Wikipédia banwiki https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_Utama MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Média Kusus Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé Wikipédia Pabligbagan Wikipédia Berkas Pabligbagan Berkas MédiaWiki Pabligbagan MédiaWiki Mal Pabligbagan Mal Wantuan Pabligbagan Wantuan Kategori Pabligbagan Kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pabligbagan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1381 281811 230966 2026-09-14T07:07:36Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 281811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Kaca2|Aksara Latin}} {{Kaca1|[[ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ|Aksara Bali]]}} {{2}} {{Suratan basa alus}} {{Coord|-8.244249|115.327723|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Kintamani |peta = |foto = Indonesia Bangli Kintamani district location map.svg |caption = Peta genah Kecamatan Kintamani ring Bangli |propinsi = Bali |dati2 = Kabupatén |nama dati2 = Bangli |nama camat = I Wayan Dirgayusa<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nusabali.com/index.php/berita/22156/abu-vulkanik-rambah-kintamani |title=Abu Vulkanik Rambah Kintamani |access-date=2019-09-15 |archive-date=2021-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017052150/https://www.nusabali.com/index.php/berita/22156/abu-vulkanik-rambah-kintamani |url-status=dead }}</ref> |kode pos = 80652 |luas = 366,92 km²<ref name="BPS Kintamani 2017"/> |penduduk = 93.240 diri (2015)<ref>[https://banglikab.bps.go.id/publication/2017/08/11/75da02379e631272a42118dd/kabupaten-bangli-dalam-angka-2017.html Kabupaten Bangli dalam Angka 2017]</ref> <br/>90.078 diri (2010)<ref name="BPS 2010">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/website/fileMenu/Penduduk-Indonesia-Menurut-Desa-2010.pdf |title= Penduduk Indonesia Menurut Desa 2010 |publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date= 15 Séptémber 2019}}</ref> |kepadatan = 897 orang/km²(2015) |kelurahan = 48 désa |suku bangsa = |agama = |website = {{URL|https://kintamani.banglikab.go.id}} }} [[Berkas:Kintamani - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|250px|Panorama [[Gunung Batur]] miwah [[Danu Batur]] ring désa Kintamani]] '''Kintamani''' (aksara Bali: ᬓᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬫᬦᬶ) inggih punika kecamatan miwah [[Ibukota]] [[Kabupatén Bangli]], [[Propinsi]] [[Bali]], [[Indonésia]]. Kecamatan Kintamani jimbarnyané 56,26 km2.<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kecamatan niki ngalingkupin makasami enceban Gunung Batur miwah sawawengkonnyane. Kasub antuk juuk kintamani, danu, kalebutan toya panes, miwah situs arkeologi pulina ==Geograpi== ===Wates wewidangan=== Kecamatan Kintamani madué wates wewidangan inggih punika: {{Batas_USBT |kaja = [[Kabupatén Buléléng]] |kelod = [[Bangli, Bangli|Kecamatan Bangli]] dan [[Kabupatén Gianyar]] |kauh = [[Kabupatén Buléléng]] dan [[Kabupatén Badung]] |kangin = [[Kabupatén Karangasem]] }} ==Pamréntahan== ===Wawengkon Administrasi=== Kecamatan Kintamani kakepah dados 48 désa, inggih punika: {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Abangsongan, Kintamani, Bangli|Abang Songan]] * [[Abuan, Kintamani, Bangli|Abuan]] * [[Awan, Kintamani, Bangli|Awan]] * [[Bantang, Kintamani, Bangli|Bantang]] * [[Banua, Kintamani, Bangli|Banua]] * [[Batudinding, Kintamani, Bangli|Batu Dinding]] * [[Batukaang, Kintamani, Bangli|Batukaang]] * [[Batur Selatan, Kintamani, Bangli|Batur Selatan]] * [[Batur Tengah, Kintamani, Bangli|Batur Tengah]] * [[Batur Utara, Kintamani, Bangli|Batur Utara]] * [[Bayungcerik, Kintamani, Bangli|Bayungcerik]] * [[Bayung Gedé, Kintamani, Bangli|Bayung Gedé]] * [[Belancan, Kintamani, Bangli|Belancan]] * [[Belandingan, Kintamani, Bangli|Belandingan]] * [[Belanga, Kintamani, Bangli|Belanga]] * [[Belantih, Kintamani, Bangli|Belantih]] * [[Binyan, Kintamani, Bangli|Binyan]] * [[Bonyoh, Kintamani, Bangli|Bonyoh]] * [[Buahan, Kintamani, Bangli|Buahan]] * [[Bunutin, Kintamani, Bangli|Bunutin]] * [[Catur, Kintamani, Bangli|Catur]] * [[Daup, Kintamani, Bangli|Daup]] * [[Dausa, Kintamani, Bangli|Dausa]] * [[Gunungbau, Kintamani, Bangli|Gunungbau]] * [[Katung, Kintamani, Bangli|Katung]] * [[Kedisan, Kintamani, Bangli|Kedisan]] * [[Kintamani, Kintamani, Bangli|Kintamani]] * [[Kutuh, Kintamani, Bangli|Kutuh]] * [[Langgahan, Kintamani, Bangli|Langgahan]] * [[Lembean, Kintamani, Bangli|Lembean]] * [[Mangguh, Kintamani, Bangli|Mangguh]] * [[Manikliyu, Kintamani, Bangli|Manikliyu]] * [[Mengani, Kintamani, Bangli|Mengani]] * [[Pengejaran, Kintamani, Bangli|Pengejaran]] * [[Pinggan, Kintamani, Bangli|Pinggan]] * [[Satra, Kintamani, Bangli|Satra]] * [[Sekaan, Kintamani, Bangli|Sekaan]] * [[Sekardadi, Kintamani, Bangli|Sekardadi]] * [[Selulung, Kintamani, Bangli|Selulung]] * [[Serai, Kintamani, Bangli|Serai]] * [[Siakin, Kintamani, Bangli|Siakin]] * [[Songan A, Kintamani, Bangli|Songan A]] * [[Songan B, Kintamani, Bangli|Songan B]] * [[Subaya, Kintamani, Bangli|Subaya]] * [[Sukawana, Kintamani, Bangli|Sukawana]] * [[Suter, Kintamani, Bangli|Suter]] * [[Terunyan, Kintamani, Bangli|Terunyan]] * [[Ulian, Kintamani, Bangli|Ulian]] {{div col end}} ==Demograpi== Akeh kramanyané ring kecamatan Kintamani kirang langkung 93.240 diri sané kakepah dados 47.670 lanang miwah 46.130 isteri tur [[Sex ratio manusia|sex ratio]] 103. Akeh kepala kulawargané 27.899 KK sané madué rata-rata 3 diri/KK.<ref name="BPS Kintamani 2017">{{Cite web|url= https://banglikab.bps.go.id/publication/2017/09/20/9a31000cddcb06b4e760bd38/kecamatan-bangli-dalam-angka-2017.html |title= Kecamatan Kintamani dalam Angka 2017 |publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date= 15 Séptémber 2019 |page=25}}</ref> == Pendidikan == === Pendidikan tinggi === {{utama|Pendidikan tinggi ring Kintamani, Bangli}} {{:Pendidikan tinggi ring Kintamani, Bangli}} === Sekolah Menengah Atas === {{utama|Sekolah menengah atas ring Kintamani, Bangli}} {{:Sekolah menengah atas ring Kintamani, Bangli}} === Sekolah Menengah Pertama === {{utama|Sekolah menengah pertama ring Kintamani, Bangli}} {{:Sekolah menengah pertama ring Kintamani, Bangli}} === Sekolah Dasar === {{utama|Sekolah dasar ring Kintamani, Bangli}} {{:Sekolah dasar ring Kintamani, Bangli}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ===Pranala jaba=== * {{id}} [https://www.baliprov.go.id/web/ Situs Resmi Pamréntahan Propinsi Bali] * {{id}} [https://bali.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Bali] * {{id}} [http://www.banglikab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kabupatén Bangli] * {{id}} [https://banglikab.bps.go.id/publication BPS Kabupatén Bangli] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kaapus saking lis.'' {{Kintamani, Bangli}} {{Kabupatén Bangli}} [[Kategori:Kabupatén Bangli]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kabupatén Bangli]] {{Kecamatan-stub}} 221yb3a88hst1huaw85vk3c1mx6ql14 0 7936 281812 281545 2026-09-14T07:26:45Z ~2026-48142-55 109897 /* Busana adat */ 281812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Alaki rabi sesampune ngemargiang upacara pawiwahan (prosesi perkawinan). Penganten lanang nganggen baju Melayu sane mapasangan sareng songkok lan songket, lan penganten istri nganggen baju kurung lan jilbab.]] '''Wong Melayu''' ({{lang-ms|'''Melayu'''}}; Jawi: ملايو) inggih punika soroh etnoagama Austronésia sane mawit saking Semenanjung Melayu, [[Sumatra]] kangin, pasisi [[Kalimantan]], miwah pulau-pulau sane alitan sane magenah ring pantaraning genah-genah puniki sane kaloktah dados [[Kepulauan Riau]]. [[Basa Melayu]] inggih punika anggota kulawarga [[Soroh Basa Austronésia|basa Austronésia]]. Genah puniki mangkin dados pahan saking negara-negara modern inggih punika [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Brunéi Darussalam]], [[Singapura]], [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Thailand]], lan [[Filipina]]. Wenten keragaman basa, budaya, seni miwah sosial sane ageng ring makudang soroh Melayu, utamanyane sangkaning satusan warsa imigrasi miwah asimilasi saking makudang soroh miwah suku regional ring Asia Tenggara Maritim. Manut babad, krama Melayu utamanyane mawit saking suku Austronesia miwah Austroasia sane mabasa Melayu sadurungnyane sane ngwangun makudang-kudang panegara miwah kerajaan perdagangan maritim kuno, utamanyane Brunei, Kedah, Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, Melayu, miwah [[Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 & 60}} Pangrauh Kesultanan Malaka ring abad ka-15 ngawinang revolusi ageng ring sejarah Melayu, sane mabuat pisan magenah ring warisan politik lan budaya sane jimbar. Cihna sane pastika saking Melayu - agama [[agama Islam|Islam]], basa miwah tradisi Melayu - kawedarang sampun kasobyahang salami masa puniki, sane ngawinang etnogenesis Melayu pinaka soroh etnoagama utama ring wawidangan punika. Ring sastra, arsitektur, tradisi kuliner, busana tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri miwah tradisi istana kerajaan, Malaka netepang standar sané katulad olih kesultanan Melayu salanturnyané. Masa jayanyane kesultanan Melayu ring Semenanjung Melayu, Sumatera Kangin lan Pasih Kalimantan nyingakin akeh kramannyane, pamekas saking makudang-kudang komunitas suku sakadi Batak, Dayak, Wong Asli lan Wong Laut, ngrereh Islamisasi lan Invasi Melayu. Sakadi sane sampun lintang, istilah "Melayu" sampun nglimbak ring soroh sane tiosan ring sajeroning "Jagat Melayu"; kawigunan puniki mangkin akehan kawatesin ring Malaysia miwah Singapura, inggian warih sane tiosan saking soroh puniki kasengguh Anak Dagang ("pedagang") miwah akehan mawit saking Indonesia sakadi Aceh, Banjar, [[wong Bugis|Bugis]], Mandailing, [[wong Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] miwah [[wong Jawa|Jawa]]. Sajeroning sejarahnyane, krama Melayu sampun kaloktah pinaka krama sane madagang ring pasisi pasih antuk ceciren budaya sane cair.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 & 43}} Dane ngeresep, ngepah miwah ngirimang makudang-kudang ceciren budaya saking soroh lokal tiosan, sekadi Minangkabau miwah Aceh. == Etimologi == [[Berkas:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|[[Candi Muaro Jambi|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi]] ring [[Jambi]], manut sejarah mapaiketan sareng Kerajaan Melayu pra-Islam. Melayu-Sriwijaya kasub antuk ngwangun sistem wangunan sane kompleks ring ibu kota, kota-kota gede lan pusat kota sane penting.]] [[Berkas:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang ring [[kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Manut ''Sejarah Melayu'', bukit punika nyatet rauh Sang Sapurba, leluhur legendaris majeng ring makudang-kudang umah kerajaan Melayu ring Sumatera, Semenanjung Melayu miwah Kalimantan.]] Sastra epik ''Malay Annals'' ngaitkan wit etimologis "Melayu" sareng tukad alit sane mawasta ''Sungai Melayu'' ('tukad Melayu') ring [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epos punika iwang maosang tukad punika membah nuju [[Tukad Musi]] ring [[Palembang]], nanging sujatinnyane membah nuju [[Tukad Batang Hari]] ring [[Jambi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}</ref>{{rp|298}} Istilah puniki kabaosang mawit saking kruna [[basa Melayu|Melayu]] ''melaju'', gabungan saking pangater verbal 'me' lan kruna akar 'laju', sane maartos "ngranjingang", kaanggen nlatarang arus kuat tukad sane ngegancangin.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}} === Pinaka wastan genah (toponim) === Sadurung abad ka-15, istilah "Melayu" miwah variannyané sané masuara pateh kanten mamargi pinaka toponim sané sampun sue ring wewidangan [[Selat Malaka]].{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}} * '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', “Malaya Dvipa”, katlatarang ring pasal 48, Vayu Purana pinaka sinalih tunggil propinsi ring segara kangin sane pecak madaging mas miwah perak. Makudang-kudang sujana matehang istilah punika sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} nanging makudang-kudang sujana India percaya istilah punika patut nujuang Semenanjung Malaya sane magunungan, nanging Sumatra pinih patut mapaiketan sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}} * '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – genah ring Chersones Emas, saking karya Ptolemeus, Geografi.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}} * '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – kabaosang olih Yijing, biarawan Buddha Cina dinasti Tang sane ngrauhin Asia Tenggara duk warsa 688-695. Manut Yijing, kerajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' punika magenah ring jarak 15 rahina malayar saking Bogha (Palembang), ibu kota Sribhoga ([[Sriwijaya]]). Butuh malayar 15 rahina taler mangda prasida rauh ring Ka-Cha (Kedah) saking Mo-lo-yu; punika mawinan, prasida kaanggep Mo-Lo-Yu pacang magenah ring tengahing genah makakalih punika.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Asiki teori sané sampun kaloktah mapaiketan sareng ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng [[candi Muaro Jambi|Jambi]] ring Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} sakéwanten genah Jambi matungkasan sareng gambaran Yi Jing indik "malayar atengah jalan pantaraning ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) miwah ''Bogha'' (Palembang)". Ring Dinasti Yuan (1271-1368) miwah [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368-1644), kruna ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering kabaosang ring sasuratan sejarah Cina – antuk pauwahan ejaan santukan galah pantaraning dinasti – pinaka negara sané nampek ring segara kelod. Diantarane istilah sane kaanggen inggih punika "Bôk-lá-yù", "Mók-là-yū" (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — katureksa saking sumber tulis biarawan Xuanzang) lan Wú-laī-yû (無来由). * '''''Malaiyur''''' – sane kabaosang ring prasasti Tanjore. Punika kagambarang pinaka kerajaan sane madue "gunung sane kukuh antuk bentengnyane" sane runtuh ring para penjajah Chola salami kampanye Rajendra Chola I ring abad ka-11. Minab magenah ring Sumatra, ring pantaraning Pannai miwah Sriwijaya (Palémbang),<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>{{rp|77–78, 170}} minab ring situs arkeologi [[Kabupatén Muaro Jambi|Muaro Jambi]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>{{rp|405}} * '''''Malai''''' – kabaosang olih ahli geografi Arab abad ka-12 Muhammad al-Idrisi ring Tabula Rogeriana, punika nyihnayang semenanjung Malaya pinaka pulau sane dawa lan kawastanin Malai, mawates sareng Qmer (Khmer) lan magenah 12 rahina malayar saking Sanf (Champa).<ref>[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands]. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.</ref><ref>Gerini, G. E., & Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&vq=malai&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q=malai&f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.</ref> * '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (harfiahnyane "Tanah Malayu"), transkripsi saking Prasasti Padang Roco sane mawit saking warsa 1286 M olih Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah punika mapaiketan sareng kerajaan Dharmasraya. * '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – kabaosang ring babad dinasti Yuan, nganutin bangsa Semenanjung Malaya sane ngadepin ekspansi kelod Kerajaan Sukhothai, duk pemerintahan Ram Khamhaeng.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=21 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Babad punika maosang: "''..Kawentenan permusuhan pantaraning Siam miwah Ma-li-yu-er antuk makakalih saling ngamademang...''". Pinaka penampén saking parilaksana Sukhothai, utusan Tiongkok lunga ka istana Ram Khamhaeng duk warsa 1295 makta dekrit kekaisaran: "Tegepin janjin ragané miwah sampunang nglaksanayang sané kaon majeng ring Ma-li-yu-er".{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}} * '''''Malauir''''' – kabaosang ring cakepan Marco Polo pinaka kerajaan sane magenah ring Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} minab mesib sareng sane kabaosang ring babad Yuan. * '''''Malayapura''''' – (sane harfiahnyane "kota Malaya" utawi "benteng Malaya"), sane kasurat ring prasasti Amoghapasa sane mawit saking warsa 1347 M. Istilah punika kaanggen olih Adityawarman anggen nujuang Dharmasraya. Piteket sane tiosan minakadi kruna [[basa Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (pinaka kruna kria: malaib, partisipan: buron), utawi istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (nglanturang mempercepat), sane nujuang ring mobilitas sane tegeh lan sifat migrasi kramannyane. De Barros (1552) maosang indik Iskandar Shah ngadanin ''Malaios'' (Melayu) kadi asapunika santukan pangusiran ajinnyane saking panegarannyane. Albuquerque nlatarang indik Sang Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') saking kerajaan [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] nuju Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}} === Pinaka wastan etnis (etnonim) === {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg | alt1 = Melayu saking Malaka | caption1 = Cat air Portugis saking jadma Malaya Malaka, sawatara warsa 1540, kapanggihin ring Códice Casanatense | image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg | alt2 = Pasangan Melayu | caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Melayu, saking ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara warsa 1669 lan 1682 | image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg | alt3 = Joget ngigel | caption3 = Tari Joget saking Kesultanan Malaka; akeh aspek budaya Melayu sane mawit saking istana Malaka. }} Kruna "Melayu" pinaka etnonim, anggen nyihnayang kelompok etnologi sane sampun pastika mabinayan, katarka sampun kadadosang modis ring sajebag integrasi Kesultanan Malaka pinaka kekuatan regional duk abad ka-15. Punika kaanggen nglaporang parsialitas sosial krama Malaka sane mabinayan sareng krama asing sakadi saking wewidangan sane pateh, utamanyane krama [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]] lan Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Puniki kabuktiang saking daftar kruna-kruna Melayu ring pangawit abad ka-16 olih Antonio Pigafetta (pamilet ring tawaf Magellan), sané nganutin panganggén frase ''chiara Malaiu'' (cara-cara Melayu) ring maritim Asia Kelod-Kangin anggén nganutin ''al parlare de Malacca'' (basa Italia antuk "mangda maosang indik Malaka").{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}} Manut sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Melayu klasik sering nlatarang indik Melayu antuk arti sane cupit saking interpretasi modern; nganutin teks-teks ring sor puniki pinaka bukti saking pamineh punika:<ref name="Milner2008">{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098 |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} * ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', sane kasurat utamanyane salami abad ka-17, wantah nyihnayang krama Melayu pinaka subjek Kesultanan Malaka.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=6 Séptémber 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''Hikayat Patani'', sané kawangun saking warsa 1690-1730, nyayagayang ngawigunayang parinama punika wantah ring Johor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=June 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}</ref> * ''Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa'' (taler kabaos Cakepan Kedah), sane kasurat ring panguntat abad ka-18 utawi pangawit abad ka-19, ngindarin nganggen deskriptor "Melayu" majeng ring krama Kedah. * ''Hikayat Aceh'', sane kakenehang sampun kasurat sawatara pantaraning warsa 1636 lan 1700, eksplisit ngiket etnis Melayu sareng Johor, nanging nenten ngamargiang sane pateh ritatkala nganutin [[Acéh]] utawi Deli.<ref name="Iskandar1958">{{cite book |last= Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530000000/http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-date=30 Méi 2024 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413}} [https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-32197 Alt URL]</ref>{{rp|2–4}}<ref>See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662|doi-access=free }}</ref> Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya puniki sampun akeh ka edit saking galah ka galah olih makudang-kudang penyalin, sane minab ngranjing pengenalan utawi nincapang konsep identitas "Melayu"; silih tunggil salinan saking Cakepan Melayu, umpaminyane, nyihnayang kepala ring [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] sane nganutin "sentana titiang", nanging salinan salanturnyane maosang "subjek Melayu".{{r|Milner2008|p=90–91}} == Agama == [[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]] ring rahina sane sampun lintang ring rahina Ramadhan. Kerajaan sane sugih ngambil Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Melayu'') pinaka filosofi nasional ngawit kemerdekaannyane duk warsa 1984.]] Komunitas Melayu pangawit akehan animis, percaya ring kawentenan ''semangat'' (roh) ring sakancan parindikan.<ref name="zaki1">{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}</ref> Sawetara pamungkah era umum, [[agama Hindu]] lan [[agama Buddha|Buddha]] kasobyahang olih para dagang Asia Selatan ka Kepulauan Melayu, irika ipun nglimbak ngantos abad ka-13, sadurung rauh agama Islam sane kabakta olih para dagang Muslim Arab, Asia Selatan lan Cina. Ring abad ka-15, Islam saking sekte Sunni ortodoks nglimbak ring jagat Melayu ring sor Kesultanan Malaka. Mabinayan sareng agama Hindu, sane secara dangkal ngubah masyarakat Melayu awal, [[agama Islam|Islam]] prasida kabaos sampun jangkep terintegrasi ring kahuripan sarahina-rahina kramane.<ref name="Syed">{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}</ref> Ngawit saking masa puniki, krama Melayu kaanggep pinaka kelompok etnoagama lan manut tradisi madue identifikasi sane raket sareng Islam{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} lan ipun nenten nguwah agamanyane ngawit punika.<ref name="Syed" /> Jati diri puniki sampun kukuh mawinan kabaos dados Islam punika mangda ''masuk Melayu'' (mangda ngranjing ring kemelayuan).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}} Yadiastun asapunika, kapercayaan sadurungnyane madue akah sane dalem, ipun sampun ngamong raga nglawan anathema Islam – lan sujatine mistisisme Sufisme sampun dados nyambung ring kalangan Melayu, sareng roh-roh jagat animistik sadurungnyane lan makudang-kudang unsur agama Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Risampune warsa 1970-an, kabangkitan Islam (taler kabaos re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) ring sajebag jagat Muslim, akeh tradisi sane kaanggep nenten manut sareng ajah-ajahan Islam lan madaging unsur-unsur syirik katilar olih krama Melayu ring Malaysia, nanging ring pantaraning krama Melayu ring Indonésia, tradisi puniki nenten kaanggep pinaka unsur-unsur syirik madaging lan takhayul. Pantaraning tradisi punika inggih punika rerainan ''mandi safar'' ([[manjus]] Safar), rerainan pemandian anggen ngamolihang kesucian spiritual, sane prasida kacingak fitur sane mirib sareng makudang-kudang sane wenten ring Durga Puja India.{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}} Akeh etnis Melayu modern inggih punika penganut [[Islam]] Sunni<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=6 Séptémber 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}</ref> miwah rerainan Melayu sane pinih utama inggih punika sane mawit saking Islam - ''[[Idul Fitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Rahina Idul Adha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''Awal Muharram'', miwah ''Maulidur Rasul''. Kaanggep murtad yening krama Melayu ngranjing saking Islam ring [[Malaysia]] miwah [[Brunéi Darussalam]]. Nanging, wenten makudang-kudang etnis Melayu sane magenah ring jaba panegara-panegara punika taler sampun ngrangkul agama sane tiosan sacara hukum ring sor hukum. == Arsitéktur == {{See also|Umah Melayu}} [[Berkas:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Sebuah umah tradisional Melayu ring Kedah, kahiasin antuk panel ukiran khas saking Semenanjung Melayu kaja.]] [[Umah Melayu]] nganutin paumahan vernakular Melayu, kelompok etno-linguistik sane meneng ring [[Sumatra]], pasisi [[Nusa Kalimantan|Kalimantan]] lan Semenanjung Melayu. Wangun arsitektur tradisional, sakadi atap sane cocok antuk tropis lan proporsi sane harmonis teken elemen dekoratif kaanggep enu madue nilai budaya sane gede olih akeh jadma ring wewidangan punika. Nanging, wangunan puniki ngamerluang perawatan sane signifikan yening saihang sareng konstruksi modern; minakadi tantangan ring sajeroning nglestariang bahan utamanyane, kayu, saking efek pelapukan cuaca tropis taler infestasi rayap. Kawagedan konstruksi vernakular puniki saka kidik ical ring [[Malaysia]] santukan kayu alami sayan arang sangkaning deforestasi ring samping industrialisasi,<ref name=H>{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}</ref> nanging ring [[Indonésia]] paumahan tradisional sakadi punika kantun wenten ring desa. Yadiastun transformasi kota ring [[Singapura]] sampun ngicalang makasami ward kota Melayu, makudang-kudang umah sané nyihnayang arsitéktur vernakular puniki kantun ajeg, utaminnyané magenah ring pulau Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}} Utsaha ngelestariang gaya arsitektur asli Nusantara Indonesia sampun kamargiang malarapan antuk dokumentasi miwah penciptaan replika ring paviliun [[propinsi ring Indonésia|propinsi]] ring [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]]. Sang sane madue akeh umah tradisional Malaysia sane kantun wenten taler sampun nyewa ring studio produksi pinaka set film lan iklan, lan homestay, pinaka sumber pendapatan tambahan.<ref name=H /> == Basa == [[Berkas:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|Prasasti Kedukan Bukit sane masurat aksara Pallawa. Mawit saking warsa 683, puniki silih sinunggil artefak sesuratan Melayu sane pinih tua sane kantun wenten.]] {{Main|Basa Melayu}} [[Basa Melayu]] inggih punika silih sinunggil basa sane pinih kaloktah ring jagate, utamanyane saking kulawarga Austronesia. Varian miwah dialek basa Melayu kaanggen pinaka basa resmi ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] miwah [[Singapura]]. Basa puniki taler kaanggen ring [[Thailand|Thailand Selatan]], [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Nusa Natal]], [[Sri Lanka]]. Basa puniki kabaosang asli olih kirang langkung 33 yuta jadma ring sajebag Kapuloan Melayu lan kaanggen pinaka basa kaping kalih olih kirang langkung 220 yuta jadma.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}} Wangun basa Melayu sane pinih lingsir mawit saking basa Proto-Malayo-Polinesia sane kabaosang olih krama Austronesia sane kapertama meneng ring [[Asia Kelod-Kangin]]. Wangun puniki salanturnyane pacang nglimbak dados Melayu Kuno ritatkala budaya miwah agama India ngawit nembus wawidangan punika. Basa Melayu Kuna madaging makudang-kudang istilah sane kantos mangkin, nanging tetep nenten karesepang olih penutur modern, nanging basa modern sampun akeh sane kauningin ring sasuratan Melayu Klasik, sane wangunnyane pinih lingsir mawit saking warsa 1303 M.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Melayu nglimbak dados Melayu Klasik majalaran antuk akeh kosakata [[basa Arab]] miwah [[basa Pars|Pars]] rikalaning Islam ngeranjing ring wawidangan punika, mauwah sajeroning pamarginnyane. Awalnyane, basa Melayu Klasik inggih punika soroh dialek sane mabinayan, sane nyihnayang makudang-kudang wit saking kerajaan Melayu ring Asia Tenggara. Silih sinunggil dialek puniki, sane kalimbakang ring tradisi sastra Kesultanan Malaka ring abad ka-15, pamuputnyane dados dominan. Era Malaka kacihnayang antuk pauwahan basa Melayu dados basa Islam, antuk cara sane pateh sareng [[basa Arab]], [[basa Pars|Persia]], Urdu lan [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. Aksara Arab sane kaadaptasi sane kawastanin Jawi kaanggen ngentosin aksara Kawi, istilah agama miwah budaya Islam akeh kaasimilasi, ngutang akeh kruna-kruna Hindu-Buddha, miwah Melayu dados basa media pangajah-ajahan miwah penyebaran Islam ring sajebag wewidangan Asia Tenggara. Ring muncuk kawisesan Malaka ring abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik sampun nglimbak nglintangin jagat sane mabasa Melayu tradisional<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59">{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}</ref> miwah ngasilang ''[[lingua franca]]'' sane kawastanin ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' ("Bazar Melayu") utawi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' ("Melayu sane andap") sane mabinayan sareng ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' ("Melayu sane tegeh") Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Katahnyane kapercayain yening basa Melayu Bazaar inggih punika basa pidgin miwah panglimbak sane pinih utama, sakemaon, sampun pidgin punika kreolisasi, ngawetuang makudang-kudang basa anyar sakadi basa Melayu Ambon, basa Melayu Manado miwah [[basa Betawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}} Para pangawi Eropa duk abad ka-17 miwah ka-18, sekadi Tavernier, Thomassin miwah Werndly nyobyahang basa Melayu pinaka "''basa sane kawikan ring makasami Hindia, sekadi [[basa Latin]] ring [[Éropa]]''".{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Punika taler sane pinih akeh kaanggen duk masa kolonial Inggris lan Belanda ring Kapuloan Melayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Sabaliknyane kapanggihang ring Hindia Timur Spanyol, inggian latinisasi massal Nusantara salami warsa kolonial ngawinang kudeta sejarah basa Melayu ring Filipina. Dialek Kesultanan Johor, penerus langsung Malaka, dados bebaosan standar ring pantaraning Melayu ring [[Singapura]] miwah [[Malaysia]], miwah punika dados dasar asli [[basa Indonésia]] sane sampun standar.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/>{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}} Lempas saking basa Melayu standar, sane kalimbakang ring wewidangan Malaka-Johor, wenten makudang-kudang dialek Melayu lokal. Minakadi krama Bangkan, krama Brunéi, krama Jambi, krama Kelantan, krama Kedah, krama Negeri Sembilan, krama Palembang, krama Pattan, krama Sarawak, krama Terengganu, miwah akeh sane lianan. Basa Melayu punika manut sejarahnyane kasurat ring Pallawa, Kawi miwah Rencong. Sasampune rauh agama Islam, aksara Jawi sane madasar antuk basa Arab kaambil miwah kantun kaanggen kantos mangkin pinaka silih sinunggil saking kalih aksara resmi ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]] miwah pinaka aksara alternatif ring [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}</ref> Kakawitin saking abad ka-17, pinaka pikolih saking penjajahan Inggris miwah Belanda, basa Jawi saka kidik kagentosin antuk aksara Rumi<ref>{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=8 Séptémber 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> sane madasar antuk basa Latin sane pamuputnyane dados aksara modern resmi antuk basa Melayu ring [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], miwah [[Indonésia]], miwah aksara resmi sareng-sareng ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]]. == Busana adat == [[Gambar:Busana Melayu.jpg|thumb|Lanang-lanang Melayu ring ''busana Melayu'', gaya tradisional busana Melayu]] Busana miwah tekstil tradisional Melayu sampun terus-terusan kauwah ngawit saking jaman kuno. Manut sejarah, Melayu kuno kasurat antuk ngeranjingang makudang-kudang bahan alami pinaka sumber vital antuk kain, busana miwah busana. Nanging, masa sane sampun ketah, nyaksiang rauhnyane para dagang saking kangin miwah kauh nuju pelabuhan Kepulauan Melayu, sareng-sareng ipun numbas barang-barang mewah anyar, rumasuk kapas miwah sutra alus. Busana punika salanturnyane dados sumber mode Melayu sane tegeh miwah ngamolihang peran budaya pinaka identitas sane ngiket ring Nusantara, utamanyane ring semenanjung, [[Sumatra]] miwah wewidangan pasisi [[Nusa Kalimantan|Kalimantan]].{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Ring budaya Melayu, busana miwah tekstil kasub pinaka pralambang keindahan, kawisesan miwah status. Akeh akun ring hikayat Melayu negesang genah khusus sane kagenahin olih tekstil.{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=2}} Industri tenun tangan Melayu prasida katureksain witnyane ngawit abad ka-13 ritatkala jalur perdagangan kangin nglimbak ring sor dinasti Song. Kabaosang indik tekstil sane kakaryanin ring lokal taler akehnyane tenun ring Semenanjung Malaya kakaryanin ring makudang-kudang akun Cina miwah Arab.{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=19}} Ring pantaraning tekstil Melayu sane sampun kaloktah inggih punika [[Songkét]], [[Batik]], ''Telepok'', ''Limar'', ''Tenun'', ''Kelingkam'', ''Cindai'', ''Pelangi'' miwah ''Tekad''. Busana Melayu klasik mabinayan pantaraning wewidangan sane matiosan, nanging busana tradisional sane pinih dalem ring masa modern inggih punika Baju Kurung (majeng ring anak istri) miwah Baju Melayu (majeng ring anak lanang), sane makakalih kaakui pinaka busana nasional majeng ring [[Malaysia]] miwah [[Brunéi Darussalam]], miwah taler kaanggen olih komunitas Melayu ring [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Filipina]], [[Myanmar]] miwah [[Thailand]]. [[Gambar:HariRayaMalaykids.jpg|thumb|left|Anak Melayu nganggen busana adat rikala [[Idul Fitri]]]] Kruna ''Baju Kurung'', sastra sane kategesang pinaka “menyelimuti tubuh” sang sane nganggen punika kasesuaiang madasar antuk prinsip-prinsip Islam sane sopan, sopan santun miwah ngasorang raga. Praktik punika paralel sareng doktrin agama Yahudi-Kristen, santukan ngamedalang anggota tubuh intim kaanggep pinaka sane kalarang ring [[agama Islam|Islam]]. Interpretasi punika raris kaserep ring cara mabusana miwah perspektif budaya Melayu, puniki prasida kuat kasaksiang ring pamrentahan Mansur Shah saking Malaka ring abad ka-15, sultan ngelarang rakyat Muslim istrinyane ring publik mangda wantah nganggen sarung saking bust ka sor. Sapanjang masa, Sang Melayu Baju Kurung ngranjing ring makudang-kudang reinkarnasi sadurung ngambil wangunnyane sane mangkin. Duaning jimbarnyane makudang-kudang kerajaan Melayu ring Nusantara, wangun lokal miwah mabinayan saking pola desain Baju Kurung taler prasida kasaksiang ring wewidangan punika, rumasuk Bengkulu, Kedah, Jambi, Johor-Riau, Pahang miwah [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]].{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Mode sane anut ring Baju Kurung majeng ring anak lanang sane kaloktah dados “Baju Melayu”. Bagian baduur busana punika kakaryanin antuk desain geometris sane meh-mehan pateh sareng Baju Kurung miwah lumrahnyane kapasangin antuk kain tenun sane kaloktah dados sarung. Pola sarung punika minab ngranjing simbol status perkawinan jadma punika utawi pangkatnyane ring masyarakat tradisional Melayu.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Busana Melayu klasik sane lumrah lianan antuk anak muani inggih punika ''baju'' (kaos) utawi ''tekua'' (soroh kaos lengan panjang), ''baju rompi'' (rompi), ''kancing'' (kancing), ''celana'' batis cenik (celana), sarung sane kaanggen ring pinggang, ''capal'' (sandal), miwah ''tanjak'' utawi ''tengkolok'' (tutup sirah); ring para bangsawan, ''baju sikap'' utawi ''baju layang'' (soroh mantel) miwah ''pending'' (gesper sabuk hias) taler sinonim kaanggen pinaka busana formal. Taler sampun ketah wenten ''pendekar'' (prajurit Melayu) sane madue Kris sane nyelepin ring lipatan sarung sane ring arep. Mabinayan sareng Baju Melayu sane terus kaanggen pinaka busana upacara kemanten, Baju Kurung kaanggen sarahina sapanjang warsa olih mayoritas anak istri Melayu. Kacingak PNS, buruh profesional miwah mahasiswa istri sane nganggen Baju Kurung sampun ketah ring [[Malaysia]] miwah [[Brunéi Darussalam]]. == Cingak taler == * [[Jagat Melayu]] * [[Umah Melayu]] == Reperensi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Wong|Melayu]] [[Kategori:Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Brunéi Darussalam]] [[Kategori:Singapura]] {{Authority control}} ifssqzak4b8i6jxgaraygcu687zid1a 281813 281812 2026-09-14T07:28:09Z ~2026-48142-55 109897 /* */ 281813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{AP}} [[Berkas:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Alaki rabi sesampune ngemargiang upacara pawiwahan (prosesi perkawinan). Penganten lanang nganggen baju Melayu sane mapasangan sareng songkok lan songket, lan penganten istri nganggen baju kurung lan jilbab.]] '''Wong Melayu''' ({{lang-ms|'''Melayu'''}}; Jawi: ملايو) inggih punika soroh etnoagama Austronésia sane mawit saking Semenanjung Melayu, [[Sumatra]] kangin, pasisi [[Kalimantan]], miwah pulau-pulau sane alitan sane magenah ring pantaraning genah-genah puniki sane kaloktah dados [[Kepulauan Riau]]. [[Basa Melayu]] inggih punika anggota kulawarga [[Soroh Basa Austronésia|basa Austronésia]]. Genah puniki mangkin dados pahan saking negara-negara modern inggih punika [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Brunéi Darussalam]], [[Singapura]], [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Thailand]], lan [[Filipina]]. Wenten keragaman basa, budaya, seni miwah sosial sane ageng ring makudang soroh Melayu, utamanyane sangkaning satusan warsa imigrasi miwah asimilasi saking makudang soroh miwah suku regional ring Asia Tenggara Maritim. Manut babad, krama Melayu utamanyane mawit saking suku Austronesia miwah Austroasia sane mabasa Melayu sadurungnyane sane ngwangun makudang-kudang panegara miwah kerajaan perdagangan maritim kuno, utamanyane Brunei, Kedah, Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, Melayu, miwah [[Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 & 60}} Pangrauh Kesultanan Malaka ring abad ka-15 ngawinang revolusi ageng ring sejarah Melayu, sane mabuat pisan magenah ring warisan politik lan budaya sane jimbar. Cihna sane pastika saking Melayu - agama [[agama Islam|Islam]], basa miwah tradisi Melayu - kawedarang sampun kasobyahang salami masa puniki, sane ngawinang etnogenesis Melayu pinaka soroh etnoagama utama ring wawidangan punika. Ring sastra, arsitektur, tradisi kuliner, busana tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri miwah tradisi istana kerajaan, Malaka netepang standar sané katulad olih kesultanan Melayu salanturnyané. Masa jayanyane kesultanan Melayu ring Semenanjung Melayu, Sumatera Kangin lan Pasih Kalimantan nyingakin akeh kramannyane, pamekas saking makudang-kudang komunitas suku sakadi Batak, Dayak, Wong Asli lan Wong Laut, ngrereh Islamisasi lan Invasi Melayu. Sakadi sane sampun lintang, istilah "Melayu" sampun nglimbak ring soroh sane tiosan ring sajeroning "Jagat Melayu"; kawigunan puniki mangkin akehan kawatesin ring Malaysia miwah Singapura, inggian warih sane tiosan saking soroh puniki kasengguh Anak Dagang ("pedagang") miwah akehan mawit saking Indonesia sakadi Aceh, Banjar, [[wong Bugis|Bugis]], Mandailing, [[wong Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] miwah [[wong Jawa|Jawa]]. Sajeroning sejarahnyane, krama Melayu sampun kaloktah pinaka krama sane madagang ring pasisi pasih antuk ceciren budaya sane cair.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 & 43}} Dane ngeresep, ngepah miwah ngirimang makudang-kudang ceciren budaya saking soroh lokal tiosan, sekadi Minangkabau miwah Aceh. == Etimologi == [[Berkas:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|[[Candi Muaro Jambi|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi]] ring [[Jambi]], manut sejarah mapaiketan sareng Kerajaan Melayu pra-Islam. Melayu-Sriwijaya kasub antuk ngwangun sistem wangunan sane kompleks ring ibu kota, kota-kota gede lan pusat kota sane penting.]] [[Berkas:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang ring [[kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Manut ''Sejarah Melayu'', bukit punika nyatet rauh Sang Sapurba, leluhur legendaris majeng ring makudang-kudang umah kerajaan Melayu ring Sumatera, Semenanjung Melayu miwah Kalimantan.]] Sastra epik ''Malay Annals'' ngaitkan wit etimologis "Melayu" sareng tukad alit sane mawasta ''Sungai Melayu'' ('tukad Melayu') ring [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epos punika iwang maosang tukad punika membah nuju [[Tukad Musi]] ring [[Palembang]], nanging sujatinnyane membah nuju [[Tukad Batang Hari]] ring [[Jambi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}</ref>{{rp|298}} Istilah puniki kabaosang mawit saking kruna [[basa Melayu|Melayu]] ''melaju'', gabungan saking pangater verbal 'me' lan kruna akar 'laju', sane maartos "ngranjingang", kaanggen nlatarang arus kuat tukad sane ngegancangin.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}} === Pinaka wastan genah (toponim) === Sadurung abad ka-15, istilah "Melayu" miwah variannyané sané masuara pateh kanten mamargi pinaka toponim sané sampun sue ring wewidangan [[Selat Malaka]].{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}} * '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', “Malaya Dvipa”, katlatarang ring pasal 48, Vayu Purana pinaka sinalih tunggil propinsi ring segara kangin sane pecak madaging mas miwah perak. Makudang-kudang sujana matehang istilah punika sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} nanging makudang-kudang sujana India percaya istilah punika patut nujuang Semenanjung Malaya sane magunungan, nanging Sumatra pinih patut mapaiketan sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}} * '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – genah ring Chersones Emas, saking karya Ptolemeus, Geografi.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}} * '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – kabaosang olih Yijing, biarawan Buddha Cina dinasti Tang sane ngrauhin Asia Tenggara duk warsa 688-695. Manut Yijing, kerajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' punika magenah ring jarak 15 rahina malayar saking Bogha (Palembang), ibu kota Sribhoga ([[Sriwijaya]]). Butuh malayar 15 rahina taler mangda prasida rauh ring Ka-Cha (Kedah) saking Mo-lo-yu; punika mawinan, prasida kaanggep Mo-Lo-Yu pacang magenah ring tengahing genah makakalih punika.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Asiki teori sané sampun kaloktah mapaiketan sareng ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng [[candi Muaro Jambi|Jambi]] ring Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} sakéwanten genah Jambi matungkasan sareng gambaran Yi Jing indik "malayar atengah jalan pantaraning ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) miwah ''Bogha'' (Palembang)". Ring Dinasti Yuan (1271-1368) miwah [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368-1644), kruna ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering kabaosang ring sasuratan sejarah Cina – antuk pauwahan ejaan santukan galah pantaraning dinasti – pinaka negara sané nampek ring segara kelod. Diantarane istilah sane kaanggen inggih punika "Bôk-lá-yù", "Mók-là-yū" (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — katureksa saking sumber tulis biarawan Xuanzang) lan Wú-laī-yû (無来由). * '''''Malaiyur''''' – sane kabaosang ring prasasti Tanjore. Punika kagambarang pinaka kerajaan sane madue "gunung sane kukuh antuk bentengnyane" sane runtuh ring para penjajah Chola salami kampanye Rajendra Chola I ring abad ka-11. Minab magenah ring Sumatra, ring pantaraning Pannai miwah Sriwijaya (Palémbang),<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>{{rp|77–78, 170}} minab ring situs arkeologi [[Kabupatén Muaro Jambi|Muaro Jambi]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>{{rp|405}} * '''''Malai''''' – kabaosang olih ahli geografi Arab abad ka-12 Muhammad al-Idrisi ring Tabula Rogeriana, punika nyihnayang semenanjung Malaya pinaka pulau sane dawa lan kawastanin Malai, mawates sareng Qmer (Khmer) lan magenah 12 rahina malayar saking Sanf (Champa).<ref>[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands]. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.</ref><ref>Gerini, G. E., & Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&vq=malai&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q=malai&f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.</ref> * '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (harfiahnyane "Tanah Malayu"), transkripsi saking Prasasti Padang Roco sane mawit saking warsa 1286 M olih Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah punika mapaiketan sareng kerajaan Dharmasraya. * '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – kabaosang ring babad dinasti Yuan, nganutin bangsa Semenanjung Malaya sane ngadepin ekspansi kelod Kerajaan Sukhothai, duk pemerintahan Ram Khamhaeng.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=21 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Babad punika maosang: "''..Kawentenan permusuhan pantaraning Siam miwah Ma-li-yu-er antuk makakalih saling ngamademang...''". Pinaka penampén saking parilaksana Sukhothai, utusan Tiongkok lunga ka istana Ram Khamhaeng duk warsa 1295 makta dekrit kekaisaran: "Tegepin janjin ragané miwah sampunang nglaksanayang sané kaon majeng ring Ma-li-yu-er".{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}} * '''''Malauir''''' – kabaosang ring cakepan Marco Polo pinaka kerajaan sane magenah ring Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} minab mesib sareng sane kabaosang ring babad Yuan. * '''''Malayapura''''' – (sane harfiahnyane "kota Malaya" utawi "benteng Malaya"), sane kasurat ring prasasti Amoghapasa sane mawit saking warsa 1347 M. Istilah punika kaanggen olih Adityawarman anggen nujuang Dharmasraya. Piteket sane tiosan minakadi kruna [[basa Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (pinaka kruna kria: malaib, partisipan: buron), utawi istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (nglanturang mempercepat), sane nujuang ring mobilitas sane tegeh lan sifat migrasi kramannyane. De Barros (1552) maosang indik Iskandar Shah ngadanin ''Malaios'' (Melayu) kadi asapunika santukan pangusiran ajinnyane saking panegarannyane. Albuquerque nlatarang indik Sang Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') saking kerajaan [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] nuju Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}} === Pinaka wastan etnis (etnonim) === {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg | alt1 = Melayu saking Malaka | caption1 = Cat air Portugis saking jadma Malaya Malaka, sawatara warsa 1540, kapanggihin ring Códice Casanatense | image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg | alt2 = Pasangan Melayu | caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Melayu, saking ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara warsa 1669 lan 1682 | image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg | alt3 = Joget ngigel | caption3 = Tari Joget saking Kesultanan Malaka; akeh aspek budaya Melayu sane mawit saking istana Malaka. }} Kruna "Melayu" pinaka etnonim, anggen nyihnayang kelompok etnologi sane sampun pastika mabinayan, katarka sampun kadadosang modis ring sajebag integrasi Kesultanan Malaka pinaka kekuatan regional duk abad ka-15. Punika kaanggen nglaporang parsialitas sosial krama Malaka sane mabinayan sareng krama asing sakadi saking wewidangan sane pateh, utamanyane krama [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]] lan Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Puniki kabuktiang saking daftar kruna-kruna Melayu ring pangawit abad ka-16 olih Antonio Pigafetta (pamilet ring tawaf Magellan), sané nganutin panganggén frase ''chiara Malaiu'' (cara-cara Melayu) ring maritim Asia Kelod-Kangin anggén nganutin ''al parlare de Malacca'' (basa Italia antuk "mangda maosang indik Malaka").{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}} Manut sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Melayu klasik sering nlatarang indik Melayu antuk arti sane cupit saking interpretasi modern; nganutin teks-teks ring sor puniki pinaka bukti saking pamineh punika:<ref name="Milner2008">{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098 |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} * ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', sane kasurat utamanyane salami abad ka-17, wantah nyihnayang krama Melayu pinaka subjek Kesultanan Malaka.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=6 Séptémber 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''Hikayat Patani'', sané kawangun saking warsa 1690-1730, nyayagayang ngawigunayang parinama punika wantah ring Johor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=June 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}</ref> * ''Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa'' (taler kabaos Cakepan Kedah), sane kasurat ring panguntat abad ka-18 utawi pangawit abad ka-19, ngindarin nganggen deskriptor "Melayu" majeng ring krama Kedah. * ''Hikayat Aceh'', sane kakenehang sampun kasurat sawatara pantaraning warsa 1636 lan 1700, eksplisit ngiket etnis Melayu sareng Johor, nanging nenten ngamargiang sane pateh ritatkala nganutin [[Acéh]] utawi Deli.<ref name="Iskandar1958">{{cite book |last= Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530000000/http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-date=30 Méi 2024 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413}} [https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-32197 Alt URL]</ref>{{rp|2–4}}<ref>See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662|doi-access=free }}</ref> Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya puniki sampun akeh ka edit saking galah ka galah olih makudang-kudang penyalin, sane minab ngranjing pengenalan utawi nincapang konsep identitas "Melayu"; silih tunggil salinan saking Cakepan Melayu, umpaminyane, nyihnayang kepala ring [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] sane nganutin "sentana titiang", nanging salinan salanturnyane maosang "subjek Melayu".{{r|Milner2008|p=90–91}} == Agama == [[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]] ring rahina sane sampun lintang ring rahina Ramadhan. Kerajaan sane sugih ngambil Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Melayu'') pinaka filosofi nasional ngawit kemerdekaannyane duk warsa 1984.]] Komunitas Melayu pangawit akehan animis, percaya ring kawentenan ''semangat'' (roh) ring sakancan parindikan.<ref name="zaki1">{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}</ref> Sawetara pamungkah era umum, [[agama Hindu]] lan [[agama Buddha|Buddha]] kasobyahang olih para dagang Asia Selatan ka Kepulauan Melayu, irika ipun nglimbak ngantos abad ka-13, sadurung rauh agama Islam sane kabakta olih para dagang Muslim Arab, Asia Selatan lan Cina. Ring abad ka-15, Islam saking sekte Sunni ortodoks nglimbak ring jagat Melayu ring sor Kesultanan Malaka. Mabinayan sareng agama Hindu, sane secara dangkal ngubah masyarakat Melayu awal, [[agama Islam|Islam]] prasida kabaos sampun jangkep terintegrasi ring kahuripan sarahina-rahina kramane.<ref name="Syed">{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}</ref> Ngawit saking masa puniki, krama Melayu kaanggep pinaka kelompok etnoagama lan manut tradisi madue identifikasi sane raket sareng Islam{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} lan ipun nenten nguwah agamanyane ngawit punika.<ref name="Syed" /> Jati diri puniki sampun kukuh mawinan kabaos dados Islam punika mangda ''masuk Melayu'' (mangda ngranjing ring kemelayuan).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}} Yadiastun asapunika, kapercayaan sadurungnyane madue akah sane dalem, ipun sampun ngamong raga nglawan anathema Islam – lan sujatine mistisisme Sufisme sampun dados nyambung ring kalangan Melayu, sareng roh-roh jagat animistik sadurungnyane lan makudang-kudang unsur agama Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Risampune warsa 1970-an, kabangkitan Islam (taler kabaos re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) ring sajebag jagat Muslim, akeh tradisi sane kaanggep nenten manut sareng ajah-ajahan Islam lan madaging unsur-unsur syirik katilar olih krama Melayu ring Malaysia, nanging ring pantaraning krama Melayu ring Indonésia, tradisi puniki nenten kaanggep pinaka unsur-unsur syirik madaging lan takhayul. Pantaraning tradisi punika inggih punika rerainan ''mandi safar'' ([[manjus]] Safar), rerainan pemandian anggen ngamolihang kesucian spiritual, sane prasida kacingak fitur sane mirib sareng makudang-kudang sane wenten ring Durga Puja India.{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}} Akeh etnis Melayu modern inggih punika penganut [[Islam]] Sunni<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=6 Séptémber 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}</ref> miwah rerainan Melayu sane pinih utama inggih punika sane mawit saking Islam - ''[[Idul Fitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Rahina Idul Adha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''Awal Muharram'', miwah ''Maulidur Rasul''. Kaanggep murtad yening krama Melayu ngranjing saking Islam ring [[Malaysia]] miwah [[Brunéi Darussalam]]. Nanging, wenten makudang-kudang etnis Melayu sane magenah ring jaba panegara-panegara punika taler sampun ngrangkul agama sane tiosan sacara hukum ring sor hukum. == Arsitéktur == {{See also|Umah Melayu}} [[Berkas:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Sebuah umah tradisional Melayu ring Kedah, kahiasin antuk panel ukiran khas saking Semenanjung Melayu kaja.]] [[Umah Melayu]] nganutin paumahan vernakular Melayu, kelompok etno-linguistik sane meneng ring [[Sumatra]], pasisi [[Nusa Kalimantan|Kalimantan]] lan Semenanjung Melayu. Wangun arsitektur tradisional, sakadi atap sane cocok antuk tropis lan proporsi sane harmonis teken elemen dekoratif kaanggep enu madue nilai budaya sane gede olih akeh jadma ring wewidangan punika. Nanging, wangunan puniki ngamerluang perawatan sane signifikan yening saihang sareng konstruksi modern; minakadi tantangan ring sajeroning nglestariang bahan utamanyane, kayu, saking efek pelapukan cuaca tropis taler infestasi rayap. Kawagedan konstruksi vernakular puniki saka kidik ical ring [[Malaysia]] santukan kayu alami sayan arang sangkaning deforestasi ring samping industrialisasi,<ref name=H>{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}</ref> nanging ring [[Indonésia]] paumahan tradisional sakadi punika kantun wenten ring desa. Yadiastun transformasi kota ring [[Singapura]] sampun ngicalang makasami ward kota Melayu, makudang-kudang umah sané nyihnayang arsitéktur vernakular puniki kantun ajeg, utaminnyané magenah ring pulau Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}} Utsaha ngelestariang gaya arsitektur asli Nusantara Indonesia sampun kamargiang malarapan antuk dokumentasi miwah penciptaan replika ring paviliun [[propinsi ring Indonésia|propinsi]] ring [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]]. Sang sane madue akeh umah tradisional Malaysia sane kantun wenten taler sampun nyewa ring studio produksi pinaka set film lan iklan, lan homestay, pinaka sumber pendapatan tambahan.<ref name=H /> == Basa == [[Berkas:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|Prasasti Kedukan Bukit sane masurat aksara Pallawa. Mawit saking warsa 683, puniki silih sinunggil artefak sesuratan Melayu sane pinih tua sane kantun wenten.]] {{Main|Basa Melayu}} [[Basa Melayu]] inggih punika silih sinunggil basa sane pinih kaloktah ring jagate, utamanyane saking kulawarga Austronesia. Varian miwah dialek basa Melayu kaanggen pinaka basa resmi ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] miwah [[Singapura]]. Basa puniki taler kaanggen ring [[Thailand|Thailand Selatan]], [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Nusa Natal]], [[Sri Lanka]]. Basa puniki kabaosang asli olih kirang langkung 33 yuta jadma ring sajebag Kapuloan Melayu lan kaanggen pinaka basa kaping kalih olih kirang langkung 220 yuta jadma.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}} Wangun basa Melayu sane pinih lingsir mawit saking basa Proto-Malayo-Polinesia sane kabaosang olih krama Austronesia sane kapertama meneng ring [[Asia Kelod-Kangin]]. Wangun puniki salanturnyane pacang nglimbak dados Melayu Kuno ritatkala budaya miwah agama India ngawit nembus wawidangan punika. Basa Melayu Kuna madaging makudang-kudang istilah sane kantos mangkin, nanging tetep nenten karesepang olih penutur modern, nanging basa modern sampun akeh sane kauningin ring sasuratan Melayu Klasik, sane wangunnyane pinih lingsir mawit saking warsa 1303 M.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Melayu nglimbak dados Melayu Klasik majalaran antuk akeh kosakata [[basa Arab]] miwah [[basa Pars|Pars]] rikalaning Islam ngeranjing ring wawidangan punika, mauwah sajeroning pamarginnyane. Awalnyane, basa Melayu Klasik inggih punika soroh dialek sane mabinayan, sane nyihnayang makudang-kudang wit saking kerajaan Melayu ring Asia Tenggara. Silih sinunggil dialek puniki, sane kalimbakang ring tradisi sastra Kesultanan Malaka ring abad ka-15, pamuputnyane dados dominan. Era Malaka kacihnayang antuk pauwahan basa Melayu dados basa Islam, antuk cara sane pateh sareng [[basa Arab]], [[basa Pars|Persia]], Urdu lan [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. Aksara Arab sane kaadaptasi sane kawastanin Jawi kaanggen ngentosin aksara Kawi, istilah agama miwah budaya Islam akeh kaasimilasi, ngutang akeh kruna-kruna Hindu-Buddha, miwah Melayu dados basa media pangajah-ajahan miwah penyebaran Islam ring sajebag wewidangan Asia Tenggara. Ring muncuk kawisesan Malaka ring abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik sampun nglimbak nglintangin jagat sane mabasa Melayu tradisional<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59">{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}</ref> miwah ngasilang ''[[lingua franca]]'' sane kawastanin ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' ("Bazar Melayu") utawi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' ("Melayu sane andap") sane mabinayan sareng ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' ("Melayu sane tegeh") Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Katahnyane kapercayain yening basa Melayu Bazaar inggih punika basa pidgin miwah panglimbak sane pinih utama, sakemaon, sampun pidgin punika kreolisasi, ngawetuang makudang-kudang basa anyar sakadi basa Melayu Ambon, basa Melayu Manado miwah [[basa Betawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}} Para pangawi Eropa duk abad ka-17 miwah ka-18, sekadi Tavernier, Thomassin miwah Werndly nyobyahang basa Melayu pinaka "''basa sane kawikan ring makasami Hindia, sekadi [[basa Latin]] ring [[Éropa]]''".{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Punika taler sane pinih akeh kaanggen duk masa kolonial Inggris lan Belanda ring Kapuloan Melayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Sabaliknyane kapanggihang ring Hindia Timur Spanyol, inggian latinisasi massal Nusantara salami warsa kolonial ngawinang kudeta sejarah basa Melayu ring Filipina. Dialek Kesultanan Johor, penerus langsung Malaka, dados bebaosan standar ring pantaraning Melayu ring [[Singapura]] miwah [[Malaysia]], miwah punika dados dasar asli [[basa Indonésia]] sane sampun standar.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/>{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}} Lempas saking basa Melayu standar, sane kalimbakang ring wewidangan Malaka-Johor, wenten makudang-kudang dialek Melayu lokal. Minakadi krama Bangkan, krama Brunéi, krama Jambi, krama Kelantan, krama Kedah, krama Negeri Sembilan, krama Palembang, krama Pattan, krama Sarawak, krama Terengganu, miwah akeh sane lianan. Basa Melayu punika manut sejarahnyane kasurat ring Pallawa, Kawi miwah Rencong. Sasampune rauh agama Islam, aksara Jawi sane madasar antuk basa Arab kaambil miwah kantun kaanggen kantos mangkin pinaka silih sinunggil saking kalih aksara resmi ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]] miwah pinaka aksara alternatif ring [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}</ref> Kakawitin saking abad ka-17, pinaka pikolih saking penjajahan Inggris miwah Belanda, basa Jawi saka kidik kagentosin antuk aksara Rumi<ref>{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=8 Séptémber 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> sane madasar antuk basa Latin sane pamuputnyane dados aksara modern resmi antuk basa Melayu ring [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], miwah [[Indonésia]], miwah aksara resmi sareng-sareng ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]]. == Busana adat == [[Gambar:Busana Melayu.jpg|thumb|Lanang-lanang Melayu ring ''busana Melayu'', gaya tradisional busana Melayu]] Busana miwah tekstil tradisional Melayu sampun terus-terusan kauwah ngawit saking jaman kuno. Manut sejarah, Melayu kuno kasurat antuk ngeranjingang makudang-kudang bahan alami pinaka sumber vital antuk kain, busana miwah busana. Nanging, masa sane sampun ketah, nyaksiang rauhnyane para dagang saking kangin miwah kauh nuju pelabuhan Kepulauan Melayu, sareng-sareng ipun numbas barang-barang mewah anyar, rumasuk kapas miwah sutra alus. Busana punika salanturnyane dados sumber mode Melayu sane tegeh miwah ngamolihang peran budaya pinaka identitas sane ngiket ring Nusantara, utamanyane ring semenanjung, [[Sumatra]] miwah wewidangan pasisi [[Nusa Kalimantan|Kalimantan]].{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Ring budaya Melayu, busana miwah tekstil kasub pinaka pralambang keindahan, kawisesan miwah status. Akeh akun ring hikayat Melayu negesang genah khusus sane kagenahin olih tekstil.{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=2}} Industri tenun tangan Melayu prasida katureksain witnyane ngawit abad ka-13 ritatkala jalur perdagangan kangin nglimbak ring sor dinasti Song. Kabaosang indik tekstil sane kakaryanin ring lokal taler akehnyane tenun ring Semenanjung Malaya kakaryanin ring makudang-kudang akun Cina miwah Arab.{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=19}} Ring pantaraning tekstil Melayu sane sampun kaloktah inggih punika [[Songkét]], [[Batik]], ''Telepok'', ''Limar'', ''Tenun'', ''Kelingkam'', ''Cindai'', ''Pelangi'' miwah ''Tekad''. Busana Melayu klasik mabinayan pantaraning wewidangan sane matiosan, nanging busana tradisional sane pinih dalem ring masa modern inggih punika Baju Kurung (majeng ring anak istri) miwah Baju Melayu (majeng ring anak lanang), sane makakalih kaakui pinaka busana nasional majeng ring [[Malaysia]] miwah [[Brunéi Darussalam]], miwah taler kaanggen olih komunitas Melayu ring [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Filipina]], [[Myanmar]] miwah [[Thailand]]. [[Gambar:HariRayaMalaykids.jpg|thumb|left|Anak Melayu nganggen busana adat rikala [[Idul Fitri]]]] Kruna ''Baju Kurung'', sastra sane kategesang pinaka “menyelimuti tubuh” sang sane nganggen punika kasesuaiang madasar antuk prinsip-prinsip Islam sane sopan, sopan santun miwah ngasorang raga. Praktik punika paralel sareng doktrin agama Yahudi-Kristen, santukan ngamedalang anggota tubuh intim kaanggep pinaka sane kalarang ring [[agama Islam|Islam]]. Interpretasi punika raris kaserep ring cara mabusana miwah perspektif budaya Melayu, puniki prasida kuat kasaksiang ring pamrentahan Mansur Shah saking Malaka ring abad ka-15, sultan ngelarang rakyat Muslim istrinyane ring publik mangda wantah nganggen sarung saking bust ka sor. Sapanjang masa, Sang Melayu Baju Kurung ngranjing ring makudang-kudang reinkarnasi sadurung ngambil wangunnyane sane mangkin. Duaning jimbarnyane makudang-kudang kerajaan Melayu ring Nusantara, wangun lokal miwah mabinayan saking pola desain Baju Kurung taler prasida kasaksiang ring wewidangan punika, rumasuk Bengkulu, Kedah, Jambi, Johor-Riau, Pahang miwah [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]].{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Mode sane anut ring Baju Kurung majeng ring anak lanang sane kaloktah dados “Baju Melayu”. Bagian baduur busana punika kakaryanin antuk desain geometris sane meh-mehan pateh sareng Baju Kurung miwah lumrahnyane kapasangin antuk kain tenun sane kaloktah dados sarung. Pola sarung punika minab ngranjing simbol status perkawinan jadma punika utawi pangkatnyane ring masyarakat tradisional Melayu.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Busana Melayu klasik sane lumrah lianan antuk anak muani inggih punika ''baju'' (kaos) utawi ''tekua'' (soroh kaos lengan panjang), ''baju rompi'' (rompi), ''kancing'' (kancing), ''celana'' batis cenik (celana), sarung sane kaanggen ring pinggang, ''capal'' (sandal), miwah ''tanjak'' utawi ''tengkolok'' (tutup sirah); ring para bangsawan, ''baju sikap'' utawi ''baju layang'' (soroh mantel) miwah ''pending'' (gesper sabuk hias) taler sinonim kaanggen pinaka busana formal. Taler sampun ketah wenten ''pendekar'' (prajurit Melayu) sane madue Kris sane nyelepin ring lipatan sarung sane ring arep. Mabinayan sareng Baju Melayu sane terus kaanggen pinaka busana upacara kemanten, Baju Kurung kaanggen sarahina sapanjang warsa olih mayoritas anak istri Melayu. Kacingak PNS, buruh profesional miwah mahasiswa istri sane nganggen Baju Kurung sampun ketah ring [[Malaysia]] miwah [[Brunéi Darussalam]]. == Cingak taler == * [[Jagat Melayu]] * [[Umah Melayu]] == Reperensi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Wong|Melayu]] [[Kategori:Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Brunéi Darussalam]] [[Kategori:Singapura]] {{Authority control}} rkx4c0emb0fdh26yb2vjxgttxyx1og0 281814 281813 2026-09-14T07:39:22Z ~2026-48142-55 109897 /* Busana adat */ 281814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{AP}} [[Berkas:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Alaki rabi sesampune ngemargiang upacara pawiwahan (prosesi perkawinan). Penganten lanang nganggen baju Melayu sane mapasangan sareng songkok lan songket, lan penganten istri nganggen baju kurung lan jilbab.]] '''Wong Melayu''' ({{lang-ms|'''Melayu'''}}; Jawi: ملايو) inggih punika soroh etnoagama Austronésia sane mawit saking Semenanjung Melayu, [[Sumatra]] kangin, pasisi [[Kalimantan]], miwah pulau-pulau sane alitan sane magenah ring pantaraning genah-genah puniki sane kaloktah dados [[Kepulauan Riau]]. [[Basa Melayu]] inggih punika anggota kulawarga [[Soroh Basa Austronésia|basa Austronésia]]. Genah puniki mangkin dados pahan saking negara-negara modern inggih punika [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Brunéi Darussalam]], [[Singapura]], [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Thailand]], lan [[Filipina]]. Wenten keragaman basa, budaya, seni miwah sosial sane ageng ring makudang soroh Melayu, utamanyane sangkaning satusan warsa imigrasi miwah asimilasi saking makudang soroh miwah suku regional ring Asia Tenggara Maritim. Manut babad, krama Melayu utamanyane mawit saking suku Austronesia miwah Austroasia sane mabasa Melayu sadurungnyane sane ngwangun makudang-kudang panegara miwah kerajaan perdagangan maritim kuno, utamanyane Brunei, Kedah, Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, Melayu, miwah [[Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 & 60}} Pangrauh Kesultanan Malaka ring abad ka-15 ngawinang revolusi ageng ring sejarah Melayu, sane mabuat pisan magenah ring warisan politik lan budaya sane jimbar. Cihna sane pastika saking Melayu - agama [[agama Islam|Islam]], basa miwah tradisi Melayu - kawedarang sampun kasobyahang salami masa puniki, sane ngawinang etnogenesis Melayu pinaka soroh etnoagama utama ring wawidangan punika. Ring sastra, arsitektur, tradisi kuliner, busana tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri miwah tradisi istana kerajaan, Malaka netepang standar sané katulad olih kesultanan Melayu salanturnyané. Masa jayanyane kesultanan Melayu ring Semenanjung Melayu, Sumatera Kangin lan Pasih Kalimantan nyingakin akeh kramannyane, pamekas saking makudang-kudang komunitas suku sakadi Batak, Dayak, Wong Asli lan Wong Laut, ngrereh Islamisasi lan Invasi Melayu. Sakadi sane sampun lintang, istilah "Melayu" sampun nglimbak ring soroh sane tiosan ring sajeroning "Jagat Melayu"; kawigunan puniki mangkin akehan kawatesin ring Malaysia miwah Singapura, inggian warih sane tiosan saking soroh puniki kasengguh Anak Dagang ("pedagang") miwah akehan mawit saking Indonesia sakadi Aceh, Banjar, [[wong Bugis|Bugis]], Mandailing, [[wong Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] miwah [[wong Jawa|Jawa]]. Sajeroning sejarahnyane, krama Melayu sampun kaloktah pinaka krama sane madagang ring pasisi pasih antuk ceciren budaya sane cair.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 & 43}} Dane ngeresep, ngepah miwah ngirimang makudang-kudang ceciren budaya saking soroh lokal tiosan, sekadi Minangkabau miwah Aceh. == Etimologi == [[Berkas:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|[[Candi Muaro Jambi|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi]] ring [[Jambi]], manut sejarah mapaiketan sareng Kerajaan Melayu pra-Islam. Melayu-Sriwijaya kasub antuk ngwangun sistem wangunan sane kompleks ring ibu kota, kota-kota gede lan pusat kota sane penting.]] [[Berkas:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang ring [[kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Manut ''Sejarah Melayu'', bukit punika nyatet rauh Sang Sapurba, leluhur legendaris majeng ring makudang-kudang umah kerajaan Melayu ring Sumatera, Semenanjung Melayu miwah Kalimantan.]] Sastra epik ''Malay Annals'' ngaitkan wit etimologis "Melayu" sareng tukad alit sane mawasta ''Sungai Melayu'' ('tukad Melayu') ring [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epos punika iwang maosang tukad punika membah nuju [[Tukad Musi]] ring [[Palembang]], nanging sujatinnyane membah nuju [[Tukad Batang Hari]] ring [[Jambi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}</ref>{{rp|298}} Istilah puniki kabaosang mawit saking kruna [[basa Melayu|Melayu]] ''melaju'', gabungan saking pangater verbal 'me' lan kruna akar 'laju', sane maartos "ngranjingang", kaanggen nlatarang arus kuat tukad sane ngegancangin.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}} === Pinaka wastan genah (toponim) === Sadurung abad ka-15, istilah "Melayu" miwah variannyané sané masuara pateh kanten mamargi pinaka toponim sané sampun sue ring wewidangan [[Selat Malaka]].{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}} * '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', “Malaya Dvipa”, katlatarang ring pasal 48, Vayu Purana pinaka sinalih tunggil propinsi ring segara kangin sane pecak madaging mas miwah perak. Makudang-kudang sujana matehang istilah punika sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} nanging makudang-kudang sujana India percaya istilah punika patut nujuang Semenanjung Malaya sane magunungan, nanging Sumatra pinih patut mapaiketan sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}} * '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – genah ring Chersones Emas, saking karya Ptolemeus, Geografi.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}} * '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – kabaosang olih Yijing, biarawan Buddha Cina dinasti Tang sane ngrauhin Asia Tenggara duk warsa 688-695. Manut Yijing, kerajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' punika magenah ring jarak 15 rahina malayar saking Bogha (Palembang), ibu kota Sribhoga ([[Sriwijaya]]). Butuh malayar 15 rahina taler mangda prasida rauh ring Ka-Cha (Kedah) saking Mo-lo-yu; punika mawinan, prasida kaanggep Mo-Lo-Yu pacang magenah ring tengahing genah makakalih punika.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Asiki teori sané sampun kaloktah mapaiketan sareng ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng [[candi Muaro Jambi|Jambi]] ring Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} sakéwanten genah Jambi matungkasan sareng gambaran Yi Jing indik "malayar atengah jalan pantaraning ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) miwah ''Bogha'' (Palembang)". Ring Dinasti Yuan (1271-1368) miwah [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368-1644), kruna ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering kabaosang ring sasuratan sejarah Cina – antuk pauwahan ejaan santukan galah pantaraning dinasti – pinaka negara sané nampek ring segara kelod. Diantarane istilah sane kaanggen inggih punika "Bôk-lá-yù", "Mók-là-yū" (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — katureksa saking sumber tulis biarawan Xuanzang) lan Wú-laī-yû (無来由). * '''''Malaiyur''''' – sane kabaosang ring prasasti Tanjore. Punika kagambarang pinaka kerajaan sane madue "gunung sane kukuh antuk bentengnyane" sane runtuh ring para penjajah Chola salami kampanye Rajendra Chola I ring abad ka-11. Minab magenah ring Sumatra, ring pantaraning Pannai miwah Sriwijaya (Palémbang),<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>{{rp|77–78, 170}} minab ring situs arkeologi [[Kabupatén Muaro Jambi|Muaro Jambi]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>{{rp|405}} * '''''Malai''''' – kabaosang olih ahli geografi Arab abad ka-12 Muhammad al-Idrisi ring Tabula Rogeriana, punika nyihnayang semenanjung Malaya pinaka pulau sane dawa lan kawastanin Malai, mawates sareng Qmer (Khmer) lan magenah 12 rahina malayar saking Sanf (Champa).<ref>[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands]. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.</ref><ref>Gerini, G. E., & Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&vq=malai&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q=malai&f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.</ref> * '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (harfiahnyane "Tanah Malayu"), transkripsi saking Prasasti Padang Roco sane mawit saking warsa 1286 M olih Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah punika mapaiketan sareng kerajaan Dharmasraya. * '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – kabaosang ring babad dinasti Yuan, nganutin bangsa Semenanjung Malaya sane ngadepin ekspansi kelod Kerajaan Sukhothai, duk pemerintahan Ram Khamhaeng.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=21 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Babad punika maosang: "''..Kawentenan permusuhan pantaraning Siam miwah Ma-li-yu-er antuk makakalih saling ngamademang...''". Pinaka penampén saking parilaksana Sukhothai, utusan Tiongkok lunga ka istana Ram Khamhaeng duk warsa 1295 makta dekrit kekaisaran: "Tegepin janjin ragané miwah sampunang nglaksanayang sané kaon majeng ring Ma-li-yu-er".{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}} * '''''Malauir''''' – kabaosang ring cakepan Marco Polo pinaka kerajaan sane magenah ring Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} minab mesib sareng sane kabaosang ring babad Yuan. * '''''Malayapura''''' – (sane harfiahnyane "kota Malaya" utawi "benteng Malaya"), sane kasurat ring prasasti Amoghapasa sane mawit saking warsa 1347 M. Istilah punika kaanggen olih Adityawarman anggen nujuang Dharmasraya. Piteket sane tiosan minakadi kruna [[basa Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (pinaka kruna kria: malaib, partisipan: buron), utawi istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (nglanturang mempercepat), sane nujuang ring mobilitas sane tegeh lan sifat migrasi kramannyane. De Barros (1552) maosang indik Iskandar Shah ngadanin ''Malaios'' (Melayu) kadi asapunika santukan pangusiran ajinnyane saking panegarannyane. Albuquerque nlatarang indik Sang Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') saking kerajaan [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] nuju Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}} === Pinaka wastan etnis (etnonim) === {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg | alt1 = Melayu saking Malaka | caption1 = Cat air Portugis saking jadma Malaya Malaka, sawatara warsa 1540, kapanggihin ring Códice Casanatense | image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg | alt2 = Pasangan Melayu | caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Melayu, saking ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara warsa 1669 lan 1682 | image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg | alt3 = Joget ngigel | caption3 = Tari Joget saking Kesultanan Malaka; akeh aspek budaya Melayu sane mawit saking istana Malaka. }} Kruna "Melayu" pinaka etnonim, anggen nyihnayang kelompok etnologi sane sampun pastika mabinayan, katarka sampun kadadosang modis ring sajebag integrasi Kesultanan Malaka pinaka kekuatan regional duk abad ka-15. Punika kaanggen nglaporang parsialitas sosial krama Malaka sane mabinayan sareng krama asing sakadi saking wewidangan sane pateh, utamanyane krama [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]] lan Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Puniki kabuktiang saking daftar kruna-kruna Melayu ring pangawit abad ka-16 olih Antonio Pigafetta (pamilet ring tawaf Magellan), sané nganutin panganggén frase ''chiara Malaiu'' (cara-cara Melayu) ring maritim Asia Kelod-Kangin anggén nganutin ''al parlare de Malacca'' (basa Italia antuk "mangda maosang indik Malaka").{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}} Manut sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Melayu klasik sering nlatarang indik Melayu antuk arti sane cupit saking interpretasi modern; nganutin teks-teks ring sor puniki pinaka bukti saking pamineh punika:<ref name="Milner2008">{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098 |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} * ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', sane kasurat utamanyane salami abad ka-17, wantah nyihnayang krama Melayu pinaka subjek Kesultanan Malaka.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=6 Séptémber 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''Hikayat Patani'', sané kawangun saking warsa 1690-1730, nyayagayang ngawigunayang parinama punika wantah ring Johor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=June 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}</ref> * ''Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa'' (taler kabaos Cakepan Kedah), sane kasurat ring panguntat abad ka-18 utawi pangawit abad ka-19, ngindarin nganggen deskriptor "Melayu" majeng ring krama Kedah. * ''Hikayat Aceh'', sane kakenehang sampun kasurat sawatara pantaraning warsa 1636 lan 1700, eksplisit ngiket etnis Melayu sareng Johor, nanging nenten ngamargiang sane pateh ritatkala nganutin [[Acéh]] utawi Deli.<ref name="Iskandar1958">{{cite book |last= Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530000000/http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-date=30 Méi 2024 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413}} [https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-32197 Alt URL]</ref>{{rp|2–4}}<ref>See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662|doi-access=free }}</ref> Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya puniki sampun akeh ka edit saking galah ka galah olih makudang-kudang penyalin, sane minab ngranjing pengenalan utawi nincapang konsep identitas "Melayu"; silih tunggil salinan saking Cakepan Melayu, umpaminyane, nyihnayang kepala ring [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] sane nganutin "sentana titiang", nanging salinan salanturnyane maosang "subjek Melayu".{{r|Milner2008|p=90–91}} == Agama == [[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]] ring rahina sane sampun lintang ring rahina Ramadhan. Kerajaan sane sugih ngambil Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Melayu'') pinaka filosofi nasional ngawit kemerdekaannyane duk warsa 1984.]] Komunitas Melayu pangawit akehan animis, percaya ring kawentenan ''semangat'' (roh) ring sakancan parindikan.<ref name="zaki1">{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}</ref> Sawetara pamungkah era umum, [[agama Hindu]] lan [[agama Buddha|Buddha]] kasobyahang olih para dagang Asia Selatan ka Kepulauan Melayu, irika ipun nglimbak ngantos abad ka-13, sadurung rauh agama Islam sane kabakta olih para dagang Muslim Arab, Asia Selatan lan Cina. Ring abad ka-15, Islam saking sekte Sunni ortodoks nglimbak ring jagat Melayu ring sor Kesultanan Malaka. Mabinayan sareng agama Hindu, sane secara dangkal ngubah masyarakat Melayu awal, [[agama Islam|Islam]] prasida kabaos sampun jangkep terintegrasi ring kahuripan sarahina-rahina kramane.<ref name="Syed">{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}</ref> Ngawit saking masa puniki, krama Melayu kaanggep pinaka kelompok etnoagama lan manut tradisi madue identifikasi sane raket sareng Islam{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} lan ipun nenten nguwah agamanyane ngawit punika.<ref name="Syed" /> Jati diri puniki sampun kukuh mawinan kabaos dados Islam punika mangda ''masuk Melayu'' (mangda ngranjing ring kemelayuan).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}} Yadiastun asapunika, kapercayaan sadurungnyane madue akah sane dalem, ipun sampun ngamong raga nglawan anathema Islam – lan sujatine mistisisme Sufisme sampun dados nyambung ring kalangan Melayu, sareng roh-roh jagat animistik sadurungnyane lan makudang-kudang unsur agama Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Risampune warsa 1970-an, kabangkitan Islam (taler kabaos re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) ring sajebag jagat Muslim, akeh tradisi sane kaanggep nenten manut sareng ajah-ajahan Islam lan madaging unsur-unsur syirik katilar olih krama Melayu ring Malaysia, nanging ring pantaraning krama Melayu ring Indonésia, tradisi puniki nenten kaanggep pinaka unsur-unsur syirik madaging lan takhayul. Pantaraning tradisi punika inggih punika rerainan ''mandi safar'' ([[manjus]] Safar), rerainan pemandian anggen ngamolihang kesucian spiritual, sane prasida kacingak fitur sane mirib sareng makudang-kudang sane wenten ring Durga Puja India.{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}} Akeh etnis Melayu modern inggih punika penganut [[Islam]] Sunni<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=6 Séptémber 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}</ref> miwah rerainan Melayu sane pinih utama inggih punika sane mawit saking Islam - ''[[Idul Fitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Rahina Idul Adha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''Awal Muharram'', miwah ''Maulidur Rasul''. Kaanggep murtad yening krama Melayu ngranjing saking Islam ring [[Malaysia]] miwah [[Brunéi Darussalam]]. Nanging, wenten makudang-kudang etnis Melayu sane magenah ring jaba panegara-panegara punika taler sampun ngrangkul agama sane tiosan sacara hukum ring sor hukum. == Arsitéktur == {{See also|Umah Melayu}} [[Berkas:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Sebuah umah tradisional Melayu ring Kedah, kahiasin antuk panel ukiran khas saking Semenanjung Melayu kaja.]] [[Umah Melayu]] nganutin paumahan vernakular Melayu, kelompok etno-linguistik sane meneng ring [[Sumatra]], pasisi [[Nusa Kalimantan|Kalimantan]] lan Semenanjung Melayu. Wangun arsitektur tradisional, sakadi atap sane cocok antuk tropis lan proporsi sane harmonis teken elemen dekoratif kaanggep enu madue nilai budaya sane gede olih akeh jadma ring wewidangan punika. Nanging, wangunan puniki ngamerluang perawatan sane signifikan yening saihang sareng konstruksi modern; minakadi tantangan ring sajeroning nglestariang bahan utamanyane, kayu, saking efek pelapukan cuaca tropis taler infestasi rayap. Kawagedan konstruksi vernakular puniki saka kidik ical ring [[Malaysia]] santukan kayu alami sayan arang sangkaning deforestasi ring samping industrialisasi,<ref name=H>{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}</ref> nanging ring [[Indonésia]] paumahan tradisional sakadi punika kantun wenten ring desa. Yadiastun transformasi kota ring [[Singapura]] sampun ngicalang makasami ward kota Melayu, makudang-kudang umah sané nyihnayang arsitéktur vernakular puniki kantun ajeg, utaminnyané magenah ring pulau Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}} Utsaha ngelestariang gaya arsitektur asli Nusantara Indonesia sampun kamargiang malarapan antuk dokumentasi miwah penciptaan replika ring paviliun [[propinsi ring Indonésia|propinsi]] ring [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]]. Sang sane madue akeh umah tradisional Malaysia sane kantun wenten taler sampun nyewa ring studio produksi pinaka set film lan iklan, lan homestay, pinaka sumber pendapatan tambahan.<ref name=H /> == Basa == [[Berkas:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|Prasasti Kedukan Bukit sane masurat aksara Pallawa. Mawit saking warsa 683, puniki silih sinunggil artefak sesuratan Melayu sane pinih tua sane kantun wenten.]] {{Main|Basa Melayu}} [[Basa Melayu]] inggih punika silih sinunggil basa sane pinih kaloktah ring jagate, utamanyane saking kulawarga Austronesia. Varian miwah dialek basa Melayu kaanggen pinaka basa resmi ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] miwah [[Singapura]]. Basa puniki taler kaanggen ring [[Thailand|Thailand Selatan]], [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Nusa Natal]], [[Sri Lanka]]. Basa puniki kabaosang asli olih kirang langkung 33 yuta jadma ring sajebag Kapuloan Melayu lan kaanggen pinaka basa kaping kalih olih kirang langkung 220 yuta jadma.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}} Wangun basa Melayu sane pinih lingsir mawit saking basa Proto-Malayo-Polinesia sane kabaosang olih krama Austronesia sane kapertama meneng ring [[Asia Kelod-Kangin]]. Wangun puniki salanturnyane pacang nglimbak dados Melayu Kuno ritatkala budaya miwah agama India ngawit nembus wawidangan punika. Basa Melayu Kuna madaging makudang-kudang istilah sane kantos mangkin, nanging tetep nenten karesepang olih penutur modern, nanging basa modern sampun akeh sane kauningin ring sasuratan Melayu Klasik, sane wangunnyane pinih lingsir mawit saking warsa 1303 M.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Melayu nglimbak dados Melayu Klasik majalaran antuk akeh kosakata [[basa Arab]] miwah [[basa Pars|Pars]] rikalaning Islam ngeranjing ring wawidangan punika, mauwah sajeroning pamarginnyane. Awalnyane, basa Melayu Klasik inggih punika soroh dialek sane mabinayan, sane nyihnayang makudang-kudang wit saking kerajaan Melayu ring Asia Tenggara. Silih sinunggil dialek puniki, sane kalimbakang ring tradisi sastra Kesultanan Malaka ring abad ka-15, pamuputnyane dados dominan. Era Malaka kacihnayang antuk pauwahan basa Melayu dados basa Islam, antuk cara sane pateh sareng [[basa Arab]], [[basa Pars|Persia]], Urdu lan [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. Aksara Arab sane kaadaptasi sane kawastanin Jawi kaanggen ngentosin aksara Kawi, istilah agama miwah budaya Islam akeh kaasimilasi, ngutang akeh kruna-kruna Hindu-Buddha, miwah Melayu dados basa media pangajah-ajahan miwah penyebaran Islam ring sajebag wewidangan Asia Tenggara. Ring muncuk kawisesan Malaka ring abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik sampun nglimbak nglintangin jagat sane mabasa Melayu tradisional<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59">{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}</ref> miwah ngasilang ''[[lingua franca]]'' sane kawastanin ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' ("Bazar Melayu") utawi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' ("Melayu sane andap") sane mabinayan sareng ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' ("Melayu sane tegeh") Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Katahnyane kapercayain yening basa Melayu Bazaar inggih punika basa pidgin miwah panglimbak sane pinih utama, sakemaon, sampun pidgin punika kreolisasi, ngawetuang makudang-kudang basa anyar sakadi basa Melayu Ambon, basa Melayu Manado miwah [[basa Betawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}} Para pangawi Eropa duk abad ka-17 miwah ka-18, sekadi Tavernier, Thomassin miwah Werndly nyobyahang basa Melayu pinaka "''basa sane kawikan ring makasami Hindia, sekadi [[basa Latin]] ring [[Éropa]]''".{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Punika taler sane pinih akeh kaanggen duk masa kolonial Inggris lan Belanda ring Kapuloan Melayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Sabaliknyane kapanggihang ring Hindia Timur Spanyol, inggian latinisasi massal Nusantara salami warsa kolonial ngawinang kudeta sejarah basa Melayu ring Filipina. Dialek Kesultanan Johor, penerus langsung Malaka, dados bebaosan standar ring pantaraning Melayu ring [[Singapura]] miwah [[Malaysia]], miwah punika dados dasar asli [[basa Indonésia]] sane sampun standar.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/>{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}} Lempas saking basa Melayu standar, sane kalimbakang ring wewidangan Malaka-Johor, wenten makudang-kudang dialek Melayu lokal. Minakadi krama Bangkan, krama Brunéi, krama Jambi, krama Kelantan, krama Kedah, krama Negeri Sembilan, krama Palembang, krama Pattan, krama Sarawak, krama Terengganu, miwah akeh sane lianan. Basa Melayu punika manut sejarahnyane kasurat ring Pallawa, Kawi miwah Rencong. Sasampune rauh agama Islam, aksara Jawi sane madasar antuk basa Arab kaambil miwah kantun kaanggen kantos mangkin pinaka silih sinunggil saking kalih aksara resmi ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]] miwah pinaka aksara alternatif ring [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}</ref> Kakawitin saking abad ka-17, pinaka pikolih saking penjajahan Inggris miwah Belanda, basa Jawi saka kidik kagentosin antuk aksara Rumi<ref>{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=8 Séptémber 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> sane madasar antuk basa Latin sane pamuputnyane dados aksara modern resmi antuk basa Melayu ring [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], miwah [[Indonésia]], miwah aksara resmi sareng-sareng ring [[Brunéi Darussalam]]. == Busana adat == [[Gambar:Busana Melayu.jpg|thumb|Lanang-lanang Melayu ring ''busana Melayu'', gaya tradisional busana Melayu]] Busana miwah tekstil tradisional Melayu sampun terus-terusan kauwah ngawit saking jaman kuno. Manut sejarah, Melayu kuno kasurat antuk ngeranjingang makudang-kudang bahan alami pinaka sumber vital antuk kain, busana miwah busana. Nanging, masa sane sampun ketah, nyaksiang rauhnyane para dagang saking kangin miwah kauh nuju pelabuhan Kepulauan Melayu, sareng-sareng ipun numbas barang-barang mewah anyar, rumasuk kapas miwah sutra alus. Busana punika salanturnyane dados sumber mode Melayu sane tegeh miwah ngamolihang peran budaya pinaka identitas sane ngiket ring Nusantara, utamanyane ring semenanjung, [[Sumatra]] miwah wewidangan pasisi [[Nusa Kalimantan|Kalimantan]].{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Ring budaya Melayu, busana miwah tekstil kasub pinaka pralambang keindahan, kawisesan miwah status. Akeh akun ring hikayat Melayu negesang genah khusus sane kagenahin olih tekstil.{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=2}} Industri tenun tangan Melayu prasida katureksain witnyane ngawit abad ka-13 ritatkala jalur perdagangan kangin nglimbak ring sor dinasti Song. Kabaosang indik tekstil sane kakaryanin ring lokal taler akehnyane tenun ring Semenanjung Malaya kakaryanin ring makudang-kudang akun Cina miwah Arab.{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=19}} Ring pantaraning tekstil Melayu sane sampun kaloktah inggih punika [[Songkét]], [[Batik]], ''Telepok'', ''Limar'', ''Tenun'', ''Kelingkam'', ''Cindai'', ''Pelangi'' miwah ''Tekad''. Busana Melayu klasik mabinayan pantaraning wewidangan sane matiosan, nanging busana tradisional sane pinih dalem ring masa modern inggih punika Baju Kurung (majeng ring anak istri) miwah Baju Melayu (majeng ring anak lanang), sane makakalih kaakui pinaka busana nasional majeng ring [[Malaysia]] miwah [[Brunéi Darussalam]], miwah taler kaanggen olih komunitas Melayu ring [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Filipina]], [[Myanmar]] miwah [[Thailand]]. [[Gambar:HariRayaMalaykids.jpg|thumb|left|Anak Melayu nganggen busana adat rikala [[Idul Fitri]]]] Kruna ''Baju Kurung'', sastra sane kategesang pinaka “menyelimuti tubuh” sang sane nganggen punika kasesuaiang madasar antuk prinsip-prinsip Islam sane sopan, sopan santun miwah ngasorang raga. Praktik punika paralel sareng doktrin agama Yahudi-Kristen, santukan ngamedalang anggota tubuh intim kaanggep pinaka sane kalarang ring [[agama Islam|Islam]]. Interpretasi punika raris kaserep ring cara mabusana miwah perspektif budaya Melayu, puniki prasida kuat kasaksiang ring pamrentahan Mansur Shah saking Malaka ring abad ka-15, sultan ngelarang rakyat Muslim istrinyane ring publik mangda wantah nganggen sarung saking bust ka sor. Sapanjang masa, Sang Melayu Baju Kurung ngranjing ring makudang-kudang reinkarnasi sadurung ngambil wangunnyane sane mangkin. Duaning jimbarnyane makudang-kudang kerajaan Melayu ring Nusantara, wangun lokal miwah mabinayan saking pola desain Baju Kurung taler prasida kasaksiang ring wewidangan punika, rumasuk Bengkulu, Kedah, Jambi, Johor-Riau, Pahang miwah [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]].{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Mode sane anut ring Baju Kurung majeng ring anak lanang sane kaloktah dados “Baju Melayu”. Bagian baduur busana punika kakaryanin antuk desain geometris sane meh-mehan pateh sareng Baju Kurung miwah lumrahnyane kapasangin antuk kain tenun sane kaloktah dados sarung. Pola sarung punika minab ngranjing simbol status perkawinan jadma punika utawi pangkatnyane ring masyarakat tradisional Melayu.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Busana Melayu klasik sane lumrah lianan antuk anak muani inggih punika ''baju'' (kaos) utawi ''tekua'' (soroh kaos lengan panjang), ''baju rompi'' (rompi), ''kancing'' (kancing), ''celana'' batis cenik (celana), sarung sane kaanggen ring pinggang, ''capal'' (sandal), miwah ''tanjak'' utawi ''tengkolok'' (tutup sirah); ring para bangsawan, ''baju sikap'' utawi ''baju layang'' (soroh mantel) miwah ''pending'' (gesper sabuk hias) taler sinonim kaanggen pinaka busana formal. Taler sampun ketah wenten ''pendekar'' (prajurit Melayu) sane madue [[kadutan|Kris]] sane nyelepin ring lipatan sarung sane ring arep. Mabinayan sareng Baju Melayu sane terus kaanggen pinaka busana upacara kemanten, Baju Kurung kaanggen sarahina sapanjang warsa olih mayoritas anak istri Melayu. Kacingak PNS, buruh profesional miwah mahasiswa istri sane nganggen Baju Kurung sampun ketah ring [[Malaysia]] miwah [[Brunéi Darussalam]]. == Cingak taler == * [[Jagat Melayu]] * [[Umah Melayu]] == Reperensi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Wong|Melayu]] [[Kategori:Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Brunéi Darussalam]] [[Kategori:Singapura]] {{Authority control}} oqyyrif0t4qj05rrekdxfjtudusr59h 0 27702 281847 194101 2026-09-14T11:45:07Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281847 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ljubljana'''{{efn|Pangucapan: * {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|lj|uː|b|ˈ|l|j|ɑː|n|ə|,_|ˌ|l|ʊ|b|l|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} {{respell|lewb|LYAH|nə|,_|LUUB|lee|AH|nə}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Ljubljana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409145038/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Ljubljana |archive-date=2022-04-09 |title=Ljubljana |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref name="Collins">{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ljubljana |title=Ljubljana |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721192759/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ljubljana |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Longman">{{cite web |url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/ljubljana |title=Ljubljana |work=[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]] |publisher=[[Longman]] |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904163214/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/ljubljana |url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|lj|uː|b|l|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə|,_|l|i|ˌ|uː|-}} {{respell|LEW|blee|AH|nə|,_|lee|OO|-}}<ref name="Collins"/><ref name="Longman"/><ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|Ljubljana |access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> * {{IPA|sl|ljuˈbljàːna|lang|Ljubljana.ogg|small=no}},<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=Ljubljana&hs=1 |title=Slovenski pravopis 2001 - Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU in Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti - izid poizvedbe |website=bos.zrc-sazu.si |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224074949/http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=Ljubljana&hs=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA|sl|luˈblàːna|label=locally also|small=no}}.}} (lisan [[Basa Slovénia|Basa Slovénia]]: ''Lublana''; taler sane kauningin olih [[#Wastan|wastan babad]] sane lianan) inggih punika [[Ibu kota|ibu kota]] lan [[Lis kota lan kota ring Slovénia|kota sane pinih ageng]] saking [[Slovenia]].,<ref name="Portrait20102">{{cite journal |last=Vuk Dirnberk |first=Vojka |author2=Tomaž Valantič |title=Statistični portret Slovenije v EU 2010 |trans-title=Statistical Portrait of Slovenia in the EU 2010 |url=http://www.stat.si/doc/pub/PortretSlovenijaEU2010.pdf |journal=Statistični Portret Slovenije V Eu ... = Statistical Portrait of Slovenia in the Eu |language=sl, en |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |issn=1854-5734 |access-date=2 February 2011 |archive-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016173725/http://www.stat.si/doc/pub/PortretSlovenijaEU2010.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GV52-22">{{Cite news |last1=Zavodnik Lamovšek|first1=Alma|last2=Drobne|first2=Samo|last3=Žaucer|first3=Tadej |year=2008 |title=Small and Medium-Size Towns as the Basis of Polycentric Urban Development |volume=52 |page=303 |journal=Geodetski Vestnik |publisher=Association of Surveyors of Slovenia |issue=2 |url=http://www.geodetski-vestnik.com/52/2/gv52-2_290-312.pdf |issn=0351-0271 |access-date=30 January 2012 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014100114/http://www.geodetski-vestnik.com/52/2/gv52-2_290-312.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> magenah ring salantang margi paadolan pantaraning [[Segara Adriatik]] kalér miwah wewidangan [[Danube]],<ref name="Mehle Mihovec">{{cite web |last=Mehle Mihovec |first=Barbka |date=19 March 2008 |title=Kje so naše meje? |trans-title=Where are our borders? |url=http://www.gorenjskiglas.si/novice/priloga_moja_gorenjska/index.php?action=clanek&id=18737 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531165835/http://www.gorenjskiglas.si/novice/priloga_moja_gorenjska/index.php?action=clanek&id=18737 |archive-date=31 May 2008 |access-date=7 August 2009 |work=Gorenjski glas |language=sl}}</ref> balér saking [[Rawa Ljubljana|rawa sane pinih ageng ring panegara puniki]], sampun kagenahin saking masa pralelintihan. Puniki pinaka pusat budaya, pendidikan, ékonomi, politik miwah administrasi panegara miwah genah [[Munisipilitas Urban Ljubljana]]. == Catetan == {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} pkgo0v3cgv58ioodncotxdpdesfddpg 281848 281847 2026-09-14T11:45:25Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281848 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ljubljana'''{{efn|Pangucapan: * {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|lj|uː|b|ˈ|l|j|ɑː|n|ə|,_|ˌ|l|ʊ|b|l|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} {{respell|lewb|LYAH|nə|,_|LUUB|lee|AH|nə}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Ljubljana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409145038/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Ljubljana |archive-date=2022-04-09 |title=Ljubljana |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref name="Collins">{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ljubljana |title=Ljubljana |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721192759/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ljubljana |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Longman">{{cite web |url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/ljubljana |title=Ljubljana |work=[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]] |publisher=[[Longman]] |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904163214/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/ljubljana |url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|lj|uː|b|l|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə|,_|l|i|ˌ|uː|-}} {{respell|LEW|blee|AH|nə|,_|lee|OO|-}}<ref name="Collins"/><ref name="Longman"/><ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|Ljubljana |access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> * {{IPA|sl|ljuˈbljàːna|lang|Ljubljana.ogg|small=no}},<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=Ljubljana&hs=1 |title=Slovenski pravopis 2001 - Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU in Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti - izid poizvedbe |website=bos.zrc-sazu.si |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224074949/http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=Ljubljana&hs=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA|sl|luˈblàːna|label=locally also|small=no}}.}} (lisan [[Basa Slovénia|Basa Slovénia]]: ''Lublana''; taler sane kauningin olih [[#Wastan|wastan babad]] sane lianan) inggih punika [[Ibu kota|ibu kota]] lan [[Lis kota lan kota ring Slovénia|kota sane pinih ageng]] saking [[Slovenia]].,<ref name="Portrait20102">{{cite journal |last=Vuk Dirnberk |first=Vojka |author2=Tomaž Valantič |title=Statistični portret Slovenije v EU 2010 |trans-title=Statistical Portrait of Slovenia in the EU 2010 |url=http://www.stat.si/doc/pub/PortretSlovenijaEU2010.pdf |journal=Statistični Portret Slovenije V Eu ... = Statistical Portrait of Slovenia in the Eu |language=sl, en |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |issn=1854-5734 |access-date=2 February 2011 |archive-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016173725/http://www.stat.si/doc/pub/PortretSlovenijaEU2010.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GV52-22">{{Cite news |last1=Zavodnik Lamovšek|first1=Alma|last2=Drobne|first2=Samo|last3=Žaucer|first3=Tadej |year=2008 |title=Small and Medium-Size Towns as the Basis of Polycentric Urban Development |volume=52 |page=303 |journal=Geodetski Vestnik |publisher=Association of Surveyors of Slovenia |issue=2 |url=http://www.geodetski-vestnik.com/52/2/gv52-2_290-312.pdf |issn=0351-0271 |access-date=30 January 2012 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014100114/http://www.geodetski-vestnik.com/52/2/gv52-2_290-312.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> magenah ring salantang margi paadolan pantaraning [[Segara Adriatik]] kalér miwah wewidangan [[Danube]],<ref name="Mehle Mihovec">{{cite web |last=Mehle Mihovec |first=Barbka |date=19 March 2008 |title=Kje so naše meje? |trans-title=Where are our borders? |url=http://www.gorenjskiglas.si/novice/priloga_moja_gorenjska/index.php?action=clanek&id=18737 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531165835/http://www.gorenjskiglas.si/novice/priloga_moja_gorenjska/index.php?action=clanek&id=18737 |archive-date=31 May 2008 |access-date=7 August 2009 |work=Gorenjski glas |language=sl}}</ref> balér saking [[Rawa Ljubljana|rawa sane pinih ageng ring panegara puniki]], sampun kagenahin saking masa pralelintihan. Puniki pinaka pusat budaya, pendidikan, ékonomi, politik miwah administrasi panegara miwah genah [[Munisipilitas Urban Ljubljana]]. == Catetan == {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ia2zpuik0d8shkmlp33rr0zuxnqhb1n 0 51487 281804 206135 2026-09-14T02:40:41Z Ni Putu Novsa Dewi 10573 281804 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Pulau Padar 1.jpg|jmpl|262x262px]] '''Pulau Padar''' inggih punika pulo katiga pinih ageng ring wewidangan Taman Nasional Komodo, sesampuné [[Pulo Komodo]] miwah [[Pulo Rinca]]. Pulo puniki nampek saking Pulo Rinca, inggian dohan saking Pulo Komodo sangkaning wenten [[Selat Lintah]] sané masahang. Ring wewidangan pulo puniki wénten taler tigang utawi petang pulo alit. Jimbar pulo puniki kirang langkung 173.300 hektar. Pulo puniki madué iklim sané tuh antuk semak miwah tetaruan padang mawinan genah sabana sané jimbar. Pulo Padar taler katerima pinaka situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO, sawiréh magenah ring tengah wewidangan Taman Nasional Komodo, sareng Pulo Komodo, Pulo Rinca miwah Gili Motang. Ring Pulo Padar nénten wénten Komodo sawiréh ''rantai makanan'' sané nénten jangkep irika. Soroh reptil ring Pulo Padar inggih punika lelipi cincin mas (''Bioga Dendrophylla''), alu, toké miwah lelipi gadang. Segara ring wewidangan pulo madué makudang genah sané prasida kaanggén genah ''scuba diving'' miwah ''snorkelling''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mawatu.co.id/id/blog/pulau-padar-labuan-bajo/|title=Pulau Padar Labuan Bajo: Daya Tarik, Rute, dan Biaya Masuknya|website=Mawatu|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-08-18}}</ref> == Pustaka == <references /> dw2cgctlj4k6lh9uvydna27kth02r4s 281805 281804 2026-09-14T02:51:23Z Ni Putu Novsa Dewi 10573 281805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands | name = Padar | native_name = ''Pulau Padar'' | image_name = Pulau Padar 1.jpg | image_caption = Pulau Padar | image_alt = | area_km2 = | location = [[Asia Tenggara]] | map = Indonesia | coordinates = {{coord|-8.654|119.574|type:isle_region:ID|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = [[Kepulauan Sunda Kecil]] | country = Indonesia | country_admin_divisions_title = Provinsi | country_admin_divisions = [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] | largest_city = | demonym = | population = | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = }} [[Berkas:Pulau Padar 1.jpg|jmpl|262x262px]] '''Pulau Padar''' inggih punika pulo katiga pinih ageng ring wewidangan Taman Nasional Komodo, sesampuné [[Pulo Komodo]] miwah [[Pulo Rinca]]. Pulo puniki nampek saking Pulo Rinca, inggian dohan saking Pulo Komodo sangkaning wenten [[Selat Lintah]] sané masahang. Ring wewidangan pulo puniki wénten taler tigang utawi petang pulo alit. Jimbar pulo puniki kirang langkung 173.300 hektar. Pulo puniki madué iklim sané tuh antuk semak miwah tetaruan padang mawinan genah sabana sané jimbar. Pulo Padar taler katerima pinaka situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO, sawiréh magenah ring tengah wewidangan Taman Nasional Komodo, sareng Pulo Komodo, Pulo Rinca miwah Gili Motang. Ring Pulo Padar nénten wénten Komodo sawiréh ''rantai makanan'' sané nénten jangkep irika. Soroh reptil ring Pulo Padar inggih punika lelipi cincin mas (''Bioga Dendrophylla''), alu, toké miwah lelipi gadang. Segara ring wewidangan pulo madué makudang genah sané prasida kaanggén genah ''scuba diving'' miwah ''snorkelling''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mawatu.co.id/id/blog/pulau-padar-labuan-bajo/|title=Pulau Padar Labuan Bajo: Daya Tarik, Rute, dan Biaya Masuknya|website=Mawatu|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-08-18}}</ref> == Pustaka == <references /> p86mq90uc7520qc8m0kc430kli6d1wj 281806 281805 2026-09-14T02:53:07Z Ni Putu Novsa Dewi 10573 281806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands | name = Padar | native_name = ''Pulau Padar'' | image_name = Pulau Padar 1.jpg | image_caption = Pulau Padar | image_alt = | area_km2 = | location = [[Asia Tenggara]] | map = Indonesia | coordinates = {{coord|-8.654|119.574|type:isle_region:ID|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = [[Kepulauan Sunda Kecil]] | country = Indonesia | country_admin_divisions_title = Provinsi | country_admin_divisions = [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] | largest_city = | demonym = | population = | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = }} '''Pulau Padar''' inggih punika pulo katiga pinih ageng ring wewidangan Taman Nasional Komodo, sesampuné [[Pulo Komodo]] miwah [[Pulo Rinca]]. Pulo puniki nampek saking Pulo Rinca, inggian dohan saking Pulo Komodo sangkaning wenten [[Selat Lintah]] sané masahang. Ring wewidangan pulo puniki wénten taler tigang utawi petang pulo alit. Jimbar pulo puniki kirang langkung 173.300 hektar. Pulo puniki madué iklim sané tuh antuk semak miwah tetaruan padang mawinan genah sabana sané jimbar. Pulo Padar taler katerima pinaka situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO, sawiréh magenah ring tengah wewidangan Taman Nasional Komodo, sareng Pulo Komodo, Pulo Rinca miwah Gili Motang. Ring Pulo Padar nénten wénten Komodo sawiréh ''rantai makanan'' sané nénten jangkep irika. Soroh reptil ring Pulo Padar inggih punika lelipi cincin mas (''Bioga Dendrophylla''), alu, toké miwah lelipi gadang. Segara ring wewidangan pulo madué makudang genah sané prasida kaanggén genah ''scuba diving'' miwah ''snorkelling''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mawatu.co.id/id/blog/pulau-padar-labuan-bajo/|title=Pulau Padar Labuan Bajo: Daya Tarik, Rute, dan Biaya Masuknya|website=Mawatu|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-08-18}}</ref> == Pustaka == <references /> 5jwpo6yt6duokkm0jmaks065s8h6wq2 281809 281806 2026-09-14T03:55:17Z Angayubagia 6 281809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands | name = Padar | native_name = ''Pulau Padar'' | image_name = Pulau Padar 1.jpg | image_caption = Pulau Padar | image_alt = | area_km2 = | location = [[Asia Tenggara]] | map = Indonesia | coordinates = {{coord|-8.654|119.574|type:isle_region:ID|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = [[Kepulauan Sunda Kecil]] | country = Indonesia | country_admin_divisions_title = Provinsi | country_admin_divisions = [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] | largest_city = | demonym = | population = | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = }} '''Pulau Padar''' inggih punika pulo katiga pinih ageng ring wewidangan Taman Nasional Komodo, sesampuné [[Pulo Komodo]] miwah [[Pulo Rinca]]. Pulo puniki nampek saking Pulo Rinca, inggian dohan saking Pulo Komodo sangkaning wenten [[Selat Lintah]] sané masahang. Ring wewidangan pulo puniki wénten taler tigang utawi petang pulo alit. Jimbar pulo puniki kirang langkung 173.300 hektar. Pulo puniki madué iklim sané tuh antuk semak miwah tetaruan padang mawinan genah sabana sané jimbar. Pulo Padar taler katerima pinaka situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO, sawiréh magenah ring tengah wewidangan Taman Nasional Komodo, sareng Pulo Komodo, Pulo Rinca miwah Gili Motang. Ring Pulo Padar nénten wénten Komodo sawiréh ''rantai makanan'' sané nénten jangkep irika. Soroh reptil ring Pulo Padar inggih punika lelipi cincin mas (''Bioga Dendrophylla''), alu, toké miwah lelipi gadang. Segara ring wewidangan pulo madué makudang genah sané prasida kaanggén genah ''scuba diving'' miwah ''snorkelling''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mawatu.co.id/id/blog/pulau-padar-labuan-bajo/|title=Pulau Padar Labuan Bajo: Daya Tarik, Rute, dan Biaya Masuknya|website=Mawatu|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-08-18}}</ref> == Galeri == <gallery mode="packed"> Berkas:Padar panorama.jpg|Pulau Padar, panorama pelabuhan Berkas:Padar beach.jpg|Matahari terbenam, Pulau Padar Berkas:Pulau Padar (West).jpg|Pemandangan pantai barat Berkas:Pulau Padar, Flores, NTT (1).jpg|Panorama dari Pulau Padar Berkas:Adelaar_off_Padar_Island_(1998).jpg|Pulau Padar Berkas:Indahnya_Pulau_Padar.jpg| </gallery> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{Autocommonscat1}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Padar, Nusa}} {{indo-geo-stub}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Nusa ring Nusa Tenggara Timur]] [[Kategori:Genah wisata ring Nusa Tenggara Timur]] 7r9n1uz836idwslhe87sejpn8o3vn3d 0 66327 281849 271885 2026-09-14T11:46:45Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Valladolid''' ({{IPA|es|baʎaðoˈlið|lang|Valladolid.ogg}}) inggih punika satunggil [[Munisipalitas ring Spanyol|munisipalitas]] ring Spanyol miwah genah utama pamréntah miwah ibu kota [[komunitas otonom Spanyol|komunitas otonom]] saking [[Kastilia miwah León]]. Puniki taler ibu kota [[propinsi Valladolid]]. Puniki madué panjak 300.618 diri (2024 est.).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Spanish Statistical Institute) |url=https://www.ine.es/nomen2/index.do?accion=busquedaAvanzada&entidad_amb=no&codProv=47&codMuni=186&codEC=0&codES=0&codNUC=0&denominacion_op=like&denominacion_txt=&L=0 |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=ine.es |archive-date=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026100218/https://www.ine.es/nomen2/index.do?accion=busquedaAvanzada&entidad_amb=no&codProv=47&codMuni=186&codEC=0&codES=0&codNUC=0&denominacion_op=like&denominacion_txt=&L=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Munisipilitas puniki pinaka munisipilitas sane pinih akeh kramannyane ring wewidangan punika. Kota puniki magenah kirang langkung ring tengahing atengah kalér Samenanjung Iberia [[Meseta Tengah]], ring pertemuan tukad [[Tukad Pisuerga|Pisuerga]] lan tukad [[Esgueva]] {{cvt|15|km}} sadurung ipun sareng [[Duero]], sané kaiter olih wewidangan [[pategalan anggur]]. 2q4gpzn98h3zupthzgodmdauz693wgs 0 66684 281832 244559 2026-09-14T10:50:08Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281832 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suzhou'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{IPAc-en|s|uː|ˈ|dʒ|oʊ}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Suzhou |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203231015/https://www.lexico.com/definition/suzhou |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2020 |title=Suzhou |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{lang-zh|s=苏州|p=Sūzhōu}}; <small>[[Basa Suzhou]]:</small> [[Romanisasi basa Cina Wu|''sou¹ tseu¹'']] {{IPA|wuu|səu˦ tsøʏ˦|}}, <small>[[Basa Mandarin Standar|Mandarin]]:</small> {{IPAc-cmn|s|u|1|.|zh|ou|1}}|[[romanisasi pos|sadurungné karomanisasi]] dados '''Soochow'''}}}} inggih punika [[kota tingkat préféktur]] ring provinsi [[Jiangsu]], [[Cina Kangin]]. Suzhou wantah genah wisata utama miwah puser industri ring Cina Timur, sané khusus ring [[manufaktur]] [[kelas tegeh]]. Kasub pinaka buaian [[budaya Wu Cina|Wu]], Suzhou nglimbak dados pusat paadolan, seni, miwah kahuripan intelektual ring salantang [[Terusan_Ageng_(Cina)|Terusan Agung]], ngwantu ngwangun panglimbak ékonomi miwah budaya Cina salami maabad-abad. Kota puniki kasub ring internasional santukan [[Taman Klasik Suzhou|taman klasik]], sané ngadungang arsitéktur, toya, batu, miwah entik-entikan dados ekspresi puitis saking alam. Suwe kaagumi antuk produksi [[sutra]], reratengan sane becik, lan liris [[opera Kunqu]], Suzhou sampun kaajum ring [[puisi Cina]], sareng [[Hangzhou]], pinaka "surga ring jagaté", reputasi sané langgeng ngantos mangkin santukan kota puniki nyampuhang kanal-kanalnyané sané nénten kalangkungin, jalur sané kacat putih, miwah tetamian ilmiah sareng industri modérn. Suzhou wantah pahan saking Délta Yangtze.<ref>{{Cite web |title=苏州概览 - 苏州市人民政府 |url=https://www.suzhou.gov.cn/szsrmzf/szgl/szgl.shtml |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.suzhou.gov.cn}}</ref> thoxhnxitxvhzhkmp3cwo163mdn2fey 0 77883 281816 268834 2026-09-14T10:17:35Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox public transit | box_width = | name = BursaRay | image = BursaRay logo.svg | imagesize = 120px | image2 = Bursaray 1 Line Symbol.svg | imagesize2 = 40px | caption2 = | owner = | locale = [[Bursa, Turki|Bursa]], [[Wawengkon Marmara|Marmara]], [[Turki]] | transit_type = [[Métro ingan]] | lines = 2 | stations = 40<ref name="route"/> <br /> (3 under construction) | annual_ridership = 91.25 yuta (2010) | headquarters = | website = {{URL|www.burulas.com.tr/tren-hareket-saatleri.aspx|Burulaş - Bursaray}} | began_operation = {{start date and age|24 April 2002}} | operator = Burulaş | vehicles = 122 cars (total)<ref name="RayHaber"/><br />''(48 [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]] Type B80,<br />30 [[Bombardier Flexity Swift]], <br />60 [[Durmazlar GreenCity]]'' | train_length = | headway = | system_length = {{convert|40.0|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="route"/><ref name="specs"/> | track_gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}<ref name="specs"/> | el = 1,500 V DC | average_speed = {{convert|34|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|24|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (''Line 1 branch'')<ref name="specs" /> | top_speed = {{convert|70|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<ref name="specs"/><br />{{convert|50|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (''Line 1 branch'')<ref name="specs"/> | osm_id = | map = [[File:Bursa Railway Network Map.svg|300px|System map of Bursaray.]]<br />{{Bursaray route diagram|inline=1}} | map_state = show | alt = | caption = | area served = | line_number = | start = | end = | chief_executive = | character = | image3 = Bursaray 2 Line Symbol.svg | imagesize3 = 40px }} '''Bursaray''' (magaya ''BursaRay'') inggih punika sistem [[métro ingan]]<ref name="RGI-data">{{cite web |title=BursaRay |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/data/bursaray/51360.article |website=Railway Gazette International |access-date=3 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Urbanrail">{{cite web |title=Bursa Metro |url=https://www.urbanrail.net/as/tr/bursa/bursa.htm |website=www.urbanrail.net |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref> in the city of [[Bursa, Turki|Bursa]], [[Marmara Region]], [[Turkey]], built in 2000 by [[TÜVASAŞ]], and operated by Burulaş.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mapa-metro.com/en/Turkey/Bursa/Bursa-Bursaray-map.htm|title=Bursaray: Bursa metro map, Turkey|website=mapa-metro.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref> Wastan ''Bursaray'' pinaka gabungan saking ''Bursa'', tur ''Ray'', kruna ring basa Turki antuk "kréta". Métro Bursaray kabungkah antuk ayahan penumpang ring tanggal 24 April 2002. Sistem métro sané mangkin kawangun antuk kalih jalur, sané madué jalur utama ring sisi kangin, lan macarang dados kalih jalur ring muncuk kauh sistem. jetv7dpvm60ck370oz392o3hcu432ua 281817 281816 2026-09-14T10:18:37Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox public transit | box_width = | name = BursaRay | image = BursaRay logo.svg | imagesize = 120px | image2 = Bursaray 1 Line Symbol.svg | imagesize2 = 40px | caption2 = | owner = | locale = [[Bursa, Turki|Bursa]], [[Wawengkon Marmara|Marmara]], [[Turki]] | transit_type = [[Métro ingan]] | lines = 2 | stations = 40<ref name="route"/> <br /> (3 under construction) | annual_ridership = 91.25 yuta (2010) | headquarters = | website = {{URL|www.burulas.com.tr/tren-hareket-saatleri.aspx|Burulaş - Bursaray}} | began_operation = {{start date and age|24 April 2002}} | operator = Burulaş | vehicles = 122 cars (total)<ref name="RayHaber"/><br />''(48 [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]] Type B80,<br />30 [[Bombardier Flexity Swift]], <br />60 [[Durmazlar GreenCity]]'' | train_length = | headway = | system_length = {{convert|40.0|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="route"/><ref name="specs"/> | track_gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}<ref name="specs"/> | el = 1,500 V DC | average_speed = {{convert|34|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|24|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (''Line 1 branch'')<ref name="specs" /> | top_speed = {{convert|70|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<ref name="specs"/><br />{{convert|50|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (''Line 1 branch'')<ref name="specs"/> | osm_id = | map = [[File:Bursa Railway Network Map.svg|300px|System map of Bursaray.]]<br />{{Bursaray route diagram|inline=1}} | map_state = show | alt = | caption = | area served = | line_number = | start = | end = | chief_executive = | character = | image3 = Bursaray 2 Line Symbol.svg | imagesize3 = 40px }} '''Bursaray''' (magaya ''BursaRay'') inggih punika sistem [[métro ingan]]<ref name="RGI-data">{{cite web |title=BursaRay |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/data/bursaray/51360.article |website=Railway Gazette International |access-date=3 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Urbanrail">{{cite web |title=Bursa Metro |url=https://www.urbanrail.net/as/tr/bursa/bursa.htm |website=www.urbanrail.net |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref> ring kota [[Bursa, Turki|Bursa]], [[Marmara Region]], [[Turki]], kawangun ring 2000 olih [[TÜVASAŞ]], miwah kaoperasiyang olih Burulaş.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mapa-metro.com/en/Turkey/Bursa/Bursa-Bursaray-map.htm|title=Bursaray: Bursa metro map, Turkey|website=mapa-metro.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref> Wastan ''Bursaray'' pinaka gabungan saking ''Bursa'', tur ''Ray'', kruna ring basa Turki antuk "kréta". Métro Bursaray kabungkah antuk ayahan penumpang ring tanggal 24 April 2002. Sistem métro sané mangkin kawangun antuk kalih jalur, sané madué jalur utama ring sisi kangin, lan macarang dados kalih jalur ring muncuk kauh sistem. f4cu2mo1fy7da7vxdcn6wrxnb2q2mw1 281818 281817 2026-09-14T10:19:12Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox public transit | box_width = | name = BursaRay | image = BursaRay logo.svg | imagesize = 120px | image2 = Bursaray 1 Line Symbol.svg | imagesize2 = 40px | caption2 = | owner = | locale = [[Bursa, Turki|Bursa]], [[Wawengkon Marmara|Marmara]], [[Turki]] | transit_type = [[Métro ingan]] | lines = 2 | stations = 40<ref name="route"/> <br /> (3 under construction) | annual_ridership = 91.25 yuta (2010) | headquarters = | website = {{URL|www.burulas.com.tr/tren-hareket-saatleri.aspx|Burulaş - Bursaray}} | began_operation = {{start date and age|24 April 2002}} | operator = Burulaş | vehicles = 122 cars (total)<ref name="RayHaber"/><br />''(48 [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]] Type B80,<br />30 [[Bombardier Flexity Swift]], <br />60 [[Durmazlar GreenCity]]'' | train_length = | headway = | system_length = {{convert|40.0|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="route"/><ref name="specs"/> | track_gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}<ref name="specs"/> | el = 1,500 V DC | average_speed = {{convert|34|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|24|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (''Line 1 branch'')<ref name="specs" /> | top_speed = {{convert|70|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<ref name="specs"/><br />{{convert|50|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (''Line 1 branch'')<ref name="specs"/> | osm_id = | map = [[File:Bursa Railway Network Map.svg|300px|System map of Bursaray.]]<br />{{Bursaray route diagram|inline=1}} | map_state = show | alt = | caption = | area served = | line_number = | start = | end = | chief_executive = | character = | image3 = Bursaray 2 Line Symbol.svg | imagesize3 = 40px }} '''Bursaray''' (magaya ''BursaRay'') inggih punika sistem [[métro ingan]]<ref name="RGI-data">{{cite web |title=BursaRay |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/data/bursaray/51360.article |website=Railway Gazette International |access-date=3 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Urbanrail">{{cite web |title=Bursa Metro |url=https://www.urbanrail.net/as/tr/bursa/bursa.htm |website=www.urbanrail.net |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref> ring kota [[Bursa, Turki|Bursa]], [[Wawengkon Marmara||Region Marmara]], [[Turki]], kawangun ring 2000 olih [[TÜVASAŞ]], miwah kaoperasiyang olih Burulaş.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mapa-metro.com/en/Turkey/Bursa/Bursa-Bursaray-map.htm|title=Bursaray: Bursa metro map, Turkey|website=mapa-metro.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref> Wastan ''Bursaray'' pinaka gabungan saking ''Bursa'', tur ''Ray'', kruna ring basa Turki antuk "kréta". Métro Bursaray kabungkah antuk ayahan penumpang ring tanggal 24 April 2002. Sistem métro sané mangkin kawangun antuk kalih jalur, sané madué jalur utama ring sisi kangin, lan macarang dados kalih jalur ring muncuk kauh sistem. ekxr6467ab1w3iq2twiarpkcq3k423c 281820 281818 2026-09-14T10:24:23Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox public transit | box_width = | name = BursaRay | image = BursaRay logo.svg | imagesize = 120px | image2 = Bursaray 1 Line Symbol.svg | imagesize2 = 40px | caption2 = | owner = | locale = [[Bursa, Turki|Bursa]], [[Wawengkon Marmara|Marmara]], [[Turki]] | transit_type = [[Métro ingan]] | lines = 2 | stations = 40<ref name="route"/> <br /> (3 under construction) | annual_ridership = 91.25 yuta (2010) | headquarters = | website = {{URL|www.burulas.com.tr/tren-hareket-saatleri.aspx|Burulaş - Bursaray}} | began_operation = {{start date and age|24 April 2002}} | operator = Burulaş | vehicles = 122 cars (total)<ref name="RayHaber"/><br />''(48 [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]] Type B80,<br />30 [[Bombardier Flexity Swift]], <br />60 [[Durmazlar GreenCity]]'' | train_length = | headway = | system_length = {{convert|40.0|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="route"/><ref name="specs"/> | track_gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}<ref name="specs"/> | el = 1,500 V DC | average_speed = {{convert|34|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|24|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (''Line 1 branch'')<ref name="specs" /> | top_speed = {{convert|70|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<ref name="specs"/><br />{{convert|50|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (''Line 1 branch'')<ref name="specs"/> | osm_id = | map = [[File:Bursa Railway Network Map.svg|300px|System map of Bursaray.]]<br />{{Bursaray route diagram|inline=1}} | map_state = show | alt = | caption = | area served = | line_number = | start = | end = | chief_executive = | character = | image3 = Bursaray 2 Line Symbol.svg | imagesize3 = 40px }} '''Bursaray''' (magaya ''BursaRay'') inggih punika sistem [[métro ingan]]<ref name="RGI-data">{{cite web |title=BursaRay |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/data/bursaray/51360.article |website=Railway Gazette International |access-date=3 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Urbanrail">{{cite web |title=Bursa Metro |url=https://www.urbanrail.net/as/tr/bursa/bursa.htm |website=www.urbanrail.net |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref> ring kota [[Bursa, Turki|Bursa]], [[Wawengkon Marmara| |Region Marmara]], [[Turki]], kawangun ring 2000 olih [[TÜVASAŞ]], miwah kaoperasiyang olih Burulaş.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mapa-metro.com/en/Turkey/Bursa/Bursa-Bursaray-map.htm|title=Bursaray: Bursa metro map, Turkey|website=mapa-metro.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref> Wastan ''Bursaray'' pinaka gabungan saking ''Bursa'', tur ''Ray'', kruna ring basa Turki antuk "kréta". Métro Bursaray kabungkah antuk ayahan penumpang ring tanggal 24 April 2002. Sistem métro sané mangkin kawangun antuk kalih jalur, sané madué jalur utama ring sisi kangin, lan macarang dados kalih jalur ring muncuk kauh sistem. fbrdir8brybs1i5snvt5z14zz485k9o 281821 281820 2026-09-14T10:24:42Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox public transit | box_width = | name = BursaRay | image = BursaRay logo.svg | imagesize = 120px | image2 = Bursaray 1 Line Symbol.svg | imagesize2 = 40px | caption2 = | owner = | locale = [[Bursa, Turki|Bursa]], [[Wawengkon Marmara|Marmara]], [[Turki]] | transit_type = [[Métro ingan]] | lines = 2 | stations = 40<ref name="route"/> <br /> (3 under construction) | annual_ridership = 91.25 yuta (2010) | headquarters = | website = {{URL|www.burulas.com.tr/tren-hareket-saatleri.aspx|Burulaş - Bursaray}} | began_operation = {{start date and age|24 April 2002}} | operator = Burulaş | vehicles = 122 cars (total)<ref name="RayHaber"/><br />''(48 [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]] Type B80,<br />30 [[Bombardier Flexity Swift]], <br />60 [[Durmazlar GreenCity]]'' | train_length = | headway = | system_length = {{convert|40.0|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="route"/><ref name="specs"/> | track_gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}<ref name="specs"/> | el = 1,500 V DC | average_speed = {{convert|34|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|24|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (''Line 1 branch'')<ref name="specs" /> | top_speed = {{convert|70|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<ref name="specs"/><br />{{convert|50|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (''Line 1 branch'')<ref name="specs"/> | osm_id = | map = [[File:Bursa Railway Network Map.svg|300px|System map of Bursaray.]]<br />{{Bursaray route diagram|inline=1}} | map_state = show | alt = | caption = | area served = | line_number = | start = | end = | chief_executive = | character = | image3 = Bursaray 2 Line Symbol.svg | imagesize3 = 40px }} '''Bursaray''' (magaya ''BursaRay'') inggih punika sistem [[métro ingan]]<ref name="RGI-data">{{cite web |title=BursaRay |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/data/bursaray/51360.article |website=Railway Gazette International |access-date=3 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Urbanrail">{{cite web |title=Bursa Metro |url=https://www.urbanrail.net/as/tr/bursa/bursa.htm |website=www.urbanrail.net |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref> ring kota [[Bursa, Turki|Bursa]], [[Wawengkon Marmara|Region Marmara]], [[Turki]], kawangun ring 2000 olih [[TÜVASAŞ]], miwah kaoperasiyang olih Burulaş.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mapa-metro.com/en/Turkey/Bursa/Bursa-Bursaray-map.htm|title=Bursaray: Bursa metro map, Turkey|website=mapa-metro.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref> Wastan ''Bursaray'' pinaka gabungan saking ''Bursa'', tur ''Ray'', kruna ring basa Turki antuk "kréta". Métro Bursaray kabungkah antuk ayahan penumpang ring tanggal 24 April 2002. Sistem métro sané mangkin kawangun antuk kalih jalur, sané madué jalur utama ring sisi kangin, lan macarang dados kalih jalur ring muncuk kauh sistem. sxbogfyupej6emipr4a7g5nk8yl4mh5 0 78108 281837 269277 2026-09-14T10:58:18Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox public transit | name = Métro Xuzhou | image = | imagesize = 80px | image2 = Xuzhou Metro 0112 approaching Luwo station.jpg | imagesize2 = 275px | owner = Xuzhou Metro Group | locale = [[Xuzhou, Jiangsu]], Cina | transit_type = [[transit gelis]] | lines = 4 (another 2 lines under construction) | stations = 70 | ridership = 829,100 (September 20, 2025 record) | annual_ridership = 109.6 million (2024) | began_operation = {{Start date and age|2019|9|28}}<ref name=xuzhou01>{{cite web|url=http://www.xzgdjt.com/news/show-3842.html|title=徐州地铁1号线一期9月28日10：00正式开通|date=2019-09-26|access-date=September 26, 2019|archive-date=September 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926191611/http://xzgdjt.com/news/show-3842.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | operation_will_start = | operator = Xuzhou City Rail Transit Co., Ltd. | vehicles = | system_length = {{Convert|95.44|km|abbr=on}} | track_gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}} | el = 1.5 [[Volt|kV]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[overhead line]]s | map = [[File:Xuzhou_Metro_System_Map.png|250px]] | map_state = collapsed | alt = | caption = | area served = | line_number = {{RouteBox|1|Line 1 (Xuzhou Metro)|#{{rcr|Xuzhou Metro|1}}}} {{RouteBox|2|Line 2 (Xuzhou Metro)|#{{rcr|Xuzhou Metro|2}}}} {{RouteBox|3|Line 3 (Xuzhou Metro)|#{{rcr|Xuzhou Metro|3}}}} {{RouteBox|6|Line 6 (Xuzhou Metro)|#{{rcr|Xuzhou Metro|6}}}} | chief_executive = | website = http://xzgdjt.com/ | character = Underground, elevated | start = | end = | weekly_ridership = | native_name = {{lang|zh|徐州地铁}} }} '''Métro Xuzhou''' ({{Lang-zh|c=徐州地铁|s=|t=|p=Xúzhōu dìtiě}}) inggih punika satunggil sistem [[transit gelis]] ring [[Xuzhou, Jiangsu|Xuzhou, Propinsi Jiangsu]], Cina. Pawangunan kakawitin ring bulan Pébruari 2014, lan Jalur 1 kabungkah ring tanggal 28 Séptémber 2019,<ref name=xuzhou01 /> Jalur 2 kabungkah ring tanggal 28 Nopémber 2020, Jalur 3 kabungkah ring tanggal 28 Juni 2021, lan Jalur 6 kabungkah ring tanggal 28 Séptémber 2025. 36avs88tetejqihaf1ugk5ih0qnn0if 0 82034 281802 2026-09-14T01:06:26Z Angayubagia 6 Ngardi kaca madaging "{{Infobox church | name = Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska | fullname = Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Paroki Bojong Gede | color = blue | image = Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg | imagesize = 265px | caption = Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede | denomination = [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] | country = [[Indonésia]] | consecration_year = | founder = | archite..." 281802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church | name = Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska | fullname = Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Paroki Bojong Gede | color = blue | image = Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg | imagesize = 265px | caption = Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede | denomination = [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] | country = [[Indonésia]] | consecration_year = | founder = | architect = | style = | dedication = | status = [[Gereja paroki]] | functional status = Aktif | heritage designation = | architectural type = [[Gereja]] | capacity = | diocese = [[Keuskupan Bogor|Bogor]] | parish = Bojong Gede | deanery = Tengah | province = | constructed_date = | pastor = | address = | location = [[Tonjong, Tajurhalang, Bogor|Tonjong]], [[Tajurhalang, Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]] 16932 | phone = | website = | logo = | logosize = 100px | embedded = }} '''Gereja Santo Faustina Kowalska''', sane resmi kaloktah dados '''Gereja Paroki Santo Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede''', inggih punika [[Gereja Katolik]] sane magenah ring [[Tajurhalang, Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Gereja puniki kaaturang majeng ring Santo Faustina Kowalska. Punika wenten ring sor wewidangan [[Keuskupan Bogor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keuskupanbogor.org/mengenai-gereja/paroki-paroki/|title=Paroki-Paroki|date=2014-05-31|website=Keuskupan Sufragan Bogor|language=id|access-date=2026-09-14}}</ref> == Galéri== ===Eksterior=== <gallery> Pintu masuk samping Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Pintu masuk utama Tampak samping depan Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Tampak samping depan jauh Tampak samping dekat Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Tampak samping depan </gallery> ===Interior=== <gallery> Panti umat Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Panti umat Keseluruhan panti umat Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Keseluruhan panti umat Panti imam Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Panti imam Umat berdoa Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Umat berdoa jelang [[Misa]] </gallery> === Fasilitas liyanan === <gallery> Aula Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Aula Altar di Aula Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Altar di Aula Taman Doa Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Taman Doa Kerahiman Ilahi Gua Maria Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Gua Maria Patung di Jalan Salib Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Patung di salah satu perhentian Jalan Salib Patung Kerahiman Ilahi di halaman Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Patung [[Kerahiman Ilahi]] di halaman gereja Patung Kerahiman Ilahi di samping Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Patung [[Kerahiman Ilahi]] di samping gereja Patung Yesus berdoa Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Patung Yesus berdoa di Taman Getsmani Patung Santo Mikael Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Patung Santo [[Mikael]] Prasasti peresmian Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede.jpg|Prasasti peresmian gereja </gallery> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} == Cingak malih == * [[Paroki ring Keuskupan Bogor]] == Pranala jaba == * {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDcflZRoqbU|title=THE ART OF CHURCH - Gereja Katolik Paroki St. Faustina Kowalska, Tajur Halang Kab. Bogor|date=10 November 2024|via=Youtube}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Faustina Kowalska}} [[Kategori:Paroki ring Keuskupan Bogor]] [[Kategori:Wangunan gereja Katolik ring Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Genah ibadah ring Kabupatén Bogor]] {{indo-gereja-stub}} cyvuv5qw5peetu9igdrdu9zifupuvrk 281803 281802 2026-09-14T01:07:39Z Angayubagia 6 281803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church | name = Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska | fullname = Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Paroki Bojong Gede | color = blue | image = | imagesize = 265px | caption = Gereja Santa Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede | denomination = [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] | country = [[Indonésia]] | consecration_year = | founder = | architect = | style = | dedication = | status = [[Gereja paroki]] | functional status = Aktif | heritage designation = | architectural type = [[Gereja]] | capacity = | diocese = [[Keuskupan Bogor|Bogor]] | parish = Bojong Gede | deanery = Tengah | province = | constructed_date = | pastor = | address = | location = [[Tonjong, Tajurhalang, Bogor|Tonjong]], [[Tajurhalang, Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]] 16932 | phone = | website = | logo = | logosize = 100px | embedded = }} '''Gereja Santo Faustina Kowalska''', sane resmi kaloktah dados '''Gereja Paroki Santo Faustina Kowalska, Bojong Gede''', inggih punika [[Gereja Katolik]] sane magenah ring [[Tajurhalang, Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Gereja puniki kaaturang majeng ring Santo Faustina Kowalska. Punika wenten ring sor wewidangan [[Keuskupan Bogor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keuskupanbogor.org/mengenai-gereja/paroki-paroki/|title=Paroki-Paroki|date=2014-05-31|website=Keuskupan Sufragan Bogor|language=id|access-date=2026-09-14}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} == Cingak malih == * [[Paroki ring Keuskupan Bogor]] == Pranala jaba == * {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDcflZRoqbU|title=THE ART OF CHURCH - Gereja Katolik Paroki St. Faustina Kowalska, Tajur Halang Kab. Bogor|date=10 November 2024|via=Youtube}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Faustina Kowalska}} [[Kategori:Paroki ring Keuskupan Bogor]] [[Kategori:Wangunan gereja Katolik ring Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Genah ibadah ring Kabupatén Bogor]] {{indo-gereja-stub}} 50sk9vtiwvcj4f2e0lh5v2xjaacgj6j 3 82035 281807 2026-09-14T03:54:19Z Angayubagia 6 Ngardi kaca madaging "{{Rahajeng rauh}}" 281807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Rahajeng rauh}} jicot1awoylfbm515w6rwiy9t5l62on 3 82036 281808 2026-09-14T03:54:22Z Angayubagia 6 Ngardi kaca madaging "{{Rahajeng rauh}}" 281808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Rahajeng rauh}} jicot1awoylfbm515w6rwiy9t5l62on 3 82037 281810 2026-09-14T03:56:30Z Angayubagia 6 Ngardi kaca madaging "{{Rahajeng rauh}}" 281810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Rahajeng rauh}} jicot1awoylfbm515w6rwiy9t5l62on 0 82038 281815 2026-09-14T10:15:53Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Adana'''{{efn|{{IPA|tr|aˈda.na|pronunciation|Adana - TR.wav}}}} inggih punika kota pinih ageng ring sisi kelod [[Turki]]. Kota puniki magenah ring [[Tukad Seyhan]], {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=on}} nuju daratan saking pasisi kalér kangin [[Segara Tengah]]. Kota puniki pinaka pusat administrasi [[Propinsi Adana]], miwah madué populasi métropolitan akéhnyané 1,816,750 (Seyhan, Yuregir, Cukurova, Saricam).<ref name="auto"/>" 281815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adana'''{{efn|{{IPA|tr|aˈda.na|pronunciation|Adana - TR.wav}}}} inggih punika kota pinih ageng ring sisi kelod [[Turki]]. Kota puniki magenah ring [[Tukad Seyhan]], {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=on}} nuju daratan saking pasisi kalér kangin [[Segara Tengah]]. Kota puniki pinaka pusat administrasi [[Propinsi Adana]], miwah madué populasi métropolitan akéhnyané 1,816,750 (Seyhan, Yuregir, Cukurova, Saricam).<ref name="auto"/> 7xctcmbuwy2ibubehr7mbeq0fnjpbfy 0 82039 281819 2026-09-14T10:24:00Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Bursa'''{{Efn|{{IPA|tr|ˈbuɾsa}}}} inggih punika kota ring sisi kalér kauh [[Turki]] miwah pusat administrasi [[Propinsi Bursa]]. Puniki wantah [[lis kota ring Turki|kota sané pinih akéh kramannyané kaping pat]] ring Turki miwah kota sané pinih akéh kramannyané kaping kalih ring [[Wawengkon Marmara]] risampuné [[Istanbul]]. Manut estimasi panguntat warsa 2025, propinsi puniki madué penduduk 3.263.011 asapunika kota Bursa madué penduduk sawatara 2,5 yuta...." 281819 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bursa'''{{Efn|{{IPA|tr|ˈbuɾsa}}}} inggih punika kota ring sisi kalér kauh [[Turki]] miwah pusat administrasi [[Propinsi Bursa]]. Puniki wantah [[lis kota ring Turki|kota sané pinih akéh kramannyané kaping pat]] ring Turki miwah kota sané pinih akéh kramannyané kaping kalih ring [[Wawengkon Marmara]] risampuné [[Istanbul]]. Manut estimasi panguntat warsa 2025, propinsi puniki madué penduduk 3.263.011 asapunika kota Bursa madué penduduk sawatara 2,5 yuta.{{Efn|Nénten wénten wates kota sané sampun katentuang ring Turki. TURKSTAT ngamedalang data penduduk wantah majeng ring provinsi miwah kabupaten sane taler ngranjing lingkungan padesaan. Nanging, sawatara 2,5 yuta jadma sane magenah ring kabupatén-kabupatén sane dohnyane ngantos 20 mil nuju pusat kota. Prakiraan kasar puniki inggih punika akéh penduduk Osmangazi, Nilüfer, Yıldırım, Mudanya, Gürsu, Kestel lan angka-angka antuk populasi pengungsi Suriah résmi propinsi sané nénten ngeranjing ring kirang langkung penduduk TURKSTAT.}} Bursa inggih punika silih sinunggil pusat [[industri otomotif ring Turki|produksi otomotif Turki]], dados pusat industri panegara punika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Automatic Industry in Turkey |url=https://eraiturkey.com/2021/02/the-automotive-industry-in-turkey/ |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=eraiturkey.com |date=12 February 2021 }}</ref> 7krft049jktmy23l9s1tgso3kkxnko5 0 82040 281822 2026-09-14T10:25:21Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Catania''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|t|ɑː|n|i|ə}},<ref>{{cite EPD|18|Catania|page=79}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|UKalso|-|ˈ|t|eɪ|n|-}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|ˈ|t|æ|n|-}},<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190126220736/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Catania "Catania"] (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Catania |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Catania |url-status=dead |arch..." 281822 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Catania''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|t|ɑː|n|i|ə}},<ref>{{cite EPD|18|Catania|page=79}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|UKalso|-|ˈ|t|eɪ|n|-}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|ˈ|t|æ|n|-}},<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190126220736/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Catania "Catania"] (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Catania |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Catania |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182138/https://www.lexico.com/definition/catania |archive-date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Catania|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Catania |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/catania |access-date=26 July 2019 |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref> {{small|Sicilian and}} {{IPA|it|kaˈtaːnja|lang|It-Catania.ogg}}) inggih punika kota sané pinih ageng kaping kalih ring wewidangan nusa otonom [[Sisilia]] ring [[Italia]], sesampun [[Palérmo]], becik manut wewidangan utawi manut populasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sicilia / Sicily (Italy): Provinces, Major Cities & Communes – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/italy/cities/sicilia/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Yadiastun dados kota sané pinih ageng kaping kalih ring pulo puniki, Catania dados pusat konurbasi Sisilia sane pinih padat kramannyané,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catania |url=https://www.studyinsicily.eu/it/destination/catania-2/ |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=Study in Sicily |publisher=INDIRE |language=it}}</ref> sane silih sinunggil sane pinih ageng ring Italia. Puniki madué infrastruktur transportasi margi miwah rél sané mabuat, miwah dados tuan rumah [[Bandara Catania|bandara utama Sisilia]] (kaping lima sané pinih ageng ring Italia). Kota puniki magenah ring pasisi kangin Sisilia, marep ring [[Segara Ionia]] ring dasar gunung berapi sane aktif [[Gunung Étna]]. Puniki ibu kota saking 58 munisipilitas sané kaloktah dados [[Kota Métropolitan Catania]], sané pinaka wawengkon métropolitan sané pinih ageng kaping pitu ring Italia. Penduduk kota sané sujati inggih punika 296.984, raris penduduk kota métropolitan inggih punika 1.067.550.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-01 |title= Resident population by age, sex and marital status on 1st January 2026 |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=POS&l=en |website=demo.istat.it |publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]] |access-date=2026-04-01}} (On the search form, choose the statistical region of the municipality in the Area section, the Region, the Province, and the name of the Municipality)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-01 |title= Resident population by age, sex and marital status on 1st January 2026 |url= https://demo.istat.it/data/posas/POSAS_2026_en_All_files.zip |website=demo.istat.it |publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]] |access-date=2026-04-01}}The file URL linking on technical dataset.</ref> 8engpo410xwferebl79hog2g11gj60r 0 82041 281823 2026-09-14T10:26:26Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Changzhou''' inggih punika [[kota tingkat préféktur]] ring sisi kelod [[Jiangsu]], Cina. Sadurungnyané kawastanin Yanling, Lanling, miwah Jinling. Magenah ring pasisi kelod [[Tukad Yangtze]], Changzhou mawates sareng ibu kota propinsi [[Nanjing]] ring sisi kauh, [[Zhenjiang]] ring sisi kauh kalér, [[Wuxi]] ring sisi kangin, miwah propinsi [[Zhejiang]] ring sisi kelod. Krama ring Munisipilitas Changzhou inggih punika 5.278.121 ring sénsus Cina 2020|sénsus 20..." 281823 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Changzhou''' inggih punika [[kota tingkat préféktur]] ring sisi kelod [[Jiangsu]], Cina. Sadurungnyané kawastanin Yanling, Lanling, miwah Jinling. Magenah ring pasisi kelod [[Tukad Yangtze]], Changzhou mawates sareng ibu kota propinsi [[Nanjing]] ring sisi kauh, [[Zhenjiang]] ring sisi kauh kalér, [[Wuxi]] ring sisi kangin, miwah propinsi [[Zhejiang]] ring sisi kelod. Krama ring Munisipilitas Changzhou inggih punika 5.278.121 ring [[sénsus Cina 2020|sénsus 2020]].<ref name="oecd2015">{{cite book|url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39|title=OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015, OECD READ edition|date=18 April 2015|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]|isbn=9789264230033|page=37|language=en|doi=10.1787/9789264230040-en|issn=2306-9341|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327210032/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39|archive-date=27 March 2017|url-status=live}}Linked from the OECD [http://www.oecd.org/china/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015-9789264230040-en.htm here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044027/http://www.oecd.org/china/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015-9789264230040-en.htm |date=2017-12-09 }}</ref><ref name="citypop"/> Kota puniki genah embas [[Zhou Youguang]] sané ngaryanin [[romanisasi basa Cina|sistem romanisasi]] [[pinyin]]. 5vgm82f2ext8oy9ydi5fvtq151rgv86 0 82042 281824 2026-09-14T10:29:45Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Gimpo''' ({{Korean|hangul=김포}}; {{IPA|ko|kim.pʰo}}) inggih punika [[Pahan administrasi Koréa Kelod|kota]] ring [[Propinsi Gyeonggi]], Koréa Kelod. Puniki mawatesin [[Incheon]], sareng sisi Koréa Kelod saking loloan [[Tukad Han (Koréa)|Tukad Han]], taler [[Seoul]] miwah kota-kota sané alitan [[Paju]] miwah [[Goyang]]. Korea Kalér wénten ring sebrang Tukad Han. Walikota sané mangkin inggih punika Jeong Hayoung. Penduduk kota puniki lintangan saking 300.0..." 281824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gimpo''' ({{Korean|hangul=김포}}; {{IPA|ko|kim.pʰo}}) inggih punika [[Pahan administrasi Koréa Kelod|kota]] ring [[Propinsi Gyeonggi]], Koréa Kelod. Puniki mawatesin [[Incheon]], sareng sisi Koréa Kelod saking loloan [[Tukad Han (Koréa)|Tukad Han]], taler [[Seoul]] miwah kota-kota sané alitan [[Paju]] miwah [[Goyang]]. Korea Kalér wénten ring sebrang Tukad Han. Walikota sané mangkin inggih punika Jeong Hayoung. Penduduk kota puniki lintangan saking 300.000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gimpo-si (City, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/southkorea/admin/gyeonggi_do/31230__gimpo_si/|access-date=2020-09-28|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> madaging langkung saking 71.000 manggala kulawarga. b4nw2ksq6vm767pqq51ow70kzwidi2z 281825 281824 2026-09-14T10:30:53Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gimpo''' ({{Korean|hangul=김포}}; {{IPA|ko|kim.pʰo}}) inggih punika [[Pahan administrasi Koréa Kelod|kota]] ring [[Gyeonggi|Propinsi Gyeonggi]], Koréa Kelod. Puniki mawatesin [[Incheon]], sareng sisi Koréa Kelod saking loloan [[Tukad Han (Koréa)|Tukad Han]], taler [[Seoul]] miwah kota-kota sané alitan [[Paju]] miwah [[Goyang]]. Korea Kalér wénten ring sebrang Tukad Han. Walikota sané mangkin inggih punika Jeong Hayoung. Penduduk kota puniki lintangan saking 300.000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gimpo-si (City, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/southkorea/admin/gyeonggi_do/31230__gimpo_si/|access-date=2020-09-28|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> madaging langkung saking 71.000 manggala kulawarga. qkwk84ey0x78qro46zc2jpd9muszyk9 0 82043 281826 2026-09-14T10:36:38Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Jaipur''' ({{Indic Transl|raj|Jayapura|ˈd͡ʑɛpʊɾᵊ|}}) inggih punika [[Lis ibu kota negara wagian miwah wawengkon pasikian ring India|ibu kota]] miwah [[Lis kota miwah kota ring Rajasthan|kota sané pinih ageng]] saking kalér kauh [[Negara wagian miwah wawengkon pasikian India|negara wagian India]] saking [[Rajasthan]]. {{As of|2011}}, kota puniki madué krama 3,1 yuta, punika ngawinang kota puniki dados Lis kota ring India manut populasi|kota sané pinih..." 281826 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jaipur''' ({{Indic Transl|raj|Jayapura|ˈd͡ʑɛpʊɾᵊ|}}) inggih punika [[Lis ibu kota negara wagian miwah wawengkon pasikian ring India|ibu kota]] miwah [[Lis kota miwah kota ring Rajasthan|kota sané pinih ageng]] saking kalér kauh [[Negara wagian miwah wawengkon pasikian India|negara wagian India]] saking [[Rajasthan]]. {{As of|2011}}, kota puniki madué krama 3,1 yuta, punika ngawinang kota puniki dados [[Lis kota ring India manut populasi|kota sané pinih akéh kramannyané kaping dasa]] ring panegara puniki. Magenah {{Convert|268|km|mi|0|abbr=in}} saking ibu kota nasional [[Delhi Anyar]], Jaipur taler kaloktah dados ''Kota Dadu'' santukan skema warna wangunannyané sané dominan ring kota sané sampun sué.<ref name=":3" /> 5pcm81ajc8dr4fouvg3f3pl1lh66oan 0 82044 281827 2026-09-14T10:39:18Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Karaj''' ({{langx|fa|کرج}}; {{IPA|fa|kæˈɾædʒ|pron|Karaj.ogg}}){{efn|Taler [[karomanisasi]] dados '''Karadj''' miwah '''Karej'''; taler dados '''Heredi''', '''Karadje''', '''Keredi''' '''Leredi''', saha '''Qaşabeh-e Karaj'''<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3069644}}</ref>}} inggih punika [[Lis kota ring Iran manut propinsi|kota]] ring [[Distrik Pusat (Kabupatén Karaj)|Distrik Pusat]] saking [[Kabupatén Karaj]], propinsi [[Propinsi Alborz|Alborz]], [[Iran]], sané dados ib..." 281827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karaj''' ({{langx|fa|کرج}}; {{IPA|fa|kæˈɾædʒ|pron|Karaj.ogg}}){{efn|Taler [[karomanisasi]] dados '''Karadj''' miwah '''Karej'''; taler dados '''Heredi''', '''Karadje''', '''Keredi''' '''Leredi''', saha '''Qaşabeh-e Karaj'''<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3069644}}</ref>}} inggih punika [[Lis kota ring Iran manut propinsi|kota]] ring [[Distrik Pusat (Kabupatén Karaj)|Distrik Pusat]] saking [[Kabupatén Karaj]], propinsi [[Propinsi Alborz|Alborz]], [[Iran]], sané dados ibu kota propinsi,<ref name="Alborz Province Establishment Law"> {{cite web |first=Ali |last=Larijani |author-link=Ali Larijani |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|تاریخ تصویب}} (Approval date) 1389/04/02 (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=23 June 2010 <!-- Converted 'Approval date' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php --> |script-title=fa:قانون تأسیس استان البرز |trans-title=‌Law on the establishment of Alborz province |url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/782290 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216152645/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/782290 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=20 June 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|لام تا کام}} [Lam ta Kam] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|‌وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مجلس شورای اسلامی}} [Islamic Consultative Assembly] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|نامه شماره}} [Letter Number] 30588/412.}}</ref> kabupatén, miwah distrik.<ref name="Tehran Province Structure"> {{cite web |first=Hassan |last=Habibi |author-link=Hassan Habibi |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|تاریخ تصویب}} (Approval date) 1369/06/21 (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=12 September 1990 <!-- Converted 'Approval date' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php --> |script-title=fa:تصویب سازمان و سلسله تابعیت عناصر و واحدهای تقسیمات کشوری استان تهران به مرکزیت شهر تهران |trans-title=‌Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran |url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621104651/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113026 |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|لام تا کام}} [Lam ta Kam] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|‌وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|کمیسیون سیاسی دفاعی هیأت دولت}} [Political Defense Commission of the Government Board] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شناسه}} [ID] B559F46F-4863-4D87-ACAB-5274C02BA3C5. {{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شماره دوره}} [Course number] 69, {{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شماره جلد}} [Volume number] 3.}}</ref> ccb9afqzuty4fn8ci5tdzcp36vahtre 0 82045 281828 2026-09-14T10:40:36Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Lucknow''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Lakhanaū|ˈləkʰnə.uː|Lucknow.ogg}}) inggih punika [[Lis wawengkon métropolitan ring India|métropolis]] lan kota sané pinih ageng kaping kalih saking [[Lis ibu kota negara wagian lan wawengkon pasikian ring India|Negara wagian India]] saking [[Uttar Pradesh]] ring dija kota puniki dados [[Lis ibu kota negara wagian lan wawengkon pasikian ring India|ibu kota]] lan ibu kota administrasi eponim [[distrik Lucknow|distrik]] miwah d..." 281828 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucknow''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Lakhanaū|ˈləkʰnə.uː|Lucknow.ogg}}) inggih punika [[Lis wawengkon métropolitan ring India|métropolis]] lan kota sané pinih ageng kaping kalih saking [[Lis ibu kota negara wagian lan wawengkon pasikian ring India|Negara wagian India]] saking [[Uttar Pradesh]] ring dija kota puniki dados [[Lis ibu kota negara wagian lan wawengkon pasikian ring India|ibu kota]] lan ibu kota administrasi eponim [[distrik Lucknow|distrik]] miwah [[divisi Lucknow|divisi]]. Kota puniki madué krama 2,8 yuta manut sensus warsa 2011, punika ngawinang kota puniki dados [[Lis kota ring India manut populasi|kota sané pinih akéh kramannyané kaping solas]] miwah [[Lis aglomerasi kota sané akéhnyané yuta ring India|aglomerasi kota sané pinih akéh kramannyané kaping roras]] saking India.<ref name="census" /> Puniki pinaka pusat pendidikan, paadolan, kadirgantaraan, kajinahan, farmasi, téknologi informasi, desain, budaya, pariwisata, musik, miwah puisi sané mabuat pisan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/LDA-begins-process-to-expand-Lucknows-territory/articleshow/45997595.cms|title=LDA begins process to expand Lucknow's territory|date=24 January 2015|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=Lucknow|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109021539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/LDA-begins-process-to-expand-Lucknows-territory/articleshow/45997595.cms|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-gets-bigger-by-380-sq-km-in-10-yrs/articleshow/7479048.cms|title=Lucknow gets bigger by 380 sq km in 10 yrs|date=12 February 2011|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=Lucknow|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109020005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-gets-bigger-by-380-sq-km-in-10-yrs/articleshow/7479048.cms|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5259B.pdf|title = Sacred space and holy war|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Divine Conspiracy|last = Cole|first = Juan Ricardo|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090918/http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5259B.pdf|archive-date = 19 August 2014|url-status = usurped|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Lucknow, sinarengan [[Agra]] tur [[Varanasi]], ngawentuk tulang ungkur saking [[Pelengkung Tetamian Uttar Pradesh]]. pfqzyi9bc0lcvdacx1stp12lxdby0cu 0 82046 281829 2026-09-14T10:46:30Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Maracaibo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ær|ə|ˈ|k|aɪ|b|oʊ}} {{respell|MARR|ə|KY|boh}}, {{IPA|es|maɾaˈkajβo|lang|ES-pe - Maracaibo.ogg}}; {{langx|guc|Marakaaya}}) inggih punika kota miwah munisipilitas ring sisi kalér kauh [[Vénézuéla]], magenah ring pasisi kauh selat sané nyambungang [[Danu Maracaibo]] sareng [[Celuk Vénézuéla]]. Puniki ibu kota [[Zulia]] miwah pinaka [[Lis kota ring Vénézuéla manut populasi|kota sané pinih ageng kaping kalih sané patut]]..." 281829 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maracaibo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ær|ə|ˈ|k|aɪ|b|oʊ}} {{respell|MARR|ə|KY|boh}}, {{IPA|es|maɾaˈkajβo|lang|ES-pe - Maracaibo.ogg}}; {{langx|guc|Marakaaya}}) inggih punika kota miwah munisipilitas ring sisi kalér kauh [[Vénézuéla]], magenah ring pasisi kauh selat sané nyambungang [[Danu Maracaibo]] sareng [[Celuk Vénézuéla]]. Puniki ibu kota [[Zulia]] miwah pinaka [[Lis kota ring Vénézuéla manut populasi|kota sané pinih ageng kaping kalih sané patut]] ring Vénézuéla,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=mlssoccer |title=José Martínez {{!}} MLSsoccer.com |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/jose-andres-martinez/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=mlssoccer |language=en}}</ref> sesampun ibu kota negara, [[Caracas]]. Kota katarka madué populasi 1.752.602, sareng [[wawengkon métropolitan]] katarka ring 2.727.957 {{As of|2019|lc=y}}.<ref name="citypop"/> Maracaibo ketah kaparabin "{{langx|es|La Tierra del Sol Amada}}" (Negeri Surya Katresnain). eshwxawsust46nsba590r4zr7bqj5vo 0 82047 281830 2026-09-14T10:47:51Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Navi Mumbai''' ({{IPA|mr|nəʋiː mumbəi|lang}}; taler kauningin dados '''Bombay Anyar''',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DYZwpHuqvUC&q=new+Bombay+planning | title=Bombay, New Bombay, and Metropolitan Region: Growth Process and Planning Lessons | last1=Verma | first1=Harnam Singh | date=5 January 1985 | access-date=5 January 2024 | archive-date=22 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922035622/https://books.google...." 281830 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Navi Mumbai''' ({{IPA|mr|nəʋiː mumbəi|lang}}; taler kauningin dados '''Bombay Anyar''',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DYZwpHuqvUC&q=new+Bombay+planning | title=Bombay, New Bombay, and Metropolitan Region: Growth Process and Planning Lessons | last1=Verma | first1=Harnam Singh | date=5 January 1985 | access-date=5 January 2024 | archive-date=22 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922035622/https://books.google.com/books?id=3DYZwpHuqvUC&q=new+Bombay+planning#v=snippet&q=new%20Bombay%20planning&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> punika wastan resmi ngantos 1995) inggih punika kota ring [[Wawengkon Metropolitan Mumbai]], magenah ring [[divisi Konkan]] saking negara wagian [[Maharashtra]] [[India Kauh|India Kauh]]. Navi Mumbai magenah ring daratan India, ring arep [[Nusa Salsette]] miwah kota [[Mumbai]], miwah dados pahan saking [[Distrik Thane]] miwah [[distrik Raigad|Raigad]]. mrpdohjhkpa4hr9clahx074eosnv1uj 0 82048 281831 2026-09-14T10:49:20Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Pune''' ({{Indic Transl|mr|Puṇē|ˈpuɳe|Pune pronunication.ogg}}), sadurungné ring Basa Inggris dados '''Poona''' ([[Lis dari kota miwah negara wagian India sané magentos wastan#Maharashtra|wastan resmi ngantos 1978]]),<ref name="timesofindia-30Sep16">{{Cite news |last=Atre |first=Abhijit |date=30 September 2016 |title=What's in a name? A lot when it comes to Pune |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Whats-in-a-name-A..." 281831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pune''' ({{Indic Transl|mr|Puṇē|ˈpuɳe|Pune pronunication.ogg}}), sadurungné ring Basa Inggris dados '''Poona''' ([[Lis dari kota miwah negara wagian India sané magentos wastan#Maharashtra|wastan resmi ngantos 1978]]),<ref name="timesofindia-30Sep16">{{Cite news |last=Atre |first=Abhijit |date=30 September 2016 |title=What's in a name? A lot when it comes to Pune |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Whats-in-a-name-A-lot-when-it-comes-to-Pune/articleshow/54595097.cms |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616222214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Whats-in-a-name-A-lot-when-it-comes-to-Pune/articleshow/54595097.cms |archive-date=16 June 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Chakravorty">{{Cite news |last=Chakravorty |first=Abhimanyu |date=13 April 2016 |title=From Gurgaon to Gurugram: 20 cities that changed their names |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gurgaon-new-name-gurugram-indian-cities-renamed/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050426/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gurgaon-new-name-gurugram-indian-cities-renamed/ |archive-date=30 April 2018 }}</ref> inggih punika kota ring negara wagian [[Maharashtra]] ring [[Dataran Tegeh Deccan]] ring [[India Kauh]]. Puniki pinaka kantor pusat administrasi [[distrik Pune]], miwah [[divisi Pune]]. Yening selehin saking makasami tanah sane wénten ring sor yurisdiksinyané, Pune inggih punika kota sané pinih ageng ring Maharashtra manut wewidangannyané, antuk wewidangan géograpis 516.18km²,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Priya |date=1 July 2021 |title=Pune bigger than Mumbai! Largest city in Maharashtra and 7th in India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/pune-become-biggest-city-maharashtra-mumbai-no-more-largest-city-pune-7th-big-city-in-india-715993 |work=India TV News |access-date=1 April 2025 }}</ref> yadiastun [[Lis kota ring India manut populasi|manut populasi]] punika rauh ring detik sané doh saking [[Mumbai]]. Kota Pune wantah pahan saking [[Wawengkon Métropolitan Pune]], sané manut [[Sénsus India 2011]], madué 7,2 yuta krama, punika ngawinang kota puniki dados [[Lis kota ring India|wawengkon métropolitan sané pinih akéh kramannyané kaping pitu ring India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |title=Constituents of Urban Agglomerations having Population 1 lakh and above – Census of India 2011 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |page=34 of 61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025215615/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{Cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India }}</ref> Pune inggih punika silih sinunggil pusat IT pinih ageng ring India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kanhere |first1=G.K. |date=1993 |title=Planning for the Pune Region |journal=Architecture Plus Design |volume=10 |issue=6 |page=60 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=S.R. |title=Mass media and cultural identity: Issues of ethnic co-existence in India |journal=Asian Journal of Communication |date=January 1996 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=124–139 |doi=10.1080/01292989609364736 }}</ref> Puniki taler silih sinunggil sane pinih utama [[Industri otomotif ring India|mobil]] lan [[Manufaktur ring India|manufaktur]] pusat India. Pune sering kasengguh pinaka "[[Oxford]] saking Timur" santukan [[Lis lembaga pendidikan ring Pune|lembaga pendidikannyané]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shyam |first1=Sarath |title=<nowiki>Rediscovering The Oxford Of The East | TheHigherEducationReview</nowiki> |journal=The Higher Education Review |date=November 2016 |issue=November 2016 |url=https://www.thehighereducationreview.com/magazine/rediscovering-the-oxford-of-the-east-VYSS76881935.html |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525033824/https://www.thehighereducationreview.com/magazine/rediscovering-the-oxford-of-the-east-VYSS76881935.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the--oxford-of-the-east--goes-west/375464/ |title=The 'Oxford of the East' goes West |work=The Indian Express |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424012924/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the--oxford-of-the-east--goes-west/375464 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html |title=Truly the Oxford of the East |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032614/http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/truly-the-oxford-of-the-east/story-C4tkUn6c6BWOtxvRuUF1TO.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Puniki sampun kagenahang ring peringkat "kota sané pinih becik ring India" ten wantah apisan.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2018 |title=Pune is also ranked No. 1 city in country several times in 'Ease of Living' ranking |work=the Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-ranked-no-1-city-in-country-in-ease-of-living-rankings/articleshow/65394696.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013163821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-ranked-no-1-city-in-country-in-ease-of-living-rankings/articleshow/65394696.cms |archive-date=13 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 June 2021 |title=Pune City – Cultural And Educational Capital of Maharashtra |url=https://www.indiatravelblog.com/resources/6547-pune-city-cultural-and-educational-capital-of-maharashtra |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731091809/https://www.indiatravelblog.com/resources/6547-pune-city-cultural-and-educational-capital-of-maharashtra }}</ref> j94s3cqehttolydh4838e341viw6656 0 82049 281833 2026-09-14T10:50:52Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Taoyuan'''{{efn native lang|tw|name=word1 |t=桃園市 |p=Táoyuán Shì |m=Thô-hn̂g Tshī |s=Tǒ-iěn Sii |h=To-rhan Shi⁺}}({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|aʊ|juː|ˈ|ɛ|n}}) inggih punika [[munisipilitas khusus (Taiwan)|muniaipilitas khusus]] sané magenah ring sisi kalér kauh [[Taiwan]], pisaga [[Kota Taipéi Anyar]] ring sisi kaja-kangin, [[County Yilan, Taiwan|County Yilan]] ring sisi kelod-kangin, lan [[County Hsinchuth]] ring sisi kelod-kauh. Distr..." 281833 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taoyuan'''{{efn native lang|tw|name=word1 |t=桃園市 |p=Táoyuán Shì |m=Thô-hn̂g Tshī |s=Tǒ-iěn Sii |h=To-rhan Shi⁺}}({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|aʊ|juː|ˈ|ɛ|n}}) inggih punika [[munisipilitas khusus (Taiwan)|muniaipilitas khusus]] sané magenah ring sisi kalér kauh [[Taiwan]], pisaga [[Kota Taipéi Anyar]] ring sisi kaja-kangin, [[County Yilan, Taiwan|County Yilan]] ring sisi kelod-kangin, lan [[County Hsinchuth]] ring sisi kelod-kauh. [[Distrik Taoyuan]] inggih punika genah pamréntah kota miwah sané sinarengan sareng [[Distrik Zhongli]], ngwentuk [[county Taoyuan-Zhongli|county]] sané ageng. Taoyuan nglimbak saking [[kota satelit]] saking [[wawengkon métropolitan Taipéi]] dados [[Lis wawengkon métropolitan ring Taiwan|wawengkon métropolitan sané pinih ageng kaping pat]], miwah kota sané pinih ageng kaping lima ring Taiwan. "Taoyuan" sujatiné maartos "tegal persik" ring basa Cina, santukan wawidangan punika dumun akéh madué punyan persik. Sadurungnyané [[County Taiwan|county]], Taoyuan dados munisipilitas khusus sané anyar ring warsa 2014. 6xg6ldk7ne8iln2rh1cbn1eufwxpnwn 0 82050 281834 2026-09-14T10:51:51Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Valencia''' inggih punika munisipilitas ring [[Kolombia]], magenah ring [[departemén Kordoba]], ring wewidangan kaler panegara punika. Kaadegang duk warsa 1917, dados munisipilitas duk warsa 1931. Puniki pinaka pusat pangebahan tady, ubuh-ubuhan, miwah partanian sané mabuat ring departemén punika." 281834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Valencia''' inggih punika munisipilitas ring [[Kolombia]], magenah ring [[departemén Kordoba]], ring wewidangan kaler panegara punika. Kaadegang duk warsa 1917, dados munisipilitas duk warsa 1931. Puniki pinaka pusat pangebahan tady, ubuh-ubuhan, miwah partanian sané mabuat ring departemén punika. d1925v46rsa0i1zig6mr24zg5ru82tf 281835 281834 2026-09-14T10:53:57Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281835 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Valencia''' ({{IPA|es|baˈlensja}}) inggih punika ibu kota negara wagian [[Carabobo]] miwah kota pinih ageng kaping tiga ring [[Vénézuéla]]. qyurdvkz2enexyld4668mb73ot5q8km 0 82051 281836 2026-09-14T10:56:18Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Valencia''' inggih punika munisipilitas ring [[Kolombia]], magenah ring [[departemén Kordoba]], ring wewidangan kaler panegara punika. Kaadegang duk warsa 1917, dados munisipilitas duk warsa 1931. Puniki pinaka pusat pangebahan tady, ubuh-ubuhan, miwah partanian sané mabuat ring departemén punika." 281836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Valencia''' inggih punika munisipilitas ring [[Kolombia]], magenah ring [[departemén Kordoba]], ring wewidangan kaler panegara punika. Kaadegang duk warsa 1917, dados munisipilitas duk warsa 1931. Puniki pinaka pusat pangebahan tady, ubuh-ubuhan, miwah partanian sané mabuat ring departemén punika. d1925v46rsa0i1zig6mr24zg5ru82tf 0 82052 281838 2026-09-14T10:59:50Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Kano''' ({{audio|LL-Q56475 (hau)-Eunice Ameh-kano.wav|Listen|help=no}}; [[Akasara Ajami|Ajami]]: كَنُواْ) inggih punika silih sinunggil kota ring sisi kalér [[Nigéria]] miwah ibu kota [[Negara Wagian Kano]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kano {{!}} state, Nigeria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kano-state-Nigeria |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Ipun inggih punika Lis kota Nigeria manut populasi|kota ponih ageng kaping kalih..." 281838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kano''' ({{audio|LL-Q56475 (hau)-Eunice Ameh-kano.wav|Listen|help=no}}; [[Akasara Ajami|Ajami]]: كَنُواْ) inggih punika silih sinunggil kota ring sisi kalér [[Nigéria]] miwah ibu kota [[Negara Wagian Kano]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kano {{!}} state, Nigeria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kano-state-Nigeria |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Ipun inggih punika [[Lis kota Nigeria manut populasi|kota ponih ageng kaping kalih ring Nigéria]] sesampun [[Lagos]], sareng langkung saking papat yuta warga sané meneng ring wawidangan majimbar {{cvt|449|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria: cities with the largest population 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1121444/largest-cities-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Statista}}</ref> Magenah ring [[savana]], sksi kelod [[Sahel]], Kano inggih punika rute utama saking [[paadolan trans-Saharan]], sampun manados pusat paadolan tur paumahan manusa selami panyiuan warsa. Punika [[Negara-negara tradisional Nigeria|negara tradisional]] saking [[Dinasti Ibrahim Dabo]] sané sampun ngameréntah dados emir antuk negara kota punika saking abad ka-19. [[Déwan Émirat Kano]] inggih punika lembaga tradisional sané mangkin magenah ring jero wates kota Kano, tur magenah ring sor [[Otoritas bias|otoritas]] saking [[Pameréntah Negara Wagian Kano|Pameréntah Negara Wagian Kano]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kano {{!}} historical kingdom, Nigeria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kano-historical-kingdom-Nigeria |access-date=2021-06-05 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> ji2yg745ew2q3vz641gia4yeiu820gp 0 82053 281839 2026-09-14T11:02:29Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Chattogram'''<ref name="dt2Apr2018" /> ({{langx|bn|চট্টগ্রাম|Côṭṭôgrām}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈt͡ʃɔʈːoɡram|IPA|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Yahya-চট্টগ্রাম.wav}}, tradisional {{langx|bn|চাটগাঁও|Cāṭgão}}; {{langx|ctg|চিটাং|Sitang}}), inggih punika [[Lis kota ring Bangladesh|kota sané pinih ageng kaping kalih]] ring [[Bangladesh]] miwah kota sané pinih ageng ring wewidangan [[Chittagong Raya]]. Umah saking Pela..." 281839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chattogram'''<ref name="dt2Apr2018" /> ({{langx|bn|চট্টগ্রাম|Côṭṭôgrām}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈt͡ʃɔʈːoɡram|IPA|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Yahya-চট্টগ্রাম.wav}}, tradisional {{langx|bn|চাটগাঁও|Cāṭgão}}; {{langx|ctg|চিটাং|Sitang}}), inggih punika [[Lis kota ring Bangladesh|kota sané pinih ageng kaping kalih]] ring [[Bangladesh]] miwah kota sané pinih ageng ring wewidangan [[Chittagong Raya]]. Umah saking [[Pelabuhan Chittagong]], punika pinaka pelabuhan sane pinih sibuk ring Bangladesh lan [[Celuk Benggala]].<ref name="thedailystar.net" /> Kota puniki taler dados ibu kota bisnis Bangladesh. Puniki pinaka genah administrasi saking [[Divisi Chittagong|divisi]] ​​miwah [[Distrik Chittagong|distrik]]. Kota puniki magenah ring pasisi [[Tukad Karnaphuli]] ring pantaraning [[Traktat Bukit Chittagong]] miwah Celuk Benggala. Ring warsa 2022, Distrik Chittagong madué krama kirang langkung 9,2 yuta manut sensus sané kamargiang olih pamréntah Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chittagong · Population |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/20115/chittagong/population |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=population.city}}</ref> Ring 2022, Wawengkon kota punika madué populasi langkung saking 5,6 yuta diri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: Districts and Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/bangladesh/cities/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Kota puniki pinaka genah ekspor sané mabuat, antuk barang-barang sekadi teh, jute, miwah produk lengis gumi sané kakirim saking pelabuhannyané.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chittagong|title=Chittagong|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=June 15, 2026}}</ref> 7janfgiup4npyqe3zu9393p1ze02juk 0 82054 281840 2026-09-14T11:38:30Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Varna''' ({{langx|bg|Варна}}, {{IPA|bg|ˈvarnɐ|pron}}) inggih punika [[Lis kota lan kota ring Bulgaria|kota sané pinih ageng kaping tiga]] ring [[Bulgaria]] lan kota [[résort pasisi pasih]] sané pinih ageng ring [[Pasih Segara Cemeng Bulgaria]] lan ring wewidangan [[Bulgaria Kalér]]. Magenah ring [[Celuk Varna]], kota puniki sampun dados pusat ékonomi, sosial, miwah budaya sané utama salami tigang milenium. Manut babad kauningin pinaka ''Odessos'' ({{la..." 281840 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Varna''' ({{langx|bg|Варна}}, {{IPA|bg|ˈvarnɐ|pron}}) inggih punika [[Lis kota lan kota ring Bulgaria|kota sané pinih ageng kaping tiga]] ring [[Bulgaria]] lan kota [[résort pasisi pasih]] sané pinih ageng ring [[Pasih Segara Cemeng Bulgaria]] lan ring wewidangan [[Bulgaria Kalér]]. Magenah ring [[Celuk Varna]], kota puniki sampun dados pusat ékonomi, sosial, miwah budaya sané utama salami tigang milenium. Manut babad kauningin pinaka ''Odessos'' ({{langx|grc|Ὀδησσός}}), Varna kalimbakang saking satunggil paumahan [[Tracia|Tracia]] ring pasisi pasih dados [[pelabuhan]] utama ring [[Segara Cemeng]]. t6mxt9a4lzjtoc35jeejlzg1mov6lz9 0 82055 281841 2026-09-14T11:39:22Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Lublin'''{{efn|Pronunciation: * Inggris: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʊ|b|l|ɪ|n}} {{respell|LUUB|lin}},<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lublin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803223646/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lublin |archive-date=2020-08-03 |title=Lublin |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|l|uː|b|l|ɪ|n}} {{respell|LOO|blin}}<ref>{{Cite encycloped..." 281841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lublin'''{{efn|Pronunciation: * Inggris: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʊ|b|l|ɪ|n}} {{respell|LUUB|lin}},<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lublin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803223646/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lublin |archive-date=2020-08-03 |title=Lublin |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|l|uː|b|l|ɪ|n}} {{respell|LOO|blin}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Lublin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825185913/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Lublin |archive-date=2021-08-25 |title=Lublin |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lublin|title=Lublin|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> * Polandia: {{IPA|pl|ˈlublin||Pl-Lublin.ogg}} * Jerman: {{IPA|de|ˈlʊbliːn||De-Lublin.ogg}}. {{Langx|la|Lublinum}}.}} inggih punika [[Lis kota miwah kotamadya ring Polandia|kota sané pinih ageng kaping kutus]] ring [[Polandia]]{{TERYT}} saha kota sané pinih ageng kaping kalih ring babad [[Małopolska]]. Puniki pinaka ibu kota miwah pusat [[Voivodeship Lublin]] sané populasinyané 336.339 diri (Désémber 2021).<ref name="population" /> Lublin inggih punika kota Polandia sané pinih ageng ring sisi kangin [[Tukad Vistula]], magenah {{convert|153|km|mi|abbr=on}} sisi kelod kangin [[Warsawa]]. ma2czqx6izsjjurv7ss1q18tz2pr2xh 0 82056 281842 2026-09-14T11:40:17Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Córdoba''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔr|d|ə|b|ə}} {{respell|KOR|də|bə}}; {{IPA|es|ˈkoɾðoβa|lang|Pronunciation of Córdoba in Spanish.ogg}}), utawi '''Cordova''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔr|d|ə|v|ə}} {{respell|KOR|də|və}}),<ref>''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/137374/Cordoba Córdoba (conventional Cordova)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428135540/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/137374/Cordoba |da..." 281842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Córdoba''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔr|d|ə|b|ə}} {{respell|KOR|də|bə}}; {{IPA|es|ˈkoɾðoβa|lang|Pronunciation of Córdoba in Spanish.ogg}}), utawi '''Cordova''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔr|d|ə|v|ə}} {{respell|KOR|də|və}}),<ref>''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/137374/Cordoba Córdoba (conventional Cordova)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428135540/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/137374/Cordoba |date=28 April 2015 }}</ref> inggih punika kota ring [[Andalusia]], [[Spanyol]], miwah ibu kota [[Propinsi Kordoba (Spanyol)|propinsi Kordoba]]. Antuk krama sané akéhnyané 324.902 ring warsa 2024, puniki wantah [[Lis peringkat munisipalitas Spanyol#Populasi|Kota sané pinih ageng ka-12 ring Spanyol]] miwah kota sané pinih ageng ka-3 ring Andalusia.<ref name="population" /> i55hcpanegglomqbh17x4x2wo4ou16c 0 82057 281843 2026-09-14T11:41:13Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Vila Nova de Gaia''' ({{IPA|pt-PT|ˈvilɐ ˈnɔvɐ ðɨ ˈɣajɐ|lang|pt-pt Vila Nova de Gaia FF.ogg}}), utawi wantah '''Gaia''', inggih punika satunggil kota tur munisipalitas ring [[Distrik Porto]] ring [[Region Norte, Portugal|Region Norte]], [[Portugal]]. Ipun magenah ring sisi kelod kota [[Porto]] ring sisi liyanan saking [[Tukad Douro]]. Kota punika ngaraga madué populasi 178.255 diri ring 2001.<ref>[http://dev.igeo.pt/atlas/Cap2/Cap2d_2.html Uma Populaçã..." 281843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vila Nova de Gaia''' ({{IPA|pt-PT|ˈvilɐ ˈnɔvɐ ðɨ ˈɣajɐ|lang|pt-pt Vila Nova de Gaia FF.ogg}}), utawi wantah '''Gaia''', inggih punika satunggil kota tur munisipalitas ring [[Distrik Porto]] ring [[Region Norte, Portugal|Region Norte]], [[Portugal]]. Ipun magenah ring sisi kelod kota [[Porto]] ring sisi liyanan saking [[Tukad Douro]]. Kota punika ngaraga madué populasi 178.255 diri ring 2001.<ref>[http://dev.igeo.pt/atlas/Cap2/Cap2d_2.html Uma População que se urbaniza, Uma avaliação recente - Cidades, 2004] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006143612/http://dev.igeo.pt/atlas/Cap2/Cap2d_2.html |date=October 6, 2014 }} Nuno Pires Soares, Instituto Geográfico Português (Geographic Institute of Portugal)</ref> Munisipalitas madué jimbar wawidangan {{Convert|168.46|km2|mi2}}<ref name=dgt>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |title=Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país |access-date=2018-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> saha populasi 303.824 wargi ring 2021,<ref name="ine3">{{Cite web |last=INE |date=2021 |title=Censos |url=https://tabulador.ine.pt/indicador/?id=0011609 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística}}</ref> manadosang ipun munisipilitas sané pinih akéh kramannyané ring [[Region Norte, Portugal|Region Norte]], lan munisipiltas sané pinih akéh kramannyané kaping tiga ring panegara punika, sesampun [[Lisbon]] lan [[Sintra]]. Gaia sareng Porto miwah 16 munisipilitas tiosan ngwangun [[wawengkon métropolitan Porto]]. 8gccacuzrd63ttpff7k72qiggn1h6ir 0 82058 281844 2026-09-14T11:42:18Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Bydgoszcz'''{{efn| * Pangucapan: ** Inggris Britania: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɪ|d|ɡ|ɒ|ʃ|tʃ}} {{respell|BID|goshtch}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bydgoszcz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727061249/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bydgoszcz |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-07-27 |title=Bydgoszcz |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> ** Inggris Amé..." 281844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bydgoszcz'''{{efn| * Pangucapan: ** Inggris Britania: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɪ|d|ɡ|ɒ|ʃ|tʃ}} {{respell|BID|goshtch}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bydgoszcz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727061249/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bydgoszcz |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-07-27 |title=Bydgoszcz |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> ** Inggris Amérika: {{IPAc-en|US|-|ɡ|ɔː|ʃ|(|tʃ|)}} {{respell|-|gawsh(tch)}}<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Bydgoszcz|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bydgoszcz">{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bydgoszcz|title=Bydgoszcz|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Bydgoszcz|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> ** Polandia: {{IPA|pl|ˈbɨdɡɔʂt͡ʂ|-|Pl-Bydgoszcz.ogg}} * {{langx|de|Bromberg}}, {{IPA|de|ˈbʁɔmˌbɛʁk|pron|De-Bromberg.ogg}} * {{langx|la|Bidgostia/Bydgostia}},<ref>Wiesław Wydra, ''Chrestomatia staropolska. Teksty do roku 1543.'' Wrocław. Ossolineum. 1984. ISBN 83-04-01568-4.</ref> ''Brombergum''<ref>''Brombergum'' attested e.g. in: [Anon.]: Geographica Globi Terraquei Synopsis [...]. [[Trnava]] 1745, p. 278; Laur. Mizlerus de Kolof: Historiarum Poloniae et Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae Scriptorum [...] Collectio Magna [...]. Vol. 2. Warsaw 1769, p. 456; Fran. Math. Stan. Val. Hoefft: De Sanguinis Transfusione. Ph.D. thesis, Berlin 1819, p. 47.</ref> * {{langx|yi|בידגאש|translit=Bidgash}}}} inggih punika kota ring sisi kaler [[Polandia]] miwah kota sané pinih ageng ring wewidangan lelintihan [[Kuyavia]]{{TERYT}} Sane nglintangin pacampuhan [[Tukad Vistula]] lan [[sisi (géograpi)|sisi kiwa]] panak tukadnyané, [[Tukad Brda|Brda]], genah sané strategis Bydgoszcz sampun dados pelabuhan pajeroan lan pusat sane mabuat pisan ring paadolan lan transportasi. Antuk krama kota 339.053 ring Désémber 2021,<ref name = population /> Bydgoszcz inggih punika kota sane pinih ageng kaping kutus ring Polandia. Sané mangkin, puniki pinaka genah [[County Bydgoszcz]] miwah silih tunggil saking kalih ibu kota [[Voivodeship Kujawsko-Pomorskie]] pinaka genah gubernur sané kapilih ring tengahing pusat, [[voivodeship]]. [[Wawengkon métropolitan Bydgoszcz]] sané kawangun antuk kota miwah makudangkudang komunitas sané nampek kagenahin olih atengah yuta jadma, miwah pinaka pahan saking polisentris sané kalimbakang [[wawengkon métropolitan Bydgoszcz-Toruń]] antuk krama sané akéhnyané kirang langkung 0,8 yuta jadma. Ngawit saking [[Abad Patengahan]], Bydgoszcz dados [[Kota Krajaan ring Pasemakmuran Polandia-Lituania|kota krajaan]] saking [[Mahkota Krajaan Polandia|Krajaan Polandia]] ngantos [[pakepahan Polandia|pakepahan]] miwah ngarasayang masa industrialisasi sané kakukuhang olih pawangunan [[kanal Bydgoszcz]] daweg abad ka-18. Lanskap akademik lan budayanyane kawangun olih [[Universitas Kazimierz Wielki ring Bydgoszcz|Universitas Agung Casimir]], [[Universitas Sains lan Téknologi Bydgoszcz]], [[Sekolah Tegeg Kedokteran Ludwig Universitas Nikolaus Kopernikus ring Bydgoszcz|Sekolah Tegeh Kadokteran]] saking [[Universitas Nikolaus Kopernikus ring Toruń|Universitas Nikolaus Kopernikus]], [[Akademi Musik Felik Nowowiejski]], [[Filharmonik Pomerania]], miwah [[Opera Anyar Bydgoszcz|Opera Anyar]]. Bydgoszcz taler dados pusat sane pinih ageng ring [[pasukan NATO ring Polandia|markas NATO ring Polandia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.miasta.pl/aktualnosci/bydgoszcz-polska-stolica-nato|title=Bydgoszcz - Polska stolica NATO|website=miasta.pl|access-date=1 July 2024|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bydgoszcz.pl/aktualnosci/tresc/bydgoszcz-umacnia-swa-pozycje-w-strukturach-nato/|title=Bydgoszcz umacnia swą pozycję w strukturach NATO|website=bydgoszcz.pl|access-date=1 July 2024|language=pl}}</ref> Kotané puniki kaayahin olih [[Bandara Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski|bandara internasional]] miwah dados anggota [[Eurocities]]. rsi8szb9j4h0m922z1x82bkbzwwob7z 281845 281844 2026-09-14T11:42:34Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 281845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bydgoszcz'''{{efn| * Pangucapan: ** Inggris Britania: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɪ|d|ɡ|ɒ|ʃ|tʃ}} {{respell|BID|goshtch}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bydgoszcz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727061249/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bydgoszcz |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-07-27 |title=Bydgoszcz |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> ** Inggris Amérika: {{IPAc-en|US|-|ɡ|ɔː|ʃ|(|tʃ|)}} {{respell|-|gawsh(tch)}}<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Bydgoszcz|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bydgoszcz">{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bydgoszcz|title=Bydgoszcz|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Bydgoszcz|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> ** Polandia: {{IPA|pl|ˈbɨdɡɔʂt͡ʂ|-|Pl-Bydgoszcz.ogg}} * {{langx|de|Bromberg}}, {{IPA|de|ˈbʁɔmˌbɛʁk|pron|De-Bromberg.ogg}} * {{langx|la|Bidgostia/Bydgostia}},<ref>Wiesław Wydra, ''Chrestomatia staropolska. Teksty do roku 1543.'' Wrocław. Ossolineum. 1984. ISBN 83-04-01568-4.</ref> ''Brombergum''<ref>''Brombergum'' attested e.g. in: [Anon.]: Geographica Globi Terraquei Synopsis [...]. [[Trnava]] 1745, p. 278; Laur. Mizlerus de Kolof: Historiarum Poloniae et Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae Scriptorum [...] Collectio Magna [...]. Vol. 2. Warsaw 1769, p. 456; Fran. Math. Stan. Val. Hoefft: De Sanguinis Transfusione. Ph.D. thesis, Berlin 1819, p. 47.</ref> * {{langx|yi|בידגאש|translit=Bidgash}}}} inggih punika kota ring sisi kaler [[Polandia]] miwah kota sané pinih ageng ring wewidangan lelintihan [[Kuyavia]]{{TERYT}} Sane nglintangin pacampuhan [[Tukad Vistula]] lan [[sisi (géograpi)|sisi kiwa]] panak tukadnyané, [[Tukad Brda|Brda]], genah sané strategis Bydgoszcz sampun dados pelabuhan pajeroan lan pusat sane mabuat pisan ring paadolan lan transportasi. Antuk krama kota 339.053 ring Désémber 2021,<ref name = population /> Bydgoszcz inggih punika kota sane pinih ageng kaping kutus ring Polandia. Sané mangkin, puniki pinaka genah [[County Bydgoszcz]] miwah silih tunggil saking kalih ibu kota [[Voivodeship Kujawsko-Pomorskie]] pinaka genah gubernur sané kapilih ring tengahing pusat, [[voivodeship]]. [[Wawengkon métropolitan Bydgoszcz]] sané kawangun antuk kota miwah makudangkudang komunitas sané nampek kagenahin olih atengah yuta jadma, miwah pinaka pahan saking polisentris sané kalimbakang [[wawengkon métropolitan Bydgoszcz-Toruń]] antuk krama sané akéhnyané kirang langkung 0,8 yuta jadma. Ngawit saking [[Abad Patengahan]], Bydgoszcz dados [[Kota Krajaan ring Pasemakmuran Polandia-Lituania|kota krajaan]] saking [[Mahkota Krajaan Polandia|Krajaan Polandia]] ngantos [[pakepahan Polandia|pakepahan]] miwah ngarasayang masa industrialisasi sané kakukuhang olih pawangunan [[kanal Bydgoszcz]] daweg abad ka-18. Lanskap akademik lan budayanyane kawangun olih [[Universitas Kazimierz Wielki ring Bydgoszcz|Universitas Agung Casimir]], [[Universitas Sains lan Téknologi Bydgoszcz]], [[Sekolah Tegeg Kedokteran Ludwig Universitas Nikolaus Kopernikus ring Bydgoszcz|Sekolah Tegeh Kadokteran]] saking [[Universitas Nikolaus Kopernikus ring Toruń|Universitas Nikolaus Kopernikus]], [[Akademi Musik Felik Nowowiejski]], [[Filharmonik Pomerania]], miwah [[Opera Anyar Bydgoszcz|Opera Anyar]]. Bydgoszcz taler dados pusat sane pinih ageng ring [[pasukan NATO ring Polandia|markas NATO ring Polandia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.miasta.pl/aktualnosci/bydgoszcz-polska-stolica-nato|title=Bydgoszcz - Polska stolica NATO|website=miasta.pl|access-date=1 July 2024|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bydgoszcz.pl/aktualnosci/tresc/bydgoszcz-umacnia-swa-pozycje-w-strukturach-nato/|title=Bydgoszcz umacnia swą pozycję w strukturach NATO|website=bydgoszcz.pl|access-date=1 July 2024|language=pl}}</ref> Kotané puniki kaayahin olih [[Bandara Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski|bandara internasional]] miwah dados anggota [[Eurocities]]. hlpugazc6d0e714hmoqrrker2o0ddks 0 82059 281846 2026-09-14T11:43:58Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Kaunas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|aʊ|n|ə|s}}; {{IPA|lt|ˈkɒʊ̯ˑnˠɐs|lang|Kaunas.ogg}}) inggih punika kota sané pinih ageng kaping kalih ring [[Lituania]] (sesampun [[Vilnius]]), [[Lis kota ring negara-negara Baltik manut populasi|kota sané pinih ageng kaping pat]] ring [[negara-negara Baltik]], miwah pusat sané mabuat ring kahuripan ékonomi, akademik, miwah budaya Lituania.<ref name="KaunasVle">{{cite web |title=Kaunas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/kaunas/..." 281846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kaunas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|aʊ|n|ə|s}}; {{IPA|lt|ˈkɒʊ̯ˑnˠɐs|lang|Kaunas.ogg}}) inggih punika kota sané pinih ageng kaping kalih ring [[Lituania]] (sesampun [[Vilnius]]), [[Lis kota ring negara-negara Baltik manut populasi|kota sané pinih ageng kaping pat]] ring [[negara-negara Baltik]], miwah pusat sané mabuat ring kahuripan ékonomi, akademik, miwah budaya Lituania.<ref name="KaunasVle">{{cite web |title=Kaunas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/kaunas/ |website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |access-date=5 October 2024 |language=lt}}</ref> Kaunas inggih punika kota sane pinih ageng lan pusat [[Kabupatén Kaunas]] ring [[Kadipatén Trakai]] saking [[Kadipatén Agung Lituania]] lan [[Wivodasi Trakai|Pasfal Trakai]] ngawit warsa 1413. Ring [[Kaprabonan Rusia]], punika wantah ibu kota [[Gubernuran Kovno|Gubernuran Kaunas]] saking warsa 843 ngantos 1915.<ref name="KaunasVle"/> o2va9hnltu1r1jdmkgmxs8p7bs5ao0g 0 82060 281850 2026-09-14T11:47:20Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Kota Westminster''' inggih punika [[borough London]] antuk [[Status kota ring Krajaan Inggris|status kota]] ring [[London Raya]], Inggris. Puniki pinaka genah [[Gedung Parlemén Inggris]] miwah akéh [[pamréntah Inggris]]. Puniki madaging akéhan saking [[London Pusat]], rumasuk akéhan saking [[Ujung Kauh London|Ujung Kauh]], sakadi genah matumbasan utama ring sawewidangan [[Marga Oxford]], [[Marga Regent]], [[Piccadilly]] miwah [[Marga Bond]], miwah distrik bali..." 281850 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kota Westminster''' inggih punika [[borough London]] antuk [[Status kota ring Krajaan Inggris|status kota]] ring [[London Raya]], Inggris. Puniki pinaka genah [[Gedung Parlemén Inggris]] miwah akéh [[pamréntah Inggris]]. Puniki madaging akéhan saking [[London Pusat]], rumasuk akéhan saking [[Ujung Kauh London|Ujung Kauh]], sakadi genah matumbasan utama ring sawewidangan [[Marga Oxford]], [[Marga Regent]], [[Piccadilly]] miwah [[Marga Bond]], miwah distrik balihbalihan [[Soho]]. Akéh tengara [[London]] sané wénten ring tengahing borough, minakadi [[Buckingham Palace]], [[Westminster Abbey]], [[Whitehall]], [[Katedral Westminster]], [[Marga 10 Downing]], lan [[Trafalgar Square]]. t7wkqyiwffv6tiv5jczksgg0zx68thj 0 82061 281851 2026-09-14T11:50:46Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Royal Borough Kingston upon Thames''' inggih punika silih sinunggil [[Borough London|borough]] ring kelod kauh [[London]]. Kotamadya utama ipun [[Kingston upon Thames]] miwah ngalingkubin [[Chessington]], [[Malden Rushett]], [[New Malden]], [[Surbiton]] tur [[Tolworth]]. Puniki pinaka sané pinih tua saking papat [[Lis wastan genah sané madué patronase kerajaan ring Inggris|borough kerajaan]] ring Inggris. Sané liyanan Royal Borough Windsor miwah Maidenhead|Wi..." 281851 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Royal Borough Kingston upon Thames''' inggih punika silih sinunggil [[Borough London|borough]] ring kelod kauh [[London]]. Kotamadya utama ipun [[Kingston upon Thames]] miwah ngalingkubin [[Chessington]], [[Malden Rushett]], [[New Malden]], [[Surbiton]] tur [[Tolworth]]. Puniki pinaka sané pinih tua saking papat [[Lis wastan genah sané madué patronase kerajaan ring Inggris|borough kerajaan]] ring Inggris. Sané liyanan [[Royal Borough Windsor miwah Maidenhead|Windsor miwah Maidenhead]], genah [[Kastil Windsor]], miwah borough London saking [[Royal Borough Greenwich|Greenwich]], tur [[Royal Borough Kensington miwah Chelsea|Kensington miwah Chelsea]]. Otoritas lokal [[Déwan Borough London Kingston upon Thames]]. Distrik-distrik sané nampek (searah jaum jam saking kalér) inggih punika borough London ring [[Borough London Richmond upon Thames|Richmond upon Thames]], [[Borough London Wandsworth|Wandsworth]], [[Borough London Merton|Merton]] miwah [[Borough London Sutton|Sutton]], saha distrik [[Surrey]] saking [[Epsom miwah Ewell]], [[Mole Valley]] tur [[Borough Elmbridge|Elmbridge]]. blmbg2soutx1lvejbe84evzu2juc9ec 0 82062 281852 2026-09-14T11:51:13Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Borough London Merton''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-LBMerton.ogg|ˈ|m|ɜr|t|ə|n}}) inggih punika silih sinunggil [[borough London]] ring [[London]], [[Inggris]]. Borough kawentuk ring sor [[Undang-Undang Pamréntah London 1963]] ring 1965 olih pangabungan [[Munisipal Borough Mitcham]], the [[Munisipal Borough Wimbledon]] tur [[Distrik Urban Merton miwah Morden]], makasami sadurungné ngeranjing [[Surrey]]. Pusat-pusat komersial utama ring Merton punika [[Mitcham]], [..." 281852 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Borough London Merton''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-LBMerton.ogg|ˈ|m|ɜr|t|ə|n}}) inggih punika silih sinunggil [[borough London]] ring [[London]], [[Inggris]]. Borough kawentuk ring sor [[Undang-Undang Pamréntah London 1963]] ring 1965 olih pangabungan [[Munisipal Borough Mitcham]], the [[Munisipal Borough Wimbledon]] tur [[Distrik Urban Merton miwah Morden]], makasami sadurungné ngeranjing [[Surrey]]. Pusat-pusat komersial utama ring Merton punika [[Mitcham]], [[Morden]] tur [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], ring dija Wimbledon dados sané pinih ageng. Pusat-pusat alit liyanan wénten [[Raynes Park]], [[Colliers Wood]], [[South Wimbledon]] saha [[Wimbledon Park]]. Borough punika dados tyan umah [[The Championships, Wimbledon|pacentokan Wimbledon]], asiki wimbakara [[ténis]] [[Grand Slam (ténis)|Grand Slam]]. i8a6vd6hw2krx6wgvteoqh3ow0ybxz7 0 82063 281853 2026-09-14T11:52:40Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Borough London Sutton''' ({{audio|En-uk-LBSutton.ogg|pronunciation}}) inggih punika [[Borough London|borough]] [[London Jaba]] ring sisi kelod [[London]], Inggris. Punika nglikubin wewidangan {{convert|43|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} miwah pinaka otoritas lokal pinih ageng ka-80 ring Inggris manut populasi. Wawidangan puniki mawatesan sareng [[Borough London Croydon]] ring sisi kangin, [[Borough London Merton]] ring sisi kalér saha [[Royal Borough Kingston upon Thames]] rin..." 281853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Borough London Sutton''' ({{audio|En-uk-LBSutton.ogg|pronunciation}}) inggih punika [[Borough London|borough]] [[London Jaba]] ring sisi kelod [[London]], Inggris. Punika nglikubin wewidangan {{convert|43|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} miwah pinaka otoritas lokal pinih ageng ka-80 ring Inggris manut populasi. Wawidangan puniki mawatesan sareng [[Borough London Croydon]] ring sisi kangin, [[Borough London Merton]] ring sisi kalér saha [[Royal Borough Kingston upon Thames]] ring sisi kalér kauh; ipun taler mawatesan sareng [[Surrey]] borough saking [[Epsom miwah Ewell]] ring sisi kauh tur [[Reigate miwah Banstead]] ring sisi kelod. Otoritas lokal ipun [[Déwan Borough London Sutton]]. Kotamadya utamanyané inggih punika [[Sutton, London|Sutton]]. 49r2pfuj7r9x4976nb91c8xflno2yew 0 82064 281854 2026-09-14T11:53:13Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Borough London Croydon''' ({{audio|En-uk-LBCroydon.ogg|pronunciation}}) inggih punika [[kota London|kota]] ring [[London Luar]]. Punika nglikubin jimbar wewidangan {{convert|87|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}} miwah madué populasi 397.741 ring patengahan warsa 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mid-2023: 2023 local authority boundaries edition of this dataset edition of this dataset |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populatione..." 281854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Borough London Croydon''' ({{audio|En-uk-LBCroydon.ogg|pronunciation}}) inggih punika [[kota London|kota]] ring [[London Luar]]. Punika nglikubin jimbar wewidangan {{convert|87|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}} miwah madué populasi 397.741 ring patengahan warsa 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mid-2023: 2023 local authority boundaries edition of this dataset edition of this dataset |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/estimatesofthepopulationforenglandandwales/mid20232023localauthorityboundarieseditionofthisdataset/mye23tablesew.xlsx/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Croydon (Borough, Greater London, United Kingdom) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/uk/greaterlondon/E09000008__croydon/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> ngawinang dados silih tunggil kota sané pinih akéh kramannyané ring London. Ring tengahnyané wénten kota sané masejarah [[Croydon]], saking irika borough punika ngambil wastannyané. Pusat [[Wewidangan urban|urban]] sané tiosan minakadi [[Thornton Heath]], [[Coulsdon]], [[Purley, London|Purley]], [[Norwood Kelod]], [[Norbury]], [[New Addington]], tur [[Selsdon]]. Croydon sampun kabaosang ring [[Domesday Book]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Croydon {{!}} Domesday Book |url=https://opendomesday.org/place/TQ3265/croydon/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=opendomesday.org}}</ref> Borough puniki nglimbak saking [[pasar kota]] alit dados genah sané mangkin dados puser bisnis miwah budaya sané mabuat ring jaba London tengah. Akéh pisan pituut ring balihbalihan miwah seni sampun ngwantu Croydon ngamolihang pangakuan pinaka [[wawengkon métropolitan|métropolitan]] pusat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=Annex 1 - Town Centre Network {{!}} London City Hall |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/programmes-strategies/planning/london-plan/the-london-plan-2021-online/annex-1-town-centre-network |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.london.gov.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> nyd0px0s2tmieoc2fsxmsjm3s7jx8cu 0 82065 281855 2026-09-14T11:54:21Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Borough London Bromley''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-LBBromley.ogg|ˈ|b|r|ɒ|m|l|i}}) inggih punika [[Borough London|borough]] ring [[London Raya]], Inggris. Puniki wantah kota sané pinih ageng miwah pinih sisi kelod kangin ring London, miwah mawatesan sareng county [[Surrey]] miwah [[Kent]], sané pinih untat dados pahan saking county ngantos warsa 1965. Populasi borough ring sensus warsa 2021 inggih punika 329.991 diri. Puniki kawastanin saking [[Bromley]], sané da..." 281855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Borough London Bromley''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-LBBromley.ogg|ˈ|b|r|ɒ|m|l|i}}) inggih punika [[Borough London|borough]] ring [[London Raya]], Inggris. Puniki wantah kota sané pinih ageng miwah pinih sisi kelod kangin ring London, miwah mawatesan sareng county [[Surrey]] miwah [[Kent]], sané pinih untat dados pahan saking county ngantos warsa 1965. Populasi borough ring sensus warsa 2021 inggih punika 329.991 diri. Puniki kawastanin saking [[Bromley]], sané dados kota utamanyané. Distrik sané tiosan inggih punika [[Penge]], [[Hayes, Bromley|Hayes]], [[Wickham Kauh]], [[Chislehurst]], [[Beckenham]] tur [[Orpington]]. Otoritas lokal ipun inggih punika [[Déwan Borough London Bromley]].{{Refn|group=n|Dados satunggil wawidangan administratip, rupa alamat hukum alternatip, sekadi sané katujuang, ring makéhan pasubayan séwa sané kaicain olihnyané miwah ring Laporan Hukum sané langkung lintang inggih punika '''''The Mayor and Burgesses of the London Borough of Bromley'''''}} sn2gfs07u0cyfvvv896jidm3xzst4jo 0 82066 281856 2026-09-14T11:55:19Z ~2026-49865-65 111141 Ngardi kaca madaging "'''Borough London Merton''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-LBMerton.ogg|ˈ|m|ɜr|t|ə|n}}) inggih punika silih sinunggil [[borough London]] ring [[London]], [[Inggris]]. Borough kawentuk ring sor [[Undang-Undang Pamréntah London 1963]] ring 1965 olih pangabungan [[Munisipal Borough Mitcham]], the [[Munisipal Borough Wimbledon]] tur [[Distrik Urban Merton miwah Morden]], makasami sadurungné ngeranjing [[Surrey]]. Pusat-pusat komersial utama ring Merton punika [[Mitcham]], [..." 281856 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Borough London Merton''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-LBMerton.ogg|ˈ|m|ɜr|t|ə|n}}) inggih punika silih sinunggil [[borough London]] ring [[London]], [[Inggris]]. Borough kawentuk ring sor [[Undang-Undang Pamréntah London 1963]] ring 1965 olih pangabungan [[Munisipal Borough Mitcham]], the [[Munisipal Borough Wimbledon]] tur [[Distrik Urban Merton miwah Morden]], makasami sadurungné ngeranjing [[Surrey]]. Pusat-pusat komersial utama ring Merton punika [[Mitcham]], [[Morden]] tur [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], ring dija Wimbledon dados sané pinih ageng. Pusat-pusat alit liyanan wénten [[Raynes Park]], [[Colliers Wood]], [[South Wimbledon]] saha [[Wimbledon Park]]. Borough punika dados tyan umah [[The Championships, Wimbledon|pacentokan Wimbledon]], asiki wimbakara [[ténis]] [[Grand Slam (ténis)|Grand Slam]]. i8a6vd6hw2krx6wgvteoqh3ow0ybxz7