Sproch

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      <text bytes="27286" sha1="d1nwnmbdu1vsz9ns93xby3jeq7g0xx3" xml:space="preserve">[[Datei:Cuneiform script2.png|mini|A [[Keischrift]]]]
[[Datei:Girls learning sign language.jpg|mini|Zwoa [[Deandl]]n untahoidn si mid ana Gebeadnsproch]]

A '''Sproch''' is a komplexes System zua Kommunikation. Es is a System vo Elementn und Regln, de wo dena Midgliedan vo ana Sprochgmoa ois Vastendigung deana.

Es gibt eppa 5.000 - 7.000 Oanzlsprochn (ois Lautsprochn). Des ko aloan deswegn scho ned exakt quantifiziad wean, wei de Untascheidung zwischen Dochsproch und Dialekt oft a Definitionsfrog is und vo bolidischn und andan Umstend obhengt.

Ba de Oanzlsprochn untascheidd ma zwischn natialichn und konstruiadn Sprochn. Natialiche Sproch san im Laf vo da Zeid vo aloan entstandn, wia zan Beispui [[Boarisch]] oda [[Englisch]]. Konstruiade Sprochn san vo [[Mensch]]n plant worn, wia beispuisweis [[Esperanto]] oda [[Klingonisch]]. Plansprochn nennt ma konstruiade Sprochn, de wo da zwischnmenschlichn Kommunikation deana.

Za de konstruiadn Sprochn ghean aa de formain Sprochn, wia zan Beispui de Programmiasprochn.

Weidas ko ma zwischn Lautsprochn und Gebeadnsprochn (Keapasproch) untascheidn.

== Linguistik ==
De Wissnschoft, de wo si mid da Sproch befosst, hoasst ma Linguistik oda Sprochwissnschoft. Es gibt an Hafa Teigebiedt vo da Sprochwissnschoft, de wichtigstn san:
* Oigmoane Linguistik
* Ogwandte Linguistik
* Vagleichade Linguistik
* Historische Linguistik

== Struktua ==
Wann ma Sproch ois symbolische Vastendigung (Kommunikation) affosst, nacha brauchts drei Sochan: Zoachn, Bedeitunga und an Schlissl (Kod, Code), dea wo de Zoachn mid de Bedeitunga vabindt.

=== Semantik ===
Sproch vabindt Zoachn mid ana Bedeitung. Des gschiacht afgrund vo ana soziain Konvention und ned afgrund vo ana niatiali gebanan Bedeitung. Sejchane Zoachn kina Laudt, Grafikn (Buachstobn), Buidl oda Gestn sei.

=== Phonologie und Schrift ===
Sproch ko af a System vo Lautn (Red), Gestn (Gebeadnsproch) oda Grafikn (Schrift) afbaun.

=== Grammatik ===
Grammatik zoagt wia Morpheme, de kloanstn Bedeitungsbaustoana, in ana Sproch za Aussogn kombiniad wean kina. Morpheme kina entweda frei sei, nacha sans ganze Weata, oda bundn, nacha sands Woattei (Affix: Prefix oda Suffix). As boarische Woat ''Sprochwissnschoft'' bsteht beispuisweis aus drei Morphema: sproch, wissen und -schoft. As Reglweak, wo festlegt, wia Sprochbaustoana kombiniad wean kina, nennt ma '''Morphologie'''.

De Regln fia de innare Struktua vo Phrasn und Satzln buidn de '''Syntax'''. A Sotz ko af Funktiona analysiad wean. Im Sotz &quot;De Kindln spuin im Hof&quot; buidn &quot;De Kindln&quot; as Subjekt (Sotzgegnstand), &quot;im Hof&quot; is as Adverbial (Umstandsbstimmung) und &quot;spuin&quot; is as Predikat (Sotzaussog).

=== Typologie ===
Sprochn kina afgrund eanara Grammatik typisiad wean. Beispuisweis noch da Reihnfoige vo Subjekt, Prädikat und Objekt in an noamain indikativn Sotz.

=== Universalien ===
Es gibt Axiome iba Sprochn, de wo recht woarscheinle fia olle Sprochn gejtn. Beispuisweis:
* Sprochn san gleant und net vaeabt
* Sprochn endan si ständig
* Jede menschliche Gmoa hod a Sproch
* Olle Sprochn ham mindastns zwoa Vokale

== De Sproch vo de Viacha ==

Vo Viachasproch redd ma, wann de Vastendigung zwischn Viachan Ehnlichkeitn mid da menschlichn Sproch afweist. Es gibt oba koa Viachasproch, de wo eppa so komplex is ois wia de Menschnsprochn. Wann de Vastendigung vo de Viacha iba ogeborans Vahoidn (Instinkt) oblafft, redd ma in da Regl ned vo ana Sproch.

Ob ma ba [[Viach]]an ibahapts vo ana Sproch redn ko, is umstriddn. Foascha wia da Linguist Charles Hockett moana, dass ma den Menschnsprochn ned mid da Vastendigung unta de Viacha vagleicha kunnt, wei de Komplexitet und Grundprinzipien ned vagleichbor waradn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hockett 1960&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Hockett, Charles F.|year=1960|chapter=Logical considerations in the study of animal communication|title=Animals sounds and animal communication|editor1-first=W.E.|editor1-last=Lanyon|editor2-first=W.N.|editor2-last=Tavolga|pages=392–430|publisher=American Institute of Biological Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da Linguist Thomas A. Sebeok hod deswegn fiagschlogn, dass ma ba da Vastendigung zwischn de Viacha ned vo ana Sproch redn soit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinelli 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Martinelli|first1=Dario|title=Introduction to Zoosemiotics|volume=5|year=2010|pages=1–64|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-9249-6_1|journal=Biosemiotics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Andane Foascha wia da Marc Hauser, da Noam Chomsky und da W. Tecumseh Fitch segn a evolutioneare Kontinuitet zwischn da Viachasproch und da Menschnsproch.&lt;ref name=&quot;hauser_faculty&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author2=Chomsky, Noam | author3=Fitch, W. Tecumseh | url=http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20021122.pdf | title=The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve? | publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science | work=Science | date=22 November 2002 | accessdate=28 March 2014 | author=Hauser, Marc D. | volume=298 | pages=1569–1579 | quote=We argue that an understanding of the faculty of language requires substantial interdisciplinary cooperation. We suggest how current developments in linguistics can be proﬁtably wedded to work in evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience. We submit that a distinction should be made between the faculty of language in the broad sense (FLB)and in the narrow sense (FLN). FLB includes a sensory-motor system, a conceptual-intentional system, and the computational mechanisms for recursion, providing the capacity to generate an inﬁnite range of expressions from a ﬁnite set of elements. We hypothesize that FLN only includes recursion and is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language. We further argue that FLN may have evolved for reasons other than language, hence comparative studies might look for evidence of such computations outside of the domain of communication (for example, number, navigation, and social relations). | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228122250/http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20021122.pdf | archivedate=28 Dezember 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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* {{cite book|last=MacMahon|first=M.K.C.|chapter=Language as available sound:Phonetics|title=An Encyclopedia of Language |editor1-last=Collinge |editor1-first=N.E. |year=1989|publisher=Routledge|location=London:NewYork|ref=}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Matras|editor-first=Yaron|editor2-first=Peter|editor2-last=Bakker| title=The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances |url=https://archive.org/details/mixedlanguagedeb0000unse| location=[[Berlin]] | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | year=2003 | isbn=3-11-017776-5|ref=}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Moseley|editor-first=Christopher| year=2010 | title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, 3rd edition. | location=Paris | publisher=UNESCO Publishing| url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas|ref=}}
* {{cite book|first=B.|last=Nerlich|chapter=History of pragmatics|title=The Pragmatics Encyclopedia|editor=L. Cummings|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=London/New York|pages=192–93|ref=}}
* {{cite book| first=Frederick J. |last=Newmeyer|authorlink=|title=The History of Linguistics| publisher=Linguistic Society of America| year=2005|id=|url=http://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/history-modern-linguistics| isbn=0-415-11553-1|ref=}}
* {{cite book|first=Frederick J.|last=Newmeyer|authorlink=|title=Language Form and Language Function|year=1998|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=MIT Press|url=http://www.isc.cnrs.fr/FN_chapter1.pdf|ref=}} {{Webarchiv|url=http://www.isc.cnrs.fr/FN_chapter1.pdf |wayback=20111216100353 |text=Language Form and Language Function |archiv-bot=2022-03-27 08:39:49 InternetArchiveBot }}
* {{cite book|last=Nichols|first= Johanna |authorlink=|year=1992|title=Linguistic diversity in space and time|url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticdivers0000nich|location= Chicago|publisher= University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-58057-1|ref=}}
* {{cite journal|title=Functional Theories of Grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-anthropology_1984_13/page/97|last=Nichols|first=Johanna|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=13|year=1984|pages=97–117|ref=|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.000525}}
* {{cite journal|first=David R.|last=Olson|year=1996|title=Language and Literacy: what writing does to Language and Mind|journal=Annual Review of Applied Linguistics|volume=16|pages=3–13|doi=10.1017/S0267190500001392|ref=}}
* {{cite book |last=Payne|first=Thomas Edward |title=Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |pages=238–241 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=LC3DfjWfCiwC&amp;pg=PA239&amp;lpg=PA239&amp;dq=%22perfect+aspect%22+%22perfective+aspect%22#PPA238,M1|ref=|isbn= 978-0-521-58805-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=Pinker|first=Steven|authorlink=|year=1994|title=The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinstinct0000pink_w8b7|publisher=Perennial|ref=}}
* {{cite book|last=Romaine|first=Suzanne|year=2001|chapter=Multilingualism|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948/page/512 512]–533|title=The Handbook of Linguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948|editor=Mark Aronoff|editor2=Janie Rees-Miller|publisher=Blackwell|ref=}}
* {{cite book|last=Saussure|first=Ferdinand de|authorlink=|year=1983|origyear=1913|title=Course in General Linguistics|editor-first=Charles |editor-last=Bally |editor2-first=Albert |editor2-last=Sechehaye|others= Translated by Roy Harris|location=La Salle, Illinois|publisher=Open Court|isbn=0-8126-9023-0|ref=CITEREFSaussure1983|ref=}}
* {{cite book|last=Sandler|first=Wendy|last2=Lillo-Martin|first2=Diane|year=2001|chapter=Natural Sign Languages|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948/page/533 533]–563|title=The Handbook of Linguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948|editor=Mark Aronoff|editor2=Janie Rees-Miller|publisher=Blackwell|ref=}}
* {{cite book|year=2008|title=Systems of Nominal Classification|editor-last=Senft|editor-first= Gunter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=|isbn= 978-0-521-06523-8}}
* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/409603 | last1 = Swadesh | first1 = Morris | authorlink =  | year = 1934 | title = The phonemic principle | jstor = 409603| journal = Language | volume = 10 | issue = 2| pages = 117–129 }}
* {{cite book|last=Tomasello|first=Michael|authorlink=|editor=B. Velichkovsky and D. Rumbaugh|title=Communicating Meaning: The Evolution and Development of Language|url=https://archive.org/details/communicatingmea0000unse|year=1996|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-8058-2118-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/communicatingmea0000unse/page/275 275]–308|chapter=The Cultural Roots of Language|ref=}}
* {{cite book|last=Tomasello|first=Michael|year=2008|title=Origin of Human Communication|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofhumanco0000toma|publisher=MIT Press|ref=}}
* {{cite book |last= Thomason|first=Sarah G.|authorlink=|first2=Terrence|last2=Kaufman|authorlink2=|title=Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics|url= https://archive.org/details/languagecontactc0000thom|publisher=University of California Press|year=1988|ref=}}
* {{cite book |last= Thomason|first=Sarah G.|authorlink=|title=Language Contact – An Introduction|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year= 2001|ref=}}
* {{cite book|last=Trask|first=Robert Lawrence|authorlink=|title=Language: The Basics|year=1999|edition=2nd|publisher=Psychology Press|ref=}}
* {{cite book|last=Trask|first=Robert Lawrence|authorlink=|editor-last=Stockwell|editor-first=Peter|title=Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts|url=https://archive.org/details/languagelinguist0000tras|year=2007|edition=2nd|publisher=Routledge|ref=}}
* {{cite book|last=Ulbaek|first=Ib|year=1998|chapter=The Origin of Language and Cognition|title=Approaches to the evolution of language|editor=J. R. Hurford &amp; C. Knight|pages=30–43|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=}}
* {{cite book|last=Van Valin|first=jr, Robert D.|authorlink=|year=2001|chapter=Functional Linguistics|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948/page/319 319]–337|title=The Handbook of Linguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948|editor=Mark Aronoff|editor2=Janie Rees-Miller|publisher=Blackwell|ref=}}
* {{cite book|last=Zentella|first=Ana Celia|editor1-last=García|editor1-first=Ofelia|editor2-last=Fishman|editor2-first=Joshua|chapter=Spanish in New York|title=The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City|publisher=Walter de Gruyter| year=2002|ref=}}

== Im Netz ==
{{Commons|Language}}
* [http://www.weikopf.de/sprache.html Die Sprachen der Welt – Sprachfamilien und Einzelsprachen]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150623030728/http://rosettaproject.org/ Rosetta-Projekt: Informationa za de Sprochn vo da Wejd] (englisch)
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue: Informationa za de Sprochn vo da Wejd] (englisch)
* [http://www.langwhich.com/lexikon/sprachen-und-voelker-der-erde Sprachen und Völker der Erde – Linguistisch-ethnographisches Lexikon]

== Beleg ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategorie:Gesellschaft]]
[[Kategorie:Kultur]]
[[Kategorie:Sprache| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ludwig van Beethoven</title>
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[[Datei:Beethoven.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Ludwig van Beethoven]]
[[Datei:Signature Van Beethoven.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Ludwig van Beethoven]]

'''Ludwig van Beethoven''' (* 16. Dezemba 1770 z Bonn; † 26. Meaz 1827 z [[Wean]]) woa a deitscha Komponist und Pianist vo da Weana Klassik. Ea hod klassische Musik fia Piano, Orchestra und vaschiedane Gruppm vo Instrumentn gspüd. Seine bekauntastn Weake san de dritte (&quot;Eroica&quot;), fümfte, sechste (&quot;Pastorale&quot;) und neinte (&quot;Choral&quot;) Symphonie, de ochte (&quot;Pathetique&quot;) und viazehnte (&quot;Mondscheinssonatn&quot;) Klaviaonatn, de [[Oper]] &quot;Fidelio&quot; und a s Klaviastickl ''Für Elise''. In seina Jugend hod a aa vui Klaviakonzeate gem.

1801 hod ba eam a Schwaahearigkeit augfaungt. De Taubheit hod si imma weida vasteakt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url = http://www.raptusassociation.org/beet-biopages.html | title = Ludwig van Beethovens Biography | accessdate = 24-05-2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090055/http://raptusassociation.org/beet-biopages.html | archivedate = 2010-12-20 | offline = yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1817 woa ra komplett taub. Obwoi ra kaane Konzerte meah gem hod, hod a weida komponiat. Ea hod sogoa in dea Zeit a boa vo seine gresstn Weake komponiat. Ea zöiht zu de bedeitendstn klassischn Komponistn.&lt;ref name=&quot;whoswho&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url = http://www.whoswho.de/templ/te_bio.php?PID=362&amp;RID=1 | title = Who is who.de | accessdate = 24-05-2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111129172347/http://www.whoswho.de/templ/te_bio.php?PID=362&amp;RID=1 | archivedate = 2011-11-29 | offline = yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1792 is a noch [[Wean]] kumma und is do fian Rest vo seim Lem bliem. Gheirat hod a nia.

== Weaklistn ==

* Opus 1 Nr. 1: Klaviertrio Nr. 1 in Es-Dur (1795)
* Opus 1 Nr. 2: Klaviertrio Nr. 2 in G-Dur (1795)
* Opus 1 Nr. 3: Klaviertrio Nr. 3 in c-Moll (1795)
* Opus 2 Nr. 1: Klaviersonate Nr. 1 in f-Moll (1795)
* Opus 2 Nr. 2: Klaviersonate Nr. 2 in A-Dur (1795)
* Opus 2 Nr. 3: Klaviersonate Nr. 3 in C-Dur (1795)
* Opus 3: Streichtrio Nr. 1 in Es-Dur (1794)
* Opus 4: Streichquintett Nr. 1 in Es-Dur (1795)
* Opus 5 Nr. 1: Sonate für Klavier und Violoncello Nr. 1 in F-Dur (1796)
* Opus 5 Nr. 2: Sonate für Klavier und Violoncello Nr. 2 in g-Moll (1796)
* Opus 6: Klaviersonate für 4 Hände in D-Dur (1797)
* Opus 7: Klaviersonate Nr. 4 in Es-Dur (1797)
* Opus 8: Serenade für Streichtrio in D-Dur (1797)
* Opus 9 Nr. 1: Streichtrio Nr. 1 in G-Dur (1798)
* Opus 9 Nr. 2: Streichtrio Nr. 2 in D-Dur (1798)
* Opus 9 Nr. 3: Streichtrio Nr. 3 in c-Moll (1798)
* Opus 10 Nr. 1: Klaviersonate Nr. 5 in c-Moll (1798)
* Opus 10 Nr. 2: Klaviersonate Nr. 6 in F-Dur (1798)
* Opus 10 Nr. 3: Klaviersonate Nr. 7 in D-Dur (1798)
* Opus 11: Klaviertrio Nr. 4 in B-Dur (1798)
* Opus 12 Nr. 1: Sonate für Klavier und Violine Nr. 1 in D-Dur (1798)
* Opus 12 Nr. 2: Sonate für Klavier und Violine Nr. 2 in A-Dur (1798)
* Opus 12 Nr. 3: Sonate für Klavier und Violine Nr. 3 in Es-Dur (1798)
* Opus 13: Klaviersonate Nr. 8 in c-Moll „Pathétique“ (1799)
* Opus 14 Nr. 1: Klaviersonate Nr. 9 in E-Dur (1799)
* Opus 14 Nr. 2: Klaviersonate Nr. 10 in G-Dur (1799)
* Opus 15: Klavierkonzert Nr. 1 in C-Dur (1795)
* Opus 16: Quintett für Klavier und Bläser in Es-Dur (1796)
* Opus 17: Hornsonate in F-Dur (1800)
* Opus 18 Nr. 1: Streichquartett Nr. 1 in F-Dur (1800)
* Opus 18 Nr. 2: Streichquartett Nr. 2 in G-Dur (1800)
* Opus 18 Nr. 3: Streichquartett Nr. 3 in D-Dur (1800)
* Opus 18 Nr. 4: Streichquartett Nr. 4 in c-Moll (1800)
* Opus 18 Nr. 5: Streichquartett Nr. 5 in A-Dur (1800)
* Opus 18 Nr. 6: Streichquartett Nr. 6 in B-Dur (1800)
* Opus 19: Klavierkonzert Nr. 2 in B-Dur (1795)
* Opus 20: Septett in Es-Dur (1799)
* Opus 21: 1. Sinfonie in C-Dur (1800)
* Opus 22: Klaviersonate Nr. 11 in B-Dur (1800)
* Opus 23: Sonate für Klavier und Violine Nr. 4 in a-Moll (1801)
* Opus 24: Sonate für Klavier und Violine Nr. 5 in F-Dur „Frühlingssonate“ (1801)
* Opus 25: Serenade in D-Dur für Flöte, Violine und Viola (1801)
* Opus 26: Klaviersonate Nr. 12 in As-Dur (1801)
* Opus 27 Nr. 1: Klaviersonate Nr. 13 in Es-Dur (1801)
* Opus 27 Nr. 2: Klaviersonate Nr. 14 in cis-Moll (1801)
* Opus 28: Klaviersonate Nr. 15 in D-Dur „Pastorale“ (1801)
* Opus 29: Streichquintett Nr. 2 in C-Dur (1801)
* Opus 30 Nr. 1: Sonate für Klavier und Violine Nr. 6 in A-Dur (1803)
* Opus 30 Nr. 2: Sonate für Klavier und Violine Nr. 7 in c-Moll (1803)
* Opus 30 Nr. 3: Sonate für Klavier und Violine Nr. 8 in G-Dur (1803)
* Opus 31 Nr. 1: Klaviersonate Nr. 16 in G-Dur (1802)
* Opus 31 Nr. 2: Klaviersonate Nr. 17 in d-Moll (1802)
* Opus 31 Nr. 3: Klaviersonate Nr. 18 in Es-Dur (1802)
* Opus 32: An die Hoffnung – Lied (1. Vertonung) (1805)
* Opus 33: Sieben Bagatellen (1802)
* Opus 34: 6 Variationen über ein eigenes Thema in F-Dur (1802)
* Opus 35: 15 Variationen mit Finale alla Fuga in Es-Dur „Eroica-Variationen“ (1802)
* Opus 36: 2. Sinfonie in D-Dur (1803)
* Opus 37: Klavierkonzert Nr. 3 in c-Moll (1803)
* Opus 38: Klaviertrio Nr. 8 (Arrangement des Septetts in Es-Dur op. 20) (1803)
* Opus 39: Zwei Präludien (1789)
* Opus 40: Romanze für Violine und Orchester in G-Dur (1802)
* Opus 41: Serenade für Klavier und Flöte oder Violine in D-Dur (Arrangement der Serenade in D-Dur für Flöte, Violine und Viola op. 25) (1803)
* Opus 42: Notturno für Viola und Klavier in D-Dur (Arrangement der Serenade für Streichtrio in D-Dur op. 8) (1803)
* Opus 43: Die Geschöpfe des Prometheus c-Moll (1801)
* Opus 44: Klaviertrio Nr. 10 (14 Variationen über ein eigenes Thema in Es-Dur) (1792)
* Opus 45: 3 Märsche für Klavier (für 4 Hände) (1803)
* Opus 46: Adelaide – Lied (1795)
* Opus 47: Sonate für Klavier und Violine Nr. 9 in A-Dur „Kreutzer-Sonate“ (1802)
* Opus 48 Nr. 1: Bitten – Lied (1802)
* Opus 48 Nr. 2: Die Liebe des Nächsten – Lied (1802)
* Opus 48 Nr. 3: Vom Tode – Lied (1802)
* Opus 48 Nr. 4: Die Ehre Gottes aus der Natur – Lied (1802)
* Opus 48 Nr. 5: Gottes Macht und Vorsehung – Lied (1802)
* Opus 48 Nr. 6: Busslied – Lied (1802)
* Opus 49 Nr. 1: Klaviersonate Nr. 19 in g-Moll (1792)
* Opus 49 Nr. 2: Klaviersonate Nr. 20 in G-Dur (1792)
* Opus 50: Romanze für Violine und Orchester in F-Dur (1798)
* Opus 51 Nr. 1: Rondo für Klavier in C-Dur (1797)
* Opus 51 Nr. 2: Rondo für Klavier in G-Dur (1798)
* Opus 52 Nr. 1: Urians Reise um die Welt – Lied (1805)
* Opus 52 Nr. 2: Feuerfab – Lied (1805)
* Opus 52 Nr. 3: Das Liedchen von der Ruhe – Lied (1805)
* Opus 52 Nr. 4: Maigesang – Lied (1805)
* Opus 52 Nr. 5: Mollys Abschied – Lied (1805)
* Opus 52 Nr. 6: Die Liebe – Lied (1805)
* Opus 52 Nr. 7: Marmotte – Lied (1805)
* Opus 52 Nr. 8: Das Blümchen Wunderhold – Lied (1805)
* Opus 53: Klaviersonate Nr. 21 in C-Dur „Waldstein“ (1803)
* Opus 54: Klaviersonate Nr. 22 in F-Dur (1804)
* Opus 55: 3. Sinfonie in Es-Dur „Eroica“ (1805)
* Opus 56: Tripelkonzert in C-Dur (1805)
* Opus 57: Klaviersonate Nr. 23 in f-Moll „Appassionata“ (1805)
* Opus 58: Klavierkonzert Nr. 4 in G-Dur (1807)
* Opus 59 Nr. 1: Streichquartett Nr. 7 in F-Dur (1806)
* Opus 59 Nr. 2: Streichquartett Nr. 8 in e-Moll (1806)
* Opus 59 Nr. 3: Streichquartett Nr. 9 in C-Dur (1806)
* Opus 60: 4. Sinfonie in B-Dur (1807)
* Opus 61: Konzert für Violine und Orchester in D-Dur (1808)
* Opus 61a: Klavierkonzert in D-Dur (Arrangement des Violinkonzerts op. 61) (1808)
* Opus 62: Coriolan-Ouvertüre (1807)
* Opus 63: Klaviertrio (Arrangement des Streichquintetts op. 4) (1806)
* Opus 64: Sonate für Klavier und Violoncello (Arrangement des Streichtrios op. 3) (1807)
* Opus 65: Ah perfido! – Arie (1796)
* Opus 66: 12 Variationen über „Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen“ aus Mozarts „Die Zauberflöte“ (1796)
* Opus 67: 5. Sinfonie in c-Moll (1808)
* Opus 68: 6. Sinfonie in F-Dur &quot;Pastorale&quot; (1808)
* Opus 69: Sonate für Klavier und Violoncello Nr. 3 in A-Dur (1808)
* Opus 70 Nr. 1: Klaviertrio Nr. 5 in D-Dur (1808)
* Opus 70 Nr. 2: Klaviertrio Nr. 6 in Es-Dur (1808)
* Opus 71: Bläsersextett in Es-Dur (1796)
* Opus 72a: Leonore (mit Ouvertüre Nr. 2) – Oper (1805)
* Opus 72b: Leonore (mit Ouvertüre Nr. 3) – Oper (1806)
* Opus 72c: Fidelio – Oper (1814)
* Opus 73: Klavierkonzert Nr. 5 in Es-Dur (1809)
* Opus 74: Streichquartett Nr. 10 in Es-Dur „Harfenquartett“ (1809)
* Opus 75 Nr. 1: Mignon – Lied (1809)
* Opus 75 Nr. 2: Neue Liebe, neues Leben – Lied (1809)
* Opus 75 Nr. 3: Aus Goethes Faust – Lied (1809)
* Opus 75 Nr. 4: Gretels Warnung – Lied (1809)
* Opus 75 Nr. 5: An den fernen Geliebten – Lied (1809)
* Opus 75 Nr. 6: Der Zufriedene – Lied (1809)
* Opus 76: 6 Variationen auf ein Thema aus „Die Ruinen von Athen“ in D-Dur (1809)
* Opus 77: Klavierfantasie (1809)
* Opus 78: Klaviersonate Nr. 24 in Fis-Dur (1809)
* Opus 79: Klaviersonate Nr. 25 in G-Dur (1809)
* Opus 80: Fantasie für Klavier, Chor und Orchester in c-Moll (1808)
* Opus 81a:[1] Klaviersonate Nr. 26 in Es-Dur „Les Adieux“ (1809)
* Opus 81b: Sextett in Es-Dur (1795)
* Opus 82 Nr. 1: Hoffnung – Lied (1809)
* Opus 82 Nr. 2: Liebes-Klage – Lied (1809)
* Opus 82 Nr. 3: L'amante impatiente – Duet (1809)
* Opus 82 Nr. 4: L'amante impatiente – Lied (1809)
* Opus 82 Nr. 5: Lebens-Genuss – Lied (1809)
* Opus 83 Nr. 1: Wonne der Wehmut – Lied (1810)
* Opus 83 Nr. 2: Sehnsucht – Lied (1810)
* Opus 83 Nr. 3: Mit einem gemalten Band – Lied (1810)
* Opus 84: Egmont-Ouvertüre und Schauspielmusik (1810)
* Opus 85: Christus am Ölberge (Oratorium) (1804)
* Opus 86: Messe in C-Dur (1807)
* Opus 87: Bläsertrio in C-Dur (1795)
* Opus 88: Das Glück der Freundschaft – Lied (1803)
* Opus 89: Polonaise in C-Dur (1814)
* Opus 90: Klaviersonate Nr. 27 in e-Moll (1814)
* Opus 91: Wellingtons Sieg oder die Schlacht bei Vittoria (1813)
* Opus 92: 7. Sinfonie in A-Dur (1813)
* Opus 93: 8. Sinfonie in F-Dur (1814)
* Opus 94: An die Hoffnung – Lied (1815)
* Opus 95: Streichquartett Nr. 11 in f-Moll „Serioso“ (1810)
* Opus 96: Sonate für Klavier und Violine Nr. 10 in G-Dur (1812)
* Opus 97: Klaviertrio Nr. 7 in B-Dur (1811)
* Opus 98: An die ferne Geliebte – Liederkreis (1816)
* Opus 99: Der Mann von Wort – Lied (1816)
* Opus 100: Merkenstein – Lied (1814)
* Opus 101: Klaviersonate Nr. 28 in A-Dur (1816)
* Opus 102 Nr. 1: Sonate für Klavier und Violoncello Nr. 4 in C-Dur (1815)
* Opus 102 Nr. 2: Sonate für Klavier und Violoncello Nr. 5 in D-Dur (1815)
* Opus 103: Bläseroktett in Es-Dur (1792)
* Opus 104: Streichquintett Nr. 3 in c-Moll (Arrangement des Klaviertrios op. 1 Nr. 3) (1817)
* Opus 105: 6 Themen und Variationen für Flöte und Klavier (1819)
* Opus 106: Klaviersonate Nr. 29 in B-Dur, Große Sonate für das Hammerklavier (1818)
* Opus 107: 10 Themen und Variationen für Flöte und Klavier (1820)
* Opus 108: 25 Schottische Lieder (1818)
* Opus 109: Klaviersonate Nr. 30 in E-Dur (1822)
* Opus 110: Klaviersonate Nr. 31 in As-Dur (1822)
* Opus 111: Klaviersonate Nr. 32 in c-Moll (1822)
* Opus 112: Meeresstille und glückliche Fahrt – Kantate (1815)
* Opus 113: Die Ruinen von Athen – Singspiel (1811)
* Opus 114: Marsch mit Chor (Es-Dur) aus August von Kotzebues Festspiel &quot;Die Ruinen von Athen&quot;, Bearbeitung für das Festspiel &quot;Die Weihe des Hauses&quot; op. 114 (1822)
* Opus 115: Namensfeier-Ouvertüre (1815)
* Opus 116: Terzett für Sopran, Tenor und Bass mit Orchester „Tramte, empi tremate“ (1802)
* Opus 117: König Stephan – Singspiel (1811)
* Opus 118: Elegischer Gesang – Kantate (1814)
* Opus 119: 11 Bagatellen für Klavier (1822)
* Opus 120: 33 Variationen über einen Walzer von Diabelli „Diabelli-Variationen“ (1823)
* Opus 121a: Klaviertrio Nr. 11 (Variationen über „Ich bin der Schneider Kakadu'“ von Wenzel Müller) (1803)
* Opus 121b: Opferlied – Lied (1822)
* Opus 122: Bundeslied – Lied (1824)
* Opus 123: Missa Solemnis in D-Dur (1822)
* Opus 124: Ouvertüre „Die Weihe des Hauses“ (1822)
* Opus 125: 9. Sinfonie in d-Moll (1824)
* Opus 126: Sechs Bagatellen für Klavier (1824)
* Opus 127: Streichquartett Nr. 12 in Es-Dur (1825)
* Opus 128: Der Kuss – Lied (1822)
* Opus 129: Rondo alla ingharese quasi un capriccio in G-Dur („Die Wut über den verlorenen Groschen“) (1795)
* Opus 130: Streichquartett Nr. 13 in B-Dur (1825)
* Opus 131: Streichquartett Nr. 14 in cis-Moll (1826)
* Opus 132: Streichquartett Nr. 15 in a-Moll (1825)
* Opus 133: Große Fuge in B-Dur (1826)
* Opus 134: Große Fuge für Klavier zu vier Händen (Klavierfassung von op. 133) (1826)
* Opus 135: Streichquartett Nr. 16 in F-Dur (1826)
* Opus 136: Der glorreiche Augenblick – Kantate (1814)
* Opus 137: Fuge für Streichquintett in D-Dur (1817)
* Opus 138: Ouvertüre 1 zur Oper Leonore (1807)
* WoO 1: Musik zu einem Ritterballett (1791)
* WoO 4: Klavierkonzert in Es-Dur (1784)
* WoO 5: Konzert für Violine und Orchester in C-Dur (Fragment) (1790-92)
* WoO 59: Für Elise Klavierstück in a-Moll (1810)
* WoO 80: 32 Variationen für Klavier über ein eigenes Thema in c-Moll (1806)

== Fuim ==
* 1937: ''Beethovens große Liebe'' – Regie: Abel Gance
* 1949: ''Eroica'' – Regie: Walter Kolm-Veltée (mit Ewald Balser in der Hauptrolle)
* 1962: ''Schicksals-Sinfonie'' – Regie: Georg Tressler (mit Karlheinz Böhm in der Hauptrolle)
* 1970: ''Ludwig van'' – Regie: Mauricio Kagel
* 1976: ''Beethoven – Tage aus einem Leben'' – Regie: Horst Seemann (mit ''Solaris''-Hauptdarsteller Donatas Banionis als Beethoven)
* 1985: ''Beethoven die ganze Wahrheit'' – Regie Paul Morrissey (mit Wolfgang Reichmann als Beethoven)
* 1990: ''Freunde, diese Töne'' – Regie: Klaus Lindemann (mit Mathias Herrmann in der Hauptrolle)
* 1992: ''Beethoven Lives Upstairs'' – Regie: David Devine
* 1994: ''Ludwig van B. – Meine unsterbliche Geliebte'' – Regie: Bernard Rose (mit Gary Oldman in der Hauptrolle)
* 2003: ''Eroica – The day that changed music forever'' – Regie: Simon Cellan Jones (mit Ian Hart in der Hauptrolle)
* 2006: ''Klang der Stille'' – Regie: Agnieszka Holland (mit Ed Harris in der Hauptrolle)

== Literatua ==
* {{NDB|1|738|743|Beethoven, Ludwig van|Walter Riezler|118508288}}
* Joseph Schmidt-Görg: ''Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827).'' In: Rheinische Lebensbilder, Band 4. Hrsg. von Bernhard Poll. Rheinland Verlag, Köln 1973, S. 119–140.
* Ludwig Nohl, ''Beethovens Leben'', 3 Bände, Wien-Leipzig 1864, 1867, 1877 &lt;small&gt;(Die erste wissenschaftliche Biographie)&lt;/small&gt;
* Ludwig Nohl, ''Beethovens Tod. Eine documentarische Chronik'', in: ders., ''Musikalisches Skizzenbuch'', München 1866, S.&amp;nbsp;209–312.
* La Mara (1909) [Ida Maria Lipsius]: ''Beethovens Unsterbliche Geliebte. Das Geheimnis der Gräfin Brunsvik und ihre Memoiren''. Leipzig: Breitkopf&amp;nbsp;&amp;&amp;nbsp;Härtel.
* Alexander Wheelock Thayer, ''Ludwig van Beethovens Leben'', bearbeitet von Hermann Deiters und Hugo Riemann, 5&amp;nbsp;Bände, Leipzig 1917–1922 (Directmedia Publishing, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-89853-334-8, 1 CD-ROM) &lt;small&gt;(Ein grundlegendes Standardwerk)&lt;/small&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20140705044803/http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Thayer,+Alexander+Wheelock/Ludwig+van+Beethovens+Leben bei zeno.org]
* La Mara (1920) [Ida Maria Lipsius]: ''Beethoven und die Brunsviks. Nach Familienpapieren aus Therese Brunsviks Nachlaß''. Leipzig: Siegel.
* Paul Bekker, ''Beethoven'', Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1922
* Ludwig Schiedermair, ''Der junge Beethoven'', Leipzig 1925 (Nachdruck Hildesheim: Olms, 1978, ISBN 3-487-06542-8)
* Theodor von Frimmel, ''Beethoven-Handbuch'', Leipzig 1926
* Romain Rolland, ''Beethovens Meisterjahre. Von der Eroica bis zur Appassionata'', Berlin 1930 (Nachdruck Berlin: Rütten&amp;nbsp;&amp;&amp;nbsp;Loening, 1952)
* Otto F. Beer, ''Zehnte Symphonie'', Wien Volksbuchverlag 1952.
* Jean &amp; Brigitte Massin (1955): ''Ludwig van Beethoven'', Paris: Club Français du Livre 1955 (als deutsche Übersetzung 1970 unter dem Titel: ''Beethoven. Materialbiographie, Daten zum Werk und Essay'', München)
* Georg Kinsky, Hans Halm: ''Das Werk Beethovens. Thematisch-Bibliographisches Verzeichnis seiner sämtlichen vollendeten Kompositionen.'' Henle, München und Duisburg 1955.
* Riezler, Walter (1962): ''Beethoven''. 8th ed. Zürich: Atlantis.
* Massin, Jean &amp; Brigitte (1970): ''Recherche de Beethoven''. Paris: Fayard.
* H. C. Robbins Landon, ''Beethoven'', Universal Edition AG, Zürich 1974, ISBN 3-7024-0092-3.
* Maynard Solomon, ''Beethoven. Biographie'', Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1990, ISBN 3-596-25668-2.
* Carl Dahlhaus: ''Ludwig van Beethoven: Approaches to his Music''. Oxford: University Press 1991.
* Ernst Pichler: ''Beethoven. Mythos und Wirklichkeit''. Wien: Amalthea 1994.
* Stefan Kunze (Hrsg.), ''Ludwig van Beethoven. Die Werke im Spiegel seiner Zeit. Gesammelte Konzertberichte und Rezensionen bis 1830'', Laaber: Laaber-Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-89007-337-9.
* Hans-Josef Irmen, ''Beethoven in seiner Zeit'', Zülpich: Prisca, 1998.
* Cooper, Barry (2000): ''Beethoven''. Oxford: University Press.
* Angelika Corbineau-Hoffmann, ''Testament und Totenmaske. Der literarische Mythos des Ludwig van Beethoven'', Hildesheim: Weidemann, 2000, ISBN 3-615-00211-3.
* Martin Geck, ''Ludwig van Beethoven'', überarbeitete Neuauflage, Reinbek: Rowohlt Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-499-50645-9
* Carl Dahlhaus, ''Beethoven und seine Zeit'', 4.&amp;nbsp;Aufl., Laaber: Laaber-Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-921518-87-3.
* Rücker, Andreas, „Beethovens Klaviersatz – Technik und Stilistik“ (2&amp;nbsp;Bde.), Diss., Frankfurt/Main u.&amp;nbsp;a. 2002 (Europäische Hochschulschriften Reihe&amp;nbsp;XXXVI&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;Bd.&amp;nbsp;219), ISBN 3-631-39262-1
* Jost Hermand, ''Beethoven. Werk und Wirkung'', Köln: Böhlau, 2003, ISBN 3-412-04903-4.
* Heinz von Loesch und Claus Raab (Hrsg.), ''Das Beethoven-Lexikon'', Laaber: Laaber-Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-89007-476-4
* Albrecht Riethmüller, Carl Dahlhaus und Alexander L. Ringer (Hrsg.), ''Ludwig van Beethoven. Interpretationen seiner Werke'', 2&amp;nbsp;Bände, Sonderausgabe, Laaber: Laaber-Verlag, 2008, ISBN 3-89007-304-2.
* William Kinderman, ''Beethoven'', Oxford [u. a.]: Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-532836-3
* Rita Steblin: ''„A dear, enchanting girl who loves me and whom I love“: New Facts about Beethoven’s Beloved Piano Pupil Julie Guicciardi'', in: Bonner Beethoven-Studien, Band&amp;nbsp;8 (2009), S.&amp;nbsp;89–152.
* Lewis Lockwood, ''Beethoven: seine Musik – sein Leben'', Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler, 2009, ISBN 978-3-476-02231-8.
* Klaus Martin Kopitz, ''Beethoven, Elisabeth Röckel und das Albumblatt „Für Elise“'', Köln: Dohr, 2010, ISBN 978-3-936655-87-2.
* Michael Lorenz, ''Die „Enttarnte Elise“. Elisabeth Röckels kurze Karriere als Beethovens „Elise“''. In: Bonner Beethoven-Studien, Band 9, Beethoven-Haus, Bonn 2011, S.&amp;nbsp;169–190.
* Jan Caeyers: ''Beethoven: der einsame Revolutionär; eine Biographie'', München: Beck, 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63128-3

=== Biographien ===
* Franz Gerhard Wegeler und Ferdinand Ries, ''Biographische Notizen über Ludwig van Beethoven'', Koblenz: Bädeker, 1838
* Franz Gerhard Wegeler, ''Nachtrag zu den biographischen Notizen über Ludwig van Beethoven'', Koblenz: Bädeker, 1845
* {{BLKÖ|Beethoven, Ludwig van|01|224|231|}}
* Anton Schindler, ''Biographie von Ludwig van Beethoven'', 3.&amp;nbsp;Aufl., Münster: Aschendorff, 1860
* Gerhard von Breuning, ''Aus dem Schwarzspanierhause. Erinnerungen an L. v. Beethoven aus meiner Jugendzeit'', Wien: Rosner, 1874
* {{ADB|2|251|268|Beethoven, Ludwig van|Arrey von Dommer|ADB:Beethoven, Ludwig van}}
* Ludwig van Beethoven, ''Briefwechsel. Gesamtausgabe'', hrsg. von Sieghard Brandenburg, 7&amp;nbsp;Bände, München: Henle, 1996–1998
* ''Ludwig van Beethovens Konversationshefte'', hrsg. von Karl-Heinz Köhler, Grita Herre und Dagmar Beck, 11&amp;nbsp;Bände, Leipzig 1972–2001
* ''Beethovens Tagebuch 1812–1818'', hrsg. von Maynard Solomon, Bonn: Beethoven-Haus, 2005
* Klaus Martin Kopitz, ''Ein unbekanntes Gesuch Beethovens an Kaiser Franz&amp;nbsp;I.'', in: ''Bonner Beethoven-Studien'', Band&amp;nbsp;6 (2007), S.&amp;nbsp;101–113
* ''Beethoven aus der Sicht seiner Zeitgenossen in Tagebüchern, Briefen, Gedichten und Erinnerungen'', hrsg. von Klaus Martin Kopit] und Rheiner Cadenbach, unter Mitarbeit von Oliver Korte und Nancy Tanneberger, 2&amp;nbsp;Bände, München: Henle, 2009, ISBN 978-3-87328-120-2
* ''Beethoven: Die Seyfried Papiere.'' Wiedergabe und Transkription der autographen Manuskripte zu ''Biographische Notitzen'' und ''Charakterzüge &amp; Anekdoten'' mit Exposé. BoD, Norderstedt, 2019. ISBN 978-3-748-16746-4.

=== In englisch ===
*{{Cite book|last=Clive|first=Peter|title=Beethoven and His World: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenhisworl0000cliv|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-816672-9|ref=Clive}}
*{{Cite book|title=Beethoven|first=Barry|last=Cooper|authorlink=|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-531331-4|ref=Cooper}}
*{{Cite book|first=Milton|last=Cross|author2=Ewen, David|title=The Milton Cross New Encyclopedia of the Great Composers and Their Music|url=https://archive.org/details/miltoncrossencyc01cros|publisher=Doubleday|year=1953|ref=Cross|oclc=17791083|location=Garden City, New Jersey|isbn=0-385-03635-3}}
*{{GroveOnline|Ludvig van Beethoven|Kerman, Joseph; Tyson, Alan; Burnham, Scott G|29 November|2006}}
*{{Cite book|title=Beethoven: a documentary study|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovendocumen0000land|ref=Landon|first=H. C. Robbins|last=Landon|authorlink=|author2=Göllerich, August|publisher=Macmillan|year=1970|oclc=87180|isbn=0-02-567830-2}}
*{{Cite book|title=Beethoven: The Music And The Life|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenmusican00lock|first=Lewis|last=Lockwood|authorlink=|publisher=W. W. Norton|year=2003|ref=Lockwood|isbn=978-0-393-32638-3}}
*Lorenz, Michael: &quot;Die 'Enttarnte Elise'. Elisabeth Röckels kurze Karriere als Beethovens 'Elise'&quot;. ''Bonner Beethoven-Studien'' 9, 2011, pp.&amp;nbsp;169–190 [https://web.archive.org/web/20170429201226/http://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/beethovens_elise/].
*Sachs, Harvey, ''The Ninth: Beethoven and the World in 1824'', London, Faber, 2010. ISBN 978-0-571-22145-5.
*{{Cite book|authorlink=|last=Solomon|first=Maynard|title=Beethoven|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780825672682|edition=2nd revised|location=New York|publisher=Schirmer Books|year=2001|isbn=0-8256-7268-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Stanley|first=Glenn (ed)|title=The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_f9p8|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-521-58074-9|ref=Stanley}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Steblin | first1 = Rita | authorlink = | year = 2009 | title = 'A dear, enchanting girl who loves me and whom I love': New Facts about Beethoven's Beloved Piano Pupil Julie Guicciardi | url = | journal = Bonner Beethoven-Studien | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 89–152 }}
*{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VQw5AAAAIAAJ|ref=Thayer1|title=The Life of Ludwig Van Beethoven, Vol 1|first=A. W.|last=Thayer|authorlink=|author2=Krehbiel, Henry Edward (ed, trans); Deiters, Hermann; Riemann, Hugo|publisher=The Beethoven Association|year=1921|oclc=422583}}
*{{Cite book|authorlink=|last=Thayer|first=A. W.|first2=Elliot|last2=Forbes|authorlink2=|title=Thayer's Life of Beethoven (2 vols)|url=https://archive.org/details/thayerslifeofbee0000thay|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1970|isbn=0-691-02702-1}}
*Albrecht, Theodore, and Elaine Schwensen, &quot;More Than Just Peanuts: Evidence for December&amp;nbsp;16 as Beethoven's birthday&quot;. ''The Beethoven Newsletter'' 3 (1988) 49, 60–63.
*Bohle, Bruce, and Robert Sabin. ''The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians.'' London: J.M. Dent &amp; Sons LTD, 1975. ISBN 0-460-04235-1.
*Davies, Peter J. ''The Character of a Genius: Beethoven in Perspective.'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002. ISBN 0-313-31913-8.
*Davies, Peter J. ''Beethoven in Person: His Deafness, Illnesses, and Death.'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2001. ISBN 0-313-31587-6.
*DeNora, Tia. &quot;Beethoven and the Construction of Genius: Musical Politics in Vienna, 1792–1803&quot;. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1995. ISBN 0-520-21158-8.
*Geck, Martin. ''Beethoven''. Translated by Anthea Bell. London: Haus, 2003. ISBN 1-904341-03-9 (h), ISBN 1-904341-00-4 (p).
*{{Cite book
 | last = Hatten
 | first = Robert S.
 | year=1994
 | title = Musical Meaning in Beethoven
 | url = https://archive.org/details/musicalmeaningin0000hatt
 | publisher = Indiana University Press
 | location= Bloomington, IN
 | isbn = 0-253-32742-3}}
*Kornyei, Alexius. ''Beethoven in Martonvasar''. Verlag, 1960. OCLC Number: 27056305
*Kropfinger, Klaus. ''Beethoven''. Verlage Bärenreiter/Metzler, 2001. ISBN 3-7618-1621-9.
*Martin, Russell. ''Beethoven's Hair''. New York: Broadway Books, 2000. ISBN 978-0-7679-0350-9.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Meredith | first1 = William | year = 2005 | title = The History of Beethoven's Skull Fragments | journal = The Beethoven Journal | volume = 20 | pages = 3–46 }}
*Morris, Edmund. ''Beethoven: The Universal Composer.'' New York: Atlas Books / HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-075974-7.
*Rosen, Charles. ''The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven.'' Expanded ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1998. ISBN 0-393-04020-8 (hc); ISBN 0-393-31712-9 (pb).
*Solomon, Maynard. ''Late Beethoven: Music, Thought, Imagination.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-23746-3.
*Sullivan, J. W. N., ''Beethoven: His Spiritual Development'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927.

=== In franzesisch ===

* A. Choron et F. Fayolle, ''Dictionnaire historique des musiciens'', tome premier, p.&amp;nbsp;60, Valade et Lenormant, Paris, 1810
* Romain Rolland, ''Beethoven, les grandes époques créatrices'', Éditions du sablier, 1928-1945
* Jean Massin et Brigitte Massin, ''Ludwig van Beethoven'', Fayard,‎ 1967, 845 p. (ISBN 978-2-213-00348-1); Ouvrage français de référence, en trois parties : biographie, histoire des œuvres, essai.
* Olivier Revault d’Allonnes, ''Plaisir à Beethoven'', Christian Bourgois, 1982, 254 p. (ISBN 978-2-267-00303-1); Barry Cooper (en), Dictionnaire Beethoven, Lattès, 1991, (ISBN 978-2-7096-1081-0)
* André Boucourechliev, ''Beethoven'', Seuil, 1994, 251 p. (ISBN 978-2-02-021480-3); Synthèse analytique de la carrière et de l’œuvre musicale du compositeur. Iconographie abondante. Catalogue sélectif des œuvres.
* Edmond Buchet, ''Beethoven : Légendes et vérités'', Buchet Chastel,‎ 1995 ©1966, 424 p. (ISBN 978-2-7020-1421-9)
* Michel Lecompte, ''Guide illustré de la musique symphonique de Beethoven'', Fayard, 1995, 335 p. (ISBN 978-2-213-03091-3); Initiation aux symphonies de Beethoven grâce à un système de représentation graphique. Introduction au langage beethovénien.
* Elisabeth Brisson, ''Le sacre du musicien : La référence à l’Antiquité chez Beethoven'', CNRS Éditions, 2000, 303 p. (ISBN 978-2-271-05721-1); La référence à l’Antiquité chez Beethoven en tant que métaphore de certaines valeurs politiques et morales et de certains principes esthétiques.
* Elisabeth Brisson, ''Guide de la musique de Beethoven'', Fayard, coll. « Les Indispensables de la musique »,‎ 20 avril 2005, 878 p. (ISBN 978-2-213-62434-1 et ISBN 978-2-213-62434-8); Présentation de l'ensemble des œuvres composées par Beethoven.
* Rémy Stricker, ''Le dernier Beethoven'', « Bibliothèque des Idées », Gallimard, 2001.
* Pierre-Michel Menger, « Le génie et sa sociologie. Controverses interprétatives sur le cas Beethoven », Annales, 2002, no 4, p.&amp;nbsp;967–999. 
* Maynard Solomon (en), ''Beethoven'', Fayard, 2003, 570 p. (ISBN 978-2-213-61305-5); Version révisée et augmentée de la biographie moderne de référence du compositeur.
* Philippe Autexier, ''Beethoven'', Thames &amp; H, 2005, 144 p. (ISBN 978-0-500-30006-0)
* Bernard Fauconnier, ''Beethoven'', Gallimard, 2010, Collection Folio biographies, numéro 63, 281 p. (ISBN 978-2-07-033821-4)

== Im Netz ==

{{Commons|Ludwig van Beethoven}}
* {{DNB-Portal|118508288|TYP=Werke von und über}}
* {{DDB|Person|118508288}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230510135733/https://www.musikbibliographie.de/SET=15/TTL=1/COLMODE=1/CMD?ACT=SRCHA&amp;IKT=5040&amp;SRT=YOP&amp;TRM=Ludwig+van+Beethoven Literatur über Ludwig van Beethoven] in der [[Bibliographie des Musikschrifttums]]
* {{Austriaforum|AEIOU/Beethoven,_Ludwig_van}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101128155838/http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php/startseite_digitales_archiv_de Digitales Archiv des Beethoven-Hauses Bonn] – Mit umfangreichem, kommentiertem Quellenarchiv
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140803085412/http://austria-forum.org/af/Wissenssammlungen/Musik_Kolleg/Beethoven Musik-Kolleg Beethoven] im Austria-Forum
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101220124512/http://raptusassociation.org/worksopus_g.html Vollständiges Werkverzeichnis nach Opusnummern]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141025191119/http://www.musik-openbooks.de/beethoven5 OpenBook ›Ludwig van Beethoven. Die 5. Sinfonie‹]. Freies Unterrichtsmaterial für allgemeinbildende Schulen
* {{Zeno-Werk|Musik/M/Beethoven,+Ludwig+van|Zwei Beethoven-Biographien}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090112213510/http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GScid=1997181&amp;GRid=9528924&amp; Beethovens erstes Grab auf dem Währinger Friedhof] (zwei Bilder)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090112233715/http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GScid=639511&amp;GRid=72&amp; Beethovens zweites Grab auf dem Wiener Zentralfriedhof] (zwei Bilder)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140502094358/http://www.beethovenfest.de/ Beethovenfest]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015235109/http://theaterportal.de/detail_search?autor=beethoven Beethovens Werk im Spielplan deutschsprachiger Bühnen]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140516201300/http://lvbeethoven.co.uk/ The Beethoven Reference Site] (Englisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140523111340/http://unheardbeethoven.org/ The Unheard Beethoven] (Englisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140630163021/http://www.lvbeethoven.com/ Beethoven-Website] (Englisch, Französisch, Italienisch, Spanisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517020710/http://beethovensite.eu/ De Beethovensite. Alles over Ludwig van Beethoven.] (überwiegend in Holländisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130917121140/http://keepingscore.org/sites/default/files/swf/beethoven/beethoven-full Beethoven Symphony No. 3 in E-Flat Major] Ausschnitte aus Beethovens ''Eroica'' (Englisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102051553/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/crampman/album_cris/musiciens_2.html Bildbericht über Beethoven in Wien (Französisch)]

===Notn, Text, Ton ===
* {{IMSLP|id=Beethoven, Ludwig van}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121221040122/http://kreusch-sheet-music.net/index.php?action=search&amp;page=show&amp;order=op&amp;query=beethoven www.kreusch-sheet-music.net] Sammlung von Beethovens Klaviersonaten
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140101081334/http://wiki.ccarh.org/wiki/MuseData:_Ludwig_van_Beethoven MuseData: Ludwig van Beethoven] Freie Noten
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140505235132/http://beethoven.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/ Originalhandschrift der 9. Sinfonie] (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717052140/http://www.recmusic.org/lieder/b/beethoven.html Alle Liedtexte, auch mit Übersetzungen und Querverweisen] (z.&amp;nbsp;T. englisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140805040643/http://pianosociety.com/cms/index.php?section=102 Piano Society – Beethoven] Freie Aufnahmen
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072954/http://194.8.210.187/sixcms/media.php/75/Beethoven%20Diskographie_12.pdf Beethoven-Diskographie (pdf; 1,0&amp;nbsp;MB)] von Dr. Klaus Steltmann, Bonn (Stand: 15. Mai 2010)

== Beleg ==
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{{SORTIERUNG:Beethoven, Ludwig Van}}
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[[Kategorie:Komponist (Oper)]]
[[Kategorie:Deutscher Komponist]]
[[Kategorie:Person (Wien)]]
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[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1827]]
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      <text bytes="12957" sha1="i9c5bbgzqzj4lgobhh89vns5s4v3y3x" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Admiral Zhenghe.jpg|thumb]]

Da '''Zhèng Hé''' ({{zh|v=郑和|t=鄭和|w=Cheng Ho}}), Gebuatsnam '''Mǎ Sānbǎo''' ({{zh|kurz=|v=马三宝|t=馬三寶}}), [[Islam|muslimischa]] Nama '''Hajji Mahmud Shams''' (* 1371 in Kunming in da Provinz Yunnan; † 1433 oda 1435) wor a [[Kina|kinäsischa]] Admirai.

Da Zheng He hod mit grouße Flottn zwischn 1405 und 1433 siebn große Expeditiona inn [[Pazifik]] und an [[Indischer Ozean|Indischn Ozean]] untanumma. Dabei hod er ned nur erfolgreich as Piratenunwesen bekämpft, sondan a d'[[Meea]]e bis nach Arabien und Ostafrika dafoascht. Seine Dschunken, de mit nei Masten angebli zu de größtn Holzschiffe vo alle Zeitn ghört hom, hom dabei mehr als 50.000 Kilometa zruckglegt.&lt;ref name=&quot;zdf01102006&quot;&gt;ZDF Expedition 1. Oktoba 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Sei Beinam ''San Bao'' ({{zh|kurz=|c=三寶}}) hod Spekulationa driba ausgläst, dass da Muslim Zheng He as historische Vorbuid fia de arabische Songgstoit Sindbad da Seefoara gwen sei kunnt.

== Lebn und Reisn vom Zheng He ==

=== [[Kindheit]] und Afstieg ===

Da Zheng He is zua Zeid voda Ming-Dynastie in Kunyang, am heiting Puning, in da siidkinäsischn Provinz Yunnan ois Suhn vo ana muslimischn Famij gboren worn. Sei Geburtsnama war ''Ma He''. Er war a direkta Nachkomm – in sechsta Generation – vom berihmtn, in de Deanst vo de [[Mongoln]] stehadn Minista Sayyid ’Umar Shams al-Dīn (1211–1279), dem seine Vorfoarn urspringli aus Buchara kema san und ois Nachfoarn vom [[Mohammed]] goitn hom. Sei Großvoda und Voda ham, oi glaibige Muslime, olle zwoa de Hadsch, de Puigafoart af [[Mekka]], absolviad ghobt. Im Joar ''[[Hongwu]]'' 15 (1382) is a ois ejfjaariga Bua in Gfangaschoft vo de Ming-Truppn kema, de grad de Provinz Yunnan befriedet ghobt ham. Mit 13 Joarn is a kastriad worn und ois Deana znagst anan Hof vom Prinzn von Yan, Zhu Di, kumma, dea wo spada ois Cheng Zu da ''Yongle''-Kaiser (1403–1424) vo da Ming-Dynastie wean suit.

Da Ma He hod si als außergewöhnlicha Diena zoagt und is in da Kriagskunst und Diplomatie untawiesn worn. Da Prinz Zhu Di hod am Ma He an neia Nama Zheng He (Cheng Ho) gem, nachdem as Pferd vom Eunuchn in ana Schlacht bei Zhenglunba gtötet worn is. Als weitera Nama vom Zheng He tritt San Bao af, was „drei [[Juwelen]]“ bdeitet. Da Zheng He war nach de Berichte a imposante Erscheinung. Ea soi iba zwoa Meta groß und recht wampad gwen sei (wos bei ana Kastration voam End vom Wachsdum recht glaubhaft is) und a diafe recht duachdringade Stimm ghobt ham (Kastration nachm Stimmbruch?).

Ois da Prinz Zhu Di im Joar 1402 Koasa worn is, hod des a an erheblichn Machtzuawox fian Zheng He bedeidd. 1403 hod da Koasa eam zum Admirai gmocht und befoin, Floddn vo Schatzschiffe zum baun und damit de Gwassa rund um [[Kina]] zum dakundn. Da Admirai Zheng He wor da easchte Eunuch, dea wo so a hoche Position in de Armee vo Kina ghobt hod.

Vamuatli hod a af seine Roasn a Glasl mit seim Gmacht mitgfiad, damit a im Foi vo am Unglick wenigstns im [[Jenseits]] wieda &quot;a ganza Mo&quot; sei kunnt.

=== Schiff, Navigation ===
[[Datei:ZhengHeShips.gif|right|250px|thumb|Am Zheng He sei Flotte af am Hoizschnitt vom 17. Joarhundat]]

De Floddn vom Zheng He hom aus Schiff vo vaschiedana Bauweisn bstondn, darunta riesige Dschunkn, de „Schatzschiffe“, de wo noch oidn kinäsischn Kronikn Moß vo bis zua 120 Meta Läne und 50 Meta Broadn ghobt ham. Olladings moant de modeane Foaschung, dass de Gräßnogobn woi stoark ibatriebn sand und de gräßtn Schatzschiffe nua eppa 59 bis 84 Meta&lt;ref&gt;Sally K.Church: The Colossal Ships of Zheng He: Image or Reality ? (S. 155–176) Zheng He; Images &amp; Perceptions In: South China and Maritime Asia, Volume 15, Hrsg: Ptak, Roderich /Höllmann Thomas, O. Harrasowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, (2005)&lt;/ref&gt; groß worn. Des worn de Flaggschiff vo da Floddn und san in Nanjing am Jangtse in Trockendocks baut worn. Um de Schiff hochseetichtig zu mocha, sans in Schoddenbauweis gfeatigt worn.&lt;ref name=&quot;zdf01102006&quot; /&gt;

Untar de Schiff worn a große Roßschiff, de wo nua [[Roß]] transportiad hom, Wossaschiff, de wo nua Frischwossa fia de Besotzung bfeadat ham, Vasoaga und Kriagsschiff. Zua de Vasoagungsschiff hsm a Agrarschiff ghesd, af dene Mungbohnlsoot obaut worn is. Unwissentli is so fia de Moschoftn de Gfoar, af hoha See an Skorbut zu dagranga, drastisch varingat worn.&lt;ref name=&quot;zdf01102006&quot; /&gt; Die Flotte hod tausende vo Tonnen chinesische Handelsgüter an Bord ghobt. Zur Navigation is scho da [[Kompass]] bnutzt worn, der in Kina im 11. Joarhundad dafundn worn is. Markiade Raichastabal hams ois [[Uhr]]n hergnumma. Jeda Dog hod zehn Wachn zu je 2,4 Stundn (2&amp;nbsp;h : 24&amp;nbsp;min) umfosst. De geografische Breite is durch Messung vo da astronomischn Häh vom Polarstern im Nordn und vomKreiz vom Siidn af da Siidhaloibkugl damiddelt worn.

== Jubiläum ==
Am Zheng seine Roasn san im Joar 2005 gfeiat worn. In Qingdao is am 24. Mai 2005 d&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''Grüne Augenbraue'' in See gstochn, Nachbau vo oam vo de kleanan Seeschiff vo da historischn Floddn, um nach 40 Dogn in kinäsische Küstngwassa 17 asiatische und afrikanische Häfn so ozlaffa wia voa exakt 600 Joar da große Zheng.

Emso hod si vo Taiwan aus a private Expedition af seine Spurn afn Weg gmocht. In Nanjing is af seim unscheinborn Grab a Statue baut worn, wo ''Allahu akbar'' drauf gschriem stähd.

== Literatua ==
* Jacques Gernet : ''Le monde chinois. 2. L'époque moderne X siècle – XIX siècle'', Armand Colin, Paris, 2005,ISBN 2-266-16133-4
* Geoffrey J. Martin, Preston E. James: ''All Possible World's. A History of Geographical Ideas.'' Odyssey Pr., Indianapolis 1972, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York 1993, Oxford University Press, New York 2005. ISBN 0-471-06121-2, ISBN 0-19-516870-4
* J.V. Mills (Hrsg.): ''Ma Huan. Ying Yai Sheng Lan. The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores. 1433.'' Cambridge 1970.
* Leo Philip: ''Die Armada des Kaisers.'' in: ''GeoEpoche''. H 8 – Das alte China., GEO, Hamburg 2000.
* Louise Levathes: ''When China Ruled the Seas.'' Simon &amp; Schuster, New York 1994. ISBN 0-671-70158-4
* Qihuang Xie u. a.: ''Zhongguo shaoshu minzu lishi renwu zhi di yi ji.'' in: ''Historische Persönlichkeiten der Minderheiten-Völker Chinas.'' Bd 1. Beijing 1983, S. 101–105.
* Salmom, Claudine / Ptak, Roderich: Zheng He; Images &amp; Perceptions In: South China and Maritime Asia, Volume 15, Hrsg: Ptak, Roderich /Höllmann Thomas, O. Harrasowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2005
* Shusen Qiu: ''Zhongguo Huizu da cidian.'' in: ''Großes Lexikon der Hui-Nationalität Chinas.'' Nanjing 1992, S. 1018.

=== Spekulationa iwa weidane Roasn vo da Schotzfloddn ===
* Gavin Menzies: ''1421. The Year China Discovered America'' Bantam Press, London 2002. ISBN 0-593-05078-9
* Gavin Menzies: ''1421. Als China die Welt entdeckte.'' Droemer, Minga 2003. ISBN 3-426-27306-3
* P.J. Rivers: ''&quot;1421&quot; Voyages, Fact &amp; Fancy.'' Ipoh 2004.
* Robert Finlay: [https://web.archive.org/web/20040921003053/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jwh/15.2/finlay.html How (not) to rewrite World History. Gavin Menzies and the Chinese Discovery of America], ''Journal of World History'', Vol. 15, No. 2 (2004), S. 229–242 – [[Rezension]]
* W.A.R. Richardson: ''Gavin Menzies' cartographic fiction, the case of the Chinese 'discovery' of Australia.'' in: ''The Globe.'' Canberra 2004,56, 1 – 11. {{ISSN|0311-3930}}

=== Englisch ===
* {{cite book | last=Chan | first=Hok-lam | title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1 | year=1998 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-521-24332-2 | chapter=The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435}}
*Deng, Gang (2005). ''Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 BC – 1900 AD''. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29212-4.
*{{cite book|last=Dreyer|first= Edward L. |date=2007|title=Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming, 1405–1433|url=https://archive.org/details/zhenghechinaocea0000drey|series=Library of World Biography |publisher= Longman| ISBN= 0-321-08443-8|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal | last=Duyvendak | first=J.J.L. | title=The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century | journal=T'oung Pao | year=1938 | volume=34 | issue=5 | pages=341–413 | authorlink= | jstor=4527170 | ref=harv | doi=10.1163/156853238X00171}}
*Levathes, Louise (1996). ''When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433.'' Oxford University Press, trade paperback. ISBN 0-19-511207-5.
*{{cite book|last=Mills|first= J. V. G. |year=1970|title=Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores (1433)|others= translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch'eng Chun with introduction, notes and appendices by J. V. G. Mills|publisher= White Lotus Press| ISBN= 974-8496-78-3|ref=harv}}
*Ming-Yang, Dr Su. 2004 Seven Epic Voyages of Zheng He in Ming China (1405–1433)
*{{cite journal | last=Ray | first=Haraprasad | title=An Analysis of the Chinese Maritime Voyages Into the Indian Ocean During Early Ming Dynasty and Their Raison d'Etre | journal=China Report | year=1987 | volume=23 | issue=1 | pages=65–87 | doi=10.1177/000944558702300107 }}
*Viviano, Frank (2005). &quot;China's Great Armada.&quot; ''National Geographic'', 208(1):28–53, July.

== Im Netz ==
* [http://www.zeit.de/2005/08/A-Zheng_He Die Schiffe des Drachen]: Artikel aus  ''Die Zeit''
* [http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/news/894993.htm Rekonstruktion vo an großen Schatzschiff]{{Toter Link|date=2017-10 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |url=http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/news/894993.htm }} (chinesisch)
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/media/expl_01q.html QuickTime-Film über Schatzschiffe]
* [http://artslivres.com/ShowArticle.php?Id=904 Les Sept Expéditions Ming de l'Amiral Zheng He, sur le site ArtsLivres.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014902/http://www.novaplanet.com/cyber-hardcore/article,91,1,pourquoi-les-chinois-nont-pas-colonise-le-monde-plus-tot.html Pourquoi les Chinois n'ont pas colonisé le monde plus tôt?, sur le site Novaplanet.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206123002/http://www.herodote.net/14050711.htm La «flotte des Trésors» largue les amarres, sur le site Herodote.net]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080303110009/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3404,36-666769@51-628820,0.html La longue léthargie de la Chine, sur le site du Monde]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160424144513/http://www.chinapage.com/zhenghe.html Zhenghe] (englisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050711011114/http://www.1421.tv/ 1421] (Verlagswerbung zu dem Roman)
* [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/01/11/2003087264 Taipe Times]: Following the wake of Zheng He
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190603115520/http://www.zheng-he.org/ The Society of Extreme Exploration, Taiwan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070403091924/http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/china.htm Michael L. Bosworth: The Rise and Fall of 15th Century Chinese Seapower. 1999]
* Duchesne, Ricardo (2006) [http://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5923.2006.00168.x Asia First?]{{Toter Link|url=http://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5923.2006.00168.x |date=2019-11 }} ''The Journal of The Historical Society'' 6 (1), 69-91 – Zum Aufstieg vom Westen
*[http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=218 Zheng He – The Chinese Muslim Admiral]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120202073530/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/8-22-2005-75259.asp Zheng He Journey to Arabia]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060310203031/http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/2245/2005-6-13/Zt119@569.htm Zheng He 600th Anniversary]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/swimming_dragons.shtml BBC radio programme &quot;Swimming Dragons&quot;.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010913001234/http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/journey2001/ TIME magazine special feature on Zheng He (August 2001)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060221135224/http://www.elibraryhub.com/zhengHe/home.html Virtual exhibition from elibraryhub.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113091414/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200609/25/eng20060925_306133.html ''Ship imitates ancient vessel navigated by Zheng He''] at peopledaily.com (25 September 2006)
* Kahn, Joseph (2005). [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/20/international/asia/20letter.html ''China Has an Ancient Mariner to Tell You About'']. [[The New York Times]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141118011340/http://proj.ncku.edu.tw/chengho/ Newsletter, in Chinese, on academic research on the Zheng He voyages]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170630081411/http://conf.ncku.edu.tw/chengho/ 國立成功大學鄭和研究站]
{{PND|119209365|Keine Treffer im DDB-OPAC, 19. April 2007}}

== Beleg ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategorie:China]]
[[Kategorie:Entdecker]]
[[Kategorie:Seefahrer]]
[[Kategorie:Chinese]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1371]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1435]]</text>
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    <title>Amulett</title>
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      <text bytes="2156" sha1="k13he503bc3oknw1s104xdtyqn2c7xt" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=August 2015}}

[[Datei:Trollcross.jpg|miniatur|hochkant=0.7|Odal-Rune]]

A '''Amulett''' ([[latein]]isch ''amuletum'' – „Kroftspenda“, voahea arabisch ''hammala'' – „Trogebandl“) is a Gegnstod, dem o magische Kräfte zuagschriem wean. A Amulett soi Glick bringa und voa Schodn schitzn: Beispuisweis ois Schutz voam &quot;besn Blick&quot; oda &quot;oias Liabeszauba&quot;.

Amulett weanoft am Keapa trogn, owa aa in Foazeign und im Haus aufbewoat. Scho in da [[Stoazeit]] hom si Menschen Iwarestln vo da Jogdbeite umghängt, zum Beispui Zähnt und Kroin. Des soit an Menschn, wo des trogn hod, de Kroft vo dem Viech gem.

== Variantn in vaschiedanan Kuituan ==
Es gibt an Hauffa Variantn vo Amulett in vaschiedanen Kuituan, zum Beispui:

*Oids Ägyptn: Skarabäus
*Christn: Kreiz, Reliquien
*Oids Griachaland: Goidans Vlies
*Germanen: Thorhamma
*[[Indiana]] vo Noadamerika: [[Medizinbeutel|Medizinbeidl]]

== Schau aa ==
* [[Totem]]

== Literatua ==
* Hans Bonnet: ''Amulett''. In: ''Lexikon der ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte''. Hamburg 2000; ISBN 3-937872-08-6. S. 26-31.
* Manfred Brauneck: ''Religiöse Volkskunst''. DuMont, Köln 1979, ISBN 3-7701-0967-8. S. 301.
* {{cite book |author=Gonzalez-Wippler, Migene |title=Complete Book Of Amulets &amp; Talismans |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W8-ABN-138 |publisher=Lewellyn Publications |year=2001 |isbn=0-87542-287-X}}

== Im Netz ==
{{Commonscat|Amulets|Amulett}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100707012716/http://www.historicum.net/themen/hexenforschung/lexikon/alphabethisch/a-g/art/Amulette_und_Ta/html/artikel/5577/ca/6b4fe61bc2/ Artikel von Christa Tuczay in Hexenforschung/Historicum.net]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160816100430/http://www.hamsameaning.com/ A Common Amulet in Judaism - Islam and Christianity]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090426213920/http://www.my-amulet.com/About-Energy-amulets/Elfin-symbol-dictionary Elfin symbol dictionary]
* [http://www.ajudaiumacom/judaica101/jewish-symbols/hamsa/ Hamsa 101]{{Toter Link|date=2017-10 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |url=http://www.ajudaiumacom/judaica101/jewish-symbols/hamsa/ }}

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    <title>Charles Darwin</title>
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      <text bytes="36434" sha1="88iyquw83nv62kqq32cqk8z089uea0s" xml:space="preserve">[[Datei:Charles Darwin aged 51.jpg|thumb|Charles Darwin (1859/1860)]]

'''Charles Robert Darwin''' (* 12. Feba [[1809]] z Shrewsbury; † 19. Aprui [[1882]] z Downe)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/darwin_charles.shtml bbc.co.uk]&lt;/ref&gt; wor a [[Vereinigtes Königreich|britischa]] Naturforscha. Da Darwin is fir sei Theorie vo da [[Evolution]] berihmt worn. Sei Buach ''On the Origin of Species'' ([[1859]]) hod zwoa Sochan bewirkt. Erschtns, hods vui Indizien aufzoagt, dass de Evolution wirkli gebm hod. Zwoatns, hods dokumentiat, wia de Evolution funktioniat. De wichtigste Hypothesn is de ''natirliche Auslese''.&lt;ref&gt;Darwin, Charles (annotated by James T. Costa). [[2009]]. ''The annotated Origin: a facsimile of the first edition of On the Origin of Species''. Harvard, Cambridge, Mass.&lt;/ref&gt; Des Prinzip is da Schlissl zum Vaständnis vo da Biologie und vo da Diversifiziarung vom Lebm auf da [[Eadn|Erd]].

== De Roas auf da HMS Beagle ==

[[Datei:Voyage of the Beagle-en.svg|thumb|links|De Roas auf da ''Beagle'']]

Da Darwin hod fimf Joar on Bord vo da HMS Beagle, am Entdecka-Schiff vo da ''Royal Navy'' (Kinigliche Marine). Ea wor do da Gost-Naturforscha. Des hod bedeidt, dass a firs Sammen und Vamerkn vo [[Viecha]]n, Pflanzn und geologischn Fundn zuaständi wor.

De Moschoft vom Schiff wor vor oim damit bschäftigt, Kortn ozlegn, wos fia de britische Marine domois wichtig wor. Zu dera Zeit hod Großbritannien de mit Obstand greßte Marine vo da Wejd ghobt und es hod zu dera Zeit no an Hauffa Gegendn gebm, wo no koane gscheidn Kortn vorhondn worn.

Da Darwin hod a riesige Sammlung vo Fossilien, Pflanzn und ondan Fundsochan oglegt und auf England brocht. Er hod u. a. beobocht, dass auf dena Andn in Siidamerika Fossilien vo Meereslebewesn gibt und hod gmerkt, dass auf de Galapagos Ortn vo Viechan gibt, de wo si vom Festland in gwissn Eignschoftn untascheidn. So is a zan Schluss keman, das ois in Bewegung is: De Erdn vaändat si ständig und de Viecha- und Pflanznwejd vaändat si ununtabrocha.

Wia da Charles auf England zruckkeman is, hod a u. a. des Buach de ''Voyage of the Beagle'' vafosst. Des is oans vo de ganz großn naturhistorischn Reisedogebiacha.&lt;ref&gt;Browne, Janet [[1995]]. ''Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging''. Cape, London. ISBN 1-84413-314-1&lt;/ref&gt;

==Schriftn==

* [[1829]]–[[1832]]. [Records of captured insects, in] James Francis Stephens, ''Illustrations of British entomology''&lt;ref&gt;[http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_Stephens.html Darwin Online: Darwin's insects in Stephens' Illustrations of British entomology (1829-32)]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[1835]]: ''Extracts from Letters to Henslow'' (read at a meeting of the Cambridge Philosophical Society on 16 November 1835, with comments by John Stevens Henslow and Adam Sedgwick, and printed for private distribution dated 1 December 1835.&lt;ref name=extracts&gt;[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=F1&amp;pageseq=1 Extracts from letters addressed to Professor Henslow]. Cambridge: [privately printed]&lt;/ref&gt; Selected remarks had been read by Sedgwick to the Geological Society of London on 18 November 1835, and these were summarised in ''Proceedings of the Geological Society'' published in 1836.&lt;ref&gt;[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=F1642&amp;pageseq=6 Proceedings of the Geological Society 2: 210-212]&lt;/ref&gt; Further extracts were published in the ''Entomological Magazine'' and, with a review, in the ''Journal of Natural History''.&lt;ref name=extracts/&gt; A reprint was issued in 1960, again for private distribution)
* [[1836]]: ''A LETTER, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of TAHITI, NEW ZEALAND, &amp;c. – BY CAPT. R. FITZROY AND C. DARWIN, ESQ. OF H.M.S. 'Beagle.'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1640&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1 South African Christian Recorder 2 (4) (Sept. 1836): 221-238]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1838]]-[[1843]]: ''Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle'':  published between 1839 and 1843 in five Parts (and nineteen numbers) by various authors, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, who contributed sections to two of the Parts:
**1838: ''Part 1 No. 1 Fossil Mammalia'', by Richard Owen (''Preface'' and ''Geological introduction'' by Darwin)
**1838: ''Part 2 No. 1 Mammalia'', by George Robert Waterhouse (''Geographical introduction'' and ''A notice of their habits and ranges'' by Darwin)
* [[1839]]: ''Journal and Remarks'' (The Voyage of the Beagle)
* [[1842]]: ''The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs''
* [[1844]]: ''Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle''
* [[1846]]: ''Geological Observations on South America''
* [[1849]]: ''Geology'' from ''A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general.'', John F.W. Herschel ed. 
* [[1851]]: ''A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes.''
* 1851: ''A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae, or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain''
* [[1854]]: ''A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae etc.''
* 1854: ''A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain''
* [[1858]]: 'On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection'' (''Extract from an unpublished Work on Species'')
* [[1859]]: ''On The Origin of Species|On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''
* [[1862]]: ''Fertilisation of Orchids|On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects''
* [[1865]]: ''The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants'' (Linnean Society of London paper, published in book form in 1875)
* [[1868]]: ''The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication''
* [[1871]]: ''The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex''
* [[1872]]: ''The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals''
* [[1875]]: ''Insectivorous Plants''
* [[1876]]: ''The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom''
* [[1877]]: ''The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species''
* [[1879]]: &quot;Preface and 'a preliminary notice'&quot; in Ernst Krause's ''Erasmus Darwin''
* [[1880]]: ''The Power of Movement in Plants''
* [[1881]]: ''The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms''

===Autobiographii===

* [[1887]]: ''Autobiography of Charles Darwin'' (Edited by his son Francis Darwin)
* [[1958]]: ''Autobiography of Charles Darwin'' (Barlow, unexpurgated)

===Briaf===

* 1887: ''Life an
d Letters of Charles Darwin'', (ed. Francis Darwin)
* [[1903]]: ''More Letters of Charles Darwin'', (ed. Francis Darwin and A.C. Seward)

=== Deitsche Easchtausgom ===

* ''Charles Darwin’s Naturwissenschaftliche Reisen nach den Inseln des grünen Vorgebirges, Südamerika, dem Feuerlande, den Falkland-Inseln, Chiloé-Inseln, Galápagos-Inseln, Otaheiti, Neuholland, Neuseeland, Van Diemen’s Land, Keeling-Inseln, Mauritius, St.&amp;nbsp;Helena, den Azoren ec''. Deutsch und mit Anmerkungen von Ernst Dieffenbach. Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig [[1844]]
* ''Über die Entstehung der Arten im Thier- und Pflanzen-Reich durch natürliche Züchtung, oder Erhaltung der vervollkommneten Rassen im Kampfe um’s Daseyn''. Nach der zweiten [englischen] Auflage mit einer geschichtlichen Vorrede und anderen Zusätzen des Verfassers für diese deutsche Ausgabe aus dem Englischen übersetzt und mit Anmerkungen versehen von Dr. Heinrich Georg Bronn. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei, Stuttgart 1860; [https://web.archive.org/web/20090321063357/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/darwin/arten2/index.html digitalisierte Fassung]
* ''Über die Einrichtungen zur Befruchtung Britischer und ausländischer Orchideen durch Insekten und über die günstigen Erfolge der Wechselbefruchtung''. Mit Nachträgen und Verbesserungen des Verfassers aus dem Englischen übersetzt von H. G. Bronn. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei, Stuttgart 1862.
* ''Über die Bewegungen der Schlingpflanzen. Auszugsweise nach einer Abhandlung enthalten in dem „Journal of the Linnean Society, IX, S.&amp;nbsp;1–118. Referat von A.W. Eichler.“'' In: ''Flora oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung''. Neue Reihe, Bd.&amp;nbsp;24: S.&amp;nbsp;241–252, S.&amp;nbsp;273–282, S.&amp;nbsp;321–325, S.&amp;nbsp;337–345, S.&amp;nbsp;375–378, S.&amp;nbsp;385–398.
* ''Das Variieren der Thiere und Pflanzen im Zustande der Domestication''. 2 Bände. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von[Julius Victor Carus. Mit den Berichtigungen und Zusätzen des Verfassers zur 2. englischen Ausgabe und mit einem Register. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung (E. Koch), Stuttgart 1868
* ''Die Abstammung des Menschen und die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl''. 2 Bände. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung (E. Koch), Stuttgart 1871; [https://web.archive.org/web/20090711124825/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/darwin/werke05/index.html digitalisierte Fassung]
* ''Der Ausdruck der Gemüthsbewegungen bei dem Menschen und den Thieren''. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung (E. Koch), Stuttgart 1872
* ''Ch. Darwin’s gesammelte Werke''. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. Autorisirte deutsche Ausgabe. 16 Bände. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung (E. Koch), Stuttgart 1874–1888
* ''Reise eines Naturforschers um die Welt''. Aus den Englischen übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung (E. Koch), Stuttgart 1875.
* ''Insectenfressende Pflanzen''. Übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei (E. Koch), Stuttgart 1876; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408165819/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/darwin/carnivoren/index.html digitalisierte Fassung]
* ''Die verschiedenen Blüthenformen an Pflanzen der nämlichen Art''. Übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei (E. Koch), Stuttgart 1877; [https://web.archive.org/web/20090120043545/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/darwin/werke9_3/index.html digitalisierte Fassung]
* ''Die Wirkungen der Kreuz- und Selbst-Befruchtung im Pflanzenreich''. Übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei (E. Koch), Stuttgart 1877; [https://web.archive.org/web/20090119221855/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/darwin/werke10/index.html digitalisierte Fassung]
* ''Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen''. Übersetzt von J. Victor Carus. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei (E. Koch), Stuttgart 1881; [https://web.archive.org/web/20090119222719/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/darwin/werke13/index.html digitalisierte Fassung]
* ''Die Bildung der Ackererde durch die Thätigkeit der Würmer.'' Aus dem Englischen von Julius Victor Carus. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei (E. Koch), Stuttgart 1882; [https://web.archive.org/web/20091104190350/http://www.regenwurm.de/pdf/bildung-der-ackererde.pdf digitalisierte Fassung] (PDF-Datei; 2&amp;nbsp;MB)

== Beleg ==

&lt;references /&gt;

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| issue = 1
| pages =1–53
|format=PDF
| url =http://www.sulloway.org/Finches.pdf
| accessdate =9 December 2008
| doi = 10.1007/BF00132004|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web
| last = Sweet
| first = William
| title = Herbert Spencer
| publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
| year = 2004
| url = http://www.iep.utm.edu/spencer/
| accessdate =16 December 2008|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web
| last = Wilkins
| first = John S.
| year = 1997
| title =Evolution and Philosophy: Does evolution make might right?
| publisher=TalkOrigins Archive
| url = http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/social.html
| accessdate =22 November 2008|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book
| last = Wilkins
| first = John S.
| year = 2008
| contribution =Darwin
| editor-last = Tucker
| editor-first = Aviezer
| title =A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography
| url = https://archive.org/details/companiontophilo0000unse_j7f1
| series =Blackwell Companions to Philosophy
| pages =[https://archive.org/details/companiontophilo0000unse_j7f1/page/405 405]–415
| publication-place =Chichester
| publisher=Wiley-Blackwell
| isbn =1-4051-4908-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal
| last = van Wyhe
| first = John
| title = Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?
| journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society
| volume = 61
| issue =2| pages = 177–205
| date = 27 March 2007
| doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171
| url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A544&amp;pageseq=1
| accessdate =7 February 2008|ref=harv
}}
* {{cite web
| last =van Wyhe
| first = John
| year = 2008
| title =Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch
| publisher=Darwin Online
| url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html
| accessdate =17 November 2008|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book
| last =van Wyhe
| first =John
| publication-date =1 September 2008
| year =2008b
| title =Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution
| publication-place =London
| publisher=Andre Deutsch Ltd
| isbn =0-233-00251-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book
| last =von Sydow
| first = Momme
| year = 2005
| contribution =Darwin – A Christian Undermining Christianity? On Self-Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science
| contribution-url =http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090326070105/http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/abt/1/sydow/von_Sydow_(2005)_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf
| editor-last = Knight
| editor-first =David M.
| editor2-last = Eddy
| editor2-first =Matthew D.
| title =Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700–1900
| location = Burlington
| publisher=Ashgate
| pages =141–156
| isbn =0-7546-3996-7
| accessdate =16 December 2008|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web
| last = Yates
| first = Simon
| year = 2003
| title =The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood
| publisher=TalkOrigins Archive
| url =http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html
| accessdate =15 December 2006|ref=harv}}

=== Korrespondenz ===

==== Projektseitn ====

* [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk Darwin Correspondence Project Home Page], University Library, Cambridge. (Accessed 2009-05-07)
** [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/advanced-search Darwin Correspondence Online Database] – The complete texts of all letters from 1821 to 1867 are now freely available online, together with details of all known letters including brief summaries (Accessed 2012-08-31)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Darwin's letters archived on web&quot; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6657237.stm BBC]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Projektschriftn ===

* Volume 1: 1821–1836 (pub 1985) ISBN 0-521-25587-2
* Volume 2: 1837–1843 (pub 1986) ISBN 0-521-25588-0
* Volume 3: 1844–1846 (pub 1987) ISBN 0-521-25589-9
* Volume 4: 1847–1850 (pub 1988) ISBN 0-521-25590-2
* Volume 5: 1851–1855 (pub 1989) ISBN 0-521-25591-0
* Volume 6: 1856–1857 (pub 1990) ISBN 0-521-25586-4
* Volume 7: 1858–1859 (pub 1991) ISBN 0-521-38564-4
* Volume 8: 1860 (pub 1993) ISBN 0-521-44241-9
* Volume 9: 1861 (pub 1994) ISBN 0-521-45156-6
* Volume 10: 1862 (pub 1997) ISBN 0-521-59032-9
* Volume 11: 1863 (pub 1999) ISBN 0-521-59033-7
* Volume 12: 1864 (pub 2001) ISBN 0-521-59034-5
* Volume 13: 1865 (pub 2003) ISBN 0-521-82413-3
* Volume 14: 1866 (pub 2004) ISBN 0-521-84459-2
* Volume 15: 1867 (pub 2005) ISBN 0-521-85931-X
* Volume 16 pt i: 1868 (pub 2008) ISBN 978-0-521-88195-1
* Volume 16 pt ii: 1868 (pub 2008) ISBN 978-0-521-88196-8
* Volume 17: 1869 (pub 2009) ISBN 978-0-521-19030-5
* Volume 18: 1870 and supplement (pub 2010) ISBN 978-0-521-76889-4
* Volume 19: 1871 (pub 2012) ISBN 978-1-107-01648-4
* Volume 20: 1872 (pub 2014) ISBN 978-1-107-05214-7
* Further volumes are anticipated (to about 30 volumes in total)

Selections of letters published by the Correspondence Project include:

* ''Origins: Charles Darwin's Selected Letters, 1825–1859'' ISBN 978-0-521-89862-1
* ''Evolution: Charles Darwin's Selected Letters, 1860–1870'' ISBN 978-0-521-87412-0
* ''Charles Darwin: The Beagle Letters'' ISBN 978-0-521-89838-6 (all the letters to and from Darwin during the voyage)

==== Friache Briafausgom ====

* {{gutenberg|no=2087 |name=Life and Letters of Charles Darwin vol 1}}
* {{gutenberg|no=2088 |name=Life and Letters of Charles Darwin vol 2}}
* {{gutenberg|no=2739 |name=More Letters of Charles Darwin vol 1}}
* {{gutenberg|no=2740 |name=More Letters of Charles Darwin vol 2}}
* [http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LettersOnGeology.html Letters on Geology] The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online
* [http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html Life and Letters and Autobiography] The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online
* [http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_MoreLetters.html More Letters] The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online
* [http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LetteronVivisection.html Letter on Vivisection] The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online
* [http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/search/collection/darwin Charles Darwin Letters] Two collections of letters written to and by Charles Darwin

== Im Netz ==

{{commons|Charles Darwin}}
* {{DNB-Portal|118523813}}
* {{IPNI|Darwin}}
* [http://darwin-online.org.uk/ The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110401230815/http://www.vifabio.de/darwinjahr2009/ Internetzquejn zu Charles Darwin und zua Evolutionsbiologie] 
* [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/ Darwin Correspondence Project] Full text and notes for complete correspondence to 1867, with summaries of all the rest
** Darwin-Hooker letters, images and text jointly published at [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwinhooker Cambridge Digital Library] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20140711123808/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwin-hooker-letters Darwin Correspondence Project]
* {{gutenberg author| id=Charles+Darwin| name=Charles Darwin}}; public domain
* [http://darwin.amnh.org/ Darwin Manuscript Project]
* [http://librivox.org/newcatalog/search.php?title=&amp;author=charles+darwin&amp;status=all&amp;action=Search Works by Charles Darwin in audio format] from [[LibriVox]]
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/natural_science/topics/3696/ Video and radio clips] Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
* {{NRA|P7461}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140705135038/http://www.thesecondevolution.com/darwin_intro.html A Pictorial Biography of Charles Darwin]
* [http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/darwin_nazism.htm Mis-portrayal of Darwin as a Racist]
* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/darwinvolcano.html Darwin's Volcano] – a short video discussing Darwin and Agassiz' coral reef formation debate
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/interactive/2009/feb/12/charles-darwin '' The life and times of Charles Darwin'', an audio slideshow, The Guardian, Thursday 12 February 2009,] (3 min 20 sec).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130622123730/http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/showcases/charlesdarwin/ Darwin's Brave New World] – A 3 part drama-documentary exploring Charles Darwin and the significant contributions of his colleagues Joseph Hooker, Thomas Huxley and Alfred Russel Wallace also featuring interviews with [[Richard Dawkins]], David Suzuki, Jared Diamond
* [http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/dosdarwinE/darwin.html A naturalist's voyage around the world] Account of the ''Beagle'' voyage using animation, in English from Centre national de la recherche scientifique
* {{cite book|last=''Anonymous''|others=Illustrated by [[s:Author:Frederick Waddy|Waddy, Frederick]]|title=Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/C._R._Darwin,_F.R.S.|accessdate=28 December 2010|year=1873|publisher=Tinsley Brothers|location=London|pages=6–7}}
* View books owned and annotated by [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/collection/darwinlibrary Charles Darwin] at the online Biodiversity Heritage Library.

{{SORTIERUNG:Darwin, Charles}}
[[Kategorie:Autor]]
[[Kategorie:Evolution]]
[[Kategorie:Psychologie]]
[[Kategorie:Biologie]]
[[Kategorie:Mitglied der Royal Society]]
[[Kategorie:Brite]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1882]]
[[Kategorie:Wissenschaftler als Thema]]
[[Kategorie:Schriftsteller als Thema| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marmorkuchen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="922" sha1="tvx70lo2kt7z6mrwf06o4qyt72714b2" xml:space="preserve">[[Datei:Marmorkuchen.jpg|thumb|Marmorkuchen]]

A '''Marmorkuchen''' wiad aus Riahdaag gmocht. A Teu vom Daag wiad mit [[Gaugau]] gfeabt und mitm aundan Teu a wengal vamischt. So entsteht a Musta, des wos an Marmor eainnan duat.

Marmorkuchen wiad in da Regl entweda in Guglhupf-, Kraunz- oda Kostnfuam aussabochn. Es gibt eam in vü vaschiedanen Zuabereitungs-Variantn.

== Literatua ==
*{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Sax |title=Classic Home Desserts: A Treasury of Heirloom and Contemporary Recipes from Around the World |url=https://archive.org/details/classichomedesse0000saxr_r8e5 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |year=2000 |isbn=0-618-00391-6}}
* Dr. Oetker: ''1000 Landfrauenrezepte''. Valog Dr. Oetker, 2011. ISBN 978-3767009998

== Im Netz ==

{{Wikibooks|Kochbuch/ Marmorkuchen|Rezept|X}}
* [http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcakes.html#marble Marble Cake auf foodtimeline.org]

[[Kategorie:Kuchen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Higlbaua (Voik)</title>
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      <text bytes="3223" sha1="9qbcxntjlcjtima6md5o0l2a9esqqxp" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Monks Mound in July.JPG|thumb|right|''Monks Mound'', z Cahokia Mounds ([[UNESCO Welterbe|UNESCO Wejdeabe]]), bei Collinsville, Illinois, is da gresste präkolumbianische Eadhigl neadli vo Middlamerika.]]

'''Higlbaua''' oda '''Moundbuilders''' nennt ma olle prähistorischn Einwohna vo Nordamerika, de wo Eadhigl (engl. ''mounds'') fia religiese, rituelle und Begräbniszwecke baut hom bzw. aa ois Bauplotz fia elitäre Haisln. Higlbaua (Moundbuilders) is a Sommebezeichnung fia vaschiedane Vejka. Se wean ois Vorfoarn vo de spodan [[Indiana]]-Vejkan ogseng.&lt;ref&gt;Squier, A.M., E.G.; Davis M.D., E.H. (1847). Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Washington DC: [[Smithsonian Institution]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Es wead ognumma, dass de easchtn Eadhigl (mounds) scho vor eppa 3400 v. Kr. baut woan san. Vo de Indiana is vo de Eadhigl nix ibaliefat. Des Wissn driba kimmt vo da [[Archäologie]].

== Galerie ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Chromesun kincaid site 01.jpg|Higlhaisln om Mississippi, heit Sid-Illenois
Image:Grave Creek Mound.jpg|''Grave Creek Mound'', z Moundsville, West Virginia, is oana vo de gresstn keglfeamign Indiana-Higl in de [[USA]].
File:John Galbreath Mound.jpg|John Galbreath Mound im Darby Batelle Park
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Beleg ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Literatua ==

* {{cite book | last=Abrams | first=Elliot M. | coauthors=Freter, AnnCorinne (eds.). | title=The Emergence of the Moundbuilders: The Archaeology of Tribal Societies in Southeastern Ohio | url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W8-AKV-998 | year=2005 | publisher= Ohio University Press | location=Athens | isbn=9780821416099}}
* Thomas, Cyrus. ''Report on the mound explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology''. Pp.&amp;nbsp;3–730. Twelfth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1890–91, by J. W. Powell, Director. XLVIII+742 pp., 42 pls., 344 figs. 1894.
* Feder, Kenneth L.. ''Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology’’. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2006.
* {{cite book | last=Squier, A.M. | first=E.G. | coauthors=Davis M.D., E.H. | title=Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley | year=1847 | publisher= [[Smithsonian Institution]] | location=Washington DC | isbn= }}

== Im Netz ==
* {{Commonscat|Mound Builders}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110611095445/http://archaeology.about.com/od/lterms/g/lostraces.htm Lost Race Myth]
* [http://www.LostWorld's.org LostWorld's.org | An Interactive Museum of the American Indian]{{Toter Link|date=2017-10 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |url=http://www.lostworld's.org/ }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204045026/http://www.lenaweehistory.com/lenawee-ch1.html#indians LenaweeHistory.com | Mound Builders section, The Western Historical Society 1909, reprint.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205072711/http://www.artisthideout.com/art-of-the-ancients-2/ Artist Hideout, Art of the Ancients]
* [http://jqjacobs.net/archaeo/sites/ Ancient Monuments Placemarks]
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/277/5333/1796.full Science 19 September 1997] (A Mound Complex in Louisiana at 5400-5000 Year's Before the Present)

[[Kategorie:Archäologische Kultur (Amerika)]]
[[Kategorie:Grabbau]]
[[Kategorie:Indianische Kultur]]</text>
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    <title>Greta Garbo</title>
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      <text bytes="14781" sha1="9ao43dub0nt1skp9an7ozpqu5p4rsji" xml:space="preserve">[[Datei:Greta Garbo 1925 by Genthe-retouched.jpg|thumb|300px|Greta Garbo, de ''Geddliche'', de 'schwedische Sphinx'', de ''Traumprinzessin fiad Ewigkeit'' (1925)]]

De '''Greta Garbo''' (* 18. Septemba 1905 z [[Stockholm]] ois '''Greta Lovisa Gustafsson'''; † 15. Aprui 1990 z [[New York City|New York]]) wor a [[Schweden|schwedische]] Fuimschauspuiarin, a internationala Fuimstar in de 1920a und 30a Joar und ane vo de gresstn Hollywood-Legendn, de wo s je gebm hod. Se is ''de Geddliche'', ''de schwedische Sphinx'' und ''de Traumprinzessin fiad Ewigkeit'' gnennd worn.

Fost olle vo iare 28 Fuime worn sensationelle Eafoige. Ian letztn Fuim hod se 1941 gspuit. Mit nua 36 Joar hod sa si zruckzogn und hod de Effentlichkeit gscheit.

De Garbo liegt im berihmtn Stockholma Woidfriedhof [[Skogskyrkogården]] begrobm.

== Mythos ==

De Garbo is fost iba Nocht scho mit ian easchtn Fuima zan Star und spada zua Kuitfigua worn.{{sfn|Vieira|2005|p=6}}{{sfn|Barnes|1990}}&lt;ref name=&quot;vance&quot;&gt;Vance, Jeffrey (2005). ''The Mysterious Lady'', The Garbo Silents Collection: Audio commentary, DVD; Disk 1/3. (TCM Archives).&lt;/ref&gt; Dafia gibts an Haffa Grind.

Grundvoraussetzung fia a Schauspuiarin worn in dea Zeit natiale Aussegn, Talent und Charisma - davo hod de Garbo reichli ghobt. Dazua kimmt oba a ganz oagne Spuitechnik, mit dea wo se iara Zeit weit voraus wor. Se hod ned vuadagrindig und (amerikanisch) plakativ gspuit, wia olle andan Schauspuia und Schauspuiarinna za dea Zeit, sundan is mit de Roin vaschmoizn und hod komplexe Gmiatszuastend (eiropejisch) dezent und authentisch mit subtiln Blickn und Gestn zan Ausdruck brocht. Heit sogd ma dazua &quot;from the inside-out&quot; spuin.&lt;ref name=&quot;vance&quot;/&gt; Manche Kritika sogn, dass an Hauffa vo iare Fuim a Schmoarrn worn, dass ia exzellente, magnetische Spuiweis de Schwächn vo de Fuim oba komplett ibadeckt hod und aloa daduach de Fuim zan Kassnschloga worn san.{{sfn|Vieira|2005|pp=6-8}}{{sfn|Barnes|1990}} Deshoib wor de Garbo aa z Recht de bestbezoitaste Schauspuiarin vo iara Zeit.{{sfn|Vieira|2005|p=7}}{{sfn|Swenson|1997|p=406}}

Vui Berihmtheidn vo Fuim und Kuitua hom se iba de Schauspuifehigkeitn vo da Garbo begeistat ausdrickt, beispuisweis Bette Davis:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Bette|last=Davis|title=The Lonely Life|year=1990|origyear=1962|publisher= Berkley Books|location=New York|page=116|isbn=978-0-425-12350-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Her instinct, her mastery over the machine, was pure witchcraft. I cannot analyze this womans acting. I only know that no one else so effectively worked in front of a camera.&quot; Oda [[Ephraim Katz]] (''The Film Encyclopedia: The Complete Guide to Film and the Film Industry''):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Ephraim
|last=Katz|title=The Film Encyclopedia: The Complete Guide to Film and the Film Industry|url=https://archive.org/details/filmencyclopedia00katz
|year=1979
|edition=1st|publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell Co.|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/filmencyclopedia00katz/page/465 465]|isbn=978-0-690-01204-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Of all the stars who have ever fired the imaginations of audiences, none has quite projected a magnetism and a mystique equal to Garbos. &quot;The Divine&quot;, the &quot;dream princess of eternity&quot;, the &quot;Sarah Bernhardt of films&quot;, are only a few of the superlatives writers used in describing her over the years.... She played heroines that were at once sensual and pure, superficial and profound, suffering and hopeful, world-weary and life-inspiring.&quot;

De Garbo hod aa markante und fia Fuimstars ungwehnliche Charaktazig ghobt. Mode in jeda Foam wor ia zwida. Trotzdem is se zua Modeikone worn, weis gwusst hod, dass des fiad Fuimarei auschloggebend is. Deshoib hod de Garbo extrem intensiv mit ian Designer zammgorbat (vgl. [[Lady Gaga]]). Gwanda und Frisuan vo de Garbo-Fuim san Mode-Vuabuida worn.

De Garbo wor extrem Effentlichkeitsschei und hod a diafs Misstraun gegn de Medien ghobt, damit hod se olle PR-Regln vo Hollywood brocha. Se hod mit Ausnohm vo iara Ofangszeit nia Interviews gebm{{sfn|Paris|1994|p=178}}, hod nia ned Autogrammstundn gmocht und is nua sejtn in da Effentlichkeit aftredn; und wen, nacha hinta ana Sunnabruin und an riesign Huad tarnt. Deswegn hod se aa in Spitznama &quot;Schwedische Sphinx&quot; griagt. Trotz dea Schei vua da Effentlichkeit is de Garbo paradoxaweis oane vo de Fraun worn, iba de wo im 20. Joarhundat af da Wejd am moastn vaeffentlicht worn san.{{sfn|NYTimes|1990}}{{sfn|Barnes|1990}}

== Galerie ==

&lt;gallery perrow=4 widths=180px heights=180px&gt;
File:Greta Garbo08.jpg|De Garbo 1925 (in ''The Joyless Street'')
File:Greta Garbo Anna Karenina 1935.jpg|De Garbo 1930 (in ''Anna Karenina'')
File:Garbo in Inspiration.jpg| De Garbo 1931 (in ''Inspiration'')
File:Garbo-Anna Karenina-036.jpg|De Garbo 1935 (in ''Anna Karenina'')
File:Greta Garbo Anna Karenina 4.jpg|De Garbo 1935 (in ''Anna Karenina'')
File:Garbo &amp; Taylor - Camille 1936.jpg|De Garbo 1936 (in ''Camille'', mitm Robert Taylor)
File:Douglas-Ninotchka.jpg|De Garbo 1939 (in ''Ninotchka'' mitm Melvyn Douglas)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fuimografie ==

* 1921: ''Herr och Fru Stockholm'' (Schweden) - Reklamefuim fias Stockholma Kaufhaus PUB (uma 5 Minutn)
* 1922: ''Konsumtionsföreningen Stockholm med Omned'' (Schweden) - Reklamefuim fiad Konsumentenvaeinigung vo Stockholm und Umgebung (uma 8 Minutn)
* 1922: ''Luffar-Petter'' (Schweden) - Regie: Erik A. Petschler
* 1924: ''Gösta Berling'' (''Gösta Berlings Saga'') (Schweden)
* 1925: ''Die freudlose Gasse'' (Deitschland) 
* 1926: ''Fluten der Leidenschaft'' (''Torrent'') 
* 1926: ''Dämon Weib'' (aa ''Totentanz der Liebe'') ''(The Temptress)''
* 1927: ''Es war'' (''Flesh and the Devil'') 
* 1927: ''Anna Karenina (''Love'') 
* 1928: ''Das göttliche Weib'' (''The Divine Woman'') 
* 1928: ''Der Krieg im Dunkel'' (aa ''Die Dame von Loge 13'') (''The Mysterious Lady'') 
* 1928: ''Eine schamlose Frau'' (aa ''Herrin der Liebe'') (''A Woman of Affairs'') 
* 1929: ''Wilde Orchideen'' (''Wild Orchids'') 
* 1929: ''Unsichtbare Fesseln'' (''The Single Standard'') 
* 1929: ''Der Kuß'' (''The Kiss'')
* 1930: ''Anna Christie'' 
* 1930: ''Romanze'' (''Romance'')
* 1930: ''Anna Christie'' - deitsche Version
* 1931: ''Yvonne'' (''Inspiration'') 
* 1931: ''Helgas Fall und Aufstieg'' (''Susan Lenox - Her Fall and Rise'') 
* 1931: ''Mata Hari''
* 1932: ''Menschen im Hotel'' (''Grand Hotel'') 
* 1932: ''Wie Du mich wünschst'' (''As You Desire Me'')
* 1933: ''Königin Christine'' (''Queen Christina'') 
* 1934: ''Der bunte Schleier'' (''The Painted Veil'') 
* 1935: ''Anna Karenina'' 
* 1936: ''Die Kameliendame'' (''Camille'') 
* 1937: ''Maria Walewska'' (''Conquest'') 
* 1939: ''Ninotschka'' (''Ninotchka'') 
* 1941: ''Die Frau mit den zwei Gesichtern'' (''Two-Faced Woman'')

== Beleg ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Literatua ==

* Kevin Brownlow: ''Pioniere des Films - Vom Stummfilm bis Hollywood''. Schriftenreihe des deutschen Filmmuseums Frankfurt. Stroemfeld, Basel 1996, 1997. ISBN 3-87877-386-2.
* {{Cite book|last=Bainbridge|first=John|title=Garbo|year=1955|publisher=Doubleday|location=Garden City, NY|edition=1st|oclc=1215789|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HsxZAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=isbn%3A9780030850455|accessdate=22 July 2010|pages=256 pages|nopp=y|ref=harv}}
** {{Cite book|last=Bainbridge|first=John|authormask=2|title=Garbo|year=1971|publisher=Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston|location=New York|edition=1st|type=reissued|isbn=978-0-03-085045-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=0tFqQgAACAAJ&amp;dq=isbn=9780030850455|accessdate=22 July 2010|pages=320 pages|nopp=y|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Bainbridge|first=John|title=The Great Garbo|journal=Life|date=10 january 1955|year=1955a|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NVQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA84|accessdate=22 July 2010|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Bainbridgefirst=John|title=The Great Garbo: Part Two: Gretas Haunted Path to Stardom|journal=Life|date=17 january 1955|year=1955b|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HlQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA76|accessdate=22 July 2010|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Bainbridge|first=John|title=The Great Garbo: Part Three: The Braveness to Be Herself|journal=Life|date=24 january 1955|year=1955c|url=http://books.google.com/?id=61MEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA112|accessdate=22 July 2010|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite news|title=Glory That Was Garbo; An Unparalleled Career and a Permanent Place in the Screen Pantheon|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=16 April 1990|first=Bart|last=Barnes|accessdate=8 january 2010|ref=CITEREFBarnes1990}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Biery|first=Ruth|title=The Story of Greta Garbo As Told By her to Ruth Biery, Chapter I|journal=Photoplay|date=April 1928|year=1928a|url=http://www.greta-garbo.de/interview-with-greta-garbo-photoplay-1928-ruth-biery/|accessdate=22 July 2010|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717063727/http://www.greta-garbo.de/interview-with-greta-garbo-photoplay-1928-ruth-biery/|archivedate=2012-07-17}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Biery|first=Ruth|title=The Story of Greta Garbo As Told By her to Ruth Biery, Chapter II|journal=Photoplay|date=May 1928|year=1928b|url=http://www.greta-garbo.de/interview-with-greta-garbo-photoplay-1928-ruth-biery/photoplay-may-1928-garbo-story.html|accessdate=22 July 2010|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027094218/http://www.greta-garbo.de/interview-with-greta-garbo-photoplay-1928-ruth-biery/photoplay-may-1928-garbo-story.html|archivedate=2012-10-27}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Biery|first=Ruth|title=The Story of Greta Garbo As Told By her to Ruth Biery, Chapter III|journal=Photoplay|date=June 1928|year=1928c|url=http://www.greta-garbo.de/interview-with-greta-garbo-photoplay-1928-ruth-biery/photoplay-june-1928-garbo-story.html|accessdate=22 July 2010|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116064816/http://www.greta-garbo.de/interview-with-greta-garbo-photoplay-1928-ruth-biery/photoplay-june-1928-garbo-story.html|archivedate=2013-01-16}}
* {{Cite book|last=Borg|first=Sven Hugo|title=The Only True Story of Greta Garbos Private Life|year=1933|publisher=Amalgamated Press|location=London|url=http://www.greta-garbo.de/private-life-of-greta-garbo-by-sven-hugo-borg|accessdate=22 July 2010|ref=harv}} {{Webarchiv|url=http://www.greta-garbo.de/private-life-of-greta-garbo-by-sven-hugo-borg |wayback=20130116064907 |text=The Only True Story of Greta Garbos Private Life |archiv-bot=2022-02-19 00:15:30 InternetArchiveBot }}
* {{Cite book|last=Broman|first=Sven|title=Conversations with Greta Garbo|year=1990|publisher=Viking Press, Penguin Group|location=New York|isbn=isbn 06708277X}}
* {{cite book|last=Carr|first=Larry|title=Four Fabulous Faces: The Evolution and Metamorphosis of Swanson, Garbo, Crawford and Dietrich|url=https://archive.org/details/fourfabulousface0000carr|year=1970|publisher=Doubleday and Company|isbn=0-87000-108-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=Charlotte|title=I Know Where I'm Going: Katharine Hepburn, A Personal Biography|year=2010|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gwc3FYlODrcC&amp;pg=PA119|isbn=978-1-4391-4928-7|page=119|accessdate=21 August 2011|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite news|last=LaSalle|first=Mick|date=6 July 2005|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-07-06/entertainment/17382145_1_film-history-leatrice-joy-gilbert-fountain-cecil-b-demille|title=Interview with John Gilberts daughter, Leatrice Gilbert Fountain|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}
* Italo Moscati, &quot;Greta Garbo, diventare star per sempre&quot;, Edizioni Sabinae, Roma, 2010.
* {{Cite news|title=Greta Garbo Back – A Bit Less Aloof: Film Star, Still Showing the Effects of Illness, Consents to 10-Minute interview|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 May 1936|url=http://www.greta-garbo.de/com/greta-garbo-back.html|accessdate=12 July 2010|ref=CITEREFNYTimes1936}}
* {{Cite news|title=Greta Garbo, 84, Screen Icon Who Fled Her Stardom, Dies|newspaper=''[[The New York Times|New York Times, The]]''|date=16 April 1990|url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0918.html|accessdate=22 July 2010|ref=CITEREFNYTimes1990}}
* {{Cite book|last=Palmborg|first=Rilla Page|title=The Private Life of Greta Garbo|year=1931|publisher=Doubleday, Doran &amp; Company, Inc|location=Garden City, NY|isbn=978-90-00-00721-9|url=http://www.greta-garbo.de/the-private-life-of-greta-garbo|accessdate=22 July 2010|ref=harv}} {{Webarchiv|url=http://www.greta-garbo.de/the-private-life-of-greta-garbo |wayback=20130114183610 |text=The Private Life of Greta Garbo |archiv-bot=2022-02-19 00:16:00 InternetArchiveBot }}
* {{Cite book|last=Paris|first=Barry|title=Garbo|url=https://archive.org/details/garbopari00pari|year=1994|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8166-4182-6
|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|editor=Ricci, Stefania|title=Greta Garbo: The Mystery of Style|url=https://archive.org/details/gretagarbomyster0000unse|location=Milan|publisher=Skira Editore|year=2010|isbn=978-88-572-0580-9|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Schanke|first=Robert A.|year=2003|title=&quot;That Furious Lesbian&quot;: The Story of Mercedes de Acosta|url=https://archive.org/details/thatfuriouslesbi0000scha|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=0-8093-2511-X}}
* {{Cite book|last=Souhami|first=Diana|title=Greta and Cecil|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1NEaAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=24 July 2010|year=1994|publisher=Harper|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-06-250829-4|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Swenson|first=Karen|title=Greta Garbo: A life Apart|url=http://books.google.com/?id=K2JZAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|isbn=978-0-684-80725-6|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vickers|first=Hugo|title=Loving Garbo: The Story of Greta Garbo, Cecil Beaton, and Mercedes de Acosta|url=https://archive.org/details/lovinggarbostory0000vick|year=1994|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=978-0-679-41301-1|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vieira|first=Mark A.|title=Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer|url=https://archive.org/details/irvingthalbergbo0000viei|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, CA|isbn=978-0-520-26048-1|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vieira|first=Mark A.|title=Greta Garbo: A Cinematic Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/gretagarbocinema0000viei|year=2005|publisher=Harry A. Abrams|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8109-5897-5|ref=harv}}

== Im Netz ==

{{Commonscat}}
* {{IMDb Name|0001256}}
* [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0918.html Biographie in da New York Times]
* {{DNB-Portal|118537571}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121115114426/http://www.garboforever.com/Menue.htm Garbo forever]
* {{VHy Name|ID=114}}

{{Normdaten}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garbo, Greta}}
[[Kategorie:Schauspieler]]
[[Kategorie:Pseudonym]]
[[Kategorie:Oscarpreisträger]]
[[Kategorie:Schwede]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1905]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1990]]
[[Kategorie:Frau]]</text>
      <sha1>9ao43dub0nt1skp9an7ozpqu5p4rsji</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michelangelo</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for Verifiability (20260717)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="12505" sha1="ru9d4jpwszbz0zrj60be94ud61tfsfc" xml:space="preserve">[[Datei:Miguel Ángel, por Daniele da Volterra (detalle).jpg|miniatur|Michelangelo Buonarroti, umara 1535]]
[[Datei:Michelangelo's David - right view 2.jpg|miniatur|David]]

'''Michelangelo Buonarroti''' [{{IPA|mikeˈlanʤelo bwɔnarˈrɔːti}}], moast nua '''Michelangelo''' (voiständiga Nama '''Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni'''; *&amp;nbsp;6.&amp;nbsp;Meaz&amp;nbsp;[[1475]] z Caprese, [[Toskana]]; † 18. Feba [[1564]] z [[Rom]]), wor a [[italien]]ischa Mola, Buidhaua, Architekt und Dichda. Zamm midm [[Leonardo da Vinci]] guit ea ois Archetyp vo da Houchrenaissance und ois oana vo de grässdn Kinstla vo oin Zeidn.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379957/Michelangelo|title=Michelangelo biography|work=Encyclopædia Britannica }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Weak ==

=== Madonna und Kindl ===

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;4&quot; &gt; 
File:Buonarotti-scala.jpg|''De Madonna af da Stuafa'' (1490–92) 
File:Taddei Tondo.JPG|''Taddei Tondo'' (1502) 
File:Madonna michelangelo1.jpg|''Madonna und Kindl''. Brügge, Belgium (1504)
File:Michelangelo- Tondo Doni - tone corrected.jpg|''Doni Tondo'' (1504–06) 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Sixtische Kapejn (Decknfresko) ===

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;4&quot;&gt; 
File:Ivresse de noe.jpg|''Da bsoffane Noah'' 
File:Michelangelo, Deluge 02.jpg|''De Sintflut'' (Detail)
File:Creación de Adám.jpg|''De Schepfung vom Adam''  (1510) 
File:First Day of Creation.jpg|''Da easchde Dog vo da Schepfung'' 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Auswoi ===

* [[1489]]–[[1492]] Madonna an da Treppn, Marmorrelief. Florenz, Casa Buonarroti
* 1492–[[1493]] Kentaurenschlocht, Marmorrelief. Florenz, Casa Buonarroti
* 1492 Kruzifix, Lindenhoizstatue an hejzam Kreiz. Florenz, Santo Spirito
* [[1494]]–[[1495]] Arca di San Domenico, Statuen des Hl. Petronius, des Hl. Prokulus und Leichtaengel. Bologna
* [[1496]]–[[1497]] Ogsoffana Bacchus (Skuiptua). Florenz, Bargello
* [[1498]]–[[1499]] Pietà ((Skuiptua)) im Petersdom in Rom
* [[1501]]–[[1504]] Piccolomini-Altar, Statuen der Heiligen Pius, Gregor der Große, Petrus, Paulus. Dom zu Siena
* 1501–1504 David (Skuiptua) in Florenz
* [[1503]] Tondo Taddei, Marmorrundrelief. London, Royal Academy
* 1503–[[1505]] Brügge-Madonna, Marmorstatue. Brügge, Liebfrauenkira
* [[1504]]–1505 Tondo Pitti, Marmorrundrelief. Florenz, Bargello
* 1504–1505 Tondo Doni, Rundemejde. Florenz, [[Uffizien]]
* 1505–[[1515]] und spoda, Skuiptuan fias Grobmoi vom Pobst Julius II., u.&amp;nbsp;a. Sterbenda Sklave (heit im Louvre, Paris), Moses
* [[1508]]–[[1512]] Freske] vo da Sixtinischen Kapejn in Rom
* [[1519]]–1521 Da afastandne Kristus, Marmorstatue. Rom, 
* [[1520]]–[[1534]] Grabmola vo de Herzeg Giovanni und Lorenzo II. de Medici in da Neien Sakristei vo da Medici-Kapejn in Florenz
* [[1524]]–[[1526]] Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florenz
* [[1530]] Apollo, Marmorstatue. Florenz, Bargello
* [[1532]]–[[1534]] Da Siega, Marmorstatue. Florenz, Palazzo Vecchio
* [[1533]] Da Stuaz vom Phaeton. Royal Library, Windsor (seit 1810)
* 1533 Da Stuaz vom Phaeton. British Museum
* 1534–[[1541]] Jingstes Gericht in da Sixtinischen Kapejn
* [[1547]] Bauleitung Petersdom, Kuppe
* 1547–[[1564]] Pietà Bandini. Florenz, Museo dell’Opera del Duomo
* [[1553]] Da Stuaz vom Phaeton. Venedig, Gallerie dell’Accademia
* 1553–1564 Pietà Rondanini. Mailand, Castello Sforzesco
* [[1554]]–1564 Pietà Roma (zastead)
* [[1560]]–[[1562]] Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri in Rom

=== Gedichtln und Briaf ===

* Ich Michelangelo – Briefe, Dichtungen und Gespräche in einer Auswahl. Herausgegeben von Fritz Erpel im Henschelverlag Berlin, 4. Auflage 1966
* {{PGIW|15813|Michelangelo. Gedichte und Briefe|R. A. Guardini}}
* Michelangelo Buonarroti: Liebesgedichte, Italienisch und Deutsch. Insel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007. ISBN 978-3-458-34944-0

Vatonunga vo Gedichtln:

* Hugo Wolf: ''Michelangelo-Lieder'', drei Gedichte von Michelangelo für eine Baßstimme und Klavier (1897)
* [[Richard Strauss]]: ''Madrigal (Ins Joch beug' ich den Nacken)'' op. 15 Nr. 1
* Josef Schelb: ''Drei Sonette Michelangelos für Singstimme und Klavier'' op. 5 (1916)
* Benjamin Britten: ''Sieben Sonette nach Michelangelo'' op. 22
* Dmitri Schostakowitsch: ''Suite nach Worten von Michelangelo Buonarroti'' op. 145 fia Boss und Klavia (1974)

== Links ==
* [[Salvatore Garau]]
* [[Giannino Castiglioni]]
* [[Tommaso Panizza]]

== Literatua ==

* Hans Mackowsky: ''Michelangelo'', Erste Ausgabe 1908, J.B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung Stuttgart, 1947
* Bibliographien: Ernst Steinmann und Rudolf Wittkower – ''Michelangelo-Bibliographie 1500–1926'', Leipzig 1927
* Luitpold Dussler: ''Michelangelo-Bibliographie 1927–1970'', Wiesbaden 1974
* Valerio Guazzoni, Alessandro Nova, Pier Luigi de Vecchi: ''Michelangelo – Der Bildhauer, Der Architekt, Der Maler'', Stuttgart / Zürich 1984 (3 Bände, mit einem bedeutenden Beitrag von Enzo Noè Girardi – ''Michelangelos Dichtungen'')
* Michael Rohlmann, Andreas Thielemann (Hrsg.): ''Michelangelo – Neue Beiträge'', [[Minga]], Berlin 2000
* Daniel Kupper: ''Michelangelo''. Reinbek 2004 (Dort weiterführende Literatur nach 1970), ISBN 3-499-50657-2
* Ross King: ''Michelangelo und die Fresken des Papstes'', [[Minga]] 2003. ISBN 978-3-8135-0193-3
* Trewin Copplestone: ''Michelangelo''. Verlag EDITION XXL, 2005, ISBN 3-89736-334-8
* {{BBKL|m/michelangelo|band=5|autor=Peter Dering|spalten=1489-1502}}
* Antonio Forcellino: ''Michelangelo. Eine Biographie''. [[Minga]] 2006, ISBN 3-88680-845-9
* [[Sigmund Freud]]: ''Der Moses des Michelangelo'' (1914)
* Georg Franzen: ''Sigmund Freud und der Moses des Michelangelo''. Verlag Peter Lang, Frankfurt/M. 1992.
* Lutz Heusinger: ''Michelangelo. Leben und Werk in chronologischer Reihenfolge''. Gondrom Verlag, Bayreuth 1976
* Stefanie Penck: ''Michelangelo''. Prestel Verlag, [[Minga]] 2005, ISBN 978-3-7913-3428-8 (Flexo).
* Frank Zöllner, Christian Thoenes und Thomas Pöpper: ''Michelangelo 1475–1564. Das vollständige Werk.'' Taschen Verlag, Köln 2007, ISBN 978-3-8228-3053-6
* Joachim Poeschke: ''Die Skulptur der Renaissance in Italien; Band 2: Michelangelo und seine Zeit'', [[Minga]] 1992, ISBN 3-7774-5430-3
* Horst Bredekamp: ''Michelangelo – Fünf Essays'', Verlag Klaus Wagenbach, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-8031-5179-7
* Volker Reinhardt: ''Der Göttliche. Das Leben des Michelangelo.''Verlag C.H. Beck, [[Minga]] 2010. ISBN 978-3-406-59784-8
* Stephanie Buck: ''Michelangelo’s Dream'', Ausstellungskatalog Courtauld Gallery, London, University of Washington Press, 2010 ISBN 978-1-907372-02-5
* Cristina Acidini Luchinat: ''Michelangelo. Der Bildhauer'' mit Fotografien von Aurelio Amendola; aus dem Italienischen von Petra Kaiser und Martina Kempter. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München 2010. ISBN 978-3-422-07014-1
* Michael Hirst: ''Michelangelo'', New Haven [u. a.] : Yale Univ. Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-300-11861-2 (Band 1)
* {{Cite book|last=Ackerman |first=James |title=The Architecture of Michelangelo |url=https://archive.org/details/architectureofmi00acke_0 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-226-00240-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Clément|first=Charles|year=1892|title=''Michelangelo''|publisher=S. Low, Marston, Searle, &amp; Rivington, ltd.: London|location=Harvard University, Digitized 25 June 2007| url=http://books.google.com/?id=G-sDAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=michelangelo}}
* {{Cite book |last=Condivi |first=Ascanio |title=The Life of Michelangelo |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmichelange0000cond |year=1553 |coauthors=Alice Sedgewick |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=0-271-01853-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Baldini |first=Umberto |title=The Sculpture of Michelangelo |publisher=Rizzoli |coauthors=Liberto Perugi |year=1982 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=pCEWAQAAIAAJ |isbn=0-8478-0447-X}} 
* Barenboim, Peter and Shiyan, Sergey (2011). ''Michelangelo in the Medici Chapel: Genius in details'' (English, Russian). Moscow: Looom. ISBN 978-5-9903067-1-4 
* {{Cite book|last=Bartz |first=Gabriele |title=Michelangelo |publisher=Könemann |coauthors=Eberhard König |year=1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelobuon0000bart|isbn=3-8290-0253-X}} 
* Einem, Herbert von (1973). ''Michelangelo''. Trans. Ronald Taylor. London: Methuen. 
* Gardner, Helen; Fred S. Kleiner, Christin J. Mamiya, ''Gardner's Art through the Ages''. Thomson Wadsworth, (2004) ISBN 0-15-505090-7.
* Gilbert, Creighton (1994). ''Michelangelo On and Off the Sistine Ceiling''. New York: George Braziller. 
* {{Cite book|last=Goldscheider|first=Ludwig|title=Michelangelo: Paintings, Sculptures, Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/michaelangelopai0000ludw|publisher=Phaidon|year=1953|isbn=}} 
* {{Cite book|last=Goldscheider|first=Ludwig|title=Michelangelo: Drawings|publisher=Phaidon|year=1953|isbn=}} 
* Hartt, Frederick (1987). ''David by the Hand of Michelangelo- the Original Model Discovered'', Abbeville, ISBN 0-89659-761-X
* Hibbard, Howard (1974). ''Michelangelo''. New York: Harper &amp; Row.
* Hirst, Michael and Jill Dunkerton. (1994) ''The Young Michelangelo: The Artist in Rome 1496–1501''. London: National Gallery Publications, ISBN 1-85709-066-7
* {{Cite book|last=Liebert |first=Robert |title=Michelangelo: A Psychoanalytic Study of his Life and Images |url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelopsyc0000lieb |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |year=1983 |isbn=0-300-02793-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Néret|first=Gilles|title=Michelangelo|url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelo14750000nere|publisher=Taschen|year=2000|isbn=978-3-8228-5976-6}}
* Paoletti, John T. and Radke, Gary M., (2005) ''Art in Renaissance Italy'', Laurence King, ISBN 1-85669-439-9 
* Pietrangeli, Carlo, et al. (1994). ''The Sistine Chapel: A Glorious Restoration''. New York: Harry N. Abrams
* {{Cite book|last=Sala |first=Charles |title=Michelangelo: Sculptor, Painter, Architect |publisher=Editions Pierre Terrail |year=1996 |isbn=978-2-87939-069-7}}
* Saslow, James M. (1991). ''The Poetry of Michelangelo: An Annotated Translation''. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
* {{Cite book|last=Rolland |first=Romain |title=Michelangelo|publisher=BiblioLife |year=2009 |isbn=1-110-00353-6}}
* Seymour, Charles, Jr. (1972). ''Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling''. New York: W. W. Norton.
* {{Cite book|last=Stone |first=Irving |title=The Agony and the Ecstasy |url=https://archive.org/details/agonyecstasybiog00ston |publisher=Signet |year=1987 |isbn=0-451-17135-7}}
* Summers, David (1981). ''Michelangelo and the Language of Art''. Princeton University Press.
* {{Cite book |title=The Youth of Michelangelo |url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelo0000unse_c5u7 |last=Tolnay |first=Charles |year=1947 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ}}
* Tolnay, Charles de. (1964). ''The Art and Thought of Michelangelo''. 5 vols. New York: Pantheon Books.
* {{Cite book|last=Wallace |first=William E. |title= [http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/Michelangelo-the-artist-the-man-and-his-times-by-William-Wallace.php ''Michelangelo: The Artist, the Man and his Times''] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=1-107-67369-0}}
* Wilde, Johannes (1978). ''Michelangelo: Six Lectures''. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

== Im Netz ==

{{Commons|Michelangelo}}
* {{DNB-Portal|118582143}}
* {{Zeno-Künstler|Kunstwerke/A/Michelangelo+Buonarroti}}
* [http://artcyclopedia.com/artists/michelangelo_buonarroti.html Artcyclopedia: Michelangelo Buonarroti (Weak)]
* [http://www.casabuonarroti.it/ Casa Buonarroti, Florenz] (ital., engl.)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504172953/http://fotocollectie.huisdoorn.nl/HuDF-0668 A Pigmentdruck vom Michelangelo in da Fotokollektion vo Haus Doorn]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141009015003/http://www.scultura-italiana.com/Biografie/Michelangelo.htm Skuiptuan]
* [http://www.oppisworld.de/zeit/biograf/michela.html Biografie Michelangelo Buonarroti]{{Toter Link|url=http://www.oppisworld.de/zeit/biograf/michela.html |date=2022-05 }}
* [http://newsv1.orf.at/080215-21850/?href=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsv1.orf.at%2F080215-21850%2F21851txt_story.html Freie Hand in da Papst-Kapelle.] In: [[ORF]], 29. Meaz 2008

== Beleg ==

&lt;references /&gt;

{{Normdaten}}

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[[Kategorie:Architekt]]
[[Kategorie:Maler]]
[[Kategorie:Autor]]
[[Kategorie:Lyrik]]
[[Kategorie:Italiener]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Okinawa Sproch</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7378" sha1="0l81tjjh81od476f7zsu13uno3887d7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;onlyinclude&gt;{| class=&quot;infobox wikitable float-right&quot; style=&quot;width:330px; font-size:98%;&quot; summary=&quot;Infobox&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FF0000;font-size:135%; color:#ffffff&quot; | {{{Sprache|{{{Plansprache|{{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}|{{#language:{{{ISO1|}}}}}|{{PAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}} {{#if: {{{ISO1|}}}|({{#language:{{{ISO1|}}}}})}} }}}}}}}}
&lt;small&gt;{{lang|ryu|沖縄口}}/{{lang|ryu|うちなーぐち}} ''Uchinaaguchi''&lt;/small&gt;
|- colspan=&quot;2&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4;&quot; |Gred in
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; |[[Japan]] - Okinawa Insln
|- colspan=&quot;2&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4;&quot; |Gred vo
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; |980.000 (Joar 2000)
|- colspan=&quot;2&quot;
| vertical-align:top; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4;&quot;|Klassifikation
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; |
* [[Japanisch-Ryukyu]]
:* Ryukyu
::* Noad-Ryukyu
:::* Okinawa Sprochn
::::*'''Okinawa'''
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700;font-size:100%; color:#000000&quot; | Offiziella Status
|- colspan=&quot;2&quot;
| vertical-align:top; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4;&quot;|Amtssproch
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | Im historischn Kinireich Ryukyu
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700;font-size:100%; color:#000000&quot; | Sprochcode
|- colspan=&quot;2&quot;
| vertical-align:top; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4;&quot;|[[ISO 639]]-1
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | --
|- colspan=&quot;2&quot;
| vertical-align:top; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4;&quot;|[[ISO 639]]-2
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | --
|- colspan=&quot;2&quot;
| vertical-align:top; style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4;&quot;|[[ISO 639]]-3
| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; | ryu
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700;font-size:100%; color:#000000&quot; | Okinawa Sprochraum
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Boundaries of the Okinawan Languages.svg|325px]]
Okinawa Sprochraum (dunklroud)
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
|}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;

De '''Okinawa Sproch''' (okinawa: ''沖縄口'') wor de [[Amtssprache|Amtssproch]] vom [[Kinireich Ryukyu]] und hoasst im ''Kanji'' (漢字) und ''Hiragana'' (ひらがな) oder ''Katakana'' (カタカナ). Die Obkiazung nochm [[ISO]]-Standard is '''RYU'''.

Okinawa is koa Dialekt vom [[Japanisch]]n. De Okinawa Sprochfamij is a oagna Sprochzweig vom &quot;Ur-Japanischn&quot;.

==Beispui==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1em; float:left&quot;
|-
!Boarisch !! Okinawa !! Romaji
|-
|Hallo || はいさい || Haisai
|-
|Willkommen || めんそーれ || Mensoore
|-
|Jo || うー || Uu
|-
|Naa || あいびらん || Aibiran
|-
|Dankschee || 御拝でーびる || Nifeedeebiru
|-
|Bittschee || 御願さびら || Unigeesabira
|-
|I || 我ん || Wan
|-
|Du || 御所 || Unjyu
|-
|Kindl || 子 || Warabii
|-
|scheen || ちゃら || Chara
|-
|schiach || やな || Yana
|-
|Buag || 城 || Gushiku
|-
|Sproch || 口 || Guchi
|-
|Leid (Menschn) || 人 || Chu
|-
|Okinawa || 沖縄  || Uchinaa
|-
|}
{{clear}}

== Literatua ==
* {{cite web | url=http://mimizun.com/log/2ch/whis/1040532842/ | title=民族、言語、人種、文化、区別スレ | publisher=Mimizun.com | date=2005-08-31 | accessdate=2010-12-26 | ref={{harvid|Mimizun.com|2005}} }}
* {{cite web | last=Moseley | first=Christopher | title=Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger | edition=3rd | year=2010 | publisher=UNESCO Publishing | url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php | accessdate=2010-12-25 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11406969 | title=BBC News - Wannabe rockstar keeping Okinawan language alive | first=Philippa | last=Fogarty | accessdate=2010-12-25 | ref=harv | date=2010-10-09}}
* {{cite book | title=Okinawa, the history of an island people | url=https://archive.org/details/okinawahistoryof0000kerr | first=George H. | last=Kerr | publisher=Tuttle Publishing | year=2000 | ISBN=0-8048-2087-2 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title=Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world | first=Keith | last=Brown | first2=Sarah | last2=Ogilvie | publisher=Elsevier | year=2008 | ISBN=0-08-087774-5 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title=Language Planning and Policy in Asia: Japan, Nepal, Taiwan and Chinese characters | url=https://archive.org/details/languageplanning0000unse_z6n2 | first=Robert B. | last=Kaplan | publisher=Multilingual Matters | year=2008 | ISBN=1-84769-095-5 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title=Proto-Japanese: issues and prospects | first=Mary Goebel | last=Noguchi | first2=Sandra | last2=Fotos | publisher=Multilingual Matters | year=2001 | ISBN=1-85359-490-3 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | url=http://www3.nacos.com/lsj/modules/documents/LSJpapers/journals/136_miyara.pdf | first=Shinsho | last=Miyara | journal=言語研究（Gengo Kenkyu） | title=Two Types of Nasal in Okinawa | publisher=University of the Ryukyus | year=2009 | accessdate=2010-12-25 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title=Small Linguistics: Phonological history and lexical loans in Nakijin dialect Okinawan | url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/11526 | first=Stewart A. | last=Curry | publisher=Ph.D. - East Asian Languages and Literatures (Japanese), University of Hawaii at Manoa | year=2004 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | first=Kurayoshi | last=Takara | url=http://www.uchinanchu.org/uchinanchu/ryukyuanist/ryukyuanist27.pdf | year=1994-1995 | title=King and Priestess: Spiritual and Political Power in Ancient Ryukyu | journal=The Ryukyuanist | issue=27 | publisher=Shinichi Kyan | accessdate=2011-01-23 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | journal=しまてぃ | issue=21 | publisher=建設情報誌 | title=新しいまちづくり豊見城市 | first=Takeo | last=Ishikawa | url=http://www.okikosai.or.jp/20kouhou/simatatei/sima_21/sima21.pdf | date=April 2002 | accessdate=2011-03-14 | ref=harv }}{{Toter Link|date=2017-10 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |url=http://www.okikosai.or.jp/20kouhou/simatatei/sima_21/sima21.pdf }}
* {{cite journal | journal=沖縄スタイル | issue=07 | publisher=枻出版社 | ISBN=4-7779-0333-8 | url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=7Dv4u-f7yLcC | title=Worldwide Heritages in Okinawa: Tamaudun | date=2005-07-10 | accessdate=2011-03-14 | ref={{harvid|Okinawa Style|2005}} | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420063655/http://books.google.ca/books?id=7Dv4u-f7yLcC | archivedate=2014-04-20 }}
* {{cite book | title=Kodansha – encyclopedia of Japan | volume=6 | year=1983 | publisher=Kodansha | ISBN=0-87011-626-6 | ref={{harvid|Kodansha|1983}} }}
* {{cite book | title=Working papers in linguistics | volume=9 | publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, University of Hawaii | year=1977 | url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=J-ooAQAAIAAJ | ref={{harvid|WPL|1977}} }} {{Webarchiv|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=J-ooAQAAIAAJ |wayback=20140420065142 |text=Working papers in linguistics |archiv-bot=2022-01-28 00:36:12 InternetArchiveBot }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/003/dr_e/01_e/01.html | title=King Shunten 1187-1237 | year=2003 | publisher=Okinawa Prefectural Government | accessdate=2011-03-14 | ref={{harvid|OPG|2003}} | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920102512/http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/003/dr_e/01_e/01.html | archivedate=2008-09-20 | offline=yes }}
* {{cite book | title=Myth, protest and struggle in Okinawa | first=Miyume | last=Tanji | publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis | year=2006 | ISBN=0-415-36500-7 | ref=harv}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neil Armstrong</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5424" sha1="nh07f0zwd5pa4pf7q84o77rxcy5uejj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Raumfahrer
| name                 = Neil Alden Armstrong
| foto                 = Neil Armstrong pose.jpg
| foto_text            = Neil Armstrong am 1. Mai 1969
| land                 = USA
| behörde              = NASA
| auswahl              = 17. Septemba 1962&lt;br /&gt;(2. NASA-Gruppn)
| anzahl_flüge         = 2
| erster_start         = 16. Meaz 1966
| letzte_landung       = 24. Juli 1969
| dauer                = 8d 13h 59min
| anzahl_eva           = 1
| dauer_eva            = 2h 31min
| 1.Mission            = Gemini 8
| 2.Mission            = Apollo 11
| ausgeschieden        = August 1970
}}
Da '''Neil Alden Armstrong''' (* 5. August [[1930]] bei [[Wapakoneta]], [[Ohio]]; † 25. August [[2012]] z [[Cincinnati]], Ohio) wor a [[Vaeinigte Stootn|amerikanischa]] Astronaut und da easchde Mensch afm [[Mond]].

Ois Kommandant vo Apollo 11 is a im Juli [[1969]] zum Mond gflong. Bei dea Mission san da Armstrong und da [[Buzz Aldrin]] a hoibe Stund am Mond umadumganga. Da Armstrong hod ois Easchda sein [[Fuaß|Fuass]] afm Mond gsezd.
[[Datei:Armstrong on Moon (As11-40-5886) (cropped).jpg|180px|links]]
Wiara aussegraxlt is, hod a gsogt:

{{Zitat-en|That’s one small step for man… one… giant leap for mankind.|Iwasetzung=Des is a kloana Schridd fian Menschn… a… riesiga Sprung fia'd Menschheid.}}

Des is aa oana vo de berihmtasdn Vasprecha. Wei song woit a (so hod a si s af an Bladdl notiad ghobd): &quot;Des is a kloana Schridd fia an Mensch und a riesiga Sprung fiad Menschheid.&quot;

De Mondlondung wor da zwoate und lezde Raumflug vom Armstrong. Sei easchda wor dea mid Gemini 8 anno [[1966]], wo zum easchdn Moi zwoa Raumschiff vabundn worn san. Gemini 8 wor nacha aa as easchde Raumschiff, wo notlandn hod miassn.

== Literatua ==

* James R. Hansen: ''First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong''. Simon &amp; Schuster, [[2005]], ISBN 0-7432-5631-X
* ''Cambridge Biographical Dictionary'' ([[1990]]). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* {{Cite book | last=Chaikin| first=Andrew | title=A man on the moon | url=https://archive.org/details/manonmoonvoyages0000chai| publisher=Penguin books| year=[[1995]] |isbn = 0-14-024146-9}}
* {{cite web| last =Cornish| first =Scott| coauthors =Rahman, Tahir, McLeon, Bob, Havekotte, Ken, Reznikoff, John| title =Neil Armstrong Signature Exemplars| work =CollectSpace.com| url =http://www.collectspace.com/resources/autographs_armstrong.html| accessdate =May 14, [[2011]]}}
* {{Cite book | last1=Francis | first1= French | authorlink1=Francis French | last2=Burgess | first2=Colin | authorlink2=Colin Burgess (author) | year= [[2007]] | title=In the Shadow of the Moon | url=https://archive.org/details/inshadowofmoonch0000unse | chapter=A Challenging Journey to Tranquility, [[1965]]–[[1969]]}}
* {{Cite book | last=Hansen| first=James R. | title=First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong | url=https://archive.org/details/firstmanlifeofne0000hans| publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster | year=[[2005]] | isbn=0-7432-5631-X}}
* {{cite web| last =Jones| first =Eric| title =One Small Step| work =Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal| publisher=NASA| url =http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11.step.html| year =[[1995]]| accessdate =May 14, 2011}}
* {{Cite book | last=Kranz| first=Gene| authorlink= | title=Failure is not an Option: Mission Control From Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743200790| publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster | year=[[2000]] | isbn=0-7432-0079-9}}
* {{Cite book| last=Nelson |first=Craig | title=Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon | location=United Kingdom| publisher=John Murray, [[2009]] | isbn=978-1-84854-291-4| ref={{harvid|Nelson|2009}}}}
* {{Cite book | first=Andrew | last=Smith | title=In Search of the Men Who Fell to Earth: Moondust | url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmenwho0000andr | publisher=Bloomsbury | year=[[2005]] | isbn=0-7475-6368-3}}

== Im Netz ==
{{Commonscat}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{DNB-Portal|11896416X}}
* [http://www.spiegel.de/thema/neil_armstrong/ Dossier bei Spiegel Online]
* {{IMDb Name|0035842}}
* NASA: [http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/armstrong-na.html Biografie] (englisch)
* NASA: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130102060848/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11.step.html Transkript der Apollo-11-Mission]
* [http://www.oai.de/index.php/de/publikationen/oai-blog/42-kaleidoskop/669-spruch-der-woche-der-adler-ist-gelandet.html Der Adler ist gelandet.]{{Toter Link|date=2017-10 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |url=http://www.oai.de/index.php/de/publikationen/oai-blog/42-kaleidoskop/669-spruch-der-woche-der-adler-ist-gelandet.html }} (Zum Tod von Neil Armstrong am 25. August 2012)
* [http://www.morgenpost.de/vermischtes/article108800750/US-Astronaut-Neil-Armstrong-ist-tot-Ein-bescheidener-Held.html Ein bescheidener Held] (Nachruf in der Berliner Morgenpost)
* [http://www.zeit.de/wissen/2012-08/astronaut-neil-armstrong-nachruf Mit Neil Armstrong stirbt der wahre Mann im Mond] (Die Zeit)
* [http://www.fr-online.de/leute/neil-armstrong-tot-im-meer-der-stille,9548600,16975748.html Im Meer der Stille] (Frankfurter Rundschau)

{{Normdaten}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Armstrong, Neil}}
[[Kategorie:Raumfahrt]]
[[Kategorie:Träger der Presidential Medal of Freedom]]
[[Kategorie:Ohio]]
[[Kategorie:Person (Vereinigte Staaten)]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1930]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2012]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Foiklandinsln</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>43667</id>
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{{Infobox Staat
|NAME                       = &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:1.4em&quot;&gt;'''Foiklandinsln'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Falkland Islands / Falkland Inseln / Malwinen&lt;!-- deutsche Bezeichnung --&gt;
|BILD-FLAGGE                = Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg
|BILD-FLAGGE-RAHMEN         = ja
|ARTIKEL-FLAGGE             = 
|BILD-WAPPEN                = Coat_of_arms_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg
|BILD-WAPPEN-BREITE         = 110px
|ARTIKEL-WAPPEN             = 
|WAHLSPRUCH                 = „Desire the Right“ (Winschda s Richtige)
|AMTSSPRACHE                = [[Englische Sprache|Englisch]]
|HAUPTSTADT                 = Stanley
|REGIERUNGSSITZ             = 
|STAATSFORM                 = Britisches Iwaseegebiet
|STAATSOBERHAUPT            = Kenig Charles III.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;vatreen duach&lt;br /&gt;Gouverneur Nigel Phillips
|REGIERUNGSCHEF             = Andy Keeling
|EINWOHNER                  = 2.955 &lt;small&gt;(Stand: Meaz 2007)&lt;br /&gt;+ ca. 1.700 stationiate Soidotn&lt;/small&gt;
|BEV-DICHTE                 = 
|BIP                        = 
|BIP-ERWEITERT              = 
|BIP/EINWOHNER              = 
|HDI                        = 
|WÄHRUNG                    = Foikland-Pfund (FKP)
|UNABHÄNGIGKEIT             = 
|GRÜNDUNG                   = 
|NATIONALHYMNE              = ''God Save the King''
|NATIONALFEIERTAG           = 
|ZEITZONE                   = [[UTC]]−4
|KFZ-KENNZEICHEN            = 
|INTERNET-TLD               = .fk
|TELEFON-VORWAHL            = +500
|BILD-LAGE                  = Falkland Islands in South America.svg
|BILD1                      = Falklandinseln karte.svg &lt;!--
|BILD2 = 
|BILD2-BREITE = 
|BILD2-BESCHREIBUNG = --&gt;
}}
[[Datei:Charles, Prince of Wales in 2021 (cropped) (3).jpg|mini|Da Charles III. 2021]]
De '''Foiklandinsln''' (dt.: '''Falklandinseln''', {{enS|'''Falkland Islands'''}}), aa '''Malwinen''' ({{frS|''iles Malouines''}}, {{esS|''Islas Malvinas''}}), hand a Inselgruppn am sidlichn [[Atlantischer Ozean|Atlantik]]. Se gheand geografisch gseng zu [[Siidamerika]] dazua und lingand um de 395&amp;nbsp;km&lt;ref&gt;vo da Insl Westfoikland 52°04'27&quot;S, 61°02'12&quot;W bis 54°39'01&quot;S, 65°07'19&quot;W auf 
Feialand&lt;/ref&gt; estli vo Sidargentinien und Feialand. De Foiklandinsln hand a Britisches Ibaseegebiet mid ana innan Autonomie. As [[Vaoanigts Kinireich|Vaeinigte Kinereich]] ibanimmd d Vateidigung und Außnpolitik. Seit [[1833]] weands vo [[Argentinien]] beonsprucht. 1982 is deswegn zum Foiklandkriag kumma.

== Im Netz ==
{{Commonscat|Falkland Islands|Foiklandinsln}}
{{Wikiatlas|the Falkland Islands}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161211102148/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/ Netzseitn vo de Foiklandinsln] (englisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141003101500/http://www.falklands-museum.com/ Museum vo de Foiklandinsln] (englisch)
* {{Internetquelle | url=http://www.deutschlandfunk.de/falklandinseln-pinguine-flanieren-auf-traumstraenden.1242.de.html?dram:article_id=280842 | titel=Falklandinseln: Pinguine flanieren auf Traumstränden | hrsg=Deutschlandfunk | datum=2014-03-23 | zugriff=2014-04-02 | kommentar=Besuchsbericht, dort auch als Audiobeitrag verfügbar}}

== Beleg ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NaviBlock
|Navigationsleiste Staaten in Amerika
|Navigationsleiste Staaten in Südamerika
|Navigationsleiste Landesteile und Überseegebiete Großbritannien und Nordirland
}}

{{Coordinate |NS=-51.796253 |EW=-59.523613 |type=isle |region=FK |pop=2955 |elevation=705 |dim=260000 }}

{{Normdaten|TYP=g|GND=4071109-2|LCCN=n80001218|NDL=00629103|VIAF=155354899}}

[[Kategorie:Inselgruppe (Südatlantischer Ozean)]]
[[Kategorie:Abhängiges Gebiet (Vereinigtes Königreich)]]
[[Kategorie:Umstrittenes Territorium]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akira Kurosawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="12598" sha1="fvyvg4gnu73pfnv7he07w2np5a2qi5c" xml:space="preserve">[[Datei:Akirakurosawa-onthesetof7samurai-1953-page88.jpg|miniatur|Da Akira Kurosawa 1953]]

Da '''Akira Kurosawa''' ([[jap.]] {{lang|ja|黒澤 明}} ''Kurosawa Akira'', * 23. Meaz 1910 z Ōmori, heit: Ōta, [[Tokio]]; † 6. Septemba 1998 z Setagaya, Tokio) wor a [[japan]]ischa Fuimmocha und Draabuachautor. Ea hod iba 30 Fuim draad und guit ois oana vo de wichtigsten Fuimmocha vo da ganzn Fuimgschicht. A Haffa vo seine Fuim san Klassika worn, drunta ''De siebm Samurai'' (Shichinin no Samurai) und ''Rashomon – As Lustwaidl'' (Rashōmon).

Da Kurosawa steht im Spannungsvahejtnis vo japanischa Tradition und Modeane. In Japan wead sei Fuimschoffa eha im Westn zuagoadnet. Ea is ois easchta japanischa Regisseur in [[Eiropa]] &quot;entdeckt&quot; worn. Ea hod unta andam aa in Roman ''Dea Idiot'' vom [[Fjodor Dostojewski|Dostojewski]] und ''Macbeth'' vom [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeares]] vafuimt. Seine Samuraifuim gejtn aus eiropäischa Sicht ois japanische &quot;Western&quot;. De Fuim ibad Samurai zoagn oba ned Glanz und Gloria sondan in Vafoi vo dea Elite duach de Eifiahrung vo de Schusswoffn.

Anno 1990 hod da Kurosawa in Oscar fia sei Lebnsweak dahoidn.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000041/awards Internet Movie Database], Online-Ressource.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fuimografie ==
* 1943: Judo Saga (''Sugata Sanshirō'')
* 1944: Am Ollascheenstn (''Ichiban Utsukushiku'')
* 1945: Sugata Sanshiro (''Zoku Sugata Sanshirō'')
* 1945: De Manna, wo afm Tiga sein Schwanz tredn san (''Tora no O o Fumu Otoko-tachi'')
* 1946:Dea wo in Moagn baut hod (''Asu o Tsukuru Hitobito'')
* 1946: Koa Bedauan fia mei Jugad (''Waga Seishun ni Kuinashi'')
* 1947: A wundascheena Sunda (''Subarashiki Nichiyobi'')
* 1948: Engl vo de Valoaranan (''Yoidore Tenshi'')
* 1949: As stumme Duell] (''Shizukanaru Ketto'')
* 1949: A strawanzada Hund (''Nora Inu'')
* 1950: Skandal (''Sukyandaru'')
* 1950: Rashomon – As Lustwaidl (''Rashōmon'')
* 1951: Da Idiot (''Hakuchi'')
* 1952: Amoi echt lebn (''Ikiru'')
* 1954: De siebn Samurai (''Shichinin no Samurai'') 
* 1955: Bilanz vo an Lebn (''Ikimono no Kiroku'')
* 1957: As Schlos im Spinnwebwoid (''Kumonosu-jō'') 
* 1957: Nochtasyl (''Donzoko'')
* 1958: De vaboagane Festung (''Kakushi Toride no San-Akunin'')
* 1960: De Bäsn schloffa guad (''Warui Yatsu Hodo Yoku Nemuru'')
* 1961: Yojimbo (''Yōjimbō'')
* 1962: Sanjuro (''Tsubaki Sanjūrō'') 
* 1963: Zwischn Himme und Hej (''Tengoku to Jigoku'')
* 1965: Roudboart (''Akahige'')
* 1970: Dodeskaden (''Dodeskaden'')
* 1975: Uzala, da Kirgise (''Dersu Uzala'')
* 1980: Kagemusha (''Kagemusha'')
* 1985: Ran (''Ran'')
* 1990: Im Akira Kurosawas seine Draam (''Yume'')
* 1991:[Rhapsodie im August (''Hachigatsu no Rapusodī'')
* 1993: Madadayo (''Mādadayo'')

== Schriftn ==
* {{Literatur
|Autor=Akira Kurosawa
|Titel=So etwas wie eine Autobiographie
|Verlag=Diogenes
|Ort=Zürich
|Jahr=1991
}}

== Literatua ==
* {{Literatur
|Herausgeber=Peter W. Jansen, Wolfram Schütte
|Titel=Akira Kurosawa
|Verlag=Hanser
|Ort=[[Minga]]
|Jahr=1988
}}
* {{Literatur
|Autor=Donald Richie, with additional Material by Joan Mellen
|Titel=The Films of Akira Kurosawa. 3rd edition expanded and updated with a new epilogue
|Verlag=University of California Press
|Jahr=1998
}}
* {{Literatur
|Autor=Stuart Galbraith IV
|Titel=The Emperor and the Wolf. The Lives and Films of Akira Kurosawa and Toshiro Mifune
|Verlag=Faber and Faber
|Ort=London
|Jahr=2001
}}
* {{Literatur
|Herausgeber=Nicola Glaubitz, Andreas Käuser, Hyunseon Lee
|Titel=Akira Kurosawa und seine Zeit
|Verlag=Transcript
|Ort=Bielefeld
|Jahr=2005
|ISBN=3899423410
}}
*Thomas Koebner: [Artikel] ''Akira Kurosawa.'' In: Ders. (Hrsg.): ''Filmregisseure. Biographien, Werkbeschreibungen, Filmographien.'' 3., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. Reclam, Stuttgart 2008 [1. Aufl. 1999], ISBN 978-3-15-010662-4, S. 403–411 [mit Literaturhinweisen].
* {{Literatur
|Autor=Marcus Stiglegger
|Titel=Kurosawa. Die Ästhetik des langen Abschieds
|Verlag=Edition Text + Kritik
|Ort=München
|Jahr=2014
|ISBN=9783869163352
}}
* Buchanan, Judith (2005). ''Shakespeare on Film''. Pearson Longman. ISBN 0-582-43716-4.
* Burch, Nöel (1979). ''To the Distant Observer: Form and Meaning in the Japanese Cinema''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03605-0. Available online at the [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/cjfs/aaq5060.0001.001 Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan]
* Cowie, Peter (2010). ''Akira Kurosawa: Master of Cinema''. Rizzoli Publications. ISBN 0-8478-3319-4.
* Davies, Anthony (1990). ''Filming Shakespeare's Plays: The Adaptions of Laurence Olivier, Orson Welles, Peter Brook and Akira Kurosawa''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39913-0.
* Desser, David (1983). ''The Samurai Films of Akira Kurosawa (Studies in Cinema No. 23)''. UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1924-3.
* {{cite book|last=Kurosawa|first=Akira|year=1999|title=Kurosawa Akira zengashū|language=Japanese|publisher= Shogakukan|isbn=4-09-699611-4|trans_title=The complete artworks of Akira Kurosawa}}
* Leonard, Kendra Preston (2009). ''Shakespeare, Madness, and Music: Scoring Insanity in Cinematic Adaptations''. Plymouth: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-6946-2.
* Sorensen, Lars-Martin (2009). ''Censorship of Japanese Films During the U.S. Occupation of Japan: The Cases of Yasujiro Ozu and Akira Kurosawa''. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-4673-7.
* {{cite book|last=Desser|first=David|title=Eros Plus Massacre|url=https://archive.org/details/erosplusmassacre00davi|year=1988|publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-20469-0|ref=CITEREFDesser}}
* {{cite book|last=Fellini|first=Federico|title=Federico Fellini: Interviews |url=https://archive.org/details/federicofellini00fede|editor=Bert Cardullo |year=2006|publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=1-57806-885-1 |ref=CITEREFFellini}}
* {{cite book|last=Galbraith|first=Stuart, IV|title=The Emperor and the Wolf: The Lives and Films of Akira Kurosawa and Toshiro Mifune|url=https://archive.org/details/emperorwolf00galb|year=2002|publisher=Faber and Faber, Inc|isbn=0-571-19982-8|ref=CITEREFGalbraith}}
* {{cite book|last=Godard|first=Jean-Luc|editor=Tom Milne|title=Godard on Godard|url=https://archive.org/details/godardongodardcr0000goda|year=1972|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=0-306-80259-7|ref=CITEREFGodard}}
*{{cite book| last=Goodwin|first=James|title=Akira Kurosawa and Intertextual Cinema| url=https://archive.org/details/akirakurosawaint0000good|year=1993|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-4661-7|ref=CITEREFGoodwin1993}}
*{{cite book| last=Goodwin|first=James|title=Perspectives on Akira Kurosawa|year=|publisher=G. K. Hall &amp; Co.|isbn=0-8161-1993-7|ref=CITEREFGoodwin1994}}
* {{cite book|last=High|first=Peter B.|title=The Imperial Screen: Japanese Film Culture in the Fifteen Years' War, 1931–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialscreenja0000high|year=2003|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-18134-0|ref=CITEREFHigh}}
* {{cite book|last=Kurosawa|first=Akira|others=Translated by Audie E. Bock|title=Something Like an Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/somethinglikeaut0000kuro|year=1983|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=0-394-71439-3|ref=CITEREFKurosawa1983}}
* {{cite book|last=Kurosawa|first=Akira|title=Yume wa tensai de aru (A Dream Is a Genius)|year=1999|publisher=Bungei Shunjū|isbn=4-16-355570-6|ref=CITEREFKurosawa1999}}
* {{cite book|last=Kurosawa|first=Akira|editor=Bert Cardullo|title=Akira Kurosawa: Interviews|url=https://archive.org/details/akirakurosawaint0000kuro|year=2008|publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=1-57806-996-3 |ref=CITEREFKurosawa2008}}
* {{cite book|last=Martinez|first=Delores P.|title=Remaking Kurosawa: Translations and Permutations in Global Cinema|year=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0-312-29358-5 |ref=CITEREFMartinez}}
* {{cite book|last=Mellen|first=Joan|title=Voices from the Japanese Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesfromjapane0000mell|year=1975|publisher=Liveright Publishing Corporation|isbn=0-87140-604-7|ref=CITEREFMellen1975}}
* {{cite book|last=Mellen|first=Joan|title=The Waves at Genji's Door|url=https://archive.org/details/wavesatgenjisdoo0000mell|year=1976|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=0-394-49799-6|ref=CITEREFMellen1976}}
* {{cite book|last=Mellen|first=Joan|title=Seven Samurai (BFI Classics)|url=https://archive.org/details/sevensamurai0000mell|year=2002|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=0-85170-915-X|ref=CITEREFMellen2002}}
* {{cite book|last=Morrison|first=James|title=Roman Polanski (Contemporary Film Directors)|url=https://archive.org/details/romanpolanski0000morr|year=2007|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=0-252-07446-7|ref=CITEREFMorrison}}
* {{cite book|last=Nogami|first=Teruyo|title=Waiting on the Weather|year=2006|publisher=Stone Bridge Press|isbn=978-1-933330-09-9|ref=CITEREFNogami}}
* {{cite book|last=Peckinpah|first=Sam|title=Sam Peckinpah: Interviews |url=https://archive.org/details/sampeckinpahinte0000peck|editor=Kevin J. Hayes |year=2008|publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=1-934110-64-7 |ref=CITEREFPeckinpah}}
* {{cite book|last=Prince|first=Stephen|title=The Warrior's Camera: The Cinema of Akira Kurosawa|edition=2nd, revised |year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 0-691-01046-3 |ref=CITEREFPrince}}
* {{cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Our Films Their Films|url=https://archive.org/details/hyderabadsocialc0000subb|year=2007|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=81-250-1565-5|ref=CITEREFRay}}
* {{cite book|last=Richie|first=Donald|authorlink=|title=The Films of Akira Kurosawa, Third Edition, Expanded and Updated|url=https://archive.org/details/filmsofakirakuro0000rich_r0c1|year=1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-22037-4|ref=CITEREFRichie1999}}
* {{cite book|last=Richie|first=Donald|title=A Hundred Years of Japanese Film|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsofja0000rich|year=2001|publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=4-7700-2682-X|ref=CITEREFRichie2001}}
* {{cite book|last=Sato|first=Tadao|title=Currents in Japanese Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/currentsinjapane0000sato|year=1987|publisher=Kodansha International Ltd.|isbn=0-87011-815-3|ref=CITEREFSato}}
* {{cite book|last=Tirard|first=Laurent|title=Moviemakers' Master Class: Private Lessons from the World's Foremost Directors|url=https://archive.org/details/moviemakersmaste0000tira|year=2002|publisher=Faber and Faber Ltd.|isbn=0-571-21102-X|ref=CITEREFTirard}}
* {{cite book|last=Yoshimoto|first=Mitsuhiro|title=Kurosawa: Film Studies and Japanese Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/kurosawafilmstud0000yosh|year=2000|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-2519-5|ref=CITEREFYoshimoto}}

== Im Netz ==
{{commonscat|Akira Kurosawa}}
* {{IMDb Name|ID=0000041|NAME=Akira Kurosawa}}
* {{DNB-Portal|118778269}}
* [http://kurosawaakira.wordpress.com/ ''Kurosawa. Die Ästhetik des langen Abschieds'']
* Klaus Kreimeier: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121004064401/http://filmzentrale.com/essays/kurosawakk.htm ''Fliehendes Leben, extreme Tode – Akira Kurosawas Filme''] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402112009/http://www.japankino.de/2007/der-krieger-und-die-kamera/ ''Der Krieger und die Kamera''. Essay  iban Akira Kurosawa] bei www.japankino.de
*[http://www.criterion.com/explore/3-akira-kurosawa Akira Kurosawa] at the Criterion Collection
*[http://akirakurosawa.info/ Akira Kurosawa: News, Information and Discussion]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100704194325/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/kurosawa.html Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070124063349/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/kurosawa/kurosawa.html Great Performances: Kurosawa (PBS)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130922112814/http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/cine_director_query.pl?6724 CineFiles: Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (Kurosawa search)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081024014317/http://www.horror-house.jp/cat2/19101998.html Akira Kurosawa at Japanese celebrity's grave guide] (japanisch)
*[https://sites.google.com/site/illustratedjapanesevocabulary/film/kurosawa Several trailers]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140721032348/http://anaheim.edu/schools-and-institutes/akira-kurosawa-school-of-film Anaheim University Akira Kurosawa School of Film]

== Beleg ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Normdaten}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Kurosawa, Akira}}
[[Kategorie:Filmregisseur]]
[[Kategorie:Oscarpreisträger]]
[[Kategorie:Japaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1910]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1998]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Satyajit Ray</title>
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      <text bytes="40956" sha1="k2aqsr7ow6o5eaao8f1v3ub8e9q4u1a" xml:space="preserve">[[Datei:SatyajitRay.jpg|miniatur|hochkant|Da Satyajit Ray]]

Da '''Satyajit Ray''' (bengalisch: সত্যজিত্‍ রায়, Satyajit Rāẏ; * 2. Mai 1921 z Kalkutta; † 23. Aprui 1992 emdo) wor a [[Indien|indischa]] Fuimregisseur und Draabuachautor. Ea guit ois oana vo de grässdn Fuimmocha in da Fuimgschicht.

Da Ray is in ana Bengalischn Famij afd Wejd kema, de wo in da Kunst und da Literatua scho an Nama ghobt hod. Duach de Bekanntschoft midm franzesischn Fuimmocha Jean Renoir und duach de Inspiration vom  neorealistischn Fuim ''Foahrradldiab'' (&quot;Bicycle Thieves&quot;) vom Vittorio De Sica, den wo a anno 1946 z [[London]] gsegn ghobt hod, is a unobhängiga Fuimmocha worn (&quot;independent film&quot;).

Nebman Fuimmocha wor da Ray aa Autor und Grafika. Ea hod Kuazgschichtn und Romane gschriebm.

==Fuimographie==
Da Ray hod 36 Fuim draad und in weidan Fuim midgwiakt. De foigendn Tabejn gebm an Ibablick&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Ray_filmography Fuimographie vo da englischn Wikipedia ibanumma (15.8.2014)]&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;
|+ Legendn
|-
|align=center style=&quot;width:50px;background-color:#CEE8F0&quot;|{{dagger}}
|Dokumentation
|align=center style=&quot;width:50px;background-color:#FFECC8&quot;|{{double-dagger}}
|Kuazfuim
|align=center style=&quot;width:50px;background-color:#E0E0D1&quot;|{{small|{{Section-sign}}}}
|TV Fuim/Serie
|align=center style=&quot;width:50px;background-color:#E9D4C9&quot;|{{Hash}}
|Weabefuim
|}

===Ois Regisseur===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+ Fuim vom Satyajit Ray&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographysrorg&quot;&gt;Satyajit Ray filmography @ satyajitray.org
* {{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.org/films/filmo_directed.htm|title=Films directed by Ray|publisher=satyajitray.org|accessdate=2 February 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.org/films/filmo_contribution.htm|title=Contributions by Ray|publisher=satyajitray.org|accessdate=2 February 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.org/films/filmo_aboutRay.htm|title=Documentaries and TV shows about Ray|publisher=satyajitray.org|accessdate=2 February 2013}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographysrucsc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/filmography.html|title=Satyajit Ray &gt; Filmography|publisher=satyajitray.ucsc.edu|accessdate=2 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218172800/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/filmography.html|archivedate=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographysrorguk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitray.org.uk/content/view/3/19/|title=Satyajit Ray &gt; Filmography|publisher=satyajitray.org.uk|accessdate=2 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330100349/http://www.satyajitray.org.uk/content/view/3/19/|archivedate=30 März 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographyallmovie&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/satyajit-ray-p107687|title=Satyajit Ray &gt; Filmography|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=2 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographysrworld&quot;&gt;Satyajit Ray filmography @ satyajitrayworld.com
* {{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/filmography_films.php|title=Filmography|publisher=satyajitrayworld.com|accessdate=2 February 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/filmography_contributions.php|title=Contributions by Ray|publisher=satyajitrayworld.com|accessdate=2 February 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/filmography_unmaderay.php|title=Unmade Ray|publisher=satyajitrayworld.com|accessdate=2 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographyny&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/person/107687/Satyajit-Ray/filmography|title=Satyajit Ray &gt; Filmography|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographyrt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/satyajit_ray/|title=Satyajit Ray &gt; Rotten Tomatoes Celebrity Profile|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=2 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographyyahoo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/person/satyajit-ray/filmography.html|title=Satyajit Ray &gt; Filmography|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|accessdate=2 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313142253/https://movies.yahoo.com/person/satyajit-ray/filmography.html|archivedate=13 March 2016}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Joar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Originaltitl
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Internationala Titl
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sproch(n)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:85px;&quot; | Produzent
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:85px;&quot; | Musi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:85px;&quot; | Draabuach
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:85px;&quot; | Autor
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sunstigs
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1955
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Pather Panchali''
| ''A Song of the Little Road''
| Bengali
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1956
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Aparajito''
| ''The Unvanquished''
| Bengali
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1958
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Parash Pathar''
| ''The Philosopher's Stone''
| Bengali
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
| Dialoge
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1958
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Jalsaghar''
| ''The Music Room''
| Bengali
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Distributor
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1959
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Apur Sansar''
| ''The World of Apu''
| Bengali
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Distributor
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1960
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Devi''
| ''The Goddess''
| Bengali
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Distributor
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1961
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Teen Kanya''&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}''The Postmaster''&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}''Monihara''&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}''Samapti''
|'' Three Daughters / Two Daughters''{{efn-ua|The title of the film ''Teen Kanya'' means three daughters (or girls), however the international version of the film is titled ''Two Daughters''. Though the feature film has three different stories, only two of them were included for the international release—''The Postmaster'' and ''Samapti''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.org/films/teenkan.htm|title=Teen Kanya (Three Daughters / Two Daughters)|publisher=satyajitray.org|accessdate=4 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}''The Postmaster''&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}''The Lost Jewels''&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}''The Conclusion''
| Bengali
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|Distributor
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1961
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0;&quot;| ''Rabindranath Tagore'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| ''Rabindranath Tagore''
| English
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Narrator
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1962
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Kanchanjangha''
| ''Kanchanjangha''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1962
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Abhijan''
| ''The Expedition''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1963
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Mahanagar''
| ''The Big City''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1964
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Charulata''
| ''The Lonely Wife''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1964
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FFECC8;&quot; | ''Two'' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| ''Two''
| Ohne Sproch
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1965
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Kapurush-O-Mahapurush''&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}''Kapurush''&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}''Mahapurush''
|&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}''The Coward''&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}''The Holy Man''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1966
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Nayak''
| ''The Hero''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1967
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Chiriyakhana''
| ''The Zoo''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|Lyricist
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1968
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne''
| ''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{•}}Kostuimbuidna&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}Lyricist
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1969
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Aranyer Din Ratri''
| ''Days and Nights in the Forest''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1970
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Pratidwandi''
| ''The Adversary''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1971
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Seemabaddha''
| ''A Company Limited''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1971
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0;&quot; | ''Sikkim'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| ''Sikkim''
| English
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{•}}Narrator&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}Sound Designer
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1972
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0;&quot; | ''The Inner Eye'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| ''The Inner Eye''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{•}}Narrator&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}Sound Designer
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1973
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ashani Sanket''
| ''The Distant Thunder''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1974
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Sonar Kella''{{efn-ua|Based on the novel: ''Sonar Kella'' by Ray.}}
| ''The Fortress''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1975
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Jana Aranya''
| ''The Middleman''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1976
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0;&quot; | ''Bala'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| ''Bala''
| English
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|Narrator
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1977
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Shatranj Ke Khilari''
| ''The Chess Players''
|{{•}}Hindi&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}Urdu&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}English
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
| Dialoge
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1979
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Joi Baba Felunath''{{efn-ua|Based on the novel: ''Joi Baba Felunath'' by Ray.}}
| ''The Elephant God''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1980
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Hirak Rajar Deshe''
| ''The Kingdom of Diamonds''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{•}}Art director&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}Costume designer&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}Lyricist
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1980
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E0E0D1;&quot; | ''Pikoo''{{efn-ua|Based on a short story named ''Pikoor Diary (Pikoo's Diary)'', written by Ray for one of his books, ''Pikoor Diary O Onyanyo (Pikoo's Diary and Other Stories)''.}} {{sup|{{Section-sign}}}}
| ''Pikoo's Day''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1981
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Sadgati''
| ''The Deliverance''
| Hindi
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
| Dialoge
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1984
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ghare Baire''
| ''The Home and The World''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1987
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0;&quot; | ''Sukumar Ray'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| ''Sukumar Ray''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1990
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ganashatru''
| ''An Enemy of the People''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1992
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Shakha Proshakha''
| ''The Branches of the Tree''
| Bengali
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|Distributor
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1992
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Agantuk''{{efn-ua|Based on a short story named ''Atithi (The Guest)'' by Ray.}}
| ''The Stranger''
| Bengali
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|}

===Ois Midwiakada===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|+ Fuim wo da Satyajit Ray midgwiakt hod&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographysrorg&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographysrucsc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographysrorguk&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographyallmovie&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographysrworld&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographyny&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographyrt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-roman name=&quot;SRfilmographyyahoo&quot;/&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Joar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Originaltitl
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sprochn(n)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Regisseur
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:85px;&quot; | Komponist
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:85px;&quot; | Draabuach
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:85px;&quot; | Autor
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sunstigs
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1948
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0;&quot; | ''A Perfect Day'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| Harisadhan Dasgupta
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1951
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The River''
|{{•}}Bengali&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}English
| Jean Renoir
|
|
|
| Assistant director{{efn-ua|Unaccredited role{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=68}}}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1960
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0;&quot; | ''Our Children will Know Each Other Better'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| Harisadhan Dasgupta
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1960
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0;&quot; | ''The Tidal Bore'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| Vijaya Mulay
|
|
|
| Narrator
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1961
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E9D4C9&quot;| ''The Story of Tata Steel'' {{sup|{{Hash}}}}
| English
| Harisadhan Dasgupta
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1963
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0&quot; | ''Creative Artists of India: Satyajit Ray'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| B. D. Garga
|
|{{Yes}}
|
| Narrator
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1965
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Shakespeare Wallah''
| English
| James Ivory
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1967
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Glimpses of West Bengal''
| English
| Bansi Chandragupta
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1967
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E9D4C9&quot;| ''Quest for Health'' {{sup|{{Hash}}}}
| English
| Harisadhan Dasgupta
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1969
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''House that Never Dies''
| English
| Tony Meyer
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1970
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Baksa Badal''
| Bengali
| Nityananda Datta
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1970
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Gangasagar Mela''
| Bengali
| Bansi Chandragupta
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1973
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Max Mueller''
| English
| Jorn Thiel
|{{Yes}}
|
|
| Narrator
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1974
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Darjeeling: Himalayan Fantasy''
| English
| Bansi Chandragupta
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1978
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0&quot; | ''The Brave Do Not Die'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| Harisadhan Dasgupta
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1983
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Phatikchand''
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1983
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0&quot; | ''The Music of Satyajit Ray'' {{sup|{{dagger}}}}
| English
| Utpalendu Chakrabarty
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|Illustrator
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1985–86
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E0E0D1;&quot; | ''Satyajit Ray Presents I'' {{sup|{{Section-sign}}}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1986–87
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E0E0D1;&quot; | ''Satyajit Ray Presents II'' {{sup|{{Section-sign}}}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1991
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Goopy Bagha Phire Elo''
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|Lyricist
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1994
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Uttoran''
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1995
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Target''
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1996
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Baksho Rahashya''{{efn-ua|Based on a short story named ''Baksho Rahashya'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1996–97
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E0E0D1;&quot; | ''Feluda 30'' {{sup|{{Section-sign}}}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1998
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Parvaz-e zanbur''
| Tajik
|{{•}}Boung-hun Min&lt;br/&gt;{{•}}Jamshed Usmonov
|{{Yes}}{{efn-ua|Featured music}}
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1999
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E0E0D1;&quot; | ''Satyajiter Gappo'' {{sup|{{Section-sign}}}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2000
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E0E0D1;&quot; | ''Dr. Munshir Diary'' {{sup|{{Section-sign}}}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2001
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E0E0D1;&quot; | ''Satyajiter Priyo Galpo'' {{sup|{{Section-sign}}}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2001
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E0E0D1;&quot; | ''Eker Pithe Dui'' {{sup|{{Section-sign}}}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2003
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Bombaiyer Bombete''{{efn-ua|Based on a short story named ''Bombaiyer Bombete'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2006
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Bankubabur Bandhu''{{efn-ua|Based on a science fiction short story named ''Bankubabur Bandhu'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| Kaushik Sen
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2007
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Darjeeling Limited''
| English
| Wes Anderson
|{{Yes}}{{efn-ua| Reused five of Ray's previous compositions from the films; ''Teen Kanya'' (1961), ''Charulata'' (1964), ''Shakespeare Wallah'' (1965), ''Baksa Badal'' (1970) and ''Joi Baba Felunath'' (1979)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/darjeeling-limited-original/id264322244|title=The Darjeeling Limited Soundtrack|publisher=iTunes Store|date=25 September 2007|accessdate=4 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|
|
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2007
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Kailashey Kelenkari''{{efn-ua|Based on the novel: ''Kailashey Kelenkari'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2008
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Tintorettor Jishu''{{efn-ua|Based on a short story named ''Tintorettor Jishu'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2010
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Gorosthaney Sabdhan''{{efn-ua|Based on the novel: ''Gorosthaney Sabdhan'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2011
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Royal Bengal Rohosso''{{efn-ua|Based on the novel: ''Royal Bengal Rahashya'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2011
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FFECC8;&quot; | ''Some Maana''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&amp;action=add&amp;sectid=31&amp;contentid=20120615201206152040143784f5b897a|title=Chinwag with...Abhishek Iyengar|publisher=''Bangalore Mirror''|date=15 June 2012|accessdate=23 March 2013|author=Thimmaiah, Bhavya|location=[[Bangalore]]}}{{Toter Link|date=2017-10 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&amp;action=add&amp;sectid=31&amp;contentid=20120615201206152040143784f5b897a }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| Kannada
| Abhishek Iyengar
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2012
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy''{{efn-ua|Based on two short stories named ''Brown Saheber Bari'' and ''Anath Babur Bhoy'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2013
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Bombay Talkies''{{efn-ua|Based on a short story named ''Patol Babu, Film Star'' by Ray.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-04/news-interviews/36742462_1_short-story-short-film-satyajit-ray|title=Dibakar Banerjee to make a film on Ray’s short story|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=4 February 2013|accessdate=4 February 2013|author=Banerjee, Soumyadipta|location=Mumbai}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Hindi
| Dibakar Banerjee
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2014
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Goopi Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Gopi-Gawaiya-Bagha-Bajaiya-inaugural-film-of-18th-ICFFI/articleshow/25714920.cms|title='Gopi Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya' inaugural film of 18th ICFFI|work=The Times of India|date=13 November 2013|accessdate=15 March 2014|author=Rao, Ch Sushil|location=[[Hyderabad]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Hindi
| Shilpa Ranade
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2014
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Chaar''{{efn-ua|Based on two short stories named ''Kagtarua'' and ''Dui Bondhu'' by Ray.}}
| Bengali
| Sandip Ray
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|}

== Schriftn ==
===Feluda ===
Des san 35 Detektivgeschichtn. Feluda is de Haptfigua. De Gschichtn san recht populea und aa teiweis vafuimt worn.

===Professor Shanku===
Des is a Serie vo Science-Fiction Biacha. Da Profssor Shanku is ois Wissnschofta a Genie und vui fantastische Eafindunga gmocht.

===Tarini Khuro ===
Da Tarinin Khuro is a oida Junggsej (&quot;khuro&quot; hoasst af Bengalisch &quot;Ongl&quot;), dea wo vui z vazejn hod, wos a so dalebt hod. Do san vui Gruslgschichtn dabei.

===Bankubabur Bandhu===
Des is a Science-Fiction Gschicht iba an Aussaiadischn, dea wo se mid Kindln guad vasteht.

===Andane Gschichtn===
Des san vaschiedne Kuazgschichtn ohne a berihmte Haptfigua.

Da Ray hod aa an Haffa Kuazgschichtn ibasezt.

====Andane Biacha====
* Ekei Bole Shooting
* Apur Panchali
* Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim
* Mollah Nasiruddin-er Galpo
* Brazil-er kalo bagh
* Pikoor Diary O Onnanyo
* Jakhon Chhoto Chilam
* Sujon harbola
* Fotikchand
* Protikriti
* Bishoy Chalochitro
* Our Films Their Films
* kanchonjongha (film script)
* Nayak (film script)
* Sakhaprosakha (film script)
* My Years with Apu: A Memoir

====12 Serien====
* Ek Dozon Gappo
* Aaro Ek Dozon
* Aaro Baro
* Ebaro Baro
* Bah! Baro
* Eker Pithe Dui
* Jabor Baro

====Kuazgschichtn====
* ankliya
* Teridactile-er Dim
* Bonkubabu'r Bondhu
* Master Ansumaan
* Anko Sir, Golapi Babu O Tipu
* Shibu O Rakkhos-er Katha
* Spot-Light
* Rontur Dadu
* Sujon Harbola
* Taposher Jonaki
* Raton O Lokkhi
* Pikoo'r Diary
* Mayurkonthi Jelly
* Arjosekhor-er Janmo O Mrityu
* Kaagtaruya
* Bahuroopi
* Sahodeb Babu'r Portrait
* Brown Saheb-er Baari
* Sadaanand-er Khude Jagot
* Professor Hiji-bij-bij
* Baatik Babu
* Bhakto
* Bishful
* Load Shedding
* Mr. Shasmol-er Shesh Raatri
* Pintu'r Dadu
* 1st Class Kamra
* Dhappa
* Maanpatro
* Apodartho
* Sadhon Babur Sandeho
* Lakhpoti
* Needhiram-er Ichchha Puron
* Kanayi-er Kathaa
* Gangaram-er kapaal
* Nitai O Mahapurush
* Hauee
* Protikriti
* Norish Shaheb-er Bunglow
* Kutum Katam
* Ganesh Mutshuddi'r Portrait
* Notun Bondhu
* Shishu Saahityik
* Mohim Sanyal-er Ghatona
* Nitai Babu'r Moina
* Sahojaatri
* Duyi Bondhu
* Shilpi
* Akshaye Babu'r Shiksha
* Proshonna Sir
* Abiraam
* Sobuj Manush
* Khagam

====Anthologien====
* Golpo 101 (One Hundred and One Stories)
* Sera Satyajit (Best of Satyajit)
* Aro Satyajit (More stories by Satyajit)

== Auszoachnung ==
===Internationale Fuimpreise===

====Berlinale - Internationale Fuimfestspui vo Berlin====

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:85%&quot;
|+ 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5%&quot; | Joar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:20%&quot; | Fuim
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:25%&quot; | Fuimfestspui
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:25%&quot; | Kategorie
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5%&quot; | Eagebnis
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5%&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1957
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Pather Panchali''
| 7th Berlin International Film Festival || Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=139}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1960
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Aparajito''
| 10th Berlin International Film Festival || Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=140}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1963
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Teen Kanya''
| 13th Berlin International Film Festiva] || Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=144}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1964
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Mahanagar''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 14th Berlin International Film Festival || Golden Bear for Best Film || {{nominated}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1964/02_programm_1964/02_Programm_1964.html|title=Programme 1964: In Competition|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Silver Bear for Best Director || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1964/03_preistr_ger_1964/03_Preistraeger_1964.html|title=Prizes &amp; Honours 1964|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319032841/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1964/03_preistr_ger_1964/03_Preistraeger_1964.html|archivedate=2015-03-19|offline=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1965
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Charulata''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 15th Berlin International Film Festival || Golden Bear for Best Film || {{nominated}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/02_programm_1965/02_Programm_1965.html|title=Programme 1965: In Competition|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Silver Bear for Best Director || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/03_preistr_ger_1965/03_Preistraeger_1965.html|title=Prizes &amp; Honours 1965|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| OCIC Catholic Award || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=147}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1966
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Nayak''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 16th Berlin International Film Festival || Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film || {{nominated}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1966/02_programm_1966/02_Programm_1966.html|title=Programme 1966: In Competition|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Special Recognition || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1966/03_preistr_ger_1966/03_Preistraeger_1966.html|title=Prizes &amp; Honours 1966|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408041840/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1966/03_preistr_ger_1966/03_Preistraeger_1966.html|archivedate=2011-04-08|offline=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Critics' Prize (UNICRIT Award) || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=149}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1973
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ashani Sanket''
| 23rd Berlin International Film Festival || Golden Bear for Best Film || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1973/03_preistr_ger_1973/03_Preistraeger_1973.html|title=Programme 1973: In Competition|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

====Fuimfestspui vo Cannes====

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:85%&quot;
|+ 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5%&quot; | Joar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:20%&quot; | Fuim
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:25%&quot; | Fuimfestspui
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:25%&quot; | Kategorie
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5%&quot; | Eagebnis
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5%&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1956
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Pather Panchali''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1956 Cannes Film Festival || Palme d'Or for Best Film || {{nominated}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cannesSR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/artist/id/851.html|title=Cannes Film Festival: Satyajit Ray profile|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=Festival de Cannes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209133512/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/artist/id/851.html|archivedate=9 Dezember 2014|archivebot=2018-05-27 17:45:54 InternetArchiveBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Prix du document humain || {{won}}
|-
| OCIC Catholic Award || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lyden|first=John|title=The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q9OJLAZakI4C&amp;pg=PA62|year=2009|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-0-415-44853-6|page=62}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1958
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Parash Pathar''
| 1958 Cannes Film Festival || Palme d'Or|Palme d'Or for Best Film || {{nominated}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cannesSR&quot;/&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1962
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Devi''
| 1962 Cannes Film Festival || Palme d'Or|Palme d'Or for Best Film || {{nominated}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cannesSR&quot;/&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1984
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ghare Baire''
| 1984 Cannes Film Festival || Palme d'Or|Palme d'Or for Best Film || {{nominated}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cannesSR&quot;/&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1994
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Broken Journey|Uttoran''
| 1994 Cannes Film Festival || Un Certain Regard Screenplay || {{nominated}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cannesSR&quot;/&gt;
|}

====Fuimfestspui vo Venedig====
*'''Gwinna''' - 1957 - Golden Lion of St. Mark for Best Film - ''Aparajito'' (''The Unvanquished'')
*'''Gwinna''' - 1957 - Cinema Nuovo Award - ''Aparajito'' (''The Unvanquished'')
*'''Gwinna''' - 1957 - Critics Award - ''Aparajito'' (''The Unvanquished'')
*'''Gwinna''' - 1972 - FIPRESCI Award - ''Seemabaddha'' (''Company Limited'') [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927092825/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/seemabaddha.htm]
*'''Gwinna''' - 1982 - Special Golden Lion of St. Mark
*'''Gwinna''' - 1991 - FIPRESCI Award - ''Agantuk'' (''The Stranger'') [https://web.archive.org/web/20070811013741/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/agantuk.htm]
*Nominated - 1965 - Golden Lion for Best Film - ''Kapurush'' (''The Coward'')

;Fuimfestspui vo Karlsbad
*'''Gwinna''' - 1976 - Karlovy Vary Prize - ''Jana Aranya'' (''The Middleman'') [https://web.archive.org/web/20140930030241/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/jana.htm]

;British Film Institute Awards, London Film Festival
*'''Gwinna''' - 1957 - FIPRESCI Award - ''Aparajito'' (''The Unvanquished'')
*'''Gwinna''' - 1960 - Sutherland Trophy for Best Original And Imaginative Film - ''Apur Sansar'' (''The World of Apu'')
*'''Gwinna''' - 1980 - Wington Award - Apu Trilogy (for each film) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170710145800/http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/apu_trilogy.htm]

;Internationale Fuimfestspui vo Edinburgh
*'''Gwinna''' - 1956 - Diploma Of Merit - ''Pather Panchali'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
*'''Gwinna''' - 1960 - Diploma Of Merit - ''Apur Sansar'' (''The World of Apu'')

;Internationale Fuimfestspui vo San Francisco
*'''Gwinna''' - 1957 - Golden Gate for Best Picture - ''Pather Panchali'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
*'''Gwinna''' - 1957 - Golden Gate for Best Director - ''Pather Panchali'' (''Song of the Little Road'')
*'''Gwinna''' - 1958 - Golden Gate for Best Picture - ''Aparajito'' (''The Unvanquished'')
*'''Gwinna''' - 1958 - Golden Gate for Best Director - ''Aparajito'' (''The Unvanquished'')
*'''Gwinna''' - 1958 - International Critics' Award - ''Aparajito'' (''The Unvanquished'')
*'''Gwinna''' - 1992 - Akira Kurosawa Award for Lifetime Achievement

;New York Film Festival
*'''Gwinna''' - 1959 - Best Foreign Film - ''Pather Panchali'' (''Song of the Little Road'')

;Melbourne International Film Festival
*'''Gwinna''' - 1962 - Golden Boomerang for Best Film - ''Teen Kanya'' (''Three Daughters / Two Daughters'') [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629115538/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/teenkan.htm]
*'''Gwinna''' - 1970 - Best Film - ''Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne'' (''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha'')

;Adelaide Film Festival
*'''Gwinna''' - 1969 - Silver Cross - ''Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne'' (''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha'')

;Auckland International Film Festival
*'''Gwinna''' - 1969 - Best Director - ''Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne'' (''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha'')

;Cyprus International Film Festival
*'''Gwinna''' - 1984 - Special Award - ''Hirak Rajar Deshe'' (''The Kingdom of Diamonds'') [https://web.archive.org/web/20140930030236/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/hirak_rajar_deshe.htm]

====Andane Fuimfestspui====

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:85%&quot;
|+ List of awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films at various international film festivals
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5%&quot; | Joar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:20%&quot; | Fuim
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:25%&quot; | Fuimfestspui
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:25%&quot; | Kategorie
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5%&quot; | Eagebnis
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5%&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1958
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Pather Panchali''
| Stratford Film Festival || Critics' Award for Best Film of the Year || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00613FD355A137B93C6A8178CD85F4C8585F9|title=Indian Film Honored; 'Pather Panchali' Wins Prize at Stratford, Ont., Fete|page=16|date=14 July 1958|accessdate=8 June 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211201703/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00613FD355A137B93C6A8178CD85F4C8585F9|archivedate=11 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1958
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Pather Panchali''
| Vancouver International Film Festival || Best Film || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=139}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1959
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Jalsaghar''
| 1st Moscow International Film Festival || Grand prix for Best Film || {{nominated}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff35/eng/archives/?year=1959|title=1959 :: Moscow International Film Festival|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=Moscow International Film Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1961
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Rabindranath Tagore''
| 14th Locarno International Film Festival || Golden Sail for Short Films || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.pardo.ch/details.do?methodcall=premiDetails&amp;oc=310755|title=Golden Sail for Short Films (1961)|accessdate=7 June 2014|publisher=Festival del film Locarno|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714191634/http://archive.pardo.ch/details.do?methodcall=premiDetails&amp;oc=310755|archivedate=2014-07-14|offline=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1973
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ashani Sanket''
| 9th Chicago International Film Festival || Gold Hugo for Best Feature Film || {{nominated}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/history/movies/?festival=ciff_1973|title=9th Chicago Film Festival (1973)|accessdate=8 June 2014|publisher=Cinema/Chicago Inc.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407013827/http://chicagofilmfestival.com/history/movies/?festival=ciff_1973|archivedate=7 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1979
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Joi Baba Felunath''
| 3rd Hong Kong International Film Festival || Best Feature Film || {{won}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;iic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/ContentAttachments/Publications/635301449163371226_IIC%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202013-14%205-3-2014.pdf|title=India International Centre: Annual Report 2013-2014|accessdate=8 June 2014|publisher=India International Centre|format=PDF|page=244}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Literatua ==
* Henri Micciollo: ''Satyajit Ray'',Éditions de L'Age D'Homme, Lausanne 1981 
* Andrew Robinson: ''Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye''. 1989
* Dorthee Wenner: ''[http://www.taz.de/pt/2003/09/09/a0217.nf/text Nah am fremden Leben]''. In: taz, 9. Septemba 2003
* {{Cite book|editor=Biswas, M|year=2006|title=Apu and after: Revisiting Ray's cinema|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-1-905422-25-8|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|given1=D|year=2000|title=The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Tradition and Modernity|url=http://assets.cambridge.org/052162/0260/sample/0521620260WSN01.pdf|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-62980-2|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Dasgupta|given1=C|year=1996|title=The cinema of Satyajit Ray|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=0-14-024780-7|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ganguly|given1=S|year=2001|title=Satyajit Ray: In search of the modern|publisher=Indialog|isbn=81-87981-04-0|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Y|given1=Ishaghpour|year=2002|title=Satyajit Ray, l'Orient et l'Occident|volume=Volume 24 of Les essais|publisher=Différence|isbn=2-7291-1401-7|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Mitra|first1=S|year=1983|title=The Genius of Satyajit Ray|journal=India Today|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Nandy|given1=A|year=1995|chapter=Satyajit Ray's Secret Guide to Exquisite Murders|title=The Savage Freud and Other Essays on Possible and Retrievable Selves|url=https://archive.org/details/savagefreudother00nand|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-04410-4|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Nyce|given1=B|year=1988|title=Satyajit Ray: A Study of His Films|url=https://archive.org/details/satyajitraystudy0000nyce|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=0-275-92666-4|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S|year=1993|edition=3|title=Our films, their films|url=https://archive.org/details/ourfilmstheirfil0000rays|publisher=Asia Book Corp of Amer|isbn=0-86311-317-6|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S|year=1994|title=My Years with Apu|url=https://archive.org/details/snj.myyearswithapu0000saty|publisher=Viking|isbn=0-670-86215-0|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S|year=2005|title=Speaking of films|url=https://archive.org/details/speakingoffilms0000rays|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=0-14-400026-1|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Robinson|given1=A|year=2003|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=1-86064-965-3|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Robinson|given1=|year=2005|title=Satyajit Ray: A Vision of Cinema|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=1-84511-074-9|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Rushdie|given1=S|year=199|title=Imaginary Homelands|url=https://archive.org/details/imaginaryhomelan00rush_0|publisher=Penguin|isbn=0-14-014036-0|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Santas|given1=Constantin|year=2002|title=Responding to film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art|url=https://archive.org/details/respondingtofilm0000sant|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=0-8304-1580-7|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Seton|given1=Marie|authorlink=Marie Seton|year=1971|title=Satyajit Ray: Portrait of a director|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofdirect0000seto|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-16815-5|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Wood|given1=R|year=1972|title=The Apu trilogy|publisher=November Books Ltd|isbn=0-85631-003-4|ref=harv}}

===Franzesisch===
* Upendrakishore, Sukumar &amp; Satyajit Ray, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130731185203/http://www.editions-chandeigne.fr/ShowProduct.aspx?ID=205 ''Les aventures de Goopy et Bagha &amp; autres histoires du Bengale''] (Avec le dvd du film Goopy Ghyne Bagha Byne)/Éditions Chandeigne, 2008
* Youssef Ishaghpour, ''Satyajit Ray, l'Orient et l'Occident'', Editions de la Différence, collection: Les essais, 2002. ISBN|2-7291-1401-7
* Henri Micciollo: ''Satyajit Ray'', Éditions L'Age D'Homme, Lausanne 1981
* {{Ouvrage
 | auteur=Alok B. Nandi
 | titre=Que s'ouvre Le salon de musique ! Lecture d'un film de Satyajit Ray
 | éditeur=Mémoire ELICIT
 | année=1992-1993
 }}.
* {{Ouvrage
 | auteur=Charles Tesson
 | titre=Satyajit Ray
 | éditeur=Editions de l'Etoile/Cahiers du Cinéma
 | année=1992
 | isbn=2866421175
}}.
* {{Ouvrage
 | auteur=Satyajit Ray
 | titre=Ecrits sur le cinéma
 | année=1999
 | éditeur=Ramsay
 | isbn=2859564403
}}.

== Im Netz ==
* {{IMDb Name|0006249}}
* {{DNB-Portal|11926529X}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100612030511/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/karamchedu.html Experiencing Ray's &quot;The Apu Trilogy&quot;]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010161329/http://www.satyajitray.org.uk/ Satyajit Ray Foundation]
* [http://www.satyajitray.org/ SatyajitRay.org]
* {{IMDb name|6249|Satyajit Ray}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/india-connecting-august2005-westindia-satyajit-ray.htm |title=Satyajit Ray: A Vision of Cinema |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104143026/http://www.britishcouncil.org/india-connecting-august2005-westindia-satyajit-ray.htm |archivedate=4 Januar 2006 }} article by W. Andrew Robinson

== Belege ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{reflist|group=lower-roman|2}}

=== Fuasnotn ===
{{reflist|group=upper-alpha|2}}

{{Normdaten}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Ray, Satyajit}}
[[Kategorie:Filmregisseur]]
[[Kategorie:Oscarpreisträger]]
[[Kategorie:Autor]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1921]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1992]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]</text>
      <sha1>k2aqsr7ow6o5eaao8f1v3ub8e9q4u1a</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Archimedes</title>
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    <id>44393</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for Verifiability (20260717)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="14157" sha1="dfmq38aftvmw6cbh6h1ni51a1tdoosa" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Archimede Luis Figuier.jpg|thumb|Da Archimedes (1881, Gmejde vom Luis Figuier)]]
[[Datei:Fvs Schule.jpg|thumb|Da Archimedes middn in seine Kroas (Skuiptua z Fulda)]]

'''Archimedes''' ([[Griechische Sprache|griachisch]] ᾿Αρχιμήδης) '''vo Syrakus''' (*287&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein&quot;&gt;Sherman K. Stein: ''Archimedes: What Did He Do Besides Cry Eureka?''. MAA, 1999, ISBN 0883857189, S. 2-3 ({{Google Buch|BuchID=jCMyPGBhkToC|Seite=2|Linktext=Auszug (Google)|KeinText=ja}})&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;v.&amp;nbsp;Kr. z Syrakus af Sizilien; †&amp;nbsp;212 v. Kr. aa do) wor a antika [[Griachaland|griachischa]] Mathematika, Physika, Astronom, Ingenieur und Eafinda. Ea wead ois oana vo de fiahrendn Wissnschofta vom [[Oitadum]] ogsegn.

Ibas Lebm vom Archimedes is nua weng bekannt. Es gibt vui mehra Legendn. Sei Voda wor a Astronom am Hof vo Syrakus und ea si do afgwoxn. In Alexandria hod a si weida buidt, voa oim in da Mathematik. Danoch hod a ois Mathematika und Eafinda in Syrakus glebt.

Vo eam entwicklte Woffn san im Zwoatn Punischn Kriag ba da Vateidigung vo Syrakus (Belogarung vo Syrakus vo 214–212 v. Kr.) gegn de Rema eigsezt worn. Wia Syrakus 212 v. Kr. gfoin is, is da Archimedes ums Lebm kema. Ea is vo am remischn Soidotn umbrocht worn, den wo a afgfoadat ghobt hod, eam in Ruah orbatn z lossn. Dabei soi a sprichweatli gsogt ham: ''Noli turbare circulos meos'' ([[latein]]isch fia: „Stea meine Kroas ned“).

== Entdeckunga und Eafindunga ==

Da Archimedes hod an Haufa Eafindunga und Entdeckunga gmocht. Ned ois is gsichat und ned ois is ibaliefat.

=== Eafindunga ===

Da Archimedes hod an Haufa Militeatechnik entwicklt. Wos des ois wor und wia des genau funktioniad hod, is ned bekannt; beispuisweis vo seine Katapuit bzw. Wuafmaschina und vo da Archimedeschn Kroin.
&lt;gallery widths=180px heights=180px&gt;
File:Archimedes-screw one-screw-threads with-ball 3D-view animated small.gif|De Archimedesche Schraum (wead bis heid vawend, z. B. in da Bewassarung)
File:Archimedes Heat Ray conceptual diagram.svg|Stroinwoffn: Paraboispiagl bindln as Sunnnaliacht und vanichtn so a feindlichs Schiff duach Hitzestroin (vabrenna)
File:Archimedes claw.png|De Archimedesche Kroin zua Obwea vo Schiffn nuzt de Hebegsatzln
File:Archimedesclaw.gif|De Archimedesche Kroin in Aktion
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Physik ===

&lt;gallery widths=180px heights=180px&gt;
File:Archimedes water balance.gif|As Archimedesche Prinzip: De Goidkron hod s gleiche Gwicht oba a gringare Dichtn ois wia da Goidbarrn (da Beweis, dass de Goidkron ned voistendi aus Goid is)
File:Archimedes lever, vector format.svg|Da Archimeds hod de Hebegsatzln formuliad und so de Grundlog fia de Mechanik glegt. Es soi gsogt ham:  „Gib ma an Punkt, af I steh ko, und I wead da de Wejd aus de Angln hebm“.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Mathematik ===

&lt;gallery widths=180px heights=180px&gt;
File:Esfera Arquímedes.svg|Da Archimedes hod divease Berechnunga vo Flächna eamiddlt
File:Cuboctahedron.svg|De sognenntn Archimedeschn Keapa soin vo eam stamma (im Buidl a Kuboktaeda)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Schriftn ==
[[File:Archimedous Panta Sozomena.tif|thumb|''Archimēdous Panta sōzomena'', 1615]]

=== Weakausgobm ===

* ''Archimedis opera (editio princeps)'', ed. Th. Gechauff (Thomas Venatorius), Basel 1544
* ''Archimedis Opera Omnia. Cum commentariis Eutocii'', 3 Bände, Stuttgart, Teubner 1972 (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana, Nachdruck der 2. Auflage, Teubner, Leipzig 1910–1915, erste Auflage 1880/81, Ausgabe von Heiberg, mit den Kommentaren von Eutokios)
** als Band 4 des Nachdrucks von 1972 erschien von Yvonne Dold-Samplonius, H. Hermelink, M. Schramm ''Archimedes: Über einander berührende Kreise'', Stuttgart 1975
* ''Archimède'' (4 vol.), ed. Charles Mugler, Paris 1971 (mit französischer Übersetzung)

=== Ibasetzunga ===

* Archimedes, Werke, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1963, 1972 (Übersetzung Arthur Czwalina nach der Ausgabe von Heiberg für Ostwalds Klassiker in einem Band)
* Archimedes, Werke, Verlag Harri Deutsch, 3. Auflage 2009, ISBN 978-3-8171-3425-0, (Nach der Übersetzung von Arthur Czwalina), umfasst Reprints von:
** ''Über schwimmende Körper und die Sandzahl'', Ostwalds Klassiker, Band 213, Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft 1925
** ''Die Quadratur der Parabel und Über das Gleichgewicht ebener Flächen oder über den Schwerpunkt ebener Flächen'', Ostwalds Klassiker, Band 203, Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft 1923
** ''Kugel und Zylinder'', Ostwalds Klassiker, Band 202, Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft 1922
** ''Über Paraboloide, Hyberboloide und Ellipsoide'', Ostwalds Klassiker, Band 210, Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft 1923
** ''Über Spiralen'', Ostwalds Klassiker, Band 201, Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft 1922
* Ferdinand Rudio: ''Archimedes, Huygens, Lambert, Legendre. Vier Abhandlungen über die Kreismessung.'' Teubner, Leipzig 1892. [http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN548262160 (Digitalisat)]{{Toter Link|url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN548262160 |date=2019-11 }} (Archimedes Abhandlung über die Kreismessung)
* Heiberg ''Eine neue Archimedeshandschrift'', Hermes: Zeitschrift für Philologie, Band 42, 1907, S. 235-303 (Archimedes lange verschollene Abhandlung über die Methode)
** Englische Übersetzung: ''Geometrical solutions derived from mechanics, a treatise of Archimedes, recently discovered and translated from the Greek by Dr. J. L. Heiberg'', Chicago, the Open Court Publishing Company 1909 (Einführung [[David Eugene Smith]]), [https://web.archive.org/web/20090924210927/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7825 Online bei Gutenberg]
** ''The method of Archimedes - recently discovered by Heiberg. A supplement to the works of Archimedes 1897'', Herausgeber Thomas L. Heath, Cambridge University Press 1912
* Thomas Little Heath (Hrsg.): ''The Works of Archimedes.'' Cambridge 1897, Dover Publications, Mineola NY 1953, 2002. ISBN 0-486-42084-1. (in der Dover Ausgabe mit der Methode)
** Deutsche Übersetzung von Fritz Kliem, Berlin 1914
* Reviel Netz (Herausgeber und Übersetzer): Works of Archimedes (with a critical edition of the diagrams and a translation of Eutocius commentary), Bd.1, Cambridge University Press 2004 (mit Kommentar, auf drei Bände angelegt), ISBN 0-521-66160-9.
* Paul ver Eecke ''Les œuvres complètes d'Archimède, traduites du grec en français avec une introduction et des notes'', Paris, Brüssel 1921, 2. Auflage, Paris 1960 mit der Übersetzung der Kommentare von Eutokios
**Eine weitere bekannte französische Übersetzung ist von François Peyrard, Paris 1807

== Literatua ==

* Ivo Schneider: ''Archimedes. Ingenieur, Naturwissenschaftler und Mathematiker.'' Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1979. ISBN 3-534-06844-0
* Reviel Netz, William Noel „Der Codex des Archimedes- das berühmteste Palimpsest der Welt wird entschlüsselt“, C. H. Beck 2007, ISBN 3-406-56336-8 (englisch: The Archimedes Codex, Weidenfeld and Nicholson 2007)
*Günter Aumann: ''Archimedes. Mathematik in bewegten Zeiten'', Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 2013
* Klaus Geus: ''Mathematik und Biografie: Anmerkungen zu einer Vita des Archimedes''. In: Erler, Michael; Schorn, Stefan (Hrsg.): ''Die griechische Biographie in hellenistischer Zeit: Akten des internationalen Kongresses vom 26. – 29. Juli 2006 in Würzburg''. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2007. S. 319–333 (Beiträge zur Altertumskunde; 245).

=== Englisch ===

* {{cite book |last=Boyer, Carl Benjamin|title=A History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye|year=1991|publisher= Wiley|location= New York|isbn=0-471-54397-7}}
* Marshall Clagett ''Archimedes in the Middle Ages'', 5 Bände, Band 1: University of Wisconsin Press 1964, Band 2 bis 5: Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 1976, 1978, 1980, 1984
** Band 1: The Arabo-Latin tradition
** Band 2: The translations from the Greek by William of Moerbeke (in zwoa Biachln)
** Band 3: The fate of the medieval Archimedes 1300-1565, in drei Büchern (Tei 1: The Moerbeke translations of Archimedes at Paris in the fourteenth century, Tei 2: The Arabo-Latin and handbook traditions of Archimedes in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, Tei 3: The medieval Archimedes in the renaissance, 1450–1565)
** Band 4: A supplement on the medieval Latin traditions of conic sections (1150–1566), in zwoa Biachln
** Band 5: Quasi-Archimedean geometry in the thirteenth century, in zwoa Biachln
* {{cite book |last=Dijksterhuis, E.J. |title=Archimedes|year=1987 |publisher= Princeton University Press, Princeton|isbn=0-691-08421-1}} Republished translation of the 1938 study of Archimedes and his works by an historian of science.
* {{cite book |last=Gow |first=Mary |title=Archimedes: Mathematical Genius of the Ancient World|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedesmathem0000gowm |year=2005|publisher=Enslow Publishers, Inc. |isbn=0-7660-2502-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Heather |title=Archimedes: The Father of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedesfather00hasa |year= 2005|publisher=Rosen Central |isbn=978-1-4042-0774-5}}
* {{cite book |author=Heath, T.L.|title=Works of Archimedes|url=https://archive.org/details/worksofarchimede0000arch|year=1897 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-42084-1}} Complete works of Archimedes in English.
* {{cite book |last=Netz, Reviel and Noel, William |title=The Archimedes Codex|year=2007|publisher=Orion Publishing Group|isbn= 0-297-64547-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Pickover, Clifford A.|title =Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedestohawk0000pick_k4t0|year=2008 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533611-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Simms, Dennis L. |title=Archimedes the Engineer|year=1995 |publisher= Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd |isbn=0-7201-2284-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Stein, Sherman |title=Archimedes: What Did He Do Besides Cry Eureka?|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedeswhatdi00stei |year=1999 |publisher= Mathematical Association of America|isbn=0-88385-718-9}}
* Chris Rorres ''Completing Book 2 of Archimedes On Floating Bodies'', Mathematical Intelligencer, Band 26, Nr. 3, 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |titel=Online auf der Hoamseitn vom Rorres |url=http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Floating/floating.html |zugriff=2014-09-16 |archiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918025937/http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Floating/floating.html |archiv-datum=2013-09-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Andre Koch Torres Assis ''Archimedes, the Center of Gravity, and the First Law of Mechanics'', Aperion Publishers, Montreal 2008&lt;ref&gt;Online auf der {{Webarchiv|url=http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/ |wayback=20131120085119 |text=Homepage von Assis |archiv-bot=2019-11-16 02:05:37 InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ejtane Literatua===

* Friedrich Hultsch ''Archimedes'' in Pauly-Wissowa Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaften, 1895, II, 1, S. 507–539
* Robert Böker: ''Archimedes'', Der Kleine Pauly, 1964
* J. L. Heiberg ''Quaestiones Archimedeae'', Kopenhagen 1879
* Ernst Nizze ''Archimedes von Syrakus vorhandene Werke aus dem griechischen übersetzt und mit erläutertenden und kritischen Anmerkungen begleitet'', Stralsund 1824
* Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis: ''Archimedes'', Groningen, 1938 (niederländisch), englische Übersetzung Kopenhagen 1956
* Isabella Grigorjewna Baschmakowa ''Les méthodes différentielles d´Archimède'', Archive History Exact Sciences, Band 2, 1962/66, S. 87–107
* Plutarch: ''Marcellus'' (17, 12)

== Im Netz ==
{{Commons|Archimedes}}

Digitalisiad:
* [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/ppn274055848 Archimdus tu Syrakusiu ta mechri nyn szomena, hapanta]. Basileae 1544, Online-Ausgabe der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
* [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/ppn266464041 Des Unvergleichlichen Archimedis Sand-Rechnung, Oder Tiefsinnige Erfindung einer, mit verwunderlicher Leichtigkeit aussprechlichen, Zahl]{{Toter Link|url=http://digital.slub-dresden.de/ppn266464041 |date=2019-10 }}. Nürnberg 1667, Online-Ausgabe der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
* [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/ppn26646792X Des Unvergleichlichen Archimedis Kunst-Bücher Oder Heutigs Tags befindliche Schrifften]. Nürnberg 1670, Online-Ausgabe der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
* [http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/ Das Palimpsest des Archimedes.]

=== Vom Archimedes ===

* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante03/Archimedes/arc_intr.html Archimedes in der „Bibliotheca Augustana“]
** Darunter besonders hervorzuheben ist: [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante03/Archimedes/arc_circ.html Die Messung des Kreises]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120320124529/http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/archimedes/parabola.html Archimedes über die Parabel]

=== Iban Archimedes ===
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Archimedes.aspx Marshall Clagett ''Archimedes''] im Dictionary of Scientific Biography
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Archimedes}} 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131208052442/https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/contents.html Fakten über Archimedes] (englisch) - Abschnitt über „Archimedes und die Krone“ auf deutsch [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015637/http://www.leifiphysik.de/themenbereiche/auftrieb-und-luftdruck/lb/archimedes-und-die-krone-wie-war-es-wirklich bei LEIFI]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203080710/http://www.ancient-cultures.com/archimedes.php Archimedes – Das Genie der Antike]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140531181725/http://www.anderegg-web.ch/phil/archimedes.htm Archimedes’ Leben und Werk]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00773bv ''Archimedes'']. In Our Time, BBC, 25. Januar 2007 (audio, 45 Min., englisch)

== Beleg ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Normdaten}}

[[Kategorie:Antike]]
[[Kategorie:Erfinder]]
[[Kategorie:Physiker]]
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  <page>
    <title>Thomas Alva Edison</title>
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      <text bytes="84753" sha1="hxzsrvktfh12vl05vazgximz8fd5886" xml:space="preserve">[[Datei:Thomas Edison2.jpg|miniatur|Da Thomas Alva Edison, uma 1922]]

Da '''Thomas Alva Edison''' (* 11. Feba [[1847]] z [[Milan, Ohio]]; † 18. Oktoba [[1931]] z [[West Orange, New Jersey]]) woa a [[Vaoanigte Stootn|amerikanischa]] Eafinda und Gschäftsmo. Sei Eafindunga homs Lem af da gonzn Wejd beeihflussd, beispuisweis de Glialampn, de Fuimkamera und da Phonograph.

Da Edison woa oana vo de easchtn Eafinda, de wo de Grundsetz vo da Massnproduktion ogwendd hod und a professioneje, große Foaschungs- und Entwicklungobteijung afbaud hod.&lt;ref name=&quot;Walsh&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Walsh|first= Bryan|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1910417_1910419_1910460,00.html |title=The Electrifying Edison |publisher=Time.com |date=July 15, 2009 |accessdate=December 31, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ea hod on entscheidndn Beidrog ba da Elektrifiziarung vo da [[New York City|Stod New York]] und da Eihfiahrung van Elektroliacht gleisdd und so'n Grundstoa fia de Elektrifiziarung vo da gonzn industriejn Wejd glegd.

== Patentlistn ==

Des is a Iwablick iwa de amerikanischn Patent van Edison.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:List of Edison patents|List of Edison patents on en.wp]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Patent 0-100 ===

* '''patent number – name of patent'''

# '''{{US patent|0090646}}''' – Electrographic Vote-Recorder: Edison's first patent. Permitted a &quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot; vote via one of two switches. Washington congressmen were not interested in the device and the invention was unsuccessful. ([[1869]])
# '''{{US patent|0091527}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0096567}}''' – Printing-Telegraph Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0096681}}''' – Automatic Electrical Switch for Telegraph Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0102320}}''' – Printing-Telegraph Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0103035}}''' – Electro-Motor Escapements
# '''{{US patent|0103924}}''' – Printing-Telegraph Instruments
# '''{{US patent|0111112}}''' – Governors for Electro-Motors
# '''{{US patent|0113033}}''' – Printing-Telegraph Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0113034}}''' – Printing-Telegraph Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0114656}}''' – Telegraphic Transmitting Instruments
# '''{{US patent|0114657}}''' – Relay-Magnets for Telegraph Instruments
# '''{{US patent|0114658}}''' – Electro-Magnets for Telegraph Instruments
# '''{{US patent|0121601}}''' – Machinery for Perforating Paper for Telegraph Purposes
# '''{{US patent|0123005}}''' – Telegraph Apparatus ([[1872]])
# '''{{US patent|0123006}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0123984}}''' – Telegraph Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0124800}}''' – Telegraphic Recording Instruments
# '''{{US patent|0126528}}''' – Type-Wheels for Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0126529}}''' – Type-Wheels for Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0126530}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0126531}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0126532}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0126533}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0126534}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0126535}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0128131}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0128604}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0128605}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0128606}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0128607}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0128608}}''' – Printing-Telegraph Instruments
# '''{{US patent|0130795}}''' – Electro-Magnets
# '''{{US patent|0131334}}''' – Rheotomes or Circuit-Directors
# '''{{US patent|0131335}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0131336}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0131337}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0131338}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0131339}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0131340}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0131341}}''' – Printing-Telegraph Instruments
# '''{{US patent|0131342}}''' – Printing-Telegraph Instruments
# '''{{US patent|0131343}}''' – Transmitters and Circuits for Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0131344}}''' – Unison-Stops for Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0132455}}''' – Paper for Chemical Telegraphs etc.
# '''{{US patent|0132456}}''' – Apparatus for Perforating Paper for Telegraphic Use
# '''{{US patent|0133019}}''' – Electrical Printing-Machines
# '''{{US patent|0133841}}''' – Type-Writing Machines
# '''{{US patent|0134866}}''' – Printing-Telegraph Instruments ([[1873]])
# '''{{US patent|0134867}}''' – Automatic Telegraph Instruments
# '''{{US patent|0134868}}''' – Electro-Magnetic Adjusters [[File:135531 Circuits for Chemical Telegraphs.png|thumb|Circuits for Chemical Telegraphs]]
# '''{{US patent|0135531}}''' – Circuits for Chemical Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0138869}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0138870}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0139128}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0139129}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0140487}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0140488}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0140489}}''' – Circuits for Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0141772}}''' – Circuits for Automatic or Chemical Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0141773}}''' – Circuits for Automatic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0141774}}''' – Chemical Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0141775}}''' – Perforators for Automatic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0141776}}''' – Circuits for Automatic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0141777}}''' – Relay-Magnets
# '''{{US patent|0142688}}''' – Electrical Regulators for Transmitting-Instruments
# '''{{US patent|0142999}}''' – Galvanic Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0146812}}''' – Telegraph-Signal Boxes
# '''{{US patent|0147311}}''' – Electric Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0147312}}''' – Perforators for Automatic Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0147313}}''' – Chemical Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0147314}}''' – Circuits for Chemical Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0147917}}''' – Duplex Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0150846}}''' – Telegraph-Relays
# '''{{US patent|0150847}}''' – Receiving Instruments for Chemical Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0150848}}''' – Chemical or Automatic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0151209}}''' – Automatic Telegraphy and Perforators Therefor
# '''{{US patent|0154788}}''' – District Telegraph Signal-Boxes
# '''{{US patent|0156843}}''' – Duplex Chemical Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0158787}}''' – Telegraph Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0160402}}''' – Solutions for Chemical Telegraph-Paper
# '''{{US patent|0160403}}''' – Solutions for Chemical Telegraph-Paper
# '''{{US patent|0160404}}''' – Solutions for Chemical Telegraph-Paper
# '''{{US patent|0160405}}''' – Adjustable Electro-Magnets for Relays etc.
# '''{{US patent|0160580}}''' – Solutions for Chemical Telegraph-Paper
# '''{{US patent|0162633}}''' – Duplex Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0166859}}''' – Chemical Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0166860}}''' – Chemical Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0166861}}''' – Chemical Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0168004}}''' – Printing-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0168242}}''' – Transmitters and Receivers for Automatic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0168243}}''' – Automatic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0168385}}''' – Duplex Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0168465}}''' – Solutions for Chemical Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0168466}}''' – Solutions for Chemical Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0168467}}''' – Recording-Points for Chemical Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0169972}}''' – Electric-Signalling Instruments
# '''{{US patent|0171273}}''' – Telegraph Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0172305}}''' – Automatic Roman-Character Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0173718}}''' – Automatic Telegraphy

=== 101 - 200 ===

[[Image:Pat196747.png|thumb|222px|right|{{US patent|196747}}, ''Stencil-Pens''. Later adapted to be a [[Tattoo machine]].]]
[[Image:PhonographPatentEdison1880.jpg|thumb|right|222px|[[Patent drawing]] for Edison's phonograph, 18 May 1880.]]
[[Image:Light bulb.png|thumb|right|222px|{{US patent|223898}}]]

# '''{{US patent|0178221}}''' – Duplex Telegraphs ([[1876]])
# '''{{US patent|0178222}}''' – Duplex Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0178223}}''' – Duplex Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0180857}}''' – Autographic Printing
# '''{{US patent|0180858}}''' – Duplex Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0182996}}''' – Acoustic Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0185507}}''' – Electro-Harmonic Multiplex Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0186330}}''' – Acoustic Electric Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0186548}}''' – Telegraphic Alarm and Signal Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0195751}}''' – Automatic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0195752}}''' – Automatic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0196747}}''' – Stencil-Pens
# '''{{US patent|0198087}}''' – Telephonic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0198088}}''' – Telephonic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0198089}}''' – Telephonic or Electro-Harmonic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0200032}}''' – Synchronous Movements for Electric Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0200521}}''' – Phonograph or Speaking Machines: The first ''[[phonograph]]'', a device for recording and replaying sound. Edison demonstrated the device for the first time on November 29, [[1878]].  The device recorded on a [[phonograph cylinder]] using up-down (vertical) motion of the stylus. Edison's patent specified that the audio recording was [[embossing (manufacturing)|embossed]].
# '''{{US patent|0200993}}''' – Acoustic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0200994}}''' – Automatic-Telegraph Perforator and Transmitter
# '''{{US patent|0201760}}''' – Speaking-Machines
# '''{{US patent|0203013}}''' – Speaking-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0203014}}''' – Speaking-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0203015}}''' – Speaking-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0203016}}''' – Speaking-Telephones
# '''{{US patent|0203017}}''' – Telephone Call-Signal
# '''{{US patent|0203018}}''' – Telephones or Speaking-Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0203019}}''' – Circuits for Acoustic or Telephonic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0203329}}''' – Perforating Pens
# '''{{US patent|0205370}}''' – Pneumatic Stencil-Pens
# '''{{US patent|0207723}}''' – Duplex Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0207724}}''' – Duplex Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0208299}}''' – Speaking-Telephones
# '''{{US patent|0209241}}''' – Quadruplex-Telegraph Repeaters
# '''{{US patent|0210767}}''' – Vocal Engines (better known as the [[Phonomotor]])
# '''{{US patent|0213554}}''' – Automatic Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0214636}}''' – Electric Lights
# '''{{US patent|0214637}}''' – Thermal Regulators for Electric Lights
# '''{{US patent|0217781}}''' – Sextuplex Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0217782}}''' – Duplex Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0218166}}''' – Magneto-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0218167}}''' – Apparatus for Electric Lights
# '''{{US patent|0218866}}''' – Electric Lighting Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0219393}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0219628}}''' – Electric Lights
# '''{{US patent|0221957}}''' – Telephones
# '''{{US patent|0222390}}''' – Carbon-Telephones
# '''{{US patent|0222881}}''' – Magneto-Electric Machines:  Edison main dynamo.  The device's nickname was the &quot;''long-legged Mary-Ann''&quot;. This device has large bipolar magnets and is highly inefficient.
# '''{{US patent|0223898}}''' – Electric Lamp: Edison's [[incandescent light bulb]] invention. The original spiral carbon-filament is shown and repeatedly referred to.  First practical commercially viable electric lamp. This device replaced the [[oil lamp|flame lamp]], [[Gas lighting|gas lamp]], [[kerosene lamp|kerosene-oil lamp]], and [[Candle|wax candle]].
# '''{{US patent|0224329}}''' – Electric-Lighting Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0224665}}''' – Autographic Stencils for Printing
# '''{{US patent|0227226}}''' – Safety-Conductor for Electric Lights
# '''{{US patent|0227227}}''' – Electric Light
# '''{{US patent|0227228}}''' – Electric Light
# '''{{US patent|0227229}}''' – Electric Light
# '''{{US patent|0227679}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0228329}}''' – Magnetic Ore-Separator
# '''{{US patent|0228617}}''' – Brake for Electro-Magnetic Motors
# '''{{US patent|0230255}}''' – Method of Manufacturing Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0230621}}''' – Addressing-Machine
# '''{{US patent|0231704}}''' – Electro-Chemical Receiving-Telephone
# '''{{US patent|0235142}}''' – Acoustic Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0237732}}''' – Electric Light
# '''{{US patent|0238098}}''' – Magneto Signal Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0238868}}''' – Manufacture of Carbons for Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0239147}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0239148}}''' – Treating Carbons for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0239149}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0239150}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0239151}}''' – Method of Forming Enlarged Ends on Carbon Filaments
# '''{{US patent|0239152}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0239153}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0239154}}''' – Relay for Telegraphs
# '''{{US patent|0239372}}''' – Testing Electric-Light Carbons
# '''{{US patent|0239373}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0239374}}''' – Regulating the Generation of Electric Currents
# '''{{US patent|0239745}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0240678}}''' – Webermeter
# '''{{US patent|0242896}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0242897}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0242898}}''' – Magneto or Dynamo Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0242899}}''' – Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0242900}}''' – Manufacturing Carbons for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0242901}}''' – Electric Meter
# '''{{US patent|0248416}}''' – Manufacture of Carbons for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0248417}}''' – Manufacturing Carbons for Electric Lights
# '''{{US patent|0248418}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0248419}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0248420}}''' – Fixture and Attachment for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0248421}}''' – Current-Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0248422}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0248423}}''' – Carbonizer
# '''{{US patent|0248424}}''' – Fitting and Fixture for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0248425}}''' – Apparatus for Producing High Vacuums
# '''{{US patent|0248426}}''' – Apparatus for Treating Carbons for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0248427}}''' – Apparatus for Treating Carbons for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0248428}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0248429}}''' – Electric Motor
# '''{{US patent|0248430}}''' – Electro-Magnetic Brake
# '''{{US patent|0248431}}''' – Preserving Fruit
# '''{{US patent|0248432}}''' – Magnetic Separator

=== 201 - 300 ===

# '''{{US patent|0248,433}}''' – Vacuum Apparatus ([[1881]])
# '''{{US patent|0248,434}}''' – Governor for Electric Engines
# '''{{US patent|0248,435}}''' – Utilizing Electricity as a Motive Power
# '''{{US patent|0248,436}}''' – Depositing Cell for Plating the Connections of Electric Lamps, &amp; c.
# '''{{US patent|0248,437}}''' – Apparatus for Treating Carbons for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0248,565}}''' – Webermeter [[File:248565-Webermeter.png|thumb|right|US Patent 248565 Webermeter ([[Electrolysis of water]] / [[water splitting]])]]
# '''{{US patent|0251,536}}''' – Vacuum-Pump
# '''{{US patent|0251,537}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0251,538}}''' – Electric Light
# '''{{US patent|0251,539}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0251,540}}''' – Carbon for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0251,541}}''' – Electro-Magnetic Motor
# '''{{US patent|0251,542}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0251,543}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0251,544}}''' – Manufacture of Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0251,545}}''' – Electric Meter
# '''{{US patent|0251,546}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0251,547}}''' – Electrical Governor
# '''{{US patent|0251,548}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0251,549}}''' – Electric Lamp and the Manufacture Thereof
# '''{{US patent|0251,550}}''' – Magneto or Dynamo Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0251,551}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0251,552}}''' – Underground Conductors
# '''{{US patent|0251,553}}''' – Electric Chandelier
# '''{{US patent|0251,554}}''' – Electric Lamp and Socket or Holder
# '''{{US patent|0251,555}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0251,556}}''' – Regulator for Magneto or Dynamo Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0251,557}}''' – Webermeter
# '''{{US patent|0251,558}}''' – Webermeter
# '''{{US patent|0251,559}}''' – Electrical Drop-Light
# '''{{US patent|0252,442}}''' – Telephone
# '''{{US patent|0257,677}}''' – Telephone
# '''{{US patent|0263,131}}''' – Magnetic Ore-Separator
# '''{{US patent|0263,132}}''' – Electro-Magnetic Railway
# '''{{US patent|0263,133}}''' – Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0263,134}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0263,135}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0263,136}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0263,137}}''' – Electric Chandelier
# '''{{US patent|0263,138}}''' – Electric-Arc Light
# '''{{US patent|0263,139}}''' – Manufacture of Carbons for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0263,140}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0263,141}}''' – Straightening Carbons of Electric Incandescent Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0263,142}}''' – Electrical Distribution System
# '''{{US patent|0263,143}}''' – Magneto or Dynamo Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0263,144}}''' – Mold for Carbonizing Incandescents
# '''{{US patent|0263,145}}''' – Process of Making Incandescents
# '''{{US patent|0263,146}}''' – Dynamo Magneto Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0263,147}}''' – Vacuum Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0263,148}}''' – Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0263,149}}''' – Commutator for Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0263,150}}''' – Magneto or Dynamo Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0263,878}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0264,642}}''' – Electric Distribution and Translation System
# '''{{US patent|0264,643}}''' – Magneto-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0264,645}}''' – System of Conductors for the Distribution of Electricity
# '''{{US patent|0264,646}}''' – Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0264,647}}''' – Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0264,648}}''' – Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0264,649}}''' – Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0264,650}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescing Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0264,651}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0264,652}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0264,653}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0264,654}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0264,655}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0264,656}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0264,657}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0264,658}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,659}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,660}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,661}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,662}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,663}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,664}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,665}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,666}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,667}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,668}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,669}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,670}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,671}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,672}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0264,673}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0265,311}}''' – Electric Lamp and Holder for the Same
# '''{{US patent|0265,774}}''' – Method of Maintaining Temperature in Webermeters
# '''{{US patent|0265,775}}''' – Electric-Arc Light
# '''{{US patent|0265,776}}''' – Electric-Lighting System
# '''{{US patent|0265,777}}''' – Method of Treating Carbons for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0265,778}}''' – Electro-Magnetic Railway-Engine
# '''{{US patent|0265,779}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0265,780}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0265,781}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0265,782}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0265,783}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0265,784}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0265,785}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0265,786}}''' – Apparatus for the Electrical Transmission of Power
# '''{{US patent|0266,021}}''' – Telephone
# '''{{US patent|0266,022}}''' – Telephone

=== 301 - 400 ===

# '''{{US patent|0266,447}}''' – Electric Incandescent Lamp ([[1882]])
# '''{{US patent|0266,588}}''' – Vacuum Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0266,793}}''' – Electric Distribution System
# '''{{US patent|0268,205}}''' – Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0268,206}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0271,613}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescing Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0271,614}}''' – Shafting
# '''{{US patent|0271,615}}''' – Governor for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0271,616}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0272,034}}''' – Telephone
# '''{{US patent|0273,485}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0273,486}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0273,487}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0273,488}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0273,489}}''' – Turn-Table for Electric Railways
# '''{{US patent|0273,490}}''' – Electro-Magnetic Railway System
# '''{{US patent|0273,491}}''' – Regulator for Driving Engines of Electrical Generators
# '''{{US patent|0273,492}}''' – Secondary Battery
# '''{{US patent|0273,493}}''' – Valve-Gear for Electrical Generator-Engines
# '''{{US patent|0273,494}}''' – Electrical Railroad
# '''{{US patent|0273,714}}''' – Magneto-Electric Signaling Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0273,715}}''' – Art of Malleableizing Iron
# '''{{US patent|0273,828}}''' – System of Underground Conductors for Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0274,290}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0274,291}}''' – Mold for Carbonizing
# '''{{US patent|0274,292}}''' – Secondary Battery
# '''{{US patent|0274,293}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0274,294}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0274,295}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0274,296}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescents
# '''{{US patent|0274,576}}''' – Transmitting-Telephone
# '''{{US patent|0274,577}}''' – Telephone
# '''{{US patent|0275,612}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescing Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0275,613}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0276,232}}''' – Means for Operating and Regulating Electrical Generators
# '''{{US patent|0276,233}}''' – Electrical Generator and Motor
# '''{{US patent|0278,413}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0278,414}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0278,415}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescing Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0278,416}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescing Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0278,417}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescing Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0278,418}}''' – Apparatus for Translating Electric Currents From High to Low Tension
# '''{{US patent|0278,419}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0280,727}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0281,349}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0281,350}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0281,351}}''' – Electrical Generator
# '''{{US patent|0281,352}}''' – Webermeter
# '''{{US patent|0281,353}}''' – Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0282,287}}''' – Magneto-Electric Signaling Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0283,983}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0283,984}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0283,985}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0283,986}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0287,511}}''' – Electric Regulator
# '''{{US patent|0287,512}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0287,513}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0287,514}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0287,515}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0287,516}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0287,517}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0287,518}}''' – Method of Manufacturing Incandescing Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0287,519}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0287,520}}''' – Incandescing Conductor for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0287,521}}''' – Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0287,522}}''' – Mold for Carbonizing
# '''{{US patent|0287,523}}''' – Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0287,524}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0287,525}}''' – Regulator for Systems of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0288,318}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0293,432}}''' – Electrical Generator or Motor
# '''{{US patent|0293,433}}''' – Insulation of Railroad-Tracks Used for Electrical Circuits
# '''{{US patent|0293,434}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0293,435}}''' – Electrical Meter
# '''{{US patent|0295,990}}''' – Type-Writer
# '''{{US patent|0297,580}}''' – Electric-Arc Light
# '''{{US patent|0297,581}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0297,582}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0297,583}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0297,584}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0297,585}}''' – Incandescing Conductor for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0297,586}}''' – Electrical Conductor
# '''{{US patent|0297,587}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0298,679}}''' – Method of Treating Carbons for Electric Lights
# '''{{US patent|0298,954}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0298,955}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0298,956}}''' – Mode of Operating Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0304,082}}''' – Electrical Meter
# '''{{US patent|0304,083}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0304,084}}''' – Device for Protecting Electric-Light Systems from Lightning
# '''{{US patent|0304,085}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0304,086}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0304,087}}''' – Electrical Conductor
# '''{{US patent|0307,029}}''' – Filament for Incandescent Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0307,030}}''' – Electrical Meter
# '''{{US patent|0307,031}}''' – Electrical Indicator
# '''{{US patent|0314,115}}''' – Chemical Stock Quotation Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0317,631}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0317,632}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0317,633}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp

=== 401 - 500 ===

# '''{{US patent|0328,572}}''' – Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines ([[1885]])
# '''{{US patent|0328,573}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0328,574}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0328,575}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0329,030}}''' – Telephone
# '''{{US patent|0333,289}}''' – Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0333,290}}''' – Duplex Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0333,291}}''' – Way-Station [[Quadruplex telegraph|Quadruplex Telegraphy]]
# '''{{US patent|0334,853}}''' – Mold for Carbonizing
# '''{{US patent|0337,254}}''' – Telephone
# '''{{US patent|0339,278}}''' – Electric Railway
# '''{{US patent|0339,279}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0340,707}}''' – Telephonic Repeater
# '''{{US patent|0340,708}}''' – Electrical Signaling Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0340,709}}''' – Telephone-Circuit
# '''{{US patent|0341,644}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0341,839}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0343,017}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0347,097}}''' – Electrical Signaling Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0348,114}}''' – Electrode for Telephone-Transmitters
# '''{{US patent|0350,234}}''' – System of Railway Signaling
# '''{{US patent|0350,235}}''' – Railway-Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0351,855}}''' – Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0351,856}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0353,783}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0354,310}}''' – Manufacture of Carbon Conductors
# '''{{US patent|0358,599}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0358,600}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0365,465}}''' – Valve-Gear
# '''{{US patent|0365,509}}''' – Filament for Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0365,978}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0369,280}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0369,439}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0369,441}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0369,442}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0369,443}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0370,123}}''' – Electric Meter
# '''{{US patent|0370,124}}''' – Manufacture of Filaments for Incandescing Electric Lights
# '''{{US patent|0370,125}}''' – Electrical Transmission of Power
# '''{{US patent|0370,126}}''' – Electrical Transmission of Power
# '''{{US patent|0370,127}}''' – Electrical Transmission of Power
# '''{{US patent|0370,128}}''' – Electrical Transmission of Power
# '''{{US patent|0370,129}}''' – Electrical Transmission of Power
# '''{{US patent|0370,130}}''' – Electrical Transmission of Power
# '''{{US patent|0370,131}}''' – Electrical Transmission of Power
# '''{{US patent|0370,132}}''' – Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0373,584}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine: Includes an extra coil and utilizes a [[Force field (physics)|field of force]].
# '''{{US patent|0377,374}}''' – Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0377,518}}''' – Magnetic Separator
# '''{{US patent|0378,044}}''' – Telephone-Transmitter
# '''{{US patent|0379,770}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0379,771}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0379,772}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0379,944}}''' – Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0380,100}}''' – Pyromagnetic Motor
# '''{{US patent|0380,101}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0380,102}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0382,414}}''' – Burnishing Attachment for Phonographs
# '''{{US patent|0382,415}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0382,416}}''' – Feed and Return Mechanism for Phonographs
# '''{{US patent|0382,417}}''' – Process of Making Phonogram-Blanks
# '''{{US patent|0382,418}}''' – Phonogram-Blank
# '''{{US patent|0382,419}}''' – Process of Duplicating Phonograms
# '''{{US patent|0382,462}}''' – Phonogram-Blank
# '''{{US patent|0384,830}}''' – Railway Signaling
# '''{{US patent|0385,173}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0386,974}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0389,369}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0390,462}}''' – Process of Making Carbon Filaments
# '''{{US patent|0391,595}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0391,596}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0393,462}}''' – Process of Making Phonogram-Blanks
# '''{{US patent|0393,463}}''' – Machine for Making Phonogram-Blanks
# '''{{US patent|0393,464}}''' – Machine for Making Phonogram-Blanks
# '''{{US patent|0393,465}}''' – Method of Preparing Phonograph Recording-Surfaces
# '''{{US patent|0393,466}}''' – Phonograph-Recorder
# '''{{US patent|0393,966}}''' – Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds
# '''{{US patent|0393,967}}''' – Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds
# '''{{US patent|0393,968}}''' – Phonograph-Recorder
# '''{{US patent|0394,105}}''' – Phonograph-Recorder
# '''{{US patent|0394,106}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|0395,123}}''' – Circuit-Controller for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0395,962}}''' – Method of Manufacturing Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0395,963}}''' – Incandescent-Lamp Filament
# '''{{US patent|0396,356}}''' – Magnetic Separator
# '''{{US patent|0397,280}}''' – Phonograph Recorder and Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|0397,705}}''' – Method of Winding Field-Magnets
# '''{{US patent|0397,706}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0398,774}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0400,317}}''' – Ore-Separator
# '''{{US patent|0400,646}}''' – Phonograph Recorder and Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|0400,647}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0400,648}}''' – Phonogram-Blank
# '''{{US patent|0400,649}}''' – Method of Making Phonogram-Blanks
# '''{{US patent|0400,650}}''' – Method of Making Phonogram-Blanks
# '''{{US patent|0401,486}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0401,646}}''' – Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0404,902}}''' – Electrical-Distribution System
# '''{{US patent|0406,130}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0406,567}}''' – Telephone

=== 501 - 600 ===

# '''{{US patent|0406,568}}''' – Phonograph ([[1889]])
# '''{{US patent|0406,569}}''' – Phonogram-Blank
# '''{{US patent|0406,570}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0406,571}}''' – Process of Treating Phonogram-Blanks
# '''{{US patent|0406,572}}''' – Automatic Determining Device for Phonographs
# '''{{US patent|0406,573}}''' – Automatic Determining Device for Phonographs
# '''{{US patent|0406,574}}''' – Automatic Determining Device for Phonographs
# '''{{US patent|0406,575}}''' – Automatic Determining Device for Phonographs
# '''{{US patent|0406,576}}''' – Phonogram-Blank
# '''{{US patent|0406,824}}''' – Electric Meter
# '''{{US patent|0406,825}}''' – Electric Meter
# '''{{US patent|0411,016}}''' – Manufacture of Carbon Filaments
# '''{{US patent|0411,017}}''' – Carbonizing-Flask
# '''{{US patent|0411,018}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0411,019}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0411,020}}''' – Manufacture of Carbon Filaments
# '''{{US patent|0414,759}}''' – Phonogram-Blank
# '''{{US patent|0414,760}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0414,761}}''' – Phonogram-Blank
# '''{{US patent|0420,594}}''' – Quadruplex Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0422,072}}''' – Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0422,073}}''' – Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0422,074}}''' – Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0422,577}}''' – Apparatus for Speaking-Telephones
# '''{{US patent|0422,578}}''' – Telephonic Repeater
# '''{{US patent|0422,579}}''' – Telephonic Repeater
# '''{{US patent|0423,039}}''' – Phonograph for Dolls or other Toys
# '''{{US patent|0425,760}}''' – Measurement of Electricity in Distribution Systems
# '''{{US patent|0425,761}}''' – Incandescent Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0425,762}}''' – Cut-Out for Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0425,763}}''' – Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0426,527}}''' – Automatic Determining Device for Phonographs
# '''{{US patent|0430,274}}''' – Phonogram-Blank
# '''{{US patent|0430,275}}''' – Magnetic Separator
# '''{{US patent|0430,276}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0430,277}}''' – Automatic Determining Device for Phonographs
# '''{{US patent|0430,278}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0430,279}}''' – Voltaic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0430,280}}''' – Magnetic Separator
# '''{{US patent|0430,570}}''' – Phonogram-Blank
# '''{{US patent|0430,932}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescent Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0430,933}}''' – Filament for Incandescent Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0430,934}}''' – Electric-Lighting System
# '''{{US patent|0431,018}}''' – Dynamo or Magneto-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0434,585}}''' – Telegraph-Relay
# '''{{US patent|0434,586}}''' – Electric Generator
# '''{{US patent|0434,587}}''' – Thermo-Electric Battery
# '''{{US patent|0434,588}}''' – Magnetic Ore-Separator
# '''{{US patent|0434,589}}''' – Propelling Mechanism for Electric Vehicles
# '''{{US patent|0435,687}}''' – Means for Charging and Using Secondary Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0435,688}}''' – Process of and Apparatus for Generating Electricity
# '''{{US patent|0435,689}}''' – Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0435,690}}''' – Method of Making Armatures for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0436,127}}''' – Electric Motor
# '''{{US patent|0436,968}}''' – Method of and Apparatus for Drawing Wire
# '''{{US patent|0436,969}}''' – Method of and Apparatus for Drawing Wire
# '''{{US patent|0436,970}}''' – Apparatus for Transmitting Power
# '''{{US patent|0437,422}}''' – Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0437,423}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0437,424}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0437,425}}''' – Phonograph-Recorder
# '''{{US patent|0437,426}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0437,427}}''' – Method of Making Phonogram-Blanks
# '''{{US patent|0437,428}}''' – Propelling Device for Electric Cars
# '''{{US patent|0437,429}}''' – Phonogram-Blank
# '''{{US patent|0438,298}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0438,299}}''' – Manufacture of Carbon Filaments
# '''{{US patent|0438,300}}''' – Gage for Testing Fibers for Incandescent-Lamp Carbons
# '''{{US patent|0438,301}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0438,302}}''' – Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0438,303}}''' – Arc Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0438,304}}''' – Electric Signaling Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0438,305}}''' – Fuse-Block
# '''{{US patent|0438,306}}''' – Telephone
# '''{{US patent|0438,307}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0438,308}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0438,309}}''' – Method of Insulating Electrical Conductors
# '''{{US patent|0438,310}}''' – Lamp-Base
# '''{{US patent|0439,389}}''' – Electric-Lighting System
# '''{{US patent|0439,390}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0439,391}}''' – Junction-Box for Electric Wires
# '''{{US patent|0439,392}}''' – Electric-Lighting System
# '''{{US patent|0439,393}}''' – Carbonizing-Chamber
# '''{{US patent|0443,507}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0444,530}}''' – Leading-In Wire for Incandescent Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0446,666}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0446,667}}''' – Locomotive for Electric Railways
# '''{{US patent|0446,668}}''' – Electric-Arc Light
# '''{{US patent|0446,669}}''' – Manufacture of Filaments for Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0448,778}}''' – Electric Railway
# '''{{US patent|0448,779}}''' – Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0448,780}}''' – Device for Turning Off Phonogram-Blanks
# '''{{US patent|0448,781}}''' – Turning-Off Device for Phonographs
# '''{{US patent|0450,740}}''' – Phonograph-Recorder
# '''{{US patent|0452,913}}''' – Sextuplex Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0453,601}}''' – Sextuplex Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0453,741}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0454,262}}''' – Incandescent-Lamp Filament
# '''{{US patent|0454,558}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0454,941}}''' – Phonograph Recorder or Reproducer

=== 601 to 700 ===

# '''{{US patent|0454,942}}''' – Phonograph ([[1891]])
# '''{{US patent|0456,301}}''' – Phonograph-Doll
# '''{{US patent|0456,302}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0457,343}}''' – Magnetic Belting
# '''{{US patent|0457,344}}''' – Smoothing-Tool for Phonogram-Blanks
# '''{{US patent|0459,835}}''' – Manufacture of Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0460,122}}''' – Process of and Apparatus for Generating Electricity
# '''{{US patent|0460,123}}''' – Phonogram-Blank Carrier
# '''{{US patent|0462,540}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0464,822}}''' – System of Distributing Electricity
# '''{{US patent|0465,250}}''' – Process of Extracting Copper Pyrites
# '''{{US patent|0465,251}}''' – Method of Bricking Fine Ores
# '''{{US patent|0465,970}}''' – Armature Connection for Motors or Generators
# '''{{US patent|0465,971}}''' – Means for Transmitting Signals Electrically [[Image:Pat465971.png|thumb|right|333px|Patent 465,971, Means for Transmitting Signals Electrically]]
# '''{{US patent|0465,972}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0465,973}}''' – Armature for Dynamos or Motors
# '''{{US patent|0466,400}}''' – Cut-Out for Incandescent Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0466,460}}''' – Art of Electrolytic Decomposition
# '''{{US patent|0468,949}}''' – Converter System for Electric Railways
# '''{{US patent|0468,950}}''' – Commutator-Brush for Electric Motors and Dynamos
# '''{{US patent|0470,922}}''' – Manufacture of Filaments for Incandescent Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0470,923}}''' – Railway-Signaling
# '''{{US patent|0470,924}}''' – Electric Conductor
# '''{{US patent|0470,925}}''' – Manufacture of Filaments for Incandescent Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0470,926}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine or Motor
# '''{{US patent|0470,927}}''' – Driving Mechanism for Cars
# '''{{US patent|0470,928}}''' – Alternating-Current Generator
# '''{{US patent|0470,929}}''' – Magnetic Separator
# '''{{US patent|0470,930}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|0471,268}}''' – Ore-Conveyor and Method of Arranging Ore Thereon
# '''{{US patent|0472,288}}''' – Dust-Proof Bearing for Shafts
# '''{{US patent|0472,752}}''' – Dust-Proof Journal-Bearing
# '''{{US patent|0472,753}}''' – Ore-Screening Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0474,230}}''' – Speaking-Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0474,231}}''' – Speaking-Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0474,232}}''' – Speaking-Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0474,591}}''' – Process of Extracting Gold from Sulphide Ores
# '''{{US patent|0474,592}}''' – Ore-Conveying Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0474,593}}''' – Dust-Proof Swivel Shaft-Bearing
# '''{{US patent|0475,491}}''' – Electric Locomotive
# '''{{US patent|0475,492}}''' – Electric Locomotive
# '''{{US patent|0475,493}}''' – Electric Locomotive
# '''{{US patent|0475,494}}''' – Electric Railway
# '''{{US patent|0476,527}}''' – System of Electric Lighting
# '''{{US patent|0476,528}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0476,529}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0476,530}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0476,531}}''' – Electric-Lighting System
# '''{{US patent|0476,532}}''' – Ore-Screening Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0476,983}}''' – Pyromagnetic Generator
# '''{{US patent|0476,984}}''' – Expansible Pulley
# '''{{US patent|0476,985}}''' – Trolley for Electric Railways
# '''{{US patent|0476,986}}''' – Means for Propelling Electric Cars
# '''{{US patent|0476,987}}''' – Electric Locomotive
# '''{{US patent|0476,988}}''' – Lightning-Arrester
# '''{{US patent|0476,989}}''' – Conductor for Electric Railways
# '''{{US patent|0476,990}}''' – Electric Meter
# '''{{US patent|0476,991}}''' – Method of and Apparatus for Separating Ores
# '''{{US patent|0476,992}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0476,993}}''' – Electric-Arc Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0478,743}}''' – Telephone-Repeater
# '''{{US patent|0479,184}}''' – Fac-simile Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0480,567}}''' – Duplex Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0482,549}}''' – Means for Controlling Electric Generation
# '''{{US patent|0484,183}}''' – Electrical Depositing-Meter
# '''{{US patent|0484,184}}''' – Manufacture of Carbon Filaments
# '''{{US patent|0484,185}}''' – Manufacture of Carbon Filaments
# '''{{US patent|0484,582}}''' – Duplicating Phonograms
# '''{{US patent|0484,583}}''' – Phonograph Cutting-Tool
# '''{{US patent|0484,584}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|0484,585}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0485,615}}''' – Manufacture of Carbon Filaments
# '''{{US patent|0485,616}}''' – Manufacture of Carbon Filaments
# '''{{US patent|0485,617}}''' – Incandescent-Lamp Filament
# '''{{US patent|0485,840}}''' – Method of Bricking Fine Iron Ores
# '''{{US patent|0485,841}}''' – Method of Magnetically Separating Ores
# '''{{US patent|0485,842}}''' – Method of Magnetic-Ore Separation
# '''{{US patent|0486,634}}''' – System of Railway Signaling
# '''{{US patent|0488,189}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0488,190}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|0488,191}}''' – Phonogram-Blank
# '''{{US patent|0490,953}}''' – Art of Generating Electricity
# '''{{US patent|0490,954}}''' – Manufacture of Carbon Filaments for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0491,992}}''' – Cut-Out for Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0491,993}}''' – Stop Device
# '''{{US patent|0492,150}}''' – Process of Coating Conductors for Incandescent Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0492,789}}''' – Speaking-Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0493,425}}''' – Electric Locomotive
# '''{{US patent|0493,426}}''' – Apparatus for Exhibiting Photographs of Moving Objects
# '''{{US patent|0493,858}}''' – Transmission of Power
# '''{{US patent|0496,191}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0498,385}}''' – Roller for Crushing Ore or Other Material
# '''{{US patent|0499,879}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0500,280}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0500,281}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0500,282}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0506,215}}''' – Method of Making Plate Glass
# '''{{US patent|0506,216}}''' – Apparatus for Making Glass
# '''{{US patent|0509,428}}''' – Composition Brick and Method of Making Same
# '''{{US patent|0509,517}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution

=== 701 - 800 ===

# '''{{US patent|0509,518}}''' – Electric Railway ([[1893]])
# '''{{US patent|0512,872}}''' – Sextuplex Telegraph
# '''{{US patent|0513,096}}''' – Method of and Apparatus for Mixing Materials
# '''{{US patent|0513,097}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0513,095}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0524,136}}''' – Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines
# '''{{US patent|0524,378}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0525,007}}''' – Manufacture of Carbon Filaments
# '''{{US patent|0525,888}}''' – Manufacture of Carbons for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0526,147}}''' – Art of Plating One Material with Another
# '''{{US patent|0534,206}}''' – Filament for Incandescent Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0534,207}}''' – Manufacture of Carbon Filaments
# '''{{US patent|0534,208}}''' – Induction-Converter
# '''{{US patent|0534,209}}''' – Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0541,923}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0541,924}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0543,985}}''' – Incandescent Conductor for Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0543,986}}''' – Process of Treating and Products Derived from Vegetable Fibers
# '''{{US patent|0543,987}}''' – Filament for Incandescent Lamps
# '''{{US patent|0545,405}}''' – System of Electrical Distribution
# '''{{US patent|0563,462}}''' – Method of and Apparatus for Drawing Wire
# '''{{US patent|0564,423}}''' – Process of Separating Ores
# '''{{US patent|0567,187}}''' – Crushing-Roll
# '''{{US patent|0575,151}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0589,168}}''' – Kinetographic Camera [[Image:Kinetoscope.jpeg|thumb|222px|right|{{US patent|0589168}}, [[Kinetoscope|Kinetographic Camera]] of Edison Company.]]
# '''{{US patent|0602,064}}''' – Conveyor
# '''{{US patent|0604,740}}''' – Governor for Motors
# '''{{US patent|0605,475}}''' – Drying Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0605,667}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0605,668}}''' – Mixer
# '''{{US patent|0607,588}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0609,268}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0610,706}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0622,843}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0626,460}}''' – Filament for Incandescent Lamps and Process of Manufacturing Same
# '''{{US patent|0637,327}}''' – Rolls
# '''{{US patent|0641,281}}''' – Expanding Pulley
# '''{{US patent|0643,764}}''' – Method of Reheating Compressed Air for Industrial Purposes
# '''{{US patent|0648,933}}''' – Drier
# '''{{US patent|0648,934}}''' – Process of Screening or Sizing Very Fine Materials
# '''{{US patent|0648,935}}''' – Apparatus for Duplicating Phonograph-Records
# '''{{US patent|0652,457}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|0655,480}}''' – Phonographic Reproducing Device
# '''{{US patent|0657,527}}''' – Process of Making Metallic Duplicate Phonograph-Records
# '''{{US patent|0657,922}}''' – Apparatus for Reheating Compressed Air for Industrial Purposes
# '''{{US patent|0659,389}}''' – Electric Meter
# '''{{US patent|0660,293}}''' – Electric Meter
# '''{{US patent|0660,845}}''' – Apparatus for Sampling, Averaging, Mixing, and Storing Materials in Bulk
# '''{{US patent|0661,238}}''' – Machine for Forming Pulverized Material into Briquets
# '''{{US patent|0662,063}}''' – Process of Sampling, Averaging, Mixing, and Storing Materials in Bulk
# '''{{US patent|0663,015}}''' – Electric Meter
# '''{{US patent|0667,201}}''' – Flight Conveyor
# '''{{US patent|0667,202}}''' – Apparatus for Duplicating Phonograph-Records
# '''{{US patent|0667,662}}''' – Process of Duplicating Phonograph-Records
# '''{{US patent|0671,314}}''' – Lubricating Journal-Bearings
# '''{{US patent|0671,315}}''' – Conveyor
# '''{{US patent|0671,316}}''' – Apparatus for Screening or Rescreening Fine Materials
# '''{{US patent|0671,317}}''' – Method of Screening or Rescreening Fine Materials
# '''{{US patent|0672,616}}''' – Method of Breaking Rock
# '''{{US patent|0672,617}}''' – Apparatus for Breaking Rock
# '''{{US patent|0674,057}}''' – Grinding or Crushing Rolls
# '''{{US patent|0675,056}}''' – Magnetic Separator
# '''{{US patent|0675,057}}''' – Apparatus for Screening Pulverized Material
# '''{{US patent|0676,225}}''' – Phonographic Recording Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0676,618}}''' – Magnetic Separator
# '''{{US patent|0676,840}}''' – Magnetic Separating Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0676,841}}''' – Magnetic Separating Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0678,722}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0679,500}}''' – Apparatus for Screening or Sizing Very Fine Materials
# '''{{US patent|0680,520}}''' – Process of Making Duplicate Phonograph-Records
# '''{{US patent|0684,204}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0684,205}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0685,911}}''' – Apparatus for Reheating Compressed Air for Industrial Purposes
# '''{{US patent|0688,610}}''' – Phonograph Recording Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0692,507}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0700,136}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0700,137}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0701,804}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0703,051}}''' – Electric Meter
# '''{{US patent|0703,562}}''' – Apparatus for Bricking Pulverized Material
# '''{{US patent|0703,774}}''' – Reproducer for Phonographs
# '''{{US patent|0704,010}}''' – Apparatus for Concentrating Magnetic Iron Ores
# '''{{US patent|0704,303}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0704,304}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0704,305}}''' – Electrode for Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0704,306}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0705,829}}''' – Reproducer for Sound-Records
# '''{{US patent|0713,209}}''' – Process of Duplicating Phonograms
# '''{{US patent|0713,863}}''' – Process of Coating Phonograph-Records
# '''{{US patent|0721,682}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0721,870}}''' – Funnel for Filling Storage-Battery Cans or Analogous Purposes
# '''{{US patent|0722,502}}''' – Means for Handling Cable-Drawn Cars on Inclines
# '''{{US patent|0723,449}}''' – Electrode for Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0723,450}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0724,089}}''' – Means for Operating Motors in Dust-Laden Atmospheres
# '''{{US patent|0727,116}}''' – Grinding-Rolls
# '''{{US patent|0727,117}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0727,118}}''' – Process of Manufacturing Electrolytically-Active Finely-Divided Iron
# '''{{US patent|0734,522}}''' – Process of Nickel-Plating
# '''{{US patent|0750,102}}''' – Electrical Automobile

=== 801 - 900 ===

[[Image:Edisonfluorescent.jpeg|thumb|222px|right|{{US patent|0865,367}}, Edison's [[fluorescent lamp]] worked using tungsten of calcium and strontium.]]
# '''{{US patent|0754,755}}''' – Compressing-Dies ([[1904]])
# '''{{US patent|0754,756}}''' – Process of Separating Ores from Magnetic Gangue
# '''{{US patent|0754,858}}''' – Storage-Battery Tray
# '''{{US patent|0754,859}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0758,432}}''' – Stock-House Conveyor
# '''{{US patent|0759,356}}''' – Method of Burning Portland-Cement Clinker, &amp;c.
# '''{{US patent|0759,357}}''' – Apparatus for Burning Portland-Cement Clinker &amp;c.
# '''{{US patent|0759,358}}''' – Magnetic Separating Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0764,183}}''' – Method of Separating Mechanically-Entrained Globules from Gases
# '''{{US patent|0766,815}}''' – Primary Battery
# '''{{US patent|0767,216}}''' – Apparatus for Vacuously Depositing Metals
# '''{{US patent|0767,554}}''' – Method of Rendering Storage-Battery Gases Non-Explosive
# '''{{US patent|0772,647}}''' – Photographic Film for Moving-Picture Machines
# '''{{US patent|0772,648}}''' – Vehicle-Wheel
# '''{{US patent|0775,600}}''' – Rotary Cement-Kiln
# '''{{US patent|0775,965}}''' – Dry Separator
# '''{{US patent|0785,297}}''' – Gas-Separator for Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0790,351}}''' – Process of Duplicating Phonographic Records
# '''{{US patent|0796,629}}''' – Lamp-Guard
# '''{{US patent|0797,845}}''' – Sheet Metal for Perforated Pockets of Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0800,800}}''' – Phonograph-Record and Method of Making the Same
# '''{{US patent|0802,631}}''' – Apparatus for Burning Portland-Cement Clinker
# '''{{US patent|0804,799}}''' – Apparatus for Perforating Sheet Metal
# '''{{US patent|0813,490}}''' – Cement-Kiln
# '''{{US patent|0813,491}}''' – Pocket-Filling Machine
# '''{{US patent|0817,162}}''' – Process of Treating Alkaline
# '''{{US patent|0821,032}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|0821,622}}''' – Process of Cleaning Metallic Surfaces
# '''{{US patent|0821,623}}''' – Storage-Battery-Filling Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0821,624}}''' – Gas-Separator for Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0821,625}}''' – Process of Treating Alkaline Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0821,626}}''' – Process of Making Metallic Films or Flakes
# '''{{US patent|0821,627}}''' – Process of Making Metallic Flakes or Scales
# '''{{US patent|0821,628}}''' – Process for Making Conducting-Films
# '''{{US patent|0827,089}}''' – Calcining-Furnace
# '''{{US patent|0827,297}}''' – Alkaline Battery
# '''{{US patent|0827,717}}''' – Process of Making Composite Metals
# '''{{US patent|0831,269}}''' – Storage-Battery Electrode-Plate
# '''{{US patent|0831,606}}''' – Sound-Recording Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0832,046}}''' – Automatic Weighing and Mixing Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0839,371}}''' – Method of Coating Active Material with Flake-Like Conducting Material
# '''{{US patent|0839,372}}''' – Phonograph Record or Blank
# '''{{US patent|0841,677}}''' – Apparatus for Grinding and Separating Fine Materials
# '''{{US patent|0847,746}}''' – Electrical Welding Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0850,881}}''' – Composite Metal
# '''{{US patent|0850,912}}''' – Process of Making Articles by Electroplating
# '''{{US patent|0850,913}}''' – Secondary Battery
# '''{{US patent|0852,424}}''' – Secondary Battery
# '''{{US patent|0854,200}}''' – Process of Making Storage-Battery Electrodes
# '''{{US patent|0855,562}}''' – Diaphragm for Talking-Machines
# '''{{US patent|0857,041}}''' – Can or Receptacle for Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0857,929}}''' – Storage-Battery Electrode
# '''{{US patent|0858,862}}''' – Primary and Secondary Battery
# '''{{US patent|0860,195}}''' – Storage-Battery Electrode
# '''{{US patent|0861,241}}''' – Portland Cement and Process of Manufacturing the Same
# '''{{US patent|0861,242}}''' – Can or Receptacle for Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0861,819}}''' – Discharging Apparatus for Belt Conveyors
# '''{{US patent|0862,145}}''' – Process of Making Seamless Tubular Pockets or Receptacles for Storage Battery Electrodes
# '''{{US patent|0865,367}}''' – Fluorescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|0865,687}}''' – Process of Making Nickel Films
# '''{{US patent|0865,688}}''' – Process of Making Metallic Films or Flakes
# '''{{US patent|0870,024}}''' – Apparatus for Producing Perforated Strips
# '''{{US patent|0871,214}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0873,219}}''' – Feed-Regulator for Grinding-Machines
# '''{{US patent|0873,220}}''' – Reversible Galvanic Battery
# '''{{US patent|0876,445}}''' – Electrolyte for Alkaline Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0879,612}}''' – Alkaline Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|0879,859}}''' – Apparatus for Producing Very Thin Sheet Metal
# '''{{US patent|0880,484}}''' – Process of Producing Very Thin Sheet Metal
# '''{{US patent|0880,978}}''' – Electrode Element for Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0880,979}}''' – Method of Making Storage-Battery Electrodes
# '''{{US patent|0882,144}}''' – Storage-Battery Electrode
# '''{{US patent|0890,625}}''' – Apparatus for Grinding Coal
# '''{{US patent|0896,811}}''' – Metallic Film for Use with Storage-Battery Electrodes and Process of Preparing the Same
# '''{{US patent|0896,812}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|0898,404}}''' – Process of Making Articles by Electroplating
# '''{{US patent|0898,633}}''' – Filling Apparatus for Storage-Battery Jars &amp; c.
# '''{{US patent|0909,167}}''' – Waterproofing-Paint for Portland-Cement Buildings
# '''{{US patent|0909,168}}''' – Waterproofing Fibers and Fabrics
# '''{{US patent|0909,169}}''' – Waterproofing-Paint for Portland-Cement Structures
# '''{{US patent|0909,877}}''' – Telegraphy
# '''{{US patent|0914,342}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|0914,343}}''' – Process of Making Storage-Battery Electrodes
# '''{{US patent|0914,372}}''' – Process for Making Thin Metallic Flakes
# '''{{US patent|0923,633}}''' – Shaft-Coupling
# '''{{US patent|0930,946}}''' – Apparatus for Burning Portland Cement
# '''{{US patent|0930,947}}''' – Gas-Purifier
# '''{{US patent|0930,948}}''' – Apparatus for Burning Portland Cement
# '''{{US patent|0930,949}}''' – Apparatus for Burning Portland Cement
# '''{{US patent|0936,267}}''' – Feed Mechanism for Phonographs and Other Machines
# '''{{US patent|0936,433}}''' – Tube-Filling and Tamping Machine
# '''{{US patent|0936,525}}''' – Process of Making Metallic Films or Flakes
# '''{{US patent|0939,817}}''' – Cement-Kiln
# '''{{US patent|0939,992}}''' – Phonographic Recording and Reproducing Machine
# '''{{US patent|0940,635}}''' – Electrode Element for Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0941,630}}''' – Process and Apparatus for Artificially Aging or Seasoning Portland Cement
# '''{{US patent|0943,663}}''' – Horn for Talking-Machines
# '''{{US patent|0943,664}}''' – Sound-Recording Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0944,481}}''' – Process and Apparatus for Artificially Aging or Seasoning Portland Cement
# '''{{US patent|0946,540}}''' – Storage Battery

=== 901 - 1000 ===

# '''{{US patent|0947,806}}''' – [[Automobile]] ([[1910]])
# '''{{US patent|0948,542}}''' – Method of Treating Cans of Alkaline Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|0948,558}}''' – Storage-Battery Electrode
# '''{{US patent|0950,226}}''' – Phonographic Recording Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|0950,227}}''' – Apparatus for Making Metallic Films or Flakes
# '''{{US patent|0954,789}}''' – Sprocket-Chain Drive
# '''{{US patent|0956,317}}''' – Tube-Sealing Machine
# '''{{US patent|0962,081}}''' – Apparatus for Recording Sounds
# '''{{US patent|0962,822}}''' – Crushing-Roll
# '''{{US patent|0962,823}}''' – Crushing-Rolls
# '''{{US patent|0963,362}}''' – Apparatus for Recording or Reproducing Sounds
# '''{{US patent|0964,096}}''' – Process of Electroplating
# '''{{US patent|0964,097}}''' – Device for Viewing Moving Pictures
# '''{{US patent|0964,221}}''' – Sound-Record
# '''{{US patent|0967,178}}''' – Tube-Forming Machine
# '''{{US patent|0970,615}}''' – Method and Apparatus for Making Sound-Records
# '''{{US patent|0970,616}}''' – Flying-Machine
# '''{{US patent|0975,339}}''' – Process of Duplicating Talking-Machine Records
# '''{{US patent|0975,340}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|0976,791}}''' – Storage-Battery Electrode
# '''{{US patent|0976,792}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|0991,433}}''' – Bucket Conveyor
# '''{{US patent|0993,294}}''' – Device for Feeding Pulverulent Material
# '''{{US patent|0996,070}}''' – Rotary Kiln
# '''{{US patent|0996,625}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|0999,762}}''' – Storage Battery and Process of Treating the Same
# '''{{US patent|1,002,504}}''' – Crushing and Separating Fine Materials
# '''{{US patent|1,002,505}}''' – Composition for Sound-Records and Other Objects
# '''{{US patent|1,012,250}}''' – Recording-Telephone
# '''{{US patent|1,012,828}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,013,869}}''' – Bearing
# '''{{US patent|1,014,818}}''' – Giant Rolls
# '''{{US patent|1,016,874}}''' – Means and Method for Preventing Depletion of Electrolyte
# '''{{US patent|1,016,875}}''' – Electroplating Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,019,440}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|1,019,441}}''' – Sound-Recording Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,020,485}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|1,024,839}}''' – Phonographic Recording-Stylus
# '''{{US patent|1,034,002}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,034,003}}''' – Battery-Cell Container
# '''{{US patent|1,036,470}}''' – Phonographic Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,036,471}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,041,756}}''' – Conveyor
# '''{{US patent|1,041,983}}''' – Phonograph-Stylus
# '''{{US patent|1,046,159}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|1,046,414}}''' – Phonograph Determining Device
# '''{{US patent|1,050,355}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|1,050,436}}''' – Apparatus for Producing Rubber Strips
# '''{{US patent|1,050,629}}''' – Art of Separating Copper from Other Metals
# '''{{US patent|1,050,630}}''' – Art of Separating Copper from Other Metals
# '''{{US patent|1,052,656}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|1,055,524}}''' – Dumping Mechanism
# '''{{US patent|1,055,621}}''' – The Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|1,056,517}}''' – Means for Reproducing Sound
# '''{{US patent|1,059,661}}''' – Manufacture of Portland Cement
# '''{{US patent|1,065,597}}''' – Cement-Burning Kiln
# '''{{US patent|1,073,107}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,078,264}}''' – Phonographic Recording or Reproducing Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,078,265}}''' – Process of Making Phonograph-Records
# '''{{US patent|1,078,266}}''' – Sound-Box
# '''{{US patent|1,083,353}}''' – Production of Perforated Strips
# '''{{US patent|1,083,354}}''' – Insulating Compound
# '''{{US patent|1,083,355}}''' – Art of Forming Chemical Compounds
# '''{{US patent|1,083,356}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,099,241}}''' – Rectifier
# '''{{US patent|1,099,346}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|1,099,347}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|1,099,348}}''' – Phonograph-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|1,099,349}}''' – Method of Making Sound-Record Molds
# '''{{US patent|1,106,444}}''' – Fuel-Feeding Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,110,382}}''' – Sound-Modifier
# '''{{US patent|1,110,428}}''' – Process of Forming Phonograph-Styli
# '''{{US patent|1,111,999}}''' – Phonograph-Record
# '''{{US patent|1,115,463}}''' – Electrode Element
# '''{{US patent|1,118,114}}''' – Method of Making Molds for Sound-Records
# '''{{US patent|1,119,141}}''' – Sound-Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|1,119,142}}''' – Sound-Record
# '''{{US patent|1,123,261}}''' – Mold for Concrete Construction
# '''{{US patent|1,126,428}}''' – Sound-Recording Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,130,156}}''' – Machine for Shaving Sound Records or Blanks
# '''{{US patent|1,138,360}}''' – Method of Presenting the Illusion of Scenes in Colors
# '''{{US patent|1,142,507}}''' – Sound-Recording Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,143,818}}''' – Charging Storage Batteries
# '''{{US patent|1,146,413}}''' – Method of Producing Tablets for Sound-Records
# '''{{US patent|1,146,414}}''' – Method of Making Phonograph-Records
# '''{{US patent|1,148,832}}''' – Means for Utilizing the Waste Heat in Kilns
# '''{{US patent|1,152,613}}''' – Method of Burning Portland-Cement Clinker
# '''{{US patent|1,152,614}}''' – Phonographic Recording Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,152,615}}''' – Alternating-Current-Rectifying System
# '''{{US patent|1,152,616}}''' – Contact for Electrical Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,158,659}}''' – Phonograph-Record
# '''{{US patent|1,158,660}}''' – Phonograph-Record
# '''{{US patent|1,158,661}}''' – Phonograph or Talking-Machine
# '''{{US patent|1,163,329}}''' – Filament for Incandescent Electric Lamps
# '''{{US patent|1,167,484}}''' – Production of Nickel Hydroxid
# '''{{US patent|1,167,485}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,167,637}}''' – Method of Utilizing Waste Heat in Kilns
# '''{{US patent|1,167,638}}''' – Means for Concentrating Ores
# '''{{US patent|1,178,062}}''' – Moving-Picture Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,178,063}}''' – Receptacle-Filling Machine

=== 1001 - 1084 ===

# '''{{US patent|1,182,897}}''' – Apparatus for Recording and Reproducing Motion and Sounds ([[1916]])
# '''{{US patent|1,184,332}}''' – Phonograph or Talking-Machine
# '''{{US patent|1,184,333}}''' – Phonograph or Talking-Machine
# '''{{US patent|1,184,334}}''' – Phonograph or Talking-Machine
# '''{{US patent|1,190,133}}''' – Means for Recording Sounds
# '''{{US patent|1,192,400}}''' – Electrical System for Automobiles
# '''{{US patent|1,197,723}}''' – Coating Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,198,426}}''' – Production of Electrode Elements
# '''{{US patent|1,201,448}}''' – Coating Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,201,449}}''' – Sound-Modifying Device
# '''{{US patent|1,204,420}}''' – Sound-Box
# '''{{US patent|1,207,382}}''' – Primary Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,207,383}}''' – Sound-Record Tablet
# '''{{US patent|1,219,272}}''' – Process of Constructing Concrete Buildings
# '''{{US patent|1,221,981}}''' – Alternating-Current Rectifier
# '''{{US patent|1,234,450}}''' – Celluloid Record-Blank
# '''{{US patent|1,234,451}}''' – Mold or Transfer Plate
# '''{{US patent|1,248,468}}''' – Celluloid Record-Blank
# '''{{US patent|1,255,517}}''' – Starting and Current-Supplying System for Automobiles [[File:1255517 Starting and current supplying system for automobiles.png|thumb|right|US1255517. Starting and current supplying system for [[automobiles]].]]
# '''{{US patent|1,266,778}}''' – Process of Making Screens for Projection
# '''{{US patent|1,266,779}}''' – Electric Safety-Lantern
# '''{{US patent|1,266,780}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,275,232}}''' – Production of Finely-Divided Metals
# '''{{US patent|1,283,706}}''' – Para-phenylene-di-amin Substance and Process Relating Thereto
# '''{{US patent|1,286,259}}''' – Means for Recording Sounds
# '''{{US patent|1,290,138}}''' – Friction Speed-Governor
# '''{{US patent|1,292,277}}''' – Swaging-Machine
# '''{{US patent|1,297,294}}''' – Projectile
# '''{{US patent|1,299,693}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,300,708}}''' – Projectile
# '''{{US patent|1,300,709}}''' – Projectile
# '''{{US patent|1,311,955}}''' – Tube Filling and Tamping Machine
# '''{{US patent|1,323,218}}''' – Method and Means for Improving the Rendition of Musical Compositions
# '''{{US patent|1,326,330}}''' – Mold for Sound-Records
# '''{{US patent|1,326,854}}''' – Apparatus for the Production of Concrete Structures
# '''{{US patent|1,342,326}}''' – Composition of Matter for Sound-Records or the Like and Process of Making the Same
# '''{{US patent|1,359,972}}''' – Electroplating
# '''{{US patent|1,364,358}}''' – Battery-Tray
# '''{{US patent|1,364,359}}''' – Protecting-Varnish for Electrodes of Electrolytic Cells
# '''{{US patent|1,369,271}}''' – Cleaning of Metallic Surfaces
# '''{{US patent|1,369,272}}''' – Process of Molding
# '''{{US patent|1,371,414}}''' – Nickel-Plating
# '''{{US patent|1,377,192}}''' – Production of Molded Articles
# '''{{US patent|1,377,193}}''' – Production of Molded Articles
# '''{{US patent|1,377,194}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,379,088}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,379,089}}''' – Production of Thin Metallic Sheets or Foils
# '''{{US patent|1,386,095}}''' – Electrode Element for Galvanic Batteries and Method of Producing ame
# '''{{US patent|1,402,751}}''' – Storage-Battery Electrode and the Production of Same: Gives an increase discharge rate via lowering internal resistance
# '''{{US patent|1,410,391}}''' – Protective Coating for Steel and Iron
# '''{{US patent|1,411,425}}''' – Production of Molded Articles
# '''{{US patent|1,417,463}}''' – Mold
# '''{{US patent|1,417,464}}''' – Production of Thin Metal Sheets or Foils
# '''{{US patent|1,425,183}}''' – Transmitter
# '''{{US patent|1,425,184}}''' – Production of Thin Metal Sheets or Foils
# '''{{US patent|1,425,458}}''' – Stylus Mounting
# '''{{US patent|1,456,687}}''' – Stylus Mounting
# '''{{US patent|1,488,480}}''' – Regeneration of Alkaline Storage-Battery Elements
# '''{{US patent|1,488,481}}''' – Regeneration of Storage-Battery Elements
# '''{{US patent|1,489,240}}''' – Voltaic Battery and the Production of Electrode Elements Therefor
# '''{{US patent|1,492,023}}''' – Sound Record
# '''{{US patent|1,495,580}}''' – Method of Producing Chlorinated Rubber
# '''{{US patent|1,526,326}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,546,573}}''' – Production of Disk Phonograph Records
# '''{{US patent|1,559,562}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,583,783}}''' – Centrifugal Speed Governor
# '''{{US patent|1,599,121}}''' – Production of Depolarizing Agent for Voltaic Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,600,722}}''' – Mounting for Diamonds and the Like
# '''{{US patent|1,644,670}}''' – Cabinet
# '''{{US patent|1,649,579}}''' – Storage-Battery Electrode Element and Production Thereof
# '''{{US patent|1,651,196}}''' – Storage Battery
# '''{{US patent|1,678,246}}''' – Production of Alkali-Metal Compounds from Silicates Containing Them
# '''{{US patent|1,690,159}}''' – Method of Producing Sound-Record Tablets
# '''{{US patent|1,702,935}}''' – Receiving Apparatus for Radio and Telephone Circuits
# '''{{US patent|1,708,692}}''' – Phonograph
# '''{{US patent|1,711,265}}''' – Phonograph Reproducer
# '''{{US patent|1,723,609}}''' – Apparatus for Producing Storage-Battery Electrode Elements
# '''{{US patent|1,740,079}}''' – Extraction of Rubber from Plants
# '''{{US patent|1,744,533}}''' – Mounting for Diaphragms of Sound Boxes
# '''{{US patent|1,744,534}}''' – Production of Molded Articles
# '''{{US patent|1,829,856}}''' – Dynamo-Electric Machine
# '''{{US patent|1,836,066}}''' – Electroplating Apparatus
# '''{{US patent|1,862,740}}''' – Production of Molded Articles
# '''{{US patent|1,908,830}}''' – Holder for Article to be Electroplated

=== Design Patent ===

# '''{{US patent|D012631}}''' – Design for an Incandescent Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|D013940}}''' – Design for Incandescing Electric Lamp
# '''{{US patent|D040527}}''' – Design for a Phonograph-Cabinet
# '''{{US patent|D042934}}''' – Design for a Cabinet
# '''{{US patent|D066227}}''' – Design for a Grille for Phonograph Cabinets
# '''{{US patent|D066228}}''' – Design for a Grille for Phonograph Cabinets
# '''{{US patent|D069068}}''' – Design for a Phonograph Cabinet
# '''{{US patent|D069688}}''' – Design for a Phonograph Cabinet
# '''{{US patent|D069689}}''' – Design for a Phonograph Cabinet

== Literatua ==

* Charles Bazerman: ''The Languages of Edison’s Light''. MIT Press, [[1999]], ISBN 978-0-262-02456-3
* Frank Lewis Dyer, Thomas Commerford Martin: ''Edison, His Life and Inventions''. Harper Brothers
** 1. Auflage [[1910]], [http://www.archive.org/details/edisonhislifean00martgoog Band 1], [http://www.archive.org/stream/edisonhislifean01martgoog Band 2].
** 2. Auflage [[1929]], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/820 (Online-Ausgabe bei gutenberg.org)].
*: (Dieses war lange Zeit die Standardbiografie. Daniel S. Burt: ''The Biography Book'', S.&amp;nbsp;125 bewertet das Werk als reich an biografischen Details, aber nicht in allen Punkten korrekt und vertrauenswürdig, da es weitgehend auf den ungenauen Erinnerungen von Edison basiert.)
* Henry Ford: ''Mein Freund Edison'', Paul List Verlag Leipzig, [[1931]], deutsch von Paul Fohr, 96 Seiten,
* Stefan Gauß: ''Nadel, Rille, Trichter: Die Kulturgeschichte des Phonographen und des Grammophons in Deutschland ([[1900]]–[[1940]])'', Verlag Böhlau, [[2009]], ISBN 978-3-412-20185-2
* George J. Hill: ''Edison’s Environment: Invention and Pollution in the Career of Thomas Edison''. New Jersey Heritage Press, [[2007]], ISBN 0979507308.
* Paul Israel: ''Edison: A Life of Invention''. John Wiley &amp; Sons, [[1998]], ISBN 978-0-471-36270-8
*: (Der Autor dieser neueren Biografie ist wesentlich am Forschungsprojekt ''The Edison Papers'' beteiligt und mithin einer der besten Kenner der Quellen. Eine von drei empfohlenen Standardbiografien nach Daniel S. Burt: ''The Biography Book'', S.&amp;nbsp;125.)
* K. Jäger, F. Heilbronner: ''Lexikon der Elektrotechniker'', 2. überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage [[2010]], VDE Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8007-2903-6. (Hauptartikel über Thomas Edison und 37 weitere Erwähnungen)
* Francis Jehl: ''Menlo Park Reminiscences''. 3 Bände, Edison institute, Dearborn [[1936]]–[[1941]], [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924003988429 Band 1], [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015043598534 Band 2], [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015011388298 Band 3].
*: (Daniel S. Burt: ''The Biography Book'', S.&amp;nbsp;125 bewertet das Werk als wertvollen Zeitzeugenbericht, aber nicht in allen Details genau und vertrauenswürdig.)
* Keith A. Near, Paul Israel (Hrsg.) u.&amp;nbsp;a.: ''The Papers of Thomas A. Edison''. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
** Band 1: ''The Making of an Inventor, February [[1847]] – June [[1873]]''. [[1989]], ISBN 978-0-8018-3100-3.
** Band 2: ''From Workshop to Laboratory, June 1873 – March 1876''. [[1991]], ISBN 978-0-8018-3101-0.
** Band 3: ''Menlo Park: The Early Years, April [[1876]] – December [[1877]]''. [[1995]], ISBN 978-0-8018-3102-7.
** Band 4: ''The Wizard of Menlo Park, [[1878]]''. [[1998]], ISBN 978-0-8018-5819-2.
** Band 5: ''Research to Development at Menlo Park (January [[1879]] – March [[1881]])''. [[2004]], ISBN 978-0-8018-3104-1.
** Band 6: ''Electrifying New York and Abroad (April [[1881]] – June [[1883]])''. [[2007]], ISBN 978-0-8018-8640-9.
** Band 7: ''Losses and Loyalties, April 1883-December [[1884]]'', [[2011]], ISBN 978-1-4214-0090-7
** (weitere mindestens 8 Bände sind geplant)
* William Henry Meadowcroft: ''The boy’s life of Edison'', New York, Harper &amp; Brothers, [[1911]].
*: (Diese für Jugendliche gedachte Biografie wurde von Edison autorisiert und enthält auch autobiografisches Material. Die Ausgabe [[1921]] mit Edisons Lebensweg bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges ist digitalisiert in verschiedenen Formaten bei der [http://www.archive.org/details/boyslifeofedison00mead New York Public Library ''The boy’s life of Edison''] kostenfrei verfügbar. Meadocroft ist Co-Autor der zweiten Auflage der Biografie von Dyer und Martin, dieses Buch ist weitgehend aus der ersten Auflage abgeleitet. Siehe Bemerkung zu Dyer, Martin.)
* Fritz Vögtle: ''Thomas Alva Edison''. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg [[1982]], ISBN 978-3-499-50305-4.
* {{Cite book |title=The Florida Life of Thomas Edison |url=https://archive.org/details/floridalifeoftho0000albi |first=Michele Wehrwein. |last=Albion|year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8130-3259-7 |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Search for Thomas Edison's Boyhood Home |first=Glen J. |last=Adams |year=[[2004]] |isbn=978-1-4116-1361-4}}
* {{Cite book |first=Ernst |last=Angel |title=Edison. Sein Leben und Erfinden |location=Berlin |publisher=Ernst Angel Verlag |year=[[1926]]}}
* {{Cite book |title=Edison: Inventing the Century |url=https://archive.org/details/edisoninventingc0000bald |first=Neil |last=Baldwin |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=[[2001]] |isbn=978-0-226-03571-0}}
* {{Cite book |title=Edison: The man who made the future |url=https://archive.org/details/edisonmanwhomade0000clar_n1x4 |first=Ronald William |last=Clark |year=[[1977]] |isbn=978-0-354-04093-8 |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's |location=London: Macdonald &amp; Jane's}}
* {{Cite book |title=A Streak of Luck |url=https://archive.org/details/streakofluckcono00cono |first=Robert |last=Conot |publisher=Seaview Books |location=New York |year=[[1979]] |isbn=978-0-87223-521-2}}
* {{Cite book |title=Fleet Fire: Thomas Edison and the Pioneers of the Electric Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/billionaireshell00davi |first=L. J.|last=Davis |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |year=[[1998]] |isbn=978-0-385-47927-1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Edison and the Electric Chair |url=https://archive.org/details/boltoffate0000tuck |first=Mark |last=Essig |isbn=978-0-7509-3680-4 |year=[[2004]] |publisher=Sutton |location=Stroud}}
* {{Cite book |first=Mark |last=Essig |title=Edison &amp; the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and Death |url=https://archive.org/details/edisonelectricch0000essi |location=New York |publisher=Walker &amp; Company |year=[[2003]] |isbn=978-0-8027-1406-0}}
* {{Cite book |first=Paul |last=Israel |title=Edison: A Life of Invention |url=https://archive.org/details/edisonlifeofinve0000isra |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-471-52942-2}}
* {{Cite book |first=Jill |last=Jonnes |title=Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World |url=https://archive.org/details/empiresoflighted00jonn |location= New York |publisher=Random House |year=[[2003]] |isbn=978-0-375-50739-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Josephson |first=Matthew |title=Edison |url=https://archive.org/details/edisonbiography00jose |year=[[1959]] |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-0-07-033046-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Koenigsberg |first=Allen |title=Edison Cylinder Records, [[1889]]-[[1912]] |year=[[1987]] |publisher=APM Press |isbn=0-937612-07-3}}
* {{Cite book |title=Working at Inventing: Thomas A. Edison and the Menlo Park Experience |url=https://archive.org/details/workingatinventi0000unse |author=Pretzer, William S. (ed). |publisher=Henry Ford Museum &amp; Greenfield Village |location=Dearborn, Michigan |year=[[1989]] |isbn=978-0-933728-33-2}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/wizardofmenlopar0000stro |first=Randall E. |last=Stross |publisher=Crown |year=[[2007]] |isbn=1-4000-4762-5}}

== Beleg ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Im Netz ==
{{Commonscat|Thomas Alva Edison}}
* {{DNB-Portal|118528912}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141019145510/http://edison.rutgers.edu/fullbib.htm The Edison Papers: Full Bibliography of Works on Thomas A. Edison] – Bibliografie zu Thomas Edison (englisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141216221044/http://edison.rutgers.edu/links.htm The Edison Papers: Links] – Linkliste zu Thomas Edison (englisch)

; Museen, historische Wiakungsstettn
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141019174327/http://www.menloparkmuseum.org/ Menlo Park Museum] (englisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140726131136/http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/25edison/25edison.htm USA National Park Service: The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison’s Laboratories] – Pläne und Fotos des historischen Edison-Labors in West Orange (englisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060424080435/http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/edison/ Henry-Ford-Museum: Thomas Alva Edison and the Menlo Park Laboratory] (englisch)

; Biografie
* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/edison/ Edison After Forty] – bebilderte Biografie seines späteren Lebens (englisch)
* [http://ariwatch.com/VS/TheDiaryOfThomasEdison.htm Das Tagebuch von Thomas Edison Juli 1885] (englisch)
* Langsam erzählter, 14-minütiger amerikanischer [http://www.archive.org/details/filmcollectief-01-661 Lehr-Spielfilm von 1964] über Thomas Edisons Kindheit und Jugend, stark von Legenden bestimmt ''(archive.org)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091121081039/http://www.lau-net.de/berufsschule.lauf/elektro/edison.htm Edison in Lauf] – Wiedergabe einer historischen Zeitungsmeldung über einen Unfall, in dem Edison am 17. September [[1911]] in [[Lauf an der Pegnitz]] bei einem Deutschlandbesuch verwickelt war

; Eafindunga
* [http://www.telegraph-history.org/edison/appletons/index.html Telegraph] – Wiedergabe eines von Thomas A. Edison geschriebenen Artikels für ein Nachschlagewerk über den Stand der Telegrafentechnik 1878, abgerufen am 11. August [[2011]] (englisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141225041242/http://www.stocktickercompany.com/stc/history/ Stock Ticker History] – Geschichte der Börsentelegrafen (englisch)
* [https://electricpen.org/ History of Technology: Edison’s Electric Pen] – Geschichte des elektrischen Stifts (englisch)
* [http://www.tinfoil.com/ Preservation of Early Recorded Sounds] – Online-Archiv für Edison-Phonographenaufnahmen, historische Bilder von Walzen und deren Produktion
* [http://www.inkyfingers.com/RECORD/Edison.html Galerie antiker Edison-Phonographen] (englisch)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717030609/http://www.kino.com/edison/ Kino.com:Thomas Edison, The Invention of the Movies] – Informationen zu frühen Edison-Filmen (englisch)

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{{SORTIERUNG:Edison, Thomas Alva}}
[[Kategorie:Erfinder]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmer]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1847]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1931]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marxismus</title>
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      <text bytes="12381" sha1="55m32o5z4k1bs163i53t00ff3mtzi8l" xml:space="preserve">{{Dialekt-oben|Ostmittlboarisch|Östareichisch (Weanarisch)}}

[[File:Karl Marx 001 restored.jpg|mini|[[Karl Marx]], 1875]]
[[Datei:Engels.jpg|mini|[[Friedrich Engels]] (1820–1895) Foto W. Hall, Brighton 1877]]
[[Datei:Karl Kautsky 01.jpg|mini|[[Karl Kautsky]] (1854–1938)]]
[[Datei:Vladimir Lenin in July 1920 by Pavel Zhukov.jpg|mini|[[Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin|Lenin]] (1870–1924)]]

Der '''Marxismus''' is a Wödaunschauung, de wos sowoi in [[Sozialismus]] ois wiar aa in [[Kommunismus]] zuagrechnet wiad. Es is de vaum Marx und vaum Engels entwicklte Wiatschofts- und Gsöschoftstheorie und de philosophischn und politischen Ausichtn, de wos damid vabundn san. Auhänga vom Marx und vaum Engels und Leid und vau dea Wödaunschauung wean Marxistn gnennt.

Im Marxismus gibts gaunz untaschiedliche Stremungan: da [[Orthodoxer Marxismus|Orthodoxa Marxismus]], da [[Marxismus-Leninismus]], da [[Trotzkismus]] sowia vaschiedane Foaman vom [[Neomarxismus]] (aa ''Westlicha Marxismus''), drunta de deitsche ''Frankfurter Schui'', da fraunzesische ''Strukturalistische Marxismus'', da italienische ''Operaismus'' und da ''Postmarxismus''.

== Literatua ==
=== Primealiteratua ===
* Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels:
** ''Marx-Engels-Werke'' (''MEW''), 43 Bände, Karl Dietz Verlag, Ost-Berlin (ab 1989: Berlin) seit 1956
** easchte ''Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe'' (''MEGA'')
** zweite ''Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe'' (''MEGA&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'')
* Karl Marx: ''Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte.'' (1844)
* Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels: ''[[Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei|Das Kommunistische Manifest]]''.(Originalausgabe 1848).
* Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels: ''Das Kommunistische Manifest. Eine moderne Edition.'' Mit einer Einleitung von Eric Hobsbawm, Argument Verlag 1999, ISBN 3-88619-322-5
* Karl Marx: ''Lohnarbeit und Kapital''. Artikel in der ''Neuen Rheinischen Zeitung'', April (1849)
* Karl Marx: ''Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie.'' (1857/58)
* Karl Marx: ''Das Kapital.'' Band I–III (1. Auflage von Band I 1867)
* Friedrich Engels: ''Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft.'' 1882

=== Sekundealiteratua ===
==== Lexika, Weatabiachl ====
* Wolfgang Fritz Haug, Frigga Haug, Peter Jehle (Hrsg.): ''Historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch des Marxismus''. Argument-Verlag, Hamburg 1994&amp;nbsp;ff.
* Georges Labica (Hrsg.): ''Kritisches Wörterbuch des Marxismus''. 8 Bände. Argument-Verlag, Hamburg 1983&amp;nbsp;ff.
* Konrad Lotter / Reinhard Meiners / Elmar Treptow (Hrsg.): ''Marx-Engels Begriffslexikon''. Beck, München 1984.

==== Auf deitsch ====
* Perry Anderson: ''Über den westlichen Marxismus.'' Syndikat, Frankfurt am Main 1978, ISBN 3-8108-0074-0.
* Hans-Georg Backhaus: ''Dialektik der Wertform. Untersuchungen zur Marxschen Ökonomiekritik'', Freiburg i. Br. 1997.
* Eberhard Braun: ''Aufhebung der Philosophie: Karl Marx und die Folgen.'' Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart 1992
* Cajo Brendel: ''Anton Pannekoek. Denker der Revolution.'' Ça Ira, Freiburg im Breisgau 2001, ISBN 3-924627-75-4.
* Alex Callinicos: ''Die revolutionären Ideen von Karl Marx.'' VZGA, Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-9806019-2-7.
* Jacques Derrida: ''Marx’ Gespenster. Der verschuldete Staat, die Trauerarbeit und die neue Internationale''. Fischer-Taschenbücher, Frankfurt a. Main 1995, ISBN 3-596-12380-1.
* Jacques Derrida: ''Marx &amp; Sons''. Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-518-29260-9.
* Terry Eagleton: ''Warum Marx recht hat'', Ullstein, Berlin, 2012, ISBN 978-3-550-08856-8.
* Iring Fetscher (Hrsg.): ''Der Marxismus: seine Geschichte in Dokumenten; Philosophie – Ideologie – Ökonomie – Soziologie – Politik'', 5. Auflage der einbändigen Ausgabe, Piper-Verlag München, Zürich 1989, 959 Seiten, ISBN 3-492-10296-4.
* Iring Fetscher: ''Marx.'' Herder Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 1999, ISBN 3-451-04728-4.
* Iring Fetscher: ''Marx-Engels-Studienausgabe.'' Fischer-Taschenbücher, Frankfurt am Main 1966, ISBN 3-596-26059-0.
* Helmut Fleischer: ''Marxismus und Geschichte.'' Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1969, ISBN 3-518-00323-2.
* Stefan Gandler: ''Peripherer Marxismus. Kritische Theorie in Mexiko.'' Argument Verlag, Hamburg/Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-88619-270-9.
* Michael Heinrich: ''Kritik der politischen Ökonomie. Eine Einführung.'' 2. durchgesehene und erweiterte Auflage. Schmetterling Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-89657-588-0.
* Leszek Kołakowski: ''Die Hauptströmungen des Marxismus – Entstehung, Entwicklung, Zerfall''. 3 Bände. München 1977–1978, ISBN 978-3-492-02310-8.
* Michael R. Krätke, Marxismus als Sozialwissenschaft, In: Frigga Haug / Michael R. Krätke (Hrsg), ''Materialien zum Historisch-Kritischen Wörterbuch des Marxismus'', Argument Verlag, Hamburg 1996, S.&amp;nbsp;69–122, ISBN 3-88619-396-9.
* Gerd Hergen Lübben: ''Religiosität im Marxismus? Beitrag zu einer religionswissenschaftlichen Erörterung.'' In: Rudolf Thomas (Hrsg.), ''Religion und Religionen'', Ludwig Röhrscheid Verlag, Bonn 1967, S.&amp;nbsp;315–331.
* [[Rosa Luxemburg]]: ''Sozialreform oder Revolution?'' Leipzig 1899
* Rosa Luxemburg: ''Die Akkumulation des Kapitals. Ein Beitrag zur ökonomischen Erklärung des Imperialismus|Die Akkumulation des Kapitals'' (1. Auflage 1913) und: ''Antikritik'' in: Gesammelte Werke V
* Ernest Mandel: ''Einführung in den Marxismus.'' 6. Auflage. Internationale Sozialistische Publikationen, Köln 1998, ISBN 3-929008-04-1.
* Ernst Theodor Mohl, Werner Hofmann, Joan Robinson und andere: ''Folgen einer Theorie: Essays über Das Kapital von Karl Marx.'' Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1967, ISBN 3-518-10226-5.
* Oskar Negt: ''Kant und Marx: ein Epochengespräch.'' Steidl Verlag, Göttingen 2003, ISBN 3-88243-897-5.
* Arnhelm Neusüss: ''Marxismus. Ein Grundriss der Großen Methode'', München 1981 (UTB 1033)
* Anton Pannekoek, Paul Mattick und andere: ''Marxistischer Anti-Leninismus.'' Ça Ira, Freiburg im Breisgau 1990, ISBN 3-924627-22-3.
* Moishe Postone: ''Zeit, Arbeit und gesellschaftliche Herrschaft. Eine neue Interpretation der kritischen Theorie von Marx'', Ça Ira, Freiburg im Breisgau 2003, ISBN 3-924627-58-4.
* Helmut Reichelt: ''Zur logischen Struktur des Kapitalbegriffs bei Karl Marx'', Freiburg i. Br. 2001. Ursprünglich erschienen 1970 in Frankfurt am Main und Wien mit einem Vorwort von Iring Fetscher, zugl. Diss. Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main.
* Cedric J. Robinson: ''Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition'', 1983, Neuausgabe: University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-4829-8.
* Alfred Schmidt: ''Der Begriff der Natur in der Lehre von Marx'', 4. überab. und erw. Auflage, mit einem neuen Vorwort von Alfred Schmidt. Europäische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg 1993, ISBN 3-434-46209-0.
* Werner Sombart: ''Der proletarische Sozialismus („Marxismus“).'' 1. Bd., 1924
* Predrag Vranicki: ''Geschichte des Marxismus'', 2 Bd., Frankfurt/M. 1985.

==== Auf englisch ====
* {{cite book |title=Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro|url=https://archive.org/details/fidelbiographyof0000bour|last=Bourne |authorformat=scap|first=Peter G.|date=1986|publisher=Dodd, Mead &amp; Company|location=New York|ref=Bou86}}
* {{cite book |title=The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryide0000call_i2b6|last=Callinicos |authorformat=scap|first=Alex|authorlink=|date=2010|origyear=1983|publisher=Bookmarks|location=Bloomsbury, London|isbn=978-1-905192-68-7|ref=Cal10}}
* {{cite book |title=My Life: A Spoken Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/fidelcastromylif0000cast|last1=Castro |authorformat=scap|first1=Fidel|last2=Ramonet|first2=Ignacio (interviewer)|date=2009|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4165-6233-7|ref=Cas09}}
* {{cite book |title=The Real Fidel Castro|url=https://archive.org/details/realfidelcastro00colt_0|last=Coltman |authorformat=scap|first=Leycester|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-10760-9|ref=Col03}}
* {{cite book |title=Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe|last=Green |authorformat=scap|first=Sally|date=1981|publisher=Moonraker Press|location=Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire|isbn=0-239-00206-7|ref=Gre81}}
* {{cite book |title=Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism|last=Lenin |authorformat=scap|first=Vladimir|authorlink=|date=1967|origyear=1913|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Peking|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Len67}}
* {{cite book |title=Wage Labour and Capital|last=Marx |authorformat=scap|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Marx|date=1849|publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung|location=Germany|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Mar49}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of Archaeological Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarchaeo0000trig|edition=2nd|last=Trigger |authorformat=scap|first=Bruce G.|authorlink=|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-60049-1|nopp=|ref=Tri07}}
* {{cite book |author=Avineri, Shlomo|date=1968|title=The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/socialpoliticalt0000avin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|authorlink=}}
* {{cite book |author=Dahrendorf, Ralf|title=Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society|url=https://archive.org/details/classclassconfli00dahr|date=1959|authorlink=|location=Stanford, CA|publisher=Stanford University Press}}
* Jon Elster, ''An Introduction to Karl Marx''. Cambridge, England, 1986.
* Michael Evans, ''Karl Marx''. London, 1975.
* Stefan Gandler, [http://www.brill.com/products/book/critical-marxism-mexico ''Critical Marxism in Mexico: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolívar Echeverría''], Leiden/Boston, Brill Academic Press, 2015. 467 pages. ISBN 978-90-04-22428-5.
* {{cite book |author=Kołakowski, Leszek|title=Main Currents of Marxism|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|authorlink=}}
* {{cite book |author=Parkes, Henry Bamford|title=Marxism: An Autopsy|url=https://archive.org/details/marxismautopsy00park|date=1939|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|authorlink=}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Prychitko |first1=David L.  |authorlink1= |last2=  |first2=  |authorlink2= |editor= David R. Henderson (.) |encyclopedia=Concise Encyclopedia of Economics |title=Marxism |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Marxism.html |date=2008 |edition= 2nd |publisher=Library of Economics and Liberty] |isbn=978-0-86597-665-8 |oclc=237794267}}
* Robinson, Cedric J.: ''Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition'', 1983, Reissue: Univ North Carolina Press, 2000
* Rummel, R.J. (1977) ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE12.HTM Conflict In Perspective]'' Chap. 5 ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CIP.CHAP5.HTM Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix]''
* {{cite book |last=Screpanti|first=E|author2=S. Zamagna|date=1993|title=An Outline of the History of Economic Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory0000scre}}
* {{cite book |author=McLellan, David|title=Marxism After Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/alf.3540.355.430.9.mcl|date=2007|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|authorlink=)}}
* Thomas T. Sekine: ''The Dialectic of Capital. A Study of the Inner Logic of Capitalism'', 2 Bde., Tokio 1986.

==== Auf franzesisch ====
* Louis Althusser, Étienne Balibar: ''Lire le Capital.'' Nouv. éd. revue, Paris (PUF) 1996.

== Im Netz ==
{{Commonscat|Marxism|Marxismus}}

; „Klassische“ marxistische Texte
* [http://www.marxists.org/ marxists.org], Marxistisches Internet Archiv (mehrsprochig) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150406044322/http://marxists.catbull.com/ (Mirror in Deitschlaund)]
* [https://mlwerke.redflag.ps mlwerke.de], wichtige Schriftn vaum Marxismus
* {{Webarchiv | url=http://www.marxistische-bibliothek.de/ | wayback=20070510225935 | text=marxistische-bibliothek.de}}
* [http://www.vulture-bookz.de/marx/ Marx 2000 @ vulture-bookz.de], Klassika

; Lexikon
*[http://www.inkrit.de/e_inkritpedia/e_maincode/doku.php Inkritpedia], Vorschauartikel des Historisch-kritischen Wörterbuch des Marxismus

{{Normdaten}}

[[Kategorie:Marxismus| ]]
[[Kategorie:Staatsphilosophie]]
[[Kategorie:Artikel auf Wienerisch]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Trimurti</title>
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      <text bytes="3656" sha1="gtunkvbsgqfngrf59zmjiardezo5ow8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva seated on lotuses with their consorts, ca1770.jpg|thumbnail|Brahma, Vishnu und Shiva]]
[[Datei:Brahma Vishnu Mahesh.jpg|mini|Trimurti, Gmejde aus Andhra Pradesh]]

De '''Trimūrti''' ([[Sanskrit]]: त्रिमूर्तिः ''{{IAST|trimūrti}}'', &quot;drei Foama&quot;) is de Dreifoitigkeit im [[Hinduismus]], wo de kosmischn Funktiona vo Schepfung, Dahoidung und Zastearung ois [[God|Gedda]] personifiziad wean. Da [[Brahma]] is da Schepfa, da [[Vishnu]] is da Dahoida und da [[Shiva]] da Zasteara.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Matchett, Freda. &quot;The {{IAST|Purāṇas}}&quot;, in: Flood (2003), S. 139.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zimmer (1972) S. 124.&lt;/ref&gt;

De Trimurti symbolisiad in da [[Indien|indischn]] [[Philosophie]] de drei Seitn vom kosmischn Uaprinzip. Es is oiso, wia im [[Kristndum]] (Voda, Suhn und Heiliga Geist), a Dreifoitigkeit (Trinitet) und koa Trias, aa wanns im Hinduismus a andane Bedeitung hod.

De Shakti-Vaeahra kenan aa a Trimurti vo Geddina, de Tridevi. Do is [[Saraswati]] de Schepfarin, [[Lakshmi]] de Dahoidarin und [[Kali (Göttin)|Kali]] de Zasteararin.

==Literatua==
*{{cite book|last=Basham|first=A. L.|title=The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming of the Muslims|url=https://archive.org/details/wonderthatwasind0000alba_i6v2|publisher=Grove Press, Inc.,|location=New York|year=1954}}
*{{cite book |last=Courtright |first=Paul B. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title={{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings |year=1985 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-505742-2 }}
*{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn= 0-521-43878-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin (Editor)|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405132510 |year=2003 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd.|location=Malden, MA|isbn=1-4051-3251-5 }}
*{{cite book |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |last=Grimes |first=John A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Ganapati: Song of the Self |url=https://archive.org/details/ganapatisongofse0000grim |year=1995 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=0-7914-2440-5 }}
*{{cite book |last=Jansen |first=Eva Rudy|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Book of Hindu Imagery|year=2003 |publisher=Binkey Kok Publications BV|location=Havelte, Holland|isbn=90-74597-07-6 }} Eighth printing; First published 1993.
*{{cite book |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sarvepalli (Editorial Chairman)|authorlink=|coauthors= |title=The Cultural Heritage of India |year=1956 |publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcutta |isbn= }} Second edition, four volumes, revised and enlarged, 1956 (volume IV).
*{{cite book |series= |last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=History of Indian Literature |year=1972 |publisher=Oriental Books Reprint Corporation |location=New Delhi |isbn= }} Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.
*{{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization  |url=https://archive.org/details/mythssymbolsinin00zimm |year=1972 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=0-691-01778-6 }}

== Im Netz ==
{{Commonscat}}

== Beleg ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategorie:Indische Mythologie]]
[[Kategorie:Mythologisches Wesen| ]]
[[Kategorie:Hinduismus]]</text>
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    <title>Schia</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for Verifiability (20260717)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="14198" sha1="jigqo0g7b92289wkozzdkbozn3vcmyo" xml:space="preserve">[[Datei:Islam by country.png|thumb|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#008000;&quot;&gt;'''Grea'''&lt;/span&gt;: Sunnitn, &lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000;&quot;&gt;'''Rod'''&lt;/span&gt;: Schiitn, &lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000bb;&quot;&gt;'''Blau'''&lt;/span&gt;: Ibaditn (Oman)]]

De '''Schia''' ([[boar.]] ''Ohengaschoft'') is de zwoatgressde Konfession im [[Islam]]. De Ohenga vo da Schia wean Schiitn gnennd.

Schia kimmt vom [[arabisch]]n Ausdruck ''schīʿat ʿAlī'' (= Ohenga vom Ali, Ali-Partei). Des hod damid z doa, dass de Schiiten Ohenga vom Veddan vom [[Mohammed (Prophet)|Prophetn Mohammed]] em ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib san. A Prophet, a Kalif, a Imam ko si nua legitimian, wann a a Nochfoar vom Ali is.

Umara 15% vo de Mohammedana san heit Schiitn. De Bevejkarungsmehrheit stejn de Schiitn im Iran, im Irak, in Asabeischan und im Libanon.

== Schiitische Dynastien ==
* Zaiditen
** Imamat von Tabaristan (864–928)
** Imamat von [[Jemen]] (897–1962)
* Ismailitn
** Qarmaten (ca. 886–1078 auf der Arabischen Halbinsel)
** Kalifat der Fatimidn (909–1171 in Noadafrika, Syrien/Palästina, [[Sizilien]], Hedschas)
** Fiaschtndum vo Multan (in da Middn 10. Jh. bis 1010/11)
** Sumra-Dynastie (1026–1351 in Sindh)
** Sulaihiden (1047–1138 im Jemen)
** persisches Nizariten-Fiaschtndum um Alamut (1090–1256)
** syrisches Nizariten-Fiaschtndum um Masyaf (ca. 1100–1273)
* Zwejfaschiitn/Imamitn
** Bujiden (932–1062 im westlichn [[Iran]] und [[Irak]])
** Bawandiden (11. und friaas 12. Jh. in Tabaristan)
** Adil-Schahi-Dynastie (1490–1686 im Sultanat von Bidschapur)
** Nizam-Schahi-Dynastie (1490–1636 im Sultanat vo Ahmadnagar)
** Qutb-Schahi-Dynastie (1496–1687 im Sultanat von Golkonda)
** Safawiden im Iran (ab 1501: Vasuach vo ana Festigung vo da Herrschoft duach de Schiitisiarung vom Iran)
** Fiaschtndum vo Awadh (Oudh) mit da Haptstod Lakhnau (1722–1856)
** Afscharidn (1736–1749)
** Zand-Prinzn (1750–1794)
** Kadscharn im Iran (1779–1929)
** Pahlavi-Dynastie (1925–1979)
** [[Iran]] (seit 1979)

== Literatua ==
* Sean W Anthony: ''The caliph and the heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the origins of Shīʿism''. Brill, Leiden [u.&amp;nbsp;a.] 2012.
* Rainer Brunner: ''Die Schia und die Koranfälschung.'' Würzburg 2001.
* Wilfried Buchta: ''Schiiten.'' Kreuzlingen (u.&amp;nbsp;a.) 2004.
* Ashk Dahlén, ''Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran'', New York, 2003.
* Abdoldjavad Falaturi: ''Die Zwölfer-Schia aus der Sicht eines Schiiten. Probleme ihrer Untersuchung.'' In: Erwin Gräf (Hrsg.): ''Festschrift Werner Caskel zum siebzigsten Geburtstag, 5. März 1966. Gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern.'' Leiden 1968, S. 62–95
* Monika Gronke: ''Geschichte Irans. Von der Islamisierung bis zur Gegenwart.'' München 2003.
* Heinz Halm: ''Die islamische Gnosis. Die extreme Schia und die Alawiten.'' Zürich/München 1982.
* Heinz Halm: ''Die Schia.'' Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1988, ISBN 3-534-03136-9.
* Heinz Halm: ''Der schiitische Islam.'' München 1994.
* Heinz Halm: ''Die Schiiten.'' München 2005.
* Heinz Halm: ''Das Reich des Mahdi.'' München 1991.
* Heinz Halm: ''Die Kalifen von Kairo. Die Fatimiden in Ägypten (973-1074).'' München 2003.
* Sonja Haug, Stephanie Müssig, Anja Stichs: ''Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland. Im Auftrag der Deutschen Islam Konferenz''. Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (Hrsg.), Nürnberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-9812115-1-1
* Frindte, Wolfgang, Klaus Boehnke Jacobs, Henry Kreikenbom und Wolfgang Wagner: ''Lebenswelten junger Muslime in Deutschland.'' Bundesministerium des Innern. Berlin 2011. ISBN 978-3-00-037434-0
* Cemal Karakas: ''Türkei: Islam und Laizismus zwischen Staats-, Politik- und Gesellschaftsinteressen.'' Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-937829-45-6 (Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (Hrsg.): HSFK-Report 1/2007)
* Harald Löschner: ''Die dogmatischen Grundlagen des si'itischen Rechts. Eine Untersuchung zur modernen imamitischen Rechtsquellenlehre.'' Köln (u.&amp;nbsp;a.) 1971.
* Vali Nasr: ''The Shia Revival. How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future.'' Norton &amp; Company, 2006.
* Nader Purnaqcheband: ''Das Leiden der Imame aus der Sicht der Zwölferschia.'' In: Andreas Renz, Hansjörg Schmid, Jutta Sperber, Abdullah Takım (Hrsg.): ''Prüfung oder Preis der Freiheit? Leid und Leidbewältigung in Christentum und Islam''. Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2113-2 (''Theologisches Forum Christentum – Islam''), S.&amp;nbsp;140–155.
* Stephan Rosiny: ''As-Sayyid Muhammad Husain Fadlallah: Im Zweifel für Mensch und Vernunft''. In: Katajun Amirpur, Ludwig Ammann (Hrsg.): ''Der Islam am Wendepunkt Liberale und konservative Reformer einer Weltreligion''. Freiburg 2006, S. 100–108
* Stephan Rosiny: ''The Tragedy of Fāṭima Al-Zahrā in the debate of two shiite theologians in Lebanon''. In: ''The Twelver Shia in modern times.'' Leiden 2001, S. 207–219
* Abdulaziz Sachedina: ''Al-Khums: The Fifth in the Imāmī Shīʿī legal system''. In: ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'', 39, 1980, 4, S. 275–289
* Muhammad Husain Tabataba'i: ''Die Schia im Islam.'' Übersetzt von Farsin Banki. Islamisches Zentrum Hamburg (IZH), 1996.
* William F. Tucker: ''Mahdis and millenarians. Shi’ite extremists in early Muslim Iraq.'' Cambridge 2011.
* François Zabbal: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090907175013/http://www.nzz.ch/2007/03/01/fe/articleEYORM.html ''Bruderzwiste im Haus des Islam''.] In: ''Neue Zürcher Zeitung'', 1. Meaz 2007
* Vali Nasr: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080921144717/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060701faessay85405/vali-nasr/when-the-shiites-rise.htmll ''When the Shiites Rise''.] In: ''Foreign Affairs'', Juli/August 2006
* Jason Burke: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821214630/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,1826930,00.html ''Are the Shias on the brink of taking over the Middle East?''] In: ''The Observer'', 23. Juli 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220827/http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2006/07/20/beirut_to_tehran.php tompaine.com], [http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article230956/Ich_will_angreifen_und_toeten ''Ich will angreifen und töten''.] In: ''Die Welt'', 22. Juli 2006
* {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Online | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica | publisher=Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University| isbn=1-56859-050-4}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1 | last = Martin | first = Richard C. | publisher = MacMillan | isbn=0-02-865604-0}}
* {{Cite book|last = Corbin|first = Henry|authorlink = |title = History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard|publisher = London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies |year = 1993 |origyear=1964)|isbn = 0-7103-0416-1}}
* {{Cite book| last = Dakake | first = Maria Massi | authorlink = | title =The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam | publisher = Suny Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 0-7914-7033-4}}
* {{Cite book| last1=Holt | first1=P. M. | authorlink1= |last2=Lewis|first2=Bernard|authorlink2=  | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1 | year=1977a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29136-4}}
* {{Cite book| last=Lapidus| first=Ira | authorlink =  | title=A History of Islamic Societies | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic0000lapi_t2d2| publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2002 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-521-77933-3}}
* {{Cite book| last=Momen | first=Moojan | authorlink= | title= An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosh0000unse_d5k7 | publisher=Yale University Press | year=1985 | isbn=0-300-03531-4}}
* {{Cite book| last=Sachedina | first=Abdulaziz Abdulhussein | authorlink= | title= The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence| publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=1988 | isbn=0-19-511915-0}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Sobhani|last2=Shah-Kazemi|first1=Ja'afar|first2=Reza|title=Doctrines of Shiʻi Islam: a Compendium of Imami Beliefs and Practices|url=https://archive.org/details/doctrinesofshiii0000subh|date=2001|publisher=I.B. Tauris [u. a.]|location=London| authorlink= | authorlink2=|isbn=9781860647802|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}
* {{Cite book| last=Tabatabaei | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=| title= Shi'ite Islam
| url=https://archive.org/details/shiiteislam0000taba | publisher=Suny press| year=1979 | isbn=0-87395-272-3}}
* Peter J. Chelkowski (ed.), ''Eternal Performance: Taziyah and Other Shiite Rituals'' (Salt lake City (UT), Seagull Books, 2010) (Seagull Books - Enactments).
* {{Cite book| last=Corbin | first=Henry | authorlink=| title= History of Islamic Philosophy, translated by Liadain Sherrard and Philip Sherrard | publisher=Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies| year=1993 | isbn=0-7103-0416-1}}
* {{Cite book| last=Dabashi| first=Hamid | authorlink=| title=[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674064287 Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest] | publisher=Harvard University Press | year=2011 | isbn= 978-0674-06428-7}}
* {{Cite book| last=Halm| first=Heinz | title=Shi'ism | url=https://archive.org/details/shiism0000halm| publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year=2004 | isbn=0-7486-1888-0}}
* {{Cite book| last=Halm| first=Heinz | title=The Shi'ites: A Short History | url=https://archive.org/details/shiitesshorthist0000halm| publisher=Markus Wiener Pub | year=2007 | isbn=1-55876-437-2}}
* {{Cite book| last=Lalani| first=Arzina R. | title=Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir | url=https://archive.org/details/earlyshiithought0000lala| publisher=I.B.Tauris | year=2000 | isbn=1-86064-434-1}}
* {{Cite book| last=Momen| first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosh0000unse_d5k7| publisher=Yale University Press | year=1985 | isbn=0-300-03499-7}}
* {{Cite book| last = Shirazi | first = Sultanu'l-Wa'izin | authorlink=| title = Peshawar Nights, A Transcript of a Dialogue between Shia and Sunni scholars | publisher = Ansariyan Publications | url = http://www.al-islam.org/peshawar/index.html | isbn = 978-964-438-320-5}}
* {{Cite book| last=Nasr| first=Seyyed Hossein |author2=Hamid Dabashi  | authorlink=| title=Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History | url=https://archive.org/details/expectationofmil0000unse| publisher=SUNY Press | year=1989 | isbn=0-88706-843-X}}
* {{Cite book| last=Rogerson| first=Barnaby | title=The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni Shia split | url=https://archive.org/details/heirsofmuhammadi00roge| publisher=Overlook Press | year=2007 | isbn=1-58567-896-1}}
* {{Cite book| last=Wollaston| first=Arthur N. | title=The Sunnis and Shias | publisher=Kessinger Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=1-4254-7916-2}}
* {{Cite book| last=Moosa| first=Matti | title=Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects | publisher=Syracuse University Press | year=1988 | isbn=0-8156-2411-5}}

==Im Netz==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150801044647/http://al-shia.de/ Shia Islamportal] – Schiitisches Internetportal
* [http://www.al-islam.org/ Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project (DILP)] – Digitale, schiitische Bibliothek* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150525180624/http://www.izhamburg.com/ Islamisches Zentrum Hamburg (IZH)] – Gresste schiitische Moschee in Deitschland
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150608003332/http://www.islamische-bildung.de/ Institut für Islamische Bildung e.&amp;nbsp;V. (IIB)] – Islamisches (schiitisches) Institut in Hamburg
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150313054759/http://www.igs-deutschland.org/ Islamische Gemeinschaft der schiitischen Gemeinden Deutschlands (IGS)]  - Dachvaband vo schiitischn Gmoana in Deitschland
* [http://www.welt.de/politik/article744405/Die_Angst_der_sunnitischen_Herrscher_vor_dem_schiitischen_Halbmond.html?print=yes ''Mittlerer Osten: Die Angst der sunnitischen Herrscher vor dem „schiitischen Halbmond“''.] In: Die Welt, 3. Meaz 2007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130801120004/http://www.zenithonline.de/deutsch/politik//article/der-mardscha-der-uns-zum-morgen-fuehrte/ ''Arabische Kommentatoren zum Tod des schiitischen Geistlichen Fadlallah''.] In: ''zenith'' – Zeitschrift für den Orient
* [http://ShiaTvOnline.com Library of Shia Muslims Videos]
* [http://www.shafaqna.com Shafaqna: International Shia News Agency]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130808131020/http://shafaqna.com/english/ English language website]
* [http://www.yahusain.com/ YaHusain.com, Shia Website with informative lectures in English &amp; Urdu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171810/http://www.roshd.org/ Islamic - Shia Website]
* [http://www.al-islam.org/ Al-Islam.org, A Digital Islamic Library]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230239/http://theshiapedia.com/index.php?title=Main_Page The Shiapedia, an online Shia encyclopedia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004024555/http://www.al-islam.org/murajaat/index.htm Murajaat - A Shi'i/Sunni debate]
* [http://www.patheos.com/Library/Shia-Islam.html Patheos Library – Shi'a Islam]
* [http://www.shiasource.com/ shiasource.com]
* [http://www.al-khoei.org/ Imam Al-Khoei Foundation] (Twelver)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170710093655/http://www.theismaili.org/ Official Website of Nizari Ismaili] (Ismaili)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150623084316/http://www.alavibohra.org/ Official Website of Alavi Bohra] (Ismaili)
* [http://www.mumineen.org/ Dawoodi Bohra] (Ismaili)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070426030151/http://www.iis.ac.uk/home.asp?l=en The Institute of Ismaili Studies] (Ismaili)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120124173517/http://www.al-shia.org/html/eng/index.php al-shia.org] Ahlulbayt Global Informations Center

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