Syudad nin Naga

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    <title>Syudad nin Naga</title>
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      <comment>Restored revision 305391 by [[Special:Contributions/CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] ([[User talk:CommonsDelinker|talk]]): Rvv LTA (TwinkleGlobal)</comment>
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      <text bytes="18147" sha1="fzqw7far2rywpb8zn0nueh7ayq1u0wf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox lokasyon
|official_name=Nueva Cáceres
}}
:''Para sa Syudad nin Naga sa Cebu, hilingon an [[Naga, Cebu]].''

An '''Syudad nin Naga''' ([[Ingles]]: ''City of Naga''; [[Filipino]]: ''Lungsod ng Naga'' o [[Spanish language|Espanyol]]: ''Ciudad de Nueva Cáceres'') sarong primera klaseng [[:Category:Mga ciudad kan Filipinas|syudad]] kan [[Filipinas]]. Namumugtak ini sa [[Rehiyon Bikol]] sa sur-sulnopan na puro kan [[Isla|isla]] nin [[Luzon]]. Nasa 377 km sa sur-sulnopan ini kan syudad kan [[Manila]] asin 380 km sa norte-subangan kan syudad kan [[Cebu (ciudad)|Cebu]] sa [[Visayas]].

Kun itatampad an sakop kan syudad sa ibang mga syudad kan rehiyon, bakong mahiwas an sukol nin kadagaan kaini. Sa pitong syudad igdi sa rehiyon, an Naga iyo an pinakasadit, na igwa sanang hiwas na 8,480 ektarya. Huli kaiyan ini an pinakasoròsoan (densely populated) na syudad sa rehiyon. An designadong zip code kaini iyo  {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. &lt;br&gt;
Sosog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. &lt;br&gt;

Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. Bisto sa apod na &quot;Heart of Bicol&quot; ([[Bikol]]: ''Puso kan Bikol''), asin siring man, binabansagan ining &quot;An Maogmang Lugar&quot;. Ini an solamenteng independienteng syudad asin an sentro kan edukasyon sagkod Simbahan na Katoliko sa rehiyon. An mga residente digdi inaapod na ''Nagueños''. Inaapod man ang Naga na ''Queen City of Bicol''.

An syudad an sentro kan [[Metro Naga]], an lugar na komponido kan 12 banwaan asin syudad nin Naga na marikas an pag-uswag na kabali sa Metro Naga Development Council. Komponido kan mga banwaan sa Segundo Distrito kan Camarines Sur, apwera kan [[Canaman, Camarines Sur|Canaman]] asin mga banwaan sa tul.

Dating kabesera kan Camarines Sur an syudad nin Naga, alagad sa Akta Republika Nu. 1336, na nagin ley kan Hunyo 8, 1955, naribayan ini kan banwaan nin [[Pili]].

Si [[Nelson Legacion|Leni Robredo]], an dating bise-presidente iyo an presenteng alkalde kan syudad nin Naga. Saiyang sinalidahan si [[John Bongat|Nelson Legacion]] taon 2025.

==Napanongdan na gamit kan kahiwasan kan syudad==

An kabilogan na hiwas kan kadagaan kan syudad na ini 8,448 na ektarya o 84.48 kilometro kwadrado, bagay na an syudad nin Naga iyo an pinakasadit na syudad sa pitong syudad kan ronang Bikol&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} Kinua 03-9-16&lt;/ref&gt;. Sa total na ini, 75% ginagamit sa agrikultura, 13% para sa residensya, 7% okupado nin kadlagan asin mga parke, 2% gamit komersyal, 2% gamit kan gobyerno para sa mga edipisyo, asin 1.2% para sa ibang pang katuyohan.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.adnu.edu.ph/Centers/SSRC/nagaprofile.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416160341/http://www.adnu.edu.ph/Centers/SSRC/nagaprofile.html |date=2016-04-16 }} Kinua 03-9-16&lt;/ref&gt;

==Komersyo==

[[Ladawan:Naga City CamSur Seal.svg|thumb|left|Selyo kan syudad nin Naga]]

[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB B19.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Paroko ni San Juan de Evangelista o mas bisto sa ngaran na Metropolitan Cathedral]]
[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB A21.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Peñafrancia Parish. An Dating Santuario ni Ina, Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia]]
[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB B31.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Simbahan ni San Francisco]]
[[Ladawan:Rizal Park, Naga City.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Rizal Park]]
[[File:Claveria visit to NC Feb 16 1845.jpg|thumb|300px|Pagbisita ni Gobernador Heneral Narciso Claveria y Zaldua kan Peb. 16, 1845 sa Nueva Caceres (pintura ni Jose Honorato Lozano)]]
[[File:Banwaan nin Naga, Camarines Sur, Filipinas 1935.png|right|300px|thumb|Pagtanaw kan Naga (Camarines Sur), eroplano haleng Milaor, 1935]]
Igwang duwang pangenot na lugar pangkomersiyo an Naga. Ini an Central Business District I (bisto sa apod na Centro) asin Central Business District II.

Sa CBD I igwa nin manlalaen na negosyo arog kan mga bangko, botika, restaurants, department stores asin iba pa. Yaon man igdi an Naga City Public Market na bakalan kan mga preskong gulay, karne, asin mga produktong Bikolnon arog kan pili asin abaka.

An CBD II na yaon sa may Triangulo asin Lerma mahihiling an Bicol Central Station na nag-ooperar nin mga biyahe pasiring sa mga kataraid na munisipyo asin siyudad pati man an mga biyaheng paduman sa Manila. Yaon man digdi an Jesse Robredo Coliseum na an ikaduwang pinakadakulang coliseum sa Pilipinas pagkatapos kan Smart Araneta Coliseum.

Kan Mayo 1, 2009 lang tigbukasan sa publiko an kakatugdok lang na SM City Naga na sarong mall. Ini kagsadiri ni [[Henry Sy]], sarong negosyante na iyo man an may sadiri nin gabos na SM Malls sa bilog na nasyon.

==Transportasyon==
An mga paagi nin transportasyon sa laog kan siyudad iyo an pamosong Jeep, tricycle asin padyak.

Mientras, an mga bisita asin turista hali sa luwas kan siyudad, pwedeng makaabot sa Naga sa paagi nin bus, jeep, van/fx, asin eroplano (sa Naga Airport sa Pili).

==Edukasyon==
An siyudad nin Naga iyo an sentro kan edukasyon sa Bikol nin huli sa dakol na institusyon nin halangkaw na pagkanood digdi. Kabali an: [[Ateneo de Naga na Unibersidad]] na pinapadalagan kan mga Heswita; [[Unibersidad kan Nueva Caceres]] (dating Nueva Caceres an apod sa siyudad kan panahon nin mga Kastila) na pangenot na unibersidad sa taon nin pagkamukna asin bilang kan estudyante; sagkod [[Universidad de Santa Isabel]] na pinapadalagan kan mga madre kan Daughters of Charity asin an pinakágurang na eskwelahan na normal para sa mga babae sa [[Harayong Subangan]].

An posibleng ikaapat na unibersidad kan siyudad an [[Kolehiyong Fundasyon nin Naga]] na pangenot na eskwelahan nin Kriminolohiya sa rehiyon.

==Uusipon==
Bago an pag-abot kan mga Kastila, mayaman na lugar na an dating banwa kan Naga na namukna sa duwang salog---Bikol asin Naga. Igwa na ining mayaman na kultura asin mga matibay na armas. Sa panahon kan mga Kastila an Naga an nagin sentro kan kultura, negosyo asin relihiyon kan enterong kabikulan. 

An pangaran daa kan Naga hale sa pagdangog nin sarong konkistador na Kastila, si [[Juan de Salcedo]] sa ngaran kan sarong kahoy na pigaapud na '''naga''' kaidtong mga Bikolano. Midbid an kahoy na ini sa ngaran na ''narra'' sa tataramon na [[Tagalog]] asin [[Bisaya]]. Alagad, an ibang mga Bikolanong historyador arog ki [[Danilo Gerona]] nagtutubod na an taramon na '''naga''' naggikan sa taramon na ''naga'' na nagtotomoy sa sarong lahing kapu'ngalan na Monggol na ngonyan iyo an ginikanan kan mga katawohan nageerok sa [[Assam]], [[Meghalalya]], [[Tripiera]], [[Mizoran]], [[Maripur]], [[Arunachal]], [[Pradesh]], [[Burma]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Nepal]] asin [[Tibet]]. Susog man saiya, an paragilid kan duwang salog kan Bikol asin Naga haloy nang eneerokan poon pa kan 900 A.D. siring sa maririraw sa mga parasâ-pasang artifaks na nagkahoronggad sa paralibot kaini. Sabi pa niya, an taramon na ''naga'' lakop man sa mga lengguwahe kan [[Batak]] kan [[Sumatra]] asin man kan mga [[Dayak]] kan [[Borneo]] na an pakahulogan sarong irago (serpente)/dragon. Nasambit pa niya na an mga lunadang pandagat kan mga antigong Tagalog asin Pampango na may nakakaag nin garo halas/dragon na payo sa dulong (prowa) kan mga lunadan na inaapod nindang ''naga''.
[[File:Lignum nephriticum - cup of Philippine lignum nephriticum, Pterocarpus indicus, and flask containing its fluorescent solution Hi.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Kopa gibo sa kahoy na naga (narra), produkto kan Naga panahon pre-kolonyal asin kan panahon nin Kastila]]
Dapit kaini, na an &quot;naga&quot; sinapi' talaga sa pangaran na ''naga'' na boot sabihon ''irago/halas'' o ''dragon'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An halas na naga hinanap sa Thailand. Kinua 07-11-13 |url=http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/221/in_the_coils_of_the_naga.html |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108012419/http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/221/in_the_coils_of_the_naga.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; na bakong gikan sa pangaran kan kahoy na ''narra'' o sa layas na itik na nagâ, iyo man ini an tinotolod na teoriya kan iba pang mga parasurat arog ki Antonio H. Aragon.

An Naga sarô sa pinaká enot na ginibong siyudad kan mga Kastila sa enterong Filipinas. Sa taon na 1575 an Siyudad de Caceres tinogdas bilang orihinal na erokan kan mga Kastilang eksplorador manta sa ibong kan salog sa parte na ngonyan kan Lerma asin  Dayangdang iyo an orihinal man na lugar kan mga tunay na taga-Naga. Sa pagtalubo kan duwang lugar nagsinakniban na an duwa asin an  kahiwasan naapod nang Nueva Caceres. Pag'abot kan mga Amerikano, nawara an pagkasiyudad kaini asin binalik an saiyang ngaran sa Naga sa taon na 1919. Kan Hunyo 18, 1948 naging 

==Mga Lingaan asin mga Pahingaloan==

Digdi sa Naga, dakulon na an mga linga-lingaan. Nakataraytay sa kalabaan kan Abenidang Magsaysay an manlaenlaen na mga kakanan, kapihan, inom-inoman, asin iba pa na nagtataong kaalingan sa mga taga-Naga kun banggi orog na kun tapos na an semana nin paglapigot sa trabaho.

Yaon diyan an Avenue Square na pano sa mga puwestong inuman, kakanan, kakanan na may tugtugan, asin mga tindahan: Wok Restaurant (kakanan), Coffee Beanery (kapihan), Little Asia (kakanan/inuman), Max's Restaurant (kakanan kan bantog na Max Fried Chicken), Lady Crab (bantog sa seafood orog na an aniit). Digdi laen kan mga lingaan, may mga tindahan man arog kan Mercury Drugstore, sa cellphones, mga bags, sapatos, arak asin kun anu-ano pa.

Sa enotang wala kaini iyo an Chili Peppers, sarong inom-inoman asin binibistong nagpuon na nagkaag nin siring na negosyo sa tinampong ini. Sarong bagong tugdok iyo an Westpark Avenue kun saen nakakaag an Tokyo Tokyo!, an Dennis Grill, KopiRoti, Bacolod Inasal, asin iba pa. Yaon man naglugar sa tinampong ini an Red Platter, sarong may '''ambiance'' na restaurant pan-pamilya.
An sunod iyo an Starbucks (kapihan), Bistro Roberto (resto bar asin may banda), Ilaw sa Dahon (resto, inuman), Kambingan (inuman, kakanan, bantog sa sisig), Bob Marlin (kakanan/inuman), asin gulping kakanan na Koreano.

Sa tahaw kan sentro, sa kataid sana kan Plaza Quezon iyo an Rizal Park. Mientras, mahayahay kuta ini na paro-pahingaloan kan mga gustong magpalihis-oras alagad sa may mga bulan na ginibo na ining merkado asin lungalong nin kun anu-anong paninda. Maski may mga nagrereklamo, dai ini mapakiaraman kan administrasyon kan siyudad nin huli ta ini sinasabing pagsasadiri kan gobyerno probinsiyal.

== Mga barangay ==
{{Wide image|Ph fil naga camarines sur.png|1024px|3=&lt;div align=center&gt;'''Naga'''&lt;/div&gt;|dir=rtl}}
May 27 na mga [[barangay]] an Naga:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mga barangay
! Klase
! Populasyon&lt;ref name=NSO10&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Bicol.pdf |title=Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010 |work=2010 Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |accessdate=January 7, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119074307/http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Bicol.pdf |archivedate=November 19, 2012 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Kapitan&lt;ref name=&quot;NagaBarangayOfficials&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Barangay Officials 2010 |url=http://naga.gov.ph/experience-naga/elected-officials/barangay-official-2010/ |website=Naga City |access-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101615/http://naga.gov.ph/experience-naga/elected-officials/barangay-official-2010/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|  Abella
|  Urban
|  4,788
|  Antonio Berja
|-
| Bagumbayan Norte
| Urban
| 2,991
| Dodit Beltran
|-
| Bagumbayan Sur
| Urban
| 6,959
| Jorge I. Salva Jr.
|-
| Balatas
| Urban
| 10,404
| Pedro San Juan Jr.
|-
| Calauag
| Urban
| 11,513
| Corazon Peñaflor
|-
| Cararayan
| Urban
| 15,998
|Rodrigo B. Agravante Jr.
|-
| Carolina
| Urban
| 5,841
| Alicia V. Saba
|-
| Concepcion Grande
| Urban
| 11,137
| Leticia Punzalan
|-
| Concepcion Pequeña
| Urban
| 23,577
| Andres Panis
|-
| Dayangdang
| Urban
| 4,568
| Joshua Calleja
|-
| Del Rosario
| Urban
| 9,332
| Gina Alcantara
|-
| Dinaga
| Urban
| 456
| Gemma Joy Antonio
|-
| Igualdad Interior
| Urban
| 3,379
| Domingo Alamer
|-
| Lerma
| Urban
| 2,337
| Domingo Serrado
|-
| Liboton
| Urban
| 3,075
| Salvadora Ortua
|-
| Mabolo
| Urban
| 7,611
| Magno Reyes
|-
| Pacol
| Urban
| 11,673
| Josue Perez
|-
| Panicuason
| Urban
| 2,715
| Domingo Ramos
|-
| Peñafrancia
| Urban
| 5,712
| Jeffrey Moralde
|-
| Sabang
| Urban
| 7,000
| Cyrus Caballero
|-
| San Felipe
| Urban
| 17,444
| Alfonso Rodriguez
|-
| San Francisco
| Urban
| 947
| Tomas Ramon Sanchez Jr.
|-
| San Isidro
| Urban
| 2,768
| Veronica C. Panganiban
|-
| Santa Cruz
| Urban
| 7,442
| Lorenzo D. Narvaez
|-
| Tabuco
| Urban
| 4,129
| Marcelo R. Bagadiong
|-
| Tinago
| Urban
| 3,268
| Jose Importante
|-
| Triangulo
| Urban
| 9,019
| Allan Beriso
|}

== Demograpiko ==
{{Populasyon}}
==Mga Medya==
===Mga Telebisyon===
*DWAI-TV (GMA TV-7 Naga) 
*DWPV-TV (ALLTV 11 Naga)

===Mga Radyo===
*[[DWRB-AM]] Radyo ng Bayan 549 kHz (Philippine Broadcasting Service)
*[[DWLV-AM]] 603 kHz ([[Bicol Broadcasting System]])
*[[DWRN]] 657 kHz
*[[DZLW]] 711 kHz
*[[DZHY|DZHY-AM Dating DWNW 756 kHz Radyo Komentaryo]] (Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation)
*[[DZGE]] 855 kHz (Filipinas Broadcasting Network)
*[[Asintado News Radyo|Asintado News Radyo Naga]] (Mga Dating [[DWHQ-AM]]) 891 kHz (Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./Margo Management and Consultancy Services, Inc.)
*[[DZNG]] 1044 kHz
*[[DWAI-AM]] 1170 kHz (RGMA Network, Inc.)
*[[DZIF]] 1143 kHz (Crusaders Broadcasting System)
*[[DZHN]] 1296 kHz (Radio Mindanao Network)
*[[DZDV]] 1341 kHz ([[Mareco Broadcasting Network]])
*[[DWAA-AM]] Aksyon Radyo 1359 kHz (ABS-CBN Corporation)
*[[DWHN-AM]] 1467 kHz (Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./Alpha Omega Broadcasting Corporation)
*[[DZIW]] 1521 kHz (Advanced Media Broadcasting System) (TBD)
*[[DZON]] 1611 kHz ([[Radio Mindanao Network]]) (TBD)

*[[DZHO-FM|Radyo Kristo 93.5 DZHO]] (Far East Broadcasting Company)
*[[DWOY|DWOY Radyo Radyo 94.3]] (Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./Atenio de Naga University) 
*[[DZRB-FM|95.9 Radyo Kasado]] (Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./Darian Pharmaceutical Distributor)
*[[DWSV|100.7 Radyo Asintado]] (Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./Asintado News)
*[[DZTN]] 102.3 MHz (Audiovisual Communicators, Inc.) 
*[[DWMW]] 107.9 MHz (Mabuhay Broadcasting System, Inc.) 

[[File:Naga 1935 skyview photo nkaag sa Wikipedia pinaputi cropped2.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Pagta'naw sa kalangitan kan Naga, Camarines Sur, Filipinas, 1935]]

==Kataytayan nin mga retrato==
&lt;center&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B45.JPG|An lumang Centro
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B40a.JPG|Merkado Publiko
Ladawan:Plasa Quezon Naga City(Bicol).jpg|Plasa Quezon, Syudad nin Naga,  2017
Ladawan:WTNaga BAHALANA A41.JPG|Bicol Indian Sikh Temple
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO A33.JPG|Avenue Square
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C37.JPG|Simbahan kan Paroko ni Imaculada Concepcion
Ladawan:Naga city hall.JPG|City Hall kan Ciudad nin Naga
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B46.JPG|Templo nin Taoismo
Ladawan:St jude naga city.JPG|Santuario asin Parokya ni San Judas Tadeo
Ladawan:WTNaga STAR X1.jpg|CBD Terminal
Ladawan:WTNaga BAHALANA A34.JPG|Avenue Plaza Hotel
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C31.JPG|Villa Caceres Hotel
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C45.JPG|STI Naga
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C43.JPG|Bangko Sentral kan Pilipinas
Ladawan:Inarihan Farm Resort 7.jpg|Dalan sa Inarihan Farm
Ladawan:Big Stone.jpg|Big Stone
Ladawan:Inarihan Farm Resort 3.jpg|Salog sa Inarihan
Ladawan:Malabsay Falls.jpg|Busay Malabsay, Bukid Isarog, Panicuason
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

==Mga Gikan==
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%&quot;&gt;
* Naga: The Birth and Rebirth of a City. Danilo Madrid Gerona. Pinublikar kan Siyudad nin Naga. 2003.178 p.
* CAMARINES by the Vicor River. A compilation of Articles On Bikol History and Culture. 1999. Prov. Govt. of Camarines Sur. 282 p. 
*An retrato kan Parke ni Rizal kinua kan nabakante sa mga tindahan kan Oktobre, 2008.
&lt;/div&gt;
== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

==Mga Peryodiko Lokal==
*[http://www.kaiba.cjb.net/ Kaiba News and Features, KNF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211174144/http://kaiba.cjb.net/ |date=2009-02-11 }}
*[http://serbisyongbikolnon.ph/ Bikol Reporter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307141939/http://serbisyongbikolnon.ph/ |date=2021-03-07 }} (May pitak nakasurat sa Bikol)
* Bicol Mail [https://www.bicolmail.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055205/https://www.bicolmail.net/ |date=2023-03-22 }} (May pitak nakasurat sa Bikol)
*[http://www.voxbikol.com Vox Bikol] (Nagaako nin mga Artikulo nakasurat sa Bikol)
* Bicol Standard [https://www.facebook.com/bicolstandardnewspaper/]
*[[Bicol Forum]]
*[[Lagpitaw]]

== Mga panluwas na takod ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Naga}}
* [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System]
*[http://www.naga.gov.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Siyudad nin Naga]
*[http://www.camarinessur.gov.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Probinsiya nin Camarines Sur]
*[http://www.adnu.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Ateneo de Naga University]
*[http://www.unc.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan University of Nueva Caceres]
*[http://www.usi.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Universidad de Sta. Isabel]
*[http://www.ncf.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Naga College Foundation]
*[http://www.wowphilippines.com.ph/explore_phil/place_details.asp?content=history&amp;province=28/ WowPhilippines.com]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{rambong}}
{{Navbox Camarines Sur}}
[[Kategorya:Mga syudad kan Filipinas]]</text>
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    <title>Angkan nin Imperial</title>
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An '''Imperial''' saro sa mga angkan nin pulitiko sa Albay, Pilipinas. An mga Imperial an saro sa nagkontrol kan poder bako lang sa probinsiya kan Albay kundi maging sa bilog na Kabikolan. an mga notadong miyembro kan angkan iyo sinda Carlos Imperial na nagsirbi bilang Kongresman kan Albay poon 1907-1909 asin naging Associate Justice kan Supreme Court kan 1931; si Leoncio Imperial na naging gobernador kan Albay kan 1913-1916 asin Senador poon 1917-1922; Domingo Imperial na naging Senador poon 1934-1935 asin 1942-1946; Jose Imperial na naging gobernador kan Albay poon 1934-1937.

An mga Imperial sinasabing mga illustrado na may dugong Kastila asin Intsik. Kan panahon kan rebolusyon, saro sinda sa mga nakisumaro para labanan an mga Kastila. An ama ni Carlos na si Paciano Imperial naging Secretario Provincial sa rebolusyunaryong gobyerno kan Albay na pinangengenotan ni Gobernador Anacleto Solano samantalang an ama naman ni Domingo na si Elias Imperial naging Councilor of Revenue sa nasambit na rebolusyunaryong gobyerno.

Ang dinastiyang pulitikal kan mga Imperial ipinagpadagos kan mga aki ni Domingo Imperial. Kasabay na diyan an saro sa pinakahaloy na Kongresista kan Bikol na si Carlos &quot;Papay&quot; Imperial na nagsirbi bilang representante kan Segundo Distrito kan Albay poon 1965-1972, Assemblyman kan 1978-1984, asin Kongressman giraray poon 1987-2004. An saiyang torno naputol dahil sa limitasyon kan termino kaya an saiyang agom na si Norma Imperial an nag-okupar kan puwesto niya bilang Kongresista kan 1998-2001.

An iba pang miyembro kan angkan kan mga Imperial na nasa puwesto iyo sinda Harold Imperial na Bise-Gobernador kan Albay (2010-2013) asin an aki ni Papay na si Niño Imperial na Bokal kan Segundo Distrito (2010-2013).
==Mga pulitiko kan angkan==

* Carlos Imperial - Kongresman kan Albay poon 1907-1909
* Leoncio Imperial - Gobernador kan Albay, 1913-1916 asin 1922-1924; Senador kan Filipinas, 1917-1922
* Domingo Imperial - Senador kan Filipinas, 1934-1935 asin 1942-1946
* Jose Imperial - Gobernador kan Albay, 1934-1937
* Felix s. Imperial - Gobernador kan Albay, 1972-1986
* Norma Imperial - Kongresman kan Segundo Distrito kan Albay, 1998-2001 
* Carlos D. Imperial - Kongresman kan Segundo Distrito kan Albay, 1965-1972 asin 1987-1998; Assemblyman kan Interim Batasang Pambansa poon 1978-1984
* Gregorio Imperial Jr. - Alkalde kan Ciudad nin Legazpi
* Benjamin Imperial - Alkalde kan Ciudad nin Legazpi
* Harold Imperial - Bokal kan Segundo Distrito kan Albay, 2004-2010; asin Bise Gobernador kan Albay, 2010 - ?
* Michael Imperial - Konsehal kan Ciudad nin Legazpi, 2001-2004
* Nino Imperial - Bokal kan Segundo Distrito kan Albay, 2010 - ?

*Gerald Carlo Imperial-SK Chairman kan Albay-2011-present.

==Toltolan==

# [http://biklish.com/2008/11/15/20081112-01/ The Imperials in Bicol History (Part I)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701233244/http://biklish.com/2008/11/15/20081112-01/ |date=2011-07-01 }}
# [http://biklish.com/2009/01/06/20090106-part-ii/ The Imperials in Bicol History (Part II)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116035739/http://biklish.com/2009/01/06/20090106-part-ii/ |date=2014-11-16 }}
# [http://biklish.com/2009/01/22/the-imperials-in-bicol-history-part-iii/ The Imperials in Bicol History (Part III)]
# [http://biklish.com/2010/07/13/the-imperials-in-bicol-history-last-of-the-series/ The Imperials in Bicol History (Last of series)]
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An mga '''sira''' sarong klase kan mga vertebrata sa  Kahadean [[Animalia]]. An mga ini nabubuhay sa tubig, may mga hasang sa paghangos, asin mayong kalamias o mga muro'. 
          
* [[Discus (sira)]]
== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}
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An mga '''sira''' sarong klase kan mga vertebrata sa  Kahadean [[Animalia]]. An mga ini nabubuhay sa tubig, may mga hasang sa paghangos, asin mayong kalamias o mga muro'. 
          

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}
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An mga '''sira''' sarong klase kan mga vertebrata sa  Kahadean [[Animalia]]. An mga ini nabubuhay sa tubig, may mga hasang sa paghangos, asin mayong kalamias o mga muro'. 
          
* [[Holocentrus]]
== Toltolan ==
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An mga '''sira''' sarong klase kan mga vertebrata sa  Kahadean [[Animalia]]. An mga ini nabubuhay sa tubig, may mga hasang sa paghangos, asin mayong kalamias o mga muro'. 
          

== Toltolan ==
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    <title>Cararayan National High School</title>
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      <text bytes="25963" sha1="d7rpqdqpqr4tafikepandvubnu7fumx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox university
| name             = Cararayan National High School 
| native_name      = 
| image_name       = [[File:Cararayan National HS pic three.jpg|thumb|atubangan na parte kang eskwelahan]]
| caption          = Sarong sekundaryang pampublikong eskwelahan sa  [[Rehiyon Bikol]], [[Filipinas]]
| latin_name       = 
| motto            = 
| mottoeng         = 
| established      = Marso 18, 1989
| type             = Pampublikong Sekundarya 
| affiliation      = 
| endowment        =
| chairman         = 
| president        = 
| head_label       = Prinsipal
| head             = Nemia Luzada
| staff            = 15 (non-teaching)
| faculty          = 61 (teaching)
| students         = 1,877
| city             = [[Syudad nin Naga]]
| state            = [[Camarines Sur]]
| country          = {{PHL}}
| coor             = {{coord|13|37|46|N|123|14|17|E|region:PH|display=inline,title}}
| add.             = Zone 1B Cararayan, Naga City
|ID                = 302265 
||website          = [http://facebook.com/cararayannhs1989 Facebook]
}}

[[Ladawan:Cararayan National High School.jpg|thumb|An Cararayan National High School]]
[[Ladawan:Cnhs-logo.jpg|thumb|Tatak kan eskwelahan]]
An '''Cararayan National High School''' o CNHS saro sa onseng pampublikong eskwelahan pansekundarya sa [[Syudad nin Naga]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www2.naga.gov.ph/directory-of-public-secondary-schools/ Direktorya kan mga pampublikong eskwelahan pansekondarya] Naga.gov.ph&lt;/ref&gt; Ini yaon sa irarom kan [[Departamento kan Edukasyon]] nin [[DepEd Naga|Dibisyon kan Syudad nin Naga]]. Namukna ini kan Marso 18, 1989 sa rekomendasyon kan depuntong alkalde na si [[Jesse Robredo|Jesse M. Robredo]], katabang an iba pang pamayo kan Departamento kan Edukasyon.  Namumugtak an eskwelahan sa Zone 1B Cararayan, Syudad nin Naga.

== Istorya ==
An pagdakol kan populasyon sa barangay nin Cararayan huli sa pagpuon kaidto kan paharong asin pagdakol kan mga residente sa barangay, iyo an nagin rason kan paghurot na magkaigwa nin eskwelahan sa komunidad. 

Inaprobaran kan konseho kan Cararayan asin opisyales kan Parent-Teachers Association (PTA) nin Cararayan Elementary School an resolusyon na naghahagad suporta sa lokal na gobyerno na maglaag nin pansekundaryang eskwelahan. Nakalaag sa kasuratan na ang eskwelahan kadugtong sana kan [[Camarines Sur National High School]] asin ini may katuyuhan na mag-sirbi sa minasunod na mga barangay kan Naga: Cararayan, San Isidro, Del Rosario asin Balatas. Alagad dai nagin matriyumpo an kahurutan kan komunidad huli sa pinansyal na dahilan.

Nag-organisar an konseho kan barangay na magkaigwa nin sarong barangay hayskul sa paagi kan dating alkalde Robredo asin an dating Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Dr. Elena C. Tinio. Inaprobraran an pagmukna kan eskwelahan kan Marso 18, 1989 ni DECS Secretary Lourdes Quizumbing. Sakop kan eskwelahan an daga na may sukol na kulang-kulang 10,000 metro kwadrados na donasyon kan lokal na gobyerno.&lt;ref&gt;School Report Card (S/Y 2017-2018). Unpublished&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mga Inot na Taon==

Sa pagpuon kaini, inookupar kan Cararayan National High School an sarong edipisyo na igwang duwang kwarto sana na pagsasadiri kaidto kan Cararayan Elementary School asin Barangay Chapel. Igwa sana ining limang paratukdo na kinua hale sa [[Camarines Sur National High School]].

Kan suminunod na taon, nagkaigwang makaskas na paglangkaw sa enrolment kan mga estudyante na rason kun tano nangaipuhan nin dagdag na paratukdo. An opisyales kan PTA na pinamayuhan ni Mr. Napoleon N. Sarto Sr., nagpasar nin resolusyon na magkaigwang dugang na mga paratukdo sa Sangguniang Panlungsod sa rekomendasyon kan Division Superintendent Dr. Angelita V. Karingal.&lt;ref&gt;The Glimpses (School Publication)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sa Padagos na Pagtalubo==
[[File:Unveiling Robredo monument at Cararayan National HS.jpg|thumb|right|Inagurasyon kan Monumento ni [[Jesse Robredo]] na kan May 27, 2016 kun sain nagin bisita an balo kaining si [[Leni Robredo]]&lt;ref&gt;Allan Manansala. [https://www.untvweb.com/news/vp-elect-robredo-visits-bicol-proclamation-family-thankful-peoples-support/ VP-elect Robredo visits Bicol before proclamation; family, thankful for people’s support]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} UNTV News.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kan Setyembre 1991, an eskwelahan tinawan nin mga bakanteng posisyon na hale sa gobyerno kaiba an pagtugdok nin sampulong edipisyo. Nin huli kaiyan, an gabos na klase pinag-okupar na an mga bagong edipisyo.

An bagong eskwelahan na iyan tinawan nin dakulang suporta kan opisyales kan gobyerno lokal sa paagi kang DECS, pati an gabos na benepisyo asin pribiliheyo, kaparehas kan iba pang eskwelahan. Tamang pondo ang tig-alukar para sa mga sweldo kan dise-sais na paratukdo asin para man sa mga gamit na kaipuhan kang eskwelahan.

Kan S/Y 2010-2011, an eskwelahan nagkaigwa nin sarong ''Special Science Class'' (SSC) susog sa ''DepEd Order No. 55, s. 2010''. Sa mga nagsurunod na taon, sarong SSC kada year level an naidagdag.

Para sa pagpakaray kang performance kan eskwelahan, dakul na programa asin proyekto an naginibuhan. Sa irarum kan Drop-Out Reduction Program (DORP), igwang Open High School Program (OHSP), mga dagdag na programa arog kan ''Pamasahe Mo, Sagot Ko, Health Care Program, Project Mo, Sagot Ko.'' Ini may katuyuhan na tabangan ang mga estudyante na nasa laylayan. Nagka-igwa nin nasambit na 0

OHSP kan S/Y 2013-2014 na may onseng estudyante sana pero nadugangan ini ning magkapirang estudyante bawat taon. Sa presenteng taon, igwa nang nobentang (90) estudyante na naka-enrol sa programang ini asin magkapira man ang naka-gradwar sa paagi kaini.

Kan S/Y 2016-2017, sa irarom kan K to 12 Curriculum, ang eskwelahan nagsunod man sa pagpuon kang Grade 11 Senior High School. ''Academic Track na may General Academic Strand (GAS) asin Technical Vocational and Livelihood (TVL) Track na may Beauty Care, Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), asin Electrical Installation Maintenance (EIM) Strands'' ang tigtao sa mga estudyante na saindang pagpipilian.

==Sa Presenteng Taon==

Sa presente, ang eskwelahan nagbugtak man ning Grade 12 Senior High School na mga klase. Academic Track na may GAS asin dagdag na Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) ang tig-offer. Bako lang yan, ta pati TVL Track na may pagpipilian arog kang Automotive, Electronic Products Assembly and Servicing (EPAS), SMAW, EIM, Foods Combo, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) asin Beauty Care Strands an padagos na tig-offer sa mga estudyante.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.deped.gov.ph/k-to-12/shs?search=Naga%20City&amp;order=field_school_id&amp;sort=asc&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan primerong taon, na igwa sanang 127 na estudyante, hanggang sa ngunyan na school year, masasabi talaga na ang Cararayan National High School sarong dakulang eskwelahan. Igwa na ini ngunyan ning 1,877 enrollees sa Junior asin Senior High School.

==Pagpapadalagan ning Eskwelahan==

Kan 2017, an eskwelahan nagtutubod sa inaapod na ''“shared governance”'' kun sain an ''Principal II'' na si Elvin B. Monroy , iyo man giraray an pamayo. Pero may mga taong nagtatabang na saiya para pakarayun ang pagpapadalagan nin eskwelahan. Yaon si Melissa Bobos (''Assistant Principal II kang Senior High School''), Maria Teresa Ubante (''Academic Head- Designate  para sa Junior High School''), asin si Fernando Carandang (''Operations and Learners’ Support Group Head-Designate'') para maging pamayo man, asin sinda matabang man sa pagkaka-igwa ning marhay na pagpapadalagan nin eskwelahan.

Sa nakaaging selebrasyon nin ''World's Teachers Day'' kan 2017, ginawadan nin pagmidbid si Maria Teresita Rentoy (Teacher na kategorya) asin Fernando Carandang (Master Teacher na kategorya) bilang mga modelong paratukdo sa Dibisyon kan Syudad nin Naga.&lt;ref&gt;Anna-Liza Macatangay. ''[http://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1000845 Model teachers honored in Bicol]''  Philippine Information Agency-Region V (pighugot 2017-11-14)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mga Naging Pamayo==
[[Ladawan:Pictures of former school heads.jpg|thumb|Mga ladawan kan mga nakaaging pamayo kan eskwelahan]]
Dakol na mga pamayo ang mga nag-agi para mapakaray ang Cararayan National High School. Mahihiling sa ibaba ang listahan kang pinaka-enot hanggang sa presenteng pamayo:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Prinsipal
!Panahon nin Katungdan
|-
|Mr. Raul D. Coros
|Oktobre, 1989 sagkod Hunyo, 1994&lt;br&gt;
Hunyo, 1995 sagkod Hunyo, 2003
|-
|Mr. Rustico A. Azaňa
|Hulyo sagkod Desyembre, 1994
|-
|Ms. Alicia F. Basera
|Enero sagkod Mayo, 1995
|-
|Mrs. Bernardita P. Alipante
|Hulyo, 2003 sagkod Nobyembre, 2005
|-
|Mr. Benedik Warren R. Ubante
|Nobyembre, 2005 sagkod Hulyo, 2008&lt;br&gt;
Hunyo, 2011 sagkod Abril, 2015
|-
|Mr. Mariano B. De Guzman
|Hulyo, 2008 sagkod Hunyo, 2011
|-
|Mrs. Melissa B. Bobos
|Abril sagkod Mayo, 2015
|-
|Mr. Elvin B. Monroy
|Mayo, 2015 sagkod sa Presente
|}

==Iba pang mga Empleyado==
[[Ladawan:Commencement CNHS.jpg|thumb|ang magkapirang empleyado kang Cararayan National High School]]
Ngunyan, igwa nang kwarenta i-otso (48) na paratukdo sa Junior High School, treseng (13) paratukdo sa Senior High School, sarong (1) Guidance Counselor, asin katorse (14) na non-teaching personnel. An apat (4) na paratukdo sa Junior High School ay nagtutukdo man pansamantala sa Del Rosario High School, na sarong bagong tugdok na pampublikong eskwelahan sa siyudad nin Naga. An nasabing eskwelahan na yaon sa Brgy. Del Rosario ay tigpapanginutan man kang mga pamayo kan Cararayan National High School. 

=== Listahan kang mga empleyado: ===
Sa ibaba mahihiling ang listahan kang mga pangaran kan mga empleyado sa Cararayan National High School. Ang listahan na ini bako kompleto ta may mga empleyado na arog kang mga kontraktwal, job order, asin substitute na dae digdi kaibanan:

==== Listahan kang mga paratukdo: ====
[[Ladawan:CNHS teachers.jpg|thumb|aktibong partisipasyon kang mga paratukdo maging sa luwas kang eskwelahan]]

===== Departamento kang Math  =====
1.      Aguilar, Marlene S.

2.      Basterechia, Cherry S.

3.      Belleca, Jonathan V.

4.      De Quiroz, Renante P.

5.      Pante, May Y.

6.      Paynante, Susan M.

7.      Rentoy, Maria Teresita

8.      Silerio, Levi G.

===== Departamento kang Science =====
1.      Albao, Mary Anne N.

2.      Belbes, Rosario S.

3.      De Quiroz, Roselyn Z.

4.      Evangelista, Josephine C.

5.      Guray, Jesus S.

6.      Murcia, Darrell M.

7.      Peňaflor, May R.

8.      San Jose, Julie

9.      Ubante, Maria Teresa S.

10.        Canuel, Manilyn

===== Departamento kang English =====
1.      Coros, Cynthia Y.

2.      Gonzales, Lorena D.

3.      Opiana, Maffeth C.

4.      Osila, Annaliza B.

5.      Papaya, Rosario O.

6.      Seminiano, Hannelyn R.

===== Departamento kang Araling Panlipunan =====
1.      Basera, Alicia F.

2.      Buenavista, Roberto S.

3.      Deliva, Gerardo Charlie A.

4.      Padilla, Ruby R.

5.      Pitas, Abel F.

6.      Teodoro, Julio N.

===== Departamento kang Filipino =====
1.      Baraga, Deborah Anna A.

2.      Cledera, Regina B.

3.      Mallapre, Lilibeth R.

4.      Odron, Lourdes SL.

5.      Odron, John Herald

6.      Revilla, Mary Ann V.

7.      San Buenaventura, Marilou SJ.

===== Departamento kang MAPEH =====
1.      Cayonte, Emma B.

2.      Felix, Kathlyn P.

3.      Huit, James Karlo P.

4.      Navelgas, Louie SJ.

5.      Ruiz, Chemberlyn

===== Departamento kang Values Education (ValEd) =====
1.      Awa, David G.

2.      Bricia, Fatima B.

3.      Vera, Fe B.

4.      Jaleco, Justin

===== Departamento kang Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) =====
1.      Aquino, Jean N.

2.      Bobos, Karlo S.

3.      Boletic, Dulce Corazon T.

4.      Carandang, Fernando M.

5.      Cilos, Acela P.

6.      Franco, Ma. Teresa D.

7.      Pasobillo, Shirley E.

8.      Pitas, Jean A.

===== Departamento kang Senior High School =====
1.      Adorna, Antonette C.

2.      Alimuin, Melvin

3.      Artiaga, Meriam

4.      Artiaga, Herbert

5.      Belleza, Jennifer

6.      Beriso, Jumelyn Christine

7.      Estrella, Ernesto F.

8.      Maranan, Mon Anthony

9.      Morata, Girlie

10.    Mores, Dennis

11.         Ogarte, Richelle

12.         Opiana, Maricon

13.         Perez, Maria Victoria

==== Mga Empleyado na bakong paratukdo: ====
1.      Alcantara, Edgar A.

2.      Ballebar, Ivy DS.

3.      Diezmo, Adelaida

4.      Diezmo, Marilou P.

5.      Dy Cok, Jaymar S.

6.      Francia, Apin

7.      Perilla, Marry Anne D.

== Mga Kurikulum ==
Ngunyan, igwa sanang tulong kurikulum ang Cararayan National High School. Yaon dyan ang Special Science Class (SSC), K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) asin ang Open High School Program (OHSP). 
[[Ladawan:CNHS SSC.jpg|thumb|ritrato kung sain mahihiling ang mga estudyante sa SSC na tgprepresentar ang saindang Research]]

=== Special Science Class (SSC) o Science Oriented Class:  ===
Ang Special Science Class ay sarong kurikulum kung sain ang mga estudyante na kaayun digdi tighahasa sa Math pati na sa Science. Kaya kung ang aki yaun digdi, may dagdag na mga subject ang kaipuhan niyang manudan arog na lang kang Biotechnology, Electronics, Consumers Chemistry, Research I, Research 2A saka Research 2B. May tigmamantinar man na grado ang mga estudyante digdi. Sa mga mayur na subject kaipuhan ninda makakau ning grado na dae mababa sa 85 asin sa ibang asignatura na dae kasali duman kaipuhan ninda makakua ning maski  83 o mataas pa dyan. Madalas kinukua ang mga panlabas sa mga patiribayan digdi sa kurikulum na ini. 

''Ang mga minasunod ang ngaran kang seksyon kan klase na kasali digdi sa kurikulum:''
* 7-Einstein
* 8-Linnaeus
* 9-Mendeleev
* 10-Isaac

=== Basic Education Curriculum (BEC): ===
[[Ladawan:CITY MEET CNHS.jpg|thumb|ang mga estudyante kang 10-Isaac sa nakaaging benchmarking sa pansiyudad na pakawat]]
Parehas man lang ang kurikulum na ini sa ibang eskwelahan, kung saen mas bisto ini sa apod na &quot;regular&quot; class. Ang mga estudyante digdi kaipuhan maipasar ang gabos na subject. Ang grado na pasado sa kurikulum na ini ay 75 man sana. Kapag dae naipasa ang sarong subject, kaipuhan kang estudyante na magremedial classes. Pero may mga remedyo asin interbensyon na tinatau man ang mga paratukdo sa nasambit na klase ning estudyante. May walong (8) subject sana na kaipuhan ninda maipasa para makausad sa sunod na taon lalung lalo na sa Junior High School. Iba kaya kapag sa Senior High School na. Iba ang oras asin mga subject ang kaipuhan nindang pag-adalan ta siyempre may iba-ibang strands o track sindang tigsusundan.  

''Ang mga minasunod ang ngaran kang seksyon kan klase na kasali digdi sa kurikulum:''
[[Ladawan:BEC CNHS.jpg|thumb|mga estudyante na yaun sa irarum kang BEC na kurikulum]]
'''Sa Grade 7:'''
* 7-JASMINE
* 7-CHRYSANTHEMUM
* 7-SAMPAGUITA
* 7-POINSETTIA
* 7-CATTLEYA
* 7-CARNATION
* 7-EDELWEISS
* 7-STARGAZER
* 7-DAHLIA
'''Sa Grade 8:'''
* 8-AMETHYST
* 8-TOPAZ
* 8-EMERALD
* 8-PEARL
* 8-DIAMOND
* 8-SAPPHIRE
* 8-JADE
'''Sa Grade 9:'''
* 9-ARGON
* 9-HYDROGEN
* 9-OXYGEN
* 9-NEON
* 9-HELIUM
* 9-NITROGEN
'''Sa Grade 10:'''
* 10-JACOB
* 10-JOSHUA
* 10-JAMES
* 10-JOSEPH
* 10-JOHN
'''Sa Grade 11 asin adviser:'''
* 11-ROBREDO (Dennis Mores)
* 11-ROCO (Maricon Opiana)
* 11-SIBULO (Jumelyn Beriso)
* 11-BONGAT (Jennifer Belleza)
* 11-DEL CASTILLO (Girlie Morata)
'''Sa Grade 12:'''
* 12-VIRGO (Richelle Ogarte)
* 12-PISCES (Meriam Artiaga)
* 12-LEO (Ma. Victoria Perez)
* 12-SCORPIO (Antonette Adorna)
[[Ladawan:OHSP CNHS.jpg|thumb|ini an sana OHSP, nagagamit ning module ang mga aki digdi]]

=== Open High School Program (OHSP)  ===
Ang Open High School Program ay saro sa binabandera kang eskwelahan ta ini ang saro sa rason kung tano hababaon ang drop-out rate kang mga estudyante sa Cararayan National High School. Ining programang ini nasa iraraom kang DORP o ang Drop-Out Reduction Program na pinapanginutan ngunyan kang Guidance Counselor na si Adelaid M. Diezmo. Ini may katuyuhan tabangan ang mga estudyante na dae kayang mag-regular na pagklase dahil sa iba-ibang rason. Ang ibang estudyante kaya may mga trabaho o kaya may kaulangan sa saindang mga harong. Kaya naisipan kang eskwelahan na magayun man magkaigwa kaini. Ang Open High School Program ay igwa sana para sa Grade 7 hanggang 10. Dikit sana ang mga estudyante na yaon digdi. Ang mga estudyante na yaun digdi na nasa Grade 7 and Grade 8, kaipuhan magpa-eskwelahan ning Lunes, Miyerkules asin Biyernes (na aga). Ang Grade 9 saka Grade 10 man kaipuhan maglaog ning Martes, Huwebes saka man Biyernes (na hapon). Kaya mahihiling dyan na may mga aldaw na dae sinda kaipuhan magklase. May sarong adviser man ang mga aki na yaon digdi. Asin parehas man sana, kaipuhan ninda makakua ning pasadong grade sa gabos na subject na dae mababa sa 75 para makausad sa sunod pang grado. Ang saro pa sa pagkakaiba kaini sa regular, ang mga topic na tigtutukdo ta kaipuhan kaya na mas simple ang mga ini para mas makasabay sinda. 

== Mga Onra na nakua kang eskwelahan sa nakaaging taon ==
[[Ladawan:Onra kang Cararayan National High School.jpg|thumb|Ladawan kung sain mahihiling ang mga nangganahan kang eskwelahan ]]
Nin huli ta sa suporta na hale sa gobyerno sa paagi kang Departamento kan Edukasyon, lokal na gobyerno nin siyudad nin Naga, lokal na gobyerno sa paagi kang barangay, iba pang ahensya nin gobyerno, mga NGOs, magurang, mga stakeholders, ang eskwelahan nakakua nin manlaen-laen na onra asin pagbisto sa mga laban o kompetisyon na may kinaaraman sa akademiko maski na sa bakong pang akademiko. 

'''''Ang magkapira sa mga onra na nakua kan eskwelahan ay nakalista sa ibaba:'''''
*  2017 Nestle Wellness Campus Best Wellness Practice (High School Category) – Division Champion
*  Division Technolympics 2017 (November 10, 2017 sa Leon Q. Mercado High School)
#  Gasoline Engine (Individual Event) – 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; Place
#  Electrical Installation and Maintenance (Individual Event) – 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Place
# Fruit Processing – 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Place
*  Division Secondary School Press Conference
# 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Place sa Science and Health Writing (Regional Qualifier)
# 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Place Photojournalism-Filipino (Regional Qualifier)
# 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; Place News Writing (Regional Qualifier)
# 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; Place Feature Writing (Regional Qualifier)
# 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; Place Pagsulat sa Agham at Kalusugan (Regional Qualifier)
# 4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Place Photojournalism
# 5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Place Copyreading-Filipino
*  Patiribayan sa Filipino (Festival of Talent)
# Daglian Talumpati (1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Place)
*  Pagsurat ning Rawitdawit sa Bicol (October 27, 2017 sa Raul S. Roco Library)

* 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; Place sa Junior High School Category
* 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; Place sa Senior High School Category
* 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Place sa Senior High School Category

* 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Division Science Olympics – 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; Place
* Recipient kang Caltex Fuel Your School Project
* Batang Pinoy Palaro 2017 – Team Event Bronze Medalist
* Nestle Wellness Campus 2016- Best Wellness Campus Program Implementer
-December 15, 2016 sa Naga City
* 268&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;  Calabanga Town Fiesta Military Street Parade, Fancy Drill, DBC DLC, Majorettes Competition 2017 – 5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Place Best Marching DBC Lyre Corps (Category A)

* 267&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;  Calabanga Town Fiesta Military Street Parade, Fancy Drill, DBC DLC, Majorettes Competition 2017 – Best Marching DBC/DLC (Category A)
* The National Dance Championship – Senior All Girl Hip Hop (Champion/Bicol Regional Qualifiers)
o  December 12-13, 2015 sa Jesse M. Robredo Coliseum, Naga City
* The National Dance Championship – Senior Coed Cheer  (Champion/Bicol Regional Qualifiers)
o  December 12-13, 2015 sa Jesse M. Robredo Coliseum, Naga City
* 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; Regional Cheerdance Competition (High School Category) – 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; Place
* 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; Regional Cheerdance Competition (High School Category) – 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; Runner-up
o  September 22, 2014 sa Naga City
* 40&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; National Milo Marathon Cheerdance Competition (High School Division) – Champion
o  August 28, 2016 sa Naga City
* 39&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; National Milo Marathon Cheerdance Competition (High School Division) – 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Runner Up
o  July 14,2013 sa Naga City
*  37&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; National Milo Marathon Cheerdance Competition (High School Division) – Champion

* Voyadores Festival Dance and Pilgrim Competition – 5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Runner Up
* AMA HISKUL IDOLS Campus Group Dance Competition 2015 (Second Runner Up)
* PLDT Infoteach Outreach Program (nakakua ning Plaque of Recognition)
o  February 19, 2015 sa Camarines Sur National High School, Naga City
* 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Dama nin Tataramon Open Invitational (High School Category) – Champion
o  November 26, 2016 sa Mayon Avenue, Naga City
* 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Camarines Sur Chamber of Commerce and Industry Inter-School Short Movie Clip Contest – 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Place
o  March 25, 2017 sa Naga City

== Kataytayan nin Ladawan ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:Cnhs new building.jpg|ladawan kan bagong edipisyo
Ladawan:Cnhs roco building.jpg|Roco School Building
Ladawan:New building of cnhs 2.jpg|Bago man edipisyo
Ladawan:Cnhs new building2.jpg|duwang palapag na edipisyo
Ladawan:Old buiding of cnhs.jpg|lumang edispisyo
Ladawan:School ground of cnhs.jpg|ang mahiwas na daga kan Cararayan National High School
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Iba pang Ladawan kang CNHS ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:CNHS old pic6.jpg|dating atubangan
Ladawan:CNHS old pic10.jpg|laog kang eskwelahan
Ladawan:CNHS old pic12.jpg|malawak asin magayon na daga
Ladawan:CNHS old pic16.jpg|sadit na edispisyo
Ladawan:CNHS old pic2.jpg|ang dating Pavilion
Ladawan:CNHS old pic8.jpg|atubangan man 
Ladawan:CNHS old pic4.jpg|prantira kang eskwelahan
Ladawan:CNHS old pic14.jpg|mga sadit pang edispisyo
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Enrollment Rate kang eskwelahan ==
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}&lt;/graph&gt;'''Legend:'''

1 - 2015 hanggang 2016

2- 2016 hanggang 2017

3- 2017 hanggang 2018

== Dropout rate kang eskwelahan ==
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1 - 2014 hanggang 2015

2- 2015 hanggang 2016

3- 2016 hanggang 2017

== Promotion rate kang eskwelahan ==
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}&lt;/graph&gt;'''''Legend:'''''

0-OHSP

7-Grade 7

8-Grade 8

9-Grade 9

10-Grade 10

11-Grade 11

==Hilingon man==
*[[Camarines Sur National High School]]

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}


{{saringsing}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alma (parakanta)</title>
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      <text bytes="26727" sha1="dhssvx2jmv57qiofpyzcbch8wwajlxj" xml:space="preserve">{{About|the Finnish singer|other singers of the same name|Alma (disambiguation){{!}}Alma}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --&gt;|name=Alma|alias=|image=Alma - 2018082191458 2018-03-23 Radio Regenbogen Award 2018 - Sven - 1D X MK II - 0406 - AK8I0137.jpg|caption=Si Alma kan Marso 2018|birth_date={{birth date and age|1996|1|17|df=yes}}|birth_name=Alma-Sofia Miettinen|birth_place=[[Kuopio]], Finland|years_active=2013–present|module=|background=solo_singer &lt;!-- mandatory format; do not change or remove --&gt;|label={{hlist|PME|[[Universal Music Group|Universal]]}}|genre=[[Pop music|Pop]]|instrument=Vocals|associated_acts={{hlist|[[Charli XCX]]|[[Tove Lo]]|[[MØ]]}}|website={{url|cyberalma.com}}}}

Si '''Alma-Sofia Miettinen''' (pinangaki kan Enero 17 1996), midbid man bilang '''Alma''', sarong Finnish na parakanta asin kompositor. 

== Karera ==

=== 2013: ''Idols'' ===
Kan 2013 sa edad na 17, nag-auditon si sa ika- [[:fi:Idols (7. tuotantokausi)|seventh season]] nin Finnish ''[[Idols (Finnish TV series)|Idols]]''. Nakaabot siya sa mga live show asin nanggana nin ika-lima.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Koivu|first1=Viivi|title=Artistilupaus Alma erottuu tyylillään ja rohkeudellaan: &quot;Aina kun olen ulkomailla, jengi on innoissaan&quot;|url=http://www.gloria.fi/artikkeli/ihmiset/artistilupaus_alma_erottuu_tyylillaan_ja_rohkeudellaan_aina_kun_olen_ulkomailla|publisher=Gloria|accessdate=31 August 2016|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030032832/https://www.gloria.fi/artikkeli/ihmiset/artistilupaus_alma_erottuu_tyylillaan_ja_rohkeudellaan_aina_kun_olen_ulkomailla|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible autocollapse&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#BFBFBF;&quot; |''Idols'' performances asin resulta
|-
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |Tema
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:17em;&quot; |Kanta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:10em;&quot; |Resulta
|-
|Audition
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|Through to live shows
|-
|1. Final
| {{n/a}}
|&quot;Welcome to My Life&quot; – [[Sunrise Avenue]]
|Safe
|-
|3. Final
| {{n/a}}
|&quot;[[Price Tag]]&quot; – [[Jessie J]]
|Safe
|-
|5. Final
| {{n/a}}
|&quot;Sekaisin&quot; – [[J. Karjalainen]]
|Safe
|-
|7. Final
| {{n/a}}
|&quot;[[In the Shadows (song)|In the Shadows]]&quot; – [[The Rasmus]]
|Eliminated
|-
|}

== Personal life ==
&lt;br /&gt;

== Diskograpiya ==

=== Mga album ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Listahan nin studio albums
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:9em;&quot; |Titulo
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; |Mga Detalye
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Have U Seen Her?''
|
* To be released: May 15, 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Ginsberg|first1=Gab|title=Why Alma Had to Sign a New Record Deal in Order to Release Her Debut Album|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9332865/alma-interview-new-record-deal-debut-album|website=Billboard|accessdate=2020-03-25|date=2020-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Label: PME
* Format: CD, Digital download
|}

=== Mga extended play ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Listahan nin  extended plays, with selected chart positions
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:13em;&quot; |Titulo
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; |Detalye
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Posisyon sa Tsart
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[The Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FIN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alma+%5BFI%5D|title=Discography Alma|work=Finnish Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/|title=Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=10 March 2018}} Click on &quot;Veckans albumlista&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Dye My Hair''
|
* Released: 28 October 2016
* Label: PME
* Format: Digital download
|—
|—
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Heavy Rules Mixtape]]''
|
* Released: 2 March 2018
* Format: Digital download
* Label: PME
|9
|41
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Have U Seen Her? (Part 1)''
|
* Released: 1 November 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/00lhIXzkvnke4oDFCQFgO7|title=Have U Seen her? (Part 1)|website=Spotify|accessdate=1 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Label: PME
* Format: Digital download
|—
|—
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Have U Seen Her? (Part 2)''
|
* Released: 13 March 2020
* Label: PME
* Format: Digital download
|—
|—
|-
| colspan=&quot;22&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |&quot;—&quot; denotes a single that did not chart or was not released.
|}

=== Mga kanta ===

==== Bilang lead artist ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Listahan nin  singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released asin album name
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Titulo
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:1em;&quot; |Taon
! colspan=&quot;8&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Posisyon sa Tsart
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:10em;&quot; |Sertipikasyon
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[The Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FIN&quot; /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AUT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alma+%5BFI%5D|title=Discography Alma|work=Austrian Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=9 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Tracklisten|DEN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DEN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://danishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alma+%5BFI%5D|title=Discography Alma|work=Danish Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[GfK Entertainment Charts|GER]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GER&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-1606719|title=Discography Alma|work=German Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ&lt;br /&gt;Heat.]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4403|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=2 October 2017|accessdate=29 September 2017|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929092349/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4403|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alma+%5BFI%5D|title=Discography Alma|work=Swedish Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alma+%5BFI%5D|title=Discographie Alma|work=Swiss Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/50914/alma/|title=ALMA|work=Official Charts Company|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=17 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;[[Karma (Alma song)|Karma]]&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|5
|—
|—
|—
|—
|100
|—
|—
|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Dye My Hair''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;[[Dye My Hair]]&quot;
|8
|26
|38
|25
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
* [[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|BVMI]]: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.musikindustrie.de/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&amp;strInterpret=Alma&amp;strTtArt=alle&amp;strAwards=checked|title=Gold-/Platin-Datenbank|accessdate=1 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;[[Chasing Highs]]&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|10
|22
|—
|17
|—
|—
|43
|18
|
* BVMI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot; /&gt;
* [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/bpi-awards/|title=BPI Awards - bpi|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=2 November 2018|format=To access, enter the search parameter &quot;Alma&quot; and select &quot;Search by Keyword&quot;|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511051255/https://www.bpi.co.uk/bpi-awards/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; {{n/a|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Phases&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/phases-single/1281639252|title=Phases - Single by ALMA &amp; French Montana|publisher=[[iTunes]] (UK)|accessdate=18 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(with [[French Montana]])}}
|14
|—
|—
|—
|9
|82
|97
|88
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Cowboy&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/cowboy-single/1437651803|title=Cowboy – Single by Alma on Apple Music|website=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=11 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2018
|9
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;When I Die&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/when-i-die-single/1449911393|title=When I Die - Single by Alma on Apple Music|website=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=1 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2019
|20
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Summer&quot;
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Starlight&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ALMA - Starlight|url=https://www.musa24.fi/kappale/ALMA/Starlight/a8944f3c-0377-4aa2-b8c0-3d5df71582a3/|publisher=Musa24.fi|accessdate=25 July 2019|language=Finnish}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|''[[Moominvalley (TV series)#Music|MOOMINVALLEY]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Lonely Night&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/almacyber/status/1138098071697580032|title=Lonely Night - Coming Soon 💚|via=[[Twitter]]|date=10 June 2019|accessdate=11 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|{{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;[[How It's Done]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(with [[Kash Doll]], [[Kim Petras]] and [[Stefflon Don]])}}
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|''[[Charlie's Angels: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|Charlie's Angels]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Bad News Baby&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/bad-news-baby-single/1486837264|title=Bad News Baby – Single by Alma on Apple Music|website=Apple Music|accessdate=22 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|''Have U Seen Her?''
|-
| colspan=&quot;22&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |&quot;—&quot; denotes a single that did not chart or was not released.
|}

==== Bilang featured artist ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Listahan nin  singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released asin album name
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Titulo
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:1em;&quot; |Taon
! colspan=&quot;8&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Posisyon
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:10em;&quot; |Mga sertipikasyon
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:10em;&quot; |Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Tracklisten|FIN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FIN&quot; /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AUT&quot; /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FRA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alma+%5BFI%5D|title=Discographie Alma|work=French Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[GfK Entertainment Charts|GER]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GER&quot; /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Single Top 100|NL]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alma+%5BFI%5D|title=Discografie Alma|work=Dutch Charts Portal|publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWE&quot; /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWI&quot; /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Hot Dance/Electronic Songs|US&lt;br /&gt;Dance]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/alma/chart-history|title=Alma: Chart History|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=23 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Muuta ku mä&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Sini Sabotage]] featuring Alma)}}
|2015
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|''Lue mun huulilta''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;[[Bonfire (Felix Jaehn song)|Bonfire]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Felix Jaehn]] featuring Alma)}}
|2016
|14
|9
|120
|3
|100
|62
|39
|43
|
* BVMI: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot; /&gt;
* AUT: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;ifpi.at&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_interpret=Alma|title=IFPI Austria - Verband der österreichischen Musikwirtschaft|accessdate=13 February 2019|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002643/https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_interpret=Alma|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|''[[I (Felix Jaehn album)|I]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Don't You Feel It&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/dont-you-feel-it-feat-alma-single/1230696692|title=Don't You Feel It (feat. Alma) - Single by Sub Focus|publisher=[[iTunes]] (UK)|accessdate=18 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Sub Focus]] featuring Alma)}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;[[All Stars (song)|All Stars]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Martin Solveig]] featuring Alma)}}
|—
|24
|11
|33
|—
|—
|94
|40
|
* BVMI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Out of My Head&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Hudelson|first1=Molly|title=Charli XCX shares new single “Out Of My Head” with Tove Lo and Alma|url=https://substreammagazine.com/2017/12/charli-xcx-tove-lo-alma-out-of-my-head/|website=[[Substream Magazine]]|accessdate=2020-03-22|date=2017-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Charli XCX]] featuring [[Tove Lo]] and Alma)}}
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|''[[Pop 2 (mixtape)|Pop 2]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;[[Bitches (Tove Lo song)|Bitches]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Tove Lo]] featuring [[Charli XCX]], [[Icona Pop]], [[Elliphant]] and Alma)}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|''[[Blue Lips]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Black Car&quot; (Acoustic)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/black-car-feat-alma-acoustic-single/1391114540|title=Black Car (feat. ALMA) [Acoustic] - Single by Miriam Bryant|publisher=[[iTunes]] (UK)|accessdate=18 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Miriam Bryant]] featuring Alma)}}
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
| {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;[[Bad as the Boys]]&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Tove Lo]] featuring Alma)}}
|2019
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|''[[Sunshine Kitty]]''
|-
| colspan=&quot;22&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |&quot;—&quot; denotes a single that did not chart or was not released.
|}

=== Ibang charted songs ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Listahan nin songs, with selected chart positions, showing year released asin album name
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Titulo
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Taon
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Posisyon sa Tsart
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/|title=Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=10 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Good Vibes&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(featuring [[Tove Styrke]])&lt;/span&gt;
|2018
|91
|''[[Heavy Rules Mixtape]]''
|}

=== Mga guest appearances ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Listahan nin  non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released asin album name
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Titulo
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Taon
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ibang artista
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Album
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Welcome To My Life&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Idols 2013|url=https://cdon.fi/musiikki/eri-esittajia/idols-2013-25930147|publisher=CDON|accessdate=25 July 2019|language=Finnish}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2013
| {{n/a|None}}
|''Idols 2013''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;[[Sanctify (song)|Sanctify]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sanctify (Remixes) by Years &amp; Years|url=https://www.amazon.com/Sanctify-Remixes-Years/dp/B07CPR1LVQ|website=Amazon|accessdate=2020-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2018
|[[Years &amp; Years]]
|''Sanctify - Remixes''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;In Us I Believe&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/what-is-love-deluxe/1436738680?app=itunes&amp;ign-mpt=uo%3D4|title=What Is Love? (Deluxe) by Clean Bandit|work=[[iTunes]] (UK)|accessdate=2020-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2018
|[[Clean Bandit]]
|''[[What Is Love? (Clean Bandit album)|What Is Love?]]''
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |Taon
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |Titulo
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |Direktor
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;width:250px&quot; |Mga artista
! style=&quot;background:#ccc;width:20px&quot; |Ref.
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |As main performer
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2016
|&quot;Karma&quot;
|Jens Alexander and Pyry Pelkonen
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Alma: Karma (2016)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8635074/|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Dye My Hair&quot;
|Youth Hymns
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Alma: Dye My Hair (2016)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8635052/|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017
|&quot;Chasing Highs&quot;
|Thomas Trail
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Alma: Chasing Highs (2017)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8635060/|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Phases&quot;
|[[Charli XCX]]
|featuring [[French Montana]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Alma &amp; French Montana: Phases (Video 2017)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8635070/|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|&quot;Cowboy&quot;
|Miikka Lommi
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ALMA – Cowboy (Video Premiere)|url=https://www.welovenordic.de/alma-cowboy-video-premiere/|website=We Love Nordic|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2019
|&quot;When I Die&quot;
|Miikka Lommi
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Trendell, Andrew|title=ALMA unleashes video for ‘When I Die’ and announces debut album ‘Have You Seen Her’|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/alma-unleashes-video-die-announces-debut-album-seen-2441778|date=1 February 2019|website=[[NME]]|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Lonely Night&quot;
|Deni Cheng
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Alma’s stunning video for Lonely Night showcases a same-sex relationship|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/124202/almas-stunning-video-for-lonely-night-showcases-a-same-sex-relationship/|website=[[Gay Times]]|author=Damshenas, Sam|date=3 July 2019|accessdate=24 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724171713/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/124202/almas-stunning-video-for-lonely-night-showcases-a-same-sex-relationship/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; |As featured performer
|-
|2015
|&quot;Muuta ku mä&quot;
|
|[[Sini Sabotage]] featuring Alma
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sini Sabotage - Muuta ku mä (feat. Alma)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3UmDekLdl8|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|&quot;[[Bonfire (Felix Jaehn song)|Bonfire]]&quot;
|Fridolin Schoepper
|[[Felix Jaehn]] featuring Alma
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Felix Jaehn Feat. Alma: Bonfire|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7115054/|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2017
|&quot;[[All Stars (song)|All Stars]]&quot;
|Thomas Lélu and Pierre Dixsaut
|[[Martin Solveig]] featuring Alma
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Martin Solveig ft. ALMA - All Stars (Official Video)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STmLv9pLuX0|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2018
|&quot;[[Bitches (Tove Lo song)|Bitches]]&quot;
|Lucia Aniello
|[[Tove Lo]], [[Charli XCX]], [[Icona Pop]], [[Elliphant]] featuring Alma
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Gottlieb, Steve|title=Tove Lo f/ Charli XCX, Icona Pop, Elliphant, ALMA &quot;bitches&quot; (Lucia Aniello, dir.)|url=https://www.videostatic.com/watch-it/2018/06/07/tove-lo-f-charli-xcx-icona-pop-elliphant-alma-bitches-lucia-aniello-dir|website=Videostatic|date=7 June 2018|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Black Car (Acoustic)&quot;
|
|[[Miriam Bryant]] featuring Alma
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Miriam Bryant - Black Car (Acoustic) ft. Alma|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=by1EfshCdOM|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Songwriting credits ==
{{Color box|#87CEEB|border=darkgray}} indicates un-credited lead vocal contribution.{{Color box|#D8BFD8|border=darkgray}} indicates single release

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Listahan nin songs written or co-written by Alma for other artists
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Kanta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Artista
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ibang parasurat
! scope=&quot;col&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;text&quot; |Haleng album
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Taon
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#D8BFD8&quot; |&quot;[[Back to Me (Lindsay Lohan song)|Back to Me]]&quot;
|[[Lindsay Lohan]]
|Chiara Hunter&lt;br /&gt;[[Mark Ralph (record producer)|Mark Ralph]]
|
|2020
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#87ceeb&quot; |&quot;Cashing Marrakech&quot;
|[[Zhu (musician)|Zhu]]
|[[Zhu (musician)|Steven Zhu]]&lt;br /&gt;Mitch Bell&lt;br /&gt;[[THEY.|Dante Jones]]
|''Stardustexhalemarrakechdreams''
|2017
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Cattitude&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(featuring [[RuPaul]])}}&quot;
|[[Miley Cyrus]]
|[[Miley Cyrus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ilsey Juber]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Andrew Wyatt]]&lt;br /&gt;[[RuPaul|RuPaul Andre Charles]]
|''[[She Is Coming]]''
|2019
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#D8BFD8&quot; |&quot;[[Don't Call Me Angel]]&quot;
|[[Ariana Grande]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Miley Cyrus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lana Del Rey]]
|Ariana Grande&lt;br /&gt;Miley Cyrus&lt;br /&gt;Lana Del Rey&lt;br /&gt;[[Savan Kotecha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Max Martin]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ilya Salmanzadeh]]
|''[[Charlie's Angels (2019 film)#Music|Charlie's Angels]]''
|2019
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Dimenticherai&quot;
|[[Annalisa]]
|Jacopo Ettorre &lt;br /&gt; [[Michele Canova]]
|''Bye Bye''
|2018
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#87ceeb&quot; |&quot;Drunk on You&quot;
|Zookeepers
|Joseph Walter &lt;br /&gt; Pascal Reinhardt
| {{n/a}}
|2017
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Zookeepers - Drunk On You|url=https://www.discogs.com/Zookeepers-Drunk-On-You/release/12988562|website=[[Discogs]]|accessdate=19 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Highride&quot;
|Nicole Cross
|Johannes Walter-Müller &lt;br /&gt; Pascal Reinhardt
|''Shapeshifter''
|2018
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nicole Cross- Highride|url=https://www.discogs.com/composition/24087604-374e-4260-ae1e-c5de1789ebea-Highride|website=[[Discogs]]|accessdate=19 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;La Money&quot;
| {{n/a}}
|[[Andrew Wyatt]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Digital Farm Animals|Nicholas Gale]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Sarah Hudson (singer)|Sarah Hudson]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Miley Cyrus]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Justin Tranter]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uk.warnerchappell.com/song-details/WW01525037400/28296d98-6156-41cf-caa8-cf2e2ed9113e|title=La Money {{!}} Warner Chappell Music|publisher=[[Warner Chappell Music]]|accessdate=2020-03-18|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809025321/https://uk.warnerchappell.com/song-details/WW01525037400/28296d98-6156-41cf-caa8-cf2e2ed9113e|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#D8BFD8&quot; |&quot;[[Mother's Daughter (song)|Mother's Daughter]]&quot;
|[[Miley Cyrus]]
|[[Miley Cyrus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Andrew Wyatt]]
|''[[She Is Coming]]''
|2019
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#D8BFD8&quot; |&quot;Scared of Love&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(featuring [[Ray BLK]] and [[Stefflon Don]]}})
|[[Rudimental]]
|[[Amir Amor|Amir Izadkhah]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rudimental|Kesi Dryden]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rudimental|Piers Aggett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rudimental|Leon &quot;DJ Locksmith&quot; Rolle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Cass Lowe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Stefflon Don|Stephanie Allen]]
|''[[Toast to Our Differences]]''
|2019
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#D8BFD8&quot; |&quot;[[Slide Away (Miley Cyrus song)|Slide Away]]&quot;
|[[Miley Cyrus]]
|[[Miley Cyrus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Andrew Wyatt]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mike Will Made It|Michael Wiliams II]]
|''[[She Is Miley Cyrus|She Is Here]]''
|2019
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Sunday Morning&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(featuring Josie Dunne)}}
|[[Matoma]]
|[[Matoma|Thomas Lagergren]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Artist vs. Poet|Jason Dean]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Artist vs. Poet|Joseph Kirkland]]&lt;br /&gt;Jurek Reunamaki
|''[[One in a Million (Matoma album)|One in a Million]]''
|2018
|
|-
|}

== Pilmograpiya ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Taon
!Titulo
!Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Mga Nota
|-
|2013
|''[[Idols (Finnish TV series)|Idols]]''
|Herself; contestant
|Season 7
|-
|2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Full Cast &amp; Crew: Yökylässä Maria Veitola (2015– )|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt5061656/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc|website=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Yökylässä Maria Veitola''
|Herself
|Season 3, Episode 9
|}

== Onra asin nominasyon ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Taon
!Onra
!Kategorya
!Nominadong Gibo
!Resulta
!Ref.
|-
|2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Emma-gaala]]
|Vuoden tulokas (Best new artist)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |General
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[http://www.emmagaala.fi/fi/arkisto]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
|Export Emma of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
|Song of the Year
|&quot;[[Chasing Highs]]&quot;
| {{won}}
|-
|[[MTV Europe Music Award]]
|[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Finnish Act|Best Finnish Act]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |General
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2018
|[[European Border Breakers Award|EBBA Awards]]
|European Border Breakers Award
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[Sound of...]]
|Sound of 2018
|Longlisted
|[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-42108446]
|-
|Rober Awards Music Poll
|Floorfiller of the Year
|&quot;[[Pop 2 (mixtape)|Out of My Head]]&quot; {{small|(with [[Charli XCX]] &amp; [[Tove Lo]])}}
| {{nom}}
|[https://roberawards.com/the-rober-awards-2018-music-poll/]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
|Sweden GAFFA Awards
|Best International Artist
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |General
| {{nom}}
|[http://gaffa.se/priset] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127071940/http://gaffa.se/priset |date=27 November 2018 }}
|-
|[[Emma-gaala]]
|Best Female Artist
| {{nom}}
|
|}


== External links ==

* [https://www.facebook.com/cyberalma Facebook]

{{Alma}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alma}}
[[Kategorya:Living people]]
[[Kategorya:1996 births]]
[[Kategorya:LGBT musicians from Finland]]
[[Kategorya:Finnish songwriters]]
[[Kategorya:21st-century Finnish singers]]
[[Kategorya:Finnish female singers]]
[[Kategorya:21st-century women singers]]
[[Kategorya:Finnish pop singers]]

== &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Toltolan&quot;&gt;Toltolan&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{Tamboan}}'''</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Claire McCardell</title>
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      <text bytes="10734" sha1="5p5938nym3ccf9o4k5onqa1wh5ugpke" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|American fashion designer (1905-1958)}}
[[Ladawan:Claire_McCardell_on_the_cover_of_TIME,_May_2_1955.jpg|thumb|An Amerikanang tagadesinyo nin moda na si Claire McCardell pinapalibotan nin mga modelo na sulot an saiyang mga desinyo, [[Time (magazine)|Time]], Mayo 2, 1955]]
Si '''Claire McCardell''' (Mayo 24, 1905 – Marso 22, 1958) sarong Amerikanang  [[Fashion design|fashion designer]] nin mga [[ready-to-wear]] na bado kan ika-20 na siglo. Siya an nagdesinyo nin mga [[American sportswear]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWG9AAAAQBAJ|title=Tim Gunn's Fashion Bible: The Fascinating History of Everything in Your Closet|last=Gunn|first=Tim|last2=Calhoun|first2=Ada|date=2013-09-03|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781451643862|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Buhay ==
Si McCardell an matua sa apat na aki ni Eleanor asin Adrian McCardell sa[[Frederick, Maryland]]. Si Adrian sarong [[state senator]] asin presidente kan Frederick County National Bank sa Maryland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/013500/013581/html/13581bio.html|title=Claire McCardell, MSA SC 3520-13581|website=msa.maryland.gov|access-date=2016-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kan siya aki pa, nagkaigwa siya nin alyas na &quot;Kick&quot;  sa saiyang abilidad na dae tuludon kan mga lalaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-10-04/features/1998277131_1_claire-mccardell-fashion-koogle|title=Thoroughly modern McCardell Designer: Frederick native Claire McCardell started a fashion revolution in the 1930s. Now, her legacy is being celebrated in a book, a gallery and a retrospective show.|access-date=2016-07-06|archive-date=2016-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911004713/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-10-04/features/1998277131_1_claire-mccardell-fashion-koogle|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

May hilig na sa moda kan siya aki pa, gustong magduman sa siyudad nin New York si McCardell tanganing mag-adal nin moda sa edad na 16. Kan siya habong pahalion kan saiyang ama, kinumbinse siya na makua nin home economics program sa [[Hood College]]. Makalihis an duwang taon na pagklase sa Maryland, si McCardell naglipat sa New York asin nag-adal sa [[Parsons The New School for Design|Parsons]] (midbid sa ngunyan bilang New York School of Fine and Applied Art). Kan1927, si McCardell nagduman sa Paris, padagos an saiyang pag-adal sa eskwelahan na  Parsons sa  [[Place des Vosges]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Sa Paris, si McCardell asin saiyang mga kaklase nakabakal nin mga sample na bado arog kan desinyo ni [[Madeleine Vionnet]] na saindang inadalan&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-08-07/news/9908070333_1_claire-mccardell-design-department-school-of-design|title=Claire McCardell and the American look|access-date=2016-07-06|archive-date=2016-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909234114/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-08-07/news/9908070333_1_claire-mccardell-design-department-school-of-design|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDkVCwAAQBAJ|title=Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe|last=F|first=José Blanco|last2=Hunt-Hurst|first2=Patricia Kay|last3=Lee|first3=Heather Vaughan|last4=Doering|first4=Mary|date=2015-11-23|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610693103|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nakatapos si McCardell sa Parsons na igwang sertipiko sa pagdesinyo nin  costume kan 1923.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nevAwAAQBAJ|title=The Great Fashion Designers|last=Polan|first=Brenda|last2=Tredre|first2=Roger|date=2009-10-01|publisher=Berg|isbn=9780857851741|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matapos an saiyang paggradwar, nagtrabaho siya sa pag sketch sa mga tindahan nin bado,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; pagpinta nin mga burak sa mga papel na ilawan, asin naging modelo ni [[B. Altman and Company|B. Altman]]. Dangan nabisto niya an tagadesinyo na si  Robert Turk.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXqXBgAAQBAJ|title=Survey of Historic Costume Study Guide|last=Tortora|first=Phyllis G.|last2=Eubank|first2=Keith|date=2009-06-15|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=9781609012212|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Ladawan:Sunburn-brown_jersey_beachware_designed_by_Claire_McCardell.jpg|thumb|Sarong gubing na pandagat na dinisenyo ni  McCardell circa 1948]]


Kan 1943, kinasal si McCardell sa arkitektong  taga-Texas na si Irving Drought Harris, na igwang duwang aki sa enot na agom,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; asin may harong sa [[Manhattan]].

An saiyang buhay asin trabaho kan siya nagkaigwa nin kanser sa colon kan 1957. Sa tabang kan saiyang amiga asin kaklase na si Mildred Orrick, natapos ni McCardell an saiyang koleksyon na nakaratay sa ospital. Nagluwas siya sa ospital para makataram sa saiyang  huring runway show. Nagadan si McCardell kan Marso 22, 1958 sa edad na 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kan siya magadan, nagdesisyon an saiyang pamilya na ipasara an saiyang label. Sinabi kan saiyang tugang na lalaki na &quot;It wasn't that difficult [to close the label]. Claire's ideas were always her own.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Impluwensiya ==
Kan 1981, niluwas ni  [[Lord &amp; Taylor]] an &quot;Popover Dress&quot; bilang paggirumdom kan tindahan ni ''McCardell sa'' Fifth Avenue sa Manhattan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuQCAAAAMBAJ|title=New York Magazine|last=LLC|first=New York Media|date=1981-03-02|publisher=New York Media, LLC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mga bersyon kan  &quot;Popover Dress ginibo sa [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]],  [[Rhode Island School of Design]], asin Museum at F.I.T.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/C.I.45.71.2ab/|title=&quot;Pop-over&quot; {{!}} C.I.45.71.2ab {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art|website=The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|access-date=2016-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://risdmuseum.org/art_design/objects/6143_popover_dress|title=&quot;Popover&quot; Dress – Objects - RISD MUSEUM|website=risdmuseum.org|access-date=2016-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fashionmuseum.fitnyc.edu/view/objects/asitem/People$00406603/4/dynasty-desc?t:state:flow=26aea269-a8b0-43fd-88bc-26da4d0fa8da|title=The Museum at FIT - Online Collections|website=fashionmuseum.fitnyc.edu|access-date=2016-07-06|archive-date=2016-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811083617/http://fashionmuseum.fitnyc.edu/view/objects/asitem/People$00406603/4/dynasty-desc?t:state:flow=26aea269-a8b0-43fd-88bc-26da4d0fa8da|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mga bersyon man kan &quot;Monastic Dress&quot; ginibo sa Metropolitan Museum of Art asin [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art|LACMA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/97501|title=Claire McCardell {{!}} &quot;Monastic Dress&quot; {{!}} American {{!}} The Met|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum|access-date=2016-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/157273|title=Claire McCardell {{!}} Dress {{!}} American {{!}} The Met|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum|access-date=2016-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collections.lacma.org/node/178697|title=Woman's Dress, 'Monastic' {{!}} LACMA Collections|website=collections.lacma.org|access-date=2016-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan 1990,an  ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' nginaranan si  McCardell bilang saro sa sanggatos na importanteng Amerikana kan ika-20 na siglo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Makalihis an taon, siya ginawadan nin [[Maryland Women's Hall of Fame]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kan 1998, kwarwentang taon kan saiyang pagkagadan, tolong suway na paggirumdom kan saiyang mga gibo an nilunsad sa  [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], F.I.T., asin [[Maryland Historical Society]] sa Baltimore.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/17/style/celebrating-claire-mccardell.html|title=Celebrating Claire McCardell|last=White|first=Constance C. R.|date=1998-11-17|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An mga tagadesinyo na sina  [[Isaac Mizrahi]], [[Donna Karan]], [[Calvin Klein]], [[Norma Kamali]], asin [[Cynthia Rowley]] may impluwensiya ni McCardell.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;An koleksyon ni [[Anna Sui]] nin spring-summer 1999 inspirasyon kan saiyang gibo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Sinabi ni  Anna Sui, &quot;What I truly appreciate was her fabric sensibility, even with more constructed fabrics like denim. She made them all look so soft and drapy. The halters she did were so modern. The thing is, you look at some of the things she did, and you can&lt;nowiki&gt;'t believe it was the 40s.''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Mga toltolan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Mga panluwas na takod ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408124717/http://library.newschool.edu/speccoll/fashionhistory/mccardell.php McCardell's page at the New School's website]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866314-1,00.html 1955 Time magazine article on McCardell's life and work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123061500/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866314-1,00.html |date=2013-01-23 }}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/17/style/celebrating-claire-mccardell.html?pagewanted=2 1998 New York Times article on McCardell's life, work, and contemporary influence]
* [http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/mccardell.html McCardell's biography from the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002014/https://www.msa.md.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/mccardell.html |date=2021-04-11 }}
* [http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/Ma-Mu/Mccardell-Claire.html McCardell's biography from Fashion Encyclopedia]
* [http://dmc.newschool.edu:8081/BrowserInsight/BrowserInsight?cmd=start&amp;cid=14&amp;ig=&amp;gwisp=&amp;iia=0&amp;gwia=1&amp;ir=-1&amp;id=-1&amp;d=0&amp;iwas=2&amp;gc=0&amp;isl=1&amp;ss=0 Original McCardell design sketches, from The New School's archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413111559/http://dmc.newschool.edu:8081/BrowserInsight/BrowserInsight?cmd=start&amp;cid=14&amp;ig=&amp;gwisp=&amp;iia=0&amp;gwia=1&amp;ir=-1&amp;id=-1&amp;d=0&amp;iwas=2&amp;gc=0&amp;isl=1&amp;ss=0 |date=2021-04-13 }}
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/hi_mccardellclaire.htm Extant examples of McCardell's work at the Metropolitan Museum of Art]
* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/42547 American Ingenuity: Sportswear 1930s&amp;#x2013;1970s], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Claire McCardell (see index)

{{Maryland Women's Hall of Fame}} {{American sportswear}}
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  <page>
    <title>Bill Peet</title>
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      <text bytes="1228" sha1="on3s3fdo7t1ec7y48oxowlwjimzvfid" xml:space="preserve">Si '''Bill Peet''' (Enero 29, 1915 – Mayo 11, 2002) sarong Amerikanong entrepreneur, animador, aktor sa boses, prodyuser nin pelikula, tagamukna nin mga programa sa telebisyon, asin pilantropo. Nagbali si Peet sa Disney kaidtong 1937 asin enot na nagtrabaho sa ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937) harani sa kataposan kan produksyon kaini. Sa pagpadagos, an saiyang pagtrabaho sa mga tampok na animasyong pelikula naglalangkaw, asin nagtinir hasta sa kapinunan kan paghaman sa ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' (1967). An pagganap sa [[Walt Disney]] sa direksyon kan proyekto nagtaong dalan sa permanenteng personal na break.

An subsekwentong karera ni Peet iyo bilang parasurat asin illustrador nin nagkapirang mga librong pang-aki, kabali an ''Capyboppy'' (1966), ''[[The Wump World]]'' (1970), ''The Whingdingdilly'' (1970), ''[[The Ant and the Elephant]]'' (1972), asin ''Cyrus the Unsinkable Serpent'' (1975).

==Panluwas na takod==
* [http://www.billpeet.net/ Websityo ni Bill Peet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626200040/http://www.billpeet.net/ |date=2007-06-26 }}
* {{IMDb name|id=0670328|name=Bill Peet}}

{{stub}}
[[Kategorya:1915 births]]
[[Kategorya:2002 deaths]]</text>
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    <title>Diva</title>
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      <text bytes="1699" sha1="rt3ljy1iianiigacc44v3kpekvhmm8v" xml:space="preserve">[[Ladawan:Mariah Carey - Beautiful (Live @ GMA, May 24, 2013).JPG|right|thumb|Pop asin R&amp;B na parakanta na si [[Mariah Carey]] sarong artista na parating linaladawan bilang an &quot;ultimate diva&quot; kan media para sa saiyang abilidad sa musika asin demanding na persona.&lt;ref name=&quot;time123&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5622047/mariah-carey-bottle-cap-challenge/|title=Mariah Carey Proves She's a Diva With Bottle Cap Challenge|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=February 19, 2020|archive-date=July 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709185036/https://time.com/5622047/mariah-carey-bottle-cap-challenge/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/hotel-rolls-out-the-red-carpet-for-carey-the-ultimate-demanding-diva-529458.html|title=Hotel rolls out the red carpet for Carey, the ultimate demanding diva|date=October 20, 2011|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=February 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;papermag1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.papermag.com/the-ultimate-diva-mariah-carey-1427528523.html|title=The Ultimate Diva: Mariah Carey|date=March 27, 2015|work=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]|access-date=February 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
An '''diva''' iyo an katagang Latin para sa sarong diosa. 

Parateng ginagamit iyan na apod sa sarong bantog na babae na may pambihirang talento sa kinaban nin [[opera]], [[teatro]], [[moda]] asin [[popular na musika]]. Kun manungod sa sarong aktres, an kahulugan kan diva konektadong marhay sa kahulugan kan [[prima donna]]. An diva pwede man na ipanongod sa sarong babae, nangorogna sa show business, na may reputasyon sa pagigin temperamental o demanding.

== Toltolan ==
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    <title>Eroplano</title>
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      <text bytes="3165" sha1="bcoz10x97lt4i3c78hafnd8wa2eol8t" xml:space="preserve">[[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], sarong erokraptong panlaban kan [[World War II]]]]
[[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|An inot na layog kan sarong eroplano, an [[Wright Flyer]] kan Desyembre 17, 1903]]
[[File:ANA 777-300 Taking off from JFK.jpg|thumb|Sarong [[All Nippon Airways]] [[Boeing 777-300ER]] na naglayog gikan sa [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York JFK Airport]]]]
An '''eroplano''' iyo an sarong [[lunadan]] na panduros na pinapaandar nin makina nin eroplano, propeller, o makina sa rocket. An mga eroplano manlaenlaen an sokol, korte, asin konpigurasyon kan [[pakpak]]. Kaiba sa mahiwas na spectrum nin mga kasangkapan para sa mga eroplano an pag-aling-aling, transportasyon nin mga produkto asin tawo, militar, asin pagsiyasat. Sa bilog na kinaban, an komersyal na abyasyon nagdadara nin labing apat na bilyon na pasahero taon-taon sa mga airliner asin nagdadara nin labing 200 bilyones na tonelada-kilometro nin kargamento taon-taon, na mayo pang 1% kan pagtransportar nin kargamento sa kinaban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2018|title=Global air traffic hits new record|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730|accessdate=November 22, 2022|archivedate=January 3, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.&lt;/ref&gt; An kadaklan na eroplano pinapalayog nin sarong [[piloto]] na nakasakay sa eroplano, alagad an nagkapira dinisenyo na palayugon nin remot o kontrolon nin kompyuter arog baga nin mga drones.

An magtugang na Wright nag'imbento asin nagpalayog kan enot na eroplano kan 1903, minimidbid bilang &quot;an enot na nag'ataman asin nagkokontrol kan urog na magabat-kisa-duros na paglayog&quot;. Nagtugdok sinda kan mga isinurat ni George Cayley na kaidto pang 1799, kan maitugdas niya an konsepto kan modernong eroplano (asin kan huri nagtugdok nin mga modelo asin mga matrayumpong pampasaherong gliders) asin an trabaho kan Aleman na payunir na si Otto Lilienthal, na, sa pag-ultanan kan 1867 asin 1896, nag-adal man nin heavier-than-air na paglayog.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090311002545/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet &quot;Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007&quot;]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; An mga pagprobar ni Lilienthal sa paglayog kan 1891 iyo an ibinibilang na kapinonan kan paglayog nin tawo.
Kasunod kan limitadong paggamit kaiyan sa Guerra Mundial I, an teknolohiya nin eroplano padagos na nagtalubo. Nagkaigwa nin presensya an mga eroplano sa gabos na darakulang ralaban kan Giyera Mundial II. An enot na eroplanong jet iyo an Aleman na Heinkel He 178 kan 1939. An enot na jet airliner iyo an de Havilland Comet, iinintrodusir kan 1952. An Boeing 707, an kaenot-enoteng matrayumpong komersyal na jet, nasa komersyal na paglilingkod sa laog nin labing 50 taon, poon kan 1958 sagkod sa haros 2013.

== Toltolan ==
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    <title>Pintura</title>
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      <text bytes="2412" sha1="jk2zy5gukwn4s5xzf1sbsram0rnbr1a" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 300
 | footer =Assorted [[tempera]] (ibabaw) asin [[gouache]] (irarom) na mga pinta
 | image1 =Multicolored tempera paints.jpg
 | alt1 =
 | caption1 =
 | image2 =Gouache.jpg
 | alt2 =
 | caption2 =
 }}

An '''pintura''' ([[Ingles]]: ''paint'') iyo dawa anong pigmentadong [[likido]], likipikado, o solidong mastikong komposisyon na, pagkatapos kan aplikasyon sa sarong substrato sa manipis na layer, magigin [[Solido|solidong]] film. Ini pinakanagagamit bilang panprotekta, pankulay, o pagtao nin tekstura. An pinta pwede mahimo sa manlainlain na mga kulay—asin sa nagkapirang mga klase. An pinta iyo tipikal na pig-iimbak, pinapabakal, asin pig-aaplikar bilang sarong likido, pero an kadaklan nin mga klase iyo nahahalang pasiring sa solido. An kadaklan nin mga pinta iyo pwedeng magin base sa lana o sa tubig asin an lambang saro igwa nin midbid na karakter. 

Ilegal sa kadaklan nin mga banwaan an mag-apon basta-basta nin pinta na base sa lana sa lababo o dawa sain.{{fact|date=April 2022}} An mga ''clean-up solvents'' iyo lain man para sa pinta na base sa tubig kumpara para sa mga base sa lana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hgtv.com/design/decorating/design-101/painting-101-oil-or-latex|title=Painting 101: Oil or Latex?}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mga base sa tubig asin lana na mga pinta iyo makukurado nin lain base sa luwas na ordinaryong temperatura kan bagay na pigpipintahan (arug kan sa harong.) Sa kadaklan, an bagay na pigpipintahan iyo dapat lagpas sa {{convert|10|C|F}}, alagad an ibang mga pabrika nin panluwas na pinta/primer pigsasabi na pwede ining magamit sa temperatura na kasing baba nin {{convert|35|F|C|order=flip}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.consumerreports.org/painting/ideal-outdoor-temperature-range-exterior-paint/|title=What's the Ideal Outdoor Temperature Range for Using Exterior Paint?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Padagos na pagbasa ==
* {{cite book |last1=Bently|first1=J.|last2=Turner|first2=G.P.A.|title=Introduction to Paint Chemistry and Principles of Paint Technology|location=Unk.|year=1997|isbn=0-412-72320-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Talbert|first=Rodger|title=Paint Technology Handbook|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA|year=2007|isbn=978-1-57444-703-3}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Woodbridge|editor-first=Paul R. |title=Principles of Paint Formulation|location=Unk.|year=1991|isbn=0-412-02951-0}}

== Toltolan ==
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    <title>Pagpinta</title>
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      <text bytes="1100" sha1="kelv9pugkg97fc0qxc6n6w8euam3141" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg|thumb|An ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (1503–1517) ni [[Leonardo da Vinci]] iyo an saro sa pinakamidbid na pinta.]]
An '''pinta''' iyo an sarong biswal na arte kan pagkaag nin [[pinta]], [[pigment]], [[kolor]] o iba pang medyum sa solidong ibabaw (pig-aapod na &quot;matrix&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Printmaking? |url=https://www3.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/collection-areas/drawings-and-prints/materials-and-techniques/printmaking |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; o &quot;support&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |title=Paint – Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012 |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Komun na pigkakaag an medyum sa base na igwa nin brush, alagad an ibang implements, siring kan mga kutsilyo, espongha, asin airbrushes, pwedeng gamiton.

== Toltolan ==
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      <text bytes="1102" sha1="4j1q0i1qpra25yrw9mob9mb2a6dtxzl" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg|thumb|An ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (1503–1517) ni [[Leonardo da Vinci]] iyo an saro sa pinakamidbid na pinta.]]
An '''pinta''' iyo an sarong biswal na arte kan pagkaag nin [[pintura]], [[pigment]], [[kolor]] o iba pang medyum sa solidong ibabaw (pig-aapod na &quot;matrix&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Printmaking? |url=https://www3.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/collection-areas/drawings-and-prints/materials-and-techniques/printmaking |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; o &quot;support&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |title=Paint – Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012 |access-date=13 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Komun na pigkakaag an medyum sa base na igwa nin brush, alagad an ibang implements, siring kan mga kutsilyo, espongha, asin airbrushes, pwedeng gamiton.

== Toltolan ==
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    <title>Bienvenido Lumbera</title>
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      <text bytes="5829" sha1="ccuddvm4erb6m26b4tcnwf4rpaf8ew8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer
| name         = Bienvenido Lumbera
| image        = Bien Lumbera at CCP 2012.jpg
| imagesize    = 
| caption      = Bienvenido Lumbera nagdalaw sa [[Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival|2012 Cinemalaya]] sa [[Cultural Center of the Philippines]]
| pseudonym    = 
| birth_name   = Bienvenido Lumbera
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1932|4|11}}
| birth_place  = [[Lipa, Batangas]], [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippine Islands]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|2021|09|28|1932|04|11}}
| death_place  = [[Quezon City]], Philippines
| occupation   = Parasurat, dramatista, propesor
| citizenship  = 
| education    = 
| alma_mater   = [[University of Santo Tomas]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) &lt;br /&gt; [[Indiana University Bloomington]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Ph.D.]])
| period       = 1950–2021
| genre        = 
| subject      = 
| movement     = 
| notableworks = ''[[Rama at Sita|Rama, Hari]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[Noli Me Tángere (musical)|Noli Me Tángere]]''&lt;br /&gt;''Bayan at Lipunan''
| spouse       = Cynthia Nograles Lumbera
| partner      = 
| children     = 
| relatives    = 
| awards       = {{plainlist|
*[[File:National_Artist_of_the_Philippines.svg|30px]] [[Order of National Artists of the Philippines]]
*[[Ramon Magsaysay Award]]
*[[Palanca Awards|Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for Literature]]
}}
| signature    = 
| website      = 
| portaldisp   = [[Portal:Philippines]]
}}
Si '''Bienvenido L. Lumbera''' (Abril 11, 1932 – Septyembre 28, 2021) sarong Filipinong pararawit, kritiko asin asin dramatista.&lt;ref name=&quot;WhoAreWeWritingFor&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Repelente |first=Terence |date=April 14, 2018 |title=Who are we writing for? |language=en-US |work=The [[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2018/04/14/who-are-we-writing-for/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415085726/https://mb.com.ph/2018/04/14/who-are-we-writing-for/ |archive-date=April 15, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Lumbera midbid kan saiyang mga pagsurat na maka-banwaan asin kan saiyang nangengenot na papel sa hiron nin Filipinisasyon kan Literaturang Filipinas kan mga 1960, na nagresulta sa saiyang pagkakulong kairiba iba pang mga parasurat asin akademiko durante kan Ley Militar sa irarom kan diktadurang rehimen ni [[Ferdinand Marcos]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CollegianPeoplesScholar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lucas |first=Andrea Joyce |date=September 28, 2021 |title=Bienvenido Lumbera, the People's Scholar |url=https://phkule.org/article/343/bienvenido-lumbera-the-peoples-scholar |access-date=April 15, 2022 |accessdate=September 28, 2023 |archivedate=June 2, 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602114852/https://phkule.org/article/343/bienvenido-lumbera-the-peoples-scholar }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRVVMCRoll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Roll of Victims: Bienvenido L. Lumbera |url=https://hrvvmemcom.gov.ph/bienvenido-l-lumbera-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415103258/https://hrvvmemcom.gov.ph/bienvenido-l-lumbera-2/ |archive-date=April 15, 2022 |access-date=April 15, 2022 |website=Human Rights Violations Victims’ Memorial Commission (HRVVMC) Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siya nagawadan kan [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] para sa Journalism, Literature and Creative Communications kan 1993, asin naproklamar na [[National Artist of the Philippines]] para sa literatura kan 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;CastilloLlanetaUPOAR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Castillo Llaneta |first=Celeste Ann  |date=September 29, 2021 |title=A writer's truth: The legacy of National Artist Bienvenido Lumbera |url=https://alum.up.edu.ph/2021/09/29/a-writers-truth-the-legacy-of-national-artist-bienvenido-lumbera/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415092457/https://alum.up.edu.ph/2021/09/29/a-writers-truth-the-legacy-of-national-artist-bienvenido-lumbera/ |archive-date=April 15, 2022 |access-date=April 15, 2022 |website=University of the Philippines Office of Alumni Relations Website |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;InaSilverio20211031&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Silverio |first=Ina Alleco R. |date=October 31, 2021 |title=Bien Lumbera: The National Artist as an Artista ng Bayan |language=en-US |work=[[Business Mirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/10/31/bien-lumbera-the-national-artist-as-an-artista-ng-bayan/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030165552/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/10/31/bien-lumbera-the-national-artist-as-an-artista-ng-bayan/ |archive-date=October 30, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bilang sarong akademiko, siya minimidbid sa saiyang makusog na papel sa pagpagantad kan lantad nin adal na mabibisto bilang [[Philippine Studies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Zuleta2021INQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zulueta |first=Lito B. |date=October 4, 2021 |title=The trouble with Bien |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/389253/the-trouble-with-bien/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004085014/https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/389253/the-trouble-with-bien/ |archive-date=October 4, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2022 |website=Inquirer Lifestyle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Siya man nagawadan kan National Book Awards haleng National Book Foundation, asin kan [[Palanca Awards|Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards]].

==Toltolan==

{{reflist}}

{{Tamboan}}

[[Kategorya:Mga mArtioswta Nasyonal nin Filipinas]]
[[Kategorya:Mga 1932 na kamundagan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga 2021 na kagadanan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Filipinong edukador]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Filipinong kritikong literaryo]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Filipinon gm parasurat]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Tagalog-tataramon na mga parasurat]]
[[Kategorya:Mha Parasurat haleng Batangas]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Tauhan akademiko kan University of the Philippines]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Paglubong sa Libingan ng mga Bayani]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Tauhan akademiko kan University of Santo Tomas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alberto Rendo</title>
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      <text bytes="3708" sha1="gvamld65ngomxdx5vby5dt46vgyeapk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name = Alberto Rendo
| image    =Rendo huracan.jpg
| caption = Rendo c. 1959-64.
| fullname = 
| birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|1940|1|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
| death_date  = 
| death_place = 
| height = {{height|m=1.63}}
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1=
| youthclubs1= 
| years1 = 
| clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]]
| caps1 = 
| goals1 = 
| years2 = 
| clubs2 = [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]]
| caps2 = 
| goals2 = 
| years3 = 
| clubs3 = Huracán
| caps3 = 
| goals3 = 
| years4 = 1971–1972
| clubs4 = [[Club de Fútbol Laguna|Laguna]]
| caps4 = 
| goals4 = 
| nationalyears1= 1960–1969
| nationalteam1= [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]
| nationalcaps1= 18&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.11v11.com/players/alberto-rendo-55993/ 11v11.com]; Alberto Rendo&lt;/ref&gt;
| nationalgoals1 = 9
| manageryears1=
| managerclubs1=
| medaltemplates= 
}}

Si '''Alberto Rendo''' (namundag 3 Enero 1940) sarong [[Argentina|Argentine]] na dating [[Association football|footballer]] na nagpartisipar sa kompetisyon [[1960 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref name=sref&gt;{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/re/alberto-rendo-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064140/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/re/alberto-rendo-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|accessdate=8 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/23961 |title=Alberto Rendo |work=Olympedia |access-date=12 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Karera==
Namundag sa [[Parque Patricios]], [[Buenos Aires]], si Rendo nagkawat nin club football sa [[Argentine Primera División]] kasarabay sa [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]] asin [[San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Enciclopedia de Huracán |title=Enciclopedia de Huracán: Alberto Rendo, el Toscano |url=http://www.enciclopediadehuracan.com/2012/10/alberto-rendo-el-toscano.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701192210/http://www.enciclopediadehuracan.com/2012/10/alberto-rendo-el-toscano.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-07-01 |language=es |date=October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saiyang natapos an saiyang karera sa [[Liga MX|Mexican Primera División]] kasabay ni [[Club de Fútbol Laguna|Laguna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=El Siglo de Torreón|title=Recuerdos del Ayer: Un argentino rentable|url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/387812.recuerdos-del-ayer.html|language=es|date=22 October 2008|access-date=26 November 2024|archive-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205224301/https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/387812.recuerdos-del-ayer.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Argentina football squad 1960 Summer Olympics}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Alberto Rendo's managerial positions
|list1=
{{Huracán managers}}
{{All Boys managers}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rendo, Alberto}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Argentine men's footballers]]
[[Category:Argentina men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers for Argentina]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1960 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Club Atlético Huracán footballers]]
[[Category:San Lorenzo de Almagro footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine Primera División players]]
[[Category:Liga MX players]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico]]
[[Category:Club Atlético Huracán managers]]
[[Category:Argentine football managers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Buenos Aires]]


{{Argentina-footy-midfielder-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Audre Lorde</title>
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      <text bytes="26637" sha1="nkj8b8471e9knn8u94m76ikk7ub41ko" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer|name=Audre Lorde|image=Audre Lorde.jpg|caption=Lorde in 1980|birth_name=Audrey Geraldine Lorde|birth_date={{birth date|1934|2|18}}&lt;ref name=&quot;enotes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enotes.com/topics/audre-lorde|title=Audre Lorde Biography|website=eNotes.com|access-date=February 17, 2021|archive-date=December 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218004216/http://www.enotes.com/topics/audre-lorde|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|birth_place=[[New York City]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|1992|11|17|1934|2|18}}|death_place=[[Saint Croix]], [[United States Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]], U.S.|genre=Poetry&lt;br&gt;Nonfiction|notableworks=''The First Cities''&lt;br&gt;''[[Zami: A New Spelling of My Name]]''&lt;br&gt;''[[The Cancer Journals]]''|education=[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]&lt;br&gt;[[Hunter College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])&lt;br&gt;[[Columbia University]] ([[Master of Library and Information Science|MLS]])|spouse={{marriage|Edwin Rollins|1962|1970|reason=div}}|partner=[[Gloria Joseph]]|children=2}}Si '''Audre Lorde''' ( /ˈ ɔː d r i ˈ l ɔːr d / {{Pagbaybay utro|AW|dree|_|LORD}} ; namundag na '''si Audrey Geraldine Lorde''' ; Pebrero 18, 1934–Nobyembre 17, 1992) sarong Amerikanong parasurat, propesor, [[Pilosopiya|pilosopo]], peministang interseksyonal, pararawitdawit asin aktibista sa deretso sibil . Siya sarong nagladawan sa sadiri na &quot;Itom, tomboy, peminista, sosyalista, ina, parapakilaban, pararawitdawit&quot; na nagdusay kan saiyang buhay asin talento sa pag-atubang sa manlaen-laen na klase nin inhustisya, nin huli ta siya nagtutubod na magkakaigwa nin &quot;hirarkiya nin mga pan-aapi&quot; sa tahaw kan &quot;mga ihiras an mga katuyuhan nin katalingkasan asin sarong magagamit na ngapit para sa satuyang mga kaakian.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lorde|first=Audre|date=1983|title=There is not hierarchy of oppressions|url=https://uuliveoak.org/pdfs/worship_9-04-09_excerpts_no_hierarchy_of_oppressions.pdf|journal=Interracial Books for Children BULLETIN: Homophobia and Education|volume=14|issue=4|pages=i–ii|doi=|issn=0003-6870}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;foundation2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=March 28, 2021|title=Audre Lorde 1934-1992|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/audre-lorde|publisher=Poetry Foundation|archive-date=November 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127194430/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/audre-lorde|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bilang sarong pararawitdawit, siya midbid na gayo sa teknikal na pagkamaster asin emosyonal na ekspresyon, siring man sa saiyang mga rawitdawit na nagpapahayag nin kaanggotan asin pagkaanggot sa mga inhustisya sibil asin sosyal na saiyang naobserbaran sa bilog niyang buhay. Siya an resipyente kan mga nasyonal asin internasyonal na mga premyo asin an kagmukna kan ''Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Audre Lorde|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/audre-lorde|access-date=2024-11-26|website=National Women's History Museum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bilang sarong artista sa pagtaram, an saiyang paghatod inapod na makapangyarihan, melodiko, asin makusog kan Poetry Foundation . &lt;ref name=&quot;OutHistory2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=McDonald|first1=Dionn|title=Audre Lorde. Big Lives: Profiles of LGBT African Americans|url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/aa-history-month-bios/audre-lorde|website=OutHistory|access-date=March 28, 2021|archive-date=July 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725185013/http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/aa-history-month-bios/audre-lorde|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saiyang mga rawitdawit asin prosa kadaklan nagtutukar sa mga isyung may relasyon sa mga deretso sibil, feminismo, tomboy, helang, kapansanan, asin an pag-eksplorar kan identidad kan babaeng Itom. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wire2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Nixon|first1=Angelique V.|url=http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/02/the-magic-and-fury-of-audre-lorde-feminist-praxis-and-pedagogy/|title=The Magic and Fury of Audre Lorde: Feminist Praxis and Pedagogy|date=February 24, 2014|work=The Feminist Wire|access-date=March 28, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029064926/http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/02/the-magic-and-fury-of-audre-lorde-feminist-praxis-and-pedagogy/|url-status=live|accessdate=February 4, 2025|archivedate=October 29, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029064926/http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/02/the-magic-and-fury-of-audre-lorde-feminist-praxis-and-pedagogy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;Wire&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nixon|first=Angelique V.|url=http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/02/the-magic-and-fury-of-audre-lorde-feminist-praxis-and-pedagogy/|title=The Magic and Fury of Audre Lorde: Feminist Praxis and Pedagogy|date=February 24, 2014|accessdate=February 4, 2025|archivedate=October 29, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029064926/http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/02/the-magic-and-fury-of-audre-lorde-feminist-praxis-and-pedagogy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amay na buhay ==
Si Audre Lorde namundag kan Pebrero 18, 1934, sa Siyudad nin Nueva York sa mga imigranteng Caribbean na si Frederick Byron Lorde asin Linda Gertrude Belmar Lorde. An saiyang ama, si Frederick Byron Lorde (Byron), namundag kan Abril 20, 1898 sa [[Barbados]] . An saiyang ina, si Linda Gertrude Belmar Lorde, namundag kan 1902 sa isla nin Carriacou sa [[Grenada]] . An ina ni Lorde igwa nin magkakalaen na ginikanan alagad nag-agi bilang Kastila, &lt;ref name=&quot;Lorde&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/zaminewspellingo0000lord|title=Zami: A New Spelling of My Name|last=Lorde|first=Audre|publisher=Crossing Press|year=1982|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; na sarong gikanan nin pag-orgulyo kan saiyang pamilya. An ama ni Lorde mas maitom pa sa gusto kan pamilya Belmar, asin tinugutan sana ninda an mag-agom na magpakasal huli sa anting-anting, ambisyon, asin pagmamaigot ni Byron. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/warriorpoetbiogr00deve/page/7|title=Warrior Poet: A Biography of Audre Lorde|last=De Veaux|first=Alexis|date=2004|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company, Inc.|isbn=0-393-01954-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/warriorpoetbiogr00deve/page/7 7–13]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pagkatapos kan saindang imigrasyon, an bagong pamilya nag-erok sa Harlem, sarong manlaen-laen na pagtaraid sa itaas na Manhattan, New York . Si Lorde an pinakanguhod sa tulong aking babae, an saiyang mga matuang tugang na babae na an pangaran Phyllis asin Helen Lorde. Si Lorde harani an paghiling sagkod sa punto na siya legal na buta, kaya siya nagdakula na nagdadangog sa mga istorya kan saiyang ina manungod sa West Indies imbes na magbasa kaini. Sa edad na apat, nakanuod siyang magtaram mantang nakanuod siyang magbasa, asin tinukduan siya kan saiyang ina na magsurat sa parehong oras. Sinurat niya an saiyang enot na rawitdawit kan siya nasa ikawalong grado.

Namundag bilang Audrey Geraldine Lorde, pinili niyang haleon an &quot;y&quot; sa saiyang enot na pangaran kan siya aki pa, na nagpapaliwanag sa ''Zami: A New Spelling of My Name'' na siya mas interesado sa artistikong simetriya kan &quot;e&quot;-endings sa an duwang magkataid na pangaran na &quot;Audre Lorde&quot; kisa sa pagbaybay kan saiyang pangaran sa paagi na pigtuyo kan saiyang mga magurang. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parks2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Parks|first=Rev. Gabriele|title=Audre Lorde|publisher=Thomas Paine Unitarian Universalist Fellowship|date=August 3, 2008|url=http://www.tpuuf.org/?p=130|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416144217/http://www.tpuuf.org/?p=130|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 16, 2013|access-date=July 9, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dipisil an relasyon ni Lorde sa saiyang mga magurang poon sa hoben na edad. Kakadikit na oras an saiyang ginamit sa saiyang ama asin ina, na parehong sibot sa pagmantenir kan saindang negosyo sa real estate sa maribok na ekonomiya pagkatapos kan Dakulang Depresyon. Kun nahihiling niya sinda, parati sindang malipot o harayo sa emosyon. Sa partikular, an relasyon ni Lorde sa saiyang ina, na hararom an pagduda sa mga tawong mas maitom an kublit kisa saiya (na igwa si Lorde) asin sa luwas kan kinaban sa pankagabsan, nabibisto sa paagi nin &quot;matagas na pagkamoot&quot; asin estriktong pagsunod sa mga patakaran kan pamilya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/warriorpoetbiogr00deve/page/15|title=Warrior Poet: A Biography of Audre Lorde|last=De Veaux|first=Alexis|date=2004|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company, Inc.|isbn=0-393-01954-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/warriorpoetbiogr00deve/page/15 15–20]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An masakit na relasyon ni Lorde sa saiyang ina nagin prominente sa saiyang mga huring rawitdawit, arog kan &quot;Story Books on a Kitchen Table&quot; ''ni Coal'' . 

== Karera ==
[[Ladawan:Audre_lorde.jpg|thumb| Audre Lorde. Retrato ni Elsa Dorfman .]]
Kan 1954, siya nag-agi nin sarong mahalagang taon bilang sarong estudyante sa National Autonomous University of Mexico, sarong panahon na saiyang ilinadawan bilang sarong panahon nin pag-afirmar asin pagbago. Durante kan panahon na ini, pigkumpirma niya an saiyang pagkatawo sa personal asin artistikong lebel bilang sarong tomboy asin sarong pararawitdawit. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/life.htm|title=Audre Lorde's Life and Career|website=english.illinois.edu|access-date=October 28, 2017|archive-date=November 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121211926/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/life.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa saiyang pagbalik sa New York, si Lorde nag-adal sa Hunter College, asin naggradwar sa klase kan 1959. Mantang yaon duman, nagtrabaho siya bilang sarong librarian, nagpadagos sa pagsurat, asin nagin aktibong partisipante sa kultura nin mga bakla kan Greenwich Village . Nagpadagos siya sa saiyang edukasyon sa Columbia University, na nakakua nin master's degree sa library science kan 1961. Durante kan panahon na ini, nagtrabaho siya bilang sarong pampublikong libreriya sa haraning Mount Vernon, New York . &lt;ref name=&quot;Kulii2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kulii|first=Beverly Threatt|title=Audre Lorde's Life and Career|url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/life.htm|work=University of Illinois Department of English website|publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|access-date=March 8, 2013|author2=Ann E. Reuman|author3=Ann Trapasso|archive-date=November 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121211926/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/life.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan 1968 si Lorde nagin writer-in-residence sa Tougaloo College sa Mississippi. &lt;ref name=&quot;poets.org2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Audre Lorde|publisher=Poets.org|url=http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/306|access-date=July 9, 2009|archive-date=March 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309030149/http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/306|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An panahon ni Lorde sa Tougaloo College, arog kan saiyang taon sa National University of Mexico, sarong nakakapormang eksperyensya para saiya bilang sarong artista. Pinangenotan niya an mga workshop kaiba an saiyang mga hoben, itom na mga estudyante sa kolehiyo, na kadaklan sainda gustong-gusto na pag-olayan an mga isyu sa deretso sibil kan panahon na idto. Sa paagi kan saiyang pakikipag-ulay sa saiyang mga estudyante, pinatunayan niya giraray an saiyang kamawotan na bako sanang mabuhay an saiyang &quot;crazy and queer&quot; na pagkatawo, kundi magtao man nin atensyon sa pormal na aspeto kan saiyang gibo bilang sarong pararawitdawit. An saiyang libro nin mga rawitdawit, ''Cables to Rage,'' nagluwas sa saiyang panahon asin mga eksperyensya sa Tougaloo. &lt;ref name=&quot;W. W. Norton &amp; Company, Inc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Norton Anthology of African-American Literature: Volume 2|last=Kimberly W. Benston|date=2014|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company, Inc.|isbn=978-0-393-92370-4|editor-last=Gates|editor-first=Henry Louis Jr.|edition=Third|pages=637–39|author-link=Audre Lorde|editor-last2=Smith|editor-first2=Valerie A.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Ladawan:Audre_Lorde_Residence_(Staten_Island).jpg|alt=A three story, gray-blue, Neo-Colonial style home with a gabled roofline, open porch, columns, and a pediment with a sunburst decoration. Picture includes shrubs and a trashcan on the front lawn, and the third story is partially obscured by leaves.|thumb| An istaran ni Audre Lorde sa Stapleton Heights, Staten Island, na ngonyan sarong Kasaysayan na Landmark kan Siyudad nin Nueva York.]]
Poon 1972 sagkod 1987, si Lorde nag-erok sa Staten Island . Durante kan panahon na idto, apuera sa pagsurat asin pagtukdo, siya an nagmukna kan Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press . &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Audre Lorde Residence|url=https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/audre-lorde-residence/|publisher=NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project|access-date=April 19, 2018|archive-date=November 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106172140/https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/audre-lorde-residence/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan 1977, si Lorde nagin asosado kan Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wifp.org/who-we-are/associates/|title=Associates {{!}}&amp;nbsp; The Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press|website=www.wifp.org|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102342/http://www.wifp.org/who-we-are/associates/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An WIFP sarong Amerikanong nonprofit na organisasyon sa pagpublikar. An organisasyon nagtatrabaho tanganing dagdagan an komunikasyon sa pag-ultanan kan mga kababaihan asin ikonektar an publiko sa mga porma nin media na nakabase sa mga kababaihan.

Si Lorde nagtukdo sa Departamento nin Edukasyon sa Lehman College poon 1969 abot 1970, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lorde-audre-1934-1992|title=Lorde, Audre (1934–1992)|last=Morehouse|first=Susan Perry|year=2002|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=October 28, 2017|archive-date=October 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029012549/http://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lorde-audre-1934-1992|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; dangan bilang sarong propesor nin Ingles sa John Jay College of Criminal Justice (parte kan City University of New York, CUNY) poon 1970 abot 1981. Duman, nakipaglaban siya para sa pagmukna nin sarong departamento nin pag-adal sa mga itom . &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Justice Matters|url=http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/News/Justice_Matters_50.pdf|publisher=John Jay College of Criminal Justice|access-date=March 18, 2017|page=10|year=2015|archive-date=October 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027084806/http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/News/Justice_Matters_50.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 1981, nagtukdo siya sa saiyang alma mater, Hunter College (CUNY man), bilang an midbid na Thomas Hunter chair. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century, Volume 5|last=Cook|first=Blanche Wiesen|last2=Coss|first2=Claire M.|date=2004|publisher=Harvard University Press|editor-last=Ware|editor-first=Susan|location=Cambridge, MA|page=395|chapter=Lorde, Audre}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bilang sarong babaeng Itom na bakla, siya sarong tagaluwas sa sarong larangan na dominado nin mga lalaking puti asin an saiyang mga eksperyensya sa kapalibutan na ini hararom na nakaimpluwensya sa saiyang trabaho. An mga bagong larangan arog kan mga pag-aadal sa mga Aprikanong Amerikano asin mga pag-aadal sa mga babae nagpauswag kan mga topiko na pigtutukar kan mga iskolar asin nakakua nin atensyon sa mga grupo na dati bihirang pag-olayan. Sa bagong makuang akademikong kapalibutan na ini, si Lorde na-inspirar na bako sanang magsurat nin rawitdawit kundi pati na mga essay asin artikulo manungod sa mga pag-aadal na queer, peminista, asin Aprikanong Amerikano. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=New-York Historical Society|date=October 28, 2024|title=Life Story: Audre Lorde (1934-1992)|url=https://wams.nyhistory.org/end-of-the-twentieth-century/a-conservative-turn/audre-lorde/#resource|website=Women and the American Story}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal na buhay ==
Kan 1962, si Lorde nagpakasal sa abogado na si Edwin Rollins, na sarong puti, bakla.  Si Audre nabubuhay na nin hayag bilang sarong tomboy poon pa kan kolehiyo, alagad huli sa diskriminasyon sa LGBTQ+, pareho sindang nagdesisyon na magdanay na nakasara. Si Audre asin Edwin nagdanay na bukas an relasyon, na nagtutugot sa lambang saro na magkaigwa nin relasyon na pareho an sekso. &lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=New-York Historical Society|date=October 28, 2024|title=Life Story: Audre Lorde (1934-1992)|url=https://wams.nyhistory.org/end-of-the-twentieth-century/a-conservative-turn/audre-lorde/#resource|website=Women and the American Story}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siya asin si Rollins nagdiborsyo kan 1970 pagkatapos na magkaigwa nin duwang aki, si Elizabeth asin Jonathan. Kan 1966, si Lorde nagin head librarian sa Town School Library sa Siyudad nin Nueva York, kun saen siya nagdanay sagkod 1968. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kulii3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kulii|first=Beverly Threatt|title=Audre Lorde's Life and Career|url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/life.htm|work=University of Illinois Department of English website|publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|access-date=March 8, 2013|author2=Ann E. Reuman|author3=Ann Trapasso|archive-date=November 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121211926/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/life.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante kan saiyang panahon sa Mississippi kan 1968, namidbid niya si Frances Clayton, sarong puting tomboy asin propesor nin sikolohiya na nagin saiyang romantikong kapadis sagkod 1989. An saindang relasyon nagpadagos sa natatada pang buhay ni Lorde, asin sinda nabuhay nin hayag bilang sarong mag-agom na tomboy. &lt;ref name=&quot;de_Veaux&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Biography of Audre Lorde|last=De Veaux|first=Alexis|publisher=W.W. Norton &amp; Co.|year=2004|isbn=978-0-393-32935-3|pages=174–175}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si Lorde halipot na panahon na nagkaigwa nin romantikong relasyon sa eskultor asin pintor na si Mildred Thompson pagkatapos na manompongan siya sa Nigeria sa Ikaduwang Kinaban na Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture ( FESTAC 77 ). An duwa imbuelto kan panahon na si Thompson nag-eerok sa Washington, DC &lt;ref name=&quot;de_Veaux2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Biography of Audre Lorde|last=De Veaux|first=Alexis|publisher=W.W. Norton &amp; Co.|year=2004|isbn=978-0-393-32935-3|pages=174–175}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si Lorde asin an saiyang kapadis sa buhay, an itom na peministang si Dr. Gloria Joseph, magkaibanan na nag-erok sa ginikanan na daga ni Joseph na St. Croix . Si Lorde asin Joseph naghihiling poon pa kan 1981 , asin pagkatapos kan pag-diagnose kan kanser sa atay ni Lorde, opisyal niyang binayaan si Clayton para ki Joseph, na nagbalyo sa St. Croix kan 1986. An mag-agom nagdanay na magkaibanan sagkod sa pagkagadan ni Lorde. Magkaibanan sindang nagmukna nin nagkapirang organisasyon arog kan Che Lumumba School for Truth, Women's Coalition of St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, Sisterhood in Support of Sisters in South Africa, asin Doc Loc Apiary. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/02/feminists-love-gloria-joseph-ph-d/|title=Feminists We Love: Gloria I. Joseph, Ph.D. [VIDEO] – The Feminist Wire|accessdate=2025-02-04|archivedate=2018-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174257/http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/02/feminists-love-gloria-joseph-ph-d/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga Onra ==

* 1979, 1983: MacDowell fellowship &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.macdowell.org/artists/audre-lorde|title=Audre Lorde - Artist|website=MacDowell|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=July 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715184829/https://www.macdowell.org/artists/audre-lorde|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1991–1992: New York State Poet laureate . &lt;ref name=&quot;New York2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=New York|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/main/poets/newyork.html|work=US State Poets Laureate|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=November 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130130051/https://www.loc.gov/rr/main/poets/newyork.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Pamana ==
An Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, sarong organisasyon sa Siyudad nin Nueva York na nginaranan ki Michael Callen asin Lorde, dedikado sa pagtao nin medikal na pag-ataman sa salud sa populasyon kan LGBT kan siyudad na mayong pag-intindi sa kakayahan na magbayad. An Callen-Lorde iyo sana an sentro nin pangenot na pag-ataman sa Siyudad nin Nueva York na ginibo partikularmente tanganing magserbi sa komunidad nin LGBT. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://callen-lorde.org/about/|title=About Us|website=Callen-lorde.org|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608001847/https://callen-lorde.org/about/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An Audre Lorde Project, na itinogdas kan 1994, sarong organisasyon na nakabase sa Brooklyn para sa mga LGBT na kolor. An organisasyon nagkokonsentrar sa pag-organisar kan komunidad asin radikal na bakong madahas na aktibismo sa palibot kan mga progresibong isyu sa laog kan Siyudad nin Nueva York, orog na an may relasyon sa mga komunidad nin LGBT, aktibismo sa AIDS asin HIV, aktibismo na pro-imigrante, reporma sa bilanggoan, asin pag-organisar sa mga hobenes na kolor. &lt;ref name=&quot;About the Audre Lorde Project2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://alp.org/about|title=About ALP|date=November 6, 2007|website=The Audre Lorde Project|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-date=February 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213064152/https://alp.org/about|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga gibo ==

=== Mga Libro nin Rawitdawit ===

* {{Cite book|title=The First Cities|publisher=Poets Press|year=1968|location=New York City|oclc=12420176}}
* {{Cite book|title=Cables to Rage|publisher=Paul Breman|year=1970|location=London|oclc=18047271}}
* {{Cite book|title=From a Land Where Other People Live|publisher=Broadside Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-910296-97-7|location=Detroit}}
* {{Cite book|title=New York Head Shop and Museum|publisher=Broadside Press|year=1974|isbn=978-0-910296-34-2|location=Detroit}}
* {{Cite book|title=Coal|title-link=Coal (Lorde)|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|year=1976|isbn=978-0-393-04446-1|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|title=Between Our Selves|publisher=Eidolon Editions|year=1976|location=Point Reyes, California|oclc=2976713}}
* {{Cite book|title=Hanging Fire|year=1978}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/blackunicornpoem00lord|title=The Black Unicorn|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|year=1978|isbn=978-0-393-31237-9|location=New York|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chosenpoemsoldne00lord|title=Chosen Poems: Old and New|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|year=1982|isbn=978-0-393-30017-8|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ourdeadbehindusp00lord|title=Our Dead Behind Us|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|year=1986|isbn=978-0-393-30327-8|location=New York|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Marvelous Arithmetics of Distance: Poems 1987–1992|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|year=1993|isbn=978-0-393-03513-1|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Collected Poems of Audre Lorde|title-link=The Collected Poems of Audre Lorde|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|year=1997|isbn=9780393040906}}{{Efn|&quot;Collected here for the first time are more than three hundred poems from one of this country's major and most influential poets, representing the complete oeuvre of Audre Lorde's poetry.&quot;}}
* {{Cite book|title=Your Silence Will Not Protect You : Essays and Poems|title-link=Your Silence Will Not Protect You|publisher=Silver Press|year=2017|isbn=9780995716223}}{{Efn|All 13 essays found herein are also found within &quot;Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches&quot;.}}

=== Mga Libro sa Prosa ===

* {{Cite book|title=The Cancer Journals|title-link=The Cancer Journals|publisher=[[Aunt Lute Books]]|year=1980|isbn=978-1-879960-73-2|location=San Francisco}}
* {{Cite book|title=Uses of the Erotic: the erotic as power|title-link=The Erotic|publisher=Kore Press|year=1981|isbn=978-1-888553-10-9|location=Tucson, Arizona}}{{Efn|Also published within &quot;Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches&quot;.}}
* {{Cite book|title=Zami: A New Spelling of My Name|title-link=Zami: A New Spelling of My Name|publisher=The Crossing Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-89594-122-0|location=Trumansburg, New York}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sisteroutsideres00lord|title=Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches|publisher=The Crossing Press|year=1984|isbn=978-0-89594-141-1|location=Trumansburg, New York}} (reissued 2007)
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/burstoflightessa00lord|title=A Burst of Light and Other Essays|publisher=[[Firebrand Books]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-932379-39-9|location=Ithaca, New York}}
* {{Cite book|title=I Am Your Sister: Collected and Unpublished Writings of Audre Lorde|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-534148-5|location=Oxford New York}}

=== Mga Interbyu ===

* &quot;Interbyu ki Audre Lorde&quot;, sa ''Against Sadomasochism: Sarong Radikal na Feministang Pag-analisar'', ed. Robin Ruth Linden (East Palo Alto, Calif.: Frog in the Well, 1982.), pp.&amp;nbsp;66–71{{ISBN|0-9603628-3-5}} , 

=== Mga pelikula sa biograpiya ===

* [http://www.pbs.org/pov/alitanyforsurvival/film-description/ ''Sarong Litanya para sa Kaligtasan: An Buhay asin Gibo ni Audre Lorde (1995)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002220056/http://www.pbs.org/pov/alitanyforsurvival/film-description/ |date=2018-10-02 }} . Dokumentaryo ni Michelle Parkeson.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060621234514/http://www.jenniferabod.com/video.htm ''An Gilid kan mga Laban kan Lambang Saro: An Bisyon ni Audre Lorde'' (2002)] . Dokumentaryo ni Jennifer Abod.
* [http://www.audrelorde-theberlinyears.com/expose.html ''Audre Lorde – An mga Taon sa Berlin 1984 sagkod 1992'' (2012)] . Dokumentaryo ni Dagmar Schultz .

== Hilingon man ==

* [[:en:American_literature|American literature]]
* [[:en:Feminism_in_the_United_States|Feminism in the United States]]
* [[:en:List_of_poets_portraying_sexual_relations_between_women|List of poets portraying sexual relations between women]]
* [[:en:Black_feminism|Black feminism]]
* [[:en:Intersectionality|Intersectionality]]
* [[:en:Afrocentrism|Afrocentrism]]

== Toltolan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Eulalia Guzmán</title>
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      <text bytes="14187" sha1="4dhhcl6zdt6nt6hojmxtxojksv94091" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Mexican feminist (1890–1985)}}

{{Infobox person|name=Eulalia Guzmán|image=Eulalia_Guzmán_mujeresbacanas.jpeg|alt=|caption=|birth_name=Eulalia Guzmán Barrón|birth_date=12 February 1890|birth_place=San Pedro Piedra Gorda, [[Zacatecas]], Mexico|death_date={{Death date and age|1985|01|01|1890|02|12}}|death_place=[[Mexico City]], Mexico|nationality=Mexican|other_names=|occupation=educator, anthropologist, archeologist|years_active=1909 - 1968|known_for=investigation of the remains of [[Cuauhtémoc]] and creation of the National Library of Anthropology and History (BNAH)|notable_works=}}Si '''Eulalia Guzmán Barrón''' (1890-1985) sarong pioneer na peminista asin edukador asin nasyonalistang paraisip sa post-rebolusyonaryong Mehiko. Saro siya sa mga enot na babae na nagtrabaho sa larangan kan arkeolohiya kan Mehiko. Siya an nangengenot na imbestigador kan mga tada na nakua sa Ixcateopan, Guerrero, na saiyang pig-aalegar na idto kan huring Emperador na Aztec, si Cuauhtémoc . An tolong hunta nin pagsiyasat sa arkeolohikong trabaho na ginibo sa lugar nagpahimutik sa mga nakua ni Guzmán, na pigkukwestyon an saiyang mga paagi sa langtad. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ruiz Martínez (2008)&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ruiz Martínez|first1=Apen (Carmen)|title=Eulalia Guzmán y la imposibilidad de excavar en suelo nacional|journal=Cuicuilco|date=May–August 2008|volume=15|issue=43|url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0185-16592008000200006&amp;script=sci_arttext|accessdate=20 March 2015|publisher=Universitat Pompeu Fabra–Barcelona|language=Spanish|issn=0185-1659}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saiyang nagdadanay na legasiya iyo an pagkolekta kan kasaysayan kan Mehiko gikan sa mga arkibo sa bilog na kinaban asin pagmukna kan National Library of Anthropology and History.

== Biograpiya ==
Si Eulalia Guzmán Barrón namundag kan 12 Pebrero 1890 sa San Pedro Piedra Gorda, sa Munisipyo kan Cuauhtémoc, Zacatecas, [[Mehiko]] . Kan siya otso anyos, an saiyang pamilya nagbalyo sa [[Syudad nin Mehiko|Siyudad nin Mehiko]] . Poon sa amay na edad, isinikwal ni Guzmán an ideya na an mga babae nakatalagang magin domestiko asin determinado siang magin sarong paratokdo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Zamora Márquez (2015)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Aporte de Eulalia Guzmán deja huella en antropología mexicana|url=http://www.cimacnoticias.com.mx/node/68514|accessdate=20 March 2015|publisher=Cimac Noticia|language=Spanish|archivedate=16 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016125930/https://www.cimacnoticias.com.mx/node/68514}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tinawan siya nin grant tanganing mag-adal sa Normal School for Teachers asin naggradwar kan 1910.  An mga sosyalistang paagi nin pag-eskwela na ipinamidbid sa Mehiko kan panahon na ini hale sa [[Espanya]] nagparadikal sa dakol na paratokdo kan panahon na idto. &lt;ref name=&quot;Doshisha studies (2007)&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=エレナ・トレス―メキシコ革命期のフェミニスト教育家の軌跡―|url=http://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/webopac/ctlsrh.do?bibid=TB10234306&amp;displaylang=en|accessdate=18 March 2015|publisher=同志社大学言語文化学会|language=Japanese|archivedate=18 March 2015|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150318221715/http://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/webopac/ctlsrh.do?bibid=TB10234306&amp;displaylang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Poon 1909 sagkod 1914, si Guzmán nagserbi bilang Katabang para sa Normal na Eskwelahan. 
[[File:Investigation_of_the_bones_of_Cuauhtémoc_with_Diego_Rivera_and_Eulalia_Guzmán.jpg|wala|thumb| Pagsiyasat sa mga tulang ni Cuauhtémoc kaiba si Diego Rivera asin Eulalia Guzmán]]
Kan 1906, siya an nagmukna ''kan Admiradoras de Juárez'' (Mga Tagahanga ni Juárez) kaiba si [[Hermila Galindo]], Laura N. Torres, asin [[Luz Vera]] tanganing mag-agitar para sa deretso sa pagboto kan mga kababaihan.  Si Guzmán, na nagtatrabaho kaiba si Herminia Álvarez Herrera, [[María Arias Bernal]], asin [[Dolores Sotomayor]] nagmukna kan Corregidor de Querétaro Vocational School tanganing tabangan an mga kababaihan na mapakarhay an saindang mga kamugtakan sa ekonomiya. Kan si Presidente Francisco I. Madero nabihag, si Guzmán asin Arias nagprobar na makipag-olay sa lider kan kudeta, si Victoriano Huerta, tanganing makimaherak para sa buhay kan presidente asin kan saiyang bise presidente. An eskwelahan nagsara sa pag-asasinar ki Madero asin an mga babae nag-agitar para sa mga Konstitusyonalista sa paagi kan ''Club Feminil Lealtad'' (Women's Loyalty Club). An pakikilabot sa politika nagresulta sa pagpahale ki Guzman sa Miguel Lerdo de Tejada School alagad marikas siyang nakakua nin trabaho sa pagtukdo nin mga klase sa Fournier High School. &lt;ref name=&quot;MitchellSchell2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIaVlXWO91cC&amp;pg=PA32|title=The Women's Revolution in Mexico, 1910-1953|last=Mitchell|first=Stephanie Evaline|last2=Schell|first2=Patience Alexandra|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7425-3731-6|pages=24–30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An saiyang pinaghalean sa edukasyon an nagtulod sa mga Konstitusyonalista na ipadara si Guzmán sa Estados Unidos kan 1921 tanganing mag-imbestigar kan mga eskwelahan duman. Mantang yaon sa Estados Unidos, si Guzmán, kaiba si [[Elena Torres]] asin Julia Nava de Ruisánchez nagrepresentar sa Mexican Feminist Council sa 1922 League of Women Voters convention sa Baltimore, asin sa Pan-American Conference of Women . Pagbalik sa Mehiko, nagtukdo siya sa sarong rural na eskwelahan sa Bácum na dinisenyo para sa edukasyon kan mga Yaqui asin nagpadalagan man nin sarong eskwelahan sa banggi para sa mga adulto. Sa pag-oltanan nin 1923 asin 1924, nagbalik sia sa Siudad nin Mejico asin naglingkod bilang direktor kan nasyonal na kampanya sa dai pakabasa asin pakasurat.  Poon 1926-1929, si Guzmán nag-adal nin mga teknika sa pag-organisar kan eskwelahan sa Europa, na nagbiyahe pasiring sa Switzerland asin Alemania. &lt;ref name=&quot;MitchellSchell20072&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIaVlXWO91cC&amp;pg=PA32|title=The Women's Revolution in Mexico, 1910-1953|last1=Mitchell|first1=Stephanie Evaline|last2=Schell|first2=Patience Alexandra|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7425-3731-6|pages=24–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pagbalik sa Mehiko, nakakua siya nin master's degree sa pilosopiya kan 1933,  gikan sa School of Advanced Studies sa UNAM . 

Nagpartisipar siya sa pagkotkot kan Lulubngan 7 kan Monte Albán kan 1933  kaiba si Alfonso Caso asin kan 1934 saro siya sa mga enot na nag-adal kan pre-Columbus na lugar kan Chalcatzingo .  Siya ninombrahan na magserbi bilang Direktor kan Departamento nin Arkeolohiya kan National Museum kan 1934 asin pakalihis nin duwang taon pinagbotan na magbisita sa mga museo asin libreriya sa Europa asin Estados Unidos  sa paghanap nin dokumentasyon sa kasaysayan kan Mehiko. Nag-adal asin nagbiyahe siya sagkod 1940 na naggigibo nin sarong katalogong rekord nin labing 3 ribong dokumento na ibinugtak sa kustodiya kan Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) (National Institute of Anthropology and History).  Si Guzman an nagmukna kan makasaysayan na arkibo kan Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología e Historia (BNAH) (National Library of Anthropology and History).  Kan 1942, pig-eksplorar niya an mga arkeolohikong lugar kan Izapa asin Comitán sa Chiapas asin an saiyang sadiring lugar na namundagan, an San Pedro Piedra Gorda.  Si Guzmán ninombrahan na pamayohan an makasaysayan na mga arkibo kan INAH kan 1944 asin nagkapot kan posisyon na iyan sagkod sa saiyang pagretiro kan 1968.  Durante kan panahon na ini siya nag-aadal asin naggradwar kan 1945 na may degree sa arkeolohiya,  nagtatrabaho sa sarong proyekto sa pelikula sa Latin Amerika kaiba an Walt Disney Studios,  asin nagkukutkot nin mga lugar sa Chachoapam, Nochistlán, Tamazulapan, Teposcolula asin Yanhuitlán .  Kan 1949, si Guzmán ipinadara tanganing mag-imbestigar kan mga bareta na an mga tada kan Emperador na Aztec, si Cuauhtémoc nakua sa baryo nin Ixcateopan, Guerrero. &lt;ref name=&quot;PRI (2015)2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Presidencia CEN|title=¿Sabías Que..?|url=http://pri.org.mx/TransformandoaMexico/SabiasQue/Sabias.aspx?y=17735|accessdate=20 March 2015|publisher=Partido Revolucionario Institucional|date=February 12, 2015|language=Spanish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115140/http://pri.org.mx/TransformandoaMexico/SabiasQue/Sabias.aspx?y=17735|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115140/http://pri.org.mx/TransformandoaMexico/SabiasQue/Sabias.aspx?y=17735}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Siniyasat ni Guzmán an mga dokumento na naghihingakong hale sa sarong padi na Franciscano asin sa pagtubod na sinda tunay nagpoon nin pagkotkot kan mayor na simbahan sa Ixcateopan. Nadiskobre niya an mga tulang na saiyang ipinahayag na pagsasadiri ni Cuauhtémoc. Sa primero, pig-ogma kan mga iskolar si Guzmán, alagad pagkatapos na an sarong eksaminasyon ginibo kan INAH tanganing kumpirmaron an mga nakua, an pagpapatunay ni Guzmán isinikwal. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen (1971)&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G63OWSXfZBkC|title=The Aztec Image in Western Thought|last=Keen|first=Benjamin|date=1971|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=0-8135-0698-0|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|pages=467–468|author-link=Benjamin Keen|access-date=20 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; An pagkurahaw kan publiko nagdara sa mga prominenteng namamanwaan kan mobimientong indigenismo, kaiba si Diego Rivera asin iba pa, tanganing suportaran an mga konklusyon ni Guzman na an mga tolang sa ossuary tunay. An Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) nag-empanel nin sarong &quot;Grand Commission&quot; na kompuesto kan nagkapira sa mga pinakaprominenteng iskolar kan Mehiko kabali [[Arturo Arnáiz y Freg|si Arturo Arnáiz y Freg]], Alfonso Caso, Manuel Gamio, [[José Gómez Robleda]] asin Manuel Toussaint para sa ikaduwang pagrepaso. An saindang mga nadiskubre nagkonklusyon na an mga dokumento palsipikado, an mga tulang bago pa sana, asin sinaway ninda si Guzmán huli sa saiyang mga paagi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fulton (2008)2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Fulton|first1=Christopher|title=Cuauhtémoc Regained|journal=Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México|date=July–December 2008|volume=36|pages=5–43|url=http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/ehm/ehm36/EHM000003601.pdf|accessdate=20 March 2015|issn=0185-2620|archivedate=16 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616123956/http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/ehm/ehm36/EHM000003601.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si Guzmán asin an iba pa nagpublikar nin kadakol na artikulo tanganing pahimutikan an mga nadiskubre kan komisyon. An komunidad nin mga intelektuwal asin iskolar nabanga sa kampo na nagsuporta ki Guzman asin sa kampo na dai. Sa paghihingoa na sa katapustapusi matapos an kontrobersiya, sarong ikaapat na komisyon an pigmukna kan 1976 ni presidente Luis Echeverría . Si Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, heneral na direktor kan INAH, nagtipon nin mga arkeologo, arkitekto, antropologo, forensic examiner, asin historyador, na nag-ebalwar kan mga materyales arkeolohiko, nagkotkot giraray kan lugar asin nag-eksamin giraray kan dokumentasyon. An saindang mga konklusyon nagpapahiling kan mga nakaaging nadiskubre na an mga tulang asin mga paghihingako sarong kaputikan. An pagkawara ni Guzmán nin pagigin daing kinakampihan, dawa ngani kinondenar kan mga akademya, dai nakapaluya kan saiyang popularidad sa mga katutubong populasyon, na nagtaong onra saiya sa mga kapiyestahan asin pigbago an pangaran kan plasa kan banwaan sa saiyang onra. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fulton (2008)&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fulton|first=Christopher|title=Cuauhtémoc Regained|date=July–December 2008|url=http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/ehm/ehm36/EHM000003601.pdf|access-date=20 March 2015|archivedate=16 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616123956/http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/ehm/ehm36/EHM000003601.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nagadan siya kan 1 Enero 1985 sa Siyudad nin Mehiko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=1985: Muere la historiadora y arqueóloga mexicana Eulalia Guzmán|url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/823930.1985-muere-la-historiadora-y-arqueologa-mexicana-eulalia-guzman.html|accessdate=20 March 2015|publisher=El Siglo de Torreón|date=1 January 2013}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Piniling mga publikasyon ==

* ''La escuela nueva o de la accion'' (1923). (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Mga karakter na importante sa arte kan mga antiguo na mehikano: su sentido pundamental'' (1932) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Los relieves de las rocas del cerro de la Cantera, Jonacatepec, Morelos'' (1934) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Exploracion arqueologica en la Mixteca Alta'' (1934) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''&quot;Un &quot;yugo&quot; totonaco de Medellín, Ver&quot;'' ''Boletín del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnología'', Epoca 6a, T. 1 (1934) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Sarong manuskrito kan koleksyon Boturini na tratamiento kan mga lumang Señores de Teotihuacán'' (1938) (Sa Espanyol)
* &quot; ''An Arte nin Paggibo nin Mapa sa mga Suanoy na Mehikano'' &quot; ''Imago Mundi'' Vol. 3 (1939): 1-6. (Sa Ingles)
* ''Lo que vi y oí'' (1941) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Surat ki Jaime Torres Bodet, 1950, asin halipot na mga papel sa lulubngan ni Cuauhtémoc'' (1950) (Sa Ingles)
* kaiba si Alfonso Caso. ''La genealogía y biografía de Cuauhtemoc: refutación a las declaraciones del grupo oponente de la llamada Gran Comisión'' (1954) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Cuauhtémoc; mga datos sa biografiko asin kronolohiko iyo an kasaysayan asin tradisyon kan Ixcateopan'' (1955) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Relaciones de Hernán Cortés a Carlos V sobre la invasión de Anáhuac'' (1958) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Pruebas asin dictámenes sobre la autenticidad de los restos de Cuauhtémoc'' (1962) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Mehiko, sus antiguos pobladores'' (1963) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Manuscritos sobre México en archivos de Italia'' {1964) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Moctezuma Xocoyotzin'' (1966) (Sa Espanyol)
* ''Ichcateopan, la tumba de Cuauhtemoc : heroe supremo kan historya kan Mehiko.'' ''[Tradisyon oral, dokumento, mga negatibong diktamen, mga konklusyon na pag-aadal kimiko, antropolohiko, historiko, matemátiko, anatómiko, paleográpiko'' (1973) (Sa Espanyol)

== Mga Toltolan ==
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    <title>Euthynnus</title>
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      <text bytes="1711" sha1="ox11863tgc18ft8j1kpe6t9tnfa0zjm" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Euaff u0.gif
| image_caption = ''[[Euthynnus affinis]]''
| taxon = Euthynnus
| authority = [[Christian Frederik Lütken|Lütken]] in [[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] and [[Charles Henry Gilbert|Gilbert]], [[1883 in science|1883]]
| type_species = ''[[Euthynnus alletteratus|Thynnus thunina]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms = *''Thynnichthys'' &lt;small&gt;[[Enrico Hillyer Giglioli|Giglioli]], 1880&lt;/small&gt;
*''Wanderer'' &lt;small&gt;[[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitley]], 1937&lt;/small&gt;
}}

An '''''Euthynnus''''' sarong genus nin ray-finned bony fish sa pamilyang [[Scombridae]] asin sa tribong [[Thunnini]], na mas bisto sa apod na turingan. An mga species sa genus na ''Euthynnus'' inaapod man na &quot;saradit na tuna,&quot; asin makukua sa mga kadagatan na subtropikal sa bilog na kinaban. Midbid sinda sa saindang maitom na pulang karne asin makusog na namit kumpara sa mas darakulang tuna.

==Mga species==
Uya an mga species sa genus na ini:&lt;ref name=FBaffinis&gt;{{FishBase | genus = Euthynnus | species = affinis | month = January | year = 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IUCNaffinis/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hawaii State Records - List |url=http://www.hawaiifishingnews.com/records.cfm |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.hawaiifishingnews.com |archive-date=2025-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214231930/http://www.hawaiifishingnews.com/records.cfm |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Euthynnus affinis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Cantor, 1849)&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Euthynnus alletteratus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Rafinesque, 1810)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Euthynnus lineatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Kishinouye, 1920)&lt;/small&gt;


==Toltolan==
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      <comment>Pinagmukna an pahina kaining &quot;{{Automatic taxobox  | name = ''Symphysodon''  | image = Blue_Discus.jpg  | image_caption = ''Symphysodon aequifasciatus''   | taxon = Symphysodon  | authority = [[Johann Jakob Heckel|Heckel]], 1840  | type_species = ''[[Symphysodon discus]]''  | type_species_authority = Heckel, 1840  | subdivision_ranks = Species  | subdivision= See text }}  An '''''Symphysodon''''' (kolokyal na bisto sa apod na '''discus''' o '''discus fish''') sarong genus nin mga cichlid n...&quot;</comment>
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 | image_caption = ''Symphysodon aequifasciatus'' 
 | taxon = Symphysodon
 | authority = [[Johann Jakob Heckel|Heckel]], 1840
 | type_species = ''[[Symphysodon discus]]''
 | type_species_authority = Heckel, 1840
 | subdivision_ranks = Species
 | subdivision= See text
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An '''''Symphysodon''''' (kolokyal na bisto sa apod na '''discus''' o '''discus fish''') sarong genus nin mga cichlid na tubong [[Salog Amazon|salog nin Amazon]] sa [[Brazil]]. Huli sa saindang napapalaen na porma, kalmadong gawi, kadakol na maliwanag na kolor asin disenyo, asin dedikadong mga teknika sa pagpadakula, an mga discus popular bilang mga [[sira]] sa aquarium sa preskong tubig, asin an saindang aquaculture sa nagkapirang nasyon sa Asya (notable na an Tailandya)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/this-obscure-bangkok-market-is-home-to-a-million-dollar-collection-of-tropical-fish|title=This Obscure Bangkok Market is Home to a Million-Dollar Collection of Tropical Fish. In the market for rare aquarium fish? Head to Thailand.|author=Tuccinardi, Michael|date=1 December 2016|publisher=[[Atlas Obscura]]|website=www.AtlasObscura.com|quote=''…Discus fish, pre-bagged for a quick sale, occupy a seller's shelves…Each tiny shop or stall usually specializes in a particular breed or category of fish or aquarium—some showcasing colorful but delicate discus and angelfish…''}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarong mayor na industriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Loiselle&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Loiselle |first=Paul V. |title=The Cichlid Aquarium |publisher=Tetra Press |year=1995 |isbn=1-56465-146-0 |location=Germany}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FKGCC&quot;&gt;Sands D  (1994) ''A fishkeepers guide to Central American cichlids.'' Tetra Press. Belgium pg 59–60.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mills D (1993) ''Aquarium Fish'' Harper Collins {{ISBN|0-7322-5012-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chong |first1=K. |last2=Ying, T. S. |last3=Foo, J. |last4=Jin, L. J. |last5=Chong, A. |date=2005-09-12 |title=Characterisation of proteins in epidermal mucus of discus fish (''Symphysodon'' spp.) during parental phase |journal=Aquaculture |volume=249 |issue=1–4 |pages=469–476 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.045|bibcode=2005Aquac.249..469C |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/100232 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Minsan inaapod sindang '''pompadour fish'''.&lt;ref&gt;Discus fish - Page 5 Thomas A. Giovanetti, Matthew M. Vriends - 1991 ''&quot;It was not until the 1930s and 1940s that aquarium-fish dealers began importing discus into Europe and the United States under the common name &quot;pompadour fish.&quot; Discus are cichlids, which often surprises many aquarists.&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;International Wildlife Encyclopedia Set - Page 2006 Robert Burton, Maurice Burton, 2002 ''&quot;Popular aquarium fish because of their bright colors and attractive patterns, pompadour fish are actually quite difficult to keep and require frequent water changes. Pictured are a group of red discus, one of the two species of pompadour fish.&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt; An discus fish nakaakit nin sarong kulto nin mga parakolekta asin nakagibo nin sarong multimilyon na dolyar na internasyonal na industriya na kumpleto sa mga palabas, kompetisyon, asin mga reputadong paraataman sa online.

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    <title>Holocentrus</title>
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      <comment>Pinagmukna an pahina kaining &quot;{{Automatic taxobox  | image = Fish3120.jpg | image_caption = Squirrelfish ''(H. adscensionis)'' | image2 = Holocentrus rufus.jpg | image2_caption = Longspine Squirrelfish ''(H. rufus)'' | taxon = Holocentrus | authority = [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1777 }}  An '''''Holocentrus''''' sarong genus nin mga [[Holocentridae|sirang iskwirel]] na manunumpungan sa [[Kadagatang Atlantiko]].  ==Mga species== Igwa ngonyan nin duwang midbid na species sa genus...&quot;</comment>
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| image = Fish3120.jpg
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| image2 = Holocentrus rufus.jpg
| image2_caption = Longspine Squirrelfish ''(H. rufus)''
| taxon = Holocentrus
| authority = [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1777
}}

An '''''Holocentrus''''' sarong genus nin mga [[Holocentridae|sirang iskwirel]] na manunumpungan sa [[Kadagatang Atlantiko]].

==Mga species==
Igwa ngonyan nin duwang midbid na species sa genus na ini:&lt;ref&gt;{{FishBase genus | genus = Holocentrus| month = October | year = 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Holocentrus adscensionis]]'' &lt;small&gt;([[Pehr Osbeck|Osbeck]], 1765)&lt;/small&gt; (Squirrelfish)
* ''[[Holocentrus rufus]]'' &lt;small&gt;([[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792)&lt;/small&gt; (Longspine squirrelfish)

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&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=López Miranda|first1=José Luis|last2=Celis|first2=Lourdes B.|last3=Estévez|first3=Miriam|last4=Chávez|first4=Valeria|last5=van Tussenbroek|first5=Brigitta I.|last6=Uribe-Martínez|first6=Abigail|last7=Cuevas|first7=Eduardo|last8=Rosillo Pantoja|first8=Izarelly|last9=Masia|first9=Luis|last10=Cauich-Kantun|first10=Citlali|last11=Silva|first11=Rodolfo|title=Commercial Potential of Pelagic Sargassum spp. in Mexico|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|volume=8|date=2021-11-12|issn=2296-7745|doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.768470|doi-access=free}} {{symbol|CC-BY icon.svg|50}} Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|date=October 16, 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Ladawan:North_Atlantic_Gyre.png|thumb|260x260px|The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the [[Gulf Stream]] on the west, the [[North Atlantic Current]] on the north, the [[Canary Current]] on the east, and the [[North Equatorial Current]] on the south.]]
The '''Sargasso Sea''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ɑr|ˈ|g|æ|s|oʊ}}) is a region of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] bounded by four [[Ocean current|currents]] forming an [[ocean gyre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0198606877|title=Encyclopedia of the Oceans|author1=Stow, Dorrik A.V.|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198606871|page=90|access-date=27 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the only named [[sea]] without land boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JkKOFIj5pgC&amp;pg=PA47|title=Introduction to Marine Biology|author=Karleskint, George|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2009|isbn=978-0495561972|location=Boston|page=47|access-date=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 March 2014|title=What's the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea?|work=Ocean Facts|via=OceanService.NOAA.gov|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanorsea.html|access-date=7 January 2017|location=Silver Spring MD|publisher=National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is the Sargasso Sea?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sargassosea.html#:~:text=The%20Sargasso%20Sea%2C%20located%20entirely,%2C%20birds%2C%20and%20marine%20mammals}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its characteristic brown ''[[Sargassum]]'' seaweed and  calm blue waters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot; /&gt;

The sea is bounded on the west by the [[Gulf Stream]], on the north by the [[North Atlantic Current]], on the east by the [[Canary Current]], and on the south by the [[North Equatorial Current|North Atlantic Equatorial Current]], the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the [[North Atlantic Gyre]]. It lies between 20° and 35° north and 40° and 70° west and is approximately {{convert|1100|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=50}} wide by {{convert|3200|km|nmi|abbr=on|round=50}} long. [[Bermuda]] is near the western fringes of the sea. While all of the above currents deposit marine plants and refuse into the sea, ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity, with underwater visibility of up to {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sargasso Sea|encyclopedia=World Book|volume=15|publisher=&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Field Enterprises Educational Corporation]]|series=</text>
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&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=López Miranda|first1=José Luis|last2=Celis|first2=Lourdes B.|last3=Estévez|first3=Miriam|last4=Chávez|first4=Valeria|last5=van Tussenbroek|first5=Brigitta I.|last6=Uribe-Martínez|first6=Abigail|last7=Cuevas|first7=Eduardo|last8=Rosillo Pantoja|first8=Izarelly|last9=Masia|first9=Luis|last10=Cauich-Kantun|first10=Citlali|last11=Silva|first11=Rodolfo|title=Commercial Potential of Pelagic Sargassum spp. in Mexico|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|volume=8|date=2021-11-12|issn=2296-7745|doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.768470|doi-access=free}} {{symbol|CC-BY icon.svg|50}} Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|date=October 16, 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Ladawan:North_Atlantic_Gyre.png|thumb|260x260px|The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the [[Gulf Stream]] on the west, the [[North Atlantic Current]] on the north, the [[Canary Current]] on the east, and the [[North Equatorial Current]] on the south.]]
The '''Sargasso Sea''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ɑr|ˈ|g|æ|s|oʊ}}) is a region of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] bounded by four [[Ocean current|currents]] forming an [[ocean gyre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0198606877|title=Encyclopedia of the Oceans|author1=Stow, Dorrik A.V.|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198606871|page=90|access-date=27 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the only named [[sea]] without land boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JkKOFIj5pgC&amp;pg=PA47|title=Introduction to Marine Biology|author=Karleskint, George|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2009|isbn=978-0495561972|location=Boston|page=47|access-date=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 March 2014|title=What's the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea?|work=Ocean Facts|via=OceanService.NOAA.gov|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanorsea.html|access-date=7 January 2017|location=Silver Spring MD|publisher=National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is the Sargasso Sea?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sargassosea.html#:~:text=The%20Sargasso%20Sea%2C%20located%20entirely,%2C%20birds%2C%20and%20marine%20mammals}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its characteristic brown ''[[Sargassum]]'' seaweed and  calm blue waters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot; /&gt;

The sea is bounded on the west by the [[Gulf Stream]], on the north by the [[North Atlantic Current]], on the east by the [[Canary Current]], and on the south by the [[North Equatorial Current|North Atlantic Equatorial Current]], the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the [[North Atlantic Gyre]]. It lies between 20° and 35° north and 40° and 70° west and is approximately {{convert|1100|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=50}} wide by {{convert|3200|km|nmi|abbr=on|round=50}} long. [[Bermuda]] is near the western fringes of the sea. While all of the above currents deposit marine plants and refuse into the sea, ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity, with underwater visibility of up to {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sargasso Sea|encyclopedia=World Book|volume=15|publisher=&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Field Enterprises Educational Corporation]]|series=1958}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=López Miranda|first1=José Luis|last2=Celis|first2=Lourdes B.|last3=Estévez|first3=Miriam|last4=Chávez|first4=Valeria|last5=van Tussenbroek|first5=Brigitta I.|last6=Uribe-Martínez|first6=Abigail|last7=Cuevas|first7=Eduardo|last8=Rosillo Pantoja|first8=Izarelly|last9=Masia|first9=Luis|last10=Cauich-Kantun|first10=Citlali|last11=Silva|first11=Rodolfo|title=Commercial Potential of Pelagic Sargassum spp. in Mexico|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|volume=8|date=2021-11-12|issn=2296-7745|doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.768470|doi-access=free}} {{symbol|CC-BY icon.svg|50}} Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|date=October 16, 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Ladawan:North_Atlantic_Gyre.png|thumb|260x260px|The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the [[Gulf Stream]] on the west, the [[North Atlantic Current]] on the north, the [[Canary Current]] on the east, and the [[North Equatorial Current]] on the south.]]
An '''Dagat Sargasso''' iyo an sarong rehiyon kan [[Kadagatan Atlantiko]] napapalibotan kan apat na [[Ocean current|currents]] na minabilog nin [[ocean gyre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0198606877|title=Encyclopedia of the Oceans|author1=Stow, Dorrik A.V.|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198606871|page=90|access-date=27 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo iyan an solamenteng [[dagat]] na mayong kasagkoran sa daga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JkKOFIj5pgC&amp;pg=PA47|title=Introduction to Marine Biology|author=Karleskint, George|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2009|isbn=978-0495561972|location=Boston|page=47|access-date=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 March 2014|title=What's the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea?|work=Ocean Facts|via=OceanService.NOAA.gov|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanorsea.html|access-date=7 January 2017|location=Silver Spring MD|publisher=National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is the Sargasso Sea?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sargassosea.html#:~:text=The%20Sargasso%20Sea%2C%20located%20entirely,%2C%20birds%2C%20and%20marine%20mammals}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its characteristic brown ''[[Sargassum]]'' seaweed and  calm blue waters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot; /&gt;

The sea is bounded on the west by the [[Gulf Stream]], on the north by the [[North Atlantic Current]], on the east by the [[Canary Current]], and on the south by the [[North Equatorial Current|North Atlantic Equatorial Current]], the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the [[North Atlantic Gyre]]. It lies between 20° and 35° north and 40° and 70° west and is approximately {{convert|1100|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=50}} wide by {{convert|3200|km|nmi|abbr=on|round=50}} long. [[Bermuda]] is near the western fringes of the sea. While all of the above currents deposit marine plants and refuse into the sea, ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity, with underwater visibility of up to {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sargasso Sea|encyclopedia=World Book|volume=15|publisher=&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Field Enterprises Educational Corporation]]|series=1958}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=López Miranda|first1=José Luis|last2=Celis|first2=Lourdes B.|last3=Estévez|first3=Miriam|last4=Chávez|first4=Valeria|last5=van Tussenbroek|first5=Brigitta I.|last6=Uribe-Martínez|first6=Abigail|last7=Cuevas|first7=Eduardo|last8=Rosillo Pantoja|first8=Izarelly|last9=Masia|first9=Luis|last10=Cauich-Kantun|first10=Citlali|last11=Silva|first11=Rodolfo|title=Commercial Potential of Pelagic Sargassum spp. in Mexico|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|volume=8|date=2021-11-12|issn=2296-7745|doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.768470|doi-access=free}} {{symbol|CC-BY icon.svg|50}} Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|date=October 16, 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Ladawan:North_Atlantic_Gyre.png|thumb|260x260px|The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the [[Gulf Stream]] on the west, the [[North Atlantic Current]] on the north, the [[Canary Current]] on the east, and the [[North Equatorial Current]] on the south.]]
An '''Dagat Sargasso''' iyo an sarong rehiyon kan [[Kadagatan Atlantiko]] napapalibotan kan apat na [[Ocean current|currents]] na minabilog nin [[ocean gyre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0198606877|title=Encyclopedia of the Oceans|author1=Stow, Dorrik A.V.|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198606871|page=90|access-date=27 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo iyan an solamenteng [[dagat]] na mayong kasagkoran sa daga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JkKOFIj5pgC&amp;pg=PA47|title=Introduction to Marine Biology|author=Karleskint, George|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2009|isbn=978-0495561972|location=Boston|page=47|access-date=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 March 2014|title=What's the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea?|work=Ocean Facts|via=OceanService.NOAA.gov|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanorsea.html|access-date=7 January 2017|location=Silver Spring MD|publisher=National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is the Sargasso Sea?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sargassosea.html#:~:text=The%20Sargasso%20Sea%2C%20located%20entirely,%2C%20birds%2C%20and%20marine%20mammals}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its characteristic brown ''[[Sargassum]]'' seaweed and  calm blue waters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot; /&gt;

The sea is bounded on the west by the [[Gulf Stream]], on the north by the [[North Atlantic Current]], on the east by the [[Canary Current]], and on the south by the [[North Equatorial Current|North Atlantic Equatorial Current]], the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the [[North Atlantic Gyre]]. It lies between 20° and 35° north and 40° and 70° west and is approximately {{convert|1100|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=50}} wide by {{convert|3200|km|nmi|abbr=on|round=50}} long. An [[Bermuda]] harani sa solnopan na fringes kan dagat. Mantang an gabos na naunambitan nang mga currents minadeposito nin mga pandagat na mga tinanom asin mga tada-tada pasiring sa dagat, an tubig kan kadagatan sa Dagat Sargasso daing-siring huli sa saiyang hararom na kolor na asul asin daing-siring na pagigin malinaw na marhay, na an bisibilidad sa irarom kan tubig nin {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sargasso Sea|encyclopedia=World Book|volume=15|publisher=[[Field Enterprises Educational Corporation]]|series=1958}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=López Miranda|first1=José Luis|last2=Celis|first2=Lourdes B.|last3=Estévez|first3=Miriam|last4=Chávez|first4=Valeria|last5=van Tussenbroek|first5=Brigitta I.|last6=Uribe-Martínez|first6=Abigail|last7=Cuevas|first7=Eduardo|last8=Rosillo Pantoja|first8=Izarelly|last9=Masia|first9=Luis|last10=Cauich-Kantun|first10=Citlali|last11=Silva|first11=Rodolfo|title=Commercial Potential of Pelagic Sargassum spp. in Mexico|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|volume=8|date=2021-11-12|issn=2296-7745|doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.768470|doi-access=free}} {{symbol|CC-BY icon.svg|50}} Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|date=October 16, 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Ladawan:North_Atlantic_Gyre.png|thumb|260x260px|The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the [[Gulf Stream]] on the west, the [[North Atlantic Current]] on the north, the [[Canary Current]] on the east, and the [[North Equatorial Current]] on the south.]]
An '''Dagat Sargasso''' iyo an sarong rehiyon kan [[Kadagatan Atlantiko]] napapalibotan kan apat na [[Ocean current|currents]] na minabilog nin [[ocean gyre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0198606877|title=Encyclopedia of the Oceans|author1=Stow, Dorrik A.V.|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198606871|page=90|access-date=27 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo iyan an solamenteng [[dagat]] na mayong kasagkoran sa daga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JkKOFIj5pgC&amp;pg=PA47|title=Introduction to Marine Biology|author=Karleskint, George|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2009|isbn=978-0495561972|location=Boston|page=47|access-date=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 March 2014|title=What's the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea?|work=Ocean Facts|via=OceanService.NOAA.gov|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanorsea.html|access-date=7 January 2017|location=Silver Spring MD|publisher=National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is the Sargasso Sea?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sargassosea.html#:~:text=The%20Sargasso%20Sea%2C%20located%20entirely,%2C%20birds%2C%20and%20marine%20mammals}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namimidbidan iyan na laen sa iba pang kabtang kan Kadagatan Atlantiko huli sa saiyang karakteristikong kayumanggihon na ''[[Sargassum]]'', sarong duot sa dagat asin kalmadong asul na katubigan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot; /&gt;

The sea is bounded on the west by the [[Gulf Stream]], on the north by the [[North Atlantic Current]], on the east by the [[Canary Current]], and on the south by the [[North Equatorial Current|North Atlantic Equatorial Current]], the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the [[North Atlantic Gyre]]. It lies between 20° and 35° north and 40° and 70° west and is approximately {{convert|1100|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=50}} wide by {{convert|3200|km|nmi|abbr=on|round=50}} long. An [[Bermuda]] harani sa solnopan na fringes kan dagat. Mantang an gabos na naunambitan nang mga currents minadeposito nin mga pandagat na mga tinanom asin mga tada-tada pasiring sa dagat, an tubig kan kadagatan sa Dagat Sargasso daing-siring huli sa saiyang hararom na kolor na asul asin daing-siring na pagigin malinaw na marhay, na an bisibilidad sa irarom kan tubig nin {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sargasso Sea|encyclopedia=World Book|volume=15|publisher=[[Field Enterprises Educational Corporation]]|series=1958}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="4012" sha1="ife0195mxz1buaue2p7g5wg07zlqzfa" xml:space="preserve">[[Ladawan:Sargasso_2.svg|thumb|{{legend|#ff8025|The [[Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt]]}} {{legend|#65bf8b|Sargasso Sea}}{{legend-line|#63afd5 solid 5px|major currents in the North Atlantic}}

&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=López Miranda|first1=José Luis|last2=Celis|first2=Lourdes B.|last3=Estévez|first3=Miriam|last4=Chávez|first4=Valeria|last5=van Tussenbroek|first5=Brigitta I.|last6=Uribe-Martínez|first6=Abigail|last7=Cuevas|first7=Eduardo|last8=Rosillo Pantoja|first8=Izarelly|last9=Masia|first9=Luis|last10=Cauich-Kantun|first10=Citlali|last11=Silva|first11=Rodolfo|title=Commercial Potential of Pelagic Sargassum spp. in Mexico|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|volume=8|date=2021-11-12|issn=2296-7745|doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.768470|doi-access=free}} {{symbol|CC-BY icon.svg|50}} Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|date=October 16, 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Ladawan:North_Atlantic_Gyre.png|thumb|260x260px|The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the [[Gulf Stream]] on the west, the [[North Atlantic Current]] on the north, the [[Canary Current]] on the east, and the [[North Equatorial Current]] on the south.]]
An '''Dagat Sargasso''' iyo an sarong rehiyon kan [[Kadagatan Atlantiko]] napapalibotan kan apat na [[Ocean current|currents]] na minabilog nin [[ocean gyre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0198606877|title=Encyclopedia of the Oceans|author1=Stow, Dorrik A.V.|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198606871|page=90|access-date=27 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo iyan an solamenteng [[dagat]] na mayong kasagkoran sa daga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JkKOFIj5pgC&amp;pg=PA47|title=Introduction to Marine Biology|author=Karleskint, George|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2009|isbn=978-0495561972|location=Boston|page=47|access-date=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 March 2014|title=What's the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea?|work=Ocean Facts|via=OceanService.NOAA.gov|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanorsea.html|access-date=7 January 2017|location=Silver Spring MD|publisher=National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is the Sargasso Sea?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sargassosea.html#:~:text=The%20Sargasso%20Sea%2C%20located%20entirely,%2C%20birds%2C%20and%20marine%20mammals}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namimidbidan iyan na laen sa iba pang kabtang kan Kadagatan Atlantiko huli sa saiyang karakteristikong kayumanggihon na ''[[Sargassum]]'', sarong duot sa dagat asin kalmadong asul na katubigan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot; /&gt;

Napapalibotan an dagat sa solnopan kan [[Gulf Stream]], sa amihanan kan [[North Atlantic Current]], sa subangan kan [[Canary Current]], asin sa habagatan kan [[North Equatorial Current|North Atlantic Equatorial Current]], an apat sinda minabilog nin sarong clockwise-circulating system kan ocean currents na tinawan nin apod na [[North Atlantic Gyre]]. Namumugtak iyan sa pag-ultanan kan 20° asin 35° amihanan asin 40° asin 70° solnopan asin iyan haros {{convert|1100|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=50}} wide by {{convert|3200|km|nmi|abbr=on|round=50}} an laba. An [[Bermuda]] harani sa solnopan na fringes kan dagat. Mantang an gabos na naunambitan nang mga currents minadeposito nin mga pandagat na mga tinanom asin mga tada-tada pasiring sa dagat, an tubig kan kadagatan sa Dagat Sargasso daing-siring huli sa saiyang hararom na kolor na asul asin daing-siring na pagigin malinaw na marhay, na an bisibilidad sa irarom kan tubig nin {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sargasso Sea|encyclopedia=World Book|volume=15|publisher=[[Field Enterprises Educational Corporation]]|series=1958}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="4021" sha1="52ij6sayleuj3tslsdvh6dv847w9p0f" xml:space="preserve">[[Ladawan:Sargasso_2.svg|thumb|{{legend|#ff8025|An [[Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt]]}} {{legend|#65bf8b|Sargasso Sea}}{{legend-line|#63afd5 solid 5px|mayor na currents sa Amihanan na Atlantiko}}

&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=López Miranda|first1=José Luis|last2=Celis|first2=Lourdes B.|last3=Estévez|first3=Miriam|last4=Chávez|first4=Valeria|last5=van Tussenbroek|first5=Brigitta I.|last6=Uribe-Martínez|first6=Abigail|last7=Cuevas|first7=Eduardo|last8=Rosillo Pantoja|first8=Izarelly|last9=Masia|first9=Luis|last10=Cauich-Kantun|first10=Citlali|last11=Silva|first11=Rodolfo|title=Commercial Potential of Pelagic Sargassum spp. in Mexico|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|volume=8|date=2021-11-12|issn=2296-7745|doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.768470|doi-access=free}} {{symbol|CC-BY icon.svg|50}} Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|date=October 16, 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Ladawan:North_Atlantic_Gyre.png|thumb|260x260px|An Dagat Sargasso sa Amihanan na Atlantiko napapalibotan kan [[Gulf Stream]] sa solnopan, kan [[North Atlantic Current]] sa amihanan, kan [[Canary Current]] sa subangan, asin kan [[North Equatorial Current]] sa habagatan.]]
An '''Dagat Sargasso''' iyo an sarong rehiyon kan [[Kadagatan Atlantiko]] napapalibotan kan apat na [[Ocean current|currents]] na minabilog nin [[ocean gyre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0198606877|title=Encyclopedia of the Oceans|author1=Stow, Dorrik A.V.|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198606871|page=90|access-date=27 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo iyan an solamenteng [[dagat]] na mayong kasagkoran sa daga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JkKOFIj5pgC&amp;pg=PA47|title=Introduction to Marine Biology|author=Karleskint, George|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2009|isbn=978-0495561972|location=Boston|page=47|access-date=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 March 2014|title=What's the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea?|work=Ocean Facts|via=OceanService.NOAA.gov|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanorsea.html|access-date=7 January 2017|location=Silver Spring MD|publisher=National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is the Sargasso Sea?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sargassosea.html#:~:text=The%20Sargasso%20Sea%2C%20located%20entirely,%2C%20birds%2C%20and%20marine%20mammals}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namimidbidan iyan na laen sa iba pang kabtang kan Kadagatan Atlantiko huli sa saiyang karakteristikong kayumanggihon na ''[[Sargassum]]'', sarong duot sa dagat asin kalmadong asul na katubigan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stow&quot; /&gt;

Napapalibotan an dagat sa solnopan kan [[Gulf Stream]], sa amihanan kan [[North Atlantic Current]], sa subangan kan [[Canary Current]], asin sa habagatan kan [[North Equatorial Current|North Atlantic Equatorial Current]], an apat sinda minabilog nin sarong clockwise-circulating system kan ocean currents na tinawan nin apod na [[North Atlantic Gyre]]. Namumugtak iyan sa pag-ultanan kan 20° asin 35° amihanan asin 40° asin 70° solnopan asin iyan haros {{convert|1100|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=50}} wide by {{convert|3200|km|nmi|abbr=on|round=50}} an laba. An [[Bermuda]] harani sa solnopan na fringes kan dagat. Mantang an gabos na naunambitan nang mga currents minadeposito nin mga pandagat na mga tinanom asin mga tada-tada pasiring sa dagat, an tubig kan kadagatan sa Dagat Sargasso daing-siring huli sa saiyang hararom na kolor na asul asin daing-siring na pagigin malinaw na marhay, na an bisibilidad sa irarom kan tubig nin {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sargasso Sea|encyclopedia=World Book|volume=15|publisher=[[Field Enterprises Educational Corporation]]|series=1958}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357300677|Bird-and-flower painting]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1902" sha1="p75kulxy4s9y9fm0nw7ezh4vils4f5n" xml:space="preserve">'''Bird-and-flower painting''', called '''{{Transliteration|zh|Huaniaohua}}''' ({{Lang-zh|c=花鳥畫|p=huāniǎohuà|s=|t=}}) in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], is a kind of [[Chinese painting]] with a long tradition in [[China]] and is considered one of the treasures of [[Chinese culture]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nature's Song: Chinese Bird and Flower Paintings|url=https://museum.wales/cardiff/whatson/9245/Natures-Song-Traditional-Chinese-Bird-and-Flower-Paintings-/|access-date=2022-08-04|website=Museum Wales|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804231344/https://museum.wales/cardiff/whatson/9245/Natures-Song-Traditional-Chinese-Bird-and-Flower-Paintings-/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{Transliteration|zh|huaniaohua}} was named after its subject matter. It originated in the [[Tang dynasty]] where it gained popularity, matured by the end of that period and during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Flower-and-Bird Paintings|url=http://en.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2004-02/18/content_46038.htm|access-date=2022-08-04|website=en.chinaculture.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; and fully reached its peak during the [[Song dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Contemplating Nature: Chinese and Korean Bird-and-Flower Paintings|url=https://eaa.fas.harvard.edu/contemplating-nature-chinese-and-korean-bird-and-flower-paintings|access-date=2022-08-04|website=eaa.fas.harvard.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most {{Transliteration|zh|huaniaohua}} paintings belong to the scholar-artist style of Chinese painting. In the coming centuries, the genre gained popularity and spread throughout the [[East Asian cultural sphere]]. It also had an influence on [[Iran|Iranian]] painting in the ''{{ill|golomorgh|fa|گل_و_مرغ}}'' genre of illustration for book covers and [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminated manuscripts]].</text>
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      <text bytes="1966" sha1="e1ftvsepu7nvu4es4aeb5ke3o2xg509" xml:space="preserve">An '''Bird-and-flower painting''', pig-aapod na '''{{Transliteration|zh|Huaniaohua}}''' ({{Lang-zh|c=花鳥畫|p=huāniǎohuà|s=|t=}}) sa [[Chinese language|Chinese]], iyo an sarong klase nin [[Chinese painting]] na igwang halawig na tradisyon sa [[China]] asin konsiderado na saro sa kayamanan kan [[Chinese culture]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nature's Song: Chinese Bird and Flower Paintings|url=https://museum.wales/cardiff/whatson/9245/Natures-Song-Traditional-Chinese-Bird-and-Flower-Paintings-/|access-date=2022-08-04|website=Museum Wales|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804231344/https://museum.wales/cardiff/whatson/9245/Natures-Song-Traditional-Chinese-Bird-and-Flower-Paintings-/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{Transliteration|zh|huaniaohua}} was named after its subject matter. It originated in the [[Tang dynasty]] where it gained popularity, matured by the end of that period and during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Flower-and-Bird Paintings|url=http://en.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2004-02/18/content_46038.htm|access-date=2022-08-04|website=en.chinaculture.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; and fully reached its peak during the [[Song dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Contemplating Nature: Chinese and Korean Bird-and-Flower Paintings|url=https://eaa.fas.harvard.edu/contemplating-nature-chinese-and-korean-bird-and-flower-paintings|access-date=2022-08-04|website=eaa.fas.harvard.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most {{Transliteration|zh|huaniaohua}} paintings belong to the scholar-artist style of Chinese painting. In the coming centuries, the genre gained popularity and spread throughout the [[East Asian cultural sphere]]. It also had an influence on [[Iran|Iranian]] painting in the ''{{ill|golomorgh|fa|گل_و_مرغ}}'' genre of illustration for book covers and [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminated manuscripts]].

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      <text bytes="2072" sha1="hf86b5dvcvkrprenyw9t53hgsge1vrc" xml:space="preserve">An '''bird-and-flower painting''', pig-aapod na '''{{Transliteration|zh|Huaniaohua}}''' ({{Lang-zh|c=花鳥畫|p=huāniǎohuà|s=|t=}}) sa [[Chinese language|Chinese]], iyo an sarong klase nin [[Chinese painting]] na igwang halawig na tradisyon sa [[China]] asin konsiderado na saro sa kayamanan kan [[Chinese culture]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nature's Song: Chinese Bird and Flower Paintings|url=https://museum.wales/cardiff/whatson/9245/Natures-Song-Traditional-Chinese-Bird-and-Flower-Paintings-/|access-date=2022-08-04|website=Museum Wales|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804231344/https://museum.wales/cardiff/whatson/9245/Natures-Song-Traditional-Chinese-Bird-and-Flower-Paintings-/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An {{Transliteration|zh|huaniaohua}} ipinangaran sa saiyang subject matter. Guminikan iyan sa [[Dinastiyang Tang]] kun saen iyan nagganar nin kabantogan, uminabot sa trayumpo sa katapusan asin durante kan peryodo kan [[Peryodo kan Limang Dinastiya asin Sampulong Kahadean]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Flower-and-Bird Paintings|url=http://en.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2004-02/18/content_46038.htm|access-date=2022-08-04|website=en.chinaculture.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin urog na naabot an saiyang kabantogan durante kan [[Dinastiyang Song]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Contemplating Nature: Chinese and Korean Bird-and-Flower Paintings|url=https://eaa.fas.harvard.edu/contemplating-nature-chinese-and-korean-bird-and-flower-paintings|access-date=2022-08-04|website=eaa.fas.harvard.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kadaklan kan mga pintang {{Transliteration|zh|huaniaohua}} kaapil sa istilong scholar-artist kan pintang Chinese. Sa mga suminunod na mga siglo, an genre nagganar nin popularidad asin luminakop sa bilog na [[East Asian cultural sphere]]. Nagkaigwa man iyan nin impluwensya sa pintang [[Iran|Iranian]] sa ''{{ill|golomorgh|fa|گل_و_مرغ}}'' genre nin ilustrasyon para sa mga takop nin libro asín [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminated manuscripts]].

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