Wikipédia banwiki https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_Utama MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Média Kusus Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé Wikipédia Pabligbagan Wikipédia Berkas Pabligbagan Berkas MédiaWiki Pabligbagan MédiaWiki Mal Pabligbagan Mal Wantuan Pabligbagan Wantuan Kategori Pabligbagan Kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pabligbagan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 179 282160 281155 2026-09-21T19:56:28Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260921sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 282160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|satelit alami Bumi|"bulan" ring pengertian luwih jimbar|satelit alami|penanggalan|Bulan (penanggalan)|kagunan liyan}}{{Infobox planet | name = Bulan | apsis = gee | alt_names = Wulan, Candra, Lunar | symbol = [[Berkas:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|24px|alt=☾|Simbol Bulan]] | image = [[Berkas:FullMoon2010.jpg|frameless|center|alt=Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.|Full moon]] | caption = [[Purnama]] kacingak saking [[pahan gumi kalér]] | periapsis = {{val|363295|u=km}}<br>({{val|0.0024|ul=AU}}) | apoapsis = {{val|405503|u=km}} <br>({{val|0.0027|u=AU}}) | semimajor = {{val|384399|u=km}}<br> ({{val|0.00257|u=AU}})<ref name="W06"/> | eccentricity = {{val|0.0549}}<ref name="W06"/> | period = {{val|27.321582|ul=d}} {{nowrap|(27 d 7 h 43,1 min<ref name="W06"/>)}} | synodic_period = {{val|29.530589|u=d}} {{nowrap|(29 d 12 h 44 min 2,9 s)}} | avg_speed = {{val|1.022|ul=km/s}} | inclination = 5,145° ke [[ekliptika]]<ref name="Lang2011"/> (riantara 18,29° dan 28,58° ke [[khatulistiwa]] Bumi)<ref name="W06"/><!--Wieczorek et al. 2006; 18.29° when the longitude of the Moon's ascending node is 180°, 28.58° when it is 0°--> | asc_node = Mundur satu [[Revolusi orbit|revolusi]] dalam 18,6&nbsp;tahun | arg_peri = Maju satu revolusi dalam 8,85&nbsp;tahun | satellite_of = [[Bumi]] | flattening = {{val|0.00125}}<!--Calculated from data below--> | equatorial_radius = {{val|1738.14|u=km}} (0,273&nbsp;Bumi)<ref name="NSSDC"/> | polar_radius = {{val|1735.97|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/> | mean_radius = {{val|1737.10|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/> | circumference = {{val|10921|u=km}} ([[khatulistiwa]]) | surface_area = {{val|3.793|e=7|u=km2}} {{nowrap|(0,074 Bumi)}} | volume = {{val|2.1958|e=10|u=km3}} {{nowrap|(0,020 Bumi)}} | mass = {{val|7.3477|e=22|u=kg}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.012300}} Bumi<ref name="W06"/>)}} | density = {{val|3.3464|ul=g/cm3}}<ref name="W06"/> | surface_grav = {{val|1.622|ul=m/s2}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.1654|u=[[Gaya-g|g]]}})}} | escape_velocity = {{val|2.38|ul=km/s}} | sidereal_day = {{val|27.321582|u=d}} ([[Rotasi sinkron|sinkron]]) <!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 --> | rot_velocity = {{nowrap|4,627 m/s}} | axial_tilt = 1,5424° (ke [[ekliptika]])<!-- 1.533° according to Conn 2007 --> <br> 6,687° (ke [[Bidang orbit (astronomi)|bidang orbit]])<ref name="Lang2011"/><!-- 6.4° according to<ref name="Grego2005">Grego, Peter, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005</ref> 6.6783° according to<ref name="Conn2007">Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)</ref>--> | albedo = 0,136<ref name="Saari"/> | magnitude = −2,5 sampai −12,9{{efn|name=maxval}} <br> −12,74 (rata-rata [[bulan purnama]])<ref name="NSSDC"/> | angular_size = 29,3 sampai 34,1 [[menit busur]]<ref name="NSSDC"/>{{efn|name=angular size}} | temp_name1 = Khatulistiwa | min_temp_1 = -173º [[Celcius|C]] | mean_temp_1 = -53º C | max_temp_1 = 116º C | temp_name2 = 85°N{{lower|0.3em|<ref name="Vasavada1999"/>}} | min_temp_2 = -203&nbsp;°C | mean_temp_2 = -143º C | max_temp_2 = -43º C | atmosphere_ref =<ref name="L06"/> | surface_pressure = 10⁻⁷ [[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] (siang) <br> 10⁻¹⁰ Pa (malam){{efn|name=pressure explanation}} | atmosphere_composition = [[Argon|Ar]], [[Helium|He]], [[Sodium|Na]], [[Potasium|K]], [[Hidrogen|H]], [[Radon|Rn]] | atmosphere = yes | adjectives = lunar, komariah }} [[Berkas:US Navy 041027-N-9500T-001 The moon turns red and orange during a total lunar eclipse.jpg|jmpl|Bulan sane marwarna barak miwah jingga, kacingak saking Gumi ritatkala [[gerhana Bulan]], ritatkala Gumi magenah riantara Bulan lan Matahari.]] '''Bulan''' (simbol: [[berkas:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☾]]) ento awak astronomi ané mapiteh ngilehin [[Gumi]]. Tusing ada satelit alami di Guminé ané lénan tekén Bulan. Bulan ento satelit paling gedé ané ka-5 di [[Tata Surya|tata surya]] tur satelit paling gedé yén padaang tekén planét ané kailehin. Bulan ento masih satelit paling padet ané ka-2 di tata surya, sasubané Io, satelit Jupitér.<ref>Schubert, J. (2004). "Interior composition, structure, and dynamics of the Galilean satellites.". In F. Bagenal; et al. (eds.). ''Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere''. Cambridge University Press. k. 281–306. ISBN 978-0-521-81808-7</ref> Bulan kawentuk 4,51 milyar tiban ané suba liwat, tusing makelo sasubané Guminé. Manut téori ané paling katerima dinané ené, Bulan kawentuk uli bok muah sisan tabrakan Gumi ajak planét lénan, sagedé [[Mars]], ané maadan [[Theia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Dec98/OriginEarthMoon.html|title= Origin of the Earth and Moon|publisher= G. 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LUNAR IMPACT: A History of Project Ranger. |publisher = Scientific and Technical Information Office, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION |accessdate = 13 April 2010 |location = Washington, D.C. |archive-date = 10 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100410085526/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4210/pages/App_A.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="CNN">{{cite news |last = Coren |first = M. |title = 'Giant leap' opens world of possibility |publisher = CNN |date = 26 July 2004 |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |accessdate = 16 March 2010 |archive-date = 20 January 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120133640/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="xinhua_20090301"> {{cite news |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm |title = China's first lunar probe ends mission |date = 1 March 2009<!-- 19:28--> |publisher = Xinhua |accessdate =29 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q6"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6 |title = Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own? |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q4"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4 |title = How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space? |date = 1 January 2006 |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q5"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5 |title = Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space? |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_moon"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html |title = Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q7"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7 |title = The treaties control space-related activities of States. What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals? |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2004">{{cite web |url = http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |title = Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004) |year = 2004 |publisher = International Institute of Space Law |accessdate = 28 March 2010 |archive-date = 2009-12-22 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021426/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="iisl_2009">{{cite web |url = http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |title = Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009) |date = 22 March 2009 |publisher = International Institute of Space Law |accessdate = 28 March 2010 |archive-date = 2009-12-22 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091222022107/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="Marshack">Marshack, Alexander (1991): ''The Roots of Civilization'', Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY.</ref> <ref name="barnhart-and-germania">For etymology, see {{cite book|last = Barnhart|first = Robert K.|title = The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology|url = https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse|year = 1995|publisher = Harper Collins|isbn = 978-0-06-270084-1|page = [https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse/page/487 487] }} For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see {{cite book|last = Birley|first = A. R. (Trans.)|title = ''Agricola and Germany''|url = https://archive.org/details/agricolagermany00taci|series = Oxford World's Classics|year = 1999|publisher = Oxford|location = USA|isbn = 978-0-19-283300-6|page = [https://archive.org/details/agricolagermany00taci/page/108 108] }} </ref> <ref name="spacetoday">{{cite web |url = http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |title = Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos |publisher = Space Today Online |year = 2006 |accessdate =12 April 2007 }}</ref> <ref name="sciam">{{cite web |title = Lunacy and the Full Moon |publisher = Scientific American |year = 2009 |first1 =Scott O. |last1 = Lilienfeld |first2 = Hal |last2 = Arkowitz |url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |accessdate =13 April 2010 }}</ref> }} === Cutetan === {{notes | notes = {{efn | name = maxval |''Nilai maksimum'' didasarkan pada skala kecerahan dari nilai -12,74 yang diberikan untuk jarak khatulistiwa ke pusat Bulan, atau 378.000 menurut NASA, hingga jarak minimum Bumi-Bulan yang dicantumkan disini, setelah disesuaikan dengan radius khatulistiwa Bumi, yakni 6.378, sehingga jaraknya adalah 350.600 km. Nilai minimum (saat [[bulan baru]]) didasarkan pada skala yang sama dengan menggunakan jarak Bumi-Bulan maksimum, atau 407.000 km, dan dengan menghitung kecerahan cahaya bulan pada saat bulan baru. Kecerahan cahaya bulan adalah {{nowrap|[[Albedo]] Bumi ×}} {{nowrap|([[radius bumi]] /}} Radius [[orbit Bulan]])²&nbsp;] relatif terhadap pencahayaan langsung dari Matahari yang terjadi saat bulan purnama. ({{nowrap|Albedo Bumi {{=}} 0.367}}; {{nowrap|Radius Bumi {{=}} radius (kutub}}&nbsp;× {{nowrap|radius khatulistiwa)^½ {{=}} 6 367 km}}.) }} {{efn | name = angular size | Kisaran nilai ukuran sudut yang dicantumkan berdasarkan pada skala sederhana dari nilai yang terdapat dalam referensi: jarak khatulistiwa Bumi ke pusat Bulan adalah 378.000 km, ukuran sudutnya adalah 1.896 [[detik busur]]. Referensi yang sama mencantumkan jarak ekstrem Bumi-Bulan adalah 407.000 km dan 357.km 000. Untuk menentukan ukuran sudut maksimum, jarak minimum harus dikoreksi sesuai dengan radius khatulistiwa bumi, yakni 6.378 km, sehingga hasilnya 350.600 km. }} {{efn | name = pressure explanation | Lucey ''et al.'' (2006) menyatakan {{nowrap|10⁷ partikel cm⁻³}} pada siang hari dan {{nowrap|10⁵ partikel cm⁻³}} pada malam hari. Akibat suhu permukaan khatulistiwa yang mencapai 390&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] pada siang hari dan 100&nbsp;K pada malam hari, [[hukum gas ideal]] menghasilkan tekanan yang sebagaimana yang dicantumkan pada kotak info (dibulatkan hingga mendekati [[urutan magnitudo]]): 10⁻⁷&nbsp;[[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] pada siang hari dan 10⁻¹⁰&nbsp;Pa pada malam hari. }} {{efn | name = near-Earth asteroids | Terdapat sejumlah [[asteroid dekat Bumi]], termasuk [[3753 Cruithne]], yang meng[[ko-orbit]] Bumi: orbit mereka menjauhi Bumi untuk beberapa periode waktu namun kemudian melakukan pengorbitan dalam waktu lama (Morais et al, 2002). Adapula [[quasi-satelit]]&nbsp;– mereka bukanlah satelit karena mereka tidak mengorbit Bumi. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat [[Satelit Bumi lainnya]]. }} {{efn | name = Charon and Pluto | [[Charon (bulan)|Charon]] secara proporsional lebih besar untuk ukuran [[Pluto]], tetapi Pluto telah direklasifikasi sebagai [[planet katai]]. }} {{efn | name = age | Usia ini dihitung dari penanggalan isotop batuan Bulan. }} {{efn | name = orbpd | Lebih tepatnya, periode sidereal Bulan (bintang tetap ke bintang tetap) adalah 27,321661&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 11,5d)}}, dan periode orbit tropis rata-ratanya (dari ekuinoks ke ekuinoks) adalah 27,321582&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 04,7d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107). }} {{efn | name = synpd | Lebih tepatnya, periode sinodis rata-rata Bulan (antara rata-rata konjungsi matahari) adalah 29,530589&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(29h 12j 44m 02,9d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107). }} {{efn | name = brightness | [[Magnitudo tampak]] Matahari adalah −26.7, dan magnitudo tampak bulan purnama adalah −12.7. }} {{efn | name = area | Secara rata-rata, Bulan meliputi area seluas 0,21078 derajat persegi di langit malam. }} {{efn | name = size changes | Lihat grafik di [[Matahari#Fase hidup]]. Saat ini, diameter Matahari meningkat dengan laju sekitar lima persen per miliar tahun. Angka ini hampir sama dengan laju diameter sudut Bulan yang berkurang karena surut dari Bumi. }} }} === Bibliografi === {{Refbegin}} * {{Anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book|last = Needham|first = Joseph|title = Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth|url = http://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC|year = 1986|publisher = Caves Books|isbn = 978-0-521-05801-8|place = Taipei }} {{Refend}} === Bacaan liyanan === {{Refbegin}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/948_discovery_2008/page4.shtml The Moon]. ''Discovery 2008''. BBC World Service. * {{cite book|last = Bussey|first = B.|coauthors = [[Paul Spudis|Spudis, P.D.]]|title = The Clementine Atlas of the Moon|year = 2004|publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 0-521-81528-2 }} * {{cite web|last = Cain|first = Fraser|title = Where does the Moon Come From?|publisher = Universe Today|url = http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-17-where-does-the-moon-come-from/|accessdate = 1 April 2008}} (podcast and transcript) * {{cite journal| last = Jolliff| first = B.| coauthors = Wieczorek, M.; Shearer, C.; Neal, C. (eds.)| title = New views of the Moon| url = http://www.minsocam.org/msa/RIM/Rim60.html| accessdate = 12 April 2007| volume = 60| year = 2006| publisher = Min. Soc. Amer.| location = Chantilly, Virginia| isbn = 0-939950-72-3| doi = 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.0| page = 721| issue = 1| journal = Rev. Mineral. Geochem.}} * {{cite web|last = Jones|first = E.M.|title = Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|publisher = NASA|year = 2006|url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 18 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518112906/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/|url-status = dead}} * {{cite web|title = Exploring the Moon|publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} * {{cite book|last = Mackenzie|first = Dana|title = The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be|url = https://archive.org/details/bigsplatorhowour00mack|year = 2003|publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc|location = Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn = 0-471-15057-6}} * {{cite book|last = [[Patrick Moore|Moore, P.]]|title = On the Moon|url = https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr|year = 2001|publisher = Sterling Publishing Co.|location = Tucson, Arizona|isbn = 0-304-35469-4}} * {{cite web|title = Moon Articles|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Moon.html}} * {{cite book|last = Spudis|first = P. D.|title = The Once and Future Moon|url = https://archive.org/details/oncefuturemoon0000spud|year = 1996|publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press|isbn = 1-56098-634-4 }} * {{cite book|last = Taylor|first = S.R.|title = Solar system evolution|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121|publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press|page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121/page/307 307]|year = 1992|isbn = 0-521-37212-7}} * {{cite web|last = Teague|first = K.|title = The Project Apollo Archive|year = 2006|url = http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_archive.html|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} * {{cite journal|last = Wilhelms|first = D.E.|title = Geologic History of the Moon|journal = U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper|year = 1987|volume = 1348|url = http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} * {{cite book|last = Wilhelms|first = D.E.|title = To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/rockyMoon/|accessdate = 10 March 2009|year = 1993|publisher = University of Arizona Press|location = Tucson, Arizona|isbn = 0-8165-1065-2}} {{Refend}} === Pranala jaba === {{Sister project links|Moon|voy=Moon}} * [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130129.html APOD - Video of lunar drive] === Wit kartografi === * {{cite web|title = Consolidated Lunar Atlas|publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/cla/ | accessdate =26 February 2012}} * [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/jsp/FeatureTypes2.jsp?system=Earth&body=Moon&systemID=3&bodyID=11 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (USGS)] List of feature names. * {{cite web|title = Clementine Lunar Image Browser|publisher = U.S. Navy|date = 15 October 2003|url = http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/clib/|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 2007-04-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070407000411/http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/clib/|dead-url = yes}} * 3D zoomable globes: ** {{cite web|title = Google Moon|publisher = Google|year = 2007|url = http://moon.google.com|accessdate =12 April 2007}} ** {{cite web|title = Moon|work = World Wind Central|publisher = NASA|year = 2007|url = http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 15 May 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070515064406/http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon|url-status = dead}} * {{cite web|last = Aeschliman|first = R|title = Lunar Maps|work = Planetary Cartography and Graphics|url = http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 2007-05-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070501175129/http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm|dead-url = yes}} Maps and panoramas at Apollo landing sites * [http://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305055023/https://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html |date=2012-03-05 }} [[Selene|Kaguya (Selene)]] images === Perangkat observasi === * {{cite web|title = NASA's SKYCAL—Sky Events Calendar|publisher = NASA Eclipse Home Page|url = http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html|accessdate = 27 August 2007|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080221075155/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html|archivedate = 2008-02-21|dead-url = yes}} * {{cite web|title = Find moonrise, moonset and moonphase for a location|year = 2008|url =http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/moonrise.html|accessdate =18 February 2008}} * {{cite web|title = HMNAO's Moon Watch|year = 2005|url = http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm|accessdate = 24 May 2009|archive-date = 2009-02-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090204002746/http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm|dead-url = yes}} See when the next new crescent moon is visible for any location. {{Topik Bulan}} {{Bumi}} {{Tata Surya}} {{artikel pilihan}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Bulan| ]] [[Kategori:Satelit alami]] [[Kategori:Tata surya]] hr71zy2fk07v4ynbtufw68pam35kzha 4 2609 282157 281291 2026-09-21T15:26:33Z MediaWiki message delivery 209 /* Your feedback wanted: Remove (Language link added:) and similar edits from Special:RecentChanges */ wagian anyar 282157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kori Sekaa}} {{Pasangkepan}} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <noinclude>{{Pintas|WP:SANGKEP|WP:WK|WP:WARKOP}}{{bukan bak pasir}}</noinclude> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|pabligbagan]]) 18 Januari 2026 21.20 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Tinjauan tahunan untuk Kode Etik Universal dan Panduan Penegakan</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Saya ingin menyampaikan bahwa periode peninjauan tahunan Kode Etik Universal dan Pedoman Penegakannya saat ini telah dibuka. Usulan perubahan dapat diajukan hingga 9 Februari 2026. Tahap ini merupakan langkah awal dari rangkaian proses peninjauan tahunan yang akan dilakukan.[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Informasi lengkap dan ruang diskusi tersedia di halaman UCoC di Meta]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) adalah grup global yang didedikasikan untuk memberikan implementasi yang adil dan konsisten dari UCoC. Tinjauan tahunan ini telah direncanakan dan diimplementasikan oleh U4C. Untuk informasi dan tanggung jawab U4C lebih lanjut, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Anda dapat meninjaunya pada piagam U4C]]. Mohon bagikan informasi ini pada anggota lain di komunitas Anda di mana pun yang mungkin sesuai. -- Bekerja sama dengan U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|bicara]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 20 Januari 2026 05.01 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Konsensus untuk pemasangan spanduk == ''Nyuwun ampura dumun tasih anggén basa Inggris utawi basa Indonésia.''. {{Letterhead start}} Apakah komunitas Wikipedia Bahasa Bali memutuskan ingin memasang spanduk terkait pembatasan akses wiki di Indonesia? (Untuk pembahasan isu ini selengkapnya dapat disimak/berpartisipasi secara anonim di [[:id:Wikipedia:Permohonan pendapat/Pembatasan akses wiki di Indonesia (Februari 2026)#Konsensus untuk isi spanduk]] Apabila mencapai konsensus, kita akan membawa hasil ini ke Meta untuk meminta supaya spanduk dipasang di situs-situs wiki bahasa-bahasa di Indonesia, untuk pembaca dari Indonesia, tanggal (tentatif) 23 Maret 2026, selama 31 hari (durasi paling lama), hingga 24 April 2026. Setelah itu, bisa diperpanjang melalui konsensus yang baru. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 3 Maret 2026 02.57 (WITA) sebagai inisiator. :Dalam pandangan saya; jujur, saya sudah sangat kecewa dengan WMID dan WMF. Sebenarnya pemerintah juga sudah membuka diskusi dan pendaftaran ini [https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/122030/pp-no-71-tahun-2019 bertahun2 yang lalu (2019)], bukan tiba2 memblock begitu saja. Alih2 mereka yang digaji/dibayar seharusnya fokus mendiskusikan ini dan mendorong pemerintah dan lembaga2 terkait untuk membuka akses wikipedia justru malah terkesan tidak memiliki prioritas usaha bahkan setelah blokir terjadi, terbukti sibuk membuat proyek2 nirfaedah. Kita selaku sukarelawan yang justru tertimpa sialnya, bahkan harus sibuk inisiasi dan koordinasi hal2 seperti ini dengan langkah memasang spanduk, yg bukan juga tupoksinya dan lagi2 nirfaedah. Pemerintah tidak akan membaca spanduk tersebut, bahkan jika dibaca pun tidak akan peduli. Saya sendiri sudah tidak ingin banyak terlibat dalam diskusi2 seperti ini karena memilih hiatus dan hanya ingin tenang menyunting. Saya hanya akan sesekali membaca2 diskusi yang ada tanpa terlibat di dalamnya karena toh saya sudah pensiun juga dari sebagian besar wiki. Jadi selamat berjuang dan semoga tidak lelah. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 4 Maret 2026 08.38 (WITA) ::Sebenarnya sudah cukup jelas dari yang saya lihat/dengar, bahwa isi dari [https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Indeks:Peraturan_Menteri_Komunikasi_dan_Informatika_Nomor_5_Tahun_2020.pdf Permenkominfo 5/2020] ini apabila diikuti oleh WMF akan berakibat data pengguna terkompromikan, dan saya menolak 100% data saya diserahkan ke pemerintah. Jadi jawaban WMF untuk Kominfo kurleb kalau saya bahasakan "to hell with your permen" dan ''move on''. Bu Meutya atau Pak Alexander yang tahu bahwa tidak mungkin mereka memblokir seluruh situs Wiki, kebakaran jenggot, kurang lebih begitu dramanya. Apakah dengan spanduk Pak Sabar akan berbalik menjilat ludah sendiri, ya tentu kita tahu itu hil yang mustahal. Jadi trus apa kita akan telan mentah-mentah blokir ini? Ya kan harus kita respons. Anda menyinggung WMID. WMID menurut Anda bisa apa? Wong yang punya situs, brand, server, itu WMF semua. Bukan membela WMF, tapi menurut saya proyek-proyek wiki yang nirlaba dan WMF yang tidak memasang spanduk donasi di Indonesia jangan dicari-cari kesalahannya lah. Kalau bli punya usul yang lebih baik selain spanduk, bisa didiskusikan kok. Memilih hiatus ataupun berfokus mengembangkan situs ini juga tidak masalah, kalau Anda tidak khawatir di masa depan tidak akan ada orang (awam) yang bisa mendaftar lagi di situs ban.wiki ini. Kami akan berjuang, dan kami tidak akan lelah 🙏. Suksma. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 01.16 (WITA) :::Thanks bang @[[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] untuk respondnya, seperti biasa saya kagum dan Anda ini contoh terbaik wikipediawan senior yang saya kenal. Ada beberapa pernyataan Anda yang janggal. :::Pertama, Anda mengatakan ''"saya menolak 100% data saya diserahkan ke pemerintah"'', tapi nyatanya KTP, NPWP, KK, SIM, PASPOR, dsb semua dibuat dan dipegang datanya oleh pemerintah kita, bahkan sebentar lagi ada sinkronisasi antara data2 ini dengan akun2 kita di bank dan datanya tersimpan diarsip2 mereka, jadi menolak data apa yg Anda maksud? [https://www.komdigi.go.id/berita/siaran-pers/detail/tegakkan-kedaulatan-digital-kementerian-komdigi-surati-25-pse-privat-yang-belum-terdaftar Akun2 media sosial kita] pun sudah tersinkronisasi koq karena secara resmi mereka sudah mendaftarkan dirinya. Jangan pungkiri kita hidup di Indonesia, tentu hukum Indonesia yg berlaku, bukan [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Wikipedia%E2%80%93U.S._government_conflicts# hukum USA] atau UK. Aneh rasanya jika [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2025/09/12/wikimedia-foundation-challenges-uk-online-safety-act-regulations/ WMF bisa bergerak di UK] tapi tidak di Indonesia. :::Kedua, pernyataan ''"to hell with your permen"'' dari WMF juga tidak jelas dan tidak tertulis kan? Apakah mereka dengan sengaja tidak ingin mematuhi hukum Indonesia? Hanya asumsi Anda aja kan? Mengapa WMF (bisa dibantu WMID) tidak membuat pernyataan resmi jika menolak, membuka keran2 diskusi dan komunikasi dengan Komdigi setelah munculnya peraturan tersebut, mengapa terkesan diam dan tidak peduli bahkan setelah blokir terjadi? Lalu buat apa kita yg capek2 buat spanduk? :::Ketiga, pernyataan ''"Apakah dengan spanduk Pak Sabar akan berbalik menjilat ludah sendiri, ya tentu kita tahu itu hil yang mustahal"'', Jadi Anda dengan terang benderang mengakui kegiatan ini akan percuma dan tidak berguna tapi tetap melakukannya? Wow, ini istilah tepat untuk "Spinning your wheels" atau "Flogging a dead horse". Dalam konteks psikologi, jika seseorang merasa harus melakukan tindakan tersebut meski tahu itu tidak berguna (dan merasa tidak tenang jika tidak melakukannya), ini bisa menjadi bentuk perilaku kompulsif atau bagian dari gejala OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder). Ini menurut keyakinan saya aja ya. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 08.52 (WITA) :(Opsional) Silakan menerjemahkan pesan ini ke bahasa Bali: {{Quote|Sejak Februari 2026, akses pendaftaran dan masuk log ke Wikipedia serta proyek-proyek Wikimedia telah dibatasi di Indonesia. Kami mengajak Anda untuk mendorong Kemkomdigi mencabut pembatasan tersebut agar kita dapat bersama-sama terus membebaskan pengetahuan! Baca selengkapnya.}} :Dalam bahasa Bali: {{Quote|Ngawit Pébruari 2026, pendaftaran lan aksés masuk ring Wikipédia lan proyék Wikimédia sané lianan sampun kawatesin ring Indonésia. Titiang ngaptiang mangda semeton sareng sami ngaptiang Kementerian Komunikasi lan Teknologi Digital mangda ngicalang watesan punika mangda iraga prasida terus ngluputang kaweruhan sareng-sareng! Wacen malih.}} :(Informasi tambahan 9 Maret): Saat ini pernyataan komunitas telah diterbitkan di https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pernyataan_resmi_komunitas_Wikipedia_bahasa_Indonesia_terhadap_pembatasan_akses_auth.wikimedia.org_di_Indonesia. Apabila Anda ingin mencantumkan nama komunitas ini di pernyataan bersama tersebut, Anda dapat menandatangani konsensus di bawah. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 01.16 (WITA) === Nyoblos (Voting) === Undangan ngerembug utawi diskusi/voting tasih sareng {{ping|Chinamoonroll|Putu Suhartawan|Siti Noviali|Luh Gede Krismayanti|Kadek Ayu Sulastri|Carma citrawati|Eka343|Anggabuana|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|Medelam|Jon Harald Søby}}. Nyoblos mriki. Ten lali anggén <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> dados ligga tangan. * {{Ten cumpu}} Seperti alasan saya diatas, nirfaedah. Suksma. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 09.52 (WITA) * Abstain. [[Sang Anganggé:Medelam|Medelam]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Medelam|pabligbagan]]) 10 Maret 2026 11.11 (WITA) === Yasa (Hasil) === Hasil pamuput puput. Ten wenten sane cumpu. Suksma. {{Letterhead end}} == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:CAnanian (WMF)|C. Scott Ananian]] (Parsoid technical lead)</bdi> 19 April 2026 00.48 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:CAnanian (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2026-04-20_Wikipedias&oldid=30424286 --> :cc Bli @[[Sang Anganggé:Joseagush|Joseagush]]: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423739 [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 27 April 2026 22.50 (WITA) :juga cc Bli {{ping|Angayubagia}}. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 28 April 2026 02.17 (WITA) == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:MediaWiki message delivery|pabligbagan]]) 26 April 2026 08.57 (WITA) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Codename Noreste@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == [[MediaWiki:Sidebar]] == Perlu ditambahkan [[Wikipédia:Pasangkepan]] di sana untuk mempermudah mengakses Warung Kopi, bisa dengan kode: * Wikipédia:Pasangkepan|Pasangkepan Suksma. [[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|pabligbagan]]) 27 April 2026 22.51 (WITA) :Sudah bli @[[Sang Anganggé:Bennylin|Bennylin]], Trims. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 28 April 2026 14.29 (WITA) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Pemungutan suara dalam pemilihan U4C 2026 kini telah dibuka</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Para pemilih yang memenuhi syarat diundang untuk berpartisipasi dalam pemilihan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) tahun 2026. Informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk pemeriksaan kelayakan pemilih, tata cara pemungutan suara, informasi kandidat, dan pranala menuju halaman pemungutan suara, tersedia di Meta pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|halaman informasi Pemilihan 2026]]. Pemungutan suara akan ditutup pada 2 Juni 2026 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 pukul 00.00 UTC]. Silakan memberikan suara apabila akun Anda memenuhi syarat. Hasil pemilihan akan diumumkan paling lambat pada 14 Juni 2026. — Bekerja sama dengan U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 28 Méi 2026 01.14 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Experience/Reading_lists Reading lists] feature not working == {{Tracked|T428002}}{{Tracked|T428079}} Hi {{Ping|Bennylin|Keegan (WMF)|SPatel (WMF)|EBlackorby-WMF}}, thanks again for this awesome feature. But this feature is not working on this site. When we click the icon always coming with this message <code>An error has occurred: ⧼readinglists-db-error-no-such-project⧽</code> What should we do for that and how we solve this issue? Thanks in advance. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 3 Juni 2026 22.42 (WITA) :Already working properly, thanks. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 20 Juni 2026 14.38 (WITA) == Why does the Balinese converter exist? == <span lang="ban" dir="ltr">Ampura</span> for my bad Balinese, but the Balinese converter only converts from Aksara Bali to Aksara Latin and not from Aksara Latin to Aksara Bali. What is the use of it when most of the pages are in Latin script? <span lang="ban" dir="ltr">Suksma</span> in advance, <br/> [[Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|<span style="color:orange;">'''ङघिञ'''</span>]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|ᬧᬩ᭄ᬮᬶᬕ᭄ᬩᬕᬦ]]) 19 Juni 2026 15.49 (WITA) :Hi @[[Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|ङघिञ]], thanks for asking. This is actually coming from an assumption and data that [[:en:Balinese_script|many balinese people today not writing in the balinese script anymore]] and more likely can just read it on latin script. Even many balinese not speaking on balinese language in day to day basis. That is why the balinese converter only converts from Aksara Bali to Aksara Latin, the other reason is many balinese literature on [https://ban.wikisource.org/wiki/Kaca_Utama palm-leaf manuscripts] is written in balinese script but not many can read, nor write it anymore, so to make it easier to young generation who want to learn their local language we just converted it as it is. Thanks. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 20 Juni 2026 14.35 (WITA) ::Thanks for the speedy response, but can't it be adapted to convert from Aksara Latin to Aksara Bali also? Or is it really hard because [[ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬩᬮᬶ|Balinese]] is an abugida without spaces? I'm not an advanced coder so I don't know that much of MediaWiki PHP where these converters are. [[Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|<span style="color:orange;">'''ङघिञ'''</span>]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:ङघिञ|ᬧᬩ᭄ᬮᬶᬕ᭄ᬩᬕᬦ]]) 20 Juni 2026 14.52 (WITA) :::Can be if there is any programmer want to do that, unfortunately I can't create such program as it is complex and need database of what can be done or not because writing on balinese script had to be many rules applied. Thanks. [[Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|Angayubagia]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Angayubagia|pabligbagan]]) 28 Agustus 2026 08.24 (WITA) == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|pabligbagan]])</bdi> 24 Juni 2026 01.11 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Codename Noreste@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Penerapan halaman kontak Legal dan Keamanan di bagian bawah wiki Anda</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Kontak Legal dan Keamanan''' Halo, rekan-rekan kontributor! Wikimedia Foundation telah menyediakan [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|halaman kontak legal dan keamanan]] yang akan ditambahkan di bagian bawah wiki. Halaman tersebut sudah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris, Italia, Jerman, Spanyol, dan sebagainya. Untuk bahasa lainnya akan segera tersedia. Silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|halaman proyek]] untuk informasi selengkapnya, serta kami harapkan kesediaannya untuk meninggalkan komentar di bawah ini atau di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|halaman pembicaraan]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 25 Juni 2026 21.29 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 24 Juli 2026 20.24 (WITA) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:DreamRimmer@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Kami mengundang Anda untuk memberikan masukan terkait Daftar Harapan Komunitas 2027 == Halo, perkenalkan nama saya [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] dan saya memimpin beberapa [[mw:Contributors|tim]] di Wikimedia Foundation yang akan mengambil alih proses kerja dari Daftar Harapan Komunitas. Seperti yang mungkin Anda ketahui, [[m:Community_Wishlist|Daftar Harapan Komunitas]] (''Community Wishlist'') bermula sebagai proses tahunan yakni kontributor Wikimedia mengirimkan dan menentukan ide untuk memperbarui pengalaman dalam berkontribusi di situs web Proyek Wikimedia. Setelah melalui proses pemilihan, maka tim dari Wikimedia Foundation akan berusaha untuk mengerjakan dan mengimplementasikan ide (yang telah dipilih) tersebut. Beberapa tahun terakhir, proses di balik alur kerja daftar harapan telah diubah, serta kami mendengar dari Anda bahwa hal tersebut tidak memenuhi kebutuhan komunitas. Maka dari itu, Wikimedia Foundation bersama dengan kontributor Wikimedia sedang merancang alur kerja daftar harapan yang baru agar lebih transparan. Saya mengusulkan kepada komunitas terkait tiga tahapan berikut: * [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Tahap_pertama:_pengelompokan|'''Tahap pengelompokan''']]: yakni bagaimana permohonan dikelompokkan dan disaring sebelum masuk ke tahap pemungutan suara. ** Kami merekomendasikan untuk membentuk kelompok kerja yang beranggotakan anggota komunitas dari berbagai proyek wiki dan staf Wikimedia Foundation. * [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Tahap_kedua:_pemungutan_suara|'''Tahap pemungutan suara''']]: termasuk siapa saja yang berhak ikut pemungutan suara, serta menyusun bagaimana prosesnya berlangsung. * [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Tahap_ketiga:_pasca_pemungutan_suara|'''Tahap pasca pemungutan suara''']]: termasuk mengutamakan prinsip keadilan terkait proyek yang diprioritaskan. ** Salah satu hal yang akan kami lakukan untuk mengurutkan permohonan adalah dengan membaginya jadi 3 kategori: Wikipedia dan wiki skala besar, Wikipedia skala kecil dan menengah, dan situs web kerabat. Pengumuman ini adalah ringkasan dari proposal yang sudah kami terbitkan [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id|'''di Meta-wiki''']]. Kami mengharapkan masukan Anda perihal apakah ini akan berhasil atau ada cara lain yang lebih sesuai. Sesi diskusi akan dibuka selama dua minggu, serta Anda dapat menyampaikannya di Meta atau balas pengumuman ini. Untuk siklus tahun ini, [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027/id#Rencana_linimasa|kami berencana]] untuk mengumumkan masa pengiriman permohonan pada akhir Oktober atau awal November, serta proses pengelompokan akan selesai pada akhir November. Agar tidak mengganggu masa liburan akhir tahun, sesi pemungutan suara akan berlangsung selama awal hingga pertengahan Januari. Pada tahap ini dimaksudkan untuk langkah awal dalam mencoba proses yang baru, serta akan lebih banyak masukan selama ini berlangsung. Semoga kita sama-sama bisa menentukan dan menemukan proses yang sesuai untuk diterapkan pada tahun mendatang (dan seterusnya). Salam, [[meta:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], 28 Agustus 2026 00.44 (WITA) (<small>''via'' [[Sang Anganggé:BAPerdana-WMF|BAPerdana-WMF]] ([[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:BAPerdana-WMF|pabligbagan]]) 28 Agustus 2026 00.44 (WITA)</small>) == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 21 Séptémber 2026 23.26 (WITA) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067433 --> 4sgipqzqy6dq5pzgkjvtqa48abhmpli 0 15718 282164 281085 2026-09-21T20:47:01Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260921sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 282164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Volga | name_native = Волга | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Yaroslavl. Volga River. Cathedral of the Dormition P5212700 2200.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Tukad Volga ring [[Yaroslavl]] | map = volgarivermap.png | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Peta cekungan drainase Volga | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Genah | subdivision_name1 = [[Éropa Kangin]] | subdivision_type2 = Negara | subdivision_name2 = [[Féderasi Rusia]] | subdivision_type3 = Kota | subdivision_name3 = [[Tver]], [[Yaroslavl]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Cheboksary]], [[Kazan]], [[Ulyanovsk]], [[Samara]], [[Saratov]], [[Volgograd]], [[Astrakhan]] <!-----------------PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = 3531 km<ref name=gvr/> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Astrakhan]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = 8060 m³/s | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Bukit Valdai]], [[Tver Oblast]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|57|9|N|32|36|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = 228<ref name="readersnatural" /> m | mouth = [[Segara Kaspia]] | mouth_location = [[Oblast Astrakhan]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|45|50|N|47|58|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA87888EC23774E0440003BA962ED3|Volga}}</ref> | mouth_elevation = -28<ref name="readersnatural" /> m | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = 1360000 km²<ref name=gvr/> | tributaries_left = [[Kama (tukad)|Kama]] | tributaries_right = [[Oka (tukad)|Oka]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Tukad Volga''' (aksara Bali: ᬢᬸᬓᬤ᭄​ᬨᭀᬮ᭄ᬕ; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɒ|l|ɡ|ə|,_|ˈ|v|oʊ|l|ɡ|ə}}; {{lang-rus|Во́лга|a=Ru-Волга.ogg|p=ˈvoɫɡə}}) silih tunggil [[Lis tukad ring Éropa#Tukad ring Éropa mawit lantang|tukad pinih lantang]] ring [[Éropa]]. Ngembak saking [[Rusia Tengah]] nuju [[Rusia Selatan]] miwah nuju [[Segara Kaspia]], ipun medué lantang 3531 km miwah jimbar genah toya ipun 1360000 km².<ref name=gvr>[http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=179058 «Река Волга»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021422/http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=179058 |date=2016-03-05 }}, Russian State Water Registry</ref> Punika taler manados tukad pinih ageng ring Éropa ring paindikan [[Debit (hidrologi)|debit]] miwah [[wewengkon aliran tukad]]. Ipun kanikain manados [[Tukad ring Rusia|tukad nasional]] saking [[Rusia]]. Negara wagian Rusia kuno, [[Rus 'Khaganate]], kaadegang ring nampek tukad Volga.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gannholm|first=Tore|title=Birka, Varangian Emporium|url=https://www.academia.edu/40313672/Birka_Varangian_Emporium|language=en}}</ref> Sacara lelintihan, punika genah patemuan kabudayaan Éurasia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Grand strategy of the byzantine empire.|last=Luttwak, Edward N.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Harvard|isbn=978-0674062078|pages=52|oclc=733913679}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Joel|date=2007|title=Iran and Its Neighbors in Late Antiquity: Art of the Sasanian Empire (224–642 C.E.)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-archaeology_2007-10_111_4/page/797|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=111|issue=4|pages=797|doi=10.3764/aja.111.4.795|issn=0002-9114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Volga river|url=https://archive.org/details/volgariver0000mcne|last=McNeese, Tim.|date=2005|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=0791082474|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/volgariver0000mcne/page/14 14]–16|oclc=56535045}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|Volga}} {{EB1911 Poster|Volga}} *[http://earthfromspace.photoglobe.info/spc_volga_delta.html Delta Volga saking Dura Angkasa] *[http://as-volga.com Potrek saking pasisi Volga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707172425/http://as-volga.com/ |date=2011-07-07 }} *{{osmrelation-inline|1730417}} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=la1gakAbIgw Video indik wit Volga] {{Volga River}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tukad Volga| ]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Kostroma]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Moskow]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Nizhny Novgorod]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Astrakhan]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Chuvashia]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Kalmykia]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Samara]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Saratov]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Tatarstan]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Tver]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Volgograd]] [[Kategori:Tukad saking Oblast Yaroslavl]] [[Kategori:Anak tukad Segara Kaspia]] 9ai3iwhhcug40e8r4at3uih249tpuob 0 19268 282159 187665 2026-09-21T19:38:32Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260921sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 282159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Agustus 2021}} {{speciesbox | name = Kapibara | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn/> | image = Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris in Brazil in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 09.jpg | image_caption = At [[Pantanal]], [[Brazil]] | genus = Hydrochoerus | species = hydrochaeris | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766) | range_map = Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris range.png | range_map_caption = Pasebaran sujati | synonyms = ''Sus hydrochaeris'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1766}} }} '''Kapibara''' (''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris'') silih tunggil baburon pangerat [[caviidae|cavy]] raksasa asli [[Amérika Kelod]]. Punika [[bikul]] pinih ageng sané idup.<ref>{{Cite web | author= Basic Biology | date= 2015 | title= Rodents | url= https://basicbiology.net/animal/mammals/rodents}}</ref> Taler aranin '''capivara''' (ring Brazil), '''capiguara''' (ring Bolivia), '''chigüire''', '''chigüiro''', utawi '''fercho''' (ring Kolombia miwah Venezuela), '''carpincho''' (ring Argéntina, Paraguay miwah Uruguay) miwah '''ronsoco''' (ring Péru), punika anggota saking génus ''[[Hydrochoerus]]'', ring dija wantah satunggal anggota [[takson sané kantun wénten|sané kantun wénten]] punika [[kapibara alit]] (''Hydrochoerus isthmius''). Semeton nyané nampek nyané rumasuk [[marmut]] miwah [[mocó]], miwah luwih langkung mapaiketan sareng [[agouti]], [[chinchilla]], iwaj [[coypu]]. Kapibara nongosin [[sabana]] miwah wana bet taler ngoyong paak toya. Punika spésiés sané sanget sosial miwah prasida katemuin ring seka ageng ngantos 100 individu, daweg ketah idup ring seka medaging 10-20 individu. Kapibara nénten spésiés samé kaancem punah miwah kaboros antuk kaambil ulam miwah [[kulit buron|kulit]] miwah saking [[kulit]] nyané sané mamuluk.<ref>[http://www.arkive.org/capybara/hydrochoerus-hydrochaeris/ Capybara (''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris'')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103075238/http://www.arkive.org/capybara/hydrochoerus-hydrochaeris/ |date=2012-01-03 }}. ARKive.org</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="Bristol">[http://www.bristolzoo.org.uk/learning/animals/mammals/capybara Bristol Zoo Gardens (UK) '&#39;Capybara'&#39;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918183854/http://www.bristolzoo.org.uk/learning/animals/mammals/capybara |date=2007-09-18 }}. Bristolzoo.org.uk. Retrieved on 2011-12-07.</ref> <ref name="Barreto 1998">{{cite journal |title=Foraging patterns of capybaras in a seasonally flooded savanna of Venezuela| jstor=2559868|doi=10.1017/S0266467498000078 |year=1998 |last1=Barreto |first1=Guillermo R. |last2=Herrera |first2=Emilio A. |journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |volume=14 | issue=1| pages=87–98}}</ref> <ref name="Quintana 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Quintana |first1=R.D. |last2=Monge |first2=S. |last3=Malvárez |first3=A.I. |title=Feeding patterns of capybara ''Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris'' (Rodentia, Hydrochaeridae) and cattle in the non-insular area of the Lower Delta of the Paraná River, Argentina |journal=Mammalia |date=1998 |volume=62 |issue=1 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1998.62.1.37 |s2cid=83976640 }}</ref> <ref name=r6>Burton M and Burton R. (2002) ''The International Wildlife Encyclopedia''. Marshall Cavendish, {{ISBN|0-7614-7269-X}}, p. 384</ref> <ref name="SoundsandColours">[http://soundsandcolours.com/subjects/south-american-nature/capybara-the-master-of-the-grasses-pest-or-prey-3937/ Capybara, the master of the grasses: pest or prey] Sounds and Colours. Retrieved on January 23, 2011.</ref> <ref name="SFZoo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614005832/http://www.sfzoo.org/cgi-bin/animals.py?ID=90 Capybara. ''Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris'']. San Francisco Zoo</ref> <ref name="SDzoo">{{cite web | date = October 2008 | publisher = San Diego Zoo | title = Capybara, ''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris'' | url = http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/capybara/capybara.htm | access-date = 22 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930051431/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/capybara/capybara.htm | archive-date = 30 Séptémber 2011 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> <ref name="Alho 1987">{{cite journal |last1=Alho |first1=Cleber J.R. |last2=Rondon |first2=Nelson L. |title=Habitats, population densities, and social structure of capybaras (''Hydrochaeris Hydrochaeris'', Rodentia) in the Pantanal, Brazil |journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia |date=1987 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=139–149 |doi=10.1590/s0101-81751987000200006 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994">{{cite journal |last1=Lord |first1=Rexford D. |title=A descriptive account of capybara behaviour |journal=Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment |date=March 1994 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=11–22 |doi=10.1080/01650529409360912 }}</ref> <ref name="Macdonald 1981">{{cite journal |last1=Macdonald |first1=D. W. |title=Dwindling resources and the social behaviour of Capybaras, (''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris'') (Mammalia) |journal=Journal of Zoology |date=July 1981 |volume=194 |issue=3 |pages=371–391 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb04588.x }}</ref> <ref name="Murphey 1985">{{cite journal |last1=Murphey |first1=Robert M. |last2=Mariano |first2=Jorge S. |last3=Moura Duarte |first3=Francisco A. |title=Behavioral observations in a capybara colony (''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-animal-behaviour-science_1985-05_14_1/page/89 |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |date=May 1985 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=89–98 |doi=10.1016/0168-1591(85)90040-1 }}</ref> <ref name=r1>{{cite journal |last1=Paula |first1=T.A.R. |last2=Chiarini-Garcia |first2=H. |last3=França |first3=L.R. |title=Seminiferous epithelium cycle and its duration in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) |journal=Tissue and Cell |date=June 1999 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=327–334 |doi=10.1054/tice.1999.0039 |pmid=10481304 }}</ref> <ref name=r2>{{cite journal |last1=Cueto |first1=Gerardo Ruben |last2=Allekotte |first2=Roman |last3=Kravetz |first3=Fernando Osvaldo |title=Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |date=January 2000 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=97–101 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-36.1.97 |pmid=10682750 |s2cid=6491859 }}</ref> <ref name=r3>[http://www.waza.org/virtualzoo/factsheet.php?id=110-020-001-001&view=Rodents%20and%20Hares&main=virtualzoo World Association of Zoos and Aquariums]. [[World Association of Zoos and Aquariums|WAZA]]. Retrieved on 2011-12-07.</ref> <ref name=r4>{{cite journal |last1=Mones |first1=Alvaro |last2=Ojasti |first2=Juhani |title=Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris |journal=Mammalian Species |date=16 June 1986 |issue=264 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.2307/3503784 |jstor=3503784 }}</ref> <ref name="Smithsonian">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050930231549/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Amazonia/Facts/capybarafacts.cfm Capybara Facts.] [[Smithsonian National Zoological Park]]. Retrieved on December 16, 2007.</ref> <ref name="Palm Beach Zoo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100620162726/http://palmbeachzoo.org/animals/capybara.html Capybara.] Palm Beach Zoo. Retrieved on December 17, 2007.</ref> <ref name="Macdonald 1984">{{cite journal |last1=Macdonald |first1=D. W. |last2=Krantz |first2=K. |last3=Aplin |first3=R. T. |title=Behavioral anatomical and chemical aspects of scent marking among Capybaras (''Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris'') (Rodentia: Caviomorpha) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-zoology_1984-03_202_3/page/341 |journal=Journal of Zoology |date=March 1984 |volume=202 |issue=3 |pages=341–360 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb05087.x }}</ref> <ref name="RevBiolTrop">{{cite journal |last1=Forero-Montaña |first1=Jimena |last2=Betancur |first2=Julio |last3=Cavelier |first3=Jaime |title=Dieta del capibara ''Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris'' (Rodentia: Hydrochaeridae) en Caño Limón, Arauca, Colombia |trans-title=Distribution and abundance of Caiman crocodilus in the Caño Negro National Wild Life Refuge, Costa Rica |language=es |journal=Revista de Biología Tropical |date=June 2003 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=571–578 |url=https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442003000200029 |pmid=15162749 }}</ref><ref name="NYSun">Ellsworth, Brian (March 24, 2005). [http://www.nysun.com/article/11063 "In Days Before Easter, Venezuelans Tuck Into Rodent-Related Delicacy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705215536/http://www.nysun.com/article/11063 |date=2008-07-05 }}. ''[[New York Sun]]''.</ref> <ref name="inRich">Thompson, Andy (January 18, 2008) [https://archive.is/20130204101346/http://www2.timesdispatch.com/lifestyles/2008/jan/18/-rtd_2008_01_18_0043-ar-147752/ Trip to South America gives new meaning to outdoors life]. Richmond Times.</ref> <ref name="Rowe 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Rowe |first1=Diane L. |last2=Honeycutt |first2=Rodney L. |title=Phylogenetic Relationships, Ecological Correlates, and Molecular Evolution Within the Cavioidea (Mammalia, Rodentia) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2002-03_19_3/page/263 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=March 2002 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=263–277 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004080 |pmid=11861886 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Vucetich 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Vucetich |first1=María G. |last2=Deschamps |first2=Cecilia M. |last3=Olivares |first3=Itatí |last4=Dozo |first4=María T. |title=Capybaras, size, shape, and time: A model kit |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=50 |issue=2 |year=2005 |pages=259–272 |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app50-259.html }}</ref> <ref name="Deschamp 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Deschamps |first1=Cecilia M. |last2=Olivares |first2=Itatí |last3=Vieytes |first3=Emma Carolina |last4=Vucetich |first4=María Guiomar |title=Ontogeny and diversity of the oldest capybaras (Rodentia: Hydrochoeridae; late Miocene of Argentina) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=12 Séptémber 2007 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=683–692 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[683:oadoto]2.0.co;2 |jstor=30126368 }}</ref> }} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris|Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris}} {{EB1911 poster|Capybara}} {{Wikispecies|Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris}} {{Wiktionary|capybara}} * {{cite web|title=Companionable Capybaras (18 Photos)|author=Alan Taylor|date=29 Nov 2018|website=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2018/11/photos-companionable-capybaras/576991/}} * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydrochoerus_hydrochaeris.html Animal Diversity Web ''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris''] * [http://www.capybarafacts.com Capybara information] {{Taxonbar|from=Q131538}} eyvz4975o0ue55edsym0na51h359q0d 0 40515 282161 281055 2026-09-21T20:13:17Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260921sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 282161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bedakan|jamur}} {{taxobox | color = {{tc2|fungi}} | name = Fungi | fossil_range = [[Devon]] Awal–mangkin<!-- (lihat [[#Evolusi|bagian ini]]) --> {{rentang fosil|410|0|}} | image = Fungi collage.jpg | image_width = 280px | image_caption = Searah jarum jam dari kiri atas: {{plainlist| *''[[Amanita muscaria]]'', sejenis basidiomycete; *''[[Sarcoscypha coccinea]]'', sejenis ascomycete; *roti yang ditumbuhi [[jamur]]; *sejenis [[Chytridiomycota|chytrid]]; *''[[Aspergillus]]'', sejenis [[conidiophore]].}} | image_alt = A collage of five fungi (clockwise from top left): a mushroom with a flat, red top with white-spots, and a white stem growing on the ground; a red cup-shaped fungus growing on wood; a stack of green and white moldy bread slices on a plate; a microscopic, spherical grey-colored semitransparent cell, with a smaller spherical cell beside it; a microscopic view of an elongated cellular structure shaped like a microphone, attached to the larger end is a number of smaller roughly circular elements that collectively form a mass around it | domain = [[Eukarya]] | unranked_regnum = [[Opisthokonta]] | regnum = Fungi | regnum_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]) [[Royall T. Moore|R. T. Moore]]<ref name=Moore1980/> | subdivision_ranks = Subkerajaan/Filum/Subfilum<ref>Sistem klasifikasi berikut ini berdasarkan studi filogenetik tahun 2007 oleh Hibbett ''et al''.</ref> | subdivision = : [[Blastocladiomycota]] : [[Chytridiomycota]] : [[Glomeromycota]] : [[Microsporidia]] : [[Neocallimastigomycota]] [[Dikarya]] (inc. [[Deuteromycota]]){{br}} : [[Ascomycota]] :: [[Pezizomycotina]] :: [[Saccharomycotina]] :: [[Taphrinomycotina]] : [[Basidiomycota]] :: [[Agaricomycotina]] :: [[Pucciniomycotina]] :: [[Ustilaginomycotina]] Subfilum [[Incertae sedis]] : [[Entomophthormycota]] : [[Kickxellomycotina]] : [[Mucoromycotina]] : [[Zoopagomycotina]] }} '''Fungi''' inggih punika sawilang anggota saking sekaa kauripan [[Eukaryota|eukariotik]] sané ngacakupin mikroorganisme minakadi [[ragi]] lan [[Kapang (oong)|kapang]], taler [[oong]] sané langkung katah. Organisme puniki kaklasifikasiyang dados [[Krajaan (biologi)|krajaan]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Re:wild and IUCN SSC become first global organizations to call for the recognition of fungi as one of three kingdoms of life critical to protecting and restoring Earth |author= |newspaper=IUCN |date=3 Agustus 2021 |url=https://www.iucn.org/news/species-survival-commission/202108/rewild-and-iucn-ssc-become-first-global-organizations-call-recognition-fungi-one-three-kingdoms-life-critical-protecting-and-restoring-earth}}</ref> mabinayan saking krajaan eukariotik liyanan, sané mawit asiki klasifikasi tradisional, rumasuk [[Plantae]], [[Animalia]], [[Protozoa]], lan [[Chromista]]. == Cingak malih == * [[Oong]] * [[Hifa]] * [[Spora]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name=Bowman2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Bowman SM, Free SJ | title=The structure and synthesis of the fungal cell wall | journal=BioEssays | volume=28 | issue=8 | pages=799–808 | date=August 2006 | pmid=16927300 | doi=10.1002/bies.20441 }}</ref> <ref name=Bruns2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Bruns T | title=Evolutionary biology: a kingdom revised | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-10-19_443_7113/page/758 | journal=Nature | volume=443 | issue=7113 | pages=758–61 | date=October 2006 | pmid=17051197 | doi=10.1038/443758a | bibcode=2006Natur.443..758B }}</ref> <ref name=Brem2008>{{cite journal | vauthors=Brem FM, Lips KR | title=Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection patterns among Panamanian amphibian species, habitats and elevations during epizootic and enzootic stages | journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms | volume=81 | issue=3 | pages=189–202 | date=September 2008 | pmid=18998584 | doi=10.3354/dao01960 }}</ref> <ref name=Lucking2017>{{Cite book | vauthors=Hawksworth DL, Lücking R | title=Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species | journal=Microbiology Spectrum | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=79–95 | date=July 2017 | pmid=28752818 | doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016 | isbn=9781555819576 }}</ref> <ref name=Alcamo2004>{{cite book | vauthors=Alcamo IE, Pommerville J |title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology | url=https://archive.org/details/alcamosfundament0000pomm |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alcamosfundament0000pomm/page/590 590] |isbn=978-0-7637-0067-6}}</ref> <ref name=Brodie1975>{{cite book | vauthors=Brodie HJ |title=The Bird's Nest Fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/birdsnestfungi0000brod |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto, Ontario |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8020-5307-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/birdsnestfungi0000brod/page/80 80]}}</ref> <ref name=Brundrett2002>{{cite journal | vauthors=Brundrett MC |year=2002 |title=Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-phytologist_2002-05_154_2/page/275 |journal=New Phytologist |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=275–304 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x}}</ref> <ref name=Blackwell2004>{{cite book | vauthors=Blackwell M, Spatafora JW |veditors=Bills GF, Mueller GM, Foster MS |chapter=Fungi and their allies |title=Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods | url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityfung00fost |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=Amsterdam |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversityfung00fost/page/n26 18]–20 |isbn=978-0-12-509551-8}}</ref> <ref name=Barea2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Barea JM, Pozo MJ, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C | title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2005-07_56_417/page/1761 | journal=Journal of Experimental Botany | volume=56 | issue=417 | pages=1761–78 | date=July 2005 | pmid=15911555 | doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197 }}</ref> <ref name=Aanen2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Aanen DK | title=As you reap, so shall you sow: coupling of harvesting 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October 2015 |publisher=''Sci-News.com'' |accessdate=25 October 2015}}</ref> <ref name=Selosse2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Selosse MA, Richard F, He X, Simard SW | title=Mycorrhizal networks: des liaisons dangereuses? | journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution | volume=21 | issue=11 | pages=621–8 | date=November 2006 | pmid=16843567 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2006.07.003 }}</ref> <ref name=Schulz2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Schulz B, Boyle C | title=The endophytic continuum | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_fungal-biology_mycological-research_2005-06_109_6/page/661 | journal=Mycological Research | volume=109 | issue=Pt 6 | pages=661–86 | date=June 2005 | pmid=16080390 | doi=10.1017/S095375620500273X }}</ref> <ref name=Shoji2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Shoji JY, Arioka M, Kitamoto K | title=Possible involvement of pleiomorphic vacuolar networks in nutrient recycling in filamentous fungi | journal=Autophagy | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=226–7 | year=2006 | pmid=16874107 | doi=10.4161/auto.2695 }}</ref> <ref name=ShalchianTabrizi2008>{{cite journal | vauthors=Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, Jakobsen KS, Cavalier-Smith T | title=Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals | journal=PLoS One | volume=3 | issue=5 | pages=e2098 | year=2008 | pmid=18461162 | pmc=2346548 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 | bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2098S }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name=Silar2016>{{Cite book | vauthors=Silar P |title=Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes |publisher=HAL |year=2016 |page=462 |isbn=978-2-9555841-0-1 | url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01263138/document}}</ref> <ref name=Simpson1979>{{cite book | vauthors=Simpson DP |title= Cassell's Latin Dictionary | url=https://archive.org/details/cassellslatineng0000unse_w6a1 |publisher=Cassell Ltd |year=1979 |edition=5 |location=London, UK |page=883 |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6}}</ref> <ref name=SimonNobbe2008>{{cite journal | vauthors=Simon-Nobbe B, Denk U, Pöll V, Rid R, Breitenbach M | title=The spectrum of fungal allergy | url=https://archive.org/details/international-archives-of-allergy-and-immunology_2008_145_1/page/58 | journal=International Archives of Allergy and Immunology | volume=145 | issue=1 | pages=58–86 | year=2008 | pmid=17709917 | doi=10.1159/000107578 }}</ref> <ref name=Steenkamp2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Steenkamp ET, Wright J, Baldauf SL | title=The protistan origins of animals and fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2006-01_23_1/page/93 | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=23 | issue=1 | pages=93–106 | date=January 2006 | pmid=16151185 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msj011 }}</ref> <ref name=Stamets2000>{{cite book | vauthors=Stamets P | title=Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms=[Shokuyō oyobi yakuyō kinoko no saibai] | url=https://archive.org/details/growinggourmetme0000stam |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, California |year=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/growinggourmetme0000stam/page/n252 233]–248 |isbn=978-1-58008-175-7}}</ref> <ref name=Stevens2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Stevens DA, Ichinomiya M, Koshi Y, Horiuchi H | title=Escape of Candida from caspofungin inhibition at concentrations above the MIC (paradoxical effect) accomplished by increased cell wall chitin; evidence for beta-1,6-glucan synthesis inhibition by caspofungin | journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | volume=50 | issue=9 | pages=3160–1 | date=September 2006 | pmid=16940118 | pmc=1563524 | doi=10.1128/AAC.00563-06 }}</ref> <ref name=Struck2006>According to one 2001 estimate, some 10,000 fungal diseases are known. {{cite book | vauthors=Struck C | veditors=Cooke BM, Jones DG, Kaye B |title=The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases | url=https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyplan00cook_861 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Germany |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyplan00cook_861/page/n130 117] |isbn=978-1-4020-4580-6 |chapter=Infection strategies of plant parasitic fungi}}</ref> <ref name=Sullivan2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Sullivan R, Smith JE, Rowan NJ | title=Medicinal mushrooms and cancer therapy: translating a traditional practice into Western medicine | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_perspectives-in-biology-and-medicine_spring-2006_49_2/page/159 | journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine | volume=49 | issue=2 | pages=159–70 | year=2006 | pmid=16702701 | doi=10.1353/pbm.2006.0034 }}</ref> <ref name=Taylor1996>{{cite journal | vauthors =Taylor TN, Taylor EL |year=1996 |title=The distribution and interactions of some Paleozoic fungi |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=95 |issue=1–4 |pages=83–94 |doi=10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00029-2}}</ref> <ref name=Talbot2003>{{cite journal | vauthors=Talbot NJ | title=On the trail of a cereal killer: Exploring the biology of Magnaporthe grisea | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2003_57/page/177 | journal=Annual Review of Microbiology | volume=57 | pages=177–202 | year=2003 | pmid=14527276 | doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090957 }}</ref> <ref name=Taylor2000>{{cite journal | vauthors=Taylor JW, Jacobson DJ, Kroken S, Kasuga T, Geiser DM, Hibbett DS, Fisher MC | title=Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/fungal-genetics-and-biology_2000-10_31_1/page/21 | journal=Fungal Genetics and Biology | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=21–32 | date=October 2000 | pmid=11118132 | doi=10.1006/fgbi.2000.1228 }}</ref> <ref name=Taylor2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H, Krings M, Hanlin RT | title=Perithecial ascomycetes from the 400 million year old Rhynie chert: an example of ancestral polymorphism | journal=Mycologia | volume=97 | issue=1 | pages=269–85 | year=2005 | pmid=16389979 | doi=10.3852/mycologia.97.1.269 | 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Hangeul (Aksara Korea): 사군자), wantah genre lukisan saking [[Républik Koréa|Korea]] sané mapralambang ''sagunja'', 4 soroh entik-entikan inggih punika [[bambu]], [[plum/persik]], [[Anggrék bulan|anggrek]], miwah astaba ([[seruni]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mullany|first=Francis|url=http://archive.org/details/symbolisminkorea0000mull|title=Symbolism in Korean ink brush painting|date=2006|publisher=Kent : Global Oriental|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-901903-89-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2936171|title=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2936171|website=koreajoongangdaily.joins.com|language=en|access-date=2023-09-10|archive-date=2025-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210111646/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2936171|url-status=dead}}</ref> Entik-entikan punika wantah subjek lukisan para ''gunja'' (bangsawan utawi anak meneng ring puri/keraton sané wikan miwah pradnyan tur ahli ring sastra). Nika mawinan lukisan sané para ''gunja'' karyanin mawasta ''sagunja'' (4 entik-entikan bangsawan).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.annefinity.co.uk/2013/08/sagunja-traditional-painting.html|title=Sagunja &quot;Korean Traditional Painting&quot;|website=Annefinity|access-date=2023-09-10|archive-date=2024-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524184642/https://www.annefinity.co.uk/2013/08/sagunja-traditional-painting.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Genre ''sagunja'' sujatiné mawit saking [[Cina]] tur kakenalang ka Korea (jaman dinasti Goryeo) ring abad ka-12. Genre puniki nincap jaman keemasannyané ring jaman dinasti Joseon nyantos awal abad ka-20. Lukisan ''sagunja'' sane nglimbak ring Korea mabinayan sareng sané nglimbak ring Cina (komposisi, [[patra]], wentuk batang, bunga, akar, lan lawatnyane).<ref>{{Cite book|last=None|url=http://archive.org/details/illustratedguide0000unse_j0p0|title=An illustrated guide to Korean culture : 233 traditional key words|date=2002|publisher=Seoul, Korea : Hakgojae|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-89-85846-98-1}}</ref> [[Berkas:Nakabayashi Chikutō - Four Gentlemen - 2013.29.670 - Minneapolis Institute of Art.jpg|jmpl|Sagunja (anggrek rumput)]] Cara malukisnyané wantah sakadi kaligrafi sané élahan kabandingin metode lukisan pamandangan utawi manusa. Majeng seniman Korea, ''sagunja'' puniki mapralambang kawikanan sang sané ngaryanin. == Subjek Lukisan == Para ''gunja'' tresna ring 4 entik-entikan puniki: bambu, plum/persik, anggrek, seruni krana maduwé filosofi sané dalem. # Bambu, mapralambang integritas sang sané wikan, krana don bambu ten gugur ring musim dingin. # Plum/persik, mapralambang bayu (kekuatan), krana bunga plum/persik mentik ring awal musim bunga/semi sané kantun wenten sisa-sisa salju. # Anggrek, mapralambang ayu krana anggun tur miik ngalub ring musim panas. # Seruni (astaba), mapralambang kateguhan, krana sida tumbuh nyantos akhir musim gugur utawi awal musim dingin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=None|url=http://archive.org/details/illustratedguide0000unse_j0p0|title=An illustrated guide to Korean culture : 233 traditional key words|date=2002|publisher=Seoul, Korea : Hakgojae|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-89-85846-98-1}}</ref> Akeh seniman Korea sané ngaryanin lukisan bambu utawi plum rikala Korea mayuda sareng bangsa sané lianan, ciri kateguhan tur prinsip bangsa Korea. == Pustaka == <references /> n4hh4f79zf62edkj3mqhbl3ok9knqe7 0 51382 282177 205575 2026-09-22T11:46:37Z Angayubagia 6 282177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Rijswijk |image_flag = Flag of Rijswijk (ZH).svg |flag_size = 120x100px |image_shield =Coat_of_arms_of_Rijswijk_(South_Holland).svg |shield_size = 120x100px |image_map = Map - NL - Municipality code 0603 (2009).svg |mapsize = 250px |coordinates_region = NL |subdivision_type = Negara |subdivision_name = [[Belanda]] |subdivision_type1 = Provinsi |subdivision_name1 = [[Holland Selatan]] |area_footnotes = (2006) |area_total_km2 = 14.48 |area_land_km2 = 14.05 |area_water_km2 = 0.44 |population_as_of = 1 January 2007 |population_note = Source: [[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]], [http://statline.cbs.nl/ Statline]. |settlement_type = Munisipalitas / kota |population_total = 47117 |population_density_km2 = 3354 |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |latd = 52.05 |latNS = N |longd = 4.33 |longEW = E |website = [https://www.rijswijk.nl www.rijswijk.nl] }} [[Berkas:Gem-Rijswijk-OpenTopo.jpg|jmpl|Peta Rijswijk]] '''Rijswijk''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈrɛisʋɛik|lang|Nl-Rijswijk.ogg}}) inggih punika kota miwah kotamadya ring sisi kauh [[Belanda]], ring propinsi [[Holland Kelod]]. Akéh panjak ipun inggih punika 59.642 ring warsa 2024, lan jimbar wawidangan {{convert|{{Dutch municipality total area|Rijswijk}}|km2|abbr=on}}, {{convert|{{Dutch municipality water area|Rijswijk}}|km2|abbr=on}} riantarané marupa toya. Rijswijk, sadurungné kauningin dados '''Ryswick''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɪ|z|w|ɪ|k}} {{respell|RIZ|wik}}) ring basa Inggris, inggih punika silih sinunggil kotamadya tur munisipalitas ring sisi kauh [[Belanda]], ring propinsi [[Holland Kelod]]. Populasi ipun {{formatnum:{{Dutch municipality population|Rijswijk}}}} ring {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}}}, miwah madué wawidangan {{convert|{{Dutch municipality total area|Rijswijk}}|km2|abbr=on}}, {{convert|{{Dutch municipality water area|Rijswijk}}|km2|abbr=on}} ring dija marupa toya. [[Berkas:Jaagpad_rijswijk_zh.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Jalan Jaagpad]] [[Berkas:Rijswijk ZH 1867.png|kiri|jmpl|Rijswijk di 1867]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cingak malih === * [[Lis munisipalitas Welanda]] === Pranala jaba === * {{resmi|https://www.rijswijk.nl}} {{GemeentenZuid-Holland}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota ring Holland Kelod]] [[Kategori:Rijswijk| ]] {{belanda-geo-stub}} 66nxsp7233u28z5ipm8isqp5mpmyo23 282179 282177 2026-09-22T11:47:29Z Angayubagia 6 /* Pustaka */ 282179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Rijswijk |image_flag = Flag of Rijswijk (ZH).svg |flag_size = 120x100px |image_shield =Coat_of_arms_of_Rijswijk_(South_Holland).svg |shield_size = 120x100px |image_map = Map - NL - Municipality code 0603 (2009).svg |mapsize = 250px |coordinates_region = NL |subdivision_type = Negara |subdivision_name = [[Belanda]] |subdivision_type1 = Provinsi |subdivision_name1 = [[Holland Selatan]] |area_footnotes = (2006) |area_total_km2 = 14.48 |area_land_km2 = 14.05 |area_water_km2 = 0.44 |population_as_of = 1 January 2007 |population_note = Source: [[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]], [http://statline.cbs.nl/ Statline]. |settlement_type = Munisipalitas / kota |population_total = 47117 |population_density_km2 = 3354 |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |latd = 52.05 |latNS = N |longd = 4.33 |longEW = E |website = [https://www.rijswijk.nl www.rijswijk.nl] }} [[Berkas:Gem-Rijswijk-OpenTopo.jpg|jmpl|Peta Rijswijk]] '''Rijswijk''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈrɛisʋɛik|lang|Nl-Rijswijk.ogg}}) inggih punika kota miwah kotamadya ring sisi kauh [[Belanda]], ring propinsi [[Holland Kelod]]. Akéh panjak ipun inggih punika 59.642 ring warsa 2024, lan jimbar wawidangan {{convert|{{Dutch municipality total area|Rijswijk}}|km2|abbr=on}}, {{convert|{{Dutch municipality water area|Rijswijk}}|km2|abbr=on}} riantarané marupa toya. Rijswijk, sadurungné kauningin dados '''Ryswick''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɪ|z|w|ɪ|k}} {{respell|RIZ|wik}}) ring basa Inggris, inggih punika silih sinunggil kotamadya tur munisipalitas ring sisi kauh [[Belanda]], ring propinsi [[Holland Kelod]]. Populasi ipun {{formatnum:{{Dutch municipality population|Rijswijk}}}} ring {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}}}, miwah madué wawidangan {{convert|{{Dutch municipality total area|Rijswijk}}|km2|abbr=on}}, {{convert|{{Dutch municipality water area|Rijswijk}}|km2|abbr=on}} ring dija marupa toya. [[Berkas:Jaagpad_rijswijk_zh.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Jalan Jaagpad]] [[Berkas:Rijswijk ZH 1867.png|kiri|jmpl|Rijswijk di 1867]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cingak malih === * [[Munisipalitas ring Welanda]] === Pranala jaba === * {{resmi|https://www.rijswijk.nl}} {{GemeentenZuid-Holland}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota ring Holland Kelod]] [[Kategori:Rijswijk| ]] {{belanda-geo-stub}} 3loni54v1bdpvcsq6d9fkp4f13lhd34 0 55278 282165 281799 2026-09-21T21:41:41Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 282165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox subdivision type |name = Propinsi ring Thailand |alt_name = {{transliteration|th|RTGS|changwat}} ({{lang|th|จังหวัด}}) |map = <!--Leave this empty; bigger map below--> |category = [[Negara Kasikian]] |territory = [[Thailand|Krajaan Thailand]] |start_date = |current_number = 76 propinsi + 1 wawidangan administrasi khusus (Bangkok) |number_date = |population_range = 174,000 ([[Propinsi Mae Hong Son|Mae Hong Son]]) – 5,702,000 ([[Bangkok]]) (2022)<ref name="TDD">{{cite web |url=http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statTDD/ |website=stat.bora.dopa.go.th |language=th |script-title=th:รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้านประจำปี พ.ศ.2562 |trans-title=Statistics, population and house statistics for the year 2019 |date=31 Désémber 2019 |department=Registration Office Department of the Interior, Ministry of the Interior |access-date=26 Pébruari 2020 |archive-date=2019-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614102009/http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statTDD/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |area_range = {{Convert|414|km²|abbr=on}} [[Propinsi Samut Songkhram|Samut Songkhram]]&nbsp;– {{Convert| 20,736 |km²|abbr=on}} [[Propinsi Nakhon Ratchasima|Nakhon Ratchasima]]<ref name="RFD">{{cite web |url=https://www.forest.go.th |title=ตารางที่ 2 พี้นที่ป่าไม้ แยกรายจังหวัด พ.ศ.2562 |year=2019 |department=Royal Forest Department |language=Thai |trans-title=Table 2 Forest area Separate province year 2019 |access-date=6 April 2021 |postscript=, }} information, Forest statistics Year 2019, Thailand boundary from Department of Provincial Administration in 2013.</ref> |government = [[Pameréntah Thailand#Pameréntah daérah|Pameréntah propinsi/pawagian administratip khusus]] |subdivision = [[Lis distrik ring Thailand|Distrik]] }} '''Propinsi ring Thailand''' inggih punika divisi administratip saking [[Organisasi pameréntahan Thailand|pameréntahan Thailand]].<ref name="act1991">Office of the Council of State of Thailand, [https://www.dga.or.th/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/file_d6aa2b69e43a56c5456d54cad64411b0.pdf National Administration Act 1991 and its amendments].</ref> Negara niki kakepah manados tepat 76 [[propinsi]] ({{langx|th|[[:wikt:จังหวัด|จังหวัด]]}}, {{RTGS|''changwat''}}, {{IPA|th|t͡ɕāŋ.wàt̚|pron}}), sareng asiki wewehan wawidangan administrasi khusus (ibu kota, Bangkok).<ref name="DOPA-20170421">{{cite web |title=Administrative information |url=https://multi.dopa.go.th/pab/news/cate9/view46 |website=Department of Provincial Affairs (DOPA) |publisher=Provincial Affairs Bureau |access-date=22 Agustus 2019 |date=21 April 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810111025/https://multi.dopa.go.th/pab/news/cate9/view46 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ประกาศสำนักทะเบียนกลาง เรื่อง จำนวนราษฎรทั่วราชอาณาจักร ตามหลักฐานการทะเบียนราษฎร ณ วันที่ 31 ธันวาคม 2558|url=http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/y_stat58.htm|website=Department of Provincial Administration (DOPA)|trans-title=Announcement of the Central Registry. The number of people throughout the Kingdom. The evidence of registration as of 31 December 2015|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527113634/http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/y_stat58.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook: Thailand |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/ |website=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=13 Juni 2018}}</ref> Ipun pinaka unit pameréntah daérah utama miwah malaksana pinaka [[Jadma hukum|jadma hukum]]. Ipun kakepah dados [[Distrik ring Thailand|amphoe]] (distrik) sané salanturnyané kakepah dados [[tambon]] (sub distrik), tingkat sané selanturnyané ring sor pameréntah daérah . Makasami propinsi punika dados pahan saking pameréntah pusat sane sampun kacumawisang, utawi pameréntah daérah (ราชการส่วนภูมิภาค ''ratchakan suan phumiphak''). Makéhan ayahan publik, rumasuk polisi, penjara, transportasi, hubungan publik lan sané lianan kantun kaawasi lan kakelola olih propinsi ngangganin pameréntah pusat. Ring warsa 1938-1996, pameréntah Krajaan Thailand ngusulang mangda soang-soang propinsi patut madué déwan, sané kapilih saking jadma sané magenah ring provinsi punika. Déwan punika dados badan pamitutur lan audit majeng ring gubernur (ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด ''phu wa ratchakan changwat''), sané kaadegang olih pameréntah pusat. Ring warsa 1997, soang-soang propinsi madué [[organisasi administrasi propinsi]] ngeraraga (องค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัด ''ongkan borihan suan changwat''), kapimpin olih présidén. PAO ngatur makudang-kudang ayahan publik sane mapaiketan sareng propinsi. Kaaptiang présidén PAO puniki pacang dados gubernur sané kapilih (gumanti saking sané kapilih sentral), nanging dévolusi sané jangkep saking pameréntah durung kamargiang. PAO taler sané lianan [[Thesaban|munisipalitas]] ​​dados pahan saking pameréntah lokal (ราชการส่วนท้องถิ่น ''ratchakan suan thongthin''). Bangkok, wewidangan administrasi khusus, ngabungin sesana propinsi sareng [[munipalitas]], rumasuk madué gubernur sané kapilih. Rerata wewidangan saking 76 provinsi Thailand kawewehin Bangkok punika sawatara {{cvt|6,663.89|km2|sqmi}}, asapunika rerata populasinyané saking makasami 77 divisi Thailand inggih punika sawatara 908.064 diri. == Propinsi == {{Clear}} {{Peta Gambar Propinsi Thailand}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! class=unsortable| Ségel ! Aran ! Aran<br />(ring Thai) ! Populasi<br />(Désémber 2022)<ref name="TDD" /> ! Jimbar<br />(km²)<ref name="RFD" /> ! Kapadetan ! Ibukota ! [[Sistem Harmonisasi|HS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/nomenclature/overview/what-is-the-harmonized-system.aspx|title=What is the Harmonized System (HS)?|work=[[World Customs Organization]]}}</ref> ! [[ISO 3166-2:TH|ISO]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:TH|title=ISO 3166-2:TH}}</ref> ! [[FIPS 10-4|FIPS]] |- | [[File:Seal Bangkok Metropolitan Admin (green).svg|20px]] | {{flag|Bangkok}}<br />(wawidangan administrasi khusus) | {{lang|th|กรุงเทพมหานคร}} | style="text-align:right;" |5,702,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,564 | style="text-align:right;" |3,623 | [[Bangkok]] | BKK | TH-10 | TH40 |- | [[File:Seal Amnatcharoen.png|20px]] | {{flag|Amnat Charoen}} | {{lang|th|อำนาจเจริญ}} | style="text-align:right;" |402,000 | style="text-align:right;" |3,290 | style="text-align:right;" |115 | [[Amnat Charoen]] | ACR | TH-37 | TH77 |- | [[File:Seal Ang Thong.png|20px]] | {{flag|Ang Thong}} | {{lang|th|อ่างทอง}} | style="text-align:right;" |301,000 | style="text-align:right;" |950 | style="text-align:right;" |294 | [[Ang Thong]] | ATG | TH-15 | TH35 |- | [[File:Seal Bueng Kan.png|20px]] | {{flag|Bueng Kan}} | {{lang|th|บึงกาฬ}} | style="text-align:right;" |450,000 | style="text-align:right;" |4,003 | style="text-align:right;" |106 | [[Bueng Kan]] | BKN | TH-38 | TH81 |- | [[File:Seal Buriram.png|20px]] | {{flag|Buriram}} | {{lang|th|บุรีรัมย์}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,623,000 | style="text-align:right;" |10,080 | style="text-align:right;" |159 | [[Buriram]] | BRM | TH-31 | TH28 |- | [[File:Seal Chachoengsao.png|20px]] | {{flag|Chachoengsao}} | {{lang|th|ฉะเชิงเทรา}} | style="text-align:right;" |754,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,169 | style="text-align:right;" |139 | [[Chachoengsao]] | CCO | TH-24 | TH44 |- | [[File:Seal Chainat.png|20px]] | {{flag|Chai Nat}} | {{lang|th|ชัยนาท}} | style="text-align:right;" |331,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,506 | style="text-align:right;" |131 | [[Chai Nat]] | CNT | TH-18 | TH32 |- | [[File:Seal Chaiyaphum.png|20px]] | {{flag|Chaiyaphum}} | {{lang|th|ชัยภูมิ}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,156,000 | style="text-align:right;" |12,698 | style="text-align:right;" |91 | [[Chaiyaphum]] | CPM | TH-36 | TH26 |- | [[File:Seal Chanthaburi (1).svg|20px]] | {{flag|Chanthaburi}} | {{lang|th|จันทบุรี}} | style="text-align:right;" |572,000 | style="text-align:right;" |6,415 | style="text-align:right;" |84 | [[Chanthaburi]] | CTI | TH-22 | TH48 |- | [[File:Seal Chiang Mai.png|20px]] | {{flag|Chiang Mai}} | {{lang|th|เชียงใหม่}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,820,000 | style="text-align:right;" |20,107 | style="text-align:right;" |79 | [[Chiang Mai]] | CMI | TH-50 | TH02 |- | [[File:Seal Chiang Rai.svg|20px]] | {{flag|Chiang Rai}} | {{lang|th|เชียงราย}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,315,000 | style="text-align:right;" |11,503 | style="text-align:right;" |113 | [[Chiang Rai]] | CRI | TH-57 | TH03 |- | [[File:Seal Chonburi.png|20px]] | {{flag|Chonburi}} | {{lang|th|ชลบุรี}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,603,000 | style="text-align:right;" |4,508 | style="text-align:right;" |346 | [[Chonburi]] | CBI | TH-20 | TH46 |- | [[File:Seal of Chomphon Province.svg|20px]] | {{flag|Chumphon}} | {{lang|th|ชุมพร}} | style="text-align:right;" |524,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,998 | style="text-align:right;" |85 | [[Chumphon]] | CPN | TH-86 | TH58 |- | [[File:Seal Kalasin.png|20px]] | {{flag|Kalasin}} | {{lang|th|กาฬสินธุ์}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,010,000 | style="text-align:right;" |6,936 | style="text-align:right;" |142 | [[Kalasin]] | KSN | TH-46 | TH23 |- | [[File:Seal Kamphaeng Phet.png|20px]] | {{flag|Kamphaeng Phet}} | {{lang|th|กำแพงเพชร}} | style="text-align:right;" |748,000 | style="text-align:right;" |8,512 | style="text-align:right;" |86 | [[Kamphaeng Phet]] | KPT | TH-62 | TH11 |- | [[File:Seal Kanchanaburi.png|20px]] | {{flag|Kanchanaburi}} | {{lang|th|กาญจนบุรี}} | style="text-align:right;" |914,000 | style="text-align:right;" |19,385 | style="text-align:right;" |46 | [[Kanchanaburi]] | KRI | TH-71 | TH50 |- | [[File:Seal Khon Kaen.png|20px]] | {{flag|Khon Kaen}} | {{lang|th|ขอนแก่น}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,826,000 | style="text-align:right;" |10,659 | style="text-align:right;" |169 | [[Khon Kaen]] | KKN | TH-40 | TH22 |- | [[File:Seal Krabi.png|20px]] | {{flag|Krabi}} | {{lang|th|กระบี่}} | style="text-align:right;" |500,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,323 | style="text-align:right;" |90 | [[Krabi]] | KBI | TH-81 | TH63 |- | [[File:Seal Lampang.png|20px]] | {{flag|Lampang}} | {{lang|th|ลำปาง}} | style="text-align:right;" |762,000 | style="text-align:right;" |12,488 | style="text-align:right;" |59 | [[Lampang]] | LPG | TH-52 | TH06 |- | [[File:Seal Lamphun.svg|20px]] | {{flag|Lamphun}} | {{lang|th|ลำพูน}} | style="text-align:right;" |421,000 | style="text-align:right;" |4,478 | style="text-align:right;" |92 | [[Lamphun]] | LPN | TH-51 | TH05 |- | [[File:Seal Loei.png|20px]] | {{flag|Loei}} | {{lang|th|เลย}} | style="text-align:right;" |656,000 | style="text-align:right;" |10,500 | style="text-align:right;" |61 | [[Loei]] | LEI | TH-42 | TH18 |- | [[File:Seal of Lopburi province (1940).png|20px]] | {{flag|Lopburi}} | {{lang|th|ลพบุรี}} | style="text-align:right;" |779,000 | style="text-align:right;" |6,493 | style="text-align:right;" |116 | [[Lopburi]] | LRI | TH-16 | TH34 |- | [[File:Seal Mae Hong Son.svg|20px]] | {{flag|Mae Hong Son}} | {{lang|th|แม่ฮ่องสอน}} | style="text-align:right;" |174,000 | style="text-align:right;" |12,765 | style="text-align:right;" |23 | [[Mae Hong Son]] | MSN | TH-58 | TH01 |- | [[File:Seal Maha Sarakham.png|20px]] | {{flag|Maha Sarakham}} | {{lang|th|มหาสารคาม}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,607 | style="text-align:right;" |172 | [[Maha Sarakham]] | MKM | TH-44 | TH24 |- | [[File:Seal of Mukdahan Province.png|20px]] | {{flag|Mukdahan}} | {{lang|th|มุกดาหาร}} | style="text-align:right;" |338,000 | style="text-align:right;" |4,126 | style="text-align:right;" |87 | [[Mukdahan]] | MDH | TH-49 | TH78 |- | [[File:Seal Nakhon Nayok.png|20px]] | {{flag|Nakhon Nayok}} | {{lang|th|นครนายก}} | style="text-align:right;" |224,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,141 | style="text-align:right;" |122 | [[Kota Nakhon Nayok]] | NYK | TH-26 | TH43 |- | [[File:Seal Nakhon Pathom.svg|20px]] | {{flag|Nakhon Pathom}} | {{lang|th|นครปฐม}} | style="text-align:right;" |955,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,142 | style="text-align:right;" |430 | [[Distrik Mueang Nakhon Pathom|Mueang Nakhon Pathom]] | NPT | TH-73 | TH53 |- | [[File:Seal of Nakhon Phanom Province (color version).svg|20px]] | {{flag|Nakhon Phanom}} | {{lang|th|นครพนม}} | style="text-align:right;" |698,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,637 | style="text-align:right;" |127 | [[Nakhon Phanom]] | NPM | TH-48 | TH73 |- | [[File:Seal Nakhon Ratchasima.svg|20px]] | {{flag|Nakhon Ratchasima}} | {{lang|th|นครราชสีมา}} | style="text-align:right;" |2,703,000 | style="text-align:right;" |20,736 | style="text-align:right;" |128 | [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] | NMA | TH-30 | TH27 |- | [[File:Seal Nakhon Sawan.png|20px]] | {{flag|Nakhon Sawan}} | {{lang|th|นครสวรรค์}} | style="text-align:right;" |997,000 | style="text-align:right;" |9,526 | style="text-align:right;" |111 | [[Nakhon Sawan]] | NSN | TH-60 | TH16 |- | [[File:Seal Nakhon Si Thammarat.svg|20px]] | {{flag|Nakhon Si Thammarat}} | {{lang|th|นครศรีธรรมราช}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,602,000 | style="text-align:right;" |9,885 | style="text-align:right;" |158 | [[Nakhon Si Thammarat]] | NRT | TH-80 | TH64 |- | [[File:Seal of Nan Province (color version, Thai Fine Art Department).svg|20px]] | {{flag|Nan}} | {{lang|th|น่าน}} | style="text-align:right;" |492,000 | style="text-align:right;" |12,130 | style="text-align:right;" |40 | [[Nan (kotamadya)|Nan]] | |NAN | TH-55 | TH04 |- | [[File:Seal Narathiwat.png|20px]] | {{flag|Narathiwat}} | {{lang|th|นราธิวาส}} | style="text-align:right;" |847,000 | style="text-align:right;" |4,491 | style="text-align:right;" |180 | [[Narathiwat]] | NWT | TH-96 | TH31 |- | [[File:Seal Nong Bua Lamphu.png|20px]] | {{flag|Nong Bua Lamphu}} | {{lang|th|หนองบัวลำภู}} | style="text-align:right;" |481,000 | style="text-align:right;" |4,099 | style="text-align:right;" |125 | [[Nong Bua Lam Phu]] | NBP | TH-39 | TH79 |- | [[File:Seal Nong Khai.png|20px]] | {{flag|Nong Khai}} | {{lang|th|หนองคาย}} | style="text-align:right;" |536,000 | style="text-align:right;" |3,275 | style="text-align:right;" |160 | [[Nong Khai]] | NKI | TH-43 | TH17 |- | [[File:Nonthaburi Province Seal.svg|20px]] | {{flag|Nonthaburi}} | {{lang|th|นนทบุรี}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,335,000 | style="text-align:right;" |637 | style="text-align:right;" |1,986 | [[Nonthaburi]] | NBI | TH-12 | TH38 |- | [[File:Seal Pathum Thani.png|20px]] | {{flag|Pathum Thani}} | {{lang|th|ปทุมธานี}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,142,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,520 | style="text-align:right;" |766 | [[Pathum Thani]] | PTE | TH-13 | TH39 |- | [[File:Seal Pattani.png|20px]] | {{flag|Pattani}} | {{lang|th|ปัตตานี}} | style="text-align:right;" |756,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,977 | style="text-align:right;" |367 | [[Pattani, Thailand|Pattani]] | PTN | TH-94 | TH69 |- | [[File:Seal Phang Nga.png|20px]] | {{flag|Phang Nga}} | {{lang|th|พังงา}} | style="text-align:right;" |243,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,495 | style="text-align:right;" |49 | [[Phang Nga]] | PNA | TH-82 | TH61 |- | [[File:Provincial Seal of Phatthalung.svg|20px]] | {{flag|Phatthalung}} | {{lang|th|พัทลุง}} | style="text-align:right;" |567,000 | style="text-align:right;" |3,861 | style="text-align:right;" |135 | [[Phatthalung]] | PLG | TH-93 | TH66 |- | [[File:Seal Phayao.png|20px]] | {{flag|Phayao}} | {{lang|th|พะเยา}} | style="text-align:right;" |489,000 | style="text-align:right;" |6,189 | style="text-align:right;" |76 | [[Phayao]] | PYO | TH-56 | TH41 |- | [[File:Seal Phetchabun.png|20px]] | {{flag|Phetchabun}} | {{lang|th|เพชรบูรณ์}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,034,000 | style="text-align:right;" |12,340 | style="text-align:right;" |80 | [[Phetchabun]] | PNB | TH-67 | TH14 |- | [[File:Seal Phetchaburi.png|20px]] | {{flag|Phetchaburi}} | {{lang|th|เพชรบุรี}} | style="text-align:right;" |469,000 | style="text-align:right;" |6,172 | style="text-align:right;" |77 | [[Phetchaburi]] | PBI | TH-76 | TH56 |- | [[File:Seal Phichit.png|20px]] | {{flag|Phichit}} | {{lang|th|พิจิตร}} | style="text-align:right;" |578,000 | style="text-align:right;" |4,319 | style="text-align:right;" |124 | [[Phichit]] | PCT | TH-66 | TH13 |- | [[File:Seal of Phitsanulok Province.svg|20px]] | {{flag|Phitsanulok}} | {{lang|th|พิษณุโลก}} | style="text-align:right;" |900,000 | style="text-align:right;" |10,589 | style="text-align:right;" |82 | [[Phitsanulok]] | PLK | TH-65 | TH12 |- | [[File:Seal of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province (color version, Thai Fine Art Department).svg|20px]] | {{flag|Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya}} | {{lang|th|พระนครศรีอยุธยา}} | style="text-align:right;" |812,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,548 | style="text-align:right;" |322 | [[Kota Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya|Ayutthaya]] | AYA | TH-14 | TH36 |- | [[File:Seal of Phrae Province (colour version, as the provincial administration used).svg|20px]] | {{flag|Phrae}} | {{lang|th|แพร่}} | style="text-align:right;" |426,000 | style="text-align:right;" |6,483 | style="text-align:right;" |68 | [[Phrae]] | PRE | TH-54 | TH07 |- | [[File:Seal Phuket (blue).png|20px]] | {{flag|Phuket}} | {{lang|th|ภูเก็ต}} | style="text-align:right;" |387,000 | style="text-align:right;" |547 | style="text-align:right;" |762 | [[Phuket|Phuket]] | PKT | TH-83 | TH62 |- | [[File:Seal Prachinburi.png|20px]] | {{flag|Prachinburi}} | {{lang|th|ปราจีนบุรี}} | style="text-align:right;" |506,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,026 | style="text-align:right;" |99 | [[Prachinburi]] | PRI | TH-25 | TH74 |- | [[File:Seal Prachuap Khiri Khan.png|20px]] | {{flag|Prachuap Khiri Khan}} | {{lang|th|ประจวบคีรีขันธ์}} | style="text-align:right;" |530,000 | style="text-align:right;" |6,414 | style="text-align:right;" |88 | [[Prachuap Khiri Khan]] | PKN | TH-77 | TH57 |- | [[File:Seal Ranong.png|20px]] | {{flag|Ranong}} | {{lang|th|ระนอง}} | style="text-align:right;" |204,000 | style="text-align:right;" |3,230 | style="text-align:right;" |60 | [[Ranong]] | RNG | TH-85 | TH59 |- | [[File:Seal Ratchaburi.png|20px]] | {{flag|Ratchaburi}} | {{lang|th|ราชบุรี}} | style="text-align:right;" |895,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,189 | style="text-align:right;" |168 | [[Ratchaburi]] | RBR | TH-70 | TH52 |- | [[File:Seal Rayong.png|20px]] | {{flag|Rayong}} | {{lang|th|ระยอง}} | style="text-align:right;" |727,000 | style="text-align:right;" |3,666 | style="text-align:right;" |201 | [[Rayong]] | RYG | TH-21 | TH47 |- | [[File:Seal Roi Et.png|20px]] | {{flag|Roi Et}} | {{lang|th|ร้อยเอ็ด}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,295,000 | style="text-align:right;" |7,873 | style="text-align:right;" |166 | [[Roi Et]] | RET | TH-45 | TH25 |- | [[File:Old picture Seal Sakaeo.png|20px]] | {{flag|Sa Kaeo}} | {{lang|th|สระแก้ว}} | style="text-align:right;" |608,000 | style="text-align:right;" |6,831 | style="text-align:right;" |83 | [[Sa Kaeo]] | SKW | TH-27 | TH80 |- | [[File:Seal Sakon Nakhon.png|20px]] | {{flag|Sakon Nakhon}} | {{lang|th|สกลนคร}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,200,000 | style="text-align:right;" |9,580 | style="text-align:right;" |121 | [[Sakon Nakhon]] | SNK | TH-47 | TH20 |- | [[File:Samutphakhan.png|20px]] | {{flag|Samut Prakan}} | {{lang|th|สมุทรปราการ}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,324,000 | style="text-align:right;" |947 | style="text-align:right;" |1,420 | [[Mueang Samut Prakan]] | SPK | TH-11 | TH42 |- | [[File:Seal Samut Sakhon.png|20px]] | {{flag|Samut Sakhon}} | {{lang|th|สมุทรสาคร}} | style="text-align:right;" |567,000 | style="text-align:right;" |866 | style="text-align:right;" |675 | [[Mueang Samut Sakhon]] | SKN | TH-74 | TH55 |- | [[File:Seal Samut Songkhram.png|20px]] | {{flag|Samut Songkhram}} | {{lang|th|สมุทรสงคราม}} | style="text-align:right;" |209,000 | style="text-align:right;" |414 | style="text-align:right;" |467 | [[Samut Songkhram]] | SKM | TH-75 | TH54 |- | [[File:Seal Saraburi (2564).png|20px]] | {{flag|Saraburi}} | {{lang|th|สระบุรี}} | style="text-align:right;" |708,000 | style="text-align:right;" |3,499 | style="text-align:right;" |185 | [[Saraburi]] | SRI | TH-19 | TH37 |- | [[File:Seal Satun.png|20px]] | {{flag|Satun}} | {{lang|th|สตูล}} | style="text-align:right;" |311,000 | style="text-align:right;" |3,019 | style="text-align:right;" |107 | [[Satun]] | STN | TH-91 | TH67 |- | [[File:Seal Sing Buri.png|20px]] | {{flag|Sing Buri}} | {{lang|th|สิงห์บุรี}} | style="text-align:right;" |198,000 | style="text-align:right;" |817 | style="text-align:right;" |255 | [[Sing Buri]] | SBR | TH-17 | TH33 |- | [[File:Seal Sisaket.png|20px]] | {{flag|Sisaket}} | {{lang|th|ศรีสะเกษ}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,484,000 | style="text-align:right;" |8,936 | style="text-align:right;" |165 | [[Sisaket]] | SSK | TH-33 | TH30 |- | [[File:Seal Songkhla.png|20px]] | {{flag|Songkhla}} | {{lang|th|สงขลา}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,444,000 | style="text-align:right;" |7,741 | style="text-align:right;" |186 | [[Songkhla]] | SKA | TH-90 | TH68 |- | [[File:Seal of Sukhothai Province (color version).svg|20px]] | {{flag|Sukhothai}} | {{lang|th|สุโขทัย}} | style="text-align:right;" |615,000 | style="text-align:right;" |6,671 | style="text-align:right;" |89 | [[Sukhothai Thani]] | STI | TH-64 | TH09 |- | [[File:Seal Suphanburi.png|20px]] | {{flag|Suphan Buri}} | {{lang|th|สุพรรณบุรี}} | style="text-align:right;" |891,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,410 | style="text-align:right;" |156 | [[Suphan Buri]] | SPB | TH-72 | TH51 |- | [[File:Seal Surat Thani.png|20x20px]] | {{flag|Surat Thani}} | {{lang|th|สุราษฎร์ธานี}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,101,000 | style="text-align:right;" |13,079 | style="text-align:right;" |81 | [[Surat Thani]] | SNI | TH-84 | TH60 |- | [[File:Seal Surin.png|20px]] | {{flag|Surin}} | {{lang|th|สุรินทร์}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,442,000 | style="text-align:right;" |8,854 | style="text-align:right;" |157 | [[Surin, Thailand|Surin]] | SRN | TH-32 | TH29 |- | [[File:Seal Tak.png|20px]] | {{flag|Tak}} | {{lang|th|ตาก}} | style="text-align:right;" |704,000 | style="text-align:right;" |17,303 | style="text-align:right;" |39 | [[Tak (kotamadya)|Tak]] | TAK | TH-63 | TH08 |- | [[File:Seal Trang.png|20px]] | {{flag|Trang}} | {{lang|th|ตรัง}} | style="text-align:right;" |636,000 | style="text-align:right;" |4,726 | style="text-align:right;" |136 | [[Trang, Thailand|Trang]] | TRG | TH-92 | TH65 |- | [[File:Seal Trat.png|20px]] | {{flag|Trat}} | {{lang|th|ตราด}} | style="text-align:right;" |218,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,866 | style="text-align:right;" |78 | [[Trat]] | TRT | TH-23 | TH49 |- | [[File:Seal Ubon Ratchathani.png|20px]] | {{flag|Ubon Ratchathani}} | {{lang|th|อุบลราชธานี}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,903,000 | style="text-align:right;" |15,626 | style="text-align:right;" |120 | [[Distrik Mueang Ubon Ratchathani|Mueang Ubon Ratchathani]] | UBN | TH-34 | TH75 |- | [[File:Seal Udon Thani.png|20px]] | {{flag|Udon Thani}} | {{lang|th|อุดรธานี}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,608,000 | style="text-align:right;" |11,072 | style="text-align:right;" |143 | [[Udon Thani]] | UDN | TH-41 | TH76 |- | [[File:Seal Uthaithani.png|20px]] | {{flag|Uthai Thani}} | {{lang|th|อุทัยธานี}} | style="text-align:right;" |342,000 | style="text-align:right;" |6,647 | style="text-align:right;" |50 | [[Uthai Thani]] | UTI | TH-61 | TH15 |- | [[File:Seal Uttaradit.png|20px]] | {{flag|Uttaradit}} | {{lang|th|อุตรดิตถ์}} | style="text-align:right;" |470,000 | style="text-align:right;" |7,906 | style="text-align:right;" |58 | [[Uttaradit]] | UTD | TH-53 | TH10 |- | [[File:Seal Yala.png|20px]] | {{flag|Yala}} | {{lang|th|ยะลา}} | style="text-align:right;" |523,000 | style="text-align:right;" |4,476 | style="text-align:right;" |119 | [[Yala, Thailand|Yala]] | YLA | TH-95 | TH70 |- | [[File:Seal of Yasothon Province.png|20px]] | {{flag|Yasothon}} | {{lang|th|ยโสธร}} | style="text-align:right;" |575,000 | style="text-align:right;" |4,131 | style="text-align:right;" |130 | [[Yasothon]] | YST | TH-35 | TH72 |} * Total populasi Thailand inggih punika 67,592,000 per Désémber 2022.<ref name="TDD" /> * Total jimbar daratan Thailand inggih punika 517,646&nbsp;km² ring 2013.<ref name="RFD" /> * HS – Sistem Deskripsi miwah Pengkodean Komoditas sané Kaharmonisasiyang. * Kode FIPS kagentosin ring tanggal 31 Désémber 2014 sareng ISO 3166. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{Propinsi ring Thailand}} [[Kategori:Propinsi ring Thailand| ]] 3zxz3pqsw4khox9gqgjrg6667w50l42 0 61882 282158 281158 2026-09-21T19:11:41Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260921sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 282158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox spesies | color = {{Tc2|virus}} | item = Q374232 | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = * '''''Human immunodeficiency virus 1''''' * '''''Human immunodeficiency virus 2''''' }} {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | Name = International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Codes | ICD10 = B20-B24 | ICD9 = {{ICD9|042}}-{{ICD9|044}} }} '''Virus defisiensi imun manusa''' ( '''HIV''' ) inggih punika kalih spesies ''[[Lentivirus]]'' (subkelompok [[retrovirus]] ) sane ngrangsang manusa. Kasuen-suen, ipun ngawinang [[AIDS|sindrom imunodefisiensi akuisisi]] (AIDS), <ref name="pmid8493571">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Weiss RA|date=May 1993|title=How does HIV cause AIDS?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1993-05-28_260_5112/page/1273|journal=Science|volume=260|issue=5112|pages=1273–9|bibcode=1993Sci...260.1273W|doi=10.1126/science.8493571|pmid=8493571}}</ref> <ref name="pmid18947296">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Douek DC, Roederer M, Koup RA|year=2009|title=Emerging Concepts in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS|journal=Annual Review of Medicine|volume=60|pages=471–84|doi=10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549|pmc=2716400|pmid=18947296}}</ref> kahanan ring dija kegagalan progresif [[Immune system|sistem kekebalan]] ngawinang [[Opportunistic infection|infeksi oportunistik sane]] ngawinang idup lan [[Cancer|kanker]] prasida nglimbak. <ref name="pmid27611681">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Powell MK, Benková K, Selinger P, Dogoši M, Kinkorová Luňáčková I, Koutníková H, Laštíková J, Roubíčková A, Špůrková Z, Laclová L, Eis V, Šach J, Heneberg P|year=2016|title=Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients Differ Strongly in Frequencies and Spectra between Patients with Low CD4+ Cell Counts Examined Postmortem and Compensated Patients Examined Antemortem Irrespective of the HAART Era|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=9|pages=e0162704|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1162704P|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162704|pmc=5017746|pmid=27611681|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tan wenten tamba, rata-rata galah idup sesampun keni infeksi HIV kakenehang 9 ngantos 11 warsa, manut ring [[Subtypes of HIV|subtipe HIV]]. <ref name="UNAIDS2007">{{Cite web|url=https://data.unaids.org/pub/epislides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf#page16|title=2007 AIDS epidemic update|last=UNAIDS|last2=WHO|date=December 2007|page=16}}</ref> Ring makudang-kudang kasus, HIV inggih punika [[Sexually transmitted infection|infeksi sane katular saking hubungan seksual]] lan [[HIV/AIDS#Transmission|mamargi]] antuk kontak utawi transfer [[getih]], [[Pre-ejaculate|pra-ejakulasi]], [[Semen|mani]], lan [[Vaginal lubrication|cairan vagina]]. <ref name="PARTNER2-2019">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|vauthors=Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, Corbelli GM, Estrada V, Geretti AM, Beloukas A, Raben D, Coll P, Antinori A, Nwokolo N, Rieger A, Prins JM, Blaxhult A, Weber R, Van Eeden A, Brockmeyer NH, Clarke A, Del Romero Guerrero J, Raffi F, Bogner JR, Wandeler G, Gerstoft J, Gutiérrez F, Brinkman K, Kitchen M, Ostergaard L, Leon A, Ristola M, Jessen H, Stellbrink HJ, Phillips AN, Lundgren J|date=June 2019|title=Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study|journal=Lancet|volume=393|issue=10189|pages=2428–2438|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0|pmc=6584382|pmid=31056293|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Fauci-JAMA">{{Cite journal|author-link3=Anthony S. Fauci|vauthors=Eisinger RW, Dieffenbach CW, Fauci AS|date=February 2019|title=HIV Viral Load and Transmissibility of HIV Infection: Undetectable Equals Untransmittable|url=https://archive.org/details/jama_2019-02-05_321_5/page/451|journal=JAMA|volume=321|issue=5|pages=451–452|doi=10.1001/jama.2018.21167|pmid=30629090}}</ref> Transmisi non-seksual prasida mamargi saking ibu sane keni infeksi majeng ring bayinyane rikala [[Beling|mobot]], rikala [[Childbirth|ngembasang]] antuk paparan getih utawi cairan vagina, lan malarapan antuk [[Breast milk|ASI]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mabuka J, Nduati R, Odem-Davis K, Peterson D, Overbaugh J|year=2012|title=HIV-Specific Antibodies Capable of ADCC Are Common in Breastmilk and Are Associated with Reduced Risk of Transmission in Women with High Viral Loads|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=8|issue=6|pages=e1002739|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002739|pmc=3375288|pmid=22719248|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Anthropology and public health : bridging differences in culture and society|url=https://archive.org/details/anthropologypubl0000unse_v3c8|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537464-3|veditors=Hahn RA, Inhorn MC|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anthropologypubl0000unse_v3c8/page/449 449]|oclc=192042314}}</ref> <ref name="Mead">{{Cite journal|last=Mead MN|year=2008|title=Contaminants in human milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding|url=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/116-10/focus.html|url-status=dead|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=116|issue=10|pages=A426–34|doi=10.1289/ehp.116-a426|pmc=2569122|pmid=18941560|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106182431/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/116-10/focus.html|archive-date=6 November 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{citation-attribution|{{cite web|url=https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv|title=Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV|website=HIV.gov|access-date=2017-12-08|date=2017-05-15}}}}</ref> Ring tengahing cairan ring angga puniki, HIV wénten pinaka partikel [[virus]] bebas miwah virus ring tengahing [[White blood cell|sel imun]] sané keni infeksi. Penelitian sampun nyihnayang (majeng ring pasangan sesama jenis lan lawan jenis) yening HIV nenten nular rikalaning ngamargiang hubungan seksual tanpa kondom yening pasangan HIV positif madue [[Viral load monitoring for HIV|beban virus]] sane nenten prasida kadeteksi secara konsisten. <ref name="PARTNER2-2019" /> <ref name="Fauci-JAMA" /> HIV nglimbakang sel-sel vital ring sistem kekebalan manusa, sekadi sel-sel T pembantu (utamané sel-sel [[CD4]]+ T), [[Macrophage|makrofag]], miwah sel-[[Dendritic cell|sel dendritik]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cunningham AL, Donaghy H, Harman AN, Kim M, Turville SG|date=August 2010|title=Manipulation of dendritic cell function by viruses|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=524–9|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2010.06.002|pmid=20598938}}</ref> Infeksi HIV ngawinang tingkat sel T CD4+ sané nénten becik antuk makudang-kudang mekanisme, minakadi piroptosa sel T sané keni infeksi aborsi,<ref name="pmid24356306">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|vauthors=Doitsh G, Galloway NL, Geng X, Yang Z, Monroe KM, Zepeda O, Hunt PW, Hatano H, Sowinski S, Muñoz-Arias I, Greene WC|date=January 2014|title=Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection|journal=Nature|volume=505|issue=7484|pages=509–14|bibcode=2014Natur.505..509D|doi=10.1038/nature12940|pmc=4047036|pmid=24356306}}</ref> [[apoptosis]] sel sané nénten keni infeksi,<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Garg H, Mohl J, Joshi A|date=November 2012|title=HIV-1 induced bystander apoptosis|journal=Viruses|volume=4|issue=11|pages=3020–43|doi=10.3390/v4113020|pmc=3509682|pmid=23202514|doi-access=free}}</ref> matembung virus langsung saking sel sané keni infeksi, miwah matembung sel T CD 4+ sané keni infeksi olih limfosit sitotoksik CD8+ sané ngamolihang sel sané keni virus.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jheBzf17C7YC&pg=PA147|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|vauthors=Kumar V|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4557-3787-1|edition=9th|pages=147}}</ref> Rikala wilangan sel T CD4 + nincap ring sor tingkat kritis, imunitas sel-mediated ical, miwah awak sayan sayan prasida keni infeksi oportunistik, sané ngawinang panglimbak AIDS. {{TOC limit|3}} == Cingak taler == * [[Antiviral drug|Tamba antivirus]] * [[Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors|Penemuan lan panglimbak penghambat HIV-protease]] * [[HIV/AIDS denialism|Penolakan HIV/AIDS]] * [[HIVToolbox|Kotak Piranti HIV]] * [[Rahina AIDS Sajagat|Rahina AIDS ring jagate]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Taxonbar}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Sane ngawinang padem sarwa maurip]] [[Kategori:HIV/AIDS]] a135571hkhmgyaxyllsv5f9ak5tjide 0 62842 282162 234055 2026-09-21T20:23:16Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260921sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 282162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Pinakit ginjal|synonyms=Penyakit ginjal, nefropati|image=Kidney – acute cortical necrosis.jpg|caption=Spesimen ginjal patologis nyihnayang pucat korteks sane kacihnayang, mabinayan sareng area sane peteng ring jaringan medulla sane kantun maurip. Pasien punika padem antuk [[luka ginjal akut]].|pronounce=|field=|symptoms=|complications=[[Uremia]], [[padem]]|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=|deaths=}} '''Pinakit ginjal''', utawi '''penyakit ginjal''', secara teknis kasengguh '''nefropati''', inggih punika karusakan utawi [[Disease|penyakit]] [[Kidney|ginjal]] . [[Nephritis|Nefritis]] inggih punika penyakit ginjal [[Inflammation|sane meradang]] lan madue makudang-kudang soroh manut ring genah radang punika. Inflamasi prasida kadiagnosis antuk [[tes getih]] . [[Nephrosis|Nefrosis]] inggih punika penyakit ginjal sane nenten inflamasi. Nefritis lan nefrosis prasida ngawinang [[Nephritic syndrome|sindrom nefritis]] lan [[Nephrotic syndrome|sindrom nefrotik]] soang-soang. Penyakit ginjal biasane ngawinang ilangnyane [[Assessment of kidney function|fungsi ginjal]] kantos makudang-kudang derajat lan prasida ngawinang [[gagal ginjal]], ilangnyane fungsi ginjal sane jangkep. Gagal ginjal puniki kaloktah dados tahap pamuput saking penyakit ginjal, ring dija [[Kidney dialysis|dialisis]] utawi [[Kidney transplantation|transplantasi ginjal]] wantah pilihan pengobatan sane asiki. [[Chronic kidney disease|Penyakit ginjal kronis]] kategesang pinaka kelainan ginjal sane berkepanjangan (sifat fungsional lan/utawi struktural) sane berlangsung langkungan saking tigang sasih. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Kun Hyung|last2=Lee|first2=Myeong Soo|last3=Kim|first3=Tae-Hun|last4=Kang|first4=Jung Won|last5=Choi|first5=Tae-Young|last6=Lee|first6=Jae Dong|date=2016-06-28|title=Acupuncture and related interventions for symptoms of chronic kidney disease|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2016|issue=6|pages=CD009440|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009440.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmc=8406453|pmid=27349639}}</ref> Penyakit ginjal akut mangkin kasengguh [[Acute kidney injury|tatu ginjal akut]] lan kacihnayang antuk fungsi ginjal sane nadak kirang salami pitung rahina. Tingkat penyakit ginjal kronis miwah kepatian sampun nincap, mapaiketan sareng nincapnyane prevalensi diabetes miwah populasi global sane sayan tua. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Imai|first=Enyu|last2=Matsuo|first2=Seiichi|date=2008-06-28|title=Chronic kidney disease in Asia|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)60928-9/abstract|journal=The Lancet|volume=371|issue=9631|pages=2147–2148|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60928-9|pmid=18586155|url-access=subscription|access-date=2024-08-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=James|first=Matthew T|last2=Hemmelgarn|first2=Brenda R|last3=Tonelli|first3=Marcello|date=2010-04-10|title=Early recognition and prevention of chronic kidney disease|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673609620043|journal=The Lancet|volume=375|issue=9722|pages=1296–1309|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62004-3|pmid=20382326|url-access=subscription|access-date=2024-08-12}}</ref> [[Organisasi Kakénakan Gumi|Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] sampun nglaporang indik "penyakit ginjal sampun nincap saking sane ngawinang padem kaping sia ngolas ring jagate kantos kaping sia, antuk akehnyane sane padem nincap 95% pantaraning warsa 2000 kantos 2021." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|title=The top 10 causes of death|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2024-08-12}}</ref> Ring Amerika Serikat, prevalensi sampun nincap saking sawatara siki saking kutus ring warsa 2007, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coresh|first=Josef|last2=Selvin|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Stevens|first3=Lesley A.|last4=Manzi|first4=Jane|last5=Kusek|first5=John W.|last6=Eggers|first6=Paul|last7=Van Lente|first7=Frederick|last8=Levey|first8=Andrew S.|date=2007-11-07|title=Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/jama_2007-11-07_298_17/page/2038|journal=JAMA|volume=298|issue=17|pages=2038–2047|doi=10.1001/jama.298.17.2038|issn=1538-3598|pmid=17986697|doi-access=}}</ref> dados siki saking pitu ring warsa 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/php/data-research/|title=Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023|date=2024-05-15|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2024-08-12}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Hematologic Diseases Information Service|Layanan Informasi Penyakit Hematologis]] * [[Mesoamerican nephropathy|Nefropati Mesoamerika]], inggih punika penyakit ginjal kronis sane enigmatis ring Amerika Tengah . * [[Protein toxicity|Toksisitas protein]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=|ICD10={{ICD10|N|00||n|00}}- {{ICD10|N|29||n|29}}|ICD9=|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=D007674}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Pinakit ginjal]] [[Kategori:Natah sané nganggén div col antuk parameter alit]] l14eqj2t8latdw31b22nll2glm7jgi2 3 68263 282167 248186 2026-09-22T06:22:40Z S.Marchenko 107437 S.Marchenko ngingsirang kaca [[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Fotrus]] nuju [[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:IRAN]]: Secara otomatis memindahkan halaman ketika mengganti nama pengguna "[[Special:CentralAuth/Fotrus|Fotrus]]" menjadi "[[Special:CentralAuth/IRAN|IRAN]]" 248186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Rahajeng rauh}} jicot1awoylfbm515w6rwiy9t5l62on 0 69295 282163 280167 2026-09-21T20:45:58Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260921sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 282163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambiginfo}} {{short description|Organ fotosintetik saking tetanduran vaskulartl}} [[Berkas:Leaf Varieties (15 sp).png|jmpl|300px|Soroh don]] '''Don''' (singgih: '''ron''') inggih punika lampiran utama saking [[carang entik-entikan|carang]] saking [[entik-entikan vascular]],{{sfn|Esau|2006}} katahnyané katanggung ring sisi ring baduur tanah miwah khusus ring [[photosintésis]]. Don-donan punika sekadi ring "don masa taas".{{sfn|Haupt|1953}}{{sfn|Mauseth|2009}} sedeng don, bongkol, [[sekar]], lan [[woh]] kolektif ngawentuk sistem [[Cepikan (botani)|cepikan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_S/dictionary_shoot_system.htm |title=Shoot system |date=n.d. |website=Dictionary of botanic terminology |publisher=Cactus Art Nursery |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504055224/https://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_S/dictionary_shoot_system.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Ring akéhnyané don, [[Jaringan (biologi)|jaringan]] [[Photosintésis|photosintésis]] utama inggih punika [[mésophil palisade]] lan magenah ring sisi baduur bilah utawi lamina don,{{sfn|Esau|2006}} sakémanten ring makudang spésiés, rumasuk dondonan wayah ''[[Eucalyptus]]'',{{sfn|James et al|1999}} palisade mesofil wénten ring kalih sisi lan donnyané kabaos isobilateral. Don inggih punika pahan sane nénten prasida kapalasang saking sistem bongkol, lan akéhan don sané rata lan madué pamukaan duur ([[Paistilah botani#adaksial|adaksial]]) lan sor ([[Paistilah botani#abaksial|abaksial]]) sané mabinayan ring pamukaan sané mabinayan ring warna, [[Trikoma|tanpa rambut]], akéh [[stomata]] (gas ngerajing tur medal), akéh lan struktur [[lilin epikutikula]], saha fitur sané lianan. Don-donan katahan mawarna ijo santukan wénten senyawa sané mawasta [[klorophil]] sané mabuat pisan ring photosintésis santukan nyerep energi sinar saking [[Surya]]. Don sane madué warna sané terang utawi putih sisinyané kawastanin [[Variegasi|don sané mawarna-warni]]. Donnyané mabinayan ring wangun, agengné, tekstur lan warnannyané, manut ring spésiés Don sane jimbar, rata antuk kompléks [[#Venasi|venasi]] saking [[entik masekar]] kauningin pinaka ''mégaphil'' lan spésiés sané ngamong ipun (mayoritas) pinaka dados don sané jimbar utawi [[euphyllophyte|megafil]], [[akrogimnospérma]] miwah [[pakis]] sané wénten ring. Ring [[lycopods]], antuk wit evolusi sané matiosan, donnyané sederana (wantah madué uat asiki) miwah kasengguh ''mikrophil''.{{sfn|Stewart|Rothwell|1993}} Wenten don, sakadi [[bulb]] sisik, nenten wenten ring baduur tanah. Ring akeh spesies ring toya, donnyan4 kacemplungang ring toya. [[Entikan Sukulen|Sukulen]] entik-entikan sering madué don sané tebel, sakéwanten makudang-kudang don nénten madué fungsi photosintésis utama miwah minab sampun padem rikala sampun wayah, sekadi ring makudang-kudang [[kataphil]] miwah [[Tanduk, duwi, miwah tuwed|duwi]]. Selanturnyané, makudang-kudang soroh struktur sekadi don sané kapanggihin ring entik-entikan vaskular nénten ja samian homolog sareng ipun. Contonyané minakadi carang entik-entikan sané rata sané kawastanin [[philoklad]] miwah [[wikt:kladoda|kladoda]], miwah carang don sané rata sané kawastanin [[Petiole (botani)|philoda]] sané matiosan saking don becik ring struktur miwah witnyané.{{sfn|Mauseth|2009}}{{sfn|Cooney-Sovetts|Sattler|1987}} Makudang-kudang struktur entik-entikan ten-vaskular kanten miwah maguna sekadi don. Contonyané minakadi [[Glosarium paistilah botani#philid|philid]] saking [[lumut]] miwah [[lumut ati]]. == Morfologi == [[Berkas:Lisc lipy.jpg|jmpl|Daun ''[[Tilia tomentosa]]'' (Pohon jeruk nipis perak)]] [[Berkas:Leaf, Bud, and Stem Diagram.svg|jmpl|Diagram daun sederhana. {{ordered list | Ujung daun | Tulang daun utama (Midvein) | Tulang daun sekunder. | Helaian daun (Lamina). | Tepi daun | Tangkai daun | Kuncup | Ranting }}]] [[Berkas:Diagramed parts of leaves.svg|jmpl|Atas dan kanan: Staghorn Sumac, ''Rhus typhina'' (Daun majemuk) <br/> Bawah: Skunk Cabbage, ''Symplocarpus foetidus'' (Daun sederhana)<br/> 1. Ujung daun <br/> 2. Tulang daun utama<br/> 3. Tulang daun sekunder<br/> 4. Lamina<br/> 5. Tepi daun<br/> 6. Tangkai daun]] {{Cingak malih|Morpologi don}} == Pustaka == {{reflist}} == Bibliograpi == {{refbegin|30em}} === Buku miwah bab === * {{cite book |last1=Arber |first1=Agnes |author-link=Agnes Arber |title=The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dvc8AAAAIAAJ |date=1950 |publisher=[[CUP Archive]] |id=GGKEY:HCBB8RZREL4}} * {{cite book |last=Bayer |first=M. B. |title=The New Haworthia Handbook |publisher=[[National Botanic Gardens of South Africa]] |location=Kirstenbosch |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-620-05632-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgQmAQAAMAAJ |access-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906232414/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgQmAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Berg |first=Linda |title=Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment, Media Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu5sCgAAQBAJ |date=March 23, 2007 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-111-79426-2}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Cullen |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Knees |editor2-first=Sabina G. |editor3-last=Cubey |editor3-first=H. 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|access-date=March 9, 2017 |date=November 2007 |archive-date=February 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226150100/http://anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/peakey/key/The%20Pea%20Key/Media/Html/index.html |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |last1=Kranz |first1=Laura |title=The Vein Patterns of Leaves |url=http://lauraakranz.com/vein-patterns-leaves/ |format=Drawings |access-date=March 5, 2017 |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033751/http://lauraakranz.com/vein-patterns-leaves/ |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |last1=Massey |first1=Jimmy R. |last2=Murphy |first2=James C. |title=Vascular plant systematics |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/ |website=NC Botnet |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |access-date=January 19, 2016 |date=1996 |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117025929/http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/ |url-status=live}} ** {{cite web |title=Leaves 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303044642/http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/sdpls/ |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |title=Florissant Fossil Beds Leaf Key |url=https://www.nps.gov/flfo/learn/education/upload/PlantPackage.pdf |website=[[Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument]] |publisher=[[National Park Service]], [[US Department of the Interior]] |access-date=February 16, 2017 |ref={{harvid|Florissant Leaf Key|2016}} |archive-date=February 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216150109/https://www.nps.gov/flfo/learn/education/upload/PlantPackage.pdf }} * {{cite web |title=Plant Database |url=https://plantdatabase.kpu.ca/plant/search.gsp |publisher=School of Horticulture, [[Kwantlen Polytechnic University]] |access-date=March 9, 2017 |date=2015 |ref={{harvid|Kwantlen|2015}} |archive-date=September 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921023245/http://plantdatabase.kpu.ca/plant/search.gsp }} * {{cite web |title=Angiosperm Morphology |url=http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/angiosperm-morphology/angiosperm-morphologyindex.php |publisher=TutorVista |date=2017 |ref={{harvid|Angiosperm Morphology|2017}} |access-date=March 9, 2017 |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621215228/http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/angiosperm-morphology/angiosperm-morphologyindex.php }} ;Glossaries * {{cite web |last1=Hughes |first1=Colin |title=The virtual field herbarium |url=http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/about/ |publisher=[[Oxford University Herbaria]] |access-date=March 4, 2017 |ref={{harvid|Hughes|2017}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113254/http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/about/ |archive-date=March 5, 2017 }} ** {{cite web |title=Plant Characteristics |url=http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?glossary=show |access-date=March 4, 2017 |format=Glossary |ref={{harvid|Oxford herbaria glossary|2017}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034525/http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?glossary=show |archive-date=March 5, 2017 }}, in {{harvtxt|Hughes|2017}} * {{cite web |title=Glossary of botanical terms |url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm#P |website=Neotropikey |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=February 18, 2017 |ref={{harvid|Neotropikey|2017}} |archive-date=January 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121214009/http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm#P |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |title=Illustrated glossary of leaf shapes |url=http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/education/images/GlossaryLeafShapes.pdf |publisher=Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]], University of Florida |access-date=January 8, 2020 |date=2009 |archive-date=January 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110130658/http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/education/images/GlossaryLeafShapes.pdf |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |title=Leafshapes |url=https://www.donsgarden.co.uk/leafshapes/ |website=Donsgarden |access-date=January 9, 2020 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204160841/http://www.donsgarden.co.uk/leafshapes }} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{commons}} * {{commons category-inline|Leaves}} * {{wiktionary-inline|leaf}} * {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Leaves|author=[[Ernest Ingersoll]] |short=x}} * [http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/biology/plants/transpiration.html Science aid: Leaf] Leaf structure and transpiration resource for teens. {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Anatomi tumbuhan]] [[Kategori:Morfologi tumbuhan]] [[Kategori:Fisiologi tumbuhan]] etqmkt5rxjmicxshv8x31ke0f6gp4zk 0 82087 282173 281912 2026-09-22T11:41:23Z Angayubagia 6 282173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Amiens |commune status = [[Prefektur di Prancis|Prefektur]] dan [[Komune di Prancis|komune]] |image coat of arms = Blason fr ville Amiens.svg |image = 0 Amiens - Place du Don - Cathédrale (1).JPG |caption = Pusat kota dengan [[Katedral Amiens]] yang juga tampak |arrondissement = Amiens |canton = [[Canton of Amiens-1|Amiens-1]], [[Canton of Amiens-2|2]], [[Canton of Amiens-3|3]], [[Canton of Amiens-4|4]], [[Canton of Amiens-5|5]], [[Canton of Amiens-6|6]], dan [[Canton of Amiens-7|7]] |INSEE = 80021 |postal code = 80000 |mayor = Brigitte Fouré<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération Amiens Métropole|Amiens Métropole]] |coordinates = {{coord|49.892|2.299|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 33 |elevation min m = 14 |elevation max m = 106 |area km2 = 49.46 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} |urban pop = 163876 |urban pop date = 2017 |metro area pop = 387 354 |metro area pop date = 2018 |map = Amiens OSM 01.png }} '''Amiens''' (<small>English:</small> {{IPAc-en||æ|ˈ|m|j|æ̃}}<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Amiens|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> <small>or</small> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|i|ə|n|z}} {{respell|AM|ee|ənz}};<ref>{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Amiens}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|amjɛ̃|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Amiens.wav}}; {{langx|pcd|Anmien}}, {{lang|pcd|Anmiens}} utawi {{lang|pcd|Anmyin}}) inggih punika satunggil [[Komune ring Prancis|komune]] ring sisi kalér Prancis, magenah {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} sikalér [[Paris]] tur {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} sikelod kauh [[Lille]]. Sareng 136,449 penduduk (2023),<ref name="pophis" /> ipun inggih punika [[Préféktur ring France|préféktur]] saking [[Departmén ring Prancis|departmén]] [[Somme (departmén)|Somme]] ring [[Region ring Prancis|region]] [[Hauts-de-France]]. Tengara pusat kota inggih punika [[Katedral Amiens]], [[Katedral Gotik]] sane pinih ageng ring Prancis. Amiens taler madué silih sinunggil rumah sakit universitas sané pinih ageng ring Prancis, sané kapasitasnyané 1.200 genah sirep. Panyurat [[Jules Verne]] meneng ring Amiens saking warsa 1871 ngantos séda ring warsa 1905, lan ngayah ring déwan kota salami 15 warsa. Amiens inggih punika genah embasnyané présidén Prancis sané mangkin [[Emmanuel Macron]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota ring Prancis]] [[Kategori:Komune ring Somme]] [[Kategori:Komune ring Prancis]] {{Prancis-geo-stub}} kem7hep9mmuxbfxk0x8jp6aj04xpu3x 0 82119 282178 281951 2026-09-22T11:46:56Z Angayubagia 6 Ngalihang kaca nuju [[Rijswijk]] 282178 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH[[Rijswijk]] ivrg9n8z8mmgl9lymek5a9ngmk3xf4b 0 82191 282171 282145 2026-09-22T11:33:50Z Angayubagia 6 282171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Album infobox |Name=Safa |Type=studio |Artist=[[Siti Nurhaliza]] |Cover= |Released={{start date|2001|01|11}} |Recorded=[[April]] – [[Désémber]] [[2000]] |Genre=[[Musik pop|Pop]] |Length=45:52 |Producer=[[Adnan Abu Hassan]], Zulkifli Majid, Helan Yap,<br /> Azmeer, [[Pak Ngah]], Ahmad Izham Omar,<br /> Ajai, Wong & Aubrey Suwito |Label=Suria Records |Last album=''[[Sahmura]]''<br />(2000) |This album=''Safa''<br />(2001) |Next album=''[[Sanggar Mustika]]''<br />(2002) }} '''''Safa''''' inggih punika album studio [[Siti Nurhaliza]] sane kaping pitu. Album puniki kamedalang ring tanggal [[11 Januari]] [[2001]], ngranjing ring wanti warsa Siti sane kaping 22. == Daftar trek == # '''Azimat Cinta'''<br>Senilagu: [[Adnan Abu Hassan]]<br>Senikata: Hazida # '''Bicara Manis Menghiris Kalbu'''<br>Senilagu: Aiman<br>Senikata: Lukhman S. # '''Jalinan Cinta'''<br>Senilagu: Helen Yap<br>Senikata: [[Siti Nurhaliza]] / Haslan # '''Milikmu Teristimewa'''<br>Senilagu: Azmeer<br>Senikata: Habsah Hassan # '''Indah Percintaan'''<br>Senilagu: Nyzar<br>Senikata: M. Zulkifli # '''Kudus Sinarmu'''<br>Senilagu: [[Pak Ngah]]<br>Senikata: Ce'Kem # '''Kau Ku Sayang'''<br>Senilagu & Senikata: Pot # '''Percayalah'''<br>Senilagu: Ajai<br>Senikata: [[Siti Nurhaliza]] # '''Lakaran Kehidupan'''<br>Senilagu: Mat SW.<br>Senikata: [[Siti Nurhaliza]] # '''Beradu di Khayalan'''<br>Senilagu: Aubrey Suwito<br>Senikata: Tisya {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Album]] [[Kategori:Siti Nurhaliza]] e0vq7asb4m1rztgb1bmdnzrahtkr9ms 0 82193 282172 282148 2026-09-22T11:37:09Z Angayubagia 6 282172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Stadium | stadium_name = Stadion Clementi | image = Clementi Stadium.jpg | caption = Pertandingan Home United melawan [[Brunei DPMM FC]] | fullname = Stadion Clementi | location = Clementi | coordinates = {{coord|1.309845|103.763015|format=dms|type:landmark_scale:3000}} | broke_ground = | built = | opened = {{Start date|1983|4|1}} | renovated = | expanded = | closed = | demolished = | owner = | operator = [[Dewan Olahraga Singapura]] | surface = Rumput | scoreboard = | construction_cost = | architect = | structural engineer = | services engineer = | general_contractor = | project_manager = | main_contractors = | capacity = 4.000 | suites = | record_attendance = | dimensions = | acreage = | tenants = [[Tanjong Pagar United FC]] ([[S.League]]) 2003- | website = }} '''Stadion Clementi''' inggih punika stadion multiguna sane magenah ring [[Clementi, Singapura|Clementi]], [[Singapura]]. Punika madue kapasitas genah malinggih 4.000 diri. Punika kakelola olih [[Dewan Olahraga Singapura]], sane ngambil alih ring tanggal 21 Februari 1983, lan kabungkah majeng ring krama ring tanggal 1 April warsa sane pateh. Sane mangkin dados lapangan asal [[United FC]]. Antuk musim [[S.League]] sane mangkin, Stadion Clementi pinaka lapangan umah [[Tanjong Pagar United FC]]. Rapat sadurung [[Pemilu Umum Singapura 2011]] olih [[Partai Reformasi (Singapura)]] kamargiang iriki. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Stadion sepak bola di Singapura]] {{Stadion-stub}} q3jg73hh7nb4sy2gtxxbllcjdkdnx4z 0 82194 282170 282150 2026-09-22T11:33:15Z Angayubagia 6 282170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Album infobox | Name = E.M.A.S | Type = Studio | Artist = [[Siti Nurhaliza]] | Cover = | Released = {{start date|2003|03|3}} | Recorded = [[2002]]–[[2003]] | Genre = [[Musik pop|Pop]] | Length = | Label = Suria Records | Producer = Tan Su Loke <small>(Executive producer)</small>, Aubrey Suwito, Helen Yap,<br /> Zulkefli Majid, Aidit Alfian, Azmeer, Zuraini, Julfekar,<br /> Ajai & Wong <ref name="Siti">{{Cite web |url=http://www.freewebs.com/albumsiti/audiocd.htm |title=Situs freewebs |access-date=21 Séptémber 2026 |archive-date=20 Méi 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520234748/http://www.freewebs.com/albumsiti/audiocd.htm}}</ref> |Last album=''[[Sanggar Mustika]]''<br />(2002) |This album=''E.M.A.S''<br />(2003) |Next album=''[[Anugerah Aidilfitri]]''<br />(2003) }} '''''E.M.A.S''''' (Edaran Muzik Aspirasi Semasa) inggih punika album studio [[Siti Nurhaliza]] sane kaping sia sane kamedalang ring warsa [[2003]] miwah dados album sane pinih becik ring warsa [[2004]] ring [[Malaysia]]. == Daftar trek == # '''Bukan Cinta Biasa'''<br>Senilagu & Senikata: Dewiq/[[Siti Nurhaliza]] # '''Debaran Cinta'''<br>Senilagu: Zuriani<br>Senikata: Faridah Abdul Razak / [[Siti Nurhaliza]] # '''Untuk Selamanya'''<br>Senilagu: Julfekar / Rashid S.<br>Senikata: Rashid S. / Julfekar # '''Ku Yakini'''<br>Senilagu: Helen Yap<br>Senikata: [[Siti Nurhaliza]] # '''Oda Bumi Anbia'''<br>Senilagu: Mat SW.<br>Senikata: Ad Samad # '''Janji Kasih'''<br>Senilagu: Aidit Alfian<br>Senikata: [[Siti Nurhaliza]] # '''Sebenar Cinta'''<br>Senilagu: Ajai<br>Senikata: [[Siti Nurhaliza]] # '''Air Mata Ibu'''<br>Senilagu: Aiman<br>Senikata: Ad Samad / Tanty # '''Ku Milikmu'''<br>Senilagu: Zuriani<br>Senikata: M. Zulkifli / [[Siti Nurhaliza]] # '''Di Sini Ku Berjanji'''<br>Senilagu: Azmeer<br>Senikata: Senibayan == Reperensi == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Album]] [[Kategori:Siti Nurhaliza]] 5mc0owch3ozdwwlm0nzbydu30obty9q 0 82196 282169 282152 2026-09-22T11:32:33Z Angayubagia 6 282169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Album infobox |Name=Prasasti Seni |Type=studio |Artist=[[Siti Nurhaliza]] |Cover= |Released={{start date|2004|04|12}} |Recorded=[[2003]]–[[2004]] |Genre=[[Musik pop|Pop]] |Length=54:38 |Producer=Tan Su Loke (eksekutif)<br /> Edwin Tan (penolong eksekutif)<br /> Aidit Alfian<br />Zuriani<br />Iman Wan<br />Andy Flop Poppy<br />Ajai<br />Yasin<br />Mohar<br />Along Exists<br />Helen Yap<br />Pongky Jikustik<br />Aubrey Suwito |Label=Suria Records |Last album=''[[Anugerah Aidilfitri]]''<br />(2003) |This album='''''Prasasti Seni'''''<br />(2004) |Next album=''Transkripsi''<br />(2006) }} '''''Prasasti Seni''''' inggih punika album studio [[Siti Nurhaliza]] sane kaping solas sane kamedalang ring tanggal [[12 April]] [[2004]]. == Lis gending == # '''Introduksi Siti''' # '''Dialah di Hati'''<br>Senilagu: Aidit Alfian<br>Senikata: Habsah Hassan # '''Pendirianku'''<br>Senilagu: Zuriani<br>Senikata: M. Zulkifli # '''Cinta Tak Berganti'''<br>Senilagu: Iman Wan<br>Senikata: [[Siti Nurhaliza]] # '''Cahaya Seribu Liku'''<br>Senilagu: Andy Flop Poppy<br>Senikata: [[Siti Nurhaliza]] / Tanty # '''Hanya Dirimu'''<br>Senilagu: Ajai<br>Senikata: Hani MJ # '''Lagu Rindu'''<br>Senilagu & Senikata: Yasin # '''Sakti'''<br>Senilagu: Mohar<br>Senikata: Loloq # '''Pejam Matamu'''<br>Senilagu: G. Nola<br>Senikata: [[Siti Nurhaliza]] # '''Kembalikan Indah'''<br>Senilagu: Helen Yap<br>Senikata: [[Siti Nurhaliza]] / Slen # '''Ku Menunggu'''<br>Senilagu: Aidit Alfian<br>Senikata: Habsah Hassan # '''Seindah Biasa'''<br>Senilagu & Senikata: Pongky Jikustik # '''Prasasti Seni: Siti''' {{tracklist |music_credits=yes |lyrics_credits=yes |title1=Introduksi Siti |length1=0:38 |title2=Dialah di Hati |music2=Aidit Alfian |lyrics2=Habsah Hassan |length2=4:22 |title3=Pendirianku |music3=Zuriani |lyrics3=[[M. Zulkifli Abdul Jalil|M. Zulkifli]] |length3=3:59 |title4=Cinta Tak Berganti |music4=Iman Wan |lyrics4=Siti Nurhaliza |length4=4:46 |title5=Cahaya Seribu Liku |music5=Andy Flop Poppy |lyrics5=Siti Nurhaliza, Tanty |length5=4:22 |title6=Hanya Dirimu |music6=Ajai |lyrics6=Hani MJ |length6=4:34 |title7=Lagu Rindu |music7=Yasin |lyrics7=Yasin |length7=4:33 |title8=Sakti |music8=Mohar |lyrics8=Loloq |length8=6:26 |title9=Pejam Matamu |music9=G Nola |lyrics9=Siti Nurhaliza |length9=4:52 |title10=Kembalikan Indah |music10=Helen Yap |lyrics10=[[Siti Nurhaliza]], Slen |length10=5:01 |title11=Ku Menunggu |music11=Aidit Alfian |lyrics11=Habsah Hassan |length11=5:00 |title12=Seindah Biasa |music12=[[Pongki Barata|Ponky Jikustik]] |lyrics12=[[Pongki Barata|Ponky Jikustik]] |length12=4:48 |title13=Pasti Seni : Siti |length13=1:17 }} == Produksi == * Penerbit Eksekutif: '''Tan Su Loke''' * Penolong Penerbit Eksekutif: '''Edwin Tan''' * Penerbit: '''Aidit Alfian, Zuriani, Iman Wan, Andy Flop Poppy, Ajai, Yasin, Mohar, Along Exists, Helen Yap, Pongky Jikustik & [[Aubrey Suwito]]''' * Penyelaras Produksi: '''Jason Foo''' * A&R Coordinator: '''Zulkefli Majid''' * Pengurus Promosi: '''Bard''' * Pengurusan Artis: '''[[Siti Nurhaliza Productions|Siti Nurhaliza Productions (M) Sdn Bhd]]''' * Unit Promosi: '''Ariffin, Riz, Rahayu & Sabariah ([[Singapura]])''' * Juru Adun: '''Wong, Vincent & Koh''' * Studio Rakaman: '''Pro Recording Studio (Cheras Perdana)''' * Juru Solek: '''Nurul Syukur''' * Fotografi: '''Bustamam Mokhtar''' * Konsep Cover: '''Rauna Jud (Urban Ad)''' * Mastering: '''Genesis Mastering Lab Sdn Bhd''' * Tajaan pakaian: '''Ong's Collection''' * Tajaan penginapan: '''D'Ark Resort, Janda Baik''' == Penghargaan == '''Anugerah Industri Muzik''' * Persembahan Vokal Terbaik di dalam Album (Wanita) * Susunan Muzik Terbaik Di Dalam Lagu ("Seindah Biasa") '''Hits 1''' * Lagu Paling Popular ("Lagu Rindu") * Tempat Kedua Lagu Terbaik ("Lagu Rindu") * Persembahan Terbaik '''Anugerah Planet Muzik''' * Lagu Paling Popular ("Lagu Rindu") == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == * [http://sitizone.com/sz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=65 SitiZone: Prasasti Seni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126040316/http://sitizone.com/sz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=65 |date=2011-01-26 }} {{Siti Nurhaliza}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Album Siti Nurhaliza]] [[Kategori:Album tahun 2004]] [[Kategori:Album Malaysia tahun 2004]] [[Kategori:Album]] [[Kategori:Siti Nurhaliza]] 8n4aevbli86lo9c6bkofi0oy76c40ir 3 82198 282168 2026-09-22T06:22:40Z S.Marchenko 107437 S.Marchenko ngingsirang kaca [[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:Fotrus]] nuju [[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:IRAN]]: Secara otomatis memindahkan halaman ketika mengganti nama pengguna "[[Special:CentralAuth/Fotrus|Fotrus]]" menjadi "[[Special:CentralAuth/IRAN|IRAN]]" 282168 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé:IRAN]] 35yvxoxrnqk2u2onbrq3pxhs5wohsri 3 82199 282174 2026-09-22T11:42:18Z Angayubagia 6 Ngardi kaca madaging "{{Rahajeng rauh}}" 282174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Rahajeng rauh}} jicot1awoylfbm515w6rwiy9t5l62on 3 82200 282175 2026-09-22T11:42:21Z Angayubagia 6 Ngardi kaca madaging "{{Rahajeng rauh}}" 282175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Rahajeng rauh}} jicot1awoylfbm515w6rwiy9t5l62on 3 82201 282176 2026-09-22T11:42:24Z Angayubagia 6 Ngardi kaca madaging "{{Rahajeng rauh}}" 282176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Rahajeng rauh}} jicot1awoylfbm515w6rwiy9t5l62on