro/files/area_1.pdf Peta Taman Nasional Aso Kujū (Kalér)] * [http://www.env.go.jp/park/aso/intro/files/area_2.pdf Peta Taman Nasional Aso Kujū (Kelod)] {{Taman Nasional ring Jepang}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aso Kuju Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Jepang]] o01skbf51h2x2sgiv1qhl1wnmrxcg9m 0 30791 281046 131198 2026-08-27T19:38:09Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Unzén-Amakusa | alt_name= 雲仙天草国立公園 | iucn_category = II | photo = Fugendake 02 Pyroplastic flow area.JPG | photo_caption = [[Gunung Unzén]] | map = Jepang | relief = 1 | label = '''TN Unzén-Amakusa''' | label_position = right | map_alt = | map_caption = Taman Nasional Unzén-Amakusa ring Jepang | map_width = | location = [[Kyūshū]], [[Jepang]] | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coords|32|45|00|N|130|16|00|E|display=inline, title}} | area = {{convert|282.79|km2|abbr=on}} | established = 16 Maret 1934 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = }} {{nihongo|'''Taman Nasional Unzén-Amakusa'''|雲仙天草国立公園|Unzen-Amakusa Kokuritsu Kōen}} inggih punika [[taman nasional]] ring [[Préféktur Jepang|Préféktur]] [[Préféktur Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], [[Préféktur Kumamoto|Kumamoto]], miwah [[Préféktur Kagoshima|Kagoshima]], [[Jepang]]. Kaadegang ring warsa 1934, taman puniki polih parinama ipun saking [[Gunung Unzén]], [[gunung marapi]] aktip ring tengah [[Samenanjung Shimabara]], miwah [[Kapuloan Amakusa]] ring [[Segara Yatsushiro]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/parks/unzen.html |title=Introducing places of interest: Unzen-Amakusa National Park |publisher=[[Kamenterian Palemahan Urip (Japan)|Kamenterian Palemahan Urip]] |access-date=8 Pébruari 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208150951/http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/parks/unzen.html |archive-date=8 Pébruari 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=National Parks of Japan |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalparksofj0000suth |author1=Sutherland, Mary |author2=Britton, Dorothy |publisher=[[Kodansha]] |year=1995 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nationalparksofj0000suth/page/140 140]–2 |ISBN=4-7700-1971-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Japan | title = Unzen-Amakusa National Park | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | access-date = 2012-08-09 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | oclc = 56431036 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archive-date = 2007-08-25 | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == {{commons cat}} * {{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208150951/http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/parks/unzen.html Taman Nasional Unzén-Amakusa] * {{in lang|ja}} [http://www.env.go.jp/park/unzen/ Taman Nasional Unzén-Amakusa] * [http://www.env.go.jp/park/unzen/intro/files/area_1.pdf Peta Taman Nasional Unzén-Amakusa] {{Taman Nasional ring Jepang}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uzen Amakusa Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Jepang]] 7i9qhxy5p8qnqokqw9ps8wssub0rbh3 0 30911 281263 219592 2026-08-27T22:32:55Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | image =Gracula.svg | image_caption = Kaakéhan soroh miwah pasebaran ring génus | taxon = Gracula | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] | type_species = ''Gracula religiosa'' ([[Siung ketah]]) | type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | diversity_link = #Spésiés | diversity = cingak suratan | synonyms = * ''Eulabes'' }} '''Siung''' ('''''Gracula''''') inggih punika génus saking [[myna]], anggota tropis saking kulawarga [[paksi]] [[curik]] sané prasida kacunduk ring Asia Kelod miwah Asia Kelod Kangin, taler kabakta nuju [[Florida]] ring Amérika Serikat. ==Taxonomi== [[Génus]] ''Gracula'' kakenalang ring warsa 1758 olih naturalis Swédia [[Carl Linnaeus]] ring buku druéné [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|édisi kadasa]] saking ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=108 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727013 }}</ref> Parinama génus nyané maasal saking [[Basa Latin|Latin]] ''graculus'', paksi ten kauningin sané ketah kaidéntifikasi dados [[goak kawan]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=176 }}</ref> Saking pitu spésiés ring sajeroning lis saking Linnaeus, [[siung ketah]] (''Gracula religiosa'') kapilih [[George Robert Gray|George Gray]] dados [[soroh spésiés]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1840 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | location=London | publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor | page=39 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668933 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1962 | title=Check-list of birds of the world | volume=15 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=118 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14485491 }}</ref> Sané riin wantah kalih spésiés sané kauningin, ''G. religiosa'' dan ''G. ptilogenys''. Sadurungné, makasami ''Gracula'' kaanggép madué spésiés sané sanget akéh soroh ipun ketah kasengguh '''siung'''. Tiga [[subspésiés]] wewehan saking ''G. religiosa'' kaanggép [[spésiés]] sané matiosan. Sadurungné, Siung Sri Lanka kaanggep manados [[subspésiés]] saking siung ketah, daweg mangkin samian otoritas utama mingakuin ipun dados spésiés sané sané masiosan. Pateh sekadi punika, siung Enggano, Nias miwah kelod sacara tradisional kantun kaanggén subspésiés saking siung ketah; pawigunaan puniki kantun kasenengin olih makudang otoritas. ===Spésiés=== Lima [[spésiés]] sané kantun tur kaakuin:<ref>{{Cite journal|title=IOC World Bird List 7.1|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ioc-lists/crossref|journal=IOC World Bird List Datasets|doi=10.14344/ioc.ml.7.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Potrék !! Parinama ilmiah !! Parinama ketah !! Pasebaran |- |[[File:GraculaPtilogenysLegge.jpg|120px]] || ''Gracula ptilogenys'' || [[Siung Sri Lanka]] ||Sri Lanka. |- |[[File:Gracula religiosa robusta-01.JPG|120px]] || ''Gracula religiosa'' || [[Siung ketah]] || Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan miwah Arunachal Pradesh, pahan sor Himalaya |- |[[File:Starling bird (India, 2012).jpg|120px]] || ''Gracula indica'' || [[Siung kelod]] ||India Kelod Kawan miwah Sri Lanka |- | [[File:Gracula robusta - Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova (1886) (17788287234) (cropped).jpg|frameless|130x130px]]|| ''Gracula robusta'' || [[Siung Nias]] || Nias miwah nusa-nusa liyanan nampek ring lepas Sumatera pahan kawan. |- | || ''Gracula enganensis'' || [[Siung Énggano]] || Nusa Enggano, ring lepas kelod kawan Sumatera. |- |} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 5px2boncuuvz2rfquz9sxvwqu9s3pzj 0 31157 281059 134133 2026-08-27T19:55:16Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Saguaro | iucn_category = II | iucn_ref = <!-- images --> | photo = File:Saguaro_Sunset.jpg | photo_caption = Surya tedun ring Taman Distrik Gunung Rincon | photo_width = 300 | photo_alt= Siluet kaktus saguaro ngonjol ring langit abang ri kala suryané tedun. <!-- map --> | map = USA Arizona inset | map_image = | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Genah saking Taman Nasional Saguaro ring Arizona. <br /> Inset: Arizona ring Amérika Serikat. | relief = <!-- location --> | location = [[Tucson, Arizona]], [[County Pima, Arizona|Pima]], Arizona, Amérika Serikat | nearest_city = | nearest_town = | coordinates = {{coord|32|10|45|N|110|44|13|W|region:US-AZ|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = <!-- stats --> | length = | length_mi = | length_km = | width = | width_mi = | width_km = | area_acre = 91716 | area_ref = <ref name="total area">{{cite web|author=Land Resources Division|title=National Park Service Listing of Acreage (summary)|url=https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/FileDownload/1297|date=31 Désémber 2016|publisher=National Park Service|format=PDF|access-date=11 Juni 2017}}</ref> | elevation = | elevation_avg = | elevation_min = | elevation_max = | dimensions = | designation = <!-- dates & info --> | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = 14 Oktober 1994<ref>{{cite web|title=S.316 – Saguaro National Park Establishment Act of 1994|publisher=Library of Congress|year=1994|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/senate-bill/316/text|access-date=13 Oktober 2017}}</ref> | named_for = [[Saguaro]], satunggil [[kaktus]] | visitation_num = 957,405 | visitation_year = 2018 | visitation_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Saguaro NP: Annual Park Recreation Visitation (1920 – Last Calendar Year)|publisher=National Park Service|url= https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/Park%20Specific%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Recreation%20Visitation%20(1904%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year)|access-date=11 Maret 2019}}</ref> | governing_body = Layanan Taman Nasional | administrator = | operator = | owner = <!-- website, embedded --> | website = [https://www.nps.gov/sagu/ Taman Nasional Saguaro] | embedded = }} '''Taman Nasional Saguaro''' inggih punika [[taman nasional]] Amérika ring [[County Pima, Arizona|County Pima]], kelod kangin [[Arizona]]. Taman antuk jimbar {{convert|92000|acre|ha|adj=on}} kakepah dados kalih wawengkon—Distrik Gunung Tucson (TMD) sawatara {{convert|10|mi|km}} sikawan kota [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] miwah Distrik Pagunungan Rincon (RMD) sawatara {{convert|10|mi|km}} sikangin kota—sané ngalestariyang lanskap, beburon, miwha entikan [[Gurun Sonora]], rumasuk kaktus [[saguaro]] raksasa. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ===Karya kaanggit=== * {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=Will C.|title=Arizona Place Names|url=https://archive.org/details/arizonaplacename0000barn|publisher=The University of Arizona Press|location=Tucson|year=1988|isbn=978-0-8165-1074-0}} * {{cite book|last=Bezy|first=John|title=A Guide to the Geology of Saguaro National Park|publisher=Arizona Geological Society|year=2005|location=Tucson|isbn=978-1-892001-22-1}} * {{cite book|last=Dilsaver|first=Lary M.|title=Joshua Tree National Park: A History of Preserving the Desert|publisher=National Park Service|url=https://www.nps.gov/jotr/learn/historyculture/upload/JOTRAdministrativeHistory.pdf|date=Maret 2015|access-date=9 Juli 2017|oclc=912308073|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809194538/https://www.nps.gov/jotr/learn/historyculture/upload/JOTRAdministrativeHistory.pdf|archive-date=9 Agustus 2017|url-status=dead}} * {{cite map|author=National Park Service|title=Explore the Waters of Saguaro National Park: A Story Map|publisher=National Park Service|year=2016|url=http://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=6a8ae9bd94de47179b66bb8d4fddc861|access-date=17 Méi 2017|via=Esri}} * {{cite book|author=Sonoran Desert Network|title=Common Plants of Saguaro National Park|editor=Buckley, Steve|url=https://www.nps.gov/sagu/learn/nature/upload/Common-Plants-of-Saguaro-NP.pdf|publisher=National Park Service|year=2011}} '' ==Pranala jaba== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Saguaro National Park |b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Saguaro National Park|species=no|d=no}} * {{Official website}} of the [https://www.nps.gov/index.htm National Park Service] * [http://www.friendsofsaguaro.org/ Friends of Saguaro National Park] * [https://www.skyislandalliance.org/ Sky Island Alliance] {{Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saguaro Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat]] 7bdunhdkvw6k83ohfkoyu6njxazh0ti 0 31163 281109 132187 2026-08-27T20:34:03Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Bryce Canyon | iucn_category = II | photo= Inspiration Point Bryce Canyon November 2018 panorama.jpg | map = Utah#USA | relief = 1 | map_caption = | location = [[County Garfield, Utah|County Garfield]] miwah [[County Kane, Utah|County Kane]], [[Utah]], Amérika Serikat | nearest_city = [[Tropic, Utah|Tropic]], [[Panguitch, Utah|Panguitch]] | coordinates = {{Coord|37|35|N|112|11|W|region:US-UT|display=inline,title}} | area_acre = 35835 | area_ref = <ref name="area">{{NPS area|year=2011|access-date=6 Maret 2012}}</ref> | established = 25 Pébruari 1928 | visitation_num = 2,679,478 | visitation_year = 2018 | visitation_ref =<ref name="visits">{{NPS visitation|access-date=6 Maret 2019}}</ref> | governing_body = [[Layanan Taman Nasional]] | website = [https://www.nps.gov/brca/index.htm Taman Nasional Bryce Canyon] }} '''Taman Nasional Bryce Canyon''' utawi '''Taman Nasional Ngarai Bryce''' ({{IPAc-en|b|r|aɪ|s}}) inggih punika [[Lis taman nasional ring Amérika Serikat|taman nasional Amérika]] sané magenah ring kelod kawan [[Utah]]. Cingakan utama saking taman Bryce Canyon punika, sané lémpas saking parinama ipun, nénten je [[ngarai]], sapunika pupulan [[ampitéater]] palemahan raksasa ring selantang sisi kangin [[Dataran Tegeh Paunsaugunt]]. Bryce masiosan krana struktur géologi sané kasengguh [[hoodoo (géologi)|hoodoos]], karupa olih [[palapukan és]] miwah érosi membahan tukad miwah [[watuan sedimén]] dasar danu. Warna abang, jingga, miwah petak saking wewatuan ngicain pacingakan sané ngulangunin antuk wisatawan taman. Taman Nasional Bryce Canyon langkung alitan miwah magenah ring kategehan sané doh kategehan ipun pantaraning [[Taman Nasional Zion]] nampek nyané. Ketegehan ring Bryce mavariasi saking {{convert|8000|to|9000|ft}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpi== {{refbegin}} *<!-- Ha -->{{cite book | title = Geology of National Parks | url = https://archive.org/details/geologyofnationa0000harr_a4n7 | edition = 5th | last = Harris | first = Ann G. | author2 = Tuttle, Esther|author3=Tuttle, Sherwood D. | location = Iowa | publisher = Kendall/Hunt Publishing | year = 1997 | isbn = 0-7872-5353-7 | ref = CITEREFHarris1997 }} *<!-- Ki -->{{cite book | title = Geology of U.S. Parklands | edition = 5th | first = Eugene P. | last = Kiver |author2=Harris, David V. | publisher = Jonh Wiley & Sons | location = New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-471-33218-6 | ref = CITEREFKiver1999 }} *<!-- NPSG -->{{cite book | title = Bryce Canyon visitors guide | author = National Park Service | location = Washington, D.C. | ref = NPSguide }} (public domain text) *<!-- NPSH -->{{cite news | title = Park Planner, Hiking and Shuttle Guide | work = The Hoodoo | author = National Park Service | date = Summer 2005 | location = Washington, D.C. |ref=TheHoodoo}} *<!-- NPSW -->{{cite web | url = http://www.nps.gov/brca/ | title = Bryce Canyon National Park official website | access-date = November 16, 2008 | year = 2007 | author = National Park Service | location = Washington, D.C. |ref=NPSwebsite}} *<!-- Tu -->{{cite book | title = Secrets in The Grand Canyon, Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks | url = https://archive.org/details/secretsingrandca0000tuft | edition = 3rd | first = Lorraine Salem | last = Tufts | location = North Palm Beach, Florida | publisher = National Photographic Collections | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-9620255-3-4 }} * {{cite book|last1=DeCourten|first1=Frank|title=Shadows of time : the geology of Bryce Canyon National Park|url=https://archive.org/details/shadowsoftimegeo0000deco|date=1994|publisher=Bryce Canyon Natural History Association|location=Bryce Canyon, Utah|isbn=9781882054060|others=Photographs by John Telford, illustrations by Hannah Hinchman}} * {{cite book|last1=Kiver|first1=Eugene P.|last2=Harris|first2=David V.|title=Geology of U.S. parklands|date=1999|publisher=J. Wiley|location=New York|isbn=9780471332183|edition=5th}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Sprinkel|editor1-first=Douglas A.|editor2-last=Chidsey|editor2-first=Thomas C., Jr.|editor3-last=Anderson|editor3-first=Paul B.|title=Geology of Utah's parks and monuments|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780980048919|date=2010|publisher=Utah Geological Association|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|isbn=9780980048919|edition=Third}} {{refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Bryce Canyon National Park|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Bryce Canyon National Park|species=no|d=no}} * {{Osmway|27511137}} *[https://www.nps.gov/brca/index.htm Bryce Canyon] National Park Service information / U.S. Department of the Interior. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080430013859/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/64bryce/64bryce.htm ''Bryce Canyon National Park: Hoodoos Cast Their Spell,'' a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan] *[http://www.nps.gov/brca/planyourvisit/things2know.htm Maps] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090426141753/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/23119/bryce-canyon-national-park Bryce Canyon National Park]&nbsp;— slideshow by ''[[Life (magazine)|Life magazine]]'' *{{HAER |survey=UT-71 |id=ut0399 |title=Bryce Canyon National Park Rim Road, State Highway 63 to Rainbow Point, Tropic, Garfield County, UT |photos=22 |color=3 |dwgs= |data=25 |cap=3}} {{Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bryce Canyon Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional Bryce Canyon| ]] [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat]] pn4tgah7mebbm9yfrkkp8rclsmw1gz2 0 31164 281197 269335 2026-08-27T21:54:52Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Wana Ngawatu | iucn_category = Ib | iucn_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Petrified Forest National Wilderness Area in United States of America|url=https://protectedplanet.net/petrified-forest-national-wilderness-area|website=protectedplanet.net|publisher=[[United Nations|UN]] [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] and the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]]|year=1970|access-date=31 Méi 2018|archive-date=2018-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112141510/https://protectedplanet.net/petrified-forest-national-wilderness-area|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- images --> | photo = The PEFO Tepees.jpg | photo_caption = Tepees | photo_width = 300 | photo_alt = Formasi watuan ngarupa kojong sané ngenahang pita ngandang mawarna barak, petak, miwah klau <!-- map --> | map = USA Arizona inset | map_image = | map_size = | map_caption = Genah saking Taman Nasional Wana Ngawatu ring Arizona. Sisipan: Arizona ring AS | relief = <!-- location --> | location = Arizona, Amérika Serikat | nearest_city = [[Holbrook, Arizona|Holbrook]] | nearest_town = | coordinates = {{coord|35|05|17|N|109|48|23|W|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = <!-- stats --> | length = | length_mi = | length_km = | width = | width_mi = | width_km = | area_acre = 221,391 | area_ref = <ref name="acreage">{{cite web|title=Park Acreage Reports (1997 – Last Calendar/Fiscal Year) |date=30 Séptémber 2019 |publisher=National Park Service, Land Resources Division |page=11 |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/lwcf/upload/NPS-Acreage-9-30-2019.pdf |access-date = 7 Oktober 2020 |quote=select 'By Park'/'Fiscal Year'/'2020' in report popup window}}</ref> | elevation = {{convert|5436|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="gnis" /> | elevation_avg = | elevation_min = | elevation_max = | dimensions = | designation = <!-- dates & info --> | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = {{Plainlist| *1962 (taman nasional)<ref name="red book" /> *1906 (monumén nasional)<ref name="NPS history" /> }} | named_for = [[Taru ngawatu]] kacunduk ring taman | visitation_num = 644,922 | visitation_year = 2018 | visitation_ref = <ref name="visits">{{cite web|title=NPS Stats, Park Reports: PEFO|url=https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/Park%20Specific%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Recreation%20Visitation%20%281904%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year%29?Park=PEFO|publisher=National Park Service|year=2016|access-date=28 Pébruari 2018}}</ref><ref name="visitation reports">{{NPS visitation |access-date=11 Maret 2018}}</ref> | governing_body = [[Layanan Taman Nasional]] | administrator = | operator = | owner = <!-- website, embedded --> | website = [https://www.nps.gov/pefo/ Taman Nasional Wana Ngawatu] | embedded = }} '''Taman Nasional Wana Ngawatu''' inggih punika [[taman nasional]] Amérika ring County [[County Navajo, Arizona|Navajo]] miwah [[County Apache, Arizona|Apache]] ring kalér kangin Arizona. Kaparinamain krana kacunduk akéh [[taru ngawatu]], taman puniki madué jimbar sawatara {{convert|346|mi2|km2|abbr=off|sp=us}}, ngacakupin betbetan semi-gurun [[stépa]] taler [[tanah tuh]] sané sanget kakikis miwah mawarna-warni. Markas taman puniki sawatara {{convert|26|mi|km}} sikangin [[Holbrook, Arizona|Holbrook]]. Situs, pahan kalér sané ngalantang nuju [[Painted Desert, Arizona|Painted Desert]], kanikayang manados [[Monumén Nasional (Amérika Serikat)|monumén nasional]] ring warsa 1906 miwah taman nasional ring warsa 1962. Taman puniki nampi 644.922 wisatawan ring warsa 2018. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpi == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Ash | first = Sidney | year = 2005 | title = Petrified Forest: A Story in Stone | edition = 2nd rev. | publisher = Petrified Forest Museum Association | location = Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona | isbn = 978-0-945695-11-0 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ash}} }} * {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Anne Trinkle | year = 1993 | title = Stalking the Past: Prehistory at the Petrified Forest | url = https://archive.org/details/stalkingpastpreh0000jone | publisher = Petrified Forest Museum Association | location = Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona | isbn = 978-0-945695-04-2 | ref = {{sfnRef|Jones}} }} * {{cite book | last1 = Hansen | first1 = Monica L. | last2 = Thomas | first2 = Kathryn A. | year = 2006 | chapter = The Flora of a Unique Badland and Arid Grassland Environment: Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona | editor1-last = Parker | editor1-first = William G | editor2-last = Thompson | editor2-first = Patricia A. | title = A Century of Research at Petrified Forest National Park: Bulletin No. 63 | url = https://archive.org/details/centuryofresearc0000will | publisher = Museum of Northern Arizona | location = Flagstaff, Arizona | isbn = 978-0-89734-133-2 | ref = {{sfnRef|Hansen & Thomas}} }} * {{cite book | last1 = Van Riper | first1 = Charles, III | last2 = Lamow | first2 = Marg | year = 2006 | chapter = A 2006 Bird Checklist for Petrified Forest National Park | editor1-last = Parker | editor1-first = William G | editor2-last = Thompson | editor2-first = Patricia A. | title = A Century of Research at Petrified Forest National Park: Bulletin No. 63 | url = https://archive.org/details/centuryofresearc0000will | publisher = Museum of Northern Arizona | location = Flagstaff, Arizona | isbn = 978-0-89734-133-2 | ref = {{sfnRef|Van Riper & Lamow}} }} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Petrified Forest National Park|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Petrified Forest National Park|species=no|d=no}} * {{Official website}} of the [https://www.nps.gov/index.htm National Park Service] * [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amsw/ American Southwest], National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' travel itinerary * [http://repository.azgs.az.gov/uri_gin/azgs/dlio/1487 Geologic map of PEFO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120065623/http://repository.azgs.az.gov/uri_gin/azgs/dlio/1487 |date=2013-01-20 }}, Arizona Geological Survey {{Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wana Ngawatu Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional Wana Ngawatu| ]] [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat]] 27z3sc5i8uoaj8lhu9smt2uhgo2fwpa 0 31203 281269 132295 2026-08-27T22:36:43Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Badlands | photo = MK00609 Badlands.jpg | photo_caption = Taman Nasional Badlands | iucn_category = II | map = Dakota Kelod#USA | relief = 1 | map_caption = Genah ring Dakota Kelod##Genah ring Amérika Serikat | location = [[Dakota Kelod]], Amérika Serikat | nearest_city = [[Rapid City, Dakota Kelod]] | coordinates = {{Coord|43|45|N|102|30|W|display=inline, title}} | area_acre = 242756 | area_ref = <ref name="area">{{NPS area|year=2011|access-date=5 Maret 2012}}</ref> | established = {{start date|1939|Januari|29}} dados Monumén Nasional<br />10 Nopémber 1978 dados Taman Nasional | visitation_num = 916,932 | visitation_year = 2020 | visitation_ref = <ref name="visits">{{NPS visitation|access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref> | governing_body = [[Layanan Taman Nasional]] | website = [https://www.nps.gov/badl/ Badlands National Park] }} '''Taman Nasional Badlands''' ({{lang-lkt|Makȟóšiča}}<ref>{{cite book |title=New Lakota Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/newlakotadiction0000unse |edition=2nd |year=2011 |publisher=Lakota Language Consortium |editor-last=Ullrich |editor-first=Jan |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=978-0-9761082-9-0 |lccn=2008922508 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newlakotadiction0000unse/page/855 855]}}</ref>) inggih punika [[taman nasional]] Amérika sané magenah ring kelod kawan [[Dakota Kelod]]. Taman nyaibin {{convert|242756|acre|sqmi km2|1}}<ref name="area"/> [[butte]] [[érosi|makikis]] sané lanying miwah ''[[Pinnacle (géologi)|pinnacle]]'', sinarengan sareng [[tegalan padang campuhan]] pinih ageng sané nénten kagugul ring Amérika Serikat. [[Layanan Taman Nasional]] ngalola taman, antuk Unit Kelod kakelola sinarengan sareng wong [[Oglala Lakota]].<ref name = 2016guide/> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Badlands National Park|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Badlands National Park|species=no|d=no}} * [https://www.nps.gov/badl/index.htm Badlands National Park] – [[National Park Service]] website * [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0035/pdf/of03-35.pdf Geology of Badlands National Park] – [[United States Geological Survey]] * {{Cite web|title=Bison (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bison/index.htm}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20000929200007/http://www.nwo.usace.army.mil/html/pm-hc/badlands.htm Badlands Bombing Range] – [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] {{Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Badlands Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional Badlands| ]] [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat]] g859g9r87g9re4boeiecjjdcpo9lb05 0 31896 281267 134481 2026-08-27T22:35:45Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Ivindo | iucn_category = II | photo = File:Waterfall ivindo gabon.jpg | photo_caption = Grobogan ring Taman Nasional Ivindo | location = [[Gabon]] | nearest_city = [[Makokou]] | coordinates = {{coords|0.088|12.63|region:GA|notes=<ref>[http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Ivindo_National_Park Ivindo National Park] protectedplanet.net</ref>|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 3000 | established = 2002 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Badan Nasional Taman Nasional]] | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child=yes | Criteria = Palemahan: (ix)(x) | ID = 1653 | Session = ka-44 | Year = 2021 }} }} '''Taman Nasional Ivindo''' inggih punika [[taman nasional]] ring kangin-tengah [[Gabon]] ring [[Afrika Tengah]], ngentasin pawatesan propinsi [[Propinsi Ogooué-Ivindo|Ogooué-Ivindo]] miwah [[Propinsi Ogooué-Lolo|Ogooué-Lolo]]. Pangadegan ipun kaumumang ring Agustus 2002 olih Présidén [[Omar Bongo]] ritatkala nika daweg [[Pasamuan Gumi 2002|Pasamuan Gumi]] ring [[Johannesburg]], sinarengan 12 taman nasional téréstrial liyané ring Gabon. Pinih kasub antuk [[Grobogan Kongou]] miwah Mingouli sané ngulangunin ring [[Tukad Ivindo]], sané kaloktah manados “kaajaiban Ivindo”,<ref name=Vande_weghe>{{cite book|last1=Vande weghe|first1=Jean Pierre|title=Ivindo and Mwanga|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780982026328|date=2009|publisher=WCS|isbn=978-0-9820263-2-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780982026328/page/7 7]}}</ref> taman puniki taler ngacakupin [[Cagar Biosfér Ipassa Makokou]] miwah [[Langoué Baï]], silih tunggil saking 5 pambukaan wana kabuat ring Afrika Tengah.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabonese Republic|url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/gabon.htm|accessdate=2013-10-20}}</ref> Taman puniki katetapang dados [[Situs Tetamian Jagat]] [[UNESCO]] ring warsa 2021 krana kaakéhan soroh kauripan ipun sané ten ketah miwah ékosistem wana tropis sané kantun jangkep.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210728-unesco-awards-gabon-s-ivindo-park-world-heritage-status|title=UNESCO awards Gabon's Ivindo park World Heritage status|website=France 24|date=28 Juli 2021|access-date=30 Juli 2021}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == {{commons category}} {{Wikivoyage}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208105458/http://www.ivindo.org/ivindo_en.html ''Fondation Internationale Gabon Ecotourisme'' (FIGET), International Foundation of Gabonese Ecotourisme] *[http://www.wcs.org/saving-wild-places/africa/ivindo-national-park-gabon.aspx Wildlife Conservation Society] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140809001052/http://www.parcsgabon.org/decouvrez-les-parcs/les-13-parcs-nationaux/parc-national-de-l-ivindo Ivindo National Park - National Park Agency] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110801020644/http://www.gabon-nature.com/ Virtual Tour of the National Parks] *[http://www.cifor.org/forenet/_ref/partners/gabon.htm Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET)] *[http://scienceparcsgabon.weebly.com/research-stations.html Research stations in Gabon's parks, including Ipassa and Langoué Bai] {{Taman Nasional Gabon}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ivando Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Gabon]] dp48ev5315ngja3co046schorjaiynk 0 32519 281014 135724 2026-08-27T19:19:57Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Ngarai Selem saking Gunnison | iucn_category = II | photo = Black Canyon and Gunnison River 2008.jpg | photo_caption = Tukad Gunnison ring dasar Ngarai Selem saking Gunnison | map = Colorado#USA | relief = 1 | map_caption = Genah ring Colorado##Genah ring Amérika Serikat | location = [[County Montrose, Colorado]], Amérika Serikat | nearest_city = [[Montrose, Colorado|Montrose]] | coordinates = {{coords|38|34|0|N|107|43|0|W|display=inline, title}} | area_acre = 30750 | area_ref = <ref name="area">{{NPS area |year=2011 |access-date=2012-03-06}}</ref> | established = 21 Oktober 1999 | visitation_num = 308,962 | visitation_year = 2018 | visitation_ref = <ref name="visits">{{NPS Visitation |access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> | governing_body = [[Layanan Taman Nasional]] | website = [https://www.nps.gov/blca/ Taman Nasional Ngarai Selem Gunnison] }} '''Taman Nasional Ngarai Selem saking Gunnison''' utawi '''Taman Nasional Black Canyon of Gunnison''' inggih punika [[taman nasional]] Amérika sané magenah ring [[Colorado]] kawan miwah kakelola olih [[Layanan Taman Nasional]]. Wénten kalih lawang ngaranjing utama nuju taman: pintu ngeranjing lingkar kelod magenah {{convert|15|mi|km}} kangin [[Montrose, Colorado|Montrose]], sapunika lawang ngerajing lingkar kalér punika {{convert|11|mi|km}} kelod [[Crawford, Colorado|Crawford]] miwah tutup ring masan dingin. Taman madaging {{convert|12|mi|km}} saking {{convert|48|mi|km|adj=on}} lantang Ngarai Selem saking Tukad Gunnison. Taman nasional punika madué pahan pinih jero miwah pinih dramatis saking ngarai, sakéwanten ngarai ngalantur nuju hulu ring [[Wawengkon Rékréasi Nasional Curecanti]] miwah hilir nuju [[Wawengkon Konservasi Nasional Gunnison Gorge]]. Parinama ngarai nyilih saking indik pinaka pahan saking ngarai wantah nampi 33 menit sunari arahina, mawit ''Images of America: The Black Canyon of the Gunnison''. Ring buku punika, panyurat Duane Vandenbusche nikayang, "Makudang ngarai ring Amérika Kawan langkung lantang miwah makudang nyané langkung dalem, sakéwanten nénten wénten sané ngabungang kadaleman, kangerian, kacupekan, kepetengan, miwah kajerihan majeng Ngarai Selem."<ref name="Vandenbusche 2009 7">{{cite book|title=Images of America - The Black Canyon of the Gunnison|url=https://archive.org/details/blackcanyonofgun0000vand|last=Vandenbusche|first=Duane|date=2009|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-6919-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/blackcanyonofgun0000vand/page/7 7]}}<!--|access-date= 2014-07-28--></ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == {{sister project links|auto=1}} * [https://www.nps.gov/blca/index.htm Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park] – [[National Park Service]] * [http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/travel/chi-000917ournatparks-colo-story.html ''A slash in the mesa''] – [[Chicago Tribune]] article * [http://www.windrep.org/Black_Canyon_of_the_Gunnison ''Black Canyon of the Gunnison''] – symphonic poem by Frank Erickson (1923–1996) which has been performed on the rim of the canyon * ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcOK68lwPjI 1901: A Canyon Odyssey''] – song by [[The Infamous Stringdusters]] {{Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ngarai Selem Gunnison Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Amérika Serikat]] fhd82dxe9z1rqzrth1b0u7rq7i6zk4u 0 32870 281232 136675 2026-08-27T22:16:26Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281232 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Turin''' ({{IPAc-en|tj|ʊəˈr|ɪ|n|,_|ˈ|tj|ʊər|ᵻ|n}} {{respell|ture|IN|,_|TURE|in}},<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C.|author-link=John C. Wells|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-40588118-0}}</ref> <small>[[Basa Piedmontese|Piedmontese]]:</small> {{IPA-pms|tyˈriŋ||Turin.ogg}}; {{lang-it|Torino}} {{IPA-it|toˈriːno||It-Torino.ogg}})<ref>{{lang-lat|Augusta Taurinorum}}, salanturné ''Taurinum''</ref> inggih punika kota miwha pusat bisnis lan budaya sané kabuat ring Itali Kalér. ax5i8u16nl3iyrramxvxotn2u9cqedw 0 33205 281025 280155 2026-08-27T19:25:45Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Auyuittuq | iucn_category = II | iucn_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Protected Planet {{!}} Auyuittuq National Park Of Canada|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/613|access-date=2020-11-05|website=Protected Planet}}</ref> | photo=Pangnirtung_Fiord_S_2_2001-07-15.jpg | photo_caption=Fiord Pangnirtung lan Lebah Tukad Weasel | map = Kanada | relief=0 | map_caption = Genah ''Taman Nasional Auyuittuq'' | location = [[Nunavut]], Kanada | nearest_city = [[Pangnirtung]], [[Qikiqtarjuaq]] | coordinates = {{coords|67|53|N|65|01|W|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 21470 | established = 1972 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Parks Canada]] }} '''Taman Nasional Auyuittuq''' ({{lang-iu|ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ}}, {{IPA-iu|aujuitːuq|IPA}}, "tanah nénten polih ngéncéh") inggih [[taman nasional]] sané magenah ring [[Nusa Baffin]] [[Samenanjung Cumberland]], ring [[Wawengkon Qikiqtaaluk]] saking [[Nunavut]], subdivisi politik pinih ageng ring Kanada. Taman puniki pamahbah nyané kaloktah manados ''Taman Nasional Nusa Baffin'' ritatkala kaadegang ring warsa 1972, sakéwanten parinama nyané kagentosin ring warsa 1976 manados parinana sané mangkin antuk langkung ngacerminang wawengkon lan lelintihan nyané. Puniki ngenahang akéh médan wana belantara [[Arktik]], minakadi [[fjord]], [[glétser]], miwah [[lapangan és]]. Yadiastin Auyuittuq kaadegang ring warsa 1972 manados [[Cagar nasional|cagar taman nasional]], taman puniki kamunggahang manados taman nasional jangkep ring warsa 2000. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Wacénan lantur== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Steven H |first2=Mitchell K |last2=Taylor |first3=Francois |last3=Messier |date=1997 |title=Space Use by Polar Bears in and Around Auyuittuq National Park, Northwest Territories, During the Ice-Free Period |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-zoology_1997-10_75_10/page/1585 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=75 |number=10 |pages=1585–1595 |doi=10.1139/z97-785}} * {{cite report |last1=Hines |first1=James E. |first2=Steve |last2=Moore |title=The Vegetation and Flora of Auyuittuq National Park Reserve, Baffin Island |url=http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/sites/default/files/74_file.pdf |format=PDF |location=Yellowknife, Canada |publisher=Department of Renewable Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories |date=1988 |access-date=2015-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194308/http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/sites/default/files/74_file.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Konotepetz |first=Larry |title=Archaeological Sites of Auyuittuq National Park Reserve |series=Microfiche report series, 315 |location=Ottawa, Canada |publisher=Environment Canada, Canadian Parks Service |date=1985 |oclc=59739479 }} * {{cite report |last1=Masterton |first1=J. M. |first2=B. F. |last2=Findlay |title=The Climate of Auyuittuq National Park, Baffin Island, Northwest Territories |location=Toronto, Canada |publisher=Atmospheric Environment Service, Meteorological Applications Branch, Environment Canada |date=Séptémber 1976 |url=http://parkscanadahistory.com/publications/auyuittuq/report-22.pdf |format=PDF}} * {{cite report |last=Tarnocai |first=C. |title=Monitoring the Integrity of Cultural Sites, Auyuittuq National Park Reserve |location=Ottawa, Canada |publisher=Research Branch (ECORC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada |date=1998}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=Roger |title=The Land That Never Melts Auyuittuq National Park |url=https://archive.org/details/landthatnevermel0000unse |location=Toronto |publisher=Peter Martin Associates Limited in association with Indian and Northern Affairs and Pub. Centre, Supply and Services Canada |date=1976 |isbn=0-88778-143-8}} {{refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|Auyuittuq National Park}} * [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/nu/auyuittuq Situs resmi Parks Canada] * [http://www.summitpost.org/show/mountain_link.pl/mountain_id/2772 Mount Thor Peak climbing info] * [http://www.qikiqtarjuaq.com/auyuittuqpark.htm Informasi lan gambar - saking The Tulugak Hotel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307160359/http://qikiqtarjuaq.com/auyuittuqpark.htm |date=2022-03-07 }} * [http://www.canadianparks.com/nunavut/auyutnp/index.htm Informasi Taman Nasional Auyuittuq] * [http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/travel/thisweek/stories/DN-baffin_0125tra.ART.State.Edition1.1a0a0ae.html Artikel surat kabar indik Taman Nasional Auyuittuq] olih réporter "Dallas Morning News" Dave Levinthal {{Taman Nasional ring Kanada}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Auyuittuq Taman Nasional}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Kanada]] bxuqe986nbxvup8vy64sv6jt0b3jctu 0 33652 281255 139054 2026-08-27T22:28:26Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name=Eukaryota | fossil_range=[[Orosirian]] – [[Holosén|Mangkin]] {{long fossil range|1850|0 |earliest=2300}} | image=Eukaryota diversity 2.jpg | image_caption=Eukaryota miwah makudang conto kaakéhan soroh kauripan ipun – saarah jaum jam saking kiwa duur: [[Osmia bicornis|Red mason bee]], ''[[Boletus edulis]]'', [[simpanse]], ''[[Isotricha intestinalis]]'', ''[[Ranunculus asiaticus]]'', lan ''[[Volvox carteri]]'' | taxon=Eukaryota | authority=([[Édouard Chatton|Chatton]], 1925) [[Robert Whittaker (ékologis)|Whittaker]] & [[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]], 1978 | subdivision_ranks=[[Krajaan (biologi)#Krajaan Eukaryota|Sekaa Super]] miwah [[Krajaan (biologi)|krajaan]]{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} | subdivision = * [[Diphoda]] ** [[Discoba]] ** [[Hemimastigophora]] ** [[Diaphoretickes]] *** [[Archaeplastida]] **** [[Plantae]] *** [[Hacrobia]] *** [[SAR supergroup|SAR]] * [[Opimoda]] ** [[Loukozoa]] ** [[Podiata]] *** [[CRuMs]] *** [[Amorphea]] **** [[Obazoa]] ***** [[Animalia]] ***** [[Fungi]] ---- Organisme eukaryotik sané nénten prasida kaklasifikasiyang ring sor kingdom Plantae, Animalia utawi Fungi ketah kasekaang ring [[paraphili]] '''[[Protista]]'''. {{!}}- style="background:#e0d0b0;" {{!}} }} '''Eukaryota''' ({{IPAc-en|j|uː|ˈ|k|ær|i|oʊ|t|s|,_|-|ə|t|s}}) inggih punika [[organisme]] sané madué [[Sél (biologi)|sél]] [[inti sél|inti]] katutup ring jero [[selubung inti]].<ref name="Youngson">{{cite book| vauthors = Youngson RM | title= Collins Dictionary of Human Biology| url = https://archive.org/details/collinsdictionar0000youn_t7n0 | year= 2006| publisher= HarperCollins| location= Glasgow| isbn= 978-0-00-722134-9}}</ref><ref name="Nelson&Cox">{{cite book| vauthors = Nelson DL, Cox MM |year=2005 |title=Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry |edition=4th |location=New York |publisher=W.H. Freeman |isbn=978-0-7167-4339-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/lehningerprincip00lehn_0}}</ref><ref name="Martin">{{cite book| veditors = Martin EA | edition=2nd | title= Macmillan Dictionary of Life Sciences| url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflife0000unse_b2q5 | year= 1983| publisher= Macmillan Press| location= London| isbn= 978-0-333-34867-3}}</ref> Ipun ring sajeroning sekaa organisme '''Eukaryota''' utawi '''Eukarya'''; parinama ipun mawit saking [[basa Yunani|Yunani]]] [[wikt:εὖ|εὖ]] (''eu'', "becik") miwah [[wikt:κάρυον|κάρυον]] (''karyon'', "kacang" utawi "kernel").<ref name="OnlineEtDict">{{OEtymD|eukaryotic}}</ref> [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]] Eukaryota ngadegang silih tunggil saking [[Sistem tiga domain|tiga domain kauripan]]; [[bakteri]] lan [[archaea]] (makakalih [[prokariota]]) ngadegang kalih domain liyanan.<ref name="Gabaldón">{{cite journal |last1=Gabaldón |first1=T |title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |date=8 October 2021 |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=631–647 |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213 |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213 |access-date=11 August 2022 |language=en |issn=0066-4227}}</ref><ref name="w1990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML |date=June 1990 |title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=4576–9 |bibcode=1990PNAS...87.4576W |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 |pmc=54159 |pmid=2112744 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 62ilqn8o1us76d5bh5n8nvdb4x94z6l 0 34113 281142 234169 2026-08-27T21:13:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Sirmilik | iucn_category = II | map = Canada |relief=1 | map_width = 240 | map_caption = Genah taman ring [[Nusa Baffin]], Kanada | photo = Sirmilik Glacier 2 1997-08-06.jpg | photo_caption = [[Glétser Sermilik]] | location = [[Nunavut]], Kanada | nearest_city = [[Pond Inlet, Nunavut|Pond Inlet]] | coordinates = {{coord|72.9906|N|81.13732|W|region:CA-NU_source:Google-enwiki|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 22200 | established = 2001<ref name=eco>{{cite web |url=http://www.cen.ulaval.ca/bylot/studysite.htm |title=Ecological Studies and Environmental Monitoring at Bylot Island, Sirmilik National Park |publisher=Cen.ulaval.ca |access-date=2010-09-20 |archive-date=2010-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411041328/http://www.cen.ulaval.ca/bylot/studysite.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Taman Kanada]] | url = http://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/nu/sirmilik }} '''Taman Nasional Sirmilik''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɜr|m|əl|ɪ|k}}; [[Inuktitut]]: "genah [[glétser]]"<ref name="CE">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/sirmilik-national-park|title=Sirmilik National Park|publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2013-06-22|archive-date=2013-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606061715/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/sirmilik-national-park|url-status=dead}}</ref>) inggih punika [[Taman Nasional ring Kanada|taman nasional]] sané magenah ring [[Wawengkon Qikiqtaaluk|Qikiqtaaluk]], [[Nunavut]], Kanada, kaadegang ring warsa 1999.<ref name="ParksCanada">{{cite web|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/nu/sirmilik/index.aspx|title=Sirmilik National Park of Canada|publisher=[[Parks Canada]]|access-date=22 Juni 2013}}</ref><ref name="NASA">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/IPY/multimedia/ipyimg_20081014.html|title=Sirmilik National Park, Canada|date=2008-10-14|publisher=[[NASA|Badan Panerbangan miwah Antariksa Amérika Serikat]]|access-date=20 Séptémber 2010|archive-date=2022-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016124924/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/IPY/multimedia/ipyimg_20081014.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= National Geographic Guide to the National Parks of Canada Second Edition |url= https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_b5s0 |publisher= National Geographic |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4262-1756-2 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_b5s0/page/368 368]–373 }}</ref> Magenah ring jero [[Cordillera Arktik]], taman puniki kakepah dados tiga wawengkon: makéhan [[Nusa Bylot]] antuk patiosan makudang wawengkon sané dados tanah druén [[Inuit]], [[Oliver Sound]], miwah [[Nusa Baffin]] ring [[Samenajung Borden]].<ref name=ParksCanada/><ref name="ULaval">{{cite web|url= http://www.cen.ulaval.ca/bylot/studysite.htm|title= Study Site|publisher= [[Univérsitas Laval]]|access-date= 20 Séptémber 2010|archive-date= 2010-04-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100411041328/http://www.cen.ulaval.ca/bylot/studysite.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> Makéhan taman kawatesin olih patoyan. Mawit géograpis, punika dados pawakilan saking Wawengkon Palemahan Dataran Éndéo Arktik Kalér Kangin taler makéhan saking Wawengkon Segara Lancaster Sound.<ref name="ParksCanada" /> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Wacénan lantur== {{commons|Sirmilik National Park|Sirmilik}} *Pynn, Larry. (2003). "Adventure – Journey to Sirmilik – Two Travellers Brave Winds, Shifting Ice Floes and Roiling Arctic Seas for a Glimpse of Canada's Newest National Park". ''Canadian Geographic''. 123, no. 2: 34. {{Taman Nasional ring Kanada}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Srimilik Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Kanada]] ehkmewxh9ibvbxmoz1bq35xa1786z13 0 35328 281125 246534 2026-08-27T20:42:34Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university |name = The University of Auckland |native_name = Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau |image_name = University of Auckland Coat of Arms.png |caption = Lambang University of Auckland |motto = {{lang-la|Ingenio et labore}} |mottoeng = By natural ability and hard work |established = 1883 |endowment = |chancellor = Ian Parton |vice_chancellor= [[Stuart McCutcheon]] |city = {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Auckland]] |country = [[Selandia Baru]] |staff = 5.019 (FTS, 2012)<ref name="auckland1">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2012|url=http://www2.ausa.auckland.ac.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/University-of-Auckland-Annual-Report-2012.pdf|accessdate=30 June 2013|archive-date=2013-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003154645/http://www2.ausa.auckland.ac.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/University-of-Auckland-Annual-Report-2012.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |undergrad = 25.368 (EFTS, 2012)<ref name="auckland1"/> |postgrad = 7.232 (EFTS, 2012)<ref name="auckland1"/> |type = [[Universitas negeri|Negeri]] |campus = Akeh |affiliations = [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]], [[Asia-Pacific Association for International Education|APAIE]], [[APRU]], [[Universitas 21]], [[Worldwide Universities Network|WUN]] |website = [http://www.auckland.ac.nz/ www.auckland.ac.nz] |logo = }} '''Univérsitas Auckland''' (Basa Inggris: The University of Auckland; bahasa Māori: Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau) inggih punika silih tunggil univérsitas sané magenah ring Auckland, Selandia Anyar. == Fakultas miwah lembaga == === Sekolah miwah fakultas === [[Berkas:Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland.jpg|jmpl|ka|Bagian gedung Medical School di Grafton]] * [[University of Auckland, Faculty of Arts|Faculty of Arts]]<ref>[http://www.arts.auckland.ac.nz/ Faculty of Arts]. The University of Auckland. Retrieved on 6 November 2008.</ref> * [[University of Auckland, Business School|Business School]]<ref>[http://www.business.auckland.ac.nz/ Faculty of Business and Economics]. The University of Auckland. Retrieved on 6 November 2008.</ref> * [[University of Auckland, The National Institute of Creative Arts and Industries|The National Institute of Creative Arts and Industries (NICAI)]]<ref>[http://www.creative.auckland.ac.nz/ Creative Arts and Industries]. The University of Auckland. Retrieved on 6 November 2008.</ref> * Faculty of Education<ref>[http://www.education.auckland.ac.nz/ Faculty of Education]. The University of Auckland. Retrieved on 6 November 2008.</ref> * [[University of Auckland, Faculty of Engineering|Faculty of Engineering]]<ref>[http://www.engineering.auckland.ac.nz/ Faculty of Engineering]. The University of Auckland. Retrieved on 6 November 2008.</ref> * [[University of Auckland Law School|Faculty of Law]]<ref>[http://www.law.auckland.ac.nz/ Faculty of Law]. The University of Auckland. Retrieved on 6 November 2008.</ref> * [[University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences|Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences]]<ref>[http://www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz/ Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences]. The University of Auckland. Retrieved on 6 November 2008.</ref> * [[University of Auckland, Faculty of Science|Faculty of Science]]<ref>[http://www.science.auckland.ac.nz/ Faculty of Science]. The University of Auckland. Retrieved on 6 November 2008.</ref> === Lembaga penelitian === * [[Liggins Institute|The Liggins Institute]] * Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI) == Alumni == * [[Jo Aleh]], pelayar juara dunia dan Olimpiade * [[Philippa Boyens]], [[penulis naskah]] pemenang [[Academy Award]] * [[Niki Caro]], sutradara, produser, dan penulis naskah * [[Vincent Cheng]], ketua [[HSBC]] * [[Helen Clark]], mantan [[Perdana Menteri Selandia Baru]], Administrator [[United Nations Development Programme]] * [[Russell Coutts]], pelayar * [[Mahé Drysdale]], pendayung juara Olimpiade dan dunia * [[Sian Elias]], Hakim Agung Selandia Baru sejak 17 Mei 1999 * [[Jeanette Fitzsimons]], politikus dan pencinta lingkungan Selandia Baru * [[Jeffrey Grice]], pianis * [[Gavin Hastings]], pemain rugbi Skotlandia.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last = Bath|editor-first = Richard |page = [https://archive.org/details/rugby0000rich/page/111 111] |year = 1997 |title = Complete Book of Rugby |url = https://archive.org/details/rugby0000rich|publisher = Seven Oaks Ltd |ISBN = 1-86200-013-1}}</ref><!-- Bath, Richard (ed.) ''The Complete Book of Rugby'' (Seven Oaks Ltd, 1997 ISBN 1-86200-013-1), p111 --> * [[Harry Hawthorn]], antropolog Kanada * [[John Hood]], mantan Wakil Kanselir [[University of Oxford]] * [[Jonathan Hunt (politikus Selandia Baru)|Jonathan Hunt]], mantan [[Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Selandia Baru|Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]], [[Order of New Zealand]] * [[Michael Jones (pemain rugbi)|Michael Jones]], pemain rugbi * [[Vaughan Jones]], [[Fields Medal|pemenang Fields Medal]] * [[David Lange]], mantan Perdana Menteri Selandia Baru * [[Viliami Latu]], Menteri Kepolisian Tonga * [[Lucy Lawless]], aktris * [[Paul Huljich]], CEO Best Corporation, penulis * [[Ashley Lawrence]] (1934–1990), [[dirigen]] * [[Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi]], [[Perdana Menteri Samoa]]<ref name=uofa>{{cite news|first=|last=|title=The Hon. Tuilaepa Malielegaoi|url=http://www.alumni.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/home/alumni/photo-galleries-and-video/distinguished-alumni-lectures-and-speeches/disguished-alumni-speaker-day-2009/the-hon-tuilaepa-malielegaoi|work=University of Auckland School of Business|publisher=|date=|accessdate=2009-10-05|archive-date=2012-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220002759/http://www.alumni.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/home/alumni/photo-galleries-and-video/distinguished-alumni-lectures-and-speeches/disguished-alumni-speaker-day-2009/the-hon-tuilaepa-malielegaoi|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Marya Martin]], flautis * [[Stephen Parke]], fisikawan * [[Winston Peters]], politikus * [[Peter C. B. Phillips]], ekonom * [[Anthony Randerson]], Hakim Agung Selandia Baru sejak Desember 2004 * [[Mike Rann]], Mantan Perdana Menteri Australia Selatan dan calon [[Daftar Komisaris Tinggi Australia untuk Britania Raya|Komisaris Tinggi Australia untuk Britania Raya]]<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-08-23/rann-confirmed-as-uk-high-commissioner/4218446 Rann confirmed as UK high commissioner: ABC 23 August 2012]</ref> * [[William Sage Rapson]], kimiawan * [[Anand Satyanand]], Gubernur Jenderal Selandia Baru * [[Wilma Smith (musisi)|Wilma Smith]], violinis konser dan guru musik kelahiran Fiji * [[Rory Sweetman]], sejarawan * [[Ronald Syme]], penulis klasik Selandia Baru abad ke-20 * [[Christine Tan]], pembaca berita CNBC * [[David Wills (penulis)|David Wills]], penerjemah [[Jacques Derrida]] * [[Vangelis Vitalis]], diplomat == Pustaka == {{Reflist|2}} * A Complete Guide To Heraldry by A.C. Fox-Davies 1909. == Pranala jaba == {{commons|University of Auckland}} * [http://www.auckland.ac.nz/ The University of Auckland website] * [http://www.alumni.auckland.ac.nz/ Alumni & friends of The University of Auckland] * [http://www.ausa.auckland.ac.nz/ Auckland University Students Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925223943/http://www.ausa.auckland.ac.nz/ |date=2006-09-25 }} (AUSA) * [http://www.95bfm.co.nz/ 95bFM] * [http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/A/ArtSchools/ElamSchoolOfFineArt/en Elam School of Fine Art, 1966 Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527115409/http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/A/ArtSchools/ElamSchoolOfFineArt/en |date=2009-05-27 }} {{navboxes|list= {{Univérsitas ring Selandia Anyar}} {{APRU}} {{Asia-Pacific Association for International Education}} {{CDIO}} {{Universitas 21}} {{Worldwide Universities Network}} }} {{coord|-36.852256|174.768866|type:edu_region:NZ|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Univérsitas Auckland}} [[Kategori:Univérsitas Auckland| ]] [[Kategori:Asia-Pacific Association for International Education]] [[Kategori:Association of Commonwealth Universities]] [[Kategori:Association of Pacific Rim Universities]] [[Kategori:Lembaga pendidikan sane kaadegang warsa 1883|Auckland, University of]] [[Kategori:Worldwide Universities Network]] [[Kategori:Perguruan tinggi ring Selandia Anyar]] 38n3hhnbfv2i08maw6riphjt90n3d4f 0 35341 281160 280145 2026-08-27T21:26:41Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = Filsuf barat |era = Filsafat kuno |color = #B0C4DE |image_name = Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg |image_caption = Patung Aristotle |name = ''Aristotélēs'' <br> {{polytonic|Ἀριστοτέλης}} |birth_date =384 SM [[Stagira]], [[Chalcidice]] |death_date =322 SM (umur 61 atau 62) [[Euboea]] |school_tradition = [[Sekolah Peripatetik]]<br />[[Aristotelianisme]] |main_interests = [[Fisika]]<br />[[Metafisika]]<br />[[Puisi]]<br />[[Teater]]<br />[[Musik]]<br />[[Retorika]]<br />[[Politik]]<br />[[Pemerintahan]]<br />[[Etika]]<br />[[Biologi]]<br />[[Zoologi]] |notable_ideas = [[Golden mean (filsafat)|Golden mean]]<br />[[Logika]]<br />[[Silogisme]] |influences = [[Parmenides]]<br />[[Socratés]]<br />[[Plato]]<br />[[Heraclitus]]<br />[[Democritus]] |influenced = [[Aléksander Agung]]<br />[[Avicenna]]<br />[[Ibnu Rusyd]]<br />[[Maimonides]]<br />[[Albertus Magnus]]<br />[[Thomas Aquinas]]<br />[[Duns Scotus]]<br />[[Ptolemy]]<br />[[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]<br />[[Galiléo Galiléi|Galiléo]] |box_width = 26em }} [[Berkas:Aristotle by Raphael.jpg|250px|jmpl|Aristoteles manut sketsa [[Raphael]], ring gegambaran [[Sekolah Athena]] (Akademia Athena) ''School of Athens''.]] '''Aristotélés''' ([[basa Yunani]]: ‘Aριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs''), ([[384 SM]] – [[322 SM]]) ento [[tatwa|filsuf]] [[Yunani Kuna|Yunani]] sané dadi [[guru]] uli [[Aléksander Agung]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kristiawan|first=Muhammad|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Kristiawan/publication/316100284_Filsafat_Pendidikan_The_Choice_is_Yours/links/58f04849458515ff23a89e8d/Filsafat-Pendidikan-The-Choice-is-Yours.pdf|title=Filsafat Pendidikan: The Choice Is Yours|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Penerbit Valia Pustaka Jogjakarta|isbn=978-602-71540-8-7|editor-last=Hendri, L., dan Juharmen|pages=95|url-status=live}}</ref> Ia dadi murid uli [[Plato]] rikala ada di [[Athéna]]. Aristoteles [[melajah]] uli Plato mekeloné 20 taun.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Haryati|first=Tri Astutik|date=2015|url=http://repository.iainpekalongan.ac.id/385/1/Korupsi%20perspektif%20Filsafat%20etika%20aristoteles.pdf|title=Korupsi: Perspektif Filsafat Etika Aristoteles|location=Pekalongan|publisher=STAIN Pekalongan Press|isbn=978-979-3968-80-3|editor-last=Zuhri, A., dan Ula, M.|pages=4-5|url-status=dead|access-date=2022-11-24|archive-date=2022-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124023232/http://repository.iainpekalongan.ac.id/385/1/Korupsi%20perspektif%20Filsafat%20etika%20aristoteles.pdf}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} == Pustaka liyanan == <!--The secondary literature on Aristotle is vast. The following references are only a small selection.--> {{refbegin|30em}} * [[J. L. Ackrill|Ackrill J. L.]] (1997). ''Essays on Plato and Aristotle'', Oxford University Press, US. * {{cite book|last=Ackrill|first=J. L.|title=Aristotle the Philosopher|url=https://archive.org/details/aristotlephiloso0000ackr|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1981}} * {{Cite book|last=Adler |first=Mortimer J. | authorlink = Mortimer Adler |title=[[Aristotle for Everybody]] |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |date=1978}} A popular exposition for the general reader. * {{cite book|last= Ammonius |editor1-last=Cohen|editor1-first=S. Marc|editor2-last=Matthews|editor2-first=Gareth B|title= On Aristotle's Categories|url= https://archive.org/details/onaristotlescate0000ammo |location= Ithaca, NY|publisher= Cornell University Press|date= 1991|isbn= 0-8014-2688-X}} * {{cite book|last=Aristotle|title=The Works of Aristotle Translated into English Under the Editorship of W. D. Ross, 12 vols|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|date=1908–1952}} These translations are available in several places online; see Pranala luar. * Bakalis Nikolaos. (2005). ''Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments'', Trafford Publishing {{ISBN|1-4120-4843-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Bocheński |first=I. M. |title=Ancient Formal Logic |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientformallog0000jose |publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |date=1951}} * Bolotin, David (1998). ''An Approach to Aristotle's Physics: With Particular Attention to the Role of His Manner of Writing.'' Albany: SUNY Press. A contribution to our understanding of how to read Aristotle's scientific works. * [[Myles Burnyeat|Burnyeat, M. F.]] ''et al.'' (1979). ''Notes on Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics''. Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy. * {{cite book|editor1-last=Cantor|editor1-first=Norman F.|editor2-first=Peter L.|editor2-last=Klein|title=Ancient Thought: Plato and Aristotle|volume=1|series=Monuments of Western Thought|location=Waltham, Mass|publisher=Blaisdell Publishing Co.|date=1969}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Chappell | first1 = V | year = 1973 | title = Aristotle's Conception of Matter | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-philosophy_1973-10-25_70_18/page/603| journal = Journal of Philosophy | volume = 70 | issue = | pages = 679–96 | doi=10.2307/2025076}} * Code, Alan. (1995). Potentiality in Aristotle's Science and Metaphysics, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 76. * {{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=John|title=Aristotle|url=https://archive.org/details/aristotle0000ferg|location=New York|publisher=Twayne Publishers|date=1972}} * De Groot, Jean (2014). ''Aristotle's Empiricism: Experience and Mechanics in the 4th Century BC'', Parmenides Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-930972-83-4}} * Frede, Michael. (1987). ''Essays in Ancient Philosophy''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. * {{cite book|last=Fuller|first=B.A.G.|authorlink=Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould_Fuller|series=History of Greek Philosophy|volume=3 |title=Aristotle|location=London|publisher=Cape|date=1923}} * [[Eugene Gendlin|Gendlin, Eugene T.]] (2012). ''Line by Line Commentary on Aristotle's De Anima'', Volume 1: Books I & II; Volume 2: Book III. Spring Valley, New York: The Focusing Institute. [http://www.focusing.org/aristotle/ Available online in PDF.] * Gill, Mary Louise. (1989). ''Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. * {{Cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W. K. C. |title=A History of Greek Philosophy |volume=6 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1981}} * Halper, Edward C. (2009). ''One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 1: Books Alpha – Delta'', Parmenides Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-930972-21-6}}. * Halper, Edward C. (2005). ''One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 2: The Central Books'', Parmenides Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-930972-05-6}}. * [[Terence Irwin|Irwin, T. H.]] (1988). [http://www.cyjack.com/cognition/Aristotle%27s%20first%20principles.pdf ''Aristotle's First Principles'']. Oxford: Clarendon Press, {{ISBN|0-19-824290-5}}. * {{cite book|last=Jaeger|first=Werner|title=Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development|editor-first=Richard|editor-last=Robinson|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|date=1948}} * [[Alberto Jori|Jori, Alberto]]. (2003). ''Aristotele'', Milano: Bruno Mondadori Editore (Prize 2003 of the "[[International Academy of the History of Science]]") {{ISBN|88-424-9737-1}}. * {{cite book|editor-last=Kiernan|editor-first=Thomas P.|title=Aristotle Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-CUZ-418|location=New York|publisher=Philosophical Library|date=1962}} * Knight, Kelvin. (2007). ''Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre'', Polity Press. * Lewis, Frank A. (1991). ''Substance and Predication in Aristotle''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * [[G. E. R. Lloyd|Lloyd, G. E. R.]] (1968). ''Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., {{ISBN|0-521-09456-9}}. * Lord, Carnes. (1984). ''Introduction to ''The Politics'', by Aristotle''. Chicago: Chicago University Press. * Loux, Michael J. (1991). Primary Ousia: An Essay on Aristotle's Metaphysics Ζ and Η. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. * Maso, Stefano (Ed.), Natali, Carlo (Ed.), Seel, Gerhard (Ed.). (2012) ''Reading Aristotle: Physics'' VII.3: ''What is Alteration?'' ''Proceedings of the International ESAP-HYELE Conference'', Parmenides Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-930972-73-5}} * {{cite book|last=McKeon|first=Richard|title=Introduction to Aristotle|edition=2d|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=1973}} * {{cite journal|last=Owen|first=G. E. L. |year=1965c |title=The Platonism of Aristotle|journal=Proceedings of the British Academy|volume=50|pages=125–150}} [Reprinted in J. Barnes, M. Schofield, and R. R. K. Sorabji, eds.(1975). ''Articles on Aristotle'' Vol 1. Science. London: Duckworth 14–34.] * Pangle, Lorraine Smith (2003). ''Aristotle and the Philosophy of Friendship''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Aristotle's conception of the deepest human relationship viewed in the light of the history of philosophic thought on friendship. * {{cite book|last=Plato|title=The Worlds of Plato and Aristotle|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsofplatoari0000plat_u4z1|editor1-first=Harold Joseph|editor1-last=Allen|editor2-first=James B|editor2-last=Wilbur|location=Buffalo|publisher=Prometheus Books|date=1979}} * Reeve, C. D. C. (2000). ''Substantial Knowledge: Aristotle's Metaphysics''. Indianapolis: Hackett. * {{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Lynn E. | title=Aristotle's Syllogistic |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KS-042-806 |publisher=Charles C Thomas Publisher |location=Springfield |date=1968}} * {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Sir David | authorlink = W. D. Ross |title=Aristotle |publisher=Routledge | edition = 6th |location=London |date=1995}} A classic overview by one of Aristotle's most prominent English translators, in print since 1923. * Scaltsas, T. (1994). ''Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. * Strauss, Leo (1964). "On Aristotle's ''Politics''", in ''The City and Man'', Chicago; Rand McNally. * {{Cite book |last=Swanson |first=Judith |title=The Public and the Private in Aristotle's Political Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/publicprivateina00swan |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |date=1992}} * {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Henry Osborn |archivedate=27 March 2006 |title=Greek Biology and Medicine |date=1922 |chapter=Chapter 3: Aristotle's Biology |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0051.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327222953/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0051.html |deadurl=yes |accessdate=3 January 2017}} * {{Cite book |last=Veatch |first=Henry B. | authorlink = Henry Babcock Veatch |title=Aristotle: A Contemporary Appreciation |publisher=Indiana U. Press |location=Bloomington |date=1974}} For the general reader. * {{cite book|last=Woods|first=M. J.|year=1991b|chapter=Universals and Particular Forms in Aristotle's Metaphysics|series=[[Oxford Studies in Ancien Philosophy]]|title=Aristotle and the Later Tradition|volume=Suppl|pages=41–56}} {{refend}} == Cingak malih == * [[Sekolah Athena]] * [[Socrates]] * [[Agil]] == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links|d=Q868|b=no|n=no|s=Author:Aristotle}} {{Wikisourcelang|el|Αριστοτέλης|Ἀριστοτέλης}} * {{Britannica|34560}} * {{DMOZ|Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/A/Aristotle/}} * {{PhilPapers|category|aristotle}}. * {{InPho|thinker|2553}}. * Dari ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'': *: {{hlist |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/ Aristotle (general article)] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-bio/ Biology] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-eth/ Ethics] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-log/ Logic] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-met/ Metaphysics] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-mot/ Motion and its Place in Nature] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-poe/ Poetics] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-pol/ Politics]}} * Dari ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'': *: {{hlist |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle Aristotle (general article)] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotelianism-renaissance/ Aristotle in the Renaissance] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-biology/ Biology] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-causality/ Causality] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-commentators/ Commentators on Aristotle] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/ Ethics] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/ Logic] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-mathematics/ Mathematics] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/ Metaphysics] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-natphil/ Natural philosophy] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-noncontradiction/ Non-contradiction] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/ Political theory] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/ Psychology] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/ Rhetoric]}} * {{cite CE1913 |first=William |last=Turner |wstitle=Aristotle |volume=1 |short=x}} * {{cite NSRW|wstitle=Aristotle |short=x}} * {{cite LotEP |chapter=Aristotle}} * {{OL author|OL22105A}} * [http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Aristotle.html Works of Aristotle] at The Internet Classics Archive, MIT * {{Goodreads author}} * {{PlanetMath|urlname=Aristotle|title=Aristotle}} * [http://www.dimosaristoteli.gr/en/sights/aristotle-park Aristoteles-Park in Stagira] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810211755/http://www.dimosaristoteli.gr/en/sights/aristotle-park |date=2022-08-10 }} ;Koleksi karya (kebanyakan dalam bahasa Inggris atau Yunani) * At the [http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/index-Aristotle.html Massachusetts Institute of Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106124653/http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/index-Aristotle.html |date=2011-01-06 }} (primarily in English). * {{Gutenberg author | id=Aristotle | name=Aristotle}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=602}} * {{en icon}} {{gr icon}} [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/perscoll?.submit=Change&collection=Any&type=text&lang=Any&lookup=Aristotle Perseus Project] at [[Tufts University]]. * At the [https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/ University of Adelaide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215160252/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/ |date=2017-02-15 }} (primarily in English). * {{gr icon}} {{fr icon}} [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/philosophes/Aristote/table.htm P. Remacle] * The 11-volume 1837 Bekker edition of ''Aristotle's Works'' in Greek ([http://isnature.org/Files/Aristotle/ PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124034819/http://isnature.org/Files/Aristotle/ |date=2022-11-24 }}{{dot}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20050816192647/http://grid.ceth.rutgers.edu/ancient/greek/aristotle_greek/ DJVU]) * Bekker's Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle at Archive.org: {{hlist |[https://archive.org/details/aristotelisopera01arisrich {{vol.|1}}] |[https://archive.org/details/aristotelisopera02arisrich {{vol.|2}}] |[https://archive.org/details/aristotelisopera03arisrich {{vol.|3}}] |[https://archive.org/details/aristotelisopera04arisrich {{vol.|4}}] |[https://archive.org/details/aristotelisopera05arisrich {{vol.|5}}]}} * [http://demonax.info/doku.php?id=classical:aristotle Aristotle's works in translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910100550/http://demonax.info/doku.php?id=classical:aristotle |date=2015-09-10 }} {{Aristotelianisme}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kelahiran 384 SM]] [[Kategori:Kematian 322 SM]] [[Kategori:Meninggal usia 62]] [[Kategori:Filsuf Yunani]] [[Kategori:Filsuf Yunani Kuno]] [[Kategori:Filsuf Aristotelian]] [[Kategori:Filsuf abad ke-4 SM]] jysrzdi9odxq235vfexhvlpbxsqmwq8 0 35441 281163 252805 2026-08-27T21:28:57Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state | name = Massachusetts | official_name = Commonwealth of Massachusetts | image_flag = Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg | flag_link = Flag of Massachusetts | image_seal = Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg | image_map = Massachusetts in United States (zoom).svg | nickname = The Bay State (official)<br />The Pilgrim State; The Puritan State<br />The Old Colony State<br />The Baked Bean State<ref>{{cite book|title=Massachusetts Encyclopedia|last=Herman|first=Jennifer|page=7|year=2008|publisher=State History Publications, LLC.|quote=Various nicknames have been given to describe Massachusetts, including the Bay State, the Old Bay State, the Pilgrim State, the Puritan State, the Old Colony State and, less often, the Baked Bean State}}</ref> | motto = ''[[Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem]]'' ([[Latin]])<br /><small>By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty</small> | MottoEnglish = By the sword she seeks peace under liberty | anthem = [[All Hail to Massachusetts]] | population_demonym = Bay Stater (official)<ref>{{cite web |title=Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 2, Section 35: Designation of citizens of commonwealth |url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35 |publisher=The General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts |access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref> Massachusite (traditional)<ref>{{cite web |page=435 |title=Collections |publisher=[[Massachusetts Historical Society]] |place=Boston |year=1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdbnCkXB2RwC |access-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Thomas |page=[https://archive.org/details/historynewyorkd01jonegoog/page/n555 465] |title=History of New York During the Revolutionary War |publisher=[[New-York Historical Society]] |editor-first=Edward Floyd |editor-last=DeLancey |place=New York |year=1879 |url=https://archive.org/details/historynewyorkd01jonegoog |access-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref> Massachusettsan (recommended by the U.S. GPO)<ref name="gpo">{{cite book |title= U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual |year= 2016|at= §5.23 |url= https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016}}</ref> Masshole (derogatory<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nagy|first1=Naomi|last2=Irwin|first2=Patricia|title=Boston (r): Neighbo(r)s nea(r) and fa(r)|journal=Language Variation and Change|date=July 2010|volume=22|issue=2|page=270|doi=10.1017/S0954394510000062|s2cid=147556528}}</ref> or endearing<ref>{{cite web|title='Masshole' among newest words added to Oxford English Dictionary|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2015/06/masshole_among_newest_words_ad.html|website=masslive.com|access-date=October 27, 2016|date=June 25, 2015}}</ref>) | seat = [[Boston]] | LargestCity = capital | LargestMetro = [[Boston Raya]] | Governor = [[Charlie Baker]] ([[Massachusetts Republican Party|R]]) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Karyn Polito]] ([[Massachusetts Republican Party|R]]) | Legislature = [[Massachusetts General Court|General Court]] | Upperhouse = [[Massachusetts Senate|Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[Massachusetts House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | Judiciary = [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] | Senators = {{nowrap|[[Elizabeth Warren]] ([[Massachusetts Democratic Party|D]])}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Ed Markey]] ([[Massachusetts Democratic Party|D]])}} | Representative = 9 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] | postal_code = MA | TradAbbreviation = Mass. | OfficialLang = [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schwarz |first1=Hunter |title=States where English is the official language |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/12/states-where-english-is-the-official-language/ |access-date=December 29, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 12, 2014}}</ref> | Languages = * [[English language|English]] 77.7% * [[Spanish language|Spanish]] 8.6% * [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] 2.8%. * [[Chinese language|Chinese]] 2.1%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B16001/0400000US25 |title=Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over—2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |publisher=[[American FactFinder]] |access-date=February 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005937/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B16001/0400000US25 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 }}</ref> | area_rank = 44th | area_total_sq_mi = 10,565<ref>{{cite web |title=Massachusetts |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25000.html |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=June 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821061951/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25000.html |archive-date=August 21, 2015 }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 27,337 | area_land_sq_mi = 7,840 | area_land_km2 = 20,306 | area_water_sq_mi = 2,715 | area_water_km2 = 7,032 | area_water_percent = 26.1 | population_as_of = 2020<ref name="2020Census">{{cite web |title=2020 Census Apportionment Results |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html |website=census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426210008/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_rank = 15th | 2010Pop = 6,984,723 | 2000DensityUS = 897 | 2000Density = 346 | population_density_rank = 3rd | MedianHouseholdIncome = $77,385<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|publisher=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|access-date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> | IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|2nd]] | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI = 0.956<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-national HDI - Global Data Lab|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/USA/?levels=1+4&years=2019&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0|url-status=live}}</ref> — <span style="color:#090">Very high</span> | HDI_rank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] | Former = [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] | AdmittanceOrder = 6th | AdmittanceDate = February 6, 1788 | timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] | utc_offset1 = – 05:00 | timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = – 04:00 | Latitude = 41°14′ N to 42°53′ N | Longitude = 69°56′ W to 73°30′ W | length_mi = 190 | length_km = 296 | width_mi = 115 | width_km = 184 | elevation_max_point = [[Mount Greylock]]<ref>{{cite ngs| name=Greylock RM 1 Reset| pid=MZ1957}}</ref>{{efn|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}} | elevation_max_ft = 3,489 | elevation_max_m = 1063.4 | elevation_ft = 500 | elevation_m = 150 | elevation_min_point = Atlantic Ocean | elevation_min_ft = 0 | elevation_min_m = 0 | iso_code = US-MA | website = http://www.mass.gov/ | Capital = Boston | Representatives = }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols | Name = Massachusetts | Flag = Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg | Seal = Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg | Bird = [[Black-capped chickadee]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Black-Capped Chickadee:Massachusetts State Bird |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-bird/black-capped-chickadee |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref> [[wild turkey]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Wild Turkey:Massachusetts State Game Bird |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-bird/wild-turkey |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name=MassFacts>{{cite web |title=Massachusetts Facts |url=http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1a.htm |publisher=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> | Fish = [[Atlantic cod|Cod]]<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Cod: Massachusetts State Fish |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-fish-aquatic-life/cod |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Flower = [[Epigaea repens|Mayflower]]<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Mayflower: Massachusetts State Flower |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-flower/mayflower |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Insect = [[Coccinella septempunctata|Ladybug]]<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Ladybug: Massachusetts State Insect |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-insect/ladybug |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Mammal = [[Right whale]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Right Whale: Massachusetts State Marine Mammal |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-fish-aquatic-life-state-mammal/right-whale |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Morgan horse]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Morgan Horse: Massachusetts State Horse |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-horse-state-mammal/morgan-horse |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Tabby cat]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Tabby Cat: Massachusetts State Cat |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dog-cat-state-mammal/tabby-cat |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Boston Terrier]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Boston Terrier: Massachusetts State Dog |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dog-cat-state-mammal/boston-terrier |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Reptile = [[Garter snake]]<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Garter Snake: Massachusetts State Reptile |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-reptile/garter-snake |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Tree = [[American elm]]<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=American Elm: Massachusetts State Tree |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-tree/american-elm |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Beverage = [[Cranberry juice]]<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Cranberry Juice: Massachusetts State Beverage |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/cranberry-juice |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Colors = Blue, green, cranberry<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Blue—Green—Cranberry: Massachusetts State Colors |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-colors/blue-green-cranberry |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Dance = [[Square dance]]<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Square Dance: Massachusetts State Folk Dance |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dance-music-symbol/square-dance |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Food = [[Cranberry]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cranberry: Massachusetts State Berry |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/cranberry |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> [[corn muffin]],<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Corn Muffin: Massachusetts State Muffin |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/corn-muffin |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[navy bean]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Baked Navy Bean: Massachusetts State Bean |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/baked-navy-bean |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[Boston cream pie]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Boston Creme Pie: Massachusetts State Dessert |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/boston-cream-pie |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[chocolate chip cookie]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Chocolate Chip Cookie: Massachusetts State Cookie |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/chocolate-chip-cookie |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[Boston cream doughnut]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Boston Cream Donut: Massachusetts State Donut |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/boston-cream-donut |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Fossil = [[Dinosaur Footprints|Dinosaur Tracks]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dinosaur Tracks: Massachusetts State Fossil |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dinosaur-fossil/dinosaur-tracks |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Gemstone = [[Rhodonite]]<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Rhodonite: Massachusetts State Gem |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-gem-gemstone/rhodonite |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Mineral = [[Babingtonite]]<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Babingtonite: Massachusetts State Mineral |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-mineral-rock/babingtonite |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Poem = [[Blue Hills of Massachusetts]]<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Hills of Massachusetts: Massachusetts State Poem |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-language-poetry/blue-hills-massachusetts |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Rock = Roxbury Puddingstone<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Official State Rock of Massachusetts |url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-mineral-rock/roxbury-puddingstone |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=November 28, 2019}}</ref> | Shell = [[New England Neptune]], ''Neptunea lyrata decemcostata''<ref name=MassFacts/><ref>{{cite web |title=New England Neptune: Massachusetts State Shell |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-fish-aquatic-life/new-england-neptune |publisher=StateSymbolsUSA.org |access-date=April 23, 2015}}</ref> | Ships = ''[[Schooner Ernestina]]''<ref name=MassFacts/> | Slogan = ''Make It Yours'',<br />''The Spirit of America''<ref>{{cite web |title=State Slogans |url=http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-slogans/ |publisher=Ereferencedesk.com |access-date=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=May 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502074314/http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-slogans/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Soil = [[Paxton (soil)|Paxton]]<ref name=MassFacts/> | Sport = Basketball<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/09/can_you_guess_the_state_sport_of_massachusetts/ |title= Can you guess the state sport of Massachusetts? |first=Michael |last=Levenson |date=August 9, 2006 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=February 14, 2012}}</ref> | Route Marker = MA Route 28.svg | Quarter = 2000 MA Proof.png | QuarterReleaseDate = 2000<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Massachusetts State Quarter |url=http://www.theus50.com/massachusetts/quarter.php |publisher=theus50.com |access-date=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=April 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143527/http://www.theus50.com/massachusetts/quarter.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} '''Massachusetts''' uatwi resminé Persemakmuran Massachusetts, inggih punika satunggil negara wagian [[Amérika Serikat]], wagian saking wawengkon New England. Mawatesan sareng [[Samudra Atlantik]] miwah Teluk Maine ring sisi kangin, [[Connecticut]] miwah [[Nusa Rhode]] ring sisi kelod, [[New Hampshire]] miwah [[Vermont]] ring sisi kalér, miwah [[New York]] ring sisi kauh. == Galéri == <gallery> Sunset on Cape Cod Bay.jpg USA 09562 Boston Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg Highland Light, North Truro MA.jpg </gallery> == Pustaka == {{reflist|30em}} === Bibliografi === * {{Cite book|title=New England's outpost : Acadia before the conquest of Canada|last1=Brebner|first1=John Bartlet|year=1927|publisher = Columbia University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-7812-6367-0}} * {{Cite book|title= Anthropology and Migration:Essays on Transnational Ethnicity and Identity|url= https://archive.org/details/anthropologymigr0000bret|last1= Brettell|first1= Caroline|year = 2003|publisher =[[AltaMira Press]]|location=Walnut Creek, CA|isbn=0-7591-0320-8}} * {{Cite book|title= Massachusetts: A Concise History|url= https://archive.org/details/massachusettscon00brow|last1= Brown|first1= Richard D|last2= Tager|first2= Jack|year= 2000|publisher =[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|location=Amherst, MA|isbn=1-55849-248-8}} * {{Cite book|last1 =Dejnozka|first1 = Edward L|last2 = Gifford|first2 = Charles S|last3 = Kapel|first3 = David E|last4 = Kapel|first4 = Marilyn B|year= 1982|title= American Educators' Encyclopedia|url =https://archive.org/details/americaneducator0000dejn|publisher= [[Greenwood Press]]|location = Westport, CT|isbn = 0-313-20954-5}} * {{Cite book|last1 =Goldfield|first1 = David|last2 = Abbott|first2 = Carl|last3 = Anderson|first3 = Virginia DeJohn|last4 = Argersinger|first4 = Jo Ann E|last5 = Argersinger|first5 = Peter H|last6 = Barney|first6 = William L|last7 = Weir|first7 = Robert M|year=1998|title=The American Journey – A History of the United States|url =https://archive.org/details/americanjourneyt00davi|publisher= [[Prentice Hall]]|location= Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=0-13-656562-X}} * {{Cite book|title=Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge|url=https://archive.org/details/smallpoxfighttoe0000kopl|last1=Koplow|first1=David A|year=2004|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley, CA|isbn=0-520-24220-3}} * {{Cite book|title=Handbook of Local Government Administration|last1=Sokolow|first1=Alvin D|year=1997|publisher=Marcel Dekker|chapter =Town and Township Government: Serving Rural and Suburban Communities|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-8247-9782-5}} === Cutetan === <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Pustaka liyanan == === Ikhtisar miwah survei === * Hall, Donald. ed. ''The Encyclopedia of New England'' (2005) * [[Works Progress Administration]]. ''Guide to Massachusetts'' (1939) === Wit kadadua === * Abrams, Richard M. ''Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics, 1900–1912'' (1964) * Adams, James Truslow. ''Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776'' (1923) * Adams, James Truslow. ''New England in the Republic, 1776–1850'' (1926) * Andrews, Charles M. ''The Fathers of New England: A Chronicle of the Puritan Commonwealths'' (1919), short survei * Conforti, Joseph A. ''Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century'' (2001) * Cumbler, John T. ''Reasonable Use: The People, the Environment, and the State, New England, 1790–1930'' (1930), environmental history * Fischer, David Hackett. ''Paul Revere's Ride'' (1994), 1775 in depth * Flagg, Charles Allcott, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0Atgy_Y0lRwC&printsec=frontcover ''A Guide to Massachusetts local history''], Salem: Salem Press Company, 1907. * Green, James R., William F. Hartford, and Tom Juravich. ''Commonwealth of Toil: Chapters in the History of Massachusetts Workers and Their Unions'' (1996) * Huthmacher, J. Joseph. ''Massachusetts People and Politics, 1919–1933'' (1958) * Labaree, Benjamin Woods. ''Colonial Massachusetts: A History'' (1979) * Morison, Samuel Eliot. ''The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860'' (1921) * Peirce, Neal R. ''The New England States: People, Politics, and Power in the Six New England States'' (1976), 1960–75 era * Porter, Susan L. ''Women of the Commonwealth: Work, Family, and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts'' (1996) * Sletcher, Michael. ''New England'' (2004). * Starkey, Marion L. ''The Devil in Massachusetts'' (1949), Salem witches * Tager, Jack, and John W. Ifkovic, eds. ''Massachusetts in the Gilded Age: Selected Essays'' (1985), ethnic groups * Zimmerman, Joseph F. ''[http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-new-england-town-meeting-democracy-in-action-by-joseph-f-zimmerman.jsp The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action]'' (1999) == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links|voy=Massachusetts}} {{wikiportal|Massachusetts}} * [http://www.mass.gov/ The Commonwealth of Massachusetts] * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Massachusetts}} * [http://www.masshist.org/ Massachusetts Historical Society] * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/massachusetts/index.html Massachusetts State Guide] from the Library of Congress * [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=MA Energy Profile for Massachusetts- Economic, environmental, and energy data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229212516/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=MA |date=2010-12-29 }} * [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=MA USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Massachusetts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229231522/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=MA |date=2013-12-29 }} * [http://www.geo.umass.edu/stategeologist Massachusetts Geological Survey] * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/massachusetts.html Maps of Massachusetts] * [http://newenglandtowns.org/massachusetts/ 1837 descriptions of Massachusetts cities, towns, mountains, lakes, and rivers, from ''Hayward's New England Gazetteer.''] * [http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1a.htm Massachusetts State Symbols] * [http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf4.htm Miscellaneous Massachusetts Facts] * [http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/MA.htm Massachusetts State Facts from USDA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830095916/http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/MA.htm |date=2014-08-30 }} * [http://www.law.cornell.edu/states/massachusetts.html Massachusetts Constitution and Laws] * [http://www.massvacation.com/ Massachusetts Tourism Board] * [http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/ Maritime History of Massachusetts, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary] * [http://www.salemdeeds.com/atlases.asp?atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=ESSEX+COUNTY&atlName=&PAGEPREFIX=&submittype= Atlases of Massachusetts]. 1871-Walling&Gray, 1891-Walker, 1892-Mass., 1904-Walker. Large Images at Salemdeeds. * {{osmrelation-inline|61315}} {{Negara wagian Massachusetts}} {{United_States}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Massachusetts| ]] [[Kategori:Negara bagian di Amerika Serikat]] 5zcevslpzaov8mqpe5z3d3vh3u6jac2 0 36635 281217 151181 2026-08-27T22:07:47Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angela Dorothea Merkel''' ({{IPA-de|aŋˈɡeːla doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛʁkl̩|pron|De-Angela Dorothea Merkel.ogg}};{{efn|Pabaosan sané patut saking wastan pertama nénten kapstika. Wénten kalih kadokuméntasiyang pabaosan wastan ''Angela'': {{IPA-de|ˈaŋɡela|}} miwah {{IPA-de|aŋˈɡeːla|}}.<ref name="Duden 6">{{cite book|editor=Mangold, Max|title=Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch|edition=6th|year=1995|publisher=Dudenverlag|language=de|isbn= 978-3-411-20916-3|page=156|quote='''Angela''' ˈaŋɡela ''auch:'' aŋˈɡeːla.}}</ref> Mawit pangawi biograpiné, Merkel luwih seneng pangucapan, antuk panekenan ring suku kruna kalih<ref name="Langguth50">{{cite book|last=Langguth|first= Gerd|title=Angela Merkel|url=https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000lang_a8v6|publisher=dtv|location=Munich|language=de|isbn=3-423-24485-2|year=2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000lang_a8v6/page/50 50]|quote=Merkel wollte immer mit der Betonung auf dem 'e' Angela genannt werden. (Merkel always wanted her first name pronounced with the stress on the 'e'.)}}</ref> ({{IPA-de|aŋˈɡeːla|}} antuk 'e' sané lantang, minakadi ring {{lang-de|Beet}},<ref name="Duden 6"/>{{Rp|12}} sekadi ring swara vokal kruna basa Inggris ''say'' – kususné ring logat Lancashire). Pangucapan puniki langkung umum ring Austria.<ref name="Duden 1">{{cite book|editor=Duden|title=Duden, Die deutsche Rechtschreibung|url=https://archive.org/details/dudenrechtschrei0000unse|edition=21st|year=1996|publisher=Dudenverlag|language=de|isbn= 978-3-411-04011-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/dudenrechtschrei0000unse/page/112 112]|quote='''ˈAn{{!}}ge{{!}}la''' (''österr'': aŋˈɡeːla) }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|website=Duden Online|url=http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Angela|title=Angela|accessdate=21 Maret 2015}}</ref> {{Citation needed span|text=German newsreaders have also used other pronunciations, such as {{IPA-de|ˈaŋɡəla|}} and {{IPA-de|ˈaŋəla|}}|date=Maret 2015}}. ''Merkel'' is {{IPA-de|ˈmɛʁkl̩|pron}}.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Mangold, Max|title=Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch|edition=6th|year=1995|publisher=Dudenverlag|language=de|isbn= 978-3-411-20916-3|page=548|quote='''Merkel''' ˈmɛrkl̩}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch|url=https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec|edition=1st|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2009|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec/page/739 739]|quote='''Merkel''' mˈɛʶkl̩|display-editors=etal}}</ref>}} {{nee}} '''Kasner'''; embas 17 Juli 1954) inggih punika [[politikus]] miwah lad [[ilmuwan panilik]] [[Jerman]] sané ngajabat dados [[Kanselir Jerman]] wesana 2005 ngantos 2021 k5w4zkd2rqq37dlcv1y987prd3gu3gc 0 36805 281017 151651 2026-08-27T19:21:31Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox|image=Earthworm.JPG|image_caption=|taxon=Lumbricina|authority=}} '''Nyulati''', '''buati''' utawi '''semati''' silih sinunggil invertebrata téréstrial sané rumasuk ring filum [[Annelida]]. Ipun marupa tabung miwah mabuk-buku, idup ring tanah sané tieb.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Clive A.|title=Biology of Earthworms|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofearthwo0000edwa_c5x9|last2=Lofty|first2=J. R.|publisher=Chapman & Hall|year=1977|isbn=0-412-14950-8|location=London|pages=preface}}</ref> == Pustaka == <references /> 6shc7bx72lgnos1b3ejtrl24aejzbt9 0 37321 281286 154332 2026-08-27T22:46:29Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:PorakVolcano.jpg|jmpl|[[Porak|Axarbaxar]]]] '''Gunung api ring Azerbaijan''' wenten kirang langkung tiga [[gunung api]] sane kasebar ring sajebag [[Azerbaijan]]. {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" |- align="center" bgcolor="cccccc" | rowspan="2"|Aran ||colspan ="2"|Tegeh ||Genah ||rowspan="2"|Letusan pinih ungkur |- align="center" bgcolor="cccccc" | Méter||Feet||[[Sistem koordinat géograpis|Koordinat]] |- align="right" | align="left" | [[Mets Ishkhanasar|Böyük İşıqlı]] || 3,552 || 11,653 || {{Coord|39|35|N|46|10|E|display=inline|type:mountain_region:AM-AZ|name=Mets Ishkhanasar}} || Nénten kauningang |- align="right" | align="left" | [[Porak|Axarbaxar]] || 2,800 || 9,186 || {{Coord|40|01|N|45|47|E|display=inline|type:mountain_region:AM-AZ|name=Porak}} || 778 SM |- align="right" | align="left" | [[Tskhouk-Karckar|Qarqar]] || 3,000 || 9,842 || {{Coord|39|44|N|46|01|E|display=inline|type:mountain_region:AM-AZ|name=Tskhouk-Karckar}} || 3000 SM |} == Pustaka == {{reflist}} === Pustaka liyanan === * {{en}} {{cite book|last1 = LeMasurier|first1 = W. E.|last2 = Thomson|first2=J. W. (eds.)|title = Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans|url = https://archive.org/details/volcanoesofantar0000unse|publisher = American Geophysical Union|date = 1990|isbn = 0-87590-172-7|page = 512 pp }} == Pranala jaba == * {{en}} [http://volcano.oregonstate.edu Volcano World Web site] {{Topik Azerbaijan}} {{Authority control}} {{Gunung Api-stub}} [[Kategori:Gunung api ring Azerbaijan|*]] [[Kategori:Lis gunung api|*]] [[Kategori:Gunung ring Azerbaijan|*]] [[Kategori:Lis gunung|*]] 629bmmvvsqhughek7rbsvj5khiwprsp 0 37682 281278 161526 2026-08-27T22:41:20Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | image = Pamukkale 30.jpg | image_upright = 1.2 | caption = Panoramic view of [[travertine]] | official_name = [[Hierapolis]]-Pamukkale | location = [[Denizli Province]], [[Turkey]] | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)(iv)(vii)}}(iii)(iv)(vii) | ID = 485 | coordinates = {{Coord|37|55|26|N|29|07|24|E|region:TR_type:city|display=inline, title|format=dms}} | year = 1988 | area = {{convert|1,077|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | website = {{url|www.pamukkale.gov.tr/en}} | locmapin = Turkey | map_caption = }} '''Pamukkale''', maartos "bénténg kapas" ring [[Basa Turki|Turki]], inggih punika situs alami rinh [[Propinsi Denizli]] ring kelod kauh [[Turki]]. Wawengkon punika kasub antuk mineral karbonat sané kaadegang olih toya [[Kelebutan panes|kelebutan panes]] sané ngelimbak.<ref name="readers natural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche/page/286 286]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref><ref name="Unesco" /> Magenah wawengkon jero [[Segara Aégéan|Aégéan]] Turki, ring lebah [[Tukad Büyük Menderes|Tukad Menderes]], sané ngelah iklim sedeng ketah nyabran rahina ring selantang warsa. == Pustaka == 1fqpt6m7aiohfth31akult6vex9v9zr 0 38283 281019 163097 2026-08-27T19:22:17Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tripura''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɪ|p|ʊr|ə|,_|-|ər|ə}}, [[Basa Béngali|Béngali]]:{{IPA-bn|ˈtri̯puraˈ||Tripura-ucc.ogg}} )<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse |publisher=Longman |year=2008 |isbn=9781405881180 |edition=3rd}}</ref> inggih punika [[Negara wagian miwah wawengkon pasikian India|negara wagian]] ring [[India kalér kangin]]. Mawatesan sareng [[Assam]] miwah [[Mizoram]] sikangin miwah [[Bangladesh]] ring kalér, kelod miwah kauh. {{Negara Bagian miwah Wewidangan Persatuan India}} orys1mhv6e41hl8bobrwlpbek6b6avc 0 38300 281053 255875 2026-08-27T19:46:13Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian state or territory | name = Odisha | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Konarka Temple.jpg | photo1b = Puri Beach (8748085016).jpg | photo2a = Khandadhar Waterfall.jpg | photo2b = Mukteswar.JPG | photo3a = Hirakud dam.jpg | photo3b = Sunrise at Bhitarakanika.jpg | photo4a = 1 Mahanadi River near Satkosia Tiger Reserve Tikarpara India 2012.jpg | photo4b = BuddhaStupaDhauliGiri.jpg | photo5a = Rajarani Temple 2.jpg | photo5b = Chilika lake puri.jpg | photo6a = Shri Jagannatha Temple.jpg | position = centre of india | spacing = 0 | color_border = black | color = black | size = 250 }} | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = ''Clockwise from top right:'' [[Puri Beach]], [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteshvara Temple]], [[Bhitarkanika National Park]], [[Dhauli]], [[Chilika Lake]],[[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]], [[Rajarani Temple]], [[Mahanadi]], [[Hirakud Dam]], [[Khandadhar Falls (Sundargarh)]], [[Konark Sun Temple]] | type = State | image_seal = Seal of Odisha.svg | etymology = Land of [[Odia people|Odias]] | nickname = Soul of India | motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] (Truth alone triumphs) | anthem = [[Bande Utkala Janani]] <br/> (I Adore Thee, O Mother Utkala!) | image_map = IN-OD.svg | coordinates = {{coord|20.27|85.82|region:IN-OR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | region = East India | formation_date4 = [[Odisha Day|1 April 1936]] | capital = Bhubaneswar | largestcity = capital | districts = [[List of districts of Odisha|30 (3 divisions)]] | Governor = [[Ganeshi Lal]] | Chief_Minister = [[Naveen Patnaik]] | party = [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] | legislature_type = Unicameral | assembly = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] | assembly_seats = 147 seats | rajya_sabha_seats = 10 seats | lok_sabha_seats = 21 seats | judiciary = [[Orissa High Court]] | area_total_km2 = 155707 | area_rank = 8th | length_km = 1030 | width_km = 500 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Socio-economic Profile of Rural India (series II).: Eastern India (Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) 2011 p. 73">{{cite book | title=Socio-economic Profile of Rural India (series II).: Eastern India (Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) | publisher=Centre for Rural Studies, L.B.S. National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie | series=Socio-economic Profile of Rural India | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-8069-723-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi_rz0_1ELUC&pg=PA73 | access-date=2019-08-16 | page=73}}</ref> | elevation_m = 900 | elevation_max_m = 1,672 | elevation_max_point = [[Deomali (mountain)|Deomali]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deomali Peak in Koraput India |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Deomali-Peak-57564.htm |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.india9.com |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324211121/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Deomali-Peak-57564.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | elevation_min_m = -1 | elevation_min_point = [[Bay of Bengal]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="CensusIndia2011PCA12018"/> | population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 41,974,218 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = 11th | population_density = 269 | population_urban = 16.69% | population_rural = 83.31% | population_demonym = [[Odia people|Odia]] | 0fficial_Langs = [[Odia language|Odia]]<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |access-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref> | official_script = [[Odia script]] | GDP_footnotes = <ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/budgets/odisha-budget-analysis-2020-21|title=Odisha Budget analysis|date=18 February 2020|website=PRS India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> | GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|5.86|t|lk=r}} | GDP_year = 2021–22 | GDP_rank = 15th | GDP_per_capita = {{DecreaseNeutral}}{{INRConvert|127383|lk=r}} | GDP_per_capita_rank = 26th | HDI = {{Increase}}0.606 {{color|#fc0|Medium}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/?interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab|website=globaldatalab.org|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> | HDI_year = 2018 | HDI_rank = 32nd | literacy = {{Increase}} 73.45%<ref name=CensusLiteracy>{{cite web |title=State of Literacy |website=[[Census of India]] |page=110 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |access-date=5 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | literacy_year = 2011 | literacy_rank = 24th | sex_ratio = 979[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019-2021)|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India}}</ref> | sexratio_year = 2011 | sexratio_rank = 18th | iso_code = IN-OR | registration_plate = OR | website = odisha.gov.in | foundation_day = Utkala Dibasa | mammal = [[Sambar deer|Sambar]]<ref name="Orissareview"/> | bird = [[Indian roller]]<ref name="The Times of India 2017">{{cite web | title=Palapitta: How a mindless dasara ritual is killing our state bird palapitta – Hyderabad News | website=The Times of India | date=29 September 2017 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/how-a-mindless-dasara-ritual-is-killing-our-state-bird-palapitta/articleshow/60872593.cms | access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr2005/englishpdf/bluelay.pdf | title=Blue Jay | publisher=Orissa Review | date=2005 | access-date=2023-04-10 | archive-date=2019-10-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007123050/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr2005/englishpdf/bluelay.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> | fish = [[Tor tor|Mahanadi mahseer]]<ref>{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20&%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref> | flower = [[Saraca asoca|Ashoka]]<ref name="Orissareview"/> | tree = [[Ficus religiosa|Sacred Fig]]<ref name="Orissareview">{{citation |url= http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr2005/englishpdf/bluelay.pdf |title= Blue Jay |publisher= Orissa Review |page= 87 |date= 2005 |access-date= 2023-04-10 |archive-date= 2019-10-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191007123050/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr2005/englishpdf/bluelay.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation | url=http://rprcbbsr.in/View/Downloads/Ficusreligiosa18_11_2014.pdf |title=Pipal(Ficus religiosa) – The State Tree of Odisha |publisher= RPRC |date= 2014}}</ref> | image_highway = SH IN-OR.png | SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Odisha|OR SH1 - OR SH57]] }} '''Odisha''' (<small>Inggris</small>: {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|d|ɪ|s|ə}},<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Odisha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516220407/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Odisha |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 Méi 2021 |title=Odisha |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPA-or|oɽiˈsa|lang|Or-ଓଡ଼ିଶା.oga}}), sadurungné '''Orissa''' ({{IPAc-en|ɒ|ˈ|r|ɪ|s|ə|,_|ɔː|-|,_|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |editor1-last=Roach |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Hartmann |editor2-first=James |editor3-last=Setter |editor3-first=Jane |year=2003 |orig-year=1917 |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci0000unse_d4y7 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |isbn=3-12-539683-2}}</ref> [[Lis genah sané magentos aran ring India|aran resmi ngantos 2011]]), inggih punika [[Negara wagian miwah wawengkon pasikian India|negara wagian India]] sané magenah ring [[India Kangin]]. Ipun mawatesan sareng negara wagian [[Jharkhand]] miwah [[Benggala Kauh]] ring kalér, [[Chhattisgarh]] ring kauh, miwah [[Andhra Pradesh]] ring kelod. Odisha ngelah [[garis pasisi]] {{convert|485|km}} selantang [[Celuk Benggala]] ring [[Samudra Hindia]]. == Pustaka == <references /> {{Negara Bagian miwah Wewidangan Persatuan India}} 1fyz7xo4cvid5904g6ktez4xn2mdgss 0 38518 281216 164438 2026-08-27T22:07:24Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Vuntut | iucn_category = II | photo = Vontut National Park.jpg | photo_width = 280px | map = Canada | map_caption = Genah Taman Nasional Vuntut ring [[Kanada]] | location = [[Yukon]], Kanada | nearest_town = [[Old Crow, Yukon]] | coordinates = {{coords|68|22|N|139|51|W|region:CA|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 4,345 | established = 1995 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Parks Canada]] }} '''Taman Nasional Vuntut''' ({{IPAc-en|'|v|ʊ|n|t|ʊ|t}};<ref>{{cite AV media |author=Parks Canada |author-link=Parks Canada |date=2017-07-26 |title=Parks Can Can Canada 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkPzJaDTXL0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/gkPzJaDTXL0 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|access-date=2019-05-19}}{{cbignore}}</ref> {{lang-fr|Parc national Vuntut}}) inggih punika [[taman nasional]] sané magenah ring kalér [[Yukon]], Kanada. Punika kaadegang duk warsa 1995 manados pahan saking Pajanjian Ungkur Wangsa Kapertama Vuntut Gwitchin, antuk ngalestariyang, nyaibin, miwah nyadiayang majeng panjak Kanada makéhan saking Waeengkon Palemahan Yukon Kalér, antuk nguningin lelintihan tur budaya Vuntut Gwitchin, lan antuk nyaibin pawigunan taman tradisional miwah sané mangkin olih Vuntut Gwitchin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/yt/vuntut/plan|title=Park Management - Vuntut National Park|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=Government of Canada|date=2017-06-06|website=www.pc.gc.ca|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629182012/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/yt/vuntut/plan|url-status=dead}}</ref> Parinama ''Vuntut'' maasal saking [[Bada Gwichʼin|Gwichʼin]] antuk ''riantara danu''.<ref name=natgeo>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/parks/vuntut-canada-park/ |title=Vuntut National Park |website=National Geographic Travel |access-date=19 Méi 2019}}</ref> Kirang saking 25 tamiu ngarauhin taman nyabran warsa.<ref name=natgeo/> Ngaksés taman manados tantangan krana wana belantara sané kapencil, ritakala masan panes, taman puniki ketahné kaaksés saking udara utawi jukung. Ring masan dingin ketahné kaaksés saking udara utawi darat. Galah sané becik antuk ngarauhin taman puniki saking Juni ngantos Agustus. Taman puniki buka selantang warsa miwah nénten wénten fasilitas utawi jalur sané kalimbakang.<ref name=":0" /> Lurga kaperluang antuk pawigunaan ring pajeroan miwah makémah.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=Government of Canada|date=2019-10-16|title=per-reg - Vuntut National Park|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/yt/vuntut/visit/comportements-guidelines|access-date=2021-11-28|website=www.pc.gc.ca}}</ref> Olahraga-mamancing nénten kadadosang ring taman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_b5s0|title=National Geographic Guide to the National Parks of Canada.|date=|publisher=National Geographic Partners|others=|year=2017|isbn=1-4262-1756-0|edition=2nd|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_b5s0/page/315 315]–319|oclc=}}</ref> Beburon sané nongosin taman puniki riantara ipun [[karibu landak|karibu]], [[rubah]], [[Siengan Peregrine]], [[Moose Alaska|moose Yukon]], [[beruang grizzly]], [[Serigala Interior Alaska|Serigala Yukon]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yukon.ca/en/department-environment|title=Department of Environment|date=May 24, 2019|website=yukon.ca}}</ref> [[muskrat]], [[beruang selem Amérika|beruang selem]], [[wolverin]], [[siengan gyr]], [[muskox]], [[sikep mas]], [[marten Amérika|marten pinus]], [[semal tanah]], [[lynx|lynx Kanada]], miwah [[Mink|mink Amérika]]. Taman Nasional Vuntut madampingan aareng Taman Nasional Kanada liyanan, [[Taman Nasional Ivvavik]]. [[Suaka Margasatwa Nasional Arktik]] taler magenah tepat ring selat [[Pawatesan Kanada–Amérika Serikat|Pawatesan Kanada–AS]] ring [[Alaska]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{commons category}} *[https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/yt/vuntut Official site] {{Taman Nasional ring Kanada}} {{Situs Tetamian Jagat ring Kanada}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tuktut Nogait Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Kanada]] f9oj82t9j7hs26bhp4aa34324vbojo3 0 40293 281209 243418 2026-08-27T22:02:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{untuk|Lis Présidén Amérika Serikat|Lis Présidén Amérika Serikat}} {{Infobox official post | post = Présidén | body = Amérika Serikat | native_name = {{small|{{lang|en|President of the United States}}}} | insignia = Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg | insigniasize = 100 | insigniacaption = [[Seal of the president of the United States|Presidential seal]] | flag = Flag of the President of the United States of America.svg | flagsize = 125 | flagborder = yes | flagcaption = [[Flag of the president of the United States|Presidential flag]] | image = January 2025 Official Presidential Portrait of Donald J. Trump.jpg | incumbent = [[Donald Trump]] | incumbentsince = 20 Januari 2025 | department = {{plainlist| * [[Executive branch of the U.S. government]] * [[Executive Office of the President]] }} | style = {{plainlist| * [[Mr. President (title)|Mr. President]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1891/08/02/archives/how-to-address-the-president-he-is-not-your-excellency-or-your.html |agency=The Washington Star |title=How to Address the President; He Is Not Your Excellency or Your Honor, But Mr. President |date=August 2, 1891 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html |title=USGS Correspondence Handbook—Chapter 4 |date=July 18, 2007 |publisher=Usgs.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000950/http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html |archive-date=September 26, 2012 |access-date=November 15, 2012}}</ref> (informal) * [[The Honourable#United States|The Honorable]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm |title=Models of Address and Salutation |publisher=Ita.doc.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720073107/http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2010 |access-date=September 4, 2010}}</ref> (formal) * [[Excellency|His Excellency]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014351/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs], Protocol and Liaison Service, [[United Nations]]. Retrieved November 1, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim |title=Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner |last=The White House Office of the Press Secretary |date=September 1, 2010 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> (diplomatic) }} | type = {{plainlist| * [[Head of state]] * [[Head of government]] }} | abbreviation = POTUS | member_of = {{plainlist| * [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] * [[United States Domestic Policy Council|Domestic Policy Council]] * [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]] * [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] }} | residence = [[Gedung Putih]] | seat = [[Washington, D.C.]] | appointer = [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] or via succession from [[Vice President of the United States|vice presidency]] | termlength = [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Four years, renewable once]] | constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of the United States]] | formation = {{date and age|1789|3|4|p=1|br=1}}<ref name="formation">"The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.'<br><br> "Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until March 2, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." {{ussc|name=Owings v. Speed|link=supreme.justia.com|volume=18|page=420|pin=422|year=1820|reporter=Wheat|reporter-volume=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maier |first=Pauline |title=Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788 |url=https://archive.org/details/ratificationpeop00paul |date=2010 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86854-7 |location=New York, New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/ratificationpeop00paul/page/433 433] |author-link=Pauline Maier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/ |title=March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history |date=March 4, 2013 |publisher=[[National Constitution Center]] |location=Philadelphia |access-date=July 29, 2018 |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224184927/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics |url-status=dead }}</ref> | first = [[George Washington]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/ |title=Presidential Election of 1789 |website=Digital Encyclopedia |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, George Washington's Mount Vernon |location=Mount Vernon, Virginia |access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref> | salary = {{wikidata|property|references|Q11696|P3618}}s per year | website = {{URL|https://www.whitehouse.gov/}} }} '''Présidén Amérika Serikat''' ({{lang-en|President of the United States}}, kaacengang ''[[Lis présidén Amérika Serikat|POTUS]]'') inggih punika [[manggala negara]] lan [[manggala pemeréntahan]] saking negara [[Amerika Serikat]]. Manutin indik [[Konstitusi Amérika Serikat|konstitusi]], santunggil Présidén Amérika Serikat wantah dados mawesana masa bakti 4 warsa lan prasida kapilih malih antuk acepok masa wesan. Ring pamahbahné, palantikan kamargiang nyabran papat warsa ring tanggal [[4 Maret]] lan kasuudang daweg nika taler. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} jf7p73rg152zytvc26dborlifetcsul 0 40505 281246 169362 2026-08-27T22:24:18Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands | name = Honshū | native_name = {{nobold|本州}} | native_name_link = Japanese language | native_name_lang = ja | image = Satellite image of Honshu in May 2003.png | image_caption = Citra satelit Honshu, Méi 2003 | image_map = Japan honshu map.svg | location = [[Kapuloan Jepang]] | coordinates = {{coord|36|N|138|E|region:JP_type:isle_scale:5000000|display=title,inline}} | archipelago = [[Kapuloan Jepang]] | area_km2 = 227,960<ref name=honshu>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUNWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA268| page=268| title=An Atlas of the World's Conifers: An Analysis of their Distribution, Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Status|first1=Aljos |last1=Farjon| first2= Denis |last2=Filer| publisher=BRILL|year= 2013|isbn=9789004211810}}</ref> | length_km = 1300 | width_min_km = 50 | width_max_km = 230 | coastline_km = 10084 | rank = ka-7 | highest_mount = [[Gunung Fuji]] | elevation_m = 3776 | country = {{JAP}} | country_admin_divisions_title = [[Préféktur Jepang|Préféktur]] | country_admin_divisions = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = <!--background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;--> |title = [[Wawengkon Tōhoku|Tōhoku]] |{{flagcountry|Akita}} |{{flagcountry|Aomori}} |{{flagcountry|Fukushima}} |{{flagcountry|Iwate}} |{{flagcountry|Miyagi}} |{{flagcountry|Yamagata}} |<hr/> | country_largest_city = [[Tokyo]] (pop. 14,043,239)<ref name = "metrostat">{{cite web |title=Tokyo Metropolis' Population overview – Reiwa 3 January 1|url=https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tosei/hodohappyo/press/2021/08/30/03.html |publisher=[[Pameréntah Métropolitan Tokyo]] |access-date=22 Oktober 2021 |language=ja}}</ref> | country largest city size = }} {{collapsible list |titlestyle = <!--background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;--> |title = [[Wawengkon Kantō|Kantō]] |{{flagcountry|Chiba}} |{{flagcountry|Gunma}} |{{flagcountry|Ibaraki}} |{{flagcountry|Kanagawa}} |{{flagcountry|Saitama}} |{{flagcountry|Tochigi}} |{{flagcountry|Tokyo}} |<hr/> }} {{collapsible list |titlestyle = <!--background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;--> |title = [[Wawengkon Chūbu|Chūbu]] |{{flagcountry|Aichi}} |{{flagcountry|Fukui}} |{{flagcountry|Gifu}} |{{flagcountry|Ishikawa}} |{{flagcountry|Nagano}} |{{flagcountry|Niigata}} |{{flagcountry|Shizuoka}} |{{flagcountry|Toyama}} |{{flagcountry|Yamanashi}} |<hr/> }} {{collapsible list |titlestyle = <!--background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;--> |title = [[Wawengkon Kansai|Kansai]] |{{flagcountry|Hyōgo}} |{{flagcountry|Kyoto}} |{{flagcountry|Mie}} |{{flagcountry|Nara}} |{{flagcountry|Osaka}} |{{flagcountry|Shiga}} |{{flagcountry|Wakayama}} |<hr/> }} {{collapsible list |titlestyle = <!--background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;--> |title = [[Wawengkon Chūgoku|Chūgoku]] |{{flagcountry|Hiroshima}} |{{flagcountry|Okayama}} |{{flagcountry|Shimane}} |{{flagcountry|Tottori}} |{{flagcountry|Yamaguchi}} |<hr/> }} | country_largest_city = {{flagcountry|Tokyo}} | country_largest_city_population = 14,043,239 | population = 104,000,000<ref name = "metrostat"/> |timezone1 = [[Kala Standar Jepang]] ([[UTC+9]]) | population_as_of = 2017 | density_km2 = 447 | ethnic_groups = [[wong Jepang|Jepang]] }} {{nihongo|'''Honshu'''|[[wiktionary:本州|本州]]|Honshū|{{IPA-ja|hoꜜɰ̃ɕɯː|pron|ja-Honshu.ogg}}; {{lit|[[Kapuloan Jepang|nusa]] utama|lk=yes}}}}, lelintihan kasengguh {{Nihongo|'''Akitsushima'''|秋津島||{{lit|Nusa Capung}}}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://etc.usf.edu/maps/galleries/asia/japan/index.php|title=Maps ETC - Asia -> Japan|publisher=[[Universitas South Florida]]|access-date=25 Juni 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://kojiki.kokugakuin.ac.jp/shinmei/oyamatotoyoakizushima/|title= Ōyamatotoyoakizushima|publisher=Kokugakuin University|access-date=29 Juni 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://isahaya-jinja.jp/archives/11079 |title=Akitsushima|publisher=Isahaya Shrine|access-date=29 Juni 2023}}</ref> inggih punika [[Kapuloan Jepang|nusa pinih ageng tur padet]] ring [[Jepang]]. <ref name="main-islands-japan">{{cite web |title=離島とは(島の基礎知識) (what is a remote island?) |publisher=[[Kamenterian Partanahan, Infrastruktur, Transportasi miwah Pariwisata]] |url=http://www.mlit.go.jp/crd/chirit/ritoutoha.html |website= MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) |date=22 Agustus 2015 |access-date= 9 Agustus 2019 |language=ja |format=website |quote=MILT classification 6,852 islands(main islands: 5 islands, remote islands: 6,847 islands) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113053915/http://www.mlit.go.jp/crd/chirit/ritoutoha.html |archive-date=2007-07-13}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web|title=Honshu|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Honshu|access-date=19 Pébruari 2016}}</ref> punika magenah ring kelod [[Hokkaidō]] ngentasin [[Selat Tsugaru]], kalér [[Shikoku]] ngentasin [[Segara Jeroan Séto|Segara Jeroan]], miwah kalér kangin [[Kyushu|Kyūshū]] ngentasin [[Selat Kanmon]]. Nusa puniki ngawelasang [[Segara Jepang]], sané magenah ring sikalér miwah sikauhné, saking [[Samudera Pasifik Kalér]] nuju kelod miwah kangin. Punika [[Lis nusa mawit jimbar|nusa pinih ageng kapitu]] ring jagat, miwah [[Lis nusa mawit akéh panjak|pinih padet kaping kalih]] sesampun nusa [[Nusa Jawa]] ring [[Lis nusa Indonésia|Indonésia]].<ref name="JPCensus">[http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_sosiki/jichi_gyousei/c-gyousei/daityo/index.html Japan Civil Registry Database 2013]</ref><ref>See [http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kokusei/2000/final/hyodai.htm Japan Census of 2000]; editor [[Daftar pulau menurut jumlah penduduk]] tampaknya telah menggunakan data serupa dari biro statistik yang relevan dan menjumlahkan berbagai distrik administratif yang membentuk setiap pulau, dan kemudian melakukan hal yang sama untuk pulau-pulau yang kurang padat penduduknya. Editor artikel ini belum mengulangi pekerjaan itu. Oleh karena itu peringkat yang masuk akal dan sangat masuk akal ini diposting sebagai tanpa sumber [[Wikipedia:Common knowledge|pengetahuan umum]].</ref><ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web |url=http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm |title=Islands By Land Area |publisher=Islands.unep.ch |access-date=2010-08-01 |archive-date=2018-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220003634/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Honshu ngelah akéh panjak 104 yuta {{As of|2017|lc=y}}, pinaka 81,3% saking sajebag populasi Jepang,<ref name="honshu2">{{cite book|last=Boquet|first=Yves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|title=The Philippine Archipelago|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=9783319519265|page=16}}</ref> miwah makéhan mapusat ring wawengkon pasisi miwah dataran. Sawatara 30% saking total populasi meneng ring [[Wawengkon Métropolitan Tokyo]] ring [[Dataran Kantō]]. Dados pusat lelintihan kakuatan budaya lan politik Jepang,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Dolan|first1=Ronald|title=Japan: a country study|url=https://archive.org/details/japancountrystud00dola|last2=Worden|first2=Robert|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|year=1992}}</ref> nusa puniki ngelah makudang ibukota Jepang aab riin, rumasuk [[Kyoto|Kyōto]], [[Nara (kota)|Nara]] lan [[Kamakura]]. Makéhan pasisi kelod nusa niki pinaka pahan saking [[Sabuk Taiheiyō]], satunggil [[mégalopolis]] sané ngapentang ring makudang pulo Jepang.<ref name=":0" /> Honshu ngelah gunung pinih tegeh ring Jepang, Gunung Fuji, miwah danu pinih ageng, [[Danu Biwa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honshu {{!}} Facts, History, & Points of Interest|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Honshu|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Makéhan industri Jepang magenah ring sabuk sané ngapentang ring selantang pasisi kelod Honshu, saking [[Tokyo]] ngantos [[Nagoya]], [[Kyoto|Kyōto]], [[Osaka]], [[Kobé]], miwah [[Hiroshima]];<ref name=":0" /> sawalikné, ékonomi ring selantang pasisi kalér kauh Segara Jepang makéha mawit ring perikanan miwah partanian.<ref>''[[Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan]]''</ref> Nusa puniki mangubungin antuk tiga nusa utama Jepang liyanan ngentasi makidang jembatan miwah aungan. Nusa puniki kautana mawagi kalih iklim, antuk Honshu Kalér makéhan ngelah [[iklim kontinéntal tiyeb]] sapunika ring kelod ngelah [[iklim subtropis tiyeb]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Köppen |first=Wladimir |date=1884 |title=Die Wärmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Wärme auf die organische Welt betrachtet |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm |trans-title=The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world) |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |translator1-first=E. |translator1-last=Volken |translator2-first=S |translator2-last=Brönnimann |publication-date=2011 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=351–360 |via=ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2011/00000020/00000003/art00009 |bibcode=2011MetZe..20..351K |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105 |s2cid=209855204 |access-date=2016-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908130507/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm |archive-date=2016-09-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Préféktur == Nusa niki kawagi malih dados limang wawidangan miwah madaging 34 préféktur, rumasuk kota [[Tokyo]]. *'''[[Tōhoku]]''' madué nenem préféktur. **{{flagcountry|Akita}} **{{flagcountry|Aomori}} **{{flagcountry|Fukushima}} **{{flagcountry|Iwate}} **{{flagcountry|Miyagi}} **{{flagcountry|Yamagata}} *'''[[Kantō]]''' madué pitu préféktur, rumasuk ibu kota Jepang, Tokyo. **{{flagcountry|Chiba}} **{{flagcountry|Gunma}} **{{flagcountry|Ibaraki}} **{{flagcountry|Kanagawa}} **{{flagcountry|Saitama}} **{{flagcountry|Tochigi}} **{{flagcountry|Tokyo}} *'''[[Chūbu]]''' madué sia préféktur. **{{flagcountry|Aichi}} **{{flagcountry|Fukui}} **{{flagcountry|Gifu}} **{{flagcountry|Ishikawa}} **{{flagcountry|Nagano}} **{{flagcountry|Niigata}} **{{flagcountry|Shizuoka}} **{{flagcountry|Toyama}} **{{flagcountry|Yamanashi}} *'''[[Kansai]]''' madué pitu préféktur. **{{flagcountry|Hyogo}} **{{flagcountry|Kyoto}} **{{flagcountry|Mie}} **{{flagcountry|Nara}} **{{flagcountry|Osaka}} **{{flagcountry|Shiga}} **{{flagcountry|Wakayama}} *'''[[Chūgoku]]''' madué lima préféktur. **{{flagcountry|Hiroshima}} **{{flagcountry|Okayama}} **{{flagcountry|Shimane}} **{{flagcountry|Tottori}} **{{flagcountry|Yamaguchi}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{jepang}} hctxpj5u39w07xf3u68i4r6htoseki0 0 40515 281055 280171 2026-08-27T19:51:46Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 10 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bedakan|jamur}} {{taxobox | color = {{tc2|fungi}} | name = Fungi | fossil_range = [[Devon]] Awal–mangkin<!-- (lihat [[#Evolusi|bagian ini]]) --> {{rentang fosil|410|0|}} | image = Fungi collage.jpg | image_width = 280px | image_caption = Searah jarum jam dari kiri atas: {{plainlist| *''[[Amanita muscaria]]'', sejenis basidiomycete; *''[[Sarcoscypha coccinea]]'', sejenis ascomycete; *roti yang ditumbuhi [[jamur]]; *sejenis [[Chytridiomycota|chytrid]]; *''[[Aspergillus]]'', sejenis [[conidiophore]].}} | image_alt = A collage of five fungi (clockwise from top left): a mushroom with a flat, red top with white-spots, and a white stem growing on the ground; a red cup-shaped fungus growing on wood; a stack of green and white moldy bread slices on a plate; a microscopic, spherical grey-colored semitransparent cell, with a smaller spherical cell beside it; a microscopic view of an elongated cellular structure shaped like a microphone, attached to the larger end is a number of smaller roughly circular elements that collectively form a mass around it | domain = [[Eukarya]] | unranked_regnum = [[Opisthokonta]] | regnum = Fungi | regnum_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]) [[Royall T. Moore|R. T. Moore]]<ref name=Moore1980/> | subdivision_ranks = Subkerajaan/Filum/Subfilum<ref>Sistem klasifikasi berikut ini berdasarkan studi filogenetik tahun 2007 oleh Hibbett ''et al''.</ref> | subdivision = : [[Blastocladiomycota]] : [[Chytridiomycota]] : [[Glomeromycota]] : [[Microsporidia]] : [[Neocallimastigomycota]] [[Dikarya]] (inc. [[Deuteromycota]]){{br}} : [[Ascomycota]] :: [[Pezizomycotina]] :: [[Saccharomycotina]] :: [[Taphrinomycotina]] : [[Basidiomycota]] :: [[Agaricomycotina]] :: [[Pucciniomycotina]] :: [[Ustilaginomycotina]] Subfilum [[Incertae sedis]] : [[Entomophthormycota]] : [[Kickxellomycotina]] : [[Mucoromycotina]] : [[Zoopagomycotina]] }} '''Fungi''' inggih punika sawilang anggota saking sekaa kauripan [[Eukaryota|eukariotik]] sané ngacakupin mikroorganisme minakadi [[ragi]] lan [[Kapang (oong)|kapang]], taler [[oong]] sané langkung katah. Organisme puniki kaklasifikasiyang dados [[Krajaan (biologi)|krajaan]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Re:wild and IUCN SSC become first global organizations to call for the recognition of fungi as one of three kingdoms of life critical to protecting and restoring Earth |author= |newspaper=IUCN |date=3 Agustus 2021 |url=https://www.iucn.org/news/species-survival-commission/202108/rewild-and-iucn-ssc-become-first-global-organizations-call-recognition-fungi-one-three-kingdoms-life-critical-protecting-and-restoring-earth}}</ref> mabinayan saking krajaan eukariotik liyanan, sané mawit asiki klasifikasi tradisional, rumasuk [[Plantae]], [[Animalia]], [[Protozoa]], lan [[Chromista]]. == Cingak malih == * [[Oong]] * [[Hifa]] * [[Spora]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name=Bowman2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Bowman SM, Free SJ | title=The structure and synthesis of the fungal cell wall | journal=BioEssays | volume=28 | issue=8 | pages=799–808 | date=August 2006 | pmid=16927300 | doi=10.1002/bies.20441 }}</ref> <ref name=Bruns2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Bruns T | title=Evolutionary biology: a kingdom revised | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-10-19_443_7113/page/758 | journal=Nature | volume=443 | issue=7113 | pages=758–61 | date=October 2006 | pmid=17051197 | doi=10.1038/443758a | bibcode=2006Natur.443..758B }}</ref> <ref name=Brem2008>{{cite journal | vauthors=Brem FM, Lips KR | title=Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection patterns among Panamanian amphibian species, habitats and elevations during epizootic and enzootic stages | journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms | volume=81 | issue=3 | pages=189–202 | date=September 2008 | pmid=18998584 | doi=10.3354/dao01960 }}</ref> <ref name=Lucking2017>{{Cite book | vauthors=Hawksworth DL, Lücking R | title=Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species | journal=Microbiology Spectrum | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=79–95 | date=July 2017 | pmid=28752818 | doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016 | isbn=9781555819576 }}</ref> <ref name=Alcamo2004>{{cite book | vauthors=Alcamo IE, Pommerville J |title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology | url=https://archive.org/details/alcamosfundament0000pomm |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alcamosfundament0000pomm/page/590 590] |isbn=978-0-7637-0067-6}}</ref> <ref name=Brodie1975>{{cite book | vauthors=Brodie HJ |title=The Bird's Nest Fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/birdsnestfungi0000brod |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto, Ontario |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8020-5307-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/birdsnestfungi0000brod/page/80 80]}}</ref> <ref name=Brundrett2002>{{cite journal | vauthors=Brundrett MC |year=2002 |title=Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-phytologist_2002-05_154_2/page/275 |journal=New Phytologist |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=275–304 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x}}</ref> <ref name=Blackwell2004>{{cite book | vauthors=Blackwell M, Spatafora JW |veditors=Bills GF, Mueller GM, Foster MS |chapter=Fungi and their allies |title=Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods | url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityfung00fost |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=Amsterdam |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversityfung00fost/page/n26 18]–20 |isbn=978-0-12-509551-8}}</ref> <ref name=Barea2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Barea JM, Pozo MJ, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C | title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2005-07_56_417/page/1761 | journal=Journal of Experimental Botany | volume=56 | issue=417 | pages=1761–78 | date=July 2005 | pmid=15911555 | doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197 }}</ref> <ref name=Aanen2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Aanen DK | title=As you reap, so shall you sow: coupling of harvesting and inoculating stabilizes the mutualism between termites and fungi | journal=Biology Letters | volume=2 | issue=2 | pages=209–12 | date=June 2006 | pmid=17148364 | pmc=1618886 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2005.0424 }}</ref> <ref name=Arnold2003>{{cite journal | vauthors=Arnold AE, Mejía LC, Kyllo D, Rojas EI, Maynard Z, Robbins N, Herre EA | title=Fungal endophytes limit pathogen damage in a tropical tree | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=100 | issue=26 | pages=15649–54 | date=December 2003 | pmid=14671327 | pmc=307622 | doi=10.1073/pnas.2533483100 | bibcode=2003PNAS..10015649A }}</ref> <ref name="Baldauf1993">{{cite journal | vauthors=Baldauf SL, Palmer JD | title=Animals and fungi are each other's closest relatives: congruent evidence from multiple proteins | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=90 | issue=24 | pages=11558–62 | date=December 1993 | pmid=8265589 | pmc=48023 | doi=10.1073/pnas.90.24.11558 | bibcode=1993PNAS...9011558B }}</ref> <ref name=Bonfante2003>{{cite journal | vauthors=Bonfante P | title=Plants, mycorrhizal fungi and endobacteria: a dialog among cells and genomes | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-bulletin_2003-04_204_2/page/215 | journal=The Biological Bulletin | volume=204 | issue=2 | pages=215–20 | date=April 2003 | pmid=12700157 | doi=10.2307/1543562 | jstor=1543562 }}</ref> <ref name=Brodo2001>{{cite book |title=Lichens of North America |url=https://archive.org/details/lichensofnortham0000brod | vauthors=Brodo IM, Sharnoff SD |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-300-08249-4}}</ref> <ref name=Brakhage2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Brakhage AA | title=Systemic fungal infections caused by Aspergillus species: epidemiology, infection process and virulence determinants | journal=Current Drug Targets | volume=6 | issue=8 | pages=875–86 | date=December 2005 | pmid=16375671 | doi=10.2174/138945005774912717 }}</ref> <ref name=Brakhage2004>{{Cite book | vauthors=Brakhage AA, Spröte P, Al-Abdallah Q, Gehrke A, Plattner H, Tüncher A | title=Regulation of penicillin biosynthesis in filamentous fungi | volume=88 | pages=45–90 | year=2004 | pmid=15719552 | doi=10.1007/b99257 | series=Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology | isbn=978-3-540-22032-9 }}</ref> <ref name=Abe2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Abe K, Gomi K, Hasegawa F, Machida M | title=Impact of ''Aspergillus oryzae'' genomics on industrial production of metabolites | url=https://archive.org/details/mycopathologia_2006-09_162_3/page/143 | journal=Mycopathologia | volume=162 | issue=3 | pages=143–53 | date=September 2006 | pmid=16944282 | doi=10.1007/s11046-006-0049-2 }}</ref> <ref name=Ammirati1987>{{cite book | vauthors=Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE |title=The New Savory Wild Mushroom | url=https://archive.org/details/newsavorywildmus0000mcke |publisher=University of 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Chemistry and Biology | volume=63 | pages=45–86 | year=2006 | pmid=17133714 | doi=10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63002-2 | isbn=978-0-12-469563-4 | series=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology }}</ref> <ref name=Schoch2009>{{cite journal | vauthors=Schoch CL, Sung GH, López-Giráldez F, Townsend JP, Miadlikowska J, Hofstetter V, Robbertse B, Matheny PB, Kauff F, Wang Z, Gueidan C, Andrie RM, Trippe K, Ciufetti LM, Wynns A, Fraker E, Hodkinson BP, Bonito G, Groenewald JZ, Arzanlou M, de Hoog GS, Crous PW, Hewitt D, Pfister DH, Peterson K, Gryzenhout M, Wingfield MJ, Aptroot A, Suh SO, Blackwell M, Hillis DM, Griffith GW, Castlebury LA, Rossman AY, Lumbsch HT, Lücking R, Büdel B, Rauhut A, Diederich P, Ertz D, Geiser DM, Hosaka K, Inderbitzin P, Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Mostert L, O'Donnell K, Sipman H, Rogers JD, Shoemaker RA, Sugiyama J, Summerbell RC, Untereiner W, Johnston PR, Stenroos S, Zuccaro A, Dyer PS, Crittenden PD, Cole MS, Hansen K, Trappe JM, Yahr R, Lutzoni F, Spatafora JW 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| year=2003 | pmid=14527276 | doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090957 }}</ref> <ref name=Taylor2000>{{cite journal | vauthors=Taylor JW, Jacobson DJ, Kroken S, Kasuga T, Geiser DM, Hibbett DS, Fisher MC | title=Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/fungal-genetics-and-biology_2000-10_31_1/page/21 | journal=Fungal Genetics and Biology | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=21–32 | date=October 2000 | pmid=11118132 | doi=10.1006/fgbi.2000.1228 }}</ref> <ref name=Taylor2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H, Krings M, Hanlin RT | title=Perithecial ascomycetes from the 400 million year old Rhynie chert: an example of ancestral polymorphism | journal=Mycologia | volume=97 | issue=1 | pages=269–85 | year=2005 | pmid=16389979 | doi=10.3852/mycologia.97.1.269 | url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0097/001/0269.htm | hdl=1808/16786 }}</ref> <ref name=Taylor2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Taylor JW, Berbee ML | 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Microbiology | volume=5 | issue=5 | pages=377–83 | date=May 2007 | pmid=17426726 | doi=10.1038/nrmicro1638 }}</ref> <ref name=Tudzynski2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Tudzynski B | title=Gibberellin biosynthesis in fungi: genes, enzymes, evolution, and impact on biotechnology | url=https://archive.org/details/applied-microbiology-and-biotechnology_2005-03_66_6/page/597 | journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology | volume=66 | issue=6 | pages=597–611 | date=March 2005 | pmid=15578178 | doi=10.1007/s00253-004-1805-1 }}</ref> <ref name=Trail2007>{{cite journal | vauthors=Trail F | title=Fungal cannons: explosive spore discharge in the Ascomycota | journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters | volume=276 | issue=1 | pages=12–8 | date=November 2007 | pmid=17784861 | doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00900.x }}</ref> <ref name="urlFungi">{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Fungi/2377 |title=Fungi. Eumycota: mushrooms, sac fungi, yeast, molds, rusts, smuts, etc. |vauthors=Blackwell M, Vilgalys R, James TY, Taylor JW |publisher=Tree of Life Web Project |year=2009 |accessdate=25 April 2009 |archive-date=13 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413045121/http://tolweb.org/Fungi/2377 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="urlwww.uvminnovations.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.uvminnovations.com/graphics/PDF_ORIG/microfactory.pdf?zoom_highlight=Whey-based+fungal+microfactory#search=%22Whey-based%20fungal%20microfactory%22 |author=Keiller TS. |title=Whey-based fungal microfactory technology for enhanced biological pest management using fungi |format=PDF |publisher=UVM Innovations |accessdate=29 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029010101/http://www.uvminnovations.com/graphics/PDF_ORIG/microfactory.pdf?zoom_highlight=Whey-based+fungal+microfactory#search=%22Whey-based%20fungal%20microfactory%22 |archivedate=29 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <ref name="urlUSDA Biocontrol">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jul98/fung0798.htm | vauthors=Becker H |title=Setting the Stage To Screen Biocontrol Fungi |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service |year=1998 |accessdate=23 February 2009}}</ref> <ref name=vanEgmond2007>{{cite journal | vauthors=van Egmond HP, Schothorst RC, Jonker MA | title=Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food: perspectives in a global and European context | journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | volume=389 | issue=1 | pages=147–57 | date=September 2007 | pmid=17508207 | doi=10.1007/s00216-007-1317-9 }}</ref> <ref name=Yang2007>{{cite journal | vauthors=Yang Y, Yang E, An Z, Liu X | title=Evolution of nematode-trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA-encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=104 | issue=20 | pages=8379–84 | date=May 2007 | pmid=17494736 | pmc=1895958 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0702770104 | bibcode=2007PNAS..104.8379Y }}</ref> <ref name=Vetter1998>{{cite journal | vauthors=Vetter J | title=Toxins of Amanita phalloides | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_toxicon_1998-01_36_1/page/13 | journal=Toxicon | volume=36 | issue=1 | pages=13–24 | date=January 1998 | pmid=9604278 | doi=10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00074-3 }}</ref> <ref name=Valverde1995>{{cite journal | vauthors=Valverde ME, Paredes-López O, Pataky JK, Guevara-Lara F | title=Huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis) as a food source--biology, composition, and production | url=https://archive.org/details/critical-reviews-in-food-science-and-nutrition_1995_35_3/page/191 | journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition | volume=35 | issue=3 | pages=191–229 | date=January 1995 | pmid=7632354 | doi=10.1080/10408399509527699 }}</ref> <ref name=Yuen2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Yuen JW, Gohel MD | title=Anticancer effects of Ganoderma lucidum: a review of scientific evidence | url=https://archive.org/details/nutrition-and-cancer_2005_53_1/page/11 | journal=Nutrition and Cancer | volume=53 | issue=1 | pages=11–7 | year=2005 | pmid=16351502 | doi=10.1207/s15327914nc5301_2 | hdl=10397/26313 }}</ref> <ref name=Vaupotic2008>{{cite journal | vauthors=Vaupotic T, Veranic P, Jenoe P, Plemenitas A | title=Mitochondrial mediation of environmental osmolytes discrimination during osmoadaptation in the extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii | url=https://archive.org/details/fungal-genetics-and-biology_2008-06_45_6/page/994 | journal=Fungal Genetics and Biology | volume=45 | issue=6 | pages=994–1007 | date=June 2008 | pmid=18343697 | doi=10.1016/j.fgb.2008.01.006 }}</ref> <ref name=Wang2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Wang ZY, Jenkinson JM, Holcombe LJ, Soanes DM, Veneault-Fourrey C, Bhambra GK, Talbot NJ | title=The molecular biology of appressorium turgor generation by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea | journal=Biochemical Society Transactions | volume=33 | issue=Pt 2 | pages=384–8 | date=April 2005 | pmid=15787612 | doi=10.1042/BST0330384 }}</ref> <ref name=Willensdorfer2009>{{cite journal | vauthors=Willensdorfer M | title=On the evolution of differentiated multicellularity | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_2009-02_63_2/page/306 | journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume=63 | issue=2 | pages=306–23 | date=February 2009 | pmid=19154376 | doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00541.x | arxiv=0801.2610 }}</ref> <ref name=Ward2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Ward PD, Botha J, Buick R, De Kock MO, Erwin DH, Garrison GH, Kirschvink JL, Smith R | title=Abrupt and gradual extinction among Late Permian land vertebrates in the Karoo basin, South Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-02-04_307_5710/page/709 | journal=Science | volume=307 | issue=5710 | pages=709–14 | date=February 2005 | pmid=15661973 | doi=10.1126/science.1107068 | bibcode=2005Sci...307..709W | citeseerx=10.1.1.503.2065 }}</ref> <ref name=Xu2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Xu H, Andi B, Qian J, West AH, Cook PF | title=The alpha-aminoadipate pathway for lysine biosynthesis in fungi | journal=[[Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics]] | volume=46 | issue=1 | pages=43–64 | year=2006 | pmid=16943623 | doi=10.1385/CBB:46:1:43 }}</ref> <ref name=Wu2007>{{cite journal | vauthors=Wu S, Schalk M, Clark A, Miles RB, Coates R, Chappell J | title=Redirection of cytosolic or plastidic isoprenoid precursors elevates terpene production in plants | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-biotechnology_2006-11_24_11/page/1441 | journal=Nature Biotechnology | volume=24 | issue=11 | pages=1441–7 | date=November 2006 | pmid=17057703 | doi=10.1038/nbt1251 }}</ref> <ref name=Zabriskie2000>{{cite journal | vauthors=Zabriskie TM, Jackson MD | title=Lysine biosynthesis and metabolism in fungi | journal=Natural Product Reports | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=85–97 | date=February 2000 | pmid=10714900 | doi=10.1039/a801345d }}</ref> <ref name=Yuan2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Yuan X, Xiao S, Taylor TN | title=Lichen-like symbiosis 600 million years ago | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-05-13_308_5724/page/n110 | journal=Science | volume=308 | issue=5724 | pages=1017–20 | date=May 2005 | pmid=15890881 | doi=10.1126/science.1111347 | bibcode=2005Sci...308.1017Y }}</ref> <ref name=Zisova2009>{{cite journal | vauthors=Zisova LG | title=Malassezia species and seborrheic dermatitis | journal=Folia Medica | volume=51 | issue=1 | pages=23–33 | year=2009 | pmid=19437895 }}</ref> }} === Lis pustaka === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Ainsworth GC |title=Introduction to the History of Mycology | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000ains_e9i2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-521-11295-6}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M |title=Introductory Mycology | url=https://archive.org/details/introductorymyco0000alex_q5x1 | year=1996 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-471-52229-4}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Chandler PJ |title=A Dipterist's Handbook | edition=2nd |year=2010|publisher=The Amateur Entomologists' Society|pages=1–525}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Deacon J |title=Fungal Biology | url=https://archive.org/details/fungalbiology0000deac |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4051-3066-0}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Hall IR |title=Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World | url=https://archive.org/details/ediblepoisonousm0000unse |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-586-9}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Hanson JR | title=The Chemistry of Fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryoffungi0000hans | year=2008 |publisher=Royal Society Of Chemistry |isbn=978-0-85404-136-7}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Jennings DH, Lysek G |title=Fungal Biology: Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle |year=1996 |publisher=Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd |location=Guildford, UK |isbn=978-1-85996-150-6}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9 |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}} * {{cite book | vauthors =Taylor EL, Taylor TN |title=The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-13-651589-0}} {{refend}} {{Fungi}} {{Eukariotik}} {{Kehidupan ring Gumi}} {{Authority control}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q764}} [[Kategori:Fungi| ]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] 2t30oph3yfyva6lska9sfv9xb2riwog 0 42539 281107 174088 2026-08-27T20:32:48Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tukad Mississippi'''{{efn|[[Basa Ojibwe|Ojibwe]]: Misi-ziibi,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hirschfelder |first=Arlene B. |title=The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists |url=https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryboo0000hirs |date=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc |others=Paulette Fairbanks Molin |isbn=978-0-8108-7710-8 |location=Lanham, MD |oclc=794706782 |page=[https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryboo0000hirs/page/260 260]}}</ref> [[Basa Dakota|Dakota]]: Mníšošethąka,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~dictsearch/cgi-bin/testengltoxsrchNP.pl?host=zia&pass=&hasfont=0&srchlang=English&srchstring=river&database=dakot&srchtype=OR&sortlang=English&sndformat=ra&maxhits=200&find=Run_Search|title=AISRI Dictionary Database Search|access-date=16 Juni 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510162121/http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~dictsearch/cgi-bin/testengltoxsrchNP.pl?host=zia&pass=&hasfont=0&srchlang=English&srchstring=river&database=dakot&srchtype=OR&sortlang=English&sndformat=ra&maxhits=200&find=Run_Search|archive-date= 10 Méi 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Basa Miami-Illinois|Myaamia]]: Mihsi-siipiiwi,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myaamiadictionary.org/dictionary2015/search/search.php?search=mississippi%20river&stem=stem&inflected=inflected&sentences=sentences&command=command&language=both&website=t|title=Myaamia Dictionary Search|access-date=19 Agustus 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828021920/https://www.myaamiadictionary.org/dictionary2015/search/search.php?search=mississippi%20river&stem=stem&inflected=inflected&sentences=sentences&command=command&language=both&website=t|archive-date=28 Agustus 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Basa Cheyenne|Cheyenne]]: Ma'xeé'ometāā'e,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdkc.edu/cheyennedictionary/index-english/index.htm|title=English – Cheyenne|access-date=19 Agustus 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911181328/http://cdkc.edu/cheyennedictionary/index-english/index.htm|archive-date=11 Séptémber 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Basa Kiowa|Kiowa]]: Xósáu,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ou.edu/kiowadictionary/index-english/main.htm|title=English – Kiowa|access-date=19 Agustus 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713083927/http://www.ou.edu/kiowadictionary/index-english/main.htm|archive-date=13 Juli 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Basa Arapaho|Arapaho]]: Beesniicie,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colorado.edu/csilw/archives/Placenames0626.xml|title=XML File of Arapaho Place Names|access-date=16 Juni 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919232303/http://www.colorado.edu/csilw/archives/Placenames0626.xml|archive-date=19 Séptémber 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Basa Pawnee|Pawnee]]: Kickaátit<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~dictsearch/cgi-bin/testengltoxsrchNP.pl?host=zia&pass=&hasfont=0&srchlang=English&srchstring=river&database=south&srchtype=AND&sortlang=English&sndformat=ra&maxhits=200&find=Run_Search|title=Southband Pawnee Dictionary|access-date=26 Méi 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053713/http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~dictsearch/cgi-bin/testengltoxsrchNP.pl?host=zia&pass=&hasfont=0&srchlang=English&srchstring=river&database=south&srchtype=AND&sortlang=English&sndformat=ra&maxhits=200&find=Run_Search|archive-date=17 Januari 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} inggih punika [[tukad]] utama, tur tukad pinih lantang kaping kalih, saking pedokan drainase pinih ageng ring [[Amérika Serikat]].{{efn|Prasida kasengguh pedokan Mississippi punika [[Sistem drainase (géomorphologi)|sistem drainase]] pinih ageng kaping kalih ring [[Amérika Kalér]], nomer sesampun sistem drainase [[Celuk Hudson]], yadiastun Celuk Hudson minab kaanggep dados pahan saking segara.}}<ref>Kode Satuan Hidrologi [[Survéi Géologi Amérika Serikat]]: 08-09-01-00- Lower Mississippi-New Orleans Watershed</ref><ref name=USGSlongest>{{cite web | title = Lengths of the major rivers | publisher = United States Geological Survey | access-date = 14 Maret 2009 | url = http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090305045437/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html | archive-date = 5 Maret 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Saking wit tradisionalné ring [[Danu Itasca]] ring kalér [[Minnesota]], ketahné membah {{convert|2340|mi|km|0}} ngelodang<ref name=USGSlongest /> nuju [[Délta Tukad Mississippi]] ring [[Celukan Meksiko]]. Antuk akéhné [[Panak Tukad|panak-panak tukad]], [[Wawengkon Membahan Tukad|DAS]] Mississippi membahang sajebag utawi atenga saking 32 [[negara wagian Amérika Serikat]] tur kalih [[Propinsi miwah wewengkon Kanada|Propinsi Kanada]] riantara pagunungan [[Pagunungan Rocky|Rocky]] lan [[Pagunungan Appalachian|Appalachian]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/miss/riverfacts.htm|title=Mississippi River Facts – Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=16 Nopémber 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117213831/https://www.nps.gov/miss/riverfacts.htm|archive-date=17 Nopémber 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Carang utama (hidrologi)|carang utama]] makasami magenah ring Amérika Serikat; total [[pedokan drainase]] punika {{convert|1151000|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}, ring dija wantah sawatara asiki&nbsp;persén magenah ring Kanada. Mississippi magenahin paringkat tukad pinih ageng katiga welas mawit débit ring jagat. Tukad puniki mawatesan utawi ngentasin negara wagian [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Iowa]], [[Illinois]], [[Missouri]], [[Kentucky]], [[Ténnessee]], [[Arkansas]], [[Mississippi]], tur [[Louisiana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ducksters.com/geography/us_states/us_rivers.php|title=United States Geography: Rivers|website=www.ducksters.com|language=en|access-date=30 Juni 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428015106/https://www.ducksters.com/geography/us_states/us_rivers.php|archive-date=28 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/states-bordering-the-mississippi-river-1435742|title=The 10 States That Border the Mississippi|work=ThoughtCo|access-date=30 Juni 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907170552/https://www.thoughtco.com/states-bordering-the-mississippi-river-1435742|archive-date=7 Séptémber 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} <references group="lower-alpha"/> iqh720aim2gr5j8hyglfn9sgyysuljn 0 42938 281180 175159 2026-08-27T21:43:47Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other ships|USS Ranger}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} {| {{Infobox ship begin }} {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = USS Ranger (CV-4) underway at sea during the later 1930s.jpg | Ship caption = ''Ranger'' ring 1930-an }} |} '''USS ''Ranger'' (CV45)''' inggih punika silih tunggil [[kapal ina]] druen [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]] sané nyarengin [[Yuda Jagat II]]. Kapal puniki kakaryanin ring [[Newport News, Virginia]]. Kapal puniki sampun prasida matugas ring sor komando kaptén [[Arthur L. Bristol]]. Kapal puniki kalėgo pamréntah ring pinanggal 31 Januari 1947. ==Karier== * [[Rancaban ka Pearl Harbor]] * [[Rancaban Segara Hindia]] * [[Yuda Kadua El Alamein]] * [[Yuda Segara Casablanca]] * [[Operasi Leader]] ==Pangargan== {| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |colspan=3|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|other_device=a|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}} {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}} |- |{{ribbon devices|number=2|type=service-star|ribbon=European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg|width=103}} |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}} |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}} |} ==Pustaka== *{{cite book|last=Blair |first= Clay |title=Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted, 1942–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersuboatwar0000blai_l9n0 |year=2000 |publisher= Modern Library |location=New York |isbn=0-679-64033-9}} *{{cite book|last=Chesneau |first= Roger |title= Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present: An Illustrated Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/aircraftcarriers0000ches | year= 1998 |publisher= Brockhampton Press |location= London |isbn=1-86019-87-5-9}} *{{cite book|last=Cressman|first=Robert J.|title=USS Ranger: The Navy's First Flattop from Keel to Mast, 1934–1946|year=2003|publisher=Potomac Books|isbn=978-1-57488-720-4}} * {{cite book |last=Dumas |first=Robert |language=French |title=Le cuirassé Jean Bart 1939–1970 |trans-title=The Battleship Jean Bart 1939–1970 |year=2001 |publisher=Marine Éditions |location=Rennes |isbn=978-2-909675-75-6 }} *{{cite book|author1=Ford, Roger |author2=Gibbons, Tony |author3=Hewson, Rob |author4=Jackson, Bob |author5=Ross, David |year=2001| title=The Encyclopedia of Ships|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsh0000unse_k6n4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsh0000unse_k6n4/page/343 343]|publisher=Amber Books, Ltd.|location=London|isbn= 978-1-905704-43-9}} *{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman |title= U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History |url=https://archive.org/details/usaircraftcarrie0000frie|year=1983 |publisher= Naval Institute Press |location= Annapolis, Maryland, USA| isbn= 0-87021-739-9}} *{{cite book|last=Coyle|first=Darcy C. |title= Censored Mail: A Personal Narrative of World War II Aboard the Aircraft Carriers, U.S.S. Ranger (CV-4) and U.S.S. Randolph (CV-15) |year=1989 |publisher= Marshall Jones Company |location= Francetown, New Hampshire, USA| isbn= 978-0-833802-00-2}} *Friedman, Norman (2017). ''Winning a Future War: War Gaming and Victory in the Pacific War''. Washington, District of Columbia, USA: Naval History and Heritage Command. {{ISBN|9781943604241}}. *{{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/r/ranger-ix.html}} * {{cite book |last=Lepotier |first= Adolphe |language=fr |title= Les Derniers Cuirassés |trans-title=The Last Battleships |year=1967 |publisher=Éditions France-Empire |location=Paris |oclc=491030583 }} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons and category|USS Ranger (CV-4)|USS Ranger (CV-4)}} *[https://www.history.navy.mil/search.html?q=uss+ranger+cv-4&category= Navy photographs of ''Ranger'' (CV-4)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150613072404/http://www.hnsa.org/resources/manuals-documents/booklets-of-general-plans-online/ General Plan for USS ''Ranger'' (CV-4) Updated through 7-24-1944], hosted by the [http://www.hnsa.org/ Historical Naval Ships Association (HNSA) Digital Collections] *[http://twoconcertinas.com/ussranger-cv4/ Additional photographs of ''Ranger'' (CV-4) before World War II, including postcards and airplanes] *[https://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-929:2 U.S. Newsmap featuring USS ''Ranger'' (CV-4)], hosted by the [https://digital.library.unt.edu/ UNT Libraries Digital Collections] {{kapal-stub}} [[Kategori:Kapal warsa 1933]] kzwlwgbchi35i7gvpob1onaeqvoxf54 0 42943 281193 175171 2026-08-27T21:52:32Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Bontebok | photo = Bontebok PA020073.JPG | photo_caption = [[Bontebok]] | map = Afrika Kelod | relief = 1 | map_caption = Genah taman | location = [[Cape Kauh]], [[Afrika Kelod]] | nearest_city = [[Swellendam]] | coordinates = {{coords|34|04|S|20|27|E|region:ZA-WC|display=inline, title}} | area = {{convert|27.86|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | established = 1931 | governing_body = [[Taman Nasional Afrika Kelod]] | url = http://www.sanparks.org/parks/bontebok/ }} '''Taman Nasional Bontebok''' inggih punika [[taman nasional]] khusus spésiés ring [[Afrika Selatan]]. Kaadegang duk warsa 1931 antuk ngajaga palestarian [[Bontebok]]. Ipun dados taman pinih alit saking 18 Taman Nasional ring Afrika Kelod,<ref name=SANP>{{cite web| last = South African National Parks| title = Bontebok National Park| url = http://www.sanparks.org/parks/bontebok park | access-date = 2006-08-13 }}</ref> covering an area of 27.86&nbsp;km²<ref name=reserve>{{cite web |last=South Africa Nature Reserves |title=Bontebok National Park |url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/bontebok-national-park.pdf |access-date=2006-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007091706/http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/bontebok-national-park.pdf |archive-date=2006-10-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taman puniki dados pahan saking [[Wawengkon Cape Floristik]], sané rumasuk [[Situs Tetamian Jagat]].<ref name=SANP/> Taman itu berada 6&nbsp;km Selatan dari Swellendam,<ref name=Lonely>{{cite book | last = Lonely Planet Publications | title = Lonely Planet South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland | url = https://archive.org/details/southafricalesot0000unse_w4t5 | publisher = Lonely Planet | date = 2004-11-01 | isbn = 1-74104-162-7 }}</ref> in the foothills of the Langeberg Mountains.<ref name=reserve/> Ring sisi kelod ipun mawatesan sareng [[Tukad Breede]].<ref name=SANP/> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Bontebok National Park |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |voy=Bontebok National Park |species=no |d=no }} {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Taman nasional Afrika Kelod}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bontebok Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Afrika Kelod]] r32hgutwzsym25exd0j84r6ewokmua8 0 42958 281132 265230 2026-08-27T20:46:47Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Lumbini | native_name = लुम्बिनी | native_name_lang = np | image_skyline = BRP Lumbini Mayadevi temple.jpg | settlement_type = [[Kota]] | elevation_m = 150 | pushpin_map = Népal Propinsi Lumbini#Népal | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Genah Lumbini ring Nepal | pushpin_label_position = top | coordinates = {{coord|27|28|53|N|83|16|33|E|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = [[Lis negara madaulat|Negara]] | subdivision_name = [[Népal]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Propinsi Népal|Propinsi]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Propinsi Lumbini]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Nepal|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Distrik Rupandehi|Rupandehi]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Lis kota ring Népal|Kotamadya]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Lumbini Sanskritik]] | government_type = [[Development trust]] | governing_body = [[Lumbini Development Trust]] | timezone1 = [[Kala Standar Népal|NST]] | utc_offset1 = +05:45 | postal_code_type = Kode Pos | postal_code = 32914 | area_code = | website = {{URL|www.lumbinidevtrust.gov.np}} | footnotes = | official_name = | image_caption = [[Kuil Maya Déwi, Lumbini]] ngacihnain genah embas Sang [[Buddha]] | map_caption = Genah ring Népal | footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname =Lumbini, Genah Embas Sang Buddha | Location = [[Distrik Rupandehi]], [[Népal]] | designation1_type = Budaya | designation1_criteria = iii, vi | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 666] | designation1_date = 1997 <small>([[Komite Tetamian Jagat|sési]] ka-21)</small> | designation1_free2name = Wawengkon | designation1_free2value = [[Lis Situs Tetamian Jagat ring Asia|Asia-Pasifik]] | designation1_free1name = Aréa | designation1_free1value = 198.95 ha | designation1_free2name = Panyangga | designation1_free2value = 22.78 ha | location = {{coord|27|28|53|N|83|16|33|E|display=title}} }} }} '''Lumbinī''' ({{lang-ne|लुम्बिनी|IPA=ˈlumbini}} {{IPA-ne|ˈlumbini|pron|Ne-Lumbini.oga}}, "the lovely") inggih punika [[Situs Budha|situs réligius Budha]] ring [[Distrik Rupandehi]], [[Propinsi Lumbini]], [[Népal]]. Puniki genah ring dija, mawit dresta [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Maya Dévi|Ratu Maya]] ngembasang [[Siddhartha Gautama]] sawatara warsa 566 [[Sadurung Maséhi|SM]].<ref name="UNESC01997">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/180/|title=World Heritage Committee Inscribes 46 New Sites on World Heritage List|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO2014">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666|title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 March 2011}}</ref> Gautama, mawit dresta Buddhis, ngamolihang [[Pancerahan ring Buddhisme|Pancerahan]] sawatara warsa 528 SM,<ref name="Cousins1996">{{cite journal |last=Cousins |first=LS |author-link=L. S. Cousins |title=The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=57–63 |year=1996 |doi=10.1017/s1356186300014760 |jstor=25183119 |s2cid=162929573 |url=http://indology.info/papers/cousins/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220043745/http://indology.info/papers/cousins/ |archive-date=20 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schumann|first=Hans Wolfgang|title=The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalbuddha0000hans|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Press|year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalbuddha0000hans/page/10 10]–13|isbn=8120818172}}</ref> dados Buddha Shakyamuni lan ngadegang [[Agama Buddha|Buddhisme]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666/|title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=Whc.unesco.org|access-date=19 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title="Gautama Buddha (B.C. 623-543)" by T.W. Rhys-Davids, The World's Great Events, B.C. 4004-A.D. 70 (1908) by Esther Singleton, pp. 124–35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.booksie.com/religion_and_spirituality/article/myoma_myint_kywe/the-buddha-%28bc-623bc-543%29|title=The Buddha (BC 623-BC 543) – Religion and spirituality Article – Buddha, Bc, 623|publisher=Booksie|date=8 July 2012|access-date=19 August 2013}}</ref> Lumbini punika silih sinunggil magnét réligius sané dados genah kabuat antuk kauripan Sang Buddha. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{Situs Tetamian Gumi ring Népal}} pw327fph1u9twnz2e13v91npmcqdwy2 0 43334 281047 176890 2026-08-27T19:38:33Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Pasisi Kawan | alt_name = West Coast National Park | photo = {{multiple image|total_width=270|perrow=1/2/2/2|border=infobox | image1 = Langebaan lagoon, West Coast National Park.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = West Coast National Park Flowers 2021 17.jpg | alt2 = | image3 =West Coast National Park Flowers 2021 04 - White rain daisies.jpg | alt3 | image4 = West Coast National Park Flowers 2021 06.jpg | alt4 = | image5 =West Coast National Park Flowers 2021 12.jpg | alt5 }} | photo_caption = Formasi granit marep nuju [[Laguna Langebaan]] (duur). Satunggil [[cangak tendas selem]] (kiwa tengah). [[Dimorphotheca pluvialis|Aster sabeh putih]] mekar ritatkala masan mabunga masan semi (tengen tengah). Cingakan saking nampek saking tegal bunga sané kembang ritatkala masan mabunga musim semi (kiwa sor). Cingakan tegal ritatkala masan mabunga masan semi antuk latar ungkur Samudera Atlantik (tengen sor). | photo_width = | map = | relief = 1 | map_caption = Genah Taman Nasional Garden Route | map_width = | location = [[Tanjung Kawan]], [[Afrika Kelod]] | nearest_city = [[Langebaan]] | coordinates = {{coords|33|7|15|S|18|4|0|E|region:ZA-WC|display=inline, title}} | area = {{convert|362.59|km2}} | established = 1985 | administrator = [[Taman Nasional Afrika Kelod]] | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | website = {{URL| http://www.sanparks.org/parks/west_coast/| West Coast National Park - SANParks}} | world_heritage_site = }} '''Taman Nasional Pasisi Kawan''' inggih punika silih tunggil taman nasional, magenah {{convert|88|km|mi|abbr=on}} kalér [[Cape Town]] ring propinsi [[Cape Kauh]] [[Afrika Kelod]].{{Efn|Kaukur saking [[Balé Kota Cape Town]]}} Taman puniki magenah ring [[Cagar Biosfer Cape West Coast]], pahan saking [[UNESCO]] [[Program Manusa miwah Biosfer]]. Mawatesan sareng [[Samudra Atlantik]] sikauh lan marga pesisir [[R27 (Cape Kauh)|R27]], taler ngapentang saking kota [[Yzerfontein]] sikelod, nganti [[Laguna Langebaan]]. Taman puniki kaloktah antuk kauripan paksi lan sekar masan semi sané wénten ring sasi Agustus nganti Séptémber, kautama ring pahan cagar sekar Postberg ring taman punika. Taman niki, sareng nusa-nusa ring [[Celuk Saldanha]], sampun kaidéntifikasi olih [[BirdLife International]] dados [[Wawengkon Paksi Kabuat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: West Coast National Park and Saldanha Bay islands.|work=BirdLife International|access-date= 7 May 2012}}</ref> Taman puniki kaadegang duk warsa 1985,<ref name="Spots">{{cite book |last1=Chittenden |first1=Hugh |title=Top Birding Spots in Southern Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/topbirdingspotso0000chit |publisher=Southern |year=1992 |isbn=1 86812 419 3 |page=367}}</ref> lan majimbar {{convert|36259.8|ha|mi2}}. == Catetan == {{notelist}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category: West Coast National Park |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |voy=West Coast National Park |species=no |d=no }} {{GeoGroupTemplate}} {{Taman nasional Afrika Kelod}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pasisi Kawan Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Afrika Kelod]] dkkbsqtfrfvnseqs0s3q1us5inf3o86 0 43430 281212 177102 2026-08-27T22:04:28Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = RWTH Aachen | native_name = Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen | native_name_lang = de | image = File:RWTH Logo 3.svg | coordinates = {{Coord|50|46|40|N|6|04|41|E|region:DE-NW_type:edu|display=it}} | motto = ''Zukunft denken''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rwth-aachen.de/cms/root/Die-RWTH/Einrichtungen/Verwaltung/Stabsstellen/Marketing/~eqbm/Corporate-Design/|title=Corporate Design |website=RWTH Aachen|access-date=24 Nopémber 2018}}</ref> | mottoeng = Thinking the Future | established = {{start date and age|1870|10|10|df=yes}} | type = [[Univérsitas negeri|Negeri]] | budget = € 1.108 miliar<ref name=facts_and_figures>{{cite web |url=https://www.rwth-aachen.de/cms/root/Die-RWTH/Profil/~enw/Daten-Fakten/?lidx=1|title=Facts and Figures |website=RWTH Aachen |access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> | rector = [[Ulrich Rüdiger]] | academic_staff = 6,264<ref name=facts_and_figures /> | administrative_staff = 2,979<ref name=facts_and_figures /> | students = 47,078<ref name=facts_and_figures /> | city = [[Aachen]] | state = [[Rhine-Westphalia Kalér]] | country = Jerman | website = [https://www.rwth-aachen.de/lang/en rwth-aachen.de] | affiliations = {{Unbulleted list | Doméstik: | [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|DFG]] | [[Univérsitas Unggulan Jerman|Inisiatif Kaunggulan Jerman]] | [[TU9]] | Internasional: | ALMA | [[Asosiasi CESAER|CESAER]] | [[Liga IDEA]] | [[Krama Eropa antuk Paajahan Téknik |SEFI]] | [[Ménéjer Industri Pinih Duur antuk Éropa|TIME]] | [[UNITECH Internasional|UNITECH]] | [[Kasawitraan Sekaa Univérsitas Panerbangan lan Dura Angkasa Éropa|PEGASUS]] | [[Asosiasi Univérsitas Éropa|EUA]] }} }} '''RWTH Aachen''' ({{IPA-de|ˌɛʁveːteːˌhaː ˈʔaːxn̩|lang}}), ring Jerman '''''Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen''''',{{efn|''RWTH'' inggih punika ancengan saking ''Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule'', sané kaalih basa dados "Univérsitas Téknik Rheinish-Westphalia"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Geuna |first1=Aldo |editor1-last=Gambardella |editor1-first=Alfonso |editor2-last=Malerba |editor2-first=Franco |title=The Organization of Economic Innovation in Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/organizationofec0000unse |chapter=Patterns of university research in Europe |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-64303-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/organizationofec0000unse/page/367 367]–390}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Geuna |first1=Aldo |title=The Economics of Knowledge Production: Funding and the Structure of University Research |url=https://archive.org/details/economicsofknowl0000geun |date=1999 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=1-84064-028-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/economicsofknowl0000geun/page/126 126]}}</ref> utawi "Univérsitas Téknik Rhenish-Westphalian".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herzog |first1=Laura Mae Jacqueline |editor-first1=Jung Cheol |editor-first2=Barbara M |editor-last1=Shin |editor-last2=Kehm |title=Micro-Pollutant Regulation in the River Rhine: Cooperation in a Common-Pool Resource Problem Setting |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-36769-5 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4975-7 |page=276}}</ref> Lembaga puniki ring Jerman ketah kasengguh ''RWTH Aachen'' utawi kaancengang ''RWTH''. Ancenganné nénten prasida kaalih basa nuju basa liyanan antuk mangindarin pawigunan kruna ''Hochschule'', sané ketah iwang kaalih basa dados [[sekolah menengah atas]]. Kabaos RWTH Aachen taler kasengguh ''TH Aachen'' utawi ''Univérsitas Aachen''.}} punika [[univérsitas riset]] negeri Jerman sané magenah ring [[Aachen]], Rhine-Westphalia Kalér, Jerman. Antuk langkung saking 47.000 mahasisya ngeranjing ring 144 program studi, ipun dados univérsitas téknik pinih ageng ring Jerman. == Catetan == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 6mlmpj70gbfcn6fnyxjrvk44kw6ce5y 0 44998 281268 182064 2026-08-27T22:36:17Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}} {{Infobox football club | clubname = Borussia Mönchengladbach | fullname = Borussia Verein für Leibesübungen 1900 e.V. Mönchengladbach<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kicker.de/borussia-mgladbach-ii-957/info |title=Bor. Mönchengladbach II – Vereinsinfo |work=[[Kicker (sports magazine)|kicker]] |access-date=20 February 2020 |language=de}}</ref> | image = Borussia Mönchengladbach logo.svg | upright = 0.65 | current = 2023–24 Borussia Mönchengladbach season | nickname = ''Die Fohlen'' (The Foals)<br />''Die Borussen'' (The Prussians) | founded = {{Start date and age|1900|8|1|df=yes}} (as ''FK Borussia 1900'') | capacity = 54,057<ref>{{Cite web|title=Borussia-Park|url=https://www.football-stadiums.co.uk/grounds/germany/borussia-park/|access-date=12 June 2021|website=Football Stadiums|language=en-gb}}</ref> | chrtitle = President | chairman = Rolf Königs | manager = [[Gerardo Seoane]] | league = {{German football updater|BoMönche}} | season = {{German football updater|BoMönche2}} | position = {{German football updater|BoMönche3}} | website = http://www.borussia.de | pattern_la1 = _monchengladbach2324h | pattern_b1 = _monchengladbach2324h | pattern_ra1 = _monchengladbach2324h | pattern_sh1 = _monchengladbach2324h | pattern_so1 = _monchengladbach2324hl | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _monchengladbach2324a | pattern_b2 = _monchengladbach2324a | pattern_ra2 = _monchengladbach2324a | pattern_sh2 = _monchengladbach2324a | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 008A45 | body2 = 008A45 | rightarm2 = 008A45 | shorts2 = 008A45 | socks2 = 008A45 | pattern_la3 = _lens2324a | pattern_b3 = _monchengladbach2324t | pattern_ra3 = _lens2324a | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = | leftarm3 = 000000 | body3 = 000000 | rightarm3 = 000000 | shorts3 = 000000 | socks3 = 000000 | stadium = [[Borussia-Park]] }} '''Borussia Mönchengladbach''' ({{IPA-de|boˈʁʊsi̯aː mœnçn̩ˈɡlatbax|lang|De-Borussia Mönchengladbach.ogg}})<ref>{{Cite book |title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch |last1=Krech |first1=Eva-Maria |last2=Stock |first2=Eberhard |last3=Hirschfeld |first3=Ursula |last4=Anders |first4=Lutz Christian |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-11-018202-6 |location=Berlin |pages=383 and 753 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch |url=https://archive.org/details/dudenaussprachew0000unse_s9z1 |last=Mangold |first=Max |publisher=Dudenverlag |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-411-04066-7 |edition=6th |location=Mannheim |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dudenaussprachew0000unse_s9z1/page/212 212] and 560 |language=de}}</ref> inggih punika klub [[sépakbola]] profésional sané mabasis ring [[Mönchengladbach]], [[Rhine-Westphalia Kalér]], Jerman jzx4cj8xfp3k3s1f7a7d7lhvzzxmq73 0 45054 281259 248498 2026-08-27T22:30:34Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political division | name = Wawengkon Ibukota Ostrali | native_name = | settlement_type = [[States and territories of Australia|Territory]] | image_flag = | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of the Australian Capital Territory | image_seal = Coat of Arms of the Australian Capital Territory.svg | seal_size = 100px | seal_type = Coat of arms | seal_link = Coat of arms of the Australian Capital Territory | motto = For the King, the Law, and the People | nicknames = {{hlist|The Nation's Capital|The Bush Capital}} | image_map = {{Australian state map|Map=Australian Capital Territory in Australia.svg|align=center|border=none|width=300px}} | map_caption = Location of ACT in Australia<br />{{Coord|35|18|29|S|149|07|28|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Australia | established_title = Transferred to Commonwealth | established_date = 1 January 1911 | established_title2 = [[Responsible government]] | established_date2 = 1988 | largest_city = [[Canberra]] | leader_title1 = [[Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory|Chief Minister]] | leader_name1 = [[Andrew Barr]] ([[Australian Labor Party (Australian Capital Territory Branch)|ALP]]) | legislature = [[Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly]] | judiciary = [[Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory]] | national_representation = [[Parliament of Australia]] | national_representation_type1 = [[Australian Senate|Senate]] | national_representation1 = [[List of senators from the Australian Capital Territory|2 senators]] (of 76) | national_representation_type2 = [[House of Representatives (Australia)|House of Representatives]] | national_representation2 = 3 seats (of 151) | area_km2 = 2358 | area_land_km2 = 2358 | area_water_km2 = 0 | area_rank = 8th | area_rank_link = States and territories of Australia#Statistics | elevation_max_m = 1912 | elevation_max_point = [[Bimberi Peak]] | elevation_min_m = 429 | elevation_min_point = [[Murrumbidgee River]] | population_estimate = 455,869<ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/mar-2022|title=National, state and territory population – March 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=26 September 2022|access-date=27 November 2022|archive-date=21 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121204624/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/mar-2022|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 7th | population_rank_link = States and territories of Australia#Statistics | population_estimate_year = March 2022 | population_density_km2 = 190 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 1st | population_density_rank_link = States and territories of Australia#Statistics | GDP_nominal = AU$45.318&nbsp;billion<ref name="gspref">{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/national-accounts/australian-national-accounts-state-accounts/latest-release |title=5220.0 – Australian National Accounts: State Accounts |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=20 November 2022 |access-date=23 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_type = [[List of Australian states and territories by gross state product|GSP]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 6th | GDP_nominal_rank_link = List of Australian states and territories by gross state product | GDP_nominal_per_capita = AU$102,334 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 3rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link = List of Australian states and territories by gross state product | HDI = 0.980<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref =<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |website=Global Data Lab |language=en |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 1st | HDI_rank_link = List of Australian states and territories by Human Development Index | timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]] | utc_offset = +10:00 | timezone_DST = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +11:00 | calling_code = | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in Australia#Allocation|Postal abbreviation]] | postal_code = ACT | website = {{URL|act.gov.au}} | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:AU|AU–ACT]] {{Infobox place symbols | embedded = Yes | mammal = [[Brush-tailed rock-wallaby|Southern brush-tailed rock-wallaby]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cmtedd.act.gov.au/communication/flags |title=ACT Flags and Emblems |website=Chief Minister, Treasury and Economic Development Directorate |date=20 September 2019 |access-date=6 November 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109030011/https://www.cmtedd.act.gov.au/communication/flags |url-status=dead }}</ref> | bird = [[Gang-gang cockatoo]]<ref name="cockatoo"> {{cite web |title=Australian Capital Territory |url=http://www.parliament.curriculum.edu.au/act.php3#symbol |access-date=27 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305082719/http://www.parliament.curriculum.edu.au/act.php3#symbol |archive-date=5 March 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy}}</ref> | flower = [[Wahlenbergia gloriosa|Royal bluebell]]<ref name="bluebell"> {{cite web |url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/act.emblem.html |title=Floral Emblem of the ACT |access-date=27 May 2007 |author=Boden, Anne |date=23 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601054959/http://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/act.emblem.html |archive-date=1 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> | colour = Blue and gold<ref>{{cite web |author=Time to Talk Canberra |url=http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/communication/flags |title=ACT Flags and Emblems |publisher=CMD.act.gov.au |access-date=17 July 2016 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028030719/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/communication/flags |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} }} '''Wawengkon Ibukota Ostrali''' ('''ACT'''), yang kaloktah dados '''Wawengkon Ibu Kota Féderal''' ('''FCT''') nganti warsa 1938, inggih punika [[wawengkon féderal]] saking [[Ostrali]]. [[Canberra]], [[ibu kota]] Ostrali, magenah ring wawidangan niki. Magenah ring kelod kangin daratan Ostrali dados énklav sajangkepné ring [[Negara wagian miwah wawengkon ring Ostrali|negara wagian]] [[New South Wales]]. Kaadegang sesampun [[Féderasi Ostrali|Féderasi]] dados [[pusat pameréntahan]] antuk negara anyar, wawidangan niki dados umah kantor pusat makasami lembaga kabuat [[Pameréntah Ostrali]]. == Cingak malih == * [[Undang-undang Hak Asasi Manusia 2004]] * [[Indeks suratan sane mapaiketan sareng Ostrali]] * [[Wawidangan Teluk Jervis]] * [[Stempel pendapatan saking Wawengkon Ibukota Ostrali]] == Cutetan == {{NoteFoot}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist|35em}} == Bibliograpi == *{{Cite book |title=The Penguin Australia Road Atlas |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books Australia |location=Ringwood, Victoria |isbn=0-670-88980-6 |ref={{harvid|Penguin Books Australia|2000}}}} *{{Cite book |title=UBD Canberra |year=2007 |location=North Ryde, New South Wales |publisher=Universal Publishers |isbn=978-0-7319-1882-9 |ref={{harvid|Universal Publishers|2007}}}} *{{Cite book |last=Vaisutis |first=Justine |title=Australia |url=https://archive.org/details/australia0000unse_m0d4 |location=Footscray, Victoria |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-74179-160-0}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Australian Capital Territory|Australian Capital Territory}} *[http://www.act.gov.au/ Government of the Australian Capital Territory] *[http://www.parliament.act.gov.au/ Legislative Assembly of the Australian Capital Territory] *[http://www.courts.act.gov.au/ Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory] *[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/66f306f503e529a5ca25697e0017661f/F221BFA073B3ABC6CA256AD4007F6845?opendocument Statistical Subdivisions of the Australian Capital Territory] *[https://www.arts.act.gov.au/public-art/list List of public art in Australian Capital Territory] *{{osmrelation|2354197}} {{Australian Capital Territory}} {{States and territories of Australia}} {{Capital districts and territories}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Wawengkon Ibu Kota Ostrali| ]] [[Kategori:Negara wagian miwah wawengkon ring Ostrali]] ip901r3rzfdhoskzhxqd0rxsoitl3si 0 45320 281225 213336 2026-08-27T22:12:19Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Bhima|artos liyanan|Bima (disambiguasi)}}{{DISPLAYTITLE:Bima (''Mahabharata'')}} {{Bedakan|Kabupatén Bima}} {{TMH Infobox| |Image=Bhima with mace.jpg |Nama=Bima |Devanagari=भीम |Kitab=''[[Mahabharata]], [[Bhagawadgita]], [[Purana]]'' |Ejaan_Sanskerta=Bhīma |Nama_lain=Werkodara, Bimasena, Bayusuta, Bratasena, Jagal Abilawa, Bimasuci(pendeta) |Profesi=Kesatria, juru masak (saat masa penyamaran),pegulat (saat masa penyamaran) |Tokoh=''Mahabharata'' |Tempat=[[Hastinapura]], lalu pindah ka [[Indraprastha]] |Dinasti=[[Kuru (raja)|Kuru]] |Kasta=kesatria|Ayah=[[Bayu]] (''de facto''),{{br}} [[Pandu]] (sah)|Ibu=[[Kunti]] |Anak=[[Gatotkaca]], [[Sutasoma]], Sarwaga, [[Antareja]], [[Antasena]], Srenggini, Sena Pideksa, Sri Pancasena |Asal=[[Kerajaan Kuru]] |Senjata=Gada, (Jawa) Kuku Pancanaka, Gada Rujakpala(Lambitamuka) |Istri=[[Dropadi]], [[Hidimbi]], Walandara, Nagagini, Urangayu, Rekatawati }} [[File:Bimasena Tengger.png|jmpl|275px|Bisamena ring rupa wayang Tengger]] '''Bima''' {{Sanskerta|भीम|Bhīma}} utawi '''Bhimaséna''' utawi '''Werkodara''' {{Sanskerta|वृकोदर|Vṛkodhara}} inggih punika silih tunggil tokoh protagonis ring [[wiracarita]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Dane okan [[Kunti]], tur kauningin pinaka tokoh [[Pandawa]] sane pinih siteng, tur katakutin olih para meseh dane,<ref>{{cite book|last=|author=Smith, with a preface by Christopher Key Chapple|first=|title=The Bhagavad Gita|url=https://archive.org/details/bhagavadgita0000unse_w6d5|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2009|isbn=9781438428420|edition=Peringatan 25 tahun|location=Albany|page=[https://archive.org/details/bhagavadgita0000unse_w6d5/page/24 24]}}</ref> yadiastun sujatine dane polos. Dane putra nomer kalih ri sajeroning Pandawa sane akehnyane limang sik. Semeton sane matunggalan aji sareng dane inggih punika [[Hanoman]], [[wanara]] sane kasub ring epos ''[[Ramayana]]''. ''Mahabharata'' nyaritayang indik Bima seda ring gunung sareng semetonne makapatpat rikala [[Bharatayuddha]] sampun puput. Satua punika kacaritayang ring jilid ka-18 ''Mahabharata'' sane mamurda ''[[Mahaprasthanikaparwa]]''. Bima dados silih tunggil tokoh saking [[susastra]] [[Agama]] [[Hindu]] sané sampun kasub ring sakancan lelampahan [[wayang]]. Bima punika wantah okan Sang Prabu [[Pandu]] sareng Dewi Kunti saking kota [[Astinapura]], kawéntenannyané ring [[gumi]] [[India]]. Bima madrebé raka kakalih, mapesèngan Sang Prabu [[Yudistira]] miwah Sang [[Arjuna]]. Siosan ipun Ida taler madrebé ari kembar kalih, sané mapesèngan Sang [[Nakula]] miwah Sang [[Sahadéwa]]. Sang Bima punika anak lanang sané wanén, kukuh, turmaning pageh ring sajeroning angga. == Etimologi == Kruna ''bhīma'' ring [[Basa Sansekerta|bahasa Sanskerta]] madue arti 'ebat', 'dahsyat', 'ngenyehin'.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.sanskritdictionary.com/bh%C4%ABma/164240/1|title=Arti kata ''bhīma''|publisher=Sanskritdictionary.com|author=Monier-Williams}}</ref> Wastan lianan Bima inggih punika Wrekodara, yening [[IAST|alih aksara bahasa Sanskerta]] dados ''vṛkodhara'', maarti ialah "basang sregala", saantukan dane seneng ngajeng.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.sanskritdictionary.com/v%E1%B9%9Bkodara/220309/1|publisher=Sanskritdictionary.com|author=Monier-Williams|title=Arti kata ''vṛkodhara''}}</ref> Wastan dane sane lianan inggih punika ''Bhīmasena'' sane madue arti [[panglima]] perang. == Embas == Ring [[wiracarita]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'' kacaritayang Dewi [[Kunti]] nunas majeng ring Dewa [[Bayu]], sang Dewa Angin. Bima embas sangkaning paswecan Dewa Bayu majeng ring Dewi Kunti. Sangkaning paswecan Ida taler, Bima dados anak sane pinih siteng. === Rabi miwah Oka === Bima meneng ring kadipaten Jodipati, wewidangan [[Indraprastha]]. Dane madue tigang rabi tur tigang oka, inggih punika: # Dewi Nagagini, maputra Arya Anantareja, # Dewi [[Hidimbi|Arimbi]], maputra [[Gatotkaca]] # Dewi Urangayu, maputra Arya Anantasena. Manut versi [[Banyumas]], Bima madue rabi malih asiki, inggih punika Dewi Rekatawati, maputra Srenggini. == Lihat pula == {{Commonscat|Bhima}} * [[Pandawa]] * ''[[Mahabharata]]'' == Pustaka == {{reflist|2}} {{Mahabharata}} [[Kategori:Pandawa]] gglcq5rg4r6ypwizhh9eio61pp24o0t 0 45493 281131 233662 2026-08-27T20:46:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Chaîne des Puys | photo = Come pariou.jpg | photo_caption = Cingakan Chaîne des Puys saking Puy de Dôme | elevation = maks. {{Convert|1464|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ring [[Puy de Dôme]] | prominence = | location = [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]], [[Prancis]] | range = [[Massif Pusat]] | map = Prancis | map_caption = Genah Chaîne des Puys | map_size = | coordinates = {{coord|45.5|N|2.8|E|type:mountain_region:FR}} | topo = | type = [[kojong abu]], [[kubah lava]], lan [[maar]] | age = Saking 7,000 nganti 95,000 warsa | last_eruption = 4040 SM ± 150 warsa | first_ascent = | easiest_route = |embedded={{designation list | embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = Chaîne des Puys - Aréna patahan téktonik Limagne | designation1_date = 2018 | designation1_type = Palemahan | designation1_criteria = (viii) | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1434 1434] | designation1_free1name = Wawengkon | designation1_free1value = [[Lis Situs Tetamian Jagat ring Éropa Kauh|Éropa Kauh]] }} }} '''Chaîne des Puys''' ({{IPA-fr|ʃɛn de pɥi|lang}}, maartos ''Ranté [[Puy|Puys]]'') inggih punika rangkaian [[kojong abu]], [[kubah lava]], lan [[maar]] sané maoriéntasi kalér-kelod ring [[Massif Pusat]] [[Prancis]].<ref>Johannes Baier: ''Das Vulkanfeld Chaîne des Puys.'' In: Aufschluss 72 (6), S. 310–321, 2021.</ref> Ranté punika lantangné sawatara 40&nbsp;km (25&nbsp;mi), lan fitur vulkanik sané kaidéntifikasi, sané marupa [[ladang vulkanik]],<ref name="Jouannic_etal_2014">{{cite journal | title=Occurrence of an unknown Atlantic eruption in the Chaîne des Puys volcanic field (Massif Central, France) | first1=G. | last1=Jouannic | first2=A.V. | last2=Walter-Simonnet | first3=G. | last3=Bossuet | first4=H. | last4=Cubizolle | first5=P. | last5=Boivin | first6=J.-L. | last6=Devidal | first7=C. | last7=Oberlin | journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research | year=2014 | volume=283 | pages=94–100 | doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.007 }}</ref> ring sajeroning 48 kojong abu, kutus kubah lava, lan 15 maar taler kawah letusan.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche/page/306 306]–307|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Titik pinih teegehné punika kubah lava [[Puy de Dôme]], magenah ring nampek tengah ranté, tegehné inggih punika {{Cvt|1465|m}}.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Aran niki kirang langkung maasal saking paistilah Prancis, ''[[wikt:puy#Prancis|puy]]'', sané nganggit majeng gunung marapi antuk profil ngabunter. Tanggal 4040 SM ketahné kacihnain antuk letusan untat gunung marapi Chaîne des Puys.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/chaine-des-puys|title=Chaine des Puys|website=Volcano World|publisher=Oregon State University|access-date=18 Pébruari 2016}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{Situs Tetamian Jagat ring Prancis}} [[Kategori:Perancis]] kq03sejorcgwjm0iewjimpyuu0wxwuj 0 45512 281153 233669 2026-08-27T21:22:02Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox World Heritage Site | image = Arc-triomphe.jpg | image_upright = 1.2 | caption = Arch Orange sané monuméntal | location = [[Orange, Vaucluse|Orange]], [[Vaucluse]], [[Prancis]] | part_of = [[Téater Romawi Orange|Téater Romawi]] miwah [[Oranye, Vaucluse|nampekanné]] tur "Triumphal Arch" Orange | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii), (iv)}}(iii), (iv) | ID = 163bis-002 | coordinates = {{coord|44|8|30.9|N|4|48|18.3|E|type:landmark|display=title, inline|format=dms}} | year = 1981 | extension = 2007 | area = {{convert|0.01|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | buffer_zone = {{convert|116|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | locmapin = Prancis Vaucluse#Prancis | map_caption = }} '''Palengkung Jayanti Orange''' utawi '''Triumphal Arch Orange''' ({{lang-fr|Arc de triomphe d'Orange}}) inggih punika [[palengkung jayanti]] sané magenah ring kota [[Orange, Vaucluse|Orange]], kelod kangin [[Prancis]].{{refn|group=catetan|Punika magenah 600 méter sikalér saking pusat kota saking rute [[Route nationale 7|N7]]}} Wénten paiyegan indik pidang palengkung niki kawangun,{{refn|group=catetan|Lis pustaka kailmuan sané ten nyumpu prasasti dados bukti pamanggalan konstruksi kaicain olih James C. Anderson, Jr., "Anachronism in the Roman Architecture of Gaul: The Date of the Maison Carrée at Nîmes" ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' '''60''',1 (Maret 2001:68-79) p. 71 note 12; Anderson nawahin tanggal révisi ring atenga kapertama abad kalih antuk [[Maison Carrée]]: "cutetné, sesampun tanggal Maison Carrée katakénang, makasami kronologi monumén Romano-Provençal punika perlu pakajian malih." (p. 72).}} sakéwanten panilikan anyar sané nampi prasasti punika dados bukti{{refn|group=catetan|Pinanggalan tradisional antuk palengkung jayanti [[Gallia Narbonensis]] karangkum ring Pierre Gros, "Pour une chronologie des arcs de triomphe de Gaule narbonnaise", ''Gallia'' '''37''' (1979:55-83)}} Sawatara tanggal ring aab pameréntahan kaisar [[Augustus]] (27 SM–AD 14).<ref name="Cleere"/> Kawangun ring lad [[via Agrippa]] antuk manghormatin para vétéran [[Yuda Galia]] lan [[Legio II Augusta]]. Salanaturné kawangun malih olih kaisar [[Tibérius]] antuk ngerayaang kamenangan [[Germanicus]] saking suku-suku Jerman ring [[Rhineland]].<ref name="Cleere"/> Palengkung nika madaging prasasti sané kaaturang majeng kaisar Tiberius ring warsa 27 M.<ref name="Bromwich">{{cite book | last = Bromwich | first = James | title = The Roman Remains of Southern France: A Guidebook | url = https://archive.org/details/romanremainsofso0000jame | publisher = Routledge | date = 1993 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/romanremainsofso0000jame/page/183 183]–186 | isbn = 0-415-14358-6 }} </ref> Sinarengan [[Téater Romawi Orange]], Triumphal Arch ngeranjing ring [[Situs Tetamian Jagat]] duk warsa 1981 santukan palestarian ipun sané ngulangunin.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/163/ |title = Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the "Triumphal Arch" of Orange |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 11 Oktober 2021}}</ref> == Catetan == {{Reflist|group=catetan}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{Situs Tetamian Jagat ring Prancis}} [[Kategori:Perancis]] q93bw0hzyaiiz6ktvz18qob5rg8yl1h 0 45545 281265 183725 2026-08-27T22:33:52Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Newcastle upon Tyne''', utawi '''Newcastle''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-NewcastleUponTyne(ShortA).ogg|nj|uː|ˈ|k|æ|s|əl}} {{respell|new|KASS|əl}}, <small>[[Nampi Pabaosan|RP]]:</small> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|nj|uː|k|ɑː|s|əl|audio=En-gb-rp-Newcastle-upon-Tyne.ogg}} {{respell|NEW|kah|səl}}),<ref name="Wells2008">{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|page=[https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse/page/539 539]|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> inggih punika kota katédral lan wawengkon métropolitan ring [[Tyne miwah Wear]], Inggris. Magenah ring sisi kalér [[Tukad Tyne]], ring seberang [[Gateshead]] sikelod. Punika paumahan pinih padet ring [[konurbasi]] [[Tyneside]] lan [[Inggris Kalér Kangin]].<ref name="2021census">{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2257a/fig1/datadownload.xlsx|title=Figure 1: Explore population characteristics of individual BUAs|access-date=7 Agustus 2021}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 62mfk9vl4zjz79a5frxemzdq17ysabv 0 45564 281218 244729 2026-08-27T22:08:16Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place | official_name = Belfast | type = Capital city | country = Northern Ireland | static_image_name = Wikibelfast1.jpg | static_image_width = 275px | static_image_caption = Skyline and buildings throughout the City of Belfast | static_image_2_name = Coat of Arms of Belfast.png | static_image_2_caption = [[Coat of arms of Belfast|Coat of arms]] with motto "''Pro Tanto Quid Retribuamus''" (Latin: "What shall we give in return for so much") | area_total_sq_mi = 51.16<ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation |area}}</ref> | population = | population_ref = [[Belfast Metropolitan Area|Metropolitan area]]:<br />671,559 (2011)<ref name=doeni>{{cite web|url= https://www.planningni.gov.uk/downloads/volume_1_-_plan_strategy___framework-2.pdf|title= Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan|website= Planningni.gov|access-date= 11 April 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013522/https://www.planningni.gov.uk/downloads/volume_1_-_plan_strategy___framework-2.pdf|archive-date= 7 November 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><br />Local Government District:<br />345,418 (2021)<ref name="demography2021">{{cite web |title=Area Explorer: Belfast |url=https://explore.nisra.gov.uk/area-explorer-2021/N09000003/ |website=NISRA.gov |publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927133256/https://explore.nisra.gov.uk/area-explorer-2021//N09000003/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> City Limits:<br /> 293,298 (2021)<ref name="2021 populations">{{cite web |title=Settlement 2015 |url=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d=PEOPLE&v=SETTLEMENT15&~SETTLEMENT15=N11000151+N11000243+N11000438+N11000447+N11000218+N11000564+N11000559+N11000099+N11000040+N11000537+N11000153 |website=NISRA |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> | label_position = none | post_town = BELFAST | postcode_area = BT | postcode_district = BT1–BT17, BT29 (part), BT36 (part), BT58 | dial_code = 028 | constituency_westminster = [[Belfast North (UK Parliament constituency)|Belfast North]] ([[Sinn Féin|SF]])<br />[[Belfast South (UK Parliament constituency)|Belfast South]] ([[Social Democratic and Labour Party|SDLP]])<br />[[Belfast East (UK Parliament constituency)|Belfast East]] ([[Democratic Unionist Party|DUP]])<br />[[Belfast West (UK Parliament constituency)|Belfast West]] ([[Sinn Féin|SF]]) | irish_name = Béal Feirste | irish_grid_reference = J338740 | scots_name = Bilfawst | unitary_northern_ireland = [[Belfast City Council|City of Belfast]] | lieutenancy_northern_ireland = [[County Antrim|Antrim]], [[County Down|Down]] | constituency_ni_assembly = [[Belfast North (Assembly constituency)|Belfast North]]<br />[[Belfast South (Assembly constituency)|Belfast South]]<br />[[Belfast East (Assembly constituency)|Belfast East]]<br />[[Belfast West (Assembly constituency)|Belfast West]] | website = {{official URL}} | pushpin_map = United Kingdom | coordinates = {{coord|54|35|47|N|05|55|48|W|display=inline,title}} }} '''Belfast''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɛ|l|f|æ|s|t|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Belfast.wav}} {{Respell|BEL-fast}}, {{IPAc-en|-|f|a:|s|t}} {{Respell|-fahst}};{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|-|f|a:|s|t}} antuk panyatur sareng [[Trap-bath split]], {{IPAc-en|-|f|æ|s|t}} antuk panyatur tanpa trap-bath}} saking {{lang-ga|Béal Feirste}} {{IPA-ga|bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ(ə)ʃtʲə|}}{{audio|Uladh - Aontroim - Béal Feirste.wav|}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKay |first=Patrick |title=A Dictionary of Ulster Place-Names |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofulst0000mcka |publisher=Cló Ollscoil na Banríona / Queen's University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-85389-896-2 |edition=2nd |location=Belfast |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofulst0000mcka/page/21 21]}}</ref><ref name="Logainm" /> inggih punika ibu kota taler kota pinih ageng ring [[Irlandia Kalér]].<ref>[http://www.royalmint.com/discover/ukcities/belfast_article.aspx Royal Mint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116072459/http://www.royalmint.com/discover/ukcities/belfast_article.aspx |date=2011-11-16 }} - Belfast</ref> Manut akéh kramanyané, Belfast inggih punika kota sané pinih ageng ka-14 ring [[Inggris]].<ref>[http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/population/cities.htm Woodlands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806082014/http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Customs/questions/population/cities.htm |date=2012-08-06 }} - What is the population of Britain's major cities ?</ref> miwah sané pinih ageng kaping kalih ring Nusa [[Irlandia]]. Belfast punika genah sané kaatur olih [[Eksekutif Irlandia Utara]] miwah [[Legislatif Irlandia Utara]].<ref name="MSN Encarta">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Northern Ireland | work = MSN Encarta – Northern Ireland | publisher = Microsoft | url = http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571415/Northern_Ireland.html | accessdate = 2007-10-29 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5kwPwcCDY?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571415/Northern_Ireland.html | archivedate = 2009-10-31 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Kota Belfast madué akéh kramanyané kirang langkung 267.500 diri<ref name="demography1" /> miwah magenah ring jantung [[Belfast Raya|wawidangan kota Belfast]], sané madué akéh kramanyané kirang langkung 579.276. [[Zona Perkotaan Gedé]], sekadi sané kasengguh olih [[Uni Éropa]], madué akéh kramanyané 641.638 diri. Belfast kadadosang kota duk warsa 1888. == Kota kembar == Belfast inggih punika kota kembar saking: * [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], Amérika Serikat<ref name="sisters">"[http://www.sister-cities.org/index.cfm Sister Cities Online Directory: UK, Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127193720/http://www.sister-cities.org/index.cfm |date=2011-11-27 }}." ''[[Sister Cities International]].'' Retrieved on 17 November 2011.</ref> * [[Hefei]], Républik Rakyat Cina<ref name="sisters2">"[http://www.4ni.co.uk/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=41466 Belfast signs sister city agreement with Hefei]." ''[http://www.4ni.co.uk/ 4NI.co.uk].'' Retrieved on 19 February 2008.</ref> * [[Wonju]], [[Koréa Kelod]] == Pustaka == {{reflist}} === Cutetan === {{notelist}} === Bibliograpi === * Jonathan Bardon (1982), ''Belfast An illustrated History.'' Belfast: Blackstaff Press, {{ISBN|0-85640-272-9}} * J. C. Beckett et al. (1983), ''Belfast, The Making of a City''. Belfast: Appletree Press, {{ISBN|0-86281-100-7}} * Ciaran Carson (1997), ''The Star Factory''. London: Granta Books, ISBN 9781862071179 * Feargal Cochrane (2023), ''Belfast: The Story of a City and its People.'' Yale University Press''.'' {{ISBN|978-0-300-26444-9}} * S. J. Connolly ed. (2012), ''Belfast 400: People, Place and History'', Liverpool University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-84631-635-7}} * Maurice Goldring (1991), ''Belfast, From Loyalty to Rebellion''. London: Lawrence & Wishart, ISBN 978-0-85315-722-81 * Robert Johnstone (1990), ''Belfast, Portraits of a City'', London: Barrie & Jenkins. {{ISBN|978-0-7126-3744-2}} * William Maguire (2009), ''Belfast, A History'', Lancaster: Carnegie. {{ISBN|978-1-85936-189-4}} * Bill Meulemans (2013), ''Belfast, Both Sides Now''. Create Space. {{ISBN|978-1-4791-9541-1}} * Raymond O'Regan (2010), ''Hidden Belfast: Benevolence, Blackguards and Balloon Heads''. Dublin: Mercier Press. {{ISBN|978-1-85635-683-1}} * Raymond O'Regan, Arthur Magee (2014), ''The Little Book of Belfast''. The History Press. {{ISBN|978-1-84588-803-9}} * Marcus Patton (1993), ''Central Belfast, An Historical Gazetteer''. Belfast: Ulster Architectural Heritage Society. {{ISBN|0-900457-44-9}} === Pranala jaba === {{Commons category|Belfast}} {{Wikivoyage}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/ Belfast City Council] {{inggris-geo-stub}} {{coord|54|35|49.2|N|5|55|48|W|display=title}} [[Kategori:Kota ring Irlandia Utara]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota negara ring Éropa]] 70862relrlm2gdvvgy9fq7j41rjcvnh 0 46316 281210 187182 2026-08-27T22:02:49Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Suidae | image = Suidae Collage.png | image_upright = 1.2 | image_caption = Spésiés suid saking généra masiosan; saking kiwa duur, saarah jaum jam: [[céléng alas]] (''Sus scrofa''), [[céléng cedil]] (''Porcula salvania''), [[céléng alas raksasa]] (''Hylochoerus meinertzhageni''), [[céléng tukad barak]] (''Potamochoerus porcus''), [[bangkal afrika]] (''Phacochoerus africanus''), [[bawirusa Sulawesi Kalér]] (''Babyrousa celebensis'') | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Oligosén|Holosén}} | taxon = Suidae | authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821 | type_genus = ''[[Sus (génus)|Sus]]'' | type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Généra | subdivision = Langkung saking 30 généra punah, 6 kantun, <br />cingak suratan. }} '''Suidae''' inggih punika [[kaluwarga (biologi)|kulawarga]] mamalia [[buron makuku genep|artiodactyl]] sané ketah kasengguh '''céléng''' utawi '''bawi'''. Siosan nika akéh fosil spésiés, 18 spésiés [[takson sané kantun wénten|kantun wénten]] sané mangkin sampun kauningin (utawi 19 spésiés kapeték sacara mabinayan saking bawi doméstik lan céléng alas), kaklasifikasiyang manados riantara papat lan kutus [[généra]]. Ring kaluwarga niki, génus ''Sus'' ngacakupin [[kucit|bawi anggonan]], ''Sus scrofa domesticus'' utawi ''Sus domesticus'', lan akéh spésiés céléng alas saking Éropa ngantos Pasifik. Genera liyanan ring sajeroning [[bawirusa]] lan [[bangkal afrika]]. Makasami ''suids'', utawi bawi, maasal saking [[Jagat Purwa]], kakawitin Asia ngantos Éropa tur Afrika. [[fosil]] pinih purwa maasal saking aab [[Oligosén]] ring Asia, lan warih ipun neked Éropa daweg [[Miosén]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_y8e7|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|pages= [https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_y8e7/page/269 269]|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}}</ref> Makudang fosil spésiés sané kauningin lan nujuang adaptasi majeng makudang macem pola amahan, kakawitin saking [[herbivora]] nganti minab ngamah bangké (ring [[Tetraconodontinae]]).<ref name="MamEv">{{cite book |author=Savage |first=R. J. G. |url=https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/212 |title=Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide |last2=Long |first2=M. R. |publisher=Facts on File |year=1986 |isbn=0-8160-1194-X |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/212 212–213]}}</ref> ==Soroh== [[File:Bearded pig 2.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Céléng brengos Kalimantan (''[[Sus barbatus]]'')]] [[Image:Chleuastochoerus.JPG|thumb|Fosil tengkorak ''[[Chleuastochoerus]]'']] {{See also|Lis saking suine}} Niki 18 spésiés suid sané kantun tur kauningin luiré:<ref>{{cite book | editor1-last= Wilson | editor1-first= Don E.| editor2-last= Mittermeier | editor2-first= Russell A. | date= 2011 |title= Handbook of the Mammal Species of the World, vol. 2|location= Barcelona|publisher= Lynx Edicions|pages= 274–291|isbn= 978-8496553774}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Gambar !! Génus !! Spésiés idup |- |[[File:Locha(js).jpg|175px]]||''[[Sus (génus)|Sus]]'' – céléng || *''Sus ahoenobarbus'' – [[céléng brengos Palawan]] *''Sus barbatus'' – [[céléng brengos Kalimantan]] *''Sus cebifrons'' – [[céléng singsing Visayan]] *''Sus celebensis'' – [[céléng singsing Sulawesi]] *''Sus oliveri'' – [[céléng kutil Mindoro]] *''Sus philippensis'' – [[céléng singsing Filipina]] *''Sus scrofa'' – [[céléng alas]] **''Sus scrofa domesticus'' – [[kucit|bawi doméstik]] (wéntén sané manadosang spésiés utuh, ''S. domestica'') *''Sus verrucosus'' – [[céléng singsing Jawa]] |- |[[File:Pygmy hog in Assam breeding centre AJT Johnsingh.JPG|175px]]||''Porcula'' || *''Porcula salvania'' – [[céléng cedil]] |- |[[File:Hylochoerus meinertzhageni2.jpg|175px]]||''Hylochoerus'' || *''Hylochoerus meinertzhageni'' – [[céléng alas raksasa]] |- |[[File:Laufendes Pinselohrschwein Zoo Landau.JPG|175px]]||''[[Potamochoerus]]'' || *''Potamochoerus larvatus'' – [[céléng bet]] *''Potamochoerus porcus'' – [[céléng tukad barak]] |- |[[File:Southern warthog (Phacochoerus africanus sundevallii) male.jpg|175px]]||''[[Phacochoerus]]'' – warthog || *''Phacochoerus africanus'' – [[bangkal afrika]] *''Phacochoerus aethiopicus'' – [[bangkal gurun]] |- |[[File:Hirscheber1a.jpg|175px]]||''Babyrousa'' – [[bawirusa]] || *''Babyrousa babyrussa'' – [[bawirusa Maluku]] *''Babyrousa bolabatuensis'' – [[bawirusa Bola Batu]] *''Babyrousa celebensis'' – [[bawirusa Sulawesi Kalér]] *''Babyrousa togeanensis'' – [[bawirusa Togéan]] |- |} === Philogéni === Kladogram saking Suidae. Arsip Philogéni Mikko (Basis druén McKenna & Bell, 1997, Liu, 2003 и Harris & Liu, 2007):<ref>{{Cite web|language=en|url=https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/artiodactyla/suina/suidae.html|title=SUIDAE – pigs|website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717181723/https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/artiodactyla/suina/suidae.html|archive-date=2021-07-17|access-date=2021-08-13}}</ref> {{clade|{{clade |1=? {{dagger}} ''[[Mabokopithecus]]'' |2={{dagger}} ''[[Hemichoerus]]'' |3={{dagger}} ''[[Paradoxodonides]]'' |4={{dagger}} ''[[Cainochoerus]]'' |5={{clade |label1={{dagger}} [[Hyotheriinae]] |1={{clade |1={{dagger}} ''[[Chleuastochoerus]]'' |2={{dagger}} ''[[Dubiotherium]]'' |3={{dagger}} ''[[Sinapriculus]]'' |4={{dagger}} ''[[Hyotherium]]'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1={{dagger}} [[Listriodontinae]] |1={{clade |1={{dagger}} ''[[Listriodon]]'' |2={{dagger}} ''[[Lopholistriodon]]'' |3={{dagger}} ''[[Eurolistriodon]]'' |4={{dagger}} ''[[Bunolistriodon]]'' }} |label2={{dagger}} [[Kubanochoerinae]] |2={{clade |1={{dagger}} ''[[Nguruwe]]'' |2=? {{dagger}} ''[[Kenyasus]]'' |3={{dagger}} ''[[Libycochoerus]]'' |4={{dagger}} ''[[Megalochoerus]]'' |5={{dagger}} ''[[Kubanochoerus]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{dagger}} ''[[Miochoerus]]'' |2={{clade |label1={{dagger}} [[Tetraconodontinae]] |1={{clade |1={{dagger}} ''[[Conohyus]]'' |2={{dagger}} ''[[Tetraconodon]]'' |3={{dagger}} ''[[Parachleuastochoerus]]'' |4={{dagger}} ''[[Lophochoerus]]'' |5={{clade |1={{dagger}} ''[[Sivachoerus]]'' |2={{clade |1={{dagger}} ''[[Nyanzachoerus]]'' |2={{dagger}} ''[[Notochoerus]]'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1={{dagger}} [[Namachoerinae]] |1={{dagger}} ''[[Namachoerus]]'' |label2=[[Suinae]] |2={{clade |label1=[[Suini]] |1={{clade |1={{dagger}} ''[[Korynochoerus]]'' |2={{dagger}} ''[[Hippopotamodon]]'' |3={{dagger}} ''[[Eumaiochoerus]]'' |4={{dagger}} ''[[Microstonyx]]'' |label5=''[[Sus (genus)|Sus]] [[sensu lato]]'' |5={{clade |1=''[[Sus (genus)|Sus]] [[sensu stricto]]'' |2=''[[Porcula]]'' |3=? ''[[Dasychoerus]]'' |4=? ''[[Euhys]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |label1=[[Potamochoerini]] |1={{clade |1=? {{dagger}} ''[[Celebochoerus]]'' |2=? {{dagger}} ''[[Propotamochoerus]]'' |3={{dagger}} ''[["Kolpochoerus" afarensis]]'' |4={{clade |1=''[[Potamochoerus]]'' |2={{clade |1={{dagger}} ''[[Kolpochoerus]]'' |2=''[[Hylochoerus]]'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1={{dagger}} [[Hippohyini]] |1={{clade |1={{dagger}} ''[[Sivahyus]]'' |2={{dagger}} ''[[Hippohyus]]'' |3=? {{dagger}} ''[[Sinohyus]]'' }} |2={{clade |label1=[[Babyrousini]] |1=''[[Bawirusa|Babyrousa]]'' |label2=[[Phacochoerini]] |2={{clade |1={{dagger}} ''[[Potamochoeroides]]'' |2={{dagger}} ''[[Metridiochoerus]]'' |3=''[[Phacochoerus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%}} == Pustaka == {{reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Wikispecies-inline}} {{Commons category-inline}} {{Artiodactyla|S.}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q166898}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Suidae| ]] 5gganuqma7fidf1f1bp9j30vwyamru8 0 46318 281089 187160 2026-08-27T20:16:42Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Céléng alas | fossil_range = Awal [[Pléistosén]]–[[Holosén]] | image = Wildschwein, Nähe Pulverstampftor (cropped).jpg | image_caption = Kaung [[Céléng alas Éropa Tengah]] (''S. s. scrofa'') | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Sus scrofa'' |author=Keuling, O. |author2=Leus, K. |date=2019 |page=e.T41775A44141833 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41775A44141833.en |access-date=16 Nopémber 2021}}</ref> | taxon = Sus scrofa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae édisi ka-10|1758]] | range_map = Sus scrofa range map.jpg | range_map_caption = Pasebaran sujati céléng alas sané karékonstruksi (ijo) lan populasi rauhan (béru) siosan [[Karibia]], [[Selandia Anyar]], [[Sub-Sahara Afrika]], miwah ring genah liyanan ring [[Bermuda]], [[Kanada Kalér]]<ref name=iucn/> | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title= |''andamanensis'' {{small|[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1858}}<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Artiodactyla |id =14200054 |heading=Species ''Sus scrofa''}}</ref> |''aruensis'' {{small|Rosenberg, 1878}}<ref name=msw3/> |''babi'' {{small|[[Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.|Miller]], 1906}}<ref name=msw3/> |''ceramensis'' {{small|Rosenberg, 1878}}<ref name=msw3/> |''enganus'' {{small|>[[Marcus Ward Lyon Jr.|Lyon]], 1916}}<ref name=msw3/> |''floresianus'' {{small|[[Fredericus Anna Jentink|Jentink]], 1905}}<ref name=msw3/> |''goramensis'' {{small|[[Oscar de Beaux|De Beaux]], 1924}}<ref name=msw3/> |''natunensis'' {{small|Miller, 1901}}<ref name=msw3/> |''nicobaricus'' {{small|Miller, 1902}}<ref name=msw3/> |''niger'' {{small|Finsch, 1886}}<ref name=msw3/> |''papuensis'' {{small|[[René Lesson|Lesson]] and [[Prosper Garnot|Garnot]], 1826}}<ref name=msw3/> |''scropha'' {{small|[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1827}}<ref name=msw3/><ref>{{cite book |editor1=Cuvier, G. |editor2=Griffith, E. |editor3=Smith, C.H. |editor4=Pidgeon, E. |editor5=Gray, J.E. |editor6=Latreille, P.A. |editor7=Gray, G.R. |year=1827 |title=The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with Its Organization: Synopsis of the species of the class Mammalia, as arranged ... by Cuvier and other naturalists [by J. E. Gray; the Ruminantia, by C. H. Smith] 1827 |publisher=G. B. Whittaker |volume=((3. Mammalia)) |author=Gray, J.E. |chapter=The Sanglier, or Wild Hog (''Sus crofa'') Buff. V. xiv. and xvii |pages=287–288 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/classmammalia31827cuvi/page/330/mode/2up}}</ref> |''ternatensis'' {{small|Rolleston, 1877}}<ref name=msw3/> |''tuancus'' {{small|Lyon, 1916}}<ref name=msw3/> }} }} '''Céléng alas''' ('''''Sus scrofa'''''), utawi '''bawi alas''',<ref name=heptner1988>{{cite book |last1=Heptner |first1=V. G. |last2=Nasimovich |first2=A. A. |last3=Bannikov |first3=A. G. |last4=Hoffman |first4=R. S. |year=1988 |url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsovietu11988gept#page/18/mode/2up |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola. |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union |volume=I |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution Libraries]] lan [[National Science Foundation]] |pages=19–82}}</ref> '''céléng alas ketah''',<ref name="oliver1993">{{cite book |last=Oliver |first=W. L. R. |display-authors=etal |year=1993 |chapter=The Common Wild Pig (''Sus scrofa'') |editor-last=Oliver |editor-first=W. L. R. |title=Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos – 1993 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |url=https://archive.org/details/pigspeccarieship0000unse |pages=112–121 |publisher=IUCN SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group |isbn=2-8317-0141-4}}</ref> '''céléng alas Éurasia''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758|url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=SUS&species=scrofa&id=1006377|access-date=2022-12-07|website=mammaldiversity.org|archive-date=28 Oktober 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028140029/https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=SUS&species=scrofa&id=1006377|url-status=live}}</ref> taler '''céléng liar''',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/boar-mammal|title=Boar – mammal|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=29 Agustus 2021|archive-date=27 Oktober 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027032248/https://www.britannica.com/animal/boar-mammal|url-status=live}}</ref> inggih punika [[Suidae|suid]] sané maasal saking makéhan [[Éurasia]] lan [[Afrika Kalér]], lan sampun kekanalang nuju [[Benua Amérika|Amérika]] lan [[Oséania]]. Spesies niki mangkin manados silih tunggil mamalia antuk populasi pinih jimbar ring jagat, lan taler [[Suina|suiform]] pinih kasebar jimbar.<ref name="oliver1993" /> Ipun sesampun kaajinin [[pinih lestari]] ring [[Lis Barak IUCN]] santukan pasebaranné sané jimbar, populasiné akéh, lan kamampuan maadaptasi majeng kaakéhan soroh kauripan habitat.<ref name=iucn/> Ipun sampun manados [[spésiés invasif]] ring makéhan wawengkon pasebaran ipun. Céléng alas minab maasal saking [[Asia Kelod Kangin]] ritatkala [[Awal Pléistosén]]<ref name=chen2007 /> lan ngunggulin spésiés segara liyanan ritatkala ipun kasebar nuju sajebag [[Jagat Purwa]].<ref name=kurten1968 /> {{As of|2005}}, sampun kauningin 16 [[subspésiés]], sané kakepah dados papat sekaa régional mawit tegeh tengkorak lan lantang [[tulang lakrimal]].<ref name=msw3 /> Spésiés niki idup ring sistem matriarkal sané madaging bangkung lan kucit sané saling manyama (becik luh muanj). Kauh ketahné ngeraga ring dura [[masa kawin]].<ref name="marsan75" /> [[Srigala]] inggih punika prédator utama céléng alas ring makéhan wawengkon alaminné siosan ring [[Kangin Doh]] lan [[Kapuloan Sunda Alit]], ring dija ipun kagentosin olih [[Macan]] tur [[Komodo]].<ref name="baskin2003">{{cite book |last1=Baskin |first1=L. |last2=Danell |first2=K. |year=2003 |title=Ecology of Ungulates: A Handbook of Species in North, Central, and South America, Eastern Europe and Northern and Central Asia |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |pages=15–38 |isbn=3-540-43804-1}}</ref><ref name="auffenberg1981">{{cite book |last=Affenberg |first=W. |year=1981 |title=The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor |publisher=[[University Press of Florida]] |page=248 |isbn=0-8130-0621-X}}</ref> Céléng alas ngelah lelintihan lantang ring hubungan ipun sareng [[manusa]], santukan pinaka leluhur saking makéhan ras [[kucit|bawi anggonan]] lan [[Paborosan buron ageng|buron borosan ageng]] ritakala pasiuan warsa. Céléng alas taler sampun mawali [[Hibrida (biologi)|kahibridisasi]] ring makudang dasawarsa ungkur niki sareng [[bawi léban]]; [[céléng alas–bawi hibrida]] niki sampun dados hama serius antuk beburon liar ring [[Benua Amérika|Amérika]] tur [[Ostrali]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} q26ld50kmugw6wq25mjkja2d29d21h1 0 46383 281130 245524 2026-08-27T20:45:18Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Lynx barak | image = Bobcat at Columbus Zoo Boo.jpg | image_caption = Lynx barak ring [[Taman Buron Columbus]] | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Lynx rufus'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Kelly, M. |author2=Morin, D. |author3=Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A. |date=2016 |page=e.T12521A50655874 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12521A50655874.en |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A2 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/> | taxon = Lynx rufus | authority = ([[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreber]], 1777) | synonyms = [[Lynx barak#Taksonomi miwah évolusi|Cingak suratan]] | range_map = Bobcat distribution2016.jpg | range_map_caption = Pasebaran ring 2016<ref name=iucn /> }} [[File:Bobcat (Lynx rufus) in Buckeye Tree.webm|thumb|Vidéo saking Bobcat (Lynx rufus) ring Pohon Buckeye]] '''Lynx barak''' ('''''Lynx rufus'''''), taler kasengguh '''Bobcat''', inggih punika silih tunggil saking papat spésiés sané kantun idup ring [[Felidae|méong]] liar maukuran sedeng saking [[génus]] ''[[Lynx]]''. Maasal saking [[Amérika Kalér]], sawatara saking [[Kanada]] pahan kelod ngantos makéhan [[Amérika Serikat]] nganti [[Oaxaca]] ring [[Méksiko]]. Lynx niki ngeranjing [[Kantun Lestari]] ring [[Lis Barak IUCN]] saking warsa 2002, santukan pasebaran ipun sané jimbar lan populasiné sané ageng. Yadiastun sampun kaboros jimbar becik kaanggén olahraga saha karereh buluné, populasinya yukti tegteg, yadiastun tedun ring makudang wawengkon.<ref name=iucn /> Ipun ngelah garis-garis selem sané khas ring batis maluné lan ikuh sané mamuncuk selem, mokoh (utawi "gelung"), sané dados asal usul aranné. Lantang totalné (ring sajeroning ikuh) ngantos {{cvt|125|cm|in|-1}}. Ipun [[prédator]] sané gelis maadaptasi tur nongosin wawengkon wana, semi-gurun, sisin kota, sisin wana, tur rawa. Ipun kantun magenah ring wawengkon jelajah sujatiné, sakéwanten populasiné rentan majeng [[koyoté]] lan buron ubuhan. Yadiastun lynx langkung demen [[kelinci]], ipun ngamangsa [[gumantat-gumintit]], [[ayam]], [[angsa]] tur [[paksi]] liyanan, [[buron pangerat]] alit, lan [[menjangan]]. Pamilihan mangsa mawit ring genah saha [[habitat]], masan, tur kalimpahan. Sekadi makéhan méong, lynx madué wawengkon tur makéhan ngarahh, yadiastun wénten makudang wawengkon jelajah sané tumpang tindih. Ipun nganggén makudang metode antuk [[ngacihnain wawidangan|ngacihnain wates wawidangan]] ipun, rumasuk lad regésan utawi lad encehan saha tai. Lynx ngamanakang saking masa dingin ngantos musim semi tur ngelah masa beling sawatara kalih sasih. Kalih [[subspésiés]] kauningib: asiki sikangin [[Dataran Ageng]], lan liyané sikauh Dataran Ageng. Paindikan niki kaenahang ring makudang satua krama adat ring Amérika Kalér lan Tengah, saha ring satua krama panjak Amérika warih Éropa. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Wacénan lantur== {{refbegin|40em}} * {{Cite book |last =Burton |first =M. |author2=Burton, R. |year =1970 |title =The international wildlife encyclopedia |volume=1 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cb7N0CV0JbAC&pg=PA253|pages=253–257 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corp |isbn= 978-0-7614-7266-7}} * {{Cite book |last =Hansen |first = K. |year = 2006|title =Bobcat: master of survival |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=HW0llAsJgWUC&pg=PP1|publisher= Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-518303-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Sunquist |first=M. E. |author2=Sunquist, F. |year =2002 |title=Wild Cats of the World |chapter=Bobcat ''Lynx rufus'' (Schreber, 1777) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA185 |pages=185–197 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |place=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-77999-7}} * {{Cite book|last =Van Wormer|first=J. |year=1963|title =The World of the Bobcat|url =https://archive.org/details/worldofbobcatali0000joev|publisher =J. B. Lippincott |oclc=684572}} {{refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Wikispecies|Lynx rufus}} {{Commons}} {{Wiktionary}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=96 |title=Bobcat |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |access-date=2024-02-10 |archive-date=2018-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714221825/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=96 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/bobcat.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612144559/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/bobcat.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2007 |title=Bobcats |publisher=National Geographic}} * {{Cite web |title=What are the secrets of Connecticut's Bobcats? |date=2019 |author=Skahill, P. |url=https://www.ctpublic.org/environment/2019-01-22/what-are-the-secrets-of-connecticuts-bobcats |publisher=Connecticut Public Radio / WNPR}} {{Carnivora|Fe.}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q131907}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Lynx|Barak Lynx]] qy3nrftvln5e1hj2i9m5zaa4vyqi569 0 46395 281041 266921 2026-08-27T19:35:31Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|patingkes danu pinih ageng ring jagat}} {{Redirect|Danu pinih ageng|danu pinih ageng manut volume|Lis danu manut volume|danu ring genah siosan Gumi|Lis danu miwah segara pinih ageng ring Tata Surya}} [[File:Fuller_projection_with_largest_lakes_by_area.svg|thumb|upright=2|[[Peta Dymaxion|Peta Dymaxion Gumi]] antuk 15 danu pinih ageng manut skalané]] Niki inggih punika apasang lis [[danu]] téréstrial antuk jimbar pamukaan langkung saking sawatara {{Convert|3000|km2|mi2|-2}}, kaicain peringkat manut [[aréa]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Historical Estimates of Limnicity |editor-last=Likens|editor-first=Gene E.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of inland waters|year=2009|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0120884629|edition=1st}} Table 1: The world's lakes >2000 km² in area, arranged in decreasing order of lake area. See also [http://stream.loe.org/images/110819/Downing%20&%20Duarte.pdf Lakes (Formation, Diversity, Distribution)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222131039/http://stream.loe.org/images/110819/Downing%20%26%20Duarte.pdf |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marsh|first=William M.|author2=Martin M. Kaufman |title=Physical geography : great systems and global environments|url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeograph0000mars|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521764285|pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicalgeograph0000mars/page/399 399] |others=Table 16.2: Great lakes of the world by lake type|date=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last=van der Leeden|editor-first=Frits|editor2-first=Fred L.|editor2-last=Troise|editor3-first=David Keith|editor3-last=Todd|title=The water encyclopedia|year=1991|publisher=Lewis|location=Chelsea, Mich.|isbn=9780873711203|pages=[https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000vand/page/198 198&ndash;200]|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000vand/page/198}}</ref> nénten sajeroning [[bendungan]] tur [[laguna]] Jimbar makudang danu prasida sanget mavariasi saking galah nuju galah, becik secara ngamasan utawi saking warsa ka warsa. Paindikan niki kautama mamargi ring [[danu uyah]] sané maiklim tuh. Santukan sekadi punika, lis niki nénten ngacakupin danu ngamasan sekadi [[Danu Éyre|Danu Kati Thanda–Éyre]] (jimbar maksimum {{Convert|9500|km2|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), [[Danu Mar Chiquita (Córdoba)]] (jimbar maksimum {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), [[Danu Torrens]] (jimbar maksimum {{Convert|5745|km2|abbr=on|disp=comma}}) tur [[Danu Uyah Ageng]] (jimbar maksimum, 1988, {{Convert|8500|km2|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). Lis niki kakepah dados kalih: makasami danu sekadi punapi kaartosan sacara konvénsional nganti {{Convert|3000|km2|mi2|-2}}, lan danu-danu ageng manut artos géologis, ring dija [[Segara Kaspia]] kaanggep dados segara alit lan nénten danu, saha [[Danu Michigan–Huron]] (utawi "Huron–Michigan") kaakuin dados asiki patoyan. Laut Kaspia sacara konvénsional kaanggep dados danu pinih ageng ring jagat, sakémanten mapusat ring [[pedokan samudra]] (satunggil fragmén saking [[Samudra Tethys]]) kuna lan nénten magenah sajangkepné ring duur kerak banua sekadi danu-danu liyanan di.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Plume over the Caspian Sea | date = 16 April 2008 | publisher = NASA | url = http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=8665 | access-date = 2010-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Caspian Sea | publisher = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98044/Caspian-Sea | access-date = 2010-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Endorheic Lakes| publisher = United Nations| url = http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/short_series/lakereservoirs-2/10.asp| access-date = 2010-11-29| archive-date = 2007-09-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023634/http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/Short_Series/LakeReservoirs-2/10.asp| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="DuMont">{{Cite web| last = DuMont | first = H.J. | title = The Caspian Lake: History, biota, structure, and function | publisher = [[American Society of Limnology and Oceanography]]| url = http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/127855.pdf| access-date = 2010-11-29}}</ref><ref>''Planet Earth And the New Geoscience'' (2003:154). Victor Schmidt, William Harbert, University of Pittsburgh</ref> [[Danu Michigan]] tur [[Danu Huron]] sacara konvénsional kapeték dados danu kawelasang, sakéwanten sacara hidrologi makakalih pinaka asiki patoyan, sané dados danu pinih ageng ring jagat manut jimbar pamukaan.<ref name=CG>David Lees in ''[[Canadian Geographic]]'' writes, "Contrary to popular belief, the largest lake in the world is not Lake Superior but mighty Lake Michigan–Huron, which is a single hydrological unit linked at the [[Straits of Mackinac]]." Lees, David. "High and Dry" ''[[Canadian Geographic]]'' (Méi/Juni 2004) pp.94-108.</ref><ref name=GLERL>"Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake hydraulically because of their connection through the deep [[Straits of Mackinac]]." Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, part of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]. "[http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Programs/glscf/hydrology.html Great Lakes Sensitivity to Climatic Forcing: Hydrological Models] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808074846/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Programs/glscf/hydrology.html |date=2010-08-08 }}." NOAA, 2006.</ref><ref name=USACE>"Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake, as they rise and fall together due to their union at the Straits of Mackinac." U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "Hydrological Components" [http://www.edisonsault.com/CustServ/USACOE%20LS%20WATER%208%2007.pdf ''Record Low Water Levels Expected on Lake Superior''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015125647/http://www.edisonsault.com/CustServ/USACOE%20LS%20WATER%208%2007.pdf |date=2008-10-15 }}. Agustus 2007. p.6</ref><ref name=DEQ>{{cite web|url=http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,4561,7-135-3313_3677-15926--,00.html |title=Great Lakes Map |publisher=[[Michigan Department of Environmental Quality]] |access-date=20 Séptémber 2012}}</ref><ref name=geologydotcom>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/records/largest-lake.shtml |title= Largest Lake in the World |publisher= geology.com |access-date= 28 Séptémber 2012}}</ref> {{TOC left}} {{clear}} ==Lis konvénsional== Ring sor niki inggih punika danu-danu sané kaidéntifikasi sacara konvénsional majimbar langkung saking {{convert|3000|km2|abbr=on}}. {| border="0" |- |colspan="2" align="center"| {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" !colspan="7" align="center"|Warna [[banua]] |- |bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|[[Afrika]] |bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|[[Antartika]] |bgcolor="#98FF98"|[[Asia]] |bgcolor="#FFFF99"|[[Éurasia]] |bgcolor="#FFCCFF"|[[Éropa]] |bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|[[Amérika Kalér]] |bgcolor="#FFEBAD"|[[Amérika Kelod]] |} |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" |- style="vertical-align:bottom;" ! class=unsortable | Gambar alit, <br/>ring skala tetap[[File:Scale outline.png]] ! ! style="text-align:left;" | Aran ! style="text-align:left;" | Negara antuk garis pasisi ! Soroh ! Jimbar ! Lantang ! Dalem {{abbr|maks.|maksimum}} <br/> ! Volume ! Catetan |- style="vertical-align:top;" pics | align="center" | [[File:Caspian_outline.png]] | bgcolor="#FFFF99"|{{nts|1}} | align="left" |[[Segara Kaspia]] | align="left" | {{KAZ}}<br/>{{TKM}}<br/>{{AZE}}<br/>{{RUS}}<br/>{{IRN}} | align="center" | [[Danu uyah|Pakeh]] 1.2% | {{convert|389000<!--371000 main body + 18000 for Garabogazköl-->|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|1199|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|1025|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|78200|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" | Sacara géologis marupa segara alit kabinayang danu. Laguna [[Garbogazköl]], pinaka kapeték sacara maliyanan, pacang mangenahin paringkat ka-15 pinih ageng ring jagat, antuk jimbar {{convert|18000|km2|mi2|-2}}. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Superior outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |{{nts|2}} | align="left" | [[Danu Superior|Superior]] | align="left" | {{CAN}}<br />{{USA}} | align="center" | [[Toya ening|Ening]] | {{convert|82100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|616|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|406|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|12070|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | align="left" | Pinih ageng saking [[danu Great]] manut volume, ngelah langkung toya pantaraning gabungan papat danu liyanan.<ref name=Superior>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529233616/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html |archive-date=2012-05-29 |title=Great Lakes: Basic Information: Physical Facts |access-date=9 Nopémber 2011 |date=25 Méi 2011 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Victoria outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCCCFF" |{{nts|3}} | align="left" | [[Danu Victoria|Victoria]] | align="left" | {{TZA}}<br />{{UGA}}<br />{{KEN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|59940|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|322|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|81|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|2420|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" | Danu pinih ageng manut wawengkon ring Afrika.<ref name="WorldAtlas.com: Lake Victoria">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/lakevictoria.htm | title=WorldAtlas.com: Lake Victoria | access-date=18 Nopémber 2015}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Huron outline.png]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |{{nts|4}} | align="left" | [[Danu Huron|Huron]] | align="left" | {{CAN}}<br />{{USA}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|59590|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|332|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|229|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|3520|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | align="left" | Lobus sané langkung saking [[Danu Michigan–Huron]]. Madaging [[Nus Manitoulin]], nusa danu pinih ageng ding jagat.<ref name=Manitoulin>{{cite web | url=http://www.manitoulin-island.com/ | title=Manitoulin Island website | access-date=23 Nopémber 2014}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Michigan outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |{{nts|5}} | align="left" | [[Danu Michigan|Michigan]] | align="left" | {{USA}} | align="center" | Ening |{{convert|58030|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment">{{Cite web| date=2023-01-23|title=Physical Features of the Great Lakes |url=https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/physical-features-great-lakes|access-date=2023-06-02|website=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> | {{convert|494|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|282|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|4930|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | align="left" | Lobus sané alitan saking [[Danu Michigan–Huron]]. Danu pinih ageng (manut wawengkon) sané makasami magenah ring anegara. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Tanganyika outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCCCFF" |{{nts|6}} | align="left" | [[Danu Tanganyika|Tanganyika]] | align="left" | {{ubli|{{TZA}}|{{COD}}|{{BDI}}|{{ZMB}}}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|32900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|676|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|1470|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|18750|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" | Danu toya ening pinih lantang ring jagat tur pinih ageng katiga manut volume.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/582434/Lake-Tanganyika | title=Lake Tanganyika at Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date=23 Nopémber 2014}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Baikal outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#98FF98" |{{nts|7}} | align="left" | [[Danu Baikal|Baikal]] | align="left" | {{RUS}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|31722|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|636|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|1642|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|23610|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" | Danu toya ening pinih dalem tur pinih ageng ring jagat manut volume.<ref name=Baikal>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/lake-baikal-worlds-largest-freshwater-body-turning-swamp-ecologists-say-1682512 | title=Lake Baikal, World's Largest Freshwater Body | website=[[International Business Times]] | date=9 Séptémber 2014 | access-date=23 Nopémber 2014}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Great bear outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|8}} | align="left" | [[Danu Great Bear]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|31153|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|373|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|446|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|2234|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih ageng makasami Kanada,<ref>{{cite web|title=Plate 18. Large Lakes|url=http://ftp2.ctis.nrcan.gc.ca/pub/geott/atlas/archives/english/hydrological_atlas_1978/water_quantity_temperature_winds/18_Large_Lakes_1978_150.pdf|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|access-date=12 Séptémber 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120042558/http://ftp2.ctis.nrcan.gc.ca/pub/geott/atlas/archives/english/hydrological_atlas_1978/water_quantity_temperature_winds/18_Large_Lakes_1978_150.pdf|archive-date=20 Nopémber 2013}}</ref> tur pinih ageng ring pahan Lingkehan Arktik |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Nyasa outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | {{nts|9}} | align="left" | [[Danu Malawi|Malawi]] | align="left" | {{MWI}}<br />{{MOZ}}<br />{{TZA}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|29600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|579|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|706|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|8640|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Pinih akéh soroh spésiés ulam pantaraning danu liyanan ring dija ring jagaté.<ref name="Protected Areas Programme">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |access-date=2008-06-26 |date=Oktober 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archive-date=2008-05-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Great slave outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|10}} | align="left" | [[Danu Great Slave]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|27200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|480|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|614|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|1115|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih dalem ring Amérika Kalér.<ref name="WorldAtlas.com: Great Slave Lake">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/greatslave.htm | title=WorldAtlas.com: Great Slave Lake | access-date=23 Nopémber 2014}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Erie outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|11}} | align="left" | [[Danu Erie|Erie]] | align="left" | {{CAN}}<br />{{USA}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|25667|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|388|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|64|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|488|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | align="left" |Ngelah volume pinih alit saking [[Danu Great]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Winnipeg outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|12}} | align="left" | [[Danu Winnipeg|Winnipeg]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|24514|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|425|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|36|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|294|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |[[Wawengkon tangkepan toya]] pinih ageng pantaraning ukuran ipun. Nénten wénten danu ageng liyanan sané ngelah rasio saageng nika. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Ontario outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|13}} | align="left" | [[Danu Ontario|Ontario]] | align="left" | {{CAN}}<br />{{USA}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|18970|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|311|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|244|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|1631|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | align="left" |Magenah pinih éndép ring [[Danu Great]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Ladoga outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#FFCCFF" | {{nts|14}} | align="left" | [[Danu Ladoga|Ladoga]] | align="left" | {{RUS}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|17700|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|219|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|260|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|837|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih ageng ring Éropa.<ref name="feow.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/lake_onega_lake_ladoga | title=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: Lake Ladoga | access-date=23 Nopémber 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116170216/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/Lake_Onega_Lake_Ladoga | archive-date=16 Januari 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Balkhash outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#98FF98" | {{nts|15}} | align="left" | [[Danu Balkhash|Balkhash]] | align="left" | {{KAZ}} | align="center" | Pakeh 0.3% (variable) | {{convert|16400|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|605|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|26|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|100|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Pahan kauh babuk sané matoya ening. Pahan kangin daleman tur matoya pakeh. Danu niki nyusut jimbarné. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Vostok outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | {{nts|16}} | align="left" | [[Danu Vostok|Vostok]] | align="left" | {{flag|Antarktika}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|12500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|900|m|abbr=on|sortable=on|ft|disp=br}} | {{convert|5400|+/-|1600|km3|abbr=on|sortable=on|cumi|disp=br}} | align="left" | Danau terbesar di Antartika, tapi [[danu subglasial|subglasial]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Onega outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#FFCCFF" | {{nts|17}} | align="left" | [[Danu Onega|Onega]] | align="left" | {{RUS}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|9700|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|245|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|127|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|291|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinuh ageng kakalih ring Éropa. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Titicaca outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#FFEBAD" | {{nts|18}} | align="left" | [[Danu Titicaca|Titicaca]] | align="left" | {{PER}}<br />{{BOL}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|8372|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|177|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|281|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|896|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih tegeh sané prasida kalayarin ring jagat. Danu pagunungan pinih ageng tur pinih ageng ring Amérika Kelod. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Nicaragua outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|19}} | align="left" | [[Danu Nikaragua|Nikaragua]] | align="left" | {{NIC}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|8264|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|177|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|26|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|110|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" | Danu pinih ageng ring Amérika Tengah. Madaging [[kakia banténg|kakia toya ning]] . |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Athabasca outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|20}} | align="left" | [[Danu Athabasca|Athabasca]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|7850|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|335|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|124|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|204|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Sisa saking [[Danu Glétser McConnell] sané jimbar. Wawengkon tangkepan toya sané jimbar (rasio). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Reindeer outline.gif]] | bgcolor="CCFFFF" | {{nts|21}} | align="left" | [[Danu Reindeer|Reindeer]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|6650|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|245|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|219|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|113|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Wawengkon pinih dalem punika genah météorit ageng ulung, paristiwa nika sampun 100 yuta warsa sané riin. Doh langkung tua saking danu. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Turkana outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | {{nts|22}} | align="left" | [[Danu Turkana|Turkana]] | align="left" | {{KEN}}<br />{{ETH}} | align="center" | Pakeh 0.25% (sawat.) | {{convert|6405|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|248|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|109|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|193|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu gurun permanén tur danu alkali pinih ageng ring jagat.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.omovalley.com/Lake-Turkana-in-Kenya-it-is-the-worlds-largest-desert-alkali-lake.php | title=Omo Valley in Ethiopia, Lake Turkana | access-date=23 Nopémber 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031195526/http://www.omovalley.com/Lake-Turkana-in-Kenya-it-is-the-worlds-largest-desert-alkali-lake.php | archive-date=31 Oktober 2014 }}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Issyk-kul outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#98FF98" | {{nts|23}} | align="left" | [[Issyk-Kul]] | align="left" | {{KGZ}} | align="center" | Pakeh 0.6% | {{convert|6236|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|182|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|668|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|1736|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pagunungan pinih ageng tur danu uyah pinih dalem kakalih ring jagat. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Vänern outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#FFCCFF" | {{nts|24}} | align="left" | [[Danu Vänern]] | align="left" | {{SWE}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|5650|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|140|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|106|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|153|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" | Danu pinih ageng ring [[Uni Éropa]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Albert outline.png]] | bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | {{nts|25}} | align="left" | [[Danu Albert (Uganda)|Albert]] | align="left" | {{UGA}}<br />{{COD}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|5590|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name = "CIA World Factbook - Major Lakes">{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/major-lakes-area-sq-km/ | title=Major Lakes | access-date=9 Oktober 2023 | archive-date=2023-12-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207111215/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/major-lakes-area-sq-km | url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{convert|161|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|51|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|133|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" | |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Nettilling outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|26}} | align="left" | [[Danu Nettilling|Nettilling]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|5542|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|113|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|132|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|130|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left"| Danu pinih ageng ring satunggil nusa; [[Nusa Baffin]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.geocurrents.info/geonotes/lakes-on-islands-in-lakes-toba-and-taal-in-indonesia-and-the-philippines | title=Lakes on Islands | access-date=23 Nopémber 2014}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Winnipegosis outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|27}} | align="left" | [[Danu Winnipegosis|Winnipegosis]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|5370|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|245|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|17.2|km3|cumi|abbr=on| sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih ageng kakalih ring [[Manitoba]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Mweru outline.png]] | bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | {{nts|28}} | align="left" | [[Danu Mweru|Mweru]] | align="left" | {{ZMB}}<br />{{COD}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|5120|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|131|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|27|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|38|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih ageng kakalih ring [[pedokan drainase]] Kongo, Tanganyika dados sané pinih ageng. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Nipigon outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|29}} | align="left" | [[Danu Nipigon|Nipigon]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|4848|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|116|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|165|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|266|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih ageng sajangkepné irmh Ontario. Pahan saking pedoka drainase [[wawengkon Danu Great|Danu Great]]. Ketah kasengguh danu "kaenem" uatwi "kapitu", sinarengan [[Danu St. Clair|St. Clair]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Manitoba outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|30}} | align="left" | [[Danu Manitoba|Manitoba]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Pakeh 0.35% | {{convert|4706|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|225|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|14.1|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Sisa saking pralelintihan, [[Danu Gletser Agassiz]] sinarengan: Winnipeg lan Winnipegosis. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Taymyr outline.png]] | bgcolor="#98FF98" | {{nts|31}} | align="left" | [[Danu Taymyr|Taymyr]] | align="left" | {{RUS}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|4560|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|26|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|12.8|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih ageng sané makasami magenah ring Lingkehan Arktik. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Qinghai outline.png]] | bgcolor="#98FF98" | {{nts|32}} | align="left" | [[Danu Qinghai|Qinghai]] | align="left" | {{CHN}} | align="center" | Pakeh 1.4% (variable) | {{convert|4489|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} (2007) | | {{convert|32.8|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|108|km3|cumi|abbr=on| sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih ageng ring Cina. Ukuranné mavariasi. Magenah ring pedokan endorhéik. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Saimaa outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#FFCCFF" | {{nts|33}} | align="left" | [[Danu Saimaa|Saimaa]] | align="left" | {{FIN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|4380|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | | {{convert|82|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|36|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Wawengkon tangkepan toya danu pinih ageng ring negara-negara Nordik. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Lake of the Woods outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|34}} | align="left" | [[Danu Woods]] | align="left" | {{CAN}}<br />{{USA}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|4350|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|110|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|64|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|19.4|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Sawatar 15.000 nusa. Ukuran garis pasisi (rumasuk niki) sacara kasar: 105 000&nbsp;km. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Khanka outline.png]] | bgcolor="#98FF98" |{{nts|35}} | align="left" | [[Danu Khanka|Khanka]] | align="left" | {{RUS}}<br />{{CHN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|4190|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|18.3|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Ngelah rupa sakadi woh pir ring ukuran variabel. Ngembak ngentasi [[Tukad Amur]], sané maloloan ring [[Segara Jepang]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Sarygamysh outline.png]] | bgcolor="#98FF98" |{{nts|36}} | align="left" | [[Danu Sarygamysh|Sarygamysh]] | align="left" | {{TKM}}<br />{{UZB}} | align="center" | Pakeh 1.15% (sawat.) | {{convert|3955|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|125|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|68.56|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Magenah ring nampekan patengahan riantara [[pedokan Éndorhéik]] Kaspia lan lad Segara Aral. Nénten wénten drainase tukad sané mangkin. Kakuras maabad-abad sané riin nuju Segara Kaspia ([[Tukad Uzboy]]). Kacemar. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Dubawant outline.png]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |{{nts|37}} | align="left" | [[Danu Dubawnt|Dubawnt]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|3833|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | | | {{convert|91|km3|cumi|abbr=on| sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Pamukaan beku 10 sasih nyabran warsa. Ten wénten paumahan permanén ring sisianné. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Van outline.png]] | bgcolor="#98FF98" |{{nts|38}} | align="left" | [[Danu Van|Van]] | align="left" | {{TUR}} | align="center" | Pakeh 2.3% | {{convert|3755|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|119|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|451|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|642|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih ageng ring [[Kangin Tengah]]. Danu uyah pinih dalem katiga. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Peipus outline.png]] | bgcolor="#FFCCFF" |{{nts|39}} | align="left" | [[Danu Peipus|Peipus]] | align="left" | {{EST}}<br />{{RUS}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|3555|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | | {{convert|15.3|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|25|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu lintas wates pinih ageng ring Éropa. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Uvs outline.png]] | bgcolor="#98FF98" |{{nts|40}} | align="left" | [[Danu Uvs|Uvs]] | align="left" | {{flag|Mongolia}} {{flag|Russia}} | align="center" | Pakeh 1.9% (sawat.) | {{convert|3350|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|20|km3|cumi|abbr=on| sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih ageng ring Mongolia (manut wawengkon). Wawengkon tangkepan toyané sanget jimbar (éndorheik). |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:north aral outline.png]] | bgcolor="#98FF98" |{{nts|41}} | align="left" | [[Segara Aral Kalér]] | align="left" | {{KAZ}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|3300|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | | {{convert|42|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|28.7|km3|cumi|abbr=on| sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Sisa pinih ageng sané kapertama saking [[Segara Aral]]. Dumun polih dados danu pinih ageng kapat ring jagat. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | | bgcolor="#98FF98" |{{nts|42}} | align="left" | [[Danu Poyang|Poyang]] | align="left" | {{CHN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|3210|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|25.1|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|25.2|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |[[Danu]] tiya ning pinih ageng ring Cina, ring ukuran variabel. Genah mabuat antuk kauripan paksi. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | | bgcolor="#CCCCFF" |{{nts|43}} | align="left" | [[Danu Tana|Tana]] | align="left" | {{ETH}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|3200|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|25.6|km3|cumi|abbr=on| sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Wit saking [[Nil Pelung]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |{{nts|44}} | align="left" | [[Danu Amadjuak|Amadjuak]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|3115|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | | | {{convert|74|km3|cumi|abbr=on| sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Sacara géologis, pinaka danu “nguda” (sawat. 4.500 warsa). Pinih ageng kakalih ring Nusa Baffin. Pinih ageng katiga ring [[Nunavut]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |{{nts|45}} | align="left" | [[Danu Melville|Melville]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Pakeh 1.95% (sawat. rerata pamukaan lan dasar toya) | {{convert|3069|km2|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|140|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|256|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|313|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" | Loloan nuju Samudra Atlantik. Pedokan drainase pinih ageng ring [[Labrador]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | | bgcolor="#CCCCFF" |{{nts|46}} | align="left" | [[Danu Bangweulu|Bangweulu]] | align="left" | {{ZAM}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|3000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} (permanén) | {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|12|km3|cumi|abbr=on| sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="center" |Siluh tunggil asiki sistem [[tanah belus]] pinih ageng ring jagat. Wawengkon punika ngelah rawa-rawa tur [[dataran gentuh]]. Ukuran mavariasi ring danu babuk niki. Mabuat pisan antuk beburon lan paksi, ring wawengkon sané langkung jimbar. |} Wit antuk 20 danu pinih ageng (lan wawengkonné):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakeprofiles.asp?anchor=area|title=Largest Lakes (Area)|publisher=LakeNet|access-date=3 Maret 2013}}</ref> ==Lis géologi== Puniki alusin danu pinih ageng manut définisi géologis, sané ngelah jimbar langkung saking {{convert|17500|km2|abbr=on}}. {| border="0" |- |colspan="2" align="center"| {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" !colspan="7" align="center"|Warna [[banua]] |- |bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|[[Afrika]] |bgcolor="#FFFFFF"|[[Antartika]] |bgcolor="#98FF98"|[[Asia]] |bgcolor="#FFFF99"|[[Éurasia]] |bgcolor="#FFCCFF"|[[Éropa]] |bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|[[Amérika Kalér]] |bgcolor="#FFEBAD"|[[Amérika Kelod]] |} |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" |- style="vertical-align:bottom;" ! class=unsortable | Gambar alit, <br/>ring skala tetap[[File:Scale outline.png]] ! ! style="text-align:left;" | Aran ! style="text-align:left;" | Negara antuk garis pasisi ! Soroh ! Jimbar ! Lantang ! Dalem {{abbr|maks.|maksimum}} <br/> ! Volume ! Catetan |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Michigan-Huron outline.png]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |{{nts|1}} | align="left" | [[Danu Michigan–Huron|Michigan–Huron]] | align="left" | {{CAN}}<br />{{USA}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|117620|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|710|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|282|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|8450|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | align="left" | Madaging [[Nsua Manitoulin]], nusa danu pinih ageng ring jagat.<ref name=Manitoulin/> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Superior outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |{{nts|2}} | align="left" | [[Danu Superior|Superior]] | align="left" | {{CAN}}<br />{{USA}} | align="center" | [[Toya ening|Ening]] | {{convert|82100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|616|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|406|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|12070|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | align="left" | Pinih ageng saking [[Danu Great]] manut volume, ngelah langkung toya pantaraning gabungan papat danu liyanan.<ref name=Superior/> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Victoria outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCCCFF" |{{nts|3}} | align="left" | [[Danu Victoria|Victoria]] | align="left" | {{TZA}}<br />{{UGA}}<br />{{KEN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|59940|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|322|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|81|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|2420|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" | Danu pinih ageng manut wawengkon ring Afrika.<ref name="WorldAtlas.com: Lake Victoria"/> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Tanganyika outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCCCFF" |{{nts|4}} | align="left" | [[Danu Tanganyika|Tanganyika]] | align="left" | {{ubli|{{TZA}}|{{COD}}|{{BDI}}|{{ZMB}}}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|32900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|676|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|1470|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|18750|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" | Danu pjnih ageng kakalih manut volume tur pinih lantang kakalih. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Baikal outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#98FF98" |{{nts|5}} | align="left" | [[Danu Baikal|Baikal]] | align="left" | {{RUS}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|31722|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|636|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|1642|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|23610|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" | Danu pinih dalem ring jagat tur pinih ageng manut volume.<ref name=Baikal/> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Great bear outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|6}} | align="left" | [[Danu Great Bear]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|31153|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|373|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|446|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|2234|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih ageng makasami magenah ring Kanada,<ref>{{cite web|title=Plate 18. Large Lakes|url=http://ftp2.ctis.nrcan.gc.ca/pub/geott/atlas/archives/english/hydrological_atlas_1978/water_quantity_temperature_winds/18_Large_Lakes_1978_150.pdf|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|access-date=12 Séptémber 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120042558/http://ftp2.ctis.nrcan.gc.ca/pub/geott/atlas/archives/english/hydrological_atlas_1978/water_quantity_temperature_winds/18_Large_Lakes_1978_150.pdf|archive-date=20 Nopémber 2013}}</ref> lan danu pinih ageng sané atengané magenah ring Lingkehan Arktik |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Nyasa outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | {{nts|7}} | align="left" | [[Danu Malawi|Malawi]] | align="left" | {{MWI}}<br />{{MOZ}}<br />{{TZA}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|29500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|579|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|706|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|8640|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Neglah langkung spésiés ulam pantaraning danu liyanan ring dija ring jagaté.<ref name="Protected Areas Programme"/> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Great slave outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|8}} | align="left" | [[Danu Great Slave]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|27200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|480|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|614|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|1115|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih dalem ring Amérika Kalér<ref name="WorldAtlas.com: Great Slave Lake"/> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Erie outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|9}} | align="left" | [[Danu Erie|Erie]] | align="left" | {{CAN}}<br />{{USA}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|25667|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|388|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|64|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|488|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | align="left" |Ngelah volume pinih alit ring [[Danu Great]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Winnipeg outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|10}} | align="left" | [[Danu Winnipeg|Winnipeg]] | align="left" | {{CAN}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|24514|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|425|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|36|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|294|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |[[Wawengkon tangkepan toya]] pinih ageng pantaraning ukuran ipun. Nénten wénten danu ageng liyanan sané ngelah rasio saageng nika |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Ontario outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | {{nts|11}} | align="left" | [[Danu Ontario|Ontario]] | align="left" | {{CAN}}<br />{{USA}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|18970|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|311|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|244|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | {{convert|1631|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}}<ref name="USGovernment" /> | align="left" |Magenah pinih éndép ring [[Danu Great]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" | [[File:Ladoga outline.gif]] | bgcolor="#FFCCFF" | {{nts|12}} | align="left" | [[Danu Ladoga|Ladoga]] | align="left" | {{RUS}} | align="center" | Ening | {{convert|17700|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|219|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|260|m|ft|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|837|km3|cumi|abbr=on|sortable=on|disp=br}} | align="left" |Danu pinih ageng ring Éropa.<ref name="feow.org"/> |} ==Cingak taler== {{portal|Lakes}} [[File:Aral Sea.gif|thumb|Segara Aral 1960 nganti 2014. Nénten maukur.]] * [[Lis danu manut volume]] * [[Lis danu manut dalem]] * [[Lis danu pinih ageng ring Éropa]] * [[Nusa lan danu rékursif]] * [[Segara Aral]], sané riin dados danu pinih ageng kapat ring jagat, antuk jimbar {{convert|68,000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} * [[Danu Chad]], sané riin pinaka danu pinih ageng kasolas ring jagat, antuk jimbar {{convert|26,000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} * [[Danu Urmia]], sané riin majimbar {{convert|5,200|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}}, sakéwanten akéhné tedun dados aperdasa saking jimbarné ring warsa 2017. Saking daweg nika, jimbarné sampun munggah santukan wénten proyék réstorasi. * [[Lis laguna pinih ageng]] * [[Lis danu lan segara pinih ageng ring Tata Surya]] == Catetan miwah pustaka == ''Catetan: Jimbar danu minab akidik mabinayan mawit ring wit anggitané.'' ;Catetan {{Reflist|group=n}} ;Pustaka {{Reflist|2}} ==Wacénan lantur== * [https://books.google.com/books?id=2dk_SC5TIl8C&pg=PA8 Largest lakes of the former USSR], ''Water Quality Assessment of the Former Soviet Union'' (1998). {{ISBN|0419239200}}. * [https://books.google.com/books?id=XtZnWjnjahsC&pg=PA627 North America: Physical features], ''The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge'' (2011). {{ISBN|0312643020}}. ==Pranala jaba== * {{cite web|url=http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0001777.html |title=Large Lakes of the World |work=FactMonster |publisher=Pearson Education }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Danu manut jimbar lis}} [[Kategori:Lis danu|*]] [[Kategori:Lis manut jimbar|Danu]] 2mbj9r6wrx0u2iq1m70qi820nzitsrf 0 46621 281174 269565 2026-08-27T21:39:05Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = Univérsitas Otago | native_name = {{lang-mi|Te Whare Wānanga o Ōtākou}} | image_name = Arms of the University of Otago.svg | image_size = | caption = [[Univérsitas Otago#Lambang_lengan|Lambang]] | motto = {{lang-la|Sapere aude}} | mottoeng = Dare to be wise | established = 1869 | type = [[Univérsitas negeri|Negeri]] [[Univérsitas riset|panilikan]] [[Univérsitas Paguruan tegeh]] | endowment = [[Dolar Selandia Anyar|NZD]] $279.9 yuta (31 Désémber 2021)<ref name="Otago Foundation Trust Report 2021">{{cite web |url= https://www.otago.ac.nz/alumni/otago228815.pdf |access-date= 1 Désémber 2022|title=University of Otago Foundation Trust Annual Report 2021}}</ref> | budget = NZD $756.8 yuta (31 Désémber 2020)<ref name="Otago Annual Report 2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/otago828400.pdf|title=University of Otago Annual Report 2020|access-date=28 Juli 2021|archive-date=28 Juli 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728054349/https://www.otago.ac.nz/otago828400.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | chancellor = Stephen Higgs | vice_chancellor = [[David Murdoch (academic)|David Murdoch]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/campus/university-otago-appoints-new-vice-chancellor|title=University of Otago appoints new vice-chancellor|access-tanggal=30 Juni 2021|archive-date=30 Juni 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630232417/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/campus/university-otago-appoints-new-vice-chancellor|url-status=live}}</ref> | administrative_staff = 2,246 (2019)<ref name="quickstats">{{cite web |url= http://www.otago.ac.nz/about/quickstats.html#staff |title= Quick Statistics about the University of Otago |access-date= 23 Oktober 2007 |archive-date= 9 Pébruari 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130209203943/http://www.otago.ac.nz/about/quickstats.html#staff |url-status= live }}</ref> | academic_staff = 1,744 (2019)<ref name="quickstats" /> | students = 21,240 (2019)<ref name="quickstats" /> | undergrad = 15,635 (2014)<ref name="quickstats" /> | postgrad = 4,378 (2014)<ref name="quickstats" /> | doctoral = 1,579 (2019)<ref name="quickstats" /> | other = | city = [[Dunedin]] | province = [[Otago]] | country = Selandia Anyar (Māori: ''Ōtepoti, Ōtākou, Aotearoa'') | coor = {{Coord|45|51|56|S|170|30|50|E|region:NZ-OTA_type:edu|display=inline,title}} | campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]/[[College Town|University town]] <br /> {{convert|45|ha|acre|abbr=off}} | colours = Dunedin Blue and Gold <br /> {{color box|#00508F}} {{color box|#f9c013}} | free_label = Majalah Pelajar | free = [[Critic (majalah)|''Critic'']] | affiliations = [[Jaringan Univérsitas Matariki|MNU]] | website = [https://www.otago.ac.nz/ https://www.otago.ac.nz] | logo = Logo of the University of Otago.svg }} '''Univérsitas Otago''' ({{lang-mi|Te Whare Wānanga o Ōtākou}}) inggih punika [[Univérsitas Paguruan tegeh]] [[Univérsitas riset|panilikan]] [[Univérsitas negeri|negeri]] sané mabasis ring [[Dunedin]], [[Otago]], Selandia Anyar. Kaadegang duk warsa 1869, Otago inggih punika Univérsitas pinih purwa ring Selandia Anyar miwah silih tunggil univérsitas pinih purwa ring [[Oséania]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://myglobaluni.com/university/university-of-otago | title=Study at University of Otago, New Zealand &#124; myglobaluni | access-date=2024-02-20 | archive-date=2025-08-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813134629/https://myglobaluni.com/university/university-of-otago | url-status=dead }}</ref> Univérsitas niki kaadegang olih satunggil komite sané kamanggalain olih [[Thomas Burns (menteri, embas 1796)|Thomas Burns]],<ref name=PenguinHistoryKing>{{cite book|title=Penguin History of New Zealand|url=https://archive.org/details/penguinhistoryof0000king|last=King|first=Michael|page=[https://archive.org/details/penguinhistoryof0000king/page/209 209]|isbn=0-14-301867-1|year=2003}}</ref> miwah sacara resmi Kaadegang mawit parikrama [[Déwan Propinsi Otago]] ring 1869.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our History|url=http://www.otago.ac.nz/about/history/|website=www.otago.ac.nz|publisher=University of Otago|access-date=6 Séptémber 2016|archive-date=4 Pébruari 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204161136/https://www.otago.ac.nz/about/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Riantara warsa 1874 miwah 1961 Univérsitas Otago manados pahan saking fédéral [[Univérsitas Selandia Anyar]], miwah ngamedalang gelar antuk arané.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Otago, New Zealand |url=https://www.smc.edu/student-support/academic-support/transfer-center/articulation-agreements/international-schools/University-of-Otago.php |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.smc.edu |language=en}}</ref> Otago kaloktah antuk kauripan mahasisyané sané dinamis, khususné [[flatting]], sané ketah ring umah-umah tua. Mahasisya Otago madué dresta lami ring pangicayan aran umah ipun.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/discovering-stories-behind-flat-names|title=Discovering stories behind flat names|date=3 Maret 2014|first=Jonathan|last=Chilton-Towle|work=Otago Daily Times|access-date=19 Agustus 2016|archive-date=26 Pébruari 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226183347/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/discovering-stories-behind-flat-names|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dunedinflatnames.co.nz/about|title=Dunedin Flat Names Project|last=Gallagher|first=Sarah|date=2013|access-date=18 Oktober 2021|archive-date=17 Pébruari 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217231542/https://dunedinflatnames.co.nz/about/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gallagher |first1=Sarah |last2=Chapman |first2=Ian |title=Scarfie Flats of Dunedin|date=2019 |publisher=Imagination Press |location=Auckland |isbn=9780995110441}}</ref> Parab antuk mahasisya Otago, "Scarfie", maasal saking kabiasaan ipun nganggén [[syal]] rikala masan dingin ring wawengkon kelod.<ref name=TeAra_Scarfie_Flats>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/otago-places/7/2|title=Scarfie Flats|last=Secker, Nathan|encyclopedia=Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=10 Oktober 2012|archive-date=18 Désémber 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218135702/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/otago-places/7/2|url-status=live}}</ref> Parab "Scarfie" sampun magentos dados parab "Breather" ring makudang warsa ungkur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where Did the Word “Breather” Come From? |url=http://www.critic.co.nz/culture/article/9139/where-did-the-word-breather-come-from |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Critic - Te Ārohi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Oscar |date=2021-03-16 |title=Once students were scarfies, now they’re… ‘breathers’? |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/16-03-2021/once-students-were-scarfies-now-theyre-breathers |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=The Spinoff |language=en}}</ref> Tembang wisuda Univérsitas, Gaudeamus igitur, iuvenes dum sumus ("Durus iraga masenengan, sesukat iraga kantun yowana"), mingakuin pinaka mahasisya pacang terus ngadepin tantangan, yadiastun nénten setata anut sareng sané kaaptiang. Majalah mahasisya Univérsitas, ''[[Critic (majalah)|Critic]]'', inggih punika majalah pelajar pinih purwa ring Selandia Anyar. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons}} * [https://www.otago.ac.nz/ University of Otago homepage] * [http://www.ousa.org.nz/ Otago University Students' Association] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060421195604/http://www.clubsandsocieties.co.nz/ OUSA Clubs and Societies Centre] * [http://www.forbar.co.nz/downloads/{990E1EB2-7260-4017-B0B8-31FA3F4035E5}.pdf General outline of Burns, Hodgkins, and Mozart Fellowships] * [http://quantum.otago.ac.nz/condensate.html About the Bose–Einstein Condensate] * [https://www.otago.ac.nz/alumni/people/ University of Otago alumni profiles] {{Univérsitas Otago}} {{Jaringan Matariki}} {{Univérsitas ring Selandia Anyar}} {{Sains miwah Panilikan ring Selandia Anyar}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Univérsitas Otago}} [[Kategori:Univérsitas Otago| ]] 2j36fy798d4dcrxjb0dqtw3y11ff250 0 46653 281147 188682 2026-08-27T21:17:04Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Taranaki | settlement_type = [[Wawengkon ring Selandia Anyar|Wawengkon Selandia Anyar]] | total_type = Region | image_map = Taranaki in New Zealand.svg | image_blank_emblem = TaranakiRegionalCouncil-logo.svg | blank_emblem_size = 187px | subdivision_type = Negara | subdivision_name = [[Selandia Anyar]] | subdivision_type1 = Nusa | subdivision_name1 = [[Nusa Kalér]] | seat = [[Stratford, Selandia Anyar|Stratford]] | parts_type = [[Otoritas téritorial Selandia Anyar|Otoritas teritorial]] | parts_style = list | p1 = Distrik New Plymouth | p2 = Distrik Taranaki Kelod | p3 = Distrik Stratford (pahan) | leader_title = Pamucuk | leader_name = Charlotte Littlewood | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | area_total_km2 = 7257 | area_land_km2 = 7254.51 | population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Taranaki region|y}} | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |date=24 Maret 2023 |title=Regional gross domestic product: Year ended March 2022 |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/regional-gross-domestic-product-year-ended-march-2022/ |access-date=4 April 2023 |publisher=[[Badan Statistik Selandia Anyar]]}}</ref> |demographics2_title1 = Total |demographics2_info1 = [[Dolar Selandia Anyar|NZ$]] 9.599 miliar (2021) |demographics2_title2 = Per kapita |demographics2_info2 = NZ$ 75,643 (2021) | blank_name_sec1 = [[Indéks Pawangunan Manusa |HDI]] (2021) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.939<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/NZL/?levels=1+4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />{{color|green|sanget tegeh}} · [[Lis wawengkon Selandia Anyar manut Indéks Pawangunan Manusa|ka-3]] | timezone = [[NZST]] | utc_offset = +12 | timezone_DST = NZDT | utc_offset_DST = +13 | website = {{URL|http://www.trc.govt.nz/}} | name = | iso_code = NZ-TKI |image={{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 2/2/2 | image2 = Egmont National Park, December 2015, New Zealand (43).JPG | image3 = Dawson Falls, New Zealand.jpg | image4 = Stratford clock tower.jpg | image5 = Mt Taranaki, New Plymouth, New Zealand.jpg | image6 = Hawera from the Water Tower.jpg | image7 = Dairy calves near Okato.jpg }}}} '''Taranaki''' inggih punika [[wawengkon ring Selandia Anyar|wawengkon]] ring sisi kauh [[Nusa Kalér]] [[Selandia Anyar]]. Kaaranin mawit indik géograpis utamané, [[stratovolcano]] [[Gunung Taranaki]], taler kaloktah antuk Gunung Egmont. Pusat utamané inggih punika kota [[New Plymouth]]. Distrik New Plymouth inggih punika paumahan antuk langkung saking 65 persén populasi Taranaki.<ref name="QuickStats">{{NZ Quickstats2013|14110|Taranaki Region}}</ref><ref>{{NZ Quickstats2013|14111|New Plymouth District}}</ref> New Plymouth magenah ring Taranaki Kalér sinarengan [[Inglewood, Selandia Anyar|Inglewood]] lan [[Waitara, Selandia Anyar|Waitara]]. Kota Taranaki Kelod ngacakupin [[Hāwera]], [[Manaia, Taranaki|Manaia]], [[Stratford, Selandia Anyar|Stratford]], [[Eltham, Selandia Anyar|Eltham]], lan [[Ōpunake]]. Saking wars 2005, Taranaki sampun nganggén merek promosi punika "Like no other".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/97565795/taranaki-lika-no-other-trademark-dispute-resolved| title='Taranaki Like No Other' trademark dispute resolved| date=5 Oktober 2017| first=Helen| last=Harvey| publisher=Taranaki Daily News}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} == Wacénan lantur == * {{cite book |first=J.S. |last=Tullett |year=1981 |title=The Industrious Heart: A History of New Plymouth |publisher=New Plymouth District Council}} * {{cite book |first=James |last=Belich |author-link=James Belich (historian) |year=1988 |title=The New Zealand Wars |publisher=Penguin}} * {{cite book |first=Dick |last=Scott |year=1998 |title=Ask That Mountain |url=https://archive.org/details/askthatmountain0000dick |isbn=0-7900-0190-X |publisher=Reed}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Wikivoyage|Taranaki}} {{Commons category|Taranaki Region}} * [http://www.taranaki.info Taranaki – Like No Other: The Official Tourism website] * [http://www.pukeariki.com/ Puke Ariki: Taranaki's combined museum, library and visitor information centre] * [http://www.windwand.co.nz Taranaki Tourism website with in-depth information about the region and an image library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327121111/http://www.windwand.co.nz/ |date=27 Maret 2020 }} * [http://www.trc.govt.nz Taranaki Regional Council website] {{Wawengkon ring Selandia Anyar}} {{Distrik Taranaki Kelod}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|39|18|S|174|8|E|region:NZ_type:adm1st|display=title}} [[Kategori:Taranaki| ]] [[Kategori:Wawengkon ring Selandia Anyar]] lqervq5ulh5z7vy4sr7joclovyf19t6 0 46862 281040 189193 2026-08-27T19:35:11Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Steamboat Willie | image = Steamboat Willie 1928 Poster.png | alt = | caption = Theatrical release poster<ref name=Gerstein>{{cite book | last=Gerstein | first=David | title=Learn to Draw Mickey Mouse & Friends Through the Decades | url=https://archive.org/details/learntodrawmicke0000disn | publisher=Walter Foster Jr. | date=2015 | page=14 | isbn=978-1-60058-429-9}}</ref> | director = {{ubl|[[Walt Disney]]|[[Ub Iwerks]]}} | story = {{ubl|Walt Disney|Ub Iwerks}} | producer = {{ubl|Walt Disney|[[Roy O. Disney]] (co.)}} | starring = Walt Disney | music = {{ubl|[[Wilfred Jackson]]|Bert Lewis}} | animator = {{ubl|Ub Iwerks|Wilfred Jackson|Johnny Cannon|[[Les Clark]] ([[Inbetweening|inbetweener]])}} | color_process = Selem lan putih | studio = [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Studio]] | distributor = Pat Powers (Celebrity Productions/Cinephone sound) | released = {{Film date|1928|11|18}} (Amérika Serikat) | runtime = {{duration|m=7|s=47}} | country = Amérika Serikat | language = Inggris | budget = $4,986.69 }} '''''Steamboat Willie''''' inggih punika [[film cutet|film]] animasi cutet Amérika warsa 1928 sané kasutradarai olih [[Walt Disney]] lan [[Ub Iwerks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ub Iwerks, Walt Disney. Steamboat Willie. 1928 |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/302797 |website=Museum of Modern Art |access-date=1 Januari 2024 |archive-date=1 Januari 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101173917/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/302797 |url-status=live}}</ref> Film niki kaproduksi ring warna selem putih olih [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Studio]] tur kawedar olih Pat Powers, antuk aran [[Celebrity Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mouse and the Maker: How Walt Disney Made Some Noise for the Animation Industry – StMU Research Scholars |url=https://stmuscholars.org/the-mouse-and-the-maker-how-walt-disney-made-some-noise-for-the-animation-industry/ |access-date=1 Januari 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=1 Januari 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101132029/https://stmuscholars.org/the-mouse-and-the-maker-how-walt-disney-made-some-noise-for-the-animation-industry/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kartun ini kaanggep dados debut [[Mickey Mouse|Mickey]] miwah [[Minnie Mouse]], yadiastun makakalih karakter punika ngenah makudang sasih sadurungné ring tés pamitehan ''[[Plane Crazy]]''.<ref name="McGowan">{{Cite web |last=McGowan |first=Andrew |date=5 April 2023 |title=Mickey Mouse's Debut Wasn't in 'Steamboat Willie' — It Was in This |url=https://collider.com/mickey-mouse-short-plane-crazy/ |access-date=1 Januari 2024 |website=Collider |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208200312/https://collider.com/mickey-mouse-short-plane-crazy/ |url-status=live}}</ref> my6ey31eozu8x3exy9dgpw4jpm12jgv 0 46982 281189 241399 2026-08-27T21:50:18Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Tokugawa Ieyasu | honorific_prefix = {{small|[[Lis pangkat puri Jepang, jabatan miwah gelar|Pangkat Pertama Senior]]}} | native_name = {{nobold|徳川 家康}} | native_name_lang = ja | image = Tokugawa Ieyasu2.JPG | nickname = "Tosho Dai-Gongen" | office = ''[[Shōgun]]'' | term_start = 1603 | term_end = 1605 | monarch = [[Kaisar Go-Yōzei|Go-Yōzei]] | predecessor = [[Ashikaga Yoshiaki]] | successor = [[Tokugawa Hidetada]] | office1 = Manggala [[Soroh Matsudaira]] | predecessor1 = [[Matsudaira Hirotada]] | successor1 = [[Tokugawa Hidetada]] | term_start1 = 1549 | term_end1 = 1616 | office2 = Manggala [[Soroh Tokugawa]] | successor2 = [[Tokugawa Hidetada]] | term_start2 = 1567 | term_end2 = 1616 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * [[Nyonya Tsukiyama]] * [[Asahi no kata]]}} | children = {{plainlist| * [[Matsudaira Nobuyasu]] * [[Kamehime]] * [[Tokuhime (1565–1615)|Toku-hime]] * [[Yūki Hideyasu]] * [[Tokugawa Hidetada]] * [[Matsudaira Tadayoshi]] * [[Takeda Nobuyoshi]] * [[Matsudaira Tadateru]] * [[Matsudaira Matsuchiyo]] * [[#Raré|Matsudaira Senchiyo]] * [[Tokugawa Yoshinao]] * [[Tokugawa Yorinobu]] * [[Tokugawa Yorifusa]] * Furihime * Matsuhime * Ichihime ''Liyanan...'' }} | father = [[Matsudaira Hirotada]] | mother = [[Odai no Kata]] | birth_date = January 31, 1543 | birth_place = [[Kastil Okazaki]], [[Propinsi Mikawa|Mikawa]]<br>(mangkin [[Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]], Jepang) | birth_name = Matsudaira Takechiyo<br>({{lang|ja|松平 竹千代}}) | death_date = {{death date and age|1616|06|1|1543|01|31}} | death_place = [[Shizuoka, Shizuoka|Sunpu]], [[Kashōgunan Tokugawa]]<br>(mangkin [[Shizuoka, Shizuoka|Shizuoka]], Jepang) | signature = Tokugawa Ieyasu kao.jpg | blank1 = Parab liyanan | data1 = {{plainlist| *{{Nihongo|Matsudaira Jirōsaburō Motonobu|松平 次郎三郎 元信}} *{{Nihongo|Matsudaira Kurandonosuke Motoyasu|松平 蔵人佐 元康}} *{{Nihongo|Matsudaira Ieyasu|松平 家康}} }} | allegiance = {{plainlist| * [[Soroh Matsudaira]] * [[Soroh Imagawa]] * [[Soroh Oda]] * [[Soroh Toyotomi]] * [[Patempuran Sekigahara|Tentara Kangin]] * [[Pangadilan Kakaisaran ring Kyoto|Pangadilan Kakaisaran]] * [[Kashōgunan Tokugawa]] }} | unit = [[Soroh Tokugawa]] | commands = [[Kastil Édo]] | battles = [[Pangepungan Terabe]]<br>[[Pangepungan Marune]]<br>[[Pangepungan Kastil Kaminogō|Pangepungan Kaminogō]]<br>[[Patempuran Azukizaka (1564)|Patempuran Batogahara]]<br>[[Pangepungan Kakegawa|Kampanye Tōtōmi]]<br>[[Patempuran Anegawa]]<br>[[Patempuran Mikatagahara]]<br>[[Patempuran Nagashino]]<br>[[Propinsi Suruga#Periode abad patengahan|Kampanye Suruga]]<br>[[Pangepungan Takatenjin (1581)|Pangepungan Takatenjin]]<br>[[Patempuran Tenmokuzan]]<br>[[Patempuran Komaki lan Nagakute]]<br>[[Pangepungan Odawara (1590)|Pangepungan Odawara]]<br>[[Pamberontakan Kunohe]]<br>[[Patempuran Sekigahara|Kampanye Sekigahara]]<br>[[Pangepungan Osaka|Kampanye Osaka]]<br>''ring sor'' | module = {{Infobox Chinese | child=yes |kyujitai = 德川 家康 |shinjitai = 徳川 家康 |romaji = Tokugawa Ieyasu |hiragana = とくがわ いえやす }} | office3 = [[Daijō-daijin|Kanselir (Daijō-daijin)]] [[Jepang]] | term_start3 = 2 Méi 1616 | term_end3 = 1 Juni 1616 }} [[File:Tokugawa family crest.svg|thumb|Lambang [[Soroh Tokugawa]].]] {{Nihongo|'''Tokugawa Ieyasu'''{{efn|Wastan paica Ieyasu wénten kawacén '''Iyeyasu''’,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-Iyeyasu.html|encyclopedia= Encyclopedia.com|title= Iyeyasu}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/iyeyasu |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |title= Iyeyasu}}</ref> manut pangucapan lelintihan aksara [[kana]]. ''[[he (kana)|he]]''. Ipun kaabadiang sacara anumerta ring [[Nikkō Tōshō-gū]] antuk peséngan {{nihongo|Tōshō Daigongen|東照大權現}}. }}|{{linktext|徳川|家康}}|extra=31 Januari 1543 – 1 Juni 1616; embas '''Matsudaira Takechiyo''' lan salanturné ngambil parab liyanan{{efn|Niki rumasuk '''Matsudaira Jirōsaburō Motonobu''', '''Matsudaira Kurandonosuke Motoyasu''', lan pungukuran, Tokugawa Ieyasu.}}}} inggih punika pangadeg saha ''[[shōgun]]'' kapertama saking [[Kashōgunan Tokugawa]] Jepang, sané ngameréntah saking duk warsa 1603 ngantos [[Réstorasi Méiji]] duk warsa 1868. Ipun inggih punika sinilih tunggil saking tiga "Pamasiki Ageng" Jepang, sinarengan sareng lad tuwan ipun [[Oda Nobunaga]] lan pada punggawa [[Klan Oda|Oda]] [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. Putra satunggil pianak raré [[daimyo]], Ieyasu polih urip dados sandera ring sor daimyo [[Imagawa Yoshimoto]] antuk parab ajiné. Ipun salanturné dados daimyo sesampun ajiné séda, manados sawitra, punggawa saha jénderal [[soroh Oda]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Perez, Louis G. |title=The history of Japan |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00pere |date=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-00793-4 |location=Westport, Conn. |oclc=51689128}}</ref> lan ngawangun kakuatan ring sor [[Oda Nobunaga]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=daimyo {{!}} Significance, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/daimyo |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Sesampun sédané Oda Nobunaga, Ieyasu polih manados saingané [[Hashiba Hideyoshi]], sadurung nganikayang satia tur ngutsaha antuk parabné. Ring sor Hashiba, Ieyasu kagingsirang nuju dataran [[wawengkon Kantō|Kanto]] ring Jepang pahan kangin, doh saking basis kakuatan Hashiba ring [[Osaka]]. Ipun ngawangun [[Kastil Édo|kastilné]] ring désa bandéga [[Édo]] (mangkin [[Tokyo]]). Ipun dados daimyo pinih kuat miwah perwira pinih senior ring sor pameréntahan [[soroh Toyotomi|Toyotomi]] (parab soroh anyar Hideyoshi). Ieyasu ngapertahanang kakuatan ipun ring upaya Toyotomi sané gagal antuk [[invasi Jepang nuju Koréa (1592–1598)|naklukang Koréa]]. Sesampun sédané Hideyoshi, Ieyasu nguatang kakuasaan duk warsa 1600, sesampun [[Patempuran Sekigahara]].<ref name=":0" /> Ipun nampi pangangkatan dados shōgun duk warsa 1603, lan sacara sukarela tedun tahta saking jabatanné duk warsa 1605, sakémanten tetap makuasa ngantos séda duk warsa 1616. Ipun nerapang indik parikrama yatna kadi kauningin dados sisten ''[[Keshogunan Tokugawa#Pameréntahan|bakuhan]]'', karancang antuk ngajaga daimyo lan samurai tetep kakendali ring sor Keshogunan Tokugawa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Catetan === <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Wacénan lantur == * [[Harold Bolitho|Bolitho, Harold]] (1974). ''Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan''. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-01655-0}}. {{oclc|185685588}}. * McClain, James (1991). ''The Cambridge History of Japan'' Volume 4. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. * McLynn, Frank (2008). ''The Greatest Shogun'', ''[[BBC History (magazine)|BBC History Magazine]]'', Vol. 9, No. 1, pp 52–53. * [http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/bunka/education/jubijutu_1_02.html あおもりの文化財 徳川家康自筆日課念仏 – 青森県庁ホームページ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922075000/http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/bunka/education/jubijutu_1_02.html |date=2020-09-22 }} {{in lang|ja}} * [[George Bailey Sansom|Sansom]], George (1961). ''A History of Japan, 1334–1615''. Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8047-0525-9}}. * Totman, Conrad D. (1967). ''Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600–1843''. Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{oclc|279623}}. == Pranala jaba == * {{Commons category-inline|Tokugawa Ieyasu}} {{Wikiquote}} {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Aab Séngoku]]}} {{s-ttl|title=''[[Shōgun]]'':<br>Tokugawa Ieyasu|years=1603–1605}} {{s-aft|after=[[Tokugawa Hidetada]]}} {{s-end}} ch2gmv0i4sdgd24dzotuhxd8hd6botf 0 47512 281293 249393 2026-08-28T00:55:03Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 281293 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:center"> Berkas:Lambang Kabupaten Sarmi.png|Panji Kabupatén Sarmi Berkas:91.10.00 Papua Sarmi.svg|Peta genah Kabupatén Sarmi ring nusa Papua Berkas:Lokasi Papua Kabupaten Sarmi.svg|Peta genah Kabupatén Sarmi ring Propinsi Papua </gallery> Puniki suratan indik '''Lis [[Distrik (Indonésia)|distrik]], [[kelurahan]], miwah [[Kampung (Papua)|kampung]] ring [[Kabupatén Sarmi]]''', [[Provinsi Papua]]. <onlyinclude>Kabupatén Sarmi madué 10 [[Distrik (Indonesia)|distrik]], 2 [[kelurahan]], miwah 92 [[Kampung (Papua)|kampung]] sareng jimbar wawidanganné 17.742,00 km² lan akéh kramanyané 36.726 diri (2017). Kode Wawidangan indik Kabupatén Sarmi inggih punika '''91.10'''<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref><ref name="Sarmi2018">{{cite web|url= https://sarmikab.bps.go.id/publication/2018/10/03/9a2ed4598b8b02b7ab9df518/kabupaten-sarmi-dalam-angka-2018.html |title= Kabupatén Sarmi Dalam Angka 2018 |publisher= BPS Kabupatén Sarmi |access-date= 6 Maret 2019}}</ref> Lis kecamatan miwah kelurahan ring Kabupatén Sarmi, inggih punika: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |--valign="top" style="background-color: #ccc;" ! rowspan=2|Kode <br/>Kéméndagri ! rowspan=2|Aran Distrik ! rowspan=2|Ibu kota ! colspan=2|Akéh ! rowspan=2|Status ! rowspan=2|Lis |- ! Kelurahan ! Kampung |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |'''91.10.01''' | rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Sarmi, Sarmi|Sarmi]] | rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Sarmi Kota, Sarmi, Sarmi|Sarmi]] | rowspan="2" align="center" |2 | rowspan="2" align="center" |9 | Kampung | {{Flatlist| * [[Armo, Sarmi, Sarmi|Armo]] * [[Bagaiserwar, Sarmi, Sarmi|Bagaiserwar]] * [[Bagaisewar II, Sarmi, Sarmi|Bagaisewar II]] * [[Lembah Neidam, Sarmi, Sarmi|Lembah Neidam]] * [[Liki, Sarmi, Sarmi|Liki]] * [[Pulau Armo, Sarmi, Sarmi|Pulau Armo]] * [[Sarmo, Sarmi, Sarmi|Sarmo]] * [[Sawar, Sarmi, Sarmi|Sawar]] * [[Tefarewar, Sarmi, Sarmi|Tefarewar]] }} |- | Kelurahan |{{Flatlist| * [[Mararena, Sarmi, Sarmi|Mararena]] * [[Sarmi Kota, Sarmi, Sarmi|Sarmi Kota]] }} |- | align="center" |'''91.10.02''' | align="center" |[[Tor Atas, Sarmi|Tor Atas]] | align="center" |[[Samanente, Tor Atas, Sarmi|Samanente]] | align="center" | - | align="center" |10 |Kampung | {{Flatlist| * [[Bota-Bora, Tor Atas, Sarmi|Bota-Bora]] * [[Denander, Tor Atas, Sarmi|Denander]] * [[Denender, Tor Atas, Sarmi|Denender]] * [[Kanderjan, Tor Atas, Sarmi|Kanderjan]] * [[Omte, Tor Atas, Sarmi|Omte]] * [[Safrom Tane, Tor Atas, Sarmi|Safrom Tane]] * [[Safron Tane, Tor Atas, Sarmi|Safron Tane]] * [[Samanente, Tor Atas, Sarmi|Samanente]] * [[Toganto, Tor Atas, Sarmi|Toganto]] * [[Waaf, Tor Atas, Sarmi|Waaf]] }} |- | align="center" |'''91.10.03''' | align="center" |[[Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Pantai Barat]] | align="center" |[[Arbais, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Arbais]] | align="center" | - | align="center" |16 |Kampung | {{Flatlist| * [[Arbais, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Arbais]] * [[Aruswar, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Aruswar]] * [[Burgena, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Burgena]] * [[Kamenawari, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Kamenawari]] * [[Kapeso, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Kapeso]] * [[Karfasia, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Karfasia]] * [[Masep, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Masep]] * [[Mertewar, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Mertewar]] * [[Nisro, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Nisro]] * [[Niwerawar, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Niwerawar]] * [[Samorkena, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Samorkena]] * [[Siantoa, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Siantoa]] * [[Subu, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Subu]] * [[Waim, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Waim]] * [[Wari, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Wari]] * [[Webro, Pantai Barat, Sarmi|Webro]] }} |- | align="center" |'''91.10.04''' | align="center" |[[Pantai Timur, Sarmi|Pantai Timur]] | align="center" |[[Betaf, Pantai Timur, Sarmi|Betaf]] | align="center" | - | align="center" |7 |Kampung | {{Flatlist| * [[Ansudu, Pantai Timur, Sarmi|Ansudu]] * [[Ansudu Dua, Pantai Timur, Sarmi|Ansudu Dua]] * [[Betaf, Pantai Timur, Sarmi|Betaf]] * [[Betaf Dua, Pantai Timur, Sarmi|Betaf Dua]] * [[Komra, Pantai Timur, Sarmi|Komra]] * [[Sunum, Pantai Timur, Sarmi|Sunum]] * [[Yamben, Pantai Timur, Sarmi|Yamben]] }} |- | align="center" |'''91.10.05''' | align="center" |[[Bonggo, Sarmi|Bonggo]] | align="center" |[[Kiren, Bonggo, Sarmi|Kiren]] | align="center" | - | align="center" |10 |Kampung | {{Flatlist| * [[Anus, Bonggo, Sarmi|Anus]] * [[Armopa, Bonggo, Sarmi|Armopa]] * [[Bebon Jaya, Bonggo, Sarmi|Bebon Jaya]] * [[Kiren, Bonggo, Sarmi|Kiren]] * [[Krim Podena, Bonggo, Sarmi|Krim Podena]] * [[Maweswares, Bonggo, Sarmi|Maweswares]] * [[Rimsersari, Bonggo, Sarmi|Rimsersari]] * [[Rotea, Bonggo, Sarmi|Rotea]] * [[Tarontha Srum, Bonggo, Sarmi|Tarontha Srum]] * [[Tetom, Bonggo, Sarmi|Tetom]] }} |- | align="center" |'''91.10.09''' | align="center" |[[Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Apawer Hulu]] | align="center" |[[Aurimi, Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Aurimi]] | align="center" | - | align="center" |10 |Kampung | {{Flatlist| * [[Airoran, Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Airoran]] * [[Aurimi, Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Aurimi]] * [[Bina, Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Bina]] * [[Kwawitania, Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Kwawitania]] * [[Maniwa, Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Maniwa]] * [[Murara, Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Murara]] * [[Sasawapece, Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Sasawapece]] * [[Surimania, Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Surimania]] * [[Tamaja, Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Tamaja]] * [[Wamariri, Apawer Hulu, Sarmi|Wamariri]] }} |- | align="center" |'''91.10.12''' | align="center" |[[Sarmi Selatan, Sarmi|Sarmi Selatan]] | align="center" |[[Wapoania, Sarmi Selatan, Sarmi|Wapoania]] | align="center" | - | align="center" |6 |Kampung | {{Flatlist| * [[Amsira, Sarmi Selatan, Sarmi|Amsira]] * [[Angkasa Dua, Sarmi Selatan, Sarmi|Angkasa Dua]] * [[Kasukwe, Sarmi Selatan, Sarmi|Kasukwe]] * [[Munukania, Sarmi Selatan, Sarmi|Munukania]] * [[Siaratesa, Sarmi Selatan, Sarmi|Siaratesa]] * [[Wapo, Sarmi Selatan, Sarmi|Wapo]] }} |- | align="center" |'''91.10.13''' | align="center" |[[Sarmi Timur, Sarmi|Sarmi Timur]] | align="center" |[[Waskey, Sarmi Timur, Sarmi|Waskey]] | align="center" | - | align="center" |8 |Kampung | {{Flatlist| * [[Bagaiserwar Dua, Sarmi Timur, Sarmi|Bagaiserwar Dua]] * [[Binyer, Sarmi Timur, Sarmi|Binyer]] * [[Ebram, Sarmi Timur, Sarmi|Ebram]] * [[Holmafen, Sarmi Timur, Sarmi|Holmafen]] * [[Sewan, Sarmi Timur, Sarmi|Sewan]] * [[Tanjung Batu, Sarmi Timur, Sarmi|Tanjung Batu]] * [[Waskey, Sarmi Timur, Sarmi|Waskey]] * [[Waskey/Tanjung Batu, Sarmi Timur, Sarmi|Waskey/Tanjung Batu]] }} |- | align="center" |'''91.10.14''' | align="center" |[[Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Pantai Timur Bagian Barat]] | align="center" |[[Nengke Dua, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Nengke Dua]] | align="center" | - | align="center" |11 |Kampung | {{Flatlist| * [[Arare, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Arare]] * [[Dabe, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Dabe]] * [[Dabe Dua, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Dabe Dua]] * [[Finyabor, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Finyabor]] * [[Finyabor Dua, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Finyabor Dua]] * [[Keder Lama, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Keder Lama]] * [[Nengke, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Nengke]] * [[Nengke Dua, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Nengke Dua]] * [[Tambrawar, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Tambrawar]] * [[Timron/Keder, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Timron/Keder]] * [[Wakde, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi|Wakde]] }} |- | align="center" |'''91.10.15''' | align="center" |[[Bonggo Timur, Sarmi|Bonggo Timur]] | align="center" |[[Mawes Mukti, Bonggo Timur, Sarmi|Mawes Mukti]] | align="center" | - | align="center" |5 |Kampung | {{Flatlist| * [[Gwinjaya, Bonggo Timur, Sarmi|Gwinjaya]] * [[Kapitiau, Bonggo Timur, Sarmi|Kapitiau]] * [[Mawes Mukti, Bonggo Timur, Sarmi|Mawes Mukti]] * [[Mawesday, Bonggo Timur, Sarmi|Mawesday]] * [[Tamar Sari, Bonggo Timur, Sarmi|Tamar Sari]] }} |- ! colspan="3" |Total !! 2 !! 92 !! !! |}</onlyinclude> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} == Cingak malih == * [[Kecamatan miwah kelurahan ring Papua]] * [[Kecamatan miwah kelurahan ring Indonésia]] * [[Kabupatén miwah kota ring Indonésia]] == Pranala jaba == * {{id}} [https://www.kemendagri.go.id/ Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501170242/https://www.kemendagri.go.id/ |date=2021-05-01 }} * {{id}} [https://www.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Republik Indonesia] * {{id}} [https://www.papua.go.id/ Pemerintah Provinsi Papua] * {{id}} [https://www.sarmikab.go.id/ Pemerintah Kabupatén Sarmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316155654/https://www.sarmikab.go.id/ |date=2023-03-16 }} * {{id}} [https://papua.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Papua] * {{id}} [https://sarmikab.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupatén Sarmi] {{Kabupatén Sarmi|state=expanded}} [[Kategori:Kecamatan miwah kelurahan ring Papua|Sarmi, Kabupatén]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén Sarmi]] 7wq64fi6zo24d4x90chmr3pqj40lcd0 0 47740 281222 192129 2026-08-27T22:10:36Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hukum gerak Newton''' inggih punika tiga [[Hukum Ilmiah|hukum]] sané ngambarang hubungan riantara [[gerak]] satunggil panandang miwah [[gaya]] sané makarya ring ipun. Hukum-hukum niki, sané manados dasar antuk '''mékanika Newton''', prasida kaparafraseyang sekadi puniki: #Satunggil panandang tetap mendep uatwi magingsir antuk kalajuan tetep ring garis beneng, tiosan pinaka panandang punika kapengaruhin olih satunggil gaya. # Gaya total ring satunggil panandang pateh sareng [[parcepatan]] akesep panandang punika kakaliyang sareng massa akesepné utawi, pateh sareng laju pagentosan [[momentum]] panandang majeng kala. # Pinaka kalih panandang saling ngicain gaya, sapunika gaya-gaya ipun akéhné pateh sakémanten arah ipun malawanan.<ref name="Thornton">{{cite book |last1=Thornton |first1=Stephen T. |last2=Marion |first2=Jerry B. |title=Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems |year=2004 |publisher=Brooke Cole |isbn=0-534-40896-6 |edition=5th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emI4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |page=49}}</ref><ref name="Cohen&Whitman">{{Cite book |title=The Principia, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/principiamathema0000newt |first=I. |last=Newton |translator-last1=Cohen |translator-first1=I.B. |translator-last2=Whitman |translator-first2=A. |location=Los Angeles |publisher=University of California Press |date=1999}}</ref> Katiga hukum gerak kapertama kanikayang olih [[Isaac Newton]] ring bukuné ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' (''Prinsip Matematika Tattwa Alam''), sané kapertama kawedar ring warsa 1687.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Newton|first1=Isaac|url=http://archive.org/details/newtonspmathema00newtrich|title=Newton's Principia: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy|last2=Chittenden|first2=N. W.|last3=Motte|first3=Andrew|last4=Hill|first4=Theodore Preston|date=1846|publisher=Daniel Adee|others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> Newton nganggénné antuk ngatilik lan ngapidartayang akéh gerak panandang saha sistem fisik. Daweg nika Newton dados pawikanan anyar, khususné paindikan konsép wasa, ngawangun widang [[mékanika klasik]] ring duur aledné. Kawatesan hukum Newton taler sampun kacunduk; téori anyar kaperluang ritatkala panandang magingsir antuk kagelisan sanget tegeh ([[rélativitas khusus]]), sanget ageng ([[rélativitas umum]]), utawi sanget alit ([[mékanika kuantum]]). == Pustaka == 9iv25o93opcfhwhzyjzk74gmsf1zboo 0 47823 281206 192861 2026-08-27T22:00:16Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz'''{{efn|Wénten ngawacén Leibnitz. Pangucapan: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aɪ|b|n|ɪ|t|s}} {{respell|LYBE|nits}},<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leibniz "Leibniz"] entry in ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈlaɪbnɪts|lang|De-Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.ogg}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Max |editor-last=Mangold |title=Duden-Aussprachewörterbuch (Duden Pronunciation Dictionary) |url=https://archive.org/details/dudenaussprachew0000unse_s9z1 |edition=7th |year=2005 |publisher=Bibliographisches Institut GmbH |location=Mannheim |language=de |isbn=978-3-411-04066-7 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> <small>utawi</small> {{IPA-de|ˈlaɪpnɪts|lang|De-Leibniz.ogg}};<ref>{{cite book |editor=Eva-Maria Krech |display-editors=etal |title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch (German Pronunciation Dictionary) |edition=1st |year=2010 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG |location=Berlin |language=de |isbn=978-3-11-018203-3 }}</ref> {{lang-fr|Godefroi Guillaume {{notatypo|Leibnitz}}}}<ref>Cingak prasasti ukiran sané kagambarang ring pahan "[[#1666–1676|1666–1676]]".</ref> {{IPA-fr|ɡɔdfʁwa ɡijom lɛbnits|}}.}} ({{OldStyleDateDY|1 Juli|1646|21 Juni}} – 14 Nopémber 1716) inggih punika satunggil [[polymath]] Jerman sané aktip dados [[matematikawan]], [[patattwa]], [[ilmuwan]] saha [[diplomat]] sané ngacunduj [[kalkulus]] siosan akéh carang [[matematika]] lan [[statistik]]. 49t67liloaasg48142ynsazk0ujvdy9 0 48670 281168 194620 2026-08-27T21:35:28Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Ngosngosan | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Miosén awal | Mangkin}} | image = Great hornbill Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg | image_caption = [[Ngosngosan ageng]]<br />''Buceros bicornis'' ring Mangaon, Raigad, Maharashtra, India | taxon = Bucerotidae | authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815 | subdivision_ranks = Généra | subdivision = 14, [[Ngosngosan#Spésiés|cingak suratan]] | range_map = Hornbill distribution map.png | range_map_caption = Pasebaran paksi ngosngosan }} '''Ngosngosan''' inggih punika [[kedis|paksi]] sané prasida kacunduk ring wawengkon tropis lan [[subtropis]] Afrika, Asia lan [[Mélanésia]] saking [[kaluwarga (biologi)|kulawarga]] '''Bucerotidae'''. Ipun ngelah cecirén sekadi bungutné ngelengkung tuun sané ketah mawarna nyalang tur wénten ngelah [[casque (anatomi)|casque]] sané magenah ring duur bungutné. Ngosngosan ngelah [[ginjal]] mabolong kalih. Ipun dados wantah paksi sané [[vertebra|baong vertebra]] kapertama lan kakalihné (soang-soang [[atlas (anatomi)|atlas]] lan [[sumbu (anatomi)|sumbu]]) masikian; niki minab ngacain kategtegan rikala makta paruhné.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Kemp, Alan|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000jose|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000jose/page/149 149]–151|isbn= 978-1-85391-186-6}}</ref> Kulawarga ipun rumasuk soroh omnivora, ngamah woh-wohan tur gumatat-gumitit. Ipun soroh [[Monogami ring buron|monogami]] sané masebun ring bolong alami ring taru saha masebun ring abing. Makéhan spésiés [[Spésiés sané kaancem|kaancem]] pacang [[punah]], ngosngosan wénten ring [[nusa|nusa]] antuk wawengkon jelajah sané alit, punika ring [[Asia Kelod Kangin]]. == Taksonomi == === Klad === Kladogram puniki sané ngenahang pasemetonan riantara généra kadasarin antuk studi [[filogénétik molékulér]] olih Juan-Carlos Gonzalez lan kolaborator sané kawedar duk warsa 2013.<ref name=gonzalez/> Akéh spésiés ring sawilang génus kaaambil saking lis paksi jagat sané kakelola olih [[Frank Gill (pawikan paksi)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela C. Rasmussen]] lan David Donsker antuk aran [[Pasikian Pawikan Ornitologi Internasional]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/mousebirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=9 January 2024 }}</ref> {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:90% |label1='''Bucerotidae''' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Lophoceros]]'' – 8 spésiés |2=''[[Tockus]]'' – 10 spésiés }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Berenicornis]]'' – ngosngosan jambul putih |2=''[[Horizocerus]]'' – 4 spésiés }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Ceratogymna]]'' – 2 spésiés |2=''[[Bycanistes]]'' – 6 spésiés }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Rhinoplax]]'' – ngosngosan gading |2=''[[Buceros]]'' – 3 spésiés }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Anorrhinus]]'' – 3 spésiés |2={{clade |1=''[[Ocyceros]]'' – 3 spésiés |2=''[[Anthracoceros]]'' – 5 spésiés }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Aceros]]'' – ngosngosan baong barak |2={{clade |1=''[[Rhyticeros]]'' – 6 spésiés |2={{clade |1=''[[Rhabdotorrhinus]]'' – 4 spésiés |2=''[[Penelopides]]'' – 5 spésiés }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} cautay6tiem2xxv4xnxu4lgl0i7qrqc 0 48681 281140 246512 2026-08-27T21:12:35Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | image = Rhinoceros_hornbill_national_aviary.jpg | image_caption = [[Ngosngosan warak]]<br>''Buceros rhinoceros'' | taxon = Buceros | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] | type_species = ''Buceros rhinoceros'' ([[ngosngosan warak]]) | type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Spésiés | subdivision = See text. | synonyms = ''Hydrocorax'' <small>[[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1760</small> }} '''''Buceros''''' inggih punika silih tunggil [[génus]] saking ngosngosan ageng [[Asia]] (kulawarga [[Bucerotidae]]). ==Taksonomi== [[Génus]] ''Buceros'' kakenalang ring 1758 olih naturalis Swédia [[Carl Linnaeus]] ring ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' [[Systema Naturae Édisi Kadasa|edisi kadasa]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=104 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727009 }}</ref> Aran ipun saking [[Basa Latin]] ''becerus'' maartos "tanduk sekadi lembu" ring dija kaambil saking [[Yunani Purwa]] boukerōs ring dija kacampuh sareng ''bous'' maartos "lembu" sareng ''kerōs'' maartos "tanduk".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=79 }}</ref> [[Soroh spésiés]] karancang antuk [[ngosngosan warak]] (''Buceros rhinoceros'') olih [[Daniel Giraud Elliot]] ring 1882.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Elliot | first=Daniel Giraud | author-link=Daniel Giraud Elliot | date=1882 | title=A Monograph of the Bucerotidae, or Family of the Hornbills | location= | publisher=Published for the subscribers by the author | page=xvi | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38534471 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1945 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=5 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=270 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480281 }}</ref> ===Spésiés=== Sadurungné [[ngosngosan gading]] magenah rjng sajeroning génus niki, sakémanten mangkin genha otoritas ipun makéhan kagenahang rinh génus [[monotipe]] ''[[Rhinoplax]]''. Sané mangkin génus niki kauningin madaging tatiga spésiés:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/mousebirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=10 August 2021 }}</ref> {{Spésiés table |genus=Buceros |authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]|authority-year= [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] |species-count=tiga|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}} {{Spésiés table/row |name=Ngosngosan warak |binomial=[[Buceros rhinoceros]] |image=Berkas:Hornbill 2.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt= |authority-name = Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original= |range = Kalimantan, Sumatera, Jawa, Samenanjung Malaya, Singapura, lan Thailand Kelod |range-image = |range-image-size = 180px |size= |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= VU |population= |direction= |subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Tiga subspésiés |bullets=on | ''B. r. borneoensis'' [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]] & [[Salomon Müller|Müller, S]], 1845 – [[Nusa Kalimantan|Kalimantan]] | ''B. r. rhinoceros'' Linnaeus, 1758 – south [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Sumatra]] | ''B. r. silvestris'' [[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1816 – [[Nusa Jawa|Jawa]] |no-note=y }} }} {{Spésiés table/row |name=Ngosngosan ageng|binomial=[[Buceros bicornis]] |image=File:Great Hornbill Goa.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt= |authority-name=Linnaeus|authority-year=1758|authority-not-original= |range=India, Bhutan, Nepal, Tengah Asia Kelod Kangin, Nusa Sumatera lan India Kalér Kangin |range-image=File:BucerosBicornisMap.svg |range-image-size=180px |size= |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status=VU |population= |direction= |subspecies= |no-note=y }} {{Spésiés table/row |name=Ngosngosan Filipina|binomial=[[Buceros hydrocorax]] |image=File:Buceros hydrocorax eating.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt= |authority-name=Linnaeus|authority-year=1756|authority-not-original= |range= Philippines |range-image= |range-image-size=180px |size= |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= VU |population= |direction= |subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on | ''B. h. hydrocorax:'' [[Nusa Luzon|Luzon]] lan [[Nusa Marinduque|Marinduque]] | ''B. h. semigaelatus:''[[Nusa Samar|Samar]], [[Nusa Leyte|Leyte]], [[Nusa Bohol|Bohol]], [[Nusa Panaon|Panaon]], [[Nusa Biliran|Biliran]], [[Nusa Calicoan|Calicoan]] lan [[Nusa Buad|Buad]] | ''B. h. mindanensis:'' [[Nusa Dinagat|Dinagat]], [[Nusa Siargao|Siargao]], [[Nusa Mindanao|Mindanao]] |no-note=y }} }} {{Spésiés table/end}} ==Pustaka== {{reflist}} * Kemp, A. C. (2001). Family Bucerotidae (Hornbills). pp.&nbsp;436–523 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. eds. (2001). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World.'' Vol. 6. Mousebirds to Hornbills. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. {{ISBN|84-87334-30-X}} === Cutetan === {{Notelist}} {{Cavitaves|B.|state=collapsed}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q850627}} [[Kategori:Buceros| ]] [[Kategori:Généra paksi]] [[Kategori:Paksi Asia Kelod Kangin| ]] {{Coraciiformes-stub}} e9t6a781pwrqm30ll2wgae4xoyhm0v2 0 49186 281296 200324 2026-08-28T06:52:06Z PicCrews 108832 281296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Youtuber saking Amérika Serikat}} {{Infobox Présidént | name = MrBeast | image = MrBeast in 2026 (cropped 4).png<!-- DO NOT upload just any photo of Donaldson that you found on the internet, as they are for the most part copyrighted. Please ensure that the pic is under a Creative Commons license or has an indication of written permission via OTRS. --> | caption = MrBeast ring taun [[2026]] | birth_name = James Stephen Donaldson | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|5|7}}<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1125779736872067072 |user=MrBeastYT |title=I'm going give someone random who retweets this tweet $10,000 because it's my birthday and I feel like being nice (you have to be following me so I can dm you the code if you win) |author=MrBeast |date=May 7, 2019 |access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1118146424603054083 |user=MrBeastYT |title=My 21st birthday is coming up and I can’t wait to celebrate it in Las Vegas by gambling an unhealthy amount of money |author=MrBeast |date=April 16, 2019 |access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Wichita, Kansas]], [[Amerika Serikat]] | origin = Greenville, North Carolina, [[Amerika Serikat]] | occupation = [[YouTuber]] | channels = {{ubl|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6OQ3DkcsbYNE6H8uQQuVA MrBeast]| [https://youtube.com/channel/UCAiLfjNXkNv24uhpzUgPa6A MrBeast Philanthropy]|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIPPMRA040LQr5QPyJEbmXA MrBeast Gaming]|[https://youtube.com/channel/UC4-79UOlP48-QNGgCko5p2g MrBeast Shorts]|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUaT_39o1x6qWjz7K2pWcgw Beast Reacts]|[https://youtube.com/channel/UCZzvDDvaYti8Dd8bLEiSoyQ MrBeast 2]}} | years_active = 2012–sekarang | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hiburan]] * [[komedi]] }} | subscribers = 215 juta | views = {{Round|{{Sum|37.7|}}|1}} miliar | stats_update = Oktober 2023 | network = ScaleLab<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scalelab.com/en#creators |title=ScaleLab Content Creators - ScaleLab.com |date=2020 |website=[[ScaleLab]] |access-date=April 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307151839/https://scalelab.com/en#creators |archive-date=March 7, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> | signature = MrBeast signature.svg | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[PewDiePie]] * [[Mark Rober]] }} | silver_button = yes | silver_year = 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5J6-5g2alp8 |title=100,000 SUBSCRIBERS.EXE |last=Donaldson |first=Jimmy |date=July 8, 2016 |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=November 13, 2019}}</ref> | gold_button = yes | gold_year = 2017<ref name="MrBeast">{{Cite web |url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/mrbeast6000/monthly |title=MrBeast's YouTube stats |website=Social Blade |url-status=live |access-date=November 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113131343/https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/mrbeast6000/monthly |archive-date=November 13, 2019 }}</ref> | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename= Mr Beast.ogg|title=Suara Jimmy Donaldson|type=speech|description=Pada saat [[2022 Kids' Choice Awards]]<br/>Direkam April 2022}} | diamond_button = yes | diamond_year = 2018 | ruby_button = yes | ruby_year = 2021 | red_diamond_button = yes | red_diamond_year = 2022 }} '''James Stephen "Jimmy" Donaldson''' ({{lahirmati|[[Kansas]], [[Amerika Serikat|Amérika Serikat]]|7|5|1998}}), sané pinih kaloktah ántuk alias onlinenyané '''MrBeast''', inggih punika [[Youtubé|YouTubér]] [[Amérika Sérikat|Amérika]] sané kaloktah antuk aksi lan filantropinyané sané maaji tégéh. Dané taler dados co-pencipta [[Team Trees]], sané pinaka penggalangan dana antuk ''Yayasan Hari Pohon''. Ida wántah anak sané dahat inspiratif lan sénéng. Kontén sané kakaryanin dané ngibur akéh [[YouTube]] sané nganggén. Jimmy talér madué 2 saluran sané wawú-wawú puniki kawangun, inggih punika MrBeast Gaming. ==Kahuripan pribadi== Donaldson embas ring tanggal 7 Mei 1998 ring [[Wichita, Kansas]]. Dane magenah ring Greenville, Carolina Utara, lan lulus saking Akademi Kristen Greenville duk warsa 2016. Manut Newsweek, Donaldson nglepasin perguruan tinggi mangda prasida nglanturang karir purna waktu dados YouTuber. Ring sajeroning wawancara online sareng [[Keemstar]], Donaldson maosang yéning ipun keni [[penyakit Crohn]]. Dané madué adik sané mawasta CJ Donaldson, sané madué saluran YouTube sané mawasta "MrBro". Ring bulan Juni 2019, Donaldson nguningayang yéning dané mapacaran sareng Maddy Spidell. ==Karir== Donaldson ngawit ngunggahang video ring [[YouTube]] ring warsa 2012 duk mayusa 13 tiban, antuk wasta "MrBeast6000"; konten awalne ngawit saking Let's Plays kantos "video sane narka kasugihan YouTuber liyanan". Nanging, videone tetep relatif nenten jelas – rata-rata sawatara siu tontonan soang-soang – kantos rilis 2017 videone "kaitung kantos 100.000" ngasilin puluhan ribu tontonan tuah saking makudang-kudang rahina. Ring Desember 2019, Donaldson madue langkungan saking 28 yuta pelanggan ring [[YouTube]] lan kakelola olih perusahaan manajemen bakat sane magenah ring Dallas Night Media. ==Usaha bisnis== ===Burger BapakBeast=== Will Hyde, produser ring saluran MrBeast, nguningayang ring artikel November 2020 sareng ''The Wake Weekly'' indik Donaldson pacang ngamedalang restoran virtual sane mawasta ''[[MrBeast Burger]]'' ring Desember 2020. Hyde maosang timnyane sampun makarya sareng Konsep Makan Virtual rikalaning nglimbakang konsep restoran. MrBeast Burger pacang ngadol hak waralaba anggen ngayahin burger ring restoran ring sajebag AS lan pelanggan pacang prasida mesen burger malarapan antuk layanan pengiriman online. ==Konten dan gaya== Video Donaldson biasanya menampilkan "aksi yang menarik perhatian". Dia sering membuat video tentang menyumbangkan ribuan dolar ke pita [[Twitch.tv|Twitch]], banyak dari video ini disponsori (walaupun dia telah menyumbang tanpa sponsor di masa lalu). Pada Januari 2017, Donaldson mengunggah video hampir setiap hari tentang dirinya yang menghitung menjadi 100.000. Aksi itu memakan waktu 40 jam, dengan beberapa bagian dipercepat untuk "menyimpannya di bawah 24 jam". Video berikutnya berjudul "Menghitung hingga 200.000 (Road to a Mil)" diunggah bulan berikutnya, meskipun, menurut Donaldson, video itu juga harus dipercepat karena penghitungan lima puluh lima jam penuh melampaui batas unggahan YouTube. Selain itu, Donaldson telah mencoba memecahkan kaca menggunakan seratus megafon, menonton cat kering selama satu jam, dan tidak berhasil dan berhasil mencoba memutar pemintal gelisah selama sehari, meskipun rekamannya hilang. Pada bulan Maret 2019, ia mengorganisir dan memfilmkan kompetisi pertarungan kehidupan nyata di [[Los Angeles]] dengan hadiah US$200.000. Beberapa video melibatkan pemberian sejumlah besar uang seperti memberikan barang senilai US$100.000 ke tempat penampungan tunawisma pada bulan Desember 2018, menyumbangkan US$32.000 untuk Program Prajurit Terluka Veteran, US$70.000 ke Rumah Sakit Penelitian Saint Jude Children's, dan US$10.000 ke tempat penampungan hewan lokal di Los Angeles. Selama [[PewDiePie vs T-Series]], sebuah kompetisi untuk menjadi [[Daftar saluran YouTube dengan pelanggan terbanyak|saluran yang paling berlangganan di YouTube]], Donaldson membeli billboard dan iklan radio untuk membantu [[PewDiePie]] mendapatkan lebih banyak pelanggan daripada [[T-Series]]; di [[Super Bowl LIII]], ia membeli beberapa kursi dengan penghuni yang kemejanya dijabarkan, "Sub 2 PewDiePie". ==Darmawan== ===Pohon Tim=== {{utama|Pohon Tim}} Ring tanggal 25 Oktober 2019 jam 19.00 [[UTC]], Donaldson lan mantan insinyur [[NASA]] lan YouTuber [[Mark Rober]] ngamargiang acara tantangan penggalangan dana kolaboratif ring YouTube sane mawasta #TeamTrees. Tetujon proyek puniki inggih punika mupulang US$20 yuta anggen [[Arbor Day Foundation]] ring tanggal 1 Januari 2020 lan nandur punyan ring Desember 2022. Pinaka gantinyane, organisasi puniki pacang nandur punyan asiki antuk sabilang dolar sane kasumbangang. Sabilang sumbangan nuju Yayasan Arbor Day sane majanji lakar nanem punyan abesik anggon sabilang dolar. YouTuber sane kasub sakadi [[[Rhett & Link]], [[[[[[]], [[iJustine]], [[[[[[]] [[[[]] [ [Simone Giertz]], [[Mata]], [[Lebih Cerdas Sabilang Rahina]] makta uratian ring pikayunan puniki. Wit pacang kakawitin katanem ring sasih Januari 2020 ring taman nasional Amerika Serikat. Ring 24 jam saking proyek 67 rahina, nampek US$4.000.000 sampun kasumbangang. Ring tanggal 19 Desember warsa punika, target US$20.000.000 sampun nglintangin. Lan ring tanggal 6 Maret 2020, proyek punika nincap langkungan saking US$21.700.000. Proyek puniki taler sampun ngamolihang sumbangan ageng saking eksekutif perusahaan [[Jack Dorsey], [[[[[]]], [[[[[]]], [[[[[]]], [[[[[[]] === Tim Segara === Ring tanggal 29 Oktober 2021 galah 21.00 UTC, Donaldson miwah mantan insinyur [[NASA]] miwah YouTuber [[Mark Rober]] ngawitin acara tantangan penggalangan dana kolaboratif ring YouTube sané mawasta #TeamSeas. Tetujon proyek puniki inggih punika mupulang US$30 yuta anggen [[Pelestarian Samudra]] lan [[The Ocean Cleanup]] ring tanggal 1 Januari 2022. Organisasi puniki pacang ngicalang siki pon sampah saking samudra antuk sabilang dolar sane kasumbangang. Ring tanggal 1 Januari 2022 ring galah 16.58 PST, tatujon US$30.000.000 sampun nglintangin suksma antuk sumbangan US$4.000.000 saking [[Austin Russell]]. ==Kritik'an== Ring Mei 2018, Donaldson kacacad olih Taylor Lorenz saking [[Atlantik]] santukan tweetnyane madaging caciren homofobik sakadi "[[Faggot|fag]]" miwah "homoseksual". Dané nyawis yéning "titiang nénten nyinggung akidik ring napi sané laksanayang titiang." == Cingak taler == * [[Daftar tokoh YouTube|lis tokoh YouTubé]] ==Reperensi== {{reflist}} ==Cantélan eksternal== *{{Resmi|https://www.nightmedia.co/mrbeast}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:MrBeast}} [[Kategori:Seniman pengguna YouTube]] [[Kategori:Gamer]] [[Kategori:Saluran YouTube yang didirikan tahun 2012]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Amerika Serikat]] [[Kategori:Selebritas YouTube Amerika Serikat]] qv6go4q4iik7awoddcbuv1gqd6yhri1 0 49444 281049 197495 2026-08-27T19:43:09Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = James Buchanan.jpg | caption = Portrait {{Circa|1850–1868}} | alt = Photograph of an elderly James Buchanan | order = 15th | office = President of the United States | vicepresident = [[John C. Breckinridge]] | term_start = March 4, 1857 | term_end = March 4, 1861 | predecessor = [[Franklin Pierce]] | successor = [[Abraham Lincoln]] | minister_from1 = United States | country1 = United Kingdom | president1 = Franklin Pierce | term_start1 = August 23, 1853 | term_end1 = March 15, 1856 | predecessor1 = [[Joseph Reed Ingersoll]] | successor1 = [[George M. Dallas]] | order2 = 17th | office2 = United States Secretary of State | president2 = {{plainlist| * [[James K. Polk]] * [[Zachary Taylor]] }} | term_start2 = March 10, 1845 | term_end2 = March 7, 1849 | predecessor2 = [[John C. Calhoun]] | successor2 = [[John M. Clayton]] | jr/sr3 = United States Senator | state3 = [[Pennsylvania]] | term_start3 = December 6, 1834 | term_end3 = March 5, 1845 | predecessor3 = [[William Wilkins (American politician)|William Wilkins]] | successor3 = [[Simon Cameron]] | minister_from4 = United States | country4 = Russia | president4 = [[Andrew Jackson]] | term_start4 = June 11, 1832 | term_end4 = August 5, 1833 | predecessor4 = [[John Randolph of Roanoke|John Randolph]] | successor4 = William Wilkins | office5 = Chairman of the [[House Judiciary Committee]] | term_start5 = March 5, 1829 | term_end5 = March 3, 1831 | predecessor5 = [[Philip P. Barbour]] | successor5 = [[Warren R. Davis]] | state6 = Pennsylvania | term_start6 = March 4, 1821 | term_end6 = March 3, 1831 | predecessor6 = {{plainlist| * [[Jacob Hibshman]] (3rd district) * [[James S. Mitchell]] (4th district) }} | successor6 = {{plainlist| * [[Daniel H. Miller]] (3rd district) * [[William Hiester (Pennsylvania politician)|William Hiester]] (4th district) }} | constituency6 = {{plainlist| * {{ushr|PA|3|3rd district}} (1821–1823) * {{ushr|PA|4|4th district}} (1823–1831) }} | state_house7 = Pennsylvania | constituency7 = [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]] | term_start7 = 1814 | term_end7 = 1816 | predecessor7 = Emanuel&nbsp;Reigart, Joel&nbsp;Lightner, Jacob&nbsp;Grosh, John&nbsp;Graff, Henry&nbsp;Hambright, Robert&nbsp;Maxwell | successor7 = Joel&nbsp;Lightner, Hugh&nbsp;Martin, John&nbsp;Forrey, Henry&nbsp;Hambright, Jasper&nbsp;Slaymaker, Jacob&nbsp;Grosh<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ellis |first1=Franklin |last2=Evans |first2=Samuel |date=1883 |title=History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yX7Ih0EQUaQC&pg=PA214 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Everts & Peck |page=214}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date|1791|4|23}} | birth_place = [[Cove Gap, Pennsylvania]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1868|6|1|1791|4|23}} | death_place = [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], U.S. | resting_place = [[Woodward Hill Cemetery]] | party = {{plainlist| * [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] (1814–1824) * [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] (1824–1828) * [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (from 1828) }} | relatives = {{plainlist| * [[Harriet Lane]] (niece) * [[James Buchanan Henry]] (nephew) }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer}} | education = [[Dickinson College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) | signature = James Buchanan Signature2.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | profession = | allegiance = <!-- United States --> | branch = [[Pennsylvania Militia]] | serviceyears = 1814<ref>{{cite book |last=Curtis |first=George Ticknor |date=1883 |title=Life of James Buchanan, Fifteenth President of the United States |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uyb7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Brothers |page=10|isbn=978-1-62376-821-8|ref=none }}</ref> | rank = [[Private (United States)|Private]] | unit = Shippen's Cavalry, 1st&nbsp;Brigade, 4th&nbsp;Division | battles = {{tree list}} * [[War of 1812]] ** [[Battle of Baltimore|Defense of Baltimore]]{{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Pennsylvania Historical Marker | designation1_offname = James Buchanan | designation1_type = Roadside | designation1_date = January 1955}} }} '''James Buchanan Jr.''' ({{IPAc-en|b|j|uː|ˈ|k|æ|n|ə|n}} {{respell|bew|KAN|ən}};<ref>{{cite book|last1=Olausson|first1=Lena|last2=Sangster|first2=Catherine|year=2006|title=Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordbbcguideto0000olau|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordbbcguideto0000olau/page/56 56]|isbn=0-19-280710-2}}</ref> April 23, 1791{{spaced ndash}}Juni 1, 1868) inggih punika [[pangacara]], [[diplomat]], lan [[politisi]] [[Amérika Serikat]] sané ngamong [[présidén Amérika Serikat]] [[Lis Présidén Amérika Serikat|ka-15]] saking 1857 nganti 1861. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cutetan === <references group="lower-alpha"/> === Pranala jaba === [[Kategori:Présiden Amérika Serikat]] e4celtqx1351tc0g3rwnz625sg2p1cl 0 49445 281204 260296 2026-08-27T21:59:14Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{untuk|Lis Wakil Présidén Amérika Serikat|Lis Wakil Présidén Amérika Serikat}} {{Infobox official post | post = Wakil Présidén | body = Amérika Serikat | native_name = {{small|{{lang|en|Vice President of the United States}}}} | insignia = US Vice President Seal.svg | insigniasize = 120 | insigniacaption = [[Seal of the vice president of the United States|Vice presidential seal]] | flag = Flag of the Vice President of the United States.svg | flagsize = 130 | flagborder = yes | flagcaption = [[Flag of the vice president of the United States|Vice presidential flag]] | image = January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance (3x4 cropped).jpg | incumbent = [[JD Vance]] | incumbentsince = 20 Januari 2025 | department = {{ubl|[[United States Senate]]|[[Executive branch of the U.S. Government]]|[[Office of the Vice President of the United States]]}} | style = {{ubl|[[Mr. President (gelar)|Madam Vice President]] (tenformal)|[[The Honourable#United States|The Honorable]] (formal)|[[Mr. President (gelar)|Madam President]] (sareng Sénat)|[[Excellency|Her Excellency]] (diplomatik)}} | unofficial_names = VPOTUS,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/VPOTUS|title=VPOTUS|work=[[Merriam-Webster]]|accessdate=February 10, 2021|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125113323/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/VPOTUS|url-status=live}}</ref> VP, Veep<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/veep |title=Veep |work=Merriam-Webster |access-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014174159/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/veep |url-status=live }}</ref> | member_of = {{ubl|[[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]]|[[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]]|[[National Space Council]]|[[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]]}} | status = {{ubl|Second highest executive branch officer|[[President of the Senate]]}} | residence = [[Number One Observatory Circle]] | seat = [[Washington, D.C.]] | appointer = [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]], or, if vacant, [[President of the United States]] via [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Section 2: Vice presidential vacancy|congressional confirmation]] | termlength = Four years, no term limit | constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of the United States]] | formation = {{start date and age|1789|3|4|p=1|br=1}}<ref name="formation">"The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.'<p> "Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until 2 March, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." {{ussc|name=Owings v. Speed|link=supreme.justia.com|volume=18|page=420|pin=422|year=1820|reporter=Wheat|reporter-volume=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Maier|first=Pauline | author-link=Pauline Maier| title=Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788| url=https://archive.org/details/ratificationpeop00paul|date=2010|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York | isbn=978-0-684-86854-7| page=[https://archive.org/details/ratificationpeop00paul/page/433 433]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history|date=March 4, 2013|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/|publisher=[[National Constitution Center]]|location=Philadelphia|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=February 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224184927/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics|url-status=live}}</ref> | first = [[John Adams]]<ref>{{cite book| last=Smith| first=Page| author-link=Page Smith| title=John Adams|volume=Two 1784–1826| date=1962| publisher=Doubleday| location=Garden City, New York| page=744}}</ref> | succession = [[United States presidential line of succession|First]]<ref name=XXVHeritage>{{cite web|title=Essays on Amendment XXV: Presidential Succession|work=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution|last=Feerick|first=John|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/25/essays/187/presidential-succession|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=July 3, 2018|archive-date=August 22, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822232208/https://www.heritage.org/constitution/%23!/amendments/8/essays/161/cruel-and-unusual-punishment#!/amendments/25/essays/187/presidential-succession|url-status=live}}</ref> | salary = $284,600 per annum | website = {{URL|https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/vice-president-harris/|www.whitehouse.gov}} }} '''Wakil Présidén Amérika Serikat''' ({{lang-en|Vice President of the United States}}, kaancengang ''VPOTUS'' utawi ten resmi ''VP'') inggih punika pejabat tegeh [[éksekutif]] kakalih ring pameréntahan féderal [[Amérika Serikat]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-10-14|title='The American Vice Presidency' sketches all 47 men who held America's second-highest office|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2014/1014/The-American-Vice-Presidency-sketches-all-47-men-who-held-America-s-second-highest-office|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|issn=0882-7729|access-date=2022-07-30}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Inc|first=US Legal|title=Vice President – System|url=https://system.uslegal.com/executive-branch/vice-president/|website=system.uslegal.com|language=en-US|access-date=2022-07-30}}</ref> sesampun [[Présidén Amérika Serikat]]. Siosan punika Wakil Présidén Amérika Serikat taler magenah ring bancakan kapertama pinaka wénten kapuyungan wesana présidén. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} msc4msnl9rrymo9qpgom0fwwh6twdha 0 50319 281048 280101 2026-08-27T19:42:42Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 14 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Reich Jerman {{small|{{nobold|(1933–1943)}}<br/>''Deutsches Reich''}}<hr>Reich Jerman Raya {{small|{{nobold|(1943–1945)}}<br/>''Großdeutsches Reich''}} |imagestyle= {{linear-gradient|left|pink,transparent,pink}} | common_name = Jerman | era = [[Periode antarperang|Antarperang]] / [[Perang Dunia II]] | status = | status_text = | government_type = Negara [[fasis]] [[negara satu partai|satu partai]] [[Nazisme|nasional-sosialis]] ring sor [[kediktatoran]] [[Totaliterisme|totaliter]] <!-- Rise and fall, events, years and dates --> | event_start = [[Machtergreifung|Pengambilalihan Kekuasaan]] | date_start = 30 Januari | year_start = 1933 | event_end = [[Pamréntahan Flensburg#Pabiuran|Pabiuran]] | date_end = 23 Mei | year_end = 1945 | event1 = ''[[Ermächtigungsgesetz]]'' | date_event1 = 24 Maret 1933 | event2 = ''[[Anschluss]]'' | date_event2 = 12 Maret 1938 | event3 = [[Yuda Jagat II]] | date_event3 = 1 Séptémber 1939 | event4 = [[Adolf Hitler séda|Hitler séda]] | date_event4 = 30 April 1945 | event5 = [[Instrumén Panyerahan Raga Jerman|Panyerahan Déwék]] | date_event5 = 8 Mei 1945 <!-- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --> | p1 = Républik Weimar | flag_p1 = Flag of Germany.svg | p2 = Teritori Cekungan Saar {{!}}Cekungan Saar | flag_p2 = Flag of Saar 1920-1935.svg | p3 = Negara Féderal Austria{{!}}Austria | flag_p3 = Flag of Austria.svg | p4 = Républik Cékoslowakia Pertama{{!}}Cékoslowakia | flag_p4 = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | p5 = Lituania | flag_p5 = Flag of Lithuania.svg | p6 = Républik Polandia Kakalih{{!}}Polandia | flag_p6 = Flag of Poland.svg | p7 = Kota Merdeka Danzig{{!}}Danzig | flag_p7 = Flag of the Free City of Danzig.svg | p8 = Krajaan Yugoslavia{{!}}Yugoslavia | flag_p8 = Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg | p9 = Républik Katiga Prancis{{!}}Prancis | flag_p9 = Flag of France (1794–1958).svg | p10 = Luksemburg | flag_p10 = Flag of Luxembourg.svg | s1 = Pendudukan Jerman oleh Sekutu{{!}}Pendudukan Jerman | flag_s1 = Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg | s2 = Pendudukan Austria oleh Sekutu{{!}}Pendudukan Austria | flag_s2 = Flag of Austria.svg | s3 = Républik Rakyat Polandia{{!}}Polandia | flag_s3 = Flag of Poland.svg | s4 = Républik Cekoslowakia Ketiga{{!}}Cekoslowakia | flag_s4 = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | s5 = Yugoslavia Federal Demokratis{{!}}Yugoslavia | flag_s5 = Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svg | s6 = Pemerintahan Sementara Républik Prancis{{!}}Prancis | flag_s6 = Flag of France (1794–1958).svg | s7 = Luksemburg | flag_s7 = Flag of Luxembourg.svg | s8 = Uni Soviet | flag_s8 = Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg | image_flag = Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg{{!}}border<!-- Do not replace with NSDAP flag, as the two are not identical. NSDAP flag is symmetrical, this one is not. --> | flag_alt = Kober Jerman Nazi | image_flag2 = <!-- Second flag --> | flag_alt2 = <!-- Alt text for second flag --> | flag = <!-- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} --> | flag2 = <!-- Link target under flag2 image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} --> | flag_type = <!-- Displayed text for link under flag. Default "Flag" --> | flag2_type = <!-- Displayed text for link under flag2. Default "Flag" --> | image_coat = Reichsadler.svg | coa_size = 100px | coat_alt = <!-- Alt text for coat of arms --> | symbol_type = | symbol_type_article = <!-- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}} --> | image_map = Greater German Reich (1942).svg | image_map_alt = | image_map_caption = Wawidangan Jerman ring puncak kejayaannya<br/>ring aab [[Yuda Jagat II]] (ungkur 1942): {{plainlist|style=padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left;| *{{Legend|#008000|Reich Jerman{{efn|name=annexed}}}} *{{Legend|#55c255|[[Reichskommissariat|Wilayah pendudukan sipil]]}} *{{Legend|#a5dfa5|[[Administrasi Militer (Jerman Nazi)|Wilayah pendudukan militer]]}} }} | image_map2 = Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png | image_map2_alt = | image_map2_caption = Pembagian administratif Jerman,<br>Januari 1944 | capital = [[Berlin]] | coordinates = {{Coord|52|31|N|13|23|E|type:city}} | national_motto = | national_anthem = ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''<br/>("Lagu Bangsa Jerman")<br/> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[Berkas:Deutschlandlied (old recording).oga|pusat]]</div><br/>''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''{{hsp}}{{efn|name=Wessel}}<br/>("Nyanyian Horst Wessel")<br/> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[Berkas:Песня Хорста Весселя.ogg|pusat]]</div> | common_languages = [[Basa Jerman|Jerman]] | religion = | demonym = | currency [[Reichsmark]] (ℛℳ) <!-- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies --> | leader1 = [[Paul von Hindenburg]] ([[Presiden Jerman (1919–1945)|Presiden]]) | leader2 = [[Adolf Hitler]] ([[Führer]]) | leader3 = [[Karl Dönitz]] (Presiden) | leader4 = | year_leader1 = 1933–1934 | year_leader2 = 1934–1945 | year_leader3 = 1945 | year_leader4 = | title_leader = [[Presiden Jerman|Kepala Negara]] | deputy1 = [[Adolf Hitler]] | deputy2 = [[Joseph Goebbels]] | deputy3 = [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|L. G. S. von Krosigk]] | year_deputy1 = 1933–1945 | year_deputy2 = 1945 | year_deputy3 = 1945 | title_deputy = [[Lis Kanselir Jerman#Jerman Nazi (Reichskanzler) (1933–1945)|Kanselir]] <!-- Legislature --> | legislature = [[Reichstag (Jerman Nazi)|Reichstag]] | house1 = [[Reichsrat (Jerman)|Reichsrat]] (dihapuskan 1934) | type_house1 = Dewan negara | house2 = <!-- Name of second chamber --> | type_house2 = <!-- Default: "Lower house" --> <!-- Area and population of a given year --> | stat_year1 = 1939 | stat_area1 = 633.786 | ref_area1 = {{efn|name=statistics}} | stat_pop1 = <!-- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given --> | stat_year2 = [[Sensus di Jerman#Kekaisaran Jerman, Républik Weimar dan Jerman Nazi (1871–1945)|1939]] | stat_area2 = | stat_pop2 = 79.375.281 | ref_pop2 = {{Efn|{{cite journal|title=Die Bevölkerung des Deutschen Reichs nach den Ergebnissen der Volkszählung 1939 (''Populasi Jerman menurut sensus 1939.''), Berlin 1941.|issue=2}} }} | stat_year3 = 1940{{sfn|Soldaten-Atlas|1941|p=8}}{{efn|name=annexed}} | stat_area3 = 823.505 | stat_pop3 = 109.518.183 | today = {{flag|Jerman}} <br/>{{flag|Prancis}} <br/>{{flag|Belanda}} <br/>{{flag|Rusia}} <br/>{{flag|Ceko}} <br/>{{flag|Norwegia}} <br/>{{flag|Ukraina}}<br/> {{flag|Belgia}} <br/>{{flag|Luksemburg}} <br/>{{flag|Moldova}} <br/>{{flag|Latvia}} <br/>{{flag|Lithuania}} <br/>{{flag|Estonia}} <br/> {{flag|Polandia}} <br/>{{flag|Yunani}} <br/>{{flag|Serbia}} <br/>{{flag|Denmark}} <br/>{{flag|Transnistria}} | continent = Éropa }} {{Penjelasan singkat|Negara Jerman dari 1933 sampai 1945 di bawah kediktatoran Adolf Hitler}} '''Jerman Nazi''' ({{lang-de|'''NS-Staat'''}}) inggih punika parinama [[Jerman]] riantara warsa 1933 lan 1945, ritatkala [[Adolf Hitler]] lan [[Partai Nazi]] (NSDAP) sané ipun ngamongang negara nganggén sistem [[kadiktatoran]]. Ring masa pamréntahan Hitler, Jerman kadadosang negara sané [[Totaliterisme|totaliter]] miwah nyansan akéh sané kaatur olih pamréntah. Aran resmi negara inggih punika ''"Deutsches Reich"'' ([[Jerman Reich]]) ngantos warsa 1943 miwah ''"Großdeutsches Reich"'' ([[Reich Jerman Raya]]) saking warsa 1943 ngantos warsa 1945. Jerman Nazi taler kasengguh Reich Katiga (''Drittes Reich''), sané mateges "Kekaisaran Katiga", antuk [[Kekaisaran Romawi Suci]] (800-1806) pinaka kekaisaran kapertama miwah [[Kekaisaran Jerman]] (1871-1918) pinaka kekaisaran kaping kalih. Rezim Nazi runtuh risampuné Sekutu ngaonang Jerman ring Méi 1945, [[Puput Yuda Jagat II ring Éropa|muputang Yuda Jagat II ring Éropa]]. == Pustaka == === Cutetan sané jangkep === {{notes | notes = {{efn | name = Wessel | Pada 12 Juli 1933, Reichsinnenminister [[Wilhelm Frick]], Menteri Dalam Negeri, memerintahkan agar ''Horst-Wessel-Lied'' dimainkan setelah lagu kebangsaan ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]'', juga dikenal dengan ''Deutschland Über Alles''.{{harvnb|Tümmler|2010|p=63}}. }} {{efn | name = annexed | Termasuk wilayah yang dianeksasi dan ditaklukkan ''de facto''. }} {{efn | name = statistics | Pada 1939, sebelum Jerman menguasai dua wilayah yang pernah dikendalikan olehnya sebelum Perjanjian Versailles (Alsace-Lorraine serta Danzig dan Koridor Polandia), luas wilayahnya tercatat sebesar {{convert|633786|km2|sqmi}}. Lihat {{harvnb|Statistisches Jahrbuch|2006}}. }} {{efn | name = estimate | Pada 29 November 2006, Sekretaris Negara di Kementerian Federal Dalam Negeri [[Christoph Bergner]] mengungkapkan penyebab data statistik ini tidak cocok karena Haar hanya menyertakan orang-orang yang langsung dibunuh. Angka 2 sampai 2,5 juta juga termasuk warga Jerman yang meninggal karena penyakit, kelaparan, kedinginan, serangan udara, dan penyebab lainnya.{{harvnb|Koldehoff|2006}} [[Palang Merah Jerman]] masih menyatakan bahwa jumlah korban jiwa akibat pengusiran mencapai 2,2 juta.{{harvnb|Kammerer|Kammerer|2005|p=12}}. }} {{efn | name = districts | Terdapat distrik-distrik sejenis yang diusulkan untuk dibentuk apabila wilayahnya berhasil dikuasai oleh Jerman, contohnya [[Reichskommissariat Moskowien]] (Moskwa), [[Reichskommissariat Kaukasus]] (Kaukasus), dan ''[[Reichskommissariat Turkestan]]'' (Turkistan). }} {{efn | name = quote | "Namun demikian, bukti yang ada menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan, masyarakat sipil Jerman tidak menyetujui. Kampanye propaganda Goebbel yang dilakukan pada paruh kedua 1941 dan 1943 gagal memengaruhi mereka". {{harvnb|Evans|2008|p=561}}. Di halaman 560–562, Evans mengajukan beberapa bukti untuk mendukung kesimpulan ini, di antaranya: jarangnya terjadi diskusi di antara warga Jerman tentang persekusi dan pembunuhan kaum Yahudi dalam laporan mata-mata SS, kecaman dari kelompok-kelompok gereja di Bayern dan daerah lainnya, serta kutipan-kutipan laporan yang menunjukkan bahwa rakyat mengecam perlakuan pasukan Jerman terhadap Yahudi dan menyalahkannya sebagai sebab kerusakan yang dilakukan Sekutu di Jerman pada akhir perang. }} {{efn | name = raeder | Menurut Raeder, "Angkatan Udara kita tidak bisa diandalkan untuk menjaga transportasi kita dari Armada Britania, karena operasi mereka akan bergantung pada cuaca, jika tak ada alasan lain. Kita tidak bisa mengharapkan bahkan untuk sesaat saja bahwa Angkatan Udara kita bisa menebus ketiadaan keunggulan angkatan laut kita."{{harvnb|Raeder|2001|pp=324–325}} Laksamana Agung [[Karl Dönitz]] meyakini bahwa keunggulan udara tidak cukup, dan mengakui, "Kita tidak memiliki kendali atas udara ataupun laut; kita juga tidak dalam posisi apa pun untuk mendapatkannya."{{harvnb|Dönitz|2012|p=114}}. }} }} === Kutipan === {{reflist|20em}} === Daftar pustaka === {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite web | title = Agreement Between the Governments of the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Provisional Government of the French Republic on Certain Additional Requirements to be Imposed on Germany | url = http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/agreement-between-the-governments-of-the-united-kingdom-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-union-of-soviet-socialist-republics-and-the-provisional-government-of-the-french-republic-on-certain-add/ | date = 20 September 1945 | publisher = dipublico.com | ref = {{sfnRef|Allied Agreement|1945}} | access-date = 9 July 2024 | archive-date = 14 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120514140335/http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/agreement-between-the-governments-of-the-united-kingdom-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-union-of-soviet-socialist-republics-and-the-provisional-government-of-the-french-republic-on-certain-add/ | url-status = dead }} *{{cite encyclopedia | editor-last1 = Bartrop | editor-first1 = Paul R. | editor-last2 = Jacobs | editor-first2 = Leonard | title = | encyclopedia = Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection | volume = 1 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, CA | date = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-61069-363-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | title = Berlin: The Downfall 1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/berlindownfall190000beev_e9y1 | year = 2002 | publisher = Viking-Penguin Books | 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http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/goeb36.htm | accessdate = 3 March 2016 | ref = harv}} * {{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = David C. | title = Heisenberg, German Science, and the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_social-research_fall-1992_59_3/page/643 | year = 1992| journal = Social Research | publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | jstor = 40970709 | issn = 0037-783X | ref = harv | pages = 643–661}} *{{cite book | last = Childers | first = Thomas | title = The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichhistor0000chil | year = 2017 | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-45165-113-3 |ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Clark | first = Christopher M.| title = Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 | year = 2006 | publisher = Penguin Group | location = London | isbn = 978-0-674-02385-7 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri }} * {{cite book | last = Clark | first = Lloyd | title = Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943 | url = https://archive.org/details/kurskgreatestbat0000clar | publisher = Headline Review | location = London | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-7553-3639-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Closmann | first = Charles | editor1-last = Brüggemeier | editor1-first = Franz-Josef | editor2-last = Cioc | editor2-first = Mark | editor3-last = Zeller | editor3-first = Thomas | title = How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/howgreenwerenazi0000unse | chapter = Legalizing a ''Volksgemeinschaft'': Nazi Germany's Reich Nature Protection Law of 1935 | year = 2005 | publisher = Ohio University Press | location = Athens | isbn = 978-0-8214-1646-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| editor1-last = Constable | editor1-first = George | title = Fists of Steel | series = The Third Reich | year = 1988 | publisher = Time-Life Books | location = Alexandria, VA | isbn = 978-0-8094-6966-6 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/fistsofsteel00time }} *{{cite book | last = Conway | first = John S | title = The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933–1945 | year = 2001 | publisher = Regent College Publishing | location = Vancouver | isbn = 978-1-57383-080-5 | ref = harv}} *{{Cite book | last = Cox | first = John M. | title = Circles of Resistance: Jewish, Leftist, and Youth Dissidence in Nazi Germany | publisher = Peter Lang | year = 2009 | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4331-0557-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Cuomo | first = Glenn R. | title = National Socialist Cultural Policy | year = 1995 | publisher = Palgrave MacMillan | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-312-09094-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Davies | first = Norman | title = Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw | year = 2003 | publisher = Viking | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-670-03284-6 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm }} *{{cite journal | last = Davis | first = Richard G. | title = German Rail Yards and Cities: U.S. Bombing Policy 1944–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_air-power-history_summer-1995_42_2/page/46 | journal = Air Power History | year = 1995 | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 46–63 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | title = Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority with Respect to Germany and Supplementary Statements | journal = American Journal of International Law | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | date = July 1945 | pages = 171–178 | jstor = 2213921 | doi = 10.2307/2213921 | ref = {{sfnRef|Berlin Declaration|1945}} }} *{{Cite book | last = DeGregori | first = Thomas R. | title = Bountiful Harvest: Technology, Food Safety, and the Environment | url = https://archive.org/details/bountifulharvest0000degr | publisher = Cato Institute | location = Washington | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-930865-31-0 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | last = DeLong | first = J. Bradford | title = Slouching Towards Utopia?: The Economic History of the Twentieth Century. XV. Nazis and Soviets | date = February 1997 | publisher = University of California at Berkeley | work = econ161.berkeley.edu | url = http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511190923/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html | accessdate = 21 April 2013 | archivedate = 11 May 2008 | ref = harv | deadurl = yes | df = dmy-all }} * {{cite book | last = Dönitz | first = Karl | authorlink = Karl Dönitz | title = Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days | year = 2012 | origyear = 1958 | publisher = Frontline | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84832-644-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Dorland | first = Michael | title = Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France | publisher = University Press of New England | series = Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series | location = Waltham, Mass | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-58465-784-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Douglas | first = R.M | title = Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War | url = https://archive.org/details/orderlyhumaneexp0000doug | year = 2012 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | isbn = 978-0-300-16660-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Dussel | first = Konrad | title = Wie erfolgreich war die nationalsozlalistische Presselenkung? | url = https://archive.org/details/vierteljahrshefte-fur-zeitgeschichte_2010-10_58_4/page/543 | trans-title = How Successful was National Socialist Control of the Daily Press? | language = German | journal = Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte | date = 2010 | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 543–561 | doi = 10.1524/vfzg.2010.0026 | ref = harv}} {{subscription required}} *{{cite book | title = Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN | volume = 3 | year = 2004 | publisher = Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe | location = Warsaw | language = Polish | isbn = 978-83-01-14179-0 | ref = {{sfnRef|Powszechna PWN|2004}} }} * {{cite book| last1 = Ericksen | first1 = Robert P. | last2 = Heschel | first2 = Susannah | title = Betrayal: German Churches and the Holocaust | year = 1999 | publisher = Augsberg Fortress | location = Minneapolis | isbn = 978-0-8006-2931-1 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/betrayalgermanch00eric }} *{{cite web | title = "Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus | year = 2012 | work = Das Bundesarchiv | publisher = Government of Germany | language = German | url = https://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de | accessdate = 19 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Bundesarchiv, "Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus}} | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021060807/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de | archivedate = 21 October 2013 | df = dmy-all }} *{{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | authorlink = Richard J. Evans | title = The Coming of the Third Reich | year = 2003 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-303469-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | year = 2005 | title = The Third Reich in Power | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn =978-0-14-303790-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | year = 2008 | title = The Third Reich at War | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | title = Cosmopolitan Islanders: British Historians and the European Continent | url = https://archive.org/details/cosmopolitanisla0000evan | year = 2009 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-19998-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Farago | first = Ladislas | year = 1972 | origyear = 1942 | title = German Psychological Warfare | publisher = Arno Press | location = New York | series = International Propaganda and Communications |isbn = 978-0-405-04747-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Fest | first = Joachim | title = Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945 | year = 1996 | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | location = London | isbn = 978-0-297-81774-1 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Fest | first = Joachim |translator-first=Ewald |translator-last=Osers |translator2-first=Alexandra |translator2-last=Dring | title = Speer: The Final Verdict | url = https://archive.org/details/speerfinalverdic00fest | year = 1999 | publisher = Harcourt | location = San Diego | isbn = 978-0-15-100556-7 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Fischer | first = Klaus P. | title = Nazi Germany: A New History | url = https://archive.org/details/nazigermanynewhi0000fisc_z4c7 | publisher = Constable and Company | location = London | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-09-474910-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Fleming | first = Michael | date = Spring 2014 |title = Allied Knowledge of Auschwitz: A (Further) Challenge to the 'Elusiveness' Narrative | journal = Holocaust and Genocide Studies | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–57 | doi = 10.1093/hgs/dcu014 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Freeman | first = Michael J. | title = Atlas of Nazi Germany: A Political, Economic, and Social Anatomy of the Third Reich | year = 1995 | publisher = Longman | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-0-582-23924-1 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Friedländer | first = Saul | authorlink = Saul Friedländer | title = Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/nazigermanyjews10000frie | year = 2009 | publisher = Harper Perennial | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-06-135027-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Gellately | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Gellately | title = Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler; Sabine Schleiermacher | journal = Central European History | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | year = 1996 | pages = 270–274 | ref = harv | doi = 10.1017/S0008938900013170}} *{{cite book | last = Gellately | first = Robert | title = Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany | year = 2001 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, NJ | isbn = 978-0-691-08684-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | author = Germany (West) Presse- und Informationsamt | title = Germany Reports. With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer | year = 1961 | publisher = F. Steiner | location = Wiesbaden | language = German | oclc = 5092689 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Germany Reports''|1961}} }} *{{cite book | author = Germany (West). Statistisches Bundesamt | title = Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50 | year = 1958 | publisher = Verlag W. Kohlhammer | location = Wiesbaden | language = German | oclc = 7363969 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste'', 1939/50}} }} *{{cite book | last = Gill | first = Anton | title = An Honourable Defeat: A History of the German Resistance to Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/honourabledefeat0000gill_s8m1 | year = 1994 | publisher = Heinemann | location = London | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Gill | first = Roger | title = Theory and Practice of Leadership | url = https://archive.org/details/theorypracticeof0000gill | year = 2006 | publisher = SAGE Publications | location = London | isbn = 978-0-7619-7176-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Glantz | first = David M. | title = When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, KS | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-7006-0899-7 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0 }} *{{cite book | last = Goeschel | first = Christian | title = Suicide in Nazi Germany | year = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-953256-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Goldhagen | first = Daniel | title = Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerswillingex00gold_1 | year = 1996 | publisher = Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-44695-8 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book| last = Grunberger | first = Richard | year = 1971 | title = The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933–1945 | publisher = Holt Rinehart and Winston | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-03-076435-6 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/12yearreichsoc00grun }} *{{cite book | last = Haar | first = Ingo | editor1-last = Ehmer | editor1-first = Josef | title = Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste:&nbsp;– Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme | work = Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" : Aspekte und Erkenntnisse zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft | year = 2009 | publisher = Springer | language = German | location = | isbn = 978-3-531-16152-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Hahn | first1 = Hans Henning | last2 = Hahnova | first2 = Eva | title = Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte | language = German | year = 2010 | publisher = Paderborn | location = Munich; Vienna | isbn = 978-3-506-77044-8 | ref = harv}} * {{cite journal | last = Hamblet | first = Wendy C. | title = Book Review: Götz Aly: Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State | journal = Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal | year = 2008 | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 267–268 | doi = 10.3138/gsp.3.2.267 | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1175&context=gsp | accessdate = 14 April 2017 | ref = harv| doi-broken-date = 2019-05-26 }} *{{cite journal | last = Hanauske-Abel | first = Hartmut M. | title = Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933 | journal = BMJ | date = 7 December 1996 | volume = 313 | issue = 7070 | pages = 1453–1463 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1453 | url = http://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/3-hanauske-abel.pdf | ref = harv | pmid = 8973235 | pmc = 2352969 | access-date = 2019-07-28 | archive-date = 2020-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021728/https://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/3-hanauske-abel.pdf | dead-url = yes }} * {{Cite news | last1 = Harding | first1 = Thomas | title = Battle of Britain was won at sea. Discuss | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1527068/Battle-of-Britain-was-won-at-sea.-Discuss.html | website = The Telegraph | accessdate = 22 December 2017 | date = 23 August 2006 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Heinemann | first1 = Isabel | last2 = Oberkrome | first2 = Willi | last3 = Schleiermacher | first3 = Sabine | last4 = Wagner | first4 = Patrick | title = Nauka, planowanie, wypędzenia : Generalny Plan Wschodni narodowych socjalistów : katalog wystawy Niemieckiej Współnoty Badawczej | year = 2006 | publisher = Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | language = Polish | url = http://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_magazin/wissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit/ausstellungen/generalplan_ost/generalplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf | location = Bonn | isbn = | ref = {{sfnRef|Heinemann et al.|2006}} | access-date = 2024-07-09 | archive-date = 2019-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190402074959/https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_magazin/wissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit/ausstellungen/generalplan_ost/generalplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book|last=Richter|first=Heinz A.|title=Greece in World War II|others=transl by Kostas Sarropoulos|publisher=Govostis|year=1998|location=Athens|language=Greek |isbn=978-960-270-789-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book | last = Hildebrand | first = Klaus | title = The Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreich0000hild | year = 1984 | publisher = George Allen & Unwin | location = Boston | isbn = 978-0-04-943032-7 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Hitchcock | first = William I. | title = The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945 to the Present | url = https://archive.org/details/struggleforeurop0000hitc | year = 2004 | publisher = Anchor | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-385-49799-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Hoffmann | first = Peter | title = German Resistance to Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/germanresistance00pete | year = 1988 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge; London | isbn = 978-0-674-35085-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Hoffmann | first = Peter | title = The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 | origyear = 1977 | year = 1996 | publisher = McGill-Queen's University Press | location = Montreal | isbn = 978-0-7735-1531-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Hosking | first = Geoffrey A. | title = Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union | year = 2006 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-674-02178-5 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/rulersvictimsrus00hosk }} *{{cite book | last = Hubert | first = Michael | title = Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 | year = 1998 | publisher = Steiner, Franz Verlag | language = German | location = Stuttgart | isbn = 978-3-515-07392-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Kammerer | first1 = Willi | last2 = Kammerer | first2 = Anja | title = Narben bleiben: die Arbeit der Suchdienste&nbsp;– 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg | year = 2005 | publisher = Dienststelle | location = Berlin | isbn = | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Kershaw | authorlink = Ian Kershaw | first = Ian | title = Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis | url = https://archive.org/details/hitler193645neme0000kers_n4x3 | location = New York; London | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | year = 2000b | isbn = 978-0-393-32252-1 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book| last = Kershaw | first = Ian | year = 2000a | edition = 4th | title = The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation | publisher = Arnold | location = London | isbn = 978-0-340-76028-4 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/nazidictatorship00kers }} *{{cite book |last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich |url = https://archive.org/details/hitlermythimager0000kers_s7n6 | year = 2001 | origyear = 1987 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-280206-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = Hitler: A Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerbiography0000kers | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-393-06757-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 | url = https://archive.org/details/enddefiancedestr00kers_0 | year = 2011 | publisher = Penguin | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-1-59420-314-5 |ref = harv}} *{{cite web | title = Kinobesuche in Deutschland 1925 bis 2004 | publisher = Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft e. V | url = http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf | language = German | accessdate = 10 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|SPIO, Department of Statistics}} | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204111257/http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf | archivedate = 4 February 2012 | df = dmy-all }} * {{cite book | last = Kirschbaum | first = Stanislav J. | title = A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofslovaki00kirs | year = 1995 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4039-6929-3 | ref = harv}} *{{Cite book | last = Kitchen | first = Martin | title = A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng0000kitc | year = 2006 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Malden, MA | isbn = 978-1-4051-0040-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Klemperer | first = Klemens von | title = German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad 1938-1945 | year = 1992 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-160679-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | last = Koldehoff | first = Stefan | title = Keine deutsche Opferarithmetik | date = 29 November 2006 | publisher = [[Deutschlandfunk]] | language = German | url = http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/kulturheute/569560/ | accessdate = 29 May 2013 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last=Koonz | first=Claudia | title=The Nazi Conscience | location=Cambridge, MA | publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-674-01172-4 | ref=harv | url=https://archive.org/details/naziconscience00koon }} *{{cite magazine | last = Lakotta | first = Beate | title = Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren | magazine = [[Der Spiegel]] | date = March 2005 | volume = | issue = 2 | pages = 218–221 | publisher = Spiegel-Verlag | location = Hamburg | language = German | jstor = | url = http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html | ref = harv | access-date = 2019-07-28 | archive-date = 2020-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021755/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html | dead-url = yes }} *{{cite book | last = Lauryssens | first = Stan | title = The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck | url = https://archive.org/details/manwhoinventedth0000laur | year = 1999 | publisher = Sutton | location = Stroud |isbn = 978-0-7509-1866-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite news | title = Leni Riefenstahl | date=10 September 2003 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | publisher = [[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] | location = [[London]] | issn = 0307-1235 | oclc = 49632006 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440991/Leni-Riefenstahl.html?pageNum=3 | accessdate = 10 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Daily Telegraph'', 2003}} }} *{{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Brenda Ralph | title = Hitler Youth: the Hitlerjugend in War and Peace 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitleryouthhitle0000lewi | year = 2000 | publisher = MBI | location = Osceola, WI | isbn = 978-0-7603-0946-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | last = Libionka | first = Dariusz | title = The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust, 1939–1945 | work = The Reaction of the Churches in Nazi Occupied Europe | publisher = Yad Vashem | url = http://www.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/christian_world/libionka.pdf | accessdate = 26 August 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Libionka, ''The Catholic Church in Poland''}} }} *{{cite journal | last = Longerich | first = Peter | title = Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime | at = 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942 | publisher = Emory University | location = Atlanta | year = 2003 | url = http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090709111759/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17 | archivedate = 9 July 2009 | accessdate = 31 July 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Longerich, Chapter 17|2003}} | deadurl = unfit }} *{{cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | title = Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews | url = https://archive.org/details/holocaustnaziper0000long | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-19-280436-5 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | year = 2012 | title = Heinrich Himmler: A Life | url = https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmler0000long | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-959232-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Lukas | first = Richard C. | title = Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945 | origyear = 1994 | year = 2001 | publisher = Hippocrene | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7818-0870-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Majer | first = Diemut | title = "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 | year = 2003 | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore; London | isbn = 978-0-8018-6493-3 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last1 = Manvell | first1 = Roger | last2 = Fraenkel | first2 = Heinrich | title = Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo | url = https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmlers0000manv | year = 2007 | origyear = 1965 | publisher = Greenhill; Skyhorse | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-1-60239-178-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Manvell | first = Roger | title = Goering | publisher = Skyhorse | location = London | year = 2011 | origyear = 1962 | isbn = 978-1-61608-109-6 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Marcuse | first = Harold | title = Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933-2001 | url = https://archive.org/details/legaciesofdachau0000unse | year = 2001 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-55204-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Martin | first = Bernd | title = Japan and Germany in the Modern World | year = 2005 | origyear = 1995 | publisher = Berghahn Books | location = New York; Oxford | isbn = 978-1-84545-047-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Materski | first1 = Wojciech | last2 = Szarota | first2 = Tomasz | title = Polska 1939–1945: straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami | year = 2009 | publisher = Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu | language = Polish | isbn = 978-83-7629-067-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Mazower | first = Mark | title = Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersempirehow0000mazo | year = 2008 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-1-59420-188-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = McElligott | first1 = Anthony | last2 = Kirk | first2 = Tim | last3 = Kershaw | first3 = Ian | title = Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw | year = 2003 | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | isbn = 978-0-7190-6732-7 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = McNab | first = Chris | title = The Third Reich | publisher = Amber Books | location = London | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-906626-51-8 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Melvin | first = Mungo | title = Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General | url = https://archive.org/details/mansteinhitlersg0000melv_j4h5 | year = 2010 | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | location = London | isbn = 978-0-297-84561-4 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last1 = Murray | first1 = Williamson | last2 = Millett | first2 = Allan R. | title = A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War | year = 2001 | origyear = 2000 | publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 978-0-674-00680-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Nakosteen | first = Mehdi Khan | title = The History and Philosophy of Education | url = https://archive.org/details/historyphilosoph0000nako | year = 1965 | publisher = Ronald Press | location = New York | oclc = 175403 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | title = NS-Zwangsarbeit: "Verbotener Umgang" | year = 1942 | publisher = Stadtarchiv Göttingen Cordula Tollmien Projekt NS-Zwangsarbeiter | language = German | url = http://www.zwangsarbeit-in-goettingen.de/texte/verbotenerumgang.htm | ref = {{SfnRef|Nazi forced labour|1942}} }} *{{cite book | last = Nicholas | first = Lynn H. | title = Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web | url = https://archive.org/details/cruelworldchildr0000nich_w2v0 | year = 2006 | publisher = Vintage | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-77663-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last1 = Niewyk | first1 = Donald L. | last2 = Nicosia | first2 = Francis R. | title = The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust | year = 2000 | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-231-11200-0 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew }} *{{cite web | title = ''NS-Frauenwarte'': Paper of the National Socialist Women's League | publisher = Heidelberg University Library | url = http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/helios/digi/nsfrauenwarte.html | accessdate = 8 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Heidelberg University Library}} }} * {{cite book | author = Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht | title = Soldaten Atlas | url = https://archive.org/details/Tornisterschrift-des-Oberkommandos-der-Wehrmacht-Soldaten-Atlas/page/n7 | year = 1941 | language = German | ref = {{sfnRef|Soldaten-Atlas|1941}} }} *{{cite book | last= Overmans | first = Rüdiger | authorlink = Rüdiger Overmans | title = Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg | year = 2000 | origyear = 1999 | publisher = R. Oldenbourg | location = München | language = German | series = Beiträge zur Militärgeschichte | isbn = 978-3-486-56531-7 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Overmans | first = Rűdiger | title = Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung | journal = Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik | year = 1994 | volume = 16 | issue = | pages = 51–63 | ref =harv}} *{{cite book| last = Overy | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Overy | title = The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia | publisher = Penguin Group | location = UK | origyear = 2004 | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-393-02030-4 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich }} *{{cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | origyear = 1995 | year = 2006 | title = Why The Allies Won | url = https://archive.org/details/whyallieswon0000over_z0p1 | publisher = Random House | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84595-065-1 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | title = The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 | publisher = Viking | location = New York | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-698-15138-3| ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Panayi | first = Panikos | title = Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance: The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabruck, 1939–49 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_2005-07_40_3/page/483 | journal = Journal of Contemporary History | year = 2005 | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 483–502 | jstor = 30036339 | ref = harv | doi = 10.1177/0022009405054568}} *{{cite book | last = Pauley | first = Bruce F. | title = Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinmuss02edpaul_m6u1 | year = 2003 | origyear = 1997 | series = European History Series | publisher = Harlan Davidson | location = Wheeling, IL | isbn = 978-0-88295-993-1 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Pilisuk | first1 = Marc | last2 = Rountree | first2 = Jennifer Achord | title = Who Benefits from Global Violence and War: Uncovering a Destructive System | url = https://archive.org/details/whobenefitsfromg0000pili | year = 2008 | publisher = Praeger Security International | location = Westport, CT | isbn = 978-0-275-99435-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Pine | first = Lisa | year = 2011 | origyear = 2010 | title = Education in Nazi Germany | url = https://archive.org/details/educationinnazig0000pine | publisher = Berg | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-1-84520-265-1 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Proctor | first = Robert N. | authorlink = Robert N. Proctor | title = The Nazi War on Cancer | url = https://archive.org/details/naziwaroncancer00proc | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1999 | location = Princeton, NJ | isbn = 978-0-691-07051-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | title = Refugees: Save Us! Save Us! | date = 9 July 1979 | journal = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920455-2,00.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110424085534/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920455-2,00.html | accessdate = 28 April 2013 | archivedate = 24 April 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Time'', 9 July 1979}} | deadurl = yes | df = dmy-all }} * {{cite book | last = Raeder | first = Erich | authorlink = Erich Raeder | title = Grand Admiral: The Personal Memoir of the Commander in Chief of the German Navy From 1935 Until His Final Break With Hitler in 1943 | year = 2001 | origyear = 1956 | publisher = Da Capo Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-306-80962-0 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Rees | first = Laurence | title = Auschwitz: A New History | url = https://archive.org/details/auschwitznewhist00rees | year = 2005 | publisher = Public Affairs, member of Perseus Books Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-58648-303-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Rhodes | first = Richard | title = Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust | url = https://archive.org/details/mastersofdeathss0000rich | publisher = Vintage Books | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-375-70822-0 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Rummel | first = Rudolph | authorlink = Rudolph Rummel | title = Death by Government | url = https://archive.org/details/deathby_rum_1994_00_3431 | year = 1994 | publisher = Transaction | location = New Brunswick, NJ | isbn = 978-1-56000-145-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Rupp | first = Leila J. | year = 1978 | title = Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, N.J. | isbn = 978-0-691-04649-5 | oclc = 3379930 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/mobilizingwomenf00leil }} *{{cite book | last = Scobie | first = Alexander | title = Hitler's State Architecture: The Impact of Classical Antiquity | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersstatearch0000scob | year = 1990 | publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press | location = University Park | isbn = 978-0-271-00691-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Sereny | first = Gitta | year = 1996 | origyear = 1995 | title = Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth | url = https://archive.org/details/albertspeerhisba00sere | publisher = Random House | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-679-76812-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Sereny | first = Gitta | date = November 1999 | title = Stolen Children | journal = Talk | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/children.html | accessdate = 1 July 2012 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Shirer | first = William L. | authorlink = William L. Shirer | title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/risefallofthirdr1959unse | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | year = 1960 | isbn = 978-0-671-62420-0 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Smith | first = J. W. | title = The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment | url = https://archive.org/details/worldswastedweal0000smit_l8e5 | year = 1994 | publisher = Institute for Economic Democracy | location = Cambria, CA | isbn = 978-0-9624423-2-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Smith | first1 = Joseph | last2 = Davis | first2 = Simon | title = The A to Z of the Cold War | url = https://archive.org/details/atozofcoldwar0000smit | year = 2005 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 978-0-8108-5384-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Snyder | first = Timothy | authorlink = Timothy D. Snyder | title = Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin | url = https://archive.org/details/bloodlandseurope0000snyd | year= 2010 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-00239-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | title = Sonderbehandlung erfolgt durch Strang | year = 1942 | work = Documents for National Socialism | publisher = NS-Archiv | language = German | url = http://www.ns-archiv.de/imt/ps3001-ps3200/3040-ps.php | ref = {{SfnRef|Special treatment|1942}} }} *{{Cite news | last = Sontheimer | first = Michael | title = Germany's Nazi Past: Why Germans Can Never Escape Hitler's Shadow | date = 10 March 2005 | newspaper = Spiegel Online | publisher = | url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany-s-nazi-past-why-germans-can-never-escape-hitler-s-shadow-a-345720.html | accessdate = 11 May 2013 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Speer | first = Albert | authorlink = Albert Speer | origyear = 1969 | year = 1971 | title = Inside the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0380000717 | publisher = Avon | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-380-00071-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Spotts | first1 = Frederic | title = Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901585675073 | date = 2002 | publisher = Overlook Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-58567-345-2 | ref = harv}} *{{Cite journal | author = Staff | title = What the Führer means for Germans today | journal = The Economist | date = 16 December 2015 | language = en | url = https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2015/12/16/what-the-fuhrer-means-for-germans-today | accessdate = 24 September 2018 | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Economist''|2015}} }} *{{cite web | title = Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland | year = 2006 | publisher = Statistisches Bundesamt | language = German | url = http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926002255/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf | archivedate = 26 September 2007 | accessdate = 17 March 2012 | page = 34 | ref = {{sfnRef|Statistisches Jahrbuch|2006}} | deadurl = yes | df = dmy-all}} *{{cite book | last = Stein | first = George | title = The Waffen-SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War 1939–1945 | publisher = Cerberus Publishing | year = 2002 | origyear = 1966 | isbn = 978-1-84145-100-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Steiner | first = Zara | title = The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939 | url = https://archive.org/details/triumphofdarkeur0000stei | year = 2011 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-921200-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Stephenson | first = Jill | title = Women in Nazi Germany | year = 2001 | publisher = Longman | location = London | isbn = 978-0-582-41836-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Stolfi | first = Russel | title = Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1982-03_54_1/page/27 | journal = [[Journal of Modern History]] | date = March 1982 | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–46 | doi = 10.1086/244076 | ref = harv | hdl = 10945/44218 }} *{{cite web | title = Strafgesetzbuch, StGB | date = 13 November 1998 | publisher = IUSCOMP Comparative Law Society | url = http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86a | ref = {{sfnRef|''Strafgesetzbuch'', section 86a}} | access-date = 9 July 2024 | archive-date = 26 April 2001 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010426054458/http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86a | url-status = dead }} * {{cite book | last = Tomasevich | first = Jozo | year = 1975 | title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks | url = https://archive.org/details/chetniks0000toma | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 978-0-8047-0857-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Tooze | first = Adam | title = The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy | url = https://archive.org/details/wagesofdestructi0000tooz | year = 2006 | publisher = Viking | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-670-03826-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Tümmler | first = Holger | title = Hitlers Deutschland: Die Mächtigen des Dritten Reiches | year = 2010 | publisher = Melchior Verlag | location = Wolfenbüttel | language = German | isbn = 978-3-941555-88-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Uekötter | first = Frank | title = The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany | url = https://archive.org/details/greenbrownhistor0000ueko | year = 2006 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-84819-0 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Uekötter | first = Frank | editor1-last = Brüggemeier | editor1-first = Franz-Josef | editor2-last = Cioc | editor2-first = Mark | editor3-last = Zeller | editor3-first = Thomas | title = How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich | chapter = Polycentrism in Full Swing: Air Pollution Control in Nazi Germany | year = 2005 | publisher = Ohio University Press | location = Athens | isbn = | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Umbreit | first = Hans | editor1-last = Kroener | editor1-first = Bernhard | editor2-last = Müller | editor2-first = Rolf-Dieter | editor3-last = Umbreit | editor3-first = Hans | title = Germany and the Second World War, Vol. 5. Organization and Mobilization in the German Sphere of Power. Part 2: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1942–1944/5 | chapter = Hitler's Europe: The German Sphere of Power | year = 2003 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-820873-0 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | author=USHMM | title=Children during the Holocaust| website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005142 | accessdate = 24 April 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|USHMM, ''Children during the Holocaust''}} }} *{{cite web | author=USHMM | title=Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url = https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945 | accessdate = 16 September 2018 | ref = {{sfnRef|USHMM, ''Genocide of European Roma''}} }} *{{cite web | author=USHMM | title=The German Churches and the Nazi State | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005206 | accessdate = 25 September 2016 | ref = {{sfnRef|USHMM, ''The German Churches and the Nazi State''}} }} *{{cite web | author=USHMM | title=Women in the Third Reich | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/women-in-the-third-reich | access-date=19 August 2017 | ref={{sfnRef|USHMM, ''Women in the Third Reich''}} }} *{{cite book | last = Walk | first = Joseph | title = Das Sonderrecht für die Juden im NS-Staat: Eine Sammlung der gesetzlichen Maßnahmen und Rechtlinien, Inhalt und Bedeutung | edition = 2nd | year = 1996 | publisher = Müller Verlag | location = Heidelberg | language = German | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Weale | first = Adrian | title = Army of Evil: A History of the SS | url = https://archive.org/details/armyofevilhistor0000weal | year = 2012 | origyear = 2010 | publisher = NAL Caliber (Penguin Group) | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-451-23791-0 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Wegner | first = Bernd | title = The Waffen-SS: Organization, Ideology and Function | url = https://archive.org/details/waffenssorganiza0000wegn | publisher = Blackwell | location = Hoboken, NJ | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-631-14073-3 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | authorlink = Gerhard Weinberg | title = Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersforeignpo0000wein | year = 2010 | origyear = 1970 | publisher = Enigma Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-929631-91-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II | year = 2005 | origyear = 1994 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; Oxford | isbn = 978-0-521-85316-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Welch | first = David | title = Hitler: Profile of a Dictator | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerprofileofd0000welc | year = 2001 | publisher = Routledge | location = London | isbn = 978-0-415-25075-7 | ref = harv }} *{{cite web | last = Wiederschein | first = Harald | url = https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/militaerisch-unbedeutend-brutal-verbrecherisch-mythos-waffen-ss-hitlers-ueberschaetzte-elitetruppen_id_4826676.html | title = Mythos Waffen-SS | work = [[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]] | date = 21 July 2015 | access-date = 3 October 2018 | language = German | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | last = Wrobel | first = Peter | title = The Devil's Playground: Poland in World War II | year = 1999 | publisher = The Canadian Foundation for Polish Studies of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences Price-Patterson Ltd | url = http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/wrobel1.htm | ref = harv | access-date = 2024-07-09 | archive-date = 2018-07-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064210/http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/wrobel1.htm | url-status = dead }} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links|Germany|commons=Category:National Socialism}} * {{Wikiatlas|Germany|Jerman}} {{en icon}} * {{cite web | title = Introduction to the Holocaust | publisher = [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143}} {{en icon}} * [http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/ww2era.htm#Speech German Propaganda Archive] di situs [[Calvin College]] {{en icon}} {{Navboxes |list = {{NSDAP}} {{Nazisme}} {{Topik Jerman}} {{German Reich}} {{Fasisme}} {{Kekaisaran}} {{Perang Dunia II}} {{Adolf Hitler}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nazi, Jerman}} [[Kategori:Jerman Nazi| ]] [[Kategori:Jerman warsa 1930-an|.]] [[Kategori:Pendirian warsa 1933|*]] [[Kategori:Jerman warsa 1940-an|.]] [[Kategori:Pembubaran warsa 1945|*]] [[Kategori:Antisemitisme]] [[Kategori:Sejarah Jerman]] [[Kategori:Kekuatan Poros]] [[Kategori:Negara Fasis|Jerman]] [[Kategori:Sejarah modern Jerman]] [[Kategori:Natalisme]] [[Kategori:Negara dan wilayah yang dibubarkan warsa 1945]] [[Kategori:Negara dan wilayah yang didirikan warsa 1933]] [[Kategori:Negara totalitér]] [[Kategori:Wekas negara ring Éropa]] 271dlkqdvec3645sneubdfkv8x8zhww 0 50966 281011 202698 2026-08-27T19:17:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281011 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wawengkon Celuk San Francisco''' ({{lang-en|San Francisco Bay Area}}), ketah kasengguh '''Wawengkon Celuk''' ({{lang-en|Bay Area|links=no|link=no}}), inggih punika [[Lis wawengkon California|wawengkon California]] sané ngiterin lan sajeroning [[Celuk San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Mel |date=1985 |title=The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sanfranciscobaya0002scot |page=ix | publisher=University of California Press |edition=2 |isbn=9780520055124}}</ref> [[Asosiasi Pameréntah Bay Area]] ngapidartayang Bay Area ring sajeroning sia county sané mawatesan sareng [[loloan]] Celuk San Francisco, [[Celuk San Pablo]], saha [[Celuk Suisun]]: [[County Alameda, California|Alameda]], [[County Contra Costa, California|Contra Costa]], [[County Marin, California|Marin]], [[County Napa, California|Napa]], [[County San Mateo, California|San Mateo]], [[County Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]], [[County Solano, California|Solano]], [[County Sonoma, California|Sonoma]], miwah [[San Francisco]]. Pidarta liyanan minab langkung alit utawi ageng, lan minab ngacakupin negara wagian pisaga sekadi county [[Pasisir Tengah (California)|Pasisir Tengah]] saking [[County Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]], [[County San Benito, California|San Benito]], lan [[County Monterey, California|Monterey]], utawi county [[Lebah Tengah (California)|Lebah Tengah]] saking [[County San Joaquin, California|San Joaquin]], [[County Merced, California|Merced]], saha [[County Stanislaus, California|Stanislaus]].<ref name="OMB-23-01" /> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 4i1co7sta8yb3mh95ljoxivomokc1s5 0 51211 281247 203806 2026-08-27T22:24:35Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281247 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suku Dayak Kadazandusun''' utawi '''suku Kadazandusun''' inggih punika penduduk asli sané wénten ring wawidangan [[Sabah]], [[Nusa Kalimantan|Borneo]], [[Malaysia]]. Anak Kadazandusun katahnyané wénten 27 subsuku: Dusun Liwan, Dusun Lotud, Rungus, Tagahas, Tangara lan wawidangan lianan. Wastan "Kadazandusun" naenin kaanggé olih [[Hoguan siou]] Anak dusun sané mawasta Tun Fuad ring era 50-an. Ia nguah wastanné lawas "Orang Dusun" sané kakaryanin olih masyarakat Brunei dados wasta anyar, inggih punika "Kadazan". Ri sajeroning panglimbaknyané, wastané punika mauah dados "Kadazandusun" antuk ngabungin kalih sub kelompok masyarakat, inggih punika kelompok "Kadazan" lan kelompok "Orang Dusun" sané kantun éksis. Punika mawinan, wasta "Kadazandusun" sujatiné pinaka gabungan saking kalih sub-kelompok punika. Linan ring punika, "Kadazandusun" maartos penutur bahasa dusun.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nancy, dkk.|first=Ariany|url=https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/versi_indonesia_revisi01092013_cetakfinish.pdf|title=Masyarakat di Heart of Borneo|date=2007|publisher=WWF|location=Malaysia|pages=10|url-status=live}}</ref> Anak Kadazandusun magenah ring pedalaman [[Sabah]], inggih punika Kudat (Rungus), Sandakan (Orang Sungai) Beluran, Ranau, Tambunan, Pinampang, keningau (Orang-Orang Kadazandusun ring kawasan puniki maasal saking Tembunan dan Ranau), Kuala Penyu (Dusun Tatana) lan makudang-kudang wawidangan lianan ring Sabah. Suku Dayak Kadazandusun ketah kauningin antuk '''Orang Sungai''' wiadin '''Sumandakia Sungut''' ring palemahan sungai Kinabatangan ring Sandakan. Pawiwahan campur sajeroning Anak Tionghoa lan Kadazandusun sampun ngembasang suku campuhan "[[SinoKadazandusun]]" ring Pinampang, Tembunan, Ranau lan Kuala Penyu. == Kahuripan suku Dayak Kadazandusun == Anak Kadazandusun madué makudang-kudang soroh upacara. Silih tunggil soroh upacara sané mabinayan tekén suku lianan inggih punika upacara Tadau Kaamatan ([[Harvest Day]]). Anak Kadazan nénten madué wates aké sentana, ipun makasami ketahnyané madué akéh sentana. Ri makudang-kudang unduk, suku Dayak Kadazandusun madué tradisi kuat sajeroning ilmu mistik. Sasampuné rauh agama [[Agama Kristen|Kristen]]/Katolik lan [[Agama Islam|Islam]], akéhan masyarakat magama punika sakéwala kantun nglestariang adat leluhur, lan agama kawitannyané Momolianisme nénten kaengsapin. Masyarakat Kadazandusun inggih punika masyarakat sané maduésistem sosial egaliter antuk sistem keturunan bilateral. Ipun makasami nongos ring silih tunggil wawangunan umah sané lantang tur madaging kelompok kulawarga sané nongos ring genah sané pateh. Masyarakat Kadazandusun madué keyakinan yéning kahuripan sekular banget mapaiketan antuk kahuripan spiritual. Punika mawinan, patut kajaga mangda seimbang lan rahayu.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Editor Kompas Travel|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2008/06/03/09241356/pengalaman.bermalam.dengan.suku.kadazan|title=Pengalaman Bermalam dengan Suku Kadazan|date=3 Juni 2008|work=[[Kompas.com]]|access-date=22 Februari 2021}}</ref> == Ring genah == {{Reflist}} == Kepustakaan == * {{Cite book|last=Evans|first=I. H. N.|url=https://archive.org/details/religionoftempas0000evan|title=The Religion of the Tempasuk Dusuns of North Borneo|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1953|isbn=|location=[[Cambridge]]|pages=|language=en|chapter=|ref=Evans}} * {{Cite book|last=Rutter|first=Owen|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023151933|title=British North Borneo: An Account of its History, Resources and Native tribes|publisher=Constable & Co, Ltd|year=1922|isbn=|location=[[London]]|pages=|language=en|chapter=|ref=Rutter}} kiu6y92qwokf309gx93a88mvfqqo4mf 0 51445 281083 206038 2026-08-27T20:12:36Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Olympic games|1932|Masan Dingin|Olimpiade| | image = 1932 Winter Olympics.svg | image_size = 170 | host_city = [[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]], Amérika Serikat | nations = 17 | athletes = 252 (231 putra, 21 putri) | events = 14 ring 4 [[Olahraga Olimpiade|olahraga]] (7 disiplin) | opening = 4 Pébruari 1932 | closing = 13 Pébruari 1932 | opened_by = [[Gubernur New York|Gubernur]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | stadium = [[Aréna Seluncur Olimpiade James B. Sheffield|Stadion Olimpiade Lake Placid]] | winter_prev = [[Olimpiade Masan Dingin 1928|St. Moritz 1928]] | winter_next = [[Olimpiade Masan Dingin 1936|Garmisch 1936]] | summer_prev = [[Olimpiade Masan Panes 1928|Amsterdam 1928]] | summer_next = [[Olimpiade Masan Panes 1932|Los Angeles 1932]] }} '''Olimpiade Masan Dingin 1932''', sané resmi kasengguh '''III Olimpiade Musim Dingin''' miwah ketahné kasengguh '''Lake Placid 1932''', inggih punika [[acara multi-olahraga]] masan dingin internasional, sané kalaksanayang ring [[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]], [[New York]], [[Amérika Serikat]]. Pacentokan puniki kabuka ring tanggal 4 Pébruari lan kasineb ring tanggal 13 Pébruari. Punika kapertama Winter Games kamargiang ring jaba Éropa lan kapertama saking petang [[Olimpiade Masan Dingin]] sané kamargiang ring Amérika Serikat; Lake Placid dados tuan umah malih ring [[Olimpiade Masan Dingin 1980|1980]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hines |first=James R. |title=Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000hine |date=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6859-5 |location=Lanham, Maryland |page=xxiii}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ncowhg69cyllfvakvbu3hkv2dz4r7ms 0 51504 281081 206165 2026-08-27T20:11:30Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281081 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chữ Nôm''' ('''𡨸喃''', artosnyane: "aksara saking kelod") inggih punika aksara Cina sane kaanggen ring daerah Vietnam. Aksara logogram puniki kaanggen nulis basa Vietnam tur kadasarin antuk aksara Cina, nanging makudang-kudang aksara wantah aksara baru sane ten wenten ring basa Cina, kaanggen nulis kruna asli basa Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chunom.htm|title=Vietnamese Chu Nom script|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=2024-08-18}}</ref> Sane mangkin, wantah akidik rakyat Vietnam sane kantun prasida ngwacen lan nyurat aksara Chữ Nôm. [[Berkas:Chu nom.svg|jmpl|Gambar Aksara Chữ Nôm]] == Lelintihan == Sadurung rakyat Vietnam nulis ngangge aksara Latin utawi ''Quốc Ngữ'' cara jaman janine, aksara Chu Nom puniki akeh kaangge ring makudang-kudang parindikan, umpamane sastra, awig-awig, miwah sane lianan. Aksara Cina kasobyahang ring Vietnam sesampun dinasti Han ngasorang wilayah Nanyue ring warsa 111 SM. Kemerdekaan kapolihang risampuné Perang Bạch Đằng ring warsa 938, sakéwanten basa Cina Sastra kaambil antuk tatujon resmi ring warsa 1010. Sampun akeh periode kantos pangawit abad ka-20, sesuratan formal nenten prasida kabinayang saking karya-karya Cina klasik kontemporer sane kakaryanin ring Cina, Korea, lan Jepang.<ref>{{Cite book|last=David G.|first=Marr|title=Vietnamese Tradition on Trial|url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamesetradit0000davi|publisher=University of California Press|year=1984|isbn=978-0-520-90744-7}}</ref> Para sujana Vietnam sampun uning pisan sareng sasuratan Cina. Mangda prasida nyatet basa aslinyane, ipun nganggen prinsip-prinsip struktural aksara Cina anggen nglimbakang chữ Nôm. Aksara anyar puniki akehan kaanggen nyatet tembang-tembang rakyat lan sastra populer sane lianan. Basa Vietnam sane kasurat ring chữ Nôm ngentosin basa Cina antuk tetujon resmi ring dinasti Hồ (1400-1407) miwah ring Tây Sơn (1778-1802), nanging ring kakalih parindikan puniki gelis kabalikang.<ref>{{Cite book|last=John|first=DeFrancis|title=Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam|publisher=Mouton|year=1977|isbn=978-90-279-7643-7}}</ref> == Pustaka == <references /> bwhbjvh4vkwsol4vgjy8hyao29hufd1 0 52088 281208 250049 2026-08-27T22:02:01Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = | name = Mao Zedong | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-Hans-CN|毛泽东}}}} | image = | imagesize = 225px | caption = Potret ri tatkala, mapidarta 1957 | office = [[Pamucuk Partai Komunis Cina]] | deputy = [[Liu Shaoqi]]<br />[[Lin Biao]]<br />[[Zhou Enlai]]<br />[[Hua Guofeng]] | term_start = 20 Maret 1943 | term_end = 9 Séptémber 1976 | predecessor = [[Zhang Wentian]] (dados Sekretaris Jenderal) | successor = [[Hua Guofeng]] | office2 = [[Présidén Républik Rakyat Cina|Pamucuk Républik Rakyat Cina]] | term_start2 = 27 Séptémber 1954 | term_end2 = 27 April 1959 | premier2 = [[Zhou Enlai]] | deputy2 = [[Zhu De]] | predecessor2 = | successor2 = [[Liu Shaoqi]] | office3 = [[Pamucuk Komisi Militér Pusat]] | deputy3 = [[Zhu De]]<br />[[Lin Biao]]<br />[[Ye Jianying]] | term_start3 = 8 Séptémber 1954 | term_end3 = 9 Séptémber 1976 | predecessor3 = | successor3 = [[Hua Guofeng]] | office4 = [[Pamréntah Rakyat Pusat Républik Rakyat Cina (1949–1954)|Pamucuk Pamréntah Rakyat Pusat]] | term_start4 = 1 Oktober 1949 | term_end4 = 27 Séptémber 1954 | deputy4 = | premier4 = [[Zhou Enlai]] | predecessor4 = | successor4 = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1893|12|26}} | birth_place = [[Shaoshan]], [[Hunan]], [[Dinasti Qing]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1976|9|9|1893|12|26}} | death_place = [[Béijing]], [[Républik Rakyat Cina]] | resting_place = [[Mausoleum Mao Zedong|Aula Memorial Pamucuk Mao]], [[Béijing]] | party = [[Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] (1921–1976) | otherparty = [[Kuomintang]] (1925–1926) | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Luo Yixiu]]|1907|1910|reason=died}}|{{marriage|[[Yang Kaihui]]|1920|1930|reason=died}}|{{marriage|[[He Zizhen]]|1928|1937|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Jiang Qing]]|November 20, 1938<!--|September 9, 1976|reason=his death-->}}}} | children = 10, sajeroning:<br />[[Mao Anying]]<br />Mao Anqing<br />Mao Anlong<br />Yang Yuehua<br />Li Min<br />Li Na | parents = {{ubl |[[Mao Yichang]] (bapak)|[[Wen Qimei]] (ibu)}} | alma_mater = Universitas Normal Kapertama Hunan | signature = Mao Zedong signature.svg | footnotes = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background-color:#FCF;text-align:center; | title = Kaanggotaan lembaga pusat | bullets = on | 1964–1976: Anggota [[Kongrés Rakyat Nasional]] | 1954–1959: Anggota Kongrés Rakyat Nasional | | 1938–1976: Anggota Politbiro ka-6, 7, 8, 9, 10 | 1938–1976: Anggota Komité Séntral ka-6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }} ---- {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background-color:#FCF;text-align:center; | title = Pangamong jabatan liyanan | bullets = on | 1954–1959: [[Présidén Republik Rakyat Cina|Pamucuk Républik Rakyat Cina]] | 1954–1976: Pamucuk [[Komisi Militér Pusat|Komisi Militér Pusat PKC]] | 1954–1959: Présidén lan Pamucuk Déwan Patahanan Nasional | 1954–1976: Pamucuk Kahormatan [[Konférénsi Konsultatif Politik Rakyat Cina|Komité Nasional KPPRT]] | 1949–1954: Pamucuk Komisi Militér Révolusionér Rakyat Pusat | 1949–1954: Pamucuk [[Konférénsi Konsultatif Politik Rakyat Cina|Komite Nasional KPPRT]] | 1949–1954: Pamucuk [[Dewan Negara Republik Rakyat Cina|Pemerintah Rakyat Pusat RRC]] | 1943–1956: Pamucuk [[Sékrétariat Pusat Partai Komunis Cina|Sékrétariat Pusat PKC]] | 1936–1949: Pamucuk [[Komisi Militér Pusat|Komisi Militér Pusat PKC]] }} <div style="text-align: center;">'''[[Pamucuk pinih tegeh (Cina)|Pamucuk Pinih Tegeh <br />Republik Rakyat Cina]]'''<br /> {{flatlist| * (''Pangamong perdana'') * [[Hua Guofeng]] {{big|'''→'''}} |}}</div> | module2 = {{Infobox Chinese |pic = Mao Zedong (Chinese characters).svg |piccap = "Mao Zedong" ring aksara Cina Sadarana (duur) lan Tradisional (sor) |picupright = 0.525 |child = yes |s = 毛泽东 |t = 毛澤東 |w = Mao² Tsê²-tung¹ |p = Máo Zédōng |bpmf = ㄇㄠˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄗㄜˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄉㄨㄥ |gr = Mau Tzerdong |mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Zh-Mao_Zedong.ogg|m|ao|2|-|z|e|2|.|d|ong|1}} |suz = Máu Zéh-ton |j = Mou⁴ Zaak⁶-dung¹ |y = Mòuh Jaahk-dūng |ci = {{IPAc-yue|m|ou|4|-|z|aak|6|.|d|ung|1}} |poj = Mô͘ Te̍k-tong |tl = Môo Ti̍k-tang |h = Mô Chhe̍t-tûng |order = st |altname = [[Wastan kahormatan]] |t2 = 潤之 |s2 = 润之 |w2 = Jun⁴-chih¹ |p2 = Rùnzhī |j2 = Jeon⁶-zi¹ |poj2 = Lūn-chi }} }} '''Mao Zedong'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|aʊ|_|(|t|)|s|ə|ˈ|t|ʊ|ŋ}};<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Mao Tse-tung |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/mao-tse-tung |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=17 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> {{lang-zh|c=|s=毛泽东|t=|p=Máo Zédōng}} kawacén {{IPAc-cmn|m|ao|2|-|z|e|2|.|d|ong|1}}; [[Romanisasi basa Cina|karomanisasi]] tradisional dados '''Mao Tse-tung'''. {{family name explanation|lang=Chinese|[[Mao (wastan ungkur)|Mao]]|Ze}}}} (26 Désémber 1893 – 9 Séptémber 1976) taler kaloktah dados '''Pamucuk Mao''', inggih punika politisi Cina, ahli teori politik, ahli strategi militer, penyair, lan revolusionér sané dados pangadeg [[Cina|Républik Rakyat Cina]] (RRC). Dané mimpin panegara punika saking [[Proklamasi Républik Rakyat Cina|kawangunnyané]] duk warsa 1949 ngantos [[Padem miwah pasétran negara Mao Zedong|pademnyané]] duk warsa 1976, sinambi taler dados [[Pamucuk Partai Komunis Cina|pamucuk]] saking [[Partai Komunis Cina]] (PKC) duk punika. Téori-téorinyané kaloktah dados [[Maoisme]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cutetan === {{Notelist}} === Lis pustaka === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last= Becker |first= Jasper |author-link= Jasper Becker |title= Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iC4g0gXBmIkC |year= 1998 |publisher= Holt Paperbacks |isbn= 978-0805056686 }} * {{cite book |last=Carter |first=Peter |title=Mao |url=https://archive.org/details/mao0000cart |year=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |isbn=978-0192731401 }} * {{cite book|last1= Chang |first1= Jung |last2= Halliday |first2= Jon |author-link1= Jung Chang |author-link2= Jon Halliday |title=Mao: The Unknown Story |url= https://archive.org/details/maounknownstory0000chan_d4l5 |year=2005 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |isbn=978-0224071260 }} * {{cite book|last= Chirot |first= Daniel |title= Modern tyrants: the power and prevalence of evil in our age |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=e-kVgozyE8gC |year= 1996 |publisher= [[Princeton University Press]] |isbn= 978-0691027777 }} * {{cite book|last= Clisson |first= Tim |title= Chinese Rules: Mao's Dog, Deng's Cat, and Five Timeless Lessons from the Front Lines in China |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yWqBAwAAQBAJ |year= 2014 |publisher= NY: Harper |isbn= 978-0062316578 }} * {{cite book|last= Dikötter |first= Frank |author-link= Frank Dikötter |title=Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62 |url= https://archive.org/details/maosgreatfamineh0000fran |year= 2010 |publisher= Walker & Company |location= London |isbn= 978-0802777683 }} * {{cite book |last=Feigon |first=Lee |author-link=Lee Feigon |title=Mao: A Reinterpretation |url=https://archive.org/details/maoreinterpretat0000feig |year=2002 |isbn=978-1566634588 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |location=Chicago }} * {{cite book|last= Gao |first= Mobo |title= The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution |year= 2008 |publisher= Pluto Press |location= London |isbn= 978-0745327808 }} * {{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |author-link=Clare Hollingworth |title=Mao and the Men Against Him |url=https://archive.org/details/maomenagainsthim0000holl |year=1985 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |isbn=978-0224017602 }} * {{cite journal|last1= Kuisong |first1= Yang |date=March 2008 |title= Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_china-quarterly_2008-03_193/page/102 |journal= [[The China Quarterly]] |volume= 193 |issue= 193 |pages= 102–121 |doi= 10.1017/S0305741008000064 |s2cid= 154927374 }} * {{cite book|last=Li |first=Zhisui |author-link=Li Zhisui |title=The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao's Personal Physician |url=https://archive.org/details/privatelifeofcha00lizh_0 |url-access=registration |year= 1994 |publisher=Random House |location=London |isbn=978-0679764434 }} * {{cite book |last1= MacFarquhar |first1= Roderick |author-link1= Roderick MacFarquhar |last2= Schoenhals |first2= Michael |title=Mao's Last Revolution |year= 2006 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0674027480 }} * {{cite book|last1= Pantsov |first1= Alexander V. |last2= Levine |first2= Steven I. |title=Mao: The Real Story |url= https://archive.org/details/maorealstory0000pant |year=2012 |publisher= Simon & Schuster |location=New York and London |isbn=978-1451654479 }} * {{cite book |last= Schram |first= Stuart |author-link= Stuart R. Schram |title= Mao Tse-Tung |year= 1966 |publisher= Simon & Schuster |location= London |isbn= 978-0140208405 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/maotsetung0000schr }} * {{cite book|last= Short |first= Philip |author-link= Philip Short |title= Mao: A Life |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4y6mACbLWGsC |year= 2001 |publisher= [[Owl Books]] |isbn= 978-0805066388 }} * {{cite book |last= Spence |first= Jonathan |author-link= Jonathan Spence |title= Mao Zedong |series= Penguin Lives |year= 1999 |publisher= [[Viking Press]] |location= New York |isbn= 978-0670886692 |oclc= 41641238 |url= https://archive.org/details/maozedong00spen}} ** {{cite news |author=John F. Burns |date=6 February 2000 |title=Methods of the Great Leader |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/02/06/reviews/000206.06burnst.html |newspaper=The New York Times}} * {{cite book|last=Terrill |first=Ross |author-link= Ross Terrill |title=Mao: A Biography |year=1980 |publisher=Simon and Schuster }}, which is superseded by Ross Terrill. ''Mao: A Biography.'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0804729212}} * {{cite book|last= Valentino |first= Benjamin A. |title= Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC |year= 2004 |publisher= [[Cornell University Press]] |isbn= 978-0801439650 }} {{refend}} == Pustaka liayan == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|author1=Anita M. Andrew|author2=John A. Rapp|title=Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQOhVb5Fbt4C&pg=PA110|year=2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0847695805|pages=110–}} * {{cite book|author=Davin, Delia|title=Mao: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfShg2lD8Y4C|year=2013|publisher=Oxford UP|isbn=978-0191654039}} * {{cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Schoppa R. |title=Twentieth Century in China: A History in Documents |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0199732005}} * {{cite book|last= Schaik |first= Sam |title= Tibet: A History |url= https://archive.org/details/tibethistory0000vans |year= 2011 |publisher= Yale University Press Publications |location= New Haven |isbn= 978-0300154047 }} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{Library resources box}} {{Sister project links|s=Author:Mao Zedong|wikt=no|v=no|n=no|b=no}} === Umum === * [https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/227/foundations-of-chinese-foreign-policy "Foundations of Chinese Foreign Policy] dokumen online dalam bahasa Inggris dari Wilson Center di Washington * [https://web.archive.org/web/20000510085445/http://www.asiasource.org/society/mao.cfm Asia Source biography] * [http://www.chinesemao.com/ ChineseMao.com: Extensive resources about Mao Zedong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906033211/http://www.chinesemao.com/ |date=6 September 2013 }} * [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/inside.china/profiles/mao.tsetung/ CNN profile] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041209035950/http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/classics/mao/index.html Collected Works of Mao at the Maoist Internationalist Movement] * [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo47030 Collected Works of Mao Tse-tung (1917–1949)] Joint Publications Research Service * [http://art-bin.com/art/omaotoc.html Mao quotations] * [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/index.htm Mao Zedong Reference Archive at marxists.org] * [http://www.oxfordreference.com/pages/samplep02 Oxford Companion to World Politics: Mao Zedong] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130909234651/http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/66095/4468893.html Bio of Mao at the official Communist Party of China web site] === Komentar === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100305093011/http://www.chairmanmaozedong.org/ Discusses the life, military influence and writings of Chairman Mao ZeDong.] * [https://monthlyreview.org/commentary/what-maoism-has-contributed What Maoism Has Contributed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812060630/https://monthlyreview.org/commentary/what-maoism-has-contributed/ |date=2021-08-12 }} by Samir Amin (21 September 2006) * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/02/china.jonathanwatts China must confront dark past, says Mao confidant] * [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jan/18/comment.china Mao was cruel – but also laid the ground for today's China] * [http://tipolog.livejournal.com/67396.html Comrade Mao – 44 Chinese posters of the 1950s – 70s] * [https://monthlyreview.org/2004/09/01/on-the-role-of-mao-zedong On the Role of Mao Zedong] by William Hinton. Monthly Review Foundation 2004 Volume 56, Issue 04 (September) * [http://artchina.free.fr/items/creasite.php?params=Mao%20Zedong_CATEGORY_0 Propaganda paintings showing Mao as the great leader of China] * [http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,483023,00.html Remembering Mao's Victims] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/opinion/16iht-eddikotter16.html Mao's Great Leap to Famine] * [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/dec/20/finding-facts-about-maos-victims/ Finding the Facts About Mao's Victims] * [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-margolis/remembering-chinas-great_b_303107.html Remembering China's Great Helmsman] * [http://monthlyreview.org/commentary/did-mao-really-kill-millions-in-the-great-leap-forward Did Mao Really Kill Millions in the Great Leap Forward?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011135700/https://monthlyreview.org/commentary/did-mao-really-kill-millions-in-the-great-leap-forward/ |date=11 October 2019 }} * [https://www.imdb.com/video/hulu/vi3081083673/ Mao Tse Tung: China's Peasant Emperor] {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} |- |colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Partai Komunis Cina]]''' |- {{s-bef|before=[[Zhu De]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pamucuk Komisi Militér Pusat|Pamucuk Komisi Militér Pusat PKC]]|years=1936–1949}} {{s-aft|after=Ngaraga|as=jabatan kaadegang mawali}} |- {{s-bef|before=Deng Fa}} {{s-ttl|title=Presiden [[Sekolah Partai Pusat]] [[Partai Komunis Cina|PKC]]|years=1943–1947}} {{s-aft|after=[[Liu Shaoqi]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Zhang Wentian]]|as=[[Sékrétaris Jénderal Partai Komunis Cina|Sekretaris Jénderal]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Partai Komunis Cina#Kapamucukan|Pamucuk Partai Komunis Cina]] |years=1943–1976}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hua Guofeng]]|rows=2}} {{s-non|reason=Jabatan kawentuk}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pamucuk Partai Komunis Cina|Pamucuk Komité Sentral Partai Komunis Cina]] |years=1945–1976}} |- {{s-bef|before=Diri sendiri|as=jabatan didirikan kembali}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pamucuk Komisi Militer Pusat|Pamucuk Komisi Militer Pusat PKC]]|years=1954–1976}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hua Guofeng]]}} |- {{s-off}} |- |colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Républik Soviét Cina''' |- {{s-new|rows=2}} {{s-ttl|title=Pamucuk Komite Eksekutif Pusat [[Republik Soviet Cina]]|years=1931–1937}} {{s-non|reason=Républik Soviét Cina kabubarang}} |- {{s-ttl|title=Pamucuk Dewan Komisaris Rakyat [[Républik Soviét Cina]]|years=1931–1934}} {{s-aft|after=[[Zhang Wentian]]}} |- |colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Républik Rakyat Cina''' |- {{s-new|rows=3}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pamucuk Konférénsi Pasamuan Politik Rakyat Cina]]|years=1949–1954}} {{s-aft|after=[[Zhou Enlai]]}} |- {{s-ttl|title=Pamucuk [[Déwan Negara Républik Rakyat Cina]] |years=1949–1954}} {{s-aft|after=Ngeraga|as=Pamucuk Républik Rakyat Cina}} |- {{s-ttl|title=Pamucuk [[Komisi Militér Pusat (Cina)|Dewan Militér Révolusionér Rakyat Pamréntah Pusat Rakyat]]|years=1949–1954}} {{s-aft|after=Ngeraga|as=Pamucuk Komisi Patahanan Nasional}} |- {{s-bef|before=Diri sendiri|as=Pamucuk Pamréntah Rakyat Pusat}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Présidén Républik Rakyat Cina|Pamucuk Républik Rakyat Cina]] |years=1954–1959}} {{s-aft|after=[[Liu Shaoqi]]}} {{s-end}} {{Pamucuk RRC}} {{lifetime|1893|1976|}} [[Kategori:Filsuf Cina]] [[Kategori:Politikus Partai Komunis Cina]] [[Kategori:Presiden Republik Rakyat Cina]] [[Kategori:Politikus Cina]] [[Kategori:Pamucuk Perang Dingin]] inb5o1pcmvboowwc4gl7lhcwpflnpxy 0 52173 281075 209349 2026-08-27T20:08:19Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Marojejy | iucn_category = II | photo = Massif Marojejy 01.jpg | photo_alt = Satunggil tukad ngakepah wana sané nangkebin dasar pagunungan, antuk pagunungan ageng ring latar ungkur | photo_caption = Pagunungan Marojejy lan wana ring nampekanné | map = Madagaskar |relief=1 | map_width = 175 | map_caption = Peta [[Madagaskar]] | map_alt = Madagaskar – Nusa ageng ring lepas pasisi kelod kangin Afrika | label = '''Marojejy''' | label_position = top | location = [[Région Sava]], Madagaskar | nearest_city = [[Andapa]] lan [[Sambava]] | coordinates = {{coord|14|27|S|49|42|E|region:MG|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|55500|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=MNP_Marojejy/> | established = {{Start date|1952}} (Cagar Palemahan)<br />{{Start date|1998}} (Taman Nasional){{Sfn|Atkinson|Mathieu|2008|p=2}} | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Taman Nasional Madagaskar]] | world_heritage_site = 2007 }} '''Taman Nasional Marojejy''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|dʒ|ɛ|dʒ|iː}}) inggih punika satunggil [[taman nasional]] ring [[Région Sava]] sisi kalér kangin [[Madagaskar]]. Taman niki ngacakupin {{convert|55500|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} lan mapusat ring [[Massif Marojejy]], satunggil ririgan pagunungan sané ngalejer ngantos kategehan {{convert|2132|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Aksés nuju wawengkon [[massif]] kawatesin wantah antuk ilmuwan panilik ritatkala situs punika katetapang dados [[cagar palemahan]] sané ketat daweg warsa 1952. Ring 1998, kabuka antuk umum ritatkala kagentosin manados taman nasional. Genah niki manados pahan saking [[Situs Tetamian Jagat]] sané kaloktah dados [[Wana Sabeh Atsinanana]] duk warsa 2007. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name=WorldNews_Rice>{{cite web | title = Madagascar: Rice is 'becoming a luxury' | date = 15 February 2011 | publisher = World News | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110218213227/http://article.wn.com/view/2011/02/15/MADAGASCAR_Rice_is_becoming_a_luxury/ | archive-date = 18 February 2011 | url-status = live | url = http://article.wn.com/view/2011/02/15/MADAGASCAR_Rice_is_becoming_a_luxury/ | access-date = 19 February 2011}}</ref> <ref name=WHC>{{cite web|title=World Heritage Committee inscribes Rainforests of Atsinanana (Madagascar) on List of World Heritage in Danger |publisher=World Heritage Convention |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117004929/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/639 |archive-date=17 January 2011 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/639 |access-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=2007IUCN_Eval1257>{{cite journal|author=IUCN |year=2007 |journal=World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Technical Evaluation |title=Rainforests of the Atsinanana (Madagascar) — ID No. 1257 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1257.pdf |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026135132/http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1257.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=MNP_Marojejy>{{cite web|title=Marojejy |publisher=Madagascar National Parks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512065645/http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/fiche-aire-protegee_en.php?Ap=22 |archive-date=12 May 2011 |url=http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/fiche-aire-protegee_en.php?Ap=22 |access-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=Marojejy_News>{{cite web|title=News Updates: Marojejy National Park |publisher=The Friends of Marojejy National Park |date=January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714041236/http://www.marojejy.com/Breves_e.htm |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url=http://www.marojejy.com/Breves_e.htm#Jan06 |access-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} '''Literatur''' {{Refbegin}} * {{cite web|last1=Atkinson |first1=Paul |last2=Mathieu |first2=Eric |year=2008 |title=Welcome to Marojejy and Anjanaharibe-Sud: A collection of information for visitors to Marojejy National Park and Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve, Madagascar |pages=1–28 |publisher=Marojejy National Park |url=http://www.marojejy.com/Pdf/2008WelcomeEn.pdf |access-date=30 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714042157/http://www.marojejy.com/Pdf/2008WelcomeEn.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book | last = Bradt | first = Hilary | year = 2007 | title = Madagascar: The Bradt Travel Guide | url = https://archive.org/details/madagascar0000brad_r0b7 | edition = 9th | publisher = Bradt Travel Guides | pages = [https://archive.org/details/madagascar0000brad_r0b7/page/343 343]–347 | isbn = 978-1-84162-197-5}} * {{cite book | last1 = Garreau | first1 = J.-M. | last2 = Manantsara | first2 = A. | contribution = The protected area complex of the Parc National de Marojejy and the Réserve Spéciale de Anjanaharibe-Sud | editor1-last = Goodman | editor1-first = S.M. | editor2-last = Benstead | editor2-first = J.P. | year = 2003 | title= The Natural History of Madagascar | publisher = University of Chicago Press | pages = 1451–1458 | isbn = 0-226-30306-3}} * {{cite journal | editor1-last = Goodman | editor1-first = Steven M. | year = 2000 | title = A floral and faunal inventory of the Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar: with reference to elevational variation | journal = Fieldiana Zoology | volume = 97 | publisher = Field Museum of Natural History | location = Chicago | issn = 0015-0754 |ref=none}} :* {{cite journal | last = Goodman | first = Steven M. | year = 2000 | title = Chapter 1: Description of the Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar, and the 1996 biological inventory of the reserve | pages = 1–18}} :* {{cite journal | last1 = Goodman | first1 = Steven M. | last2 = Jenkins | first2 = Paulina D. | year = 2000 | title = Chapter 11: Tenrecs (Lipotyphla: Tenrecidae) of the Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar | pages = 201–230}} :* {{cite journal | last1 = Carleton | first1 = Michael D. | last2 = Goodman | first2 = Steven M. | year = 2000 | title = Chapter 12: Rodents of the Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar | pages = 231–264}} :* {{cite journal | last1 = Sterling | first1 = Eleanor | last2 = McFadden | first2 = Karen | year = 2000 | title = Chapter 13: Rapid census of lemur populations in the Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar | pages = 265–274}} * {{cite book | last = Humbert | first = Henri | year = 1955 | title = Une merveille de la nature à Madagascar. Première exploration botanique du massif du Marojejy et de ses satellites | language = fr | series = Série B, Biologie Végétale 6 | pages = 1–210 | publisher = Mémoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar}} * <!-- Cite using template: LoM3 Sfn -->{{LoM3}} * {{cite book|last=Patel |first=E.R. |year=2009 |editor1-last=Mittermeier |editor1-first=R.A. |editor2-last=Wallis |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Rylands |editor3-first=A.B. |editor4-last=Ganzhorn |editor4-first=J.U. |editor5-last=Oates |editor5-first=J.F. |editor6-last=Williamson |editor6-first=E.A. |editor7-last=Palacios |editor7-first=E. |editor8-last=Heymann |editor8-first=E.W. |editor9-last=Kierulff |editor9-first=M.C.M. |editor10-last=Long Yongcheng |editor11-last=Supriatna |editor11-first=J. |editor12-last=Roos |editor12-first=C. |editor13-last=Walker |editor13-first=S. |editor14-last=Cortés-Ortiz |editor14-first=L. |editor15-last=Schwitzer |editor15-first=C. |others=Illustrated by S.D. Nash |editor-link=Russell Mittermeier |title=Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI) |location=Arlington, VA. |pages=23–26 |isbn=978-1-934151-34-1 |url=http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/Primates.in.Peril.2008-2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723172932/http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/Primates.in.Peril.2008-2010.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-23 }} * {{cite journal | last = Patel | first = Erik R. | year = 2007 | title = Logging of rare rosewood and palisandre (''Dalbergia spp.'') within Marojejy National Park, Madagascar | journal = Madagascar Conservation & Development | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–16 | doi = 10.4314/mcd.v2i1.44124 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10535/6813 | hdl-access = free }} * {{cite book | last = Preston-Mafham | first = Ken | year = 1991 | title= Madagascar: A Natural History | url = https://archive.org/details/madagascarnatura0000pres | publisher = Facts on File | isbn = 978-0-8160-2403-2}} * {{cite journal|last1=Randriamalala |first1=Hery |last2=Liu |first2=Zhou |year=2010a |title=Rosewood of Madagascar: Between democracy and conservation |journal=Madagascar Conservation & Development |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=11–22 |url=http://www.mwc-info.net/en/services/Journal_PDF's/Issue5-1/MCD_2010_vol5_iss1_Rosewood_democracy.pdf |access-date=30 January 2011 |doi=10.4314/mcd.v5i1.57336 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827050227/http://www.mwc-info.net/en/services/Journal_PDF%27s/Issue5-1/MCD_2010_vol5_iss1_Rosewood_democracy.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2010 |hdl=10535/6670 |s2cid=202842492 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal|last1=Randriamalala |first1=Hery |last2=Liu |first2=Zhou |year=2010b |title=Bois de rose de Madagascar: Entre démocratie et protection de la nature |journal=Madagascar Conservation & Development |volume=5 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=1–56 |url=http://www.mwc-info.net/en/services/Journal_PDF's/Issue5-1/MCD_2010_vol5_iss1_Rosewood_democracy_Supplementary_Material.pdf |access-date=30 January 2011 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112114753/http://www.mwc-info.net/en/services/Journal_PDF%27s/Issue5-1/MCD_2010_vol5_iss1_Rosewood_democracy_Supplementary_Material.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2012 }} * {{cite book | editor1-last = Safford | editor1-first = Roger J. | editor2-last = Duckworth | editor2-first = Will | year = 1990 | title = A Wildlife Survey of Marojejy Nature Reserve, Madagascar | series = Study Report No. 40 | publisher = International Council for Bird Preservation | pages = 1–184 |ref = none }} :* {{cite book | last1 = Safford | first1 = Roger J. | last2 = Duckworth | first2 = Will | year = 1990 | title = Abstract | pages = 5–6}} :* {{cite book | last = Evans | first = M. I. | year = 1990 | title = History of scientific work in Marojejy | pages = 15–16}} :* {{cite book | last1 = Safford | first1 = Roger J. | last2 = Duckworth | first2 = Will | year = 1990b | title = Timing of the survey | pages = 17–18}} :* {{cite book | last = Safford | first = Roger J. | year = 1990 | title = Physical and vegetational profile of Marojejy | pages = 19–21}} {{Refend}} ==Pranala jaba== * [https://lemur.duke.edu/protect/sava-conservation/ Duke Lemur SAVA Conservation] * [http://www.lemurreserve.org/ Lemur Conservation Foundation] * [http://www.vimeo.com/5894853 Angels of the Forest Marojejy Film] * [https://vimeo.com/210760454 Trouble in Lemur Land by Earth Touch] - Documentary film in HD about silky sifaka lemurs and illegal rosewood logging * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dcl7WYJJlto lan Rather Reports Marojejy Documentary] – a professional 50 minute HD film about illegal rosewood logging in Madagascar and the impact on the silky sifaka lemur * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110212173825/http://beta.mnet.co.za/carteblanche/Article.aspx?Id=3919&ShowId=1 Carte Blanche Marojejy Documentary Part 1] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100615043234/http://beta.mnet.co.za/mnetvideo/browseVideo.aspx?vid=25570 Carte Blanche Marojejy Documentary Part 2] * [http://www.marojejy.com The Friends of Marojejy National Park] – Information, photos, maps, brochures, and species lists {{Taman Nasional Madagaskar}} {{Bar subjek|portal=Madagascar|commons=y|commons-search=Kategori:Marojejy National Park}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marojejy Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Madagaskar]] 4i5vex75nxj9fvfapqmqnwp1ouuog70 0 52642 281202 211375 2026-08-27T21:58:06Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place | country = England | static_image_name = Sale Town Hall - geograph.org.uk - 1749852.jpg | static_image_caption = [[Sale Town Hall]] | coordinates = {{coord|53.424|-2.322|display=inline,title}} | official_name = Sale | population = 54515 | population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2021|2021 census]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS001/editions/2021/versions/2/filter-outputs/e2bfae48-f018-4b67-a674-4d9c35989fd1#get-data |title=Number of usual residents in households and communal establishments - Census 2021 |publisher=Office of National Statistics |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> | population_density = | metropolitan_borough = [[Trafford]] | metropolitan_county = [[Greater Manchester]] | region = North West England | constituency_westminster = [[Altrincham and Sale West (UK Parliament constituency)|Altrincham and Sale West]] | constituency_westminster1 = [[Wythenshawe and Sale East (UK Parliament constituency)|Wythenshawe and Sale East]] | post_town = SALE | postcode_district = M33 | postcode_area = M | dial_code = 0161 | os_grid_reference = SJ785915 | london_distance = {{convert|162|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} [[Boxing the compass|SE]] }} '''Sale''' inggih punika satunggil kotamadya ring [[Trafford]], [[Manchester]], [[Inggris]],<ref name="GM Gazetteer">{{cite web |url=http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzs.htm |title=Greater Manchester Gazetteer|publisher=Greater Manchester County Record Office|access-date=24 December 2008|at=Places names – S|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718144349/http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzs.htm}}</ref> ring [[County malelintihan Inggris|county malelintihan]] [[Cheshire]] ring sisi kelod [[Tukad Mersey]], {{convert|2|mi|km|1}} sisi kelod [[Stretford]], {{convert|3|mi|km|1}} sisi kalér kangin [[Altrincham]], lan {{convert|5|mi|km|1}} sisi kelod kauh [[Manchester]]. Ring 2021, akéh panjak ipun 54,515. == Pustaka == === Cutetan === {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} === Bibliograpi === {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Dodgson|first=J. McN.|year=1970b|title=The place-names of Cheshire. Part two: The place-names of Bucklow Hundred and Northwich Hundred |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofches0046dodg|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-07914-4}} * {{cite book |author=Hartwell, Clare |author2=Matthew Hyde and Nikolaus Pevsner |title=Lancashire : Manchester and the South-East |series=The buildings of England |year=2004 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn.; London |isbn=0-300-10583-5}} * {{cite journal |last=Kenyon |first=D |year=1989 |title=Notes on Lancashire Place-Names 2, The Later Names |journal=The English Place-Name Society Journal |volume=21 |pages=23–53}} * {{cite book |first=Mike |last=Nevell |year=1992 |title=Tameside Before 1066 |url=https://archive.org/details/tamesidebefore100000neve |publisher=Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council |isbn=1-871324-07-6}} * {{cite book |first=Mike |last=Nevell |year=1997 |title=The Archaeology of Trafford |publisher=Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council |isbn=1-870695-25-9}} * {{cite book |first=Mike |last=Nevell |year=2008 |title=Manchester: the Hidden History |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-4704-9}} * {{cite book |first=Raymond |last=Richards |year=1947 |title=Old Cheshire Churches |publisher=Batsford |location=London}} * {{cite book |first=Norman |last=Swain |year=1987 |title=A History of Sale from earliest times to the present day |publisher=Sigma Press |location=Wilmslow |isbn=1-85058-086-3}} * {{cite book |first=Terry |last=Wyke |author2=Harry Cocks |year=2004 |title=Public Sculpture of Greater Manchester |publisher=Liverpool University Press |location=Liverpool |isbn=0-85323-567-8}} * {{cite book |last=Youngs |first=Frederic A. Jr. |title=Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol. II: Northern England |publisher=Royal Historical Society |location=London |year=1991 |isbn=0-86193-127-0}} {{Refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{Commons category}} {{Wikivoyage|Sale (England)}} *{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sale (Cheshire)|display=Sale, an urban district in the Altrincham parliamentary division of Cheshire, England |short=x}} {{Manchester Raya}} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Sale, Manchester Raya]] [[Kategori:Kota ring Manchester Raya]] [[Kategori:Genah sané madué krama ring milenium ka-1]] [[Kategori:Wawengkon ring Manchester Raya]] [[Kategori:Géograpi Trafford]] t4y24xstbjhvuje6ty0xf81haozuc4c 0 52683 281090 211403 2026-08-27T20:17:12Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Dii Consentes''''', taler kauningin dados '''''Di''''' utawi '''''Dei Consentes''''' (taler '''''Dii Complices'''''<ref>[[Arnobius]] III.40</ref>), utawi '''''Déwata Harmoni''''', inggih punika lis purwa roras déwata utama, [[Lis déwata Romawi|nem déwa lan nem déwi]], ring [[Agama ring Romawi Purwa|pantheon Romawi Purwa]]. Patung-patung gilt ipun ngadeg ring [[Forum Rowami]], lan salanturnyané kacingak ring [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Samuel Ball Platner |first=Samuel Ball |last=Platner |title=The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/topographymonume0000plat_v8a2 |year=1904 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/topographymonume0000plat_v8a2/page/173 173]–174}}</ref> Para déwata kasengguh olih pangawi [[Ennius]] ring ungkur abad&nbsp;ka-3&nbsp;SM ring satunggil paraphrase saking sang kawi Yunani sané nénten kauningin:<ref>{{cite book |editor=Ennius |title=fragment&nbsp;45 |author=Apuleius |author-link=Apuleius |chapter=De deo Socratis |at=2.28–2.29}}</ref> {{poemquote|[[Juno (mitologi)|Juno]], [[Vésta (mitologi)|Vésta]], [[Minérva]], [[Sérés (mitologi)|Sérés]], [[Diana (mitologi)|Diana]], [[Vénus (mitologi)|Vénus]] [[Mars (mitologi)|Mars]], [[Mérkurius (mitologi)|Mérkurius]], [[Jupiter (mitologi)|Iovis]], [[Néptunus (mitologi)|Néptunus]], [[Vulkanus]], [[Apollo]]}} [[Livy]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Livy |author-link=Livy |title-link=Ab Urbe Condita Libri |at=[[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 22#10|XXII.10.9]] |trans-title=From the Founding of the City |title=Ab Urbe Condita Libri |translator=Canon Roberts}}</ref> ngatur ipun ring nem pacek utawi lanang-istri: Jupiter-Juno, Néptunus-Minérva, Mars-Vénus, Apollo-Diana, Vulkan-Vésta lan Mérkurius-Sérés. Tiga saking ''Dii Consentes'' ngadegang [[Capitoline Triad]]: Jupiter, Juno lan Minérva. q628agboo4tjyhaejgx61ll3aykm8ir 0 53163 281074 212499 2026-08-27T20:07:34Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|Partai Berkarya|Partai Karya Perjuangan}} {{Infobox partai politik Indonésia | colorcode = #FFFF00 | nama = Partai Golongan Karya | logo = Logo Golkar.svg | ketuaumum = [[Bahlil Lahadalia]] | sekjen = M Sarmuji | leader1_title = Ketua Fraksi di [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|DPR]] | leader1_name = Kahar Muzakir | tahun = {{start date and age|1964|10|20}} | kantorpusat = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia | ideologi = [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]]<ref name="peta">{{cite journal| title = Peta Baru Ideologi Partai Politik Indonesia| last = Nurjaman| first = Asep| date = 2009| journal = Bestari| via = Neliti.com| url = https://www.neliti.com/publications/243916/peta-baru-ideologi-partai-politik-indonesia| access-date = 2022-12-03| archive-date = 2022-11-13| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221113130959/https://www.neliti.com/publications/243916/peta-baru-ideologi-partai-politik-indonesia| dead-url = no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[The Economist]]|title=Indonesia's election|date=24 March 2009|url=https://www.economist.com/node/13355940|access-date=2021-02-26|archive-date=2018-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503180711/https://www.economist.com/node/13355940|dead-url=no}}</ref><br>[[Konservatisme bangsa]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of Malay-Indonesian Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/imagesofmalayind0000unse|year=1997|publisher=OUP|page=[https://archive.org/details/imagesofmalayind0000unse/page/101 101]|first=Michael|last=Hitchcock}}</ref><br>[[Developmentalisme]]<ref name="realsource">{{Cite web|url=https://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/jog/article/download/2674/2090|title=Dinamika Partai Politik dan Positioning Ideologi: Studi Tentang Pergeseran Positioning Ideologi Partai-partai Politik Peserta Pemilu 2014|publisher=Journal of Governance|access-date=2024-03-31|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805144324/http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/jog/article/download/2674/2090|dead-url=no}}</ref><br>[[Liberalisme ekonomi]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2013/10/24/indonesia-s-political-parties-pub-53414|title=Indonesia's Political Parties|first1=Nadia|last1=Bulkin|website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|access-date=2021-02-26|archive-date=2021-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814010312/https://carnegieendowment.org/2013/10/24/indonesia-s-political-parties-pub-53414|dead-url=no}}</ref><br>[[Nasionalisme Indonesia]]<ref name="auto"/><br>[[Sekularisme]]<ref name="auto"/><br>'''Masa Orde Baru:'''<br>[[Tenda besar]]<ref>Editorial of ''Suara Karya'', 1 May 1971</ref><br>[[Otoritarianisme|Otoritarianisme sayap-kanan]]<br>[[Antikomunisme|Anti-komunisme]]<br>Nasionalisme Indonesia<br>'''[[Faksi]]:'''<br>[[Ultranasionalisme]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27751535|title=Comparing Indonesia's Party Systems of the 1950s and the Post-Suharto Era: From Centrifugal to Centripetal Inter-Party Competition|access-date=2021-07-24|archive-date=2023-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712093306/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27751535|dead-url=no}}</ref> | political_position = [[Politik kanan tengah|Kanan-tengah]]<ref>{{cite book|page=13|publisher=Oxford Business Group|year=2008|title=The Report: Indonesia 2008}}</ref> ke [[Politik sayap kanan|sayap-kanan]]<ref>{{cite book|page=116|title=Political Systems Of The World|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1990|first=J. Denis|last=Derbyshire}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Anjali|last=Thomas Bohlken|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|page=221|title=Democratization from Above}}</ref><br>'''Selama Orde Baru:'''<br>[[Politik kanan jauh|Kanan-jauh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2017.1393943|title=Contesting Victimhood in the Indonesian Anti-Communist Violence and Its Implications for Justice for the Victims of the 1968 South Blitar Trisula Operation in East Java|access-date=2021-07-24|archive-date=2023-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006033044/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2017.1393943|dead-url=no}}</ref> | kursi_dpr = {{Infobox political party/seats|102|580|hex={{party color|Golongan Karya}}}} | kursi_dprd1 = {{Infobox political party/seats|365|2372|hex={{party color|Golongan Karya}}}} | kursi_dprd2 = {{Infobox political party/seats|2521|17510|hex={{party color|Golongan Karya}}}} | flag = | abbr = Golkar | newspaper = ''[[Suara Karya]]'' (1971–2016) | youth = {{ubl|AMPG (Angkatan Muda Partai Golkar)|AMPI (Angkatan Muda Pembaharu Indonesia)}} | women = KPPG (Kesatuan Perempuan Partai Golkar) | labour = {{ubl|[[SOKSI]]|[[Konfederasi Serikat Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia|KSPSI]]|[[KORPRI]] (1971–1999)}} | membership = 834.218 (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=Info Pemilu - Partai GOLKAR|url=https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/9|website=Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI|date=22 Desember 2022|access-date=4 Januari 2023|archive-date=2023-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104064607/https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/9|dead-url=no}}</ref> | slogan = ''Suara Golkar, Suara Rakyat'' | situsweb = {{url|partaigolkar.com}} }} '''Partai Golongan Karya (Golkar)''' utawi umumné kaancengang dados '''Partai Golkar''' inggih punika satunggil [[partai politik ring Indonésia]]. Kaadegang dados '''Sékrétariat Bersama Golongan Karya''' (''Sekber Golkar'') Ring warsa 1964, lan nyarengin Pemilu Umum Nasional kapertama ring warsa [[Pamilihan umum législatip Indonésia 1971|1971]] dados Golkar (''Golongan Karya''). Partai Golongan Karya sané nénten resmi dados partai politik ngantos warsa 1999, ritatkala Gokar kabuatang dados satunggil partai mangda prasida nyarengin pemilu. == Ketua Umum == {{utama|Ketua Umum Partai Golongan Karya}} {{utama|Kepengurusan Partai Golongan Karya}} * [[Brigadir Jenderal|Brigadir Jenderal TNI]] [[Djuhartono]] (1964–1969) * [[Suprapto Sukowati]] (1969–1973) * [[Amir Moertono]] (1973–1983) * [[Sudharmono]] (1983–1988) * [[Wahono]] (1988–1993) * [[Harmoko]] (1993–1998) * [[Akbar Tandjung]] (1998–2004) * [[Jusuf Kalla]] (2004–2009) * [[Aburizal Bakrie]] (2009–2014 & Januari–Mei 2016)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016/01/28/13212101/Menkumham.Aktifkan.SK.Golkar.Munas.Riau.Selama.Enam.Bulan |title=Menkumham Aktifkan SK Golkar Munas Riau Selama Enam Bulan |access-date=2016-06-09 |archive-date=2023-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006033059/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016/01/28/13212101/Menkumham.Aktifkan.SK.Golkar.Munas.Riau.Selama.Enam.Bulan |dead-url=no }}</ref> * ''[[Aburizal Bakrie]]'' & ''[[Agung Laksono]]'' (''dualisme kepemimpinan'') (2014–2016) * [[Setya Novanto]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002405/http://www.arah.com/article/3476/sah-setya-novanto-ketua-umum-baru-partai-golkar.html Sah! Setya Novanto Ketua Umum Baru Partai Golkar] Arah.com, tanggal 17 Mei 2016. Diakses tanggal 18 Mei 2016</ref> (2016–2017) * [[Airlangga Hartarto]] (2017–2024) * [[Bahlil Lahadalia]] (2024–mangkin) == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Wacenan === * {{cite book|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18633173-golkar---sejarah-yang-hilang?from_search=true&search_version=service|title=Golkar – Sejarah yang Hilang: Akar Pemikiran dan Dinamika |authors=[[David Reeve]], Robyn Fallick (Editor), Iskandar P. Nugraha (Editor), Lubabun Ni’am (Editor), Gatot Triwira (Translator)|publisher=Komunitas Bambu|year=1st ed., 600 pages|date=July 2013|location=Depok, Jawa Barat|isbn=9786029402308|accessdate=}} * Ridwan Saidi. ''"Golkar Pascapemilu 1992"'' * Akbar Tandjung. ''"The Golkar Way: Survival Partai Golkar di Tengah Turbulensi Politik Era Transisi"'' * Nanang Dwi Prasidi. ''"Golkar Retak?"'' * Dasman Djamaluddin. ''"Golkar as Alternative Party"'' * Masashi Nishihara. ''"Golkar and the Indonesian Elections of 1971"'' * Rully Chairul Azwar. ''"Politik Komunikasi Partai Golkar di Tiga Era"'' * Leo Suryadinata. ''"Golkar dan Militer: Studi tentang Budaya Politik"'' * Dirk Tomsa. ''"Party Politics and Democratization in Indonesia: Golkar in the Post-Suharto Era"'' * Yohanes Krisnawan. ''"Pers Memihak Golkar?: Suara Merdeka Dalam Pemilu 1992"'' * Bambang Cipto. ''"Duel Segitiga PPP, Golkar, Pdi Dalam Pemilu 1997"'' * Uziar Fauzan, Hairus H. Salim, Umar Ibnu Sholeh. ''"Tujuh Mesin Pendulang Suara: Perkenalan, Prediksi, Harapan Pemilu 1999: PAN, PBB, PDIP, Golkar, PK, PKB, PPP."'' * Umar Ibnu Alkhatab. ''"Dari Beringin Ke Beringin: Sejarah, Kemelut, Resistensi, Dan Daya Tahan Partai Golkar."'' * Hendri F. Isnaeni. ''"Partai Demokrat Antek Pendjajah: Golkar Perubahan Dari Gerindra, Palu Arit ala PKI dan PRD, Ada Jepang dibalik PKS, Jepang juga bikin PKB"'' * Leo Suryadinata. ''"Military Ascendancy and Political Culture: A Study of Indonesia's Golkar"'' === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [http://www.partaigolkar.com Situs web resmi] * {{id}} [http://www.golkarindonesia.com/ Media Partner Resmi] * {{id}} [http://twitter.com/golkar_id/ Akun Twitter official] * {{id}} [http://instagram.com/golkar.indonesia/ Akun Instagram official] * {{id}} [http://tiktok.com/golkar.indonesia/ Akun Tiktok official] * {{id}} [http://facebook.com/golkar.indonesia/ Akun Facebook official] {{Partai Golongan Karya}}{{Parpol2024}} {{Parpol2019}} {{Parpol2014}} {{Parpol2009}} {{Parpol2004}} {{Parpol1999}} {{Parpol1977–1997}} {{Parpol1971}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Partai Golongan Karya| ]] [[Kategori:Partai konservatif nasional|Golongan Karya]] [[Kategori:Partai politik ring Indonésia|Golongan Karya]] [[Kategori:Partai politik sané kaadegang warsa 1964|Golongan Karya]] [[Kategori:Pangadegan warsa 1964 ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 1971]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 1977]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 1982]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 1987]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 1992]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 1997]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 1999]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 2004]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 2009]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 2014]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 2019]] [[Kategori:Partai politik pamilet pamilihan umum legislatip Indonésia 2024]] qbrkaew7rayfw23irdnqxbqv95tnvkd 0 53535 281261 214372 2026-08-27T22:31:39Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military unit |unit_name = Tentara Nasional Indonesia{{br}}Angkatan Darat |image = Insignia of the Indonesian Army.svg |image_size = 170px |caption = Lambang TNI Angkatan Darat |start_date = {{Start date|1945|12|15|df=y}}{{br}}({{Age in years and months|1945|12|15}}) |country = {{INA}} |allegiance = [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia]] |branch = |role = Menegakkan kedaulatan negara dan mempertahankan keutuhan wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia |type = [[Angkatan Darat]] |size = {{Unbulleted list|300.000 personel aktif|5.946 personel cadangan}} |command_structure = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.svg}} [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia]] |garrison = [[Gambir, Gambir, Jakarta Pusat|Gambir, Jakarta Pusat]] |garrison_label = Markas Besar |patron = |motto = ''Kartika Eka Paksi''<br />([[Sanskrit]], lit:"burung gagah perkasa dengan satu cita-cita yang mulia") |colors = {{legend|#4B5320|'''[[Hijau tentara]]'''|border=1px solid #4B5320}} |colors_label = Warna |march = {{lang|id|Mars Kartika Eka Paksi}} |mascot = |equipment = |equipment_label = |battles = {{Unbulleted list|[[Revolusi Nasional Indonesia]]|[[Konfrontasi Indonesia–Malaysia]]|[[Operasi Seroja]]|[[Operasi militer Indonesia di Aceh 2003–2004]]|[[Operasi Madago Raya]]}} |anniversaries = 15 Desember (''[[Hari Juang Kartika]]'')<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oktaviani|first=Tari|date=2023-12-13|title=Tanggal 15 Desember 2023 Memperingati Hari Apa?|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/12/14/00000031/tanggal-15-desember-2023-memperingati-hari-apa-|website=KOMPAS.com|access-date=2024-01-26}}</ref> |decorations = |battle_honours = <!--Rantai Komando--> |commander1 = [[File:Indonesian Presidential Seal gold.svg|23px]] [[Presiden Indonesia|Presiden]] [[Prabowo Subianto]] |commander1_label = [[Panglima Tertinggi]] |commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of a Indonesian Army Jenderal.png}} [[Jenderal (Indonesia)|Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Maruli Simanjuntak]] |commander2_label = [[Kepala Staf TNI Angkatan Darat|Kepala Staf]] |commander3 = {{flagicon image|Flag of a Indonesian Army Letnan Jenderal.png}} [[Letnan Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Tandyo Budi Revita]] |commander3_label = [[Wakil Kepala Staf TNI Angkatan Darat|Wakil Kepala Staf]] |commander4 = {{flagicon image|Flag of a Indonesian Army Letnan Jenderal.png}} [[Letnan Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Erwin Djatniko]] |commander4_label = [[Inspektur Jenderal Angkatan Darat|Inspektur Jenderal]] |notable_commanders = <!-- Insignia --> |identification_symbol = [[Berkas:Flag_of_the_Indonesian_Army.svg|170px]] |identification_symbol_label = Bendera |identification_symbol_2 = [[Berkas:Roundel of Indonesia – Army Aviation.svg|80px]] [[File:Roundel of Indonesia – Army Aviation – Low Visibility.svg|80px]] |identification_symbol_2_label = Roundel |identification_symbol_3 = [[Berkas:Flag of Indonesia.svg|170px]] |identification_symbol_3_label = Fin Flash |website = [https://tniad.mil.id/ tniad.mil.id] |commander5 = {{flagicon image|Flag of a Indonesian Army Letnan Jenderal.png}} [[Letnan Jenderal]] [[TNI]] [[Sonny Aprianto]]|commander5_label=[[Koordinator Staf Ahli Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat|Koordinator Staf Ahli]]}} '''Tentara Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI AD)''' (Ring basa Indonesia: ''Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat'' (TNI-AD)) inggih punika bagian angkatan darat saking [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia]]. Kakadenang madue kakuatan personil aktif sawatara 300.400 diri. Sejarah Tentara Indonesia mawit ring warsa 1945 rikala ''[[Tentara Keamanan Rakyat]]'' (TKR) pangawit mijil pinaka paramiliter miwah korps kepolisian. Ngawit saking gerakan kemerdekaan negara, Tentara Indonesia sampun kalibatang ring makudang-kudang operasi marupa penggabungan [[Irian Barat]], [[konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia]], kantos ka penggabungan [[Timor Lésté|Timor Timur]], taler operasi nglawan pemberontakan ring [[Acéh|Aceh]], [[Maluku]], miwah [[Papua]]. Operasi tentara puniki nenten luput saking kontroversi; ipun sering kakaitang ring pelanggaran hak asasi manusia, pradnyan ipun ring Papua Barat, Timor Timur miwah Aceh. Tentara Indonesia kawangun antuk markas besar, 15 komando daerah militer (Kodam), komando cadangan strategis (Kostrad), komando pasukan khusus (Kopassus), miwah makudang-kudang unit pendukung. Ipun kapimpin olih Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat (KSAD utawi KASAD).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schwarz|first=Adam|title=A nation in waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s|url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw|date=1994|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-1-86373-635-0|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peraturan.go.id/id/perpres-no-66-tahun-2019|title=Peraturan Presiden Nomor 66 Tahun 2019 Tentang Susunan Organisasi Tentara Nasional Indonesia|access-date=2024-11-07|archive-date=2024-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126165048/https://peraturan.go.id/id/perpres-no-66-tahun-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Pustaka == gwlw7oy2008p719lel5mwqtc0jqqz39 0 55014 281162 217776 2026-08-27T21:27:46Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kimia''' inggih punika studi sains indik cecirén lan parilaksana [[matéri]].<ref name = "brown2018">{{cite book | last1 = Brown| first1 = Theodore L. | last2=LeMay | first2=H. Eugene Jr. | last3 = Bursten | first3 = Bruce E. | last4 = Murphey | first4 = Catherine J. | last5 = Woodward | first5 = Patrick M. | last6 = Stoltzfus | first6 = Matthew W. | last7 = Lufaso | first7 = Michael W. | chapter = Introduction: Matter, energy, and measurement | title = Chemistry: The Central Science | url = https://archive.org/details/chemistrycentral0000brow_14ed| publisher = Pearson | edition = 14th | date = 2018 | location = New York | pages = [https://archive.org/details/chemistrycentral0000brow_14ed/page/n89 46]–85 | isbn = 978-0134414232}}</ref> Punika wantah [[fisika sains]] ring sajeroning [[ilmu alam]] malajahin [[datu kimia]] sané ngawangun matéri lan [[senyawa kimia|senyawa]] sané kakaryanin saking [[atom]], [[molekul]] lan [[ion]]: komposisi, struktur, sifat, parilaksana lan pauwahan sané kaarepin rikala [[réaksi kimia|réaksi]] sareng [[Zat kimia|zat]] sané lianan.<ref name="definition">{{cite web |url=http://chemweb.ucc.ie/what_is_chemistry.htm |title=What is Chemistry? |publisher=Chemweb.ucc.ie |access-date=12 June 2011 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003061822/http://chemweb.ucc.ie/what_is_chemistry.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of CHEMISTRY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chemistry |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=24 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005724/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chemistry |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of chemistry {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chemistry |website=www.dictionary.com |access-date=24 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305233029/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chemistry |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chemistry Is Everywhere|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/everywhere.html|website=[[American Chemical Society]]|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190223/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/everywhere.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kimia taler maosang indik sifat [[iketan kimia]] ring [[senyawa kimia]]. Ring lingkup mata pelajahannyané, kimia magenah ring genah sané tengah pantaraning [[fisika]] miwah [[biologi]].<ref>Carsten Reinhardt. ''Chemical Sciences in the 20th Century: Bridging Boundaries''. Wiley-VCH, 2001. {{ISBN|3-527-30271-9}}. pp.&nbsp;1–2.</ref> Taler kasengguh [[ilmu pusat]] santukan ngicénin dasar anggén ngresepang [[Panyelehan dasar|dasar]] miwah [[Ilmu Terapan|terapan]] disiplin sains ring tingkat dasar.<ref>Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene Lemay, Bruce Edward Bursten, H. Lemay. ''Chemistry: The Central Science''. Prentice Hall; 8 ed. (1999). {{ISBN|0-13-010310-1}}. pp.&nbsp;3–4.</ref> Minakadi, kimia nlatarang indik aspék-aspék patumbuhan entik-entikan ([[botani]]), ngwentuk batuan beku ([[géologi]]), sapunapi ozon atmosphér kawentuk miwah sapunapi polutan lingkungan kadégradasi ([[ékologi]]), sifat tanah ring Bulan ([[kosmokimia]]), sapunapi tamba-tamba punika kakaryanin ([[farmakologi]]), miwah sapunapi mangda mupulang [[DNA]] bukti ring genah kejahatan ([[forensik]]). Kimia sampun wénten antuk makudang aran saking aab purwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/chemistry/Chemistry-and-society|title=Chemistry – Chemistry and society |website=Britannica |access-date=6 May 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506122546/https://www.britannica.com/science/chemistry/Chemistry-and-society|url-status=live}}</ref> Puniki sampun nglimbak, miwah mangkin kimia ngingkupin makudang-kudang widang spésialisasi, utawi subdisiplin, sané terus nincap akéhnyané miwah saling mapaiketan anggén makarya widang studi interdisipliner salanturnyané. Aplikasi saking makudang widang kimia sering kawigunayang anggen tetujon éakonomi ring [[industri kimia]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} c47zj9kj3vqjisqg93jbqpe9js6ce51 0 55031 281066 217817 2026-08-27T20:00:24Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Archimédés saking Sirakusa'''{{Efn|{{langx|grc-x-doric|{{wikt-lang|grc|Ἀρχιμήδης}}}}, {{IPA|grc-x-doric|arkʰimɛːdɛ̂ːs|pron}}.}} ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑːr|k|ᵻ|ˈ|m|iː|d|iː|z}} {{respell|AR|kim|EE|deez}};<ref name="Collins">{{cite web |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/archimedes?showCookiePolicy=true |title=Archimedes |access-date=25 September 2014 |publisher=Collins Dictionary |date=n.d.}}</ref> {{circa|287|212 SM}}) inggih punika [[Matematika Yunani|matematikawan]], [[fisikawan]], [[insinyur]], [[astronom]], lan [[pacunduk|pacunduk]] [[Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] saking kota kuno saking [[Sirakusa, Sisilia|Sirakusa]] ring [[Babad Yunani lan Hélénistik Sisilia|Sisilia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Archimedes (c. 287 – c. 212 BC) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/archimedes.shtml |publisher=BBC History |access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> Yadiastun akidik rincian indik kahuripannyané sané kauningin, ida kasengguh silih sinunggil sujana sané kasub ring [[aab kuna klasik]]. Kaanggep pinaka sujana matematika sané pinih ageng ring [[babad kuna]], lan silih sinunggil sané pinih ageng saking makasami masa,<ref name="LitList"> {{cite book |author=John M. Henshaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0ljBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |title=An Equation for Every Occasion: Fifty-Two Formulas and Why They Matter |date=2014 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-1492-8 |page=68 |quote="Archimedes is on most lists of the greatest mathematicians of all time and is considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity."}} {{pb}} {{cite book |last=Calinger |first=Ronald |title=A Contextual History of Mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/contextualhistor0000cali |publisher=Prentice-Hall |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-02-318285-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/contextualhistor0000cali/page/150 150] |quote="Shortly after Euclid, compiler of the definitive textbook, came Archimedes of Syracuse (ca. 287&nbsp;212 BC), the most original and profound mathematician of antiquity."}} {{pb}} {{cite web |date=January 1999 |title=Archimedes of Syracuse |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Archimedes.html |access-date=9 June 2008 |publisher=The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive}} {{pb}} {{cite book |author=Sadri Hassani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWPgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |title=Mathematical Methods: For Students of Physics and Related Fields |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-387-21562-4 |page=81 |quote="Archimedes is arguably believed to be the greatest mathematician of antiquity."}} {{pb}} {{cite book |author=Hans Niels Jahnke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVRZEXFVsZkC&pg=PA21 |title=A History of Analysis |publisher=American Mathematical Soc. |isbn=978-0-8218-9050-9 |page=21 |quote="Archimedes was the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all times"}} {{pb}} {{cite book |author=Stephen Hawking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eU_RzM7OoI4C&pg=PT12 |title=God Created The Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs that Changed History |date=2007 |publisher=Running Press |isbn=978-0-7624-3272-1 |page=12 |quote="Archimedes, the greatest mathematician of antiquity"}} {{pb}} {{cite book |author=Hirshfeld |first= Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbcfLoZKDl8C |title=Eureka Man: The Life and Legacy of Archimedes |date=2009 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn= 978-0-8027-1979-9|pages=206 |language=en |quote="the Archimedes Palimpsest has ridden the roiling waves of circumstance to become the most celebrated link to antiquity's greatest mathematician-inventor"}}{{pb}} 58kdm4pi108mr13vd67vatedlt1lwln 0 55052 281167 217919 2026-08-27T21:34:58Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jinah''' (andap: '''Pipis''') barang napi manten utawi catetan sané prasida kavérifikasi sané ketahnyané katampi pinaka [[patawuran]] antuk [[barang lan jasa]] lan patawuran [[utang]], sakadi [[pajak]], ring negara utawi kontéks sosial ékonomi katentu.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets |url=https://archive.org/details/economicsofmoney0000mish |last=Mishkin |first=Frederic S. |author-link=Frederic Mishkin |year=2007 |publisher=Addison Wesley |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-321-42177-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/economicsofmoney0000mish/page/8 8]|edition=Alternate }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MDU-NTEJziMC&pg=PA47 ''What Is Money?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205182603/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDU-NTEJziMC&pg=PA47 |date=2022-12-05 }} By John N. Smithin. Retrieved July-17-09.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000217&edition=current&q=money&topicid=&result_number=5 |title=money : The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |website=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |access-date=18 December 2010}}</ref> 3a2rjkpdjd7heyheie5lzsnxcti8yze 0 55133 281023 218154 2026-08-27T19:24:42Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281023 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kalénder Jawi''' ({{langx|jv|ꦥꦤꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦗꦮ|Pananggalan Jawa}}) inggih punika [[kalénder]] saking [[Wong Jawa|wong Jawi]]. Puniki kaanggen sinarengan sareng kalih kalénder tiosan, [[Kalénder Grégorian]] miwah [[kalénder Islam]]. Kalénder Gregorian inggih punika kalénder resmi [[Indonésia|Républik Indonésia]] lan masyarakat sipil, nanging kalénder Islam kaanggen olih umat Islam lan pemerintah Indonesia antuk ibadah agama lan mutusang [[rahina prai Islam]] sané relevan. Kalénder Jawa kaanggén olih etnis utama [[Jawa|pulo Jawa]]—inggih punika, [[Wong Jawa]], [[Wong Madura|Madura]], lan [[Wong Sunda|Sunda]]—utaminnyane pinaka [[ikon budaya]] lan pengidentifikasi, lan pinaka tradisi sane kaupapira saking aab kuna. Kalénder Jawi punika kaanggen ring sajeroning tetujon budaya miwah kadiatmikan.<ref name="xentana" /> Sistem kalénder Jawi sane mangkin sampun karesmiang olih [[Sultan Agung saking Mataram]] ring warsa Gregorian 1633 M.<ref name =periplus /> Sadurung punika, krama Jawi sampun nganggen [[Kalénder Bali saka|kalénder Śaka]], sane madue aabné ring warsa 78 M lan nganggen [[Kalénder suryacandra|siklus suryacandra]] anggén ngitung galah.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Ricklefs | first = M.C. | title = A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni0000rick_i0z4 | publisher = Stanford University Press | year = 1993 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni0000rick_i0z4/page/46 46] | isbn = 0-8047-2195-5 }}</ref> Kalénder Sultan Agung ngukuhang sistem penghitungan warsa kalénder Saka, nanging mabinayan antuk nganggen sistem pangukuran [[Kalénder candra|warsa lunar]] sane pateh sareng [[kalénder Islam]], bandingang ring [[Kalénder surya|warsa surya]]. Saget, kalénder Jawa kabaos antuk [[basa Latin|Latin]] wastannyane '''''Anno Javanico''''' utawi '''AJ''' (Warsa Jawa).<ref name=raffles/> fatrhof1jb8bi09yydtcspo4xugfsbu 0 55180 281037 218276 2026-08-27T19:32:11Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281037 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tukad Kuning'''{{Efn|{{zh|s=黄河|t=黃河|p=Huánghé}}}} inggih punika tukad sané pinih lantang kaping kalih ring Cina miwah [[Lis tukad manut lantang|paling lantang kaping nem]] saking sistem tukad ring Gumi, antuk lantangnyané sané kaaptiang {{Convert|5464|km|mi|abbr=on}} miwah satunggil [[Basin drainase|DAS]] saking {{cvt|795000|km2|sqmi}}. Kakawitin ring [[Gunung Bayan Har]], tukad puniki umumnyané membah nuju kangin sadurung ngranjing ring lantang {{convert|1500|km|mi|abbr=on}} loop Ordos, sanébmamargi nuju kalér kangin ring [[Gansu]] nglintangin [[Dataran Tegeh Ordos]] miwah mabikuk nuju kangin ring [[Mongolia Jero]]. Tukad punika raris mabikuk tajem nuju kelod mangda prasida ngawentuk wates pantaraning [[Shanxi]] miwah [[Shaanxi]], mabikuk nuju kangin ring genahnyané matemu sareng [[Tukad Wei]], miwah membah nglintangin [[Dataran Cina Kalér]] sadurung maloloan ring [[Segara Bohai]]. Tukad puniki kawastanin antuk warnan toyané sané mawarna kuning, sané mawit saking akéhnyané sédimen sané maclempung ring toyané rikala tukad punika membah nglintangin [[Dataran Tegeh Loess]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Mostern |first1=Ruth |title=The Yellow River: A Natural and Unnatural History |url=https://archive.org/details/yellowrivernatur0000most |last2=Horne |first2=Ryan M. |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-300-23833-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/yellowrivernatur0000most/page/58 58] |jstor=j.ctv1vbd1d8}}</ref> r4pgs6tmo8vycr3aht85m8ord3ltkum 0 56449 281258 234774 2026-08-27T22:30:21Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:An Old Woman With Her Grandchildren in Northern Ghana.jpg|jmpl|Anak istri sane sampun [[lingsir]] sareng [[putunnyane]] ring Ghana Utara]] [[Berkas:Vietnamese Ancestors Altar.jpg|jmpl|Altar leluhur Vietnam miwah [[altar]] [[Buddha]] alit ring sisi]] '''Kawitan''', taler kabaos '''leluhur''', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/forefather|title=Thesaurus results for FOREFATHER|website=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407155257/https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/forefather|archive-date=2020-04-07|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> inggih punika rerama utawi ( rekursif ) rerama saking leluhur (inggih punika, [[leluhur]] miwah sane lianan). ''Leluhur'' inggih punika "sapa sira ugi sane katurunan. Manut hukum, [[jadma]] sane polih [[warisan]] ." <ref>{{Cite book|title=Websters New World Dictionary|year=1960|url=https://archive.org/details/webstersnewworld0000davi_l8o0|publisher=The World Publishing Company|location=Cleveland and New York}}</ref> == Hubungan == Kalih individu madué paiketan [[Genetika|genetik]] yéning asiki pinaka leluhur saking sané tiosan utawi yéning ipun madué leluhur sané pateh. Ring teori [[Évolusi|evolusi]], spesies sané madué leluhur evolusioner kasengguh mawit saking sentanan sané pateh . Sakéwanten, konsep leluhur puniki nénten mamargi ring makudang-kudang bakteri miwah organisme tiosan sané prasida ngingsirang gen horizontal . Makudang-kudang tetilikan nyihnayang yening rata-rata jadma madue leluhur istri kalih lintang saking leluhur lanang. Puniki minab sangkaning prevalensi hubungan poligin miwah hipergami anak istri sane sampun lintang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/the-missing-men-in-your-family-tree/|title=The Missing Men in Your Family Tree|last=Tierney|first=John|date=5 September 2007|website=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505211842/https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/the-missing-men-in-your-family-tree/|archive-date=5 May 2018|access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> Mapaiketan sareng samian leluhur individu sane tiosan nenten mapaiketan sareng sane lianan, individu punika madue 2 ^''n'' leluhur ring generasi ka ''-n'' sadurungnyane lan akehnyane 2 ^{''g'' +1.}&nbsp;−&nbsp;2 leluhur ring ''g'' generasi sadurung ipun. Sakéwanten, ring praktiknyané, sampun tinglas yéning akéhan leluhur manusa (miwah spesies tiosan) mapaiketan (cingakin runtuhnyané silsilah ). Tetimbang ''n''&nbsp;=&nbsp;40: spesies manusa sampun mayusa langkungan saking 40 generasi, nanging jumlahnyane 2 ⁴⁰, kirang langkung 10 ¹² utawi siki triliun, kerdil jumlah manusa sane naenin maurip . Wenten budaya sane ngicenin rasa hormat majeng ring leluhur, sane maurip utawi sane sampun padem; tungkalikane, makudang-kudang konteks budaya sane lebih berorientasi para yowana nyinahang kirang ngaturang pamuji majeng ring panglingsir. Ring konteks budaya sane lianan, ngaturang sembah majeng ring leluhur utawi, sane pinih patut, ngaturang sembah bakti majeng ring leluhur inggih punika ritatkala jadmane ngrereh rejeki .  saking leluhurnyane sane sampun seda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Anning|date=2016|title=Ancestor Worship in Contemporary China: An Empirical Investigation|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43709965|url-status=live|journal=China Review|volume=16|issue=1|pages=169–186|jstor=43709965|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502083053/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43709965|archive-date=2022-05-02|access-date=2022-05-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clark|first=Kelly James|date=2005-12-01|title=The gods of Abraham, Isaiah, and Confucius|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02857007|journal=Dao|volume=5|issue=1|pages=109–136|doi=10.1007/bf02857007|issn=1540-3009}}</ref> == Cingak taler ==   == Kutipan == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Reflist}} == Cantélan eksternal == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080818170614/http://www.census.gov/population/www/ancestry/ Biro Sensus Amerika Serikat] {{Family}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kawitan]] [[Kategori:Pasawitran miwah katurunan]] lfhv1r7h3ig86csit9qqby3t56f7o82 0 56452 281071 280138 2026-08-27T20:04:42Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Bibliothèque_de_l'Assemblée_Nationale_(Lunon).jpg|jmpl| Perpustakaan Istana Bourbon ring Paris]]   '''Sastra''' inggih punika sakancan pupulan karya sasuratan, nanging taler kaanggen pinih cupit antuk sasuratan sane khusus kaanggep dados wangun seni, utamanyane novel, drama, lan puisi . <ref name="OD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/literature|title=Literature: definition|publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610161527/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/literature|archive-date=10 June 2021|access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref> Puniki rumasuk ring sesuratan cetak miwah digital . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Rettberg|first=Scott|title=Electronic literature|url=https://archive.org/details/electroniclitera0000rett|date=2019|publisher=Polity press|isbn=978-1-5095-1677-3|location=Cambridge, UK Medford, MA}}</ref> Ring makudang-kudang abad sane lintang, teges punika sampun nglimbak kantos ngranjingang sastra lisan, akeh sane sampun katranskripsiang. {{Sfn|Goody|1987|p=}} Sastra inggih punika tata cara nyatet, nglestariang, miwah ngirimang kaweruhan miwah hiburan . Punika taler prasida madue peran sosial, psikologis, spiritual, utawi politik. Kritik sastra inggih punika silih sinunggil disiplin akademik sane pinih lingsir, lan mapaiketan sareng nilai sastra utawi signifikansi intelektual saking teks-teks tertentu. Paplajahan indik buku miwah teks tiosan pinaka artefak utawi tradisi gumanti ngranjing ring kritik tekstual utawi sejarah buku . "Sastra", pinaka wangun seni, kadang-kadang kaanggen sinonim sareng fiksi sastra, fiksi sane kasurat antuk tatujon jasa seni, nanging taler prasida ngranjing karya ring makudang-kudang genre non-fiksi, sakadi biografi, buku harian, memoar, surat, lan esai . Ring sajeroning teges sane jimbar puniki, sastra ngranjing ring buku non-fiksi, artikel, utawi gatra sane kasurat tiosan indik subjek tertentu. <ref name="EB">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/literature|title=literature &#124; Definition, Characteristics, Genres, Types, & Facts|last=Rexroth|first=Kenneth|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729030437/https://www.britannica.com/art/literature|archive-date=29 July 2020|access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> Panglimbak teknologi cetak sampun ngawinang distribusi miwah proliferasi karya-karya sane sayan nincap, nanging era digital sampun ngabur-ngabur garis pantaraning sastra elektronik online miwah wangun media modern tiosan. == Definisi == Definisi sastra sampun mabinayan saking galah ka galah. Ring Eropa Kauh, sadurung abad ka-18, sastra nyihnayang makasami buku miwah sasuratan. Puniki prasida kacingak pinaka mawali ring gagasan sane sampun sue, sane lebih inklusif, mawinan studi budaya, umpaminyane, ngeranjing, tiosan ring karya-karya kanonik, genre populer lan minoritas . Kruna puniki taler kaanggen ring sajeroning karya-karya sane nenten kasurat: majeng ring " sastra lisan " miwah "sastra budaya praliterasi ". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">kutipan sané kaperluang</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sekadi etimologis, istilah puniki mawit saking [[basa Latin]] ''{{Lang|la|literatura/litteratura}}'', "pembelajaran, sesuratan, tata basa," pangawitnyane "sesuratan sane kawangun antuk aksara," saking ''{{Lang|la|litera/littera}}'', "surat." <ref name="oetyd">{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=literature&allowed_in_frame=0|title=literature (n.)|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222162614/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=literature&allowed_in_frame=0|archive-date=22 February 2014|access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> Yadiastun asapunika, istilah punika taler sampun kaanggen ring teks tutur utawi katembangang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|year=1974|title=How Oral Is Oral Literature?|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-soas_1974_37_1/page/52|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=37|issue=1|pages=52–64|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00094842|jstor=614104}} {{Subscription required}}</ref> Sastra sering kabaos sinekdokis pinaka "sesuratan," utamannyane sesuratan kreatif, miwah manut puitis pinaka "kerajinan manulis" (utawi wantah "kerajinan"). Syd Field ngambarang disiplinne, panulisan skenario, pinaka "kerajinan sane saget menek ka tingkat seni." <ref>{{Cite book|last=Field|first=Syd|title=Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting|url=https://archive.org/details/screenplayfounda0000fiel_r1c5|date=2005|publisher=Delta|isbn=978-0440582731|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Definisi penilaian nilai sastra nganggep wantah terdiri saking sesuratan sane berkualitas tinggi sane mawangun kepahan saking tradisi ''belles-lettres'' ("sesuratan halus"). {{Sfn|Eagleton|2008|p=9}} Imbanyané inggih punika ring <nowiki><i id="mwgw">Encyclopædia Britannica</i></nowiki> warsa 1910-1911, sané ngeklasifikasiang sastra pinaka ekspresi sané pinih becik saking pikayunan sané pinih becik sané kareduksi dados sesuratan. <ref name="Biswas, ''Critique of Poetics'', 538">{{Cite book|last=Biswas|first=A.R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dpqORJYizkC&q=%22the%20best%20expression%20of%20the%20best%20thought%20reduced%20to%20writing%22&pg=PP1|title=Critique of Poetics|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2005|isbn=978-81-269-0377-1|volume=2|page=538|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114731/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dpqORJYizkC&q=%22the%20best%20expression%20of%20the%20best%20thought%20reduced%20to%20writing%22&pg=PP1|archive-date=2021-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{Wikiportal|Literature|Writing}} * Indeks artikel sastra == Ring pustaka == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Sastra]] kdz4x8et6w0myvtpu3sj7cinjy8gyyb 0 56647 281237 221640 2026-08-27T22:19:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''County Wicklow''' ({{IPAc-en|'|w|ɪ|k|l|o:}} {{respell|WIK|loh}}; {{langx|ga|Contae Chill Mhantáin}} {{IPA|ga|ˈkɔn̪ˠt̪ˠeː ˌçiːl̠ʲ ˈwan̪ˠt̪ˠaːnʲ|}}) inggih punika satunggil [[county ring Irlandia|county]] ring [[Républik Irlandia|Irlandia]] sané untat saking 32 county tradisional, sané kaadegang pinih suwé [[Irlandia warsa 1606|1606]], Dados pahan saking [[Wawengkon Eastern miwah Midland]] lan [[Propinsi ring Irlandia|propinsi]] [[Leinster]]. Ipun inggih punika mawatesan sareng [[Segara Irlandia]] sikangin lan county [[County Wexford|Wexford]] sikelod, [[County Carlow|Carlow]] sikelod kauh, [[County Kildare|Kildare]] sikauh, saha [[Dublin Kelod]] lan [[Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown]] sikalér. Wicklow inggih punika kaparinamain manut [[kotamadya county]] [[Wicklow]], ring dija maasal saking aran {{lang|non|Víkingaló}} ([[Norse Purwa]] antuk "Padangtegal Viking"). [[Wicklow County Council]] inggih punika [[Pameréntahan daérah ring Républik Irlandia|otoritas lokal]] antuk county, ring dija madué populasi 155,258 daweg [[Sénsus Irlandia 2022|sénsus 2022]].<ref name=cso2022/> Colloquially known as "Garden of Ireland"<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gardenexhibition.ie/|title= Index of /|website=www.gardenexhibition.ie|access-date= 23 March 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614195630/http://www.gardenexhibition.ie/|archive-date= 14 June 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref> Antuk pamandangannyané{{emdash}}sané ring sajeroning wana sané jimbar, jalur alam, pasisi, lan raruntuhan kuna sambil minab antuk akéh pilihan mamargi, hiking, lan mamunggahan{{emdash}}it inggih punika ka-17 saking 32 county ring Irlandia manut jimbar<ref name=wright>{{cite book|last= Wright|first= G. N.|title= A Guide to County of Wicklow|year= 1822|publisher= Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy|location= London|page= v}}</ref> saha ageng ka-16 manut populasi.<ref>{{cite book| first= Eoghan| last= Corry| title= GAA Book of Lists| url= https://archive.org/details/gaabookoflists0000corr| publisher= Hodder Headline Ireland| year= 2005| pages= [https://archive.org/details/gaabookoflists0000corr/page/186 186]–191| isbn= 0-340-89695-7}}</ref> Ipun inggih punika satunggil papat wawidangan pinuh ageng saking 12 wawidangan ring Leinster manut jimbar lan kalima pinih ageng ring indik populasi. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{County ring Irlandia}} 3oocz7ats4rkzcaawoelik6kyyhwftr 0 57038 281093 232326 2026-08-27T20:19:35Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Korteks''' '''polo''', taler kabaos '''mantel''' '''utek''', <ref name="free">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/cerebral+mantle|title=cerebral mantle|website=TheFreeDictionary.com|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> inggih punika lapisan sisi [[Neural tissue|jaringan saraf]] [[Cerebrum]] [[utek]] ring [[manusa]] miwah [[Mammalia|mamalia]] tiosan. Puniki pinaka genah [[Neuron|integrasi saraf]] sane pinih ageng ring [[Central nervous system|sistem saraf pusat]], <ref name="Saladin">{{Cite book|title=Human anatomy|url=https://archive.org/details/humananatomy0000sala_v6k1|vauthors=Saladin K|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-122207-5|edition=3rd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/humananatomy0000sala_v6k1/page/416 416]–422}}</ref> lan madue peran sane mabuat ring [[Attention|uratian]], [[Perception|persepsi]], [[Awareness|kesadaran]], [[Thought|pikayunan]], [[Memory|ingatan]], [[basa]], lan [[Consciousness|eling]] . Korteks otak inggih punika pahan saking otak sané madué swadharma ring [[Cognition|kognisi]] . [[Neocortex|Neokorteks]] sané malapis nem ngwentuk kirang langkung 90% saking [[Cortex (anatomy)|korteks]], antuk [[Allocortex|alokorteks]] ngwentuk sisanyané. <ref name="Strominger">{{Cite book|title=Noback's Human Nervous System|vauthors=Strominger NL, Demarest RJ, Laemle LB|date=2012|publisher=Humana Press|isbn=978-1-61779-778-1|edition=Seventh|pages=429–451|language=en|chapter=Cerebral Cortex|doi=10.1007/978-1-61779-779-8_25}}</ref> Korteks kakepah dados pahan kiwa miwah tengen olih [[Longitudinal fissure|celah membujur]], sané misahang kalih [[Cerebral hemisphere|belahan otak]] sané kagabung ring sor korteks olih [[corpus callosum]] . Ring akéhan mamalia, tiosan ring mamalia alit sané madué otak alit, korteks otak kalipet, ngicénin genah sané agengan ring volume [[Neurocranium|kranium]] sané kawatesin. Lempas saking ngirangin volume otak miwah kranial, [[Gyrification|lipatan kortikal]] mabuat pisan ring [[Neural circuit|sirkuit otak]] miwah organisasi fungsionalnyané. <ref name="Shipp_2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Shipp S|date=June 2007|title=Structure and function of the cerebral cortex|journal=Current Biology|volume=17|issue=12|pages=R443–R449|bibcode=2007CBio...17.R443S|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.044|pmc=1870400|pmid=17580069}}</ref> Ring mamalia sane otaknyane alit, nenten wenten lipatan lan korteksnyane mulus. <ref name="embo">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fernández V, Llinares-Benadero C, Borrell V|date=May 2016|title=Cerebral cortex expansion and folding: what have we learned?|journal=The EMBO Journal|volume=35|issue=10|pages=1021–1044|doi=10.15252/embj.201593701|pmc=4868950|pmid=27056680}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rakic P|date=October 2009|title=Evolution of the neocortex: a perspective from developmental biology|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|volume=10|issue=10|pages=724–735|doi=10.1038/nrn2719|pmc=2913577|pmid=19763105}}</ref> Lipatan utawi punggung ring korteks kasengguh [[gyrus]] (gyri jamak) lan alur kasengguh [[Sulcus (neuroanatomy)|sulcus]] (sulci jamak). Konvolusi permukaan puniki medal selami [[Prenatal development|panglimbak janin]] miwah terus dewasa risampuné embas saking proses [[Gyrification|girifikasi]] . Ring [[Human brain|otak manusa]], akehan korteks otak nenten kacingak saking jaba, nanging kapendem ring sulci. <ref name="Principles of Neural Science">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780838577011|title=Principles of neural science|date=2000-01-05|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division|isbn=978-0-8385-7701-1|edition=4th|url-access=registration}}</ref> Sulci miwah gyri utama nyihnayang pahan otak dados [[Lobes of the brain|lobus otak]] . Petang lobus utama inggih punika lobus [[Frontal lobe|frontal]], [[Parietal lobe|parietal]], [[Occipital lobe|oksipital]] miwah [[Temporal lobe|temporal]] . Lobus tiosan inggih punika [[Limbic lobe|lobus limbik]], miwah [[Insular cortex|korteks insular]] sering kasengguh ''lobus insular'' . Wénten pantaraning 14 ngantos 16 miliar [[neuron]] ring korteks otak manusa. <ref name="Saladin2">{{Cite book|title=Human anatomy|url=https://archive.org/details/humananatomy0000sala_v6k1|vauthors=Saladin K|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-122207-5|edition=3rd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/humananatomy0000sala_v6k1/page/416 416]–422}}</ref> Puniki kasusun dados lapisan kortikal horizontal, miwah radial dados [[Cortical column|kolom kortikal]] miwah [[Minicolumn|kolom mini]] . Area kortikal madué kawigunan sekadi gerakan ring [[Motor cortex|korteks motorik]], miwah panyingakan ring [[Visual cortex|korteks visual]] . Korteks motorik utamanyane magenah ring [[Primary motor cortex|gyrus presentral]], lan korteks visual magenah ring lobus oksipital. == Susunané == [[Berkas:Human_motor_cortex.jpg|jmpl|Tampilan lateral otak nyihnayang makudang-kudang kortikal]] Korteks otak inggih punika panutup sisi saking permukaan belahan otak miwah kalipet dados muncuk sané kawastanin [[Gyrus|gyri]], miwah alur sané kawastanin [[Sulcus (neuroanatomy)|sulci]] . Ring [[Human brain|otak manusa]], punika wenten ring pantaraning 2 lan 3-4 mm. tebel, <ref name="Roberts">{{Cite book|title=Neuroanatomy|url=https://archive.org/details/neuroanatomy03edrobe|vauthors=Roberts P|date=1992|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-0-387-97777-5|edition=3rd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/neuroanatomy03edrobe/page/86 86]–92}}</ref> lan ngawetuang 40% saking massa otak. <ref name="Saladin3">{{Cite book|title=Human anatomy|url=https://archive.org/details/humananatomy0000sala_v6k1|vauthors=Saladin K|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-122207-5|edition=3rd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/humananatomy0000sala_v6k1/page/416 416]–422}}</ref> 90% saking korteks otak inggih punika [[Neocortex|neokorteks]] sane malapis nem nanging 10% sane lianan kawangun antuk [[Allocortex|alokorteks]] sane malapis tiga/petang. <ref name="Saladin3" /> Wénten pantaraning 14 ngantos 16 miliar neuron ring korteks. <ref name="Saladin3" /> Neuron kortikal puniki kasusun radial ring [[Cortical column|kolom kortikal]], miwah [[Cortical minicolumn|minikolom]], ring lapisan korteks sané kasusun horizontal. <ref name="Lodato">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lodato S, Arlotta P|date=2015-11-13|title=Generating neuronal diversity in the mammalian cerebral cortex|journal=Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology|volume=31|issue=1|pages=699–720|doi=10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125353|pmc=4778709|pmid=26359774|quote=Functional columns were first defined in the cortex by Mountcastle (1957), who proposed the columnar hypothesis, which states that the cortex is composed of discrete, modular columns of neurons, characterized by a consistent connectivity profile.}}</ref> <ref name="Ansen-Wilson">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ansen-Wilson LJ, Lipinski RJ|date=January 2017|title=Gene-environment interactions in cortical interneuron development and dysfunction: A review of preclinical studies|journal=Neurotoxicology|volume=58|pages=120–129|bibcode=2017NeuTx..58..120A|doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.002|pmc=5328258|pmid=27932026}}</ref> [[Kategori:Korteks utek]] 63k79jvlnyhnron4gaurk5zzyd181nl 0 57041 281008 222447 2026-08-27T19:15:30Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281008 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Flower_poster_2.jpg|jmpl| ]] '''Sekar''', taler kabaos '''Masekar''', <ref>"Flower." ''Cambridge Thesaurus'', Cambridge University Press, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/thesaurus/flower. Accessed 18 December 2024.</ref> inggih punika struktur reproduksi sane kapanggihin ring [[Entikan masekar|entik-entikan sane mabunga]] (entik-entikan saking divisi [[Entikan masekar|Angiospermae]] ). Sekar kawangun antuk kombinasi organ vegetatif – [[Sepals|sepal]] sane ngukubin lan nyaga sekar sane sedeng berkembang. Kelopak prasida ngawinang penyerbuk, miwah organ reproduksi sané ngasilang [[Gametophyte|gametofit]], sané ring entik-entikan mabunga ngasilang [[Gametes|gamet]] . Gametofit jantan, sané ngasilang sperma, kagenahang ring tengahing [[Pollen grains|biji-bijian serbuk sari]] sané kamedalang ring [[Anther|anter]] . Gametofit istri magenah ring tengahing [[Ovule|ovul]] sané kamedalang ring [[Ovary (botany)|ovarium]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780143419549|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-1434-1954-9|location=New Delhi|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780143419549/page/140 140]–147|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation}}</ref> Ring makudang-kudang entik-entikan, makudang-kudang bunga mamargi tunggal ring [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]] (batang bunga), lan wenten sane kasusun dados kelompok ( [[inflorescence]] ) ring [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] (batang perbungaan). <ref name=":0" /> Akéhan entik-entikan sané mabunga magantung sareng buron, sekadi nyawan, ngengat, miwah kupu-kupu, mangda prasida ngingsirang serbuk sarinyané pantaraning bunga sané matiosan, miwah sampun marevolusi mangda prasida ngadaut [[Pollinator|penyerbuk]] puniki antuk makudang-kudang strategi, minakadi kelopak sané mawarna galang, ageng antuk pola sané wantah kanten ring soring cahaya ultraviolet, aroma foollid sané becik ring produksi [[Nectar|netarna]], miwah . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/pollinators/Plant_Strategies/index.shtml|title=Plant Pollination Strategies|date=12 December 2022|website=US Forest Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216223224/https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/pollinators/Plant_Strategies/index.shtml|archive-date=Feb 16, 2023|access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780143419549|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-1434-1954-9|location=New Delhi|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780143419549/page/140 140]–147|language=en}}</ref> Antuk pamargi puniki, akéh entik-entikan sané mabunga sampun [[Co-evolution|marevolusi]] sareng penyerbuk mangda saling mapaiketan ring layanan sané kaicenin ring entik-entikan, pinaka sarana reproduksi; ring kasus penyerbuk, sumber pangan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/fact-sheets/pollinators-in-landscape-ii-plants-pollinators|title=Pollinators in the Landscape II: Plants and Pollinators|last=Bayer|first=Mandy|date=9 September 2015|publisher=Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment at University of Massachusetts Amherst|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107212549/https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/fact-sheets/pollinators-in-landscape-ii-plants-pollinators|archive-date=Jan 7, 2024}}</ref> Yening serbuk sari saking anter bunga punika kagingsirang ring [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] sane lianan, punika kabaos penyerbukan. Makudang-kudang bunga prasida [[Self-pollination|ngamargiang penyerbukan mandiri]], ngasilang benih ngawigunayang serbuk sari saking bunga sané matiosan saking entik-entikan sané pateh, sakéwanten sané tiosan madué mekanisme mangda prasida nambakin penyerbukan mandiri miwah ngandelang [[Pollination#Mechanism|penyerbukan silang]], rikala serbuk sari kagingsirang saking anter saking asiki bunga nuju stigma bunga tiosan ring individu sané matiosan saking spesies sané pateh. Penyerbukan mandiri mamargi ring bunga ring dija [[Stamen|benang sari]] lan [[Carpel|karpel]] dewasa ring galah sane pateh, lan kagenahang mangda serbuk sari prasida mendarat ring stigma bunga. Penyerbukan puniki nenten ngamerluang investasi saking entik-entikan anggen ngicenin nektar lan serbuk sari pinaka ajengan majeng ring penyerbuk. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/self-pollination-and-cross-pollination/|title=Self-Pollination and Cross-Pollination &#124; Biology for Majors II|website=Lumen Learning|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721145554/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/self-pollination-and-cross-pollination/|archive-date=2020-07-21|access-date=2020-07-21}}</ref> Wenten bunga sane ngasilang [[Diaspore (botany)|diaspora]] tanpa pembuahan ( [[Parthenocarpy|partenokarpi]] ). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/parthenocarpy|title=Parthenocarpy - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|website=Science Direct|access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref> Sesampune pembuahan, ovarium bunga punika berkembang dados [[Fruit|buah]] sane madaging [[Seed|biji]] . <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780143419549|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-1434-1954-9|location=New Delhi|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780143419549/page/140 140]–147|language=en}}</ref> Sekar sampun sue kaapresiasi santukan keasriannyane lan aromanyane sane nyenengin, lan taler ngamel makna budaya pinaka benda agama, ritual, utawi simbolis, utawi sumber [[Medicinal plants|tamba]] lan pangan. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Tetanduran]] [[Kategori:Sekar]] loe12xyk2fwisq8zzv0bfk4y25o1fkd 0 58404 281065 239015 2026-08-27T19:59:59Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox central bank | bank_name = Bank Indonésia | bank_name_in_local = | image = [[File:BI Logo.png|220px|alt=Logo of Bank Indonesia]]<br />[[File:Jakarta Indonesia Central-Bank-of-Indonesia-02.jpg|220px|alt=Bank Indonesia headquarters]]<br />Kantor Pusat Bank Indonésia ring Jakarta | ownership = | headquarters = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]] | coordinates = | established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1828|1|24}} (Bank Jawa)<br/>{{Start date and age|df=yes|1953|7|1}} (rupa mangkin) | executive_title = [[Gubernur Bank Indonésia|Gubernur]] | executive = [[Perry Warjiyo]]<ref name="perry">{{cite web |last1=Purnomo |first1=Herdaru |title=Top! Perry Warjiyo Jadi Gubernur of The Year se-Asia Pasifik |url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20191018185241-4-108233/top-perry-warjiyo-jadi-gubernur-of-the-year-se-asia-pasifik |website=CNBC Indonesia |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> | bank_of = [[Indonésia]] | currency = [[Rupiah Indonésia]] | currency_iso = IDR | reserves = [[USD]] 136.4 miliar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monetary Indicators |url=https://www.bi.go.id/id/statistik/indikator/indikator-moneter.aspx |access-date=20 July 2022|website=Bank of Indonesia}}</ref> | borrowing_rate = | deposit_rate = | website = {{URL|bi.go.id}} | preceded = | succeeded = | footnotes = }} '''Bank Indonésia''' ('''BI''') inggih punika [[bank séntral]] [[Indonésia|Républik Indonésia]]. Bank niki mangentosin [[Bank Jawa]] daweg warsa 1953 ({{langx|nl|De Javasche Bank}}, DJB), sané kaadegang duk warsa 1828 antuk ngayahin kaperluan indik jinah ring [[Hindia Belanda]]. sané mangkin sesana ipun ngamolihang miwah nyaga stabilitas rupiah malarapan antuk pangelolaan séktor Monetér, Sistem Panauran miwah Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bi.go.id/id/fungsi-utama/default.aspx|title=Fungsi Utama|last=Indonesia|first=Bank|website=www.bi.go.id|language=ID|access-date=2025-03-13}}</ref> == Babad == Indik lelitihan Bank Indonésia prasida kakepah dados kalih aab, kapertama aab daweg pameréntahan kolonial Hindia Belanda kaping kalih daweg aab pameréntahan Républik Indonésia. ===Bank Jawa=== {{Utama|Bank Jawa}} [[Raja William I saking Belanda]] ngicenin hak ngaryanin bank swasta ring Hindia duk warsa 1826, sane mawasta {{lang|nl|De Javasche Bank}}. Punika kawangun duk tanggal 24 Januari 1828 miwah raris dados bank panerbitan [[Hindia Belanda]]. Bank punika ngatur miwah ngamedalang [[gulden Hindia Belanda]]. Ring warsa 1881, kantor Bank Jawa kaadegang ring Amsterdam. Raris nyarengin pangadegan kantor ring New York. Ring warsa 1930 bank punika madué nem welas carang jawatan ring Hindia Belanda inggih punika: Bandung, Cirebon, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Surabaya, Malang, Kediri, Banda Aceh, Medan, Padang, Palembang, Banjarmasin, Pontianak, Makassar, miwah Manado. Bank Jawa punika kamargiang dados bank swasta lan pajadmaan taler industri miwah sané liyanan prasida ngamolihang wantuan ring kantor bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indonesia-dutchcolonialheritage.nl/jakhistoricalsites/Hosp.pdf|title=Javasche Bank, the Old Dutch City Hospital of Batavia-Jakarta and the Mandiri Bank Museum by drs (MSc) Dirk (Dick) Teeuwen|last=Teeuwen|first=Dirk|website=indonesia-dutchcolonialheritage.nl|access-date=2025-03-14}}</ref> <gallery> File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kantoor van de Javasche Bank in Batavia TMnr 60047649.jpg|Kantor pusat Bank Jawa ring [[Batavia, Hindia Belanda|Batavia]], mangkin [[Museum Bank Indonésia]] ring [[Jakarta]] File:Keizersgracht 666-668, kantoorgebouw "De Javasche Bank" (1937-39).jpg|[[Keizersgracht]] 666-668, lad kantor Bank Jawa ring [[Amsterdam]] File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kantoor van de Javasche Bank in Bandoeng TMnr 60016843.jpg|Carang De Javasche Bank ring [[Bandung]], kawangun daweg warsa 1918; mangkin dados museum </gallery> ===Bank Indonésia=== Bank Indonésia kawangun duk tanggal 1 Juli 1953 saking nasionalisasi ''De Javasche Bank'', tigang warsa sesampun Indonésia ngangkenin kamahardikan saking Belanda. <ref>Catetan ringkes sane mawiguna indik sejarah Bank Indonesia ring makudang-kudang masa ngawit warsa 1953 wenten ring situs web Bank Indonesia ring [https://www.bi.go.id/en/tentang-bi/museum/sejarah-bi/bi/Pages/historybi1.aspx History of Bank Indonesia Institution]"." Cingak taler {{cite book | last1 = Cribb | first = Robert | last2 = Kahin | first2 = Audrey | name-list-style = amp | title = Historical Dictionary of Indonesia | url = https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000crib_s2r1 | edition = 2nd | publisher = Scarecrow Press | place = Lanham, MD | year = 2004 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000crib_s2r1/page/45 45]–46 | series = Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East | isbn = 978-0-8108-4935-8}}</ref> Sampun 15 warsa salanturné, Bank Indonésia ngamargiang parikrama komérsial taler malaksana dados bank nasional bangsa lan madué sesana ngamedalang mata jinah [[rupiah Indonésia]]. Indiké puniki puput antuk Undang-undang No.13 warsa 1968 indik Bank Séntral, nguwah Bank Indonésia dados bank séntral. Undang-undang punika salanturnyane kagentosin antuk Undang-undang No.23 warsa 1999, ngicenin bank kamahardikan saking kontrol pameréntah. Sasampuné punika, bank punika nglaporang ring parlemén ([[Déwan Pawakilan Rakyat|DPR]]) gumanti Présidén, lan gubernur bank punika nénten malih dados anggota kabinét. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 71rqtzabszna5kreyr6e6iggl3s2jh8 0 60465 281136 241907 2026-08-27T20:51:06Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281136 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Gyzis_006_(Ηistoria).jpeg|jmpl|'''''Sejarah''''' '''olih [[Nikolaos Gysis|Nikolaos Gisis]] (warsa 1892).''']] '''Babad''', '''lelintihan''', '''tanggal''', utawi '''sejarah''' ({{Lang-el|ἱστορία, historia}} ; suksmannyane ''“nyelehin, kaweruhan sane kapolihang malarapan antuk tetilik”'' <ref name="etym">{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=history|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|date=|publisher=Etymonline.com|access-date=2010-05-16}}</ref> ) inggih punika [[Studi|paplajahan]] indik masa sane sampun lintang, pamekasnyane sapunapi paiketannyane sareng manusa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siena.edu/pages/3289.asp|title=What is History & Why Study It?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183734/http://www.siena.edu/pages/3289.asp|archive-date=2014-02-01|dead-url=yes|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref> Ring [[Basa Indonésia|basa Indonesia]], sejarah prasida kategesang pinaka peristiwa lan kejadian sane sujatinyane wenten ring masa sane sampun lintang lan wit-wit [[warih]] (panglantur), utamanyane majeng ring para raja sane mrentah. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pusatbahasa.diknas.go.id/kbbi/index.php|title=Salinan arsip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805021214/http://pusatbahasa.diknas.go.id/kbbi/index.php|archive-date=2009-08-05|dead-url=yes|access-date=2009-06-16}}</ref> Istilah "sejarah" ring konteks tertentu taler kabaos [[hikayat]], [[Tambo Minangkabau|tambo]], [[babad]], sejarah, utawi [[Tarikh|tanggal]] . Inggih punika istilah umum sane mapaiketan sareng peristiwa sane sampun lintang lan penemuan, mupulang, organisasi, lan penyajian [[informasi]] indik peristiwa punika. Istilah punika madaging indik [[Makhluk hidup#Sejarah kehidupan|sejarah]] [[Alam Semesta|kosmik]], [[Sejarah geologi Bumi|geologis]], miwah biologis, sakéwanten sering pisan kabaos [[Sejarah dunia|sejarah manusa]] . [[Sarjana|Para sujana]] sané nyurat indik sejarah kasengguh [[Sejarawan|sejarawan utawi sejarawan]] . Parindikan sane sampun mamargi sadurung wenten catetan sane kasurat kawastanin [[Prasejarah]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Brian Fagan|first=|url=|title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27910-5|edition=9|location=London|page=8|pages=|oclc=958480847|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Forsythe|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryo0000fors|title=A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War|date=2005|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-94029-1|location=Berkeley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryo0000fors/page/12 12]|oclc=70728478|url-status=live}}</ref> Sejarah taler prasida nganutin [[Bidang akademis|wewidangan akademis]] sané nganggén [[Narasi|bebaosan]] antuk nureksain miwah nyelehin undagan parindikan sané sampun lintang miwah manut sakadi objektif nentuang pola panyangkan miwah panglalah sané ngwangun indiké punika. <ref name="evans1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/evans10.html|title=The Two Faces of E.H. Carr|last=Professor Richard J. Evans|year=2001|website=History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?|publisher=University of London|access-date=10 November 2008|archive-date=9 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809211116/http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/evans10.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/munslow6.html|title=What History Is|last=Professor Alun Munslow|year=2001|website=History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?|publisher=University of London|access-date=10 November 2008|archive-date=9 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809204914/http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/munslow6.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Para sejarawan ring sapunapiné mabligbagan [[Historiografi|indik kawéntenan sejarah]] miwah kawigunannyané antuk maosang indik paplajahan sejarah pinaka tetujonnyané miwah pinaka pamargi sané prasida ngicénin "pamineh" indik pikobet-pikobet sané mangkin. <ref name="evans1" /> <ref name="Tosh1">{{Cite book|last=Tosh|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofhistory0000tosh|title=The Pursuit of History|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|year=2006|isbn=1-4058-2351-8|edition=4th|publication-date=2006}}p 52</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw|publisher=New York University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8147-8141-1|editor-last=Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.)|location=New York & London|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/6 6]|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nash l|first=Gary B.|title=Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw|publisher=New York University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8147-8141-1|editor-last=Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.)|location=New York & London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/104 102]–115|chapter=The "Convergence" Paradigm in Studying Early American History in Schools}}</ref> Carita sané sampun ketah ring sajeroning budaya, sakéwanten nénten kasokong olih sumber-sumber saking jaba (sakadi carita indik [[Raja Arthur]] ) katahnyané kadadosang [[Warisan budaya|tetamian budaya]] utawi [[legenda]], santukan nénten nyokong "panyelehan sané becik" sané kaperluang olih disiplin sejarah. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Seixas|first=Peter|url=https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw|title=Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives|publisher=New York University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8147-8141-1|editor-last=Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.)|location=New York & London|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/24 24]|chapter=Schweigen! die Kinder!}}</ref> <ref name="Low1">{{Cite book|last=Lowenthal|first=David|title=Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw|publisher=New York University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8147-8141-1|editor-last=Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.)|location=New York & London|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/65 63]|chapter=Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History}}</ref> [[Herodotus]], [[Historiografi Yunani|sejarawan Yunani]] ring abad ka-5 SM kasengguh ring krama Barat pinaka "Bapak Sejarah" miwah sinarengan sareng [[Thucydides]] kontemporer, ngwantu ngwangun dasar antuk studi modern indik sejarah manusa. Eksploitasi ipun terus kawacen kantos mangkin lan kesenjangan antara fokus budaya Herodotus lan fokus militer Thucydides tetep dados titik pertentangan utawi pendekatan ring sasuratan sejarah modern. Ring tradisi Kangin, sejarah negara [[Chun Qiu]] kauningin sampun kasusun saking pangawit warsa 722 SM yadiastun teks-teks abad ka-2 SM kantun wenten. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Endymion|url=https://archive.org/details/chinesehistoryne0000wilk|title=Chinese History: A New Manual|date=|publisher=Harvard-Yenching Institute|year=2012|isbn=978-0-674-06715-8|series=Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series '''84'''|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinesehistoryne0000wilk/page/612 612]|url-status=live}}</ref> Panglalah saking kuna sampun ngwantu narka varian cecirén sejarah sané sampun nglimbak salami makudang-kudang abad miwah terus mauwah kantos mangkin. Paplajahan indik sejarah modern ngawit nglimbak miwah nyarengang paplajahan indik wewidangan miwah paplajahan indik unsur-unsur topik utawi tematik ring sajeroning panyelehan sejarah. Sejarah sering pisan kaajahin pinaka pahan saking pendidikan dasar, pendidikan menengah, miwah paplajahan akademik indik sejarah wantah [[Daftar ilmu akademik#Sejarah|paplajahan sané utama]] ring perguruan tinggi. Sejarah inggih punika peristiwa utawi kejadian sane wenten ring masa sane sampun lintang sane kaplajahin lan kaselehin mangda prasida dados acuan lan sesuluh ring kahuripan sane jagi rauh. Manut etimologi utawi pawiwit kruna punika, sejarah punika mawit saking basa Arab, inggih punika syajarotun, sane maartos taru. Ilmu sejarah punika malajahin indik parindikan sane sampun lintang malarapan antuk artefak, naskah, miwah peninggalan sane lianan ring sejarah Indonesia, jagat, kuno, miwah modern. Ilmu sejarah nenten ja wantah ngranjing ring widang budaya kemanten, nanging taler widang ekonomi, geografi, sosial, politik, militer, basa, agama, pariwisata, lan malah teknologi. == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Babad]] sbuj8zyx2wj1befuprexzct0i6qsoqy 0 60501 281068 229849 2026-08-27T20:02:49Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281068 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mantra''' ( {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|n|t|r|ə|,_|ˈ|m|ʌ|n|-}} {{Respell|MAN|trə|,_|MUN|-}} ; <ref>{{Cite book|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|publisher=Pearson Longman|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0|editor-last=Wells|editor-first=John|editor-link=John C. Wells|edition=3rd}}</ref> [[Basa Pali|Pali]] : ''mantra'') utawi '''mantram''' ( [[Devanagari]] : मन्त्रम्) <ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mantra "mantra"] {{Webarchive}}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> inggih punika ucapan suci, suara [[numinous]], suku kata, kruna utawi [[Phonemes|fonem]], utawi kelompok kruna (sane pinih sering ring [[Indo-Iranian languages|basa Indo-Iran]] sakadi [[Basa Sansekerta|Sansekerta]] utawi [[Avestan]] ) sane kapercayain olih para praktisi religius mangda madue kekuatan utawi. <ref name="jgtim">{{Cite book|last=Jan Gonda|title=The Indian Mantra|date=1963|publisher=Oriens|volume=16|pages=244–297}}</ref> <ref name="gfeu">[[Georg Feuerstein|Feuerstein, Georg]] (2003), ''The Deeper Dimension of Yoga''. Shambala Publications, Boston, MA</ref> Wenten mantra sane madue [[Syntactic structure|struktur sintaksis]] lan arti harfiah, wenten taler sane nenten. <ref name="jgtim" /> <ref>James Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pages 422–423</ref> [[Om|ꣽ, ॐ (Aum, Om)]] mawiguna pinaka mantra sane mabuat ring makudang-kudang [[Indian religions|agama India]] . Khususnyane, punika pinaka imba mantra suku kata bibit ( [[Bījamantra|bijamantra]] ). Punika kapercayain pinaka suara kapertama ring [[agama Hindu]] lan pinaka esensi sonik saking realitas ilahi mutlak. Mantra sane langkung panjang inggih punika frasa sane madue makudang-kudang suku kata, wastan lan kruna. Frasa-frasa puniki minab madué interpretasi spiritual sakadi wastan dewa, rasa kangen ring kasujatian, kasujatian, cahaya, keabadian, dame, tresna, kaweruhan, miwah parilaksana. <ref name="jgtim2">{{Cite book|last=Jan Gonda|title=The Indian Mantra|date=1963|publisher=Oriens|volume=16|pages=244–297}}</ref> <ref name="halper">{{Cite book|last=Alper|first=Harvey|title=Understanding mantras|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1991|isbn=978-81-208-0746-4|location=Delhi|oclc=29867449}}</ref> Conto mantra sane lantang minakadi [[Mantra Gayatri|mantra gayatri]], [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|mantra kresna kelinci]], mantra [[Om Namah Shivaya|om namah siwaya]], [[Om mani padme hum|mantra mani]], [[Mantra of Light|mantra cahaya]], [[Namokar Mantra|mantra namokar]], lan [[Mul Mantar|mantra mul]] . Mantra sane nenten madue arti linguistik sane sujati kantun kabaos prasida ngangkat musik lan madue arti spiritual. <ref name="staal">{{Cite book|last=[[Frits Staal]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKLxjjXqAsQC|title=Rituals and Mantras, Rules without meaning|date=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1412-7}}</ref> Kawigunan, struktur, kawigunan, mabuat, miwah soroh mantra mabinayan manut ring sekolah miwah filsafat [[Jainism|Jainisme]], [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]], [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroaster]], miwah [[Sikhism|Sikh]] . <ref name="gfeu2">[[Georg Feuerstein|Feuerstein, Georg]] (2003), ''The Deeper Dimension of Yoga''. Shambala Publications, Boston, MA</ref> <ref>Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (2005), Sikhism: a very short introduction, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-280601-7}}</ref> Praktik sane sampun ketah inggih punika [[japa]], pangulangan meditatif mantra, lumrahnyane antuk wantuan [[Japamala|mala]] (manik-manik doa). Mantra ngayahin peran sentral ring [[Tantra|tradisi tantra]] India, sane nglimbakang metode [[yoga]] sane ruwet sane nganggen mantra. <ref name="staal2">{{Cite book|last=[[Frits Staal]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKLxjjXqAsQC|title=Rituals and Mantras, Rules without meaning|date=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1412-7}}</ref> <ref name="Teun Goudriaan 1981">{{Cite book|last=Goudriaan|first=Teun|title=Hindu tantric and Śākta literature|publisher=Harrassowitz|year=1981|isbn=978-3-447-02091-6|location=Wiesbaden|page=Chapter VIII|oclc=7743718}}</ref> Ring agama tantra (ketah kabaos pamargi mantra, [[Basa Sansekerta|basa Sanskerta]] : [[Vajrayana|Mantranāya]] utawi [[Mantra marga|Mantramarga]] ), tata cara mantra kabaos pinaka pamargi sané pinih becik. [[Initiation|Inisiasi ritual]] ( [[Abhisheka|abhiseka]] ) dados mantra tertentu lan dewa sane mapaiketan sering dados sarat antuk ngawacen mantra tertentu ring tradisi puniki. Nanging, ring makudang-kudang tradisi agama, inisiasi nenten setata kabuatang antuk mantra-mantra sane sampun pastika, sane kabungkah majeng ring samian. <ref name="boyce">Boyce, M. (2001), Zoroastrians: their religious beliefs and practices, Psychology Press</ref> <ref name="halper2">{{Cite book|last=Alper|first=Harvey|title=Understanding mantras|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1991|isbn=978-81-208-0746-4|location=Delhi|oclc=29867449}}</ref> Kruna ''mantra'' taler kaanggen ring basa Inggris antuk nujuang parindikan sane sering kabaosang tur sengaja kawawanin malih-malih. == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Rumus-rumus agama]] [[Kategori:Mantra]] avqqo62te2lnyytdj2ymrbzt26c5ijy 0 61082 281294 255268 2026-08-28T02:55:17Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 281294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|0.8327679677219523|117.56598796507058|Display=title}} {{Désa |nama = Keraitan |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |foto = |keterangan = Kantor Désa Keraitan |koordinat = |propinsi = Kalimantan Timur |dati2 = Kabupatén |nama dati2 = Kutai Timur |dati3 = Kecamatan |kecamatan = Bengalon |lurah = |kode pos = |luas = |penduduk = |kepadatan = |kemendagri = |RT = |RW = |KK = |APBDésa = |situs web = <!-- Tuliskan alamat url website desa. --> }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Keraitan''' (aksara Bali: ᬓᭂᬭᬿᬢᬦ᭄) inggih punika silih tunggil [[désa]] ring wewidangan [[Bengalon, Kutai Timur|kecamatan Bengalon]], [[Kabupatén Kutai Timur]], [[Kalimantan Timur|Kalimantan Kangin]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://kaltimprov.go.id Situs Resmi Pamréntahan Propinsi Kalimantan Timur] * {{id}} [https://kaltim.bps.go.id/id Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Kalimantan Timur] * {{id}} [https://kutaitimurkab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamréntahan Kabupatén Kutai Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508161201/https://kutaitimurkab.go.id/ |date=2025-05-08 }} * {{id}} [https://kutimkab.bps.go.id/id Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupatén Kutai Timur] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kaapus saking lis.'' {{Bengalon, Kutai Timur}} {{Kabupatén Kutai Timur}} [[Kategori:Bengalon, Kutai Timur]] [[Kategori:Désa ring Kabupatén Kutai Timur]] {{Authority control}} {{Désa-stub}} 4wj165oflzk7p5mvwp973cb6c3pxw5i 0 61102 281297 255269 2026-08-28T09:43:20Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 281297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|0.7296755050169985|116.62978141178034|Display=title}} {{Désa |nama = Long Bentuk |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |foto = |keterangan = Kantor Désa Long Bentuk |koordinat = |propinsi = Kalimantan Timur |dati2 = Kabupatén |nama dati2 = Kutai Timur |dati3 = Kecamatan |kecamatan = Busang |lurah = |kode pos = |luas = |penduduk = |kepadatan = |kemendagri = |RT = |RW = |KK = |APBDésa = |situs web = <!-- Tuliskan alamat url website desa. --> }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Long Bentuk''' (aksara Bali: ᬮᭀᬂ​ᬩᭂᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬓ᭄) inggih punika silih tunggil [[désa]] ring wewidangan [[Busang, Kutai Timur|kecamatan Busang]], [[Kabupatén Kutai Timur]], [[Kalimantan Timur|Kalimantan Kangin]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://kaltimprov.go.id Situs Resmi Pamréntahan Propinsi Kalimantan Timur] * {{id}} [https://kaltim.bps.go.id/id Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Kalimantan Timur] * {{id}} [https://kutaitimurkab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamréntahan Kabupatén Kutai Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508161201/https://kutaitimurkab.go.id/ |date=2025-05-08 }} * {{id}} [https://kutimkab.bps.go.id/id Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupatén Kutai Timur] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kaapus saking lis.'' {{Busang, Kutai Timur}} {{Kabupatén Kutai Timur}} [[Kategori:Busang, Kutai Timur]] [[Kategori:Désa ring Kabupatén Kutai Timur]] {{Authority control}} {{Désa-stub}} 1tj8h1xglus9mba179p7xg561qe5f31 0 61560 281045 280197 2026-08-27T19:37:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marine microplankton.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|{{center|'''[[Mikroplankton segara|Mikroplankton lan mésoplankton segara]]'''}} Pahan saking daging celup saking [[jaring tangan]]. Gambar madaging makudang-kudang organisme planktonik, ngawit saking [[cianbacteria]] [[fotosintetik]] lan [[diatom]] majeng ring makudang-kudang soroh sané mabinayan [[zooplankton]], rumasuk [[holoplankton]] (panjak permanén saking plankton) lan [[méroplankton]] (panjak sauntara saking plankton, minakadi, [[taluh ulam]], larva yuyu, larva cacing).]] '''Plankton''' inggih punika pupulan akéh soroh [[organisme]] sané anyut ring [[Hidrospher|toya]] (utawi [[atmosfer|udara]]) sakémanten ten prasida sacara aktip ngingsirang awakné ipun ngeraga ngelawan [[arus segara|arus]] (utawi [[angin]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Lalli |first1 = C. |last2=Parsons |first2=T. |year=1993 |title=Biological Oceanography: An Introduction |url = https://archive.org/details/biologicaloceano0000lall |publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn = 0-7506-3384-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=David J. |date=July 2013 |title=Aeroplankton and the Need for a Global Monitoring Network |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2013-07_63_7/page/515 |journal=BioScience |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=515–516 |s2cid=86371218 |doi=10.1525/bio.2013.63.7.3 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Organisme individu sané ngadegang plankton kasengguh '''plankter'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=plankter |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=plankter |website=American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company |access-date=9 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109153109/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=plankter |archive-date=9 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ring segara, ipun nyadiayang wit amahan mabuat antuk akéh kauripan akuatik alit lan ageng, minakadi [[bivalvia]], [[ulam]], miwah [[paus balin]]. Plankton ring segara minakadi [[baktéri]], [[arkéa]], [[ganggang]], protozoa, [[oong]] mikroskopis.,<ref name="Lawton-2024-02-10">{{cite journal |last1=Lawton |first1=Graham |title=Fungi ahoy! |journal=New Scientist |date=10 February 2024 |volume=261 |issue=3477 |pages=37–39 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(24)00274-4|bibcode=2024NewSc.261b..37L }}</ref> lan [[buron]] sane melayang utawi ngambang sané meneng ring [[toya pakeh]] [[segara]] lan toya [[campuhan]] [[loloan]]. Plankton [[toya ening]] mirib sareng plankton segara, nanging kapanggihin ring danu lan tukad. Akéhan, plankton wantah melayang ring genah arus sané ngambil ipun, yadiastun wénten, sekadi [[ubur-ubur]], nglangi alon sakéwanten nénten gelis mangda prasida ngaonang panglalah saking arus. Yadiastun plankton katah kasengguh pinaka genah sané meneng ring toya, wénten taler vérsi udara sané maurip pahan saking kahuripannyané melayang ring atmosfer. ''[[aeroplankton]]'' puniki minakadi [[spora entik-entikan]], [[serbuk sari]] miwah [[biji]] sané kasebar olih angin. Ipun taler minab ngranjing mikroorganisme sané kasapu nuju udara saking badai buk téréstrial miwah plankton samudra sané kasapu ka udara olih [[semprotan segara]]. Yadiastun akéh [[spesies]] plankton [[skala mikroskopis|mikroskopis]] ring ukurannyané, ''plankton'' ngranjing organisme ring makudang-kudang ukuran, taler organisme ageng sekadi ubur-ubur.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.institut-ocean.org/images/articles/documents/1354542960.pdf |title= Microzooplankton: the microscopic (micro) animals (zoo) of the plankton |last=Dolan |first=John |date= November 2012 |publisher=[[Institut océanographique]] |access-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081019/http://www.institut-ocean.org/images/articles/documents/1354542960.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Puniki santukan plankton katentuang olih [[ceruk ékologis]] miwah undagan [[motilitas]] bandingang ring klasifikasi [[filogénetika|filogénetik]] utawi [[taksonomi (biologi)|taksonomi]]. Kategori "plankton" minayang organisme puniki saking sané ngambang ring baduur toyané, sané kawastanin ''[[neuston]],'' sané prasida nglangi nglawan arus, sané kawastanin ''[[nekton]]'', miwah sané maurip ring dasar segara dalem, sané kawastanin ''[[benthos]]''. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} m68hawsapzbs9vpavlf0elcfwkvm421 0 61561 281182 231508 2026-08-27T21:44:48Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|perrow =2|total_width=400 | image1 = Ship Cloth (palepai) (Indonesia), 19th century (CH 18420101).jpg | image2 = Wutulai gold headdress, Maluku.tif | image3 = WLANL - jankie - Balinees beeld van een 18e eeuwse Europeaan (Indonesië), begin 20e eeuw.jpg | image4 = Boma and Kesna - Puri Lukisan Museum (16438173643).jpg | image5 = Raden Saleh - hunt.jpg | image6 = Carvings - Asmat people - Etnografiska museet - Stockholm, Sweden - DSC00790.JPG | footer = Makudang karya seni saking makudang penjuru Indonésia: (1) Kain Pelepai, Lampung, (2) Mahkota Wutulai, Maluku Kelod Kangin, (3) Patung Bali, (4) Lukisan ''Boma lan Kesna'', Bali, (5) ''Berburu Rusa'' olih Raden Saleh, lan (6) Ukiran taru Asmat. }} '''Seni''' inggih punika makudang-kudang parikrama [[budaya|budaya]] sane mapusat ring [[karya seni|''karya'']] sané ngawigunayang talénta [[Kréativitas|kréatip]] utawi [[imajinasi|imajinatip]], sane kaaptiang prasida ngawetuang pengalaman sané mawiguna,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sparshott |first=Francis Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuX_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=The Theory of the Arts |date=1982 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5701-2 |language=en|page=2}}</ref> umumnyané malarapan antuk éksprési kekuatan emosional, ide-ide konseptual, kawagedan téknis, lan/utawi [[kaindahan]].<ref name="OD">{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |title=Art: definition |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=1 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901233826/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MW">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art |title=art |publisher=Merriam-Websters Dictionary |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830205257/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Conceptual Art {{!}} Definition of Conceptual Art by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Conceptual Art|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414033831/https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nénten wénten teges sané sampun kacumpuin indik napi sané kadadosang '''seni''',<ref>{{cite book |author=Stephen Davies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6peJnXr4L5gC |title=Definitions of Art |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8014-9794-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Artworks: Definition, Meaning, Value |url=https://archive.org/details/artworksdefiniti0000stec |author=Robert Stecker |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-271-01596-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/theoriesofarttod0000unse |title=Theories of Art Today |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-299-16354-9 |editor=Noël Carroll |url-access=registration}}</ref> lan interprétasi nyané sampun mabinayan pisan ring babad lan lintas budaya. Ring [[gumi kauh|dresta kauh]], tiga carang klasik [[seni visual]] inggih punika [[lukisan]], [[patung]], lan [[arsitéktur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8rvdsxGokwC&q=Vasari+lives+of+painters,+sculptors+and+painters|title=The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects|first=Giorgio|last=Vasari|date=18 December 2007|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0307432391|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015308/https://books.google.com/books?id=q8rvdsxGokwC&q=Vasari+lives+of+painters,+sculptors+and+painters|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Téater]], [[igelan]], miwah [[seni balih-balihan]] liyanan, taler [[sastra]], [[musik]], [[pilem]] lan media liyanan sakadi [[média interaktip]], ngeranjing saking définisi sané lewih linggah saking "[[seni kréatip]]".<ref name="OD" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Art, n. 1 |work=OED Online |date=December 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.oed.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/https://www.oed.com/ |archive-date=11 January 2008 |access-date=26 February 2012}}</ref> Ngantos abad ka-17, ''seni'' manut saking katrampilan utawi panguasaan napi manten lan nenten kabinayang saking [[kerajinan]] utawi [[ilmu pengetahuan]]. Saking kawigunan modérn sawusan abad ka-17, ring dija tetimbang estetika pinih utama, [[seni rupa]] kapisahin lan kabinayang saking katrampilan sane kapikolihang manut sakadi lumrah, sakadi [[seni dékoratip]] utawi [[seni terapan|terapan]]. Bikas seni lan konsep sané mapaiketan, sakadi kréativitas lan [[Interprétasi éstétika|interprétasi]], kaéksplorasi saking carang [[tattwa]] sané kauningin pinaka [[éstétika]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennick |first=W. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQFDSQAACAAJ |title=Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics |pages=xi–xiii|year=1979 |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-05391-8 |oclc=1064878696 |language=en}}</ref> Karya seni sané kapolihang kaplajahin ring widang profésional [[kritik seni|kritik]] lan [[babad seni]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} jjzpxmn8lj8n5yzcr89m3xgne8by9ni 0 61624 281012 231647 2026-08-27T19:18:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | image = Gymnopus dryophilus - Lindsey.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Gymnopus dryophilus]]'' | taxon = Gymnopus | authority = ([[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]) [[Henri François Anne de Roussel|Roussel]] (1806) | type_species = ''Gymnopus fusipes'' | type_species_authority = ([[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]]) [[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]] (1821) | synonyms_ref = | synonyms = ''Dictyoploca'' <small>([[Camille Montagne|Mont.]]) [[Narcisse Théophile Patouillard|Pat.]] (1890)</small> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = {{center|~ 300}} }} '''''Gymnopus''''' utawi soroh '''oong bulan''' inggih punika [[génus]] saking [[oong]] ring kulawarga [[Omphalotaceae]]. Génus niki madué [[pasebaran kosmopolitan]] sané jimbar tur madaging sawatara 300 spésiés.<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |url=https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9 |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9/page/298 298] |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 7k601xoyfcvt1qeaiz63n3qjrhi1cp6 0 61780 281203 231935 2026-08-27T21:58:48Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Clitocybe nuda (Fr.) H.E. Bigelow & A.H. Sm 267650.jpg | image_caption = Blewit taru | genus = Collybia | species = nuda | authority = ([[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]]) [[Z.M. He]] & [[Zhu L. Yang]] (2023) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank"/> | synonyms = ''Agaricus nudus'' <small>[[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]] (1790)</small><br> ''Cortinarius nudus'' <small>(Bull.) [[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]] (1821)</small><br> ''Gyrophila nuda'' <small>(Fr.) Quél. (1886)</small><br> ''Lepista nuda'' <small>([[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]]) [[Mordecai Cubitt Cooke|Cooke]] (1871)</small><br> ''Tricholoma nudum'' <small>([[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]]) [[Paul Kummer|P.Kumm.]] (1871)</small><br> ''Rhodopaxillus nudus'' <small>(Bull.) [[René Maire|Maire]] (1913)</small> ''Tricholoma personatum'' var. ''nudum'' <small>(Bull.) [[Johannes Rick|Rick]] (1961)</small> }} {{mycomorphbox | name = ''Collybia nuda'' | hymeniumType = gills | capShape = convex | capShape2 = umbonate | whichGills = emarginate | stipeCharacter = bare | sporePrintColor = buff | ecologicalType = saprotrophic | howEdible = choice }} '''''Collybia nuda''''', ketah kasengguh '''blewit'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arora |first=David |title=Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0 |date=1986 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=978-0-89815-169-5 |edition=Second |location=Berkeley}}</ref> utawi '''blewit taru'''<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mance|first1=Kim|title=A Mushroom Cave in France That'll Make You Feel Like You're Shrooming |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/stories/2013-03-03/gourmet-mushroom-cave-loire-valley-france-vacation|access-date=5 January 2018|publisher=Condé Nast|date=3 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bluefoot Mushroom|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2002/02/20/bluefoot-mushroom/45b7ddbb-6b59-47d8-a78d-2de5b019e415/|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> lan sadurungné kapidarta dados '''''Lepista nuda''''' lan '''''Clitocybe nuda''''', inggih punika spésiés oong. Kapidarta olih [[Pierre Bulliard]] ring 1790, ipun sadurungné kasengguh ''Tricholoma nudum'' antuk makidang warsa. Mangkin sampun kagingsirang nuju génus ''[[Collybia]]'' ring 2023. Spésiés niki maasal saking Éropa lan Amérika Kalér. Ipun kacunduk ring alas konifer lan alas gugur. Oong niki sampun kabudidaya ring [[Britania Raya|Inggris]], [[Belanda]], lan [[Prancis]]. Oong niki pinaka [[oong prasida kaajeng]] sané pinih akéh kakonsumsi. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} oyptv8lbo8zfkoyppmguvkqmqw2cc31 0 61787 281271 231944 2026-08-27T22:38:48Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Calocybe gambosa 080420wa.jpg | genus = Calocybe | species = gambosa | authority = ([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) [[Marinus Anton Donk|Donk]] (1962) | synonyms = ''Tricholoma gambosum'' }} {{mycomorphbox | name = ''Calocybe gambosa'' | whichGills = sinuate | capShape = convex | hymeniumType = gills | stipeCharacter = bare | ecologicalType = mycorrhizal | ecologicalType2 = saprotrophic | sporePrintColor = white | howEdible = choice}} '''''Calocybe gambosa''''', ketah kasengguh '''oong St. George''', inggih punika [[oong]] [[oong prasida kaajeng|sané dados kaajeng]] sané mentik utamanyané ring tegal, ring tepining padang lan ring sisin margi. Mawit saking wastan umumnyané saking ritatkala kapertama medal ring [[Inggris|Inggris]], inggih punika ring [[Rahina St George]] (23 April). Kacunduk ring sasih Maret ring Italia, panegara sané anget ring dija taler oong sané kaloktah kaajeng,<ref name = "Carluccio03">{{cite book | author = Carluccio A | author-link = Antonio Carluccio | year = 2003 | title = The Complete Mushroom Book| url = https://archive.org/details/completemushroom0000carl | publisher = Quadrille | isbn = 1-84400-040-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/completemushroom0000carl/page/75 75]}}</ref> tur kaloktah irika pinaka ''prugnolo''. Puniki taler kaloktah ring Spanyol Kalér miwah Prancis Kelod, ring wawidangan Negara Basque miwah wawidangannyané sané medal duk April. Ring wewidangan puniki lumrahnyane kaajeng [[sauté]] sareng taluh utawi sareng ulam bawi. Kaanggep dados ajengan sané jaen, napi malih yening kagoreng ring mentega. Sadurungnyane kasengguh pinaka pahan saking genus ageng ''[[Tricholoma]]'' lan kantun kacingak dados ''T. gambosum'' ring téks sané sampun lintang. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} fd9mnj37fcqjnjnwd4u22g2sv7f4t0r 0 61813 281080 231980 2026-08-27T20:10:54Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Hypsizygus marmoreus.jpg | image_caption = Sampel liar kaidentifikasi dados "marmoreus", [[Gunung Hotaka (Gunma)]]. | taxon = Hypsizygus tessulatus | authority = ([[Bull.]]) [[Rolf Singer|Singer]] (1947)<ref>http://www.mycobank.org/name/Hypsizygus%20tessulatus&Lang=Eng</ref> | synonyms = *''Hypsizygus tessellatus'' <small>common misspelling</small><ref name=ME/> *''Hypsizygus marmoreus'' <small>[[Charles Horton Peck|Peck]]</small><ref name="Miller 2006"/>{{efn|Most commonly attributed to the commercially-cultured strains.<ref name=ME/>}} *''Hypsizygus elongatipes'' <small>(Peck) H.E.Bigelow</small><ref name=ME>{{cite web|url= https://www.mushroomexpert.com/hypsizygus_tessulatus.html|title= Hypsizygus tessulatus|date=March 2018|last1=Kuo|first1=M|work= MushroomExpert.Com}}</ref> *''[[Pleurotus]] elongatipes'' <small>(Peck) [[H.E.Bigelow]]</small><ref name="Miller 2006"/> }} {{ mycomorphbox | name = | hymeniumType = gills | capShape = convex | whichGills = | stipeCharacter = bare | sporePrintColor = white | sporePrintColor2 = buff | ecologicalType = saprotrophic | howEdible = choice }} '''''Hypsizygus tessulatus''''' utawi '''oong beech''', inggih punika satunggil [[oong prasida kaajeng]]<ref name="Miller 2006">{{cite book|last1=Miller Jr.|first1=Orson K.|title=North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi|url=https://archive.org/details/northamericanmus0000mill|last2=Miller|first2=Hope H.|publisher=[[FalconGuide]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7627-3109-1|location=Guilford, CN|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northamericanmus0000mill/page/156 156]|author-link=Orson K. Miller Jr.}}</ref> asli saking [[Asia Kangin]]. Puniki katanem ring lokal ring [[iklim maiklim sedeng]] ring Éropa, Amérika Kalér lan Ostrali lan kaadol seger ring pasar super. Ring palemahan, puniki inggih punika oong mahangsangan sane mentik ring taru. Pinih ketah oong puniki kapanggihin ring taru [[beech]], punika mawinan wastannyané sané umum. Soroh sane kabudidaya ketah alit lan tipis ring gobanyané lan kaloktah ring makudang-kudang negara ring sajebag jagat.<ref>"Brown Beech Mushroom - Hypsizygus Tesselatus." Brown Beech Mushroom - Hypsizygus Tesselatus. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2014.{{citation needed|reason=Information insufficient to uniquely find such a page.|date=May 2022}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} kh9m9zvn8bdk719tj91mm48rk4t7su1 0 61814 281021 231982 2026-08-27T19:24:10Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = 2015-08-17 Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst 713895.jpg | image_caption = ''Ganoderma'' growing under oak in California<ref name="Loyd-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Loyd |first1=AL |last2=Barnes |first2=CW |last3=Held |first3=BW |last4=Schink |first4=MJ |last5=Smith |first5=ME |last6=Smith |first6=JA |last7=Blanchette |first7=RA |title=Elucidating 'lucidum': Distinguishing the diverse laccate Ganoderma species of the United States |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2018 |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=e0199738 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0199738 |pmid=30020945 |pmc=6051579 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1399738L |doi-access=free }}</ref> | genus = Ganoderma | species = lucidum | authority = [[Petter Adolf Karsten|Karst]] (1881) | synonyms = ''Boletus lucidus'' <small>(Curtis)</small> ''Polyporus lucidus'' <small>(Murrill)</small> | synonyms_ref = }} {{Mycomorphbox | name = ''{{PAGENAME}}''{{italic title}} | hymeniumType = pores | capShape = no | capShape2 = offset | whichGills = no | stipeCharacter = bare | stipeCharacter2 = NA | sporePrintColor = brown | ecologicalType = parasitic | howEdible = unpalatable }} '''''Ganoderma lucidum''''', ketah kasengguh '''reishi''', '''konk kapernis''', utawi '''ling chih''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arora |first1=David |title=Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0 |date=1986 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-89815-169-5 |edition=Second}}</ref> inggih punika spésiés ''[[Ganoderma]]'' mawarna barak sareng pasebaran kawates ring Éropa lan makudang pahan Cina, ring dija ipun mentik ring punyan kayu keras sané lapuk.<ref name="Loyd-2018a">{{cite journal |last1=Loyd |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Richter |first2=Brantlee S. |last3=Jusino |first3=Michelle A. |last4=Truong |first4=Camille |last5=Smith |first5=Matthew E. |last6=Blanchette |first6=Robert A. |last7=Smith |first7=Jason A. |title=Identifying the 'Mushroom of Immortality': Assessing the Ganoderma Species Composition in Commercial Reishi Products |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=16 July 2018 |volume=9 |page=1557 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.01557 |pmid=30061872 |pmc=6055023 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Populasi liar sampun kacunduk ring Amérika Serikat ring California lan Utah, sakémanten minab ageng kakenalang sacara antropogenik lan kanaturalisasi.<ref name="Loyd-2018" /> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} q51jc2vukavv60cen8galtbg08ljde5 0 61825 281287 232067 2026-08-27T22:46:50Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | image = White shark.jpg | image_caption = [[Kakia putih ageng]] | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Jurasik|mangkin|ref=<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Stevens, J. |author2=Last, P.R.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00unse |publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|page= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00unse/page/60 60]|isbn= 978-0-12-547665-2}}</ref>}} | taxon = Galeomorphi | authority = Compagno, 1973 | subdivision_ranks = Ordo | subdivision = * [[Heterodontiformes]] * [[Orectolobiformes]] * [[Lamniformes]] * [[Carcharhiniformes]] * {{extinct}}[[Palaeocarchariiformes]] * {{extinct}}[[Synechodontiformes]]? }} '''Galeomorphi''' inggih punika [[superordo]] saking [[kakia]]. Ipun wénten kasengguh '''kakia galea''' utawi '''kakia galean'''. Wénten sawatara 300 [[spésiés]] sané urip ring 23 [[kaluwarga (biologi)|kulawarga]]. Kakia Galean puniki kakepah dados petang [[ordo (biologi)|ordo]]: [[Heterodontiformes]], [[Orectolobiformes]], [[Lamniformes]], lan [[Carcharhiniformes]]. [[Synechodontiformes]] sané sampun punah miwah enigmatis mangkin kagenahang olih makudang-kudang pangawi ring jero galeomorf, sakéwanten genah taksonominyané durung pastika.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bibliography Database {{!}} Shark-References |url=https://shark-references.com/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=shark-references.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klug |first=Stefanie |date=January 2010 |title=Monophyly, phylogeny and systematic position of the †Synechodontiformes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00399.x |journal=Zoologica Scripta |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=37–49 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00399.x |issn=0300-3256}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} rxwytgvkbngx259h37s3l1teyc1f6iz 0 61882 281158 280185 2026-08-27T21:24:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox spesies | color = {{Tc2|virus}} | item = Q374232 | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = * '''''Human immunodeficiency virus 1''''' * '''''Human immunodeficiency virus 2''''' }} {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | Name = International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Codes | ICD10 = B20-B24 | ICD9 = {{ICD9|042}}-{{ICD9|044}} }} '''Virus defisiensi imun manusa''' ( '''HIV''' ) inggih punika kalih spesies ''[[Lentivirus]]'' (subkelompok [[retrovirus]] ) sane ngrangsang manusa. Kasuen-suen, ipun ngawinang [[AIDS|sindrom imunodefisiensi akuisisi]] (AIDS), <ref name="pmid8493571">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Weiss RA|date=May 1993|title=How does HIV cause AIDS?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1993-05-28_260_5112/page/1273|journal=Science|volume=260|issue=5112|pages=1273–9|bibcode=1993Sci...260.1273W|doi=10.1126/science.8493571|pmid=8493571}}</ref> <ref name="pmid18947296">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Douek DC, Roederer M, Koup RA|year=2009|title=Emerging Concepts in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS|journal=Annual Review of Medicine|volume=60|pages=471–84|doi=10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549|pmc=2716400|pmid=18947296}}</ref> kahanan ring dija kegagalan progresif [[Immune system|sistem kekebalan]] ngawinang [[Opportunistic infection|infeksi oportunistik sane]] ngawinang idup lan [[Cancer|kanker]] prasida nglimbak. <ref name="pmid27611681">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Powell MK, Benková K, Selinger P, Dogoši M, Kinkorová Luňáčková I, Koutníková H, Laštíková J, Roubíčková A, Špůrková Z, Laclová L, Eis V, Šach J, Heneberg P|year=2016|title=Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients Differ Strongly in Frequencies and Spectra between Patients with Low CD4+ Cell Counts Examined Postmortem and Compensated Patients Examined Antemortem Irrespective of the HAART Era|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=9|pages=e0162704|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1162704P|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162704|pmc=5017746|pmid=27611681|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tan wenten tamba, rata-rata galah idup sesampun keni infeksi HIV kakenehang 9 ngantos 11 warsa, manut ring [[Subtypes of HIV|subtipe HIV]]. <ref name="UNAIDS2007">{{Cite web|url=https://data.unaids.org/pub/epislides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf#page16|title=2007 AIDS epidemic update|last=UNAIDS|last2=WHO|date=December 2007|page=16}}</ref> Ring makudang-kudang kasus, HIV inggih punika [[Sexually transmitted infection|infeksi sane katular saking hubungan seksual]] lan [[HIV/AIDS#Transmission|mamargi]] antuk kontak utawi transfer [[getih]], [[Pre-ejaculate|pra-ejakulasi]], [[Semen|mani]], lan [[Vaginal lubrication|cairan vagina]]. <ref name="PARTNER2-2019">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|vauthors=Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, Corbelli GM, Estrada V, Geretti AM, Beloukas A, Raben D, Coll P, Antinori A, Nwokolo N, Rieger A, Prins JM, Blaxhult A, Weber R, Van Eeden A, Brockmeyer NH, Clarke A, Del Romero Guerrero J, Raffi F, Bogner JR, Wandeler G, Gerstoft J, Gutiérrez F, Brinkman K, Kitchen M, Ostergaard L, Leon A, Ristola M, Jessen H, Stellbrink HJ, Phillips AN, Lundgren J|date=June 2019|title=Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study|journal=Lancet|volume=393|issue=10189|pages=2428–2438|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0|pmc=6584382|pmid=31056293|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Fauci-JAMA">{{Cite journal|author-link3=Anthony S. Fauci|vauthors=Eisinger RW, Dieffenbach CW, Fauci AS|date=February 2019|title=HIV Viral Load and Transmissibility of HIV Infection: Undetectable Equals Untransmittable|journal=JAMA|volume=321|issue=5|pages=451–452|doi=10.1001/jama.2018.21167|pmid=30629090}}</ref> Transmisi non-seksual prasida mamargi saking ibu sane keni infeksi majeng ring bayinyane rikala [[Beling|mobot]], rikala [[Childbirth|ngembasang]] antuk paparan getih utawi cairan vagina, lan malarapan antuk [[Breast milk|ASI]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mabuka J, Nduati R, Odem-Davis K, Peterson D, Overbaugh J|year=2012|title=HIV-Specific Antibodies Capable of ADCC Are Common in Breastmilk and Are Associated with Reduced Risk of Transmission in Women with High Viral Loads|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=8|issue=6|pages=e1002739|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002739|pmc=3375288|pmid=22719248|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Anthropology and public health : bridging differences in culture and society|url=https://archive.org/details/anthropologypubl0000unse_v3c8|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537464-3|veditors=Hahn RA, Inhorn MC|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anthropologypubl0000unse_v3c8/page/449 449]|oclc=192042314}}</ref> <ref name="Mead">{{Cite journal|last=Mead MN|year=2008|title=Contaminants in human milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding|url=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/116-10/focus.html|url-status=dead|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=116|issue=10|pages=A426–34|doi=10.1289/ehp.116-a426|pmc=2569122|pmid=18941560|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106182431/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/116-10/focus.html|archive-date=6 November 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{citation-attribution|{{cite web|url=https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv|title=Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV|website=HIV.gov|access-date=2017-12-08|date=2017-05-15}}}}</ref> Ring tengahing cairan ring angga puniki, HIV wénten pinaka partikel [[virus]] bebas miwah virus ring tengahing [[White blood cell|sel imun]] sané keni infeksi. Penelitian sampun nyihnayang (majeng ring pasangan sesama jenis lan lawan jenis) yening HIV nenten nular rikalaning ngamargiang hubungan seksual tanpa kondom yening pasangan HIV positif madue [[Viral load monitoring for HIV|beban virus]] sane nenten prasida kadeteksi secara konsisten. <ref name="PARTNER2-2019" /> <ref name="Fauci-JAMA" /> HIV nglimbakang sel-sel vital ring sistem kekebalan manusa, sekadi sel-sel T pembantu (utamané sel-sel [[CD4]]+ T), [[Macrophage|makrofag]], miwah sel-[[Dendritic cell|sel dendritik]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cunningham AL, Donaghy H, Harman AN, Kim M, Turville SG|date=August 2010|title=Manipulation of dendritic cell function by viruses|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=524–9|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2010.06.002|pmid=20598938}}</ref> Infeksi HIV ngawinang tingkat sel T CD4+ sané nénten becik antuk makudang-kudang mekanisme, minakadi piroptosa sel T sané keni infeksi aborsi,<ref name="pmid24356306">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|vauthors=Doitsh G, Galloway NL, Geng X, Yang Z, Monroe KM, Zepeda O, Hunt PW, Hatano H, Sowinski S, Muñoz-Arias I, Greene WC|date=January 2014|title=Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection|journal=Nature|volume=505|issue=7484|pages=509–14|bibcode=2014Natur.505..509D|doi=10.1038/nature12940|pmc=4047036|pmid=24356306}}</ref> [[apoptosis]] sel sané nénten keni infeksi,<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Garg H, Mohl J, Joshi A|date=November 2012|title=HIV-1 induced bystander apoptosis|journal=Viruses|volume=4|issue=11|pages=3020–43|doi=10.3390/v4113020|pmc=3509682|pmid=23202514|doi-access=free}}</ref> matembung virus langsung saking sel sané keni infeksi, miwah matembung sel T CD 4+ sané keni infeksi olih limfosit sitotoksik CD8+ sané ngamolihang sel sané keni virus.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jheBzf17C7YC&pg=PA147|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|vauthors=Kumar V|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4557-3787-1|edition=9th|pages=147}}</ref> Rikala wilangan sel T CD4 + nincap ring sor tingkat kritis, imunitas sel-mediated ical, miwah awak sayan sayan prasida keni infeksi oportunistik, sané ngawinang panglimbak AIDS. {{TOC limit|3}} == Cingak taler == * [[Antiviral drug|Tamba antivirus]] * [[Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors|Penemuan lan panglimbak penghambat HIV-protease]] * [[HIV/AIDS denialism|Penolakan HIV/AIDS]] * [[HIVToolbox|Kotak Piranti HIV]] * [[Rahina AIDS Sajagat|Rahina AIDS ring jagate]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Taxonbar}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Sane ngawinang padem sarwa maurip]] [[Kategori:HIV/AIDS]] 61v3x4dfdar2cnu5x8ny53exliocvfu 0 61985 281179 232288 2026-08-27T21:42:36Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281179 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:ISS_impact_risk.jpg|jmpl|320x320px|Conto penilaian resiko: Model [[NASA]] nyihnayang genah sané madué resiko ageng saking dampak ring [[International Space Station|Stasiun Antariksa Internasional]]]] '''Manajemen resiko''' punika identifikasi, evaluasi, lan prioritas [[Risks|resiko]], <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cybellium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xInEQAAQBAJ|title=Risk Management Exam Review: A Comprehensive Guide to Excelling in Risk Management Exams|publisher=Cybellium|isbn=978-1-83679-348-9|pages=3|language=en}}</ref> kalanturang antuk minimalisasi, monitoring, lan kontrol dampak utawi probabilitas resiko punika sane metu. <ref name="Hubbard p46">{{Cite book|last=Hubbard|first=Douglas|title=The Failure of Risk Management: Why It's Broken and How to Fix It|url=https://archive.org/details/failureofriskman0000hubb_x5p4|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2009|isbn=9781119522034|page=[https://archive.org/details/failureofriskman0000hubb_x5p4/page/46 46]}}</ref> Resiko prasida mawit saking makudang-kudang sumber (inggih punika, [[Threat (security)|ancaman]] ) rumasuk nenten pastika ring [[Market environment|pasar internasional]], [[Political instability|nenten stabil politik]], baya kegagalan proyek (ring fase napi manten ring desain, pengembangan, produksi, utawi ngajegang siklus-hidup), [[Legal liabilities|kewajiban hukum]], [[Credit risk|resiko kredit]], [[Accidents|kecelakaan]], [[Natural disaster|penyebab alami, lan diberary]] . [[Pineh pangupa mawinan|akar penyebab]] sane nenten pastika utawi nenten prasida katebak. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Ata|first=Nabil Abu el|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gA1DAAAQBAJ|title=The Tyranny of Uncertainty: A New Framework to Predict, Remediate and Monitor Risk|last2=Schmandt|first2=Rudolf|date=2016-05-17|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-662-49104-1|pages=7|language=en}}</ref> Wenten kalih soroh acara inggih punika. Resiko miwah Peluang sane wenten. Peristiwa negatif prasida kaklasifikasiang pinaka resiko nanging peristiwa positif kaklasifikasiang pinaka peluang. [[Technical standard|Standar]] manajemen resiko sampun kalimbakang olih makudang-kudang lembaga, rumasuk [[Project Management Institute|Institut Manajemen Proyek]], [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|Institut Standar lan Teknologi Nasional]], masyarakat [[Actuarial|aktuarial]], miwah [[International Organization for Standardization|Organisasi Internasional Standardisasi]] . <ref name="voc">{{cite ISO standard|csnumber=79637|title=ISO 31073:2022 — Risk management — Vocabulary|date=Feb 2022|access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref> <ref name="iso">{{cite ISO standard|csnumber=65694|title=ISO 31000:2018 — Risk management — Guidelines|date=Feb 2018|access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.iso.org/publication/PUB100464.html|title=ISO 31000:2018 – Risk management – A Practical Guide|date=2021|publisher=ISO, UNIDO|isbn=978-92-67-11233-6|edition=1|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> Metode, definisi miwah tatujon mabinayan pisan manut napiké metode manajemen resiko punika ring konteks [[Project management|manajemen proyek]], [[Security|keamanan]], [[Risk analysis (engineering)|rekayasa]], [[Industrial Process|proses industri]], [[Financial portfolios|portofolio keuangan]], [[Audit|penilaian aktuarial]], utawi kesehatan miwah [[Public safety|keselamatan]] [[Public health|masyarakat]] . Standar manajemen resiko sampun kacacad santukan nenten madue panincapan sane prasida kaukur ring resiko, nanging rasa percaya ring estimasi miwah pamutus kanten nincap. <ref name="Hubbard p462">{{Cite book|last=Hubbard|first=Douglas|title=The Failure of Risk Management: Why It's Broken and How to Fix It|url=https://archive.org/details/failureofriskman0000hubb_x5p4|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2009|isbn=9781119522034|page=[https://archive.org/details/failureofriskman0000hubb_x5p4/page/46 46]}}</ref> Strategi anggen ngatur baya (nenten pastika antuk konsekuensi negatif) ketahnyane rumasuk ngindarin baya, ngirangin efek negatif utawi probabilitas baya, ngingsirang makasami utawi atenga saking baya punika majeng ring pihak tiosan, lan taler ngukuhang makudang-kudang utawi makasami konsekuensi sane potensial utawi aktual saking baya tertentu. Sane matungkalikan sareng strategi puniki prasida kaanggen nyawis peluang (negara masa depan sane nenten pastika antuk pikenoh). <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhandari|first=Ashok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muNJEAAAQBAJ|title=10X Execution: For Extra-ordinary Business Growth & Success|date=2021-10-27|publisher=The PrintWorks|isbn=978-81-949109-2-3|pages=310|language=en}}</ref> Pinaka [[Profession|peran profesional]], '''manajer resiko''' <ref>[https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/job-descriptions/pages/risk-manager.aspx "Risk Manager"] [[Society for Human Resource Management]]</ref> pacang "ngawasin program asuransi lan manajemen resiko komprehensif organisasi, ngajiang lan ngidentifikasi resiko sane prasida ngawinang reputasi, keamanan, keamanan, utawi kasuksesan keuangan organisasi", lan salanturnyane nglimbakang rencana anggen ngirangin lan/utawi mitigasi) pikolih negatif (keuangan). Analis Resiko <ref>[https://www.cfainstitute.org/en/programs/cfa/charterholder-careers/roles/risk-analyst-risk-manager "What Are Risk Analysts & Risk Managers?"], [[CFA Institute]]</ref> ngadukung sisi teknis saking pendekatan manajemen resiko organisasi: risampune data resiko sampun kasusun lan kaevaluasi, analis ngepah pikolihnyane sareng manajernyane, sane nganggen wawasan punika anggen mutusang pantaraning solusi sane minab. Cingak taler [[Chief Risk Officer|Kepala Petugas Resiko]], [[Internal audit|audit internal]], miwah {{Section link|Financial risk management#Corporate finance}}. {{TOC limit|3}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Analisis resiko]] a8gwk3st9f9xqjz1h2urk70fy3ofke4 0 62010 281242 264393 2026-08-27T22:22:28Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Utek | Latin = cerebrum | Greek = encephalon | Image = Chimp Brain in a jar.jpg | Caption = Utek saking satunggil [[simpanse]] | Image2 = | Caption2 = | IsPartOf = [[Sistem saraf]] | Components = | Artery = | Vein = }} '''Utek''' (Kepara: '''Polo''') inggih punika [[organ (biologi)|organ]] sane mawiguna dados pusat [[sistem saraf]] ring makasami [[buron]] [[vertebrata]] lan akehan [[invertebrata]]. Puniki kawangun antuk [[jaringan saraf]] miwah katahnyané magenah ring [[sirah]] ([[sefalisasi]]), katahnyané nampek ring organ [[indera khusus]] sekadi [[persepsi visual|panyingakan]], [[piranggi]], miwah [[olfaksi]]. Dados organ sané pinih khusus, punika madué sesana nampi [[informasi]] saking [[sistem saraf indrawi]], ngolah informasi punika ([[manah]], [[kognisi]], lan [[kapascadan]]) lan koordinasi [[kontrol motorik]] ([[otot]] aktivitas [[sistem éndokrin]]). Sedek otak invertebrata metu saking mapasangan [[ganglio segmental]] (soang-soang wantah matanggung jawab ring [[ségméntasi (biologi)|ségmen angga]]) soang-soang saking [[tali saraf ventral]], utek vertebrata nglimbak aksial saking garis tengah [[tali saraf dorsal]] pinaka [[vesikel utek|vesikel]] sané ngagengang ring [[rostral (istilah anatomi)|rostral]] muncuk [[tabung saraf]], antuk [[ngamusatkan]] kontrol ring makasami ségmén angga. Makasami utek vertebrata prasida kakepah manut embrio dados tiga pahan: [[utek ajeng]] (prosensefalon, kakepah malih dados [[telensefalon]] lan [[diensefalon]]), [[utek tengah]] ([[mesensefalon]]) lan [[utek ungkur]] ([[rhombencephalon]], [[milensefal]]). [[Sumsum tulang ring duri|sumsum tulang ungkur]], sané langsung mapaiketan sareng pawigunan [[sistem saraf somatik|somatik]] ring sor sirah, prasida kasengguh pinaka éksténsi kaudal myelencephalon sané katutup ring tengah [[kolom vertebral]]. Sinarengan, utek miwah sumsum tulang ungkur ngwangun [[sistem saraf pusat]] ring makasami vertebrata. Ring [[manusa]], [[korteks polo|korteks serebral]] madaging sawatara 14–16 miliar néuron,<ref name="Saladin11">{{cite book |last1=Saladin |first1=Kenneth |title=Human anatomy |url=https://archive.org/details/humananatomy0000sala_v6k1 |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-122207-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/humananatomy0000sala_v6k1/page/416 416] |edition=3rd}}</ref> lan akéh néuron ring [[utek alit]] kaperkirayang 55–70 miliar.<ref name="JCN">{{cite journal |last1=von Bartheld |first1=CS |last2=Bahney |first2=J |last3=Herculano-Houzel |first3=S |title=The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting. |journal=The Journal of Comparative Neurology |date=15 December 2016 |volume=524 |issue=18 |pages=3865–3895 |doi=10.1002/cne.24040 |pmid=27187682|pmc=5063692 | issn=0021-9967 }}</ref> Soang-soang neuron kasambungang olih [[sinaps]] ring makudang-kudang panyiuan neuron tiosan, katahnyané saling komunikasi saking [[proses sitoplasma]] sané kasengguh [[dendrit]] miwah [[akson]]. Akson katahan [[myelinated]] miwah makta kréta api pulsa sinyal mikro-listrik sané gelis sané kasengguh [[potensial aksi]]s mangda prasida nargetang sel penerima spesifik ring genah tiosan ring otak utawi genah sané doh ring angga. [[korteks prafrontal]], sané ngontrol [[fungsi eksekutif]], pinih nglimbak becik ring manusa. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Organ (anatomi)]] 8nobduy5ch1dc3l5owa9swqibwelfnv 0 62014 281245 232332 2026-08-27T22:23:58Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keasuransian''' prasida maartos napike soroh rugi (resiko) tertentu prasida kaasuransiang manut teori, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wiening|first=Eric A.|title=Foundations of risk management and insurance|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofris0000wien|date=2002|publisher=American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters/Insurance Institute of America|isbn=9780894631009|edition=1st|location=Malvern, Pa.|page=6.3}}</ref> utawi napike klien tertentu prasida kaasuransiang olih perusahaan tertentu santukan kahanan tertentu lan kualitas sane katetapang olih [[Insurance company|penyedia asuransi]] sane mapaiketan sareng [[Risk|resiko]] sane pacang kagelahang olih klien tertentu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Vivian|first=R.W.|title=Risk behaviour and risk management in business life|last2=Darius|first2=W.I.|date=2000|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|isbn=9789048152827|location=Dordrecht}}</ref> Individu sane madue asuransi sane pinih andap minab kabaos '''nenten prasida kaasuransiang''', lan perusahaan asuransi pacang nulak ngamedalang polis majeng ring pelamar sakadi punika. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaffee|first=Dwight M.|last2=Russell|first2=Thomas|date=June 1997|title=Catastrophe Insurance, Capital Markets, and Uninsurable Risks|journal=The Journal of Risk and Insurance|volume=64|issue=2|pages=205|citeseerx=10.1.1.420.9092|doi=10.2307/253729|jstor=253729}}</ref> Minakadi, jadma sané [[Terminal illness|keni gering terminal]] miwah [[Life expectancy|pangapti urip]] 6 sasih pacang nénten prasida kaasuransiang antuk [[Term life insurance|asuransi urip jangka panjang]] . Puniki santukan probabilitasnyane tegeh pisan majeng ring individu punika pacang padem ring masa asuransi, mawinan ipun pacang ngaturang tanggung jawab sane doh pisan tegeh majeng ring perusahaan asuransi. Conto sane pateh, lan stereotip, inggih punika [[Earthquake insurance|asuransi linuh]] ring [[California]]. Asuransi kadang-kadang dados pikobet ring [[Case law|hukum kasus]] [[Torts|pelanggaran]] miwah [[Contracts|kontrak]] . Punika taler medal ring pikobet sane nyarengin [[Tontine|tontines]] lan skema [[Insurance fraud|penipuan asuransi]]. Ring [[Real property law|hukum properti]] miwah [[Real estate|''real estate'']], asuransi [[Title|hak milik]] maartos [[Realty|real]] punika [[Marketable|prasida kaadol]]. == Cingak taler == * [[Insurance law|Hukum asuransi]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Awig asuransi]] qrd2flf6ymas01do3aoiyt4wc994c1h 0 62023 281007 232350 2026-08-27T19:14:40Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281007 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Biokonservatisme''' punika pidabdab filosofis miwah [[Ethical|etis]] sane ngutamayang mangda waspada taler nenten ngawigunayang [[Biotechnologies|bioteknologi]], utamanyane sane nyarengin [[Genetic manipulation|manipulasi genetik]] miwah [[Human enhancement|nincapang manusa]]. <ref name="backfire">{{Cite journal|last=Browne|first=Tamara Kayali|last2=Clarke|first2=Steve|date=2019-04-01|title=Bioconservatism, bioenhancement and backfiring|journal=Journal of Moral Education|publisher=Informa UK Limited|volume=49|issue=2|pages=241–256|doi=10.1080/03057240.2019.1576125|issn=0305-7240|pmc=7155838|pmid=32308552}}</ref> Istilah "biokonservatisme" inggih punika [[Portmanteau|campuhan]] saking kruna ''[[biologi]]'' miwah ''konservatisme''. Para kritikus biokonservatisme, sekadi Steve Clarke miwah [[Rebecca Roache]], maosang indik biokonservatif madasar antuk pamineh ipun utamanyané ring [[Intuition|intuisi]], sané prasida tunduk ring makudang-kudang bias kognitif. Biokonservatif sane nenten kayun ngakuin kerapuhan posisinyane kacingak pinaka alasan perdebatan sane kagentosin. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roache|first=Rebecca|last2=Clarke|first2=Steve|date=2009-03-01|title=Bioconservatism, Bioliberalism, and the Wisdom of Reflecting on Repugnance|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03351306|journal=Monash Bioethics Review|language=en|volume=28|issue=1|pages=4.1–21|doi=10.1007/BF03351306|issn=1836-6716|pmid=19839275}}</ref> Biokonservatisme kacihnayang antuk kapercayaan inggian panglimbak teknologi prasida ngusak-asik [[Human dignity|martabat manusa]], taler antuk nenten cumpu ring pidabdab miwah teknologi rumasuk [[Transhumanism|transhumanisme]], [[Genetic modification|pauwahan genetik]] manusa, [[Artificial general intelligence|kawagedan buatan sane "kuat"]], miwah [[Technological singularity|singularitas teknologi]] . Akeh biokonservatif taler nenten cumpu ngawigunayang teknologi sekadi [[Life extension|ngawewehin urip]] miwah [[Preimplantation genetic screening|penyaringan genetik praimplantasi]]. Biokonservatif mawit saking perspektif politik saking [[Cultural conservatives|konservatif]] [[Religious conservatism|agama]] miwah budaya sane condong tengen kantos [[Environmentalism|ahli lingkungan]] miwah [[Appropriate technology|kritikus teknologi]] sane condong kiwa. Sane nyikiang biokonservatif inggih punika skeptisisme indik medis miwah transformasi [[Biotechnological|bioteknologi]] tiosan ring [[Biosphere|jagate sane maurip]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Huesemann|first=Michael|title=Techno-fix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment|url=https://archive.org/details/technofixwhytech0000hues|last2=Huesemann|first2=Joyce|date=2011-10-04|publisher=New Society Publishers|isbn=978-0-86571-704-6|publication-place=Gabriola Island|page=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Mander|first=J.|title=In the Absence of the Sacred: The Failure of Technology and the Survival of the Indian Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/inabsenceofsacre00mand|publisher=Sierra Club Books|year=1991|isbn=978-0-87156-739-0}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Rifkin|first=J.|title=The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World|url=https://archive.org/details/biotechcenturyha0000rifk_y0h5|publisher=Gollancz|year=1998|isbn=978-0-575-06658-8}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Shiva|first=V.|title=Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply|url=https://archive.org/details/stolenharvesthij00shiv|publisher=South End Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-89608-607-4|series=Ecology and Green Politics Series}}</ref> Mabinayan sareng [[Bioluddism|bioluddisme]], perspektif biokonservatif katahnyané nyihnayang kritik sané pinih unteng ring parajana teknologi. Puniki kabinayang antuk pertahanannyane majeng ring [[Natural|alam]], sane kabingkai pinaka [[Category (philosophy)|kategori moral]]. <ref name="Carrico 2004">{{Cite web|url=http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/carrico20041222/|title=The Trouble with "Transhumanism": Part Two|date=Dec 22, 2004|website=ieet.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927034746/http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/carrico20041222/|archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref> <ref name="Carrico 2005">{{Cite web|url=http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/carrico20060812/|title=Technoprogressivism Beyond Technophilia and Technophobia|last=Carrico, Dale|date=2005|website=ieet.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908070510/http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/carrico20060812|archive-date=2016-09-08|access-date=2007-01-28}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Bioluddism|Bioludisme]] * [[Posthumanization|Pascahumanisasi]] * [[Techno-progressivism|Tekno-progresivisme]] * [[Appeal to nature|Daya tarik ring alam]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Ideologi politik]] k42nj5xv3o4acgqqmoohwvtimyis6jj 0 62027 281220 280160 2026-08-27T22:09:26Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug | drug_name = | IUPAC_name = 4-(2-Aminoetil)benzena-1,2-diol | synonyms = {{ubl|DA, |2-(3,4-Dihidroksifenil)etilamina, |3,4-Dihidroksifenetilamina, |3-Hidroksitiramina, |Oksitiramina, | Intropin,| Revivan}} | image = Dopamine.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | alt = Dopamine structure | caption = Struktur kerangka dopamin | image2 = Dopamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png | image_class2 = bg-transparent | caption2 = [[Model bola-lan-tongkat]] saking molekul dopamin sekadi sane kapanggihin ring larutan. Ring kahanan padat, dopamin ngambil wangun [[zwitterion]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=CSD Entry TIRZAX: 5-(2-Ammonioethyl)-2-hydroxyphenolate, Dopamine|journal=Cambridge Structural Database: Access Structures |year=2013|publisher=[[Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre]]|doi=10.5517/cc10m9nl |doi-access=free |vauthors=Cruickshank L, Kennedy AR, Shankland N}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | title = Tautomeric and ionisation forms of dopamine and tyramine in the solid state | vauthors = Cruickshank L, Kennedy AR, Shankland N | journal = [[Journal of Molecular Structure|J. Mol. Struct.]] | volume = 1051 | pages = 132–36 | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.08.002 | bibcode = 2013JMoSt1051..132C }}</ref> | tradename = Proinfark | source_tissues = [[Substantia nigra]]; [[ventral tegmental area]]; many others | target_tissues = System-wide | receptors = [[Dopamine receptor D1|D₁]], [[Dopamine receptor D2|D₂]], [[Dopamine receptor D3|D₃]], [[Dopamine receptor D4|D₄]], [[Dopamine receptor D5|D₅]], [[TAAR1]]<ref name="DA IUPHAR"/> | agonists = Direct: [[apomorphine]], [[bromocriptine]]<br/>[[Indirect agonist|Indirect]]: [[cocaine]], [[amphetamine]], [[methylphenidate]] | antagonists = [[Neuroleptic]]s, [[metoclopramide]], [[domperidone]] | precursor = [[Phenylalanine]], [[tyrosine]], and [[L-DOPA]] | biosynthesis = [[DOPA decarboxylase]] | metabolism = [[Oksidase monoamina|MAO]], COMT<ref name="DA IUPHAR">{{cite web |title=Dopamine: Biological activity |url=http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=940 |access-date=29 January 2016 |website=IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology |publisher=International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology |language=en-US}}</ref> | CAS_number = 51-61-6 | CAS_supplemental = {{CAS|62-31-7}} (hidroklorida) | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = VTD58H1Z2X | PubChem = 681 | ChemSpiderID = 661 | IUPHAR_ligand = 940 | KEGG = C03758 | DrugBank = DB00988 | C = 8 | H = 11 | N = 1 | O = 2 | SMILES = NCCc1cc(O)c(O)cc1 | StdInChI = 1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2 | StdInChI_comment = | StdInChIKey = VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N }} '''Dopamin''' ( '''DA''', kontraksi '''3,4- <u>d</u> <u>ihidroksi</u> <u>penetil</u> <u>amin</u>''' ) inggih punika [[Molecule|molekul]] [[Neuromodulatory|neuromodulator]] sané madué makudang-kudang peran sané mabuat ring sel. Punika wantah [[Organic compound|bahan kimia organik]] saking kulawarga [[Catecholamine|katekolamin]] lan [[Phenethylamine|fenetilamin]]. Dopamin ngawentuk sawatara 80% saking kandungan katekolamin ring otak. Punika wantah [[Amine|amina]] sane kasintesis antuk ngicalang [[Carboxyl group|gugus karboksil]] saking molekul [[Precursor (chemistry)|bahan kimia prekursornyane]], [[L-DOPA]], sane [[Biosynthesis|kasintesis]] ring otak lan ginjal. Dopamin taler kasintesis ring entik-entikan miwah katahan buron. Ring otak, dopamin maguna pinaka [[Neurotransmitter|neurotransmiter]] —bahan kimia sané kalepas olih [[neuron]] (sel saraf) mangda prasida ngirimang sinyal ring sel saraf tiosan. Neurotransmiter kasintesis ring genah otak sakéwanten nglalahin akéh genah sané sistemis. Otak madaging makudang-kudang [[Dopaminergic pathway|jalur dopamin]] sané matiosan, silih tunggilnyané mabuat pisan ring komponen motivasi [[Reward system|parilaksana sané mamotivasi antuk hadiah]] . Antisipasi saking akehnyane soroh hadiah nincapang kadar dopamin ring otak, <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Berridge KC|date=April 2007|title=The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychopharmacology_2007-04_191_3/page/391|journal=Psychopharmacology|language=en-US|volume=191|issue=3|pages=391–431|doi=10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x|pmid=17072591}}</ref> lan akeh [[Psychoactive drug|obat]] [[Addiction|adiktif]] nincapang pelepasan dopamin utawi ngablok [[Reuptake|pengambilan ulangnyane]] ring neuron sesampun pelepasan. <ref name="Wise2020">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wise RA, Robble MA|date=January 2020|title=Dopamine and Addiction|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|language=en-US|volume=71|issue=1|pages=79–106|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103337|pmid=31905114|doi-access=free}}</ref> Jalur dopamin otak tiosan sareng ring [[Motor system|kontrol motorik]] miwah ring ngontrol pelepasan makudang-kudang hormon. Jalur miwah [[Dopaminergic cell groups|kelompok sel]] puniki ngwentuk sistem dopamin sané dados [[Neuromodulation|neuromodulator]]. <ref name="Wise2020" /> Ring [[Popular culture|budaya lan media populer]], dopamin sering kagambarang pinaka bahan kimia utama sane ngawinang seneng, nanging pendapat sane mangkin ring farmakologi inggih punika dopamin gumanti ngicenin [[Motivational salience|salience motivasi]] ; <ref name="Aversion neurons">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wenzel JM, Rauscher NA, Cheer JF, Oleson EB|date=January 2015|title=A role for phasic dopamine release within the nucleus accumbens in encoding aversion: a review of the neurochemical literature|journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience|language=en-US|volume=6|issue=1|pages=16–26|doi=10.1021/cn500255p|pmc=5820768|pmid=25491156|quote=Thus, fear-evoking stimuli are capable of differentially altering phasic dopamine transmission across NAcc subregions. The authors propose that the observed enhancement in NAcc shell dopamine likely reflects general motivational salience, perhaps due to relief from a CS-induced fear state when the US (foot shock) is not delivered. This reasoning is supported by a report from Budygin and colleagues¹¹² showing that, in anesthetized rats, the termination of tail pinch results in augmented dopamine release in the shell.}}</ref> antuk kruna sane tiosan, dopamin nyihnayang prominensi motivasi sane karasayang (inggih punika, desirability utawi aversiveness) saking pikolih, sane ring gilirannyane nglimbakang parilaksana organisme nuju utawi ngejohang saking ngamolihang pikolih punika. <ref name="Aversion neurons" /> Ring jaba sistem saraf pusat, dopamin maguna utamanyané pinaka utusan [[Paracrine|parakrin]] lokal. Ring pembuluh darah, punika ngambat pelepasan [[Norepinephrine|norepinefrin]] lan mawiguna dados [[vasodilator]] ; ring ginjal, punika nincapang ekskresi natrium lan output urin; ring pankreas, punika ngirangin produksi insulin; ring sistem pencernaan, punika ngirangin [[Gastrointestinal physiology#Motility|motilitas pencernaan]] lan nyaga [[Intestinal mucosa|mukosa usus]] ; lan ring sistem kekebalan, punika ngirangin aktivitas [[Lymphocytes|limfosit]] . Sajabaning pembuluh darah, dopamin ring soang-soang sistem perifer puniki kasintesis ring lokal lan ngamargiang efeknyane nampek ring sel-sel sane ngelepasin. Makudang-kudang pinungkan sané mabuat ring sistem saraf mapaiketan sareng disfungsi sistem dopamin, miwah makudang-kudang tamba utama sané kawigunayang rikala nambanin ipun makarya antuk nguwah efek dopamin. [[Parkinson's disease|Penyakit Parkinson]], kahanan degeneratif sané ngawinang [[Tremor|gemeteran]] miwah gangguan motorik, sangkaning ilangnyané neuron sané ngamedalang dopamin ring genah otak [[Midbrain|tengah]] sané kawastanin [[Substantia nigra|substansia nigra]]. Prekursor metabolismenyane L-DOPA prasida kakaryanin; ''Levodopa'', wangun murni L-DOPA, inggih punika tamba sane pinih akeh kaanggen ring Parkinson. Wenten bukti indik [[Schizophrenia|skizofrenia]] nyarengin pauwahan tingkat aktivitas dopamin, lan akehan [[Antipsychotic|tamba antipsikotik]] sane kaanggen nambanin puniki inggih punika [[Dopamine antagonist|antagonis dopamin]] sane ngirangin aktivitas dopamin. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The myth of the chemical cure. A critique of psychiatric drug treatment|url=https://archive.org/details/mythofchemicalcu0000monc|vauthors=Moncrieff J|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2008|isbn=978-0-230-57432-8|location=Basingstoke, UK}}</ref> Obat antagonis dopamin sane pateh taler makudang-kudang [[Antiemetic|agen anti-mual]] sane pinih efektif . [[Restless legs syndrome|Sindrom kaki gelisah]] lan [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|gangguan hiperaktif defisit perhatian]] (ADHD) mapaiketan sareng aktivitas dopamin sane sayan rered. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Kollins SH, Wigal TL, Newcorn JH, Telang F, Fowler JS, Zhu W, Logan J, Ma Y, Pradhan K, Wong C, Swanson JM|date=September 2009|title=Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications|journal=JAMA|volume=302|issue=10|pages=1084–91|doi=10.1001/jama.2009.1308|pmc=2958516|pmid=19738093}}</ref> [[Sympathomimetic drug|Stimulan]] [[Dopaminergic|dopaminergik]] prasida ngawinang ketagihan ring dosis sane tegeh, nanging wenten sane kaanggen ring dosis sane rendah anggen nambanin ADHD. [[Dopamine (medication)|Dopamin]] punika wenten pinaka tamba sane kakaryanin antuk [[Intravenous therapy|suntikan intravena]] . Punika mawiguna ring pengobatan [[Heart failure|gagal jantung berat]] utawi [[Cardiogenic shock|syok kardiogenik]] . <ref name="NHS2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bsuh.nhs.uk/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2021/08/dopamine-infusion-August-2021-final.pdf|title=Dopamine infusion|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121201331/https://www.bsuh.nhs.uk/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2021/08/dopamine-infusion-August-2021-final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ring bayi sane wau embas prasida kaanggen [[Hypotension|hipotensi]] lan [[Septic shock|shock septik]] . <ref name="medscape2021">{{Cite web|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/979128-medication?form=fpf|title=Shock and Hypotension in the Newborn Medication: Alpha/Beta Adrenergic Agonists, Vasodilators, Inotropic agents, Volume Expanders, Antibiotics, Other|website=emedicine.medscape.com|language=en-US|access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Cingak taler == * [[Dopamine fasting|Puasa dopamin]] * [[Breastfeeding and fertility|Nyusuin pianak miwah kesuburan]] * [[Endorphin|Endorfin]] * [[Serotonin]] * [[Oxytocin|Oksitosin]] * [[Enkephalin|Enkefalin]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Dopamin]] hh2v5vervf85tem61i1xpdhoaroa9ch 0 62047 281248 280172 2026-08-27T22:24:41Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Meningitis|image=Meninges-en.svg|caption=Meninges saking [[sistem saraf pusat]]: [[materi dura]], [[materi araknoid]], lan [[materi pia]].|field=[[Penyakit infeksi (spesialisasi medis)|Penyakit infeksi]], [[saraf]]|symptoms=[[Demam]], [[sakit sirah]], [[kaku leher]]<ref name=CDC2014B/>|complications=[[Pekak]], [[epilepsi]], [[hidrosefalus]], [[defisit kognitif]]<ref name=Lancet/><ref name=NEJM/>|onset=|duration=|causes=Bakteri, [[meningitis virus|virus]], [[meningitis jamur|jamur]], parasit, nenten infeksi, miwah sane lianan<ref name=Ginsberg/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Tusukan pinggang]]<ref name=CDC2014B/>|differential=[[Encephalitis]], [[brain tumor]], [[lupus]], [[Lyme disease]], [[seizures]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferri |first=Fred F. |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr |date=2010 |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=978-0-323-07699-9 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia |page=Chapter M }}</ref> [[naegleriasis]]<ref name="MMWR2008">{{Cite journal |author=Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) |date=May 2008 |title=Primary amebic meningoencephalitis – Arizona, Florida, and Texas, 2007 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5721.pdf |url-status=live |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=57 |issue=21 |pages=573–27 |pmid=18509301 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402060714/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5721a1.htm |archive-date=2 April 2020 |access-date=14 October 2017 | author-link=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention }}</ref>|prevention=[[Paksinasi]]<ref name=Lancet/>|treatment=|medication=[[antibiotik]], [[antivirus]], [[steroid]]<ref name=CDC2014B/><ref name=CDC2016Vir/><ref name=IDSA/>|frequency=7,7 yuta (2019)<ref name="gdb2019">{{Cite web |title=Global Disease Burden 2019 |url=https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2019 |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419000912/https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>|deaths=236,000 (2019)<ref name="gdb2019" />}} '''Meningitis''' punika [[Inflammation|radang]] [[Acute (medical)|akut]] utawi [[Chronic meningitis|kronis]] ring membran pelindung sane nutupin [[Utek|otak]] lan [[Spinal cord|sumsum tulang belakang]], sane sareng-sareng kasengguh [[meninges]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Putz K, Hayani K, Zar FA|date=September 2013|title=Meningitis|journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice|volume=40|issue=3|pages=707–726|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.001|pmid=23958365}}</ref> Gejala sane pinih sering inggih punika [[Fever|demam]], [[Headache|sakit sirah sane sanget]], [[Vomiting|muntah]] lan [[Neck stiffness|kaku leher]] lan kadang-kadang [[Photophobia|fotofobia]] . <ref name="CDC2014B">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|title=Bacterial Meningitis|date=1 April 2014|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021530/http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Gejala sane tiosan minakadi [[Mental confusion|bingung]] utawi [[Altered state of consciousness|eling sane mauwah]], [[Nausea|mual]], lan [[Phonophobia|nenten prasida nerima suara sane keras]] . <ref name="CDC2014B" /> Anak alit sering wantah nyihnayang [[Nonspecific symptoms|gejala nonspesifik]], sakadi iritasi, ngantuk, utawi nenten becik ngajeng. <ref name="CDC2014B" /> [[Non-blanching rash|Ruam non-blanching]] (ruam sane nenten pudar ritatkala kaca kagulung ring duurnyane) taler prasida wenten. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/|title=NHS medical conditions meningitis|date=20 October 2017|publisher=National Health Service (NHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426133024/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/|archive-date=26 April 2022|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> Inflamasi punika minab sangkaning infeksi [[virus]], [[Pathogenic bacteria|bakteri]], [[Pathogenic fungus|jamur]] utawi [[Parasites|parasit]] . <ref name="WHO2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis|title=Meningitis|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110173749/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis|archive-date=10 January 2022|access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Sane ngawinang nenten infeksi minakadi [[Malignancy|keganasan]] ( [[Cancer|kanker]] ), [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|pendarahan subaraknoid]], penyakit inflamasi kronis ( [[Sarcoidosis|sarkoidosis]] ) lan [[Medication|tamba-tamba]] tertentu. <ref name="Ginsberg">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ginsberg L|date=March 2004|title=Difficult and recurrent meningitis|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=75 Suppl 1|issue=90001|pages=i16–21|doi=10.1136/jnnp.2003.034272|pmc=1765649|pmid=14978146}}</ref> Meningitis prasida ngawinang baya ring kahuripan santukan radang punika nampek ring otak lan sumsum tulang belakang; punika mawinan, kahanan punika kaklasifikasiang dados [[Medical emergency|darurat medis]] . <ref name="Lancet">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sáez-Llorens X, McCracken GH|date=June 2003|title=Bacterial meningitis in children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-06-21_361_9375/page/2139|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9375|pages=2139–48|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13693-8|pmid=12826449}}</ref> <ref name="IDSA">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Kaufman BA, Roos KL, Scheld WM, Whitley RJ|date=November 2004|title=Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2004-11-01_39_9/page/1267|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=39|issue=9|pages=1267–84|doi=10.1086/425368|pmid=15494903|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Lumbar puncture|Tusukan lumbar]], ring jaum sane kagenahang ring [[Spinal canal|saluran tulang belakang]] anggen mupulang sampel [[Cerebrospinal fluid|cairan serebrospinal]] (CSF), prasida ngamargiang diagnosis utawi ngecualian meningitis. <ref name="CDC2014B2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|title=Bacterial Meningitis|date=1 April 2014|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021530/http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> <ref name="IDSA" /> Makudang-kudang wangun meningitis prasida kacegah antuk [[Immunization|imunisasi]] antuk vaksin [[Meningococcal vaccine|meningokokus]], [[Mumps vaccine|gondok]], [[Pneumococcal vaccine|pneumokokus]], miwah [[Hib vaccine|Hib]] . <ref name="Lancet2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sáez-Llorens X, McCracken GH|date=June 2003|title=Bacterial meningitis in children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-06-21_361_9375/page/2139|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9375|pages=2139–48|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13693-8|pmid=12826449}}</ref> Ngicenin [[Antibiotic|antibiotik]] majeng ring jadma sane keni paparan signifikan majeng ring soroh meningitis minab taler mawiguna anggen nyegah penularan. <ref name="CDC2014B3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|title=Bacterial Meningitis|date=1 April 2014|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021530/http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Tetamban kapertama ring meningitis akut inggih punika digelis ngicenin antibiotik lan kadang-kadang [[Antiviral drug|tamba antivirus]] . <ref name="CDC2014B3" /> <ref name="CDC2016Vir">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral.html|title=Viral Meningitis|date=26 November 2014|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203230/http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> [[Corticosteroid|Kortikosteroid]] prasida kaanggen nyegah komplikasi saking radang sane berlebihan. <ref name="NEJM">{{Cite journal|vauthors=van de Beek D, de Gans J, Tunkel AR, Wijdicks EF|date=January 2006|title=Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2006-01-05_354_1/page/44|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=354|issue=1|pages=44–53|doi=10.1056/NEJMra052116|pmid=16394301}}</ref> <ref name="IDSA2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Kaufman BA, Roos KL, Scheld WM, Whitley RJ|date=November 2004|title=Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2004-11-01_39_9/page/1267|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=39|issue=9|pages=1267–84|doi=10.1086/425368|pmid=15494903|doi-access=free}}</ref> Meningitis prasida ngawinang konsekuensi jangka panjang sane serius minakadi [[Deafness|tuli]], [[Epilepsy|epilepsi]], [[Hydrocephalus|hidrosefalus]], utawi [[Cognitive deficit|defisit kognitif]], napi malih yening nenten gelis katambanin. <ref name="Lancet2" /> <ref name="NEJM" /> Ring warsa 2019, meningitis kadiagnosis ring sawatara 7,7 yuta jadma ring sajebag jagat, saking punika 236.000 jadma padem, tedun saking 433.000 jadma padem ring warsa 1990. Antuk tamba sane patut, resiko padem ring meningitis bakteri kirang saking 15%. <ref name="CDC2014B4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|title=Bacterial Meningitis|date=1 April 2014|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021530/http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Wabah meningitis bakteri puniki mamargi pantaraning Desember lan Juni nyabran warsa ring wewidangan [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika sub-Sahara]] sane kaloktah dados [[Meningitis belt|sabuk meningitis]] . <ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/|title=Meningococcal meningitis Fact sheet N°141|date=November 2015|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305103408/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Wabah sane alitan taler prasida kapanggihin ring wewidangan sane tiosan ring jagate. <ref name="WHO2015" /> Kruna ''meningitis'' mawit saking [[Ancient Greek|basa Yunani]] {{Lang|grc|μῆνιγξ}} {{Lang|grc-latn|meninx}}, 'membran', miwah akhiran medis ''-itis'', 'radang'. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QGaoiFCIDMC&pg=PT4755|title=Mosby's pocket dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|isbn=978-0-323-06604-4|edition=6th|location=St. Louis|page=traumatic meningitis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910145715/https://books.google.com/books?id=_QGaoiFCIDMC&pg=PT4755|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|vauthors=Liddell HG, Scott R|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1940|location=Oxford|chapter=μῆνιγξ|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmh%3Dnigc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108025517/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmh%3Dnigc|archive-date=8 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> {{TOC limit}} == Cingak taler == * [[Aseptic meningitis|meningitis aseptik]] * [[CSF/serum glucose ratio|Rasio glukosa LKM/serum]] * [[Chronic meningitis|meningitis kronis]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Meningitis]] nd0i41qes6qd47eov7v8d89thso5itz 0 62162 281152 232678 2026-08-27T21:20:49Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Gidat | Latin = sinciput | Image = | Image2 = Male forehead-01 ies.jpg | Caption2 = Gidat lanang | Precursor = | System = Multiple | Artery = [[Arteri supra-orbital|Supraorbital]], [[arteri supratroklear|supratroklear]] | Vein = [[véna supraorbital|Supraorbital]], [[véna frontal|frontal]] | Nerve = [[Saraf trigeminal|Trigeminal]], [[saraf facial|facial]] }} '''Gidat''' (Singgih: '''lelata''') inggih punika satunggil wawengkon [[anatomi manusa]] pahan [[sirah]] kawatesin olih tiga fitur, kalih [[tengkorak manusa|tengkorak]] lan asiki [[kulit sirah]]. Pahan duur gidat kacihnain sareng '''garis rambut''', tepi genah sané mentik rambut ring kulit sirah. Dasar gidat kacihnayang antuk [[tundu supraorbital]], fitur tulang tengkorak ring baduur peningalan. Kalih sisi gidat kacihnayang antuk [[garis temporal|tundu temporal]], fitur tulang sané ngiket tundu supraorbital sareng garis [[jaitan koronal]] lan salanturnyané.<ref name=KnizeDrisko>{{cite book|title=The Forehead and Temporal Fossa: Anatomy and Technique|url=https://archive.org/details/foreheadtemporal0000unse|author1=David M. Knize|author2=Mel Drisko|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2001|isbn=9780781720748|pages=[https://archive.org/details/foreheadtemporal0000unse/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref name=Nouri1>{{cite book|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071472562/page/523 523]|chapter=Reconstructive surgery of Skin Cancer defects|author1=Valencia D. Thomas|author2=Wendy Long Mitchell|author3=Neil A. Swanson|author4=Thomas E. Rohrer|author5=Ken K. Lee|name-list-style=amp|title=Skin Cancer|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071472562|editor=Keyvan Nouri|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|year=2007|isbn=9780071472562}}</ref> Sakémanten, alis nénten ngadegang pahan saking gidat. Ring ''[[Terminologia Anatomica]]'', ''sinciput'' kaicain dados padanan basa Latin antuk "gidat" (étimologi saking ''sinciput'': saking ''semi-'' "atenga" lan ''caput'' "sirah".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/sinciput#etymonline_v_48687|title=Origin and meaning of sinciput|website=etymonline.com}}</ref>). == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{Anatomi manusia}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Anatomi kepala| ]] [[Kategori:Anatomi hewan]] {{anatomi-stub}} qho4vvk7zsyqc3j5o41llbamj3r9mw1 0 62247 281006 280216 2026-08-27T19:13:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Penyakit radang usus|image=Cryptitis_high_mag.jpg|caption=[[Mikrograf]] nyihnayang [[radang]] saking [[usus besar]] ring kasus penyakit radang usus. Kolonik [[biopsi]]. [[Noda H&E]].|field=[[Gastroenterologi]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=[[Gastroenteritis]], [[sindrom usus iritasi]], [[penyakit celiac]]|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=11,2 yuta ring sajebag jagat (2015)<ref name="pmid27733282">{{cite journal | author = ((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref>|deaths=47.400 ring sajebag jagat (2015)<ref name="pmid27733281">{{cite journal | author = ((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref>}} '''Pinakit radang usus ([[Basa Inggris|Basa inggris]]: IBD. [[Basa Indonésia|Basa Indonesia]]: Penyakit inflamasi usus)''' inggih punika kelompok kondisi [[Inflammation|inflamasi]] [[Colon (anatomy)|usus besar]] lan [[Small intestine|usus halus]], antuk [[Crohn's disease|penyakit Crohn]] lan [[Ulcerative colitis|kolitis ulseratif]] (UC) dados jenis utama. <ref name="Talley 2018 p.">{{Cite book|title=Clinical examination: A systematic guide to physical diagnosis|url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalexaminat0002tall|vauthors=Talley N|publisher=Elsevier Australia|year=2018|isbn=978-0-7295-4259-3|location=Chatswood, N.S.W|page=227|oclc=988941211}}</ref> Penyakit Crohn puniki ngranayang usus halus lan usus gede, taler ring cangkem, esofagus, lambung lan anus, nanging UC utamanyane ngranayang usus besar lan rektum. <ref name="pmid17499605">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Baumgart DC, Carding SR|date=May 2007|title=Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-12-18-2007_369_9573/page/1627|journal=Lancet|volume=369|issue=9573|pages=1627–40|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60750-8|pmid=17499605}}</ref> <ref name="Baumgart">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ|date=May 2007|title=Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-12-18-2007_369_9573/page/1641|journal=Lancet|volume=369|issue=9573|pages=1641–57|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60751-X|pmid=17499606}}</ref> <ref name="pmid17653185">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Xavier RJ, Podolsky DK|date=July 2007|title=Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-07-26_448_7152/page/427|journal=Nature|volume=448|issue=7152|pages=427–34|bibcode=2007Natur.448..427X|doi=10.1038/nature06005|pmid=17653185}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Inflammatory bowel disease-22|Penyakit radang usus-22]] * [[World Inflammatory Bowel Disease Day|Rahina Penyakit Radang Usus Sedunia]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=31127|ICD10=|ICD9=|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=1169|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|106}} {{eMedicine2|oph|520}}|MeshID=D015212}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Pinakit radang usus]] bap4prebtyh70tda45poh8t9tinxfch 0 62254 281285 232698 2026-08-27T22:45:51Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281285 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Takhayul''' inggih punika [[kapercayaan]] utawi praktik napi manten sane kaanggep olih non-praktisi dados [[Irrational|irasional]] utawi [[Supernatural|supranatural]], sane kaiket sareng [[Fate|nasib]] utawi [[Magic (supernatural)|sihir]], pengaruh supranatural sane karasayang, utawi [[Fear|takut]] sareng napi sane nenten kauningin. Ketahnyane kaanggen ring kapercayaan lan praktik sane ngiterin [[Luck|rejeki]], [[Amulet|jimat]], [[Astrology|astrologi]], [[Fortune telling|ramalan]], [[Spirit (animating force)|roh]], lan [[wiktionary:entity|entitas]] [[paranormal]] tertentu, utamanyane kapercayaan indik peristiwa sane jagi rauh prasida karamalang olih peristiwa sadurungnyane sane nenten mapaiketan. <ref name="vyse21">{{Cite book|last=Vyse|first=Stuart A.|title=Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition|url=https://archive.org/details/believinginmagic0000vyse|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-1951-3634-0|location=Oxford, England|pages=[https://archive.org/details/believinginmagic0000vyse/page/19 19]–22|author-link=Stuart Vyse}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Chardonnens|first=L. S.|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789047420422/Bej.9789004158290.i-608_006.xml|title=Chapter Four. Superstition and prognostication|publisher=Brill|year=2007|isbn=978-90-474-2042-2|language=en|access-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173448/https://brill.com/view/book/9789047420422/Bej.9789004158290.i-608_006.xml|archive-date=18 January 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Kruna ''takhayul'' taler kaanggen nujuang agama sane nenten kalaksanayang olih mayoritas masyarakat tertentu nenten ngelidin napike agama sane wenten madaging dugaan takhayul utawi majeng ring makasami agama olih [[Antireligion|anti-agama]]. <ref name="vyse212">{{Cite book|last=Vyse|first=Stuart A.|title=Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition|url=https://archive.org/details/believinginmagic0000vyse|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-1951-3634-0|location=Oxford, England|pages=[https://archive.org/details/believinginmagic0000vyse/page/19 19]–22|author-link=Stuart Vyse}}</ref> == Kawigunan kontemporer == Definisi saking istilah punika mabinayan, sakéwanten ipun katahnyané nyihnayang takhayul pinaka kapercayaan irasional sané matungkasan sareng kawruhan ilmiah ring jagaté. [[Stuart Vyse]] ngusulang indik takhayul "mekanisme tindakan sané katarka nénten konsisten sareng pangresepan iraga indik jagat fisik", antuk Jane Risen ngawewehin indik kapercayaan puniki nénten wantah iwang ring ilmiah kémanten sakéwanten nénten prasida. <ref name="VS">{{Cite book|last=Vyse|first=Stuart|title=Superstition: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0198819257}}</ref> <ref name="Risen">{{Cite journal|last=Risen|first=Jane L.|year=2016|title=Believing what we do not believe: Acquiescence to superstitious beliefs and other powerful intuitions.|journal=Psychological Review|volume=123|issue=2|pages=182–207|doi=10.1037/rev0000017|pmid=26479707}}</ref> Asapunika taler, Lysann Damisch ngedefinisiang takhayul pinaka kapercayaan irasional indik objek, parilaksana, utawi kahanan sané nénten mapaiketan sareng pamargin parindikan punika ngiusin pikolihnyané. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Damisch|first=Lysann|last2=Stoberock|first2=Barbara|last3=Mussweiler|first3=Thomas|date=1 July 2010|title=Keep Your Fingers Crossed!: How Superstition Improves Performance|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610372631|journal=Psychological Science|language=en|volume=21|issue=7|pages=1014–1020|doi=10.1177/0956797610372631|issn=0956-7976|pmid=20511389}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tosyali|first=Furkan|last2=Aktas|first2=Busra|date=1 December 2021|title=Does training analytical thinking decrease superstitious beliefs? Relationship between analytical thinking, intrinsic religiosity, and superstitious beliefs|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886921005018|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|language=en|volume=183|pages=111122|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2021.111122|issn=0191-8869}}</ref> [[Dale Martin (scholar)|Dale Martin]] maosang ipun "narka pangresep sané iwang indik panyangkan miwah akibat, sané sampun katulak olih sains modern." <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=Dale B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjTU6YmauZwC|title=Inventing Superstition|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-04069-4|pages=10–20|language=en|author-link=Dale Martin (scholar)}}</ref> ''[[Oxford English Dictionary|Kamus Inggris Oxford]]'' <ref name="OED">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/194517|title=superstition, n.|date=September 2021|website=OED Online|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> nlatarang ipun pinaka "irasional, nénten madasar", [[Merriam-Webster]] pinaka "konsepsi sané iwang indik kausalitas utawi kapercayaan utawi praktik", <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/superstition|title=Definition of SUPERSTITION|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007152508/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/superstition|archive-date=7 October 2008|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> miwah [[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Kamus Cambridge]] pinaka "sans madasar ring akal manusa utawi kaweruhan ilmiah". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/superstition|title=Superstition meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108184349/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/superstition|archive-date=8 November 2018|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> Pamineh indik praktik takhayul puniki nenten mapaiketan kausal sareng pikolih. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Carlson|first=Brad D.|last2=Mowen|first2=John C.|last3=Fang|first3=Xiang|date=2009|title=Trait superstition and consumer behavior: Re-conceptualization, measurement, and initial investigations|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mar.20295|url-status=live|journal=Psychology & Marketing|language=en|volume=26|issue=8|pages=691 of 689–713|doi=10.1002/mar.20295|issn=1520-6793|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118174412/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mar.20295|archive-date=18 January 2021|access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref> Vyse lan Martin mapikayun indik napi sane kaanggep takhayul mabinayan manut budaya lan galah. Manut Vyse, yéning budaya durung ngambil sains pinaka standarnyané, raris napi sané kasengguh tenung utawi takhayul pinih patut inggih punika sains utawi agama lokal." <ref name="VS2">{{Cite book|last=Vyse|first=Stuart|title=Superstition: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0198819257}}</ref> Dale nyinahang indik takhayul sering kaanggep nenten ring genahnyane ring masa modern lan kaiusin olih ilmu pengetahuan modern lan gagasannyane indik napi sane rasional utawi irasional, bertahan dados sisa-sisa kepercayaan lan praktik populer sane sampun sue. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/superstition|title=Definition of SUPERSTITION|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007152508/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/superstition|archive-date=7 October 2008|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> Vyse ngusulang indik tiosan ring irasional miwah gumantung ring budaya, takhayul mangda dados instrumen; efek sane sujati kaaptiang olih jadma sane ngambel kapercayaan, sakadi nincapang peluang ngamolihang hadiah. Pabinayan puniki nenten ngranjing praktik ring dija pamilet wantah ngaptiang mangda kaibur. <ref name="VS3">{{Cite book|last=Vyse|first=Stuart|title=Superstition: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0198819257}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Takhayul]] rqi6soisj6poq4crqflu0zbeus26mhl 0 62258 281113 280170 2026-08-27T20:36:47Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | region = [[Patatwa kauh]] | era = [[Tatwa abad ka-19]] | image = Nietzsche187a.jpg | caption = Nietzsche ring Basel, Swiss, {{circa}} 1875 | birth_name = {{nowrap|Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche}} | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1844|10|15}} | birth_place = [[Röcken]], Propinsi Saxony, Prussia | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1900|08|25|1844|10|15}} | death_place = [[Weimar]], Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Kaprabonan Jerman | resting_place = Makam Gréja Röcken | alma_mater = {{Plainlist}} * [[Univérsitas Bonn]] * [[Univérsitas Leipzig]] {{Endplainlist}} | institutions = [[Univérsitas Basel]] | school_tradition = {{Plainlist| * [[Tatwa Kontinental]] * [[Nietzscheanism]] | style = padding-bottom: 4px; }} {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|'''Sekolah liyanana'''}} | [[Anti-fondasionalisme]] | [[Nihilism#Nietzsche|Anti-nihilisme / nihilisme]] {{small|(disputed){{efn-lr|Cingak, antuk conto: {{bulleted list|"Makudang - kudang penafsir Nietzsche pracaya yéning ida ngerangkul nihilisme, nulak penalaran filosofis, miwah ngapromosiang eksplorasi sastra indik kahanan manusa, nanging nénten nguratiang antuk ngemolihang kawiaktian miwah kaweruhan ring arti tradisional saking paistilah punika. Nanging, juru basa tiosan saking Nietzsche maosang yéning rikala mautsaha ngelawan metunyané nihilisme sané katarka, ida sareng ring program positif anggén negesang malih kauripan, miwah mawinan punika ida ngaptiang pamikiran mawali sané radikal miwah naturalistik indik sifat kawéntenan manusa, kaweruhan, miwah moralitas."<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Friedrich Nietzsche |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzsch/ |last=Wilkerson |first=Dale |issn=2161-0002}}.</ref>|"Sakéwanten, tekad Nietzsche sané sayan nincap, ring sasuratannyané salanturnyané, anggén ngindarin nihilisme filosofis saking sakancan variasi, ngawinang dané makeneh napiké minab nénten prasida ngamolihang pamahaman indik napi sané ngawinang dialektika ring ajeng saking soroh sané pacang ngawinang manusa nuju arah filosofis sané pateh pisan."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conant |first=James F. |author-link=James F. Conant |year=2005 |title=The Dialectic of Perspectivism, I |journal=[[Sats: Nordic Journal of Philosophy]] |publisher=Philosophia Press |volume=6 |number=2 |pages=5–50 |url=http://philosophy.uchicago.edu/faculty/files/conant/The%20Dialectic%20of%20Perspectivism,%20I%20final%20version.pdf |access-date=2025-05-14 |archive-date=2018-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820194003/http://philosophy.uchicago.edu/faculty/files/conant/The%20Dialectic%20of%20Perspectivism,%20I%20final%20version.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}}}}} | [[Atheisme]] | [[Dionisius#Sastra miwah tatwa modérn|Dionisianisme]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Katie |year=2018 |title=The Wisdom of Silenus: Suffering in The Birth of Tragedy |journal=[[Journal of Nietzsche Studies]] |volume=49 |pages=174–193 |doi=10.5325/jnietstud.49.2.0174 |issn=0968-8005 |jstor=10.5325/jnietstud.49.2.0174 |s2cid=171652169 |number=2}}</ref> | [[Pesimisme filosofis|Pesimisme Dionysian]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dienstag |first=Joshua F. |year=2001 |title=Nietzsche's Dionysian Pessimism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-political-science-review_2001-12_95_4/page/923 |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=923–937 |jstor=3117722}}</ref> | [[Eksistensialisme]] | [[Romantisme Jerman]] {{small|(kaiyegang)<ref name="Perez2015">{{Cite journal |last=Perez |first=Rolando |year=2015 |title=Nietzsche's Reading of Cervantes' "Cruel" Humor in Don Quijote |url=https://www.ehumanista.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.span.d7_eh/files/sitefiles/ehumanista/volume30/11%20ehum30.perez.pdf |journal=[[EHumanista]] |volume=30 |pages=168–175 |issn=1540-5877}}.</ref>}} | [[Immoralisme]]<ref>Nietzsche ngambarang tatwa ragané dados imoralitas, cingak taler: {{Cite journal |last=Laing |first=Bertram M. |year=1915 |title=The Metaphysics of Nietzsche's Immoralism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophical-review_1915-07_24_4/page/386 |journal=[[The Philosophical Review]] |volume=24 |pages=386–418 |doi=10.2307/2178746 |jstor=2178746 |number=4}}</ref> | [[Voluntarisme metafisik]] | [[Naturalisme (tatwa)|Naturalisme]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schacht |first=Richard |year=2012 |title=Nietzsche's Naturalism |journal=Journal of Nietzsche Studies |publisher=[[Penn State University Press]] |volume=43 |pages=185–212 |doi=10.5325/jnietstud.43.2.0185 |s2cid=169130060 |number=2}}</ref> | [[Perspektivisme]] | [[Realisme filosofis]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Conway |first=Daniel |title=Nietzsche, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Science |publisher=Springer |year=1999 |isbn=978-90-481-5234-6 |editor-last=Babich |editor-first=Babette E. |editor-link=Babette Babich |series=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science |volume=204 |location=Dordrecht |pages=109–122 |chapter=Beyond Truth and Appearance: Nietzsche's Emergent Realism |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-2428-9_9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Doyle |first=Tsarina |title=Nietzsche on Epistemology and Metaphysics: The World in View |url=https://archive.org/details/nietzscheonepist0000doyl |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0748628070 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nietzscheonepist0000doyl/page/81 81]–103 |chapter=Nietzsche's Emerging Internal Realism |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748628070.003.0003}}</ref> | [[Realisme politik]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirkland |first=Paul E. |year=2010 |title=Nietzsche's Tragic Realism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-politics_winter-2010_72_1/page/55 |journal=The Review of Politics |volume=72 |pages=55–78 |doi=10.1017/S0034670509990969 |jstor=25655890 |s2cid=154098512 |number=1}}</ref> }} | main_interests = {{cslist | [[éstétika]] | [[filologi]] | [[étika]] | [[métafisika]] | [[ontologi]] | [[tatwa lelintihan]] | [[puisi]] | [[agama]] | [[tragedi]] | [[téori kabenehan]] | [[téori aji]] | [[metafilosofi]] }} | notable_ideas = {{collapsible list|title={{nothing}} | {{lang|la|[[Amor fati]]}} | [[Apollonian miwah Dionysian]] | [[Mawali abadi]] | [[Pabinayan fakta miwah aji]] | [[Genealogi (tatwa)|Genealogi]] | [[Tuhan sampun séda]] | [[Parilaksana kawanan#Parilaksana manusa|Naluri kawanan]] | [[Manusa untat]] | [[Moralitas tuan-budak]] | [[Panegesan Nietzschean]] | [[Nihilisme]] | [[Perspektivisme]] | ''[[Kabencian]]'' | [[Transvaluasi aji]] | {{lang|de|[[Tschandala]]}} | {{lang|de|[[Übermensch]]}} | [[Pangapti antuk makuasa]] }} | signature = Friedrich Nietzsche Signature.svg }} '''Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche'''{{efn-lr|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|iː|tʃ|ə|,_|ˈ|n|iː|tʃ|i}} {{respell|NEE|chə|,_|NEE|chee}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nietzsche |encyclopedia=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |publisher=[[Longman]] |location=Harlow, UK |last=Wells |first=John C. |date=1990 |author-link=John C. Wells |page=478 |isbn=978-0-582-05383-0}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə|lang|De-Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche.oga}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|de|ˈniːtsʃə|}};<ref>''[[Duden]] – Das Aussprachewörterbuch'' 7. Berlin: [[Bibliographisches Institut]]. 2015. {{ISBN|978-3-411-04067-4}}. p.&nbsp;633.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Krech |first1=Eva-Maria |url=https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec |title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch |last2=Stock |first2=Eberhard |last3=Hirschfeld |first3=Ursula |last4=Anders |first4=Lutz Christian |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-11-018202-6 |location=Berlin |pages=[https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec/page/n531 520], 777 |language=de |trans-title=German Pronunciation Dictionary |url-access=limited}}</ref>}} (15 Oktober 1844 – 25 Agustus 1900) inggih punika patatwa Jerman. Ida ngawitin karirnyané pinaka [[filologi klasik|ahli filologi klasik]], mawali nuju tatwa ring pangawit karir akademiknyané. Ring warsa 1869, mayusa 24 warsa, Nietzsche dados profésor pinih anom sané ngambel Kursi Filologi Klasik ring [[Univérsitas Basel]]. Kasangsarain olih pikobet kesehatan ring akéhnyané kahuripannyané, ida ngundurang raga saking univérsitas duk warsa 1879, sesampun punika ida muputang akéhnyané sasuratan intinyané ring dasawarsa salanturnyané. Ring warsa 1889, mayusa 44 warsa, dané keni runtuh miwah salanturnyané ical makasami kemampuan mentalnyané, antuk [[lumpuh]] miwah [[déménsia vaskular]]. Ida ngejalanin warsa-warsa sané masisa ring kaamong kulawargané ngantos ida séda ring warsa 1900. [[Bibliographi Friedrich Nietzsche|Karya-karyané]] lan [[Tatwa Friedrich Nietzsche|tatwané]] nénten tuah ngalimbakang beasisya sané éksténsif nanging masih akéh kasub. Karya Nietzsche ngranjing [[polemik]] filosofis, puisi, [[kritikus budaya]]isme, lan [[fiksi]], sinambi nyinahang rasa seneng majeng ring [[aforisme]] lan [[ironi]]. Unsur-unsur sané kaloktah saking tatwa nyané ngeranjing kritik radikal nyané majeng ring [[kabenehan]] sané ngadukung [[perspektivisme]]; satunggil [[genealogi (tatwa)|genealogi]] [[kritik agama]] lan [[moralitas Kristen]] lan teori sané mapaiketan sareng [[moralitas tuan–budak]]; sang [[Estetika|estetika]] [[penegasan kahuripan]] pinaka penampen majeng ring kalih "[[Tuhan sampun séda|Tuhan séda]]" lan krisis sané dalem [[nihilisme]]; gagasan indik pasukan [[Apolonius miwah Dionisius]]; lan karakterisasi manusa [[jejering (tatwa)|jejering]] pinaka ekspresi sané masaing [[pangapti (tatwa)|pengapti]], secara kolektif karesepang pinaka [[pangapti kekuasaan]]. Ida taler nglimbakang konsep-konsep sané mapangaruh sakadi ''{{lang|de|[[Übermensch]]}}'' miwah doktrinnyané indik [[mawali langgeng#Friedrich Nietzsche|mawali langgeng]]. Ring karyannyané salanturnyané, ida sayan sibuk sareng kekuatan kreatif individu anggén ngatasin adat istiadat budaya lan moral ring sajeroning nguber [[transvaluasi aji|aji anyar]] lan kesehatan estetika. Awak karyannyane ngenah ring makudang-kudang topik, minakadi [[Tatwa Seni|seni]], [[filologi]], [[Tatwa lelintihan|lelintihan]], [[Tatwa musik|musik]], [[Tatwa agama|agama]], [[tragedi]], saking [[Tatwa budaya|budaya]] [[Tatwa sains|sains]], lan ngambil inspirasi saking [[tragedi Yunani]] taler tokoh-tokoh sakadi [[Zoroaster]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], lan [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]. Sasampun Nietzsche séda arinnyané, [[Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche]], dados kurator lan panguah naskah-naskahnyané. Ida nguah sasuratannyané sané durung katerbitang mangda manut sareng ideologinyané [[nasionalisme Jerman#Saking warsa 1871 ngantos Yuda Jagat I, 1914-1918|Ultranasionalis Jerman]], sering matentangan utawi ngabur-ngabur panampen sané kabaosang olih Nietzsche, sané manut sakadi [[eksplisit identitas|sané nénten cumpu ring antisemitisme miwah nasionalisme]]. Malarapan antuk édisi sané kamedalang, karya Nietzsche dados mapaiketan sareng [[fasisme]] miwah [[Nazisme]]. Para sujana abad ka-20 minakadi [[Walter Kaufmann (patatwa)|Walter Kaufmann]], [[R. J. Hollingdale]], lan [[Georges Bataille]] ngabéla Nietzsche saking interprétasi puniki, lan édisi sané kabecikang saking sasuratan nyané gelis kasadiaang. Pangapti Nietzsche nikmatin popularitas anyar ring warsa 1960-an miwah pikayunannyané sampun madué panglalah sané ageng ring para pangapti abad ka-20 miwah pangawit abad ka-21 ring makasami tatwa. — pamekas ring sekolah-sekolah saking [[tatwa benua]] minakadi [[eksistensialisme]], [[pascamodern]], miwah [[pascastrukturalisme]]— taler seni, sastra, musik, puisi, politik, miwah [[budaya kaloktah]]. == Karya == [[Berkas:Nietzsche-Stein_01.jpg|jmpl|''Batu Nietzsche'', dekat Surlej, inspirasi untuk ''[[Maka Berbicaralah Zarathustra]]'']] * ''[[Lahirnya Tragedi]]'' (1872) * ''[[Tentang Kebenaran dan Kebohongan dalam Arti Nonmoral]]'' (1873) * ''[[Filsafat di Zaman Tragis Yunani]]'' (1873; pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1923) * ''[[Meditasi Sebelum Waktunya]]'' (1876) * ''[[Menschliches, Allzumenschliches|Manusia, Terlalu Manusiawi]]'' (1878) * ''[[The Dawn (buku)|Fajar]]'' (1881) * ''[[Sains yang Mengasyikkan]]'' (1882) * ''[[Maka Berbicaralah Zarathustra]]'' (1883) * ''[[Melampaui Baik dan Jahat]]'' (1886) * ''[[Tentang Genealogi Moralitas]]'' (1887) * ''[[Perkara Wagner]]'' (1888) * ''[[Meredupnya Para Idola]]'' (1888) * ''[[Der Antichrist|Antikristus]]'' (1888) * ''[[Lihatlah Dia|Ecce Homo]]'' (1888; pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1908) * ''[[Nietzsche kontra Wagner]]'' (1888) * ''[[Kehendak untuk Berkuasa (manuskrip)|The Will to Power]]'' (berbagai manuskrip yang tidak diterbitkan telah diedit oleh saudara perempuannya [[Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche|Elisabeth]]; tidak diakui sebagai karya orisinal Nietzsche setelah {{Kira-kira|1960}}) == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cutetan === <references group="lower-roman"/> === Pranala jaba === {{wikiquote|Friedrich Nietzsche}} * {{en}} [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108765/Friedrich-Nietzsche#387226.hook Entri tentang Nietzsche] di ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]].'' * {{en}} {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/friedrich-nietzsche}} * {{en}} {{Gutenberg author|id=779}} * {{en}} {{Internet Archive author|sname=Nietzsche}} * {{en}} {{Librivox author|id=411}} * {{en}} {{curlie|Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/N/Nietzsche,_Friedrich}} * {{id}} [http://repo.driyarkara.ac.id/786/1/BASIS71-22.pdf Nietzsche: Menjadi Diri Sendiri oleh A. Setyo Wibowo] di ''Majalah Basis.'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Nietzsche, Friedrich}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Friedrich Nietzsche| ]] [[Kategori:Filsafat]] [[Kategori:Filsuf]] [[Kategori:Eksistensialis ateis]] [[Kategori:Filsuf eksistensialis]] [[Kategori:Pangawi filsafat]] [[Kategori:Filsuf abad ke-19]] dx9ivrnuo04tta1dq6igfch1tjx9kek 0 62311 281235 232788 2026-08-27T22:18:49Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281235 wikitext text/x-wiki Ring [[Financial accounting|akuntansi keuangan]], '''aset''' punika [[Resource|sumber daya]] napi manten sane kadruenang utawi kakendaliang olih bisnis utawi entitas ekonomi. Punika wantah napi kemanten (berwujud utawi nenten berwujud) sane prasida kaanggen ngasilang [[Economic value|nilai ekonomi]] sane positif . Aset puniki ngangganin nilai [[Kaduenang|kepemilikan]] sane prasida kauwah dados [[Cash|jinah tunai]] (yadiastun jinah tunai punika taler kabaos aset). <ref name="O'Sullivan 2003 272">{{Cite book|last=O'Sullivan|first=Arthur|title=Economics: Principles in Action|last2=Sheffrin|first2=Steven M.|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|year=2021|isbn=978-0-13-063085-8|location=Washington, DC|pages=271|author-link=Arthur O'Sullivan (economist)}}</ref> [[Balance sheet|Neraca]] perusahaan nyatet nilai moneter <ref name="CPA">{{Cite book|last=Siegel|first=J. G.|title=The Vest Pocket CPA|url=https://archive.org/details/vestpocketcpa0000sieg|last2=Dauber|first2=N.|last3=Shim|first3=J. K.|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0471708759|oclc=56599007}}There are different methods of assessing the monetary value of the assets recorded on the Balance Sheet. In some cases, the ''Historical Cost'' is used; such that the value of the asset when it was bought in the past is used as the monetary value. In other instances, the present [[fair market value]] of the asset is used to determine the value shown on the balance sheet.</ref> aset sane kadruenang olih perusahaan punika. Puniki ngranjing jinah miwah barang-barang sane mawiguna tiosan sane kadruenang olih angga utawi [[Business|bisnis]] . <ref name="O'Sullivan 2003 272" /> ''Total aset'' taler prasida kasengguh ''total neraca''. Aset prasida kakepah dados kalih soroh: [[Tangible property|aset berwujud]] miwah [[Intangible assets|aset non-material]] . Aset berwujud madaging makudang-kudang subkelas, minakadi [[Current asset|aset lancar]] miwah [[Fixed asset|aset tetap]] . <ref name="FinanceDict">J. Downes, J. E. Goodman, ''Dictionary of Finance & Investment Terms'', Barron's Financial Guides, 2003</ref> Aset lancar minakadi [[Cash|jinah kas]], [[Inventory|inventaris]], [[Accounts receivable|piutang]], nanging aset tetap minakadi [[Land|tanah]], [[Buildings|wangunan]] miwah [[Capital equipment|piranti]] . <ref name="CPA_Finance">J. Downes, J. E. Goodman, ''Dictionary of Finance & Investment Terms'', Barron's Financial Guides, 2003; and J. G. Siegel, N. Dauber & J. K. Shim, ''The Vest Pocket CPA'', Wiley, 2005.</ref> Aset non-material inggih punika sumber daya non-fisik lan hak sane madue nilai majeng ring perusahaan santukan ngicenin perusahaan keuntungan ring pasar. Aset non-material minakadi [[Goodwill (accounting)|goodwill]], [[Intellectual property|kekayaan intelektual]] (sekadi [[Copyrights|hak cipta]], [[Trademarks|merek dagang]], [[Patents|paten]], [[Computer program|program komputer]] ), <ref name="CPA_Finance" /> miwah aset keuangan, minakadi investasi keuangan, [[Bond (finance)|obligasi]], miwah [[Share capital|saham]] perusahaan. == Cingak taler == * [[Assets under management|Aset sané kakelola]] (AUM) * [[Purchase price allocation|Alokasi pangargan sané katumbas]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Istilah akuntansi]] ee5wqn2c37gxqss783bpoitjfbtisv6 0 62471 281119 233079 2026-08-27T20:39:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neuromarketing''' punika widang [[Communication|komunikasi]] [[Marketing|pemasaran]] komersial sané ngamargiang [[Neuropsychology|neuropsikologi]] ring [[Market research|seseleh pasar]], malajahin respons [[Piaget's theory of cognitive development|sensorimotor]], [[Cognitive|kognitif]], miwah [[Affective|afektif]] konsumen ring rangsangan pemasaran. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=N|last2=Broderick|first2=AJ|last3=Chamberlain|first3=L|date=February 2007|title=What is "neuromarketing"? A discussion and agenda for future research.|journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology|volume=63|issue=2|pages=199–204|doi=10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.03.007|pmid=16769143}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Vlăsceanu|first=Sebastian|date=2014|title=New directions in understanding the decision-making process: neuroeconomics and neuromarketing|volume=17|pages=758–762|via=Elsevier}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Georges|first=Patrick M|title=Neuromarketing in Action : How to Talk and Sell to the Brain|url=https://archive.org/details/neuromarketingin0000geor|publisher=Kogan Page Ltd|year=2014|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/neuromarketingin0000geor/page/9 9]–16}}</ref> Kawigunan sane prasida kapolihang majeng ring pemasar minakadi kampanye miwah strategi pemasaran sane sayan efisien miwah efektif, akidik kegagalan produk miwah kampanye, miwah pamuputnyane manipulasi saking kabuatan miwah pikayunan jadma sane sujati mangda manut sareng kabuatan miwah pikayunan kepentingan pemasaran. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Agarwal|first=Sharad|date=3 June 2014|title=Neuromarketing For Dummies|journal=Journal of Consumer Marketing|volume=31|issue=4|pages=330–331|doi=10.1108/jcm-12-2013-0811|issn=0736-3761}}</ref> Makudang-kudang perusahaan, utaminnyané sané madué ambisi skala ageng anggén narka parilaksana konsumen, sampun nginvestasiang ring laboratorium ipuné, personel sains, utawi pasawitran sareng akademisi. Neuromarketing kantun dados pendekatan sane maal; punika ngamerluang piranti lan teknologi sane canggih sakadi pencitraan resonansi magnetik (MRI), penangkapan gerak anggen pelacakan mata, lan elektroensefalogram. <ref>Karmarkar, Uma R. (2011). "Note on Neuromarketing". ''Harvard Business School'' (9-512-031).</ref> Nyelehin saking makudang-kudang paplajahan anyar saking ilmu saraf miwah seseleh pemasaran, pemasar sampun ngawit ngamargiang praktik neuromarketing sané pinih becik nénten perlu nyarengin pengujian sané maal. == Cingak taler == * [[Neuromanagement|Manajemen saraf]] * [[Consumer neuroscience|Ilmu saraf konsumen]] * [[Behavioral economics|Ekonomi parilaksana]] * [[Neurocinema|Bioskop saraf]] * [[Neuroeconomics|Neuroekonomi]] * [[Neuroethics|Neuroetika]] * [[Subliminal stimuli|Rangsangan subliminal]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Neuroekonomi]] spikyl4xinmwr3ammw271a9xxoh0vne 0 62559 281100 233550 2026-08-27T20:23:32Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Hermann Minkowski | image = De Raum zeit Minkowski Bild (cropped).jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1864|6|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Aleksotas]], [[Suwałki Governorate]], [[Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] (now in [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuania]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|1909|1|12|1864|6|22|df=y}} | death_place = [[Göttingen]], [[German Empire]] | field = [[Mathematics]], [[physics]], [[philosophy]] | work_institution = [[University of Göttingen]] and [[ETH Zurich]] | alma_mater = [[Albertina University of Königsberg]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Ferdinand von Lindemann]] | doctoral_students = [[Constantin Carathéodory]]<br/>[[Louis Kollros]]<br/>[[Dénes Kőnig]] | known_for = {{indented plainlist| * [[Geometry of numbers]] * [[Minkowski content]] * [[Minkowski diagram]] * [[Minkowski's question-mark function]] * [[Minkowski space]] * Work on the [[Diophantine approximation]]s }} | spouse = Auguste Adler | children = 2 | prizes = | signature = Hermann Minkowski signature.svg }} {{Special relativity sidebar}} '''Hermann Minkowski'''{{efn|{{IPA|pol|miŋˈkɔfskʲi|lang}}; {{IPA|de|mɪŋˈkɔfski|lang}}}} (22 Juni 1864 – 12 Januari 1909) inggih punika [[matematikawan]] miwah profésor ring [[Univérsitas Königsberg]], [[Univérsitas Zürich]], miwah [[Univérsitas Göttingen]], sané katlatarang saking warih [[Jerman]],<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hermann-Minkowski |title=Hermann Minkowski German mathematician|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |editor-last=Gregersen |editor-first=Erik |title=The Britannica Guide to Relativity and Quantum Mechanics |url=https://archive.org/details/britannicaguidet0000unse_a8t2 |year=2010 |publisher=Britannica Educational Pub. Association with Rosen Educational Services |location=New York |isbn=978-1-61530-383-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/britannicaguidet0000unse_a8t2/page/201 201] |edition=1st }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |editor-last=Bracher |editor-first=Katherine |display-editors=etal |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |url=https://archive.org/details/biographicalency00hock_878 |url-access=limited |year=2007 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-30400-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/biographicalency00hock_878/page/n820 787] |edition=Online }}</ref> [[Poland|Polish]],<ref name=":3">{{cite book |first=N. Katherine |last=Hayles |title=The Cosmic Web: Scientific Field Models and Literary Strategies in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicwebscienti00hayl_0 |url-access=limited |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1984 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cosmicwebscienti00hayl_0/page/46 46] |isbn=978-0-8014-1742-9 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite book |first=K. J. |last=Falconer |title=Fractals: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/fractalsveryshor0000falc |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fractalsveryshor0000falc/page/119 119] |isbn=978-0-19-967598-2 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite book |first=Adrian |last=Bardon |title=A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |page=68 |isbn=978-0-19-930108-9 }}</ref> [[Lithuania]]-Jerman,<ref name=":6">{{cite book |last2=Yeshua |first1=Jacob E. |last1=Safra |first2=Ilan |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia26chic |url-access=registration |year=2003 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |location=Chicago, Ill. |isbn=978-0-85229-961-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia26chic/page/665 665] |edition=New }}</ref> utawi [[Rusia]].<ref name="Marshall Cavendish">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Earth and Physical Sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofea02mars |url-access=registration |year=1998 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |location=New York |isbn=9780761405511 |page=1203}}</ref> Dané ngaryanin miwah nglimbakang [[géométri angka]] miwah paindikan [[géométri cembung]], miwah nganggén metode [[Géométri|géométris]] anggén nyawis pikobet ring [[téori angka]], [[fisika matematika]], miwah [[téori relativitas]]. Minkowski minab pinih kaloktah santukan pakaryan dasarnyané sané nyihnayang ruang miwah galah pinaka [[genah papat diménsi]], sané mangkin kaloktah pinaka "[[genah-galah Minkowski]]", sané ngwantu interprétasi géométris saking [[téori rélativitas khusus]] [[Albert Einstein]] (1905). == Cutetan == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Minkowski}} {{lifetime|1864|1909|Minkowski}} [[Kategori:Matematikawan Jerman|Minkowski]] {{Bio-stub}} o0zafqgj8xv2pfpagjd3106ih3guijg 0 62713 281264 280103 2026-08-27T22:33:22Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281264 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gangguan kepribadian narsis''' ([[Basa Inggris|Basa inggris]]: '''NPD''' ) inggih punika [[Personality disorder|gangguan kepribadian]] sane kacihnayang antuk pola sepanjang hidup [[Grandiosity|sane berlebihan saking rasa penting diri]], kebutuhan [[Admiration|pengaguman]] sane berlebihan, lan kemampuan [[Empathy|empati]] sareng perasaan anak lianan sane kirang. Gangguan kepribadian narsis inggih punika silih sinunggil sub-tipe saking kategori sane jimbar sane kaloktah dados gangguan kepribadian. <ref name="Caligor_2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE|date=May 2015|title=Narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic and clinical challenges|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2015-05_172_5/page/415|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=172|issue=5|pages=415–422|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723|pmid=25930131}}</ref> Sering pisan komorbid sareng gangguan mental sane tiosan lan mapaiketan sareng gangguan fungsional sane signifikan lan cacat [[Psychosocial|psikologis]]. <ref name="Caligor_2015" /> Kelainan kepribadian inggih punika kelas [[Mental disorder|gangguan mental]] sane kacihnayang antuk pola [[Maladaptive|maladaptif]] sane langgeng lan nenten fleksibel saking parilaksana, kognisi, lan pengalaman batin, sane kapamerang ring makudang-kudang konteks lan nyimpang saking sane katerima olih budaya napi kemanten. Pola puniki nglimbak ring pangawit masa dewasa, miwah mapaiketan sareng kasangsaran utawi gangguan sané signifikan. <ref name="DSM-5-general personality disorder">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JivBAAAQBAJ|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=5th|location=Arlington, Virginia|pages=646–549}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author-link=|vauthors=Berrios GE|year=1993|title=European views on personality disorders: a conceptual history|url=https://archive.org/details/comprehensive-psychiatry_january-february-1993_34_1/page/14|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|publisher=W.B. Saunders Ltd|volume=34|issue=1|pages=14–30|doi=10.1016/0010-440X(93)90031-X|pmid=8425387}}</ref> <ref name="Millon1">{{Cite book|title=Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond|url=https://archive.org/details/disordersofperso0000mill_e4c3|vauthors=Millon T, Davis RD|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]]|year=1996|isbn=978-0-471-01186-6|location=New York City|page=[https://archive.org/details/disordersofperso0000mill_e4c3/page/226 226]|author-link=Theodore Millon}}</ref> Kriteria anggen ngamargiang diagnosis gangguan kepribadian sampun kadaftar ring bab kaping nem ''[[Klasifikasi Panyakit Internasional|Klasifikasi Penyakit Internasional]]'' (ICD) lan ring ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|Manual Diagnostik lan Statistik Gangguan Mental]]'' (DSM) [[American Psychiatric Association|Asosiasi Psikiatri Amerika]]. Nenten wenten tamba standar sane kaanggen ring NPD. <ref name="Mitra_2022">{{Cite book|title=StatPearls|vauthors=Mitra P, Fluyau D|date=2022|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|location=Treasure Island, Florida|chapter=Narcissistic Personality Disorder|pmid=32310461|access-date=2022-05-01|chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556001/}}</ref> <ref name="King_2020">{{Cite journal|vauthors=King RM, Grenyer BF, Gurtman CG, Younan R|date=March 1, 2020|title=A clinician's quick guide to evidence-based approaches: Narcissistic personality disorder|journal=[[Clinical Psychologist]]|location=Melbourne, Australia|publisher=[[Australian Psychological Society]]|volume=24|issue=1|pages=91–95|doi=10.1111/cp.12214|issn=1328-4207|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Komorbiditasnyane sane tegeh sareng kelainan mental sane tiosan ngawinang pilihan lan pikolih perawatan. <ref name="Mitra_2022" /> Perawatan [[Psychotherapy|psikoterapi]] umumnyane ngranjing ring kalih kategori: [[Psychoanalysis|psikoanalitik]] / [[Psychodynamic psychotherapy|psikodinamis]] lan [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|terapi perilaku kognitif]], antuk dukungan sane sayan nincap antuk integrasi makakalih ring terapi. <ref name="Yakeley_2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yakeley J|date=July 5, 2018|title=Current understanding of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder|journal=BJPsych Advances|volume=24|issue=5|pages=305–315|doi=10.1192/bja.2018.20|issn=2056-4678|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":Ronningstam_2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Weinberg I, Ronningstam E|date=March 2020|title=Dos and Don'ts in Treatments of Patients With Narcissistic Personality Disorder|journal=Journal of Personality Disorders|publisher=[[Guilford Press]]|volume=34|issue=Suppl|pages=122–142|doi=10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.122|pmid=32186986}}</ref> Nanging, wenten kirangnyane studi sane meh-mehan jangkep sane nentuang efektivitas pengobatan. <ref name="King_2020" /> Pengalaman subjektif anak indik gangguan mental, taler kesepakatan ipun sareng tingkat keterlibatan sareng perawatan, banget magantung sareng motivasi ipun mangda mauwah. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2h43b0f|title=Personality Disorders and Pathology: Integrating Clinical Assessment and Practice in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 Era|date=2022|publisher=American Psychological Association|isbn=978-1-4338-3576-6|jstor=j.ctv2h43b0f}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Messiah complex|Kompleks Mesias]] * [[Superiority complex|Kompleks keunggulan]] * [[Narcissistic neurosis|Neurosis narsis]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Medical resources}}{{Klasifikasi gangguan kepribadian}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Artikel tamba Wikipedia sampun sayaga jagi katerjemahang]] [[Kategori:Gangguan kepribadian kluster B]] 4mm0fsmns8sxatndivkqaa2ambsvngm 0 62779 281078 280144 2026-08-27T20:09:42Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281078 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Gandrung_banyuwangi.jpg|jmpl|Tari ritual [[Javanese culture|Jawi]] sane katur ring Dewi Padi lan Kesuburan, [[Déwi Sri|Dewi Sri]]]] '''Ritual''' punika dudonan parikrama sane nyarengin [[gesture]], kruna, parilaksana, utawi benda sane kahormatin. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ritual|title=Definition of RITUAL|date=9 April 2024|website=merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turner|first=Victor Witter|year=1973|title=Symbols in African Ritual (16 March 1973)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1973-03-16_179_4078/page/1100|journal=Science|volume=179|issue=4078|pages=1100–1105|bibcode=1973Sci...179.1100T|doi=10.1126/science.179.4078.1100|pmid=17788268|quote=A ritual is a stereotyped sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and designed to influence preternatural entities or forces on behalf of the actors' goals and interests.}}</ref> Ritual minab katetapang olih [[Tradition|tradisi]] suatu [[Community|masyarakat]], rumasuk masyarakat agama. Ritual kacihnayang, nanging nenten kadefinisiang, olih [[Formalism (philosophy)|formalisme]], [[Tradition|tradisionalisme]], invariansi, tata kelola, [[Religious symbolism|simbolisme agama]], lan patunjukkan. {{Sfnp|Bell|1997}} Ritual inggih punika ceciren saking makasami masyarakat manusa sane kauningin. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Donald|title=[[Human Universals]]|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=1991|location=United States|pages=[https://archive.org/details/humanuniversals0000brow/page/139 139]}}</ref> Ipun ngranjing nenten wantah upacara [[Worship|ibadah]] lan [[Sacrament|sakramen]] agama lan [[Cult|kultus]] sane terorganisir, nanging taler [[Rites of passage|upacara passage]], [[Ritual purification|upacara penebusan lan pemurnian]], [[Oaths of allegiance|sumpah setia]], upacara dedikasi, [[Coronation|penobatan]] lan [[Inauguration|pelantikan]] presiden, pawiwahan, pemakaman lan sane lianan. Napi malih parilaksana sane sampun ketah sakadi [[Handshake|majabat tangan]] lan ngucapang " [[Hello|halo]] " prasida kasengguh pinaka ''ritual''. Widang studi ritual sampun nyingakin makudang-kudang definisi sane saling matungkasan saking istilah punika. Silih sinunggil sane kaicen olih Kyriakidis inggih punika ritual inggih punika kategori jadma luar utawi [[Emic and etic|etika]] antuk seperangkat kegiatan (utawi seperangkat tindakan) sane, majeng ring jadma luar, kacingak irasional, nenten berdekatan, utawi nenten masuk akal. Istilah puniki prasida kaanggen taler olih insider utawi " [[Emic and etic|emic]] " performer pinaka pengakuan indik parikrama puniki prasida kacingak sakadi punika olih sang sane nyingakin sane nenten inisiatif. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The archaeology of ritual.|publisher=Cotsen Institute of Archaeology UCLA publications|year=2007|editor-last=Kyriakidis|editor-first=E.}}</ref> Ring [[Psychology|psikologi]], istilah ''ritual'' kadang-kadang kaanggen ring arti teknis antuk parilaksana sane maulang-ulang sane sistematis kaanggen olih jadma anggen netralisasi utawi nyegah rasa jejeh; punika prasida dados gejala [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder|gangguan obsesif-kompulsif]] nanging parilaksana ritual obsesif-kompulsif umumnyane kegiatan sane terisolasi. == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Konvensi budaya]] oq6vezlndb7ghri965uppi5lujnassd 0 62781 281099 280112 2026-08-27T20:22:49Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Sixteen_faces_expressing_the_human_passions._Wellcome_L0068375_(cropped).jpg|jmpl|371x371px|Nem belas prarai sane nyinahang nafsu manusa – [[Engraving|ukiran]] mawarna olih J. Pass, warsa 1821, sasampun [[Charles Le Brun]]]] '''Emosi''' inggih punika [[Mental state|kahanan fisik miwah mental]] sané kabakta olih pauwahan [[Neurophysiology|neurofisiologis]], sané mapaiketan sareng [[Thought|pikayunan]], [[Feelings|raos]], [[Behavior|respons parilaksana]], miwah undagan [[Pleasure|rasa seneng]] utawi [[Suffering|nénten seneng]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Panksepp|first=Jaak|title=Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions|url=https://archive.org/details/affectiveneurosc0000pank|date=2005|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0195096736|edition=[Reprint]|location=Oxford [u.a.]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/affectiveneurosc0000pank/page/9 9]|quote=Our emotional feelings reflect our ability to subjectively experience certain states of the nervous system. Although conscious feeling states are universally accepted as major distinguishing characteristics of human emotions, in animal research the issue of whether other organisms feel emotions is little more than a conceptual embarrassment}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Damasio AR|date=May 1998|title=Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research-reviews_1998-05_26_2-3/page/83|journal=Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews|volume=26|issue=2–3|pages=83–86|doi=10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00064-7|pmid=9651488}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Ekman|first=Paul|title=The Nature of emotion: fundamental questions|last2=Davidson|first2=Richard J.|date=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195089448|location=New York|pages=291–293|quote=Emotional processing, but not emotions, can occur unconsciously.}}</ref> <ref name="Schacter">{{Cite book|last=Schacter|first=Daniel L.|url=https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310|title=Psychology|last2=Gilbert|first2=Daniel T.|last3=Wegner|first3=Daniel M.|publisher=Worth Publishers|year=2011|isbn=978-1429237192|edition=2nd|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310 310]|author-link=Daniel Schacter|author-link2=Daniel Gilbert (psychologist)|author-link3=Daniel Wegner}}</ref> Nénten wénten [[Scientific consensus|konsensus ilmiah]] indik definisi. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cabanac|first=Michel|year=2002|title=What is emotion?|journal=Behavioural Processes|volume=60|pages=69–83|doi=10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00078-5|pmid=12426062|quote=There is no consensus in the literature on a definition of emotion. The term is taken for granted in itself and, most often, emotion is defined with reference to a list: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. [...] I propose here that emotion is any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure).}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of emotions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781462525348|date=2016|isbn=978-1462525348|editor-last=Lisa Feldman Barrett|edition=Fourth|location=New York|oclc=950202673|editor-last2=Michael Lewis|editor-last3=Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones}}</ref> Emosi sering pisan [[Reciprocal determinism|mapaiketan]] sareng [[Mood (psychology)|suasana hati]], [[Temperament|temperamen]], [[Personality psychology|kepribadian]], [[Disposition|disposisi]], utawi [[Creativity|kreativitas]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Averill|first=James R.|date=February 1999|title=Individual Differences in Emotional Creativity: Structure and Correlates|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality_1999-04_67_2/page/331|journal=Journal of Personality|language=en|volume=67|issue=2|pages=331–371|doi=10.1111/1467-6494.00058|issn=0022-3506|pmid=10202807}}</ref> [[Research|Tetilik]] indik emosi sampun sayan nincap ring kalih dekade sane sampun lintang,  antuk akeh widang sane nyumbang, rumasuk [[Psychology|psikologi]], [[Medicine|kedokteran]], [[Babad|sejarah]], [[Sociology of emotions|sosiologi emosi]], [[Computer science|ilmu komputer]] lan [[filsafat]] . Akeh utsaha sane kaanggen nlatarang indik wit, [[Functional accounts of emotion|kawigunan]], miwah aspek-aspek emosi sane tiosan sampun ngalimbakang penelitian sane intens indik topik puniki. Mateori indik wit [[Évolusi|evolusi]] miwah minab tatujon emosi mawit saking [[Charles Darwin]] . Widang seseleh sané mangkin rumasuk [[Neuroscience|ilmu saraf]] emosi, ngawigunayang alat sekadi [[Positron emission tomography|PET]] miwah [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]] scan anggén malajahin proses [[International Affective Picture System|gambar afektif]] ring [[Utek|otak]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cacioppo|first=John T.|last2=Gardner|first2=Wendi L.|year=1999|title=Emotion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1999_50/page/191|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=50|pages=191–214|doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.191|pmid=10074678}}</ref> Saking perspektif mekanistik, emosi prasida kategesang dados "pengalaman positif utawi negatif sane mapaiketan sareng pola aktivitas [[Physiology|fisiologis]] tertentu". <ref name="Schacter2">{{Cite book|last=Schacter|first=Daniel L.|url=https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310|title=Psychology|last2=Gilbert|first2=Daniel T.|last3=Wegner|first3=Daniel M.|publisher=Worth Publishers|year=2011|isbn=978-1429237192|edition=2nd|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310 310]|author-link=Daniel Schacter|author-link2=Daniel Gilbert (psychologist)|author-link3=Daniel Wegner}}</ref> Emosi punika kompleks, nyarengin makudang-kudang komponen sane matiosan, sakadi pengalaman subjektif, [[Cognition|proses kognitif]], parilaksana ekspresif, pauwahan psikofisiologis, miwah parilaksana instrumental. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Cabral|first=J. Centurion|last2=de Almeida|first2=Rosa Maria Martins|date=2022|title=From social status to emotions: Asymmetric contests predict emotional responses to victory and defeat.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/emo0000839|journal=Emotion|language=en|volume=22|issue=4|pages=769–779|doi=10.1037/emo0000839|issn=1931-1516|pmid=32628033|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Scherer KR|year=2005|title=What are emotions? And how can they be measured?|journal=Social Science Information|volume=44|issue=4|pages=693–727|doi=10.1177/0539018405058216}}</ref> Ring galah sane sampun lintang, para akademisi mautsaha ngidentifikasi emosi antuk silih sinunggil komponen: [[William James]] antuk pengalaman subjektif, [[Behaviorism|ahli parilaksana]] antuk parilaksana instrumental, [[Psychophysiology|psikofisiologis]] antuk pauwahan fisiologis, miwah sane lianan. Sane pinih anyar, emosi sampun kabaos kawangun antuk samian komponen. Komponen emosi sane mabinayan punika kakategoriang akidik mabinayan manut ring disiplin akademik. Ring [[Psychology|psikologi]] miwah [[filsafat]], emosi ketahnyané nyarengang [[Qualia|pengalaman]] [[Subjectivity|subjektif]] miwah [[Consciousness|eling]] sané kacihnayang utamanyané olih [[Emotional expression|ekspresi]] [[Psychophysiology|psikofisiologis]], [[Metabolism|reaksi biologis]], miwah [[Mental state|kahanan mental]] . Deskripsi multi-komponen sane pateh indik emosi kapanggihin ring [[Sociology|sosiologi]] . Upaminyane, Peggy Thoits nlatarang emosi pinaka sane nyarengin komponen fisiologis, label budaya utawi emosi (gedeg, kaget, miwah sane tiosan), parilaksana angga ekspresif, miwah penilaian situasi miwah konteks. <ref name="Thoits, P. A. 1989">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Thoits PA|year=1989|title=The sociology of emotions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-sociology_1989_15/page/317|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=15|pages=317–342|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.15.1.317}}</ref> Proses kognitif, sakadi penalaran miwah pangambilan kaputusan, sering kasengguh mapasahan saking proses emosional, makarya pabinayan pantaraning pamineh miwah pangrasa. Nanging, nenten samian teori emosi nganggep pamisahan puniki valid. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barrett LF, Mesquita B, Ochsner KN, Gross JJ|date=January 2007|title=The experience of emotion|journal=[[Annual Review of Psychology]]|volume=58|issue=1|pages=373–403|doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085709|pmc=1934613|pmid=17002554}}</ref> Mangkin, akehan penelitian indik emosi ring konteks klinis miwah karahayuan ngutamayang indik dinamika emosi ring kauripan sarahina, akehan intensitas emosi spesifik miwah variabilitasnyane, instabilitas, inersia, miwah diferensiasinyane, taler napike miwah sapunapi emosi saling nincapang utawi saling tumpul saking galah ka galah miwah pabinayan ring dinamika life miwah jadma puniki. <ref name="EmotionDynamics">{{Cite journal|last=Reitsema|first=A.M.|date=2021|title=Emotion dynamics in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic and descriptive review|url=https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/ef6d161b-b81f-4a49-81f3-b6c5cf95c1be|journal=Emotion|volume=22|issue=2|pages=374–396|doi=10.1037/emo0000970|pmid=34843305}}</ref> <ref name="Charles">{{Cite journal|last=Charles|first=Susan T.|last2=Carstensen|first2=Laura L.|date=1 January 2010|title=Social and Emotional Aging|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|language=en|volume=61|issue=1|pages=383–409|doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100448|issn=0066-4308|pmc=3950961|pmid=19575618}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Kategori:Keadaan mental]] bf1wqi5oc7sl7uifdb3vlzjthxbnmih 0 62783 281273 280131 2026-08-27T22:39:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bedakan|Sympathy|Empath}}'''Empati''' ketah kagambarang pinaka kawagedan ngambil pikayunan anak tiosan, ngresepang, ngrasayang, miwah minab ngawedarang miwah nyawis pengalamannyane. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bellet PS, Maloney MJ|date=October 1991|title=The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1991-10-02_266_13/page/1831|journal=JAMA|volume=266|issue=13|pages=1831–2|doi=10.1001/jama.1991.03470130111039|pmid=1909761}}</ref> <ref name="Rothschild-2006">{{multiref2|{{cite book|vauthors=Rothschild B, Rand ML|year=2006|title=Help for the Helper: The psychophysiology of compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma|url=https://archive.org/details/helpforhelperpsy0000roth|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-70422-8}}|{{cite journal | vauthors = Read H |title=A typology of empathy and its many moral forms |journal=Philosophy Compass |date=22 August 2019 |df=mdy-all|volume=14 |issue=10 |doi=10.1111/phc3.12623|s2cid=202396600 }}|{{cite journal|title=The relationship of nursing students' spiritual care perspectives to their expressions of spiritual empathy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nursing-education_2009-11_48_11/page/597|last1=Chism|first1=Lisa Astalos|last2=Magnan|first2=Morris A.|journal=The Journal of Nursing Education|year=2009|volume=48|number=11|pages=597–605|publisher=S&P Global|location=United States|doi=10.3928/01484834-20090716-05 |pmid=19650610}}}}</ref> <ref name="Hall-2021">{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Judith A.|last2=Schwartz|first2=Rachel|last3=Duong|first3=Fred|date=2021-01-02|title=How do laypeople define empathy?|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00224545.2020.1796567|journal=The Journal of Social Psychology|language=en|volume=161|issue=1|pages=5–24|doi=10.1080/00224545.2020.1796567|issn=0022-4545|pmid=32870130|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wenten akeh (ring sapunapine matungkasan) teges empati sane ngranjing nanging nenten kawatesin ring proses sosial, kognitif, miwah [[Rasa batin|emosional]] utamanyane mapaiketan sareng pangresepan anak tiosan. <ref name="Rothschild-2006" /> <ref name="Hall-2021" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Judith A.|last2=Schwartz|first2=Rachel|date=2019-05-04|title=Empathy present and future|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442|journal=The Journal of Social Psychology|language=en|volume=159|issue=3|pages=225–243|doi=10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442|issn=0022-4545|pmid=29781776|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sering pisan, empati kabawos pinaka istilah sane jimbar, tur kakepah dados konsep miwah soroh sane pinih spesifik sane ngranjing empati kognitif, empati emosional (utawi afektif), empati [[wiktionary:somatic#Etymology|somatik]], miwah empati spiritual. <ref name="Rothschild-2006" /> <ref name="Hall-2021" /> Empati kantun dados topik tetilik. Widang seseleh sané utama minakadi panglimbak empati, genetika miwah ilmu saraf empati, empati lintas spesies, miwah panglimbak empati. Makudang-kudang panilik sampun mautsaha ngukur empati antuk tata cara sane matiosan, minakadi saking kuesioner sane pamilet prasida nagingin lan salanturnyane kaicenin nilai ring pasaurnyane. Kawagedan ngebayangin raga dados jadma sane lianan inggih punika proses sane canggih. Nanging, kapasitas dasar anggen uning ring emosi ring anak tiosan minab sampun bawaan <ref name="Baird, James D., and Laurie Nadel, 2010">{{Cite book|title=Happiness Genes: Unlock the Positive Potential Hidden in Your DNA|vauthors=Baird JD, Nadel L|date=April 2010|publisher=New Page Books|isbn=978-1-60163-105-3}}</ref> lan minab kapolihang nenten sadar. Empati nenten ja samian-utawi-nenten wenten; sujatinnyane, jadma prasida kirang langkung empati majeng ring anak tiosan lan penelitian empiris ngadukung makudang-kudang intervensi sane prasida nincapang empati. <ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Malley WJ | year = 1999 | title = Teaching Empathy | journal = America | volume = 180 | issue = 12| pages = 22–6 }}|{{cite journal |last1=Teding van Berkhout |first1=Emily |last2=Malouff |first2=John M.|title=The efficacy of empathy training: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-counseling-psychology_2016_63_1-6/page/32 |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |date=January 2016 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=32–41 |doi=10.1037/cou0000093|pmid=26191979 }}|{{cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=Tania |last2=Engert |first2=Veronika |title=It matters what you practice: differential training effects on subjective experience, behavior, brain and body in the ReSource Project |journal=Current Opinion in Psychology |date=August 2019 |volume=28 |pages=151–8 |doi=10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.005|pmid=30684917 |s2cid=59291558 }}|{{cite journal |last1=Rathje |first1=Steve |last2=Hackel |first2=Leor |last3=Zaki |first3=Jamil|title=Attending live theatre improves empathy, changes attitudes, and leads to pro-social behavior |journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology |date=July 2021 |volume=95 |page=104138 |doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104138|s2cid=233549299 |url=https://psyarxiv.com/feqr8/}}|{{cite journal |last1=Weisz |first1=Erika |last2=Ong |first2=Desmond C. |last3=Carlson |first3=Ryan W. |last4=Zaki |first4=Jamil|title=Building empathy through motivation-based interventions. |journal=Emotion |date=August 2021 |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=990–9 |doi=10.1037/emo0000929|pmid=33211508 |s2cid=227079997 |doi-access=free}}}}</ref> Kruna basa Inggris empati mawit saking basa [[Ancient Greek|Yunani Kuna]] {{Lang|grc|ἐμπάθεια}} ({{Transl|grc|empatheia}}, sané mateges "kasih fisik utawi gairah").<ref>{{OEtymD|empathy}}</ref> Kruna punika mawit saking miwah {{Lang|grc|πάθος}} ({{Transl|grc|[[pathos]]}}, "gairah" utawi "kasangsaran").<ref>{{LSJ|e)mpa/qeia|ἐμπάθεια|ref}}.</ref> [[Theodor Lipps]] ngadaptarang istilah estetika Jerman {{Lang|de|Einfühlung}} ("rasa") ring psikologi ring warsa 1903,: bab. <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: ch. 1">1&#x200A;</span></sup> miwah [[Edward B. Titchener]] nerjemahang {{Lang|de|Einfühlung}} ka basa Inggris pinaka "empati" ring warsa 1909.<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal | vauthors = Titchener EB | url = https://www.crossingdialogues.com/Ms-E14-01.pdf | title = Introspection and empath | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140726132552/http://www.crossingdialogues.com/Ms-E14-01.pdf | archive-date= 26 July 2014|df=mdy-all | journal = Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences | year = 2014 | volume = 7 | pages = 25–30 }}|{{cite journal | vauthors = Gallese V | title = The roots of empathy: the shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity | journal = Psychopathology | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 171–80 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14504450 | doi = 10.1159/000072786 | s2cid = 9422028 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.143.2396 }}|{{Cite journal| vauthors = Koss J |date=March 2006|title=On the Limits of Empathy| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_2006-03_88_1/page/139 |journal=The Art Bulletin|volume= 88| issue = 1|pages=139–57|jstor=25067229|doi=10.1080/00043079.2006.10786282|s2cid=194079190}}}}</ref> Ring basa Yunani modern {{Lang|el|εμπάθεια}} prasida mateges, gumantung saking konteks, prasangka, jahat, durjana, utawi kebencian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://el.glosbe.com/el/en/εμπάθεια|title=εμπάθεια|website=Glosbe|publisher=Glosbe dictionary|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{Columns-list|* ''[[Malawan Empati|Malawan Empati: Kasus antuk Kasih Sayang Rasional]]'' (buku olih Paul Bloom) * [[Empati buatan]] * [[Atribusi (psikologi)]] * [[Empati digital]] *[Philip K. Dick]'s ''[[Napike Android Mimpi Domba Listrik?]]'' * [[Empati ekologis]] * [[Kacerdasan emosi]] * [[Literasi emosi]] * [[Kapikenohan sane empatis]] * [[Teori empati-sistemisasi]] * [[Empati ring ayam]] * [[Empati ring sastra]]. * [[Empati ring komunitas online]] * [[Empati etnobudaya]] * [[Pendaratan ring komunikasi]] * [[Jadma sané pinih sensitif]] * [[Koefisien kemanusiaan]] * [[Identifikasi (psikologi)]] * [[Kawagedan ring kahuripan]] * [[Simpati]] * [[Sinestesia sentuhan cermin]] * [[Emosi moral]] * [[Oksitosin]] * [[Kawagedan jadma]] * [[Laporan]] * [[Skema (psikologi)]] * [[Emosi sane eling ring raga]] * [[Rasa]] * [[Teori simulasi indik empati]] * [[Emosi sosial]] * [[Kawagedan alus]] * [[Teori pikayunan ring buron]]. * [[Kimalu sane ngangganin]]|colwidth=25em}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Pikayunan]] [[Kategori:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Kategori:Kawagedan idup]] gqczsdnaplppjjv5eqbu38w6k5g3yv6 0 62816 281094 280143 2026-08-27T20:20:02Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hukum umat''' punika seperangkat awig-awig sane kakaryanin lan [[Law enforcement|prasida kalaksanayang]] olih lembaga sosial utawi pemerintah anggen ngatur parilaksana, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.basabali.org/Hukum|title=Hukum|date=2020-05-02|website=BASAbaliWiki|language=en|access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>{{Sfn|Robertson|2006|p=90}} antuk definisi sane tepat dados pikobet sane sampun sue kaperdebatkan. {{Sfn|Willis|1926}} <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gibbs|first=Jack P.|date=1968|title=Definitions of Law and Empirical Questions|journal=Law & Society Review|volume=2|issue=3|pages=429–446|doi=10.2307/3052897|issn=0023-9216|jstor=3052897}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Akers|first=Ronald L.|date=1965|title=Toward a Comparative Definition of Law|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5313&context=jclc|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology|volume=56|issue=3|pages=301–306|doi=10.2307/1141239|issn=0022-0205|jstor=1141239|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719212013/https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5313&context=jclc|archive-date=19 July 2018|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> Sampun mabinayan katelatarang pinaka [[Social science#Law|ilmu]] <ref>{{Cite book|last=Spooner|first=Lysander|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Natural_Law;_or_The_Science_of_Justice:_A_Treatise_on_Natural_Law,_Natural_Justice,_Natural_Rights,_Natural_Liberty,_and_Natural_Society;_Showing_that_All_Legislation_Whatsoever_is_an_Absurdity,_a_Usurpation,_and_a_Crime._Part_First.|title=Natural Law; or The Science of Justice: A Treatise on Natural Law, Natural Justice, Natural Rights, Natural Liberty, and Natural Society; Showing that All Legislation Whatsoever is an Absurdity, a Usurpation, and a Crime. Part First.|date=1882|publisher=A. Williams & Co.|author-link=Lysander Spooner|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231072121/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Natural_Law;_or_The_Science_of_Justice:_A_Treatise_on_Natural_Law,_Natural_Justice,_Natural_Rights,_Natural_Liberty,_and_Natural_Society;_Showing_that_All_Legislation_Whatsoever_is_an_Absurdity,_a_Usurpation,_and_a_Crime._Part_First.|archive-date=31 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Núñez Vaquero|first=Álvaro|date=10 June 2013|title=Five Models of Legal Science|url=https://journals.openedition.org/revus/2449|url-status=live|journal=Revus. Journal for Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law / Revija za ustavno teorijo in filozofijo prava|language=en|issue=19|pages=53–81|doi=10.4000/revus.2449|issn=1581-7652|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231075003/https://journals.openedition.org/revus/2449|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2019|doi-access=free}}</ref> lan pinaka seni keadilan. {{Sfn|Cohen|1992}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/basharubin/2015/01/13/is-law-an-art-or-a-science-a-bit-of-both/|title=Is Law an Art or a Science?: A Bit of Both|last=Rubin|first=Basha|date=13 January 2015|website=[[Forbes]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103170800/https://www.forbes.com/sites/basharubin/2015/01/13/is-law-an-art-or-a-science-a-bit-of-both/|archive-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> {{Sfn|Berger|1953|p=525}} Awig-awig sane kamargiang olih negara prasida kakaryanin olih [[Legislature|legislatif]], ngawetuang [[Statute|awig-awig]] ; olih sang malaksana malarapan antuk [[Decree|dekrit]] miwah [[Regulation|pararem]] ; utawi antuk pamutus hakim, sane dados [[Precedent|preseden]] ring yurisdiksi [[Common law|hukum umum]] . [[Autocrat|Otokrat]] prasida ngamargiang fungsi punika ring wewidangannyane. Pakaryan hukum punika prasida kaiusin olih [[Constitution|konstitusi]], kasurat utawi meneng, miwah [[Rights|hak-hak]] sane kakodekan ring tengahnyane. Hukum punika ngwangun [[Politics|politik]], [[Economics|ekonomi]], [[Babad|sejarah]] lan [[Society|masyarakat]] antuk makudang-kudang cara lan taler mawiguna dados mediator paiketan pantaraning jadma. Sistem hukum mabinayan pantaraning [[Jurisdiction (area)|yurisdiksi]], antuk pabinayannyane sane kaanalisis ring [[Comparative law|hukum komparatif]] . Ring yurisdiksi [[Civil law (legal system)|hukum sipil]], legislatif utawi badan pusat tiosan [[Codification (law)|sane ngamargiang kodifikasi miwah ngukuhang]] hukum. Ring sistem hukum umum, hakim prasida ngaryanin hukum kasus [[Legally binding|sane ngiket]] malarapan antuk preseden, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mason|first=Anthony|date=1996|title=The Judge as Law-maker|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULRev/1996/2.pdf|url-status=live|journal=James Cook University Mayo Lecture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231082120/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULRev/1996/2.pdf|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> yadiastun ring galah-galah puniki prasida kagentosin olih pengadilan sane tegehan utawi legislatif. <ref>{{Kutip ensiklopedia |title=Congressional Responses to Judicial Decisions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court |publisher=Gale MacMillan |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1633 |access-date=31 December 2019 |date=2008 |pages=400–403 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231082120/https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1633/ |archive-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> [[Religious law|Hukum agama]] kaanggen ring makudang-kudang komunitas agama lan negara, lan sampun manut sejarah ngicenin iusan ring hukum sekuler. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berman|first=Harold J.|date=1983|title=Religious Foundations of Law in the West: An Historical Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_summer-1983_1_1/page/3|journal=Journal of Law and Religion|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3–43|doi=10.2307/1051071|jstor=1051071}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fox|first=Jonathan|last2=Sandler|first2=Shmuel|date=1 April 2005|title=Separation of Religion and State in the Twenty-First Century: Comparing the Middle East and Western Democracies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-politics_2005-04_37_3/page/317|journal=Comparative Politics|volume=37|issue=3|pages=317|doi=10.2307/20072892|jstor=20072892}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cox|first=Noel|date=2001|title=Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia|url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2001/14.html|url-status=live|journal=Deakin Law Review|volume=6|issue=2|page=262|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231152654/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2001/14.html|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Sharia incorporated: a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present|url=https://archive.org/details/shariaincorporat0000unse|publisher=Leiden University Press|year=2010|isbn=9789087280574|editor-last=Otto|editor-first=Jan Michiel}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Religious_Legal_Systems1.html|title=Religious Legal Systems in Comparative Law: A Guide to Introductory Research – GlobaLex|last=Raisch|first=Marylin Johnson|publisher=New York University School of Law|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231153027/https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Religious_Legal_Systems1.html|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> Ruang lingkup hukum prasida kakepah dados kalih domain: [[Public law|hukum publik]] sane mapaiketan sareng pemerintah lan masyarakat, rumasuk [[Constitutional law|hukum konstitusi]], [[Administrative law|hukum administrasi]], lan [[Criminal law|hukum pidana]] ; sedengkan [[Private law|hukum swasta]] mapaiketan sareng wicara hukum pantaraning pihak ring widang-widang sekadi [[Contracts|kontrak]], [[Property|arta brana]], [[Torts|pelanggaran]], [[Delicts|delik]] lan [[Commercial law|hukum komersial]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Horwitz|first=Morton J.|date=1 June 1982|title=The History of the Public/Private Distinction|url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4677|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review|volume=130|issue=6|pages=1423–1428|doi=10.2307/3311976|jstor=3311976|url-access=subscription|access-date=3 January 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403211743/https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4677|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pabinayan puniki pinih kukuh ring negara-negara hukum sipil, utamanyane sane madue sistem [[Administrative courts|pengadilan administrasi]] sane mabinayan ; <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Merryman|first=John Henry|date=1968|title=The Public Law-Private Law Distinction in European and American Law|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/emlj17&div=5|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Law|volume=17|pages=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212093232/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Femlj17&div=5|archive-date=12 February 2020|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saiman|first=Chaim N.|date=6 July 2008|title=Public Law, Private Law, and Legal Science|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1155203|url-status=live|journal=American Journal of Comparative Law|language=en|publisher=Social Science Research Network|volume=56|issue=961|pages=691–702|doi=10.5131/ajcl.2007.0023|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428195450/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1155203|archive-date=28 April 2020|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> tungkalikannyane, pabinayan hukum publik-swasta kirang kacingak ring yurisdiksi hukum umum. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harlow|first=Carol|date=1 May 1980|title="Public" and "private" law: definition without distinction|journal=The Modern Law Review|language=en|volume=43|issue=3|pages=241–265|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01592.x|issn=1468-2230|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Samuel|first=Geoffrey|date=1 September 1983|title=Public And Private Law: A Private Lawyer's Response|journal=The Modern Law Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=5|pages=558–583|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1983.tb02534.x|issn=1468-2230|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hukum ngicenin sumber penyelidikan ilmiah ring [[Legal history|sejarah hukum]], <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gordley|first=James|date=16 November 2006|editor-last=Reimann|editor-first=Mathias|editor2-last=Zimmermann|editor2-first=Reinhard|title=Comparative Law and Legal History|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199296064-e-024|url-status=live|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law|language=en|pages=752–774|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.013.0024|isbn=9780199296064|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231074358/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199296064-e-024|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> [[filsafat]], <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bor|first=Fredric L.|date=1974|title=The nexus between philosophy and law|journal=Journal of Legal Education|volume=26|issue=4|pages=539–543|issn=0022-2208|jstor=42896964}}</ref> [[Economic analysis of law|analisis ekonomi]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/LawandEconomics.html|title=Law and Economics|last=Rubin|first=Paul H.|website=The Library of Economics and Liberty|publisher=Liberty Fund, Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702122019/https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/LawandEconomics.html|archive-date=2 July 2019|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> lan [[Sociology of law|sosiologi]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Banakar|first=Reza|title=Merging law and sociology : beyond the dichotomies in socio-legal research|date=2003|publisher=Galda and Wilch Publishing|isbn=1-931255-13-X|location=Berlin/Wisconsin}}</ref> Hukum taler ngawetuang pikobet sane mabuat miwah kompleks ngenenin indik pepadan, keadilan, miwah [[Justice|keadilan]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pound|first=Roscoe|date=1914|title=The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrines|journal=Harvard Law Review|volume=27|issue=3|pages=195–234|doi=10.2307/1325958|issn=0017-811X|jstor=1325958}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory|date=1996|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472096251|editor-last=Sarat|editor-first=Austin|pages=18–19|doi=10.3998/mpub.10283|jstor=10.3998/mpub.10283|editor-last2=Kearns|editor-first2=Thomas}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[By-law|Awig-awig]] * [[Justice|Kaadilan]] * [[Law dictionary|Kamus hukum]] * [[Legal research in the United States|Panyelehan hukum ring Amerika Serikat]] * [[Legal treatise|Risalah hukum]] * [[Outline of law|Garis besar hukum]] * [[Political science|Ilmu politik]] * [[Pseudolaw|Hukum semu]] * [[Public interest law|Hukum kepentingan umum]] * [[Social law|Hukum sosial]] * [[Sources of law|Wit hukum]] * [[Translating "law" to other European languages|Ngalih-alihang "hukum" ka basa Eropa sane lianan]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Navboxes|title=Law by region}}{{Navboxes}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Awig]] [[Kategori:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Kategori:Kaadilan]] rfi5ldv0iawyexcw07yvjfmlph7fn5z 0 62825 281178 234027 2026-08-27T21:40:58Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281178 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Pinocchio.jpg|jmpl|Tokoh fiksi [[Pinocchio]] inggih punika gambaran umum sane bobab.]] '''Bobab''' utawi '''Mogbogin''' inggih punika bebaosan sane kapercayain iwang, ketahnyane kaanggen antuk tatujon [[Deception|ngapus]] utawi nyasar anak tiosan. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Carson, Thomas L.|title=Lying and deception : theory and practice|url=https://archive.org/details/lyingdeceptionth0000thom|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199654802|oclc=769544997}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahon|first=James Edwin|date=21 February 2008|title=The Definition of Lying and Deception|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/lying-definition/|url-status=live|journal=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318065300/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/lying-definition/|archive-date=18 March 2019|access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahon|first=James Edwin|date=2008|title=Two Definitions of Lying|journal=International Journal of Applied Philosophy|volume=22|issue=2|pages=211–230|doi=10.5840/ijap200822216|issn=0739-098X}}</ref> Praktik komunikasi sane bobab punika kabaos '''bobab'''. Jadma sane nguningayang bobab prasida kabaos '''bobab''' Bobab prasida kategesang pinaka pernyataan sane sengaja iwang utawi pernyataan sane ngawinang salah tampi, yadiastun nenten samian [[Figurative language|pernyataan sane secara harfiah iwang]] kaanggep bobab – [[Metaphors|metafora]], [[Hyperboles|hiperbola]], lan retorika figuratif sane lianan nenten matetujon anggen nyasar, nanging bobab secara eksplisit matetujon antuk interpretasi harfiah olih pamiarsanyane. Bobab taler prasida ngayahin makudang-kudang fungsi instrumental, antar pribadi, utawi psikologis majeng ring angga sane nganggen. <ref>Ekman, P. (2009). Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage (revised edition). WW Norton & Company.</ref> Umumnyane, istilah "bobab" madue konotasi negatif, lan manut ring konteks jadma sane nguningayang bobab minab keni sanksi sosial, hukum, agama, utawi pidana; minakadi, [[Perjury|sumpah palsu]], utawi parilaksana bobab [[Under oath|ring sor sumpah]], prasida ngawinang tuduhan pidana lan sipil kateken ring sang sane masumpah palsu. Yadiastun jadma ring makudang-kudang budaya percaya indik tipu daya prasida kadeteksi antuk nitenin parilaksana nonverbal (minakadi nenten ngamargiang kontak mata, gelisah, gagap, makenyem) tetilikan nyihnayang jadma punika ngalebihin signifikansi saking isyarat punika lan kawagedannyane makarya penilaian sane akurat indik tipu daya. <ref name="Vrij">{{Cite journal|last=Vrij|first=Aldert|last2=Hartwig|first2=Maria|last3=Granhag|first3=Pär Anders|date=4 January 2019|title=Reading Lies: Nonverbal Communication and Deception|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=70|issue=1|pages=295–317|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103135|issn=0066-4308|pmid=30609913|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Zimmerman">{{Cite journal|last=Zimmerman|first=Laura|date=2016|title=Deception detection|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/03/deception.aspx|journal=Monitor on Psychology|publisher=American Psychological Association|volume=47|issue=3|page=46|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> Katahnyane, kawagedan parajanane makarya penilaian sane patut kaiusin olih bias majeng ring nerima gatra sane ngeranjing miwah narka raos pinaka bukti [[Truth|sane patut]]. Parajanane nenten setata nyelehin penegasan sane ngeranjing majeng ring memorinyane. <ref name="Brashier">{{Cite journal|last=Brashier|first=Nadia M.|last2=Marsh|first2=Elizabeth J.|date=4 January 2020|title=Judging Truth|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=71|issue=1|pages=499–515|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050807|issn=0066-4308|pmid=31514579|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Mauk]] [[Kategori:Melog-melog]] [[Kategori:Parilaksana manusa]] 9squczqb2gh5cb1mws1qxyb38zq3hgo 0 62848 281102 234064 2026-08-27T20:24:39Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Sakit gula|pronounce={{IPAc-en|,|d|ai|ə|'|b|i:|t|i:|z|,_|-|t|I|s}}|image=Blue circle for diabetes.svg|image_size=250px|alt=Lingkaran sane bolong antuk wates biru tebel lan tengah sane bening|caption=Simbol lingkaran biru universal antuk diabetes<ref>{{cite web|title=Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol |url=http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org |date=17 March 2006 |publisher=International Diabetes Federation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805042346/http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org/ |archive-date=5 August 2007}}</ref>|field=[[Endocrinology]]|symptoms=[[poliuria|Sering ngenceh]], [[polidipsia|Nincapang bedak]], [[polifagia|Nincapang rasa seduk]]|complications=Ketidakseimbangan metabolisme, [[penyakit kardiovaskular]]s, [[infark miokard]], rusak saraf lan otak, [[gagal ginjal]], perubahan pencernaan<ref name="WHO2022">{{cite web |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |website=www.who.int |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226173058/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ADA2009/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Krishnasamy S, Abell TL |title=Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management |journal=Diabetes Therapy |volume=9 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=1–42 |date=July 2018 |pmid=29934758 |pmc=6028327 |doi=10.1007/s13300-018-0454-9}}</ref><ref name=Sa2016>{{cite journal |vauthors=Saedi E, Gheini MR, Faiz F, Arami MA |title=Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments |journal=World Journal of Diabetes |volume=7 |issue=17 |pages=412–422 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27660698 |pmc=5027005 |doi=10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412 |doi-access=free}}</ref>|duration=Remisi prasida mamargi, nanging diabetes sering pisan seumur hidup|types={{Plainlist| * [[Diabetes tipe 1]], * [[diabetes tipe 2]], * [[diabetes ring masa mobot]] }}|causes=Insulin insufficiency or gradual resistance|risks={{Plainlist| * '''Type 1''': [[Heredity|genetics]] and environmental factors<ref name="NIH2014Cause"/> * '''Type 2''': [[Heredity|genetics]], [[obesity]], family history, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, past pregnancy with gestational diabetes, lack of exercise <ref name="WHO2022"/><ref name="NIH2014Cause">{{cite web|title=Causes of Diabetes – NIDDK|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx}}</ref> }}|diagnosis=High [[blood sugar]], increased [[HbA1c]]<ref name="WHO2022"/>|differential=[[Diabetes insipidus]]|treatment=[[Lifestyle causes of type 2 diabetes|Lifestyle changes]], [[diabetes medication]]<ref name="WHO2022"/>|medication=[[Insulin (medication)|Insulin]], [[Diabetes medication|antihyperglycemics]]<ref name="WHO2022"/><ref name=AFP09/><ref>{{cite web |website=MSDManuals.com |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/drug-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus |title=Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus |vauthors=Brutsaert EF |date=February 2017 |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214514/https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/drug-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus |url-status=live}}</ref>|frequency=463 million (5.7%)<ref name="IDF2019">{{cite web |title=IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019 |url=https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf |website=www.diabetesatlas.org |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501123853/https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>|deaths=4.2 million (2019)<ref name=IDF2019/>}} '''Diabetes''', taler kabaos '''diabetes mellitus''', inggih punika kelompok [[Endocrine disease|penyakit endokrin]] umum sane kacihnayang antuk [[Hyperglycemia|kadar gula darah sane tegeh]] sane berkelanjutan . <ref name="World Health Organization">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes|title=Diabetes|website=[[World Health Organization]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129101252/https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes|archive-date=29 January 2023|access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> <ref name="msd">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm|title=Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders|website=MSD Manual Consumer Version|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001070047/https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm|archive-date=1 October 2022|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> Diabetes puniki sangkaning [[Pancreas|pankreas]] nenten ngasilang hormon [[insulin]] sane cukup, utawi sel-sel ring angga dados nenten ngrespons efek insulin. <ref name="Green2011">{{Cite book|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|year=2011|isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D|edition=9th|location=New York|chapter=Chapter 17}}</ref> Gejala klasik minakadi [[Polydipsia|polidipsia]] (bedak sane berlebihan), [[Polyuria|poliuria]] (beduk sane berlebihan), [[Polyphagia|polifagia]] (seduk sane berlebihan), nurunang berat badan, lan [[Blurred vision|penglihatan sane kabur]] . Yening nenten katambanin, gering puniki prasida ngawinang makudang-kudang komplikasi kesehatan, rumasuk gangguan [[Cardiovascular disease|sistem kardiovaskular]], [[Diabetic retinopathy|mata]], [[Diabetic nephropathy|ginjal]], lan [[Neuropati diabetes|saraf]] . <ref name="ADA2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN|date=July 2009|title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes|url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full|url-status=live|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1335–1343|doi=10.2337/dc09-9032|pmc=2699725|pmid=19564476|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625075136/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full|archive-date=2016-06-25}}</ref> Diabetes ngawinang kirang langkung 4,2 yuta jadma padem nyabran warsa, antuk kirang langkung 1,5 yuta sane kaawinang olih diabetes sane nenten katambanin utawi nenten katambanin becik. <ref name="World Health Organization" /> Soroh diabetes sane utama inggih punika [[Type 1 diabetes|tipe 1]] lan [[Type 2 diabetes|tipe 2]] . <ref name="niddk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes|title=Symptoms and Causes of Diabetes|date=2024|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> Tetamban sane pinih sering kaanggen ring tipe 1 inggih punika [[Insulin replacement therapy|terapi pengganti insulin]] (suntikan insulin), nanging [[Diabetes medication|tamba anti diabetes]] (sekadi [[metformin]] lan [[semaglutide]] ) lan [[Lifestyle medicine|modifikasi gaya hidup]] prasida kaanggen ngatur tipe 2. [[Gestational diabetes|Diabetes gestasional]], wangun sane metu rikalaning [[Beling|mobot]] ring makudang-kudang anak istri, biasane prasida ical nenten suwe sesampun ngembasang. Diabetes tipe 1 inggih punika kondisi otoimun ring dija sistem kekebalan tubuh nyerang [[Beta cell|sel-sel beta]] ring pankreas, sane ngawinang produksi insulin nenten wenten. Kahanan puniki ketahnyane wenten saking embas utawi nglimbak ring pangawit kauripan. Diabetes tipe 2 puniki kalaksanayang ritatkala angga dados resisten majeng ring insulin, tegesnyane sel-sel nenten ngrespons antuk efektif majeng ring punika, lan antuk punika, glukosa tetep wenten ring aliran darah gumanti kaserep olih sel-sel. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uvahealth.com/services/diabetes-care/types|title=Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes {{!}} UVA Health|website=uvahealth.com|access-date=2025-01-27}}</ref> Tiosan ring punika, diabetes taler prasida mawit saking penyebab spesifik tiosan, sekadi kondisi genetik (sindrom diabetes monogenik sekadi diabetes neonatal miwah [[Maturity-onset diabetes of the young|diabetes ngawit dewasa ring anak alit]] ), pinungkan sané nglalahin pankreas (sekadi pankreatitis), utawi ngawigunayang tamba miwah bahan kimia spesifik tiosan (sekadi [[Glucocorticoid|glukokor]], transplantasi). <ref>{{Cite journal|last=American Diabetes Association|date=2020-12-04|title=2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021|url=https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/44/Supplement_1/S15/30859/2-Classification-and-Diagnosis-of-Diabetes|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=44|issue=Supplement_1|pages=S15–S33|doi=10.2337/dc21-S002|issn=0149-5992|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Akeh jadma sane keni diagnosis idup sareng diabetes sampun nincap pisan ring makudang-kudang dekade sane lintang, saking 200 yuta ring warsa 1990 dados 830 yuta ring warsa 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes|title=Diabetes|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2024-12-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|title=The top 10 causes of death|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2024-08-12}}</ref> Puniki ngranayang siki saking pitung populasi dewasa, antuk diabetes tipe 2 sane ngawetuang langkungan saking 95% kasus. Akeh puniki sampun nincap nglintangin proyeksi sadurungnyane inggih punika 783 yuta dewasa ring warsa 2045. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idf.org/about-diabetes/facts-figures/|title=Facts & figures|website=International Diabetes Federation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231724/https://idf.org/about-diabetes/facts-figures/|archive-date=2023-08-10|access-date=2023-08-10}}</ref> Prevalensi penyakit puniki terus nincap, sane pinih dramatis ring negara-negara berpendapatan rendah lan menengah. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=De Silva AP, De Silva SH, Haniffa R, Liyanage IK, Jayasinghe S, Katulanda P, Wijeratne CN, Wijeratne S, Rajapaksa LC|date=April 2018|title=Inequalities in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Sri Lanka: a lower middle income country|journal=International Journal for Equity in Health|volume=17|issue=1|pages=45|doi=10.1186/s12939-018-0759-3|pmc=5905173|pmid=29665834|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tingkatnyane pateh ring anak istri lan anak lanang, antuk diabetes dados penyebab utama kematian sane kaping pitu ring global. <ref name="Vos2012">{{Cite journal|last=Vos|first=T.|last2=Flaxman|first2=A. D.|displayauthors=et al|date=December 2012|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–2196|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2|pmc=6350784|pmid=23245607}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|title=The top 10 causes of death|website=www.who.int|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924191646/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|archive-date=24 September 2021|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref> Pengeluaran global ring perawatan kesehatan sane mapaiketan sareng diabetes inggih punika kirang langkung US$760 miliar nyabran warsa. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bommer C, Sagalova V, Heesemann E, Manne-Goehler J, Atun R, Bärnighausen T, Davies J, Vollmer S|date=May 2018|title=Global Economic Burden of Diabetes in Adults: Projections From 2015 to 2030|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=41|issue=5|pages=963–970|doi=10.2337/dc17-1962|pmid=29475843|doi-access=free}}</ref> {{TOC limit}} == Cingak taler == * [[Outline of diabetes|Garis besar diabetes]] * [[Diabetic foot|Batis sané keni diabetes]] * [[Blood glucose monitoring|Monitoring glukosa ring getih]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Artikel tamba Wikipedia sampun sayaga jagi katerjemahang]] [[Kategori:Natah sané nganggén div col antuk parameter alit]] [[Kategori:Pinakit endokrin]] 5otvqwgklk34rbmwh6no0w8fb7hn9ij 0 62866 281063 234178 2026-08-27T19:57:40Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Animaniacs | image = | caption = Telop ''Animaniacs'' | genre = [[Animasi]] [[komedi]]/ [[Acara TV|Variasi]] | format = [[Kartun]] | show_name_2 = Steven Spielberg Presents Animaniacs | creator = [[Tom Ruegger]] | voices = [[Rob Paulsen]]<br />[[Jess Harnell]]<br />[[Tress MacNeille]]<br />[[John Mariano]]<br />[[Dee Bradley Baker]]<br />[[Maurice LaMarche]]<br />[[Frank Welker]]<br />[[Bernadette Peters]]<br />[[Nancy Cartwright]]<br />[[Julie Brown]]<br />[[Mary Kay Bergman]]<br />[[Sherri Stoner]]<br />[[Nathan Ruegger]]<br />[[Luke Ruegger]]<br />[[Cody Ruegger]]<br />[[Jim Cummings]]<br />[[Tom Bodett]] | theme_music_composer = [[Richard Stone]] | opentheme = "Animaniacs" (vokal) | endtheme = "Animaniacs" (instrumental) | composer = [[Richard Stone]]<br />Steve Bernstein<br />Julie Bernstein<br />[[Gordon Goodwin]] | country = {{USA}} | language = [[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]] | num_seasons = 5 | num_episodes = 99 | list_episodes = Daftar episode Animaniacs | executive_producer = [[Steven Spielberg]] | producer = [[Tom Ruegger]]<br />[[Rich Arons]]<br />[[Sherri Stoner]]<br />Rusty Mills<br />Peter Hastings | runtime = 22 menit | company = [[Warner Bros.]]<br />[[Amblin Entertainment]] | distributor = [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Television Distribution]] | first_aired = {{tanggal mulai|1993|9|11}} | last_aired = {{end date|1998|11|14}} | channel = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] ([[ABC Kids]]) (1993–1995)<br />[[The WB]] (lewat acara [[Kids' WB]]) (1995–2008)<br />[[Cartoon Network]] (1998-2009)<br />[[Toon Disney]] (2000-2003) | picture_format = [[480i]] ([[SDTV]]) | audio_format = [[Suara stereoponis|Stereo]] | related = ''[[Pinky and the Brain]]''<br />''[[Freakazoid!]]''<br />''[[Tiny Toon Adventures]]'' }} '''''Animaniacs''''' inggih punika kartun animasi sane kakaryanin olih Warner Bros duk warsa 1993. Kakaryanin olih [[Warner Bros. Animasi]] lan [[Hiburan Amblin]], acara puniki sukses ring kalangan penonton sane lebih muda, lan nudut kayun penonton dewasa sane gede. [[Tom Ruegger]], animator acara punika nganggen pengalaman sane kapolihang saking seri sadurungnyane antuk ngaryanin karakter animasi anyar sane dados karya [[Chuck Jones]] lan [[Tex Avery]].<ref>Carugati, Anna (October 2006). "Interviews: Steven Spielberg". World Screen. WSN Inc.. [http://www.worldscreen.com/interviewscurrent.php?filename=Spielberg1006.htm http://www.worldscreen.com/interviewscurrent.php?filename=Spielberg1006.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228084410/http://www.worldscreen.com/interviewscurrent.php?filename=Spielberg1006.htm |date=2008-12-28 }}. Diakses {{tanggal|2007-05-08}}.</ref> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} == Lis pustaka == * {{cite book|last=Sandler|first=Kevin|coauthors=|title= Reading the Rabbit: Explorations in Warner Bros. Animation|url=https://archive.org/details/readingrabbitexp0000unse|year = 1998|publisher= [[Rutgers University Press]]|location = New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn= 0-8135-2538-1}} * {{cite encyclopedia| last = Lenburg | first = Jeff | encyclopedia =The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons|edition = Second |title =Animaniacs [Theatrical Short]| pages= 51 |publisher =Checkmark Books| location = New York, New York |year =1999| id= ISBN 0-8160-3831-7}} * {{cite encyclopedia| last = Lenburg | first = Jeff | encyclopedia =The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons|edition = Second |title =Steven Spielberg Presents Animaniacs [Television Series]| pages= 520 |publisher =Checkmark Books| location = New York, New York |year =1999| id= ISBN 0-8160-3831-7}} == Pranala jaba == {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Warner_Bros_/Television/Animaniacs/index.html Animaniacs]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} di [[Big Cartoon DataBase]] * {{imdb title|id=0105941|title=Animaniacs}} * {{tv.com|2077|Animaniacs}} * [http://www.warnervideo.com/animaniacs/ Situs resmi DVD] {{Spacetoon Indonesia}} {{Warner Bros. Animation}} [[Kategori:Seri televisi Amerika Serikat tahun 1993]] [[Kategori:Seri animasi televisi]] [[Kategori:Program televisi berbahasa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Seri televisi oleh Amblin Entertainment]] [[Kategori:Seri televisi oleh Warner Bros. Animation]] luncga1z6dzzqnfjp310z28qj38wny7 0 62996 281111 280191 2026-08-27T20:35:52Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281111 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Insulin_chain_A_and_B_linked_by_disulfide_bridges.gif|ka|bingkai|Insulin inggih punika hormon peptida sane madaging kalih rantai sane kaiket silang olih jembatan disulfida.]] '''Insulin''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|n|.|sj|ʊ|.|l|ɪ|n}}, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/insulin|title=Insulin &#124; Meaning of Insulin by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries &#124; English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801205157/https://www.lexico.com/definition/insulin|archive-date=1 August 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wordreference.com/definition/insulin|title=insulin - WordReference.com Dictionary of English|website=www.wordreference.com|access-date=2025-05-28|archive-date=2025-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528181533/https://www.wordreference.com/definition/insulin|url-status=dead}}</ref> saking [[basa Latin]] ''insula'', 'pulau') inggih punika [[Peptide hormone|hormon peptida]] sane kakaryanin olih [[Beta cell|sel beta]] [[Pancreatic islets|pulau-pulau pankreas]] sane kakodekan ring manusa olih [[Gene|gen]] insulin ( ''INS)'' . Punika pinaka [[Hormone|hormon]] [[Anabolism|anabolik]] sane utama ring angga. <ref name="Biochemistry">{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0000dona|vauthors=Voet D, Voet JG|date=2011|publisher=Wiley|edition=4th|location=New York}}</ref> Puniki ngatur [[Metabolism|metabolisme]] [[karbohidrat]], [[Muluk|lemak]], miwah [[Protéin|protein]] antuk ngalimbakang penyerapan [[Glucose|glukosa]] saking getih nuju sel [[Liver|hati]], [[Fat cell|lemak]], miwah [[Skeletal muscle|otot rangka]] . <ref name="stryer">{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry.|url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0000stry|vauthors=Stryer L|date=1995|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company|isbn=0-7167-2009-4|edition=Fourth|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0000stry/page/773 773]–74}}</ref> Ring jaringan puniki glukosa sané kaserep kauwah dados [[Glycogen|glikogen]], saking [[Glycogenesis|glikogenesis]], utawi [[Fatty acid metabolism#Glycolytic end products are used in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids|lemak]] ( [[Triglyceride|trigliserida]] ), saking [[lipogenesis]] ; ring hati, glukosa kauwah dados makakalih. <ref name="stryer" /> Produksi lan [[Secretion|sekresi]] [[Glucose|glukosa]] olih hati banget kaambekin olih konsentrasi insulin sane tegeh ring getih. <ref name="pmid10927996">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sonksen P, Sonksen J|date=July 2000|title=Insulin: understanding its action in health and disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-anaesthesia_2000-07_85_1/page/69|journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia|volume=85|issue=1|pages=69–79|doi=10.1093/bja/85.1.69|pmid=10927996|doi-access=free}}</ref> Insulin sane beredar taler mapangaruh ring sintesis protein ring makudang-kudang jaringan. Punika mawinan hormon anabolik, ngalimbakang konversi molekul alit ring getih dados molekul ageng ring sel. Insulin sane rendah ring getih madue efek sane matungkalikan, ngalimbakang [[Catabolism|katabolisme]] sane ngelimbak, utamanyane saking [[Obesity|lemak tubuh cadangan]]. [[Beta cell|Sel beta]] sensitif ring [[Blood sugar level|kadar gula darah]] mawinan ipun ngamedalang insulin ring getih pinaka respons majeng ring kadar glukosa sane tegeh, lan ngambat sekresi insulin ritatkala kadar glukosa sane rendah. <ref name="koeslag">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Koeslag JH, Saunders PT, Terblanche E|date=June 2003|title=A reappraisal of the blood glucose homeostat which comprehensively explains the type 2 diabetes mellitus-syndrome X complex|journal=The Journal of Physiology|publication-date=2003|volume=549|issue=Pt 2|pages=333–46|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037895|pmc=2342944|pmid=12717005}}</ref> Produksi insulin taler kaatur olih glukosa: glukosa sane tegeh ngawinang produksi insulin nanging kadar glukosa sane rendah ngawinang produksi sane rendah. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andrali|first=Sreenath S.|last2=Sampley|first2=Megan L.|last3=Vanderford|first3=Nathan L.|last4=Ozcan|first4=Sabire|date=1 October 2008|title=Glucose regulation of insulin gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18778246|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=415|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1042/BJ20081029|issn=1470-8728|pmid=18778246}}</ref> Insulin nincapang pengambilan glukosa lan metabolisme ring sel, antuk punika ngirangin gula darah. [[Alpha cell|Sel alfa]] sane nampek sareng ipun, antuk ngambil isyaratnyane saking sel beta, <ref name="koeslag" /> ngamedalang [[Glucagon|glukagon]] ring getih antuk cara sane matungkalikan: nincapang sekresi ritatkala glukosa ring getih kirang, lan sekresi sane tuun ritatkala konsentrasi glukosa tegeh. Glukagon nincapang glukosa ring getih antuk ngrangsang [[Glycogenolysis|glikogenolisis]] lan [[Gluconeogenesis|glukoneogenesis]] ring hati. <ref name="stryer2">{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry.|url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0000stry|vauthors=Stryer L|date=1995|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company|isbn=0-7167-2009-4|edition=Fourth|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0000stry/page/773 773]–74}}</ref> <ref name="koeslag" /> Sekresi insulin miwah glukagon ring getih pinaka penampén ring konsentrasi glukosa ring getih inggih punika mekanisme utama [[Blood sugar regulation|homeostasis glukosa]]. <ref name="koeslag" /> Aktivitas insulin sane tuun utawi nenten wenten ngawinang [[Pinakit gula|diabetes]], kahanan sane kadar gula darahnyane tegeh ( [[Hyperglycaemia|hiperglikemia]] ). Wenten kalih soroh gering puniki. Ring [[Type 1 diabetes|diabetes tipe 1]], sel beta punika karusak olih [[Autoimmunity|reaksi otoimun]] mawinan insulin nenten malih prasida kasintesis utawi kasekresi ring getih. <ref name="urlInsulin Injection - PubMed Health">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000729|title=Insulin Injection [|last=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|date=1 February 2009|website=PubMed Health|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine|access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> Ring [[Type 2 diabetes|diabetes tipe 2]], karusakan sel beta kirang kacingak yening saihang sareng tipe 1, lan nenten sangkaning proses otoimun. Tiosan punika, wénten akumulasi [[Amyloid|amiloid]] ring pulau-pulau pankreas, sané minab pacang ngusak-asik anatomi miwah fisiologinyané. <ref name="koeslag2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Koeslag JH, Saunders PT, Terblanche E|date=June 2003|title=A reappraisal of the blood glucose homeostat which comprehensively explains the type 2 diabetes mellitus-syndrome X complex|journal=The Journal of Physiology|publication-date=2003|volume=549|issue=Pt 2|pages=333–46|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037895|pmc=2342944|pmid=12717005}}</ref> [[Pathogenesis|Patogenesis]] diabetes tipe 2 durung tatas kauningin sakéwanten ngirangin populasi sel beta pulau, ngirangin fungsi sekresi sel beta pulau sané prasida maurip, miwah [[Resistensi ring insulin|resistensi insulin]] jaringan tepi sampun kauningin sareng. <ref name="Biochemistry2">{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0000dona|vauthors=Voet D, Voet JG|date=2011|publisher=Wiley|edition=4th|location=New York}}</ref> Diabetes tipe 2 kacihnayang antuk nincapnyane sekresi glukagon sane nenten keni iusan, lan nenten responsif majeng ring konsentrasi glukosa darah. Nanging insulin kantun kasekresi ring getih pinaka respons majeng ring glukosa getih. <ref name="koeslag2" /> Akibatnyane, glukosa mapupul ring getih. Protein insulin manusa kawangun antuk 51 [[Amino acid|asam amino]], lan madue [[Molecular mass|massa molekul]] 5808 [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] . Puniki wantah [[Protein dimer|dimer]] hetero saking rantai A miwah rantai B, sané mapaiketan sareng [[Disulfide bond|ikatan disulfida]] . Struktur insulin wenten akidik pabinayan pantaraning [[Spésiés|spesies]] buron. Insulin saking sumber buron non-manusa akidik mabinayan ring efektivitas (ring efek [[Carbohydrate metabolism|metabolisme karbohidrat]] ) saking insulin manusa santukan variasi puniki. Insulin [[Kucit|babi]] utamanyane nampek sareng versi [[manusa]], taler akeh kawigunayang anggen nambanin diabetes tipe 1 sadurung insulin manusa prasida kakaryanin akeh antuk teknologi [[Recombinant DNA#Applications of recombinant DNA technology|DNA rekombinan]]. <ref name="recombination2">Drug Information Portal NLM – Insulin human USAN [http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/ druginfo.nlm.nih.gov] {{Webarchive}}</ref> <ref name="urlGenentech2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gene.com/media/press-releases/4160/1978-09-06/first-successful-laboratory-production-o|title=First Successful Laboratory Production of Human Insulin Announced|date=6 September 1978|website=News Release|publisher=Genentech|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927073029/http://www.gene.com/media/press-releases/4160/1978-09-06/first-successful-laboratory-production-o|archive-date=27 September 2016|access-date=26 September 2016}}</ref> <ref name="urlRecombinant DNA technology in the synthesis of human insulin2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.littletree.com.au/dna.htm|title=Recombinant DNA technology in the synthesis of human insulin|year=1994|publisher=Little Tree Publishing|access-date=3 November 2009}}</ref> <ref name="pmid232227852">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal SR|date=December 2012|title=What's fueling the biotech engine-2011 to 2012|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=30|issue=12|pages=1191–7|doi=10.1038/nbt.2437|pmid=23222785}}</ref> Insulin inggih punika hormon peptida kapertama sané kapanggihin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Endotext|vauthors=Weiss M, Steiner DF, Philipson LH|date=2000|publisher=MDText.com, Inc.|veditors=Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Perreault L, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Trence DL, Vinik A, Wilson DP|chapter=Insulin Biosynthesis, Secretion, Structure, and Structure-Activity Relationships|pmid=25905258|access-date=18 February 2020|display-editors=6|chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279029/}}</ref> [[Frederick Banting]] miwah [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]], sane makarya ring laboratorium [[John Macleod (physiologist)|John Macleod]] ring [[University of Toronto|Universitas Toronto]], inggih punika sane kapertama ngisolasi insulin saking pankreas asu duk warsa 1921. [[Frederick Sanger]] ngamargiang undagan struktur asam amino duk warsa 1951, sané ngawinang insulin dados protein kapertama sané jangkep kadudonang. <ref name="Stretton_2002">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stretton AO|date=October 2002|title=The first sequence. Fred Sanger and insulin|journal=Genetics|volume=162|issue=2|pages=527–32|doi=10.1093/genetics/162.2.527|pmc=1462286|pmid=12399368}}</ref> [[Crystal structure|Struktur kristal]] insulin ring kahanan padat katentuang olih [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] duk warsa 1969. Insulin taler pinaka protein kapertama sane kasintesis antuk kimia miwah kakaryanin antuk [[Recombinant DNA|teknologi rekombinan DNA]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/insulin/history-of-insulin.html|title=The discovery and development of insulin as a medical treatment can be traced back to the 19th century.|date=15 January 2019|website=Diabetes|language=en-GB|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref> Puniki wenten ring [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|Daftar Model Obat Esensial WHO]], obat sane pinih utama sane kabuatang ring [[Health system|sistem kesehatan]] dasar. <ref name="WHO2015E">{{Cite book|url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/189763/9789241209946_eng.pdf|title=19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015)|date=April 2015|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-120994-6|page=455|hdl=10665/189763|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Hormon ring metabolisme glukosa]] godab6ia4j37o4jobgti0t5f8etoblx 0 63029 281126 280135 2026-08-27T20:43:09Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Kelainan skizoafektif|field=[[psikiatri]]|symptoms={{hlist|[[Halusinasi]]|[[delusi]]|[[gangguan pikiran|pikiran lan parilaksana sane nenten teratur]]|[[pengaruh sane nenten patut]]|[[Depresi (suasana hati)|depresi]]|[[mania]]| title=Schizoaffective Disorder Overview – Symptoms|url=https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizoaffective-Disorder|website=www.nami.org}}|complications={{hlist|kirangnyane motivasi|masalah kognitif|resiko ngawinang baya ring raga utawi anak tiosan|gangguan kecemasan}}|onset=Yusa 16-30 warsa|duration=|types={{hlist|bipolar type<ref>{{cite web|title=Schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type|url=http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/F01-F99/F20-F29/F25-/F25.0|website=www.icd10data.com}}</ref>|depressive type<ref>{{cite web|title=Schizoaffective disorder, depressive type|url=http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/F01-F99/F20-F29/F25-/F25.1|website=www.icd10data.com}}</ref>|Mixed type (Includes both depressive and bipolar symptoms)}}|causes=Unknown<ref name=NAMI2017/>|risks={{hlist|Genetics|brain chemistry and structure|stress|drug use<ref name=NAMI2017>{{cite web|title=Schizoaffective Disorder Overview – Causes|url=https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizoaffective-Disorder|website=www.nami.org}}</ref>}}|diagnosis=[[Penilaian psikiatri]]|differential={{hlist|Psychotic depression|bipolar disorder with psychotic features|schizophreniform disorder|schizophrenia}}|prevention=|treatment=|medication={{hlist|[[Antipsychotics]]|[[mood stabilizers]]|[[antidepressants]]}}|prognosis=Depends on the individual, medication response, and therapeutic support available|frequency=0.3%|deaths=}} '''Panglalah skizoafektif''' inggih punika [[Mental disorder|gangguan mental]] sane kacihnayang antuk gejala [[Schizophrenia|skizofrenia]] ( [[Psychosis|psikosis]] ) lan [[Mood disorder|gangguan mood]], becik [[Bipolar disorder|gangguan bipolar]] utawi [[Depression (mood)|depresi]] . <ref name="who.int">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F25|title=F25 Schizoaffective disorders|website=ICD-10 Version:2010|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM5">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Malaspina D, Owen MJ, Heckers S, Tandon R, Trump D, Schultz S, Barch DM, Gaebel W, Gur RE, Tsuang M, Van Os J, Carpenter W|date=May 2013|title=Schizoaffective disorder in the DSM-5|journal=Schizophrenia Research|volume=150|issue=1|pages=21–5|doi=10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.026|pmid=23707642}}</ref> Kriteria diagnostik sane utama inggih punika wentennyane gejala psikotik sane paling kidik kalih minggu nenten wenten gejala mood sane menonjol. <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM5" /> Gejala sane ketah minakadi [[Hallucination|halusinasi]], [[Delusion|delusi]], [[Thought disorder|bebaosan lan pikayunan sane nenten teratur]], taler episode mood. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brannon|first=Guy E|last2=Bienenfeld|first2=David|last3=Talavera|first3=Francisco|date=9 September 2013|title=Schizoaffective Disorder|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294763-overview|publisher=WebMD}}</ref> Gangguan skizoafektif sering prasida [[Misdiagnosed|iwang kadiagnosis]] <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM5" /> ritatkala diagnosis sane patut minab [[Psychotic depression|depresi psikotik]], [[Bipolar I disorder|gangguan bipolar I]], [[Schizophreniform disorder|gangguan skizofreniform]], utawi skizofrenia. Puniki dados pikobet santukan pengobatan lan [[prognosis]] mabinayan pisan ring akehnyane diagnosis puniki. Akeh jadma sane keni gangguan skizoafektif madue gangguan mental sane lianan rumasuk [[Anxiety disorders|gangguan kecemasan]]. <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM5" /> <ref name="Kaplan & Saddock.">{{Cite book|last=Kaplan|first=HI|title=Synopsis of Psychiatry|url=https://archive.org/details/kaplansadockssyn0000sado_d7n9_10ed|last2=Saddock|first2=VA|publisher=Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7817-7327-0|location=New York}}</ref> Wenten tiga wangun gangguan skizoafektif: tipe bipolar (utawi manik) (kacihnayang antuk gejala skizofrenia lan mania), tipe depresi (kacihnayang antuk gejala skizofrenia lan depresi), lan tipe campuran (kacihnayang antuk gejala skizofrenia, depresi, lan mania). <ref name="who.int2">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F25|title=F25 Schizoaffective disorders|website=ICD-10 Version:2010|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM52">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Malaspina D, Owen MJ, Heckers S, Tandon R, Trump D, Schultz S, Barch DM, Gaebel W, Gur RE, Tsuang M, Van Os J, Carpenter W|date=May 2013|title=Schizoaffective disorder in the DSM-5|journal=Schizophrenia Research|volume=150|issue=1|pages=21–5|doi=10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.026|pmid=23707642}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health/problems-disorders/schizoaffective-disorder|title=Schizoaffective disorder|website=Royal College of Psychiatrists|language=en|access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref> [[Auditory hallucination|Halusinasi auditori]], utawi "suara mirengang", sane pinih sering. <ref name="pmid18056246">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Martin LF, Hall MH, Ross RG, Zerbe G, Freedman R, Olincy A|date=December 2007|title=Physiology of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2007-12_164_12/page/1900|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=164|issue=12|pages=1900–6|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06010017|pmid=18056246}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Startup H, Freeman D, Garety PA|date=19 June 2006|title=Persecutory delusions and catastrophic worry in psychosis: developing the understanding of delusion distress and persistence|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=45|issue=3|pages=523–537|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.006|pmid=16782048}}</ref> Ngawit gejala biasane kakawitin ring masa remaja utawi masa dewasa muda. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/child/schizoaffective-disorder|title=Schizoaffective Disorder in Children and Adolescents|website=www.mindyra.com|language=en-us|access-date=2022-09-30|archive-date=2024-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130080608/https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/child/schizoaffective-disorder|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ring skala peringkat perkembangan gejala sane mapaiketan sareng spektrum skizofrenia, gangguan skizoafektif ngranjing ring pantaraning gangguan mood lan skizofrenia ring sajeroning keparahan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vardaxi|first=Chrysoula Ch.|last2=Gonda|first2=Xenia|last3=Fountoulakis|first3=Konstantinos N.|date=2018-02-01|title=Life events in schizoaffective disorder: A systematic review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032717316397|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|language=en|volume=227|pages=563–570|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.076|issn=0165-0327|pmid=29172048|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Genetika]] (sane katitenin ring widang [[Genomics|genomik]]); pikobet sane wenten ring [[Neural circuits|rangkaian saraf]] ; kronis ring pangawit, miwah [[Stress (biology)|stres lingkungan]] sane mangkin kronis utawi jangka pendek kacingak dados faktor kausal sane mabuat. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kempf|first=L.|date=11 July 2009|title=Mood disorder with psychotic features, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia with mood features: Trouble at the borders|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260500064959|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=17|issue=1|pages=9–19|doi=10.1080/09540260500064959|pmid=16194767|url-access=subscription|via=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2013|isbn=9780890425558|edition=Fifth|location=Arlington, VA|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munk Laursen|first=Thomas|date=16 June 2009|title=Bipolar Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Schizophrenia Overlap: A New Comorbidity Index|url=https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/medical/comorbidity/bipolar-disorder-schizoaffective-disorder-schizophrenia/|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=70|issue=10|via=Psychiatrist.com}}</ref> Nenten wenten asiki penyebab organik sane kaisolasi sane sampun kapanggihin, nanging wenten bukti sane ekstensif indik kelainan ring metabolisme [[Tetrahydrobiopterin|tetrahidrobiopterin]] (BH4), [[dopamin]], lan [[Glutamic acid|asam glutamat]] ring jadma sane keni skizofrenia, gangguan mood psikotik, lan gangguan skizoafektif. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Archibald|first=Luke|date=20 December 2019|title=Alcohol Use Disorder and Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder|url=https://doi.org/10.35946%2Farcr.v40.1.06|journal=Alcohol Research: Current Reviews|volume=40|issue=1|doi=10.35946/arcr.v40.1.06|pmc=6927747|pmid=31886105|via=NIH}}</ref> Sedek diagnosis gangguan skizoafektif arang, 0,3% ring populasi umum, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marneros|first=Andreas|date=30 June 2012|title=Schizoaffective Disorder|url=|journal=Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research|volume=15|issue=1|pages=5–12|doi=10.16946/kjsr.2012.15.1.5|via=KoreaMed Synapse|doi-access=free}}</ref> punika kabaos diagnosis umum ring pantaraning gangguan jiwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Kruti|last2=Lin|first2=Jay|last3=Lingohr-Smith|first3=Melissa|last4=Fu|first4=Dong-Jing|last5=Muser|first5=Erik|date=October 2016|title=Treatment Patterns and Antipsychotic Medication Adherence Among Commercially Insured Patients With Schizoaffective Disorder in the United States|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology|language=en-US|volume=36|issue=5|pages=429–435|doi=10.1097/JCP.0000000000000549|issn=0271-0749|pmc=5017269|pmid=27525965}}</ref> Diagnosis gangguan skizoafektif kadasarin antuk kriteria DSM-5, sane utamanyane kawangun antuk kawentenan gejala skizofrenia, mania, lan depresi, lan paiketan temporal pantaraning ipun. Tetamban sane utama mangkin inggih punika tamba [[Antipsychotic|antipsikotik]] sane kaadungang sareng [[Mood stabilizer|stabilizer suasana hati]] utawi [[Antidepressant|antidepresan]] (utawi makakalih). Wenten rasa jejeh sane sayan nincap olih makudang-kudang peneliti indik antidepresan prasida nincapang psikosis, mania, lan bersepeda episode suasana hati jangka panjang ring gangguan punika. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipédia:Kaperluang kutipan|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Yening wenten resiko majeng ring raga utawi anak tiosan, biasane ring pangawit perawatan, rawat inap minab perlu. <ref name="BeckerKilian2006">{{Cite journal|last=Becker|first=T.|last2=Kilian|first2=R.|year=2006|title=Psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness across western Europe: what can be generalized from current knowledge about differences in provision, costs and outcomes of mental health care?|journal=[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum]]|volume=113|issue=429|pages=9–16|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00711.x|pmid=16445476}}</ref> [[Psychiatric rehabilitation|Rehabilitasi psikiatri]], [[Psychotherapy|psikoterapi]], lan [[Vocational rehabilitation|rehabilitasi vokasi]] mabuat pisan anggen [[Recovery approach|pemulihan]] fungsi psikososial sane tegehan .  . Pinaka kelompok, jadma sane keni diagnosis gangguan skizoafektif nganggen kriteria [[DSM-IV]] lan [[ICD-10]] (sane sampun kaanyarang  ) madue [[Prognosis|pikolih]] sane becikan, <ref name="who.int3">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F25|title=F25 Schizoaffective disorders|website=ICD-10 Version:2010|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM53">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Malaspina D, Owen MJ, Heckers S, Tandon R, Trump D, Schultz S, Barch DM, Gaebel W, Gur RE, Tsuang M, Van Os J, Carpenter W|date=May 2013|title=Schizoaffective disorder in the DSM-5|journal=Schizophrenia Research|volume=150|issue=1|pages=21–5|doi=10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.026|pmid=23707642}}</ref> nanging madue pikolih fungsional psikososial individu sane variabel yening saihang sareng jadma sane madue gangguan mood, saking sane kaon ngantos sane pateh. <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM53" /> <ref name="Fifteen Year Schizoaffective Follow Up">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jäger M, Bottlender R, Strauss A, Möller HJ|year=2004|title=Fifteen-year follow-up of ICD-10 schizoaffective disorders compared with schizophrenia and affective disorders|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=109|issue=1|pages=30–7|doi=10.1111/j.0001-690x.2004.00208.x|pmid=14674956}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:No original research#Primary, secondary and tertiary sources|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2014)">sumber non-primer kabuatang</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Pikolih majeng ring jadma sane keni diagnosis gangguan skizoafektif [[DSM-5]] gumantung ring data saking [[Prospective cohort studies|studi kohort prospektif]], sane durung puput. <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM53" /> Diagnosis DSM-5 kaanyarang santukan kriteria DSM-IV ngawinang nganggen diagnosis sane kalintang; <ref name="BeckerKilian2006" /> inggih punika, kriteria DSM-IV ngawinang akeh pasien sane iwang diagnosis antuk gangguan punika. Perkiraan [[Prevalence|prevalensi]] DSM-IV kirang saking siki persen saking populasi, ring kisaran 0,5-0,8 persen; <ref name="OnTrack">{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/703312|title=APA 2009: DSM on Track for 2012, But Difficult Decisions Lie Ahead|last=Jeffrey|first=Susan|date=26 May 2009|website=Medscape Medical News|publisher=WebMD|access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref> estimasi prevalensi DSM-5 sane anyaran durung wenten. {{TOC limit|3}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Skizofrenia]] 35fkz2iizzbgww8rukygy4nflrmgt90 0 63082 281092 255656 2026-08-27T20:18:03Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:A_young_Pandit_holding_the_lamp_of_fire.jpg|jmpl|245x245px|Pandit truna sane ngambel damar api.]] '''Pedanda''' utawi '''pandit''' ( {{Langx|sa|पण्डितः|paṇḍitaḥ}} ; {{Langx|hi|पंडित|paṃḍita}} ; <ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911}}</ref> taler kasurat '''pundit''', kaucap {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|d|ɪ|t|,_|ˈ|p|æ|n|d|ɪ|t}} ; <ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pandit "pandit"] {{Webarchive}}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> sane kacunduk ring '''Pt.''' utawi '''Pdt.''' ) inggih punika angga sane madue kaweruhan khusus utawi guru ring widang kaweruhan napi kemanten ring [[agama Hindu]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.basabali.org/Pedanda|title=Pedanda|date=2019-12-26|website=BASAbaliWiki|language=en|access-date=2025-05-31}}</ref><ref name="EB1911" /> utamanyane kitab suci [[Wéda|Weda]], [[dharma]], utawi [[Hindu philosophy|filsafat Hindu]] ; ring sastra masa kolonial, istilah puniki ketahnyane nganutin pengacara sane khusus ring [[hukum Hindu]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Timothy Lubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtuhClbfL7EC|title=Hinduism and Law: An Introduction|last2=Donald R. Davis Jr|last3=Jayanth K. Krishnan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1-139-49358-1|pages=8}}</ref> Semaliha, mangkin murda punika kaanggen majeng ring para ahli ring mata pelajaran sane lianan, minakadi [[Music|musik]] . <ref name="michaelsharshav190">{{Cite book|last=Axel Michaels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&pg=PA190|title=Hinduism: Past and Present|last2=Barbara Harshav|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-691-08952-2|pages=190|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117104504/https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q&f=false|archive-date=2023-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Daniel Neuman 1980 44">{{Cite book|last=Daniel Neuman|title=The Life of Music in North India|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmusicinnor0000neum_d4l2|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=1980|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofmusicinnor0000neum_d4l2/page/44 44]}}</ref> Pandit ngeranjing ring basa Inggris pinaka [[Loanword|kruna pinjaman]] [[pundit]], sane nujuang jadma sane ngaturang pendapat antuk cara sane berwibawa ring widang mata pelajaran tertentu (ketahnyane politik, ilmu sosial, teknologi utawi olahraga), ketahnyane malarapan antuk [[Mass media|media massa]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pundit|title=Definition of Pundit|date=22 February 2024|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref> [[Ustad]] inggih punika gelar sane pateh antuk anak lanang muslim ring arti musik. <ref name="Daniel Neuman 1980 44" /> Gelar-gelar sane pateh majeng ring anak istri Hindu inggih punika '''Widushi''', <ref name="Behind the titles">{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/sumana-ramanan/behind-the-titles/articleshow/55043901.cms|title=Behind the titles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203815/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/sumana-ramanan/behind-the-titles/articleshow/55043901.cms|archive-date=2021-06-24|access-date=2021-06-23}}</ref> <ref name="www3.nd.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://www3.nd.edu/~adutt/Links/documents/NagandGhosh2016.pdf|title=Concert Announcement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118081507/https://www3.nd.edu/~adutt/Links/documents/NagandGhosh2016.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-18}}</ref> '''Pandita''', utawi '''Panditain''' ; <ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/obituaries/pandita-ramabai-overlooked.html|title=Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator|date=14 November 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 June 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311043428/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/obituaries/pandita-ramabai-overlooked.html|archive-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> nanging, murda-murda punika mangkin durung akeh kaanggen. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.darbar.org/article/sitar-from-different-angles-pt-2|title=The sitar from different angles (Pt. 2): Modern players, global experiments|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625045728/https://www.darbar.org/article/sitar-from-different-angles-pt-2|archive-date=2021-06-25|access-date=2021-06-25}}</ref> Ring [[basa Sansekerta]], pandit ketahnyane nujuang sapa sira ugi "manusa sane wicaksana, terdidik utawi wikan" antuk kaweruhan khusus. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Monier Monier-Williams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA527|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1872|page=527|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117104504/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA527#v=onepage&q&f=false|archive-date=2023-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Istilah puniki mawit saking ''{{Transl|sa|paṇḍ}}'' ( {{Lang|sa|पण्ड्}} ) sane mateges "mupulang, numpuk, numpuk", tur akah puniki kaanggen ring arti kaweruhan. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Monier Monier-Williams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1872|pages=526–527|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117104504/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ|archive-date=2023-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Istilah puniki kapanggihin ring teks-teks Veda miwah pasca-Veda, nanging nenten wenten konteks sosiologisnyane. == Cingak taler == * [[Pundit|Sang ahli]] * [[Pujari]] * [[Ustad]] * [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] * [[Purohit]] – pandita umah <ref name="michaelsharshav1902">{{Cite book|last=Axel Michaels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&pg=PA190|title=Hinduism: Past and Present|last2=Barbara Harshav|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-691-08952-2|pages=190|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117104504/https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q&f=false|archive-date=2023-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Gelar miwah pakaryan ring agama Hindu]] d7u9ku56xjmpnnf9ef7knu2640sfhcl 0 63334 281181 235019 2026-08-27T21:44:25Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | image = International Maritime Organization Logo.svg | image_size = 220px | name = Organisasi Maritim Internasional | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = [[Lis badan khusus Paiketan Wangsa-Wangsa|badan khusus PBB]] | abbreviation = IMO, OMI | leader_title = Manggala | leader_name = Sékrétaris-Jénderal <br /> [[Arsenio Dominguez]] | status = Active | formation = {{start date and age|1948|03|17|df=yes}} | headquarters = [[London]], Britania Raya | website = {{URL|http://www.imo.org|imo.org}} | parent_organization = [[Déwan Ékonomi miwah Sosial Paserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{Portal-inline|Politik|size=tiny}} }} '''Organisasi Maritim Internasional''' ({{lang-en|International Maritime Organization}}; '''IMO'''; {{langx|fr|Organisation maritime internationale}}; {{langx|es|Organización Marítima Internacional}})<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.imo.org/en/About/Pages/Default.aspx|title=Introduction to IMO|publisher=International Maritime Organization|access-date=28 August 2015|archive-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025184959/http://www.imo.org/en/About/Pages/Default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> inggih punika [[Lis badan khusus Paiketan Wangsa-Wangsa|badan khusus Paserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] sané masesana antuk mingaturin [[transportasi maritim]].<ref name="IntroductionUKS">{{cite book |date=2017 |title=Understanding UK Shipping |url=https://archive.org/details/understandinguks0000ukch |publisher=[[Witherby Publishing Group]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandinguks0000ukch/page/14 14]–29 |isbn=9781856097468}}</ref> IMO kaadegang manut kasepakatan daweg konférénsi PBB sané kamargiang ring [[Jenéwa]] duk 1948<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B03E4D71E3CE03ABC4C53DFB5668383659EDE|title=Ship Organization Nears Final Form; U.N. Maritime Body Expected to Have 3 Principal Organs – Panama in Opposition|last=Hoffman|first=Michael L.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 March 1948|page=51|access-date=28 August 2015|url-access=subscription|archive-date=15 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415143659/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B03E4D71E3CE03ABC4C53DFB5668383659EDE|url-status=live}}</ref> miwah IMO kaadegang dasa warsa salanturné tur ngamargiang parum kapertama daweg 17 Maret 1958.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2023 |title=History of IMO |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Maritime-Organization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511184000/http://www.imo.org/About/HistoryOfIMO/Pages/Default.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=3 June 2015 |website=Britannica |publisher=}}</ref> Makantor pusat ring London, Inggris Raya, IMO, daweg warsa 2024, madué 176 Negara Anggota lan tiga Anggota Asosiasi.<ref name=IMO/> Tatujon utama IMO inggih punika nglimbakang miwah miara kerangka awig-awig sane komprehensif majeng ring pelayaran miwah sesananyane mangkin rumasuk [[keamanan maritim]], pikobet indik palemahan, miwah [[hukum Laksamana|masalah hukum]], pantaraning pikobet tiosan. IMO kaatur olih majelis anggota sane matemu nyabran kalih warsa. Keuangan lan organisasinyane kamargiang olih déwan sane anggotanyane 40 diri sané kapilih saking sabha. Pakaryan IMO puniki kamargiang malarapan antuk limang panitia tur puniki kadukung olih subpanitia téknis. Organisasi PBB tiosan prasida nitenin pidabdab IMO. Status pengamat kaicenin majeng ring LSM sane madue kualifikasi.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/> IMO puniki kadukung olih sékrétariat permanen karyawan sane dados pawakilan anggota organisasi. Sékrétariat puniki kawangun antuk [[sékrétaris Jénderal]] sané kapilih secara berkala olih sabha, lan makudang-kudang divisi sakadi sané kaanggén ring keselamatan segara, pasaiban palemahan lan séksi konferénsi.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} iqeoj61ja4a75jq82z17d897z5cpf2h 0 63336 281005 235145 2026-08-27T19:13:15Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281005 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Biosphere2_1.jpg|ka|jmpl|300x300px|[[Biosphere 2|Biosfer 2]]]] [[Berkas:Eden Project geodesic domes panorama.jpg|jmpl|Panorama kubah geodesi Proyek Eden]] '''Sistem ekologi matutup''' utawi '''sistem ekologi madaging''' ('''CES''') inggih punika [[Ékosistem|ekosistem]] sané nénten ngandelang panyiluran materi sareng pahan napi manten ring jaba sistem. Istilah puniki pinih sering kaanggen nlatarang ekosistem sane alit, sane kakaryanin olih manusa. Sistem sekadi punika prasida maguna pinaka [[Life support system|sistem panunjang kahuripan]] utawi [[Space habitat|habitat ruang angkasa]]. <ref>{{Cite book|last=[[Josef Gitelson|I. I. Gitelson]]|title=Manmade Closed Ecological Systems|url=https://archive.org/details/manmadeclosedeco0000gite|last2=G. M. Lisovsky|last3=R. D. MacElroy|date=2003|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=0-415-29998-5}}</ref> Ring sistem ekologi sané matutup, produk limbah sané kamedalang olih asiki spesies mangda kawigunayang olih asiki spesies tiosan. Yening tatujonnyane wantah miara wangun kahuripan, sekadi [[Mouse|bikul]] utawi [[manusa]], produk limbah sekadi [[Carbon dioxide|karbondioksida]], [[Feces|feses]], lan [[Encéh|urin]] pamuputnyane mangda kauwah dados [[Oksigén|oksigen]], [[Food|ajeng-ajengan]], lan [[toya]]. Sistem ekologi sané matutup mangda madaging asiki organisme [[Autotroph|autotrof]]. Yadiastun organisme [[Chemotroph|kemotrofik]] miwah [[Phototroph|fototrofik]] prasida ngranjing ring kayun, makasami sistem ekologi sané matutup kantos mangkin kadasarin antuk autotrof sekadi [[Algae|ganggang]] hijau. == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Ekosistem gegagean]] hujx7mtps5igjmjrm5j43xu4ww11onz 0 63465 281239 280159 2026-08-27T22:20:52Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281239 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Lekadvert.JPG|ka|jmpl|Pilihan pasangan punika banget kacingak ring [[lek mating]]. Iriki, [[black grouse]] jantan mapupul ring [[Mire|paya]] lan sane istri lantas rauh lan nitenin jantan sadurung milih siki.]] '''Pamilihan pasangan''' punika silih tunggil mekanisme utama sané ngawinang [[Évolusi|evolusi]] prasida mamargi. Puniki kacihnayang antuk "respon selektif olih buron ring stimulus tertentu" sané prasida kaselehin pinaka parilaksana. <ref name="Mate Choice, Bateson">Bateson, Paul Patrick Gordon. "Mate Choice." Mate Choice, Cambridge University Press, 1985</ref> Tiosan ring punika, sadurung buron mapaiketan sareng pasangannyané, ipun kapertama nyelehin makudang-kudang aspek saking pasangan punika sané nyihnayang kualitas-sekadi sumber daya utawi [[Phenotypes|fenotipe]] sané kadruwénang-miwah nyelehin napiké [[Phenotypic trait|sifat-sifat]] punika maguna ring ipun. Evaluasi punika raris pacang ngamolihang respon sane marupa. <ref name="Mate Choice, Bateson" /> Mekanisme puniki pinaka pahan saking pauwahan evolusioner santukan ipun mamargi antuk pamargi sané ngawinang kualitas sané kakayunin ring pasangan sayan sering katedunang ring soang-soang generasi saking masa ka masa. Minakadi, yéning [[merak]] istri meled ring pasangan sané madué [[Plumage|bulu]] sané mawarna-warni, raris sifat puniki pacang nincap saking galah ka galah santukan merak jantan sané madué bulu sané mawarna-warni pacang madué [[Reproductive success|kasuksesan reproduksi]] sané sayan akéh. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrie|first=Marion|last2=Halliday|first2=Tim|author-link2=Tim Halliday|last3=Sanders|first3=Carolyn|year=1991|title=Peahens prefer peacocks with elaborate trains|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=41|issue=2|pages=323–331|doi=10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80484-1}}</ref> Panyelehan salanturnyane indik konsep puniki, sampun manggihin yening sujatinnyane sifat spesifik warna biru lan hijau nampek ring bintik mata sane kacingak nincapang kemungkinan istri nganten sareng merak spesifik. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dakin|first=Roslyn|last2=Montgomerie|first2=Robert|year=2013|title=Eye for an eyespot: How iridescent plumage ocelli influence peacock mating success|journal=Behavioral Ecology|volume=24|issue=5|pages=1048–1057|doi=10.1093/beheco/art045|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pilihan pasangan inggih punika komponen utama saking [[Sexual selection|seleksi seksual]], sané tiosan inggih punika [[Intrasexual selection|seleksi intraseksual]] . Pamineh indik seleksi seksual kapertama kasobyahang duk warsa 1871, olih [[Charles Darwin]], raris kalimbakang olih [[Ronald Fisher]] duk warsa 1915. Sané mangkin, wénten limang sub mekanisme sané nlatarang sapunapi pilihan pasangan sampun nglimbak saking masa ka masa. Puniki inggih punika kawigunan fenotipik langsung, bias sensorik, hipotesis [[Fisherian runaway|pelarian Fisherian]], sifat indikator miwah kompatibilitas [[Genetika|genetik]]. Ring mayoritas sistem ring dija wenten pilihan pasangan, siki jenis kelamin cenderung kompetitif sareng anggota sesama jenisnyane <ref name="Andersson1994">{{Cite book|last=Andersson|first=Malte|title=Sexual Selection|url=https://archive.org/details/sexualselection0000ande|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994}}{{page needed|date=December 2018}}</ref> lan jenis kelamin sane lianan choosy (artosnyane ipun selektif ritatkala pacang milih individu sane pacang kapasangin). Wenten pikenoh langsung miwah nenten langsung saking dados individu sane selektif. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Moller|first=A.|last2=Jennions|first2=M.|year=2001|title=How important are direct benefits of sexual selection?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_naturwissenschaften_2001-10_88_10/page/401|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=88|issue=10|pages=401–415|bibcode=2001NW.....88..401M|doi=10.1007/s001140100255|pmid=11729807}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Kokko|first=H.|last2=Brooks|first2=R.|last3=Jennions|first3=M.|last4=Morley|first4=J.|year=2003|title=The evolution of mate choice and mating biases|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1515|pages=653–664|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2235|pmc=1691281|pmid=12769467}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Dawkins|first=Marian|last2=Guilford|first2=Tim|date=Nov 1996|title=Sensory Bias and the Adaptiveness of Female Choice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1996-11_148_5/page/937|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=148|issue=5|pages=937–942|bibcode=1996ANat..148..937D|doi=10.1086/285964|jstor=2463414}}</ref> Ring akeh spesies, istri inggih punika jenis kelamin sane milih sane membedakan pantaraning jantan sane kompetitif, <ref name="Andersson1994" /> nanging wenten makudang-kudang conto peran sane mabalik (cingak ring sor). Becikan yéning individu mamilih pasangan sané kompatibel saking spesies sané pateh, mangda prasida ngamit kasuksesan reproduksi. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Halliday|first=T. R|title=Mate Choice|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-521-27207-0|editor-last=Bateson|editor-first=Patrick|pages=3–32|chapter=The study of mate choice|chapter-url={{Google books|HY-onXFuTcoC|page=3|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Faktor tiosan sané prasida ngawinang pilihan pasangan minakadi [[Parasite-stress theory|stres patogen]] miwah [[Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection|kompleks histokompatibilitas utama]] (MHC). == Cingak taler == * [[Extended female sexuality|Seksualitas anak istri sane kalimbakang]] * [[Filter theory (sociology)|Teori saringan (sosiologi)]] * [[Human male sexuality|Seksualitas manusa lanang]] * [[Human female sexuality|Seksualitas manusa istri]] * [[Mate guarding in humans|Pasangan sane nyaga ring manusa]] * [[Parental investment|Investasi rerama]] * [[Psychological adaptation|Adaptasi psikologis]] * [[Seduction|Rayuan]] * [[Sexual conflict|Konflik seksual]] * [[Sexual selection|Seleksi seksual]] * [[The Evolution of Human Sexuality|Evolusi seksualitas manusa]] == Lis pusktaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Psikologi evolusi]] hyrg5dr4k3p1kwv1dbf4poegh4s6szy 0 63468 281249 280204 2026-08-27T22:25:07Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug | drug_name = | type = | IUPAC_name = 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1''H''-indol-5-ol | image = Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | alt = Skeletal formula of serotonin | caption = | MedlinePlus = | licence_EU = | licence_US = | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_category = | legal_status = | metabolism = [[Monoamine oxidase|MAO]] | CAS_number = 50-67-9 | PubChem = 5202 | IUPHAR_ligand = 5 | DrugBank = | ChemSpiderID = 5013 | KEGG = C00780 | PDB_ligand = SRO | synonyms = 5-HT, 5-Hydroxytryptamine, Enteramine, Thrombocytin, 3-(β-Aminoethyl)-5-hydroxyl solution , Thrombotonin | receptors = [[5-HT1 receptor|5-HT₁]], [[5-HT2 receptor|5-HT₂]], [[5-HT3 receptor|5-HT₃]], [[5-HT4 receptor|5-HT₄]], [[5-HT5 receptor|5-HT₅]], [[5-HT6 receptor|5-HT₆]], [[5-HT7 receptor|5-HT₇]] | agonists = Indirectly: [[SSRI]]s, [[MAOI]]s | antagonists = | precursor = [[5-HTP]] | biosynthesis = [[Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase|Aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase]] | source_tissues = [[raphe nuclei]], [[enterochromaffin cell]]s | target_tissues = system-wide }}'''Serotonin''' ( {{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɛr|ə|ˈ|t|oʊ|n|ᵻ|n|,_|ˌ|s|ɪər|ə|-}} ) {{Refn|{{cite book | vauthors = Jones D |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary | url = https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci0000unse_d4y7 | veditors = Roach P, Hartmann J, Setter J |place= Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-date= 1917 |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-3-12-539683-8 }}}} {{Refn|{{Dictionary.com| Serotonin}}}} {{Refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary| Serotonin}}}}, taler kauningin pinaka '''5-hidroksitriptamin''' ( '''5-HT''' ), inggih punika [[Monoamine neurotransmitter|neurotransmiter monoamin]] sane madue makudang-kudang fungsi ring sistem saraf pusat (SSP) lan taler jaringan tepi. Punika nyarengin ring suasana hati, kognisi, pahala, pembelajaran, ingatan, lan proses fisiologis sakadi muntah lan vasokonstriksi. <ref name="pmid18043762">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Young SN|date=November 2007|title=How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs|journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience|volume=32|issue=6|pages=394–399|pmc=2077351|pmid=18043762}}</ref> Ring SSP, serotonin ngatur suasana hati, napsu makan, lan sirep. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sangare A, Dubourget R, Geoffroy H, Gallopin T, Rancillac A|date=October 2016|title=Serotonin differentially modulates excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to putative sleep-promoting neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus|url=https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-02121065v2/file/Serotonin%20differentially%20modulates%20excitatory.pdf|journal=Neuropharmacology|volume=109|pages=29–40|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.015|pmid=27238836}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)|<span title="Material near this tag may rely on an unreliable or less reliable medical source. primary (August 2024)">sumber medis sane nenten andel</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rancillac A|date=November 2016|title=Serotonin and sleep-promoting neurons|journal=Oncotarget|volume=7|issue=48|pages=78222–78223|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.13419|pmc=5346632|pmid=27861160}}</ref> Akéhan serotonin ring angga—kirang langkung 90%—kasintesis ring [[Gastrointestinal tract|saluran pencernaan]] olih [[Enterochromaffin cell|sel enterochromaffin]], ring dija ipun ngatur gerakan usus. <ref name="Caltech 2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/microbes-help-produce-serotonin-gut-46495|title=Microbes Help Produce Serotonin in Gut|date=2015-04-09|website=California Institute of Technology|access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref> <ref name="urlthemedicalbiochemistrypage.org">{{Cite web|url=http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/nerves.html#5ht|title=Serotonin|website=The Medical Biochemistry Page|publisher=Indiana University School of Medicine|access-date=1 December 2009}}</ref> <ref name="pmid19630576">{{Cite journal|author-link3=Bryan Roth|vauthors=Berger M, Gray JA, Roth BL|year=2009|title=The expanded biology of serotonin|journal=Annual Review of Medicine|volume=60|pages=355–366|doi=10.1146/annurev.med.60.042307.110802|pmc=5864293|pmid=19630576}}</ref> Punika taler kakaryanin antuk jumlah sane alitan ring [[Raphe nuclei|inti raphe]] batang otak, [[Merkel cells|sel Merkel]] kulit, [[Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell|sel neuroendokrin paru-paru]], lan sel reseptor rasa lidah. Sesampun kasekresi, serotonin kaambil olih [[Platelet|trombosit]] ring getih, sane ngelepasin rikala pembekuan mangda prasida ngalimbakang vasokonstriksi lan agregasi trombosit. <ref name="pmid14727927">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schlienger RG, Meier CR|date=2003|title=Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on platelet activation: can they prevent acute myocardial infarction?|journal=American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs|volume=3|issue=3|pages=149–162|doi=10.2165/00129784-200303030-00001|pmid=14727927}}</ref> Sawetara 8% saking serotonin ring angga kasimpen ring trombosit, miwah 1-2% kapanggihin ring SSP. <ref name="thesis">{{Cite thesis}}</ref> Serotonin mawiguna pinaka vasokonstriktor miwah vasodilator manut ring konsentrasi miwah konteks, ngawinang [[hemostasis]] miwah pengaturan tekanan darah. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vanhoutte PM|date=February 1987|title=Serotonin and the vascular wall|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-cardiology_1987-02_14_2/page/189|journal=International Journal of Cardiology|volume=14|issue=2|pages=189–203|doi=10.1016/0167-5273(87)90008-8|pmid=3818135}}</ref> Puniki maguna pisan ring ngrangsang neuron [[myenteric]] miwah nincapang motilitas pencernaan saking siklus pengambilan miwah pelepasan ring trombosit miwah jaringan sané nampek. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, Nagler CR, Ismagilov RF, Mazmanian SK, Hsiao EY|date=April 2015|title=Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis|journal=Cell|volume=161|issue=2|pages=264–276|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047|pmc=4393509|pmid=25860609}}</ref> Sekadi biokimia, serotonin inggih punika [[Indoleamine|indoleamin]] sane kasintesis saking [[Tryptophan|triptofan]] lan kametabolisme utamanyane ring [[Liver|hati]] dados [[5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid|asam 5-hidroksiindoasetat]] (5-HIAA). Serotonin kaaptiang olih makudang-kudang kelas [[Antidepressant|antidepresan]], minakadi [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|inhibitor pengambilan kembali serotonin selektif]] (SSRI) miwah [[Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor|penghambat pengambilan kembali serotonin-norepinefrin]] (SNRI), sané ngalanglangin pengambilan kembali ring sinapsis mangda prasida nincapang kadarnyané. Puniki kapanggihin ring akéhan [[Bilateral animals|buron bilateral]], rumasuk serangga, laba-laba miwah cacing, <ref name="Huser_2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Huser A, Rohwedder A, Apostolopoulou AA, Widmann A, Pfitzenmaier JE, Maiolo EM, Selcho M, Pauls D, von Essen A, Gupta T, Sprecher SG, Birman S, Riemensperger T, Stocker RF, Thum AS|year=2012|title=The serotonergic central nervous system of the Drosophila larva: anatomy and behavioral function|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=10|pages=e47518|bibcode=2012PLoSO...747518H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0047518|pmc=3474743|pmid=23082175|doi-access=free}}</ref> miwah taler kapanggihin ring [[Fungi|jamur]] miwah [[Tetanduran|entik-entikan]] . <ref name="Ramakrishna_2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ramakrishna A, Giridhar P, Ravishankar GA|date=June 2011|title=Phytoserotonin: a review|journal=Plant Signaling & Behavior|volume=6|issue=6|pages=800–809|bibcode=2011PlSiB...6..800A|doi=10.4161/psb.6.6.15242|pmc=3218476|pmid=21617371}}</ref> Ring entik-entikan miwah racun serangga, punika madué fungsi pertahanan antuk ngawinang rasa sakit. <ref name="Erspamer-1966">{{Cite book|title=5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines|vauthors=Erspamer V|publisher=[[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]|year=1966|isbn=978-3-642-85469-9|publication-place=[[Berlin]], [[Heidelberg]]|pages=132–181|chapter=Occurrence of indolealkylamines in nature|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-85467-5_4|author-link=Vittorio Erspamer}}</ref> Serotonin sane kalepas olih amoeba patogen prasida ngawinang [[Diarrhea|diare]] ring usus manusa, <ref name="pmid6308760">{{Cite journal|vauthors=McGowan K, Kane A, Asarkof N, Wicks J, Guerina V, Kellum J, Baron S, Gintzler AR, Donowitz M|date=August 1983|title=Entamoeba histolytica causes intestinal secretion: role of serotonin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-08-19_221_4612/page/762|journal=Science|volume=221|issue=4612|pages=762–764|bibcode=1983Sci...221..762M|doi=10.1126/science.6308760|pmid=6308760}}</ref> nanging kawentenannyane ring biji lan buah-buahan kaanggep prasida ngawinang pencernaan lan ngawentenang penyebaran biji. <ref name="feld">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feldman JM, Lee EM|date=October 1985|title=Serotonin content of foods: effect on urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_1985-10_42_4/page/639|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=42|issue=4|pages=639–643|doi=10.1093/ajcn/42.4.639|pmid=2413754|doi-access=free}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2023)">verifikasi nénten prasida</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Hormon sane bagia]] jrbq2xxgak6l81tirdmjtei3iwkzlk5 0 63590 281236 235642 2026-08-27T22:19:17Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stratifikasi sosial''' manut ring [[Categorization|kategorisasi]] [[People|parajanane]] dados soroh manut saking faktor [[Socioeconomic status|sosial ekonomi]] sekadi [[Wealth|kasugihan]], [[Income|pikolih]], [[Race (human categorization)|ras]], [[Education|pendidikan]], [[Ethnicity|etnis]], [[Gender|jenis kelamin]], [[Job|pakaryan]], [[Social status|status sosial]], utawi [[Power (social and political)|kekuatan]] turunan (sosial miwah politik). Puniki pinaka hierarki ring sajeroning seka sane ngawedarang ipun ring undagan hak istimewa sane matiosan. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Blundell|first=Jonathan|title=Cambridge IGCSE® sociology coursebook|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeigcseso0000unse|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-64513-4}}</ref> Mawinan asapunika, stratifikasi inggih punika genah sosial sane relatif saking angga ring sajeroning soroh, soroh, wawidangan geografis, utawi [[Social group|unit sosial]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/what-is-social-stratification/|title=What Is Social Stratification?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304215139/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/what-is-social-stratification/|archive-date=4 March 2021|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Barkan)/06%3A_Social_Stratification/6.0S%3A_6.S%3A__Social_Stratification_(Summary)|title=6.S: Social Stratification (Summary)|date=13 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212061534/https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Barkan)/06%3A_Social_Stratification/6.0S%3A_6.S%3A__Social_Stratification_(Summary)|archive-date=12 December 2019|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-social-stratification-3026643|title=What Is Social Stratification, and Why Does It Matter?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416220134/https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-social-stratification-3026643|archive-date=16 April 2021|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> Ring [[Western world|masyarakat Barat]] modern, stratifikasi sosial kategesang antuk tiga [[Social class|kelas sosial]] : [[Upper class|kelas atas]], [[Middle class|kelas menengah]], lan [[Working class|kelas bawah]] ; ring gilirannyane, soang-soang kelas prasida kakepah malih dados stratum atas, stratum tengah, lan stratum bawah. <ref name="Saunders1990">{{Cite book|last=Saunders|first=Peter|url=https://archive.org/details/socialclassstrat0000saun|title=Social Class and Stratification|publisher=Routledge|year=1990|isbn=978-0-415-04125-6|author-link=Peter Robert Saunders|url-access=registration}}</ref> Napi malih, stratum sosial prasida kawangun antuk dasar [[Dadia|pasawitran]], [[Clan|klan]], [[Tribe|suku]], utawi [[Caste|kasta]], utawi makapatpat. Kategorisasi parajanane manut stratum sosial pinih tinglas kapanggihang ring parajanane [[State (polity)|sane madasar antuk negara]], [[Polycentric law|polisentris]], utawi [[Feudal|feodal]], sane pinih untat kadasarin antuk paiketan sosial ekonomi pantaraning soroh [[Nobility|bangsawan]] miwah soroh [[Peasant|petani]]. Napike stratifikasi sosial kapertama medal ring parajana [[Hunter-gatherer|sane maboros]], [[Tribal|suku]], miwah [[Band society|band]] utawi napike kakawitin antuk [[Agriculture|pertanian]] miwah sarana [[Social exchange theory|panukaran sosial]] sane ageng kantun dados pabligbagan ring [[Social sciences|ilmu-ilmu sosial]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Toye, David L.|date=May 2004|title=The Emergence of Complex Societies: A Comparative Approach|url=http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/1.2/toye.html|url-status=live|journal=World History Connected|volume=11|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627102501/http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/1.2/toye.html|archive-date=2014-06-27|access-date=2014-06-27}}</ref> Nentuang struktur stratifikasi sosial medal saking nenten maimbangnyane status pantaraning jadma, mawinan asapunika, undagan [[Social inequality|nenten maimbangnyane sosial]] punika sane nentuang stratum sosial jadma. Katahnyane, sayan ageng [[Social complexity|kompleksitas sosial]] parajanane, sayan akeh stratifikasi sosial sane wenten, majalaran antuk [[Differentiation (sociology)|diferensiasi sosial]] . <ref name="Grusky2011a">{{Kutip ensiklopedia |year=2011 |title=Theories of Stratification and Inequality |encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell. |url=http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_yr2011_chunk_g978140512433125_ss1-273#citation |access-date=23 June 2014 |editor-last=Ritzer, George and J. Michael Ryan |pages=622–624 |doi=10.1002/9781405165518 |isbn=978-1405124331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901104430/http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_yr2011_chunk_g978140512433125_ss1-273#citation |archive-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{div col|colwidth=20em}}* [[Stratifikasi yusa]] * [[Sistem kasta]] * [[Stratifikasi kelas]] * [[Hegemoni budaya]] * [[Hirarki dominasi]] * [[Egaliterisme]] * [[Teori elit]] * [[Elitisme]] * [[Koefisien Gini]] * [[Globalisasi]] * [[Pesimpangan]] * [[Marksisme]] * [[Ketidaksetaraan Mikro]] * [[Pangkat]] * [[Stratifikasi agama]] * [[Kelas sosial]] * [[Katimpangan sosial]] * [[Status sosial ekonomi]] * [[Keadilan sosial]] * [[Sistem stratifikasi sosial]] * ''[[Elit Kekuasaan]]''{{div col end}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Stratifikasi sosial]] tmvuscpdulqk52nifvhqwttj1y2yai7 0 63665 281027 270177 2026-08-27T19:27:00Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281027 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Curaçao''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|j|ʊər|ə|s|oʊ|,_|-|s|aʊ|,_|ˌ|k|j|ʊər|ə|ˈ|s|oʊ|,_|-|ˈ|s|aʊ}} {{respell|KURE|ə|soh|,_|KURE|ə|sow|,_|kure|ə|SOH|,_|kure|ə|SOW}},<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse |publisher=Longman |year=2008 |isbn=9781405881180 |edition=3rd |location=Harlow}}</ref><ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|Curaçao}}</ref> {{IPA|nl|kyːraːˈsʌu|lang|nl-Curaçao.ogg|small=no}} {{IPA|nl|kuːr-|label=or|small=no}};<ref>{{cite book |last=Mangold |first=Max |title=Aussprachewörterbuch |publisher=Duden Verlag |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-411-04066-7 |editor-last=Franziska Münzberg |location=Mannheim |chapter=Curaçao |chapter-url=https://www.duden.de/}}</ref> {{langx|pap|Kòrsou}} {{IPA|pap|ˈkɔrsɔu̯|}}.}} resmi '''Negara Curaçao''',{{efn|{{langx|nl|Land Curaçao}};<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-gov.an/images/strukturafiles/Staatsregeling_18-6-10.pdf |title= Art. 1 para 1 Constitution of Curaçao|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722200254/http://www.curacao-gov.an/images/strukturafiles/Staatsregeling_18-6-10.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011}} (Soroh Belanda)</ref> [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Pais Kòrsou''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-gov.an/images/strukturafiles/konstitushon/Konstitushon_Papiamentu.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902205625/http://www.curacao-gov.an/images/strukturafiles/konstitushon/Konstitushon_Papiamentu.pdf|title=Art. 1 para 1 Constitution of Curaçao|archive-date=2 September 2009}} (Papiamentu version)</ref><ref name="CIA World Factbook- Curaçao">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=CIA World Factbook- Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} inggih punika [[negara nusa]] konstituén ring sajeroning [[Krajaan Belanda]] ring sisi kelod [[Segara Karibia]], khususné wewidangan [[Karibia Belanda]], sawatara {{convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}} sisi kalér [[Vénézuéla]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} czrv460iqk7wyffr6rnlp2pr653edvw 0 63766 281034 236254 2026-08-27T19:30:39Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | authority= Luerss. | name = Bambu | image = BambooKyoto.jpg | image_caption = Hutan bambu di [[Kyoto]], [[Jepang]] | diversity = >1,462 ([http://resource.inbar.int/download/showdownload.php?lang=cn&id=167759 spesies diidentifikasi]) spesies dalam 115 genera | diversity_ref = <ref name="Kelchner2013"/> | taxon = Bambusoideae | subdivision_ranks = [[Tribus]] | subdivision = * [[Arundinarieae]] * [[Bambuseae]] * [[Olyreae]] | synonyms_ref = <ref name="SorengPeterson2015">{{cite journal |last1=Soreng |first1=Robert J. |last2=Peterson |first2=Paul M. |last3=Romaschenko |first3=Konstantin |last4=Davidse |first4=Gerrit |last5=Zuloaga |first5=Fernando O. |last6=Judziewicz |first6=Emmet J. |last7=Filgueiras |first7=Tarciso S.|last8=Davis |first8=Jerrold I. |last9=Morrone |first9=Osvaldo |title=A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=53 |issue=2 |year=2015 |pages=117–137 |issn=1674-4918 |doi=10.1111/jse.12150|s2cid=84052108 }} {{open access}}</ref> | synonyms = * Olyroideae [[Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger|Pilg.]] (1956) * Parianoideae [[Butzin]] (1965) | fossil_range={{fossil range|55|0|earliest=99}} [[Eosen|Eosen Awal]] – Sekarang{{br}}(paling awal pada [[Kapur Akhir]]) | color={{tc2|tumbuhan}} }} [[Berkas:Bamboo Forest, Arashiyama, Kyoto, Japan.jpg|jmpl|Wit gesing sane wenten ring Kyoto, Jepang.]] '''Gesing''' utawi '''Tiing''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.basabali.org/Tiing|title=Tiing|date=2022-11-19|website=BASAbaliWiki|language=en|access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>punika makudang-kudang soroh entik-entikan sané mabunga [[Perennial plant|abadi]] sané katahan [[Evergreen|hijau]] sané ngwangun [[Subkaluwarga|subfamili]] '''Bambusoideae''' saking kulawarga padang [[Poaceae]]. <ref>{{Citation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Canavan|first=Susan|last2=Richardson|first2=David M.|last3=Visser|first3=Vernon|last4=Roux|first4=Johannes J. Le|last5=Vorontsova|first5=Maria S.|last6=Wilson|first6=John R. U.|date=2016-12-23|title=The global distribution of bamboos: assessing correlates of introduction and invasion|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw078|journal=AoB Plants|volume=9|issue=1|pages=plw078|doi=10.1093/aobpla/plw078|issn=2041-2851|pmc=5499700|pmid=28013249}}</ref> <ref name="Ayer 100027">{{Cite journal|last=Ayer|first=Santosh|last2=Timilsina|first2=Sachin|last3=Aryal|first3=Anisha|last4=Acharya|first4=Amul Kumar|last5=Neupane|first5=Asmit|last6=Bhatta|first6=Kishor Prasad|date=2023-08-01|title=Bamboo forests in Nepal: Status, distribution, research trends and contribution to local livelihoods|journal=Advances in Bamboo Science|volume=4|pages=100027|bibcode=2023AdBS....400027A|doi=10.1016/j.bamboo.2023.100027|issn=2773-1391|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Giant bamboo|Bambu raksasa]] inggih punika anggota kulawarga padang sane pinih ageng, ring kasus ''[[Dendrocalamus sinicus]]'' madue batang soang-soang ([[Culm (botany)|culms]]) sane panjangnyane ngantos {{Convert|46|m|sp=us}}, ngantos {{Convert|36|cm|sp=us}} ring ketebelan lan bobotnyane ngantos {{Convert|450|kg|sp=us|round=50}} . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forests.org/articles/reader.asp?linkid=25225|title=World's Biggest Bamboo Plant Found in Southwest China|date=August 28, 2003|website=Forest Conservation Portal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031110222335/https://forests.org/articles/reader.asp?linkid=25225|archive-date=2003-11-10|access-date=April 4, 2004}}</ref> [[Internodes|Internode]] bambu taler prasida panjangnyane ageng. ''[[Kinabaluchloa|Kinabaluchloa wrayi]]'' madue antarsimpul sane tegehnyane ngantos {{Convert|2.5|m|ft|0|sp=us}} ring panjangnyane. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/view/bamboos-of-thailand/1-native-species/kinabaluchloa/kinabaluchloa-wrayi|title=Bamboos of Thailand - Kinabaluchloa wrayi|last=<anonymous>|date=n.d.|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> lan ''[[Arthrostylidium schomburgkii|Artrostilidium schomburgkii]]'' madue antarsimpul sane tegehnyane ngantos {{Convert|5|m|sp=us}} ring panjangnyane, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schombergk|first=Sir Robert H.|date=1841|title=Some Accounts of the Curata....etc|journal=Trans. Linnean Soc. London|volume=18|issue=<not stated>|pages=559–560}}</ref> nglintangin ring panjangnyane wantah olih [[Cyperus papyrus|papirus]] . Semaliha, tangkai bambu alit [[Raddiella|''Raddiella vanessiae'']] saking savana [[French Guiana|Guyana Prancis]] wantah maukuran {{Convert|10-20|mm|4=1|sp=us}} panjangnyane sawatara {{Convert|2|mm|4=2|sp=us}} ring linggahnyane. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Judziewicz|first=Emmit J.|last2=Sepsenwol|first2=Sol|date=2007|title=The World's Smallest Bamboo: Raddiella Vanessiae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Olyreae), a New Species from French Guiana|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34395112#page/9/mode/1up|journal=Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–7}}</ref> Wit kruna "bambu" nenten pastika, nanging minab mawit saking basa [[Dutch language|Belanda]] utawi [[Basa Portugis|Portugis]], sane pangawitnyane nyilih saking [[basa Melayu]] utawi [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. <ref name="Ayer 100027" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelchner|first=Scot A.|date=2013-05-01|title=Higher level phylogenetic relationships within the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on five plastid markers|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790313000626|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=67|issue=2|pages=404–413|bibcode=2013MolPE..67..404K|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.005|issn=1055-7903|pmid=23454093}}</ref> <ref name="oed">{{Cite OED|bamboo}}</ref> Ring bambu, sekadi ring padang tiosan, genah [[Internode (botany)|internodal]] batang katahan bolong miwah [[Vascular bundle|ikat pembuluh darah]] ring penampang masebar ring makasami dinding tangkai gumanti ring lapisan [[Cambium|kambium]] silindris pantaraning kulit kayu ([[Phloem|floem]]) miwah kayu ([[Xylem|xilem]]) sekadi ring [[Dicotyledon|dikotil]] miwah [[Pinophyta|runjung]] Xilem kayu dikotiledon taler nenten wenten. Tan wentennyane kayu [[Secondary growth|sane mentik sekunder]] ngawinang batang [[Monocotyledon|monokotil]], rumasuk [[Arecaceae|telapak tangan]] lan bambu sane ageng, dados kolom ketimbang lancip. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=C.L.|title=Botany|year=1971|url=https://archive.org/details/botany0000wils_v3u8|last2=Loomis|first2=W.E.|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|edition=3rd}}</ref> Bambu ngranjing ring makudang-kudang entik-entikan sane pinih gelis mentik ring jagate, <ref name="Farrelly">{{Cite book|last=Farrelly|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofbamboo00farr|title=The Book of Bamboo|publisher=Sierra Club Books|year=1984|isbn=978-0-87156-825-0|url-access=registration}}</ref> santukan sistem sane unik sane gumantung [[Rhizome|ring rimpang]]. Spesies bambu sane sampun katentuang prasida mentik {{Convert|91|cm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} ring periode 24 jam, antuk kecepatan sane meh-mehan{{Convert|40|mm|in|sp=us}} ajam (pateh sareng {{Convert|1|mm|4=2|abbr=on|sp=us}} nyabran 90 detik). <ref name="Guinness">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/fastest-growing-plant/|title=Fastest growing plant|website=Guinness World Records|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903081941/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/fastest-growing-plant|archive-date=3 September 2014|access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref> Panglimbaknyane ngantos {{Convert|120|cm|4=1|sp=us}} ring 24 jam sampun kacingak ring conto bambu kayu raksasa Jepang ( ''[[Phyllostachys bambusoides]]'' ). <ref>{{Cite book|last=Austin|first=Robert|title=Bamboo|url=https://archive.org/details/bamboo0000aust|last2=Ueda|first2=Koishiro|date=1970|publisher=Walker/Weatherhill|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/bamboo0000aust/page/193 193]}}</ref> Panglimbak sane gelis puniki lan toleransi majeng ring [[Marginal land|tanah marginal]], ngawinang bambu dados kandidat sane becik anggen [[Afforestation|pengahutan]], [[Carbon sequestration|penyerapan karbon]] lan [[Climate change mitigation|mitigasi perubahan iklim]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Lal|last2=Sridharan|first2=Srinidhi|last3=Thul|first3=Sanjog T.|last4=Kokate|first4=Piyush|last5=Kumar|first5=Phani|last6=Kumar|first6=Sunil|last7=Kumar|first7=Rakesh|date=2020-11-01|title=Eco-rejuvenation of degraded land by microbe assisted bamboo plantation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669020307123|journal=Industrial Crops and Products|volume=155|pages=112795|doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112795|issn=0926-6690}}</ref> <ref name="Masisi 100009">{{Cite journal|last=Masisi|first=Bhoke|last2=Zabel|first2=Astrid|last3=Blaser|first3=Jürgen|last4=Augustino|first4=Suzana|date=2022-12-01|title=Fighting climate change with bamboo in Africa: The case of Kyela, Rungwe and Mufindi districts – Tanzania|journal=Advances in Bamboo Science|volume=1|pages=100009|bibcode=2022AdBS....100009M|doi=10.1016/j.bamboo.2022.100009|issn=2773-1391|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Raushan|last2=Thangaraju|first2=Mohan Manu|last3=Kumar|first3=Manoj|last4=Thul|first4=Sanjog Tarachand|last5=Pandey|first5=Vimal Chandra|last6=Yadav|first6=Swati|last7=Singh|first7=Lal|last8=Kumar|first8=Sunil|date=2021-07-01|title=Ecological restoration of coal fly ash–dumped area through bamboo plantation|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12995-7|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|language=en|volume=28|issue=25|pages=33416–33432|bibcode=2021ESPR...2833416K|doi=10.1007/s11356-021-12995-7|issn=1614-7499|pmid=33641101}}</ref> Bambu serbaguna lan madue signifikansi ekonomi lan budaya sane kasub ring [[Asia Kelod|Asia Selatan]], [[Asia Kelod-Kangin|Asia Tenggara]], lan [[Asia Kangin|Asia Timur]], kaanggen [[Bamboo construction|bahan wangunan]], pinaka [[Embung|sumber ajeng-ajengan]], lan pinaka produk mentah, lan sering kagambarang ring seni, sekadi ring [[Bamboo painting|lukisan bambu]] lan [[Bambooworking|pakaryan bambu]]. Bambu, sakadi [[Wood|kayu]], inggih punika [[Composite material|bahan komposit]] alami antuk rasio kekuatan-ke-bobot sane tegeh sane mawiguna antuk struktur. <ref name="Lakkad">{{Cite journal|last=Lakkad|last2=Patel|date=June 1981|title=Mechanical properties of bamboo, a natural composite|journal=Fibre Science and Technology|volume=14|issue=4|pages=319–322|doi=10.1016/0015-0568(81)90023-3}}</ref> Rasio kekuatan-ke-bobot bambu mesib sareng [[Timber|kayu]], lan kekuatannyane umumnyane mesib sareng [[Softwood|kayu alus]] utawi kayu [[Hardwood|keras]] sane kuat. <ref name="Kaminski1">{{Cite journal|last=Kaminski|first=S.|last2=Lawrence|first2=A.|last3=Trujillo|first3=D.|date=2016|title=Structural use of bamboo. Part 1: Introduction to bamboo|url=https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/4012225/Bamboo%20Paper%201%20-%20Intro%20V11.6%20FINAL%20FOR%20ISTRUCTE.pdf|journal=The Structural Engineer|volume=94|issue=8|pages=40–43|doi=10.56330/PNSC8891}}</ref> <ref name="Kaminski2">{{Cite journal|last=Kaminski|first=S.|last2=Lawrence|first2=A.|last3=Trujillo|first3=D.|last4=Feltham|first4=I.|last5=Felipe López|first5=L.|date=2016|title=Structural use of bamboo. Part 3: Design values|url=https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/4057280/Bamboo%20Paper%203%20-%20Values%20V13.2%20FINAL%20FOR%20ISTRUCTE.pdf|journal=The Structural Engineer|volume=94|issue=12|pages=42–45|doi=10.56330/JCLL5610}}</ref> Makudang-kudang spesies bambu sampun nyihnayang kekuatan sane luar biasa ring kondisi uji. ''Bambusa tulda'' saking [[Bangladesh]] lan [[India]] sane nampek sampun kauji kantos 60.000 psi (400 MPa) ring [[Tensile strength|kekuatan tarik]]. <ref>{{Cite book|last=McClure|first=Floyd A.|title=1948 Yearbook of Agriculture - Grasses|date=1948|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|location=Washington, D.C.|page=738}}</ref> Spesies bambu sane lianan makarya bahan sane keras sane luar biasa. ''Bambusa tabacaria'' saking [[Cina]] madaging [[Silica|silika]] sane akeh pisan mawinan pacang ngawetuang percikan api yening keni kapak. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Farrelly|first=David|title=The Book of Bamboo|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofbamboo00farr|date=1984|publisher=Sierra Club Books|location=San Francisco|page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofbamboo00farr/page/143 143]}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[List of bamboo species|Daftar soroh bambu]] * [[Tiing|Bambusea]] * [[Bamboo blossom|Bunga bambu]] * [[International Network for Bamboo and Rattan|Jaringan Internasional antuk Bambu miwah Rotan]] * [[Bamboo construction|Konstruksi bambu]] * [[Bamboo textile|Tekstil bambu]] * [[Bamboo processing machine|Mesin pengolahan bambu]] * [[Ceremonial pole|Tiang upacara]] * [[Mautam]] == Pustaka == <references /> {{Taxonbar}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tiing]] [[Kategori:Jukut bungkil]] b8e1cdl0egwznrgymlch1tz3m6chidv 0 63847 281188 280097 2026-08-27T21:49:53Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox astronomical formation|image=File:Comet Hale-Bopp 1995O1.jpg|caption=[[Komét Hale–Bopp]] sesampun ngentasin [[perihélion]] ring April 1997 |thing=Badan tata surya alit|where=Sistem bintang|density=0.6 g/cm³ (average)|qid=Q3559|commonscat=Comets|size=Ketah linggah kirang saking 10&nbsp;km (inti)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ask an Astronomer |url=https://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/182-What-is-the-size-of-a-comet- |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Cool Cosmos}}</ref>}} '''Bintang kudus''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.basabali.org/Bintang_kudus|title=Bintang kudus|date=2021-07-12|website=BASAbaliWiki|language=id|access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref> utawi '''Komét''' inggih punika és, [[benda tata surya alit]] sané anget lan ngawit ngelepasin gas ritatkala nglintangin nampek ring [[Surya]], prosés sané kawastanin [[palepasan gas]]. Puniki ngasilang atmospher sané nglimbak, nénten kaiket antuk gravitasi utawi [[Koma (bintang kudus)|koma]] sané ngiterin inti, miwah ring sapunapiné [[Ikuh bintang kudus|ikuh]] gas miwah gas buk sané makedus saking koma. Paristiwa puniki sangkaning panglalah saking [[radiasi surya]] miwah plasma [[angin surya]] sané mamargi ring inti bintang kudus. [[Inti komét]] linggahnyaé saking panyatusan méter ngantos puluhan kilométer lan kawangun antuk pupulan és, buk, lan partikel-partikel batu sané alit sané lepas. Koma minab ngantos kaping 15 diaméter Gumi, raris ikuh prasida nglintangin siki [[unit astronomi]]. Yéning sedeng nampek miwah galang, bintang kudus prasida kacingakin saking Gumi nénten madaging wantuan téléskop miwah prasida [[Sudut subtend|subtend]] busur ngantos 30 ̊ (60 sasih) nglintangin langit. Bintang kudus sampun kaselehin miwah kacatet saking dumun olih makudang-kudang budaya miwah agama. Bintang kudus katahan madué orbit élips sané pinih [[ékséntrisitas orbit|ékséntris]], miwah ipun madué [[periode orbit]], ngawit saking makudang warsa ngantos mapoténsi makudang-kudang yuta warsa. [[#Periode cendet|bintang kudus periode cendet]] mawit saking [[sabuk Kuiper]] utawi [[cakram kasebar]] sané mapaiketan, sané magenah ring dura orbit [[Néptunus]]. [[#Periode lantang|bintang kudus periode lantang]] kasengguh mawit saking [[awan Oort]], bola awan saking benda és sané nglimbak saking jaba sabuk Kuiper ngantos ring tengah bintang sané pinih nampek.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs: The Astounding Interconnectedness of the Universe |url=https://archive.org/details/darkmatterdinosa0000rand |publisher=Ecco/HarperCollins Publishers |location=New York |first=Lisa |last=Randall |pages=[https://archive.org/details/darkmatterdinosa0000rand/page/104 104]–105 |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-06-232847-2}}</ref> Bintang periode lantang kagenahang ring gerak nuju Matanai olih [[gangguan gravitasi]] saking [[Lis bintang sané pinih nampek#Masa Lantur miwah masa sané sampun lintang|bintang sané nglintangin]] miwah [[pasang susut galaksi]]. [[Bintang kudus hiperbolik]] minab nglintangin apisan ring tata surya sisi tengah sadurung kaulungin nuju ruang angkasa antarbintang. [[Bintang kudus punah]] sané sampun nglintangin nampek ring matanai sampun ping kalih kilangan akéh pisan [[volatilitas (kimia)|volatil]] es miwah bukné miwah minab rauh mesib sareng asteroid alit.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the difference between asteroids and comets |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Frequently_asked_questions |work=Rosetta's Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> Asteroid kasengguh madué wit sané matiosan saking bintang kudus, sampun kawentuk ring tengah orbit Jupiter pantaraning ring jaba tata surya.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Are Asteroids And Comets |url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040628110338/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2004 |work=Near Earth Object Program FAQ |publisher=NASA |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Comparison of Comet 81P/Wild 2 Dust with Interplanetary Dust from Comets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-01-25_319_5862/page/447 |last1=Ishii |first1=H. A. |last2=Bradley |first2=J. P. |last3=Dai |first3=Z. R. |last4=Chi |first4=M. |last5=Kearsley |first5=A. T. |last6=Burchell |first6=M. J. |last7=Browning |first7=N. D. |last8=Molster |first8=F. |display-authors=1 |journal=Science |volume=319 |issue=5862 |pages=447–50 |date=2008 |doi=10.1126/science.1150683 |pmid=18218892 |bibcode=2008Sci...319..447I|s2cid=24339399 }}</ref> Sakémanten, pacundukan [[bintang kudus sabuk utama]] miwah planet alit [[centaur (planet alit)|centaur]] sané aktif sampun ngabur [[Asteroid#Paistilah|pabinayan pantaraning asteroid miwah bintang kudus]]. Ring pangawit abad ka-21, kapanggihin makudang-kudang benda alit antuk orbit bintang kudus periode lanyang, sakéwanten karakteristik asteroid tata surya sisi tengah, kasengguh [[bintang kudus Manx]]. Ipun kantun kaklasifikasiang dados komet, minakadiC/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?orb=1;sstr=2014+S3 |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS)}}</ref> Kalih dasa pitu bintang kudus Manx kapanggihin saking warsa 2013 ngantos 2017.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Chasing Manxes: Long-Period Comets Without Tails |journal=AAA/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts |issue=49 |last1=Stephens |first1=Haynes |last2=Meech |first2=Karen Jean |last3=Kleyna |first3=Jan |last4=Keane |first4=Jacqueline |last5=Hainaut |first5=Olivier |last6=Yang |first6=Bin |last7=Wainscoat |first7=Richard J. |last8=Micheli |first8=Marco |last9=Bhatt |first9=Bhuwan |last10=Sahu |first10=Devendra |display-authors=1 |at=420.02 |date=October 2017 |volume=49 |bibcode=2017DPS....4942002S}}</ref> {{As of|2021|11}}, wénten 4.584 bintang kudus sané kapanggihin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/|title=Comets Discovered |website=Minor Planet Center|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> Sakémawon, puniki nyihnayang fraksi sané pinih alit saking total populasi bintang kudus poténsial, santukan cadangan benda-benda sekadi bintang ring jaba tata surya (ring [[awan Oort]]) kirang langkung atriliun.<ref name="Erickson2003">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwbivW5YKoYC&pg=PA123 |title=Asteroids, Comets, and Meteorites: Cosmic Invaders of the Earth |series=The Living Earth |publisher=Infobase |location=New York |first=Jon |last=Erickson |page=123 |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-8160-4873-1}}</ref><ref name="Couper2014">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXkRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 |title=The Planets: The Definitive Guide to Our Solar System |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=London |first1=Heather |last1=Couper |first2=Robert |last2=Dinwiddie |first3=John |last3=Farndon |first4=Nigel |last4=Henbest |first5=David W. |last5=Hughes |first6=Giles |last6=Sparrow |first7=Carole |last7=Stott |first8=Colin |last8=Stuart |display-authors=1 |page=222 |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4654-3573-6}}</ref> Kirang langkung asiki bintang kudus nyabran warsa prasida kacingakin antuk [[mata melalung]], yadiastun akéh saking punika sané enduk miwah nénten ngulangunin.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/icar.1998.6048 |title=The Rate of Naked-Eye Comets from 101 BC to 1970 AD |date=1999 |last1=Licht |first1=A. |journal=Icarus |volume=137 |issue=2 |pages=355–356 |bibcode=1999Icar..137..355L}}</ref> Conto sané pinih galang kasengguh "[[bintang kudus ageng]]". Bintang sampun karauhin olih probe sané tanpa awak sekadi ''[[Deep Impact (wahana antariksa)|Deep Impact]]'' NASA, sané ngeplugang kawah ring bintang kudus [[Tempel 1]] anggén mlajahin isiné, miwah ''[[Rosetta (wahana antariksa)|Rosetta]]'' saking Badan Antariksa Éropa, sané dados sané kapertama ngadaratang wahana robot antariksa ring bintang kudus.<ref name="Philae">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Touchdown!_Rosetta_s_Philae_probe_lands_on_comet |title=Touchdown! Rosetta's Philae Probe Lands on Comet |publisher=European Space Agency |date=12 November 2014 |access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} a8qf8enh6r4fyef5vwih7mkudsy02nn 0 63848 281096 280119 2026-08-27T20:20:56Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Diagnostik kotak informasi | name = Pahan karirihan | image = [[File:Raven Matrix.svg|class=skin-invert-image|290px]] | alt = [gambar conto item tes IQ] | caption = Silih sinunggil soroh item tes IQ, kamodelin sesampun item ring tes [[Matriks Progresif Raven]]. | ICD10 = {{ICD10|Z|01|8}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|94.01}} }}{{Psychology sidebar|all}}'''Pahan karirihan''' ([[Basa Inggris|Basa inggris]]: '''IQ''') inggih punika skor total sane mawit saking makudang-kudang [[Standardized test|tes standar]] utawi subtes sane kakaryanin anggen nguningin [[Human intelligence|kecerdasan manusa]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Braaten|first=Ellen B.|last2=Norman|first2=Dennis|date=1 November 2006|title=Intelligence (IQ) Testing|url=https://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/27/11/403|journal=Pediatrics in Review|volume=27|issue=11|pages=403–408|doi=10.1542/pir.27-11-403|issn=0191-9601|pmid=17079505|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.basabali.org/Karirihan|title=Karirihan|date=2019-12-24|website=BASAbaliWiki|language=en|access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref> Pangawitnyane, IQ inggih punika skor sane kapolihang antuk ngepah skor [[Mental age|yusa mental]] jadma, sane kapolihang antuk ngamargiang tes kecerdasan, antuk yusa kronologis jadma punika, makakalih kacihnayang ring warsa lan sasih. Pecahan sane kapolihang ( [[quotient]] ) kakaliang antuk 100 mangda ngamolihang nilai IQ. <ref>{{Kutip ensiklopedia |title=intelligence quotient (IQ) |publisher=National Council on Measurement in Education |location=Philadelphia, PA |url=http://www.ncme.org/ncme/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary1.aspx?hkey=4bb87415-44dc-4088-9ed9-e8515326a061#anchorI |access-date=1 July 2017 |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722194028/http://www.ncme.org/ncme/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary1.aspx?hkey=4bb87415-44dc-4088-9ed9-e8515326a061#anchorI |archive-date=22 July 2017}}</ref> Antuk [[Intelligence quotient#Current tests|tes IQ]] modern, [[Test score|skor mentah kauwah]] [[Data transformation (statistics)|dados]] [[Normal distribution|distribusi normal]] antuk rata-rata 100 lan [[Standard deviation|standar deviasi]] 15. Puniki ngamolihang kirang langkung kalih pertiga saking populasi sane ngamolihang skor pantaraning IQ 85 lan IQ 115 lan kirang langkung 2 persen soang-soang [[Intellectual giftedness|ring baduur 130]] lan [[Cacat intelektual|ring sor 70]]. <ref name="Neisser97">{{Cite journal|last=Neisser|first=Ulrich|year=1997|title=Rising Scores on Intelligence Tests|url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/rising-scores-on-intelligence-tests/|journal=American Scientist|volume=85|issue=5|pages=440–447|bibcode=1997AmSci..85..440N|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104214157/http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/rising-scores-on-intelligence-tests/99999|archive-date=4 November 2016|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> Nilai saking tes kecerdasan inggih punika estimasi kecerdasan. Nénten sekadi, sekadi, jarak miwah massa, ukuran kawagedan sané pastika nénten prasida kapolihang santukan sifat abstrak saking konsep "kawagedan". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Haier|first=Richard|title=The Neuroscience of Intelligence|date=28 December 2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107461437|pages=18–19}}</ref> Skor IQ sampun mabukti mapaiketan sareng faktor-faktor sekadi [[Human nutrition|nutrisi]], <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cusick|first=Sarah E.|last2=Georgieff|first2=Michael K.|date=1 August 2017|title=The Role of Nutrition in Brain Development: The Golden Opportunity of the 'First 1000 Days'|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|volume=175|pages=16–21|doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.013|issn=0022-3476|pmc=4981537|pmid=27266965}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saloojee|first=Haroon|last2=Pettifor|first2=John M|date=15 December 2001|title=Iron deficiency and impaired child development|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=323|issue=7326|pages=1377–1378|doi=10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1377|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1121846|pmid=11744547}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qian|first=Ming|last2=Wang|first2=Dong|last3=Watkins|first3=William E.|last4=Gebski|first4=Val|last5=Yan|first5=Yu Qin|last6=Li|first6=Mu|last7=Chen|first7=Zu Pei|date=2005|title=The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15734706/|journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=14|issue=1|pages=32–42|issn=0964-7058|pmid=15734706}}</ref> [[Socioeconomic status|status sosial ekonomi]] rerama, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poh|first=Bee Koon|last2=Lee|first2=Shoo Thien|last3=Yeo|first3=Giin Shang|last4=Tang|first4=Kean Choon|last5=Noor Afifah|first5=Ab Rahim|last6=Siti Hanisa|first6=Awal|last7=Parikh|first7=Panam|last8=Wong|first8=Jyh Eiin|last9=Ng|first9=Alvin Lai Oon|last10=SEANUTS Study Group|date=13 June 2019|title=Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=19|issue=Suppl 4|pages=541|doi=10.1186/s12889-019-6856-4|issn=1471-2458|pmc=6565598|pmid=31196019|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galván|first=Marcos|last2=Uauy|first2=Ricardo|last3=Corvalán|first3=Camila|last4=López-Rodríguez|first4=Guadalupe|last5=Kain|first5=Juliana|date=September 2013|title=Determinants of cognitive development of low SES children in Chile: a post-transitional country with rising childhood obesity rates|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22915146/|journal=Maternal and Child Health Journal|volume=17|issue=7|pages=1243–1251|doi=10.1007/s10995-012-1121-9|issn=1573-6628|pmid=22915146}}</ref> [[Pinakit|morbiditas]] lan [[Mortality rate|mortalitas]], <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Markus Jokela|last2=G. David Batty|last3=Ian J. Deary|last4=Catharine R. Gale|last5=Mika Kivimäki|year=2009|title=Low Childhood IQ and Early Adult Mortality: The Role of Explanatory Factors in the 1958 British Birth Cohort|journal=Pediatrics|volume=124|issue=3|pages=e380 – e388|doi=10.1542/peds.2009-0334|pmid=19706576}}</ref> {{Sfn|Deary|Batty|2007}} [[Social status|status sosial]] rerama, {{Sfn|Neisser et al.|1995}} lan [[Prenatal and perinatal psychology|lingkungan perinatal]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ronfani|first=Luca|last2=Vecchi Brumatti|first2=Liza|last3=Mariuz|first3=Marika|last4=Tognin|first4=Veronica|date=2015|title=The Complex Interaction between Home Environment, Socioeconomic Status, Maternal IQ and Early Child Neurocognitive Development: A Multivariate Analysis of Data Collected in a Newborn Cohort Study|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=5|pages=e0127052|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1027052R|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0127052|pmc=4440732|pmid=25996934|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yadiastun [[Heritability of IQ|heritabilitas IQ]] sampun kaselehin sampun nampek ring satus warsa, kantun wenten perdebatan indik signifikansi estimasi heritabilitas <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Wendy|last2=Turkheimer|first2=Eric|last3=Gottesman|first3=Irving I.|last4=Bouchard|first4=Thomas J.|date=August 2009|title=Beyond Heritability|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|volume=18|issue=4|pages=217–220|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01639.x|pmc=2899491|pmid=20625474}}</ref> {{Sfn|Turkheimer|2008}} <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oxley|first=Florence A. R.|last2=Wilding|first2=Kirsty|last3=von Stumm|first3=Sophie|date=2024-11-01|title=DNA and IQ: Big deal or much ado about nothing? – A meta-analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289624000655|journal=Intelligence|volume=107|pages=101871|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2024.101871|issn=0160-2896}}</ref> lan mekanisme pewarisan. <ref name="Devlin97">{{Cite journal|last=Devlin|first=B.|last2=Daniels|first2=Michael|last3=Roeder|first3=Kathryn|author-link3=Kathryn Roeder|year=1997|title=The heritability of IQ|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1997-07-31_388_6641/page/468|journal=Nature|volume=388|issue=6641|pages=468–71|bibcode=1997Natur.388..468D|doi=10.1038/41319|pmid=9242404|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Plomin|first=Robert|last2=von Stumm|first2=Sophie|date=March 2018|title=The new genetics of intelligence|journal=Nature Reviews Genetics|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=148–159|doi=10.1038/nrg.2017.104|issn=1471-0064|pmc=5985927|pmid=29335645}}</ref> Kirang langkung sané pinih becik mangkin ring heritabilitas kirang langkung 40 ngantos 60% saking varians pantaraning individu ring IQ sané katlatarang olih genetika. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=de la Fuente|first=Javier|last2=Davies|first2=Gail|last3=Grotzinger|first3=Andrew D.|last4=Tucker-Drob|first4=Elliot M.|last5=Deary|first5=Ian J.|date=January 2021|title=A general dimension of genetic sharing across diverse cognitive traits inferred from molecular data|journal=Nature Human Behaviour|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=49–58|doi=10.1038/s41562-020-00936-2|issn=2397-3374|pmc=9346507|pmid=32895543}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davies|first=G.|last2=Tenesa|first2=A.|last3=Payton|first3=A.|last4=Yang|first4=J.|last5=Harris|first5=S. E.|last6=Liewald|first6=D.|last7=Ke|first7=X.|last8=Le Hellard|first8=S.|last9=Christoforou|first9=A.|last10=Luciano|first10=M.|last11=McGhee|first11=K.|date=October 2011|title=Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic|journal=Molecular Psychiatry|language=en|volume=16|issue=10|pages=996–1005|doi=10.1038/mp.2011.85|issn=1476-5578|pmc=3182557|pmid=21826061}}</ref> Skor IQ kaanggen penempatan pendidikan, [[IQ classification|penilaian kemampuan intelektual]], lan evaluasi pelamar pekerjaan. Ring sajeroning konteks tetilik, ipun sampun kaplajahin pinaka prediktor [[Performance rating (work measurement)|kinerja pakaryan]] <ref name="Schmidt98">{{Cite journal|last=Schmidt|first=Frank L.|last2=Hunter|first2=John E.|year=1998|title=The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings|url=http://www.moityca.com.br/pdfs/SchmidteHunter1998.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=124|issue=2|pages=262–74|citeseerx=10.1.1.172.1733|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602034440/http://www.moityca.com.br/pdfs/SchmidteHunter1998.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2014|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> lan [[Income|pikolih]] . <ref name="Strenze2007">{{Cite journal|last=Strenze|first=Tarmo|date=September 2007|title=Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_intelligence_september-october-2007_35_5/page/401|journal=Intelligence|volume=35|issue=5|pages=401–426|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.004|quote=The correlation with income is considerably lower, perhaps even disappointingly low, being about the average of the previous meta-analytic estimates (.15 by Bowles et al., 2001; and .27 by Ng et al., 2005). But...other predictors, studied in this paper, are not doing any better in predicting income, which demonstrates that financial success is difficult to predict by any variable. This assertion is further corroborated by the meta-analysis of Ng et al. (2005) where the best predictor of salary was educational level with a correlation of only .29. It should also be noted that the correlation of .23 is about the size of the average meta-analytic result in psychology(Hemphill, 2003) and cannot, therefore, be treated as insignificant.}}</ref> Ipun taler kawigunayang anggen malajahin distribusi kecerdasan psikometrik ring populasi miwah [[Correlation and dependence|paiketannyane]] sareng variabel tiosan. Nilai mentah ring tes IQ majeng ring makudang-kudang populasi sampun nincap antuk tingkat rata-rata sane skalanyane kantos tiga titik IQ nyabran dekade ngawit saking pangawit abad ka-20, fenomena sane kabaos [[Flynn effect|efek Flynn]]. Investigasi pola sane mabinayan saking panincapan skor subtes taler prasida nguningayang penelitian sane mangkin indik kecerdasan manusa. Manut sejarah, akeh sane nukung pengujian IQ sampun dados [[Eugenics|ahli eugenika]] sane ngawigunayang [[Pseudoscience|pseudosains]] anggen nyokong pikayunan indik [[Scientific racism|hierarki rasial]] sane mangkin nenten kacumponin mangda prasida matutang [[Racial segregation|segregasi]] miwah nentang [[Immigration|imigrasi]]. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordre.com/psychology/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-516|title=Scientific Racism and North American Psychology|last=Winston|first=Andrew S.|date=29 May 2020|website=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Psychology|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.516|isbn=978-0-19-023655-7|quote=The use of psychological concepts and data to promote ideas of an enduring racial hierarchy dates from the late 1800s and has continued to the present. The history of scientific racism in psychology is intertwined with broader debates, anxieties, and political issues in American society. With the rise of intelligence testing, joined with ideas of eugenic progress and dysgenic reproduction, psychological concepts and data came to play an important role in naturalizing racial inequality. Although racial comparisons were not the primary concern of most early mental testing, results were employed to justify beliefs regarding Black “educability” and the dangers of Southern and Eastern European immigration.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Newitz|first=Annalee|title=Stories Are Weapons: Psychological Warfare and the American Mind|url=https://archive.org/details/storiesareweapon0000anna|date=June 4, 2024|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|chapter=Chapter 4|author-link=Annalee Newitz}}</ref> Pandangan sakadi punika mangkin katulak olih konsensus sané kuat saking sains arus utama, yadiastun tokoh-tokoh pinggiran terus ngalimbakang ipun ring [[Pseudo-scholarship|beasiswa semu]] miwah budaya populer. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Bird|first=Kevin|last2=Jackson|first2=John P.|last3=Winston|first3=Andrew S.|date=2024|title=Confronting Scientific Racism in Psychology: Lessons from Evolutionary Biology and Genetics|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Famp0001228|journal=American Psychologist|volume=79|issue=4|pages=497–508|doi=10.1037/amp0001228|pmid=39037836|quote=Recent articles claim that the folk categories of race are genetically meaningful divisions, and that evolved genetic differences among races and nations are important for explaining immutable differences in cognitive ability, educational attainment, crime, sexual behavior, and wealth; all claims that are opposed by a strong scientific consensus to the contrary.}}</ref> <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Panofsky|first=Aaron|last2=Dasgupta|first2=Kushan|last3=Iturriaga|first3=Nicole|year=2021|title=How White nationalists mobilize genetics: From genetic ancestry and human biodiversity to counterscience and metapolitics|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=175|issue=2|pages=387–398|doi=10.1002/ajpa.24150|issn=0002-9483|pmc=9909835|pmid=32986847|quote=[T]he claims that genetics defines racial groups and makes them different, that IQ and cultural differences among racial groups are caused by genes, and that racial inequalities within and between nations are the inevitable outcome of long evolutionary processes are neither new nor supported by science (either old or new).|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Emotional competence|Kompetensi emosi]] * [[Kawicaksanaan punika ngatur raos|Kecerdasan emosional]] (EI), taler kabaos hasil bagi emosi (EQ) lan hasil bagi kecerdasan emosional (EIQ) . * [[Raven's Progressive Matrices|Matriks Progresif Gagak]] * [[Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales|Skala Kecerdasan Stanford-Binet]] * [[Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale|Skala Kecerdasan Dewasa Wechsler]] * [[Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities|Tes Kawagedan Kognitif Woodcock-Johnson]] == Pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Pahan karirihan]] l7w4ocgmudlwbtuqb1immdt7kfu3tgz 0 63891 281141 240043 2026-08-27T21:13:12Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281141 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=[[File:Nautilus (SSN 571) Groton CT 2002 May 08.jpg|border|300px]] |Ship caption=Kapal perang USS ''Nautilus'' sané purna tugas mawali nuju pangkalan duk tanggal 8 Méi 2002, sesampun kaawétang olih [[General Dynamics Electric Boat|Electric Boat Division]] }} {{Infobox ship class overview |Builders=[[General Dynamics]] |Operators={{naval|Amérika Serikat}} |Class before={{sclass|Tang|kapal silem|4}} |Class after={{USS|Seawolf|SSN-575|6}} |Subclasses= |Built range=1952 |In commission range=1954–1980 |Total ships planned= |Total ships on order= |Total ships building= |Total ships completed= |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost= |Total ships retired= |Total ships scrapped= |Total ships preserved= }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country=Amérika Serikat |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Amérika Serikat|naval}} |Ship name=''Nautilus'' |Ship namesake= kapal silem "[[Nautilus (kapal silem fiksi)|Nautilus]]" [[Jules Verne]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/nautilus-ssn-571-iv.html |title=Nautilus IV (SSN-571)}}</ref> |Ship ordered= |Ship awarded=2 Agustus 1951 |Ship builder=[[General Dynamics]] |Ship original cost= |Ship yard number= |Ship way number= |Ship laid down=14 Juni 1952 |Ship launched=21 Januari 1954 |Ship sponsor=[[Mamie Eisenhower]] ([[Ibu Negara Amérika Serikat]]) |Ship christened= |Ship completed=22 April 1955 |Ship acquired= |Ship commissioned=30 Séptémber 1954 |Ship recommissioned= |Ship decommissioned=3 Maret 1980 |Ship maiden voyage= |Ship in service= |Ship out of service= |Ship renamed= |Ship reclassified= |Ship refit= |Ship struck=3 March 1980 |Ship reinstated= |Ship homeport= |Ship identification= |Ship motto= |Ship nickname= |Ship honours= |Ship honors= |Ship captured= |Ship fate= |Ship status=[[Kapal museum]] |Ship notes= |Ship badge=}} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship class= |Ship type=[[Kapal silem nuklir]] |Ship displacement=*{{cvt|3533|LT|t|lk=on}} (ngapung) *{{cvt|4092|LT|t}} (nyilem)<ref name = DANFS /> |Ship length={{cvt|320|ft|abbr=on|1}} |Ship beam={{cvt|28|ft|abbr=on|1}} |Ship draft={{cvt|26|ft|abbr=on|1}} |Ship power={{cvt|13400|hp|kW|lk=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Cold War submarines: the design and construction of US and Soviet submarines |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/coldwarsubmarine0000norm |first1=Norman |last1=Polmar |first2=Kenneth J |last2=Moore |publisher=Brassey's}}</ref> |Ship propulsion=Réaktor nuklir STR (selanturné dadoa [[réaktor S2W|S2W]]), panggerak [[turbin uap]], kalih poros |Ship speed={{cvt|23|kn|lk=in}}<ref>{{cite book |title=US Nuclear Submarines: The Fast Attack |year=2007 |url=https://archive.org/details/usnuclearsubmari0000chri |first1=Jim |last1=Christley |first2=Tony |last2=Bryan |publisher=Osprey}}</ref> |Ship range= |Ship endurance= |Ship test depth= |Ship complement=13 perwira, 92 tamtama |Ship crew= |Ship time to activate= |Ship sensors= |Ship EW= |Ship armament=6 tabung torpédo |Ship notes=}} {{Infobox NRHP |embed=yes |name=''U.S.S. Nautilus'' (Nuclear Submarine) |nrhp_type=nhl |image=USS Nautilus SSN571.JPG |image_size=300 |caption=USS ''Nautilus'' malabuh ring [[Perpustakaan lan Museum Kapal Silem]] |location=[[Groton, Connecticut]] |locmapin=USA Connecticut |map_width=300 |area= |built=1952-1955, (katugasang 1954) |architect=[[General Dynamics Corporation]] |architecture= |designated_nrhp_type=20 Méi 1982<ref name = "nhlsum">{{cite web |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1810&ResourceType=Structure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128055320/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1810&ResourceType=Structure |archive-date=28 November 2002 |title=Nautilus (Nuclear Submarine) |access-date=3 October 2007 |work=National Historic Landmark summary listing |publisher=[[Ayahan Taman Nasional]]}}</ref> |added=16 May 1979<ref name="nris">{{NRISref |2007a}}</ref> |refnum=79002653 }} |} '''USS ''Nautilus'' (SSN-571)''' inggih punika [[kapal silem nuklir|kapal silem tenaga nuklir]] sané kapertama ring jagaté lan ring tanggal 3 Agustus 1958 dados kapal silem kapertama sane muputang transit nyilem ring [[Kutub Kalér]]. Perwira komandan pangawitné inggih punika [[Eugene Parks Wilkinson|Eugene "Dennis" Wilkinson]], perwira angkatan segara sane kasub sané sampun ngatur panggung antuk akéh protokol Angkatan Segara Nuklir AS mangkin, lan sané madué pakaryan sané masatua salami dinas militer lan sesampunné.<ref>Winters, Ann (28 March 2017). "Underway on Nuclear Power" -- The Man Behind the Words: Eugene P. "Dennis" Wilkinson, Vice Admiral USN. The American Nuclear Society.</ref> {{Kelas kapal silem AS sesampun 1945}} 25ul7kl8tef5vp0wfmm8zuysny43qdi 0 63893 281145 236410 2026-08-27T21:15:55Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281145 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Panteisme''' prasida nganutin makudang-kudang kapercayaan [[Filsafat|filosofis]] lan [[agama]], sakadi kapercayaan indik alam semesta punika Ida Sang Hyang Widhi, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/pantheism|title=Pantheism – Definition, Meaning & Synonyms|website=Vocabulary.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> utawi [[Panentheism|panentheisme]], kapercayaan ring kecerdasan ilahi sane nenten berwujud utawi [[Hyang Widi|Ida Sang Hyang Widhi]] saking dija alam semesta punika metu <ref name="Thomson">Ann Thomson; Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment, 2008, page 54.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Raphson|first=Joseph|title=De spatio reali|publisher=Londini|year=1697|page=2|language=la}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|title=Joseph Raphson: 1648–1715|last=Suttle|first=Gary|publisher=Pantheist Association for Nature|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140352/http://naturepantheist.org/raph-son.html|archive-date=7 April 2023|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> sane mabinayan sareng go religion sane berwujud. Pikayunan sané kapertama mawit saking para teolog Gereja sané, rikala nyerang wangun panteisme sané kaping untat, ngambarang panteisme pinaka kapercayaan yéning Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa inggih punika alam semesta material punika. <ref name="Worman">Worman, J. H., "Pantheism", in ''Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume 1'', John McClintock, James Strong (Eds), Harper & Brothers, 1896, pp. 616–624.</ref> <ref name="Worman" /> <ref>Worman cites Wegscheider, ''Institutiones theologicae dogmaticae'', p. 250.</ref> Ring sor makudang-kudang konsepsi panteisme, alam semesta kaanggep pinaka [[Deity|dewa]] [[Immanent|imanen]], kantun nglimbak lan nyiptaang, sane sampun wenten saking pangawit masa. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The New [[Oxford Dictionary of English]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-861263-6|location=Oxford|page=[https://archive.org/details/newoxforddiction0000unse/page/1341 1341]}}</ref> Panteisme polih ngeranjing keyakinan indik makasami marupa kasatuan lan kasatuan puniki ilahi, terdiri saking [[God (male deity)|dewa]] utawi [[Goddess|dewi]] sane mencakup makasami, sane kacihnayang. <ref name="Edwards">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Paul Edwards|publisher=Macmillan and Free Press|year=1967|location=New York|page=34}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Reid-Bowen|first=Paul|title=Goddess as Nature: Towards a Philosophical Thealogy|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1317126348|page=70}}</ref> Makasami benda saking irika kacingak pinaka pahan saking dewa tunggal. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipédia:Kaperluang kutipan|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">kutipan sané kaperluang</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Mawinan definisi panteisme anyar sane kaanggen olih anti-panteis, istilah [[Panentheism|panenteisme]] ngawit kaanggen antuk ngarujuk ring panteisme sakadi sane awalne kakayunin. Definisi panteisme sane lianan inggih punika pamujaan majeng ring makasami dewa saking sabilang agama, nanging niki lebih tepatnyane kasebut [[Omnism|omnisme]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pantheism|title=Definition of Pantheism|date=28 September 2023}}</ref> [[Kapercayaan]] panteis nenten ngangkenin [[Personal god|dewa pribadi]] sane mabinayan, <ref>{{Cite book|title=A Companion to Philosophy of Religion|editor-last=Charles Taliaferro|page=340|quote=They deny that God is 'totally other' than the world or ontologically distinct from it.|editor-last2=Paul Draper|editor-last3=Philip L. Quinn}}</ref> [[Anthropomorphic|antropomorfik]] utawi sane lianan, nanging gumanti nyihnayang makudang-kudang doktrin sane mabinayan ring wangun paiketan pantaraning realitas lan ketuhanan. <ref name="LevineDetailed">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Levine|1994}}:</ref> Konsep panteis mawit saking panyiuan warsa sane sampun lintang, lan elemen panteis sampun kaidentifikasi ring makudang - kudang tradisi agama. Istilah ''panteisme'' puniki kakaryanin olih ahli matematika [[Joseph Raphson]] duk warsa 1697 <ref name="Taylor">{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Bron|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1342|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature|date=2008|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1441122780|pages=1341–1342|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Thomson2">Ann Thomson; Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment, 2008, page 54.</ref> lan ngawit saking punika, sampun kaanggen nlatarang indik kapercayaan saking makudang-kudang jadma lan organisasi. Panteisme kasub ring [[Western culture|budaya Barat]] dados [[Theology|teologi]] lan filsafat madasar antuk karya filsuf abad ke-17 [[Baruch Spinoza]], khusus nyane, buku nyane ''[[Ethics (Spinoza book)|Etika]]''. <ref name="Genevieve Lloyd 1996">{{Cite book|last=Lloyd|first=Genevieve|title=Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Spinoza and The Ethics|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgephiloso0000lloy_k3k8|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1996|isbn=978-0-415-10782-2|edition=|series=Routledge Philosophy Guidebooks|page=[https://archive.org/details/routledgephiloso0000lloy_k3k8/page/24 24]}}</ref> Sikap panteis taler kaambil ring abad ka-16 olih filsuf miwah ahli kosmologi [[Giordano Bruno]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html|title=Giordano Bruno|last=Birx|first=Jams H.|date=11 November 1997|publisher=The Harbinger|location=[[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile, AL]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727101806/http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html|archive-date=27 July 2017|access-date=5 February 2019|quote=Bruno was burned to death at the stake for his pantheistic stance and cosmic perspective.}}</ref> Ring Kangin, [[Advaita Vedanta]], aliran [[Hindu philosophy|filsafat Hindu]] kaanggep mesib sareng panteisme ring filsafat Barat. [[Agama Tao|Taoisme]] pangawit [[Laozi]] lan [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] masih kadang kaanggep panteis, yadiastun manawi lewih mirib teken [[Panentheism|panenteisme]] . [[Cheondoism|Cheondoisme]], sane metu ring [[Dinasti Joseon]] Korea, lan [[Won Buddhism|Buddha Won]] taler kaanggep panteis. == Pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Panteisme]] e67pwn82ecodxdqdmr96dw0bsd55433 0 64045 281194 237265 2026-08-27T21:52:55Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281194 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin | infobox caption = yes }} {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = File:USS RANGER august 1961 (6051633307).jpg | Ship caption = USS ''Ranger'' ring Agustus 1961 }} {{Infobox ship career | Hide header = | Ship country = Amérika Serikat | Ship flag = {{USN flag|1993}} | Ship name = ''Ranger'' | Ship namesake = [[USS Ranger]] | Ship nicknames = *''Danger Ranger'' *''Top Gun'' | Ship ordered = 1 Pébruari 1954 | Ship builder = [[Northrop Grumman Newport News|Newport News Shipbuilding]] | Ship original cost = *$182&nbsp;yuta (1954)<ref>{{cite book| title=Jane's American fighting ships of the 20th century | url=https://archive.org/details/janesamericanfig0000john | location=New York, N.Y. | publisher=Mallard Press | year=1991 | isbn= 0-7924-5626-2| page= [https://archive.org/details/janesamericanfig0000john/page/78 78]}}</ref> *(mangkin ${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US|182000000|1954}}}}) | Ship laid down = 2 Agustus 1954 | Ship launched = 29 Séptémber 1956 | Ship sponsor = *Miriam J. Radford *(Nyonya. [[Arthur W. Radford]]) | Ship acquired = 1 Agustus 1957 | Ship commissioned = 10 Agustus 1957 | Ship reclassified = CV-61 | Ship decommissioned = 10 Juli 1993 | Ship in service = | Ship out of service = | Ship struck = 8 Maret 2004 | Ship reinstated = | Ship identification =*{{MMSI Number|366986000}} *[[Cihna kaukan maritim|Cihna kaukan]]: NHKG *{{ICS|November}}{{ICS|Hotel}}{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Golf}} *[[Nomer lambung]]: CVA-61 | Ship fate = [[Parugahan kapal|Karugah]], 1 Nopémber 2017 | Ship notes = | Ship badge =[[File:USS Ranger (CV-61) insignia, 1987.png|150px]] }} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship class = {{sclass|Forrestal|kapal ina}} | Ship displacement = *{{convert|56300|LT|t}} ingan *{{convert|81101|LT|t}} jangkep | Ship length = {{convert|1071|ft|m|abbr=on}} | Ship beam = *{{convert|130|ft|m|abbr=on}} garis toya *{{convert|249|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} ékstrim | Ship draught = | Ship draft = {{convert|37|ft|m|abbr=on}} | Ship propulsion = *4 turbin roda gigi, 4 poros, {{convert|280000|shp|MW}} *8 [[Babcock & Wilcox]] kétél uap | Ship speed = {{convert|34|kn|lk=in}} | Ship range = | Ship complement = 3,826 perwira miwah tamtama. | Ship sensors = *[[AN/SPS-48]] Radar penyeleh udara 3D *[[AN/SPS-49]] Radar panyeleh udara 2D | Ship EW = [[Mark 36 SRBOC]] | Ship armament = *8 × [[Bedil 5"/54 caliber Mark 42]] (127 mm) (kaicalang) *NATO [[Sea Sparrow]] *[[Phalanx CIWS]] | Ship armour = | Ship armor = | Ship aircraft = 70–90 | Ship notes = }} |} '''USS ''Ranger'' (CV/CVA-61)''' kapitu inggih punika katiga saking papat {{sclass|Forrestal|kapal ina|0}} [[angkut super]] kawangun antuk [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]] daweg warsa 1950-an. Yadiastun makepapat kapal kelas niki kajangkepin sareng [[Dek penerbangan#Dek penerbangan mabucu|dek mabucu]], ''Ranger'' madué kaistiméwaan dados kapal ina AS kapertama sané kawangun saking pamahbahné dados kapal dek mabucu. {{Kapal ina kelas Forrestal}} p98bz51cahmho8lqe6l0fic7mhnsed0 0 64083 281062 238823 2026-08-27T19:56:51Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281062 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin|infobox caption=USS ''George H. W. Bush'' (CVN-77)}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image = File:US Navy 110129-N-3885H-158 USS George H.W. Bush (CVN 77) is underway in the Atlantic Ocean.jpg |Ship caption = USS ''George H. W. Bush'' ring Samudra Atlantik Januari 2011 }} {{Infobox ship career |Ship flag = {{USN flag}} |Ship country = Amérika Serikat |Ship name = ''George H. W. Bush'' |Ship namesake = [[George H. W. Bush]] |Ship ordered = 26 Januari 2001 |Ship awarded = 26 Januari 2001 |Ship builder = [[Northrop Grumman Newport News]]<ref Name="NavyNews12182008">{{cite web|title=Future USS ''George H.W. Bush'' to Transit|publisher=Naval Sea Systems Command Public Affairs|date=18 Désémber 2008|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=41503|access-date=22 Désémber 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006091018/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=41503|archive-date=6 Oktober 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Ship original cost = $6.2 miliar<ref name="FoxCommissioned">{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,479087,00.html |title=Aircraft Carrier Named the USS ''George H.W. Bush'' Commissioned |date=10 Januari 2009 |publisher=Fox News |access-date=2 Juni 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121021164246/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,479087,00.html |archive-date=21 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |Ship yard number = |Ship way number = |Ship laid down = 6 Séptémber 2003<ref Name="NavyNews12182008"/> |Ship sponsor = [[Dorothy Bush Koch]]<ref Name="NavyNews12182008"/> |Ship christened = 7 Oktober 2006 |Ship launched = 9 Oktober 2006 |Ship completed = |Ship acquired=11 Méi 2009 |Ship commissioned = 10 Januari 2009<ref name="FoxCommissioned"/> |Ship recommissioned = |Ship decommissioned = |Ship renamed = |Ship reclassified = |Ship refit = |Ship struck = |Ship reinstated = |Ship homeport = [[Pangkalan Angkatan Segara Norfolk|Norfolk]], Virginia |Ship identification = *{{MMSI Number|369970663}} *[[Cihna kaukan maritim|Cihna kaukan]]: NGHW *{{ICS|November}}{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Hotel}}{{ICS|Whiskey}} *[[Nomer lambung]]: CVN-77 |Ship motto = ''Freedom at Work'' |Ship nickname = ''Avenger'' |Ship honors = |Ship captured = |Ship status = {{Ship in active service}} |Ship notes = |Ship badge = [[File:CVN-77 insignia.svg|150px]] }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header = |Header caption = |Ship class={{sclass|Nimitz|kapal ina}} |Ship type = |Ship displacement = {{convert|102000|LT|MT|lk=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet |last=Polmar |first=Norman |year=2004 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-59114-685-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm/page/112 112]|url= https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm |url-access=registration|quote=nimitz class displacement|access-date=26 Séptémber 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usna.edu/NAOE/_files/documents/Courses/EN400/04.04%20CVN.pdf|title=CVN-68: NIMITZ CLASS}}</ref> |Ship length = {{Nimitz class aircraft carrier length}} |Ship beam = {{Nimitz class aircraft carrier beam}} |Ship draft = {{Nimitz class aircraft carrier draught}} |Ship power = |Ship propulsion = {{Nimitz class aircraft carrier propulsion}} |Ship speed = {{Nimitz class aircraft carrier speed}} |Ship range = {{Nuclear ship range}} |Ship complement = {{Nimitz class aircraft carrier complement}} |Ship crew = |Ship time to activate = |Ship sensors = {{Nimitz class aircraft carrier sensors II}} |Ship EW = {{Nimitz class aircraft carrier EW}} |Ship armament =*2 × Mk&nbsp;29 [[ESSM]] launcher *2 × [[RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile]] *3 × [[Phalanx CIWS]]<ref name=NavTech2>{{cite web |title=USS George HW Bush Project |url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/george-h-w-bush/ |work=USS George HW Bush (CVN-77) Aircraft Carrier, United States of America |publisher=Net Resources International/SPG Media LTD |access-date=25 Désémber 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204023231/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/george-h-w-bush |archive-date=4 Désémber 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |Ship armor = {{convert|2.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} [[Kevlar]] ring ruang vital<ref name="Fontenoy">{{cite book |title=Aircraft carriers: an illustrated history of their impact |url=https://archive.org/details/aircraftcarriers0000font |last=Fontenoy |first=Paul E. |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO Ltd |isbn=978-1-85109-573-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/aircraftcarriers0000font/page/349 349] }}</ref> |Ship aircraft = {{Nimitz class aircraft carrier aircraft}} |Ship aircraft facilities = |Ship notes = |Ship fate = }} |} '''USS ''George H. W. Bush'' (CVN-77)''' inggih punika sané kadasa miwah untat {{sclass|Nimitz|kapal ina|0}} [[kapal ina]] druén [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]]. Parinamanyané kaambil saking wasta [[Présidén Amérika Serikat]] ka-41 miwah lad [[Diréktur Intelijén Pusat]] [[George H. W. Bush]], sané pinaka [[panerbang angkatan Segara]] selami [[Yuda Jagat II|Perang Jagad II]]. [[Cihna kaukan]] kapal punika inggih punika ''Avenger'', sesampun [[Grumman TBF Avenger|TBF Avenger]] [[Pesawat kampid tetep|pesawat]] sané kakeberang olih Letnan George H. W. Bush rinh [[Yuda Jagat II|Perang Jagad II]]. Konstruksi dimulai daweg warsa 2003 di [[Northrop Grumman]], ring [[Newport News, Virginia]] miwah pragat daweg warsa 2009 sareng pabéa $6.2&nbsp;miliar. Labuhan asalnyané inggih punika [[Pangkalan Angkatan Segara Norfolk]], Virginia. {{Kapal ina kelas Nimitz}} 011s2pe8k7u3zeqewkq5m9v8c2cbf4y 0 64442 281051 241035 2026-08-27T19:45:41Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Scolecophidia | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|87.8|0}} [[Ungkur Aab Kapur]] - mangkin (cingak téks) | image = Ramphotyphlops braminus jja.jpg | image_caption = Lelipi lengis brahmana,<br />''[[Indotyphlops braminus|Ramphotyphlops braminus]]'' | taxon = Scolecophidia | authority = [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1864<ref name="McD99">[[species:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], [[species:T’Shaka A. Touré|Touré TA]] (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Kulawarga | subdivision = Cingak téks }} '''Scolecophidia''', taler kasengguh '''lelipi lengis''' utawi '''lelipi buta''',<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=634389 |taxon=Scolecophidia |accessdate=14 August 2007}}</ref> inggih punika [[infraordo]]<ref name="ITIS" /> saking [[lelipi]].<ref name="Vitt2014">{{Cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles|url=https://archive.org/details/herpetologyintro0000vitt|last1=Vitt|first1=Laurie J.|author1-link=species:Laurie Joseph Vitt|last2=Caldwell|first2=Janalee P.|author2-link=species:Janalee Paige Caldwell|publisher=Academic Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-12-386919-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/herpetologyintro0000vitt/page/597 597]–603|edition=Fourth}}</ref> Dawané sawatara {{convert|10|to|100|cm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=off|sp=us}}. Makasami inggih punika [[fossorial]] (maadaptasi antuk ngeruk tanah).<ref>[http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/squamata/scolecophidia.html Scolecophidia] ring [http://www.palaeos.com/ Palaeos]. Kaaksés 21 Désémber 2013.</ref> Lima [[Kaluwarga (biologi)|kulawarga]] miwah 39 [[génus|généra]] sané kauningin.<ref name="TRD">{{cite web|last1=Uetz|first1=Peter|author1-link=species:Peter Uetz|title=The Reptile Database|url=http://www.reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search|website=The Reptile Database|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=18 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018165952/http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search|url-status=dead}}</ref> Infraordo Scolecophidia minab ageng inggih punika [[Paraphili|parafiletik]] (sareng famili [[Anomalepididae]] pulih sareng dukungan kuat dados klan semeton antuk [[Alethinophidia|'lelipi khas']]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miralles |first1=Aurélien |author1-link=species:Aurélien Miralles |last2=Marin |first2=Julie |author2-link=species:Julie Marin |last3=Markus |first3=Damin |last4=Herrel |first4=Anthony |author4-link=species:Anthony Herrel |last5=Hedges |first5=Blair |author5-link=Stephen Blair Hedges |last6=Vidal |first6=Nicolas |author6-link=species:Nicolas Vidal |title=Molecular evidence for the paraphyly of Scolecophidia and its evolutionary implications |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |date=2018 |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1782–1793 |doi=10.1111/jeb.13373|pmid=30193402 |s2cid=52174313 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} kx8l2i8dh86rudrhifryd0zif4f277s 0 64517 281228 238527 2026-08-27T22:13:25Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Bitis arietans by Danny S. 1.JPG | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author1=Wagner, P. |author2=Wilms, T. |author3=Luiselli, L. |author4=Penner, J. |author5=Rödel, M.-O. |author6=Els, J. |author7=Al Johany, A.M.H. |author8=Egan, D.M. |author9=Beraduccii, J. |author10=Howell, K. |author11=Msuya, C.A. |author12=Ngalason, W. |author13=Turner, A.A. |author14=Zassi-Boulou, A.-G. |author15=Kusamba, C. |author16=Chippaux, J.-P. |date=2021 |title=''Bitis arietans'' |page=e.T197461A2485974 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T197461A2485974.en}}</ref> | genus = Bitis | species = arietans | authority = ([[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820) | range_map = Bitis arietans distribution map.svg | range_map_caption = {{legend|#c10000|border=none|&nbsp;pasebaran alami<ref name="IUCN"/>}} | synonyms = {{Collapsible list|title=Klik ngajimbarang |''Cobra lachesis'' <small>[[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768</small> |''Cobra clotho'' <small>Laurenti, 1768</small> |''Coluber lachesis'' <small>— [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788</small> |''Coluber clotho'' <small>— Gmelin, 1788</small> |''Coluber bitin'' <small>[[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1790</small> |''Coluber intumescens'' <br /><small>Donndorff, 1798</small> |''Vipera severa'' <br /><small>[[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]] ''Ring'' [[Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt|Sonnini]] & Latreille, 1801</small> |''Vipera (Echidna) arietans'' <br /><small>Merrem, 1820</small> |''Vipera inflata'' <small>[[William John Burchell|Burchell]], 1822</small> |''Echidna arietans'' <small>— [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1828</small> |''Vipera brachyura'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829</small> |''Vipera arietans'' <small>— [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1837</small> |''Clotho (Bitis) arietans'' <small>— [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1842</small> |''Clotho (Bitis) lateristriga'' <small>Gray, 1842</small> |''Echidna arietans'' <small>— [[André Marie Constant Duméril|A.M.C. Duméril]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]] & [[Auguste Duméril|A.H.A. Duméril]], 1854</small> |''Bitis arietans'' <small>— [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1858</small> |''Bitis arietans'' <small>— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896</small> |''Cobra lachesis'' <small>— [[Robert Mertens|Mertens]], 1937</small> |''Bitis lachesis'' <small>— Mertens, 1938</small> |''Bitis lachesis lachesis'' <br /><small>— [[:fr:Gaston-François de Witte|de Witte]], 1953</small> |''Bitis arietans arietans'' <br /><small>— [[Arthur Loveridge|Loveridge]], 1953</small> |''Bitis arietans peghullae'' <br /><small>Steward, 1973</small> |''Bitis arietans'' <small>— Golay et al., 1993</small> |''Vipera (Clotho) arietans'' <br /><small>— Herprint Int'l, 1994</small> |''Bitis arietans'' <br /><small>— Spawls & Branch, 1995</small><ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré T. 1999. ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref> }} }}'''Lelipi adder Afrika''' ('''''Bitis arietans''''') inggih punika [[spésiés]] [[viperinae|lelipi]] sané pinih maupas sané kapanggihin ring [[sabana]] lan [[padang tegal]] saking [[Maroko]] lan [[Arab]] kauh ring sajebag [[Afrika]] sajabaning ring wawengkon [[Gurun Sahara]] lan [[wana sabeh]].<ref name="USN91">{{cite book|series=U.S. Navy Manuals|year=1991 |title=Venomous Snakes of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/poisonoussnakeso0000unse|location=New York|publisher=Dover Publications Inc|isbn=0-486-26629-X}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 4ovles38jppoaarzehvqara6oe07p7a 0 64531 281115 238568 2026-08-27T20:37:31Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281115 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Silence_and_Respect.jpg|ka|jmpl|Tanda sane nunas "meneng lan hormat" ring [[Arlington National Cemetery|Setra Nasional Arlington]]]] '''Suun''', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.basabali.org/Sesuunan|title=Sesuunan|date=2020-05-03|website=BASAbaliWiki|language=en|access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>taler kabaos ([[Basa Inggris]]:'''esteem'''), inggih punika [[Feeling|raos]] sane positif utawi parilaksana deferensial sane kasinahang majeng ring anak utawi sesuatu sane kaanggep penting utawi kagemel antuk hormat utawi hormat sane tegeh. Punika ngwedar rasa kagum ring sifat-sifat sane becik utawi sane mawiguna. Taler pinaka pamargi ngaturang parama suksma majeng ring anak tiosan antuk nyihnayang rasa kapiara, kapiara, utawi nitenin kabuatan utawi raosnyane. <ref>{{Multiref2|{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/respect|title=respect|work=Merriam Webster|access-date = December 13, 2017}}|{{cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/respect|title=respect|work=Cambridge Dictionary|access-date = December 14, 2017}}}}</ref> Ring akeh [[budaya]], jadma kaanggep patut kahormatin kantos ipun muktiang sane tiosan. Makudang-kudang jadma minab ngamolihang panghormatan khusus majalaran antuk parilaksana utawi peran sosialnyane sane dados tetuladan. Ring "budaya kehormatan", rasa hormat akehan kapolihang antuk cara puniki tekening sane kaicen manut default. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sommers|first=Tamler|title=Why Honor Matters|url=https://archive.org/details/whyhonormatters0000somm|publisher=Basic Books|year=2018|isbn=9780465098873}}</ref> Sopan santun sane nyinahang rasa hormat minab ngranjing kruna-kruna miwah frasa sederana sakadi " [[Gratitude|suksma]] " ring [[Western world|Barat]] utawi " {{Transl|sa|[[namaste]]}} " ring [[Panak benua India|anak benua India]], utawi cihna fisik sederana sakadi [[Bowing|nunduk]] akidik, [[Smile|makenyem]], [[Eye contact|kontak mata]] langsung, utawi [[Handshake|pegatan tangan]] . Parilaksana punika minab madue interpretasi sane mabinayan manut ring [[Budaya|konteks budaya]]. Tetujon sane kaping untat mangda makasami jadma prasida kahormatin. == Cingak taler == * [[Asch conformity experiments|Percobaan konformitas Asch]] * [[Attention|Perhatian]] * [[Dignity|Kawibawan]] * [[Etiquette|Tata krama]] ** [[:Category:Social graces|Kategori:Panugrahan sosial]] ** [[Etiquette in Asia|Tata krama ring Asia]] * [[Golden Rule|Uger-uger Emas]] * [[Identity (social science)|Identitas (ilmu sosial)]] * [[Impression management|Pangelolaan tayangan]] * [[Milgram experiment|Percobaan Milgram]] * [[Non-aggression principle|Prinsip non-agresi]] * [[PLUR|Dame Tresna Persatuan Hormat]] * [[Social comparison theory|Teori perbandingan sosial]] * [[Social death|Pati sosial]] * [[Social support|Dukungan sosial]] * [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|Nilai (etika miwah ilmu sosial)]] == Pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Parilaksana manusa]] [[Kategori:Konvensi budaya]] [[Kategori:Paiketan antar pribadi]] i03zwkqhrek7zhuavzunh7chrwq296l 0 64605 281129 238725 2026-08-27T20:44:33Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281129 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Car_elevator_(4454457711).jpg|jmpl|Pengangkidan mobil]] [[Berkas:Car_Park_-_Autosilo.png|ka|jmpl|142x142px|[[Car parking system|Sistem parkir mobil]] puniki prasida ngirangin makasami prabéya]] '''Pengangkidan mobil''' utawi pengangkidan montor inggih punika [[Elevator|Pengangkidan]] sane kakaryanin antuk transportasi vertikal kendaraan ring jeroan gedung, dadosnyane nincapang jumlah kendaraan sane prasida kaparkir ring [[Parking lot|genah parkir]] lan [[Parking garage|garasi parkir]] . Ring dija [[real estate]] mael, [[Car parking system|sistem parkir mobil]] puniki prasida ngirangin makasami prabéya antuk ngawigunayang tanah sané akidik anggén parkir mobil sané pateh. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/03/a-guide-for-the-99-what-is-a-car-elevator-and-why-does-mitt-need-one/255134/|title=A Guide for the 99%: What Is a Car Elevator and Why Does Mitt Need One?|last=Graham|first=David A.|date=March 27, 2012|website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Angkat kendaraan, sane ngangkat mobil ring pusat gravitasinyane, kaanggen ring garasi lan bengkel lan kakaryanin mangda prasida ngamolihang akses ring [[Chassis|dasar]] mobil anggen perbaikan. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Duffy|first=James E.|title=Auto Body Repair Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/autobodyrepairte0000duff_c6c2_ed4|last2=Scharff|first2=Robert|publisher=Thomson/Delmar Learning|year=2003|isbn=9780766862722|pages=[https://archive.org/details/autobodyrepairte0000duff_c6c2_ed4/page/250 250]}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Automated parking system|Sistem parkir otomatis]] * [[Car parking system|Sistem parkir mobil]] * [[Car ramp|Tanjakan mobil]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Commons category inline}} [[Kategori:Pengangkidan]] pvwc1x5jesp4csnoblgb2jfmq3wcpwm 0 64742 281123 239063 2026-08-27T20:41:22Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281123 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin }} {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = Nuclear Submarines surfaced at the North Pole.jpg | Ship caption = Kapertama tiga kapal silem nuklir ({{USS|Ray|SSN-653|2}}, {{USS|Hawkbill|SSN-666|2}}, lan {{USS|Archerfish|SSN-678|2}}) sinarengan mumbul ring [[Kutub Kalér]] }} |- {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = [[File:SSN637.svg|200px|Soroh lambung bawak SSN637]] | Ship caption = Profil subsekaa modél lambung bawak {{USS|Sturgeon|SSN-637|1}} }} |- {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = [[File:SSN687.svg|200px|Soroh lambung lantang SSN687]] | Ship caption = Profil subsekaa modél lambung lantang {{USS|Richard B. Russell|SSN-687|1}} }} {{Infobox ship class overview | Name = Kapal silem kelas ''Sturgeon'' | Builders = *[[General Dynamics Electric Boat]] *[[General Dynamics Quincy Shipbuilding Division|General Dynamics Quincy]] *[[Ingalls Shipbuilding]] *[[Portsmouth Naval Shipyard]] *[[New York Shipbuilding]] *[[Newport News Shipbuilding]] *[[Mare Island Naval Shipyard]] | Operators = {{naval|Amérika Serikat}} | Class before = {{sclass|Thresher/Permit|kapal silem|4}} | Class after = {{sclass|Los Angeles|kapal silem|4}} | Subclasses = Soroh lambung lantang (9 kapal) | Cost = | Built range = 1963–1975 | In service range = | In commission range = 1967–2004 | Total ships building = | Total ships planned = | Total ships completed = 37 (+1 soroh kamodifikasi antuk panilikan éksperiméntal) | Total ships cancelled = | Total ships active = | Total ships laid up = | Total ships lost = | Total ships retired = 37 (+1) | Total ships preserved = }} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship class = | Ship type = [[Kapal silem serang]] [[Kapal silem nuklir|matenaga nuklir]] | Ship displacement = *{{convert|3640|LT|t|0|lk=in|abbr=on}} ngapung *{{convert|4640|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} nyilem<ref name="auto">Friedman, pp 144–149, 243</ref> | Ship length = *Lambung bawak: {{convert|292|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}} *Lambung lantang: {{convert|302|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}} | Ship beam = {{convert|31|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on}} | Ship height = | Ship draft = {{convert|24|ft|5|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="auto"/> | Ship depth = | Ship decks = | Ship deck clearance = | Ship power = | Ship propulsion = *1 × [[réaktor toya matekanan]] [[réaktor S5W|S5W]] *2 × [[turbin uap]], total {{convert|15000|shp|kW|abbr=on}} *1 poros<ref name="auto"/> | Ship speed = *{{convert|15|kn|lk=in}} ngapung *{{convert|26|kn}} nyilem | Ship range = Tanpa wates, tiosan santukan pasokan ajengan | Ship endurance = | Ship test depth = {{convert|1320|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref> {{cite book | last =Tyler | first =Patrick | author-link =Patrick Tyler | title = Running Critical | url =https://archive.org/details/runningcriticals0000tyle | publisher = Harper and Row | year = 1986 | location = New York | pages = [https://archive.org/details/runningcriticals0000tyle/page/58 58] }} </ref> | Ship complement = 107 | Ship time to activate = | Ship sensors = | Ship EW = | Ship armament = *4 × [[tabung torpédo]] [[torpédo American 21-inch|21 inch (533 mm)]] ring tengah kapal sareng ngantos 21 isi ulang sanjata sajeroning: [[torpédo Mark 48|torpédo ADCAP Mark 48 lan Mk-48]], soroh 4 [[Boeing Harpoon|rudal Harpoon]] or ngantos 8 [[Tomahawk (kulawarga rudal)|rudal Tomahawk]], miwah 2-4 rudal [[SUBROC]] anti-kapal silem *''Ring konfigurasi pagenahan ranjau'': *[[Ranjau segara#Pasanjataan nasional|Paluncur Kapal Silem Mark 67 Ranjau Makisid]] miwah Mark 60 [[ranjau CAPTOR]] tiosan torpédo. | Ship armor = | Ship notes = }} |} '''Kapal silem kelas ''Sturgeon''''' (kaloktah sarahina olih angkatan segara dados '''kelas 637'''), inggih punika kelas tigang dasa pitu [[kapal silem serang]] gelis [[Propulsi segara nuklir|matenaga nuklir]] ([[simbol klasifikasi lambung|SSN]]) ring ayahan sareng [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]], saking warsa 1960-an ngantos 2004 saking Armada Serang Angkatan Segara saking akeh "kapal silem" [[Yuda Dingin|Perang Dingin]]. Kapal-kapal punika kapuputang ring warsa 1990-an miwah pangawit abad ka-21, kalanturin ngerajing ayahan olih kelas {{sclass|Los Angeles|kapal silem|5}}, kasarengin {{sclass|Seawolf|kapal silem|5}} miwah {{sclass|Virginia|kapal silem|5}}. {{Kapal silem kelas Sturgeon}} {{Kelas kapal silem AS sesampun 1945}} 1jeibl1aghl0xzsk5bdfrttgh3i9irw 0 64755 281213 239061 2026-08-27T22:04:50Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281213 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin }} {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = [[Image:USS Skipjack (SSN-585) underway, circa in 1965.jpg|center|200px|USS Skipjack]] | Ship caption = USS ''Skipjack'' }} |- {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = [[File:SSN585.svg|200px|Profil kapal silem kelas SSN585]] | Ship caption = Profil kapal silem kelas {{USS|Skipjack|SSN-585|1}} }} {{Infobox ship class overview |Name= |Builders=*[[General Dynamics Electric Boat]] *[[Mare Island Naval Shipyard]] *[[Ingalls Shipbuilding]] *[[Newport News Shipbuilding]] |Operators={{naval|Amérika Serikat}} |Class before={{sclass|Skate|kapal silem|4}} |Class after=*{{sclass|Permit|kapal silem|4}} *{{USS|Halibut|SSGN-587|6}} |Subclasses= |Cost= |Built range=1956–1961 |In service range= |In commission range= 1959–1990 |Total ships building= |Total ships planned= |Total ships completed=6 |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost=1 |Total ships retired=5 |Total ships preserved= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship class = | Ship type = [[kapal silem serang]] gelis [[Kapal silem nuklir|matenaga nuklir]] | Ship tonnage = | Ship displacement =* Ngapung: {{cvt|3075|LT|MT|lk=on}} * Nyilem: {{cvt|3513|LT|MT}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1">{{cite book | last = Friedman | first = Norman | author-link = Norman Friedman | title = U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History | publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]] | year = 1994 | location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]] | pages = 128–133, 243 | isbn = 1-55750-260-9 }}</ref> | Ship length = {{convert|251|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on}} | Ship beam = {{convert|31|ft|7.75|in|m|abbr=on}} | Ship height = | Ship draught = | Ship draft = | Ship depth = | Ship power = | Ship propulsion = 1 [[réaktor S5W]], panggerak [[turbin uap]] ({{convert|15000|shp|abbr=on}}), 1 poros<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/> | Ship sail plan = | Ship speed = *{{convert|15|kn|lk=in}} ngapung *{{convert|33|kn}} nyilem<ref name="Register">{{cite book | last = Bauer | first = K. Jack | author-link = K. Jack Bauer | author2=Roberts, Stephen S. | title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants | url = https://archive.org/details/registerofshipso0000baue | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1991 | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] | page = [https://archive.org/details/registerofshipso0000baue/page/286 286] | isbn = 0-313-26202-0 }}</ref> | Ship range = Tanpa wates except by food. | Ship endurance = | Ship test depth = {{convert|700|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/> | Ship complement = 93 | Ship sensors = | Ship EW = | Ship armament = *6 × [[American 21-inch torpedo|21-inch (533 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s (bow) *24 × [[torpédo Mark 37]], [[torpédo Mark 14]], [[torpédo Mark 16]], [[torpédo Mark 45|torpédo Mark 45 ASTOR]], miwah/utawi [[torpédo Mark 48]]. | Ship notes = }} |} '''Kapal silem kelas ''Skipjack''''' inggih punika kelas [[kapal silem nuklir]] kaenem saking [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]] (SSN), sané ngawitin matugas saking warsa 1959 ngantos 1961. Kelas niki kaparinama manut kapal manggalané, {{USS|Skipjack|SSN-585|6}}. Panganyaran saking kelas niki, ngenalang [[lambung yéh mata]] lan réaktor S5W nuju kapal silem nuklir AS.<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/><ref name="Register"/> ''Skipjack'' inggih punika kapal silem nuklir AS pinih gelis ngantos kasalip {{sclass|Los Angeles|kapal silem|1}}, aané kapertama ngawitin matugas duk warsa 1974. {{Kapal silem kelas Skipjack}} {{Kelas kapal silem AS sesampun 1945}} 3huik2mi7b6atenf4p571lpqqwdi3ul 0 64835 281195 270379 2026-08-27T21:53:18Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox machine | image = Astute2cropped.jpg | caption = [[Kapal silem kelas Astute|Kapal silem kelas ''Astute'’]] druén [[Angkatan Segara Krajaan Britania Raya|Royal Navy]] | classification = [[Kapal]] | industry = [[Industri sanjata|Sanjata]] | application = [[Perang sor toya]] | inventor = | invented = {{start date and age|1955|df=y|p=y}}<ref>Delgado (2011), p. 200.</ref> }} '''kapal silem nuklir''' inggih punika [[kapal silem]] sané katenagain olih [[réaktor nuklir]], nanging nenten pastika [[sanjata nuklir|masanjata nuklir]]. Kapal silem nuklir madué kainggilan sané ageng yaning saihang sareng kapal silem "konvénsional" (ketahné [[Mesin diesel segara|diesel-listrik]]). [[Propulsi segara nuklir|Propulsi nuklir]], dados jangkep indepénden saking udara, ngelepasin kapal silem saking kabuatang sering medal ring pamukaan, sakadi sané kabuatang ring kapal silem konvénsional. Akéhné tenaga sané kapolihang olih réaktor nuklir ngawinang kapal silem nuklir prasida mamargi antuk kagelisan sané ageng salami galah sané sué, taler galah sané sué inggian [[Pangisian lakaran bakar miwah pabecikan|pangisian lakaran bakar]] ngicén wasa jelajah sané nénten kawatesin, ngawinang wantah asiki wates ring faktor galah pelayaran sekadi kabuatang anggén nyimpen malih ajeng-ajengan sané prasida kakonsumsi tiosan.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://enseccoe.org/data/public/uploads/2021/10/d1_the-future-role-of-nuclear-propulsion-in-the-military.pdf|title=The Future Role of Nuclear Propulsion in the Military|last=Trakimavičius|first=Lukas|website=NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence|language=en|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018194534/https://enseccoe.org/data/public/uploads/2021/10/d1_the-future-role-of-nuclear-propulsion-in-the-military.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Antuk punika [[propulsi nuklir]] muputang pikobet durasi misi kawatesin sané kaarepin olih makasami kapal silem listrik (matenaga [[baturai]] utawi [[sel lakaran bakar]]). Pabéa sane ageng antuk téknologi nuklir maartos akidik saking kakuatan militér ring jagaté sane sampun ngawigunayang kapal silem nuklir. Insiden radiasi sampun mamargi ring kapal silem Soviét, rumasuk [[kasengkalan nuklir miwah radiasi antuk korban padem|kasengkalan nuklir miwah radiasi sané serius]], nanging réaktor angkatan segara Amérika kakawitin antuk [[réaktor S1W|S1W]] miwah rancanganné salanturné sampun mamargi nénten wénten insiden ngawit ngamedalang {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571}} ring 1954.<ref name=johnston2007/><ref name=timenuke/> {{TOC limit|3}} ==Tata aran== Ring [[simbol klasifikasi lambung|klasifikasi]] Amérika Serikat, kapal silem sané matenaga nuklir kacihnayang dados SSxN, ring dija SS nyihnayang kapal silem (''submarine''), x=G maartos yening [[kapal silem rudal jelajah|kapal silem]] kajangkepin antuk [[rudal mapandu]] (ketahné [[rudal jelajah]]), x=B maartos [[kapal silem rudal balistik|kapal silem]] punika kajangkepin antuk [[rudal balistik]] (ketahné [[rudal balistik antarbanua|antarbanua]]) lan N maartos kapal silem punika matenaga nuklir. SSN puniki nujuang ring [[kapal silem serang]] sané matenaga nuklir, sané nénten makta rudal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Skovlund |first1=Joshua |title=Everything you need to know about US Navy submarines |url=https://taskandpurpose.com/military-life/us-navy-submarines-explained/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=[[Task & Purpose]] |date=20 March 2024}}</ref> ==Garis warih== === Operasional === ==== Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat ==== {{see also|Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat}} Wit:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Amit |title=Tracing the undersea dragon: Chinese SSBN programme and the Indo-Pacific |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York |isbn=978-1-003-10489-6 |doi=10.4324/9781003104896 }}</ref> * SCB-303: [[Kapal silem kelas Los Angeles|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Los Angeles'’]] * SCB-304: {{sclass|Ohio|kapal silem|0}} [[kapal silem rudal balistik]] - 14 kapal sareng masa anggén kalantangang saking 30 manados 42 warsa. Kapal pada makta 20-24 [[SLBM]]. * [[Kapal silem kelas Seawolf|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Seawolf'']] * [[Kapal silem kelas Virginia|Kapal silem serang kelas Virginia]] [[File:US Navy 040730-N-1234E-002 PCU Virginia (SSN 774) returns to the General Dynamics Electric Boat shipyard.jpg|thumb|Kapal silem kelas ''Virginia''.]] '''Ring panglimbakan''' * [[Kapal silem kelas Columbia]] kaperkirayang pacang ngentosin kelas Ohio ngawit warsa 2031. ==== Angkatan Segara Soviét/Rusia ==== {{see also|Angkatan Segara Soviét|Angkatan Segara Rusia}} * [[Kapal silem kelas Delta|Proyék 667BDR, kapal silem rudal balistik Kalmar (Delta III)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Delta|Proyék 667BDRM, kapal silem rudal balistik Delfin (Delta IV)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Victor|Kapal silem serang Proyék 671RTM Shchuka (Victor III)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Yasen|Kapal silem serang Proyék 885 (Yasen)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Borei|Kapal silem rudal balistik Proyék 935 (Borei)]]. 4 sampun operasi lan 4 kantun kawangun duk warsa 2021.<ref>Ray, A. (2021). Tracing the undersea dragon: Chinese SSBN programme and the Indo-Pacific [Book]. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003104896</ref> * [[Kapal silem kelas Sierra|Kapal silem serang Proyék 945 (Sierra)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Oscar|Kapal silem rudal jelajah Proyék 949 (Oscar)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Akula|Kapal silem serang Proyék 971 (Akula)]] * Proyék 1851.1 ([[Kapal silem kelas Paltus|Paltus]]) kapal silem tatujon khusus * Proyék 1910 [[Kapal silem kelas Kashalot|kelas ''Kashalot'']] (Uniform) kapal silem tatujon khusus * Proyék 1983.1 AS-12 ([[Kapal silem Rusia Losharik|Losharik]]) kapal silem tatujon khusus [[File:АПЛ "Кузбасс".jpg|thumb|Kapal silem kelas ''Akula''.]] '''Ring panglimbakan''' * [[Kapal silem kelas Arcturus]] kaperkirayang pacang ngentosin [[Kapal silem kelas Borei|Kapal silem rudal balistik Proyék 935 (Borei)]] ngawit warsa 2037 lan salanturné.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20230621/podlodki-1879469485.html|title=В конструкторском бюро назвали сроки появления в ВМФ новых атомных подлодок|website=RIA|date=21 June 2023|language=ru}}</ref> ==== Angkatan Segara Krajaan (Britania Raya) ==== {{see also|Angkatan Segara Krajaan Britania Raya{{!}}Royal Navy}} * [[Kapal silem kelas Trafalgar|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Trafalgar'']] * [[Kapal silem kelas Vanguard|kapal silem rudal balistik kelas ''Vanguard'']]- 4 maoperasi ring warsa 2021.<ref>Ray, A. (2021). Tracing the undersea dragon: Chinese SSBN programme and the Indo-Pacific [Book]. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003104896</ref> * [[Kapal silem kelas Astute|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Astute'’]] [[File:HMS Trafalgar SSN cropped.JPG|thumb|Kapal silem kelas ''Trafalgar'']] '''Ring pangelimbakan''' * [[Kapal silem kelas Dreadnought|Kapal silem rudal balistik kelas ''Dreadnought'']] kaaptiang antuk ngentosin [[Kapal silem kelas Vanguard|kapal silem rudal balistik kelas ''Vanguard'']] kakawitin ring pangawit warsa 2030-an.<ref>Ray, A. (2021). Tracing the undersea dragon: Chinese SSBN programme and the Indo-Pacific [Book]. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003104896</ref> * [[Kapal silem kelas Aukus|Kapal silem serang SSN-AUKUS]] ==== Angkatan Segara Prancis ==== {{see also|Angkatan Segara Prancis}} * [[Kapal silem kelas Rubis|kapal silem serang kelas ''Rubis'']] * [[Kapal silem kelas Triomphant|kapal silem rudal balistik kelas ''Triomphant'']], 4 sampun maoperasi saking 1997.<ref>Ray, A. (2021). Tracing the undersea dragon: Chinese SSBN programme and the Indo-Pacific [Book]. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003104896</ref> * [[Kapal silem kelas Suffren|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Suffren'']] <small>(Kapal kapertama ring kelasné, [[Kapal silem Perancis Suffren|''Suffren'']] katugasang ring tanggal 6 Nopémber 2020)</small> [[File:Temeraire1048.jpg|thumb|Kapal silem kelas ''Triomphant''.]] '''Ring pangelimbakan''' * [[SNLE kelas 3G]] [[kapal silem rudal balistik]] - 4 karencanayang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/economie/economie-de-la-mer/economie-de-la-mer-snle-3g-la-mise-en-chantier-prevue-pour-2023-6038236|title=Économie de la mer. SNLE 3G: la mise en chantier prévue pour 2023|last=Mélennec|first=Olivier|date=2018-10-26|website=Ouest-France.fr|language=fr|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> ==== Angkatan Segara Tentra Pabébasan Rakyat Cina ==== {{see also|Angkatan Segara Tentra Pabébasan Rakyat}} * [[Kapal silem Tipe 091|Kapal silem serang Tipe 091 (Han)]] * [[Kapal silem Tipe 092|Kapal silem rudal balistik Tipe 092 (Xia)]] * [[Kapal silem Tipe 093|Kapal silem serang Tipe 093 (Shang)]] * [[Kapal silem Tipe 094|Kapal silem rudal balistik tipe 094 (Jin)]] [[File:Jin (Type 094) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine.JPG|thumb|Kapal silem Tipe 094.]] '''Ring panglimbakan''' * [[Kapal silem Tipe 095|Kapal silem serang Tipe 095]] <small>(ring pangelimbakan)</small> * [[Kapal silem Tipe 096|Kapal silem rudal balistik Tipe 096]] ==== Angkatan Segara India ==== {{see also|Angkatan Segara India|Lis kapal aktif Angkatan Segara India|Masa lantur Angkatan Segara India}} *[[Kapal silem kelas Arihant]]-Kapal silem rudal balistik [[File:Arihant 1.svg|thumb|INS ''Arihant'', kapal silem nuklir asli angkatan Segara India.]] '''Ring pangelimbakan''' *[[Kapal silem kelas Arihant|kapal silem kelas Arihant]]-2 kapal kantun kawangun.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theigmp.org/big-news-india-quietly-launches-s4-ssbn-prepares-it-for-sea-trials-s4-star-to-follow-soon-html/|title= Big News: India quietly launches S4 SSBN, prepares it for sea trials, S4-star to follow soon|website= IgMp|access-date= 31 December 2021|archive-date= 7 May 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230507073326/https://theigmp.org/big-news-india-quietly-launches-s4-ssbn-prepares-it-for-sea-trials-s4-star-to-follow-soon-html/|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://theigmp.org/watch-latest-satellite-reveals-arihant-class-s3-s4-ssbn-boats-html/|title= WATCH: Latest Satellite Image Reveals Arihant-class S3 & S4 SSBN boats|website= IgMp|date= 19 August 2022|access-date= 20 August 2022|archive-date= 7 May 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230507073316/https://theigmp.org/watch-latest-satellite-reveals-arihant-class-s3-s4-ssbn-boats-html/|url-status= dead}}</ref> *[[Proyék 75 Alpha]]- Kapal silem serang. * [[Kapal silem kelas Akula#Kaséwa India|INS ''Chakra III'']]-Kapal silem serang.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theigmp.org/russia-may-delay-handover-of-new-leased-akula-class-ssn-to-india/|title=Russia may delay handover of the new leased Akula class SSN (Chakra-III) to India|website=IgMp|date=18 March 2023|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331005409/https://theigmp.org/russia-may-delay-handover-of-new-leased-akula-class-ssn-to-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Kapal silem kelas S5|S5-kelas]]-Kapal silem rudal balistik.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://theigmp.org/much-improved-bigger-3rd-generation-s5-ssbn-of-the-indian-navy-to-enter-production-in-2027/ |title= Much improved & bigger 3rd Generation S5 SSBN of the Indian Navy to enter production in 2027 |website= IgMp |date= 4 December 2022 |access-date= 5 December 2022 |archive-date= 31 March 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331010846/https://theigmp.org/much-improved-bigger-3rd-generation-s5-ssbn-of-the-indian-navy-to-enter-production-in-2027/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==== Angkatan Segara Brasil ==== {{see also|Angkatan Segara Brasil}}'''Ring panglimbakan''' * [[Kapal silem kelas Riachuelo|Kapal silem kelas ''Riachuelo'']] kapal silem serang kapertama mabaat 6.000 ton, kantun kawangun.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil take first step in program to join nuclear-powered sub club|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-submarine/brazil-take-first-step-in-program-to-join-nuclear-powered-sub-club-idUSKBN1OD2CV|website=Reuters|date=14 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Launch prediction|url=https://www.marinha.mil.br/programas-estrategicos/prosub|language=pt|access-date=25 January 2022|website=Brazilian Navy}}</ref> === Purna tugas === ==== Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat ==== * SCB-64: {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571}} * SCB-64A: {{USS|Seawolf|SSN-575}} * SCB-121: [[Kapal silem kelas Skate|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Skate'']] * SCB-132: {{USS|Triton|SSRN-586}} * SCB-137A: {{USS|Halibut|SSGN-587}} * SCB-154: [[Kapal silem kelas Skipjack|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Skipjack'']] * SCB-178: {{USS|Tullibee|SSN-597}} * SCB-180A: [[Kapal silem kelas George Washington|Kapal silem rudal balistik kelas ''George Washington'']] * SCB-180: [[Kapal silem kelas Ethan Allen|Kapal silem rudal balistik kelas ''Ethan Allen'']] * SCB-188: [[Kapal silem kelas Permit|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Thresher''-''Permit'']] * SCB-188A: [[Kapal silem kelas Sturgeon|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Sturgeon'']] * SCB-216: [[Kapal silem kelas Lafayette|kapal silem rudal balistik kelas ''Lafayette'']] * SCB-216: [[Kapal silem kelas James Madison|kapal silem rudal balistik kelas ''James Madison'']] * SCB-216: [[Kapal silem kelas Benjamin Franklin|kapal silem rudal balistik kelas ''Benjamin Franklin'']] * ''[[Kapal silem Amérika Serikat NR-1|NR-1]]'' * SCB-245: {{USS|Narwhal|SSN-671}} * SCB-302: {{USS|Glenard P. Lipscomb|SSN-685}} ==== Angkatan Segara Soviét/Rusia ==== * [[Kapal silem kelas November|Kapal silem serang Proyék 627 (November)]] * [[Kapal silem Soviet K-27|Kapal silem serang uji coba Proyék 645 ''K-27'']] * [[Kapal silem kelas Hotel|Kapal silem rudal balistik Proyék 658 (Hotel)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Echo|Kapal silem rudal jelajah Proyék 659/675 (Echo)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Papa|Kapal silem serang Proyék 661 (Papa)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Yankee|Kapal silem rudal balistik Proyék 667 (Yankee)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Delta|Proyék 667B, kapal silem rudal balistik Murena (Delta I)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Delta|Proyék 667BD, kapal silem rudal balistik Murena-M (Delta II)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Charlie|Kapal silem rudal jelajah Proyék 670 (Charlie)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Victor|Kapal silem serang Proyék 671 (Victor)]] * Kapal silem panilikan Proyék 678 (X-ray) * [[Kapal silem Soviét K-278 Komsomolets|Proyék 685 (Mike) kapal silem serang K-278 ''Komsomolets'']] * [[Kapal silem kelas Alfa|Kapal silem serang Proyék 705 (Alfa)]] * [[Kapal silem kelas Typhoon|Kapal silem rudal balistik Proyék 941 (Typhoon)]] ==== Angkatan Segara Krajaan (Britania Raya) ==== * {{HMS|Dreadnought|S101}} * [[Kapal silem kelas Valiant|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Valiant'']] * [[Kapal silem kelas Resolution|Kapal silem rudal balistik kelas ''Resolution'']] * [[Kapal silem kelas Churchill|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Churchill'']] * [[Kapal silem kelas Swiftsure|kapal silem serang kelas ''Swiftsure'']] ==== Angkatan Segara Prancis ==== * [[Kapal silem kelas Redoutable (1967)|Kapal silem rudal balistik kelas ''Redoutable'']] ==== Angkatan Segara India ==== * [[kapal silem Soviet K-43|INS ''Chakra'']] ([[kapal silem kelas Charlie]] Soviét). * [[Kapal silem Rusia Nerpa (K-152)|INS ''Chakra 2'']] ([[Kapal silem kelas Akula]] Rusia). === Rencana === ==== Angkatan Segara Krajaan Ostrali ==== {{see also|Angkatan Segara Krajaan Ostrali{{!}}Royal Australian Navy}}Rencana numbas * [[Kapal silem kelas Virginia|Kapal silem serang kelas ''Virginia'']] '''Ring panglimbakan''' * [[Kapal silem kelas Aukus|Kapal silem serang SSN-AUKUS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theigmp.org/aukus-us-uk-australia-announce-nuclear-powered-submarine-project/|title=AUKUS: US, UK Australia announce nuclear powered submarine project|website=IgMp|date=14 March 2023|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314144815/https://theigmp.org/aukus-us-uk-australia-announce-nuclear-powered-submarine-project/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Angkatan Segara Turki ==== {{see also|Angkatan Segara Turki}}Rencana pawangunan kapal silem serang nuklir dados pahan saking NUKDEN.<ref>{{cite news |title=Türkiye’nin nükleer denizaltı programı resmiyet kazandı: NÜKDEN|url=https://gdh.digital/haber/turkiyenin-nukleer-denizalti-programi-resmiyet-kazandi-nukden-9dso8bmk5mp|website=GDH|date=27 May 2025}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pustaka liyanan === * {{cite journal |last=Erickson |first=Andrew Erickson |author2=[[Lyle Goldstein]] |year=Winter 2007 |title=China's Future Nuclear Submarine Force: Insights from Chinese Writings |journal=[[Naval War College Review]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=54–79 |id= |url=http://www.usnwc.edu/cnws/cmsi/documents/Erickson-Goldstein_China's%20Future%20Nuclear%20Submarine%20Force_NWCR_2007-01.pdf |accessdate=25 August 2009 |quote=}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}} * {{cite book|last=Offley |first=Edward "Ed" |title=Scorpion Down |url=https://archive.org/details/scorpiondownsunk00edof |edition=Hardcover |year=2007 |publisher=Basic Books by Perseus Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-05185-4}} * {{cite book |author1=Polmar, Norman |author2=Moore, J.K. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines |url=https://archive.org/details/coldwarsubmarine0000norm |edition=Paperback |year=2004 |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc |location=Washington, DC |isbn=1-57488-530-8}} == Pranala jaba == {{commons category|Nuclear submarines}} * [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/eng/reactor.html Propulsi Nuklir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126062804/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/eng/reactor.html |date=2015-11-26 }} – [[Fédérasi Ilmuwan Amérika]] * [http://www.lynceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/USA-60-yrs-of-marine-nuc-power-v2.pdf 60 Warsa Tenaga Nuklir Segara: 1955 - 2015] – ring situs wéb [[The Lyncean Group of San Diego]] * [http://www.fissilematerials.org/ipfm/site_down/buk67.pdf V.M. Bukhalov – Rancangan kapal silem matenaga atom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929234149/http://www.fissilematerials.org/ipfm/site_down/buk67.pdf |date=29 September 2011 }}<!-- GOOD! TODO: major expand of the technology section from here!!! --> * [http://americanhistory.si.edu/subs/index.html Serang Gelis lan Boomer: Kapal Silem ring Perang Dingin] Prasara daring saking Museum Nasional Lelintihan Amérika, Smithsonian Institution * [http://oneternalpatrol.com/ Ring Patroli Abadi, situs wéb sané ngenahang makasami kapal silem lan kru kapal silem AS sané ical daweg matugas] {{SSN mangkin|state=collapsed}} {{kelas SSBN ring ayahan}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nuklir kapal silem}} [[Kategori:Kapal silem|Nuklir]] [[Kategori:Nuklir]] 9p3oidrf2xx0cipn1se88pqpeufbpnw 0 65026 281233 280141 2026-08-27T22:16:48Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|kelas kapal silem Soviét/Rusia sareng aran parikanda NATO "Akula"|kelas kapal silem sareng aran asli Rusia (Акула)|Kapal silem kelas Typhoon}} {| {{Infobox ship begin | display title = Kapal silem kelas ''Akula'' }} {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = [[File:АПЛ "Кузбасс".jpg|300px]] | Ship caption = Kapal silem {{ship|kapal silem Rusia|Kuzbass|K-419}} }} |- {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = AkulaProjekt971U right.png | Ship image size = 300px | Ship caption = Profil SSN kelas ''Akula'’ }} {{Infobox ship class overview | Name = Kelas ''Akula'' | Builders = *[[Amur Shipbuilding Plant|Komsomolsk-on-Amur]] * [[Sevmash|Severodvinsk]] | Operators = {{ubl|{{navy|Uni Soviét}}|{{navy|Russia}}|{{navy|India}}}} | Class before = {{sclass2|Victor|kapal silem|4}}, {{sclass2|Sierra|kapal silem|4}} | Class after = {{sclass2|Yasen|kapal silem|4}} | Subclasses = | Cost = est. $1.55&nbsp;yuta (1995 dollar) | Built range = 1983–1999 | In service range = | In commission range = 1984–mangkin | Total ships building = | Total ships planned = 20 | Total ships completed = 15 | Total ships cancelled = 4 (1 ''Iribis'' katangguhang 42% wusan saking 1996) | Total ships active = 4 (4 aktif +6 ring modérnisasi Rusia) | Total ships laid up = | Total ships lost = | Total ships retired = 4 | Total ships preserved = | Total ships stricken = }} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship class = | Ship type = [[Kapal silem nuklir|Kapal silem serang nuklir]] | Ship tonnage = | Ship displacement = *Ngapung: *8,140 ton Akula I lan Akula I Katincapang *8,450–8,470 ton Akula II lan III *nyilem: *12,770 ton Akula I lan Akula I Katincapang *13,400–13,800 ton Akula II lan III | Ship length = *{{convert|110.3|m|abbr=on}} antuk Akula I lan Akula I Katincapang *{{convert|113.3|m|abbr=on}} antuk Akula II lan Akula III | Ship beam = {{convert|13.6|m|abbr=on}} | Ship height = | Ship draught = {{convert|9.7|m|abbr=on}} | Ship draft = | Ship depth = | Ship hold depth = | Ship decks = | Ship deck clearance = | Ship ramps = | Ship ice class = | Ship power = | Ship propulsion = *Asiki [[réaktor toya matekanan]] [[Réaktor OK-650|OK-650B/OK-650M]] ([[uranium kasugihang|HEU]] <= 45%) 190&nbsp;MW<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lynceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Marine-Nuclear-Power-1939-2018_Part-3A_R1_Russia_submarines.pdf|access-date=18 April 2023|website=lynceans.org|title=Russian submarines|date=October 2018}}</ref> *1 OK-7 [[turbin uap]] {{convert|43,000|hp|MW|abbr=on}} *2 [[Génerator listrik|Génerator]] Turbo OK-2 ngasilang 2 MW *1 [[pindekan]] pitu bilah *2 OK-300 propulsor listrik sané prasida kakedeng antuk manuver kagelisan éndép lan tenang ring {{convert|5|kn}} | Ship sail plan = | Ship speed = *{{convert|10|kn}} ngapung *{{convert|28|-|35|kn}} nyilem<ref name=Janes2008>{{cite book |editor-first=Stephen |editor-last=Saunders |date=2008 |title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2008-09 |url=https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi0000unse_r5n1 |location=[[Coulsdon]], UK |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi0000unse_r5n1/page/644 644] |isbn=978-0-71062-845-9}}</ref> | Ship range = | Ship endurance = 100 days<ref name="Podvodnye Lodki 2003"/> | Ship test depth = *{{convert|480|m|abbr=on}} [[uji kadaleman]] antuk Akula I lan Akula I Katincapang *{{convert|520|m|abbr=on}} amtuk Akula II lan III *{{convert|600|m|abbr=on}} [[kadaleman operasi maksimum]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=8610 |title=The Ship Day to be celebrated at SSN Kuzbass |website=Rusnavy.com |date=2010-01-28 |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917113157/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=8610 |archive-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | Ship boats = | Ship capacity = | Ship troops = | Ship complement = 73 antuk Akula I & Katincapang,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/akula/ |title=Specification: SSN Akula Class (Bars Type 971) Attack Submarine, Russia |website=Naval-technology.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605033644/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/akula/specs.html |archive-date=2011-06-05}}</ref> 62 (31 officers) for Akula II & III<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Fighting-Ships/Typhoon-Akula-class-Project-941-941U-Russian-Federation.html |title=Typhoon (Akula) class (Project 941/941U) (Russian Federation) |website=Jane's Fighting Ships |date=2012-07-24 |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126160105/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Fighting-Ships/Typhoon-Akula-class-Project-941-941U-Russian-Federation.html |archive-date=2013-01-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | Ship time to activate = | Ship sensors = * Rangkaian aktif/pasif MGK-540 * Array flank * [[sonar array kakedeng]] Pelamida * Sonar detéksi ranjau MG-70 | Ship EW = * [[Rangkaian paperangan éléktronik|ESM]]/[[Pananggulangan paperangan éléktronik|ECM]] Bukhta * simulasi [[umpan]] kauyutan MG-74 Korund (kabedilang saking tabung jaba) * Panampi intersepsi Sonar MT-70 * [[Identifikasi timpal utawi musuh|IFF]] Nikhrom-M | Ship armament = * 4 × tabung torpédo 533 mm (28 torpédo) lan 4 × tabung torpédo 650 mm (12 torpédo). (K-152 ''Nerpa'' madué 8 × tabung torpédo 533 mm) 40 total torpédo * 1–3 × peluncur rudal pamukaan-ka-udara sané kabedilang saking layar [[9K38 Igla|Igla-M]] (wantah antuk pangunaan pamukaan) * Rudal jelajah [[RK-55|Granat]], mangkin [[Kalibr]] | Ship armour = | Ship armor = | Ship aircraft = | Ship aircraft facilities = | Ship notes = * [[Radar]] Panyeleh Permukaan Chiblis * Sistem Navigasi Medvyeditsa-945 * Komunikasi satelit Molniya-M * Komunikasi sor toya MGK-80 * Anténa komunikasi Tsunami, Kiparis, Anis, Sintez lan Kora * Anténa [[Frékuénsi sangat éndép|VLF]] kedeng Paravan * Sistem arah patempuran Vspletsk }} |} '''Kapal silem kelas ''Akula''''', ring Soviét kasengguh '''Proyék 971 ''Shchuka-B''''' ({{langx|ru|Щука-Б||[[Ulam tumbak|Tumbak]]-B}}, [[Lis kelas kapal silem Soviet lan Rusia|aran parikanda NATO]] '''''Akula''''') inggih punika serangkaian [[kapal silem serang]] [[Propulsi segara nuklir|matenaga nuklir]] (SSN) génerasi kaping pat sané kapertama kaluncurang olih [[Angkatan Segara Soviét]] duk warsa 1986. Wenten petang sub-kelas utawi panicapan Shchuka-B, asliné kawangun antuk pitung kapal Proyék 971 (sané mawasta kode ''Akula I''), sané katugasin pantaraning warsa 1984 lan 1990; nem Proyék 971Is (''Akula'' sané katincapang), sané kalaksanayang pantaraning warsa 1991 lan 2009; asiki Proyék 971U (''Akula II''), sané kalaksanayang ring warsa 1995; lan asiki Proyék 971M (''Akula III''), sane katugasin ring warsa 2001. Rusia ngadanin makasami kapal silem punika ''Shchuka-B'', nénten gumantung ring modifikasi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/ |title=In-service ships |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005094347/http://rusnavy.com/nowadayes/strength/ |archive-date=2012-10-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Minab pawastaan ipun wénten ngeranayang paling santukan wastan ''Akula'' (Rusia: Акула, maartos '[[kakia]]' ring basa Rusia) kaangén olih Soviét antuk kelas kapal silem sané matiosan, Proyék 941, sané kaloktah ring Kauh pinaka {{sclass2|Typhoon|kapal silem|4}}. Proy3k 971 kawastanin ''Shchuka-B'' olih Soviét nanging kaicén parinama ''Akula'' olih Kauh sasampun wastan kapal utama, K-284. Manut analis patahanan [[Norman Polmar]], paluncuran kapal silem kapertama ring warsa 1985, "ngguncang makasami [ring Kauh] munggah", santukan lembaga intelijén Kauh nénten ngaptiang Uni Soviét pacang ngasilang kapal sakadi punika salami dasa warsa malih.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Colin |last=Norman |jstor=1703462 |title=Quiet Soviet Subs Prompt Concern |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1989-03-31_243_4899/page/1653 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=243 |issue=4899 |date=31 March 1989 |pages=1653–1654 |doi=10.1126/science.243.4899.1653 |pmid=17751269|bibcode=1989Sci...243.1653N }}</ref> {{Kapal silem kelas Akula}} gvuvxi9dm15qabw5d7ae1pkggfdysg3 0 65179 281117 240028 2026-08-27T20:38:41Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281117 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=[[File:Graybackmissle.jpg|300px|Grayback mataki-taki ngaluncurang rudal Regulus II, sawatara warsa 1960]] |Ship caption=''Grayback'' mataki-taki ngeluncurang rudal Regulus II, s. 1960 }} {{Infobox ship class overview |Name=Kelas ''Grayback'' |Builders= |Operators={{naval|Amérika Serikat}} |Class before={{sclass|Tang|kapal silem|4}} |Class after= |Subclasses= |Cost= |Built range= 1954–1958 |In service range= |In commission range= 1958–1964, 1969–1984 |Total ships building= |Total ships planned= |Total ships completed=2 |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost= |Total ships retired=1 |Total ships preserved=1 }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship type=[[Kapal silem]] |Ship tonnage= ngapung: 2,712 tonnes (2,670 tons) nyilem: 3,708 tonnes (3,650 ton) |Ship displacement= {{convert|2768|LT|t|0}} jangkep |Ship length= {{convert|317|ft|7|in|m|abbr=on}} |Ship beam= {{convert|27|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}} |Ship height= |Ship draft={{convert|19|ft|m|abbr=on}} |Ship depth= |Ship hold depth= |Ship decks= |Ship deck clearance= |Ship power= |Ship propulsion=*3 × [[mesin diesel]] [[mesin diesel Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8|Fairbanks-Morse]] (total {{convert|4500|shp|abbr=on}}),<ref name="Register">{{cite book | last = Bauer | first = K. Jack | author2=Roberts, Stephen S. | title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants | url = https://archive.org/details/registerofshipso0000baue | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1991 | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] | pages = [https://archive.org/details/registerofshipso0000baue/page/291 291]–292 | isbn = 0-313-26202-0 }}</ref> *2 × [[motor listrik]] [[Elliott Company|Elliott]] (total {{convert|5500|shp|abbr=on}}),<ref name="Register"/> *4 × 126-[[Sél éléktrokimia|sél]] [[GUPPY]] I [[baturai (listrik)|baturai]],<ref name="FriedmanSubs1">{{cite book | last = Friedman | first = Norman | title = U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History | url = https://archive.org/details/ussubmarinesthro0000frie | publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]] | year = 1995 | location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]] | pages = [https://archive.org/details/ussubmarinesthro0000frie/page/176 176]–192, 234, 244 | isbn = 1-55750-263-3 }}</ref> *2 poros |Ship speed=*{{convert|15|kn|lk=in}} ngapung, *{{convert|12|kn|lk=in}} nyilem |Ship range= |Ship endurance= |Ship test depth={{convert|700|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/> |Ship complement=84 |Ship time to activate= |Ship sensors= |Ship EW= |Ship armament=*2 × [[SSM-N-8 Regulus|hanggar rudal Regulus]] (4 × rudal [[SSM-N-8 Regulus|Regulus I]] utawi 2 × rudal [[Regulus II]]) *8 × [[tabung torpédo]] [[torpédo American 21-inch|21-inch (533 mm)]] (6 haluan, 2 buritan) |Ship armor= |Ship notes= }} |} '''Kapal silem kelas ''Grayback''''' inggih punika kelas kalih [[kapal silem rudal Regulus|kapal silem rudal mapandu]] saking [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]]. Ipun makta [[rudal jelajah]] nuklir [[SSM-N-8 Regulus|Regulus I]] lan [[Regulus II]], sané kagenahang warsa 1957-64, sane gelis kagentosin olih Rudal Balistik Kapal Silem ([[SLBM]]) [[rudal Polaris|Polaris]]. Ipun lan {{USS|Halibut|SSGN-587|6}} inggih punika kapal silem tunggal sané kakaryanin khusus anggén makta rudal Regulus, lan kapal silem sane wantah asiki sané prasida makta Regulus II. Sakémanten, {{USS|Tunny|SSG-282|6}} lan {{USS|Barbero|SSG-317|6}} sané sampun kauwah sadurungné mangda prasida makta kalih rudal Regulus I per kapal. {{Kapal silem kelas Grayback}} {{Kelas kapal silem AS sesampun 1945}} f0fr2x0mjekxc6nsyma8kvud9qw0zna 0 65181 281091 240045 2026-08-27T20:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281091 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=[[File:Launch of USS Blueback (SS-581) at Ingalls in 1959.jpg|300px|Paluncuran USS Blueback]] |Ship caption=Paluncuran {{USS|Blueback|SS-581|6}} ring 1959 }} {{Infobox ship class overview |Name=Kelas ''Barbel'' |Builders=*[[Galangan Kapal Angkatan Segara Portsmouth]], [[Kittery, Maine]] *[[Ingalls Shipbuilding]], [[Pascagoula, Mississippi]] *[[New York Shipbuilding]], [[Camden, New Jersey]] |Operators={{naval|Amérika Serikat}} |Class before={{USS|Darter|SS-576|6}} |Class after= |Subclasses= |Built range=1956–1959 |In commission range= 1959–1990 |Total ships building= |Total ships planned= |Total ships completed=3 |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost= |Total ships retired=3 |Total ships preserved=1 }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship type=[[Kapal silem serang]] |Ship displacement=*{{cvt|1750|LT|MT|lk=on}} ingan<ref name="Register">{{cite book |last=Bauer |first=K. Jack |author2=Roberts, Stephen S. |title=Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants |url=https://archive.org/details/registerofshipso0000baue |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1991 |location=[[Westport, Connecticut]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/registerofshipso0000baue/page/283 283] |isbn=0-313-26202-0}}</ref> * {{cvt|2146|LT|MT}} jangkep * {{cvt|2637|LT|MT}} nyilem<ref name="Register"/> * {{DWT|402}} |Ship length={{convert|219|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}} overall<ref name="Register"/> |Ship beam={{convert|29|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Register"/> |Ship draught= |Ship draft={{convert|29|ft|m|abbr=on}} maks<ref name="Register"/> |Ship propulsion=*3 × [[mesin diesel]] [[Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 mesin diesel|Fairbanks-Morse]] (total {{convert|3150|shp|abbr=on}}), *2 × [[motor listriks]] [[General Electric]] (total {{convert|4700|shp|abbr=on}}), *4 × 126-[[Sél éléktrokimia|sél]] [[GUPPY]] IA [[baturai (listrik)|baturai]],<ref name="FriedmanSubs1">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Norman |title=U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |year=1994 |location=[[Annapolis, Maryland]] |pages=31–35, 242 |isbn=1-55750-260-9}}</ref> *one shaft |Ship speed=*{{convert|14|kn|lk=in}} ngapung, *{{convert|12|kn|lk=in}} [[snorkeling]], *{{convert|18.5|kn|lk=in}} nyilem<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/> |Ship range={{convert|14000|nmi|km|lk=in}} ngapung at {{convert|10|kn|km/h}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/> |Ship endurance=*90 menit ring kagelisan nyilem penuh, *102 jam ring {{convert|3|kn|km/h}} nyilem |Ship test depth={{convert|700|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/> |Ship complement=8 perwira, 69 tamtama |Ship sensors=*Sonar aktif BQS-4 *Sonar pasif BQR-2 *Sistem pangendali bedilan MK 101 |Ship EW= |Ship armament=6 × [[tabung torpédo]] haluan [[torpédo American 21-inch|21-inch (533 mm)]], 22 [[torpédo]]<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/> |Ship notes= }} |} '''Kapal silem kelas ''Barbel''''', [[kapal silem serang]] panggerak [[Transmisi diesel-listrik|diesel-listrik]] untat kawangun olih [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]], ngranjingang akéh, nincapang rékayasa radikal saking kelas sadurungné. Ipun inggih punika kapal perang produksi kapertama sané kawangun antuk lambung sané mawentuk tetes yéh mata sané kapertama kauji ring ékspériméntal {{USS|Albacore|AGSS-569|6}}, lan sané kapertama ngadungang ruang kontrol, pusat serangan, lan menara komando ring ruang sané pateh ring lambung kapal. Ipun saking rancangan lambung ganda antuk baja HY80 tebel 1,5 inci. Kelas kapal silem puniki dados pahan saking armada Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat duk warsa 1959 taler kaambil saking layanan 1988-1990, ninggalin Angkatan Segara antuk armada kapal silem sané makasami matenaga nuklir. Rancangan kelas ''Barbel'' kaanggép sangat éféktif.<ref>Polmar, Norman and Moore, K. J. (2004). ''Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, 1945–2001''. Dulles: Potomac Books. {{ISBN|978-1-57488-594-1}}, p. 215</ref> {{sclass|Zwaardvis|kapal silem|1}} saking [[Angkatan Segara Krajaan Belanda|Belanda]] lan {{sclass|Hai Lung|kapal silem|4}} saking [[Angkatan Segara Républik Cina|Républik Cina]] (karancang lan kawangun ring Belanda) maasal nampek sareng rancangan kelas ''Barbel''. {{sclass|Uzushio|Kapal silem|4}} [[Pasukan Bela Angga Maritim Jepang|Jepang]] miwah pangelanturné taler kapengaruhin olih kelas ''Barbel''. {{Kelas kapal silem AS sesampun 1945}} kd0sysitoan5p4dhyopowk9rufbdfrp 0 65182 281032 240031 2026-08-27T19:29:22Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{other ships|USS Albacore}} {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=USS Albacore (AGSS-569) underway off Newport, Rhode Island (USA), 11 March 1957 (80-G-K-22262).jpg |Ship caption=USS ''Albacore'' ring lepas pasih Nusa Rhode }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country= Amérika Serikat |Ship flag={{USN flag|1972}} |Ship name=''Albacore'' |Ship namesake=[[Albacore]] |Ship owner= |Ship operator= |Ship registry= |Ship route= |Ship ordered=24 Nopémber 1950 |Ship awarded= |Ship builder=[[Galangan Kapal Angkatan Segara Portsmouth]] ring [[Kittery, Maine]] |Ship original cost= |Ship yard number= |Ship way number= |Ship laid down=15 Maret 1952 |Ship launched=1 Agustus 1953 |Ship sponsor=Mrs. J. E. Jowers, the widow of Chief Motor Machinist's Mate Arthur L. Stanton, lost with the second ''Albacore'' (SS-218) |Ship christened= |Ship completed= |Ship acquired= |Ship commissioned=6 Désémber 1953 |Ship recommissioned= |Ship decommissioned=9 Désémber 1972 |Ship maiden voyage= |Ship in service= |Ship out of service= |Ship renamed= |Ship reclassified= |Ship refit= |Ship struck=1 Méi 1980 |Ship reinstated= |Ship homeport= |Ship identification= |Ship motto=*''Praenuntius Futuri'' * ("Palopor Masa Lantur") |Ship nickname= |Ship honours= |Ship honors= |Ship captured= |Ship fate= |Ship status=Kapuniayang dados museum lan tugu pikélingan ring [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]] |Ship notes= |Ship badge=[[File:Uss albacore patch.jpg|Lambang USS ''Albacore'']] }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= - Konfigurasi Fase 4 Untat |Ship class= |Ship displacement= 1606.62 [[ton]] ngapung<ref name=DamageControlBook>{{cite book |title=Damage Control Book: AGSS569 (U) |date=1971 |publisher=Department of the Navy, Naval Ship Systems Command |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=Section 12, 5–8}}</ref> 1823.51 ton nyilem<ref name="DamageControlBook" /> |Ship length={{convert|205|ft|4.75|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="DamageControlBook" /> Lantang riantara garis jegjeg leser {{convert|200|ft|0|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="DamageControlBook" /> |Ship beam={{convert|27|ft|3.75|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="DamageControlBook" /> |Ship draft= Haluan {{convert|19|ft|1|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="DamageControlBook" /> Aft {{convert|22|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="DamageControlBook" /> |Ship propulsion= 2 motor listrik mapiteh matungkalikan 7,500 shp, 2 diesel/génerator listrik 1,000 bhp/817 kW<ref name="DamageControlBook" /> |Ship speed=* ngapung: 25 [[Knot (satuan)|knot]] * nyilem: 33 knot<ref>{{cite book |last=Tyler |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Tyler |year=1986 |title=Running Critical: The Silent War, Rickover and General Dynamics |url=https://archive.org/details/runningcriticals0000tyle |publisher=Harper and Row |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/runningcriticals0000tyle/page/70 70]}}</ref> |Ship range=Mavariasi sareng konfigurasi |Ship complement=5 perwira, 49 tamtama |Ship sensors= |Ship EW= |Ship armament=Puyung<ref name=polmar129>Polmar & Moore, p.129</ref> |Ship armour= |Ship armor= |Ship aircraft= |Ship aircraft facilities= |Ship notes= }} |} '''USS ''Albacore'' (AGSS-569)''' inggih punika [[kapal silem]] panilikan unik sampun purna sané ngarintis soroh Amérika saking wangun [[lambung tetes yéh mata]], taler kasengguh "lambung ''Albacore''", saking kapal silem sané modérn. Rancangan révolusionér mawit saking pangujian hidrodinamis miwah terowongan angin sané ekstensif, antuk panekenan ring kagelisan lan manuver ring soring toya.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Scrafford |first=Julie |year=2006 |title=Albacore: Forerunner to the Future |journal=Undersea Warfare |volume=8 |issue=4 |publisher=U.S. Navy |access-date=25 January 2011 |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_31/albacore.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522122459/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_31/albacore.html |archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> Ipun inggih punika kapal katiga druén [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]] sané kaicain parinama [[albacore]]. Lunasné kagenahang daweg tanggal 15 Maret 1952 olih [[Galangan Kapal Angkatan Segara Portsmouth]], [[Kittery, Maine]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18902380/keel_for_albacore_experimental_sub/ |title=Keel for Albacore, Experimental Sub, Laid at Shipyard |newspaper=[[The Portsmouth Herald]] |location=[[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]] |page=1 |date=17 March 1952 |access-date=3 April 2018 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> Dia [[Upacara paluncuran kapal|kaluncurang]] daweg tanggal 1 Agustus 1953, kasponsorin olih Ny. J.&nbsp;E. Jowers, randa saking Manggala Motor Machinist's Mate Arthur L. Stanton, ical sareng kapal kaping kalih [[USS Albacore (SS-218)|''Albacore'' (SS-218)]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18902777/albacore_launching_scheduled_today_at/ |title=Albacore Launching Scheduled Today at Naval Shipyard |newspaper=[[The Portsmouth Herald]] |location=[[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]] |page=1 |date=1 August 1953 |access-date=3 April 2018 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18902824/albacore_launching_scheduled_today_at/ |title=Albacore Launching Scheduled Today at Naval Shipyard (cont) |newspaper=[[The Portsmouth Herald]] |location=[[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]] |page=2 |date=1 August 1953 |access-date=3 April 2018 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> lan [[panugasan kapal|katugasang]] daweg tanggal 6 Désémber 1953 ring komando olih Letnan Komandan Kenneth C. Gummerson.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/851902559 |title=New Type Sub Commissioned at Portsmouth |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |page=C22 |date=6 December 1953 |access-date=3 April 2018 |url-access=limited |via=pqarchiver.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18903020/submarine_commissioned/ |title=Submarine Commissioned |newspaper=[[Mansfield News Journal|News-Journal]] |location=[[Mansfield, Ohio]] |page=26 |date=10 December 1953 |access-date=3 April 2018 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> Éféktivitas kapal silem ring [[Perang Jagad II]] ngresepang [[Angkatan Segara Soviét]] miwah [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]] indik perang ring sor segara pacang ngamargiang lakon sané pinih mabuat ring konflik sané jagi rauh miwah nyantenang panglimbak kapal silem sané unggul. Medalné [[tenaga nuklir]] ngawinang pangapti mangda [[kapal perang]] sakadi punika prasida kakaryanin. Utsaha mangda prasida ngamolihang tatujon puniki nyarengin panglimbakan sistem propulsi nuklir miwah desain lambung kapal silem sané ramping sané prasida ngamargiang panyileman sané optimal. {{Kelas kapal silem AS sesampun 1945}} k00e9cow7wxqe7qcikohfsxr2kb2fim 0 65185 281224 240040 2026-08-27T22:11:51Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281224 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=[[Image:USS Sailfish;0857203.jpg|300px|USS Sailfish (SSR-572)]] |Ship caption=USS ''Sailfish'' (SSR-572) }} {{Infobox ship class overview |Name= |Builders=[[Galangan Kapal Angkatan Segara Portsmouth]], [[Kittery, Maine]] |Operators={{naval|Amérika Serikat}} |Class before= |Class after= |Subclasses= |Cost= |Built range=1953–1956 |In service range= |In commission range=1956–1978 |Total ships building= |Total ships planned=2 |Total ships completed=2 |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost= |Total ships retired=2 |Total ships preserved= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship type= [[Kapal silem]] [[piket radar]] |Ship displacement=*{{convert|1990|LT|t|0|lk=in|abbr=on}} ingan *{{convert|2334|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} ngapung *{{convert|3168|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} nyilem<ref name="Register">{{cite book | last = Bauer | first = K. Jack | author2=Roberts, Stephen S. | title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants | url = https://archive.org/details/registerofshipso0000baue | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1991 | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] | page = [https://archive.org/details/registerofshipso0000baue/page/291 291] | isbn = 0-313-26202-0 }}</ref> |Ship length={{convert|350|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} |Ship beam={{convert|29|ft|1|in|m|abbr=on}} |Ship draft={{convert|16|ft|4|in|m|0|abbr=on}} |Ship depth= |Ship propulsion=*4 × [[mesin diesel]] [[Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine|Fairbanks-Morse]] (total {{convert|6000|shp|abbr=on}}), *2 × [[motor listrik]] [[Elliott Company|Elliott]] (total {{convert|8200|shp|abbr=on}}), *2 × 126-[[Sél éléktrokimia|sél]] [[Baturai (listrik)|baturai]] [[GUPPY|Sargo II]], *2 poros<ref name="FriedmanSubs1">{{cite book | last = Friedman | first = Norman | title = U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History | url = https://archive.org/details/ussubmarinesthro0000frie | publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]] | year = 1995 | location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]] | pages = [https://archive.org/details/ussubmarinesthro0000frie/page/94 94]–95, 242 | isbn = 1-55750-263-3 }}</ref> |Ship speed=*{{convert|20.5|kn|lk=in}} ngapung *{{convert|15|kn}} nyilem |Ship range= |Ship complement=95 perwira miwah tamtama |Ship armament=*6 × [[tabung torpédo]] [[torpédo American 21-inch|21-inch (533 mm)]] (haluan), *18 [[torpédo]]<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/> |Ship armor= |Ship notes= }} |} '''Kapal silem kelas ''Sailfish''''' saking [[Angkatan Segara Amérika Serikat]], kaluncurang ring 1955–1956, inggih punika kapal silem kapertama sané kawangun khusus antuk tugas patroli radar lan, daweg nika, pinaka kapal silem matenaga konvénsional pinih ageng Angkatan Segara Améika Serikat. Wantah {{USS|Argonaut|SM-1|6}} lan {{sclass|Narwhal|kapal silem|1}} saking 1920an sané agengan. ''Sailfish'' pangawitné kajangkepin sareng 3 [[radar]] BPS-2 lan BPS-3. Ipun kakaryanin ring sor proyék [[Papan Karakteristik Kapal|SCB 84]] antuk kagelisan pamukaan sané tegeh; nanging, kagelisan ipun sane kapolihang nenten signifikan gelisan tekening kapal silem piket radar [[Perang Jagad II]] sané kauah.<ref name="FriedmanSubs1"/> Katugasin ring warsa 1956, ipun ngayah ring peran piket radar ngantos pangawit warsa 1961, rikala misi makasami armada piket radar kapal silem puput. Radar udara sampun ngentosin antuk ngagenahang [[Grumman]] [[Grumman E-1 Tracer|WF-2 Tracer]]. Kamodérnisasi ring sor program [[Rehabilitasi miwah Modérnisasi Armada]] II (FRAM II) warsa 1964-1966, makakalih kapal silem punika ngayahin ngantos nénten malih kaanggén ring panguntat warsa 1970-an. {{Kapal silem kelas Sailfish}} {{Kelas kapal silem AS sesampun 1945}} fx8mxl4ybf2jjd6jxd4crc27rjqlvsg 0 65463 281024 241188 2026-08-27T19:25:08Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Suaka Segara Nasional Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale | alt_name = | iucn_category = IV | photo = HIHWNMS - humpbacks (27984972255).jpg | photo_alt = | photo_caption = Paus dengkok ring wawidangan suaka | photo_width = | map = USA Hawaii | map_alt = | map_caption = Lokasi di Hawaii | map_width = | location = [[Hawaii]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coord|20.936|-156.77|region:US-HI|notes=<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/Hawaiian_Islands_Humpback_Whale_National_Marine_Sanctuary| title=Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary| work=protectedplanet.net}}</ref>|display=inline, title}} | area = {{convert|1400|sqmi|km2|0}} | designated = {{start date and age|1992|11|4}} | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | world_heritage_site = | url = http://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/ }} '''Suaka Segara Nasional Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale''' utawi '''Suaka Segara Nasional Paus Dengkuk Kapuloan Hawaii''' ({{lang-en|Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary}}) inggih punika silih sinunggil habitat [[paus]] mabuat ring jagat, nampung panyiuan [[paus dengkuk]] (''Megaptera novaeangliae'') nyabran masan dingin. ==Catetan== {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name=faq>{{Cite web |url=http://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/about/FAQs.html |title=FAQ |access-date= 2018-03-22 }}</ref> <ref name=gorp>{{Cite web |url = http://www.gorp.com/weekend-guide/travel-ta-honolulu-hawaii-sidwcmdev_068526.html |title = GORP - Hawaiian Islands humpback whale National Marine Sanctuary |publisher = GORP.com |access-date = 2008-04-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100114183950/http://www.gorp.com/weekend-guide/travel-ta-honolulu-hawaii-sidwcmdev_068526.html |archive-date = 2010-01-14 }}</ref><ref name="About the Sanctuary">{{Cite web | title = About the Sanctuary | work = Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary | publisher = [[Administrasi Kasegaraan miwah Atmospher Nasional]] | date = 2007-05-17 | url = http://www.hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/about/about_sanctuary.html | access-date = 2008-04-09 }}</ref> <ref name=acs>{{Cite web |url = http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/humpback.htm |title = humpback whale Cetacean Fact Sheet |work = American Cetacean Society |access-date = 2008-04-09 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509122640/http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/humpback.htm |archive-date = 2008-05-09 }}</ref> <ref name="Welcome">{{Cite web | title = Welcome | work = Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | date = 2007-05-17 | url = http://www.hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/Welcome.html | access-date = 2008-04-09 }}</ref> <ref name=ng2008>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ngsednet.org/workshop_details.cfm?w_id=27 |title= Hawaiian Islands humpback whale National Marine Sanctuary |publisher=www.ngsednet.org |access-date=2008-04-06}}</ref> <ref name=noaa2006>{{Cite web |url=http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/sos2006/ |title=State of the Sanctuaries Report 2006 |publisher=sanctuaries.noaa.gov |access-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> <ref name=adfg> {{Cite web |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/marine/humpback.php |title=humpback whale: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=www.adfg.state.ak.us |access-date=2008-04-09 |last= Zimmerman |first=Steven T. }}</ref> <ref name=ng>{{Cite web |url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/humpback-whale.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704022327/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/humpback-whale.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 4, 2007 |title=Humpback whale, Humpback whale Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News - National Geographic |publisher=animals.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=2008-04-09}}</ref> <ref name=sail>{{Cite web |url=http://sailhawaii.com/whales.html |title=humpback whales in Hawaii pictures, behaviors |publisher=sailhawaii.com |access-date=2008-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403082004/http://sailhawaii.com/whales.html |archive-date=2008-04-03 }}</ref> <ref name=eoe>{{Cite web |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands_Humpback_Whale_National_Marine_Sanctuary |title=Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary |publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]] |editor=J. Emmett Duffy |date=2014-07-10 |access-date=2018-03-22 }}</ref> }} ==Wacenan lantur== *{{Cite book | last = Darling | first = Jim | title = Hawaii's Humpbacks: Unveiling the Mysteries | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781894694599 | publisher = Granville Island Publishing | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-894694-59-9 }} *{{Cite book | last = Kaufman | first = Gregory D. |author2=Paul H. Forestell | title = Hawaii's Humpback Whales | publisher = Island Heritage | edition = 2nd | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-89610-281-5 }} *{{Cite journal | author = Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce | title = Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. Final Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan. A Federal/State Partnership for the Protection of Humpback Whales and Their Habitat | publisher = [[NOAA]] |date=February 1997}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary}} *[http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/sos2006/ Suaka Segara Nasional Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale] *[http://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/explore/visitor_center.html Pusat Pendidikan Suaka] *[http://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/ Suaka Segara Nasional Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale *[http://www.govsupport.us/navynepahawaii/Docs/Vol2_Part8of9_HRC_DEIS_JULY07_sec4_7.pdf Suaka Segara Nasional Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190604/http://www.govsupport.us/navynepahawaii/Docs/Vol2_Part8of9_HRC_DEIS_JULY07_sec4_7.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080509122640/http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/humpback.htm paus bongkok - Megaptera novaeangliae] *[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/humpback-whale-fact-sheet/ paus bongkok ring PBS] * [https://www.napaliwhale.org/ Paus Hawaii] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204180755/http://napaliwhale.org/ |date=2020-12-04 }} {{Suaka segara nasional Amérika Serikat}} {{authority control}} 5iftzaztlm04zd48hq8h9xd7j2ihnuz 0 65650 281052 241522 2026-08-27T19:45:56Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Akechi Mitsuhide | office = Daimyō [[Kastil Kameyama (Kyoto)|Kastil Kameyama]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Toyotomi Hidekatsu]] | term_start = 1578 | term_end = 1582 | office1 = Daimyō [[Kastil Sakamoto]] | successor1 = [[Niwa Nagahide]] | term_start1 = 1571 | term_end1 = 1582 | allegiance = [[File:Tokikikyo.svg|15px]] [[Klan Toki]]<br>[[File:家徽.jpg|15px]] [[Klan Saito]]<br />[[File:Ashikaga_mon.svg|15px]] [[Kashogunan Ashikaga]]<br />[[File:Mon-Oda.png|15px]] [[Klan Oda]] | relatives = [[Akechi Hidemitsu]] (mantu)<br />[[Akechi Mitsutada]] (misan) | children = [[Akechi Mitsuyoshi]]<br />[[Hosokawa Gracia|Akechi Tama]]<br />''sanéntenné asiki raré istri liyanan'' | mother = Putri saking klan Wakasa Takeda | father = [[Akechi Mitsutsuna]] | spouse = [[Tsumaki Hiroko]] | battles = [[Patempuran Nagaragawa]]<br/>[[Yamashina-ku, Kyoto|Patempuran Honkoku-ji]]<br/>[[Pangepungan Kanegasaki (1570)|Pangepungan Kanegasaki]]<br/>[[Pangepungan Gunung Hiei]]<br/>[[Propinsi Kawachi#Babad|Kampanye Kawachi]]<br/>[[Patempuran Nagashino]]<br>[[Propinsi Tanba#Babad|Kampanye Tanba]]<br/>[[Perang Ishiyama Hongan-ji]]<br/>[[Patempuran Tedorigawa]]<br/>[[Pangepungan Shigisan]]<br/>[[Kastil Yakami#Babad|Pangepungan Kastil Yakami]]<br/>[[Kastil Kuroi#Babad|Pangepungan Kastil Kuroi]]<br/>[[Insidén Honnō-ji]]<br/>[[Patempuran Yamazaki]] | unit = [[File:Mizu-Iro Tokikikyo.png|15px]] [[Klan Akechi]] | nickname = "Jūbei" (十兵衛) | native_name = 明智 光秀 | death_place = [[Fushimi-ku, Kyoto]], Jepang | nationality = [[Jadma Jepang|Jepang]] | birth_place = Kastil Tara, [[Propinsi Mino]], Jepang | death_date = {{death date and age|1582|7|2|1528|3|10}} | birth_date = 10 Maret 1528 | caption = Lukisan [[masa Edo]] antuk Akechi Mitsuhide. | image = Akechi Mitsuhide2.jpg | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes | kanji = 明智 光秀 | hiragana = あけち みつひで | romaji = Akechi Mitsuhide }} }} {{nihongo|'''Akechi Mitsuhide'''|明智 光秀||March 10, 1528 – July 2, 1582}},<ref name="Turnbull2">{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=The Samurai Sourcebook |url=https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0 |publisher=Cassell & Co. |year=1998 |isbn=1854095234 |page=}}</ref>{{rp|212}} kapertama kaparabin '''Jūbei''' saking klan ipun lan salanturné {{nihongo|'''Koretō Hyūga no Kami'''|惟任日向守}} saking gelarné, inggih punika jénderal Jepang saking [[masa Sengoku]]. Mitsuhide pangawitné dados pangabih saking pamucuk [[Kashogunan Ashikaga|Ashikaga]] sané kaping untat ''[[shōgun]]'' [[Ashikaga Yoshiaki]], ida silih tunggil jenderal sané kapercayain ring sor [[Oda Nobunaga]] salami perang panyikian politikné ring Jepang. Mitsuhide ngaberontak nglawan Nobunaga antuk hawanan sané nénten kauningin ring [[Insidén Honno-ji]] duk warsa 1582, ngamaksa Nobunaga sané nénten kmasaih mangda ngamargiang ''[[seppuku]]'' ring [[Kyoto]]. Mitsuhide mautsaha mangda prasida ngadegang ragané dados ''shōgun'', nanging kauber olih panerus Nobunaga [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] lan kakaonang ring [[Patempuran Yamazaki]]. Pameréntahan Mitsuhide sané cendet wantah 13 rahina puniki dados lis inspirasi antuk frasa set [[yojijukugo]] . {{nihongo||三日天下|''mikkatenka''|extra=galah pameréntahan<ref>Manut pustaka Sanseido, 三日 sapatutné kapanggihin nénten sacara kruna dados tiga rahina, sakémanten dados "ごく短い期間", e.g. rézim masa galah sané sanget cendet</ref> cendet}}.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=三日天下|trans-title=Mikkatenka|encyclopedia=広辞苑第六版 (Koujien, 6th edition)|publisher=株式会社岩波書店 ([[Iwanami Shoten]], Inc.)|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/idiom/%E4%B8%89%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B/m0u/%E4%B8%89%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B/ |script-title=ja:三日天下|trans-title=Mikkatenka|encyclopedia=新明解四字熟語時点 (Shinmeika Yojijukugo Jiten)|publisher=三省堂([[Sanseidō]])| access-date=5 Sep 2013 |language=ja}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 0eywoc1z003ds59c2nof1nzpoawn8p4 0 65656 281170 241512 2026-08-27T21:36:17Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Fukushima Masanori | native_name = 福島 正則 | native_name_lang = | image = Masanori Fukushima.JPG | image_size = | image_upright = | smallimage = | alt = | caption = Fukushima Masanori | order = | office = [[Domain Hiroshima|Daimyō Hiroshima]] | predecessor = [[Mōri Terumoto]] | successor = [[Asano Nagaakira]] | term_start = 1600 | term_end = 1619 | monarch = | birth_name = Ichimatsu | birth_date = 1561 | birth_place = Futatsudera, Kaitō, [[Propinsi Owari]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1624|08|26|1561||}} | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = | nationality = [[Jepang]] | spouse = [[Omasa]] | partner = | relations = | children = | mother = | father = Fukushima Masanobu | relatives = | residence = | battles = [[Pangepungan Miki]]<br>[[Patempuran Yamazaki]]<br>[[Patempuran Shizugatake]]<br>[[Kampanye Kyūshū]]<br>[[Invasi Jepang nuju Koréa (1592–1598)|Kampanye Koréa]]<br>[[Patempuran Kastil Gifu]]<br>[[Patempuran Sekigahara]] | allegiance = [[File:Goshichi_no_kiri_inverted.svg|15px]] [[Klan Toyotomi]]<br>[[File:Mitsubaaoi.svg|15px]] [[Patempuran Sekigahara|Tentara Kangin]]<br>[[File:Tokugawa family crest.svg|15px]] [[Kashogunan Tokugawa]] | unit = [[File:Alex_K_Hiroshima_Fukushima_kamon.svg|15px]] Klan Fukushima }} {{family name hatnote|Fukushima|lang=Japanese}} {{nihongo|'''Fukushima Masanori'''|福島 正則||1561 – 26 Agustus 1624}} inggih punika satunggil ''[[daimyō]]'' Jepang ring ungkur [[masa Sengoku]] ngantos pamahbah [[masa Edo]] lan ngamong dados panguasa [[Domain Hiroshima]]. Satunggil [[punggawa (abad patengahan)|punggawa]] [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], ida matempur ring [[Patempuran Shizugatake]] duk warsa 1583 lan digelis kaloktah dados silih sinunggil saking [[Pitu Tumbak Shizugatake]], sinarengan [[Katō Kiyomasa]] miwah liyanan.<ref name=Turnbull>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|url=https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=9781854095237|page=[https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0/page/35 34],49,234}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} k9p7oimkmlqregu134adp7nh30gvcds 0 65657 281234 241541 2026-08-27T22:18:16Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | name = Hirano Nagayasu | native_name = 平野 長泰 | native_name_lang = jpn | image = Hirano Nagayasu.jpg | image_size = | caption = Potrét Hirano Nagayasu saking Pahlawan Taiheiki karya [[Utagawa Yoshiiku]] | birth_date = 1559 | death_date = 1628 (yusa: 68-69) | birth_place = | death_place = | nickname = | allegiance = [[File:Goshichi no kiri inverted.svg|15px]] [[Klan Toyotomi]]<br>[[File:Tokugawa family crest.svg|15px]] [[Patempuran Sekigahara|Tentara Kangin]]<br>[[File:Tokugawa family crest.svg|15px]] [[Kashogunan Tokugawa]] | serviceyears = | rank = [[Hatamoto]] | unit = | commands = | battles = [[Patempuran Shizugatake]]<br>[[Patempuran Sekigahara]]<br>[[Pangepungan Osaka]] | awards = | relations = | laterwork = }} {{family name hatnote|Hirano|lang=Japanese}} {{Nihongo|'''Hirano Nagayasu'''|平野 長泰||1559 – 1628}} inggih punika satunggil [[samurai]] punggaw panglima perang Jepang [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] selami [[masa Azuchi-Momoyama]] duk abad ka-17. Ida kaloktah dados silih sinunggil saking "[[Pitu Tumbak Shizugatake]]".<ref name=Turnbull>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|url=https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=9781854095237|page=[https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0/page/35 34],49,234}}</ref> Gelar punika kaicénin sesampun [[Patempuran Shizugatake]] duk warsa 1583, santukan kabinawa ring rana, Nagayasu kaloktah dados silih sinunggil ''shichi-hon-yari'' (七本槍).<ref name=Turnbull>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|url=https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=9781854095237|page=[https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0/page/35 34],49,234}}</ref> Kapitu jadma niki rumasuk ri antara jénderal-jénderal Hideyoshi sané pinih kapercaya. Santukan préstasiné ring patempuran nika, ida kaicénin wewehan 3.000 [[koku]]. Ring warsa 1600, ida matempur sinarengan "Tentara Kangin" [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] ring [[Patempuran Sekigahara]]. Daweg warsa 1614, ida magingsir sisi malih, nunas antuk ngayah ring sor [[klan Toyotomi]] daweg [[Pangepungan Osaka]], sakémanten batasina. Pamuputné Nagayasu manados ''[[hatamoto]]'', sané ngayahin [[Kashogunan Tokugawa]] ring [[masa Edo]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} g63q9oa4dh85ql0f36msipzdepzbp14 0 65659 281124 241544 2026-08-27T20:41:49Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Katagiri Katsumoto | native_name = 片桐 且元 | native_name_lang = jpn | image = Katagiri Katumoto.jpg | image_size = | caption = Katagiri Katsumoto | birth_date = 1556 | death_date = {{death date and age|1615|6|24|1556}} | birth_place = | death_place = | nickname = | father = Katagiri Naosada | office = ''[[Karō]]'' saking [[Klan Toyotomi]] | term_start = 1598 | term_end = 1614 | successor = [[Ōno Harunaga]] | office1 = ''Daimyō'' [[Domain Ibaraki|Ibaraki]] | term_start1 = 1600 | term_end1 = 1615 | office2 = ''Daimyō'' [[Domain Tatsuta|Tatsuta]] | term_start2 = 1601 | term_end2 = 1615 | successor2 = Katagiri Takatoshi | allegiance = [[File:Goshichi no kiri inverted.svg|15px]] [[Klan Toyotomi]]<br>[[File:Tokugawa family crest.svg|15px]] [[Kashogunan Tokugawa]] | serviceyears = | rank = ''[[Daimyo]]'' | unit = [[Klan Katagiri]] | commands = [[Ibaraki, Osaka|Wawengkon Ibaraki]] | battles = [[Patempuran Shizugatake]] | awards = | relations = | blank1 = Pakarya liyanan | data1 = Manggala Umah Toyotomi }} {{nihongo|'''Katagiri Katsumoto'''|片桐 且元||1556 – 24 Juni 1615}} inggih punika satunggil panglima perang Jepang (''[[daimyō]]'') saking [[Ibaraki, Osaka|Ibaraki]], daweg [[masa Azuchi–Momoyama]] ngantos pamahbah [[masa Edo]]. Ring masa yowanané ida kaloktah dados silih sinunggil saking [[Pitu Tumbak Shizugatake]], selami [[Patempuran Shizugatake]] duk sasih Méi 1583.<ref name=Turnbull>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|url=https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=9781854095237|page=[https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0/page/35 34],49,234}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} jhzdif6ez130c368k4749apahs6sj8n 0 65667 281120 241520 2026-08-27T20:39:55Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Junior Peringkat Katiga]] | name = Katō Yoshiaki | native_name = {{nobold|加藤 嘉明}} | native_name_lang = ja | honorific_suffix = | image = Katō Yoshiaki.jpg | image_size = | image_upright = | smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> | alt = | caption = Katō Yoshiaki | order = | office = Daimyō [[Domain Aizu|Aizu]] | term_start = 1627 | term_end = 1631 | predecessor = [[Gamō Tadasato]] | successor = [[Katō Akinari]] | birth_date = 1563 | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|1631|10|7|1563||}} | death_place = [[Edo]], Jepang | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = | nationality = [[Jadma Jepang|Jepang]] | spouse = | relations = | children = | mother = | father = | relatives = | blank1 = | data1 = <!--Military service--> | nickname = |allegiance = [[File:Toyotomi mon.png|15px]] [[Klan Toyotomi]]<br>[[File:Mitsubaaoi.svg|15px]] [[Patempuran Sekigahara|Tentara Kangin]]<br>[[File:Tokugawa family crest.svg|15px]] [[Kashogunan Tokugawa]] | unit = [[File:Japanese crest Sagari Fuji of Katou Yosiaki.svg|15px]] [[Klan Katō]] | branch = | serviceyears = | rank = | commands = | battles = [[Patempuran Shizugatake]] (1583)<br>[[Pangepungan Shimoda]] (1590)<br>[[Invasi Jepang nuju Koréa (1592–98)|Kampanye Koréa]] (1592-1598)<br>[[Patempuran Sekigahara]] (1600) }} {{nihongo|'''Katō Yoshiaki(ra)'''|加藤 嘉明||{{IPA|ja|kaꜜ.toː {{pipe}} jo.ɕi.aꜜ.kʲi.ɾa}},<ref>{{cite book|script-title=ja:新明解日本語アクセント辞典|edition=2nd|editor-last=Kindaichi|editor-first=Haruhiko|editor-link=Haruhiko Kindaichi|editor-last2=Akinaga|editor-first2=Kazue|publisher=[[Sanseidō]]|date=10 March 2025|lang=ja}}</ref> 1563 &ndash; 7 Oktober 1631}} inggih punika satunggil ''[[daimyō]]'' Jepang duk ungkur [[masa Sengoku]] ngantos pamahbah [[masa Edo]]; ida ngamong dados panguasa [[Domain Aizu]]. Dados punggawa [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], Katō matempur ring [[Patempuran Shizugatake]] duk warsa 1583 lan digelis kaloktah dados silih sinunggil ''shichi-hon-yari'' (七本槍), or [[Pitu Tumbak Shizugatake]].<ref name="Turnbull">{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|url=https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=9781854095237|page=[https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0/page/35 34],49,234,241}}</ref> Ida taler silih sinunggil saking pitu jelénderal Hideyoshi sané pinih kapercaya lan mapengalaman. Ida taler nyarengin ring patempuran segara ring [[Pangepungan Shimoda]] ring [[Pangepungan Odawara (1590)|Kampanye Odawara]] (1590) saha matempur ring selantang pasisi samenanjung Koréa Kelod selami Perang kapertama lan kaping kalih [[Invasi Jepang nuju Koréa (1592–1598)|Kampanye Koréa]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} e7dskn4eqm95g5e5j7o4jk1ghzzafu8 0 65697 281241 241651 2026-08-27T22:22:00Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person | name = Kasuya Takenori | native_name = 糟屋 武則 | native_name_lang = jpn | image = Kasuya Takenori.jpg | image_size = | caption = Potrét Kasuya Takenori saking ''Pahlawan Taiheiki'' [[Utagawa Yoshiiku]] | birth_date = 1562 | death_date = 1607 | birth_place = | death_place = | nickname = | allegiance = [[File:Hidari mitsudomoe.svg|15px]] [[Klan Bessho]]<br>[[File:Toyotomi mon.png|15px]] [[Klan Toyotomi]]<br>[[File:大一大万大吉.svg|15px]] [[Patempuran Sekigahara|Tentara Kauh]]<br>[[File:Tokugawa family crest.svg|15px]] [[Kashogunan Tokugawa]] | serviceyears = | rank = [[Hatamoto]] | unit = | commands = [[Kastil Kakogawa]] | battles = [[wawengkon Chūgoku|Kampanye Chūgoku]]<br>[[Patempuran Shizugatake]]<br>[[Kampanye Koréa]]<br>[[Pangepungan Fushimi]] | awards = | relations = | laterwork = }} {{family name hatnote|Kasuya|lang=Japanese}} {{nihongo|'''Kasuya Takenori'''|糟屋 武則||1562–1607}} inggih punika satunggil [[samurai]] Jepang saking [[masa Azuchi-Momoyama]], sané ngayahin [[klan Toyotomi]]. Ida putran kaping kalih Kasuya Tadayasu, satunggil punggawa [[klan Bessho]] ring [[Propinsi Harima]]. Ida ngambel gelar '''Naizen no Kami''' (内膳正). Sesampune kampanye Chūgoku, Takenori dados punggawa [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] santukan rekomendasi [[Kuroda Kanbei]]. Ring warsa 1583, Takenori kasub santukan pertempurané ring rana [[Patempuran Shizugatake|Shizugatake]], ring dija ida kaloktah dados silih sinunggil [[Pitu Tumbak Shizugatake]],<ref name=Turnbull>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|url=https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=9781854095237|page=[https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0/page/35 34],49,234}}</ref> miwah antuk pabinayan nika ida kaicénin 3,000 ''koku'' saking Hideyoshi. Taler matugas ring [[Kampanye Koréa]], lan salanturné kaicénin [[Kastil Kakogawa]] ring [[Propinsi Harima]]. Ring warsa 1600, ring [[Patempuran Sekigahara]], ida wantah asiki saking "Pitu Tombak" sané nyarengin tentara "Kauh" [[Ishida Mitsunari]], miwah sareng nyerang [[Bénténg Fushimi|Bénténg Fushimi]]. Rikala padruéné kasita sesampun payudan, kulawargané salanturné kalugra kaicénin 500 ''koku'', lan kaicén status [[hatamoto]] ngayah ring sor kulawarga Tokugawa. Yadiastun wénten akidik pangulihan kasugihan kulawargané, digelis sesampun sédané Takenori, warih Kasuya camput. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} shulnfiyzo5w5dr1rulw1msjpoyrgpw 0 66525 281169 246634 2026-08-27T21:35:52Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = William Adams | honorific_suffix = | image = William-Adams-before-Shogun-Tokugawa-Ieyasu.png | alt = | imagesize = | caption = William Adams sadurung Shogun [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1564|09|24|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Gillingham, Kent]], Inggris | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1620|05|16|1564|09|24}} | death_place = [[Hirado]], [[Préféktur Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], Jepang | resting_place = Taman Mémorial William Adams, Bukit Sakigata, [[Hirado]], [[Préféktur Nagasaki]], Japan | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | other_names = Miura Anjin ({{lang|ja|三浦按針}}) | known_for = {{Plainlist| * [[Jadma Inggris]] kapertama sané ngarauhin Jepang * Ri antara Hatamoto Kauh kapertama sané kauningin * Silih sinunggul jadma Inggris kapertama sané ngarauhin Thailand<br />Jadma Inggris katiga sané ngarauhin Viétnam}} | occupation = Navigator | term = 1600–1620 | predecessor = | successor = Joseph Adams | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Mary Hyn|1589}} * {{marriage|Oyuki|1613}}}}<ref name="oyuki-wife"/><ref name="untoldlives">{{cite web |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2016/05/william-adams-from-gillingham-to-japan.html |date=16 May 2016 |website=British Library |title=William Adams&nbsp;– from Gillingham to Japan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324191938/https://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2016/05/william-adams-from-gillingham-to-japan.html |archive-date=24 March 2018}}</ref> | children = John Adams (son) <br /> Deliverance Adams (putri) <br /> Joseph Adams (putra) <br /> Susanna Adams (putri)<ref name="oyuki-wife"/><ref name="untoldlives"/> }} '''William Adams''' (24 Séptémber 1564 – 16 Méi 1620), langkung kaloktah ring Jepang dados {{Nihongo|'''Miura Anjin'''|三浦按針||'pilot [[Samenanjung Miura|Miura]]'}}, inggih punika jadma Inggris [[navigator]] sane, ring warsa 1600, dados jadma Inggris kapertama sané rauh ring Jepang. Dané raris polih status [[samurai]], miwah kaangkenin pinaka silih tunggil jadma dura negara sané pinih mabuat ring Jepang salami pangawit abad ka-17.<ref name="ReferenceB">William Adams and Early English Enterprise in Japan, by Anthony Farrington and Derek Massarella.</ref> Ida rauh ring Jepang dados silih sinunggil saking aikidik jadma sané selamet saking kapal ''Liefde''<ref name="voc-kenniscentrum.nl">{{cite web|title=VOC Knowledge Center – Rotterdam Chamber|url=https://voc-kenniscentrum.nl/kamer-rotterdam.html|website=VOC-Kenniscentrum|language=Nl|access-date=2025-08-10|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531030404/https://www.voc-kenniscentrum.nl/kamer-rotterdam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ring sor manggala [[Yakub Quaeckernaeck]]. Punika wantah kapal sané prasida rauh ring Jepang saking ékspedisi lima kapal sané kalaksanayang olih pautsahaan dagang [[Rotterdam]].<ref name="voc-kenniscentrum.nl" /> (a ''[[voorcompagnie]]'', utawi sadurungné, saking [[Pautsahaan Hindia Kangin Belanda]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fergusson |first1=Niall |title=The Ascent of Money |year=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/ascentofmoneyfin0000ferg |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/ascentofmoneyfin0000ferg/page/129 129] |edition=2009}}</ref> Tan suwe sasampun rauh ring Jepang, Adams miwah sawitrané sané kaping kalih [[Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn|Jan Joosten]] dados pamiteket majeng ring ''[[shōgun]]'' [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], lan soang-soang kaadegang dados ''[[hatamoto]]''.{{Efn|Henry Smith maosang nénten akéh wénten bukti indik tanah 250 "[[koku]]" padruénné. Mawinan asapunika Smith maosang status Adams pinaka samurai gelar "kahormatan".<ref>{{harvtxt|Henry Smith |1980|p=7}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=アレキサンダー・ベネット. |title=JAPAN The Ultimate SAMURAI Guide: an Insider Looks at the Japanese Martial Arts and Surviving in the Land of Bushido and Zen |date=2018 |publisher=Chāruzuītatorushuppan |isbn=978-4-8053-1375-6 |oclc=1038661169}}</ref> Sampun langkungan saking dasa warsa, pihak pamréntahan Tokugawa nénten ngicenin Adams lan Joosten matilar saking Jepang. Yadiastun pamuputné kaicen ijin mawali budal nuju Inggris, Adams mutusang pacang meneng ring Jepang, irika dané padem duk mayusa 55. Pianak-pianakné sané embas ring Jepang, Joseph lan Susanna, minab katundung nuju [[Batavia, Hindia Belanda|Batavia]].<ref name="Rogers, p. 266">{{harvtxt|Hiromi Rogers |2016 |p=266}}</ref> ring warsa 1635 ritatkala [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]] nutup Jepang antuk paadodal dura negara; ipun ical saking catétan babad duk punika.<ref name="William Adams">{{cite web |last1=Teague |first1=Anthony Graham |website=[[Sogang University]] |quote=Brother Anthony of [[Taizé Community|Taizé]] |url=http://anthony.sogang.ac.kr/WilliamAdams.html | title=William Adams | access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915083226/https://anthony.sogang.ac.kr/WilliamAdams.html |archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> 2o6z6x7vgivg8261rmwo6lxtixm8lb8 0 66938 281184 280117 2026-08-27T21:46:43Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281184 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Laughter_and_clearing_voice.ogg|ka|jmpl| Audio anak istri sane kedek]] [[Berkas:Laughing_boy_at_golden_hour.jpg|jmpl|[[Oka|Anak alit]] sane makedekan]] '''Kedekan''' (Alus singgih: Ica) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.basabali.org/Kedek|title=Kedek|date=2023-09-22|website=BASAbaliWiki|language=en|access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref>inggih punika reaksi fisik lan emosi sane biasane [[Pleasure|nyenengin]] sane biasane kawangun antuk kontraksi ritmis, biasane kapireng saking [[Thoracic diaphragm|diafragma]] lan bagian-bagian sistem pernapasan sane lianan. Punika pinaka respons majeng ring [[Stimulus (psychology)|rangsangan]] eksternal utawi internal sane sampun katentuang. Kedekan prasida metu saking parikrama sakadi [[Tickling|kagelitikin]], <ref>{{Cite book|last=Stearns|first=Frederic Rudolph|url=https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoch00some/page/59|title=Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development|publisher=Springfield, Ill., Thomas|year=1972|isbn=978-0398024208|pages=[https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoch00some/page/59 59–65]}}</ref> utawi saking satua [[Humor|sane lucu]], [[Image|pencitraan]], [[video]] utawi pikayunan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shultz|first=T. R.|last2=Horibe|first2=F.|year=1974|title=Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-psychology_1974-01_10_1/page/13|journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=10|pages=13–20|doi=10.1037/h0035549}}</ref> Sane pinih sering, kabaos ekspresi auditori saking makudang-kudang kahanan emosi sane positif, sakadi sukacita, girang, [[Happiness|bagia]] utawi lega. Nanging, ring makudang-kudang galah, punika minab sangkaning kahanan emosi sane matungkalikan sakadi kimud, kaget, utawi bingung sakadi [[Nervous laughter|kedek gugup utawi kedek sopan santun]] . Yusa, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, basa lan budaya makasami punika indikator <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Olmwake|first=Louise|year=1937|title=A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics|journal=Journal of Applied Psychology|volume=45|issue=6|pages=688–704|doi=10.1037/h0055199}}</ref> indik napike jadma punika pacang ngarasayang kedek ring kahanan sane sampun katentuang. Tiosan ring manusa, makudang-kudang spesies [[primata]] tiosan ( [[simpanse]], [[Gorilla|gorila]] miwah [[orangutan]] ) nyihnayang [[Laughter in animals|vokalisasi sekadi kedek]] pinaka penampén saking kontak fisik sekadi magulat, maplalian nguber utawi ngelitik. Kedekan inggih punika pahan saking [[Human behavior|parilaksana manusa]] sane kaatur olih [[Human brain|otak]], ngwantu [[manusa]] nlatarang pikayunannyane ring [[Social interaction|interaksi sosial]] lan ngicenin konteks emosional ring pabligbagan. Kedek kaanggen pinaka cihna dados pahan saking seka-punika nyihnayang penerimaan miwah interaksi positif sareng anak tiosan. Kedekan kadang-kadang kacingak nular lan kedekan silih sinunggil jadma prasida ngraga ngawinang kedekan saking jadma sane lianan pinaka [[Positive feedback|umpan balik sane positif]]. <ref>Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, ''Self-Organization in Biological Systems'', ''[[Princeton University Press]]'', 2003. {{ISBN|0-691-11624-5}} – {{ISBN|0-691-01211-3}} (pbk.) p. 18.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Blumer|first=Herbert|title=Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method|url=https://archive.org/details/symbolicinteract0000blum|date=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05676-3|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA|page=[https://archive.org/details/symbolicinteract0000blum/page/84 84]|chapter=Society as Symbolic Interaction|quote=group action is the collective action of such individuals ['who fit their respective lines of action to one another through the process of interpretation']...the individuals composing...the group become 'carriers,' or media for the expression of such forces; and the interpretative behavior by means of which people form their actions is merely a coerced link in the play of such forces.|orig-year=1969}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Durkheim|first=Émile|title=[[Suicide (Durkheim book)|Suicide: A Study in Sociology]]|date=1979|publisher=THE FREE PRESS|isbn=978-0-684-83632-4|location=New York, NY|pages=125, 129|translator-last=Spaulding|translator-first=John A.|trans-title=Étude de sociologie|chapter=Imitation|quote=Thus we yawn, laugh, weep, because we see someone yawn, laugh or weep...The name of imitation must then be reserved solely for such facts if it is to have clear meaning, and we shall say: ''Imitation exists when the immediate antecedent of an act is the representation of a like act, previously performed by someone else; with no explicit or implicit mental operation which bears upon the intrinsic nature of the act reproduced intervening between representation and execution.''|orig-year=1951|translator-last2=Simpson|translator-first2=George}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bergson|first=Henri|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4352/4352-h/4352-h.htm|title=Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic|date=26 July 2009|publisher=Project Gutenberg|translator-last=Brereton L. ES L., M.A.|translator-first=Cloudesley|chapter=The Comic in General—The Comic Element in Forms and Movements—Expansive Force of the Comic|quote=Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, Listen to it carefully: it is not an articulate, clear, well-defined sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder in a mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on for ever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one.|orig-year=1900|translator-last2=Rothwell B.A.|translator-first2=Fred}}</ref> Studi indik humor lan kedek, lan efek psikologis lan fisiologisnyane ring angga manusa, kawastanin [[Gelotology|gelotologi]]. == Cingak taler == * [[Death from laughter|Pati sangkaning kedek]] * [[Evil laughter|Kedek sane corah]] * [[Laughter yoga|Yoga kedek]] * [[Paradoxical laughter|Kedek sane paradoks]] * [[Pathological laughing and crying|Kedek lan nangis sane patologis]] * [[Smile|Makenyem]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Demen Karahayuan]] [[Kategori:Psikologi fisiologis]] t3kxp9pjn9lnzkjdh5bv2fvap2mjhcr 0 67424 281077 246217 2026-08-27T20:09:21Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Butter tea 20120622.jpg|jmpl|Acawan Teh Mentega]]'''Teh mentega''' (Basa Tibet: བོད་ཇ་; bod ja) utawi teh Tibet inggih punika wedangan saking wewidangan Himalaya sakadi Nepal, Bhutan, India (ring daerah Ladakh tur Sikkim), tur kasub pesan ring Tibet. Teh sane kacampur antuk mentega yak (yak: soroh sampi saking wewidangan Himalaya) tur tasik puniki wantah wedangan sabilang dina krama Tibet. Tiosan ring mentega yak, wenten taler teh mentega sane kacampur antuk mentega lembu utawi sampi krana aluh kapolihang ring pasar. == Adat Tibet == Ring Tibet, teh puniki wantah silih sinunggil adat tur kasajiang sabilang dina. Sadurung makarya, kramane nginem teh mentega utawi kasajiang antuk tamiu sane rauh ka jero. Teh puniki sampun madaging kalori sane jangkep tur becik majeng ring krama Tibet sane wenten ring wewidangan Himalaya. Tiosan ring ento, mentega becik antuk nambanin bibih keping<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mayhew|first=Bradley|title=Tibet|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanettibe00unse|last2=Kohn|first2=Michael|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2005|isbn=1740595238}}</ref>[[Berkas:Bos grunniens at Yundrok Yumtso Lake.jpg|jmpl|Yak]]Manut ring adat Tibet, teh puniki kainem akidik-kidik tur pacang kaisinin malih ngantos ring bucu cawan yening teh sampun telas. Cawan punika pacang tetep maisi. Yening tamiune nenten kayun nginem, sane patut kalaksanayang inggih punika cangkir punika nenten kagentosin kantos tamiune budal, sesampun punika pacang kakosongin. Puniki wantah tata titi sane patut kaajiang mangda sang sane ngaturang teh nenten marasa kasinggung.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=W.|first=E. H. C.|last2=Chapman|first2=F. Spencer|date=1939-03|title=Lhasa: The Holy City|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1788373|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=93|issue=3|pages=259|doi=10.2307/1788373|issn=0016-7398}}</ref> [[Berkas:Monk churning butter tea.JPG|jmpl|246x246px|Biksu sane Ngaduk Teh Mentega]] == Tata Panyajiang == Sane kapartama, don teh puniki kaseduh atengah dina, mangda toyane mawarna coklat gelap. Sasampun punika, kasaring tur katuang ka wadah madaging mentega yak utawi sampi lan tasik. Raris kakocok mangda marupa cairan sakadi sup utawi minyak. Cairan punika kawadahin teko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.14711/spcol/b635382|title=Three years in Tibet : with the original Japanese illustrations|last=Kawaguchi|first=Ekai|website=Rare &amp; Special e-Zone|access-date=2025-08-24}}</ref> Cara sane tiosan inggih punika toya sane sampun madidih kacemplungin antuk don teh akidik kantos toyane dados selem. Uyah kawewehin, kasarengin antuk baking soda yening kaaptiang. Teh sane sampun kapolihang raris kasaring ka pengaduk mentega kayu sane sampun madaging mentega. Cairan punika kaaduk kantos teh punika alus lan salanturnyane kawadahin teko, tur kagenahang ring pemanas mangda tetep anget. Yening tan wenten pengaduk mentega, teh punika prasida kawadahin ring mangkuk kayu lan kaaduk.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=B.|first=F. M.|last2=Migot|first2=Andre|last3=Fleming|first3=Peter|date=1955-06|title=Tibetan Marches|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1791716|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=121|issue=2|pages=219|doi=10.2307/1791716|issn=0016-7398}}</ref> Yening tan wenten don teh, mentega yak, lan pengaduk mentega kayu, prasida ngangge kantong teh, makudang-kudang soroh mentega, lan blender. == Pustaka == <references /> jmlvwz5n8c1wilkufbt7hsl0ecmy2ds 0 67432 281118 246215 2026-08-27T20:39:18Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ancient site |name = Tikal |alternate_name = Yax Mutal |image = Tikal Temple1 2006 08 11.JPG |image_size = 250px |alt = |caption = [[Kuil I Tikal]] dengan ketinggian yang mencapai 47 m{{sfn|Martin|Grube|2000|p=47}} |coordinates = {{coord|17|13|19|N|89|37|25|W|display=inline,title}} |map_dot_label = |location = [[Flores, El Petén|Flores]], [[Departemen Petén]],&nbsp;[[Guatemala]] |region = [[Cekungan Petén]] |built = |abandoned = |epochs = Klasik Awal hingga Klasik Akhir |cultures = [[Peradaban Maya]] |event = |excavations = |archaeologists = |condition = |architectural_styles = |architectural_details = |notes = |designation1 = WHS |designation1_offname = Taman Nasional Tikal |designation1_type = Campuran |designation1_criteria = i, iii, iv, ix, x |designation1_date = 1979 <small>(sesi ke-3)</small> |delisted1_date = |designation1_partof = |designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/64 64] |designation1_free1name = Negara anggota |designation1_free1value = [[Guatemala]] |designation1_free2name = Kawasan |designation1_free2value = Amerika Latin dan Karibia |designation1_free3name = |designation1_free3value = |designation2 = |designation2_offname = |designation2_type = |designation2_criteria = |designation2_date = |delisted2_date = |designation2_partof = |designation2_number = |designation2_free1name = |designation2_free1value = |designation2_free2name = |designation2_free2value = |designation2_free3name = |designation2_free3value = |precolumbian = yes <!-- non-functional tracking parameter, do not remove/change --> }} '''Tikal''' (''Tik’al'' ring ejaan Maya modern) inggih punika reruntuhan kota kuna ring alas ujan [[Guatemala]] sane pinab kawastanin '''Yax Mutal.''' Tikal inggih punika silih tunggil kota sane pinih ageng ring Peradaban Maya ring masa pra-Kolumbus. Kota punika magenah ring wewidangan [[Cekungan Petén|''Cekungan'' Petén]] ring departemen EL Peten. Situs puniki pinaka pahan saking Taman Nasional Tikal, sane sampun kadadosang situs Warisan Dunia [[UNESCO]] duk warsa 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/64/|title=Tikal National Park|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2025-08-24}}</ref> Tikal Inggih punika ibu kota saking napi sane dumun dados silih tunggil kerajaan sane pinih mautama ring peradaban Maya. Yadiastus struktur utama situs puniki mawit saking abad ka-4 SM<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharer|first=Robert J.|title=The ancient Maya|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar|last2=Traxler|first2=Loa P.|date=2006|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-4816-2|edition=6th ed|location=Stanford, Calif}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharer|first=Robert J.|title=The ancient Maya|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar|last2=Traxler|first2=Loa P.|date=2006|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-4817-9|edition=6. ed., rewritten and expanded|location=Stanford, Calif}}</ref>. Tikal sampun ngantos ring puncaknyane salami Periode Klasik (200-900M). Salami masa puniki, Tikal ngadominasi widang politik, ekonomi, miwah militer ring wewidangan Maya, miwah miara paiketan sane raket sareng wewidangan [[Mesoamerika]] tiosan sekadi kota ageng Teotihuacan ring Lembah Meksiko. Wenten bukti indik Tikal sampun kajajah olih Teotihuacan ring abad ka-4 Masehi. == Pustaka == <references /> nuo18xqgkkjq1cruaymoukti5mek40e 0 67908 281221 247350 2026-08-27T22:10:06Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''New Orleans'''{{efn|{{Bulleted list|English: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɔːr|l|(|i|)|ə|n|z}} {{Respell|OR|l(ee)ənz}}, {{IPAc-en|ɔːr|ˈ|l|iː|n|z}} {{Respell|or|LEENZ}},<ref name=mw>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/New%20Orleans New Orleans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202419/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/New%20Orleans |date=March 6, 2018 }}. [[Merriam-Webster]].</ref> {{IPAc-en|local|ˈ|ɔːr|l|ə|n|z}} {{Respell|OR|lənz}}|{{Langx|fr|La Nouvelle-Orléans}}, {{IPA|fr|la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃|pron|La Nouvelle-Orleans.ogg}}|{{langx|lou|Nouvèl Orleans}}|{{langx|es|Nueva Orleans}}}}}} (katah kauningin pinaka '''NOLA''' utawi '''''The Big Easy''''' pantaraning parab tiosan) inggih punika [[County kota kapadu|paroki kota kapadu]] sané magenah ring salantang [[Tukad Mississippi]] ring negara wagian [[Louisiana]] AS. Antuk akéh panjakné 383.997 ring sénsus warsa 2020, New Orleans wantah [[Lis munisipilitas ring Louisiana|kota sané pinih akéh populasiné ring Louisiana]], kota sané pinih akéh populasiné kaping kalih ring [[Kelod Dalem]] risampuné [[Atlanta]], miwah kota sané pinih akéh populasiné kaping roras ring [[Amérika Serikat Kelod Kangin]];<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2021 |title=QuickFacts: New Orleans city, Louisiana |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/neworleanscitylouisiana/PST045219 |access-date=August 12, 2021 |website=United States Census Bureau |archive-date=August 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829175200/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/neworleanscitylouisiana/PST045219 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="henrylouismencken">{{cite book |title=The American Language: An Inquiry Into the Development of English in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/americanlanguage0000hlme_p8g0 |author=Henry Louis Mencken |publisher=A. A. Knopf |year=1924 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanlanguage0000hlme_p8g0/page/414 412]}}</ref> [[wawengkon métropolitan New Orleans]] sané madué sawatara 1 yuta panjak inggih punika [[Lis wawengkon statistik métropolitan|wawengkon métropolitan sané pinih akéh populasiné ka-59]] ring panegara.<ref name=PopEstCBSA>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html#v2024 |title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2024 |publisher=[[Biro Sénsus Amérika Serikat]], Population Division |date=March 13, 2025 |access-date=March 13, 2025 }}</ref> New Orleans maguna dados pelabuhan utama lan pusat komérsial untuk wawengkon [[Pasisi Celuk Amérika Serikat|Pasisi Teluk]] sané langkung jimbar. Kota puniki jimbarné pateh sareng [[Orleans Parish, Louisiana|Orleans Parish]].<ref name="coextensive">{{cite web |url=http://www.mylouisianagenealogy.com/la_county/or.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050515221311/http://www.mylouisianagenealogy.com/la_county/or.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 15, 2005 |title=Orleans Parish History and Information |access-date=March 18, 2008}}</ref> 9utpy53wfzhqstu3mykp6g7hwey1f7o 0 68033 281103 247701 2026-08-27T20:25:02Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kobér Negara Fédérasi Mikronésia''' sampun kaanggén ring tanggal 30 November 1978. Widang biru punika nyihnayang [[Samudra Pasifik]]. Ring gema praktik heraldik AS, bintang-bintang punika ngawakilin papat negara wagian fédérasi: [[Negara Wagian Chuuk|Chuuk]], [[Negara Wagian Pohnpei|Pohnpei]], [[Kosrae]] lan [[Negara Wagian Yap|Yap]], kasusun sakadi titik-titik kompas.<ref>{{cite book |title=Complete flags of the world. |url=https://archive.org/details/completeflagsofw0000unse |date=2008 |publisher=DK Pub |location=London |isbn=978-0-7566-4115-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/completeflagsofw0000unse/page/229 229] |edition=Rev. & updated 5th}}</ref> Indik puniki manut majeng kobér [[Wawemgkon Pawalian Kapuloan Pasifik]]. k18sbybcmmy6kn9ixenotl8ti2doyip 0 68381 281067 248421 2026-08-27T20:01:00Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Om_symbol.svg|jmpl|Ligatur ''Om'' ring aksara Dewanegari]] [[Berkas:OM_in_Rakhi.jpg|jmpl|''Rakhi'' sane marupa ''Om.'']] '''''Om''''' (utawi '''''Aum''''' ; {{Audio|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-ওঁ.wav|listen}} ; {{Langx|sa|ॐ, ओम्}} , ISO&nbsp;15919: ''Ōṁ'') inggih punika simbol polisemik sane ngawakilin suara suci, suku kata biji, [[mantra]], lan invokasi ring [[agama Hindu]] lan ring [[Agama-agama ring India|agama India]] sane lianan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|last2=Ryan|first2=James D.|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone/page/319 319]–20|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Beck|first=Guy L.|title=Sonic liturgy: ritual and music in Hindu tradition|date=2012|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-61117-108-2|location=Columbia|pages=25|oclc=824698506}}</ref> Wangun sesuratannyane pinaka pralambang sane pinih utama ring agama Hindu. <ref name="wilke4352">{{Cite book|last=Wilke|first=Annette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC&pg=PA435|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|last2=Moebus|first2=Oliver|date=2011|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3110181593|location=Berlin|page=435}}</ref> Punika wantah unteng saking Sang Mutlak sane pinih luhur, <ref name=":1" /> eling, <ref name="james4822">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Om", ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0823931804}}, page 482</ref> <ref name="Holdrege19962">{{Cite book|last=Holdrege|first=Barbara A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnUFxccJ4igC|title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-7914-1640-2|page=57}}</ref> <ref name="merriam-webster.com2">"[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/om Om]". ''Merriam-Webster'' (2013), Pronounced: \ˈōm\</ref> ''Ātman ,'' ''Brahman ,'' utawi jagat kosmik. <ref name="David Leeming 20052">David Leeming (2005), ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology'', [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0195156690}}, page 54</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA2">Hajime Nakamura, ''A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy'', Part 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120819634}}, page 318</ref> <ref name="annette2">Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus (2011), ''Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism'', De Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3110181593}}, pages 435–456</ref> Ring [[Agama-agama ring India|agama-agama India]], ''Om'' mawiguna pinaka representasi sonik saking ilahi, standar otoritas [[Wéda|Weda]] lan aspek sentral saking doktrin lan praktik soteriologis. <ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis}}</ref> Punika pinaka piranti dasar anggen semedi ring pamargin yoga nuju [[Moksa|kabebasan]]. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Kudelska|first=Marta|url=https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/63055|title=Why Is There I Rather Than It?|date=2019-01-01|publisher=Peter Lang D|isbn=978-3-631-84429-8|pages=244|doi=10.3726/b17932}}</ref> Suku kata punika sering kapanggihin ring pangawit lan pamuput bab ring [[Wéda|Weda]], Upanishad, lan teks-teks Hindu sane lianan. <ref name="annette2" /> Kawedar pinaka tatujon samian Weda. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shlokam.org/texts/katha-1-2-15/|title=Kathopanishad- Verse 15 - kathopanishad-1-2-15-sarve vedā - in Sanskrit with English Transliteration, Meaning and Commentary by Adi Shankaracharya (Sankara Bhashya)}}</ref> ''Om'' medal ring [[Wéda|korpus Weda]] lan kabaos pinaka wangun sane terrangkum saking kidung utawi tembang [[Samawéda|''Samaveda'']]. <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|last2=Ryan|first2=James D.|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone/page/319 319]–20|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":22">{{Cite thesis}}</ref> Inggih punika mantra spiritual suci sane kakaryanin sadurung lan ritatkala ngawacen teks-teks spiritual, ritatkala ''puja'' lan doa pribadi, ring upacara upacara-upacara nglintangin ( ''samskara'' ) sakadi pawiwahan, lan ritatkala parikrama meditasi lan spiritual sakadi Pranawa yoga. <ref name="David White 20112">David White (2011), ''Yoga in Practice'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691140865}}, pp. 104–111</ref> <ref name="Alexander Studholme 20122">Alexander Studholme (2012), ''The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791453902}}, pages 1–4</ref> Punika pinaka pahan saking ikonografi sane kapanggihin ring naskah era kuno lan abad pertengahan, kuil, biara, lan retret spiritual ring [[agama Hindu]], [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Agama Jain|Jainisme]], lan Sikhisme. <ref>T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993), ''Elements of Hindu Iconography'', Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120808775}}, p. 248</ref> <ref>Sehdev Kumar (2001), ''A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan'', {{ISBN|978-8170173489}}, p. 5</ref> Pinaka suku kata, sering katembangang antuk mandiri utawi sadurung wenten bacaan spiritual lan ritatkala meditasi ring agama Hindu, [[Agama Buddha|Budha]], lan [[Agama Jain|Jain]]. <ref name="The Indian Mantra pp. 2442">[[Jan Gonda]] (1963), ''The Indian Mantra'', Oriens, Vol. 16, pp. 244–297</ref> <ref name="lipner2">[[Julius Lipner]] (2010), ''Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415456760}}, pp. 66–67</ref> Suku kata ''Om'' taler kabaos '''Onkara (Omkara)''' miwah '''Pranava''' pantaraning makudang-kudang wasta tiosan. <ref name="Misra20182">{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=Nityanand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e89eDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104|title=The Om Mala: Meanings of the Mystic Sound|date=25 July 2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-87471-85-6|pages=104–}}</ref> <ref>"[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=OM&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 OM]". ''Sanskrit English Dictionary'', University of Köln, Germany</ref> == Cingak taler == * A ring agama Buddha * Bijamantra * Pralambang agama == Pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Topik Hindu}}{{Topik agama Buddha}} [[Kategori:Mantra-mantra agama Hindu]] 68yatp14gg9da4de9f82djd4cbquxfz 0 68386 281172 280195 2026-08-27T21:37:09Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utek alit''' utawi '''''cerebellum''''' ({{plural form}}: '''''cerebella''''' utawi '''''cerebellums'''''; Latin antuk 'utek alit') inggih punika fitur utama saking [[utek ungkur]] saking makasami [[vertebrata]]. Yadiastun ketahné alitan saking [[utek]], ring makudang-kudang buron sekadi [[ulam]] [[mormyrid]] minab agengné sakadi punika utawi malah agengan.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hodos W |chapter= Evolution of Cerebellum|title=Encyclopedia of Neuroscience| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofne0001unse_i7d7 |publisher=Springer|date=2009|pages=1240–1243|location= Berlin, Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_3124|isbn=978-3-540-23735-8}}</ref> Ring manusa, otak alit madué lakon sané mabuat pisan ring [[kontrol motorik]] lan [[kognisi|fungsi kognitif]] sakadi [[uratian]] lan [[basa]] taler [[émosi|kontrol emosi]] sakadi ngatur respons jejeh lan seneng,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolf U, Rapoport MJ, Schweizer TA | title = Evaluating the affective component of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome | journal = Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–53 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19776302 | doi = 10.1176/jnp.2009.21.3.245 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmahmann JD, Caplan D | title = Cognition, emotion and the cerebellum | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_brain_2006-02_129_2/page/n13 | journal = Brain | volume = 129 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 290–2 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16434422 | doi = 10.1093/brain/awh729 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmahmann |first=Jeremy D |date=2019 |title=The cerebellum and cognition |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.005 |journal=Neuroscience Letters |volume=688 |issue=688 |pages=62–75 |doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.005 |pmid=29997061 |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref> nanging pawigunané sané mapaiketan sareng gerakné sané pinih kukuh mapaiketan. Utek alit manusa nénten ngawitin gerakan, nanging mapica pituut ring [[koordinasi motorik|koordinasi]], présisi, lan galah sané akurat: ipun nampi masukan saking [[sistem sensorik]] saking [[sumsum tulang gigir]] lan saking pahan-pahan sané lianan saking [[uték]], lan ngaintegrasiyang masukan puniki ring panyampuranyan aktivitas motorik.<ref name="Fine">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fine EJ, Ionita CC, Lohr L | title = The history of the development of the cerebellar examination | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-neurology_2002-12_22_4/page/375 | journal = Seminars in Neurology | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 375–84 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12539058 | doi = 10.1055/s-2002-36759 | s2cid = 260317107 }}</ref> Kerusakan serebelum ngasilang gangguan ring [[keterampilan motorik alus|gerakan alus]], [[rasa kategtegan|kategtegan]], [[Lis postur manusa|postur]], lan [[pelajahan motorik]] ring manusa.<ref name="Fine"/> k1pzps6c509ug4kjuk4q36vsylqhb89 0 68539 281173 248671 2026-08-27T21:37:40Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281173 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Novosibirsk'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|oʊ|v|ə|s|ɪ|ˈ|b|ɪər|s|k|,_|-|v|oʊ|s|-}}, <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|n|ɒ|v|-}};<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse |publisher=Longman |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0 |edition=3rd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roach |first=Peter |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-521-15253-2 |edition=18th |location=Cambridge}}</ref> {{langx|ru|Новосиби́рск}}, {{IPA|ru|nəvəsʲɪˈbʲirsk|IPA|ru-Новосибирск.ogg}}}} inggih punika kota sané pinih ageng miwah [[pusat administrasi]] saking [[Wawengkon Novosibirsk]] miwah [[Distrik Fédéral Sibéria]] ring [[Rusia]]. Manut [[sénsus Rusia 2021|sénsus 2021]], kota puniki madué panjak 1.633.595,<ref name=2021Census>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Layanan Statistik Negara Fédéral (Rusia)|Layanan Statistik Negara Fédéral]]|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> dados kota sané pinih akéh pajakné ring [[Sibéria]] miwah [[Lis kota miwah kotamadya ring Rusia manut populasi|kota sané pinih akéh populasiné katiga]] ring Rusia risampuné [[Moskow]] miwah [[Saint Petersburg]]. Tiosan ring punika, kota puniki pinaka kota sané pinih ageng ring wawengkon Asia Rusia miwah kota sané pinih akéh populasiné ring panegara punika sané nénten madué status [[Paindikan Fédéral Rusia|Paindikan fédéral]]. Novosibirsk magenah ring Sibéria sisi kelod kauh, ring sisi [[Tukad Ob]].<ref>[http://gelio.newsib.ru/post/231/ Новосибирская ГЭС. Вокруг здания ГЭС, водосливная плотина :: Gelio | Слава Степанов] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808043817/http://gelio.newsib.ru/post/231/ |date=August 8, 2013 }}. Gelio.newsib.ru. Kaaksés ring 2013-08-16.</ref> s6fd8zhv49nn6lrzkmiaql4d0ixl8kf 0 68709 281139 249035 2026-08-27T21:11:52Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Towada-Hachimantai | alt_name = 十和田八幡平国立公園 | iucn_category = II | photo = Oirase Stream 川(かわ).jpg | photo_caption = [[Tukad Oirasé]] | map = Jepang Tohoku#Jepang | map_alt = | map_caption = Genah Taman Nasional Towada-Hachimantai | map_width = | label = TN Towada-Hachimantai | relief = y | location = [[WawengkonTōhoku|Tōhoku]], [[Jepang]] | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coords|40|43|59.88|N|140|43|1.2|E|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 855.34 | established = 1 Pébruari 1936 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Kamentrian Palemahan (Jepang)]] }} {{Nihongo|'''Taman Nasional Towada-Hachimantai'''|十和田八幡平国立公園|Towada-Hachimantai Kokuritsu Kōen}} inggih punika [[taman nasional]] sané madaging kalih wawidangan kawelasang ring Aomori, [[Préféktur Jepang|Préféktur]] [[Préféktur Iwaté|Iwaté]], tur [[Préféktur Akita|Akita]], [[Jepang]]. Wawidangan Towada-Hakkōda ngelingkupin [[Danu Towada]], [[Pagunungan Hakkōda|Gunung Hakkōda]], lan makéhan wawengkon Chimantai ngelingkupin [[Gunung Hachimantai]], [[Gunung Iwaté]], [[Klebutan Panes Tamagawa|Tamagawa Onsen]], tur {{nihongo|[[Akita Komagatake]]|[[:ja:秋田駒ヶ岳|秋田駒ヶ岳]]}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/parks/towada.html |title=Introducing places of interest: Towada-Hachimantai National Park |publisher=[[Kamentrian Palemahan (Jepang)|Kamentrian Palemahan]] |accessdate=29 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227084415/http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/parks/towada.html |archivedate=27 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=National Parks of Japan |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalparksofj0000suth |author1=Sutherland, Mary |author2=Britton, Dorothy |publisher=[[Kodansha]] |year=1995 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nationalparksofj0000suth/page/48 48]–50 |isbn=4-7700-1971-8}}</ref> Makakalih wawidangan punika inggih punika majimbar {{Convert|50|km|mi}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Wikivoyage}} {{commons category}} * {{in lang|en}} [https://www.japan.travel/national-parks/parks/towada-hachimantai/ Taman Nasional Towada-Hachimantai] - Taman Nasional Jepang * {{in lang|ja}} [https://www.env.go.jp/park/towada/ Taman Nasional Towada-Hachimantai] - Taman Nasional Jepang * [https://www.env.go.jp/park/towada/intro/files/area_1.pdf Peta Taman Nasional Towada-Hachimantai (area 1)] * [https://www.env.go.jp/park/towada/intro/files/area_2.pdf Peta Taman Nasional Towada-Hachimantai (area 2)] {{Taman Nasional ring Jepang}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Towada-Hachimantai Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Jepang]] 2uw9squd4hvmv2lkvowcwbsgclok7k0 0 70953 281229 252266 2026-08-27T22:13:46Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281229 wikitext text/x-wiki Kawéntenan '''Kawruhan saking ngaluwihang''' inggih punika fenomena sané kabaos katlatarang ring budaya populer, [[satua jlema]], miwah kawruhan non-ilmiah tiosan, sané kawéntenannyané ring konteks puniki katlatarang nglintangin lingkup pamineh ilmiah normal. <ref name="nsf">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind00/access/c8/c8s5.htm|title=Belief in the Paranormal or Pseudoscience|publisher=Nsf.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041009/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind00/access/c8/c8s5.htm|archive-date=4 February 2012|access-date=2012-03-07}}</ref> <ref name="def">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/paranormal|title=Paranormal|website=The Free Dictionary|access-date=2008-02-03}}</ref> <ref name="dictionary.com">{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/paranormal|title=Paranormal|website=[[Dictionary.com]]|publisher=[[Ask.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paranormal|title=Paranormal|date=August 2023|website=[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> Kapercayaan paranormal sane kasub rumasuk sane mapaiketan sareng persepsi ekstrasensorik (contonyane, telepati), lan pseudoilmu maboros wong samar, kriptozoologi, lan ufologi. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stuart|title=The Paranormal: An Illustrated Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/paranormalillust0000gord|publisher=Trafalgar Square|year=1993|isbn=978-0-7472-3603-0|author-link=Richard Gordon (Scottish author)}}</ref> Proposal indik paranormal matiosan saking hipotesis utawi spekulasi ilmiah sané kaekstrapolasi saking bukti ilmiah santukan unteng-unteng ilmiah kadasarin antuk panyelehan empiris miwah data eksperimental sané kapikolihang saking metode ilmiah. Matungkalikan sareng, ida sané maosang indik kawéntenan paranormal manut eksplisit nénten madasar antuk argumen ipun ring bukti empiris sakéwanten ring anekdot, kesaksian, miwah kacurigaan. Model ilmiah standar ngicénin panlataran indik napi sané kanten dados fenomena paranormal katahan wantah kaiwangan interpretasi, kaiwangan pamineh utawi variasi anomal saking fenomena alam. <ref name="Marks 1988">{{Cite journal|last=Marks|first=D.F.|date=April 1988|title=The Psychology of Paranormal Beliefs|journal=Experientia|volume=44|issue=4|pages=332–337|doi=10.1007/BF01961272|pmid=3282908}}</ref> <ref name="Wiseman 2011">{{Cite web|url=https://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_haunted_brain|title=The Haunted Brain|last=Richard Wiseman|authorlink=Richard Wiseman|date=2011|website=www.csicop.org|access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schmaltz|first=Rodney M.|last2=Lilienfeld|first2=Scott O.|date=17 April 2014|title=Hauntings, Homeopathy, and the Hopkinsville Goblins: Using Pseudoscience to Teach Scientific Thinking|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262378970|journal=[[Frontiers in Psychology]]|volume=5|page=336|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00336|pmc=4028994|pmid=24860520|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Sakti utamaning jadma]] dkvgorilkfy1f9gpbxya5o65b22od51 0 73170 281110 260807 2026-08-27T20:34:50Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox venue | stadium_name = Soldier Field | nickname = | logo_image = Soldier Field Logo.svg | logo_size = 200 | image = Soldier Field S.jpg | caption = Soldier Field in 2022 | address = 1410 Special Olympics Drive | location = [[Chicago, Illinois]], A.S. | coordinates = {{Coord|41.8623|N|87.6167|W|type:landmark_scale:2000_region:US-IL|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{Cite GNIS|418694|Soldier Field}}</ref> | pushpin_map = Amérika Serikat Chicago#Illinois#USA | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label = Soldier Field | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | pushpin_map_caption = Genah ring [[Chicago]]##Genah ring [[Illinois]]##Genah ring [[Amérika Serikat]] | broke_ground = {{Start date|1922|08|11}} | built = 1922–1924 | opened = {{Start date and age|1924|10|09}} | renovated = 2002–2003 | closed = {{Start date|2002|01|19}}–{{End date|2003|09|26}} (rénovasi) | demolished = | reopened = {{Start date|2003|09|29}} (renovations) | nrhp = {{designation list|embed=yes|designation1=NHL|designation1_date=February 27, 1987|delisted1_date=February 17, 2006}} | owner = [[Chicago Park District]] | operator = [[ASM Global]] | surface = {{Plainlist| * [[Cynodon dactylon|Padang Bermuda]] (2022–mangkin) * [[Poa pratensis|Padang pelung Kentucky]] (1924–1970, 1988–2022) * [[AstroTurf]] (1971–1987) }} | construction_cost = US$13 yuta (sujati;<ref name="sfnet">{{cite web|url=http://www.soldierfield.net/content/stadium-history|title=Stadium History and Timeline|year=2010|work=Official website|publisher=Soldier Field|access-date=May 21, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717055344/http://www.soldierfield.net/content/stadium-history|archive-date=July 17, 2011}}</ref> ${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|13000000|1924}}}} ring dolar 2015){{inflation-fn|US}}<br />US$632 yuta (rénovasi;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1165.html|title=Soldier Field|last=Riess|first=Steven A.|year=2005|encyclopedia=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago|publisher=Chicago Historical Society|access-date=May 21, 2010|archive-date=April 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409011725/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1165.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|632000000|2003}}}} ring dolar 2015{{inflation-fn|US}}) | architect = {{ubl|[[Holabird & Roche]] (original)|[[Benjamin T. Wood|Wood + Zapata, Inc.]]|Lohan Caprile Goettsch Architects (renovations)}} | project_manager = Hoffman Associates (renovations)<ref name="sportsbusinessdaily.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2003/10/20031006/Facilities/After-A-Quick-Build-Showtime-In-Chicago.aspx|title=After a quick build, showtime in Chicago|work=SportsBusiness Journal|date=October 6, 2003|access-date=March 10, 2012|archive-date=January 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106195724/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2003/10/20031006/Facilities/After-A-Quick-Build-Showtime-In-Chicago.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> | structural engineer = [[Thornton Tomasetti]] (rénovasi) | services engineer = [[Ellerbe Becket]] (rénovasi)<ref name="sportsbusinessdaily.com"/> | general_contractor = [[Turner Construction|Turner]]/Barton Malow/Kenny (rénovasi)<ref name="sportsbusinessdaily.com"/> | former_names = Stadion Municipal Grant Park (1924–1925) | tenants = {{collapsible list| * [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football]] ([[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]) (1929)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://slapthesign.com/2015/01/07/report-annual-blue-gold-spring-game-may-move-soldier-field/ |title=Report: Annual Blue-Gold Spring Game May Be Moved to Soldier Field |last=Hall |first=Andrew |date=January 18, 2015 |website=slapthesign.com |access-date=January 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215033320/https://slapthesign.com/2015/01/07/report-annual-blue-gold-spring-game-may-move-soldier-field/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ford |first1=Liam T. A. |year=2009|title=Soldier Field: A Stadium and Its City |url=https://archive.org/details/soldierfieldstad0000ford |edition=1st |location=Chicago |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/soldierfieldstad0000ford/page/91 91]| quote=In 1929 a new stadium was under construction at Notre Dame, and the team played its entire home season at Soldier Field}}</ref> * [[Chicago Rockets|Chicago Rockets/Hornets]] ([[All-America Football Conference|AAFC]]) (1946–1949) * [[Chicago Cardinals]] ([[National Football League|NFL]]) (1959) * [[Chicago Circle Chikas football]] ([[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]) (1966–1973)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ford |first1=Liam T.A. Ford |year=2009|title=Soldier Field: A Stadium and Its City |url=https://archive.org/details/soldierfieldstad0000ford |edition=1st |location=Chicago |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/soldierfieldstad0000ford/page/236 236]| quote= UIC started playing football at Soldier Field in 1966}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ford |first1=Liam T. A. Ford |year=2009|title=Soldier Field: A Stadium and Its City |url=https://archive.org/details/soldierfieldstad0000ford |edition=1st |location=Chicago |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/soldierfieldstad0000ford/page/236 236]| quote= their last home game at Soldier Field, on November 3, 1973}}</ref> * [[Chicago Spurs]] ([[National Professional Soccer League (1967)|NPSL]]) (1967) * [[Chicago Owls]] ([[Continental Football League|CFL]]) (1968–1969) * [[Chicago Bears]] ([[National Football League|NFL]]) (1971–2001, 2003–present){{efn|name=urbana}} * [[Chicago Sting]] ([[North American Soccer League (1968–84)|NASL]]) (1975–1976) * [[Chicago Fire (WFL)|Chicago Fire]] ([[World Football League|WFL]]) (1974) * [[Chicago Winds]] ([[World Football League|WFL]]) (1975) * [[American Football Association (1977-1983)|Chicago Fire]] ([[American Football Association (1977-1983)|AFA]]) (1981) * [[Chicago Blitz]] ([[United States Football League|USFL]]) (1983–1984) * [[Chicago Fire FC]] ([[Major League Soccer|MLS]]) (1998–2005, 2020–present){{efn|name=naperville}} * [[Chicago Enforcers]] ([[XFL (2001)|XFL]]) (2001) }} | suites = 133 | seating_capacity = {{ubl|66,944 (1994–2003)|62,500 (2003–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/team/_/name/chi|title=Soldier Field|work=ESPN.com|date=January 9, 2012|access-date=July 24, 2012|archive-date=August 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806074845/http://www.espn.com/nfl/team/_/name/chi|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | acreage = {{convert|7|acre}}<ref name="sfnet"/> | publictransit = {{ubl|{{rint|rail}} {{rint|chicago|metra}} [[Metra]]: [[18th Street (Metra station)|18th Street]]|{{rint|chicago|l}} [[Roosevelt (CTA station)|Roosevelt]] | {{rint|chicago|red}} {{rint|chicago|orange}} {{rint|chicago|green}}}} | website = {{URL|https://www.soldierfield.com/|soldierfield.com}} }} '''Soldier Field''' (sacara lelintihan ketah '''Soldiers' Field'''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune/128761846/|title=No.|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=October 11, 1927|page=10|via=newspapers.com}}</ref>) inggih punika [[stadion serbaguna]] ring [[Near South Side, Chicago|Near South Side]] [[Chicago]], Illinois, Amérika Serikat. Kabuka duk warsa 1924 miwah rénovasi daweg warsa 2003, stadion puniki sampun manados kandang antuk [[Chicago Bears]] saking [[National Football League]] (NFL) daweg 1971,{{efn|name=urbana}} taler [[Chicago Fire FC]] saking [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS) ngawit 1998 ngantos 2006 miwah saking 2020.{{efn|name=naperville}} Stadion puniki taler sacara rutin nyalenggarayang konsér stadion tur acara-acara ageng liyanan. Stadion puniki madué kapasitas 62.500 pamiarsa, manadosangné [[Lis stadion National Football League|stadion pinih alit<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Biggest NFL Stadiums by Capacity |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/nfl/biggest-nfl-stadiums |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=www.foxsports.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Soldier Field taler pinika stadion pinih tua ring NFL tur ka-3 ring MLS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=What is the oldest NFL stadium? Soldier to SoFi in age |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/39395382/what-oldest-nfl-stadium-soldier-sofi-age |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> Jeroan stadion kawangun malih dados pahan saking proyék rénovasi ageng duk warsa 2002, sané ngamodernisasi fasilitas sakémanten nedunang kapasitas tegakanné, pamuputné ngaranayang kaapus saking lis [[Tenggara Malelintihan Nasional]] duk warsa 2006. Soldier Field sampun manados kandang antuk makudang tim olahraga liyanan ring lelintihannyané, sajeroning [[Babad Chicago Cardinals|Chicago Cardinals]] saking NFL tur [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Universitas Notre Dame football]]. Kota puniki manados tuan umah [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1994]], [[Piala Jagat Putri FIFA 1999]], tur makudang wimbakara [[Piala Mas CONCACAF]]. Daweg [[Olimpiade Musim Panes Jagat Khusus 1968|1968]], kota ini menjadi tuan rumah [[Olimpiade Masan Panes Jagat Khusus|Wimbakara Jagat]] perdana [[Olimpiade Khusus]], taler Olimpiade Jagat kakalih duk warsa 1970. Paristiwa malelintihan liyanan sajeroning démonstrasi ageng sareng pidato, rumasuk olih [[Amelia Earhart]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], tur [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cutetan === <references group="lower-alpha"/> === Bibliografi === *{{cite book|title=Soldier Field: A Stadium and Its City|url=https://archive.org/details/soldierfieldstad0000ford|last=Ford|first=Liam T. A.|year=2009|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-25706-8|oclc=317923072}} *{{cite news|title=Chicago Journal; Soldier Field Renovation Brings Out Boo-Birds|first=David|last=Barboza|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/16/us/chicago-journal-soldier-field-renovation-brings-out-boo-birds.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=Juni 16, 2003|accessdate=September 4, 2012}} === Pranala jaba === {{Commons category}} *{{en}} {{Official|www.soldierfield.net/}} *{{en}} [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/soldier-field Arsip Soldier Field di Chicago Tribune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130045332/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/soldier-field |date=2012-01-30 }} {{Stadion NFL}} {{Stadion Pan American Games}} {{Stadion Piala Jagat FIFA 1994}} {{Sirkuit NASCAR Seri Piala}} {{Stadion-stub}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Stadion National Football League]] [[Kategori:Stadion Piala Jagat FIFA 1994]] [[Kategori:Sirkuit NASCAR]] 1o95wt879zacfamy1dewvjq1m2fh2ky 0 74099 281104 258095 2026-08-27T20:25:28Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country | conventional_long_name = Sriwijaya | common_name = Srivijaya | native_name = ''Kadatuan Śrīvijaya'' | p1 = Kantoli | s1 = Krajaan Melayu | year_start = {{Circa|671}} | date_event1 = | year_end = 1025 | date_start = | event_start = Ékspédisi miwah panglimbakan Dapunta Hyang ([[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]]) | event1 = | event_end = [[Invasi Chola ka Sriwijaya]] | image_coat = | symbol_type = | image_map = Srivijaya Empire.svg | image_map_caption = Kakuasaan Sriwijaya ngantos puncaknyané sawatara abad ka-8 ngantos ka-11 saking sarangkaian ékspédisi tur panaklukan sané kamargiang olih Dinasti Sriwijaya. | image_map2 = File:Srivijayan Expansion.gif | image_map2_caption = Peta panglimbak kerajaan Sriwijaya, kakawitin ring [[Palembang]] ring abad ka-7, salanturnyane nglimbak ngantos ring akéhnyané [[Sumatra]], salanturnyané nglimbak ngantos [[Jawa]], [[Kepulauan Riau|Kapuloan Riau]], [[Bangka Belitung]], [[Singapura]], [[Samenajung Malaya]] (taler kauningin dados Samenanjung Kra) [[Thailand]], [[Kamboja]], [[Viétnam]] Kelod, [[Kalimantan]], [[Serawak]], [[Brunéi]], [[Sabah]], lan puput dados Krajaan [[Dharmasraya]] ring [[Jambi]] ring abad ka-13. | capital = [[Palembang]]<ref name=":02" />{{rp|295}} | common_languages = [[Babad basa Melayu#Melayu Purwa|Melayu Purwa]] miwah [[Basa Sansekerta|Sansekerta]] | government_type = Monarki, negara [[Mandala (model politik)|mandala]] | title_leader = Maharaja | leader1 = [[Sri Jayanasa saking Sriwijaya|Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa]] | year_leader1 = Sawatara 683 Maséhi | leader2 = [[Dharmasetu]] | year_leader2 = Sawatara 775 | leader3 = [[Samaratungga]] | year_leader3 = Sawatara 792 | leader4 = [[Balaputra]] | year_leader4 = Sawatara 835 | leader5 = Sri [[Cudamani Warmadewa]] | year_leader5 = Sawatara 988 | currency = [[Koin Nusantara kuna]] | stat_year1 = 1200 kl. | stat_area1 = 1200000 | ref_area1 = <ref name="Turchin223">{{Cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D |date=December 2006 |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=223 |issn=1076-156X |doi=10.5195/JWSR.2006.369|doi-access=free }}</ref> | religion = [[Agama Buddha|Buddhism]]<br>[[Agama Hindu|Hinduism]] }} '''Sriwijaya''' utawi '''Kadatuan Sriwijaya''' ({{langx|id|Sriwijaya}}),<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|131}} taler kasurat '''Sri Vijaya''' utawi '''Srivijaya''',<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42720174 | jstor=42720174 | title=Sri Vijaya and Madjapahit | last1=Rausa-Gomez | first1=Lourdes | journal=Philippine Studies | date=20 January 1967 | volume=15 | issue=1 | pages=63–107 | doi=10.13185/2244-1638.2335 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43733093 | jstor=43733093 | title=Śrī Vijaya | last1=Sastri | first1=K. A. Nilakanta | journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient | date=20 January 2024 | volume=40 | edisi=2 | halaman=239–313 }}</ref> inggih punika [[krajaan]] [[Jadma Melayu|Melayu]] [[thalassokrasi|thalassokrat]]<ref name="Kulke"/> sané magenah ring [[Sumatra|nusa Sumatra]] (ring [[Indonésia]] modérn) sané ngapingaruhin makéhan [[Asia Kelod Kangin]].<ref name="end">{{cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|url=https://archive.org/details/earlykingdomsofi0000muno|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/earlykingdomsofi0000muno/page/171 171]|isbn= 981-4155-67-5}}</ref> Sriwijaya inggih punika pusat sane mabuat pisan antuk panglimbak [[agama Buddha]] saking abad ka-7 ngantos ka-11 Masehi. Sriwijaya inggih punika negara kapertama sane ngadominasi akéh wewidangan kauh [[Maritim Asia Kelod Kangin]]. Santukan genahnyane, Sriwijaya nglimbakang teknologi sane kompleks nganggen sumber daya maritim. Tiosan ring punika, ekonominyane sayan ngandelang [[Margi Sutra Maritim|paadolan sané sayan nincap ring wewidangan punika]], mawinan nguwah dados ékonomi sane madasar antuk [[barang mewah|barang prestise]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=History of Humanity|last1=Laet|first1=Sigfried J. de|last2=Herrmann|first2=Joachim|publisher=Routledge|year=1994}}</ref> Referensi pinih ajeng indik punika mawit saking abad ka-7. A [[Dinasti Tang]] [[Bhikkhu|biarawan]] [[Jadma Cina|Cina]], [[Yijing (biarawan)|Yijing]], nyurat indik dane ngrauhin Sriwijaya duk warsa 671 salami nem sasih.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=122}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zain|first=Sabri|title=Sejarah Melayu, Buddhist Empires|url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/hindu.htm }}</ref> Prasasti sane pinih riin kauningin sane wenten wastan Sriwijaya taler mawit saking abad ka-7 ring [[prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] sane kapanggihin nampek ring [[Palembang]], [[Sumatra]], tanggal 16 Juni 682.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peter Bellwood |author2=James J. Fox |author3=[[Darrell Tryon]] |editor-first1=Peter |editor-first2=James J. |editor-first3=Darrell |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-last2=Fox |editor-last3=Tryon |title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |year=1995 |doi=10.22459/A.09.2006 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-0-7315-2132-6 |url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s05.html}}</ref> Pantaraning panguntat abad ka-7 miwah pangawit abad ka-11, Sriwijaya munggah dados [[hegemoni|hegemon]] ring [[Asia Kelod Kangin]]. Punika kasarengin ring paiketan sane raket, sering masaing, sareng pisaga [[Krajaan Mataram]], [[Krajaan Khmer]] lan [[Champa]]. Kapentingan asing utama Sriwijaya inggih punika miara pasubayan paadolan sané nguntungang sareng [[Cina]] sane mamargi saking [[dinasti Tang|Tang]] ngantos [[dinasti Song]]. Sriwijaya madué paiketan agama, budaya miwah perdagangan sareng Buddha [[Kakaisaran Pala|Pala]] saking [[Benggala]], taler sareng [[Khilafah]] Islam ring [[Kangin Tengah]]. Sriwijaya sampun kaloktah dados kerajaan maritim sane kuat ring Asia Tenggara. Panilikan anyar nyihnayang yadiastun madué elemen darat sane signifikan, Sriwijaya ngawigunayang armada maritimnyane nenten wantah anggen dukungan logistik kemanten nanging taler pinaka alat utama anggen proyeksi daya nglintangin jalur toya sane strategis, sekadi [[Selat Malaka]]. Pinaka penampén saking dinamika ekonomi maritim Asia sané setata mauwah, kerajaan punika nglimbakang strategi angkatan laut sané canggih mangda prasida ngamit genahnyané pinaka puser paadolan regional. Strategi puniki nyarengin ngatur rute paadolan miwah ngawinang kapal dagang nuju pelabuhan ipuné saking kontrol sané ketat. Rikala ancaman sayan nincap, armada Sriwijaya taler mauwah dados pasukan serangan sane efektif, kaanggen nyaga kepentingan paadolan sinambi mastikayang dominasinyane ring wawidangan punika.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Thwin |editor-first=Maitrii Aung |title=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies {{!}} Cambridge Core |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies |access-date=2024-12-13 |publisher= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SRIVIJAYAN CIVILIZATION : The Awakening of a Maritime Kingdom |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/27041/1/INTERNATIONAL%20SEMINAR.pdf |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Repositori Kemdikbud |publisher= |language=en}}</ref> Kerajaan punika minab sampun belah risampuné warsa 1025 M risampuné [[Serangan Chola ka Sriwijaya|makudang-kudang serangan ageng]] sané kakawitin olih [[Kakaisaran Chola]] ring pelabuhan ipuné.<ref name=":6" />{{rp|110}} Sumber-sumber Cina terus nganutin polity sane mawasta [[Sanfoqi]] sane kaanggep dados Sriwijaya salami makudang-kudang abad, nanging makudang-kudang sejarawan maosang Sriwijaya nenten malih dados wasta sane patut antuk pusat penguasa sesampun warsa 1025, ritatkala Sanfoqi nganutin Jambi.<ref name=":02"/> Sasampune Sriwijaya runtuh, akeh sane sampun lali. Nenten kantos warsa 1918 [[krama Prancis|Prancis]] sejarawan [[George Cœdès]], saking [[Sekolah Prancis Kangin Doh]], resmi ngawedarang kawentenannyane.<ref name="MUNOZ 117"/> == Cutetan == {{notelist}} === Kutipan === {{reflist|2}} === Pustaka === {{Refbegin|2}} * {{cite book|first=James T.|last=Collins|title=Bahasa Melayu, Bahasa Dunia - Sejarah Singkat|language=Indonesia|year=2005|publisher=[[KITLV]] bekerjasama dengan [[Pusat Bahasa]] dan [[Yayasan Obor Indonesia]]|location=[[Jakarta]]|isbn=9789794615379|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|first=Ahmad Jelani|last=Halimi|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=X_wNaey3d7EC|title=Sejarah dan Tamadun Bangsa Melayu|trans_title=Sejarah dan Peradaban Bangsa Melayu|language=Melayu|year=2008|publisher=Utusan Publication & Distributors Sdn Bhd|location=[[Kuala Lumpur]]|isbn=978-967-61-2155-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|first=D. G. E. |last=Hall |title=A History of South-east Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3869 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |year=1955}} * {{cite book|first=Slamet|last=Muljana|title=Sriwijaya|publisher=Yogyakarta: LKiS|year=2006|isbn=9798451627}} * {{cite book|first=Paul Michel|last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|url=https://archive.org/details/earlykingdomsofi0000muno|publisher=Singapura:Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|isbn=9814155675|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|first=P. Suparman|last=Natawidjaja|title=Mengenal Buah-Buahan yang Bergizi|language=Indonesia|year=1985|publisher=Pustaka Dian|location=[[Jakarta]]|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|first=D. R. |last=SarDesai |title=Southeast Asia: Past and Present |url=https://archive.org/details/southeastasiapas00sard |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder |year=1997}} * {{cite book|first=Martin |last=Stuart-Fox |title=A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade, and Influence |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofch0000stua |location=London |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=2003}} * {{cite book|author=Sucipto|editor=Suminto|title=Perkembangan Masyarakat pada Masa Kerajaan Hindu Budha serta Peninggalannya|language=Indonesia|year=2009|publisher=[[Tiga Serangkai]]|location=[[Solo]]|isbn=9789790456860|ref=harv}} * Triastanti, Ani. ''Perdagangan Internasional pada Masa Jawa Kuno; Tinjauan Terhadap Data Tertulis Abad X-XII''. Skripsi Fakultas Ilmu Budaya. Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, 2007. {{refend}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [http://history.melayuonline.com/?a=c3NWL29QTS9VenVwRnRCb20%3D= Kerajaan Sriwijaya di MelayuOnline.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313065110/http://history.melayuonline.com/?a=c3nwl29qts9venvwrnrcb20== |date=2016-03-13 }} * {{id}} [http://arkeologi.palembang.go.id/ Balai Arkeologi Palembang dan Sriwijaya Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223013428/http://arkeologi.palembang.go.id/ |date=2015-12-23 }} * {{en}} [http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/hindu.htm Sejarah Melayu, Buddhist Empires] * {{en}} [http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s05.html Śrīwijaya: A Centre of Learning?] {{Sejarah Sriwijaya}} {{Krajaan ring Sumatra}} {{Kekaisaran}} [[Kategori:Krajaan ring Nusantara|Sriwijaya]] [[Kategori:Krajaan Sriwijaya| ]] r7f1p2tbro19n3qljtqszz7040p4efl 0 74573 281289 258724 2026-08-27T22:47:21Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammad Mosaddegh'''{{efn|Wastan kulawarga prasida kasurat '''Mossadeq''', '''Mosaddiq''', '''Mossadegh''', '''Mossaddeq''', '''Mosadeck''', utawi '''Musaddiq'''.}} ({{langx|fa|محمد مصدق}}, {{IPA|fa|mohæmˈmæd(-e) mosædˈdeɢ|IPA|Fa-مصدق.ogg}};{{efn|The -{{IPA|[e]}} inggih punika [[Izāfa]], sane pinaka penanda tata basa sane ngiket kalih kruna. Punika nenten kacihnayang ring sesuratan, tur nenten dados pahan saking wastan punika, nanging kaanggen ritatkala wastan kapertama lan wastan pamuput kaanggen sareng-sareng.}} 16 Juni 1882 – 5 Maret 1967) inggih punika politisi, pangawi, miwah pengacara Iran sané dados [[Patih Agung Iran]] saking warsa 1951 ngantos 1953, kapilih olih [[pamilihan législatif Iran 1950|Majlis ka-16]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McQuade |first=Joseph |title=How the CIA toppled Iranian democracy |url=http://theconversation.com/how-the-cia-toppled-iranian-democracy-81628 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=The Conversation |date=27 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gasiorowski |first=Roham Alvandi, Mark J. |title=The United States Overthrew Iran's Last Democratic Leader |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/30/the-united-states-overthrew-irans-last-democratic-leader/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=Foreign Policy |date=30 October 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ida dados anggota [[Majlis Iran|Parlemén Iran]] saking [[Pamilihan législatif Persia 1923|1923]], miwah ngayah saking [[pamilihan législatif Iran 1952|pamilihan 1952]] sané dados [[Majlis Iran ka-17]],<ref name="evolving"/> ngantos pamréntahannyané kaserodang ring [[kudéta Iran 1953]] sané kawantu olih lembaga intelijén Inggris ([[MI6]]) lan Amérika Serikat ([[Badan Intelijén Pusat|CIA]]), sané kapimpin olih [[Kermit Roosevelt Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-chapter3.html | title =The C.I.A. in Iran: First Few Days Look Disastrous | author =James Risen| work =The New York Times | year =2000| author-link =James Risen }}</ref>{{sfn|Kinzer|2003}} [[Front Nasional (Iran)|Front Nasional]] nyané kateken saking [[pamilihan umum Iran 1954|pamilihan 1954]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gasiorowski|first1=Mark|title=U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran|url=https://archive.org/details/usforeignpolicys00gasi|date=1991|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-2412-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/usforeignpolicys00gasi/page/166 166]}}</ref> q3rbycwfjs6snh3326evfzhqwqn1ri0 0 75380 281280 261034 2026-08-27T22:43:04Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox public transit | name = London Underground | image = Underground.svg | alt = Logo London Underground, sané kaloktah dados roundel, madaging lingkehan barak sareng garis pelung ngandang. | imagesize = 150px | image2 = Why London Underground is nicknamed The Tube.jpg | alt2 = Tampak arep kréta api marukuran alit sané medal saling terowongan ring sisi kalér {{lus|Hendon Central}} ring jalur Kalér, ngenahang celah alit ri antara raab kréta sané ngelengkung tur terowongan "tube". | imagesize2 = 225px | caption2 = Wastan "Tube" maasal saking terowongan ngelingkeh sekadi tabung sané kaentasin kréta api madué profil alit (deep tube). [[Jalur Kalér]] [[London Underground Stok 1995|Stok 1995]] kréta api nampek {{tubestation|Hendon Central}}. | image3 = Amersham station MMB 18 S Stock.jpg | alt3 = Tampak arep tiga prapat saking satunggil kréta api maukuran ageng ring stasiun Amersham. | imagesize3 = 225px | caption3 = Kréta [[Jalur Métropolitan]] [[London Underground S7 miwah S8 Stock|S8 Stock]] ring sor tanah {{tubestation|Amersham}} | locale = {{Plainlist| * [[London Raya]] * [[Buckinghamshire]] * [[Essex]] * [[Hertfordshire]] }} | transit_type = [[Angkutan gelis]] | lines = 11<ref name="Key Facts"/> | stations = 272 kayahin<ref name="Key Facts"/> (262 kadruénang) | daily_ridership = 3.23 yuta (rerata antuk 2023/24)<ref name="tfl-excel">{{cite web |author=Transport for London |url=https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/public-transport-journeys-type-transport |title=Public Transport Journeys by Type of Transport |date=4 February 2023|publisher=London Datastore |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322182540/https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/public-transport-journeys-type-transport |url-status=live }}</ref> | annual_ridership = 1.181{{nbsp}}miliar (2023/2024)<ref name="tfl-excel"/> | website = {{Official URL}} | operator = London Underground Limited | began_operation = {{Start date and age|1863|01|10|df=yes}} | system_length = {{convert|402|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Key Facts"/> | track_gauge = {{plainlist| * {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}} (1863–pres.) * {{track gauge|Brunel|allk=on}} (1863–1869) }} | marks = LT ([[National Rail]])<ref name = "National Rail and London Underground">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/tocs_maps/tocs/LT.aspx|title= London Underground|website=National Rail |access-date=21 April 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510200750/https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/tocs_maps/tocs/LT.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> | el = [[Rél kapat]], [[Lis sistem elektrifikasi kréta api|630 utawi 750{{nbsp}}V{{nbsp}}DC]] | average_speed = {{convert|33|kph|mph|abbr=on}}<ref name="TfL Facts">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/london-underground/facts-and-figures |title=Facts & figures |author=Transport for London |date=29 July 2019 |access-date=18 June 2014 |archive-date=27 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927002759/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/london-underground/facts-and-figures |url-status=live }}</ref> | caption = | owner = | area served = | line_number = | start = | end = | chief_executive = | character = | vehicles = | map = | map_state = }} {{Undergroundconnect}} '''London Underground''' (taler kauningin wantah '''Underground''' utawi dadod '''Tube''') inggih punika sistem [[angkutan gelis]] sané ngayahin [[London Raya]] tur makudang pahan saking [[wawidangan asal]] sané manampekan sareng [[Buckinghamshire]], [[Essex]] saha [[Hertfordshire]] ring Inggris.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://orr.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/16379/an-overview-of-the-rail-industry.pdf |title= An overview of the British rail industry |publisher= Office of Rail and Road |date= 19 December 2014 |access-date= 5 January 2017 |archive-date= 3 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160403165349/http://orr.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/16379/an-overview-of-the-rail-industry.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> Ipun pinaka pahan saking jaringan layanan transportasi sané kakelola olih [[Transport for London]]. [[File:Centenary_sign_outside_Baker_Street_tube_station,_central_London.jpg|thumb|Tanda ring témbok samping Marga Marylebone ring jaba genah ngeranjing stasiun]] Kréta sor tanah puniki kakawitin saking [[Metropolitan Railway]], kabuka ring 10 Januari 1863 dados kréta panumpang sor tanah kapertama ring jagat.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Charles E |title=The Metropolitan Line |url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitanline0000char |date=1973 |publisher=London Transport |location=London |isbn=0-85329 033 4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/metropolitanline0000char/page/7 7]}}</ref> Lémpas saking andus urirang sané nyenget, jalur kréta api puniki suksés saking pabungkahannyané, makta 9,5 yuta panumpang daweg warsa kapertama kawéntenannyané.<ref>{{cite web |title=London Underground |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/London-Underground |website=Britannica |access-date=8 September 2025 |archive-date=29 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529184325/https://www.britannica.com/topic/London-Underground |url-status=live }}</ref> Metropolitan mangkin dados pahan saking [[Jalur Lingkehan (London Underground)|Jalur Lingkehan], [[Jalur District|District]], [[Jalur Hammersmith & City|Hammersmith & Kota]] lan [[Jalur Métropolitan|Métropolitan]]. Jalur kapertama [[Lokomotif listrik|kréta listrik]] sane mamargi ring sor tanah, [[City & South London Railway]] ring warsa 1890, mangkin dados pahan saking [[Jalur Kalér]].{{sfnp|Wolmar|2004|p=135}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ru887gbbweha5npzf30uwmp5um5dmmu 0 77741 281073 268513 2026-08-27T20:06:09Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Las Palmas de Gran Canaria | native_name = | settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]] | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | caption_align = center | image1 = Las Palmas panorama.jpg | caption1 = Panoramic view | image2 = Canteras EM1B2907 (40642755393).jpg | caption2 = [[Playa de Las Canteras]] | image3 = Catedral Santa Ana.jpg | caption3 = [[Las Palmas Cathedral|Cathedral]] | image4 = Portal Casa de Colon 01.jpg | caption4 = Colombus House | image5 = Bandama Caldera, Gran Canaria, May 2018.jpg | caption5 = [[Bandama Caldera]] | image6 = Castillo de la Luz D81 5334 (25816759218).jpg | caption6 = Castillo de la Luz | image7 = Arucas 2016 05.jpg | caption7 = [[Church of San Juan Bautista (Arucas)|Arucas Church]] }} | image_flag = Flag of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.svg | image_shield = Escudo de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.svg | nickname = | motto = |pushpin_label_position=top |pushpin_map = Spain with Canary Islands#Canary Islands | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 | mapframe-marker = city | map_caption = Location of Las Palmas | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Spain | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Canary Islands]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Las Palmas (province)|Las Palmas]] | subdivision_type3 = Island | subdivision_name3 = [[Gran Canaria]] | seat_type = <!-- (political) --> | seat = | coordinates = {{coord|28|07|33|N|15|26|07|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | elevation_m = 8 | elevation_min_m = 8 | elevation_max_m = 300 | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 100.55 | established_title = Founded | established_date = 24 June 1478 | population_as_of = 2024 | population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/en/index.htm?padre=10607&capsel=11555|title=Annual population census 2021-2024|publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Spain)|INE]]}}</ref> | population_total = 383516 ([[Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_municipalities|9th]]) | population_urban = 635,000<ref>[http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf Demographia: World Urban Areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |date=3 May 2018 }}, 2022</ref> | population_demonym = ''palmense'' ([[Spanish language|es]]) <!-- REF: El uso de palmense es minoritario. En general, los habitantes de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria no suelen nombrarse con un gentilicio; simplemente son "de Las Palmas". --> | population_note = | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Spain|Language(s)]] | blank_info_sec1 = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] <!-- GDP --------------->| demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|last=|first=|date=|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Metro | demographics2_info1 = €14.822 billion (2020) | timezone = [[Western European Time|WET]] | utc_offset = +0 | timezone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Spain|Postal code]] | postal_code = 35001-35020 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Spain|Dialing code]] | area_code = | leader_title = [[Alcalde|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Carolina Darias]] | leader_party = [[Socialist Party of the Canaries|PSC-PSOE]] | website = {{Official website|http://www.laspalmasgc.es/|www.lpavisit.com}} | module = | footnotes = }} '''Las Palmas''' ({{IPAc-en|uk|ˌ|l|æ|s|_|ˈ|p|æ|l|m|ə|s|,_|-|_|ˈ|p|ɑː|l|-}}, {{IPAc-en|us|ˌ|l|ɑː|s|_|ˈ|p|ɑː|l|m|ə|s|,_|-|m|ɑː|s}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref> {{IPA|es|las ˈpalmas|lang}}), resmi '''Las Palmas de Gran Canaria''',{{efn|Pangucapan wastan jangkep: {{IPA|es|las ˈpalmas ðe ɣɾaŋ kaˈnaɾja|lang|Pronunciation of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in Spanish.ogg}}}} inggih punika ibu kota miwah kota sané pinih ageng ring komunitas otonom [[Kapuloan Canary]] ring [[Spanyol]]. Antuk akéh krama 383.516 ring warsa 2024, puniki wantah [[Lis peringkat munipilitas Spanyol#Manut akéh krama|kota sané pinih ageng kaping sia ring Spanyol]].<ref name="population" /> Puniki taler pinaka kota sané pinih akéh kramannyané kaping lima ring Spanyol miwah, manut saking witnyané, [[Lis kota métropolitan ring Spanyol|kaping sia utawi kaping dasa sané pinih akéh kramannyané ring Spanyol]] ring Spanyol.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia: World Urban Areas |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-date=3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx?CityCode=ES008C&CountryCode=ES Urban Audit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626021959/http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx?CityCode=ES008C&CountryCode=ES |date=26 June 2008 }} – [[Eurostat]].</ref><ref>[http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf Study on Urban Functions: Final Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }} – [[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]], {{ISBN|2-9600467-2-2}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://alarcos.inf-cr.uclm.es/per/fruiz/pobesp/dat/arc/conurbaciones.xls |title=Conurbaciones |access-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720145630/http://alarcos.inf-cr.uclm.es/per/fruiz/pobesp/dat/arc/conurbaciones.xls |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130209184514/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-4&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=a&va=&srt=dpnan Europe: metropolitan areas] – World Gazetteer, 2012.</ref> Las Palmas magenah ring sisi kalér kangin [[Gran Canaria]], pulau sané pinih ageng kaping tiga ring Kapuloan Canary, sawatara {{ngubah|150|km|0|abbr=ring}} sisi kauh pasisi Afrika<ref name="SitClim">{{cite web |url=http://www.laspalmasgc.es/lpgc/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=137 |title=Situación y Clima. Ayuntamiento de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria |publisher=Laspalmasgc.es |access-date=21 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629205852/http://www.laspalmasgc.es/lpgc/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=137 |archive-date=29 June 2010 }}</ref> ring [[Samudra Atlantik]]. Las Palmas ngarasayang [[iklim gurun pasih]],<ref group=note name="koppen">The [http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/present.htm World map of Koppen-Geiger climate classification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706090243/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/present.htm |date=6 July 2011 }}</ref> kaimbangi olih pendingin lokal [[Arus Kanari]], antuk suhu sane anget sapanjang warsa. Punika madue suhu rata-rata ngawarsa {{convert|21.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref>[https://www.turismodecanarias.com/promoturturismocanarias/tag/eterna-primavera/ ''eterna primavera''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307191407/https://www.turismodecanarias.com/promoturturismocanarias/tag/eterna-primavera/ |date=7 March 2016 }} on ''turismodecanarias.com''.</ref> Kota puniki kawangun duk warsa 478, miwah kasengguh ''[[de facto]]'' (tanpa pangakuan hukum miwah sujati)<ref name=junta>''La Junta Suprema de Canarias''. Volumen I. Buenaventura Bonnet y Riveron. ''Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Tenerife'', Editorial: Editorial Interinsular Canaria SA, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 1980 (reedition 1948), pp. 104–106.</ref> ibu kota Kapuloan Canary ngantos abad kaping pitulas.<ref name="junta"/> Puniki pinaka genah Kementerian Presidensi Kanaria (kabagi ring masa petang warsa sareng Santa Cruz de Tenerife), taler atenga saking kementerian miwah dewan pemerintah Kanaria, miwah Mahkamah Agung Keadilan Kapuloan Canary. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cutetan === {{Notelist}} <references group="note"/> === Pranala jaba === {{Commons category}} *[http://www.laspalmasgc.es/ City Council] {{Geographic location |Centre = Las Palmas de Gran Canaria |North = ''[[Atlantic Ocean]]'' |Northeast = |East = ''Atlantic Ocean'' |Southeast = |South = [[Santa Brígida, Las Palmas|Santa Brígida]] and [[Telde]] |Southwest = |West = [[Arucas, Las Palmas|Arucas]] |Northwest = }} {{navboxes |title=Articles related to Las Palmas |list1= {{Gran Canaria}} {{Canary Islands-Capitals|Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las}} {{Municipalities in Las Palmas|state=autocollapse}} {{Cities in Spain}} {{Capitals of Provinces in Spain}} {{Autonomous Community capitals of Spain}} {{List of European capitals by region}} {{List of African capitals}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Las Palmas De Gran Canaria}} [[Kategori:Las Palmas| ]] [[Kategori:Kota-kota miwah kota-kota pelabuhan ring pasisi Atlantik Spanyol]] [[Kategori:Genah pasisi sane madue krama ring Spanyol]] [[Kategori:Genah sane madue krama sane kawangun ring warsa 1470-an]] [[Kategori:Pendirian abad ka-15 ring Afrika]] [[Kategori:Kotamadya ring Kanaria Agung]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota ring Afrika]] [[Kategori:Pendirian abad ka-15 ring Kastilia]] [[Kategori:Genah saking warsa 1478]] [[Kategori:Kota-kota Korea]] n64uds4v5b202fcgkv8trrztvqhdp6f 0 78176 281196 280313 2026-08-27T21:53:42Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple images | perrow = 1 | total_width = 250 | image1 = 03A01 train set 302 approaching Yishan Road Station 20250621172532.jpg | image2 = 301 leaving Xibeiwang (20210429140839).jpg | image3 = Hillingdon tube station MMB 12 S Stock.jpg | footer = Pemecah rekor saking duur ka sor: [[Métro Shanghai]] madué penumpang ngawarsa sané pinih akéh ring jagaté. [[Subway Béijing]] inggih punika sistem sané pinih ageng ring jagaté manut lantang rel total. [[London Underground]] inggih punika sistem métro sané pinih tua ring jagaté.}} Puniki '''lis sistem métro''' ngalingkubin sistem kréta [[transit gelis]] listrik ring sajebag jagaté. Ring makudang pahan jagat, sistem métro kasengguh dados '''subway''', '''underground''', '''tube''', '''mode raya terpadu''' ('''MRT'''), '''métro''' utawi '''U-Bahn'''. {{As of|2026|April|10|post=,}} 213 kota ring 63 panegara ngoperasiyang 948 jalur [[transit gelis|métro]]. [[London Underground]] kapertama kabungkah dados kréta sor tanah ring 1863 miwah jalur kréta sor tanah listrik kapertamanyané, [[Kréta Api Kota miwah Kelod London]], kabungkah ring 1890,<ref name="LU-history">{{cite web|title=Woohoo! The Northern Line Extension Opens On 20 September|url=https://londonist.com/london/transport/northern-line-extension-opening-date-20-september-nine-elms-battersea|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[Londonist]]|date=3 September 2021|publisher=}}</ref> making it the world's first deep-level electric metro system.<ref name="uitp-sustain">{{cite web |url=http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/01%20The%20Metro%20an%20opportunity%20for%20sustainable%20development%20in%20large%20cities.pdf |title=The Metro: an opportunity for sustainable development in large cities |publisher=Union Internationale des Transports Publics (UITP) ([[International Association of Public Transport]]) |date=November 2003 |access-date=2014-06-16 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070734/http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/01%20The%20Metro%20an%20opportunity%20for%20sustainable%20development%20in%20large%20cities.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Métro Budapest|Kréta Sor Tanah Milenium Budapest]], sané kabungkah duk warsa 1896, inggih punika kréta sor tanah listrik kapertama ring jagaté sané karancang khusus antuk transportasi pakotaan tur kantun maoperasi ngantos mangkin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Földi|first=László|title=Budapest Underground: A Historical Overview|publisher=Hungarian Transport Museum|date=2000}}</ref>{{isbn?}} [[Subway Béijing]] inggih punija [[Jaringan transportasi]] pinih lantang ring jagaté. Antuk lantang total {{convert|879|km|mi|0}} miwah sané silih sinunggil pinih sibuk sareng akéh penumpang ngawarsa sawatara 2,83 miliar pamargian.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chen|first=Huizhi|url=https://www.shine.cn/news/metro/2012252178/|title=Shanghai adds 7,000th train to Metro fleet|work=[[Shanghai Daily|shine.cn]]|publisher=[[Shanghai Daily]]|date=26 December 2020|access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202412/28/content_WS676f5620c6d0868f4e8ee55b.html |title=Shanghai adds new suburban airport metro line |work=[[State Council of China]]|date=28 December 2024|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> {{As of|2024|post=,}} Negara sarenf sistem métro pinih akéh inggih punika Cina, sareng 54 sistem sané maoperasi, rumasuk 11 saking 12 jaringan pinih lantang ring jagat. {{TOC limit|2}} ==Tetimbang== [[Asosiasi Transportasi Publik Internasional]] ({{lang|fr|L'Union Internationale des Transports Publics}}, utawi UITP) negesang sistem métro pinaka sistem transportasi penumpang kota, "kamargiang antuk pamargin ipuné miwah kapasahang saking margi umum miwah lalu lintas pejalan batis".<ref name="UITP">{{cite web |url=http://ftp.uitp.org/ftproot/euroteam/YVA/URP_Fundamental_Requirements_EN.pdf |title=Recommended basic reference for developing a minimum set of standards for voluntary use in the field of urban rail, according to mandate M/486 |publisher=UITP (L'Union internationale des transports publics/[[International Association of Public Transport]]) |year=2011 |access-date=2014-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222133945/http://ftp.uitp.org/ftproot/euroteam/YVA/URP_Fundamental_Requirements_EN.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Schwandl">{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/about.htm#definition |title=What is a metro? |author=Schwandl, Robert |website=UrbanRail.net |year=2007 |access-date=2008-01-14}}</ref> Paistilah [[terminologi kréta api penumpang|kréta api baat]] (utaminnyané ring Amérika Kalér) miwah kréta api kota sané baat dasarnyané pateh sekadi "metro".<ref name="APTA-def">{{cite web |url=https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/transit-statistics/public-transportation-fact-book/fact-book-glossary/#8 |title=Fact Book Glossary – Mode of Service Definitions |publisher=[[American Public Transportation Association]] |access-date=2013-11-12}}</ref><ref name="FTA">{{cite web | url = http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/Glossary.htm | title = National Transit Database Glossary | publisher = [[Departemén Transportasi Amérika Serikat|U.S. Department of Transportation]] [[Federal Transit Administration]] | date = 18 October 2013 | access-date = 2013-11-12 |url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131113002142/http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/Glossary.htm | archive-date = 13 November 2013 | df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://trl.co.uk/sites/default/files/TRL593%20-%20The%20Demand%20for%20Public%20Transport.pdf |title=The demand for public transport: a practical guide |year=2004 |editor-last=Balcombe |editor-first=R. |publisher=[[Transport Research Laboratory]] |page=6 |access-date=2008-03-27 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021901/https://trl.co.uk/sites/default/files/TRL593%20-%20The%20Demand%20for%20Public%20Transport.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sistem kréta api baat taler kasengguh pinaka "kréta api listrik".<ref name="APTA-def"/><ref name="FTA"/> Garis pawelas pantaraning métro miwah moda [[transportasi umum]] tiosan, sakadi [[kereta api ingan]]<ref name="APTA-def"/><ref name="FTA"/> miwah [[kréta komuter]],<ref name="APTA-def"/><ref name="FTA"/> nénten setata tatas. UITP wantah minayang pantaraning "metro" miwah "kréta api ingan", sakéwanten<ref name="UITP"/> [[Asosiasi Transportasi Umum Amérika]] (APTA) miwah [[Administrasi Transportasi Féderal]] (FTA) ngabinayang katiga moda punika.<ref name="APTA-def"/><ref name="FTA"/> Cara sané katah minayang métro saking rel ingan inggih punika antuk mapasahan saking lalu lintas tiosan. Rikala sistem kréta api ingan prasida ngagi margi sareng lalu lintas mobil utawi ngawigunayang pahan saking rél sareng [[palintasan sawidang]] nglintangin margi, sistem métro seringan mamargi ring [[pawelasan kelas|pawelasan kelas]] éksklusip [[hak-margi (transportasi)|hak-margi]] nénten wénten aksés ring lalu lintas tiosan. Matiosan ring rél komuter utawi rel ingan, sistem métro utamannyané kawigunayang pinaka transportasi ring tengahing kota, miwah madué frékuénsi ayahan sané tegehan miwah akéhnyané panumpang sané agengan. Akéhan sistem métro nénten madué rel sareng kréta barang utawi ayahan [[kréta api antar kota]]. Nenten relevan napike sistem punika mamargi ring roda baja utawi [[métro ban karét|ban karet]], utawi yening catu daya saking [[rel kaping tiga]] utawi [[garis duur]]. Wastan sistem punika nénten dados kriteria sané kaanggen ngeranjing utawi ngeluarang. Makudangkudang kota nganggén "metro" pinaka wastan mérek ring jalur transit sané nénten madaging pamargin transit sané gelis. Punika taler, wénten sistem sané mamer "rel ingan" sané prasida nagingin sakancan kriteria dados sistem transit sané gelis. Makudang-kudang sistem taler ngranjingang [[métro ingan]] utawi jalur rél ingan pinaka pahan saking sistem sané agengan antuk wasta sané katah. Indike punika ngeranjing lis, nanging jalur rel ingan nénten kapeték ring data jaringan sané sampun kacumawisang. Jaringan transit minab manut ring standar layanan sistem métro, sakéwanten doh saking kota miwah ring sapunapiné kasengguh [[S-Bahn]], suburban, régional utawi rél komuter. Indiké punika nénten ngranjing ring lis puniki. Nénten taler sistem [[funikuler]], utawi [[penggerak jadma]], sakadi taman hiburan, resort ski miwah sistem transportasi bandara. Lis puniki meték métro mapasahan rikala makudangkudang métro ring asiki kota utawi wewidangan métropolitan madué sang sané nuwénang utawi pautsahaan operasi sané mabinayan. Lis puniki teges nénten matetujon antuk ngangganin ukuran lan lingkup jaringan transit gelis total kota utawi wewidangan metropolitan katentu. Data ring lis puniki nénten dados kaanggén nyutetang ukuran sistem [[transit kréta api kota]], wawidangan, utawi panegara, utawi kaanggén ngawentenang peringkat. ==Legénda== [[File:World Metro systems.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Panegara sareng sakirangné madué asiki sistem métro: {{legend|#008100|operasional}}{{legend|#ffc306|kantun kawangun}}]] ; Kota: Kota utama sané kaayahin olih sistem métro. ; Panegara: [[Lis negara madaulat|Negara madaulat]] genah sistem métro magenah. ; Watsan: Wastan sistem métro taler wénten ring campuhan basa asliné utawi Inggris (rumasuk tautan nuju suratan antuk sistem punika). ; Warsa kabungkah: [[File:Metro systems of world.png|thumb|Sistem métro jagat duk warsa 2025 {{legend|red|Operational}}{{legend|#FFF200|Kantun kawangun}}|500px]] Warsa sistem métro kabungkah antuk ayahan komérsial ring standar métro. Tegesnyané, pahan saking sistem punika minab sampun sué, nanging pinaka pahan saking jaringan [[kréta api ingan]] utawi [[kréta api komuter]] sané dumun, dadosnyané warsa sané sistem punika ngamolihang standar métro (utaminnyané elektrifikasi) inggih punika sané ngerajing lis. ; Warsa untat palimbakan: Kaping untat lantang sistem utawi akéh stasiun ring sistem métro punika kalimbakang. ; Stasiun: Akéh stasiun ring jaringan métro, sareng stasiun sané kahubung olih [[Stasiun transit|transfer]] kapeték dados asiki. ; Lantang sistem:[[Lantang jaringan (transportasi)|lantang sistem]] saking jaringan métro inggih punika akéh lantang makasami rute ring jaringan rel ring kilométer utawi mil. Soang-soang rute wantah kapeték apisan, nénten malih nglintangin makudang-kudang jalur sané nglintangin, miwah nénten malih ngranjingang napiké punika [[Trel tunggal (rel)|trek tunggal]] utawi [[Trel ganda|trek ganda]], [[margi gerbong tunggal]] utawi [[margi gerbong ganda]]. ; Ridership: Akéhnyané pamargi sané unik ring sistem métro nyabran warsa. Wénten pabinayan ageng pantaraning angka penumpang: makudang-kudang sistem métro ngitung [[Transfer (angkutan umum)|transfer]] pantaraning jalur pinaka makudang-kudang pamargi, sakéwanten sané tiosan nénten. Angka taler prasida kaitung antuk metode san3 matiosan – [[kori tiket]]/[[jelanan piteh]] utawi [[langsé sunar|penghalang sunar]] ring pamedalan utawi pintu kendaraan dados san3 pinih lumrah nanging doh saking sané wantah asiki. ==Lis== {{See also|Lis sistem métro ring Éropa}} {{self-reference inline|Lis puniki prasida kawacakang. Klik ikon [[File:Sort both.gif]] ring kolom sesirah antuk nguah sereg pawacakan miwah urutan pawacakan.}} {{self-reference inline|Catetan: Lis puniki minab nénten jangkep ngawakilin, santukan angka penumpang warsa salami [[Dampak gering agung COVID-19 ring transportasi umum|gering agung COVID-19]] kasinahang antuk makudang-kudang sistem, nanging sané lianan madué angka saking warsa-warsa sadurungnyané.}} <!-- (1) DURUS, pastiang sistem punika manut ring kriteria métro sané sampun ngeranjing lis ring ajeng sadurung kawewehin ring lis puniki. Sistem antuk pahan ring margi, antuk pasimpangan tingkat, utawi antuk trék sareng-sareng katahan NÉNTEN kasengguh standar métro. Selanturnyané, lis puniki wantah madaging sistem sané sampun wénten. Sampunang ngawewehin sistem sané sampun karencanayang utawi sistem sané kantun kawangun. (ipun ngeranjing lis mapasahan ring [[#Kantun kawangun]] pahan ring sor) (2) Sasampuné ragané nganyarang lantang total sistem, durusang pastiang mangda nyihnayang pateh ring wagian Lis Manut Negara taler, manut negara sané dados druwénnyané. --> <!-- –Sampunang ngawewehin sistem ring Sevilla, Palma, Valencia, Malaga, Granada, San Sebastian, Kryvyi Rih, Frankfurt, Köln, Volgograd, Porto, Charleroi, Antwerpen, Serfaus, Calgary, Edmonton utawi Ottawa; ipun kirang derajat pemisahan sané nentuang sistem sané medal ring suratan puniki, lan asapunika sané kajangkepin ring [[Lis sistem transit trém lan rél ingan]]. --> <!-- Sampunang ja ngawewehin Hamburg S-Bahn ring daftar puniki tanpa ngrembug ring kaca pabligbagan dumun, santukan sistem puniki wantah sistem rel komuter yadiastun kacingak sakadi sistem métro -->; Catetan tabel {{Static row numbers}} <!-- Sampunang ngicalang Métro Tyne miwah Wear saking wagian puniki tanpa ngrembug dumun ring kaca pabligbagan, punika MENUSIK dados sistem métro lan manut kritéria sané kabuatang --> <!-- Ngiring sampunang nambahin Terowongan Métro ring Melbourne santukan kirang derajat pawelasan sané nentuang sistem sané medal ring suratan puniki --> {{sticky header}} {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi static-row-numbers" style="font-size:100%" ! Kota ! Panegara ! Wastan ! Ayahan<br />kabungkah ! Panglimbakan<br />untat ! data-sort-type="number" | {{Tooltip|Stasiun|stasiun sané kahubung saking transfer kapeték dados asiki}} ! data-sort-type="number" | Lantang sistem ! data-sort-type="number" | Akéh penumpang ngawarsa<br />(yutaan) |- | [[Aljir]] | {{flag|Aljazair}} {{anchor|A}} | [[Métro Algiers]] | 2011<ref name="Algiers-RAPT">{{cite web |url=https://www.ratpdev.com/en/newsroom/publications/algiers-metro-dual-extensions-enter-service |title=Algiers metro dual extensions enter service |date=2 May 2018 |publisher=RATP Dev |access-date=2018-09-17 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | 2018<ref name="Algiers-APS">{{cite news |date=13 November 2018 |title=Métro d'Alger: une grande part des études de réalisation des futures extensions livrées |trans-title=Algiers Metro: many of the feasibility studies of the future extensions delivered |url=http://www.aps.dz/economie/80634-metro-d-alger-une-grande-part-des-etudes-de-realisation-des-futures-extensions-livrees |language=fr |agency=[[Algeria Press Service|Algérie Presse Service]] |access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Algiers|19]]<ref name="Algiers-APS" /> | {{cvt|18.5|km|mi}}<ref name="Algiers">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=17 April 2018 |title=Alger metro extensions open |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/transport-and-mobility-projects/alger-metro-extensions-open/46309.article |magazine=[[Metro Report International]] |publisher=DVV Media International Ltd |access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref> | 46 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web |title=APS |language=fr |trans-title=Alger: 46 millions de voyageurs ont emprunté le métro d'Alger en 2023 |publisher=APS |url=https://www.aps.dz/regions/165787-alger-46-millions-de-voyageurs-ont-emprunte-le-metro-d-alger-en-2023 }}</ref> |- | [[Atlanta]] | rowspan="16" | {{flag|Amérika Serikat}} | [[Kréta MARTA|MARTA]] | 1979<ref name="MARTA-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.itsmarta.com/marta-past-and-future.aspx |title=MARTA's Past and Future |publisher=Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103190128/http://www.itsmarta.com/marta-past-and-future.aspx |archive-date=2016-01-03 |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-07-19}}</ref> | 2000<ref name="MARTA-history" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun kréta MARTA|38]]<ref name="MARTA" /> | {{cvt|47.6|mi|km|order=flip}}<ref name="MARTA">{{cite web |url=https://www.itsmarta.com/uploadedFiles/More/About_MARTA/2017%20CAFR_web_ii.pdf |title=Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017 |author=Department of Finance |date=22 December 2017 |editor=Hutchinson, Gordon (CFO) |publisher=Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) |page=X |access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref> | 29.4 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Baltimore]] | [[Baltimore Metro SubwayLink]] | 1983<ref name="APTA2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.bv.transports.gouv.qc.ca/per/1024026/14_2016/02_Appendix_A.pdf#page=170 |title=2016 Public Transportation Fact Book – Appendix A: Historical Tables |last1=Neff |first1=John |last2=Dickens |first2=Matthew |date=February 2017 |publisher=APTA (American Public Transportation Association) |page=170 |format=PDF |access-date=2020-06-14 |via=Centre de documentation du Ministère des transports du Québec |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613230659/http://www.bv.transports.gouv.qc.ca/per/1024026/14_2016/02_Appendix_A.pdf#page=170 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 1995<ref name="Baltimore-MTA">{{cite magazine |last=Cassie |first=Ron |date=19 September 2016 |title=The Multi-Modal City: without the Red Line, can Baltimore still create a modern transportation system? |url=https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/2016/9/19/the-multi-modal-city-can-baltimore-still-create-a-modern-transportation-system |magazine=Baltimore |publisher=Rosebud Entertainment LLC |issn=0005-4453 |access-date=2020-06-14}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 14<ref name="Baltimore-MTA" /> | {{cvt|15.5|mi|km|order=flip}}<ref name="Baltimore-MTA" /> | 5.5 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Boston]] | [[Subway MBTA]]<ref group="Nb">Wantah ngranjing jalur rél baat: [[Jalur Barak (MBTA)|Jalur Barak]], [[Jalur Kudrang (MBTA)|Jalur Kudrang]], miwah [[Jalur Pelung (MBTA)|Jalur Pelung]]. Nénten ngranjing [[Jalur Gadang (MBTA)|Jalur Gadang]] miwah [[Jalur Mattapan]], sané pinaka jalur [[rél ingan]], miwah [[Jalur Pérak (MBTA)|Jalur Pérak]], sané pinaka [[transit gelis bus]].</ref> | 1901<ref name="Oldest" /><ref name="APTA2016" /><ref group="Nb">Jalur Kudrang sané dumun melayang kabungkah duk warsa 1901, sinarengan sareng [[Subway Margi Tremont]] sané sampun kabungkah duk warsa 1897 pinaka terowongan trém ring soring tanah (kaanggén [[kréta api]] [[Jalur Gadang (MBTA)|Jalur Gadang]]).</ref> | 2014<ref name="Assembly Station">{{cite news|last=Rosen|first=Andy|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/09/02/assembly-station-orange-line-mbta-stop-now-open/fA7VW91x9uNbir17MtFTAP/story.html|title=Assembly Station Orange Line stop now open|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=2 September 2014|access-date=2026-01-21}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[List of MBTA subway stations|52]]<ref name="MBTA-stats">{{cite web |year=2024 |title=MBTA Stations |url=https://mticket.mbtace.com/stops/subway |access-date=2024-02-15 |publisher=[[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]]}}</ref> | {{cvt|63.9|km|mi}} | 84.3 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Chicago]] | [[Chicago "L"]]<ref group="Nb" name="Tramlike" /> | 1892<ref name="Oldest" />{{refn|group="Nb"|Tanggal saking pamungkah [[Kereta Api Melayang Sisi Kelod|Melayang Sisi Kelod]] ring tanggal 6 Juni 1892. "L" kapertama kalistrik ring warsa 1895 ritatkala [[Kereta Api Melayang Sisi Kauh Metropolitan|Metropolitan Melayang Sisi Kauh]] kabungkah. Makasami sistem punika masikian miwah kalistrik duk warsa 1897 antuk pawangunan [[The Loop (CTA)|Union Loop]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Rapid Transit in Chicago – Remarkable Facilities Furnished by the Opening Last Week of the "Loop." | newspaper=New York Times | date=24 October 1897}}</ref> Pahan ring soring tanah kapertama kabungkah ring warsa 943 pinaka [[Subway State Street|Subway State Street]].}} | 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=New Damen Station on CTA Green Line opens |url=https://abc7chicago.com/post/cta-green-line-damen-train-station-opens-monday-weeks-ahead-dnc-united-center-chicago/15145575/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=ABC7 Chicago |language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Chicago 'L'|146]]<ref name="CTA-facts">{{cite web | url=http://www.transitchicago.com/about/facts.aspx | title=Facts at a Glance | publisher=[[Chicago Transit Authority]] | year=2014 | access-date=2014-08-29}}</ref> | {{cvt|165.4|km|mi}}<ref name="CTA-facts" /><ref group="Nb" name="length">This figure comes from the sum of the following figures from the accompanying reference (i.e. {{cite web | url=http://www.transitchicago.com/about/facts.aspx | title=Facts at a Glance | publisher=[[Chicago Transit Authority]] | date=December 2012 | access-date=2013-07-21}}): 35.8 miles of elevated route, 35.0 miles at grade level, 20.6 miles on embankments, and 11.4 miles of subway.</ref> | 127.5 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Cleveland]] | [[Jalur Barak (RTA Rapid Transit)|Jalur Barak]] ([[RTA Rapid Transit]]) | 1955<ref name="Clev-history">{{cite web |title=About RTA: History of Public Transit in Greater Cleveland |date=6 July 2017 |publisher=Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority |url=http://www.riderta.com/history#multi-section-tab3 |access-date=2020-06-14}}</ref> | 1968<ref name="Clev-history" /> | style="text-align:left" | [[Jalur Barak (Cleveland)#Stasiun|18]]<ref name="Clev-stats" /> | {{cvt|31|km|mi}}<ref name="Clev-stats">{{cite web | url = http://www.riderta.com/annual/2013#annual-report-tabs7 | title = 2013 Annual Report – RTA Facts | publisher = Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority | date = 31 October 2013 | access-date=2014-09-05}}</ref> | 3.2 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Honolulu]] | [[Skyline Honolulu|Skyline]] | 2023 | 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-16 |title=Honolulu's Skyline Segment 2 Officially Open |url=https://railway-news.com/honolulus-skyline-segment-2-officially-open/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=Railway News |language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |13 | {{cvt|25.9|km|mi}} | 1.2 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Los Angeles]] | [[Los Angeles Metro Rail|Metro Rail]]<ref group="Nb" name="LA">[[Transit gelis]] wantah jalur [[Jalur B (Métro Los Angeles)|B]] miwah [[Jalur D (Métro Los Angeles)|D]]. Makasami jalur L.A. Metro Rail liyanan inggih punika [[kréta ingan]], miwah nénten rumasuk iriki.</ref> | 1993<ref name="LA-Metro-facts" /> | 2000<ref name="LA-Metro-facts" /><ref group="Nb">Puniki dados tanggal palantangan ungkur [[Jalur B (Métro Los Angeles)|Jalur B]] ring pahan transit gelis Metro Rail Los Angeles.</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Los Angeles Metro Rail|16]]<ref name="LA-Metro-facts" /><ref group="Nb" name="LA" /> | {{cvt|28|km|mi}}<ref name="LA-Metro-facts">{{cite web | url = http://www.metro.net/news/facts-glance/ | title = Facts at a Glance | publisher = [[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority|Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA)]] | access-date = 2008-03-25 | archive-date = 20 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820202535/https://www.metro.net/news/facts-glance/ | url-status = dead}}</ref> | 22.5 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Miami]] | [[Metrorail (County Dade-Miami)|Metrorail]] | 1984<ref>{{cite web | title = Miami-Dade County – Miami-Dade Transit – Miami-Dade Transit History | publisher = Miami-Dade County | url = http://www.miamidade.gov/transit/history.asp | date = 9 July 2013 | access-date = 2013-07-18 | archive-date = 12 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181012053956/http://www.miamidade.gov/transit/history.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> | 2012 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Metrorail Miami-Dade|23]]<ref name="Miami" /> | {{cvt|39.3|km|mi}}<ref name="Miami">{{cite web | title = Miami-Dade County – Miami-Dade Transit – Metrorail | publisher = Miami-Dade County | url = http://www.miamidade.gov/transit/metrorail.asp | date = 9 July 2013 | access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref> | 14.9 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | rowspan="3" |[[Kota New York]] | [[Subway Kota New York]] | 1904<ref name="Oldest" /><ref name="nyct" /><ref group="Nb">Ayahan kereta api melayang ketah kapertama, pangawitnyané kaangkut antuk kabel, kakawitin duk warsa 1868. Melayang kauwah dados tenaga uap duk warsa 1870, kalistrik ring warsa 1903. Pahan kapertama saking kereta sor tanah sané kalistrik kabungkah duk warsa 1904.</ref> | 2017<ref>{{cite web | title=New Second Avenue Subway Line Opening To The Public | website=CBS New York | date=1 January 2017 | url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/01/01/2nd-avenue-subway-line-opens/ | access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Subway Kota New York|{{nts|424}}]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subway and bus ridership for 2021 |url=https://www.mta.info/agency/new-york-city-transit/subway-bus-ridership-2021 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=MTA |language=en}}</ref>{{refn|group="Nb"|Angka puniki {{NYCS const|number|intl}} pinaka kompléks stasiun (sareng makudang sét péron sané kahubungang olih marga setapak) kapeték dados asiki stasiun, utawi {{NYCS const|number|total}} pinaka makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kapeték kaping kuda antuk sawilang jalur.<ref name="nyct">{{cite web |url=http://web.mta.info/mta/network.htm#statsnyct |title=The MTA Network – New York City Transit at a Glance |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref>}} | {{cvt|248|mi|km|order=flip}}<ref name="NY-MTA-Annual-Report">{{cite web |url=http://web.mta.info/mta/investor/pdf/2019/2018_CAFR_Final.pdf |title=2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)]] |page=156 |date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> | 2,040.1 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Jalur Kréta Nusa Staten]] | 1925<ref name="APTA2016" /><ref group="Nb">Yadiastun jalur puniki kabungkah dados jalur kreta api duk warsa 1860, wawu duk warsa 1925 piranti transit gelis ngawit maoperasi irika.</ref> | 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/news-nyc-transit-staten-island-railway-arthur-kill/2017/01/20/staten-island-railway-celebrates-1st|title= Staten Island Railway Celebrates 1st New Station in 20 Years|website=MTA |access-date=2017-01-28|archive-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121224425/http://www.mta.info/news-nyc-transit-staten-island-railway-arthur-kill/2017/01/20/staten-island-railway-celebrates-1st|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 21<ref name="nyct" /><ref name="SIR-map">{{cite web |url=http://www.mta.info/nyct/maps/simap.htm |title=MTA New York City Transit – Staten Island Railway Map |access-date=2013-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403013728/http://www.mta.info/nyct/maps/simap.htm |archive-date=3 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{cvt|22.5|km|mi}}<ref name="NY-MTA-Annual-Report" /> | 4.7 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[PATH (sistem kréta)|PATH]] | 1908<ref name="PATH-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/path/history.html|title=History – PATH – The Port Authority of NY & NJ|year=2013|access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref> | 1937<ref group="Nb">Stasiun sané pinih untat sane jangkep anyar inggih punika stasiun Newark lan Harrison sané mangkin, sané soang-soang ngentosin stasiun Park Place lan Harrison ring penyelarasan sané matiosan ring warsa 1937. Manut PATH, stasiun sane pinih anyar inggih punika [[stasiun World Trade Center (PATH)|World Trade Center]], sané sampun puput kagentosin ring warsa 1937.</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 13<ref name="PATH-map">{{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/path/maps-schedules.html|title=Maps & Schedules – PATH – The Port Authority of NY & NJ|year=2013|access-date=2013-09-01|archive-date=3 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203072937/http://www.panynj.gov/path/maps-schedules.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{cvt|22.2|km|mi}}<ref name="PATH-facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/path/facts-info.html|title=Facts & Info – PATH – The Port Authority of NY & NJ|year=2013|access-date=2013-07-18|archive-date=29 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129234922/http://www.panynj.gov/path/facts-info.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 62.5 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | rowspan="2" |[[Philadelphia]] | [[Métro SEPTA]]: [[L (Métro SEPTA)|L]], [[B (Métro SEPTA)|B]], [[M (Métro SEPTA)|M]]<ref name="SEPTA-OpFacts">{{cite web |url=http://www.septa.org/reports/pdf/opfacts.pdf |title=SEPTA Operating Facts Fiscal Year 2013 |publisher=[[SEPTA]] |pages=4–6 |date=30 June 2013 |access-date=2014-08-31 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017082847/http://www.septa.org/reports/pdf/opfacts.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 1907<ref name="Oldest" /><ref name="APTA2016" /> | 1973<ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 1973 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/180412526/ |title=Subway Extension To Stadium Opens |work=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]] |page=23 |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro SEPTA|53]]<ref name="SEPTA-OpFacts" /> | {{cvt|59.1|km|mi}}<ref name="SEPTA-Stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.septa.org/reports/pdf/route-statistics.pdf |title=SEPTA Route Statistics 2014 |publisher=[[SEPTA]] Service Planning Department |pages=9, 13, 221 |year=2014 |access-date=2014-08-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524014002/http://www.septa.org/reports/pdf/route-statistics.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="SEPTA-Media">{{cite web | url = http://www.septa.org/media/guide/pdf/media-guide.pdf | title = SEPTA – Media Guide | publisher = [[SEPTA]] | pages = 7, 11 | year = 2013 | access-date = 2014-08-31 | archive-date = 17 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180417143227/http://www.septa.org/media/guide/pdf/media-guide.pdf | url-status = dead}}</ref> | 59.0 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[PATCO Speedline]] | 1936<ref name="APTA2016" />{{refn|group="Nb"|Pamungkah Jalur Kreteg, pinaka pangawit jalur transit gelis nuju PATCO, sané mamargi pantaraning Jalan 8 ring Philadelphia miwah Broadway ring Camden. Jalur kecepatan PATCO sané mangkin, antuk ayahan ngantos Lindenwold, kabungkah duk warsa 1969.<ref name="PATCO"/>}} | 2025<ref name="PATCO" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[PATCO Speedline#Stasiun|14]]<ref name="PATCO" /> | {{cvt|14.2|mi|km|order=flip}}<ref name="PATCO">{{cite web |url=http://www.ridepatco.org/about/history.html |title=PATCO – A History of Commitment |publisher=Port Authority Transit Corporation (PATCO) |access-date=2013-07-16}}</ref> | 5.6 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[San Francisco]] ([[Wawengkon Celuk San Francisco|Bay Area]]) | [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]]<ref group="Nb">Jalur transit gelis BART ''wantah''; jalur [[eBART]] nuju Antiokia miwah [[Penyambung Bandara Oakland|APM Bandara Internasional Oakland (OAK)]] nénten kasarengin.</ref> | 1972<ref name="BART-facts" /> | 2020<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gary |first=Jesse |date=12 June 2020 |title=BART service to Milpitas and Berryessa stations starts Saturday |url=https://www.ktvu.com/news/bart-service-to-milpitas-and-berryessa-stations-starts-saturday |work=KTVU Fox 2 |publisher=Fox Television Stations, LLC |access-date=2020-06-12}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Bay Area Rapid Transit|47]]<ref name="BART-facts" /><ref group="Nb">47 stasiun transit gelis, kawewehin tiga stasiun wewehan (kalih eBART lan asiki [[transit marga panduan otomatis|AGT]]) ring sistem.</ref> | {{cvt|119|mi|km|order=flip}}<ref name="BART-facts">{{cite web |url=http://www.bart.gov/about/history/facts |title=BART – System Facts |publisher=San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District |access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref><ref group="Nb">Angka puniki nénten ngranjingang panglimbak eBART saking Pittsburg/Bay Point nuju Antiokhia (9,2 mil) miwah "BART nuju Bandara Internasional Oakland (OAK) margi sané tegeh" (3,2 mil).</ref> | 49.1 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Washington, D.C.]] | [[Métro Washington]] | 1976<ref name="WMATA-about">{{cite web | url = https://www.wmata.com/about/history.cfm | title = History | publisher = Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority | year = 2019 | access-date = 2019-09-01 | archive-date = 2017-01-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170126124614/https://www.wmata.com/about/history.cfm | url-status = dead }}</ref> | 2023<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/article/metros-new-potomac-yard-vt-station-is-open-heres-what-to-know/ar-AA1bmDYQ |title=Metro's New Potomac Yard-VT Station Is Open. Here's What to Know |publisher=NBC Washington, D.C. |date=19 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-19}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Washington|98]]<ref name="WMATA-about" /> | {{cvt|208|km|mi}} | 166.7 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[San Juan, Puérto Riko|San Juan]] | [[Tren Urbano]] | 2004<ref name="APTA2016" /> | 2005 | style="text-align:left" | [[List of Tren Urbano stations|16]] | {{cvt|17.2|km|mi}} | 4.4 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R">{{cite web |title=Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2024 |url=https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2024-Q4-Ridership-APTA.pdf |publisher=APTA |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Mekkah]] | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Arab Saudi}} | [[Métro Mekah]] | 2010<ref name="Mecca">{{cite journal |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/hajj-pilgrims-take-the-metro-to-makkah.html |title=Hajj pilgrims take the metro to Makkah |journal=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=8 May 2014 |archive-date=3 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203184240/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/hajj-pilgrims-take-the-metro-to-makkah.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | – | style="text-align:left" |9<ref name="Mecca" /> | {{cvt|18.1|km|mi}}<ref name="Mecca" /> | 1.87 (2025)<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2604232/saudi-arabia |title=Makkah's Mashaer metro transports 1.87m passengers during Hajj |journal=Arab News |date=12 June 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025 |archive-date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713201542/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2604232/saudi-arabia |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Riyadh]] | [[Métro Riyadh]] | 2024<ref name="Riyadh">{{cite web |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/riyadh-metro-to-open-first-phase-on-nov-27/ |title=Riyadh Metro to kick off first phase on Nov 27, includes 6 lines |date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Gulf Business |access-date=2024-11-27}}</ref> | 2025 | style="text-align:left" |85<ref name="Riyadh" /> | {{cvt|176|km|mi}}<ref name="Riyadh" /> | 150 (2025) |- | [[Buénos Airés]] | {{flag|Argéntina}} | [[Buenos Aires Underground]] | 1913{{refn|group="Nb"|[[Jalur A (Buenos Aires Underground)|Jalur A]] kabungkah ring undagan pantaraning warsa 1913 miwah 1914 olih [[Pautsahaan Trem Anglo-Argéntina]]. Ayahan Jalur A kalanturang pinaka layanan trém ring baduur tanah saking landai aksés ring [[Primera Junta (Buenos Aires Underground)|Stasiun Primera Junta]]. Ayahan pamukaan kereta sor tanah nuju Jalur A wusan ring warsa 1926, antuk jalur miwah [[La Brugeoise cars (Buenos Aires Underground)|stok kréta]] mauwah dados operasi transit gelis murni ring warsa 1927.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barreiro |first=Ricardo |year=2015 |title=100 años bajo Buenos Aires – Historia de la Línea A |trans-title=100 years under Buenos Aires – History of Line A |language=es |publisher=Editorial Dunken |pages=16, 30–31 |isbn=978-987-02-8141-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Solsona |first1=Justo |last2=Hunter |first2=Carlos |date=December 1990 |chapter=El proyecto "subterraneo" de la Avenida de Mayo |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ou9b8wszgMcC&pg=PA254 |title=La Avenida de Mayo: un proyecto inconcluso |trans-title=Avenida de Mayo: an unfinished project |language=es |publisher=Nobuko S.A. |page=254 |isbn=950-9575-34-8 |access-date=2020-12-24}}</ref>}} | 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/subte/noticias/inauguramos-las-estaciones-correo-central-catalinas-y-retiro-de-la-linea-e|title=Inauguramos las estaciones Correo Central, Catalinas y Retiro de la Línea E|website=Buenos Aires Ciudad - Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires|language=es|access-date=2019-06-16|archive-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709065317/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/subte/noticias/inauguramos-las-estaciones-correo-central-catalinas-y-retiro-de-la-linea-e|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Buenos Aires Underground|78]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Angka punika inggih punika 78 yéning stasiun interchange (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan) kapeték pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 90 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung kaping kuda ring soang-soang jalur.}}<ref name="buenosaires.gob.ar">{{cite web|url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/subte/noticias/proximamente-tres-nuevas-estaciones-en-la-linea-e|title=Próximamente tres nuevas estaciones en la Línea E|website=Buenos Aires Ciudad - Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires|language=es|access-date=2019-06-16|archive-date=2019-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702154317/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/subte/noticias/proximamente-tres-nuevas-estaciones-en-la-linea-e|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{cvt|56.7|km|mi}} | 236 (2023)<ref name="BASubte" group="R">{{cite web |date= |title=Pasajeras y pasajeros pagos transportados por línea de subterráneo y premetro. Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Enero de 2010/ diciembre de 2023 |url=https://www.estadisticaciudad.gob.ar/eyc/?p=46559 |access-date=1 April 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622104809/https://www.estadisticaciudad.gob.ar/eyc/?p=46559 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Yerevan]] | {{flag|Arménia}} | [[Métro Yerevan]] | 1981<ref name="Yerevan">{{cite web | title = Yerevan authorities negotiating new metro line projects with banks | publisher = ArmeniaNow.com | url = http://www.armenianow.com/economy/41684/armenia_yerevan_underground_ebrd_funding_project | date = 27 March 2013 | access-date = 2013-08-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221091846/http://www.armenianow.com/economy/41684/armenia_yerevan_underground_ebrd_funding_project | archive-date = 21 February 2013 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | 1996<ref>Charbakh, {{cite web|url=http://urbanrail.net/as/yere/yerevan.htm|title=Yerevan|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|website=UrbanRail.Net|access-date=2013-01-08}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Yerevan|10]]<ref name="Yerevan" /> | {{cvt|12.1|km|mi}}<ref name="Yerevan" /> | 26.4 (2024)<ref group="R" name="asmetro">{{cite web |url=https://asmetro.ru/upload/docs/2025/2024.pdf |script-title=ru:Основные технико-эксплуатационные характеристики метрополитенов за 2024 год |publisher=Международная Ассоциация "Метро" [International Association of Metros] |language=ru |trans-title=Main technical and operational specifications for Subways in Year 2024 |access-date=2026-01-12 |archive-date=2026-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208180118/https://asmetro.ru/upload/docs/2025/2024.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Wina]] | {{flag|Austria}} | [[U-Bahn Wina]] | 1978<ref name="wiener_linien" /><ref group="Nb">Kereta Api Metropolitan Wina ([[Wiener Stadtbahn]]) kapertama kabungkah ring warsa 1898, ngamargiang kereta api lokomotif uap ring ROW sané katahan tegeh utawi ring soring tanah. Saking warsa 1976 miwah salanturnyané, atengah saking punika kaintegrasiang ring sistem [[U-Bahn Wina]] sané anyar (jalur U4 miwah U6), sané mamargi pinaka métro modern.</ref> | 2026<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perazzolo |first1=Anna |last2=Mayr |first2=Christian |date=18 January 2026 |title=Geisterstationen und Geheimtunnel: Die dunkle Welt der Wiener U-Bahn |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/u-bahn-wiener-linie-geisterstationen-lina-loos-platz/403122171 |trans-title=Ghost stations and secret tunnels: The dark world of the Vienna U-Bahn |work=[[Kurier]] |language=de |publisher=Kurier-Zeitungsverlag und Druckerei GmbH |access-date=2026-01-19}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun U-Bahn Wina|99]]<ref>Wénten ukuran sané kapolihanh sistem punika daweg ungkur warsa 2017, cingak {{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=25 February 2018 |title=40 Jahre U–Bahn: Eine Wiener Verkehrsrevolution |trans-title=40 years of UBahn: a Viennese transport revolution |url=https://diepresse.com/home/panorama/wien/5376556/40-Jahre-UBahn_Eine-Wiener-Verkehrsrevolution#slide-5376556-15 |work=[[Die Presse]] |language=de |publisher="Die Presse" Verlags-Gesellschaft m.b.H. Co KG |at=slide 16 |access-date=2018-09-17}} <p>As for the station opened after the end of 2017, see {{cite news |last1=Perazzolo |first1=Anna |last2=Mayr |first2=Christian |date=18 January 2026 |title=Geisterstationen und Geheimtunnel: Die dunkle Welt der Wiener U-Bahn |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/u-bahn-wiener-linie-geisterstationen-lina-loos-platz/403122171 |trans-title=Ghost stations and secret tunnels: The dark world of the Vienna U-Bahn |work=[[Kurier]] |language=de |publisher=Kurier-Zeitungsverlag und Druckerei GmbH |access-date=2026-01-19}}</p></ref> | {{cvt|83.3|km|mi}}<ref name="wiener_linien">{{cite web |url=https://www.wienerlinien.at/media/files/2018/betriebsangaben_2017_243485.pdf |title=2017 Zahlen, Daten, Fakten – Unternehmen |publisher=[[Wiener Linien]] |language=de |trans-title=Company Profile – Figures, Data, Facts 2017|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref> | 404.8 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.wienerlinien.at/documents/2424499/20921817/Betriebsangaben_2024_Deutsch_WEB.pdf/134821d6-e0ad-cbff-2480-f235889696e9?t=1745495298834 |title=Zahlen & Fakten: Betriebsangaben 2024 |date=2024 |publisher=[[Wiener Linien]] |page=1 |access-date=2025-05-04 |archive-date=2025-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520020421/https://www.wienerlinien.at/documents/2424499/20921817/Betriebsangaben_2024_Deutsch_WEB.pdf/134821d6-e0ad-cbff-2480-f235889696e9?t=1745495298834 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Baku]] | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | [[Métro Baku]] | 1967<ref name="Baku-metro" /> | 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://azertag.az/xeber/Xocesen_stansiyasi_ilk_sernisinlerini_qebul_edir_VIDEO-2421767|title="Xocəsən" stansiyası ilk sərnişinlərini qəbul edir|website=Azertag}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Baku|25]]<ref name="Baku-metro" />{{refn|group="Nb"|Akéh stasiun inggih punika 25 yéning stasiun pasiluran (inggih punika sét platform sané matiosan ring asiki kompléks) kapeték pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 27 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kapeték soang-soang.}} | {{cvt|40.7|km|mi}}<ref name="Baku-metro">{{cite web |url=http://metro.gov.az/en/history |title=History – Baku Metropolitan |publisher=Bakı Metropoliteni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228063946/http://metro.gov.az/en/history |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> | 223.3 (2024)<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> |- | [[Dhaka]] | {{flag|Bangladésh}}{{anchor|B}} | [[Métro Dhaka]] | 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-28 |title=Bangladesh launches its first metro rail service |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/transport/bangladesh-launches-its-first-metro-rail-service-559018 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> | 2023 | [[Lis stasiun Métro Dhaka|16]] | {{cvt|20.1|km|mi}} | 100.38 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite news |date=15 March 2024 |title=রমজানে মেট্রোরেলে ভিড়, দৈনিক চড়ছেন পৌনে ৩ লাখ যাত্রী |trans-title=Crowded metro rail during Ramadan, 2.75 million passengers ride daily |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2024-03-15/NAXNZSIX |work=Somoy News |language=bn |access-date=2024-04-26}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Figure extrapolated from 2,75,000 average daily ridership figures over an year as mentioned in the cited report</ref> |- | [[Amsterdam]] | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Belanda}} | [[Métro Amsterdam]] | 1977 | 2018<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=23 July 2018 |title=Amsterdam's north–south metro line opens |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/transport-and-mobility-projects/amsterdams-north-south-metro-line-opens/46844.article |magazine=Metro Report International |publisher=DVV Media International Ltd |access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 39<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.gvb.nl/sites/default/files/Railkaart2018-2.pdf |title=Railkaart [Rail Map] |publisher=[[Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf|GVB]] |access-date=2018-08-11 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709062851/https://en.gvb.nl/sites/default/files/Railkaart2018-2.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{cvt|41.2|km|mi}}<!-- ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.gvb.nl/overgvb/bedrijfsprofiel/MaterieelEnCijfers/Pages/Netwerk.aspx |title=Network |publisher=[[Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf|GVB]] |access-date=2014-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428012405/http://en.gvb.nl/overgvb/bedrijfsprofiel/MaterieelEnCijfers/Pages/Netwerk.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref --> | 100.1 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://over.gvb.nl/content/uploads/2024/05/Jaarverslag-GVB-2023-1.pdf |title=Jaarverslag 2023, page 32 |publisher=[[Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf|GVB Holding NV]] |language=nl |trans-title=2023 Annual Report |access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref> |- | [[Rotterdam]] | [[Métro Rotterdam]]<ref group="Nb">Makudang-kudang pahan saking Rotterdam Metro (pahan saking Jalur A, B, E) madué makudang-kudang pamargi sané nyebrang (antuk kautamayang) punika mawinan prasida kasengguh "[[rel ingan]]" nénten ja "[[transit gelis|métro]]".</ref> | 1968 | 2023 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Rotterdam|71]] | {{cvt|102.3|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity_city-Rotterdam.html|title=Rotterdam - metrobits.org|first=Michael|last=Rohde|website=mic-ro.com}}</ref> | 100.7 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web|url=https://mrdh.nl/nieuws/prestaties-ov-2024 |title=OV Monitor 2024 | publisher = Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag |language=nl | trans-title= Public Transport Monitor 2024 |access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref> |- | [[Minsk]] | {{flag|Belarusia}} | [[Métro Minsk]] | 1984<ref name="Metro-history">{{cite web |url=http://metropoliten.by/o_metropolitene/history_of_the_development/ |script-title=ru:История развития метрополитена |publisher=Государственное предприятие "Минский Метрополитен" [State Enterprise "Minsk Metro"] |trans-title=History of the metro |access-date=2020-12-09 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630144601/http://metropoliten.by/o_metropolitene/history_of_the_development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2024<ref name="Metro-history" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Minsk|33]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=Lukashenko examines new metro stations in Minsk |url=https://eng.belta.by/president/view/lukashenko-examines-new-metro-stations-in-minsk-164278-2024/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Belarusian Telegraph Agency |language=en}}</ref>{{refn|group="Nb"|Akéh stasiun inggih punika 33 yéning stasiun pasiluran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan ring asiki kompléks) kapeték pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 36 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kapeték soang-soang.}} | {{cvt|44.9|km|mi}}<ref name="Minsk-today">{{cite web |url=http://metropoliten.by/o_metropolitene/metro_today/ |script-title=ru:Метро сегодня |publisher=Государственное предприятие "Минский Метрополитен" [State Enterprise "Minsk Metro"] |language=ru |trans-title=Metro today |access-date=2020-12-08 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630153235/http://metropoliten.by/o_metropolitene/metro_today/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 250.3 (2024)<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> |- | [[Brussels]] | {{flag|Belgia}} | [[Métro Brussels]] | 1976<ref name="BrusselsUITP" /><!-- ref name="Brussels-1970s">{{cite web |url=http://www.stib.be/1970-1979.html?l=fr |title=STIB – Historique de la STIB de 1970 à 1979 |publisher=STIB |language=fr |trans-title=STIB – History of STIB from 1970 to 1979 |year=2013 |access-date=2013-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021155415/http://www.stib.be/1970-1979.html?l=fr |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref --> | 2009<ref group="Nb">Pitehan [[Jalur 2 Métro Brussels|Jalur 2]] puput duk warsa 2009.</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Brussels|59]]<ref name="BrusselsUITP">{{cite web |url=http://www.uitp.org/events/40-years-brussels-metro |title=40 years of Brussels Metro: The Lines of Life – Nodes of Exchanges |work=UITP |date=24 October 2016 |publisher=UITP – Union Internationale des Transports Publics |access-date=2018-09-12 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912130915/http://www.uitp.org/events/40-years-brussels-metro |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref group="Nb">Nénten rumasuk stasiun Jalur prametro T4, T7, miwah T10.</ref> | {{cvt|39.9|km|mi}}<ref name="Brussels-stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.mivb.be/irj/go/km/docs/STIB-MIVB/INTERNET/attachments/Bilan_2011/STIB_FiguresStatistics_2011.pdf |title=Activity Report 2011 – Figures & statistics '11 |publisher=STIB/MIVB |page=2 |access-date=2013-09-15}}</ref> | 138.3 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite report |date=30 May 2023 |title=Statistics 2024 |url=https://www.stib-mivb.be/files/live/sites/STIBMIVB/files/Corporate/STIB_statisticreport2024_EN.pdf |format=pdf |publisher=STIB/MIVB |page=4 |access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref> |- | [[Bélo Horizonté]] | rowspan="8" | {{flag|Brasil}} | [[Métro Bélo Horizonté]] | 1986<ref name="BH-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.metrobh.gov.br/cbtu/final/empresa/historias/historias.htm |title=Empresa – História |publisher=CBTU – METRÔ BH |language=pt |trans-title=Company – History |access-date=2013-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153411/http://www.metrobh.gov.br/cbtu/final/empresa/historias/historias.htm |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2026<ref name="BH-globo">{{cite news |date=9 February 2026 |url=https://g1.globo.com/mg/minas-gerais/noticia/2026/02/09/metro-de-bh-estacao-novo-eldorado-e-inaugurada.ghtml |title=Metrô de BH: estação Novo Eldorado é inaugurada; última ampliação tinha sido em 2002 |trans-title=BH Metro: Novo Eldorado station opens; last expansion was in 2002 |work=g1 |language=pt |publisher=Globo Comunicações e Participações S.A. |access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Belo Horizonte|20]]<ref name="BH-globo" /> | {{cvt|29.8|km|mi}}<ref name="BH-globo" /> | 54.4 (2019)<ref name="cbtu" group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.cbtu.gov.br/images/gaplo/gestaoanual/gestao2019.pdf |title=RELATÓRIO DE GESTÃO 2019 |date=31 December 2019 |publisher=Companhia Brasileira de Trens Urbanos (CBTU) |page=39 |language=pt |trans-title=2019 Management Report |access-date=2022-02-01 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202010214/https://www.cbtu.gov.br/images/gaplo/gestaoanual/gestao2019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Brasília]] | [[Métro Distrik Féderal|Métro Distrik Féderal]] | 2001<ref name="Federal-District-Metro-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.df.gov.br/sobre-o-metro/memoria.html |title=Sobre o metro – Memória |publisher=Companhia do Metropolitano do Distrito Federal – Metrô |language=pt |year=2013 |access-date=2013-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925131035/http://www.metro.df.gov.br/sobre-o-metro/memoria.html |archive-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> | 2020<ref>{{cite news |last=Germano Bastos Lopes |first=Camilla |date=7 January 2020 |title=Em fase de testes, nova estação do metrô é aberta |trans-title=In testing phase, new metro station is opened |url=https://jornaldebrasilia.com.br/cidades/em-fase-de-testes-nova-estacao-do-metro-e-aberta/ |work=Jornal de Brasília |language=pt-BR |access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Distrik Féderal (Brasil)|27]]<ref name="Federal-District-Metro-structure">As for the size the system reached by the end of 2019, see {{cite news |last1=Eufrásio |first1=Jéssica |last2=Cotrim |first2=Thiago |date=17 November 2019 |title=Metrô é alternativa eficiente para amenizar o problema do trânsito no DF |trans-title=Metro is an efficient alternative to alleviate the traffic problem in DF |url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/cidades/2019/11/17/interna_cidadesdf,806915/metro-e-alternativa-eficiente-para-amenizar-o-problema-do-transito-no.shtml |work=[[Correio Braziliense]] |language=pt-BR |publisher=Diários Associados |access-date=2020-03-01}} <p>Wénten stasiun sané kabungkah sesampun warsa 2019 ungkur, cingak {{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=3 January 2020 |title=Estação Estrada Parque começa a funcionar na segunda-feira |trans-title=Estrada Parque station starts operating on Monday |url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/cidades/2020/01/03/interna_cidadesdf,818140/estacao-estrada-parque-comeca-a-funcionar-na-segunda-feira.shtml |work=Correio Braziliense |language=pt-BR |publisher=Diários Associados |access-date=2020-03-01}}</p></ref> | {{cvt|42.4|km|mi}}<ref name="Federal-District-Metro-structure" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.df.gov.br/sobre-o-metro/estrutura.html |title=Sobre o metro – Estrutura |publisher=Companhia do Metropolitano do Distrito Federal – Metrô |language=pt |year=2013 |access-date=2013-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120045514/http://www.metro.df.gov.br/sobre-o-metro/estrutura.html |archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref> | 39.1 (2022)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://metro.df.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Relatorio-de-Administracao-2022.pdf |title=Relatório de Administração 2022 |date=27 March 2023 |publisher=Metrô-DF |page=20 |language=pt |trans-title=Management Report |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-date=2023-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630213414/https://metro.df.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Relatorio-de-Administracao-2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Fortaléza]] | [[Métro Fortaléza]]<ref group="Nb">Rumasuk jalur transit gelis Metrofor ''wantah'': Linha Sul (Jalur Kelod).</ref> | 2012<ref name="Metrofor Inaugurated">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceara.gov.br/2012/06/16/15-de-junho-de-2012-inauguracao-do-metro-de-fortaleza/ |title=Inauguração do Metrofor |website=www.ceara.gov.br |date=16 June 2012 |publisher=State government of Ceará |language=pt |trans-title=Metrofor Inauguration |access-date=2023-02-26}}</ref> | 2013<ref name="Metrofor Expanded">{{cite web |url=https://www.metrofor.ce.gov.br/2013/06/05/governo-do-estado-anuncia-inauguracao-das-estacoes-finais-da-linha-sul/ |title=Expansão do Metrofor |website=www.metrofor.ce.gov.br |date=5 June 2013 |publisher=Metrofor |language=pt |trans-title=Metrofor Expansion |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2026-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428212144/https://www.metrofor.ce.gov.br/2013/06/05/governo-do-estado-anuncia-inauguracao-das-estacoes-finais-da-linha-sul/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 20<ref name="Metrofor Data">{{cite web |url=https://www.metrofor.ce.gov.br/sistema-metroviario/ |title=Dados do Metrofor |website=www.metrofor.ce.gov.br |publisher=Metrofor |language=pt |trans-title=Metrofor Data |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2026-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415205747/https://www.metrofor.ce.gov.br/sistema-metroviario/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{cvt|24.1|km|mi}}<ref name="Metrofor Data" /> | 8.9 (2022)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.metrofor.ce.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2023/06/Carta_Anual_Governanca_Corporativa_2022.pdf |title=Carta Anual de Governança Corporativa |date=June 2023 |publisher=Metrofor |page=8 |language=pt |trans-title=Annual Corporate Governance Letter |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-date=2023-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630202816/https://www.metrofor.ce.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2023/06/Carta_Anual_Governanca_Corporativa_2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Porto Alégré]] | [[Métro Porto Alégré]] | 1985<ref name="Trensurb-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.trensurb.gov.br/paginas/paginas_detalhe.php?codigo_sitemap=48 |title=História |website=www.trensurb.gov.br |publisher=Empresa de Trens Urbanos de Porto Alegre S.A. – TRENSURB |language=pt |trans-title=History |access-date=2017-12-08 |archive-date=7 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707042520/http://www.trensurb.gov.br/paginas/paginas_detalhe.php?codigo_sitemap=48 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2014<ref name="Trensurb-history" /> | style="text-align:left" | 22<ref name="Trensurb-structure">{{cite web |url=http://www.trensurb.gov.br/paginas/paginas_detalhe.php?codigo_sitemap=15 |title=Estações e sistema |website=www.trensurb.gov.br |publisher=Empresa de Trens Urbanos de Porto Alegre S.A. – TRENSURB |language=pt |trans-title=Stations and network |access-date=2017-12-08 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113213154/http://www.trensurb.gov.br/paginas/paginas_detalhe.php?codigo_sitemap=15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{cvt|43.8|km|mi}}<ref name="Trensurb-structure" /> | 31.9 (2022)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=http://www.trensurb.gov.br/paginas/upload/files/GovernancaCorporativa/Relatorio_Integrado_Exercicio_2022_site.pdf |title=Relatório Integrado 2022 |date=31 May 2023 |publisher=Empresa de Trens Urbanos de Porto Alegre S.A. – TRENSURB |page=26 |language=pt |trans-title=Integrated Report 2022 |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630221121/http://www.trensurb.gov.br/paginas/upload/files/GovernancaCorporativa/Relatorio_Integrado_Exercicio_2022_site.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Recife]] | [[Métro Recife]]<ref group="Nb">Wantah ngranjing ring jalur transit gelis Metrorec: Jalur Tengah miwah Jalur Kelod.</ref> | 1985<ref name="Recife-hist">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbtu-sturec.gov.br/?page_id=55 |title=Empresa – Histórico |publisher=CBTU-STU Recife |language=pt |trans-title=Company – History |access-date=2014-06-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110202603/http://www.cbtu-sturec.gov.br/?page_id=55 |archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> | 2009<ref name="Recife-hist" /> | style="text-align:left" | 28<ref name="Recife" /> | {{cvt|39.5|km|mi}}<ref name="Recife">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbtu-sturec.gov.br/?page_id=172 |title=Características – Características Técnicas E Operacionais Do Metrô |publisher=CBTU-STU Recife |language=pt |trans-title=Characteristics – Technical and Operational Characteristics of Metro |access-date=2014-06-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110164657/http://www.cbtu-sturec.gov.br/?page_id=172 |archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> | 93.5 (2019)<ref group="R">Angka penumpang puniki wantah ''akéh'' sané kaanggitang ring kalih jalur metro: *mungguing Pusat Linha, cingak {{cite web |url=http://portalold.metrorec.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/02-DEMANDA-ANUAL-DE-USUARIOS-DA-LINHA-CENTRO-ANO-2019.pdf |title=Demanda anual de usuários da Linha Centro STU-REC |publisher=Companhia Brasileira de Trens Urbanos (CBTU) |language=pt |access-date=2020-03-04 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727060348/http://portalold.metrorec.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/02-DEMANDA-ANUAL-DE-USUARIOS-DA-LINHA-CENTRO-ANO-2019.pdf |url-status=dead}} *antuk Linha Sul, cingak {{cite web |url=http://portalold.metrorec.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/03-DEMANDA-ANUAL-DE-USUARIOS-LINHA-SUL-ANO-2019.pdf |title=Demanda anual de usuários da Linha Sul STU-REC |publisher=Companhia Brasileira de Trens Urbanos (CBTU) |language=pt |access-date=2020-03-04 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727080553/http://portalold.metrorec.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/03-DEMANDA-ANUAL-DE-USUARIOS-LINHA-SUL-ANO-2019.pdf |url-status=dead}} via [http://portalold.metrorec.com.br/?page_id=1547 GOAPO (Gerência Operacional de Apoio) – Demanda de usuários transportados] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727060344/http://portalold.metrorec.com.br/?page_id=1547 |date=27 July 2020}}</ref><!-- ref name="cbtu" group="R"/ --> |- | [[Rio de Janeiro]] | [[Métro Rio de Janeiro]] | 1979<ref name="Rio-about" /> | 2016<ref name="Rio-stats" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Rio de Janeiro|41]]<ref name="Rio-about">{{cite web |url=https://www.metrorio.com.br/Empresa/Sobre |title=Sobre o MetrôRio |publisher=Concessão Metroviária do Rio de Janeiro S.A. |language=pt |trans-title=About MetrôRio |access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref> | {{cvt|58|km|mi}}<ref name="Rio-stats">{{cite news |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Matheus |last2=Silveira |first2=Daniel |date=30 July 2016 |title=Com Temer e Pezão, Linha 4 do Metrô no Rio é inaugurada |trans-title=With Temer and Pezão, Line 4 of the Metro in Rio is inaugurated |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2016/07/temer-participa-de-inauguracao-da-linha-4-do-metro-no-rio.html |department=Rio de Janeiro |work=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |language=pt |publisher=Grupo Globo |access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref> | 188.9 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://ri.metrorio.com.br/informacoes-para-o-mercado/central-de-resultados/ |title=Metro Rio |date=2024 |language=pt |trans-title=CENTRAL DE RESULTADOS |format=PDF |access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref> |- | [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] | [[Métro Salvador]] | 2014<ref name="IRJ-11jun2014">{{cite journal|last1=Barrow|first1=Keith|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/central-south-america/salvador-metro-opens-in-time-for-world-cup.html|title=Salvador metro opens in time for World Cup|journal=International Railway Journal|publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc.|date=11 June 2014|access-date=2015-04-26}}</ref> | 2023<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anptrilhos.org.br/bahia-inaugura-nova-etapa-do-metro/ |title=Bahia inaugura nova etapa do metrô |date=16 June 2023}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 20<ref name="METRO-SSA">{{cite web |url=http://www.ccrmetrobahia.com.br/linha-1/mapa-da-linha |title=Mapa da linha &#124; CCR Metrô Bahia |publisher=CCR Metrô Bahia |year=2017 |access-date=2018-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611224705/http://www.ccrmetrobahia.com.br/linha-1/mapa-da-linha |archive-date=11 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{cvt|34|km|mi}} | 117.5 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://atarde.com.br/salvador/metro-supera-117-milhoes-de-usuarios-em-2024-e-bate-recorde-1304059/ |title=Metrô supera 117 milhões de usuários em 2024 e bate recorde |date=2025-01-21 |language=pt |access-date=2025-03-24}}</ref> |- | [[São Paulo]] | [[Métro São Paulo]]<ref group="Nb">Nénten rumasuk sistem [[Kréta Métropolitan São Paulo]].</ref> | 1974<ref name="METRO-SP-about">{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/metro/institucional/quem-somos/index.aspx|title=Quem somos|year=2017|publisher=Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo - Metrô|language=pt|trans-title=About us|access-date=2017-11-27|archive-date=27 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427193252/http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/metro/institucional/quem-somos/index.aspx|url-status=dead}} <!-- the English version of this source {{cite web |url=http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/en/metro/about-us/index.aspx |title=Home › The Company › About us |publisher=Companhia Do Metropolitano De São Paulo |year=2015 |access-date=2015-04-01}} has not been updated yet (2017-11-27) --></ref> | 2026<ref name="EJ">{{cite news|url=https://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/ultimas-noticias/governo-de-sp-entrega-estacao-jardim-colonial-da-linha-15-prata-do-metro-2/|title=Governo de SP entrega Estação Jardim Colonial da Linha 15-Prata do Metrô|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2021|work=São Paulo.sp|access-date=2021-12-29|publisher=Governo do Estado de São Paulo|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015113318/https://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/ultimas-noticias/governo-de-sp-entrega-estacao-jardim-colonial-da-linha-15-prata-do-metro-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro São Paulo|97]]<ref name="EJ" /> | {{cvt|111.1|km|mi}}<ref name="EJ" /> | 1,265 (2025)<ref group="R">[https://transparencia.metrosp.com.br/sites/default/files/Relat%C3%B3rio%20Integrado%202025.pdf] "Angka penumpang puniki ngranjing ViaQuatro [[Jalur 4 (Métro Sao Paulo)|Jalur 4]] miwah Via Mobilita [[Jalur 5 (Métro Sao Paulo)|Jalur 5]] makasami penumpang."</ref> |- <!--!-- Please don't add the Merseyrail from this section without discussing it first on the talk page, there isn't a consensus to keep it here, it doeent as a metro system and meets all the criteria needed --> | [[Glasgow]] | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Britania Raya}} | [[Subway Glasgow]] | 1896<ref name="Oldest" /><ref name="SPT" /> | – | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Subway Glasgow|15]]<ref name="SPT" /> | {{cvt|10.4|km|mi}}<ref name="SPT">{{cite web |title=Glasgow Subway – SPT – Corporate Information |publisher=[[Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT)]] |url=http://www.spt.co.uk/corporate/about/our-services/glasgow-subway/ |year=2013 |access-date=2013-07-24 |archive-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221114639/http://www.spt.co.uk/corporate/about/our-services/glasgow-subway/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 13.1 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="LRTStats" group="R">{{Citation |title=Subway Modernisation |publisher=SPT |url=https://www.spt.co.uk/about-us/what-we-are-doing/modernisation/ |access-date=2025-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Light rail and tram statistics (LRT) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/light-rail-and-tram-statistics-lrt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929181413/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/light-rail-and-tram-statistics-lrt |archive-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.gov.uk}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[London]] | [[London Underground]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Green |first=Oliver |title=The London Underground — An illustrated history |url=https://archive.org/details/londonundergroun0000gree |publisher=Ian Allan |year=1987}}</ref> | 1890<ref name="Oldest" />{{refn|group="Nb"|Kereta Api Metropolitan London kapertama kabungkah ring warsa 863, ngamargiang kereta lokomotif uap ring [[Getep-lan-nekep|getep lan nekep]] terowongan. Puniki ngawit mamargi pinaka métro modérn rikala kereta api propulsi listrik ngawit mamargi ring jalur tabung tingkat dalem kapertama ring warsa 1890.<ref name="uitp-sustain" />}} | 2021<ref name="LU-history" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun London Underground|272]]<ref name="London-Underground" /> | {{cvt|402|km|mi}}<ref name="London-Underground">{{cite web |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do|title=What we do|publisher=[[Transport for London]]|access-date=2022-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524192738/https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do|archive-date=2022-05-24|url-status=live|quote=London Underground, better known as the Tube, has 11 lines covering 402km and serving 272 stations.}}</ref> | 1,216 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref group="R" name="tfl-excel">{{cite web |date=25 September 2025 |title=TfL Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 2024/25 |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/tfl-annual-report-and-statement-of-accounts-2024-25.pdf |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=2025-11-15}}</ref><ref group="R Nb" name="London">Nénten ngranjing ring penumpang ring sistem [[Kereta Api Ringan Docklands]] (39,9 yuta), [[London Underground]] (53,8 yuta), [[Tramlink]] utawi [[Kereta Api Nasional]] sané mabinayan ring London Raya.</ref> |- | [[Kréta Ingan Docklands]] | 1987<ref name="Docklands-London" /> | 2011<ref name="Docklands-London" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[List of Docklands Light Railway stations|45]]<ref name="Docklands-London">{{cite web |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/docklands-light-railway |title=About TfL – What we do – Docklands Light Railway |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> | {{cvt|34|km|mi}} | 99 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="tfl-excel"/> |- | [[Sofia]] | {{flag|Bulgaria}} | [[Métro Sofia]] | 1998<ref name="Sofia">{{cite web |url=http://www.metrosofia.com/en/about |title=General Info about Sofia Metro |website=MetroSofia.com |year=2013 |access-date=2013-09-20}}</ref> | 2021<ref name="GB">{{cite web|date=2021-04-21|title=Метрото вече стига до Горна баня |url=https://segabg.com/hot/category-bulgaria/metroto-veche-stiga-gorna-banya|access-date=2021-04-24|website=СЕГА|author=Светослав Спасов|language=bg}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 47<ref name="GB" /> | {{cvt|52|km|mi}}<ref name="GB" /> | 127.2 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=17 September 2025 |url=https://www.metropolitan.bg/aktualno/nad-127-mln.-ptniczi-e-prevozilo-metro-v-sofiya-prez-2024-g |title=Над 127 млн. пътници е превозило метро в София през 2024 г. |trans-title=Over 127 million passengers were transported by the Sofia metro in 2024 |website=www.metropolitan.bg |publisher=Метрополитен ЕАД |language=bg |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> |- | [[Santiago]] | {{flag|Chili}}{{anchor|C}} | [[Métro Santiago]] | 1975<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metrosantiago.cl/corporativo/historia |title=Corporativa – Historia – Historia de Metro |publisher=[[Santiago Metro|Metro de Santiago]] |language=es |trans-title=Corporate – History – History of Metro |date=1 July 2013 |access-date=2013-09-18 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114653/http://www.metrosantiago.cl/corporativo/historia |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2023<ref>{{cite web | last1=Cl | first1=Cooperativa |url=https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/transportes/metro/la-inauguracion-de-la-esperada-linea-3-de-metro/2019-01-22/072935.html | language=es | title=La inauguracion de la esperada linea 3 de metro}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Métro Santiago|126]]<ref>{{Cite web |work=24horas |title=Este será el nuevo mapa del Metro de Santiago tras llegada a San Bernardo |url=https://www.24horas.cl/actualidad/nacional/este-sera-el-nuevo-mapa-de-metro-tras-su-llegada-a-san-bernardo |access-date=2023-12-01 |language=es-CL}}</ref>{{Refn|Angka punika inggih punika 126 yéning stasiun pasiluran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 143 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung ping kalih ring soangsoang jalur.|group="Nb"}} | {{cvt|149|km|mi}}<ref name="Metro-Santiago">{{cite web |url=http://www.metrosantiago.cl/guia-viajero |title=Guía del Viajero |publisher=[[Santiago Metro|Metro de Santiago]] |language=es |trans-title=Plan Your Journey |access-date=2015-07-03 |archive-date=28 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043055/http://www.metrosantiago.cl/guia-viajero |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 640.0 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.eldinamo.cl/economia/2025/04/17/las-cifras-de-metro-de-santiago-en-2024-640-millones-de-viajes-y-perdidas-se-profundizan-al-llegar-a-los-358-mil-millones/?utm_source.com |title=Las cifras de Metro de Santiago en 2024: 640 millones de viajes y pérdidas se profundizan al llegar a los $358 mil millones |date=2025 |publisher=El Dinamo |language=es-CL |access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref> |- | [[Béijing]] | rowspan="47" | {{flag|Cina}} | [[Subway Béijing]]<ref name="bjgdjs201910">{{cite web|title=北京：加强地铁防控 防止疫情蔓延|url=http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-02/04/content_5474539.htm|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105132640/http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-02/04/content_5474539.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 1971<ref group="Nb">Jalur pertama Subway Béijing ngawitin operasi uji coba ring tanggal 1 Oktober 1969. Punika kabungkah antuk ayahan pendapatan ring sor operasi uji coba ring tanggal 15 Januari 1971. Pangawitnyané, wantah krama sané madué surat kredensial saking unit pakaryan ipuné sané prasida numbas tiket, sakéwanten watesan puniki kaicalang ring tanggal 27 Désémber 1972. Jalur Subway sampun nglintangin panureksan pamuputnyané miwah muputang operasi uji coba ring tanggal 15 Séptémber 1981. Ring masa operasi uji coba, penumpang ngawarsa nincap saking 8,28 yuta ring warsa 1971 dados 55,2 yuta ring warsa 1980. Cingak [[Subway Béijing#Babad|pahan babad Subway Béijing]] antuk rincian lan pustaka.</ref> | 2025<ref name=BJM16LZ>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/tp/hd2011/2025/01-19/1137841.shtml|date=2025-01-19|title=北京地铁16号线丽泽商务区站开通|trans-title=Lize Shangwuqu Station opened on Beijing Subway Line 16}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Subway Béijing|{{nts|404}}]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=3条地铁新线开通 北京城市轨道交通运营总里程居全国首位-新华网 |url=http://www.news.cn/20241215/d0552292ad414fa1b84473a811268d8b/c.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.news.cn}}</ref>{{refn|group="Nb"|Akéhnyané stasiun inggih punika 404 yéning 104 (95 2-line, 9 3-line) stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 517 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kapetéj kaping kuda ring soang-soang jalur. [[Stasiun Taman Hiburan Bajiao|Taman Hiburan Bajiao]] ring Jalur 1 (katutup antuk pawangunan Carang Jalur 1, ngawit Juni 2025 ngantos Méi 2027)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdnwww.mtr.bj.cn/bjmtr/default/wzOcGboigSuVhbSIGeFgH.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530141214/http://cdnwww.mtr.bj.cn/bjmtr/default/wzOcGboigSuVhbSIGeFgH.jpg|date=2025-05-30|archive-date=30 May 2025|title=北京城市轨道交通线网图 Beijing Rail Transit Lines|website=Beijing MTR (mtr.bj.cn)|access-date=9 June 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bjnews.com.cn/detail/1748003717129725.html|title=为配合地铁1号线支线建设 北京地铁八角游乐园站将于6月2日起封站|date=2025-05-23|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250530143728/https://www.bjnews.com.cn/detail/1748003717129725.html|archive-date=30 May 2025}}</ref>nenten kapeték rikala renovasi, dadosnyane stasiun aktip inggih punika 404. Stasiun pasiluran jaba stasiun sane mawasta pateh (contonyane [[stasiun Dazhong Si|Dazhong Si]]; [[stasiun Muxidi|Muxidi]]), kapeték dados siki stasiun. [[Ekspres Bandara Ibukota]] lan [[Ekspres Bandara Daxing]] jalur lan stasiun sané kapeték, yadiastun dados layanan ekspres antuk ongkos sané mabinayan. Makakalih wilangan punika nénten ngranjing 20 stasiun saking jalur trem [[Jalur Xijiao|Xijiao]] miwah [[Jalur T1 (Trem Yizhuang Beijing)|Jalur T1]].<ref name="BA">{{cite web|title=Beijing adds three subway lines to its rail network|url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/600276|date=2024-12-16|access-date=2025-02-09|website=Chinadaily.cn}}</ref>}} | {{cvt|891.1|km|mi}}<ref name="BA" />{{refn|group="Nb"|Lantangnyane nenten ngranjing jalur trem [[Jalur Xijiao|Xijiao]] lan [[Jalur T1 (Trem Yizhuang Beijing)|Jalur T1]], sane kagabungan lantangnyané 20,7 km.}} | 3,621.3 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R">{{Cite web |title=城市轨道交通2024年度统计和分析报告 |trans-title=Urban Rail Transit Statistics and Analytics Report 2024 |url=https://www.camet.org.cn/xytj/tjxx/660844283682885.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329200628/https://oss.camet.org.cn/u/cms/www/202403/28125736mgzp.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=中国城市轨道交通协会 |language=zh}}</ref>{{refn|group="Nb"|Data akéh penumpang ngalingkubin data saking jalur tram [[Jalur Xijiao|Xijiao]] miwah [[Jalur T1 (Tram Beijing Yizhuang)|Line T1]].}} |- | [[Changchun]] | [[Métro Changchun]] | 2017<ref group="Nb">Opening of metro [[Jalur 1 (Métro Changchun)|Jalur 1]] miwah ten kréta ingan [[Jalur 3 (Métro Changchun)|Jalur 3]], sané kabungkah daweg warsa 2002.</ref> | 2025<ref>{{cite news|title=轨道交通4号线南延线今日开通运营|url=http://epaper.changchunews.com/ccrb/pad/paper/c/202306/06/content_1899535.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606020323/http://epaper.changchunews.com/ccrb/pad/paper/c/202306/06/content_1899535.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2023|date=2023-06-06|work=长春日报}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |89{{refn|group="Nb"|Stasiun sané kaayahin olih Jalur 3 ten kapeték santukan Jalur 3 inggih punika jalur kréta ingan sareng palintasan sawidang.}} | {{cvt|117.31|km|mi}}{{refn|group="Nb"|Jalur 3 ten rumasuk santukan pinaka jalur kréta ingan sareng pasimpangan marga raya.}} | 271.1 (2024),<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> minab rumasuk lalu lintas kréta ingan |- | [[Changsha]] | [[Métro Changsha]] | 2014<ref name="Changsha">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/changsha-metro-opens.html |title=Changsha metro opens |magazine=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=2014-05-01 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817230814/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/changsha-metro-opens.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban transport industry news round-up |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban-transport-industry-news-round-up/66833.article |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.railwaygazette.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |140 | {{cvt|218.28|km|mi}} | 1,031.6 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Changzhou]] | [[Métro Changzhou]] | 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sina.com.cn/o/2019-09-21/doc-iicezueu7382539.shtml|title=江苏地铁第四城诞生 常州地铁1号线21日正式开通|last=澎湃新闻|date=2019-09-21|website=news.sina.com.cn|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> | 2021<ref>{{cite web|title=开启"换乘时代"！常州地铁2号线今日开通，来看看这些设计亮点_新华报业网|url=http://news.xhby.net/cz/yw/202106/t20210628_7139907.shtml|access-date=2021-06-29|website=news.xhby.net}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |43 | {{cvt|54|km|mi|2}} | 72.1 (2024)<ref group="R" name="China2024" /> |- | [[Chengdu]] | [[Métro Chengdu]] | 2010 | 2025<ref>{{cite web|title=成都軌道交通6號線青島路站 今天開啟運營|url=http://sc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n2/2024/0408/c345167-40802374.html|access-date=2024-04-08|website=www.people.com.cn}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Chengdu|363]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Wénten 363 stasiun yéning 85 (78 jalur 2, 7 jalur 3) stasiun pasiluran (inggih punika set peron sané matiosan) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun. Wénten 448 stasiun yening makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung makudang-kudang kali antuk soang-soang jalur. Nénten ngranjing jalur rél ingan T2.}} | {{cvt|716.37|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-18|author=中國新聞网|title=成都地铁新开5条线 运营里程558公里|url=http://www.chinanews.com/sh/shipin/cns/2020/12-18/news875559.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=百度安全验证 |url=https://wappass.baidu.com/static/captcha/tuxing.html?ak=572be823e2f50ea759a616c060d6b9f1&backurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmbd.baidu.com%2Fnewspage%2Fdata%2Flandingsuper%3Fid%3D1851633211130903032%26wfr%3Dspider%26for%3Dpc%26baijiahao_id%3D1851633211130903032%26third%3Dbaijiahao%26c_source%3Dkunlun%26c_score%3D0.999100&timestamp=1765917350&signature=c0368de45777eeca0dc2dad1eb1b3676 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=wappass.baidu.com}}</ref> | 2,209.0 (2024)<ref group="R" name="China2024" /> |- | [[Chongqing]] | [[Métro Chongqing]] | 2004 | 2026 | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Chongqing|286]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Wénten 263 stasiun yéning 42 (36 jalur 2, 6 jalur 3) stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set peron sané matiosan) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun. Wenten 312 stasiun yening makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung makudang-kudang kali antuk soang-soang jalur.}} | {{cvt|576|km|mi}}<ref name="chongqinglength">{{cite news|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/metros/chongqing-inaugurates-two-metro-extensions/63406.article|title=Chongqing inaugurates two metro extensions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126015152/https://www.railwaygazette.com/metros/chongqing-inaugurates-two-metro-extensions/63406.article|archive-date=2023-01-26}}</ref> | 1,416.5 (2024)<ref group="R" name="China2024" /> |- | [[Dalian]] | [[Métro Dalian]]<ref name="Dalian">{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/cn/dalian/dalian.htm|title=Dalian|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|website=UrbanRail.Net|access-date=2013-01-07}}</ref> | 2003 | 2023<ref>{{cite web|last=平安送你的|title=地铁13号线最新消息！|url=http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU4Mzc3ODE1NA==&mid=2247511775&idx=1&sn=ea99f5157d54d10dc6e3bc273586dc8d&chksm=fda104dacad68dcc70eb8438555d1fdec1aa9699d372aef061c923c421eb307b7ce5071b1ddd#rd|access-date=2021-12-31|website=Weixin Official Accounts Platform}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Dalian|100]] | {{cvt|237.7|km|mi}} | 276.6 (2024)<ref group="R" name="China2024" /> |- | [[Dongguan]] | [[Métro Dongguan]] | 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://urbanrail.net/as/cn/dongguan/dongguan.htm|title=UrbanRail.Net > Asia > China > Dongguan Metro|website=urbanrail.net|access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref> | 2025 | style="text-align:left" | 39 | {{cvt|95.26|km|mi}} | 49.4 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Foshan]] | [[Métro Foshan]]<ref group="Nb" name="FL">Jalur kapertama saking [[Métro Foshan]], Jalur Guangfo, ngayahin kalih kota – [[Foshan]] miwah [[Guangzhou]]. Jalur Guangfo kamargiang olih Métro Guangzhou miwah punika ngranjing ring panghitungan Guangzhou.</ref> | 2010 | 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=佛山地铁2号线将于12月28日开通运营 连通广州南站 – 广州市人民政府门户网站|url=http://www.gz.gov.cn/zt/qltjygadwqjsxsdzgzlfzdf/mtjj/content/post_7986666.html|access-date=2021-12-29|website=www.gz.gov.cn|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412100302/http://www.gz.gov.cn/zt/qltjygadwqjsxsdzgzlfzdf/mtjj/content/post_7986666.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Métro Guangfo|74]]<ref name="FL" group="Nb" /> | {{cvt|134.9|km|mi}} | 94.9 (2024)<ref group="R" name="China2024" /><ref group="R Nb">Akéh penumpang Jalur Guangfo kapeték ring angka akéh penumpang Guangzhou.</ref> |- | [[Fuzhou]] | [[Métro Fuzhou]] | 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/cn/fuzhou/fuzhou.htm|title=UrbanRail.Net > Asia > China > Fuzhou Metro|website=www.urbanrail.net|access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=福州地铁6号线今日开通运营 – 福州 – 东南网 |url=http://fz.fjsen.com/2022-08/28/content_31118269.htm |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=[[Fjsen]]}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 102 {{refn|group="Nb"|Wénten 102 stasiun yéning (14 jalur 2, 1 jalur 3) stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set peron sané matiosan) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun. Wenten 118 stasiun yening makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung makudang-kudang kali antuk soang-soang jalur.}} | {{cvt|205.8|km|mi}} | 305.7 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Guangzhou]] | [[Métro Guangzhou]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Stasiun 9, jalur APM sane panjangnyane 4,0 km nenten ngeranjing iriki, santukan punika pinaka penggerak rakyat.}}<ref name="FL" group="Nb" /> | 1997 | 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xkb.com.cn/articleDetail/353370|title=广州地铁三号线东延段11月1日开通__新快网|website=www.xkb.com.cn}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Guangzhou|317]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Wénten 317 stasiun yéning 76 (58 2-line, 8 3-line, 1 4-line) stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set peron sané matiosan) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun. Wenten 397 stasiun yening makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung kaping kuda antuk soang-soang jalur.}} | {{cvt|779.9|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=广州地铁二十二号线首通段，今日开通_南方网 |url=https://news.southcn.com/node_4538da31bd/15d96a701f.shtml |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=news.southcn.com}}</ref> | 3,255.0 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Guiyang]] | [[Métro Guiyang]] | 2017<ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:贵阳地铁今日13时启程|url=http://news.qx162.com/gz/2017/1228/211247.shtml|access-date=2017-12-28|publisher=Qianxun|date=2017-12-28|language=zh|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226121732/http://news.qx162.com/gz/2017/1228/211247.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2024<ref name="guiyang2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2023/12-16/10129835.shtml |title=贵阳轨道交通3号线正式开通运营 |publisher=中国新闻网 |date=16 December 2023}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 82 | {{cvt|149.05|km|mi}}<ref name="guiyang2023" /> | 255.2 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Hangzhou]] | [[Métro Hangzhou]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hzmetro.com/ |title=Hangzhou Metro |publisher=[[Métro Hangzhou]] |language=zh |trans-title=Hangzhou Metro |access-date=2012-11-22}}</ref> | 2012 | 2025<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hznews.hangzhou.com.cn/chengshi/content/2025-01/01/content_8834599.htm|title=2025年第一天杭州地铁5号线南湖东站正式开通|trans-title=On the first day of 2025, East Nanhu station on Hangzhou Metro Line 5 officially opened|date=2025-01-01}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Hangzhou|254]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Wénten 254 stasiun yéning 44 (40 jalur 2, 4 jalur 3) stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set peron sané matiosan) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun. Wenten 302 stasiun yening makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung kaping kuda antuk soang-soang jalur.}} | {{cvt|516.2|km|mi}}<ref name="HangzhouNewsCenter">{{Cite web |title=杭州地铁7号线和9号线全线贯通-杭州新闻中心-杭州网 |url=https://hznews.hangzhou.com.cn/chengshi/content/2022-04/02/content_8216306.htm |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=hznews.hangzhou.com.cn |trans-title=Hangzhou Metro Line 7 and Line 9 are fully connected |language=zh |publisher=Hangzhou News Center}}</ref> | 1,469.8 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Harbin]] | [[Métro Harbin]] | 2013<ref>{{cite magazine |first=David |last=Briginshaw |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/trial-operation-starts-on-harbins-first-metro-line/ |title=Trial operation starts on Harbin's first metro line |magazine=International Railway Journal |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. |date=26 September 2013 |access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref> | 2024 | style="text-align:left" | 78 | {{cvt|91.57|km|mi}} | 361.2 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Hefei]] | [[Métro Hefei]] | 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ah.anhuinews.com/system/2016/12/27/007534764.shtml |script-title=zh:合肥地铁1号线开通运营 13.55万人尝"地铁小鲜肉" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707034412/http://ah.anhuinews.com/system/2016/12/27/007534764.shtml |archive-date=7 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{cite web|title=安徽合肥轨道4号线开通运营_穿越_施工_区间|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/511792398_123753|access-date=2021-12-28|website=www.sohu.com|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 196 | {{cvt|259.5|km|mi}} | 524.4 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Hohhot]] | [[Métro Hohhot]] | 2019<ref name="Hohhot1" /> | 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=呼和浩特市地铁2号线10月1日起开通初期运营|url=http://nm.people.com.cn/n2/2020/1001/c196689-34331168.html|access-date=2020-10-05|website=nm.people.com.cn}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 43<ref name="Hohhot1" /> | {{cvt|49|km|mi}}<ref name="Hohhot1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nmgcb.com.cn/chengshi/hhht/2019/1227/208470.html|date=2019-12-27|title=确定了!12月29日呼市地铁一号线正式开通运营|work=内蒙古晨报|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228093326/http://www.nmgcb.com.cn/chengshi/hhht/2019/1227/208470.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 77.0 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Hong Kong]] | [[MTR Hongkong]] | 1979<ref group="Nb">Rute MTR kapertama sané ngaturang layanan metro inggih punika Sistem Awal sané kauwah duk warsa 979, sané kawangun antuk pahan saking Jalur Tsuen Wan miwah Jalur Kwun Tong. Yadiastun pamuputnyané Jalur Kereta Api Timur kabungkah pinaka kereta api konvensional ring warsa 1910, punika nénten ngicénin layanan metro kantos ring warsa 1982 rikala sampun kaanggén listrik.</ref> | 2022 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun MTR Hongkong|99]]<ref name="Hong-Kong">{{cite web|year=2014|title=MTR – Services and Facilities – MTR Train Services|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/services/our_network_introduction.html|access-date=2015-01-10|publisher=[[MTR Corporation]]}}</ref> | {{cvt|209.1|km|mi}}<ref name="HK-business-overview">{{cite web|date=January 2014|title=Business Overview|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/corporate/en/publications/images/business_overview_e.pdf|access-date=2021-09-24|publisher=[[MTR Corporation]]|page=5}}</ref> | 1,770 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web|year=2021|title=Ten-Year Statistics|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/corporate/en/investor/10yr_stat_en.pdf|access-date=2021-09-14|website=www.mtr.com.hk|publisher=[[MTR Corporation]]}}</ref><ref group="R">{{cite web|title=Investor's Information › Patronage Updates|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/en/corporate/investor/patronage.php|access-date=2021-09-14|publisher=[[MTR Corporation]]}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Uratiang yéning: #ridership punika ngranjing "Layanan Domestik", "Bandara Ekspres" miwah "Lintas batas"; #"Antar Kota, Kereta Api Ringan & Bus" lan "Rel Kecepatan Gelis (HSR)" nenten ngeranjing ring itungan.</ref> |- | [[Jinan]] | [[Métro Jinan]] | 2019<ref name="Jinan-XNA">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1 January 2019 |script-title=zh:"泉城"济南迈进地铁时代 |trans-title="Spring city" Jinan is entering the subway era |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2019-01/01/c_1123933546.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050455/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2019-01/01/c_1123933546.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2019 |language=zh |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=11月22日11:00，3号线二期初期运营 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/2zhmMXUlAiTqcR4nqsS1Yw |access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 103 | {{cvt|182.4|km|mi}}<ref name="Jinan-XNA" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://w.dzwww.com/p/4548421.html|title=探营地铁3号线：28日初期运营，可"刷脸"乘车 - 海报新闻|website=大众网|access-date=28 December 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228051214/https://w.dzwww.com/p/4548421.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 116.4 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Jinhua]] | [[Métro Jinhua]] | 2022<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jinhua.gov.cn/art/2022/1/12/art_1229160389_60228972.html | title=金义东市域轨道交通金义段开通试乘 | access-date=19 January 2023 | archive-date=3 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203104255/http://www.jinhua.gov.cn/art/2022/1/12/art_1229160389_60228972.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2023 | style="text-align:left" | 32 | {{cvt|118.5|km|mi}} | 48.3 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Kunming]] | [[Métro Kunming]] | 2012 | 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=昆明地铁5号线正式开通初期运营_央广网 |url=http://china.cnr.cn/gdgg/20220629/t20220629_525888135.shtml |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=china.cnr.cn}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 103 | {{cvt|165.85|km|mi}} | 307.4 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Lanzhou]] | [[Métro Lanzhou]] | 2019<ref name="lanzhou1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lzbs.com.cn/ttnews/2019-06/21/content_4503814.htm|title=6月23日兰州轨交1号线试运营|date=2019-06-21|access-date=2019-06-21|archive-date=21 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621055036/http://www.lzbs.com.cn/ttnews/2019-06/21/content_4503814.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2023 | style="text-align:left" | 27<ref name="lanzhou1" /> | {{cvt|35|km|mi}}<ref name="lanzhou1" /> | 140.8 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Luoyang]] | [[Subway Luoyang]] | 2021<ref name="IRJ-29mar2021">{{cite magazine |last=Benton |first=Andrew |date=29 March 2021 |title=Luoyang and Ji'nan open metro lines |url=https://www.railjournal.com/regions/asia/luoyang-and-jinan-open-metro-lines |magazine=[[International Railway Journal]] |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. |access-date=2021-04-01}}</ref><ref name="luoyang0">{{cite news |date=26 March 2021 |script-title=zh:官宣！洛阳地铁1号线3月28日开通 中西部非省会城市第一个 |trans-title=Official announcement! Luoyang Metro Line 1 opens on 28 March, the first non-capital city in Midwestern China |url=http://news.lyd.com.cn/system/2021/03/26/031994407.shtml |work=Luoyang Daily |language=zh |access-date=2021-04-04 |archive-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327122759/http://news.lyd.com.cn/system/2021/03/26/031994407.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2021 | style="text-align:left" | 33<ref name="IRJ-29mar2021" /><ref name="luoyang0" /> | {{cvt|43.6|km|mi}}<ref name="IRJ-29mar2021" /> | 70.1 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Makau]] | [[LRT Makau]] | 2019 | 2024<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marques |first1=Renato |title=Hengqin line opens today |url=https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/hengqin-line-opens-today.html |website=Macau Daily Times |date=2 December 2024 |access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> | 15 | {{cvt|16.3|km|mi}} | 5.2 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=Macao Light Rapid Transit Corporation Limited |url=https://www.mlm.com.mo/en/statistics.html |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=Macao Light Rapid Transit Corporation Limited |publisher=Sociedade do Metro Ligeiro de Macau, S.A. |language=zh-MO, pt-PT}}</ref> |- | [[Nanchang]] | [[Métro Nanchang]] | 2015 | 2025<ref>{{cite web|title=定了！南昌地铁4号线12月26日通车|url=http://jx.people.com.cn/n2/2021/1225/c190260-35067486.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=jx.people.com.cn}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 113 | {{cvt|160.2|km|mi}} | 432.0 (2025)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncmtr.com/topic_detail_4/2034.html|date=30 January 2026|title=2025年度南昌地铁服务质量评价得分再创新高！}}</ref> |- | [[Nanjing]] | [[Métro Nanjing]]<ref name="Nanjing">{{cite web|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|title=Nanjing Metro Ten Lines in Running|url=http://www.ditiezu.com/thread-562229-1-1.html|access-date=2018-05-26|website=UrbanRail.Net|archive-date=26 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526113051/http://www.ditiezu.com/thread-562229-1-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2005 | 2026<ref>{{cite web|title=江苏首条跨市域轨道交通线路正式开通，南京地铁十一线齐发！_新华报业网|url=http://news.xhby.net/js/sh/202112/t20211229_7367061.shtml|access-date=2021-12-29|website=news.xhby.net}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Nanjing|252]]<ref name="njmetro">{{cite web |url=http://www.njmetro.com.cn/about_01_03.aspx |script-title=zh:南京地铁运营有限责任公司简介 – Nanjing Metro |year=2018 |access-date=2018-05-26 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707011225/http://www.njmetro.com.cn/about_01_03.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{cvt|627.52|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web|title=历史性时刻！今日，南京2条地铁通车、3条地铁正式开工！_新华报业网|url=http://news.xhby.net/fc/xwzx/202112/t20211228_7365924.shtml|access-date=2021-12-29|website=news.xhby.net}}</ref> | 1,093.5 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Nanning]] | [[Métro Nanning]]<ref name="Nanning">{{cite web|url= http://www.sohu.com/a/318920749_123753|title= 中国地铁首个"海绵车辆段"线路投入运营|website= sohu.com|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref> | 2016 | 2025<ref>{{cite web|last=网易|date=2021-12-16|title=南宁地铁5号线开通运营 成为华南地区首条全自动运行地铁线路|url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/GRCC9LI80514R9NP.html|access-date=2021-12-18|website=www.163.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 95 | {{cvt|132|km|mi}} | 365.2 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Nantong]] | [[Métro Nantong]] | 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=刚刚，南通轨交1号线通车！_要闻_新闻中心_长江网_cjn.cn |url=http://news.cjn.cn/zjjjdpd/yw_20048/202211/t4334349.htm |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=news.cjn.cn |archive-date=2022-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110035936/http://news.cjn.cn/zjjjdpd/yw_20048/202211/t4334349.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2023 | 43 | {{cvt|60|km|mi}} | 42.4 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Ningbo]] | [[Métro Ningbo]]<ref name="Ningbo1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnnb.com.cn/system/2016/03/19/008482858.shtml|script-title=zh:1号线二期上午9点开通试运营 全天地铁免费乘坐|publisher=中国宁波网|language=zh|date=19 March 2016|access-date=2016-03-19|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322081722/http://news.cnnb.com.cn/system/2016/03/19/008482858.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2014 | 2026<ref>{{Cite web|title=今天起，北仑迈入地铁"三线时代"！|url=https://m.163.com/dy/article/KJE0SV2I0514D88L.html|website=m.163.com|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 156 | {{cvt|297.6|km|mi}} | 388.1 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Qingdao]] | [[Métro Qingdao]] | 2015<ref name="Qingdao">{{cite web|url=http://www.qd-metro.com/|title=Qingdao Metro|publisher=Qingdao Metro|access-date=2015-12-18|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410014449/http://www.qd-metro.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=国内最深跨海地铁——青岛地铁1号线全线通车 青岛 "半小时经济圈"正式成型_山东新闻_大众网|url=https://sd.dzwww.com/sdnews/202112/t20211230_9636383.htm|access-date=2021-12-30|website=sd.dzwww.com|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230220726/https://sd.dzwww.com/sdnews/202112/t20211230_9636383.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 172 | {{cvt|352.68|km|mi}}<ref name="China2023" group="R">{{Cite web |title=城市轨道交通2023年度统计和分析报告 |trans-title=Urban Rail Transit Statistics and Analytics Report 2023 |url=https://oss.camet.org.cn/u/cms/www/202403/28125736mgzp.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329200628/https://oss.camet.org.cn/u/cms/www/202403/28125736mgzp.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=中国城市轨道交通协会 |language=zh}}</ref> | 530.6 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Shanghai]] | [[Métro Shanghai]] | 1993<ref>{{cite news |last1=Xu |first1=Lingchao |date=8 September 2018 |title=Shanghai Metro: from nothing to world leader |url=https://www.shine.cn/feature/lifestyle/1809081811/ |work=Shine |publisher=[[Shanghai United Media Group]] |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ren |first1=Tianbao |title=定了！2号线蟠祥路·国家会计学院站11月1日首班车起开通初期运营 |url=https://www.shobserver.com/staticsg/res/html/web/newsDetail.html?id=1006297 |website=Shanghai Observer |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Shanghai|415]]{{refn|group="Nb"|{{As of|2025|11|post=,}} akéh stasiun inggih punika 515 yening 83 [[stasiun pertukaran]] (inggih punika set peron sane mabinayan) (70 2-line, 11 3-line, lan 2 4-line) kaitung makudang-kudang kali, apisan antuk soang-soang jalur, sedeng wenten 415 stasiun yening kagabungan; trek/platform sane kaanggen sareng-sareng ring Jalur 3 lan 4 punika sapunapi ja kaitung dados stasiun tunggal (sia makasami pantaraning Jalan Hongqiao lan Margi Baoshan). Stasiun pertukaran ring jaba stasiun sané mawasta pateh (minakadi [[stasiun Margi Pudong Kelod|Margi Pudong Kelod]]), kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun.<ref name="shanghai-14-18-line">{{cite web|url=http://www.shmetro.com/node49/202112/con115636.htm|title=14号线、18号线一期北段12月30日起开通初期运营 申城轨道交通网831公里、5条全自动线 规模世界第一|language=Chinese|trans-title=Shanghai Metro Line 14 & Line 18 Phrase I north part to enter service on 30 December with the network extends to 831 kilometers and five GoA4 lines as the world's largest metro system|work=shmetro.com|date=28 December 2021|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230061347/http://www.shmetro.com/node49/202112/con115636.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | {{cvt|889.96|km|mi}}<ref name="shanghai-14-18-line" /><ref name="exclude-maglev-22" group="Nb">Angka puniki nénten ngranjing [[kréta maglév Shanghai|Jalur maglév]] miwah [[Kréta Jinshan]], makasami punika sering ngranjing ring peta Métro Shanghai sakéwanten nénten kabaos pinaka pahan saking sistem.</ref> | 3,773.8 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /><ref group="Nb">Penumpang nénten ngranjing [[Jalur Pujiang]], [[Kréta Maglév Shanghai|Jalur Maglév]] miwah [[Kréta Api Jinshan]].</ref> |- | [[Shaoxing]] | [[Métro Shaoxing]] | 2021<ref name="shaoxing2106">{{cite web|url=http://www.zj.xinhuanet.com/2021-06/28/c_1127606289.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628113715/http://www.zj.xinhuanet.com/2021-06/28/c_1127606289.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2021|date=2021-06-28|title=绍兴正式进入"地铁时代" 两地"一张网"运营创全国先例}}</ref> | 2025 | 40 | {{cvt|65.2|km|mi}}<ref name="shaoxing2106" /> | 44.2 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Shenyang]] | [[Métro Shenyang]] | 2010 | 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/system/2020/04/29/021011811.shtml|title=沈阳地铁十号线今日开通运营-辽宁频道-东北新闻网|website=liaoning.nen.com.cn|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727053040/http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/system/2020/04/29/021011811.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Shenyang|134]] | {{cvt|202.7|km|mi}} | 658.1 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Shenzhen]] | [[Métro Shenzhen]] | 2004 | 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=深圳地铁两条新线开通 运营总里程超500公里-中新网 |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2022/11-28/9904038.shtml |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=www.chinanews.com.cn}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Shenzhen|332]]<ref group="Nb">Ring tanggal 28 Desember 2025, wénten 441 stasiun yéning 79 stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set peron sané matiosan) kaitung makudang-kudang kali, raris wénten 332 stasiun yéning kaitung dados siki stasiun.</ref> | {{cvt|622|km|mi}} | 3,101.9 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Shijiazhuang]] | [[Métro Shijiazhuang]] | 2017 | 2021<ref name="sjz2021" /> | style="text-align:left" | 60<ref name="sjz2021" /> | {{cvt|76.5|km|mi}}<ref name="sjz2021">{{cite news|url=http://hebei.hebnews.cn/2021-04/06/content_8449554.htm|date=2021-04-06|title=3号线一期东段及二期工程今日开通运营！石家庄地铁首期建设顺利收官|access-date=2021-04-06|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406052203/http://hebei.hebnews.cn/2021-04/06/content_8449554.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 198.2 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou]] | [[Métro Suzhou]] | 2012 | 2024<ref name="DF">{{cite web|url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_27864801|title=6月29日上午9点，轨交6号线开通运营！|website=www.thepaper.cn|access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Suzhou|285]] | {{cvt|346.76|km|mi}}<ref name="DF" /> | 700.0 (2025)<ref name=SZMetro>{{Cite web|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nz5KHc5jRS9p_sGb79hzRg|date= 13 February 2026|website=数说2025 |title= 跳动的数字里，藏着苏州地铁与你的365天}}</ref> |- | [[Taiyuan]] | [[Métro Taiyuan]] | 2020 | 2025 | 47 | {{cvt|52.384|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sxrb.com/GB/314061/9665266.html|title=太原地铁2号线一期开通运营|website=news.sxrb.com|access-date=2020-01-06|archive-date=26 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126101947/http://news.sxrb.com/GB/314061/9665266.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 48.2 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Taizhou]] | [[Métro Taizhou]] | 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/s-UudDEKGHhOTK-4Pkjv4A|title=台州市域铁路S1线正式开通运营！|access-date=2022-12-28|date=2022-12-28}}</ref> | – | 15 | {{cvt|52.4|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zj.chinanews.com.cn/nrmtlm/2022-12-28/detail-ihcihaha6946380.shtml|title=来啦，浙江台州交通的轨道时代！|website=www.zj.chinanews.com.cn|access-date=2022-12-28|date=2022-12-28}}</ref> | 10.1 (2023)<ref name="China2023" group="R" /> |- | [[Tianjin]] | [[Métro Tianjin]] | 1984 | 2026<ref>{{cite web|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1854629390105971403&wfr=spider&for=pc&searchword=%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%81z4%E7%BA%BFa|title="海景地铁"，绝了！今天开通！|publisher=Xiaoxiang Morning Post|access-date=2026-01-18}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Tianjin|237]] | {{cvt|378.8|km|mi}} | 674.0 (2025)<ref name = "2025ridership">{{cite web|url=https://www.tj.gov.cn/sy/tjxw/202601/t20260102_7213216.html|date=2 January 2026|script-title=zh:332.34万人次！轨道交通日客运量创新高|access-date=28 April 2026|archive-date=5 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105154945/https://www.tj.gov.cn/sy/tjxw/202601/t20260102_7213216.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Ürümqi]] | [[Métro Ürümqi]] | style="text-align:left" | 2018 | style="text-align:left" | 2025 | style="text-align:left" |23 | {{cvt|32.88|km|mi}} | 43.3 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Wenzhou]] | [[Métro Wenzhou]] | 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zj.sina.com.cn/news/m/2019-01-24/detail-ihqfskcn9901889.shtml|title=温州首条轨道交通S1线正式开通 这项模式全国首创|website=zj.sina.com.cn|access-date=2019-01-25}}</ref> | 2023 | 36 | {{cvt|116.5|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.66wz.com/system/2019/09/27/105197821.shtml|title=官宣！9月28日12时，温州轨道交通S1线全线正式贯通运营！|website=news.66wz.com}}</ref> | 32.6 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Wuhan]] | [[Métro Wuhan]] | 2004 | 2024<ref name="xinxian">{{Cite web |url =https://news.hbtv.com.cn/p/2337058.html|title =武汉轨道交通7号线北延线（前川线）一期、16号线二期明日开通初期运营 |author = |date =2022-12-29 |publisher =Changjiangyun}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Wuhan|312]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Wénten 265 stasiun yéning 35 (32 2-line, 3 3-line) stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set peron sané matiosan) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun. Wenten 303 stasiun yening makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung kaping kuda antuk soang-soang jalur.}} | {{cvt|518.1|km|mi}}<ref name="xinxian" /> | 1,467.0 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Wuhu]] | [[Métro Wuhu]] | 2021 | 2021 | 36 | {{cvt|46.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} | 37.0 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Wuxi]] | [[Métro Wuxi]] | 2014<ref name="Wuxi">{{cite web |url=http://www.jssfxw.com/new.php?id=1923&type=5 |script-title=zh:无锡地铁7月1日开通 全长29.42公里 |publisher=Jiangsu Real Estate Association |language=zh |trans-title=Wuxi Metro with a total length of 29.42km opening 1 July |date=27 June 2014 |access-date=2014-07-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182715/http://www.jssfxw.com/new.php?id=1923&type=5 |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> | 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=无锡地铁3号线一期工程正式开通运营 黄钦宣布通车|url=http://www.wxrb.com/doc/2020/10/29/42414.shtml|access-date=2020-10-29|website=www.wxrb.com|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030062528/http://www.wxrb.com/doc/2020/10/29/42414.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 89 | {{cvt|145.2|km|mi|1}} | 242.1 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Xiamen]] | [[Métro Xiamen]] | 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2017-12/31/c_1122192358.htm |script-title=zh:高颜值地铁成厦门民众"新年礼物" 厦门进入地铁时代-新华网|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2018-01-01}}</ref> | 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xmnn.cn/news/xmxw/202306/t20230620_86083.html |title=本周日！厦门地铁3号线4座车站将同步开站 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20230622112302/https://www.xmnn.cn/news/xmxw/202306/t20230620_86083.html |archive-date=2023-06-22|quote=将于本月25日开通运营体育会展站、东界站、洪坑站、翔安市民公园站}}</ref> | 70 | {{cvt|98.4|km|mi}} | 276.0 (2025)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ybaFlxhfNgGCK1mFcBAhYA|date= 1 January 2026|title=与您同行，温暖鹭岛每一程——厦门地铁2025年度服务记忆!}}</ref> |- | [[Xi'an]] | [[Métro Xi'an]] | 2011 | 2025 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Xi'an|243]]{{Refn|Angka punika inggih punika 243 yéning stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 284 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung ping kalih ring soangsoang jalur.|group="Nb"}} | {{cvt|422.21|km|mi}}<ref name="China2023" group="R" /><ref group="Nb">Tiosan [[Jalur Xihu|Jalur Kréta Xi'an-Huyi]] miwah Xi'an SkyShuttle</ref> | 1,406.4 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Xuzhou]] | [[Métro Xuzhou]] | 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2019-09-28/1375391.html|title=每经24点 {{!}} 徐州首条地铁开通 淮海经济区进入"地铁时代"；美国会就特朗普"电话门"传唤国务卿蓬佩奥 {{!}} 每经网|website=NBD|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jfdaily.com/sgh/detail?id=1471229|title=徐州地铁3号线二期12月3日通车运营_上观新闻}}</ref> | 67 | {{cvt|95.452|km|mi}} | 109.7 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Zhengzhou]] | [[Métro Zhengzhou]] | 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/cn/zheng/zhengzhou.htm |title=Zhengzhou |last=Schwandl |first=Robert |website=UrbanRail.Net |access-date=2013-12-28}}</ref> | 2024<ref>{{cite web |title="6"光溢彩 魅力绽放 郑州地铁6号线一期东北段初期运营 |work=微信公众平台 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/st-qGvgkjYvgQITWaJ0ghw}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Zhengzhou|233]]{{Refn|group="Nb"|Wénten 233 stasiun yéning stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun. Wenten 284 stasiun yening makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung kaping kuda antuk soang-soang jalur.}} | {{cvt|449.81|km|mi}} | 697.2 (2024)<ref name="China2024" group="R" /> |- | [[Kopenhagen]] | {{flag|Denmark}} {{anchor|D}} | [[Métro Kopenhagen]] | 2002<ref name="Cop-history">{{cite web|url=https://intl.m.dk/news/the-opening-of-cityringen-to-be-celebrated-with-great-public-celebration-and-free-transport/|title=The opening of Cityringen to be celebrated with great public celebration and free transport|date=11 September 2019|website=intl.m.dk|access-date=2019-10-10|archive-date=24 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124023054/https://intl.m.dk/news/the-opening-of-cityringen-to-be-celebrated-with-great-public-celebration-and-free-transport/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2024<ref name="Cop-history" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Kopenhagen|44]]<ref name="Cop-schematic" /> | {{cvt|43.3|km|mi}}<ref name="Cop-schematic">{{cite web |url=http://www.m.dk/~/media/Metro/PDF/PDF%202008/sporplan.ashx |title=Sporplan |publisher=Metroselskabet |language=da, en |trans-title=Track plan |format=PDF |date=22 November 2006 |access-date=2014-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022035300/http://www.m.dk/~/media/Metro/PDF/PDF%202008/sporplan.ashx |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 125.6 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://metroselskabet.dk/en/about-us/about-the-metro/passenger-numbers-on-the-metro/ |title=Passenger numbers on the Metro |publisher=Metroselskabet |language= |trans-title= |access-date=2026-01-11}}</ref> |- | [[Quito]] | {{flag|Ékuador}} {{anchor|E}} | [[Métro Quito]] | 2023 | – | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Quito|15]] | {{cvt|22.6|km|mi}} | 54.4 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=22 December 2025 |url=https://metrodequito.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/25-12-23-Boletin-Estadistico-12-2025.pdf |title=Metro en cifras |format=pdf |publisher=Alcaldía Metropolitana de Quito |language=es |page=10 |access-date=2026-02-02}}<p>''Angka panumpang puniki mawit saking akéh roras subtotal ngasasih ring warsa 2024''</p></ref> |- | [[Helsinki]] | {{flag|Finlandia}} {{anchor|F}} | [[Métro Hélsinki]] | 1982<ref name="HKL-Metro-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.hel.fi/www/hkl/en/this-is-hkl/history-of-hkl/|title=This is HKL >> History of HKL|publisher=City of Helsinki, Helsinki City Transport|date=3 March 2015|access-date=2015-07-03|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705143811/http://www.hel.fi/www/hkl/en/this-is-hkl/history-of-hkl/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hsl.fi/en/west-metro/metro|title=West Metro › Metro services from 18 November 2017|publisher=[[Helsinki Regional Transport Authority]]|access-date=2017-11-22|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042326/https://www.hsl.fi/en/west-metro/metro|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Helsinki|30]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hel.fi/www/hkl/en/by-metro/|title=By metro|publisher=City of Helsinki, Helsinki City Transport|access-date=2015-11-17|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502072416/http://www.hel.fi/www/hkl/en/by-metro|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{cvt|43|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hel.fi/www/hkl/en/by-metro/track-and-depot/|title=By metro >> Track and depot|publisher=City of Helsinki, Helsinki City Transport|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=14 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214233441/http://www.hel.fi/www/hkl/en/by-metro/track-and-depot/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 79.0 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web|title=Matkustajamäärät 1.1.-31.12.2023 / 1.1.-31.21.2022 /1.1.-31.12.2019|url=https://hslfi.azureedge.net/globalassets/hsl/tutkimukset/matkustajamaarat/hsl_matkustajamaarat-0101_3112_2023_k.pdf?trk=public_post_comment-text|access-date=2024-02-15|publisher=[[Helsinki Regional Transport Authority|Helsinki Regional Transport Authority (HSL)]]|language=fi|archive-date=2024-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215145907/https://hslfi.azureedge.net/globalassets/hsl/tutkimukset/matkustajamaarat/hsl_matkustajamaarat-0101_3112_2023_k.pdf?trk=public_post_comment-text|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[Manila]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Filipina}} | [[LRT Manila]] | 1984<ref name="Line 1" /> | 2024<ref name="Line 1" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun LRT Manila#Jalur Gadang (Jalur 1, LRTA)|38]]<ref name="map">{{cite web |url=http://www.lrta.gov.ph/lrt_route_map.php |title=Lines 1 and 2 Route Map |publisher=[[Light Rail Transit Authority]] |access-date=2014-06-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528161903/http://lrta.gov.ph/lrt_route_map.php |archive-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> | {{cvt|43.5|km|mi}}<ref name="Line 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lrta.gov.ph/line_1_system.php |title=The Line 1 System |publisher=Light Rail Transit Authority |access-date=2014-06-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152448/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/line_1_system.php |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Line 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.lrta.gov.ph/line_2_system.php |title=The Line 2 System |publisher=[[Light Rail Transit Authority]] |access-date=2014-06-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011002758/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/line_2_system.php |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> | 218.2 (2019)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=http://www.lrta.gov.ph/images/upload/2019%20Annual%20Report.pdf |title=2019 Annual Report |date=August 2020 |website=www.lrta.gov.ph |publisher=Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) |page=43 |access-date=2020-12-19 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203051727/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/images/upload/2019%20Annual%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Angka puniki inggih punika ''jumlah'' ridership penumpang ring kalih jalur LRTA, L1 lan L2, saking referensi sane nyarengin; punika kadasarin antuk pamargin panumpang sané nénten mapaiketan (inggih punika transfer pantaraning kalih jalur kaitung pinaka kalih pamargi, miwah sané tiosan).</ref> |- | [[MRT Manila]] | 1999 | 2000 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun MRT Manila#Jalur Kuning (Jalur 3, MRTC)|13]] | {{cvt|16.9|km|mi}}<ref name="line">{{cite web |url=http://dotcmrt3.gov.ph/about.php?route=4 |title=About Us – Background |publisher=Metro Rail Transit |access-date=2014-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508151958/http://dotcmrt3.gov.ph/about.php?route=4 |archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> | 129 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite news |last=Cabato |first=Luisa |date=2024-01-03 |title=MRT-3 ridership increased by 30% in 2023, says official |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1883218/mrt-3-ridership-increased-by-30-in-2023-official |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103065736/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1883218/mrt-3-ridership-increased-by-30-in-2023-official |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2023-02-02 |work=[[Inquirer.net]]}}</ref> |- | [[Tbilisi]] | {{flag|Georgia}} {{anchor|G}} | [[Métro Tbilisi]] | 1966<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ttc.com.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=72&info_id=175 |title=Tbilisi Transport Company |publisher=Tbilisi Transport Company |access-date=2013-11-16 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423070247/http://ttc.com.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=72&info_id=175 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2017<ref>New Metro Station University Opens in Tbilisi, {{cite web |url=http://gtarchive.georgiatoday.ge/news/7855/New-Metro-Station-University-Opens-in-Tbilisi-Today |title=New Metro Station University Opens in Tbilisi Today |last=Gugunishvili |first=Nino |website=Georgiatoday.ge |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref><ref group="Nb">Pabungkahan [[Stasiun Universitas Negeri (Métro Tbilisi)|Stasiun Universitas Negeri]] ring [[Jalur Saburtalo]].</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Tbilisi|23]]<ref name="Tbilisi Metro 2017">{{cite web |url=https://agenda.ge/en/news/2017/2248|title=New University Metro station opens in Tbilisi |website=Agenda.ge |date=2017-10-16 |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> | {{cvt|27.3|km|mi}}<ref name="Tbilisi">{{cite web |url=http://ttc.com.ge/files/pdf/2013/Annual_report_Eng._2012.pdf |title=Annual Report 2012 |publisher=Tbilisi Transport Company |pages=24–27 |access-date=2013-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220150652/http://ttc.com.ge/files/pdf/2013/Annual_report_Eng._2012.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 78.4 (2024)<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> |- | [[Budapest]] | {{flag|Hungaria}} {{anchor|H}} | [[Métro Budapest]] | 1896<ref name="Oldest" /> | 2014<ref name="Budapest-Line4">{{cite web |url=https://bkk.hu/en/2014/03/new-surface-transport-network-following-start-of-metro-line-m4-on-29-march-2014/ |title=New Surface Transport Network Following Start of Metro Line 4 on 29 March 2014 |work=Budapesti Közlekedési Központ |publisher=BKV Zrt. |date=28 March 2014 |access-date=2014-03-30}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Budapest|48]] | {{cvt|39.2|km|mi}}<ref name="Budapest-Line4" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://static.bkv.hu/ftp/ftp/annual_report/annualreport2011en.pdf |title=Annual Report 2011 |publisher=BKV Zrt. |page=48 |year=2011 |access-date=2013-10-06 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://static.bkv.hu/ftp/ftp/annual_report/annualreport2011en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 382.6 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/sza/en/sza0021.html |title=Urban passenger traffic in Hungary and Budapest by mode of transport |date=2024-08-14 |publisher= [[Kantor Pusat Statistik Hongaria]] |access-date=2024-08-14}}</ref> |- | [[Agra]] | rowspan="21" |{{flag|India}}{{anchor|I}} | [[Métro Agra]] | 2024<ref>{{cite news|date=6 March 2024 |title=Agra Metro priority corridor flagged off by PM Modi: Check timing and fare|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/agra-metro-priority-corridor-flagged-off-by-pm-modi-on-march-6-check-timing-and-fare-101709707970651.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2024-03-06}}</ref> | – | style="text-align:left" | 6 | {{cvt|5.2|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Narendra |date=2024-02-27 |title=CMRS Completes Safety Inspection For Agra Metro's Priority Corridor – Metro Rail News |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/cmrs-completes-safety-inspection-for-agra-metros-priority-corridor/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> | n/a |- | [[Ahmedabad]] | [[Métro Ahmedabad]] | style="text-align:left" | 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/first-phase-of-ahmedabad-metro-now-open-for-public-check-details-here/376889|title=First phase of Ahmedabad metro now open for public! Check details here |website=www.timesnownews.com|date=5 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |2026<ref>{{cite web |title=Opening of 7 New Metro Stations in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar, Metro Rail upto Sachivayala from April 27: GMRC |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/04/25/opening-of-7-new-metro-stations-metro-rail-upto-sachivayala-from-april-27-gmrc/ |website=Desh Gujarat |date=25 April 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Ahmedabad|45]] | {{convert|68.21|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Koul |first1=Priyanka |title=Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar Metro Phase 2 Inauguration: Check Key Stations, Route Guide All You Need To Know |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/ahmedabad-gandhinagar-metro-phase-2-inauguration-check-key-stations-route-guide-all-you-need-to-know-10291902 |website=The Daily Jagran |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref> | 29.35 (2023<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb">Fiscal year not calendar year</ref>)<ref group="R">{{Cite web |title=AHMEDABAD METRO RAIL PROJECT – PASSENGER JOURNEYS |url=https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/ahmedabad/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=AHMEDABAD METRO RAIL PROJECT |language=en-US}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Total ridership figures from April 2023 to March 2024</ref> |- | [[Béngaluru]] | [[Métro Namma]] | 2011<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Bangalore metro rail begins operations today |url=https://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/bangalore-metro-rail-begins-operations-today-565605 |work=NDTV |location=Bangalore |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Day before public launch, DK Shivakumar takes metro ride to Madavara |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/day-before-public-launch-dk-shivakumar-takes-metro-ride-to-madavara-3265346 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Namma|85]]<ref name="Namma_Network">As for the size the system reached by the end of 2020, see {{cite press release |date=10 December 2020 |title=Siemens Mobility to provide CBTC and automated train technology for Bengaluru Metro |url=https://press.siemens.com/global/en/pressrelease/siemens-mobility-provide-cbtc-and-automated-train-technology-bengaluru-metro |type=Press release |publisher=Siemens AG |access-date=2021-01-18}} Wénten pahan sané kabungkah sesampun warsa 2020 ungkur, cingak {{cite news |last=Nag |first=Devanjana |date=14 January 2021 |title=Bengaluru Metro: Kanakapura Namma Metro section to be inaugurated today; will benefit 75,000 commuters |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |publisher=Indian Express Ltd. |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/bengaluru-metro-kanakapura-namma-metro-section-to-be-inaugurated-today-will-benefit-75000-commuters/2170686/ |access-date=2021-01-18}} <!-- {{cite web |url=http://english.bmrc.co.in/ProjectProfile |title=Project Profile › Project Highlights |website=english.bmrc.co.in |publisher=Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. |access-date=2021-01-18}} (in order to display the section "Project Highlights", you have to select it on the navbar) --></ref> | {{cvt|96.10|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web | last1=b. p | first1=Darshan Devaiah |title=PM Modi inaugurates Bengaluru Namma Metro Yellow Line |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/pm-modi-inaugurates-bengaluru-namma-metro-yellow-line-august-10-2025/article69916112.ece#:~:text=Bengaluru's%20long%20wait%20for%20the,Road%20to%20Bommasandra. |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=The Hindu | date=10 August 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> | 278.54 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref group="R">{{cite news |last=S|first=Lalitha|date=22 April 2024|title=Bengaluru Metro clocks highest ever profit of Rs 130 crore|publisher=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Apr/22/bengaluru-metro-clocks-highest-ever-profit-of-rs-130-crore |access-date=2024-04-22}}</ref> |- | [[Bhopal]] | [[Métro Bhoj]] | 2025 | – | style="text-align:left" |8 | {{cvt|6.22|km|mi}} <ref>{{cite news|last=J|first=Anand Mohan|date=20 December 2025|title=Bhopal enters India's metro map: Commercial operations on city's Orange Line priority corridor to begin today|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bhopal-enters-indias-metro-map-commercial-operations-on-citys-orange-line-priority-corridor-to-begin-today-10431021/|access-date=2025-12-20}}</ref> | n/a |- | [[Chénnai]] | [[Métro Chennai]] | 2015<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Chennai metro opens |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/chennai-metro-opens.html |magazine=[[Railway Gazette International]] |publisher=DVV Media Group Ltd |date=29 June 2015 |access-date=2017-12-05 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808115530/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/chennai-metro-opens.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2022<ref name="Chennai">{{cite news |date=14 March 2022 |title=Chennai metro rail opens two stations in phase-1 extension |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-opens-two-stations-in-phase-1-extension-7818959/ |work=The Indian Express |location=Chennai |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=2024-04-18}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Chennai|42]]<ref>As for the size the system reached by the end of 2020, see {{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=10 February 2019 |title=Chennai: CMRL gears up for launch of last leg metro line |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100219/chennai-cmrl-gears-up-for-launch-of-last-leg-metro-line.html |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |publisher=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited (DCHL) |access-date=2019-02-12}} <p>As for the latest extension, see {{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=14 February 2021 |title='CMRL likely to handle up to 3.5L daily commuters soon' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cmrl-likely-to-handle-up-to-3-5l-daily-commuters-soon/articleshow/80904823.cms |work=The Times of India |location=Chennai |publisher=The Times Group - Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=2021-02-16}}</p></ref> | {{cvt|54.1|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=15 February 2021 |title=Now, reach airport from North Chennai in 1 hour |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/feb/15/now-reach-airport-from-north-chennai-in-1-hour-2264102.html |work=The New Indian Express |publisher=Express Publications Ltd. |access-date=2021-02-16}}</ref> | 111.9 (2025)<ref group="R">{{Cite web|title="Metro Rail hits highest annual ridership at 11cr"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/metro-rail-hits-highest-annual-ridership-at-11cr/articleshow/126311746.cms|access-date=|website=chennaimetrorail.org|archive-date=2026-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208111922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/metro-rail-hits-highest-annual-ridership-at-11cr/articleshow/126311746.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Delhi]] | [[Métro Delhi]] | 2002<ref name="DMopen">{{Cite news |title=Indian PM launches Delhi metro |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=24 December 2002 |access-date=22 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422001958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm |archive-date=22 April 2012}}</ref> | 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06|title=Delhi metro update: Pink line and Magenta line extension corridors to be inaugurated by PM Modi|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-delhi-metro-update-pink-line-and-magenta-line-extension-corridors-to-be-inaugurated-by-pm-modi-4164722/|access-date=2026-03-08|website=Financial Express|language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Delhi|244]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Jaringan punika kawangun antuk 272 stasiun yening stasiun transfer kaitung langkungan saking apisan. Yening stasiun transfer kaitung wantah apisan, pikolihnyane pacang dados 244 stasiun. [[Stasiun metro Utama Taman Ashok|Taman Ashok Utama]] stasiun, ring dija kalih cabang sane nyimpang saking [[Jalur Hijau (Delhi Metro)|Jalur Hijau]] ngepah trek/peron, punika sapunapi ja kaitung dados stasiun tunggal. Stasiun [[Jalur Aqua (Métro Noida)|Métro Noida]] lan [[Métro Gurugram|Métro Gurgaon]] nenten kaitung. Yening kaitung, sinah wenten 304 stasiun total.<ref name="DM map"/><ref name="introduction">{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/introduction |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=DMRC }}</ref>}} | {{cvt|375.94|km|mi}}<ref group="Nb">Lantang [[Jalur Aqua (Métro Noida)|Métro Noida]] lan [[Métro Gurugram|Métro Gurgaon]] nenten kaitung sareng Métro Delhi. Yening kaitung, lantang total saking tetiga sistem punika pacang dados 100.000. {{cvt|415.48|km|mi}}.</ref><ref name="DM map">{{Cite web |title=Network map |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/network_map |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> | 2,358 (2025<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref group="R">{{cite news |last=|first=|date=16 March 2026 |title= Delhi Metro records 235.8 crore passenger journeys in 2025|url= https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/delhi-metro-achieves-historic-646-lakh-daily-riders-in-2025/129601414 |access-date=16 March 2026 |work= The Economic Times |location=New Delhi}}</ref> |- | [[Gurugram]] | [[Métro Gurugram]] | 2013<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=14 November 2013 |title=India's first private Rapid Metro starts operation from Gurgaon today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indias-first-private-rapid-metro-starts-operation-from-gurgaon-today-217447-2013-11-13 |magazine=[[India Today]] |publisher= Living Media India Ltd. |access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> | 2017<ref name="Gurgaon">{{Cite news |author=Joel Joseph |title=Two more Rapid Metro stations open today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/two-more-rapid-metro-stations-open-today/articleshow/58351651.cms |work=The Times of India |location=Gurugram |publisher=The Times Group - Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |date=25 April 2017 |access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 11<ref name="Gurgaon" /> | {{cvt|12.854|km|mi}}<ref name="DM map" /> | 14.6 (2023<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref group="R">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/rapid-metro-witnesses-major-spurt-in-ridership-in-2023-revenue-rises-by-53-101701714842760.html|title=Rapid Metro witnesses major spurt in ridership in 2023, revenue rises by 53%|website=The Hindustan Times|date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Figure extrapolated from 40,000 average daily ridership figures over an year as mentioned in the cited report</ref> |- | [[Hyderabad]] | [[Métro Hyderabad]] | 2017<ref name="RG-Hyderabad">{{cite magazine|author=Hyderabad|date=24 September 2018|title=Hyderabad Metro to start services on Ameerpet-L B Nagar route today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-metro-to-start-services-on-ameerpet-l-b-nagar-route-today/articleshow/65929274.cms|magazine=[[Times of India]]|access-date=2018-09-24}}</ref> | 2020<ref name="hydmetro">{{cite news|last=V|first=Rishi Kumar|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/kcr-flags-off-corridor-ii-of-the-hyderabad-metro/article30764434.ece|title=KCR flags off Corridor II of the Hyderabad Metro|website=The Hindu Business Line|date=7 February 2020|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Hyderabad|57]]<ref name="hydmetro" /> | {{cvt|71.16|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Track Work: Hyderabad Metro |url=https://www.ltmetro.in/hyderabad-metro-rail/project-highlights/track-work/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.ltmetro.in |language=en}}</ref> | 162.06 (2023<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref group="R">{{cite news |last=Sangam|first=Sowmya|date=18 April 2024 |title=Mahalakshmi scheme impacts Hyderabad Metro ridership |url=https://telanganatoday.com/mahalakshmi-scheme-impacts-hyderabad-metro-ridership|work=Telangana Today |publisher=Telangana Today|access-date=2024-04-18}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Figure extrapolated from 4,40,000 average daily ridership figures over an year as mentioned in the cited report</ref> |- | [[Indore]] | [[Métro Indore]] | 2025 | – | style="text-align:left" | 5 | {{cvt|6|km|mi}} | n/a |- | [[Jaipur]] | [[Métro Jaipur]] | 2015<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://ddinews.gov.in/Home%20-%20Headlines/Pages/JaipurMetro.aspx |title=Rajasthan CM launches Jaipur Metro |newspaper=DD News |date=3 June 2015 |access-date=2015-06-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603222448/http://ddinews.gov.in/Home%20-%20Headlines/Pages/JaipurMetro.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="JMRC" /> | 2020<ref name="JMRC" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Jaipur|11]]<ref name="JMRC" /> | {{cvt|11.979|km|mi}}<ref name="JMRC">{{cite web |url=http://transport.rajasthan.gov.in/content/transportportal/en/metro/Project/PresentStatus.html |title=Present Status |date=28 November 2020 |website=www.transport.rajasthan.gov.in |publisher=JMRC - Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. |access-date=2020-11-28}}</ref> | 18.12 (2023<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref group="R">{{Cite web |title=Passenger Travelled Count |url=https://transport.rajasthan.gov.in/content/transportportal/en/metro/PassengerInformation/passenger-travelled-count.html |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=transport.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref> |- | [[Kanpur]] | [[Métro Kanpur]] | 2021<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/pm-inaugurates-kanpur-metro-becomes-its-first-passenger-101640716503655.html |title=PM inaugurates Kanpur Metro, becomes its first passenger|date=5 March 2022|website=www.hindustantimes.com|access-date=2020-11-28}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{cite web |last1=Briginshaw |first1=David |title=Modi Opens Kanpur Metro Extension |url=https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/modi-opens-kanpur-metro-extension/ |website=International Railway Journal |date=2 June 2025 |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref> | [[Lis stasiun Métro Kanpur|14]] | {{cvt|16|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanpur Metro: Project Information, Routes, Fares and other Details |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/article/kanpur-metro-project-information-routes-fares-and-other-details |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Metro Rail Today}}</ref> | n/a |- | [[Kochi]] | [[Métro Kochi]] | 2017<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=With 'Metro Man' E Sreedharan by side, PM Narendra Modi flags off Kochi Metro |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/with-metro-man-e-sreedharan-by-side-pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-kochi-metro/articleshow/59189385.cms |work=The Times of India |location=New Delhi |date=18 June 2017 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> | 2024<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-06 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Thripunithura line of Kochi Metro in Kerala |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pm-modi-inaugurates-thripunithura-line-of-kochi-metro-in-kerala/article67919860.ece |access-date=2024-03-08}}</ref> | [[Lis stasiun Métro Kochi|25]] | {{cvt|28.125|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-06 |title=Completed Kochi Metro phase 1B inaugurated by PM; makes access to port city easier |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/completed-kochi-metro-phase-1b-inaugurated-by-pm-makes-access-to-port-city-easier/articleshow/108261319.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> | 31.17 (2023)<ref group="R">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Average monthly ridership 25 lakh in 2023, Kochi Metro guns for more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jan/10/average-monthly-ridership-25-lakhin-2023-kochi-metro-guns-for-more-2649516.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> |- | [[Kolkata]] | [[Métro Kolkata]] | 1984<ref name="Kolkata">{{cite web |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,375,376 |title=Engineering Department » Existing Features |date=15 January 2020 |website=www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=[[Centre for Railway Information Systems|Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS)]] |access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-03-15 |title=Commercial services of country's first underwater metro train commences |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/commercial-services-of-country-s-first-underwater-metro-train-commences-101710478536259.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher= |access-date=2024-03-15}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Kolkata|58]]<ref name="Kolkata-size">As for the size the system reached by the end of 2019, see {{cite web |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,375,376 |title=Engineering Department » Existing Features |date=15 January 2020 |publisher=[[Centre for Railway Information Systems]] |access-date=2020-02-15}} <p>As for the section opened after the end of 2019, see {{cite news |last=Roy |first=Subhajoy |date=14 February 2020 |title=First phase of East-West Metro unveiled |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/first-phase-of-east-west-metro-unveiled/cid/1745019 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika (ABP) Group |access-date=2020-02-15}}</p></ref> | {{cvt|73.12|km|mi}}<ref name="Kolkata-size" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2023 |title=Kolkata Metro System Map |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in//uploads/images/1687250904223-SYSTEM%20MAP_2023.jpg |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Metro Railway, Indian Railways}}</ref> | 192.5 (2023<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref group="R">{{Cite web |title=METRO CARRIED 19.25 CRORES PASSENGER IN 2023–24 |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4004&did=17121387324383BAED7EC7641FFB90D2EFCF0AFD4AD15 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> |- | [[Lucknow]] | [[Métro Lucknow]] | 2017<ref name="Lucknow">{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Lucknow Metro flagged off, will open officially to public tomorrow |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/lucknow-metro-flagged-off-inauguration-will-open-officially-to-public-tomorrow-rajnath-singh-yogi-adityanath-uttar-pradesh-4829603/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |date=5 September 2017 |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref> | 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/all-set-for-inauguration-of-lucknow-metro-operation-on-23-km-route-on-march-8/story-yLEABUwAvGiV3DSqEaCe6K.html|title=All set for inauguration of Lucknow Metro operation on 23-km route on March 8|date=2019-03-05|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Lucknow|21]]<ref name="Lucknow" /> | {{cvt|22.878|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Status Lucknow Metro |url=https://www.lmrcl.com/project/project-status/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.lmrcl.com}}</ref> | 26.82 (2023<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref group="R">{{cite news|title=Lucknow Metro records historic ridership surge |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/lucknow-metro-records-historic-ridership-surge-101704130284054.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Figure extrapolated from 73,476 average daily ridership figures over an year as mentioned in the cited report</ref> |- | [[Mumbai]] | [[Métro Mumbai]] | 2014<ref name="FinExp-09062014">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=9 June 2014 |title=Mumbai Metro rolls out, over 1 lakh commuters take maiden ride |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/mumbai-metro-rolls-out-over-1-lakh-commuters-take-maiden-ride/1258280/ |work=Financial Express |publisher=Indian Express Ltd. |access-date=2020-09-20}}</ref> | 2026<ref>{{cite web|last1=Modi|first1=Diksha|date=2026-04-08|title=Mumbai Metro Hits 100 km, Becomes India's 2nd Largest Network After Delhi-- 2 New Lines Open Today|url=https://www.news18.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-metro-hits-100-km-becomes-indias-2nd-largest-network-after-delhi-2-new-lines-open-today-ws-l-10021462.html|access-date=2026-04-08}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Mumbai|73]] | {{cvt|90.36|km|mi}} | 195.4 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite news|title=Metro 1 ridership touches 90cr in 9 yrs of operation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-1-ridership-touches-90cr-in-9-yrs-of-operation/articleshow/105740127.cms|website=The Times of India|date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref group="R">{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Metro Line 2A & 7 Sees 8 Million Ridership Since Inception |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/mumbai-metro-line-2a-7-sees-8-million-ridership-since-inception-article-107903828|website=Times Now News|date=22 February 2024}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Figure extrapolated from a sum of average daily ridership figures of lines 1 (3,54,610), 2A & 7 (1,80,726.37) over an year as mentioned in the cited reports</ref> |- |[[Meerut]] |[[Métro Meerut]] |2026<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-22 |title=PM Modi flags off India’s fastest metro and Namo Bharat train in Meerut — routes, speed and benefits explained |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-modi-flags-off-indias-fastest-metro-and-namo-bharat-train-in-meerut-routes-speed-and-benefits-explained/articleshow/128668464.cms |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> | – |[[Métro Meerut|13]] | style="text-align: left;" |{{cvt|23.6|km|mi}} |n/a |- | [[Nagpur]] | [[Métro Nagpur]] | 2019<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=7 March 2019 |title=Nagpur Metro flagged off by PM Modi, to open for public on Women's Day |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nagpur-metro-flagged-off-by-pm-modi-to-open-for-public-on-womens-day-2059661.html |work=[[News18]] |publisher=Network18 Media & Investments Ltd. |access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref> | 2022<ref name="MI">{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Inaugurates Nagpur Metro, Flags Off 6th Vande Bharat Train |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-nagpur-metro-flags-off-6th-vande-bharat-train-3596721 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Nagpur|37]]<ref name="MI" /> | {{cvt|38.215|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMRCL – Project Profile |url=https://www.metrorailnagpur.com/projectprofile.aspx |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.metrorailnagpur.com}}</ref> | 40.15 (2025<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref group="R">{{cite news|title=60% of Metro riders opt for digital payment; Maha Card sets single-day record|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/60-of-metro-riders-opt-for-digital-payment-maha-card-sets-single-day-record/articleshowprint/124032057.cms|website=Times of India|date=8 September 2025}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Figure extrapolated from 110,000 average daily ridership figures over an year as mentioned in the cited report</ref> |- | [[Navi Mumbai]] | [[Métro Navi Mumbai]] | 2023 | – | style="text-align:left" |11 | {{cvt|11.10|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newton |first=Jonathan |date=28 November 2023 |title=Navi Mumbai opens first metro line eight years late |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/navi-mumbai-opens-first-metro-line-eight-years-late/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=International Railway Journal}}</ref> | 0.935 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite news|title=Metro ridership in Navi Mumbai touches one million in 2.5 months, generates ₹2.55-cr in revenues|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/metro-ridership-in-navi-mumbai-touches-one-million-in-2-5-months-generates-2-55-cr-in-revenues-101706813194816.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2 February 2024}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Total figures from November 2023 to January 2024</ref> |- | [[Noida]] | [[Métro Noida]] | 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/metro-s-aqua-line-connecting-noida-to-greater-noida-opens-on-friday-cm-yogi-adityanath-to-inaugurate/story-ebtFNsw95u2c2cDf9VoXPJ.html|title=Metro's Aqua line connecting Noida to Greater Noida opens today, CM Yogi Adityanath to inaugurate|date=2019-01-25|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-01-25}}</ref> | – | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Noida Greater Noida|21]] | {{cvt|29.168|km|mi}}<ref name="DM map" /> | 16.7 (2023) <ref group="R">{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2024-01-27 |title=Noida Metro Celebrates 5th Anniversary with An Average Daily Ridership of Over 45K |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/noida-metro-celebrates-5th-anniversary-with-an-average-daily-ridership-of-over-45k/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[Patna]] | [[Métro Patna]] | 2025 | – | style="text-align:left" |3 | {{cvt|4.3|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Garg |first1=Shriyansh |title=First Phase of Patna metro to operate from today: Route, Fares, and Future Prospects |url=https://news24online.com/india/first-phase-of-patna-metro-to-operate-from-today-route-fares-and-future-prospects/646686/ |website=News 24 |date=6 October 2025 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> | n/a |- | [[Pune]] | [[Métro Pune]] | 2022 | 2024<ref>{{Cite news |last=More |first=Manoj Dattatrye |date=2024-03-06 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Pune Metro route extension; these three new stations will be operational from today |language=en-IN |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pm-modi-metro-inauguration-ramwadi-stretch-pimpri-nigdi-9198703/ |access-date=2024-03-08}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |28 | {{cvt|32.97|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jedhe |first=Eeshwari |date=31 July 2023 |title=Extended routes of Pune Metro to open to commuters on Tuesday from 5 pm |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/others/extended-routes-of-pune-metro-to-open-to-commuters-on-tuesday-from-5-pm/cid1690835824.htm |access-date=23 May 2024 |work=Pune Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Pune Metro's reach set to expand up to 30 km |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pune-metro-s-reach-set-to-expand-up-to-30-km-101709664038809.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> | 59.87 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=2 January 2025|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-metro-kicks-off-2025-with-a-bang-as-204-lakh-commuters-travel-on-january-1 |publisher=Free Press Journal |title=Pune Metro Kicks Off 2025 With A Bang As 2.04 Lakh Commuters Travel On January 1}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |[[Jakarta]] | rowspan="4" |{{flag|Indonésia}} | [[MRT Jakarta]] | 2019<ref name="StraitsTimes-24Mar19">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=24 March 2019 |title=Indonesia's Jakarta inaugurates MRT system to tackle one of world's worst traffic jams |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesias-jakarta-set-to-inaugurate-mrt-system-to-tackle-one-of-worlds-worst-traffic |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |agency=[[AFP agency|AFP]] |access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref> | – | style="text-align:left" |13 | {{cvt|15.7|km|mi}} | 33 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=Jakarta MRT targets passenger traffic of 33.6 mln in 2024 |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/304152/jakarta-mrt-targets-passenger-traffic-of-336-mln-in-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129014148/https://en.antaranews.com/news/304152/jakarta-mrt-targets-passenger-traffic-of-336-mln-in-2024 |archive-date=2024-01-29 |access-date=2024-02-02 |publisher=Antara News |language=en}}</ref> |- | [[LRT Jakarta]]<!--- This system is a light metro, NOT a light rail, please do not remove this without discussing ---> | 2019 | – | style="text-align:left" |6 | {{cvt|5.8|km|mi}} | 0.94 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web|url=https://jakarta.bpk.go.id/lrt-jakarta-fase-1b-dibangun-penumpang-bisa-makin-meningkat/|title=LRT Jakarta Fase 1B Dibangun, Penumpang Bisa Makin Meningkat|date=13 December 2023 |publisher=bisnis.com}}</ref> |- | [[LRT Jabodebek]] | 2023 | – | style="text-align:left" |18 | {{cvt|44.5|km|mi}} | 7.25 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2024/03/11/en-sejak-beroperasi-lrt-jabodebek-angkut-725-juta-penumpang|title=Since operating, the Jabodebek LRT has carried 7.25 million passengers|date=11 March 2024 |publisher=Kompas.id}}</ref> |- | [[Palémbang]] | [[LRT Palémbang]] | 2018 | – | style="text-align:left" |13 | {{cvt|23.4|km|mi}} | 3.0 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web|url=https://news.republika.co.id/berita/s58t1e463/jumlah-penumpang-lrt-palembang-ditargetkan-capai-4-juta-orang-hingga-akhir-2023?|title=Jumlah Penumpang LRT Palembang Ditargetkan Capai 4 Juta Orang Hingga Akhir 2023|work=Republika Online |date=6 December 2023 |publisher=republika.co.id}}</ref> |- | [[Isfahan]] | rowspan="6" | {{flag|Iran}} | [[Métro Isfahan]] | 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iusnews.ir/fa/news-details/182166/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B2-20-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%B4%D8%AF/ |script-title=fa:خبرنامه دانشجویان ایران – اصفهان پس از 20 سال انتظار صاحب مترو شد |work=خبرنامه دانشجویان ایران |date=14 October 2015 |language=fa |author1=Iusnews |access-date=28 April 2026 |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130131319/http://iusnews.ir/fa/news-details/182166/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B2-20-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%B4%D8%AF/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2018<ref name="Esfahan">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=16 July 2018 |title=Esfahan metro reaches Soffeh |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/transport-and-mobility-projects/esfahan-metro-reaches-soffeh/46804.article |magazine=Metro Report International |publisher=DVV Media International Ltd |access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.imna.ir/news/348040/Isfahan-s-new-subway-line-opened |title=Isfahan's new subway line opened |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=11 July 2018 |website=www.imna.ir |access-date=2018-07-19 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |20<ref name="Esfahan" /> | {{cvt|20.2|km|mi}}<ref name="Esfahan" /> | 27 (2023)<ref group="R">{{Cite web |title=رکورد استفاده از متروی اصفهان در سال گذشته شکسته شد. - شرکت مترو منطقه اصفهان |url=https://metroisfahan.ir/post/5244/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=metroisfahan.ir}}</ref> |- | [[Mashhad]] | [[Métro Mashhad]] | 2011<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=24 April 2011 |title=Mashhad metro starts running |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/mashhad-metro-starts-running/35877.article |magazine=Metro Report International |publisher=DVV Media International Ltd |access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{Cite news |first=Negar |last=Moghaddisi |date=2025-05-08 |title=مشهدشهر و شهرداریآغاز مسافرگیری فاز یک خط۳ مترو مشهد در سالروز ولادت امام‌رضا(ع) (۱۹ اردیبهشت ۱۴۰۴) + جزئیات و فیلم|url=https://shahraranews.ir/fa/news/331569/%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%AE%D8%B7%DB%B3-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9-%DB%B1%DB%B9-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA-%DB%B1%DB%B4%DB%B0%DB%B4-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=shahraranews.ir |language=fa}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 40 | {{cvt|43.3|km|mi}} | 50.7 (2018)<ref group="R">{{cite web|url=https://metro.mashhad.ir/news/6471902-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87.html|title=قطارشهری مشهد 29 اسفند تا 3 بامداد اول فروردین فعال خواهد بود/ جابجایی مسافر توسط خط دو قطارشهری طی|website=metro.mashhad.ir|access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217035236/https://metro.mashhad.ir/news/6471902-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Shiraz]] | [[Métro Shiraz]] | 2014<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=15 October 2014 |title=Shiraz metro Line 1 opens |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/shiraz-metro-line-1-opens/40101.article |magazine=Metro Report International |publisher=DVV Media International Ltd |access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref> | 2024<ref group="Nb">Adelabad station opened</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 24 | {{cvt|32.5|km|mi}} | 18 (2018)<ref group="R">{{cite web|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/97110804500/%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF|title=کدام شهرهای کشور مترو دارند؟ (Jan 29 2019)|website=www.isna.ir|date=29 January 2019 |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> |- | [[Karaj]] | [[Métro Karaj]] | 2023<ref>{{cite web|title=The First Day of Traveling and Benefiting the People of Karaj from Line 2|url=https://www.karajmetro.ir/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86/%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b2-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c-%d9%88-%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%b1%d9%87-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%85-%d8%b4%d9%87/|access-date=2023-03-01|website=www.karajmetro.ir}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref group="Nb" name="MS">Opening of metro-standards Line 2.</ref> | 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=خط ۲ متروی کرج با راه اندازی ۵ ایستگاه آغاز به کار کرد |url=https://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/5560461/%D8%AE%D8%B7-%DB%B2-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%DB%B5-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF |website=Irib News Agency |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 4<ref name="karaj" group="Nb">The {{cvt|43|km|mi|adj=on}} Line 1 of Karaj Metro (part of line 5 of Tehran metro) is a [[commuter rail]] line, and so is not included in the statistics here. If Line 1 is included, there would be 11 stations.</ref> | {{cvt|10.5|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web |title=متروی کرج در انتظار رسیدن قطار/ حدود۱۹ سال فراز و نشیب |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85788248/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%B1%DB%B9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%88-%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A8 |website=The Islamic Republic News Agency |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> | n/a |- | [[Tabriz]] | [[Métro Tabriz]] | 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nasrnews.ir/News/tabid/243/ArticleID/37922/|script-title=fa:افتتاح فاز اول خط یک مترو تبریز +تصاویر|first=پورتال خبری- تحلیلی نصر|last=نیوز|website=nasrnews.ir|access-date=2017-09-13|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731064458/http://nasrnews.ir/News/tabid/243/ArticleID/37922|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2020 | style="text-align:left" | 18 | {{cvt|17.2|km|mi}} | n/a |- | [[Téhéran]] | [[Métro Téhéran]] | 2000<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=21 February 2000 |title=After 13 years, Iran's first metro completed |url=https://www.deseret.com/2000/2/21/19492128/after-13-years-iran-s-first-metro-completed |work=[[Deseret News]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=2020-11-29}}</ref><ref group="Nb" name="MS"/> | 2025<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rpc.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=894&ArticleId=23544 |title=The deepest metro station in Tehran, Milad Tower, connects to Metro network |date=17 November 2020 |publisher=Tehran Urban Research & Planning Center |access-date=2020-11-29 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127075046/https://rpc.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=894&ArticleId=23544 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Tehran|132]]<ref name="SI" group="Nb">There are 132 stations if interchange stations are counted once, and 147 stations if they are counted multiple times. The {{cvt|67.5|km|mi|adj=on}} Line 5 of the Tehran Metro is a [[commuter rail]] line, and so is not included in the statistics here – only metro Lines 1–4 and 6–7 are. If Line 5 is included, the total length of the system would be {{cvt|292.1|km|mi|adj=on}}, and there would be 143 unique stations, and 160 total stations.</ref><!-- Do NOT include the stations of Line 5, which is Commuter rail and needs to be excluded... --><ref name="Tehran">{{cite web |url=http://hamshahrionline.ir/details/277046/City/city-affairs |script-title=fa:آشنایی با مختصات خطوط مترو تهران |date=19 December 2017 |title=Hamshahrionline.ir |access-date=29 October 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016185701/http://hamshahrionline.ir/details/277046/City/city-affairs |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= بازگشایی ۵ ایستگاه جدید مترو |url= https://metro.tehran.ir/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/ArticleId/23562 |access-date= 2023-10-02 }} {{dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="Tehran2025">{{cite web|url=https://metro.tehran.ir/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7|script-title=fa:نقشه مترو تهران (۱۴۰۴)|date=19 July 2025|title=Map Of Tehran Metro (2025)}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= History Of Tehran Metro System |url= https://metro.tehran.ir/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88#3576163---- |access-date= 2025-07-19 |archive-date= 24 January 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220124094315/https://metro.tehran.ir/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88#3576163---- |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="TM">{{cite web|url=https://metro.tehran.ir/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7|script-title=fa:آشنایی باخطوط مترو تهران|date=19 July 2025|title=Lines and station of Tehran Metro}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | {{cvt|224.6|km|mi}}<ref name="SI" group="Nb" /><!-- Do NOT include the length of Line 5, which is Commuter rail and needs to be excluded... --><ref name="Tehran" /> | 820 (2018<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref group="R">{{cite news |url=http://newspaper.hamshahrionline.ir/id/93093/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-28%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.html |script-title=fa:کارنامه 28ماه متروی تهران |title=Newspaper.hamshahrionline.ir |newspaper=کارنامه 28‌ماه متروی تهران |archive-date=12 August 2017 |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812134233/http://www.smtnews.ir/car/24470-%D9%87%D8%B1-%DB%B3%DB%B4%DB%B0%DB%B0-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Brescia]] | rowspan="7" | {{flag|Italia}} | [[Métro Brescia]] | 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bresciamobilita.it/news/parte-la-metro-2-marzo-2013 |title=Parte la metro! 2 marzo 2013 |publisher=Brescia Mobilità |language=it |trans-title=The Metro is coming! |date=2 March 2013 |access-date=2013-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012211621/http://www.bresciamobilita.it/news/parte-la-metro-2-marzo-2013 |archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> | – | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Brescia|17]]<ref name="Brescia" /> | {{cvt|13.7|km|mi}}<ref name="Brescia">{{cite web |url=http://www.bresciamobilita.it/public/resources/brescia%20mobilita/utenti/metrobs/linea-completa.pdf |title=Mappa della linea metropolitana |publisher=Brescia Mobilità |language=it |trans-title=Metro line map |access-date=2013-11-07 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109063724/http://www.bresciamobilita.it/public/resources/brescia%20mobilita/utenti/metrobs/linea-completa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 17.0 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web |title=brescia mobilità bilancio 2023 |url=https://www.bresciamobilita.it/public/bm/docs/Bilanci/bilancio_2023.pdf |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=comune.brescia.it |publisher=Città di Brescia |language=it}}</ref> |- | [[Catania]] | [[Métro Catania]] | 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.circumetnea.it/pagina.php?tab=menu_altre&id=2|title=Ferrovia Circumetnea – Tariffe e Orari della Metropolitana|website=www.circumetnea.it|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115185247/http://www.circumetnea.it/pagina.php?tab=menu_altre&id=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2024<ref>{{cite web |last=Tartaglia |first=Andrea |date=17 July 2024 |title=Metropolitana, Fontana e Monte Po aperte da lunedì 11 luglio |url=https://catania.mobilita.org/2024/07/17/metropolitana-fontana-e-monte-po-aperte-da-lunedi-22-luglio/ |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Mobilita Catania}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 12<ref>{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=Metropolitana di Catania – FCE Ferrovia Circumetnea |url=https://catania.mobilita.org/opere/metropolitana-di-catania-storia-e-sviluppi-futuri/ |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref> | {{cvt|10.5|km|mi}} | 6.5 (2019)<ref group="R">{{cite web | url=https://catania.mobilita.org/opere/metropolitana-di-catania-storia-e-sviluppi-futuri/ | title=Metropolitana di Catania | date=April 2022 }}</ref> |- | [[Génoa]] | [[Métro Génoa]] | 1990<ref name="Genoa" /> | 2012<ref name="Genoa">{{cite web |url=http://www.amt.genova.it/orari/metropolitana.asp |title=Metropolitana |publisher=Azienda Mobilità e Trasporti SpA (AMT) |language=it |trans-title= Metro |year=2013 |access-date=2013-11-09}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 8<ref name="Genoa" /> | {{cvt|7.1|km|mi}}<ref name="Genoa" /> | 15.3 (2018)<ref group="R">{{cite web|url=http://www.unlibroamilano.it/la-metropolitana-piu-affollata-ditalia-la-classifica-tutti-numeri-delle-principali-citta/|title=La metropolitana più affollata d'Italia, ecco la classifica con tutti i numeri delle principali città|date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Figure extrapolated from 42 000 average daily boardings</ref> |- | [[Milan]] | [[Métro Milan]] | 1964<ref name="Milan-figs">{{cite web |title=M4, the subway line set to change Milan, finally opens |language=en |publisher=domus |url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/m4-apre-fermata-san-babila-centro-milano-linate-12-minuti-AEjYCcwD|date=3 July 2023|access-date=2023-07-05}}</ref> | 2024<ref name="Milan-figs" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Milan|125]]{{refn|group="Nb"|{{As of|2023|July|post=,}} the number is 134 if the 9 [[interchange station]]s (i.e. different sets of platforms) are counted multiple times, once for each line, while it is 113 if they are combined.<ref name="Milan-figs"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://giromilano.atm.it/assets/images/schema_rete_metro.jpg|title=Metro Network and Suburban Railways|date=July 2023|publisher=[[Azienda Trasporti Milanesi|Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (ATM) SpA]]|type=map|access-date=2023-07-05|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705061941/https://giromilano.atm.it/assets/images/schema_rete_metro.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | {{cvt|111.8|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Carta della Mobilità 2023 |url=https://www.atm.it/it/IlGruppo/ChiSiamo/Documents/Carta%20della%20Mobilit%C3%A0%202023.pdf |publisher=Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (ATM) S.p.A. |page=17 |language=it |access-date=2023-07-05 |archive-date=2023-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920135147/https://www.atm.it/it/IlGruppo/ChiSiamo/Documents/Carta%20della%20Mobilit%C3%A0%202023.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 341 (2024)<ref name="ATM" group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.comune.milano.it/w/forum-mobilit%C3%A0-2025.-report-annuale-di-amat-aumentano-aree-pedonali-ciclabili-strade-30.-diminuisce-l-inquinamento-da-nox?utm |title=Forum Mobilità 2025. Report annuale di AMAT: aumentano aree pedonali, ciclabili, strade 30. Diminuisce l’inquinamento da NOx |date=April 2024 |publisher=Comune Milano |language=it |access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref> |- | [[Napoli]] | [[Métro Napoli]]<ref group="Nb" name="NA">Lines 1, 6, and 11 only, not line 2, which is [[commuter rail]].</ref> | 1993 | 2025 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Napoli|31]]<ref name="Naples">{{Cite web|url=https://www.urbanrail.net/eu/it/nap/napoli.htm|title=Metropolitana di Napoli (Naples, Italy)|website=www.urbanrail.net|access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref> | {{cvt|36.4|km|mi}}<ref name="Naples" /> | 41.1 (2019)<ref group="R">{{cite web |title=Carta della Mobilità 2020 |url=http://www.anm.it/images/stories/carta_mobilita_2020.pdf |publisher=[[ANM (Naples)|ANM – Azienda Napoletana Mobilità SpA]] |pages=10–11 |language=it |access-date=2021-02-18 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195956/http://www.anm.it/images/stories/carta_mobilita_2020.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">56.4 million including 4 [[Funicular]] lines</ref> |- | [[Roma]] | [[Métro Roma]] | 1955 | 2025 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Roma|74]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.idealista.it/news/vacanze/mercato-turistico/2017/10/11/124231-roma-scegli-una-fermata-della-metro-e-ti-diro-quanto-ti-costa-comprare-o |title=Roma, scegli una fermata della metro e ti dirò quanto ti costa comprare o affittare casa |department=Mercato turistico |website=www.idealista.it |date=11 October 2017 |language=it |trans-title=Rome, choose a metro stop and I'll tell you how much it costs you to buy or rent a house |access-date=2018-10-07}}</ref> | {{cvt|62.5|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web |title=METRO C: ATTIVA NUOVA TRATTA SAN GIOVANNI-COLOSSEO E INTERSCAMBIO METRO B-METRO C METRO C: ATTIVA NUOVA TRATTA SAN GIOVANNI-COLOSSEO E INTERSCAMBIO METRO B-METRO C |url=https://www.atac.roma.it/tempo-reale/metro-c--oggi-apertura-tratta-san-giovanni-colosseo-e-interscambio-metro-b-metro-c |access-date=17 December 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | 161.5 (2023)<ref>{{Cite web| title=CAP.9 - Mobilità | url=https://www.comune.roma.it/web-resources/cms/documents/09_Mobilita_Annuario_2024.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213025459/https://www.comune.roma.it/web-resources/cms/documents/09_Mobilita_Annuario_2024.pdf | archive-date=2024-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[Turin]] | [[Métro Turin]] | 2006<ref name="Turin">{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.torino.it/trasporti/bm~doc/metro-5.pdf |title=La Linea 1 di Metropolitana |publisher=Città di Torino |language=it |trans-title=Metro Line 1 |access-date=2014-05-24}}</ref> | 2021<ref name="Turin-2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.gtt.to.it/cms/avvisi-e-informazioni-di-servizio/torino-e-cintura/8907-la-metro-di-torino-arriva-in-piazza-bengasi |title=La metro di Torino arriva in piazza Bengasi |date=23 April 2021 |publisher=GTT SpA ([[Gruppo Torinese Trasporti]]) |language=it |trans-title=Turin Metro reaches Bengasi square |access-date=2021-04-25 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423123142/https://www.gtt.to.it/cms/avvisi-e-informazioni-di-servizio/torino-e-cintura/8907-la-metro-di-torino-arriva-in-piazza-bengasi |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Turin|23]]<ref name="Turin" /><ref name="Turin-2021" /> | {{cvt|15.1|km|mi}}<ref name="Turin-2021" /> | 39 (2024)<ref group="R">{{Cite web |title=Rapporto di sostenibilità 2024 |url=https://www.gtt.to.it/cms/risorse/fornitori/trasparenza/pdf/rapporto_di_sostenibilita_2024.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916032517/https://www.gtt.to.it/cms/risorse/fornitori/trasparenza/pdf/rapporto_di_sostenibilita_2024.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2025 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.gtt.to.it |publisher=Gruppo Torinese Trasporti S.p.A. |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | [[Préféktur Chiba|Chiba]] | rowspan="20" | {{flag|Jepang}} {{anchor|J}} | [[Jalur Kereta Gelis Tōyō]] | 1996 | – | style="text-align:left" | 9 | {{cvt|16.2|km|mi}} | 56.1 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R">{{cite journal |date= |title= |script-title=ja:令和7年度 地下鉄事業の現況 |trans-title=FY2025 Current status of subway business |url=https://www.jametro.or.jp/upload/data/txYrAazWqkWT.pdf |journal=Chikatetsu Jigyo No Genkyo |language=ja |publisher=一般社団法人 日本地下鉄協会 [Japan Subway Association] |issn=2188-0786 |access-date=2026-01-18}}</ref><ref group="R Nb" name="japan">Yéning saihang sareng sistem Éropa utawi Amérika Kalér, sistem [[transit gelis]] Jepang katahan nénten kasengguh pinaka métro utawi "subway" sané jangkep ring soring tanah sané ngawinang méweh napiké wantah nganggén statistik kereta sor tanah kota sané patut yéning saihang sareng Métro tiosan ring sajebag jagat. Pinaka imba [[Métro Tokyo]] miwah [[Biro Perhubungan Metropolitan Tokyo]] wantah 22% saking 14,6 miliar penumpang kereta api metropolitan ring Tokyo Raya ([http://www.mlit.go.jp/kisha/kisha07/01/010330_3/01.pdf MLIT Statistik Ngawarsa]). Tiosan ring punika, ritatkala wenten sane mapikayun indik jalur intrakota [[Kelompok Kereta Api Jepang|JR Timur]] miwah perusahaan kereta api swasta, [[Tokyo Raya]] (130 jalur) madue penumpang sedina-dina sane tegehan saking wewidangan metropolitan tiosan ring jagate antuk 14,6 miliar penumpang nyabran warsa. [[Kereta Bawah Tanah Kota Osaka]] taler wantah madue bagian minoritas saking makasami penumpang kereta api metropolitan ring Osaka Raya, sane ngawentuk wantah 17,6% saking 4,745 miliar penumpang kereta api Osaka Raya nyabran warsa ring warsa 2010. Ngranjing sistem kereta bawah tanah kota ring Kobe lan Kyoto, pikolihnyane kantun wantah kawangun antuk 22% saking makasami pamargin kereta api ring wewidangan Osaka Raya antuk 1065,8 yuta penumpang nyabran warsa ([http://www.mlit.go.jp/kisha/kisha07/01/010330_3/01.pdf MLIT Statistik Ngawarsa]). Antuk Nagoya Raya, [[Kereta Bawah Tanah Kota Nagoya]] wantah madué pahan minoritas saking makasami penumpang kereta api metropolitan ring Nagoya Raya sané wantah 38% saking 1,095 miliar penumpang kereta api Nagoya Raya nyabran warsa ring warsa 2010 ([http://www.mlit.go.jp/kisha/kisha07/01/010330_3/01.pdf MLIT Statistik Ngawarsa]). Antuk lis jangkep sistem kereta api kota ring Jepang antuk statistik penumpang, cingakin [[Lis sistem kréta kota ring Jepang]].</ref> |- | [[Fukuoka]] | [[Subway Kota Fukuoka]] | 1981<ref name="JSA-Fukuoka">{{cite web |url=http://www.jametro.or.jp/en/japan/fukuoka.html |title=Fukuoka Municipal Subway |date=17 June 2018 |publisher=一般社団法人 日本地下鉄協会 [Japan Subway Association] |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref> | 2023<ref name="Fukuoka Subway Official">{{cite web|url=https://subway.city.fukuoka.lg.jp/subway/about/ |script-title=ja:地下鉄の概要 |language=ja |trans-title=The summary of the subway |date=2023-03-27 |access-date=2023-03-27}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Subway Kota Fukuoka|36]]<ref name="Fukuoka Subway Official" /> | {{cvt|31.4|km|mi}}<ref name="Fukuoka Subway Official" /> | 191.3 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | [[Hiroshima]] | [[Jalur Astram]] | 1994<ref name="JSA-Overview">{{cite web |url=http://www.jametro.or.jp/en/japan/ |title=Subways in Japan |year=2017 |website=www.jametro.or.jp |publisher=一般社団法人 日本地下鉄協会 [Japan Subway Association] |access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref> | 2015<ref>{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Paul |date=16 March 2015 |title=Shin Hakushima Station Opening Day |url=http://gethiroshima.com/blog/shin-hakushima-station-opening-day/ |work=GetHiroshima |access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 22 | {{cvt|18.4|km|mi}}<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 24.0 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kobé]] | [[Subway Munisipal Kobé]] | 1977<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 2001 | style="text-align:left" | [[List stasiun Subway Munisipal Kobé|28]] | {{cvt|38.1|km|mi}}<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 112.3 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><!-- ref group="R">{{cite web |url=http://www.city.kobe.lg.jp/life/access/transport/foreign/english/data.html |title=Kobe City Transportation Bureau – Data |publisher=神戸市交通局 [Kobe City Transportation Bureau] |access-date=2017-10-02}}</ref --><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | [[Transit Anyar Kobé]] | 1977 | 2006 | style="text-align:left" |18 | {{cvt|15.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} | 36.5 (2023<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref>{{Cite web |title=国土数値情報 {{!}} 駅別乗降客数データ |url=https://nlftp.mlit.go.jp/ksj/gml/datalist/KsjTmplt-S12-2023.html |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=nlftp.mlit.go.jp}}</ref><ref name="japan" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Kyoto]] | [[Subway Munisipal Kyoto]] | 1981<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 2008 | style="text-align:left" | [[List of Kyoto Municipal Subway stations|31]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www2.city.kyoto.lg.jp/kotsu/webguide/en/tika/howtoride_tika.html |title=How to Take the Subway – 0. Taking the Kyoto City Subway |publisher=京都市 [City of Kyoto] |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref> | {{cvt|31.2|km|mi}}<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 146.8 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | [[Nagoya]] | [[Subway Nagoya]] | 1957<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 2011<ref name="Nagoya-FAQ" /> | style="text-align:left" | [[List stasiun Subway Nagoya|87]]<ref name="Nagoya-FAQ" /> | {{cvt|93.3|km|mi}}<ref name="Nagoya-FAQ">{{cite web |url=http://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/jp/pc/INQ/TRP0001507.htm |script-title=ja:よくあるご質問 › 地下鉄について |publisher=Transportation Bureau, City of Nagoya |language=ja |trans-title=FAQ › About the subway |access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref> | 461.0 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | [[Osaka]] | [[Métro Osaka]] | 1933<ref name="Osaka">{{cite web |url=http://www.kotsu.city.osaka.lg.jp/enjoy/web_museum/subway.html |publisher=大阪市営交通局 [Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau] |language=ja |script-title=ja:地下鉄の概要 |trans-title=Overview of the subway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111183858/http://www.kotsu.city.osaka.lg.jp/enjoy/web_museum/subway.html |archive-date=2014-01-11 |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref> | 2025<ref name="Osaka" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[List stasiun Métro Osaka|109]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jametro.or.jp/images/japan/osaka/situation_l.jpg |year=2016 |publisher=一般社団法人 日本地下鉄協会 [Japan Subway Association] |language=ja |script-title=ja:営業路線の現況 |trans-title=Current status of routes in commercial service |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref> | {{cvt|141|km|mi}}<ref name="Osaka" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kotsu.city.osaka.lg.jp/enjoy/web_museum/subway/business.html |script-title=ja:営業線の概要 |publisher=大阪市営交通局 [Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau] |language=ja |trans-title=Overview of operating lines |access-date=2014-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111193102/http://www.kotsu.city.osaka.lg.jp/enjoy/web_museum/subway/business.html |archive-date=11 January 2014}}</ref> | 935.0 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | rowspan="2" |[[Préféktur Saitama|Saitama]] | [[Shuttle Anyar]] | 1983 | 1990 | style="text-align:left" |13 | {{convert|12.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} | 37.1 (2023<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref>{{Cite web |last=埼玉県 |title=公共交通関係データ集 |url=https://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/a0109/public-traffic/data.html |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=埼玉県 |language=ja}}</ref> |- | [[Jalur Kréta Gelis Saitama]] | 2001 | – | style="text-align:left" | 8 | {{cvt|14.6|km|mi}} | 45.0 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | [[Sapporo]] | [[Subway Munisipal Sapporo]] | 1971<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 1999 | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Subway Munisipal Sapporo|46]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.global.hokudai.ac.jp/university-life/discover-campus-life/everyday-life/your-transportation-subway/ |title=Your Transportation / Subway |date=1 September 2017 |website=www.global.hokudai.ac.jp |publisher=Hokkaido University |access-date=2018-10-07 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727054821/https://www.global.hokudai.ac.jp/university-life/discover-campus-life/everyday-life/your-transportation-subway/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{cvt|48|km|mi}}<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 229.9 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><!-- ref group="R">{{cite web |url=http://www.city.sapporo.jp/st/study/jigyo-gaiyo/documents/h2801.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051545/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/st/study/jigyo-gaiyo/documents/h2801.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-10-05 |script-title=ja:H28 事業概要 |publisher=Sapporo City Transportation Bureau |language=ja |trans-title=FY2016 business summary |access-date=2017-07-17 |page=2 |format=pdf}}</ref --><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | [[Sendai]] | [[Subway Sendai]] | 1987<ref name="JSA-Sendai">{{cite web |url=http://www.jametro.or.jp/japan/sendai.html |year=2017 |publisher=一般社団法人 日本地下鉄協会 [Japan Subway Association] |language=ja |script-title=ja:仙台市地下鉄 |trans-title=Sendai Municipal Subway |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref> | 2015<ref>{{cite news |date=6 December 2015 |title=New subway line opens in disaster-hit Sendai |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/12/06/national/new-subway-line-opens-disaster-hit-sendai |url-status=dead |department=National |work=[[The Japan Times]] |agency=Jiji Press Ltd. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206120502/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/12/06/national/new-subway-line-opens-disaster-hit-sendai/ |archive-date=2015-12-06 |access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[List stasiun Subway Sendai|29]]<ref name="JSA-Sendai" /> | {{cvt|28.7|km|mi}}<ref name="JSA-Sendai" /> | 93.2 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | rowspan="5" |[[Tokyo]] | [[Kréta sor Toei|Subway Toei]] | 1960<ref name="Toei-Subway" /> | 2002<ref name="Toei-Subway" /> | style="ext-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Subway Toei|99]]{{refn|group="Nb"|{{As of|2018|October|post=,}} angkanyané inggih punika 106 yening 7 [[stasiun pasiluran]] (inggih punika set peron sane mabinayan) kaitung makudang-kudang kali, apisan antuk soang-soang baris, asapunika punika 99 yening kagabungan; Stasiun Higashi-nihombashi miwah stasiun Bakuro-yokoyama, ring dija transfer ''ring jaba sistem'' pantaraning [[Jalur Asakusa Toei|Jalur Asakusa]] lan [[Jalur Shinjuku Toei|Jalur Shinjuku]] punika prasida, napi malih kaitung dados kalih stasiun.<ref name="Toei-Subway"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jametro.or.jp/images/japan/tokyo/route_l.jpg |publisher=一般社団法人 日本地下鉄協会 [Japan Subway Association] |language=ja |script-title=ja:路線図 |trans-title=Network map |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kotsu.metro.tokyo.jp/eng/services/subway/stations/bakuro-yokoyama.html |title=Information on each station › Bakuro-yokoyama |publisher=東京都交通局 [Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation] |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref>}} | {{cvt|109|km|mi}}<ref name="Toei-Subway">{{cite web |url=https://www.kotsu.metro.tokyo.jp/about/service/subway.html |date=1 April 2017 |publisher=東京都交通局 [Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation] |language=ja |script-title=ja:都営地下鉄 |trans-title=Toei Subway |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref> | 963.9 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><!--ref name="2019客流" group="R">{{cite web |url =https://www.train-media.net/report/2010/joukou.pdf|title =関東交通広告協議会 各社・各駅・乗降人員・通貨人員・輸送人員（2019年度1日平均） |date = October 2020|publisher = 関東交通広告協議会}}</ref>< ref name=tm group="R">{{cite web |url=http://www.kotsu.metro.tokyo.jp/information/keiei/settlement.html |script-title=ja:経営の状況 ｜ 東京都交通局 |website=Kotsu.metro.tokyo.jp |access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref --><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | [[Jalur Nippori-Toneri]] | 2008 | – | style="text-align:left" |13 | {{cvt|9.7|km|mi}} | 32.9 (2023<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref>{{Cite web |title=各駅乗降人員一覧 |trans-title=List of passenger numbers at each station |url=https://www.kotsu.metro.tokyo.jp/nippori_toneri/kanren/passengers.html |access-date=2026-01-18 |publisher=[[Tokyo Metropolitan Government]] Bureau of Transportation |language=ja}} Annual ridership figure is calculated from the {{val|90,024}} passenger daily average quoted.</ref> |- | [[Yurikamome]] | 1995 | 2006 | style="text-align:left" |16 | {{cvt|14.7|km|mi}} | 45.6 (2023<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref>{{Cite web |title=会社概要｜会社案内｜株式会社ゆりかもめ |url=https://www.yurikamome.co.jp/company/about.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.yurikamome.co.jp}}</ref> |- | [[Métro Tokyo]] | 1927<ref name="90th-2017">{{cite news |last=Hornyak |first=Tim |date=16 December 2017 |title=Heart of gold: The Ginza Line celebrates its 90th birthday |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/16/national/history/heart-gold-ginza-line-celebrates-90th-birthday/ |work=[[Japan Times]] |access-date=2018-10-07}}</ref> | 2020<ref>{{cite web|date=5 December 2018|script-title=ja:日比谷線新駅の名称を「虎ノ門ヒルズ駅」に決定しました！|trans-title=The name for the Hibiya Line new station has been finalised to be "Toranomon Hills Station"!|url=https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/images_h/metroNews20181205_120.pdf|website=Tokyo Metro}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Tokyo|142]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tokyometro.jp/lang_en/corporate/enterprise/transportation/ranking/index.html |title=Traffic Performance by Station |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=Tokyo Metro Co., Ltd. |access-date=2018-10-07}}</ref> | {{cvt|195.1|km|mi}}<ref name="TokyoMetro">{{cite web |url=https://www.tokyometro.jp/lang_en/corporate/enterprise/transportation/conditions/index.html |title=Business Situation |date=31 March 2015 |publisher=Tokyo Metro Co., Ltd. |access-date=2014-06-07}}</ref> | 2,496.8 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | [[Jalur Rinkai]] | 1996<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 2002 | style="text-align:left" | 8 | {{cvt|12.2|km|mi}}<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 82.3 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=5 June 2025 |title=令和6年度決算の概要 |script-title= |trans-title=Summary of FY2024 financial results |url=https://www.twr.co.jp/Portals/0/resources/enterprise/R06/gaiyou_r06_final_outline.pdf |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=www.twr.co.jp |publisher=Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit .Inc |page=1 |language=ja}} Annual ridership figure is calculated from the {{val|225,431}} passenger daily average quoted.</ref><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | rowspan="3" |[[Yokohama]] | [[Subway Munisipal Yokohama]] | 1972<ref name="JSA-Yokohama">{{cite web |url=http://www.jametro.or.jp/en/japan/yokohama.html |title=Yokohama Municipal Subway |publisher=一般社団法人 日本地下鉄協会 [Japan Subway Association] |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref> | 2008<ref name="JSA-Yokohama" /> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Subway Munisipal Yokohama|40]]<ref name="JSA-Yokohama" /> | {{cvt|53.4|km|mi}}<ref name="JSA-Yokohama" /> | 228.2 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | [[Jalur Minatomirai 21]] | 2004<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 2008 | style="text-align:left" | 6 | {{cvt|4.1|km|mi}}<ref name="JSA-Overview" /> | 78.7 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref name="JSA" group="R" /><ref group="R Nb" name="japan" /> |- | [[Jalur Sisi Segara Kanazawa]] | 1989 | – | 14 | {{convert|10.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} | 20.8 (2024<ref name="FYnotCal" group="Nb" />)<ref>{{Cite web |title=横浜市統計書 第９章 道路、運輸及び通信 |url=https://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/city-info/yokohamashi/tokei-chosa/portal/tokeisho/09.html |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=www.city.yokohama.lg.jp |language=ja}}</ref> |- | [[Almaty]] | {{flag|Kazakhstan}} {{anchor|K}} | [[Métro Almaty]] | 2011<ref name="Almaty" /> | 2022<ref name="Almaty" /> | style="text-align:left" | 11 | {{cvt|13.4|km|mi}}<ref name="Almaty">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/metros/almaty-metro-extension-opens/61742.article |title=Almaty metro extension opens |magazine=Railway Gazette |date=31 May 2022 |access-date=2022-06-01}}</ref> | 27.1 (2024)<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> |- | [[Pyongyang]] | {{flag|Koréa Kalér}} | [[Métro Pyongyang]] | 1973 | 1987<ref group="Nb">Yŏnggwang and Puhŭng opened in 1987.</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 17 | {{cvt|22.5|km|mi}} | 36 (2009)<ref group="R">{{cite web|author=Michael Rohde |url=http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Pyongyang |title=Pyongyang – metrobits.org |website=Mic-ro.com |access-date=2010-10-14}}</ref> |- | [[Busan]] | rowspan="8" | {{flag|Koréa Kelod}} | [[Métro Busan]] | 1985 | 2017<ref group="Nb">[[Jalur Métro Busan 1|Jalur 1]]</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Busan|125]]<ref name="BGL" group="Nb">Rumasuk [[Kréta Transit Ingan Busan–Gimhae]]</ref> | {{cvt|139.1|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.humetro.busan.kr/homepage/history/page/subLocation.do?menu_no=10020105 | title=도시철도 통계/현황 > 부산도시철도 > 부산교통공사 사이버역사관 }}</ref><ref name="BGL" group="Nb" /> | 246.3 (2020)<ref name="humetro.busan.kr" group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www2.humetro.busan.kr/homepage/history/page/subLocation.do?menu_no=10020105 |script-title=ko:도시철도 통계/현황 |website=www2.humetro.busan.kr |language=ko |trans-title=Urban railway statistics/status |access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref> |- | [[Daegu]] | [[Métro Daegu]] | 1997 | 2015<ref group="Nb">[[Jalur 3 Métro Daegu]] kabungkah ring 2015.</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Daegu|91]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 17, 2025 |title=Operation index |url=https://www.dtro.or.kr/eng/index.do?menu_id=00000871&servletPath=%2Feng |website=Daegu Transportation Corporation |access-date=April 28, 2026 |archive-date=December 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219040209/https://www.dtro.or.kr/eng/index.do?menu_id=00000871&servletPath=/eng |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{cvt|82.9|km|mi}}<ref name="Daegu">{{cite web |url=http://www.dtro.or.kr/open_content/en/overview/company_information/operation_system/ |title=Overview > Company Information > Operation System |publisher=Daegu Metropolitan Transit Corporation |access-date=2015-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129105441/http://www.dtro.or.kr/open_content/en/overview/company_information/operation_system/ |archive-date=29 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 168 (2019)<ref name="index.go.kr" group="R">{{cite web |url=http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1259 |script-title=ko:연도별 도시철도 수송실적 |website=www.index.go.kr |language=ko |trans-title=Urban railway yearly transportation performance |date= 1 September 2020 |access-date=2020-09-01}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Angka akéh penumpang puniki ngalingkubin akéh penumpang [[Kréta Transit Ingan Busan–Gimhae]] ring totalnyané.</ref> |- | [[Daejeon]] | [[Métro Daejeon]] | 2006 | 2007<ref group="Nb">Phase kakalih jalur 1</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 22 | {{cvt|22.6|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity_city-Daejeon.html|title=Daejeon - metrobits.org|first=Michael|last=Rohde|website=mic-ro.com}}</ref> | 40 (2019)<ref name="index.go.kr" group="R" /> |- | [[Gimpo]] | [[Jalur Mas Gimpo]] | 2019<ref>{{Cite news |last=Briginshaw |first=David |date=30 September 2019 |title=Seoul Gimpo Gold Line automated light metro opens |url=https://www.railjournal.com/regions/asia/seoul-gimpo-gold-line-automated-light-metro-opens/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=[[International Rail Journal]]}}</ref> | – | style="text-align:left" |10 | {{cvt|23.67|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2017 |title=김포도시철도 전구간 (23.67Km)시운전 '이상무 |url=http://www.gimpodaily.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=14482 |access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref> | n/a |- | [[Gwangju]] | [[Métro Gwangju]] | 2004 | 2008<ref group="Nb">Line 1 fully opened</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 20 | {{cvt|20.1|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity_city-Gwangju.html|title=Gwangju - metrobits.org|first=Michael|last=Rohde|website=mic-ro.com}}</ref> | 19 (2019)<ref name="index.go.kr" group="R" /> |- | [[Incheon]] | [[Subway Incheon]] | 1999 | 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Incheon Subway Line 1 Geomdan Extension Opens |url=https://news.ifm.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=446067 |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 68 | {{cvt|80.5|km|mi}} | 199 (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.data.go.kr/data/15051190/fileData.do | title=인천교통공사_도시철도 연도별 수송인원 현황_20221231 &#124; 공공데이터포털 }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[Seoul]] | [[Subway Métropolitan Seoul]]<ref name="Seoul-Metro" group="Nb">Jalur Subway Seoul 1-9 lan [[Transit Gelis Ingan Seoul]] sujatinnyane kaoperasiang olih makudang-kudang operator sane matiosan – [[Métro Seoul]] lan [[Perusahaan Metro Seoul Jalur 9|Perusahaan Metro Seoul Jalur 9 (SLM9)]], kawewehin ayahan operasi saking [[Korail]] – nanging santukan makasami jalur punika kadruenang olih Pemerintah Kota Seoul, iriki ring tabel ipun kaitung sareng-sareng dados siki sistem.</ref><ref group="Nb" name="Seoul">Sistem Subway Métropolitan Seoul taler prasida kacingakin pinaka jaringan metro sané jangkep sané kawangun antuk makudangkudang sistem metro sané kadruwénang/kaoperasiang. Yéning kacingakin kadi asapunika, lantang rute gabungan saking jaringan standar metro komprehensif Seoul pacang dados {{cvt|564,2|km|mi}}, antuk 656 stasiun saking 24 jalur.</ref> | 1974<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.seoul.go.kr/citybuild/archives/201092 |script-title=ko:지하철건설현황 |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government |language=ko |trans-title=Status of Subway Construction |date=7 March 2012 |access-date=2021-04-03}}</ref> | 2022<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=24 May 2022 |script-title=ko:신림선 28일 개통…서울대~여의도 16분 만에 간다 |trans-title=Sillim Line to Open in the 28th... Seoul University to Yeouido in 16 Minutes |url=https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2004658 |work=Seoul In My Hands |language=Korean |agency=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government|Seoul Special City Government]] |access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[List of Seoul Subway stations|338]]<ref name="Seoul-Subway-metric">{{cite web| url = https://news.seoul.go.kr/traffic/archives/1551| title = 서울지하철 현황 및 이용안내|author = Transit Planning – Urban Rail Department| date = 2023-10-27| website = news.seoul.go.kr| publisher = Seoul Metropolitan Government| access-date = 2024-01-15}}</ref> | {{cvt|358.46|km|mi}}<ref name="Seoul-Subway-metric" /><ref group="Nb" name="Seoul"/> | 2,403 (2022)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=http://data.seoul.go.kr/dataList/datasetView.do?serviceKind=2&infId=273&srvType=S&stcSrl=273 |title=Seoul Metropolitan Subway Transportation Statistics |date=14 July 2020 |publisher=City of Seoul |language=ko |access-date=2020-09-01}} (You can select English from the language dropdown that reads "{{lang|ko-Hang|한국어}}")</ref><ref name="seoul" group="R Nb">Angka puniki wantah ngitung gerbang-passer, dadosnyane wantah ngranjing penumpang Seoul Metro lan Seoul Subway Line 9. Jalur tiosan sané maguna pinaka sistem sané mapasahan ring jaringan Seoul sané agengan [[kereta api kota]] nénten kasarengin.</ref><ref group="R Nb" name="unlinked">Panumpang kadasarin antuk pamargin panumpang sané nénten mapaiketan (inggih punika transfer pantaraning kalih jalur kaitung pinaka kalih pamargi, transfer pantaraning tigang jalur kaitung pinaka tigang pamargi, miwah sané tiosan).</ref> |- | [[Jalur Shinbundang]]<ref name="Seoul" group="Nb" /> ([[Neo Trans]]) | 2011 | 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=신분당선 연장 '황금노선' 강남~신사, 28일 개통 |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Economy/article/all/20220519/113483629/1 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.donga.com |language=ko}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 16 | {{cvt|33.4|km|mi}}<ref name="Shinbundang">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Shinbundang Line Extension open for passenger service |url=https://www.railprofessional.com/news/shinbundang-line-extension-open-for-passenger-service |magazine=Rail Professional Asia Pacific |publisher=Rail Professional Ltd |date=2 February 2016 |access-date=2017-11-26 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404043752/https://www.railprofessional.com/news/shinbundang-line-extension-open-for-passenger-service |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 122.5 (2019)<ref group="R" name="Seoul-stats">{{cite report |date=31 August 2020 |title=2019 Statistical Yearbook of Railroad |url=http://info.korail.com/common/downLoad.mbs?fileSeq=14964652&boardId=9863289 |publisher=Korea Railroad corp. (KORAIL) |format=PDF |language=ko |edition=57 |volume=II 지역간철도 [Urban railway] |pages=534–535 |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030134122/http://info.korail.com/common/downLoad.mbs?fileSeq=14964652&boardId=9863289 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Angka akéh penumpang puniki pinaka "petékan" saking total pamargi ngawarsa. ({{lang|ko-Hang|수송인원}}, kaberangkatan lan transfer penumpang) ring kalih pahan (Pha ase 1 lan Phase 2) jalur, saking referensi sané nyarengin.</ref> |- | [[Berlin]] | rowspan="4" | {{flag|Jerman}} {{anchor|J}} | [[U-Bahn Berlin]] | 1902<ref name="Oldest" /><ref name="BVG">{{cite web |url=https://www.bvg.de/en/Company/Profile/Architecture |title=Architecture |website=www.bvg.de |publisher=Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) |access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref> | 2021<ref name="Museumsinsel">{{cite news |date=14 July 2021 |url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/bvg-berlin-inaugurate-new-museumsinsel-metro-station/ |title=BVG Berlin inaugurate new Museumsinsel metro station |work=Urban Transport Magazine |publisher=Transport & Verkehr Media UG |access-date=2021-12-29}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun U-Bahn Berlin|175]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Marcus |first=Imanuel |date=11 November 2020 |title=Berlin: Goodbye to an 'U-Bahn' Train Station and Hello to Three New Ones |url=https://berlinspectator.com/2020/08/24/berlin-goodbye-to-an-u-bahn-train-station-and-hello-to-three-new-ones/ |work=The Berlin Spectator |access-date=2020-12-08 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124025434/https://berlinspectator.com/2020/08/24/berlin-goodbye-to-an-u-bahn-train-station-and-hello-to-three-new-ones/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Museumsinsel" /> | {{cvt|155.6|km|mi}}<ref name="Berlin-U-Bahn">Kawéntenan ukuran sistem sané kapolihang daweg ungkur warsa 2009, cingak {{cite book |last=Schwandl |first=Robert |date=2 July 2014 |title=U-Bahn, S-Bahn & Tram in Berlin |edition=2nd |page=8 |publisher=Schwandl |isbn=978-3-936573-43-5}} <p>Kawéntenan pahan sané kabungkah sesampun ungkur warsa 2009, lihat {{cite magazine |first=Keith |last=Fender |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/berlin-u5-extension-opens/ |title=Berlin U5 extension opens |magazine=International Railway Journal |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. |date=4 December 2020 |access-date=2020-12-08 |url-access=registration}}</p></ref> | 554.3 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=April 2025 |title=BVG Zahlen 2024 |url=https://www.bvg.de/dam/jcr:27ceb5b8-a738-400e-b288-0044d523d050/2025-05-05-bvg-in-zahlen-2024.pdf |trans-title=BVG figures 2024 |format=pdf |publisher=Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) |page=1 |language=de |access-date=2025-12-09}}</ref> |- | [[Hamburg]] | [[U-Bahn Hamburg]] | 1912<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hochbahn.de/wps/portal/de/home/hochbahn/unternehmen/historie/?WCM_PORTLET=PC_7_QI5C5I930GON002FVCDEUT00A7000000_WCM&WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/de/home/hochbahn/unternehmen/historie/ |title=Historie der Hochbahn |publisher=Hamburger Hochbahn AG |language=de |trans-title=History of the U-Bahn |year=2013 |access-date=2013-09-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153320/http://www.hochbahn.de/wps/portal/de/home/hochbahn/unternehmen/historie/?WCM_PORTLET=PC_7_QI5C5I930GON002FVCDEUT00A7000000_WCM&WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fhochbahn%2Funternehmen%2Fhistorie%2F |archive-date=2013-10-21}}</ref> | 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://crowdoutside.com/portfolio-item/platform-roofing-hamburg-oldenfelde/ |title=Platform roofing Hamburg-Oldenfelde |date=15 December 2019 |website=crowdoutside.com |publisher=Creators of the Outside World (CROWD) |access-date=2021-02-18 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227192144/https://crowdoutside.com/portfolio-item/platform-roofing-hamburg-oldenfelde/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun U-Bahn Hamburg|93]]<ref name="Hamburg-UB-data" /> | {{cvt|106|km|mi}}<ref name="Hamburg-UB-data">{{cite web |url=https://www.hochbahn.de/hochbahn/hamburg/de/Home/Unternehmen/Unser_Job_fuer_Hamburg/Zahlen-%20Daten-%20Fakten |title=Die Hochbahn auf einen Blick |date=1 May 2020 |publisher=Hamburger Hochbahn AG |language=de |trans-title=The Hochbahn at glance |access-date=2021-02-17 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603031822/https://www.hochbahn.de/hochbahn/hamburg/de/Home/Unternehmen/Unser_Job_fuer_Hamburg/Zahlen-%20Daten-%20Fakten |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 259.4 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite report |date=10 April 2025 |title=Group Management Report 2024 |url=https://www.hochbahn.de/resource/blob/107306/44774c8aec49a343d4f6cd1749f4be56/ub2024-group-management-report-2024-data.pdf?utm |format=pdf |publisher=Hamburger Hochbahn AG |page=7 |access-date=2026-01-30 }}</ref> |- | [[München]] | [[U-Bahn München]] | 1971<ref name="Munich" /> | 2010<ref group="Nb">The U3 extension from Olympia-Einkaufszentrum (OEZ) to Moosach.</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun U-Bahn München|96]]<ref name="Munich" /> | {{cvt|95|km|mi}}<ref name="Munich">{{cite web |url=http://www.mvg-mobil.de/ueberuns/images/mvg_in_figures_s.pdf |title=MVG in figures |date=June 2013 |publisher=Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft mbH (MVG) Marketing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215908/http://www.mvg-mobil.de/ueberuns/images/mvg_in_figures_s.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04 |access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> | 452 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=OEPNV wieder auf Rekordkurs |url=https://www.zukunftnahverkehr.de/magazin/oepnv-wieder-auf-rekordkurs-13276846/ |trans-title=Public transport back on record course |website=Zukunft Nahverkehr |publisher=DB Regio AG |access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref> |- | [[Nürnberg]] | [[U-Bahn Nuremberg]] | 1972 | 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/a-new-extension-for-nurembergs-metro-u3/ |title=A new extension for Nuremberg's metro U3 |last=Bernhardt |first=Jens |date=15 October 2020 |website=Urban Transport Magazine |publisher=Transport & Verkehr Media UG |access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref><ref name="Nuremberg">{{cite magazine |last1=Lankes |first1=Matthias |last2=Seitzinger |first2=Elisabeth |date=15 October 2020 |title=Großreuth bei Schweinau |url=https://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/u_bahnbau/dokumente/heft19.pdf |magazine=U-Bahn Nürnberg Heft |trans-magazine=Nuremberg U-Bahn booklet |publisher=Stadt Nürnberg / Planungs- und Baureferat [City of Nuremberg / Planning and Construction Department] |issue=19 |access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun U-Bahn Nuremberg|49]]<ref name="Nuremberg" /> | {{cvt|38.4|km|mi}}<ref name="Nuremberg" /> | 114.4 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite press release |date=16 January 2026 |title=VAG setzt Rekordserie fort: Mehr Fahrgäste, mehr Abos und Bewerbungen |url=https://www.vag.de/presse/aktuelle/vag-setzt-rekordserie-fort-mehr-fahrgaeste-mehr-abos-und-bewerbungen |trans-title=VAG continues record series: more passengers, more subscriptions and applications |language=de |publisher=VAG Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft |access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[Montréal]] | rowspan="4" |{{flag|Kanada}}{{anchor|K}} | [[Métro Montreal]] | 1966<ref name="Montreal-dates">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gilbert |first=Dale |editor-last=Graves |editor-first=Bronwyn |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |title=Montréal Metro |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/montreal-metro |access-date=2019-12-23 |date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[Historica Canada]]}}</ref> | 2007<ref name="Montreal-dates" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Metro Montreal|68]]<ref name="Montreal-stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.stm.info/en/about/major_projects/mobile-network |title=Mobile network |website=www.stm.info |publisher=Société de transport de Montréal (STM) |access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref> | {{cvt|69.2|km|mi}}<ref name="Montreal-stats" /> | 330.8 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb">Makasami [[Asosiasi Transportasi Umum Amérika]] angka mawit saking pamargin penumpang transit sané nénten mapaiketan (inggih punika transfer pantaraning kalih jalur kaitung pinaka kalih pamargin penumpang, transfer kalih kalih kaitung pinaka tiga pamargi, miwah sané tiosan).</ref> |- | [[Réseau express métropolitain]] | 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/rem-first-rides-inauguration-brossard-montreal-gare-centrale-1.6920333|title=Riders set to test out new REM service, mark new era in Montreal public transit|last=Nerestant|first=Antoni|work=[[CBC News]]|date=28 July 2023|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=REM's Deux-Montagnes branch finally opens, rides will be free all weekend |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/rem-s-deux-montagnes-branch-finally-opens-9.6978931 |website=CBC |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |19 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://rem.info/en/travelling/stations |title=Network stations }}</ref> | {{cvt|50|km|mi}} | n/a |- | [[Toronto]] | [[Subway Toronto]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/Subway/index.jsp |title=TTC – Subway |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |year=2016 |access-date=2016-09-02 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827201808/https://ttc.ca/Subway/index.jsp |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="Nb">Statistik puniki nénten ngranjing [[Jalur 5 Eglinton]] miwah [[Jalur 6 Finch West]] santukan ipun wantah jalur [[rel ingan]].</ref> | 1954<ref name="TTC-stats-Two">{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2017/section_two.jsp |title=2017 – Operating Statistics |year=2018 |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) |at=Section Two › Official Opening Date |access-date=2018-09-16 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128021706/http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2017/section_two.jsp |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2017 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Subway Toronto|70]]<ref name="TTC-stats-One">{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2017/section_one.jsp |title=2017 – Operating Statistics |year=2018 |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) |at=Section One › System Quick Facts |access-date=2018-09-16 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128101919/http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2017/section_one.jsp |url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{cvt|70.5|km|mi}}<ref name="TTC-stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2017/section_one.jsp|title=2017 – TTC Operating Statistics: Section One|year=2017|access-date=2019-04-27|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128101919/http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2017/section_one.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 331.8 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Vancouver]] | [[SkyTrain|SkyTrain]] | 1985<ref name="SkyTrain-open">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=14 January 2011 |title=Happy 25th, SkyTrain! |url=http://www.translink.ca/~/media/Documents/rider_guide/Buzzer%20Vault/2010s/2011/Buzzer_2011_01_14.ashx |format=PDF |magazine=The Buzzer |publisher=TransLink |page=2 |access-date=2018-09-16 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731170057/https://www.translink.ca/~/media/Documents/rider_guide/Buzzer%20Vault/2010s/2011/Buzzer_2011_01_14.ashx |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2024{{refn|group="Nb"|Nyihnayang pamungkah [[Stasiun Capstan]], [[stasiun pengisian]] saking [[Jalur Kanada]], sané kabungkah ring tanggal 20 Désémber 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.translink.ca/plans-and-projects/projects/rapid-transit-projects/capstan-station |title= Capstan Station |website=TransLink.ca |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>}} | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun SkyTrain Vancouver|54]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.translink.ca/schedules-and-maps/skytrain|title=SkyTrain Schedules|website=TransLink.ca|access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> | {{cvt|79.6|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=16 December 2016 |title=TransLink opens Evergreen Extension |url=http://newsmanager.commpartners.com/aptapt/issues/2016-12-16/index.html |magazine=Passenger Transport |publisher=American Public Transportation Association |issn=0364-345X |access-date=2020-03-11 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030134120/http://newsmanager.commpartners.com/aptapt/issues/2016-12-16/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 149.1 (2024)<ref name="APTA Q4 2024" group="R"/><ref name="APTA" group="R Nb" /> |- | [[Medellín]] | {{flag|Kolombia}} | [[Métro Medellín]] | 1995<ref name="Medellín1" /> | 2012<ref group="Nb">Extension of Line A from Itagüí south to La Estrella.</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 27<ref name="Medellín1" /> | {{cvt|31.3|km|mi}}<ref name="Medellín1">{{cite web |url=https://www.metrodemedellin.gov.co/Portals/1/Images/viaje-con-nosotros/Datos-sistema-Metro-1980x1683-10032017.jpg?ver=2017-03-10-155514-337 |title=Datos del sistema |publisher=Metro de Medellín |language=es |trans-title=System data |format=jpg |access-date=2017-12-20}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> | 202.5 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=13 February 2026 |title=Anexos Encuesta de Transporte Urbano de Pasajeros (ETUP) – IV trimestre de 2025 |trans-title=Urban Passenger Transportation Survey (ETUP) annex - IV quarter 2025 |url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/operaciones/ETUP/anex-ETUP-IVtrim2025.xlsx |access-date=14 February 2026 |publisher=[[Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística]] (DANE) |page=13 |language=es |format=XLSX}}</ref> |- | [[Kuala Lumpur]]<!--- System is mainly based in Kuala Lumpur, Please do not change to Klang Valley ---> | {{flag|Malaysia}}{{anchor|M}} | [[Rapid KL]]<ref group="Nb" name="KL">Statistik sané kasobyahang wantah ngranjing jalur transit gelis: [[Jalur Ampang|Jalur Ampang, Jalur Sri Petaling]], sane sampun lintang. [[Jalur Kelana Jaya]], sane sampun lintang. [[Jalur Kajang]], [[Jalur Putrajaya]] miwah [[Monorel KL]]. Jalur [[KLIA Ekspres]] miwah [[Transit KLIA]] nénten ngranjing.</ref> | 1996 | 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/06/16/new-putrajaya-line-source-of-enthusiasm-optimism-for-commuters|title=New Putrajaya Line source of enthusiasm, optimism for commuters|date=16 June 2022|access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun transit ring wawidangan Lebah Klang|138]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Angka punika inggih punika 138 yéning stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan) kaitung dados siki, utawi 149 yéning stasiun kaitung kaping kuda ring soang-soang jalur.}} | {{cvt|204.8|km|mi}} | 330.2 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite web |year= |title=Prasarana's Ridership |url=https://myrapid.com.my/bus-train/ridership-archive/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201190013/https://myrapid.com.my/rapid-rail-performance/ |archive-date=2024-02-01 |access-date=2024-02-02 |publisher=Prasarana Malaysia Berhad |language=en}} ''Angka ridership puniki inggih punika akéh sané kaanggitang antuk jalur transit gelist''</ref> |- | [[Kairo]] | {{flag|Mesir}} | [[Métro Kairo]] | 1987<ref name=metrobits>{{cite web|title=Cairo|url=http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Cairo|date=28 August 2020|website=metrobits.org|access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="count" group="Nb">Meték [[stasiun transit]] wantah apisan.</ref> | 2024<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=6 October 2022 |title=Alstom puts into service four stations on Cairo Metro Line 3 – Phase 3A |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2022/10/alstom-puts-service-four-stations-cairo-metro-line-3-phase-3a |language=fr |access-date=2022-10-07}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Cairo|84]]<ref name=metrobits/><ref name="count" group="Nb"/> | {{cvt|106.8|km|mi}}<ref name="line1">{{cite web |title=National Authority for Tunnels |url=http://www.nat.gov.eg/LocationActivity.aspx?id=79 |website=www.nat.gov.eg |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="ركاب">{{Cite web|url=https://www.snabusiness.com/article/1306650-30-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127112513/https://www.skynewsarabia.com/business/1306650-30-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82|url-status=dead|title=بعد 30 عاما.. مصر تعلن رسميا "أرقام مترو الأنفاق"|archivedate=27 November 2020|website=سكاي نيوز عربية|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="ركاب2">{{Cite web|url=https://m.akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/3703229/1/15-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84-17-%D9%83%D9%85..-%D9%86%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88--%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9---%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405160937/https://m.akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/3703229/1/15-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84-17-%D9%83%D9%85..-%D9%86%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88--%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9---%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-|url-status=dead|title=15 طة بطول 17 كم.. ننشر مستجدات مترو "العتبة – إمبابة" &#124; بوابة أخبار اليوم الإلكترونية|archivedate=5 April 2022|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> | 1460.0 (2023)<ref name="ridership2023">{{cite web |title=yemeress |url=https://www.yemeress.com/october14/3020862 |website=yemeress |access-date=10 March 2025 |language=ar |archive-date=12 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312133744/https://www.yemeress.com/october14/3020862 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Guadalajara]] | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Méksiko}} | [[SITEUR]]<ref group="Nb">Jalur 1 saking sistem SITEUR madué makudang-kudang pamargi sané nglintangin (antuk prioritas) punika mawinan prasida kasengguh "[[rel ingan]]" gumanti "[[transit gelis|métro]]".</ref> | 1994<ref group="Nb">Jalur 1 kabungkah warsa 1989.</ref> | 2020 | style="text-align:left" |28{{Refn|Jalur 1 nénten kapeték santukan madué makudang pasimpangan rél kréta api.|group=Nb}} | {{cvt|46.5|km|mi}} | 168.6 (2024)<ref name="INEGI" group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/transporteurb/#informacion_general |title=Instituto de Insituto Nacional de Informacion Estadistica y Geografica > Usuarios en el Sistema de Transporte Urbano de Pasajeros de Guadalajara > Enero a diciembre de 2021 |date=16 February 2022 |publisher=Instituto de Información, Estadística y Geografía de Jalisco (IIEG) |language=es |access-date=2022-11-28}}<p>''The ridership figure includes system-wide ridership.''</p></ref> |- | [[Kota Méksiko]] | [[Métro Kota Méksiko]] | 1969<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.df.gob.mx/organismo/cronologia.html |title=Inauguraciones y Ampliaciones en Orden Cronológico Hasta 2000 |publisher=Metro de la Ciudad de Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Inaugurations and Extensions in Chronological Order Until 2000 |access-date=2013-10-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014102548/http://www.metro.df.gob.mx/organismo/cronologia.html |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> | 2012<ref group="Nb">Jalur 12 kabungkah 2012.</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Kota Méksiko|163]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Angka punika inggih punika 163 yéning stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan) kaitung dados siki, utawi 195 yéning stasiun kapeték ping kalih ring soang-soang jalur.<ref name="MC-data"/>}} | {{cvt|200.9|km|mi}}<ref name="MC-data">{{cite web|url=https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/longitud-lineas|title=Longitud de las Líneas (KM.)|publisher=Metro de la Ciudad de Mexico|language=es|trans-title=Length of the Lines (km)|access-date=2019-03-22|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322224344/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/longitud-lineas|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="Nb">Note that: *"Operación": route length in active revenue and non-revenue service *"Servicio": route length in active revenue service *"Vuelta": track length in active revenue service *"Total": samian lantang trek ring pendapatan aktif, pamiaraan lan layanan non-pendapatan Nilai lantang sistem sane mawit saking "RED Servicio" utawi lantang rute resik ring ayahan pendapatan aktif.</ref> | 1,172 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |title=metro cdmx son cifras sobre pasajeros operaciones |url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/amp/politica/metro-cdmx-son-cifras-sobre-pasajeros-operaciones-20250203-744676.html?utm_ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=El Economista |language=es}}</ref> |- | [[Monterrey]] | [[Metrorrey]] | 1991<ref name="Metrorrey-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.nl.gob.mx/?P=metrorrey_principal |title=Sistema de Transporte Colectivo › Metrorrey › Historia |publisher=Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León, México |language=es-MX |trans-title=Collective Transit System › Metrorrey › History |access-date=2014-06-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709102443/http://nl.gob.mx/?P=metrorrey_principal |archive-date=2014-07-09}}</ref> | 2021<ref>{{cite news |last=Alanís |first=Ricardo |date=27 February 2021 |title=Inauguran línea 3 del metro en Nuevo León |trans-title=Metro line 3 inaugurated in Nuevo León |url=https://www.milenio.com/politica/inauguran-linea-3-del-metro-en-nuevo-leon |work=[[Milenio]] |language=es-MX |publisher=Grupo Multimedios |access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;" |[[Lis stasiun Metrorrey|38]]<ref name="Monterrey-stats" /><!-- ref name="Metrorrey-map">{{cite web |title=Red Metro |trans-title=Metro Network (map) |publisher=Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metrorrey |language=es |url=http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/mapalineas_base/redmetro.jpg |format=jpg |access-date=2013-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625155457/http://www.nl.gob.mx/pics/pages/mapalineas_base/redmetro.jpg |archive-date=25 June 2007}}</ref --> | {{cvt|40.2|km|mi}}<ref name="Monterrey-stats">{{cite web |url=https://www.cmic.org.mx/cmic/eventos/infraestructuraferroviaria/ponencias/Dia3/1-AQUILES_GARZA_LUNA.pdf |title=Proyecto Metro Línea 3, Monterrey – Presentación general |date=December 2016 |publisher=[[Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes]] |pages=5–6 |language=es-MX |trans-title=Metro Line 3 Project, Monterrey – General presentation |access-date=2021-03-02 |archive-date=2021-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625170524/https://www.cmic.org.mx/cmic/eventos/infraestructuraferroviaria/ponencias/Dia3/1-AQUILES_GARZA_LUNA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 134.9 (2023)<ref name="INEGI" group="R"/> |- | [[Lagos]] | {{Flag|Nigeria}}{{anchor|N}} | [[MRT Lagos]]<ref group="Nb">Wantah Jalur Pelung. Jalur Barak inggih punika rute penumpang rél baat.</ref> | 2023 | 2024<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lagos braces for gridlock as President Tinubu launches Red Line rail|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/lagos-braces-for-gridlock-as-president-tinubu-launches-red-line-launch/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-02-29 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|date=29 February 2024 }}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |13<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail passenger services begin on the new suburban Red Line in Lagos |url=https://www.railway.supply/en/rail-passenger-services-begin-on-the-new-suburban-red-line-in-lagos/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=RailwaySupply |date=24 October 2024 |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201075426/https://www.railway.supply/en/rail-passenger-services-begin-on-the-new-suburban-red-line-in-lagos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{cvt|13|km|mi}} | n/a |- | [[Oslo]] | {{flag|Norwégia|size=23px}} | [[Métro Oslo]]<ref group="Nb" name="Tramlike">Sistem puniki madué pateh sareng sistem [[rél ingan]], santukan wénten makudang-kudang margi sané nglintangin tingkat margi, sakéwanten kadaftar santukan ipun sampun akéh mapasahan saking margi.</ref> | 1966<ref group="Nb">Pahan ring sor tanah kapertama kabungkah ring warsa 1928, sakéwanten punika wantah jalur trem. Asiki garis pamukaan mawit saking warsa 1898. Sistem kabungkah pinaka Métro jangkep ring warsa 1966.</ref> | 2016<ref group="Nb">Pabungkahan stasiun [[Løren (stasiun)|Løren]] ring 2016.</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Oslo|101]] | {{cvt|85|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ruter.no/globalassets/dokumenter/aarsrapporter/ruter-arsrapport-20161.pdf |title=Årsrapport 2016 |year=2016 |publisher=Ruter As. |page=23 |language=no |trans-title=Annual Report 2016 |access-date=2017-12-14 |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124757/https://ruter.no/globalassets/dokumenter/aarsrapporter/ruter-arsrapport-20161.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 116 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |year=2025 |title=Ruters økonomi og nøkkeltall |trans-title=Ruter's economy and key figures |url=https://aarsrapport2024.ruter.no/okonomi/ruters-okonomi-og-nokkeltall/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |publisher=Ruter |language=no}}</ref> |- |-<!--- Please do not add the Adelaide Metro or the Perth Metro on this list, it is a commuter suburban Rail ---> | [[Sidni]] | {{flag|Ostrali}}{{anchor|O}} | [[Métro Sidni]] | 2019<ref name="Sydney">{{cite news |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Matt |last2=Saulwick |first2=Jacob |date=27 May 2019 |title=It's been promised at every election for generations, but now it's a reality |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/it-s-been-promised-at-every-election-for-generations-but-now-it-s-a-reality-20190526-p51raa.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=Nine Entertainment Co. |access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref> | 2024 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Sidni|21]]<ref name="Sydney" /> | {{cvt|52|km|mi}}<ref name="Sydney" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Funding secured: Sydney Metro to be a reality|url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/funding-secured-sydney-metro-be-reality|publisher=Transport for NSW|date=4 June 2015|access-date=13 July 2015|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623191517/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/funding-secured-sydney-metro-be-reality|archive-date=23 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | 71.7 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite web |year=2025 |title=Public Transport Trips - All Modes |url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/data-and-research/data-and-insights/public-transport-trips-all-modes |access-date=2026-01-14 |publisher=Transport for NSW}}</ref>{{refn|group="R Nb"|Angka patronase puniki mawit saking pamargin OPAL (inggih punika pasangan tap-on/tap-off saking kartu OPAL sané pateh, rumasuk tap-on utawi tap-off sané kaisolasi), penumpang ten-OPAL, pinaka sané nganggen makudang-kudang kartu konsési utawi tiket kapadu antuk acara, nénten kasarengin.}} | [[Lahore]] | {{flag|Pakistan}} {{anchor|P}} | [[Métro Lahore]] | 2020<ref name="Lahore Metro Train">{{cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|title=Punjab CM inaugurates Lahore's much-delayed Orange Line Metro Train|date=25 Oct 2020|publisher=Daily Pakistan|access-date=2020-10-25}}</ref> | – | style="text-align:left" | 26 | {{cvt|27.1|km|mi}}<ref name="Lahore Metro Train" /> | 20 (2020–2021)<ref group="R">{{cite web|title=Orange Line Metro Train marks its 1st anniversary with a milestone of 20 million riders |date=25 October 2021 |publisher=Daily Pakistan |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2021/orange-line-metro-train-marks-its-1stanniversary-with-a-milestone-of-20-million-riders|access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref> |- | [[Kota Panama]] | {{flag|Panama}} | [[Métro Panama]] | 2014 | 2024<ref>{{cite web |last1=Canto |first1=Ana |title=Metro de Panamá: La estación de Villa Zaita ha sido inaugurada oficialmente |url=https://www.telemetro.com/nacionales/metro-panama-la-estacion-villa-zaita-ha-sido-inaugurada-oficialmente-n5977764 |website=telemetro |access-date=2025-05-08}}</ref> | [[Lis stasiun Métro Panama|33]] | {{cvt|41.2|km|mi}} | 114.9 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.elmetrodepanama.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-01-27-a-las-3.20.54-p.-m-705x310.png |title=Demanda Mensual Red de Metro |date=January 2026 |publisher=El Metro de Panamá, S.A. |language=es |trans-title=Monthly Demand for the Metro Network |access-date=2026-02-02}}<p>''This ridership figure is derived from the sum of the twelve monthly subtotals for 2025''</p></ref><!-- ref group="R">{{cite web |url=http://asamblea-dspace.metabiblioteca.com/bitstream/001/244/2/Memoria%20Anual%20-%20Metro%20de%20Panama%202018%20%28Para%20Impresion%29.pdf |title=Memoria Anual - Metro de Panama 2018 |year=2018 |publisher=El Metro de Panamá, S.A. |language=es |trans-title=Annual Report |access-date=2019-09-07}}</ref --> |- | [[Lima (kota)|Lima]] | {{flag|Péru}} | [[Métro Lima miwah Callao]] | 2011 | 2023 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Lima|31]] | {{cvt|39.4|km|mi}}<ref name="Peru-L1">{{cite news |url=http://www.larepublica.pe/16-03-2014/metro-de-lima-obras-del-segundo-tramo-de-la-linea-1-culminaran-el-30-de-abril |title=Ciudad Metro de Lima: obras del segundo tramo de la Línea 1 culminarán el 30 de abril |newspaper=La República.pe |publisher=Grupo La República Digital |language=es |trans-title=Lima Metro: Work on the second section of Line 1 will culminate on 30 April |date=16 March 2014 |access-date=2014-04-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319075611/http://www.larepublica.pe/16-03-2014/metro-de-lima-obras-del-segundo-tramo-de-la-linea-1-culminaran-el-30-de-abril |archive-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> | 171.9 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web|url=https://www.ositran.gob.pe/anterior/noticias/linea-1-del-metro-espera-transportar-mas-de-180-millones-de-pasajeros-este-2024/|title=Línea 1 del metro espera transportar más de 180 millones de pasajeros este 2024|language=es|access-date=2024-08-13}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | [[Warsawa]] | {{flag|Polandia}} | [[Métro Warsawa]] | 1995 | 2022<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wtp.waw.pl/zmiany/2022/09/28/wydluzenie-linii-metra-m2-do-stacji-brodno/ |title=Uruchamiamy wolskie stacje metra |publisher=Warszawski Transport Publiczny |access-date=2022-09-28}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Warsawa|39]] | {{cvt|41.2|km|mi}} | 197.3 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=February 2025 |url=https://www.ztm.waw.pl/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/raport_ZTM_2024.pdf |title=Raport Roczny ZTM za rok 2023 |format=pdf |publisher=ZTM Warszawa |language=pl |trans-title=Yearly transport report for 2024 |page=16 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> |- | [[Lisbon]] | {{flag|Portugal}} | [[Métro Lisboa]] | 1959<ref name="Lisbon">{{cite web |url=https://www.metrolisboa.pt/company/know/brief-history/ |title=A brief history |work=Site do Metropolitano de Lisboa, EPE – Company |publisher=Metropolitano de Lisboa, E.P.E. |access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> | 2016<ref name="Lisbon" /> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Lisboa|56]]<ref name="Lisbon" /> | {{cvt|44.2|km|mi}}<ref name="Lisbon" /> | 161.8 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.metrolisboa.pt/institucional/2024/03/13/numero-de-passageiros-do-metro-de-lisboa-ultrapassa-valores-pre-pandemia-no-acumulado-dos-dois-primeiros-meses-de-2024/ |title=Número de passageiros do Metro de Lisboa ultrapassa valores pré-pandemia no acumulado dos dois primeiros meses de 2024 |work=Site do Metropolitano de Lisboa, EPE - Empresa |date=13 March 2024 |publisher=Metropolitano de Lisboa E.P.E. |language=pt |trans-title=Metro in numbers |access-date=2025-03-11 |author1=Cbettencourt }}</ref> <!-- Please, do not add the [[Porto Metro]]; it is light rail --> |- | [[Lille]] | rowspan="6" | {{flag|Prancis}} | [[Métro Lille]] | 1983<ref name="Lille1">{{cite web |url=http://mobilite.transpole.fr/fr/le-reseau/qui-sommes-nous.aspx |title=Qui sommes-nous? – Notre Histoire |publisher=Transpole |language=fr |trans-title=Who are we? – Our History |access-date=2012-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925113223/http://mobilite.transpole.fr/fr/le-reseau/qui-sommes-nous.aspx |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> | 2000<ref name="Lille1" /> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Lille|60]]<ref name="Lille2" /> | {{cvt|45|km|mi}}<ref name="Lille2">{{cite web |url=http://mobilite.transpole.fr/fr/le-reseau/chiffres-cles.aspx |title=Les chiffres clés |publisher=Transpole |language=fr |trans-title=Key figures |access-date=25 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027120402/http://mobilite.transpole.fr/fr/le-reseau/chiffres-cles.aspx |archive-date=2012-10-27}}</ref> | 126.1 (2024)<ref name="strmtg" group="R">{{cite report |url=https://balise.documentation.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/docs/Balise/0066/Balise-0066111/2025_Rapport_evenements_metro_RER_2024.pdf |title=Rapport annuel 2024 sur le parc, le trafic et les événements d'exploitation Métros et RER (périmètre STRMTG) |work=STRMTG - Service Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés |date=30 December 2025 |page=11 |language=fr |access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref> |- | [[Lyon]] | [[Métro Lyon]] | 1978<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sytral.fr/425-les-lignes-de-metro-et-de-funiculaire.htm |title=Les lignes de Métro et de Funiculaire |publisher=SYTRAL |language=fr |trans-title=The lines of the metro and funiculars |access-date=2015-04-04 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322230119/https://www.sytral.fr/425-les-lignes-de-metro-et-de-funiculaire.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2023 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Lyon|42]]<ref name="Lyon">{{cite press release |date=11 June 2018 |title=Le métro lyonnais tisse sa toile depuis 40 ans |trans-title=Lyon Metro spins its web for 40 years |url=http://www.sytral.fr/uploads/Externe/d1/322_837_dp_metroTCL_juin2018.pdf |type=Press release |language=fr |publisher=SYTRAL |page=15 |access-date=2018-09-02 |archive-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902220833/http://www.sytral.fr/uploads/Externe/d1/322_837_dp_metroTCL_juin2018.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902220833/http://www.sytral.fr/uploads/Externe/d1/322_837_dp_metroTCL_juin2018.pdf |date=2 September 2018 }}</ref> | {{cvt|34.4|km|mi}}<ref name="Lyon" /> | 230.1 (2024)<ref name="strmtg" group="R" /> |- | [[Marseille]] | [[Métro Marseille]] | 1977 | 2019 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Marseille|29]]<ref name="stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.rtm.fr/nous-connaitre/tout-savoir-sur-lentreprise/fiche-didentite/fiche-d%E2%80%99identite-de-l%E2%80%99entreprise |title=Fiche d'identité de l'entreprise – Le métro |publisher=RTM |language=fr |trans-title=ID card of the company – The Metro |access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref> | {{cvt|22.7|km|mi}}<ref name="stats" /> | 76.8 (2024)<ref name="strmtg" group="R" /> <!-- Please, do not add Paris [[RER]] or [[Transilien]] here – regional rail-type systems are specifically excluded from being "metros" by UITP. --> |- | [[Paris]] | [[Métro Paris]] | 1900<ref name="Oldest">{{cite web |last=Dugdale |first=Magdalena |date=28 May 2019 |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/features/worlds-oldest-metro-systems/?cf-view |title=World’s oldest metro systems |website=www.railway-technology.com |publisher=GlobalData plc |access-date=2026-02-08 }}</ref><!-- ref name="France.fr">{{cite web|url=http://www.france.fr/en/paris-and-its-surroundings/brief-history-paris-metro |title=Brief history of the Paris metro |website=france.fr – The official website of France |access-date=2013-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926181613/http://www.france.fr/en/paris-and-its-surroundings/brief-history-paris-metro |archive-date=26 September 2013}}</ref --> | 2025<ref>{{cite web|date=18 January 2025|title=Métro : la station Villejuif - Gustave Roussy ouvre ses portes sur la ligne 14 |url=https://www.iledefrance-mobilites.fr/actualites/metro-ligne-14-villejuif-gustave-roussy|publisher=Île-de-France Mobilités |access-date=2025-01-18}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Paris|321]]<ref name="Paris-Metro">Kawéntenan ukuran sané kapolihang sistem punika daweg ungkur warsa 2017, lihat {{cite web |url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_10556/the-metro-a-parisian-institution/ |title=The Metro: a Parisian institution |publisher=[[Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens|RATP]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218211345/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_10556/the-metro-a-parisian-institution/ |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=2018-09-11}} Kereta funikular Montmartre kaanggep dados pahan saking sistem métro, sané kawakilin olih stasiun fiktif ka-303. "Funiculaire". <p>Kawéntenan pahan sané kabungkah sesampun ungkur warsa 2017, cingak {{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=14 December 2020 |title=Ce que va permettre le prolongement de la ligne 14 du métro à Paris |trans-title=What the extension of metro line 14 in Paris will allow |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/ce-que-va-permettre-le-prolongement-de-la-ligne-14-du-metro-a-paris_2140733.html |magazine=[[L'Express]] |language=fr |publisher=Altice Europe N.V. |access-date=2020-12-15}}</p></ref>{{refn|group="Nb"|Akéhnyané inggih punika 321 yening stasiun-stasiun punika kapeték soang-soang. Yéning transfer kapeték antuk wantah ngawewehin akéhnyané genah mararian ring soang-soang baris, akéhnyané inggih punika 405.}} | {{cvt|245.6|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Groneck |first=Christoph |date=20 May 2020 |title=U-Bahn, S-Bahn & Tram in Paris – Urban Rail in the French Capital |publisher=Robert Schwandl Verlag |page=8 |isbn=978-3-936573-62-6}}</ref> | 1,475.5 (2024)<!-- ref group="R">{{Cite web |title=Résultats annuels 2022 du groupe RATP |url=https://www.ratp.fr/groupe-ratp/newsroom/corporate/resultats-annuels-2022-du-groupe-ratp |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=RATP}}</ref><ref name="strmtg" group="R"/ --><ref group="R">{{cite web |title=Trafic annuel et journalier - données du trafic annuel 2024 |url=https://omnil.cdn.prismic.io/omnil/aSR9KmGnmrmGqM4B_TCC_trafic_annuel_2024.xlsx |publisher=[[Île-de-France Mobilités|Île-de-France Mobilités (OMNIL)]] |date=1 March 2025 |access-date=2025-06-14 |language=fr}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Nénten rumasuk akéh penumpang. [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]]/[[Transilien]] (1,365 yuta ring 2024) miwah [[Trém ring Île-de-France|Trém]] (380 yuta).</ref> |- | [[Rennes]] | [[Métro Rennes]] | 2002 | 2022 | style="text-align:left" | 28 | {{cvt|22.4|km|mi}} | 53.7 (2024)<ref name="strmtg" group="R" /> |- | [[Toulouse]] | [[Métro Toulouse]] | 1993<ref name="Toulouse" /> | 2007<ref name="Toulouse">{{cite web |url=http://www.tisseo.fr/tisseo/qui-sommes-nous/nos-realisations |title=Qui sommes-nous? – Nos réalisations |publisher=Tisséo |language=fr |trans-title=Who are we? – Our achievements |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118072530/http://www.tisseo.fr/tisseo/qui-sommes-nous/nos-realisations |archive-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Toulouse|37]]<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=4 May 2011 |title=Métro. Une nouvelle "voix" occitane pour annoncer les stations |trans-title=Metro. A new Occitan "voice" to announce the stations |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/05/04/1073521-metro-une-nouvelle-voix-occitane-pour-annoncer-les-stations.html |work=[[La Dépêche du Midi]] |language=fr |location=Toulouse |publisher=Groupe La Dépêche |access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref> | {{cvt|28.2|km|mi}}<ref name="Toulouse" /> | 118.3 (2024)<ref name="strmtg" group="R" /> |- | [[Doha]] | {{flag|Qatar}} {{anchor|Q}} | [[Métro Doha]] | 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/qatar-rolls-landmark-metro-public-190508104457971.html|title=Qatar rolls out first-ever 'landmark' metro for public|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> | 2019<ref name="DohaExt">{{cite web|url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/11/12/2019/Doha-Metro-Green-Line-preview-service-starts-4-stations-opened-on-Red-Line|title=Doha Metro Green Line preview service starts; 4 stations opened on Red Line |date=2019-12-11 |access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 37<ref name="DohaExt" /> | {{cvt|76|km|mi}}<ref group="Nb">Gabungan lantang jalur Barak, Gadang, miwah Mas.</ref> | 53.0 (2023) |- | [[Praha]] | {{flag|Républik Céko}} | [[Métro Praha]] | 1974<ref name="Prague-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.dpp.cz/en/history/ |title=History – Dopravní podnik hlavnívo města Prahy |publisher=Dopravní podnik hlavnívo města Prahy |access-date=2013-09-11 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819131737/http://www.dpp.cz/en/history/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2015<ref group="Nb">[[Jalur A (Métro Praha)|Jalur A]] kalimbakang April 2015.</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Praha|61]]<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=29 May 2017 |title=Colliers International releases the first Prague Office Metro Map |url=http://www.bestcg.com/press-releases/colliers-international-releases-the-first-prague-office-metro-map/ |type=Press release |publisher=Best Communications |access-date=2018-08-30 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914172524/https://www.bestcg.com/press-releases/colliers-international-releases-the-first-prague-office-metro-map/ |date=2024-09-14 }}</ref> | {{cvt|65.4|km|mi}}<ref name="Prague-profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.dpp.cz/en/company-profile/ |title=Company Profile – Dopravní podnik hlavnívo města Prahy |publisher=Dopravní podnik hlavnívo města Prahy |access-date=2015-07-03 |archive-date=24 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124203056/http://www.dpp.cz/en/company-profile/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 378.8 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite report |date=April 2025 |title=Výroční Zpráva 2024 |trans-title=Annual Report 2024 |url=https://www.dpp.cz/cs/data/V%C3%BDro%C4%8Dn%C3%AD%20zpr%C3%A1vy/Annual%20report/dpp_vz_2024_eng_05.pdf |format=pdf |publisher=Dopravní podnik hlavnívo města Prahy (DPP) |page=18 |access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref> <!-- Please, do not add Copenhagen S-Tog – S-Bahn-type systems are specifically excluded from being "metros" by UITP. --> |- | [[Santo Domingo]] | {{flag|Républik Dominika}} | [[Métro Santo Domingo]] | 2009 | 2026<ref>{{cite web|last=Valenzuela|first=Ana Carolina Cueva|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/ciudad/2026/02/24/inauguracion-linea-2c-del-metro-santo-domingo-y-sus-estaciones/3447702|title=Todo lo que debes saber del metro hacia Los Alcarrizos|publisher=Diario Libre|language=es|trans-title=Everything you need to know about the metro to Los Alcarrizos|access-date=2026-02-25|date=2026-02-24}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Santo Domingo|38]] | {{cvt|38.6|km|mi}} | 103.4 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=12 January 2026 |url=https://www.opret.gob.do/Documentos/Estad%c3%adsticas%20Institucionales/Informe%20Trimestral%20de%20Demanda%20Octubre%20-%20Diciembre%202025.pdf |title=Informe Trimestral de Evolución de la Demanda – Octubre - Diciembre 2025 |format=pdf |publisher=Oficina para el Reordenamiento de Transporte (OPRET) |pages=7–8 |language=es |trans-title=Quarterly Report on the Evolution of Demand – October - December 2025 |access-date=2026-02-02}}<p>''This ridership figure is the sum of those quoted for the rapid transit lines''</p></ref> |- | [[Bukarés]] | {{flag|Rumania}} {{anchor|R}} | [[Métro Bukarés]] | 1979<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metrorex.ro/metrorex_history_p1347-2 |title=Metrorex history |publisher=[[Metrorex]] |access-date=2020-09-15 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305070512/http://www.metrorex.ro/metrorex_history_p1347-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2023<ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=A fost deschisă staţia de metrou 'Tudor Arghezi' |trans-title=Tudor Arghezi station opened |url=https://www.agerpres.ro/social/2023/11/15/a-fost-deschisa-statia-de-metrou-tudor-arghezi--1203945 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918070210/https://www.agerpres.ro/social/2023/11/15/a-fost-deschisa-statia-de-metrou-tudor-arghezi--1203945 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2024 |language=ro |website=agerpres.ro}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Bukarés|64]]<ref name="Bucharest">{{cite web |url=http://www.metrorex.ro/first_page_p1352-2 |title=Bucharest metro network map |publisher=[[Metrorex]] |access-date=2023-12-02 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530215907/http://www.metrorex.ro/first_page_p1352-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{cvt|80.1|km|mi}}<ref name="Bucharest" /> | 152.0 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite report |date=4 December 2025 |title=Raport de Activitate pe anul 2024 |trans-title=Activity Report 2024 |url=https://www.metrorex.ro/storage/documents/1754996675RAPORT%20DE%20ACTIVITATE-METROREX%202024.pdf |format=pdf |language=ro |publisher=Metrorex S.A. |page=38 |access-date=2024-11-15 |archive-date=2026-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211164304/https://www.metrorex.ro/storage/documents/1754996675RAPORT%20DE%20ACTIVITATE-METROREX%202024.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Kazan]] | rowspan="7" | {{flag|Rusia}} | [[Métro Kazan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kazanmetro.ru/ |title=Metroelektrotrans |language=ru |trans-title=Kazan Metro |access-date=2013-08-04}}</ref> | 2005 | 2018<ref>{{cite web |last=Schwandl|first=Robert |url=http://urbanrail.net/eu/ru/kaz/kazan.htm |title=Kazan |website=UrbanRail.Net |access-date=2013-08-04}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 11<ref name="Rus-metro-stats" /> | {{cvt|16.8|km|mi}}<ref name="Rus-metro-stats" /> | 39.4 (2024)<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> |- | [[Moskow]] | [[Métro Moskow]]<ref name="Moscow-metro">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosmetro.ru/ |script-title=ru:Московский метрополитен |publisher=Moskovsky Metropoliten |language=ru |trans-title=Moscow Metro |access-date=2014-03-03 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003152733/https://www.mosmetro.ru/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 1935 | 2025 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Moskow|249]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Akéh stasiun inggih punika 249 yéning stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan ring asiki kompleks) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 306 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung soang-soang.}} | {{cvt|535.3|km|mi}} | 2,288.5 (2023)<ref name="mos-ru-ridership">{{cite web |title=Open Data Portal of City of Moscow Government |url=https://data.mos.ru/opendata/62523?isRecommendationData=false&filter=Year+%3D+2023&pageSize=10&pageIndex=0&version=1&release=9 |website=Mos.Ru |access-date=11 March 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | [[Nizhny Novgorod]] | [[Métro Nizhny Novgorod]] | 1985 | 2018<ref name="Strelka">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=12 June 2018 |script-title=ru:В Нижнем Новгороде открыли построенную к ЧМ станцию метро «Стрелка» |trans-title=In Nizhny Novgorod, the metro station ''Strelka'', built for the World Cup, was opened |url=http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/2031222/ |work=[[NTV (Russia)|NTV]] |language=ru |publisher=ОАО Газпром-Медиа [Gazprom-Media] |access-date=2018-06-13}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Nizhny Novgorod|15]]<ref name="Strelka" /> | {{cvt|21.8|km|mi}}<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> | 35.9 (2024)<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> |- | [[Novosibirsk]] | [[Métro Novosibirsk]] | 1986 | 2025<ref>Pabungkahan [[Sportivnaya (Novosibirsk Metro)|stasiun Sportivnaya]], {{cite web |url=http://urbanrail.net/eu/ru/novosib/novosibirsk.htm |title=Novosibirsk |last=Schwandl|first=Robert |website=UrbanRail.Net |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Novosibirsk|14]]<ref name="Rus-metro-stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.nsk-metro.ru/index.php?event=menu&pname=MetroRussia |script-title=ru:Метрополитены России за 6 месяцев 2015 год |website=www.nsk-metro.ru |publisher=Новосибирский метрополитен [Novosibirsk metro] |language=ru |trans-title=Metros of Russia after 6 months of 2015 |access-date=2018-06-07}}</ref>{{refn|group="Nb"|Akéh stasiun inggih punika 13 yéning stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan ring asiki kompleks) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 14 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung soang-soang.}} | {{cvt|15.9|km|mi}}<ref name="Rus-metro-stats" /> | 86.1 (2024)<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> |- | [[Saint Petersburg]] | [[Métro Saint Petersburg]] | 1955 | 2025<ref>{{cite news |last=Demyanchuk |first=Alexander |date=26 May 2018 |script-title=ru:В Петербурге накануне дня города открыли станции метро "Новокрестовская" и "Беговая" |trans-title=In Saint Petersburg, on the eve of the city day, metro station "Novokrestovskaya" and "Begovaya" opened |url=http://tass.ru/v-strane/5239722 |language=ru |agency=[[TASS|TASS Russian News Agency]] |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Saint Petersburg|66]]<ref name="SPB Metro">{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.spb.ru/en/information.html |title=Passenger information – Technical Characteristics |website=www.metro.spb.ru |publisher=St. Petersburg Metropoliten SUE |access-date=2018-06-07 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502112515/http://www.metro.spb.ru/en/information.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{refn|group="Nb"|Angka punika inggih punika 66 yéning stasiun pertukaran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 75 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kaitung ping kalih ring soangsoang jalur.}} | {{cvt|131.3|km|mi}}<ref name="SPB Metro" /> | 686.1 (2024)<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> |- | [[Samara]] | [[Métro Samara]] | 1987<ref name="Samara-metro">{{cite web |url=http://metrosamara.ru/about/scheme/ |script-title=ru:1-ая линия метрополитена [Показать справочную информацию] |publisher=Самарский метрополитен [Samara Metro] |language=ru |trans-title=First subway line [Show background information] |access-date=2015-02-16}}</ref> | 2015<ref name="Samara">{{cite news |script-title=ru:Фоторепортаж: От станции "Российской" до "Алабинской" на метро около трех минут |trans-title=Photo-report: From the station "Russian" to "Alabinskaya" by metro about three minutes |url=http://progorodsamara.ru/news/view/171911 |work=Pro Gorod Samara |language=ru |date=26 December 2014 |access-date=2015-01-20}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Samara|10]]<ref name="Rus-metro-stats" /> | {{cvt|12.7|km|mi}}<ref name="Rus-metro-stats" /> | 12.6 (2024)<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> |- | [[Yekaterinburg]] | [[Métro Yekaterinburg]] | 1991 | 2012<ref>Chkalovskaya, {{cite web|url=http://urbanrail.net/eu/ru/yekatarin/yekaterinburg.htm|title=Yekaterinburg|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|website=UrbanRail.Net|access-date=2013-01-08}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 9<ref name="Rus-metro-stats" /> | {{cvt|12.7|km|mi}}<ref name="Rus-metro-stats" /> | 48.6 (2024)<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> |- | [[Singapura]] | {{flag|Singapura}} {{anchor|S}} | [[MRT Singapura]] | 1987 | 2025<ref>{{cite news |last=Chelvan |first=Vanessa Paige |date=10 December 2024 |title=New Punggol Coast MRT station opens, passenger service to begin at 3pm |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/new-punggol-coast-mrt-station-opens-passenger-service-to-begin-at-3pm |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun MRT Singapura|143]]<ref name="2024SG">{{Cite web |title='We are not done expanding the rail network,' says PM Wong at opening of Thomson-East Coast Line Stage 4|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/thomson-east-coast-line-tel-stage-4-opening-public-transport-lawrence-wong-4426096|access-date=2024-06-21 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref> | {{cvt|242.6|km|mi}} | 1,240 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |title=MRT, LRT ridership surpasses pre-Covid-19 levels for first time in 2024 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/mrt-lrt-ridership-surpasses-pre-covid-19-levels-for-first-time-in-2024.com |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=[[Land Transport Authority]] |publisher=[[Straits Times]]}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Figure extrapolated from 3,243,000 average daily ridership.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PUBLIC TRANSPORT RIDERSHIP |url=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltagov/who_we_are/statistics_and_publications/statistics/pdf/PT_Ridership_Yearly_2015-2023.pd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202090214/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltagov/who_we_are/statistics_and_publications/statistics/pdf/PT_Ridership_Yearly_2015-2023.pdf |archive-date=2024-02-02}}</ref> |- | [[Barcelona]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|Spanyol}} | [[Métro Barcelona]]<ref group="Nb">[[Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona|TMB]]-operated lines L1–L5 and L9–L11 ''only''. [[Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya|FGC]]-operated lines L6-L8 share track with other FGC commuter lines, and thus do not qualify as metro-standards lines.</ref> | 1924 | 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://noticies.tmb.cat/sala-de-premsa/lestacio-de-zona-franca-de-linia-10-sud-de-metro-obrira-portes-dissabte-3-de-tarda |title=L'estació de Zona Franca de la línia 10 Sud de metro obrirà les portes dissabte a les 3 de la tarda |date=30 January 2020 |publisher=Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) |access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Metro Barcelona|132]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Wenten 132 stasiun ring Métro Barcelona yening stasiun pertukaran kaitung apisan, nanging wenten 163 yening kaitung kaping kuda.}}<ref name="Barcelona-TBM">As for the size the system reached by the end of 2018, see {{cite web |url=https://www.tmb.cat/documents/20182/94438/Dades+viatgers+bus+metro+2019_CA_EN/3f6c014d-4dd3-46d0-b688-26989e763677 |title=Basic data 2019 |publisher=Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) |format=PDF |access-date=2019-03-10}} [[Montjuïc Funicular]], yadiastun kaanggep dados pahan sakimg sistem métro, nanging katiosang. <p>Kawéntenan antuk ekstensi pinih anyar, cingak {{cite web |url=https://noticies.tmb.cat/sala-de-premsa/lestacio-de-zona-franca-de-linia-10-sud-de-metro-obrira-portes-dissabte-3-de-tarda |title=L'estació de Zona Franca de la línia 10 Sud de metro obrirà les portes dissabte a les 3 de la tarda |date=30 January 2020 |publisher=Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) |access-date=2020-04-06}}</p></ref> | {{cvt|128.3|km|mi}}<ref name="Barcelona-TBM" /> | 465 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://elpais.com/espana/catalunya/2024-12-30/el-metro-cumple-100-anos-con-el-objetivo-de-dar-servicio-a-la-barcelona-de-los-cinco-millones-de-vecinos.html|title= El Metro cumple 100 años con el objetivo de dar servicio a la Barcelona de los cinco millones de vecinos|date=30 December 2024 |publisher=El Pais |language=es-ES |access-date=2025-03-11}}</ref> |- | [[Bilbao]] | [[Métro Bilbao]]<ref group="Nb">Sane kadruenang olih CTB miwah Metro Bilbao SA-kaoperasiang ''wantah'' [[Jalur 1 (Métro Bilbao)|Jalur 1]] lan [[Jalur 2 (Métro Bilbao)|Jalur 2]].</ref> | 1995<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebeautyoftransport.com/2016/03/30/the-underground-world-of-norman-foster-metro-bilbao-bilbao-spain/ |title=The Underground World of Norman Foster (Metro Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain) |last=Wright |first=Daniel |date=30 March 2016 |website=thebeautyoftransport.com |access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref> | 2020<ref>{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=15 June 2020 |title=En marcha la estación de Ibarbengoa, tras años de espera |url=https://orain.eus/es/actualidad/sociedad/2020/06/15/en-funcionamiento-estacion-ibarbengoa-metro-bilbao-parada-parking-getxo/ |trans-title=Ibarbengoa station is in operation after years of waiting |work=Orain |language=es |publisher=EiTB Media S.A.U. |access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[List of Bilbao Metro stations|42]]<ref name="Bilbao" /> | {{cvt|45.1|km|mi}}<ref name="Bilbao">{{cite web |url=https://www.metrobilbao.eus/en/metro-in-figures |title=Metro in figures – Network characteristics |publisher=Metro Bilbao S.A. |access-date=2026-01-24}}</ref> | 104.5 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.metrobilbao.eus/en/metro-in-figures |title= Metro in figures – Demand |publisher=Metro Bilbao S.A. |access-date=2026-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[Madrid]] | [[Métro Madrid]]<ref group="Nb">Rupanyane TFM, MetroSur miwah jalur suburban sane tiosan, nanging nénten tiga jalur [[Metro Ligero de Madrid]] sané [[kréta ingan]].</ref> | 1919<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromadrid.es/en/conocenos/quienes_somos/Historia/1919.html |title=History – 1919 |publisher=Metro de Madrid S.A. |access-date=2014-03-09 |archive-date=12 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112084748/http://www.metromadrid.es/en/conocenos/quienes_somos/Historia/1919.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arenzana |first1=Paula |title=Madrid inaugura la ampliación de la Línea 3 de Metro: 2,5 km nuevos y enlace con Metrosur |url=https://www.libertaddigital.com/madrid/2025-04-21/madrid-inaugura-la-ampliacion-de-la-linea-3-de-metro-25-km-nuevos-y-enlace-con-metrosur-7244937/ |website=Libertad Digital |date=21 April 2025 |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[List of Madrid Metro stations|242]]<ref name="MadridMetroFigures">As for the size the system reached by the end of 2017, see {{cite web |url=https://www.crtm.es/media/661332/annual_report.pdf |title=Annual report 2017 |year=2019 |publisher=CRTM – Consorcio Regional de Transportes de Madrid |page=29 |access-date=2020-04-25 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727072923/https://www.crtm.es/media/661332/annual_report.pdf |url-status=dead}} <p>As for the latest extension, see {{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=21 March 2019 |title=La Comunidad abre la estación de metro Arroyofresno al público tras 20 años |trans-title=The Community of Madrid opens Arroyofresno metro station to the public after 20 years |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20190321/461154051050/la-comunidad-abre-la-estacion-de-metro-arroyofresno-al-publico-tras-20-anos.html |work=[[La Vanguardia]] |language=es |publisher=Grupo Godó |access-date=2020-04-25}}</p></ref> | {{cvt|296.4|km|mi}}<ref name="MadridMetroFigures" /> | 715.0 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.metromadrid.es/es/nota-de-prensa/2025-01-16/la-comunidad-de-madrid-bate-el-record-historico-de-usuarios-de-metro-con-mas-de-715-millones-de-viajes-en-2024-un-incremento-del-8-respecto-al-ano-anterior#:~:text=La%20Comunidad%20de%20Madrid%20ha,actividad%20previa%20a%20la%20pandemia|title= Metro de Madrid|date= 2024 |publisher=Metro de Madrid |language=es-ES |access-date=2025-03-10}}</ref> <!-- Please do not add Malaga Metro or Metrovalencia (Valencia, Spain) as they are "light metros" with various system deficiencies which make them less than "full" metro systems – see: [[Medium-capacity rail transport system]] and [[List of tram and light rail transit systems]]. Also, do not add Metro Donostialdea without further discussion on the Talk page first. NOTE: There are a lot of not-fully metro systems that are named Metro. --> |- | [[Stockholm]] | {{flag|Swédia}} | [[Métro Stockholm]] | 1950<ref name="Stockholm-dates" /><ref group="Nb">Jalur kapertama, raris kasengguh Jalur Gadang, kabungkah antuk tahap selami warsa 1950an, atengahnyané mauwah dados operasi metro sadurung pamargin trem sané gelis. Punika rumasuk terowongan sane pinih tua, kawangun ring warsa 1933, sane wastan (Tunnelbana) lan simbolnyane kawaris ring sistem sané anyar.</ref> | 1994<ref name="Stockholm-dates">{{cite thesis |last=Rommel |first=Jacob |date=29 May 2014 |title=Topological Analysis of the Evolution of Public Transport Networks |type=MSc |publisher=[[KTH Royal Institute of Technology]] |pages=22–23 |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:839323/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2019-12-22 |via=DiVA (Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815091130/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:839323/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Stockholm|100]]<ref name="Stockholm-stats">{{cite web |url=http://sl.se/globalassets/rapporter-etc/fakta_om_sl_och_lanet-2015.pdf |title=Fakta om SL och länet 2015 |date=25 October 2016 |publisher=[[Storstockholms Lokaltrafik]] |page=18 |language=sv |trans-title=Facts about SL and the region |access-date=2017-01-21 |archive-date=14 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214204424/http://sl.se/globalassets/rapporter-etc/fakta_om_sl_och_lanet-2015.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{cvt|108|km|mi}}<ref name="Stockholm-stats" /> | 462 (2019)<ref group="R">{{cite book | url=https://miljobarometern.stockholm.se/content/Trafikrelaterat/sl_och_regionen_2019.pdf | title=SL och regionen 2019 | language=sv | publisher=AB | page=67}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Figure extrapolated from 1 265 900 average daily boardings.</ref> |- | [[Lausanne]] | {{flag|Swiss}} | [[Métro Lausanne]]<ref group="Nb">The Lausanne Metro has two lines: Line M1 is [[light rail]], while Line M2 is [[rapid transit]]. The stats listed are for Line M2 ''only''.</ref> | 2008<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=27 October 2008 |title=Lausanne underground officially opens |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/lausanne-underground-officially-opens/7000744 |work=SWI swissinfo.ch |publisher=[[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation]] (SRG SSR) |access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref> | – | style="text-align:left" | 14 | {{cvt|5.9|km|mi}} | 36.0 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.t-l.ch/communiques-de-presse/les-bus-stimulent-la-frequentation-2024/ |title=Les bus stimulent la fréquentation 2024 |date=11 February 2025 |publisher=[[Transports publics de la région lausannoise]] (tl) |language=fr |access-date=2025-03-10}}</ref><ref group="R Nb">Angka penumpang wantah antuk [[transit gelis]] Jalur M2 ''wantah''; pejumpang ring [[rel ingan]] jalur M1 nénten kasarengin.</ref> |- | [[Kota Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung]] | rowspan="4" | {{sort|Taiwan|{{flag|Taiwan}}}}{{anchor|T}} | [[Métro Kaohsiung|MRT Kaohsiung]] | 2008 | 2024 <ref name="中央通訊社">{{Cite web |last=中央通訊社 |date=30 June 2024 |title=高捷岡山車站通車試營運 賴總統：高雄進步看得到 {{!}} 生活 |url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202406300083.aspx |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=中央社 CNA |language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 38 <ref name="中央通訊社"/> | {{cvt|45.5|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mtbu.kcg.gov.tw/english/intro.php |title=Introduction: Welcome to MBTU |publisher=Mass Rapid Transit Bureau, Kaohsiung City |access-date=2014-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302035441/http://mtbu.kcg.gov.tw/english/intro.php |archive-date=2 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 71.3 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=6 January 2026 |url=https://corp.krtc.com.tw/eng/News/statistics?id=1 |title=Statistics by KRTC |publisher=Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corp. |access-date=2026-02-15}}<p>''This ridership figure is derived from the sum of the twelve monthly subtotals for 2025''</p></ref><!--- do NOT include the length of the Circular Light Rail, it is a tram line ---> |- | [[Taipéi]] | [[Métro Taipéi]] | 1996<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=31 March 2016 |title=Taipei metro surprises, impresses on 20th anniversary |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=10&post=21692 |work=Taiwan Today |access-date=2018-06-08}}</ref> | 2020<ref>{{cite news |author=Lee Hsin-Yin |date=16 January 2020 |title=First section of MRT Circular Line gets approval to begin operations|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202001160016|work=Focus Taiwan CNA English News|publisher=Central News Agency (Republic of China)|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Taipéi|119]]{{refn|group="Nb"|{{As of|2020|January|post=,}} angkanyane inggih punika 131 yening 12 [[stasiun pertukaran]]s (inggih punika set platform sane mabinayan) kapeték kaping kuda, apisan antuk soang-soang baris, nanging punika 119 yening ipun kagabungin. Transfer ring jaba stasiun ring {{stl|Métro Taipéi|Banqiao}} miwah {{stl|Métro Taipéi|Xinpu}} – {{stl|Métro Taipéi|Xinpu Minsheng}}, sane ngamerluang matilar [[wawidangan mabayah]], kapeték dados 2 stasiun soang-soang; stasiun transfer sane ngicenin [[pasiluran lintas platform]] punika sapunapi ja kapeték dados stasiun tunggal (patpat makasami: Ximen, Balé Pakélingan CKS, stasiun Guting lan Dongmen).<ref name="Taipei"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.metro.taipei/cp.aspx?n=1BE0AF76C79F9A38 |title=Route Map & Timetables |date=19 January 2020 |publisher=Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>}} | {{cvt|152.9|km|mi}}<ref name="Taipei">{{cite web |url=https://english.metro.taipei/cp.aspx?n=E6F97A6FF9935E98&s=6E5D7E2CB905D981 |title=Network and Systems – Metro Network |date=19 January 2020 |publisher=Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> | 767.1 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=15 January 2026 |url=https://english.metro.taipei/cp.aspx?n=C702FF0562802D53 |title=Ridership Counts |publisher=Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation |access-date=2026-02-15}}<p>''Angka akéh penumpang puniki kapolihang saking petékan rolas subtotal ngasasih antuk warsa 2025.'’</p></ref> |- | [[Kota Taichung|Taichung]] | [[MRT Taichung]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Smith |first=Glenn |title=Taiwan: transit in transition |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/taiwan-transit-in-transition.html |magazine=International Railway Journal |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=2015-01-11 |archive-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910100702/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/taiwan-transit-in-transition.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2021<ref name="Taichung">{{cite news |last1=Su |first1=Mu-chun |last2=Yeh |first2=Joseph |date=25 April 2021 |title=Taichung welcomes arrival of mass rapid transit age |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202104250005 |work=Focus Taiwan |agency=Central News Agency (CNA) |access-date=2021-04-25}}</ref> | – | style="text-align:left" | 18<ref name="Taichung" /> | {{cvt|16.7|km|mi}}<ref name="Taichung" /> | 17.2 (2025)<ref group="R">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2026 |url=https://statis.motc.gov.tw/motc/Statistics/Display?Seq=70&lang=en |title=Passenger Traffic of Taichung Metro |website=MOTC Transportation Statistics Data Query |publisher=交通部 – Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC) |accessdate=2026-02-15}}</ref> |- | [[Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | [[Métro Taoyuan]] | 2017 | 2023 | 22<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tymetro.com.tw/eng/index.php?code=list&flag=detail&ids=92&article_id=373|title=Taoyuan Metro › About Metro › Metro Route › Route Introduction|date=15 February 2017|website=www.tymetro.com.tw|language=zh-TW|access-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216061318/http://www.tymetro.com.tw/eng/index.php?code=list&flag=detail&ids=92&article_id=373|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{cvt|53.1|km|mi}} | 46.6 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=12 February 2026 |url=https://www.tymetro.com.tw/tymetro-new/tw/_pages/about/statistics.html |publisher=Taoyuan Metro Corporation |language=zh |script-title=zh:統計資料 |trans-title=Statistics |access-date=2026-02-15}}<p>''This ridership figure is derived from the sum of the twelve monthly subtotals for 2025''</p></ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[Bangkok]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Thailand}} | [[MTS Bangkok|BTS Skytrain]] | 1999<ref name="BTS-Skytrain">{{cite web |url=https://www.bts.co.th/eng/info/info-history.html |title=Company's Profile |publisher=Bangkok Mass Transit System Public Company Limited |access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref> | 2021<ref name="TimeOut-Feb2021">{{cite magazine |last=Supateerawanitt |first=Arpiwach |date=8 February 2021 |title=BTS Station in Sathorn everyone thought never existed is now open for trial runs |url=https://www.timeout.com/bangkok/news/bts-station-in-sathorn-everyone-thought-never-existed-is-now-open-for-trial-runs-020821 |magazine=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |edition=Bangkok |access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |64<ref name="BMA-Mass-Transit-System-Projects">{{Cite web |title=โครงการด้านระบบขนส่งมวลชน |url=https://www.thanakom.co.th/17300197/โครงการด้านระบบขนส่งมวลชน |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=บริษัท กรุงเทพธนาคม จำกัด |language=th}}</ref> | {{cvt|70.05|km|mi}}<ref name="BMA-Mass-Transit-System-Projects" /> | 266.7 (2024)<ref name="TimesNow" group="R">{{Citation |last=Department of Rail Transport |title=ปริมาณผู้ใช้บริการระบบขนส่งทางราง ประจำปี "พ.ศ. 2567" |date=2025-01-08 |type=Facebook post |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=905287661795697&set=a.237099421947861 |access-date=2025-01-20 |language=th}}</ref><!-- replace with source from official DRT website (https://www.drt.go.th) once available --> |- | [[MRT Bangkok]] | 2004<ref name="MRT-Bangkok">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=7 January 2020 |title=Bangkok Blue Line loop completed |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/projects-and-planning/bangkok-blue-line-loop-completed/55482.article |magazine=Metro Report International |publisher=DVV Media International Ltd |access-date=2020-06-07}}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=ฐานเศรษฐกิจ |date=2025-05-28 |title=เปิดยอดผู้โดยสาร นั่ง "สายสีชมพู" เชื่อมเมืองทอง พุ่ง 1.2 หมื่นคน |url=https://www.thansettakij.com/economy/628645 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=thansettakij |language=th}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |109<ref name="MRTA-Bangkok-And-Vicinities-Projects">{{Cite web |title=Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand |url=https://www.mrta.co.th/en/bangkok-and-vicinities |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.mrta.co.th}}</ref> | {{cvt|133|km|mi}}<ref name="MRTA-Bangkok-And-Vicinities-Projects" /> | 213.1 (2024)<ref name="TimesNow" group="R" /><!-- replace with source from official DRT website (https://www.drt.go.th) once available --> |- | [[Adana]] | rowspan="5" | {{flag|Turki}} | [[Métro Adana]] | 2009 | 2010 | style="text-align:left" | 13<ref name="Adana" /> | {{cvt|13.5|km|mi}}<ref name="Adana">{{cite web|url=http://www.adana.bel.tr/rayli-sistem-projesi-sayfa.html |title=Metro Raylı Taşıma Sistemi – Adana Raylı Taşıma Sistemi – Adana Metrosu |publisher=Adana Büyükşehir Belediyesi [Adana Metropolitan Municipality] |language=tr |trans-title=Metro Rail Transit System – Adana Rail Transit System – Adana Metro |access-date=2014-06-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329085911/http://www.adana.bel.tr/rayli-sistem-projesi-sayfa.html |archive-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> | 14 (2011){{citation needed|date=January 2025}} |- | [[Ankara]] | [[Métro Ankara]] | 1997 | 2023<ref name="dailysabah.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/business/2017/01/06/ankaras-newest-metro-line-expected-to-serve-50000-a-day|title=Ankara's newest metro line expected to serve 50,000 a day|website=[[Daily Sabah]]|date=6 January 2017|access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref><ref group="Nb">Opening of line M4 extension to Kızılay station.</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Ankara|57]]<ref name="Ankara" /> | {{cvt|67.4|km|mi}}<ref name="dailysabah.com" /><ref name="Ankara">{{cite web |url=http://www.ego.gov.tr/EN/newsreadEN.asp?id=3224 |title=General Directorate of EGO – The Subway Systems – Operated Rail System Lines |publisher=General Directorate of EGO |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=2014-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525201452/http://www.ego.gov.tr/EN/newsreadEN.asp?id=3224 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead}} Sampun cukup lantang lan akéh stasiun ring jalur operasional mangda ngamolihang total antuk [[Métro Ankara]].</ref> | 158.5 (2023)<ref group="R">{{cite news |last=Yilmaz |first=Murat |date=7 January 2024 |title=2023'te toplu taşıma |trans-title=Public transport in 2023 |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yerel-haberler/ankara/2023te-toplu-tasima-42386911 |department=Ankara Haberleri [Ankara News] |work=Hürriyet |language=tr |publisher=Demirören Group |access-date=2024-02-12}}</ref> |- | [[Bursa]] | [[BursaRay]] | 2002 | 2024 | style="text-align:left" | 40<ref name="Bursa" /> | {{cvt|40|km|mi}}<ref name="Bursa">{{cite web |url=http://www.burulas.com.tr/bursaray-hat-ozellikleri.aspx |title=Bursaray Teknık Özellıkler |publisher=Burulaş Bursa Ulaşım Toplu Taşım İşletmeciliği Turizm San. Ve Tic. A.Ş. [Burulaş Bursa Transportation Mass Transit Administration Tourism Industry. Ve Tic. Inc.] |language=tr |trans-title=Bursaray Technical Specifications |access-date=2014-06-03 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606220059/http://www.burulas.com.tr/bursaray-hat-ozellikleri.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 91.3 (2010)<ref group="R">{{cite web|url=http://www.bursa.bel.tr/universite-etabinda-seferler-basliyor/haber/7762/|title=ÜnıversıteEtabinda Seferler Başliyor|author=Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkezi|work=bursa.bel.tr|access-date=8 July 2014|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927220650/http://www.bursa.bel.tr/universite-etabinda-seferler-basliyor/haber/7762|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Istanbul]] | [[Métro Istanbul]] | 1989<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metro.istanbul/en/Home/Tarihce |title=Timeline |publisher=[[Metro Istanbul|Metro İstanbul A.Ş.]] |access-date=2020-11-27 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206072154/https://www.metro.istanbul/en/Home/Tarihce |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2025<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metro.istanbul/duyuru/detay/yildiztepe-istasyonu-hizmete-aciliyor-071025 |title=Yıldıztepe İstasyonu Hizmete Açılıyor |date=8 October 2025 |language=tr}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Istanbul|148]]{{refn|group="Nb"|{{As of|2025|October|post=,}} angkanyane inggih punika 160 yening 12 [[stasiun pertukaran]]s (inggih punika set platform sane mabinayan) kapeték kaping kuda, apisan antuk soang-soang baris, nanging 148 yening kagabungan.<ref name="Istanbul"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metro.istanbul/Content/assets/uploaded/%C4%B0stanbul%20Metro%20Hatlar%C4%B1%20Haritas%C4%B1.pdf |title=Istanbul Metro Lines Network Map |date=October 2020 |publisher=Metro İstanbul A.Ş. |access-date=2020-11-27 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209033944/https://www.metro.istanbul/Content/assets/uploaded/%C4%B0stanbul%20Metro%20Hatlar%C4%B1%20Haritas%C4%B1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | {{cvt|243.3|km|mi}}<ref name="Istanbul">As for the latest length, please refer to website of public company https://www.metro.istanbul/en/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002074858/https://www.metro.istanbul/en |date=2 October 2023 }} Wénten ukuran sané kapolihang sistem punika ring ungkur warsa 2021, cingak {{cite web |title=2021 Faaliyet Raporu |trans-title=2021 Annual Report |url=https://www.metro.istanbul/Content/assets/uploaded/2021_faaliyetraporu.pdf |access-date=2022-09-06 |publisher=Metro İstanbul A.Ş. |page=28 |language=tr |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124023047/https://www.metro.istanbul/Content/assets/uploaded/2021_faaliyetraporu.pdf |url-status=dead }} As for the latest extension, see {{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1 June 2021 |title=Istanbul opens metro Line M9 |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/operations-and-services/istanbul-opens-metro-line-m9/59232.article |magazine=[[Metro Report International]] |publisher=DVV Media International Ltd |access-date=2022-09-06 }}</ref> | 688.9 (2024)<ref group="R">{{Cite web |title=UYM Metro Istanbul|url=https://uym.ibb.gov.tr/kurumsal/haberler-ve-duyurular/metro-istanbul-2024-te-688.9-milyon-yolcu-ta%C5%9F%C4%B1d%C4%B1 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=uym.ibb.gov.tr |language=tr |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103155520/https://uym.ibb.gov.tr/kurumsal/haberler-ve-duyurular/metro-istanbul-2024-te-688.9-milyon-yolcu-ta%C5%9F%C4%B1d%C4%B1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[İzmir]] | [[Métro İzmir]] | 2000<ref name="Izmir" /> | 2024<ref name="Izmir" /> | style="text-align:left" | 24<ref name="Izmir" /> | {{cvt|27|km|mi}}<ref name="Izmir">{{cite web |url=https://www.izmirmetro.com.tr/Haberler/447 |title=Metro Bayrami |publisher=İzmir Metrosu A.Ş. |language=tr |trans-title=Metro Festival |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> | 93.8 (2024)<ref group="R">{{Cite web |title=2024 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu |url=https://www.izmirmetro.com.tr/UploadedFiles/Y%C4%B1ll%C4%B1k_Faaliyet_2024_V1.1.2_05676705-2bd7-4c7d-9ace-5e000116307a.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714215310/https://www.izmirmetro.com.tr/UploadedFiles/Y%C4%B1ll%C4%B1k_Faaliyet_2024_V1.1.2_05676705-2bd7-4c7d-9ace-5e000116307a.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.izmirmetro.com.tr |publisher=İzmir Metro A.Ş. |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | [[Dnipro]] | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Ukraina}}{{anchor|U}} | [[Métro Dnipro]] | 1995 | – | style="text-align:left" | 6<ref name="asmetro2" /> |{{cvt|7.8|km|mi}}<ref name="asmetro2">[http://asmetro.ru/upload/docs/2013.pdf Основные технико-эксплуатационные характеристики метрополитенов за 2013 год] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007071426/http://asmetro.ru/upload/docs/2013.pdf |date=2016-10-07 }} [Main technical and operational specifications for Subways for Year 2013.] (PDF). asmetro.ru (in Russian). Международная Ассоциация "Метро" [International Association of Metros]. 2013. p. 3. Retrieved 13 May 2014.</ref> | 7.5 (2018)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=http://www.dneprstat.gov.ua/statinfo/tz/2020/tz8.pdf |website=www.dneprstat.gov.ua |publisher=Державна служба статистики України [State statistic service of Ukraine] |language=uk |script-title=uk:Кількість перевезених пасажирів за видами транспорту |trans-title=Number of passengers carried by transport mode |access-date=2021-09-14 |date=2021}}</ref> |- | [[Kharkiv]] | [[Métro Kharkiv]] | 1975 | 2016 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Kharkiv|27]]<ref name="asmetro2" />{{refn|group="Nb"|Akéh stasiun inggih punika 27 yéning stasiun pasiluran (inggih punika sét platform sané matiosan ring asiki kompléks) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 30 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kapeték soang-soang.}} | {{cvt|38.7|km|mi}}<ref name="asmetro2" /> | 231.1 (2018)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=http://kh.ukrstat.gov.ua/vidpravlennia-perevezennia-pasazhyriv-za-vydamy-transportu-zahalnoho-korystuvannia |website=kh.ukrstat.gov.ua |publisher=Державна служба статистики України [State statistic service of Ukraine] |language=uk |trans-title=Number of passengers carried by transport mode |script-title=uk:Кількість перевезених пасажирів за видами транспорту |access-date=2021-09-14 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404051111/http://kh.ukrstat.gov.ua/vidpravlennia-perevezennia-pasazhyriv-za-vydamy-transportu-zahalnoho-korystuvannia |url-status=dead}} (You can select English from the language dropdown)</ref> |- | [[Kyiv]] | [[Métro Kyiv]] | 1960 | 2013 | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Kyiv|49]]<ref name="asmetro2" />{{refn|group="Nb"|Akéh stasiun inggih punika 49 yéning stasiun pasiluran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan ring asiki kompléks) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 52 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kapeték soang-soang.}} | {{cvt|67.7|km|mi}}<ref name="asmetro2" /> | 496.1 (2018)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=3219 |website=kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua |publisher=Державна служба статистики України [State statistic service of Ukraine] |language=uk |script-title=uk:Кількість перевезених пасажирів за видами транспорту |trans-title=Number of passengers carried by transport mode |access-date=2021-09-14}}</ref> |- | [[Dubai]] | {{flag|Uni Émirat Arab}} | [[Métro Dubai]] | 2009<ref name="Serco-Dubai">{{cite web |url=https://www.serco.com/me/sector-expertise/transport/light-rail-and-metro |title=Middle East › Light Rail and Metro |date=13 January 2017 |publisher=Serco Group plc |access-date=2018-09-26 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727055423/https://www.serco.com/me/sector-expertise/transport/light-rail-and-metro |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2021<ref>{{cite web|title=Photos: Dubai Investment Park, Expo Stations on Dubai Metro Route 2020 are now open|url=https://gulfnews.com/photos/news/photos-dubai-investment-park-expo-stations-on-dubai-metro-route-2020-are-now-open-1.1622550184218|access-date=2021-06-06|website=gulfnews.com|date=June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | 53 | {{cvt|89.3|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rta.ae/wps/portal/rta/ae/home/open-data | title=Open Data }}</ref> | 294.7 (2025)<ref group="R">{{cite web |date=15 February 2026 |title=802m riders used Dubai public transport, shared mobility, taxis in 2025: RTA |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2026/02/15/802m-riders-used-dubai-public-transport-shared-mobility-taxis-in-2025-rta |agency=[[Pamréntah Dubai]] |access-date=2026-03-03}}</ref> |- | [[Toshkent]] | {{flag|Uzbékistan}} | [[Métro Tashkent]] | 1977 | 2024<ref>{{cite web |last1=Buch |first1=Erik |title=More metro for Tashkent: An inauguration and new trains |url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/more-metro-for-tashkent-an-inauguration-and-new-trains/ |website=Urban Transport Magazine |date=14 March 2024 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" | [[Lis stasiun Métro Tashkent|45]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Akéh stasiun inggih punika 45 yéning stasiun pasiluran (inggih punika set platform sané matiosan ring asiki kompléks) kaitung pinaka asiki stasiun, utawi 50 yéning makasami stasiun ring makasami jalur kapeték soang-soang.}} | {{cvt|70.8|km|mi}} | 270.3 (2024)<ref name="asmetro" group="R" /> |- | [[Caracas]] | rowspan="3" | {{flag|Vénézuéla}}{{anchor|V}} | [[Métro Caracas]]<ref group="Nb" name="Caracas">Statistik sané kasobyahang iriki rumasuk [[Métro Los Teques]] sane mawiguna pinaka panak pautsahaan lan panglimbak saking Métro Caracas.</ref> | 1983<ref name="Caracas1">{{cite web |url=https://www.metrodecaracas.com.ve/?page_id=2186 |title=Sistema Metro |publisher=C.A. Metro de Caracas |language=es |trans-title=Metro System |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107090228/https://www.metrodecaracas.com.ve/?page_id=2186 |archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> | 2015<ref name="IRJ-09nov2015">{{cite magazine |first=Keith|last=Barrow |url=https://www.railjournal.com/regions/central-south-america/caracas-opens-metro-line-5/ |title=Caracas opens metro Line 5 |magazine=International Railway Journal |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. |date=9 November 2015 |access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Caracas|49]]{{refn|group="Nb"|name="Caracas-stats"|Daweg ungkur warsa 2014, Métro Caracas madué lantang 54,03 km miwah 47 stasiun.;<ref name="Caracas1"/> Salanturnyané, daweg awarsa sané rauh, jalur salantang 1,3 km kawewehin sareng pajimbaran stasiun tunggal nuju [[stasiun Bello Monte|Bello Monte]].<ref name="IRJ-09nov2015"/> [[Métro Los Teques]] ngalimbakang lantang total sistem sareng 11,9 km miwah papat stasiun.<ref name="Caracas-map">{{cite web |url=https://www.metrodecaracas.com.ve/?page_id=187 |title=Mapa de rutas |publisher=C.A. Metro de Caracas |language=es |trans-title=Map of routes |date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402082227/https://www.metrodecaracas.com.ve/?page_id=187 |archive-date=2016-04-02}}</ref>}} | {{cvt|67.2|km|mi}}{{refn|group="Nb"|name="Caracas-stats"}} | 358 (2017)<ref group="R">{{cite web|url=https://www.caracas.gob.ve/alcaldiaDeCCS/submit-an-article/movilidad/metro-de-caracas/metro-de-caracas|title=Metro de Caracas|access-date=30 September 2021|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929184323/https://www.caracas.gob.ve/alcaldiaDeCCS/submit-an-article/movilidad/metro-de-caracas/metro-de-caracas|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Maracaibo]] | [[Métro Maracaibo]] | 2006 | – | style="text-align:left" |6 | {{cvt|6.5|km|mi}} | n/a |- | [[Valencia, Vénézuéla|Valencia]] | [[Métro Valencia (Vénézuéla)|Métro Valencia]] | 2006 | – | style="text-align:left" |9 | {{cvt|6.2|km|mi}} | n/a |- | [[Hanoi]] | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Viétnam}} | [[Métro Hanoi]] | 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vnexpress.net/tau-dien-cat-linh-ha-dong-van-hanh-chinh-thuc-4382091.html |title=Tàu điện Cát Linh – Hà Đông vận hành chính thức|publisher=[[VnExpress]] |language=vi |trans-title=Hanoi Metro began operations |date=2021-11-05}}</ref> | 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vnexpress.net/metro-nhon-ga-ha-noi-truoc-ngay-van-hanh-thuong-mai-doan-tren-cao-4778768.html |title=Metro Nhổn – ga Hà Nội trước ngày vận hành thương mại đoạn trên cao|publisher=[[VnExpress]] |language=vi |trans-title= |date=2024-08-07}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |20 | {{cvt|21.6|km|mi}} | 20.65 (2025)<ref group="R">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-01-09 |title=Metro Hà Nội cán mốc hơn 20 triệu lượt hành khách trong năm 2025 |url=https://vtv.vn/metro-ha-noi-can-moc-hon-20-trieu-luot-hanh-khach-trong-nam-2025-100260109110618498.htm}}</ref> |- | [[Kota Ho Chi Minh]] | [[Métro Kota Ho Chi Minh]] | 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/traffic/finally-happening-hcmc-s-1st-metro-begins-service-after-12-years-4830183.html |title=Finally happening: HCMC's 1st metro begins service after 12 years|publisher=[[VnExpress]] |language=en |date=2024-12-22}}</ref> | – | style="text-align:left" |14 | {{cvt|19.7|km|mi}} | 20.5 (2025) <ref group="R">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=Metro số 1 vượt 20,5 triệu lượt khách, dân mong có thêm tuyến mới |url=https://laodong.vn/xa-hoi/metro-so-1-vuot-205-trieu-luot-khach-dan-mong-co-them-tuyen-moi-1634770.ldo |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=laodong.vn}}</ref> |- | [[Athéna]] | rowspan="2" | {{flag|Yunani}}{{anchor|Y}} | [[Métro Athéna]]{{refn|group="Nb"|Jalur Pelung ([[Jalur 3 (Métro Athéna)|Jalur 3]]) taler madué pahan {{cvt|20,7|km|mi}} (antuk 4 stasiun) nuju bandara sané kadruénang olih [[Organisasi Kereta Api Helenik]] miwah utamanyané kaanggén olih [[sistem kereta api komuter]].<ref name="Athens-history"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Schwandl, Robert |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/gr/athens/athens.htm |title=Athina |website=UrbanRail.net |access-date=2014-06-03}}</ref>}} | 1904<ref name="Oldest" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stasy.gr/index.php?id=407&L=1 |title=Historical Data |date=1 August 2013 |publisher=STASY S.A. |access-date=2013-08-21}} Métro Athéna ngranjingang Kereta Api Athena-Piraeus sané nganggén uap (SAP, mangkin [[Jalur 1 (Métro Athéna)|Jalur 1]]), sané kabungkah duk tanggal 27 Februari 869. Pahan terowongan kapertama ring kereta api, pantaraning {{stl|Métro Athéna|Monastiraki}} miwah {{stl|Métro Athéna|Omonoia}}, kabungkah ring tanggal 17 Mei 1895, miwah SAP muputang listrik jalur ring tanggal 16 Séptémber 1904.</ref>{{refn|group="Nb"|Jalar Gadang ([[Jalur 1 (Métro Athéna)|Jalur 1]]), kaoperasiang kantos warsa 2011 olih [[Kereta Api Listrik Athena-Piraeus]], kabungkah ring warsa 1869 pinaka jalur kereta api uap. Punika kalistrik ring warsa 1904, kalimbakang antuk pahan ring soring tanah saking kota ring warsa 1948, miwah kalimbakang ngantos Kifissia ring warsa 1957 nganggén hak margi saking lad jalur suburban sané ngukur méter. Operasi métro jangkep saking warsa 1904 pantaraning Piraeus miwah Athéna miwah 1957 nuju Kifissia. Ring warsa 2011, sampun kaintegrasi sareng Métro Athéna ring sor pautsahaan STASY S.A.<ref name="Athens-history"/>}} | 2022<ref>{{Cite news|title=PM to inaugurate three new Athens metro stations|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/254391/article/ekathimerini/news/pm-to-inaugurate-three-new-athens-metro-stations|access-date=2020-07-07|work=Kathimerini|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708091046/https://www.ekathimerini.com/254391/article/ekathimerini/news/pm-to-inaugurate-three-new-athens-metro-stations|archive-date=8 July 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left" |[[Lis stasiun Métro Athéna|66]]<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=14 August 2017 |title=Global heavyweights enter race for Athens €1.5bn metro line |url=http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/global-heavyweights-enter-race-athens-15bn-metro-l/ |magazine=GCR – Global Construction Review |publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Building]] |access-date=2018-10-05}}</ref> | {{cvt|91.7|km|mi}}<ref name="Athens-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.ametro.gr/page/default.asp?la=2&id=22 |title=Homepage – The Company – Historic Data – Transit in Athens |publisher=Attiko Metro S.A. |access-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708163601/http://www.ametro.gr/page/default.asp?la=2&id=22 |archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> | 240.0 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://www.oasa.gr/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/%CE%95%CE%9A%CE%98%CE%95%CE%A3%CE%97-%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%93%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%A9%CE%9D-%CE%9F%CE%91%CE%A3%CE%91_2024.pdf |script-title=el:Έκθεση Πεπραγμένων 2024 |publisher=OAΣA – Οργανισμός Αστικών Συγκοινωνιών Αθηνών [Athens Urban Transport Organisation] |language=el |trans-title=2024 Activity Report |access-date=2026-01-11 |page=99 |archive-date= |archive-url= |url-status= }}</ref><ref name="Athens" group="R Nb">This ridership figure is the ''sum'' of the two "Μετρό" figures ('''Γ1''' line, or "Ηλεκτρικός", formerly ran by IASA and '''Γ2'''–'''Γ3''' lines, formerly ran by AMEL) from the OAΣA's 2024 Activity Report.</ref> |- | [[Thessaloniki]] | [[Métro Thessaloniki]] | 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2024 |title=Greece's second largest city gets new metro – and it took 38 years to build |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/11/30/greeces-second-largest-city-gets-new-metro-and-it-took-38-years-to-build |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Euronews}}</ref> | – | [[Lis stasiun Métro Thessaloniki|13]] | {{cvt|9.6|km|mi}} | 1.3 (2024)<ref group="R">{{cite web |url=https://risultati.atm.it/2024/en/highlights-2024 |title=Operational Highlights 2024 |date= |publisher=Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (ATM) SpA |page= |language= |access-date=2026-01-11}}</ref> |} == Catetan == <references group="Nb"/> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 1pxaaf8nt7wdmu2csuioorh9n42d3n5 0 81223 281223 277246 2026-08-27T22:11:10Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 281223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox poem | name = ''Wiracarita Gilgamesh'' | image = British Museum Flood Tablet.jpg | image_size = | caption = Tablet [[Balabar ageng (mitologi)|Blabar ageng]] saking épos ''Gilgamesh'' ring basa [[basa Akkadia|Akkadia]] | subtitle = | author = | original_title = | original_title_lang = | translator = | written = {{circa|2100|1200}} SM {{sfn|Brandão|2020|p=23}} | first = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Mesopotamia]] | language = Sujatiné [[basa Sumeria|Sumeria]], alih basa salanturné ring [[basa Akkadia|Akkadia]] | media_type = [[Tablet tanah liat]] | wikisource = en:Epic of Gilgamesh }} {{Mitologi Mesopotamia|expanded=5}} {{Épos Uruk|expanded=3}} '''''Wiracarita Gilgamesh''''' ({{lang-en|Epic of Gilgamesh}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|l|ɡ|ə|m|ɛ|ʃ}})<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/gilgamesh "Gilgamesh"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413064309/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/gilgamesh |date=13 April 2019 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> inggih punika [[puisi épos|épos]] saking [[Mesopotamia]] kuna. Babas sastra [[Gilgamesh]] kakawitin antuk limang [[basa Sumeria|Sumeria]] puisi indik Gilgamesh (soroh "Bilgames" naenin kaanggep dados wangun Sumeria sadurungnyané<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubio |first=Gonzalo |date=January 2012 |title=Reading Sumerian Names, II: Gilgameš |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.5615/jcunestud.64.0003 |journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=3–16,8-9 |doi=10.5615/jcunestud.64.0003 |issn=0022-0256}}</ref>), Raja [[Uruk]], makudang-kudang sane minab mawit saking [[Dinasti Ur Katiga]] ({{circa|2100 SM}}).{{Sfn|Brandão|2020|p=23}} Satua-satua indepénden puniki raris kaanggen pinaka lakaran wit antuk épos gabungan ring [[basa Akkadia|Akkadia]]. Soroh kapertama sané kantun maurip saking epik gabungan puniki, sané kaloktah pinaka soroh Babilonia Kuna, mawit saking abad ka-18 SM miwah mamurda risampuné [[incipit]], '''''Shūtur eli sharrī''''' ("Ngalintangin Makasami Raja Lianan"). Wantah akidik [[tablet tanah liat|tablet]] sane kantun wenten. Versi Standar Babilonia salanturnyane sane kasusun olih [[Sîn-lēqi-unninni]] mawit saking pantaraning abad ka-13 lan ka-10 SM lan madaging incipit '''''Sha naqba īmuru'''''{{NoteTag|Ring warsa 2008, naskah-naskah saking média sadurung soroh Standar, sampun kakawitin antuk''Sha naqba īmuru''.{{Sfn|Brandão|2020|p=23}}{{Sfn|Lins Brandão|2019|p=21}}}} ("Ida Sané Manggihin Dalem", lit. "Ida Sane Manggihin Sane Tan Kauningin"). Kirang langkung kalih patiga saking soroh 12 tablét sané langkung sué puniki sampun kapolihang. Makudang-kudang salinan sane pinih becik kapanggihin ring [[Perpustakaan Ashurbanipal|reruntuhan perpustakaan]] [[Raja Asur]] [[Asurbanipal]] abad ke-7 SM. Pahan kapertama carita puniki maosang indik Gilgamesh, raja Uruk, lan [[Enkidu]], manusa liar sane kakaryanin olih para dewata mangda ngreredang Gilgamesh saking nindes rakyatnyane. Sasampune Enkidu dados becik malarapan antuk inisiasi seksual sareng [[Shamhat]], ipun malancaran nuju Uruk, irika ida nantangin Gilgamesh antuk nguji kekuatan. Gilgamesh menang ring pacentokan punika; yadiastun asapunika, makalih dados sawitra. Ipun sareng sami ngamargiang pamargi nem rahina nuju [[Alas Cedar]] sane legendaris, irika ipun pamuputnyane ngamademang sang sane ngamong, [[Humbaba]], lan nebas kayu aras sane suci.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalmedieva00jel_629 |title=Epic of Gilgamesh Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism |date=2005 |publisher=Gale |isbn=978-0-7876-8021-3 |editor-last=Krstovic |editor-first=Jelena O. |volume=74 |location=Detroit, MI |oclc=644697404 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Déwi [[Ishtar]] ngutus [[Banténg Suargan]] mangda ngukum Gilgamesh santukan nulak kemajuannyane. Gilgamesh lan Enkidu ngamademang punika, ngahina Ishtar ring prosesnyane. Para dewata mutusang pacang ngukum Enkidu mangda padem antuk ngicenin ipun gering sane ngawinang padem. Ring pahan kaping kalih epik, kasangsaran antuk sedan Enkidu ngawinang Gilgamesh ngamargiang pamargi sane dawa lan mabaya mangda prasida manggihin rahasia [[keabadian|kahuripan langgeng]]. Pamuputne, dane matemu sareng [[Utnapishtim]] lan kurenannyane, manusa sane wantah asiki sane prasida maurip [[mitos blabar Gilgamesh|blabar]] sane kapicu olih para dewa (bandingang [[Atra-Hasis|''Athra-Hasis'']]). Gilgamesh malajah saking ida indik "kahuripan, sane iraga rereh, iraga nenten lakar taen nemuang. Sawireh dugas para dewa nyiptaang manusa, ida ngebialang pati dados bagian idane, lan kauripan katahan ring tangan idane padidi".<ref name="Mesopotamia: The Good Life">{{Cite book |last=Thrower |first=James |title=The Alternative Tradition: A Study of Unbelief in the Ancient World |url=https://archive.org/details/alternativetradi0000thro_u6l5 |date=1980 |publisher=Mouton Publishers |location=The Hague, The Netherlands}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frankfort |first=Henri |title=Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man, an essay on speculative thought in the ancient near East |date=1974 |publisher=Penguin |page=226 |chapter=Chapter VII: Mesopotamia: The Good Life |oclc=225040700 |orig-year=1949}}</ref> Epik puniki kabaos pinaka karya dasar ring agama miwah tradisi saga pahlawan, antuk Gilgamesh ngwangun prototipe majeng ring pahlawan salanturnyane sakadi [[Heracles]] ([[Hercules]]) miwah epik punika dados pingaruh majeng ring [[Épos Homeros]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Temple |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkEOAAAAYAAJ |title=He who saw everything: a verse translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh |pages=viii–ix |date=1991 |publisher=Random Century Group Ltd |isbn=978-0-7126-4798-4 }}</ref> Puniki sampun kaalih basa ring makudang-kudang basa lan kacihnayang [[Gilgamesh ring budaya populer|ring makudang-kudang karya fiksi populer]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cutetan === <references group="note"/> rtvtw4ba9xuolpjdoh3cmfpc2e5qvge