Wikipedia bclwiki https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panginot_na_Pahina MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Medio Espesyal Olay Paragamit Olay kan paragamit Wikipedia Olay sa Wikipedia Ladawan Olay sa ladawan MediaWiki Olay sa MediaWiki Plantilya Olay sa plantilya Tabang Olay sa tabang Kategorya Olay sa kategorya TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 162 309832 306442 2026-08-24T06:04:27Z Saksi Radyo 1566 32664 /* Mga istasyon nin FM */ 309832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lokasyon}} :''Para sa probinsya kan Sorsogon, hilingon an [[Sorsogon]].'' An '''Siyudad nin Sorsogon''' sarong ikalimang klaseng siyudad sa [[Provincia kan Filipinas|probinsya]] kan [[Sorsogon]] sa [[Filipinas|Pilipinas]]. Ini an [[kapitolyo]] kan probinsya. Nagin siyudad an Sorsogon kan pigsaro an mga banwaan nin Sorsogon asin Bacon, Sorsogon. Ini an ikatolong pinakámatawong siyudad sa [[Rehiyon Bikol|Kabikolan]]. An designadong zip code kaini iyo {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. [[Ladawan:Sorsogon Sports Complex (May 18, 2021 Under Construction).jpg|thumb|272x272px|An magigin Sorsogon Sports Complex]] Susog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. ==Mga Barangay== [[File:Simbahan Sorsogon.jpg|thumb|right|335x335px|Simbahan Katoliko]] Igwang 64 na mga barangay sa Sorsogon, 36 na barangay sa dating banwaan nin Sorsogon: {{columns-list|colwidth=10em| * Abuyog * Almendras-Cogon (Poblacion) * Balogo * Barayong * Basud * Bibincahan * Bitan-o/Dalipay (Poblacion) * Bucalbucalan * Buenavista * Buhatan * Bulabog * Burabod (Poblacion) * Cabid-An * Cambulaga * Capuy * Gimaloto * Guinlajon * Macabog * Marinas * Pamurayan * Pangpang * Panlayaan * Peñafrancia * Piot (Pob.) * Polvorista (Poblacion) * Rizal * Salog (Poblacion) * Salvacion * Sampaloc (Poblacion) * San Isidro * San Juan (Roro) * Sirangan (Poblacion) * Sulucan (Poblacion) * Talisay (Poblacion) * Ticol * Tugos }} asin 28 na barangay sa dating munisipyo nin Bacon: {{columns-list|colwidth=10em| * Balete * Bato * Bon-Ot * Bogña * Buenavista * Cabarbuhan * Caricaran * Del Rosario * Gatbo * Jamislagan * Maricrum * Osiao * Poblacion * Rawis * Salvacion * San Isidro * San Juan * San Pascual * San Ramon * San Roque * San Vicente * Santa Cruz * Santa Lucia * Santo Domingo * Santo Niño * Sawanga * Sugod }} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} {{Philippine Census | align= none | title= Sensus nin Populasyon kan Bacon <br> (1903-2000) | 1903 = 14536 | 1918 = 14733 | 1939 = 18351 | 1948 = 22859 | 1960 = 21723 | 1970 = 27957 | 1975 = 28546 | 1980 = 31965 | 1990 = 32810 | 1995 = 38603 | 2000 = 42166 | footnote = Toltolan: [[:en:Philippine Statistics Authority|Philippine Statistics Authority]]{{PH census|2015}}{{PH census|2010}}{{PH census|2007}}{{LWUA population data}} }} {{Philippine Census | align= none | title= Sensus nin Populasyon kan Sorsogon (1903-2000) | 1903 = 13511 | 1918 = 16694 | 1939 = 22097 | 1948 = 26004 | 1960 = 35542 | 1970 = 47734 | 1975 = 53700 | 1980 = 60574 | 1990 = 72871 | 1995 = 83012 | 2000 = 92512 | footnote = Toltolan: [[:en:Philippine Statistics Authority|Philippine Statistics Authority]]{{PH census|2015}}{{PH census|2010}}{{PH census|2007}}{{LWUA population data}} }} == Ekonomiya == === Mga shopping mall === *SM City Sorsogon (TBA) *Town Center Sorsogon City (TBA) === Mga fast food restaurant === *Jollibee *KFC *Kenny Rogers Roasters *Pizza Hut == Mga Medya == === Mga Radyo === ==== Mga istasyon nin AM ==== * Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./Chingacalbar Community Broadcasting Systems, Inc. (PA 585) * Horizon Broadcasting Center DWHO-AM (Formerly DWFA) 801 * Radio Mindanao Network DZRS 1179 * GMA Network, Inc. DWNT-AM 1251 * Manila Broadcasting Company DZZH 1287 * Unibersidad Estatal kan Sorsogon DZGD 1593 ==== Mga istasyon nin FM ==== * Passalingaya Media Network DWPY 88.1 * PBN Broadcasting Network DWJX 89.5 * iTransmission Inc. (PA) 90.3 * Our Lady's Foundation DWPS 91.1 * Manila Broadcasting Company DWSG 91.9 * Radio Sorsogon Network (TBA) 99.3 * Allied Broadcasting Center DWAW 99.9 * Brigada Mass Media Corporation DWLH 101.5 * Good News Sorsogon Foundation DZGN 102.3 * Audiovisual Communicators, Inc. DZOS 103.9 * Sorsogon Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office DWDR 105.5 ==== Mga istasyon nin Telebisyon === *DWHM-TV ALLTV 7 (Advanced Media Broadcasting System) == Toltolan == {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System] {{Navbox Sorsogon}} {{saringsing}} [[Kategorya:Mga syudad kan Filipinas]] rqaepsw4lhwrq7tfp4qjlmh4mbcwfac 309833 309832 2026-08-24T06:08:55Z Saksi Radyo 1566 32664 /* = Mga istasyon nin Telebisyon */ 309833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lokasyon}} :''Para sa probinsya kan Sorsogon, hilingon an [[Sorsogon]].'' An '''Siyudad nin Sorsogon''' sarong ikalimang klaseng siyudad sa [[Provincia kan Filipinas|probinsya]] kan [[Sorsogon]] sa [[Filipinas|Pilipinas]]. Ini an [[kapitolyo]] kan probinsya. Nagin siyudad an Sorsogon kan pigsaro an mga banwaan nin Sorsogon asin Bacon, Sorsogon. Ini an ikatolong pinakámatawong siyudad sa [[Rehiyon Bikol|Kabikolan]]. An designadong zip code kaini iyo {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. [[Ladawan:Sorsogon Sports Complex (May 18, 2021 Under Construction).jpg|thumb|272x272px|An magigin Sorsogon Sports Complex]] Susog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. ==Mga Barangay== [[File:Simbahan Sorsogon.jpg|thumb|right|335x335px|Simbahan Katoliko]] Igwang 64 na mga barangay sa Sorsogon, 36 na barangay sa dating banwaan nin Sorsogon: {{columns-list|colwidth=10em| * Abuyog * Almendras-Cogon (Poblacion) * Balogo * Barayong * Basud * Bibincahan * Bitan-o/Dalipay (Poblacion) * Bucalbucalan * Buenavista * Buhatan * Bulabog * Burabod (Poblacion) * Cabid-An * Cambulaga * Capuy * Gimaloto * Guinlajon * Macabog * Marinas * Pamurayan * Pangpang * Panlayaan * Peñafrancia * Piot (Pob.) * Polvorista (Poblacion) * Rizal * Salog (Poblacion) * Salvacion * Sampaloc (Poblacion) * San Isidro * San Juan (Roro) * Sirangan (Poblacion) * Sulucan (Poblacion) * Talisay (Poblacion) * Ticol * Tugos }} asin 28 na barangay sa dating munisipyo nin Bacon: {{columns-list|colwidth=10em| * Balete * Bato * Bon-Ot * Bogña * Buenavista * Cabarbuhan * Caricaran * Del Rosario * Gatbo * Jamislagan * Maricrum * Osiao * Poblacion * Rawis * Salvacion * San Isidro * San Juan * San Pascual * San Ramon * San Roque * San Vicente * Santa Cruz * Santa Lucia * Santo Domingo * Santo Niño * Sawanga * Sugod }} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} {{Philippine Census | align= none | title= Sensus nin Populasyon kan Bacon <br> (1903-2000) | 1903 = 14536 | 1918 = 14733 | 1939 = 18351 | 1948 = 22859 | 1960 = 21723 | 1970 = 27957 | 1975 = 28546 | 1980 = 31965 | 1990 = 32810 | 1995 = 38603 | 2000 = 42166 | footnote = Toltolan: [[:en:Philippine Statistics Authority|Philippine Statistics Authority]]{{PH census|2015}}{{PH census|2010}}{{PH census|2007}}{{LWUA population data}} }} {{Philippine Census | align= none | title= Sensus nin Populasyon kan Sorsogon (1903-2000) | 1903 = 13511 | 1918 = 16694 | 1939 = 22097 | 1948 = 26004 | 1960 = 35542 | 1970 = 47734 | 1975 = 53700 | 1980 = 60574 | 1990 = 72871 | 1995 = 83012 | 2000 = 92512 | footnote = Toltolan: [[:en:Philippine Statistics Authority|Philippine Statistics Authority]]{{PH census|2015}}{{PH census|2010}}{{PH census|2007}}{{LWUA population data}} }} == Ekonomiya == === Mga shopping mall === *SM City Sorsogon (TBA) *Town Center Sorsogon City (TBA) === Mga fast food restaurant === *Jollibee *KFC *Kenny Rogers Roasters *Pizza Hut == Mga Medya == === Mga Radyo === ==== Mga istasyon nin AM ==== * Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./Chingacalbar Community Broadcasting Systems, Inc. (PA 585) * Horizon Broadcasting Center DWHO-AM (Formerly DWFA) 801 * Radio Mindanao Network DZRS 1179 * GMA Network, Inc. DWNT-AM 1251 * Manila Broadcasting Company DZZH 1287 * Unibersidad Estatal kan Sorsogon DZGD 1593 ==== Mga istasyon nin FM ==== * Passalingaya Media Network DWPY 88.1 * PBN Broadcasting Network DWJX 89.5 * iTransmission Inc. (PA) 90.3 * Our Lady's Foundation DWPS 91.1 * Manila Broadcasting Company DWSG 91.9 * Radio Sorsogon Network (TBA) 99.3 * Allied Broadcasting Center DWAW 99.9 * Brigada Mass Media Corporation DWLH 101.5 * Good News Sorsogon Foundation DZGN 102.3 * Audiovisual Communicators, Inc. DZOS 103.9 * Sorsogon Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office DWDR 105.5 ==== Mga istasyon nin Telebisyon ==== *DWHM-TV ALLTV 7 (Advanced Media Broadcasting System) == Toltolan == {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System] {{Navbox Sorsogon}} {{saringsing}} [[Kategorya:Mga syudad kan Filipinas]] kb5i85tdzh1eu3zd1xbaeyf7nh6km52 309834 309833 2026-08-24T06:12:05Z Saksi Radyo 1566 32664 /* Mga istasyon nin AM */ 309834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lokasyon}} :''Para sa probinsya kan Sorsogon, hilingon an [[Sorsogon]].'' An '''Siyudad nin Sorsogon''' sarong ikalimang klaseng siyudad sa [[Provincia kan Filipinas|probinsya]] kan [[Sorsogon]] sa [[Filipinas|Pilipinas]]. Ini an [[kapitolyo]] kan probinsya. Nagin siyudad an Sorsogon kan pigsaro an mga banwaan nin Sorsogon asin Bacon, Sorsogon. Ini an ikatolong pinakámatawong siyudad sa [[Rehiyon Bikol|Kabikolan]]. An designadong zip code kaini iyo {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. [[Ladawan:Sorsogon Sports Complex (May 18, 2021 Under Construction).jpg|thumb|272x272px|An magigin Sorsogon Sports Complex]] Susog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. ==Mga Barangay== [[File:Simbahan Sorsogon.jpg|thumb|right|335x335px|Simbahan Katoliko]] Igwang 64 na mga barangay sa Sorsogon, 36 na barangay sa dating banwaan nin Sorsogon: {{columns-list|colwidth=10em| * Abuyog * Almendras-Cogon (Poblacion) * Balogo * Barayong * Basud * Bibincahan * Bitan-o/Dalipay (Poblacion) * Bucalbucalan * Buenavista * Buhatan * Bulabog * Burabod (Poblacion) * Cabid-An * Cambulaga * Capuy * Gimaloto * Guinlajon * Macabog * Marinas * Pamurayan * Pangpang * Panlayaan * Peñafrancia * Piot (Pob.) * Polvorista (Poblacion) * Rizal * Salog (Poblacion) * Salvacion * Sampaloc (Poblacion) * San Isidro * San Juan (Roro) * Sirangan (Poblacion) * Sulucan (Poblacion) * Talisay (Poblacion) * Ticol * Tugos }} asin 28 na barangay sa dating munisipyo nin Bacon: {{columns-list|colwidth=10em| * Balete * Bato * Bon-Ot * Bogña * Buenavista * Cabarbuhan * Caricaran * Del Rosario * Gatbo * Jamislagan * Maricrum * Osiao * Poblacion * Rawis * Salvacion * San Isidro * San Juan * San Pascual * San Ramon * San Roque * San Vicente * Santa Cruz * Santa Lucia * Santo Domingo * Santo Niño * Sawanga * Sugod }} ==Demograpiko== {{Populasyon}} {{Philippine Census | align= none | title= Sensus nin Populasyon kan Bacon <br> (1903-2000) | 1903 = 14536 | 1918 = 14733 | 1939 = 18351 | 1948 = 22859 | 1960 = 21723 | 1970 = 27957 | 1975 = 28546 | 1980 = 31965 | 1990 = 32810 | 1995 = 38603 | 2000 = 42166 | footnote = Toltolan: [[:en:Philippine Statistics Authority|Philippine Statistics Authority]]{{PH census|2015}}{{PH census|2010}}{{PH census|2007}}{{LWUA population data}} }} {{Philippine Census | align= none | title= Sensus nin Populasyon kan Sorsogon (1903-2000) | 1903 = 13511 | 1918 = 16694 | 1939 = 22097 | 1948 = 26004 | 1960 = 35542 | 1970 = 47734 | 1975 = 53700 | 1980 = 60574 | 1990 = 72871 | 1995 = 83012 | 2000 = 92512 | footnote = Toltolan: [[:en:Philippine Statistics Authority|Philippine Statistics Authority]]{{PH census|2015}}{{PH census|2010}}{{PH census|2007}}{{LWUA population data}} }} == Ekonomiya == === Mga shopping mall === *SM City Sorsogon (TBA) *Town Center Sorsogon City (TBA) === Mga fast food restaurant === *Jollibee *KFC *Kenny Rogers Roasters *Pizza Hut == Mga Medya == === Mga Radyo === ==== Mga istasyon nin AM ==== * Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./Chingacalbar Community Broadcasting Systems, Inc. (PA 585) * Capitol Broadcasting Center DWHO-AM (Formerly DWFA) 801 * Radio Mindanao Network DZRS 1179 * GMA Network, Inc. DWNT-AM 1251 * Manila Broadcasting Company DZZH 1287 * Unibersidad Estatal kan Sorsogon DZGD 1593 ==== Mga istasyon nin FM ==== * Passalingaya Media Network DWPY 88.1 * PBN Broadcasting Network DWJX 89.5 * iTransmission Inc. (PA) 90.3 * Our Lady's Foundation DWPS 91.1 * Manila Broadcasting Company DWSG 91.9 * Radio Sorsogon Network (TBA) 99.3 * Allied Broadcasting Center DWAW 99.9 * Brigada Mass Media Corporation DWLH 101.5 * Good News Sorsogon Foundation DZGN 102.3 * Audiovisual Communicators, Inc. DZOS 103.9 * Sorsogon Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office DWDR 105.5 ==== Mga istasyon nin Telebisyon ==== *DWHM-TV ALLTV 7 (Advanced Media Broadcasting System) == Toltolan == {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System] {{Navbox Sorsogon}} {{saringsing}} [[Kategorya:Mga syudad kan Filipinas]] 95f6nbebv2jk5bc6b4nr7maxujk0nk8 0 164 309835 308340 2026-08-24T06:41:06Z Saksi Radyo 1566 32664 /* Mga istasyon nin AM */ 309835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lokasyon}} An '''Syudad nin Legazpi''' ([[Tagalog]]: ''Lungsod ng Legazpi''; [[Ingles]]: ''City of Legazpi'') sarong primera klaseng [[:Category:Mga ciudad kan Filipinas|syudad]] asin an kapitolyo kan [[Provincia kan Filipinas|Probinsya]] kan [[Albay]] sagkod an rehiyonal na sentro kan [[Rehiyon Bikol]]. An designadong zip code kan syudad iyo {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. Susog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. Igwa man ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. Huli kaiyan ini an pinakamatawong ciudad sa enterong rehiyon asin an rehiyonal na sentro. Namomogtak an ciudad sa [[isla]] nin [[Luzon]]. Huli ta nasa sentro man kan geograpikal na sentro kan rawis asin yaon sa tahaw kan duwang isla-provincia nin [[Catanduanes]] sagkod [[Masbate]], an Cuidad kan Legazpi an pinaka-durhong asin huring terminal nin [[Philippine National Railways]] (PNR) sa katimogan. An syudad iyo an tukawang esklesyastiko nin Diocese kan Legazpi asin harus gabos kan mga naka-istar sa cuidad iyo Romano Katoliko. ==Mga Barangay== An Legazpi nababanga sa 70 na mga barangay. {{columns-list|colwidth=10em| * Arimbay * Bagacay * Bagong Abre * Banquerohan * Em's Barrio * Maoyod Pob. * Tula-tula * Ilawod West * Ilawod * Ilawod East * Kawit-East Washingt * Rizal Sreet. * Cabagñan * Em's Barrio South * Cabagñan West * Binanuahan West * Binanuahan East * Imperial Court Subd * Cabagñan East * Lapu-lapu * Dinagaan * Victory Village South * Victory Village North * Sabang * Em's Barrio East * Kapantawan * Pigcale * Centro-Baybay * PNR-Peñaranda St.-I * Oro Site-Magallanes * Tinago * Bitano * Bonot * Sagpon Pob. * Sagmin Pob. * Bañadero Pob. * Baño * Bagumbayan * Pinaric * Bariis * Bigaa * Bogtong * Bonga * Buenavista * Buyuan * Cagbacong * Cruzada * Dap-dap * Dita * Estanza * Gogon * Homapon * Imalnod * Mabinit * Mariawa * Maslog * Padang * Pawa * Puro * Rawis * San Francisco * San Joaquin * San Roque * Tamaoyan * Taysan * Matanag * Cabugao * Rizal Street * Buragwis * Lamba }} == Demograpiko == {{Populasyon}} == Uusipon == An pig-aapod ngunyan na Siyudad kan Legazpi iyo hale sa pangaran ni [[Miguel López de Legazpi]], an Kastilang konkistador na nagsakop kan mga Isla nin Pilipinas kan 1565. An pamilya niya iyo hale sa Legazpi, España na sarong banwaan sa Guipuzcoa, España. An Legazpiiyo itinpgda kan mga kinatong nag-iistar kan dating barangay nin Sawangan sa daga ni Gat Ibal, sarong pamayo na namamahala kan Albay. An mga tawo iyo naka-istar sa mga kubong gibo ki nipa asin rattan. Naka-istar sinda sa hababaw asin matubig na daga sa apod na Banuang-Banuang o Binanuahan, na an boot sabihon iyo ''dating barrio o an daga kun saen nakatindog an sarong banwaan''. Kan taong 1587, pigpoonan kan mga prayleng Pransiskano nin Doktrina kan Cagsawa na bunyagan an mga naka-istar digdi para maging mga Kristiyano. Kan taong 1616, ginibong ninda ining banwaan asin paruko na inapod na ''Albay''. An enot na kura paruko iyo napagibo ki sadit na kapilya asin itinindog an ''"Mission de San Gregorio Magno de Sawangan"''. Kan ika-1 Pebrero 1814, nagsabog an Bulkang Mayon na nagwalat ki dakulang pagkaraot sa lampas 200 taong pag-uswag. Huli kaini, napiritan an mga naka-istar na magbulod sa Taysan (bisto kaidto na ''"Makalaya"''). An mga tawo iyo permanente nang nag-istar sa ''"Taytay"'' (sa ngunyan : ''Bagumbayan'') huli ta sa batas na hale sa Gobierno Superior na pinaluwas kan Oktubre 1, 1829, na pigbabawal an pagtindog ki bagong banwaan. Kan taong 1818, an pig-aapod na ''"Sawangan"'', na bisto na kaidtong ''"Banwaan kan Albay"'' iyo pigsuway sa Cagsawa asin piggibo na kapitolyo kan ''"Partido de Ibalon"'' (an dating pangaran nin [[Albay|Provincia kan Albay]]). == Klima == Temperatura (grado C): Enero: 28.6 - 22.4 Febrero: 29.2 - 22.3 Marso: 30.1 - 22.9 Abril: 31.3 - 23.7 Mayo: 32.4 - 24.3 Hunyo: 32.3 - 24.1 Hulyo: 31.8 - 23.8 Agosto: 31.7 - 23.9 Septyembre: 31.6 - 23.7 Oktubre: 31.2 - 23.3 Nobyembre: 30.2 - 23.4 Disyembre: 29.1 - 23.0 Medyo sa Taon: 30.79 - 23.40 == Transporte == An [[Palayogan kan Legazpi]] iyo mga 2,280 metrong kahalaba. Kaya kaining magpahugpa' nin mga dakolang eroplanong panginternasyonal. An [[Philippine Airlines]] asin [[Cebu Pacific]] iyo naglalayog na duwang beses aru-aldaw hale sa [[Manila]] asin [[Cebu (ciudad)]]. Naaprobar na an paggibo nin bagong [[Pankinàban na Palayogan kan Bikol]] na gigibuhon sa magkatakod na banwaan nin [[Daraga, Albay|Daraga]]. An pagbiyahe sa bus halè sa Manila pagduman sa Legazpi mga 10 o 11 na oras. Sobra pa sa 10 na kompanya nin bus an nagbibiyahe sa Legazpi. == Negosyo == An pinakaenot na mall sa Kabikolan an Pacific Mall sa Legazpi na nasa sentro kan Landco Business Park. Sa taon na 2008 may gigibuhon na bagong parke nin negosyo na papangaranan nin [[Embarcadero]]. Ini ibubugtak sa [[Legazpi Port Area]], harani sa dating pier. Yaon man digdi an [[SM City Legazpi]] Robinsons Legazpi asin [[Ayala Malls Legazpi]]. == Mga istasyon nin telebisyon == *DWOV-TV Channel 4, ALL TV (Advanced Media Broadcasting System) *DWLA-TV Channel 12, (GMA Network) == Mga istasyon nin radyo == === Mga istasyon nin AM === *Radyo Pilipinas Legazpi 621 (DWJS; Presidential Broadcast Services) *DWGW 684 Legazpi ([[DWGW-AM]]; Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation) *DZGB Radyo Pantig 729 ([[DZGB]]; PBN Broadcasting Network) *Zoom Radio 828 ([[DWZR]]; Hypersonic Broadcasting Center) *Saksi Radyo 873 (DZRC; Filipinas Broadcasting Network asin AOR Management Productions) *Bombo Radyo Legazpi 927 ([[DZLG]]; Newsounds Broadcasting Network) *Veritas 1008 (DWBS-AM; Diocese of Legazpi) *Radyo Pilipino Legazpi 1080 ([[DWRL]]; Radio Audience Developers Integrated Origanization (RADIO), Inc. *1125 DWDT Legazpi ([[DWDT-AM]]; Far East Broadcasting Company Philippines) *Margo Radio Legazpi 1305 (DWIK; Infinity Media Broadcasting Company, Inc./Chingaba Community Broadcasting System) *DZJB 1440 ([[DZJB]]; Bicol Broadcasting System/Audiovisual Communicators, Inc.) *RadyoTV Legazpi Radyo Kakamping ME Radio TV DWOV 1557 (DWOV-AM (DWCT-AM; Capitol Broadcasting Center/JI Broadcast Productions, Inc. under Jon Isidro) (Planned) === Mga istasyon nin FM === *88.7 One FM ([[DWGO-FM]]; Radio Corporation of the Philippines) *89.1 Radyo Dakilang ([[DWMV]]; Apollo Broadcast Investors/Hope in Christ Southern Baptist Church) *89.9 iFM ([[DWOI]]; Radio Mindanao Network) *90.7 Radyo Oragon ([[DWII]]; Mid-Tone Broadcasting Network) *91.5 Brigada News FM ([[DWED]]; Brigada Mass Media Corporation) *Radyo Doktor 93.9 ([[DWRD-FM]]; Advanced Media Broadcasting System) *DWMR 97.9 ([[DWMR-FM]]; Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./John Mont Pharmaceutical Products Distribution) *98.7 Eagle FM Legazpi (DWJT; [[Peñafrancia Broadcasting Corporation]]) *100.3 iTV Radio (DWHI; Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./Alejandro Broadcasting Network) *101.1 Easy Rock (DWEH-FM; Philippine Broadcasting Corporation) *101.9 Radyo Disiotso (DWKP; DCG Radio-TV Network) *105.9 Radyo Saksi ([[DZCA-FM]]; Computer Arts and Technological College/CCB Broadcasting Corporation) *DWIV 106.7 ([[DWIV-FM]]; [[Audiovisual Communicators]]/Alejandro Broadcasting Network) == Kataytayan nin mga ladawan == <gallery> Ladawan:LegazpiPhotowalk 28.JPG|An kapitolyo kan Legazpi Ladawan:LegazpiPhotowalk 09.JPG|Divine World College kan Legazpi Ladawan:LegazpiPhotowalk 03.JPG|Albay Astrodome Ladawan:DSC01118Legazpi sa Lignon Hill.JPG|Tanawon kan Legazpi sa Burol nin Ligñon Ladawan:Church of St. Gregory 002, Legazpi.jpg|Katedral ni San Gregorio I Magno Ladawan:St. Agnes Academy, Legazpi 001.jpg|St. Agnes Academy Ladawan:LegazpiPhotowalk 07.JPG|Aeropuerto kan Legazpi Ladawan:View of Mt. Mayon and Legazpi City downtown from SM Legazpi.jpg|Tanawon kan syudad kaiba an Bulkang Mayon asin an Burol nin Ligñon Ladawan:Bulkang Mayon 03.jpg|Bulkang Mayon na mahihiling gikan sa Legazpi Ladawan:Legaspi Port, Legazpi, Philippines.jpg|Port </gallery> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System] * [http://www.buhigh2007.com Bicol University High School Batch 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215001245/http://www.buhigh2007.com/ |date=2007-12-15 }} * [http://www.misibis.com Misibis Resorts, Estates & Spa] * [http://www.dphotography.org Pictures of Legazpi City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419191626/http://dphotography.org/ |date=2018-04-19 }} * [http://www.bicol-u.edu.ph/ Bicol University] * [http://www.aq.edu.ph/ Aquinas University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311112624/http://www.aq.edu.ph/ |date=2020-03-11 }} * [http://www.dwc-legazpi.edu/ Divine Word College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205083836/http://www.dwc-legazpi.edu/ |date=2007-02-05 }} * [http://www.abectaph.com/new_abecta/ Abecta Philippines-Legazpi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504192515/http://abectaph.com/new_abecta/ |date=2010-05-04 }} {{saringsing}} {{Navbox Albay}} [[Kategorya:Mga syudad kan Filipinas]] 18cwotzt1qo77fiu2r32uknup1h5a4a 309839 309835 2026-08-24T07:24:32Z Saksi Radyo 1566 32664 /* Mga istasyon nin AM */ 309839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lokasyon}} An '''Syudad nin Legazpi''' ([[Tagalog]]: ''Lungsod ng Legazpi''; [[Ingles]]: ''City of Legazpi'') sarong primera klaseng [[:Category:Mga ciudad kan Filipinas|syudad]] asin an kapitolyo kan [[Provincia kan Filipinas|Probinsya]] kan [[Albay]] sagkod an rehiyonal na sentro kan [[Rehiyon Bikol]]. An designadong zip code kan syudad iyo {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. Susog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. Igwa man ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. Huli kaiyan ini an pinakamatawong ciudad sa enterong rehiyon asin an rehiyonal na sentro. Namomogtak an ciudad sa [[isla]] nin [[Luzon]]. Huli ta nasa sentro man kan geograpikal na sentro kan rawis asin yaon sa tahaw kan duwang isla-provincia nin [[Catanduanes]] sagkod [[Masbate]], an Cuidad kan Legazpi an pinaka-durhong asin huring terminal nin [[Philippine National Railways]] (PNR) sa katimogan. An syudad iyo an tukawang esklesyastiko nin Diocese kan Legazpi asin harus gabos kan mga naka-istar sa cuidad iyo Romano Katoliko. ==Mga Barangay== An Legazpi nababanga sa 70 na mga barangay. {{columns-list|colwidth=10em| * Arimbay * Bagacay * Bagong Abre * Banquerohan * Em's Barrio * Maoyod Pob. * Tula-tula * Ilawod West * Ilawod * Ilawod East * Kawit-East Washingt * Rizal Sreet. * Cabagñan * Em's Barrio South * Cabagñan West * Binanuahan West * Binanuahan East * Imperial Court Subd * Cabagñan East * Lapu-lapu * Dinagaan * Victory Village South * Victory Village North * Sabang * Em's Barrio East * Kapantawan * Pigcale * Centro-Baybay * PNR-Peñaranda St.-I * Oro Site-Magallanes * Tinago * Bitano * Bonot * Sagpon Pob. * Sagmin Pob. * Bañadero Pob. * Baño * Bagumbayan * Pinaric * Bariis * Bigaa * Bogtong * Bonga * Buenavista * Buyuan * Cagbacong * Cruzada * Dap-dap * Dita * Estanza * Gogon * Homapon * Imalnod * Mabinit * Mariawa * Maslog * Padang * Pawa * Puro * Rawis * San Francisco * San Joaquin * San Roque * Tamaoyan * Taysan * Matanag * Cabugao * Rizal Street * Buragwis * Lamba }} == Demograpiko == {{Populasyon}} == Uusipon == An pig-aapod ngunyan na Siyudad kan Legazpi iyo hale sa pangaran ni [[Miguel López de Legazpi]], an Kastilang konkistador na nagsakop kan mga Isla nin Pilipinas kan 1565. An pamilya niya iyo hale sa Legazpi, España na sarong banwaan sa Guipuzcoa, España. An Legazpiiyo itinpgda kan mga kinatong nag-iistar kan dating barangay nin Sawangan sa daga ni Gat Ibal, sarong pamayo na namamahala kan Albay. An mga tawo iyo naka-istar sa mga kubong gibo ki nipa asin rattan. Naka-istar sinda sa hababaw asin matubig na daga sa apod na Banuang-Banuang o Binanuahan, na an boot sabihon iyo ''dating barrio o an daga kun saen nakatindog an sarong banwaan''. Kan taong 1587, pigpoonan kan mga prayleng Pransiskano nin Doktrina kan Cagsawa na bunyagan an mga naka-istar digdi para maging mga Kristiyano. Kan taong 1616, ginibong ninda ining banwaan asin paruko na inapod na ''Albay''. An enot na kura paruko iyo napagibo ki sadit na kapilya asin itinindog an ''"Mission de San Gregorio Magno de Sawangan"''. Kan ika-1 Pebrero 1814, nagsabog an Bulkang Mayon na nagwalat ki dakulang pagkaraot sa lampas 200 taong pag-uswag. Huli kaini, napiritan an mga naka-istar na magbulod sa Taysan (bisto kaidto na ''"Makalaya"''). An mga tawo iyo permanente nang nag-istar sa ''"Taytay"'' (sa ngunyan : ''Bagumbayan'') huli ta sa batas na hale sa Gobierno Superior na pinaluwas kan Oktubre 1, 1829, na pigbabawal an pagtindog ki bagong banwaan. Kan taong 1818, an pig-aapod na ''"Sawangan"'', na bisto na kaidtong ''"Banwaan kan Albay"'' iyo pigsuway sa Cagsawa asin piggibo na kapitolyo kan ''"Partido de Ibalon"'' (an dating pangaran nin [[Albay|Provincia kan Albay]]). == Klima == Temperatura (grado C): Enero: 28.6 - 22.4 Febrero: 29.2 - 22.3 Marso: 30.1 - 22.9 Abril: 31.3 - 23.7 Mayo: 32.4 - 24.3 Hunyo: 32.3 - 24.1 Hulyo: 31.8 - 23.8 Agosto: 31.7 - 23.9 Septyembre: 31.6 - 23.7 Oktubre: 31.2 - 23.3 Nobyembre: 30.2 - 23.4 Disyembre: 29.1 - 23.0 Medyo sa Taon: 30.79 - 23.40 == Transporte == An [[Palayogan kan Legazpi]] iyo mga 2,280 metrong kahalaba. Kaya kaining magpahugpa' nin mga dakolang eroplanong panginternasyonal. An [[Philippine Airlines]] asin [[Cebu Pacific]] iyo naglalayog na duwang beses aru-aldaw hale sa [[Manila]] asin [[Cebu (ciudad)]]. Naaprobar na an paggibo nin bagong [[Pankinàban na Palayogan kan Bikol]] na gigibuhon sa magkatakod na banwaan nin [[Daraga, Albay|Daraga]]. An pagbiyahe sa bus halè sa Manila pagduman sa Legazpi mga 10 o 11 na oras. Sobra pa sa 10 na kompanya nin bus an nagbibiyahe sa Legazpi. == Negosyo == An pinakaenot na mall sa Kabikolan an Pacific Mall sa Legazpi na nasa sentro kan Landco Business Park. Sa taon na 2008 may gigibuhon na bagong parke nin negosyo na papangaranan nin [[Embarcadero]]. Ini ibubugtak sa [[Legazpi Port Area]], harani sa dating pier. Yaon man digdi an [[SM City Legazpi]] Robinsons Legazpi asin [[Ayala Malls Legazpi]]. == Mga istasyon nin telebisyon == *DWOV-TV Channel 4, ALL TV (Advanced Media Broadcasting System) *DWLA-TV Channel 12, (GMA Network) == Mga istasyon nin radyo == === Mga istasyon nin AM === *Radyo Pilipinas Legazpi 621 (DWJS; Presidential Broadcast Services) *DWGW 684 Legazpi ([[DWGW-AM]]; Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation) *DZGB Radyo Pantig 729 ([[DZGB]]; PBN Broadcasting Network) *Zoom Radio 828 ([[DWZR]]; Hypersonic Broadcasting Center) *Saksi Radyo 873 (DZRC; Filipinas Broadcasting Network asin NGA Multimedia Production kan Arnel P. Adtoon) *Bombo Radyo Legazpi 927 ([[DZLG]]; Newsounds Broadcasting Network) *Veritas 1008 (DWBS-AM; Diocese of Legazpi) *Radyo Pilipino Legazpi 1080 ([[DWRL]]; Radio Audience Developers Integrated Origanization (RADIO), Inc. *1125 DWDT Legazpi ([[DWDT-AM]]; Far East Broadcasting Company Philippines) *Margo Radio Legazpi 1305 (DWIK; Infinity Media Broadcasting Company, Inc./Chingaba Community Broadcasting System) *DZJB 1440 ([[DZJB]]; Bicol Broadcasting System/Audiovisual Communicators, Inc.) *RadyoTV Legazpi Radyo Kakamping ME Radio TV DWOV 1557 (DWOV-AM (DWCT-AM; Capitol Broadcasting Center/JI Broadcast Productions, Inc. under Jon Isidro) (Planned) === Mga istasyon nin FM === *88.7 One FM ([[DWGO-FM]]; Radio Corporation of the Philippines) *89.1 Radyo Dakilang ([[DWMV]]; Apollo Broadcast Investors/Hope in Christ Southern Baptist Church) *89.9 iFM ([[DWOI]]; Radio Mindanao Network) *90.7 Radyo Oragon ([[DWII]]; Mid-Tone Broadcasting Network) *91.5 Brigada News FM ([[DWED]]; Brigada Mass Media Corporation) *Radyo Doktor 93.9 ([[DWRD-FM]]; Advanced Media Broadcasting System) *DWMR 97.9 ([[DWMR-FM]]; Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./John Mont Pharmaceutical Products Distribution) *98.7 Eagle FM Legazpi (DWJT; [[Peñafrancia Broadcasting Corporation]]) *100.3 iTV Radio (DWHI; Audiovisual Communicators, Inc./Alejandro Broadcasting Network) *101.1 Easy Rock (DWEH-FM; Philippine Broadcasting Corporation) *101.9 Radyo Disiotso (DWKP; DCG Radio-TV Network) *105.9 Radyo Saksi ([[DZCA-FM]]; Computer Arts and Technological College/CCB Broadcasting Corporation) *DWIV 106.7 ([[DWIV-FM]]; [[Audiovisual Communicators]]/Alejandro Broadcasting Network) == Kataytayan nin mga ladawan == <gallery> Ladawan:LegazpiPhotowalk 28.JPG|An kapitolyo kan Legazpi Ladawan:LegazpiPhotowalk 09.JPG|Divine World College kan Legazpi Ladawan:LegazpiPhotowalk 03.JPG|Albay Astrodome Ladawan:DSC01118Legazpi sa Lignon Hill.JPG|Tanawon kan Legazpi sa Burol nin Ligñon Ladawan:Church of St. Gregory 002, Legazpi.jpg|Katedral ni San Gregorio I Magno Ladawan:St. Agnes Academy, Legazpi 001.jpg|St. Agnes Academy Ladawan:LegazpiPhotowalk 07.JPG|Aeropuerto kan Legazpi Ladawan:View of Mt. Mayon and Legazpi City downtown from SM Legazpi.jpg|Tanawon kan syudad kaiba an Bulkang Mayon asin an Burol nin Ligñon Ladawan:Bulkang Mayon 03.jpg|Bulkang Mayon na mahihiling gikan sa Legazpi Ladawan:Legaspi Port, Legazpi, Philippines.jpg|Port </gallery> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System] * [http://www.buhigh2007.com Bicol University High School Batch 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215001245/http://www.buhigh2007.com/ |date=2007-12-15 }} * [http://www.misibis.com Misibis Resorts, Estates & Spa] * [http://www.dphotography.org Pictures of Legazpi City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419191626/http://dphotography.org/ |date=2018-04-19 }} * [http://www.bicol-u.edu.ph/ Bicol University] * [http://www.aq.edu.ph/ Aquinas University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311112624/http://www.aq.edu.ph/ |date=2020-03-11 }} * [http://www.dwc-legazpi.edu/ Divine Word College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205083836/http://www.dwc-legazpi.edu/ |date=2007-02-05 }} * [http://www.abectaph.com/new_abecta/ Abecta Philippines-Legazpi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504192515/http://abectaph.com/new_abecta/ |date=2010-05-04 }} {{saringsing}} {{Navbox Albay}} [[Kategorya:Mga syudad kan Filipinas]] kfhokzylhi61c4em5xsg20hk6gw8xbc 0 187 309796 309326 2026-08-23T23:49:28Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Kanton | nativename = | image = | imagescale = 0.7 | imagecaption = An {{lang|yue-Latn|Gwóngdūng wá}} na nakasurat sa mga karakter nin [[Mga karakter nin Tradisyunal na Intsik|tradisyunal na Intsik]] (wala) asin [[Mga karakrer nin pinasimpleng Intsik|pinasimpleng Intsik]] (too) | states = [[Tsina|Sina]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Makaw]], asin [[Intsik sa ibang nasyon|mga nasa ibang nasyon na komunidad]] | region = [[Guangdong]], kasubangan na [[Guangxi]] | ethnicity = | familycolor = Sino-Tibetano | fam2 = [[Mga tataramon na Sinitikolanguages|Sinitiko]] | fam3 = [[Mga barayti nin Intsik|Intsik]] | fam4 = [[Intsik na Yue|Yue]] | fam5 = [[Yuehai Yue|Yuehai]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Sino-Tibetano]] | ancestor2 = [[Daan na Intsik]] | ancestor3 = [[Intsik na Kasubangan na Han]] | ancestor4 = [[Katahawan na Intsik]] | dia1 = [[Kantones kan Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] | dia2 = [[Kantones kan Malaysya|Malaysyano]] | dia3 = [[Mga tawong Tanka#Diyalekto|Tanka]] | dia4 = [[Wuzhou]] | dia5 = [[diyalektong Xiguan|Xiguan]] | script = {{ubl|[[Nakasurat na Kantones]]|[[Braille na Kantones]]|[[Nakasurat na Intsik]]}} | nation = {{Indented plainlist|* [[Hong Kong]]{{efn|De facto na pigtataram na tataramon—mantang daing partikular na tipo kan Intsik an opisyal sa Hong Kong, An Kantones iyo an nangingibabaw na pataram na porma asin an de facto na panrehiyon na panusugan na pataram. Nagtutulog an gobyerno kan Hong Kong nin trilinggwalismo sa tanga ka Kantones, Mandarin, asin Ingles, urog na sa pampublikong edukasyon}} * [[Macau]]{{efn|De facto na pigtataram na tataramon—mantang daing partikular na tipo kan Intsik an opisyal sa Macau, An Kantones iyo an panginot na pigtataram na tataramon asin an de facto na panrehiyon na panusugan na pataram. Ipigtutulod kan gobyerno kan Macau an lambang Kantones, Mandarin, Portuges, asin Ingles, urog na sa pampublikong edukasyon.}}}} | minority = | agency = {{ubl|{{Indented plainlist| *'''[[Hong Kong]]''':<br>[[Education Bureau]] *'''[[Macau]]''':<br>[[Education and Youth Development Bureau]]}} }} | iso3 = yue | iso3comment = (superset for all Yue dialects)<!-- 'zh-hk' sees informal use. --> | isoexception = dialect | glotto = cant1236 | glottorefname = Cantonese | lingua = 79-AAA-ma | notice = }} {{Infobox Intsik | title = Kanton | s = 广东话 | t = 廣東話 | j = Gwong2 dung1 waa2 | y = Gwóngdūng wá | p = Guǎngdōnghuà | t2 = 廣州話 | altname = ' Canton Speech' o 'Guangzhou speech' | j2 = Gwong2 zau1 waa2 | y2 = Gwóngjāu wá | p2 = Guǎngzhōuhuà | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|g|uang|3|.|d|ong|1|.|h|ua|4}} | ci = {{IPAc-yue|gw|ong|2|-|d|ung|1|-|w|aa|2}} | mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|g|uang|3|.|zh|ou|1|.|h|ua|4}} | ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|gw|ong|2|.|z|au|1|-|w|aa|2}} | tp = Guǎngdong-huà | w = {{tone superscript|Kuang3-tung1-hua4}} | bpmf = ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄉㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ | tp2 = Guǎngjhou-huà | w2 = {{tone superscript|Kuang3-chou1-hua4}} | bpmf2 = ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄓㄡ ㄏㄨㄚˋ }} [[File:Ping and Yue dialect map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Pagkakaheras kan mga tataramon na Intsik na Yue sa Habagata -subangan na [[Tsina|Sina]]. An mga komon na Kantones asin haraning natatakod na mga diyalekto, naka-highlight sa arok na sampaga (pink).]] An '''Kantonés''' iyo an ikatulong tataramón na may pinakádakol na parataram sa nasyón nin [[Tsina]]. May mga 77 milyon mas o menos na katawong naggagamit kaini partikularmente sa probinsya nin [[Guangdong]], [[Hong Kong]] asin [[Macao]]. An tataramon na ini minimirar na diyalektong prestihiyoso sa mga Yue'ng Intsik. An mga naenot na Intsik na nagemigrar sa [[Kanada]], [[Peru]], [[Estados Unidos]], [[Panama]], [[Australya]], [[Reyno Unido]] asin sa kahiwasan kan [[Europa]] saka [[Sur-subangan kan Asya]] ay mga parataram nin Kantonés. An resulta kaini an Kantonés ay nagin dominanteng tataramon sa mga Chinatown sa ining mga nasyón. An langgwaheng Kantones hinihiling na parte kan identidad kultural kan mga parataram sa kahiwasan kan habagatan nin Tsina, Hongkong asin Macao. Dawa ngane an Kantones nakaka'agid na marhay sa bokabularyo asin estruktura gramatika kan [[Mandarin]], an duwang tataramon na ini haros dai magkasinabotan huli ta sa pagsasayod magka'iba sindang maray. ==Tala== {{notelist}} == Mga toltolan == === Mga pagsambit === {{Reflist}} === Mga pigsambit na trabaho === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | title = Modern Cantonese Phonology | given1 = Robert S. | surname1 = Bauer | given2 = Paul K. | surname2 = Benedict | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-3-11-014893-0 }} * {{cite journal | title = A Brief History of Mandarin | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_october-december-2000_120_4/page/537 | given = W. South | surname = Coblin | author-link = Weldon South Coblin | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume = 120 | issue = 4 | year = 2000 | pages = 537–552 | jstor = 606615 | doi=10.2307/606615 }} * {{cite book |last1=Khanh |first1=Tran |title=The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam |date=1993 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-3016-66-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6brAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last=Kwaan|first=Choi Wah|display-authors=et al.|title=English-Cantonese Dictionary 英粵字典: Cantonese in Yale Romanization|date=2004|publisher=New Asia-Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991; "first copublished edition", The Chinese University Press, The Chinese University of Hong; New Asia-Yale-in-China Language Center, 2000; second printing |isbn=962-201-970-6}} * {{citation |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=M. Paul |chapter=Indonesia |chapter-url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ID |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=15th |publisher=[[SIL International]] |place=Dallas, T.X. |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-55671-159-6 |access-date=26 January 2010 |postscript=.}} * {{cite book | surname = Li | given = Qingxin | others = trans. William W. Wang | title = Maritime Silk Road | url = https://archive.org/details/maritimesilkroad0000liqi | publisher = China Intercontinental Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-7-5085-0932-7 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Matthews|first1=Stephen|last2=Yip|first2=Virginia|date=1994|title=Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar |publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780203420843 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czbGJLu59S0C}} * {{Cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Stephen |last2=Yip |first2=Virginia |date=2011 |title=Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/cantonesecompreh0002matt |edition=2nd}} * {{cite book | given = S. Robert | surname = Ramsey | title= The Languages of China | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | year = 1987 | location = [[Princeton, New Jersey]] | isbn = 978-0-691-01468-5 }} * {{cite book | given = Anne Oi-Kan | surname = Yue-Hashimoto | title = Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese | url = https://archive.org/details/phonologyofcanto0000hash | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1972 | isbn = 978-0-521-08442-0 }} * {{cite book | title = Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949 | editor-given = Minglang | editor-surname = Zhou | chapter = Putonghua Education and Language Policy in Postcolonial Hong Kong | given1 = Bennan | surname1 = Zhang | given2 = Robin R. | surname2 = Yang | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-4020-8038-8 | pages = 143–161 }} {{refend}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * {{Cite web|language=zh|title=Multi-function Chinese Character Database|script-title=zh:漢語多功能字庫|url=http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/|publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong}} * [https://cantonese.dictionary.li/english/ Cantonese-English Online Dictionary] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110522221859/http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/ccli/eng/hkscs/introduction.html Hong Kong Government site on the HK Supplementary Character Set (HKSCS)] (archived 22 May 2011) * [https://www.cantonesetools.org Cantonese Tools] * {{cite web |url=https://wordshk.github.io/yue_references |script-title=zh:粵語/廣東話參考資料 Yue References by wordshk – GitHub Pages |website=[[GitHub]]}} {{Poon}} [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon]] 24s32p0c90gaijk4x8rdqsklu0uk2w9 5 309 309828 307990 2026-08-24T01:24:55Z MediaWiki message delivery 7373 /* The Signpost: 24 August 2026 */ bàgong seksyon 309828 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dagos sa pahina kan Orolay-olay. Ini an lugar tangarig pag-olayan an gabos dapit sa Bikol Wikipedia. Ini an dahon kun saen pwedeng ihapot an mga isyung teknikal, ley asin operasyon kan Wikipediang ini.''' Pwedeng kan magsimbag sa arin man na parte kan orolay sa pagpindot kan "liwaton" o pwede man na magdugang nin bagong pag-oolayan digdi. ==Pabiristohan== kumusta man saindo, c pmcalara ini, tga naga, kaibanews ed. may naikuntribwir naman. e.g. an litrato kan bukid isarog sa atubangang dahon hali sa archive kan kaibanews. so claim sa atubangan na dahon na duwa lng an nag kontribwir igdi garo bakong accurate. gudlak sa satuyang wiki. pmcalara Mga kapwa parataram nin Bikol asin mga Bikolano, kumusta kamo? --[[User:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 04:49, 9 August 2007 (UTC) Marhay na aldaw Filipinayzd asin sa mga kapwang Bikolano! Pira na kita digding nagtatabang sa Bikol Wikipedia? --[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 10:40, 9 August 2007 (UTC) Binabasa ko pa an site. Kaipohan ko pang mapamilyat ini. Pero sagkod ngunayn dae ko pa man aram kun saen ako malaog para magsurat bilang parte kan komunidad na ini. Paano daw? [[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 05:56, 23 Pebrero 2012 (UTC) Marhay na banggi saindo gabos. Dakul na akong ginibong artikulo sa Bikol Wikipedia. Nagin madali an sakuyang pagtradusir nin huli ta igwang robot na siya na an nagsa-suggest kan traduksyon hali sa Ingles pasiring sa Bikol. Alagad kun minsan sarala kaya ako sana an mina-adjust. [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jay Bolero|kaulayon]]) 11:31, 19 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) ==Mga websityo na Bikol== puwede kayang ilaag o i-link an kaibanews egroup na may mga 2000 na miyembrong bicolano digdi sa wikibicol. piguurulayan duman an pagbugtak nin wikibicol. an adress: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/KAIBAnews/ --[[User:Pmcalara|Pmcalara]] 05:49, 17 November 2007 (UTC) Kun may aram kamong mga website na pwede tang magin giya sa pagsurat nin Bikol paki paskil man tabi. --[[User:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 04:49, 9 August 2007 (UTC) Pighahanap ko an diksyonaryong Bikol-Ingles kung igwa na online pakiaaram man tabi ta haloyon na akong dae nagsusurat sa Bikol. --[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 10:40, 9 August 2007 (UTC) :An Oragonrepublic.com igwa, http://oragonrepublic.com/modules/wordbook/ --[[User:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 13:49, 9 August 2007 (UTC) Mabalos Filipinayzd sa link mo. Nagsurat ako nin bagong mga bagong artikulo para sa Hapones, Byetnamita, Telegu, Kantones, Marati, Tamil asin Dyabanes. Pakidagdag man tabi ini sa lista kan mga tataramon sa kinaban na nasa enot na pahina kan Bikol Wiki. --[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 12:32, 10 August 2007 (UTC) :Bikol-Legazpi an gamit mo ano? Bikol-Naga ako. --[[User:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 06:11, 11 August 2007 (UTC) Iyo Bikol-Legazpi an pigagamit ko. Maray an ta may variety kita, strength in diversity, nantig. Oragon an blog mo! --[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 02:37, 17 August 2007 (UTC) Pasaliot lang. An Oragonrepublic bago na an address: Pakidoon na lang kan takod na ini: [http://oragonrepublic.net/] [[Ringer]] 24 Abril 2008 I've written new articles for these languages: Japanese, Vietnamese, Telugu, Cantonese, Marathi, Tamil and Javanese. How do I add these to the front page index for world languages? Thanks! --[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 12:32, 10 August 2007 (UTC) :I'll do it for you. (Edit, copy the syntax/code and post, replace] --[[User:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 06:11, 11 August 2007 (UTC) Mabalos Filipinayzd! May sinurat akong bagong artikulo para sa mga ciudad nin Bikol: Legazpi, Naga, Tabaco, Sorsogon, Iriga, Ligao asin sarong artikulo sa ciudad nin Cebu. Pakidagdag man tabi ini sa enot na dahon. Thanks Filipinayzd! I wrote new articles for Bicol cities such as Legazpi, Naga, Tabaco, Sorsogon, Iriga, Ligao as well as the city of Cebu. Kindly add these to the main front page index, thanks!--[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 09:45, 15 August 2007 (UTC) Update: I already moved the Bicol cities to the front page, but not yet Cebu city. --[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 10:54, 15 August 2007 (UTC) ==Disambiguation== http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation *Tataramon, nacionalidad, ethnicity *Isla, nacion, provincia, syudad :'''Masbate (klaripikasyon)''' - for disambiguation pages ::'''Masbate''' - for provinces ::'''Masbate (isla)''' - for islands ::'''Masbate (ciudad)''' - for cities :'''Albay (klaripikasyon)''' :'''Albay''' ::'''Albay (golpo)''' - for gulfs :'''Sulu (klaripikasyon)''' ::'''Sulu''' ::'''Sulu (dagat)''' - for seas ::'''Sulu (arkipelago)''' - for archipelagoes :'''Quezon (klaripikasyon)''' ::'''Quezon''' - ''of CALABARZON'' ::'''Quezon (ciudad)''' - ''of Metro Manila'' ::'''Quezon (isla)''' - ''of the Hundred Islands'' :'''Manuel L. Quezon''' - ''former Philippine President'' :'''Bikol (klaripikasyon)''' ::'''Rehiyon Bikol''' - for regions :'''Bikolano''' - for people ::'''Bikol (tataramon)''' - for languages ::'''Bikol (mga tataramon)''' - for group of languages/dialects :'''Tagalog (klaripikasyon)''' ::'''Tagalog''' - ''people'' ::'''Tagalog (tataramon)''' - ''language'' or ::'''Tagalog''' - ''language'' ::'''Tagalog (tawo)''' - ''people'' Which is better? ==Standardization== ===Paggamit nin '''asin, buda, saka, sagkod'''=== *Preference - nasa parasurat kun arin an gagamiton *Variety - bako sanang saro an gamiton: :''Ini an ikatolo sa pinaka dakulang kontinente sunod sa Asya '''asin''' Aprika, '''asin''' ika-apat sa pinaka matawo sunod sa Asya, Aprika '''asin''' Europa.'' I agree. In fact, this is what I've been trying to do with my articles to avoid excessive repetition. It can also help enrich our language's vocabulary if we use words from other varieties of Standard Bikol as synonyms. Besides Naga, Standard Bikol also includes the varieties of Daet, Tabaco, Legazpi and northern Sorsogon. Since I come from Legazpi I often use "buda" in alternation with "asin".--[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 22:20, 30 August 2007 (UTC) :Marhay ngani ta bako kitang parehong taga-Naga o taga-Legazpi ta malilikayan an pagigin pabor sa sarong dialect. Pag magdakol na contributors, mangyayari iyan kaya ngonyan pa sana gibohan ta nang solusyon. I think, only '''asin''' is standard Bikol. ===Betawiki=== *Translate - sanglîan/idakit-taramon *Edit - hirahón/liwaton *Delete - parâon/puraon *Find - hanápon/hanapa/ *Search - hanápon/saligsigon *Go - dumanán/dumani *Change - ribayan/liwata/baluwan *Remove - halîon/tangkason *Error - salâ/kasalaan *Page - pahina/dahon *Discuss - pag-olayan/diskusyonan/pag-usipan *Discussion - orólay/orolayan/usipan *Talk - magtaram/magsabi/ *View - hilingón/tanawon/baydon *Views - mga hiling/mga tanawon *View discussion - hilingón an orólay/tanawon an diskusyon *Show - hilingón/ipahiling/ipabayad *Hide - tagôon/itago/ *Source - ginikanan/galin *View source - hilingón an ginikanan/baydon kin sari galin *Log in - maglaog *Log out - magluwas *Not logged in - dai nakalaog *Login error - salâ an paglaog *Summary - kagabsan/sumaryo *Preview - tânawon/palantaw *Show preview - hilingon an patânaw/ipahiling an palantaw *User - parágamit *Previous - nakaagi/dati *Next - sunod :Ano an riparo mo? --[[User:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 07:02, 31 August 2007 (UTC) : Dapit sa tataramon na "translate" mas angay an taramon na '''palis''' na iyo an ginagamit ko igdi. An mga parasurat tang huben sa Bikol arog ka Kristian Cordero asin maski ngani si Frank Peñones ginagamit an '''dakitaramon''' na boot sabihon '''translation'''. [[Ringer]] 24 Abril 2008 :Para sakuya mas maray kun "'''pagsalin'''" o "'''idakit-taramon'''" an gamiton sa "translate" kesa "'''sanglian''' o '''palis'''". An taramon na "sanglian" may angay sa "change" asin "palis" sa "pour". Kadakolon pang Bikol na taramon na dae pang gayo nadidiskubre kan mga parasurat asin namamangnohan na sana ining minaabot sa isip kun yaon na sa kombersasyon o pagsurat. Kaya an mas magayon, kaipuhan na segurong magkaigwa nin '''Bikol Language Congress''' tanganing magkaigwa na kita nin estandarteng pagtugmadan kan gabos na mga parasurat sa Bikol. Ini seguro an kinakaipuhanan tang gibohon tanganing mas malinaw. Kaidto kaya na yaon pa ako sa trabaho bilang researcher-analyst, nakatao sakuya nin pansin an kagayunan kan Bikol na tataramon. Kaya lang sa obserbasyon ko, garo baga mayong estandarteng estruktura o gramatika na puwedeng iyo an basehan sa kaisipang Bikol na pagsusurat. Tarabangan ta daw tabi ini. --[[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 08:50, 27 Agosto 2009 (UTC) ::Magayon ining pag-orolayan. Kadakol naman nin mga ginibong pag-adal sa pagkaigwa nin standard alagad abot sana man dyan. Dai man giraray pigsusunod kan mga parataram kaini. An sarong rason dyan, mayo man nin pigbibistong ahensya na mapangataman, mapaorog kan mga tataramon ta. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 07:47, 27 Agosto 2009 (UTC) ::Kaipuhan kaya, tiyaga na pag-adal kan porma o estruktura. Pero mas madali na lang kuta na ta may pattern na kita sa Tagalog/Filipino gramatika. Pero bako ini boot sabihon na arogon ta naman na gayo idto, kundi uniko kaya an Bikol na lengguwahe. Minaiba ini sa paros nin panahon saka modernong porma nin pagtataram. Yaon na kita sa modernong porma nin Bikol sa ngonyan, ta si suanoy na Bikol na an espiling sa éspanyol pa. Siring baga kan "Bikol" ko, kumbinasyon na gayo kan mga simpleng pinagtataram nin tawo sa aro-aldaw na kombersasyon. Kun Ingles na estruktura an gagamiton, minauyon an Bikol sa tono kan dalagan sa panahon kan pagtataram. Minasayaw ini sa hiprayan nin kadahoman nin pagtaram....[[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 08:50, 27 Agosto 2009 (UTC) ===Direksyon=== Ano daw an mas maraháy: '''norte''' o '''amihanan''', '''sur''' o '''habagatan''', '''este/easte'''(?) o '''subangan''', '''weste''' o '''sulnopan'''? Ano an ginagamit kan media? An TV Patrol Bicol, ''amihanan'', ''habagatan'', ''este'' sagkod ''weste'' an piggagamit. [[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 14:36, 29 Abril 2008 (UTC) Magayon naman baga an Amihanan (Amnayan, sayod kan iba), Habagatan, Solnopan asin Subangan. Totoo, bako man problema kun usaron an sur-solnopan, asbp. ta halipot sana. [[Ringer]] 4 Mayo 2008 :Norte-sulnopan palan an ''amihanan'' sagkod sur-subangan man an ''habagatan''. Alagad tama pa man daw na gamiton an ''amihanan'' (para sa norte-sulnopan) asin ''habagatan'' (para sa sur-sulnopan) kun gagamiton halimbawa sa Europa? Bakong sa sulnopan sana kan Pacifico igwang mga duros na arog kaini? Kun siring dai angay kun gagamiton an termino sa mga lugar na dai man naeekperyensyahan an penominon. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 15:34, 25 Hunyo 2008 (UTC) ::An '''habagatan''' tabi '''Southwest''' po iyan; an '''Sur''', '''Timog'''. Pakihiling na lang sa may parteng ibaba, ta base sa sakuyang aktuwal na pagsaliksik kan mga direksyon sa pabiyahe-biyahe ko asin paghaharapot, an mga minasunod iyo an mga direksyon kan paros: * '''North''' – Norte/'''Hiraga'''/Hiragaan''(paros)'' * '''Northeast''' – Norteng Sirangan/'''Amihan'''/Amihanan''(paros)'' * '''South''' – Sur/'''Timog'''/Katimogan''(Paros)'' * '''Southeast''' –Timog Sirangan/'''Salatan'''/Salatanan''(paros)'' * '''Northwest'''-Norteng Sulnupan/'''Dumagsa'''/Dumagsaan''(paros)'' * '''Southwest'''-Timog Sulnupan/'''Habagat'''/Habagatan''(paros)'' * '''East''' – Este/'''Sirangan'''/Siranganan''(paros)'' * '''West''' – Weste/'''Sulnupan'''/Sulnupanan''(paros)'' Hanapon ko pa si notebook kong sadit na sinuratan ko kan manlaenlaen na direksyon kan paros. Sana dae pa narunot kan bagyo...hehehehe [[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 08:43, 27 Agosto 2009 (UTC) ::Duman sa libro ni O'brien garo igwang artikulo duman manongod sa "tamang" translations. Manoy, kun pag makaag ka nin sign an ikaag mo <nowiki>--~~~~</nowiki> --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 07:47, 27 Agosto 2009 (UTC) ::Salamat. Dae ko pang gayo sayod an pasistema kaya...[[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 08:45, 27 Agosto 2009 (UTC :::Nakua ko man giraray si luma kong notebook na sinuratan ko kan mga direksiyon base sa paghapot-hapot ko sa mga lugar na nadumanan ko; kaya, may mga binag-o ako sa itaas. [[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 23:02, 12 Oktobre 2009 (UTC) ==New Articles== Kindly list new articles here. I added new articles on London (Londres), Paris, Moscow (Mosku), New York (Ciudad nin Nueva York), Rome (Roma) and one article on Henry James (please put in the literature section). Mabalos po!--[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 13:18, 21 August 2007 (UTC) :Sige! Pwede ko man palan hilingon sa contribution link mo kun ano an mga piggiribo mong bagong artikulo. --[[User:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 16:05, 21 August 2007 (UTC) Marhay na Aldaw Irvin! Lima an bago kung mga artikulo ngunyan. Pakikaag tabi sa mga parasurat ini: Cervantes, Flaubert, Dostoevsky. Sarong scientifico (Galileo) asin sarong artista (as in artist, baku actor hehe): Leonardo Da Vinci...kun sabagay puede man ikaag si Leonardo sa mga scientifico ta inventor man baga siya. O, sige, mag-email na sana kita. --[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 03:10, 30 August 2007 (UTC) Dakul na akong nagibong bagong artikulo [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jay Bolero|kaulayon]]) 03:18, 3 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) ==Wikimedia Philippines== (''I'm very sorry, but I am not a Bikol speaker. I do ask for translation of this message into the Bikol language.'') My fellow Bicolano Wikipedians, I am requesting from your community today to join in helping towards the establishment and development of [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines|Wikimedia Philippines]], the Philippine chapter of the Wikimedia Foundation. You may join the Association by signing our [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines/Participants|participants' list]]. You may also view our Association [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines/Articles and Incorporation|Articles of Incorporation]] and [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines/By-laws|Bylaws]], give comments and/or suggestions or translate WMPH content into Bikol, and vote for the approval of the Articles of Incorporation so that it may be forwarded to the Wikimedia Foundation chapters committee. Bikol Translation: ::'''Sa kapwa ko Bicolano Wikipedians, Ako naghahagad sa saindong komunidad ngonyan na makibale sa pagtabang para sa pag-establisa asin asenso kan [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines|Wikimedia Philippines]], an tsapter sa Pilipinas kan Wikimedia Foundation. Kamo puwedeng makibale sa Asosasyon sa paagi nin pagpirma sa samuyang [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines/Participants|participants' list]]. Saindo man na mahiling an samuyang Asosasyon [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines/Articles and Incorporation|Articles of Incorporation]] asin [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines/By-laws|Bylaws]], magtao nin komentaryo asin/o suhestiyon o pagsalin WMPH na magin Bikol, asin magboto para sa pag-apruba kan Mga Artikulo nin Inkorporasyon tanganing ini puwede nang maipasa pasiring sa Wikimedia Foundation chapters committee.''' [[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 09:59, 27 Agosto 2009 (UTC) I hope this becomes a successful process, and we appreciate the help. Thank you very much. --[[User:Sky Harbor|<font color="#0066ff" ><b>Sky Harbor</b></font>]] 08:14, 9 September 2007 (UTC) Sky Harbor, I've joined the participants' list. --[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 13:05, 10 September 2007 (UTC) ==Announcement== Congratulations to the Bikol Wikipedia community for their continued support of their Incubator project. The Bikol Wikipedia (in its final form) has been '''APPROVED''' by the Wikimedia Foundation , and as such, expect the new home of the Bikol Wikipedia to be http://bcl.wikipedia.org anytime soon. Please continue fostering a vibrant and healthy community. Good luck and Godspeed to the Bikol Wikipedia, not only from me, but from the entire Philippine Wikimedia community and to the soon-to-be-formed Wikimedia Philippines. --[[User:Sky Harbor|<font color="#0066ff" ><b>Sky Harbor</b></font>]] 16:45, 1 November 2007 (UTC) ==Bikol Wiktionary== Solsogon an takod na [http://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/bcl ini] --[[User:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 16:29, 22 November 2007 (UTC) Boot ko palan na ipaabot na maugma ako na igwa nang Bikol Wiktionary. [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jay Bolero|kaulayon]]) 11:34, 19 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) == Bikol Wiki is now live == Mga kapwang Bikolano, bukas na an bagong sitio nin Bikol Wiki. Tabangan ta an pagasenso kaini. Hilingon tabi sa : [[http://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangenot_na_Pahina]] --[[User:Steven*fung|Steven*fung]] 00:41, 25 November 2007 (UTC) == Virtual meeting == My fellow Bikol Wikipedians, You are all cordially invited to the '''First Philippine Wikipedia Virtual Meetup''' to be held on May 3, 2008 at 8:00 PM Philippine Standard Time (UTC+8). We all hope that you can make it. For more information, please see [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Tambayan Philippines#Final Call : Virtual meetup|the English Wikipedia]]. Likewise, please indicate your willingness to attend so you may be sent an invitation to the conference. Thanks and we hope to see you there! --[[:en:User:Sky Harbor|<font color="#0066ff" ><b>Sky Harbor</b></font>]] 14:31 2 Mayo 2008 (UTC) ::When will be the next Virtual Meeting. Please try to schedule it to be held in Naga City. I believe many will be interested to get acquainted with. [[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 23:20, 12 Oktobre 2009 (UTC) :Meeting po iyan kan magniriba-ibang Filipino Wikipedians. Kita po digdi sa [[rehiyon Bikol|Bikol]] nuarin daw. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 07:44, 13 Oktobre 2009 (UTC) ==Tamboan na mga artikulo== Paki kaagan tabi nin duwang "{" sagkod "stub" sagkod duwang "}" an mga artikulong [[Wikipedia:Tamboan|tamboan]]. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 17:20, 6 Mayo 2008 (UTC) ::Riparo ko lang tabi, an "Mor'''m'''onismo" naitipa na "Mor'''n'''omismo". Pakihira man tabi sa main. Salamat. [[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 09:57, 27 Agosto 2009 (UTC) ==Opisyal na Sensus kan Pilipinas 2007== An sensus kan populasyon nin Pilipinas na ginibo kan taon 2007 pinaluwas na, susog sa Proklamasyon Nu. 1489 na pirmado ni Pres. Arroyo kan Abril 16, 2008. Dapat gayod ini na an pasisikaran na estadistika kan gabos na parasurat sa Bikol Wikipedia. Kun boot mahiling an site sa sensus, dooni tabi an takod na ini: [http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2008/pr0830tx.html] [[Ringer]] 14:55, 9 Mayo 2008 (UTC) == Friendster group == * [http://www.friendster.com/pinoywikipedia www.friendster.com/pinoywikipedia] * [http://www.friendster.com/group/tabmain.php?gid=1627180 Pinoy Wikipedia Friendster Group] * Facebook group keyword: "Pinoy Wikipedia" * [http://pinoywikipedia.multiply.com pinoywikipedia.multiply.com] * [http://www.come.to/wikipedia www.come.to/wikipedia] * [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/philwiki/ PhilWiki Yahoo Group] --[[:en:Exec8|Exec8]] 07:23, 14 Hunyo 2008 (UTC) ==Bandalismo== May naglalaog nang vandalismo sa wikipidia. Pano mapondo ini? [[Ringer]] 18:40, 14 Hunyo 2008 (UTC) :Kaipuhan maghagad permiso na magin tagamato sa Wikimedia. Nagpaso na si permisong itinao sako kadto. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 15:37, 25 Hunyo 2008 (UTC) Dai ako nagbabandal. [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jay Bolero|kaulayon]]) 08:56, 2 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) ==Pagkarga nin Sagunson== Napasaen si menu pagkarga nin file? -- [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] 14:24, 29 Oktubre 2008 (UTC) ==Anibersaryo kan Wikipidya== Magayon an kaisipan mong ini, Filipinayzd. Pagulayan ta. Saen palan an pigplano mong Book Sale? Pwede tang alokon naman an mga book writers na ipatinda idtong libro ninda. Sige, pagibo kitang t-shirt na may nakataplak kan logo nin Bikol wikipidya.[[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] 20:30, 18 Nobyembgre 2008 (UTC) Filipinayzd, hilingan kita sa aga, sa Trevi, sa Nagaland Hotel. Kahampang ini kan E-mall, mga alas 6 na hapon. Ulayan ta an an proyektong iniisip mo para sa anibersaryo kan Wikipidya. Dai ko nakua su cp number mo. Napara na tolos. [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] 20:35 19 Nobyembre 2008 (UTC) ::Noarin tabi an anibersaryo kan Wikipidya? Saka saen na puwede kitang maghirilingan sa Naga? Text man nindo ako: 09262674118. Makibali man daw ako sa parang-osan![[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 08:54, 27 Agosto 2009 (UTC) :::[[Nobyembre 24]] tabi, kan [[2007]]. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 07:47, 13 Oktobre 2009 (UTC) == Estadistika manonongod sa Bikol WIkipedia == *[http://wikistics.falsikon.de/latest Uya] an '''Pinakahinihilíng na mga pahina''' sa Bikol Wikipedia (mga paghilíng lambang aldaw): **36 [1.44 %]: [[Pangenot na Pahina]] **82 [0.87 %]: [[Corazon Aquino]] **44 [0.47 %]: [[Magayon Festival]] **39 [0.41 %]: [[Espesyal:RecentChanges]] **39 [0.41 %]: [[Taoismo]] **29 [0.31 %]: [[Estados Unidos]] **24 [0.25 %]: [[YouTube]] **20 [0.21 %]: [[Golpo]] **20 [0.21 %]: [[Bulkan Mayon]] **19 [0.20 %]: [[Ingles]] -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 07:24, 26 Oktobre 2009 (UTC) == Aro-aldaw na patama sa Bikol Wikipidya== Igwa man baga daa nin 9,443 aro-aldaw an natangka' sa satong Wikipidya. Hehe. [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] 27 Okt 2009 == Manila 8/First Wikimedia Philippines Annual Convention == Hello everyone, All editors of the Bikol Wikipedia are cordially invited to attend the [[:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Manila_8/Notice|First Wikimedia Philippines Annual Convention]] on Saturday, May 15, 2010, at the [[:en:University of the City of Manila|Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila]]. The convention will run concurrent with the [[:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Manila 8|Eighth Manila Wikipedians' Meetup]]. This will also serve as the soft-launch of WMPH. Editors from this Wikipedia who have signed up to join WMPH are expected to attend, so please be there. Likewise, we are inviting non-members of WMPH to attend as observers; you are welcome to [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines/Members|sign up as a member]] of WMPH during the convention if you so wish. To help us estimate the number of attendees, may we please ask you to list your name [[:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Manila_8|on this page]], under[[:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Manila_8#Participants| "Participants"]]. Thank you, and we hope to see you at the WMPH Annual Convention. :) ''For the WMPH Board of Trustees''<br> --[[:en:User:Sky Harbor|<font color="#0066ff" ><b>Sky Harbor</b></font>]] ^{([[:en:User talk:Sky Harbor|<font color="#0066ff" ><b>talk</b></font>]])} 04:19, 12 Mayo 2010 (UTC) == Pagpaorog kan Bikol Wikipedia Grant == :Uya an takod panlaog sa urulay dapit sa proposal: '''[[bcl:Wikipedia:Pagpaorog_kan_Bikol_Wikipedia|Pagpaorog kan Bikol Wikipedia]]''' --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 03:43, 15 Pebrero 2012 (UTC) == Balanghayan sa Bikol == Boot ko lang ipasabot sa gabos na gusto kong magpublisa sa paagi kan Bikol Wikipedia nin [[Balanghayan sa Bikol]] (Grammar in Bicol) kaya lang, dae ko pang gayo sabot kung paano mapunan ini. Ano daw kun may mga suhestiyon kamo. Ang Balanghayan sa Bikol pighango ko sa desinyo sa English Grammar, sa pagsabot na ang tataramong Ingles unibersong tataramon asin igwa nin kumpletong estruktura nin pagtaram. Siring sa [[Balarila]] (Grammar) nin Tagalog, nakadesinyo man ini sa English Grammar. Kaya, pinagmawot kong maipaaram ang plano kong ini sa gabos sa pagmawot na magtarabang kita para marealisa ang bagay na ini. Ano daw ang yaon sa boot nindo? [[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 06:15, 23 Pebrero 2012 (UTC) :Sa pagmati ko, ortograpiya muna kita, dangan bokabularyo. Hararom na urulay an kaipohan sa gramatika. Sa ngunyan, dawa mayo kitang nababasang Balanghayan, igwa kitang dai nakasurat na sinusunod. Kun an pagsurat kaining mga unwritten rules an isusurat. Kaipohan nin tawan halawig na panahon ini. Sa ngunyan, an marhay, sa ortograpiya asin bokaluaryo na muna kita gayod magtutok. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] 08:44, 23 Pebrero 2012 (UTC) ::Kun sabagay nagpopoon pa sana ako sa bagay na ini. Mas maray na idtong may pinunan na bago tapuson. Uyon ako na maenot ang ortograpiya, pero habang ginigibo ta ini, punan ko naman nganing pag-abot nin tamang pagtugdas, yaon na asin repasohon na sana. Ano tabi an maiambag ko sa ortograpiya? Pakitao na an takod tanganing makaambag na man ako.Salamat.[[Paragamit:Geopoet|Geopoet]] 11:22, 23 Pebrero 2012 (UTC) == Wikidata is now open == '''Greetings!''' First I apologize for not posting this with your language. Just a reminder that <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.wikidata.org Wikidata]</span> is now open. Check it out and see how <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Contribute you can contribute]</span>, set up pages for your language, and join the <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Project_chat discussions]</span> that could eventually affect this wiki. Regards--[[Paragamit:Lam-ang|Lam-ang]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Lam-ang|olay]]) 20:20, 6 Desyembre 2012 (UTC) == Help for translate == Hello and sorry for writing in English. Can anyone help me translate a small article (2 paragraphs) from English to your language? Please, fell free to answer in my talk page in your wiki. Thanks! [[Paragamit:Xaris333|Xaris333]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Xaris333|olay]]) 00:58, 12 Agosto 2014 (UTC) == Global AbuseFilter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is a MediaWiki extension used to detect likely abusive behavior patterns, like pattern vandalism and spam. In 2013, [[m:Special:Mylanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global AbuseFilters]] were enabled on a limited set of wikis including Meta-Wiki, MediaWiki.org, Wikispecies and (in early 2014) all the "[https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=small.dblist small wikis]". Recently, global abuse filters were enabled on "[https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=medium.dblist medium sized wikis]" as well. These filters are currently managed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and have shown to be very effective in preventing mass spam attacks across Wikimedia projects. However, there is currently no policy on how the global AbuseFilters will be managed although there are proposals. There is an ongoing [[m:Requests for comment/Global AbuseFilter|request for comment]] on policy governing the use of the global AbuseFilters. In the meantime, specific wikis can opt out of using the global AbuseFilter. These wikis can simply add a request to [[m:Global AbuseFilter/Opt-out wikis|this list]] on Meta-Wiki. More details can be found on [[m:Special:Mylanguage/Global AbuseFilter/2014 announcement|this page]] at Meta-Wiki. If you have any questions, feel free to ask on [[m:Talk:Global AbuseFilter|m:Talk:Global AbuseFilter]]. Thanks, [[m:User:PiRSquared17|PiRSquared17]], [[m:User:Glaisher|Glaisher]]</div> — 17:36, 14 Nobyembre 2014 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Glaisher@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_AbuseFilter/2014_announcement_distribution_list&oldid=10495115 --> == >> == mayo digding rehistrohan o guestbook sa english o talaan ng panauhin sa tagalog.. hmm.. ==Running as an admin== Hi everyone, Even I'm newbie here (joined february 8 2018), I want to run a position as a temporary admin, because I have noticed here that since 1 year ago, vadalism makes our wiki untrusted so I want to prevent or lessen the vandalism and also improve our bclwiki. Bikol Wikipedia is in need of an admin that understands the language, so I am applying for temp. adminship. I have do many things here in this wiki since I joined, like about the languages of Austronesian and Formosan, and now I make articles connected to the language of Austroasyatiko. If you agree, just comment "'''I'''", if you dont agree, just comment "'''I dont'''", and why? Thanks. Regard [[Paragamit:ShiminUfesoj| <span style="color:#fff;background:#800">Shi<span style="background:#a00">mi<span style="background:#c00">nU<span style="background:#d00">f</span>e</span>s</span>oj</span> ]]([[Olay kan paragamit:ShiminUfesoj|olay]]) 19:39, 11 Mayo 2018 (UTC) *'''Support''' temporary admin access. 2.000 editions, very enthusiastic about the project. [[Paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|olay]]) 21:02, 11 Mayo 2018 (UTC) :*Thank you *'''Full Support''' -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 14:32, 12 Mayo 2018 (UTC) :*Thanks to you :Note: Below, [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] is giving his full support to ShiminUfesoj. He wrote "Of course, I also give my positive endorsement of ShiminUfesoj application for co-adminship seeing his enthusiasm and sincerity to build up bclwiki to optimum growth and vitality." ... [[Paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|olay]]) 06:06, 22 Mayo 2018 (UTC) On 23 may 2018 administrator access was granted for 3 months - expire on 23 August 2018. [[Paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|olay]]) 19:05, 23 Mayo 2018 (UTC) : I know. . thanks you very much for your help. [[Paragamit:ShiminUfesoj| <span style="color:#fff;background:#800">Shi<span style="background:#a00">mi<span style="background:#c00">nU<span style="background:#d00">f</span>e</span>s</span>oj</span> ]]([[Olay kan paragamit:ShiminUfesoj|olay]]) 02:36, 24 Mayo 2018 (UTC) Full support [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jay Bolero|kaulayon]]) 11:36, 19 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) ==Admin in BclWiki== An editor since 2008, I guess it is high time to focus my attention on administrative matters, and not merely in writing articles and editing parts now and then, in this local and/or other language projects. Admin rights would certainly enhance my skills to effectively guard this project not only from facetious vandalism but from serious attacks on its integrity. Here's hoping this request would merit the assent of our co-workers in our project. Of course, I also give my positive endorsement of [[Paragamit:ShiminUfesoj| <span style="color:#fff;background:#800">Shi<span style="background:#a00">mi<span style="background:#c00">nU<span style="background:#d00">f</span>e</span>s</span>oj</span> ]] application for co-adminship seeing his enthusiasm and sincerity to build up bclwiki to optimum growth and vitality. [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|olay]]) 20:24, 11 Mayo 2018 (UTC) *'''Support''' temporary admin access. Ringer and an editor on this project since 2008 with thousands of editions, and do not worry about "serious attacks on its integrity" ... This not exist here in this Wikipedia it is only a fallacy. [[Paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|olay]]) 21:02, 11 Mayo 2018 (UTC) :*Thank you [[Paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]], for your endorsement. [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|olay]]) 12:40, 12 Mayo 2018 (UTC) *'''Support''' temporary admin access. As a newbie, Ringer have a patriotism and he promote the bicol language.. Since 2008, there are lots of projects and editor with a thousand of editions. Its better in this wiki to have a person like him. [[Paragamit:ShiminUfesoj| <span style="color:#fff;background:#800">Shi<span style="background:#a00">mi<span style="background:#c00">nU<span style="background:#d00">f</span>e</span>s</span>oj</span> ]]([[Olay kan paragamit:ShiminUfesoj|olay]]) 03:48, 12 Mayo 2018 (UTC) :* Thank you <span style="color:#fff;background:#800">Shi<span style="background:#a00">mi<span style="background:#c00">nU<span style="background:#d00">f</span>e</span>s</span>oj</span> for your endorsement. [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|olay]]) 12:52, 12 Mayo 2018 (UTC) *'''Full Support''' -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 14:36, 12 Mayo 2018 (UTC) ==Application for admin access== A volunteer since 2008, and having experienced all kinds of problems in editing and writing articles in Wikipedia, may I ask for your support in applying for administratorship in Bikol Wikipedia. I have met various forms of editorial problems in Wikipedia but since they require higher level of authority, I just ignore them. Hopefully, I can assist right on in improving the quality of our Wikipedia if vested with the proper tools. Thanks. [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 04:12, 9 Disyembre 2023 (UTC) == Is it OK? == I think [https://bcl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_You_(Yutaka_Ozaki)&oldid=169213 it] is not OK because I think it was infringed upon copyright. Japanese Copyright term is for 50 years, but Yutaka Ozaki died 1992, so we cannot discribe the words of the song. So I suggest that it should be [[:en:Wikipedia:Revision deletion|Revision deletion]] or [[:en:Wikipedia:Oversight|Oversight]].--[[Paragamit:Napoleon VIII|Napoleon VIII]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Napoleon VIII|olay]]) 13:17, 18 Mayo 2018 (UTC) ::Hi. It should be revision, just remove the violation. == Help me to translate in bicol == Hi guys, can you help me to translate those "land forms and water forms" in our language. *anyong lupa #Kapatagan - kapatagan #kabundukan- kabukiran #bundok- bukid, bulod #bulkan- bulkan #Talampas- ampas #Lambak- #Pulo- puro, isla #islands (en), isla #Tangway- rawis #Kapuluan- kapuroan #Kanyon- #ravine, gorge, gully- ranggas) #plain- tanayad) (e.g. plain country) . atbp *Anyong Tubig #dagat- dagat #karagatan- dagat #lawa- danaw #look- sola', suba' #golpo- golpo #Talon- busay #ilog- salog #batis- sipi', sulong #sapa- sapa' #lagoon- #strait- itiot, as in Strait of Gibaltrar #spring- burabod #tornado- alyosos (usually referring to strong twisters), buhawi #whirlwind- aliporos Atbp. I hope... Because, to make my knowledge more and to make my article about land and water forms make correct to equivalent to bcl. [[Paragamit:ShiminUfesoj| <span style="color:#fff;background:#800">Shi<span style="background:#a00">mi<span style="background:#c00">nU<span style="background:#d00">f</span>e</span>s</span>oj</span> ]]([[Olay kan paragamit:ShiminUfesoj|olay]]) 15:43, 19 Mayo 2018 (UTC) ::I forgot the bikol word for "valley" but i saw it in the bikol bible. I may be mistaken but it seems it's "wadi". [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|olay]]) 20:01, 21 Mayo 2018 (UTC) :Thanks.. Its is a big help.. So I can translate the : #Bicol peninsula to rawis kan bicol o rawis nin bicol #Look nin San miguel will change to Suba'/Sola' nin San Miguel # and so on But i was confuse in the translation of sea and ocean, why it is the same? So the translation of yellow sea is "dagat na dilaw" and the translation of artic ocean is "dagat artiko", I dont know if "kadagatan" is more appropriate for the translation of "ocean". [[Paragamit:ShiminUfesoj| <span style="color:#fff;background:#800">Shi<span style="background:#a00">mi<span style="background:#c00">nU<span style="background:#d00">f</span>e</span>s</span>oj</span> ]]([[Olay kan paragamit:ShiminUfesoj|olay]]) 02:19, 22 Mayo 2018 (UTC) == Ribayan ta na an Napiling Artikulo nin bag-o == Hi [[Paragamit: Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] , Hi [[paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] . Suggest kamo kun ano an pwedeng iribay sa satóng pan'atubangan na artikulo. --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 07:23, 24 Hulyo 2018 (UTC) :Iyo mananggad. Bulan-bulan nagsasangling tampok na artikulo. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 09:17, 24 Hulyo 2018 (UTC) ::Giboho ta dugod tong arog sa tagalog wikipedia.. ? pwede man gayod siguro -<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 04:46, 25 Hulyo 2018 (UTC) ::Pakarhaya na tabi tanganing bàgo na man an hitsura. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 19:06, 26 Hulyo 2018 (UTC) :Iyo po, alagad ano an pwedeng iribay sa satóng pan'atubangan na artikulo. ? --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 23:28, 26 Hulyo 2018 (UTC) == Awarding of Wiki Loves Earth Philippines == You are invited to the awarding event of Wiki Takes Earth tomorrow 2:30 in the afternoon at Biggs Magsaysay in Naga City. See you! -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 11:40, 27 Hulyo 2018 (UTC) == Ano an salin sa bikol kan Railways? == Hi [[Paragamit: Ringer]] asin [[Paragamit: Filipinayzd]] ano daw tabi an salin kan Railways sa bikol? --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 16:29, 14 Agosto 2018 (UTC) :Riles. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 09:33, 15 Agosto 2018 (UTC) : thanks so the translation of Naga railway station is estasyon nin riles kan Naga? --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 10:04, 15 Agosto 2018 (UTC) == Extension of Admin Right == Hi [[Paragamit: Filipinayzd]] and [[Paragamit: Ringer]], Can you comment here if you like to extend my admin rights here in BCL wiki. My admin rights will ended on August 24, 2018, Thanks... <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 13:00, 15 Agosto 2018 (UTC) :Yah I hope so, Hi [[Paragamit: DARIO SEVERI]] , you may also vote here. Thanks😎 <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 16:02, 16 Agosto 2018 (UTC) ;Agree * You are awesome! Hopefully your admin rights become permanent. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 12:12, 16 Agosto 2018 (UTC) * I agree to the renewal of rights of admin. to ShiminUfesoj. [[Paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|olay]]) 16:27, 16 Agosto 2018 (UTC) --Thank you for the support guys 😂 --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 03:39, 19 Agosto 2018 (UTC) ;Disagree * == Paburunyugon an artikulong [[balanghayan sa Bikol]] == Paburunyugon nyatoining artikulong ini tanganing makatabang kun may mawot o muya magtabang ss bcl. <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 16:30, 9 Setyembre 2018 (UTC) == Hilingnon mo sii sako == HI [[paragamit:Filipinayzd|Irvin]] Hilingon mo si sako [[Olay sa Wikipedia:Portal kan Komunidad#Running as an admin|digdi]] --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 02:44, 8 Marso 2019 (UTC) == Pagpapalawig pa utro == Hi [[Paragamit: Filipinayzd]] and [[Paragamit: Ringer]], Can you comment here if you like to extend my admin rights here in BCL wiki. My admin rights will ended on August 24, 2019, Thanks... <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 13:00, 15 Agosto 2018 (UTC) ''Agree'': *'''Support''' admin access. Already sysop since May 2018 +thousands of editions, very enthusiastic about the project. [[Paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|olay]]) 04:04, 24 Agosto 2019 (UTC) ''Disagree'': == I running to become an admin here in BCL wiki == Tommorow, my adminship here will be expired, I willing to run again for being admin here so please support me: Just say if you agree or disagree and why? Thank you. --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> 14:29, 23 Agosto 2019 (UTC) *'''Support''' admin access. Already sysop since May 2018 +thousands of editions, very enthusiastic about the project. [[Paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|olay]]) 04:04, 24 Agosto 2019 (UTC) *'''Support''' admin access, he do many as he was a sysop here. --[[Paragamit:Yutaka Ozaki Sempai|Yutaka Ozaki Sempai]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Yutaka Ozaki Sempai|olay]]) 08:48, 24 Agosto 2019 (UTC) *'''Support''' BTW, who is that other admin of BCL. If you checked the Stats, we have 2. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 14:52, 27 Agosto 2019 (UTC) {{Done}} - Granted for 2 years to expire on 2021-08-30. Congratulation Shimin_Ufesoj! [[Paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:DARIO SEVERI|olay]]) 06:15, 31 Agosto 2019 (UTC) == Pagpakarhay kan tabang pagpalis para sa Wikipedyang Bikol == Nagin matriumpo an [[:mw:Content_translation|tool para sa Pampalis Laog]] sa pagtabang sa proseso kan pagpalis para sa dakol na mga komunidad nin Wikipedya, asin boot ming makipagtabangan sa mga paraambag kan Wikipedyang Bikol sa [[:mw:Content translation/Boost|sarong inisyatibo]] tanganing mapakarhay an tool na ini base sa saimong partikular na mga kaipohan. Pinapadali kan Pampalis Laog an paggibo kan mga artikulo sa Wikipedya sa paagi kan pagpalis kan laog kaini sa iba pang mga tataramon. Nagamit na ini tanganing makamukna nin labi sa kabangang milyon na artikulo. Dugang pa, minatao an tool na ini nin [[:mw:Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality|mekanismo tanganing makaagda sa pagmukna nin marahay na kalidad nin laog]], pinupugolan kaini an pagpublikar kan saradit na pagliwat nin mga programang pagpalis. Sa pangkagabsan, ipinapahiling sa samong analisis na an mga nahimong pagpalis [[:mw:Content_translation/Deletion_statistics_comparison|daing gayo napupura kompara sa mga pinonan kaidto sa poon na mga artikulo]]. Naggamit na an mga paraambag kan Wikipedyang Bikol nin Pampalis Laog tanganing makagibo nin haros 500 na artikulo. Huli kan pagkadakula kan komunidad nin mga paraambag, nagtutubod kami na igwa nin potensyal na magamit an pagpalis tanganing makagibo pa nin dakol na mga artikulo, makapahiwas kan mga eksistido na, asin makaagda nin mga bagong paraambag na makakanood na maghaman nin igwang pakinabang na mga pagliwat. Makakatabang sa komunidad an pagpalis tanganing mapadikit kaini an agwat nin tataramon o language gap sa ibang mga tataramon asin mapatalubo an bilang kan mga paraambag nin padagos-dagos. Tanganing mautob an kamawotan na ini, boot ming makipagtabangan saimo na: * '''Gibohon na nahihiling an Pampalis Laog sa Wikipedyang Bikol.''' Siring kan pagkaag sa default kan tool na ini, pagpahiling kan tool sa angay na lugar, ipahiling an mga importanteng agwat nin laog, asin iangay an proseso tanganing makua an mga kaipuhan kan komunidad. Sa paaging ini, dakol na mga paraambag an makakanumpong kan importanteng laog na ipapalis. * '''Palangkawon an sakop kan laog para sa mga eksistidong artikulo.''' Aramon an mga ideya tanganing mapahiwas an mga eksistidong artikulo sa paagi kan pagpalis kan mga bagong seksyon kaini. Mapapahiwas ini kan mga paraambag huli kan mga bagong aspeto tanganing matukar an ulayon nin detalyado. * '''Suportaran an pagpalis sa dakol pang mga device.''' Tabangan an pagpalis gamit an mobile devices tanganing makatao nin dakol na oportunidad para sa pag-ambag gamit an ano man na device, na makakapabali sa mga bagong paraambag. Boot ming ihiras sa komunidad an samong kamawotan sa poon pa sana. An mga detalye para sa sunod na mga lakdang bibilogon bilang parte kaining kolaborasyon sa komunidad, asin mawot mi man na poonan an [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225498 sarong proseso nin pagsaligsig] tanganing urog pang maintindihan an mga pangangaipo kan komunidad. Bilang inot na lakdang, interesado kami na madangog an saimong nasasaboot dapit sa minasunod: * <mark>Positibo daw an ideya kan pagpakarhay kan tabang pagpalis sa mga paaging iniladawan sa itaas bilang paagi nin padagos na pagpatalubo kan Wikipedyang Bikol? </mark> * <mark>Igwa ka nin nilalaoman na mga problema na kaipohan simbagon?</mark> Pakiulay na ipaisi sana tabi kami kan saimong nasasaboot dapit sa propwestong inisyatibo asin ihiras an saimong komento digdi sa urulay. --[[Paragamit:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Elitre (WMF)|olay]]) 19:12, 27 Setyembre 2019 (UTC) :Hello everyone. Apologies if this message isn't in your language; please feel free to translate it. Last month we announced [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Boost the Boost initiative] to help wikis grow with translation. Although Central Bikol is not among the wikis we are focusing initially, there was interest from community members in how the initiative could help Central Bikol Wikipedia too. As an initial step, we have enabled [[Espesyal:ContentTranslation|Content translation]] by default on Central Bikol Wikipedia. Now it is easy for users to discover the tool [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Starting through several entry points]. However, users not interested in translation can disable it [https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesyal:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering from their preferences]. We expect this will help translators to create more content of good quality in Central Bikol. We’ll be monitoring [[Espesyal:ContentTranslationStats|the statistics for Central Bikol]] as well as [https://bcl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&hidepageedits=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&hidelog=1&namespace=0&tagfilter=contenttranslation&limit=500&days=30&urlversion=2 the list of articles created] with the tool. Content translation provides [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality quality control mechanisms] to prevent the abuse of machine translation and the limits can be adjusted based on the needs of each community. Please, feel free to share your impressions about the content created and how the tool works for the community. This feedback is essential to improve the tool to better support your needs. Thanks!--[[Paragamit:Pginer-WMF|Pginer-WMF]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Pginer-WMF|olay]]) 12:19, 30 Setyembre 2019 (UTC) == Application as BCL Wiki Administrator == I am [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 05:22, 17 Mayo 2020 (UTC). I have participated in several activities of BCL Wiki since 2012. Most of them were offline/outreach activities. It was only a year since I've been actively editing and creating new articles for BCL Wiki. I do minor edits mostly on random pages and that's where I noticed that some of the pages are candidate for deletion, or most of the time in need of additional information and citations. There were also citations connected to a broken link. I would like to apply as a temporary administrator for three months and help <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' Ulay_kita?'''</font>]] </span> and [[Paragamit: Ringer]] fix these issues. Thanks! : '''Strong support''', - I'm glad that theirs a one that may help me, and its a big help to improve Bcl wiki if theirs have two administrator. --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_gᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 12:18, 17 Mayo 2020 (UTC) '''Strong support''', the skills and experience of Kunokuno as a Bicolano writer is a great help to Bikol Sentral Wikipedia! [[Paragamit:Brazal.dang|Dang Brazal]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Brazal.dang|olay]]) 15:13, 17 Mayo 2020 (UTC) ==Application of [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] == The active participation of [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] in Bikol wikipedia makes him worthy and qualified to be designated as one of its administrators. I endorse his application favorably. [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|olay]]) 07:36, 17 Mayo 2020 (UTC) == Re- Application as BCL Wiki Administrator == I am [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]]. I would like to extend my administrator status in our local Wikipedia to continue the things I've started fixing since I was given the access as temporary administrator this past few months. There's still a lot to be improved especially on templates and I've come to discover some articles are for deletion since it was only a test article that was made during the previous years' edit-a-thons. However, there are also articles that are not candidate for deletion if only it could be modified into a more concise and informative article. I hope I will still be given the chance to do this tasks as local administrator. : i agree for his/her extension, im sorry if sometimes i cannot do my obligation as an admin here but of there is a time.. — by the way he/she good at all and i support because since im to very busy on my Real life, he/she will.. i mean he/she do a lot here. --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 18:31, 20 Agosto 2020 (UTC) : Yes, we fully endorse [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] to continue his role as administrator at Bikol Wikipedia. We believe he is doing well in this task and has shown energy and enthusiasm to clean up Bikol Wiki. [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|olay]]) 16:15, 25 Agosto 2020 (UTC) :Mabalos [[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]] asin [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] sa padagos na pagsuporta. Pagturuwangan tang pakarhayon ining satuyang proyekto asin patalubuon pa an satong sadiring lenggwahe. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 13:32, 27 Agosto 2020 (UTC) == Proposal to enable an experimental open source machine translation system for Central Bikol == '''[[:mw:Content_translation|Content translation]]''' has been used already by many communities to translate [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2019/09/23/content-translation-tool-helps-create-over-half-a-million-wikipedia-articles/ more than 700,000 Wikipedia articles]. We want to help communities with potential to grow by using translation more. We propose to enable experimental support for a basic machine translation system for Central Bikol within Content Translation. Over time, it can improve with the help of the community. === Background === For some languages, Content translation offers Machine Translation as a starting point for users to edit and improve. In addition, the tool provides [[:mw:Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality|mechanisms to encourage the creation of good quality content]], which prevent the publication of only lightly edited machine translations. As a result, the translations produced with the tool are [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Deletion_statistics_comparison less likely to be deleted than the articles started from scratch]. Unfortunately, Central Bikol is not supported by [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation#Machine_translation_availability any of the translation services currently integrated in the tool] such as Apertium, Google or Yandex. This requires editors to write their translations from scratch. === Proposal === We want to propose the integration of [http://opus.nlpl.eu/ OpusMT], an Open source Neural Machine Translation system that supports the English-Central Bikol language pair. You can try the translation engine [http://opusmt.wmflabs.org/ on this example website] (select "bcl" in the dropdown menu on the right side). Although the translation service is based on [https://marian-nmt.github.io/ MarianMT], a powerful neural network system, the quality of the final translations heavily depends on the availability of translation data which is limited for Central Bikol at the moment. This means that: * '''The translation quality will be very low initially.''' When using the translation service you should still expect that you'll have to rewrite most of the content. This may not be an extra effort compared to the current situation, given that users have to write their translations from scratch since there is no alternative machine translation system available. * '''Quality will improve over time as more articles are translated.''' Each translation created with Content Translation (using machine translation or from scratch) will contribute to the global corpus of translation examples used by the system. Thus, the more translations are created with the tool, the better the machine translation service will become. We believe that this approach will help the less-supported languages over time. We want to check if this plan sounds good to the Central Bikol community, and encourage Central Bikol editors to [https://bcl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx#suggestions translate Wikipedia articles with the tool]. In this way, your translations not only help expand the knowledge available in your language, but also become a way to improve the free machine translation service that can be used inside and outside Wikipedia. Note that the usage of OpusMT machine translation is optional and editors are free to translate without using such services. === Impact === On Central Bikol Wikipedia, more than 350 articles have been created with Content Translation since 2015 (compared to [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/query/49567 more than 6,000 articles created from scratch in the same period]). So we don’t expect a high volume of new content as an immediate result of this experiment. In any case, we want to encourage editors to [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation report any issues] they find with the tool while creating or reviewing translations. In order to make sure that the content created using the new machine translation system results in a productive contribution, we’ll keep track of [https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&hidelog=1&namespace=0&tagfilter=contenttranslation&limit=500&days=30&urlversion=2 the translations created with the tool] and their deletion ratios. In addition, we’ll set stricter [[:mw:Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation quality|limits on machine translation]] to enforce more intensive editing of the initial low quality machine translation. We want to make sure the expectations are clear before enabling the new system. Please share your questions and your thoughts on the idea. We’ll proceed only if there are no major concerns from the community. Thanks! --[[Paragamit:Aaharoni-WMF|Amir E. Aharoni (WMF)]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Aaharoni-WMF|olay]]) 12:12, 4 Nobyembre 2020 (UTC) :Hi [[Paragamit:Aaharoni-WMF|Amir E. Aharoni (WMF)]]! We badly need this for Bikol Wikipedia. We have been using Content Translation but since there is no Central Bikol in Google Translate we translate manually. Having an open source machine translation system is better than translating manually. I personally welcome this development not just for Bikol Wikipedia but for smaller Wikipedias as well. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 07:03, 5 Nobyembre 2020 (UTC) Hello [[Paragamit:Aaharoni-WMF|Amir E. Aharoni (WMF)]], I support this innovation. This will be helpful for our local wiki. Some of our articles are created through the translation tool. It would ease the burden of manual translation. Minor revisions are much tolerable. Thank you. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 07:11, 12 Nobyembre 2020 (UTC) == Leni Robredo article was deleted == What happened to the article of [[Leni Robredo]]? --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 03:30, 13 Nobyembre 2020 (UTC) ::The article was created through a content translation. However, the editor [[Paragamit:Jheckpesino|Jheckpesino]] is still a newbie and was not able to create an article worthy of publishing so it was opted to be deleted. See here:https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesyal:DeletedContributions/Jheckpesino and here:https://bcl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Espesyal:Undelete&action=submit. Upon checking, it was already created but it appears on suggestions for translation. The previous revisions were restored today to correct this. See here: https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesyal:Undelete/Leni_Robredo. I hope this clear things. Thank you. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 09:46, 20 Desyembre 2020 (UTC) == Wikipedia PH Month Project == <div style="border:2px solid #90C0FF; background:#F0F0FF; width:99%; padding:4px"> {| style="float: right; border: 1px solid #BBB; background: #FFFFFF; |- style="font-size: 86%;" |} [[File:WIKIPEDIA_PH_Month.png|right|300px]] [[File:Major_Philippine_languages.png|thumb|250px| <!--T:3--> Major Philippine ethnolinguistic groups]] Hello '''''Everyone''''', '''[[:meta:Wikipedia Philippine Month|Wikipedia Philippine Month]]''' or simply '''Wikipedia PH Month''' is a monthly editing activity inspired by [[:meta:Wikipedia Asian Month|Wikipedia Asian Month]]. It aims to bridge knowledge gaps on Philippine content in Philippine language editions of Wikipedia and beyond. The participating community is not limited to the Philippines and is open to all Wikipedia editions! This activity also aims to encourage collaboration among Filipino contributors within the archipelago and in the diaspora, and create linkages among Filipino and non-Filipino contributors who support the main objective. === How to Participate in the Activity === '''As an Editor''' * Find the language edition of Wikipedia you would like to build on. * Register an account if you have not done so. * Choose articles about the Topic of the Month, but NOT from YOUR NATIVE LOCALITY, and start creating or improving articles. * Write in the summary box the hashtag '''''#WikiPHmonth''''' before saving your work. '''As an Organizer''' * Set up and run the contest on a local level within your language community. (e.g. [[:bcl:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Philippine Month 2021]]) * If your local Wikipedia is already participating, ask if you can help judge articles if you are interested. * Engage local editors and aim for maximum participation. * Organize online and offline events for contest promotion and increase in participation. * If you have expertise or skills in [[:en:public relations|public relations]], then you can help us get media coverage. === Topics === [[File:TribalPhilippinesTraditionalRange.png|thumb| <!--T:4--> Traditional homelands of the '''[[:en:indigenous peoples of the Philippines|indigenous peoples of the Philippines]]'''|alt=|250px]] Each participating local Wikipedia community runs a monthly online edit-a-thon, which promotes the creation or improvement of the Wikipedia content about a particular group or [[:en:Ethnic groups in the Philippines|groups of people in the Philippines]] and the region they represent. * '''JANUARY''' - The '''[[:en:Visayans|Visayans]]''' (Region VI, Region VII, Region VIII, Romblon) are a metaethnicity race native to the whole [[:en:Visayas|Visayas]], to the southernmost islands of Luzon (MIMAROPA Region and Masbate) and the northern and eastern coastal parts of Mindanao. They are speakers of one or more Visayan languages, the most widely spoken being ''Cebuano, Hiligaynon'' and ''Waray-Waray''. They comprise the largest ethnic group in the nation. * '''February''' - Wiki Loves Love; Chinese New Year - [[:en:Chinese Filipino|Filipino-Chinese heritage]] * '''March''' - WikiGap; Women's Month - [[:en:Filipina|Filipina]] * '''APRIL''' - The '''[[:en:Tagalogs|Tagalogs]]''' (NCR, Region IV-A, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Marinduque) are the most widespread ethnic group in the Philippines. They predominate the entirety of the [[:en:Manila|Manila]] and mainland [[:en:CALABARZON|southern Luzon regions]], with a plurality in [[:en:Central Luzon|Central Luzon]] (mainly in its southeastern portion, as well as parts of Zambales and Bataan provinces except for Pampanga and Tarlac) and coastal parts of Mindoro. The Tagalog language was chosen as an official language of the Philippines in 1935. Today, Filipino, a de facto version of Tagalog, is taught throughout the archipelago. * '''MAY''' - Heritage Month - '''[[:en:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines#Highland_Ethnolinguistic_Nations|Highland Ethnolinguistic Nations]]''' (Cordilleras), '''Mangyan''' (in central Mindoro island), '''Suludnon''' (in central Panay island, and '''Negritos''' (in remote areas throughout Luzon, Panay, Negros islands, and Mindanao). The ''[[:en:Igorot|Igorots/Cordillerans]]'' live in the highlands of Luzon. They are primarily located in the [[:en:Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera Administrative Region]], Caraballo Mountains, and Sierra Madre. ''[[:en:Mangyan|Mangyan]]'' is the generic name for the eight indigenous groups found on the island of Mindoro, southwest of the island of Luzon in the Philippines, each with its own tribal name, language, and customs. They occupy nearly the whole of the interior of the island of Mindoro. The ''[[:en:Negrito|Negrito]]'' are several Australo-Melanesian groups who inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia. They all live in remote areas throughout the islands in the Philippines. The ''[[:en:Suludnon|Suludnon]]'', also known as the Tumandok, Sulod, Panay-Bukidnon, or Panayanon Sulud, are an indigenous Visayan group of people who reside in the Capiz-Lambunao mountainous area and the Antique-Iloilo mountain area of central Panay in the Visayan islands of the Philippines. * '''June''' - Filipino-Spanish Friendship Day - [[:en:Spanish Filipino|Filipino-Spanish heritage]] * '''JULY''' - The '''[[:en:Ilocano people|Ilocanos]]''' and minorities in '''[[:en:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines#Lowland_Ethnolinguistic_Nations|Lowland Ethnolinguistic Nations]]''' in [[:en:Cagayan Valley Region|Cagayan Valley Region]] (Region I, Region II) are predominantly Christian group who reside within the lowlands and coastal areas of [[:en:Ilocos Region|northwestern Luzon]]. Other Ilocanos are also found in Cordillera Administrative Region and Cagayan Valley. The ''Ivatan'' (also spelled as Ibatan) are the predominant ethnolinguistic group in the [[:en:Batanes|Batanes]] islands of the Philippines. They have close cultural links with the Taiwanese aborigines, especially the Yami/Tao people of Orchid Island under jurisdiction of Taiwan. The ''Ibanags'' are a predominantly Christian lowland ethnic group numbering around half a million people and who primarily inhabit the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela in the Cagayan Valley of northern Luzon. The ''Itawes''/Itawis/Itawit are among the earliest inhabitants of the [[:en:Cagayan Valley|Cagayan Valley]] in northern Luzon. The ''Gaddang'' number about 25,000. They are known to have inhabited the upper Cagayan Valley and the Magat valley below Aritao in Nueva Vizcaya and in [[:en:Isabela|Isabela]] since before the Spanish arrived. * '''AUGUST''' - Indigenous Month - '''[[:en:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines#Highland_Ethnolinguistic_Nations|Highland Ethnolinguistic Nations]]''' (Tribal Palaweño, and Lumad) and '''[[:en:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines#Lowland_Ethnolinguistic_Nations|Lowland Ethnolinguistic Nations]]''' ([[:en:Bangsamoro|Bangsamoro]]). The ''[[:en:peoples of Palawan|peoples and tribes of Palawan]]'' are a diverse group of both indigenous tribes and lowland groups that historically migrated to the island of Palawan and its outlying islands. The ''[[:en:Lumad|Lumad]]'' are the un-Islamized and un-Christianized indigenous Austronesian peoples of Mindanao. They include several ethnolinguistic nations such as the Manobo, the Tasaday, the Mamanwa, the Mandaya, the B'laan, the T'boli, and the Kalagan. They primarily inhabit the eastern parts of Mindanao such as the Caraga, and Davao Regions. The collective term ''[[:en:Moro people|Moro]]'' or Bangsamoro people refers to the, at least 13, islamicized ethnolinguistic groups of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan. The Muslim Moros originally had a few independent states such as the Maguindanao Sultanate, the Lanao Sultanates, and the Sulu Sultanate. The Sultanate of Sulu once exercised sovereignty over the present day provinces of Basilan, Palawan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, the eastern part of the Malaysian state of Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and North Kalimantan in Indonesia. *'''SEPTEMBER''' - The '''[[:en:Bicolano people|Bikolanos]]''' and '''[[:en:Masbateño people|Masbateños]]''' (Region V) are a predominantly Roman Catholic ethnic group that originates from the Bicol Region in Southern Luzon. They are the fifth-largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines. ''Masbateños'' live in Masbate province of the Philippines. Masbateños may be considered Visayans by language but are Bicolanos by region. * '''OCTOBER''' - The '''[[:en:Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]]''' and '''[[:en:Bolinao language|Bolinaos]]''' (Pangasinan) are the eighth-largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines. They predominate in the northwestern portion of Central Luzon (entire Pangasinan, northern Tarlac, northwestern Nueva Ecija and northern Zambales), as well as southwestern parts of La Union and Benguet. The ''Bolinao'' people live in Bolinao and Anda, Pangasinan. They speak the Bolinao language or Binubolinao, which is the second most widely spoken Sambalic language in Pangasinan (after Sambal). * '''November''' - Wikipedia Asian Month - [[:en:Asian people|Asian Heritage]] * '''DECEMBER''' - The '''[[:en:Kapampangan people|Kapampangans]]''' and '''[[:en:Sambal people|Sambals]]''' (Pampanga, Zambales, Tarlac) are the seventh-largest ethnic group in the Philippines. They primarily use the Kapampangan language, which is spoken by more than 1.4 million individuals. The ''Sambals'' are the inhabitants of the province of Zambales, including the independent city of Olongapo. They are also found in the municipalities of Bolinao and Anda in northwestern Pangasinan. Sambals currently make up a large proportion of the population in the Zambales municipalities of north of Iba, the provincial capital. Their language, Sambal, is related to Kapampangan. Thank you! --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 12:43, 7 Enero 2021 (UTC) </div> == Propwesto: Bulan-bulan na pagtampok nin Artikulo == Tanganing magin updated an panginot na pahina sa mga bisita. Marhay gayod na igwang bagong Tampok na artikulo lambang Bulan. Agihon sa nominasyon an tampok na artikulo na igwa nang halangkaw na kalidad. Dangan, an komunidad maboto sa mga nominado para sa tampok na artikulo sa sunod na bulan. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 13:22, 25 Enero 2021 (UTC) Uyon ako diyan --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 15:11, 25 Enero 2021 (UTC) == Art + Feminism in the Philippines Campaign 2021 == There will be a series of edit-a-thons during the month of March and April. This project aims to continue the objectives of the previous year's Art & Feminism in the Philippines by adding and improving contents in Wikipedia, Wiki Commons, and other Wiki projects with regards the Art and Feminism, not only limited in the Philippines but throughout the world. Here is the link for this year's activity. This event was requested through the individual rapid grants of the WMF. We hope you can join us!Here is the link for this year's activity.https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_%2B_Feminism_in_the_Philippines_Campaign_2021 :Is this event open to the community of contributors? Any details about the venue and date of the edi-a-thon? So we can attend. -15:02, 3 Pebrero 2021 (UTC) ::Updates will be posted on the page. There will be in-person and online events depending on the participants' availability. Please keep in touch. For now, please review the details on the page I've mentioned above. Thank you. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 15:24, 3 Pebrero 2021 (UTC) == Pwede daw kaya ini? == Pwede daw na ipalis sa bikol na igwa nin Sub- hal. Subpage magigin pang-irarom na pahina? Subdivision = Pang-irarom na pagkakabanga, ta an hinuha ko an Sub garo siya nakapairarom sa ugat basta.. --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 07:55, 6 Pebrero 2021 (UTC) ::Pwede man. Basta yaun pa an konteksto. Basta baga maintindihan pa man. Ta minsan naipapalis ta sa Bikol alagad dai naman maintindihan ta nagiging bagong tataramon. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 08:22, 6 Pebrero 2021 (UTC) == Local file [[:Ladawan:Our Lady of the Atonement Cathedral 005.jpg]] with duplicate at Commons == Hello po. I'm requesting for the deletion of the local Bicol Wiki file [[:Ladawan:Our Lady of the Atonement Cathedral 005.jpg]] as an exact duplicate of the Commons file [[:File:Cathedral of our Lady of Atonement.jpg]], if this request complies or agrees with your guidelines and/or policies. The enwiki template relevant to duplicate files, [[:en:Template:Now Commons]], is absent here, so I put forward my request here. Mentioning also the uploader of the file, {{u|Ringer}}, regarding this. Salamat po! [[Paragamit:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:JWilz12345|olay]]) 11:35, 6 Marso 2021 (UTC) ::Hi [[Paragamit:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:JWilz12345|olay]]), thank you for noticing the duplication. Let's wait for the response of {{u|Ringer}},with regards this. Salamat po. :) [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 11:45, 6 Marso 2021 (UTC) :::Another duplicate image found: [[:Ladawan:An Metropolitan Katedral kan Nagal.jpg]] (Commons: [[:File:Katedral nin Naga.jpg]]). However, the Commons file is of lower resolution and the user may need to overwrite it with highest resolution. Though I did that for the image of Baguio Cathedral mentioned above. [[Paragamit:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:JWilz12345|olay]]) 12:07, 6 Marso 2021 (UTC) *[[User:Kunokuno]] another one: [[:Ladawan:Katolikong simbahan sa Daet014.jpg]] which is a duplicate of [[:File:Daet Church.jpg]] (like the first mentioned image, I uploaded the original version on Commons, with edit summary attributing to its uploader). Btw, I hope your wiki has an equivalent to [[:en:Template:NowCommons]], as {{tl|Delete}} does not have a parameter where a reason can be added. [[Paragamit:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:JWilz12345|olay]]) 07:54, 7 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) *:Hi [[User:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]], this was uploaded way back 2009 when the BCL wiki was just starting I think. The editor may have forgotten that there's already an uploaded file on Wiki Commons. Do we request for it to be deleted or do just leave it as it is? I am not really particular as to how duplicate images on Commons are managed. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 11:08, 7 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) *::[[User:Kunokuno]] (I hope your wiki also has local version of [[:en:Template:Ping]]), using enwiki policy ([[:en:WP:F8]]), files that are identical copies on Commons are eligible for speedy deletion, as long as the file details and licensing are still intact on Commons, and the Commons file is of superior quality (e.g. higher resolution) than the local one. I don't know if your wiki has the same policy. One benefit of hosting files at Commons is that these can be used at different wikis too (unlike local files here which can only be used here locally). *::One condition is that files must be 100% freely-licensed. Also, there may be [[c:COM:FOP Philippines|no freedom of panorama issue]] as we currently do not have this privilege in [[:w:Copyright law of the Philippines|our copyright law]] that permits free culture '''and''' commercial uses, distributions, and publications of images of recent public works (e.g. monuments and architecture) without the need of licensing permissions from the people who ''designed'' those public works (architects, sculptors, muralists, etc.). *::What is only allowed on Commons ''as of today'' are buildings completed before December 15, 1972 (subject to an old law that didn't protect finished architecture, as Presidential Decree 49/Republic Act 8293 are not retroactive), and other buildings and monuments (statues, sculptures etc.) whose designers have been dead for more than 50 years. [[Paragamit:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:JWilz12345|olay]]) 12:17, 7 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) == Extension as BCL Wikipedia Administrator == I would like to request for another term of adminship. I was able to delete some vandalisms within the last few months and block abusive IPs. Also, I am attending the [[metawiki:Community_Development/WikiLearn/Identifying_and_Addressing_Harassment_Online|Identifying and Addressing Harassment Online course]] which will be helpful to me and the rest of the local community when addressing disputes within this local wiki. I hope this request be granted. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 12:04, 6 Marso 2021 (UTC) I support also, since I'm so busy on this day so... He is a big help to maintain what the wiki is.. -<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 12:10, 6 Marso 2021 (UTC) My full support for [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]], for another term of adminship. Keep on mate! [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|olay]]) 18:31, 6 Marso 2021 (UTC) == Wiki para sa Karapatan Pantawo == As one of the administrators here in BCL Wikipedia, I would like to extend my support for [[metawiki:User:Daramlagon|Daramlagon]]'s first project in connection with the international campaign for the # [[metawiki:WikiForHumanRights|WikiForHumanRights 2021]]. His request can be viewed [[metawiki:Grants:Project/Rapid/Daramlagon/Wiki_para_sa_Karapatan_Pantawo|here]] . This event is tentatively scheduled on April 15, 2021 until May 15, 2021. A local page was already created here for updates. In person events and virtual meetings will always follow the [[metawiki:Friendly_space_policies|Friendly Space Policy]]. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 10:02, 2 Abril 2021 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Earth 2021 in the Philippines == Please support [[Commons:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2021 in the Philippines|Wiki Loves Earth 2021 in the Philippines]] by endorsing [[Meta:Grants:Project/Rapid/Maffeth Opiana/Wiki Loves Earth 2021 in the Philippines|my proposal]]. Thank you! -[[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|olay]]) 16:37, 16 Abril 2021 (UTC) == Request for adminship == Being an active contributor for Bikol Wikipedia, I would like to apply as an administrator for this project. I am planning to create more WikiProjects in Bikol Wikipedia to increase and improve its contents, and also to help the current administrators on maintaining the website. Thank you! - [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 05:46, 18 Abril 2021 (UTC) '''Strong Support'''- Ralff is an active contributor in Bikol Wikipedia. He initiated projects such [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto_Siyensya]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto_Historya]],[[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto_Gastronomiya]] and even completed [[Wikipedia:100wikidays]] Challenge creating quality articles. He is also an active contributor in Bikol Wiktionary. His expertise, passion and dedication is very much needed in Bikol Wikipedia. He is such an inspiration. Cheers! [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|olay]]) 08:28, 18 Abril 2021 (UTC) * ''suportado'' - siya an bahala sa mga manungod sa siyensya arog kan sa adal_buhay asin ano pa man... Mantang sibot pa ako sa buhay na realidad, manunmungan na siya na muna mamahala -- <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 08:14, 19 Abril 2021 (UTC) *'''Strong Support''' - He is a dedicated and compassionate volunteer. He is genuinely interested in his initiatives and participation in WikiProjects. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 01:05, 20 Abril 2021 (UTC) == Invitation for Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021 == Hello there, We are inviting you to participate in '''[[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021]]''', a global contest scheduled to run from July through August 2021. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. In its first year (2020), 36 Wikimedia communities in 27 countries joined the campaign. Events relating to the campaign included training organized by at least 18 Wikimedia communities in 14 countries. The campaign resulted in the addition of media files (photos, audios and videos) to more than 90,000 Wikipedia articles in 272 languages. Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) offers an ideal task for recruiting and guiding new editors through the steps of adding content to existing pages. Besides individual participation, the WPWP campaign can be used by user groups and chapters to organize editing workshops and edit-a-thons. The organizing team is looking for a contact person to coordinate WPWP participation at the Wikimedia user group or chapter level (geographically or thematically) or for a language WP. We’d be glad for you to reply to this message, or sign up directly at [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021/Participating Communities#Wikimedia affiliate communities|WPWP Participating Communities]]. Please feel free to contact [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021/Organizing Team|Organizing Team]] if you have any query. Kind regards,<br/> [[User:Tulsi Bhagat|Tulsi Bhagat]]<br/> Communication Manager<br/> Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign<br/> <small>Message delivered by [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|olay]]) 06:24, 2 Mayo 2021 (UTC)</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Tulsi Bhagat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos/Distribution_list&oldid=21414265 --> == Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Module translation and Campaign == Hello Central Bikol Wikipedia Community. I am planning to produce a Central Bikol translation of the Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom module to promote the usage of Wikipedia and to increase the users of our local wiki. [[Paragamit:Sherlock808|Sherlock808]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Sherlock808|olay]]) 12:07, 4 Mayo 2021 (UTC) [[File:Central Bikol version of Reading WP Booklet - July 2020 Design (PHILIPPINES).pdf|thumb|Translated from English to Central Bikol based from the works of WMF Education Team]] :I am done translating in Central Bikol the Module 1. I have asked Vansanthi of an editable version of Module 2 and 3 so we can start the translation. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 13:14, 7 Mayo 2021 (UTC) : Hello [[Paragamit:Sherlock808|Sherlock808]]! I am extending my support to this initiative! Also, I am happy to inform you that there are already schools that showed their interest and enthusiasm in being part of this project! I'd be glad to connect you with them. See you soon! :) <span style="border:1px solid pink;padding:1px;">[[Paragamit: Brazal.dang|<font style="color:#FE9FBD;font-family:cursive">''' Dang Brazal '''</font>]][[User talk:Brazal.dang|<font style="color:#0BDEB6;font-family:helvetica">''' Olay '''</font>]]</span> 13:46, 7 Mayo 2021 (UTC) The more the merrier! -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 14:00, 7 Mayo 2021 (UTC) == Invitation to join the UCoC Roundtable Discussions == You are invited to participate in the '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations/Roundtable discussions|Roundtable Discussions]]''' about how to enforce the [[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] within the Wikimedia movement. There are two Zoom calls scheduled at '''15 May''' and '''29 May''', both at '''15:00-16.30 UTC'''. Please sign your name '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations/Roundtable discussions#Sign up|here]]''' if you are interested. Should you have any questions, please contact [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]]. Thank you! [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|olay]]) 21:48, 5 Mayo 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies&oldid=21426668 --> == Wiki Loves Earth PH 2021 Edit-a-thon‎ == Maugmang aldaw! Inaagda kamo na magbali sa kasibotan na [[Wikipedia:Wiki_Loves_Earth_PH_2021_Edit-a-thon|Wiki_Loves_Earth_PH_2021_Edit-a-thon]] poon Mayo 10 hasta Hulyo 31, 2021. Mawot kaini na maitampok an mga ladawan gikan sa Wiki Loves Earth sa mga dati asin bagong artikulo. [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|olay]]) 13:55, 9 Mayo 2021 (UTC) == WikiProyekto in Bikol Wikipedia == Good Day, Bikol Wikipedia Community! The fifth ''WikiProyekto'' in Bikol Wikipedia, [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto Matematika|WikiProyekto Matematika]], is now running. The main objective is to create and improve Mathematics-related articles here in Bikol Wikipedia. Also, it is the first child project of [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto Siyensya|WikiProyekto Siyensya]] which was started a few months ago. This initiative is a part of the main goal of '''WikiProyekto''' ― to make Bikol Wikipedia more diverse in terms of scope and application. In each project, articles can be a basic concept or an advanced one in its respective field of study. As of today, the topics with their own project are [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto Siyensya|science]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto Historya|history]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto Tataramon|language]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto Gastronomiya|food and beverage]], and [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto Matematika|mathematics]]. Everyone is invited to contribute or create a WikiProyekto in your own topic of interest. Mabalos! [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 16:34, 10 Mayo 2021 (UTC) == Invitation to join the 12 June UCoC Roundtable discussion == Dear Wikimedians: you are invited to participate in the next '''[[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions/id|Roundtable discussion]]''' on the [[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC). The next iteration would be held on '''Saturday''', '''12 June 2021''', on '''05.00-06.30 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1623474056 see your local time here]). The forum would discuss how to enforce the Code of Conduct across Wikimedia projects and communities. Should you have any question, please direct it to [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]]. See you there! [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|olay]]) 09:44, 3 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies&oldid=21536726 --> == Request for extension of Adminship == Hi everyone, I would like to inform that I have request for extension of adminship. This few months, there were IPs that I have blocked due to severe vandalisms and for repeatedly creating not notable articles, by which some are even written in English. I would like to be of help to the current administrators of this Wikipedia. Admin rights has also helped me during tutorials of new users. I hope I can get the same support. Thanks. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 10:52, 14 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) :'''Strong Support'''. This user knows the language very well and how to manage this Wikiproject to make it more useful to its users. Neutral and prioritizes relevant articles for the end users. <span style="border:1px solid pink;padding:1px;">[[Paragamit: Brazal.dang|<font style="color:#FE9FBD;font-family:cursive">''' Dang Brazal '''</font>]][[User talk:Brazal.dang|<font style="color:#0BDEB6;font-family:helvetica">''' Olay '''</font>]]</span> 10:27, 17 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) :'''Weak Support''': The user is more active on Tagalog Wikipedia. Limited topics are contributed to Bikol Wikipedia. I always hang out at Tagalog Wikipedia and look at the histories. He is a bit focused on Tagalog, and I don't support him because the person who supported him also said that "This user knows the language very well and how to manage this Wikiproject to make it more useful. to its users. Neutral and prioritizes relevant articles for the end users. " Contrary to what was said, because I don't see much making articles. just blocking the vandals --[[Paragamit:Yutaka Ozaki Sempai|Yutaka Ozaki Sempai]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Yutaka Ozaki Sempai|olay]]) 11:07, 17 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) ::'''Support''' More admins, the merrier, I'm also an admin of this page but sometimes I'm so busy in real life, maybe 3 admin (alongside of raff) much better. --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> :::Thank you for your comments [[Paragamit:Yutaka Ozaki Sempai|Yutaka Ozaki Sempai]]. For your reference, you may check my [[Espesyal:CentralAuth/Kunokuno|global contributions]]. It has 3,856 edits on BCL Wikipedia and 772 edits on TL Wikipedia. I have checked your [https://bcl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?target=Yutaka+Ozaki+Sempai&namespace=all&tagfilter=&start=&end=&limit=50&title=Espesyal%3AContributions contributions] thinking that I may have missed something on what you stated but it was a bit awkward seeing that your last edit on BCL Wikipedia was way back 2019, and your next edit will be your comment on my statement. Maybe, that's the reason you never see any activity of me here. There is also [https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesyal:CentralAuth?target=Yutaka+Ozaki+Sempai 30 edits] from you here in BCL Wikipedia but I would be willing to assist you if you'd want to learn more the language. Yes, I admit that I often edit and even created articles on TL Wikipedia but I don't notice you [[:tl:Natatangi:Mga_ambag/Yutaka_Ozaki_Sempai|hanging out very often on Tagalog Wikipedia]]. My last edit on Tagalog Wikipedia was last [[:tl:Natatangi:Mga_ambag/Kunokuno|May 26, 2021.]] Anyway, everyone is welcome to give their comments and I respect what you have said. I have provided the links just to give a clearer picture. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 11:42, 17 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) {{done}} for one year (expire: June 21, 2022). Best regards, <small>&mdash;[[:m:User:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]] 10:41, 21 Hunyo 2021 (UTC)</small> ::::Thank you for approving my request [[:m:User:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]]. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|olay]]) 13:16, 21 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) == Invitation for Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021 == Hello there, We are inviting you to participate in '''[[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021]]''', a global contest scheduled to run from July through August 2021. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. In its first year (2020), 36 Wikimedia communities in 27 countries joined the campaign. Events relating to the campaign included training organized by at least 18 Wikimedia communities in 14 countries. The campaign resulted in the addition of media files (photos, audios and videos) to more than 90,000 Wikipedia articles in 272 languages. Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) offers an ideal task for recruiting and guiding new editors through the steps of adding content to existing pages. Besides individual participation, the WPWP campaign can be used by user groups and chapters to organize editing workshops and edit-a-thons. The organizing team is looking for a contact person to coordinate WPWP participation at the Wikimedia user group or chapter level (geographically or thematically) or for a language WP. We’d be glad for you to reply to this message, or sign up directly at [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021/Participating Communities#Wikimedia affiliate communities|WPWP Participating Communities]]. Please feel free to contact [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2021/Organizing Team|Organizing Team]] if you have any query. Kind regards,<br/> [[User:Tulsi Bhagat|Tulsi Bhagat]]<br/> Communication Manager<br/> Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign<br/> <small>Message delivered by [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|olay]]) 10:10, 2 Mayo 2021 (UTC)</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Tulsi Bhagat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos/Distribution_list&oldid=21414265 --> == Establishing a PhilWiki Community Branch == [[:meta: PhilWiki Community|PhilWiki Community]] recognizes the active role of local Wikimedia communities in developing programs and projects, and in expanding the reach of the organization. On 25 June 2021, it passed its policy on establishing branches within the country. A branch is an integral arm of the PhilWiki Community that shall advance the organization's objectives within a specific locality. It shall also support a specific Wikimedia project and/or program. We would like to invite you to be part of our growing Community. Dios Mabalos! -[[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 13:08, 26 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) *'''Strong support''' - As a contributor, former sysop, and as member of Bikol Wikipedia community, I strongly support. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 13:14, 26 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) *'''Strong support''' [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|olay]]) 14:41, 26 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) *'''Strong support''' --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 05:04, 28 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) * '''Strong support''' [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|olay]]) 06:23, 28 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) *'''Strong support''' [[Paragamit:MarvinBikolano|MarvinBikolano]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MarvinBikolano|olay]]) 10:44, 1 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) ====Bikol o Bicol branch==== *Ano an mas marhay para sa branch digdi sato, Central Bikol language o Bicol (Region) branch? -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 11:45, 28 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) * '''BICOL''' — Kun si balyo po kayang grupo an apud "Manila", mas marhay na po kun aapudon na "Bicol" diyan sa Naga. Kun "Central Bikol" po kaya an gagamiton, dapat apudon na nin "Tagalog" an magigin grupo digdi sa Manila. [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 14:44, 28 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) : Pwedeng ethnolinguistic or geographic branch with or without thematic focus. It is up with them to decide. Digdi sato, as proponents, we should decide only for this branch. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 22:24, 28 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) : Kami po digdi sa Metro Manila, base sa heograpiya an susundon mi. "Manila", "Metro Manila", "Mega Manila", o iba pa po an mga kandidato kan magigin ngaran. An Metro Manila po kaya ngunyan, maski ngani Tagalog an tataramon, dakol man giraray an naka-istar asin nagtatrabaho na hale sa mga probinsya digdi. [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 12:58, 29 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) :Uyon ako sa sinabi mo. Maliwanag na sako. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 16:12, 29 Hunyo 2021 (UTC) == Imbitasyon sa pag partisipar sa Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos in the Philippines 2021 == Marhay na aldaw sa kapwa ko Wikimedians digdi sa Bikol. Mawot ko kamong imbitaran na mag partisipar sa "Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos in the Philippines 2021" (WPWP2021) na madalagan puon ngunyan na primerong aldaw kan Hulyo hasta ika-31 kan Agosto 2021. Obheto kan proyekto na mag ambag nin mga ladawan sa mga artikulo kan Wikipedia sa manlaen-laen na lenguahe sa nasyon (Bikol Sentral, Cebuano, Ilokano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Tagalog, Waray, Zamboagueño, asin Chavakano). Sundan sana an minasunod na mga paagi: #Sign in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin) or Create a New Account on Wikipedia (You can create an account on any language Wikipedia including your own language). The list of all languages Wikipedia can be found here (https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias). #Find an article that needs a photo. There are many ways to do this. Here are some tips. #Select the appropriate image on Commons. Click here (https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) to search for the image using the correct title or category. There are several ways to do this. See this simple media reuse guide (https://commons.wikimedia.org/.../Commons:Simple_media...). Here are additional tips (https://meta.wikimedia.org/.../Wikipedia_Pages.../Resources). #On the article page, click Edit and insert the image selected in Step 3, including a brief caption in the WP's language. Check the display position in "Preview" and make any necessary changes. Then click on "Publish changes". #Include the hashtag #WPWP #WPWPPH on the edit summary of all articles improved with images. #You may also participate by creating new articles for quality photos. Dakulang pasasalamat. --[[User:MarvinBikolano|MarvinBikolano]] ([[User talk:MarvinBikolano|talk]]) 10:40, 1 July 2021 (UTC) *'''Strong Support''' - More powers [[User:MarvinBikolano|MarvinBikolano]]!- [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|olay]]) 15:05, 1 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) *'''Strong support''' - Dakulang tabang ini sa pagpapaurog nin mga artikulo digdi sa Bikol Wikipedia. Salamat na maray sa proyekto mong ini! -[[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 15:30, 1 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) == Deletions == Hello all. I've deleted close (GS action) to 300 pages as they were created by a cross-wiki long-term abuser. The IP(s) created pages that are essentially empty. After deleting, I came across more pages that were created by [[User:Filipinayzd]]. I suggest deleting them if there is no substantial content other then headers and "An XXXX sarong taon sa Gregoryanong kalendaryo." [[Paragamit:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Minorax|olay]]) 12:37, 6 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) :Sure. Have fun. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 12:49, 6 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) ::Just to clarify, I'm not saying that you're the IP. Sorry, if you misunderstood. --[[Paragamit:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Minorax|olay]]) 13:48, 6 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) == Universal Code of Conduct News – Issue 2 == <section begin="ucoc-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Universal Code of Conduct News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 2, July 2021'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the second issue of [[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] News! This newsletter will help Wikimedians stay involved with the development of the new code and will distribute relevant news, research, and upcoming events related to the UCoC. If you haven’t already, please remember to subscribe [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/UCoC Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to be notified about future editions of the newsletter, and also leave your username [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/Participate|here]] if you’d like to be contacted to help with translations in the future. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Enforcement Draft Guidelines Review''' - Initial meetings of the drafting committee have helped to connect and align key topics on enforcement, while highlighting prior research around existing processes and gaps within our movement. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Enforcement Draft Guidelines Review|continue reading]]) *'''Targets of Harassment Research''' - To support the drafting committee, the Wikimedia Foundation has conducted a research project focused on experiences of harassment on Wikimedia projects. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Targets of Harassment Research|continue reading]]) *'''Functionaries’ Consultation''' - Since June, Functionaries from across the various wikis have been meeting to discuss what the future will look like in a global context with the UCoC. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Functionaries’ Consultation|continue reading]]) *'''Roundtable Discussions''' - The UCoC facilitation team once again, hosted another roundtable discussion, this time for Korean-speaking community members and participants of other ESEAP projects to discuss the enforcement of the UCoC. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Roundtable Discussions|continue reading]]) *'''Early Adoption of UCoC by Communities''' - Since its ratification by the Board in February 2021, situations whereby UCoC is being adopted and applied within the Wikimedia community has grown. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Early Adoption of UCoC by Communities|continue reading]]) *'''New Timeline for the Interim Trust & Safety Case Review Committee''' - The CRC was originally expected to conclude by July 1. However, with the UCoC now expected to be in development until December, the timeline for the CRC has also changed. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#New Timeline for the Interim Trust & Safety Case Review Committee|continue reading]]) *'''Wikimania''' - The UCoC team is planning to hold a moderated discussion featuring representatives across the movement during Wikimania 2021. It also plans to have a presence at the conference’s Community Village. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Wikimania Session|continue reading]]) *'''Diff blogs''' - Check out the most recent publications about the UCoC on Wikimedia Diff blog. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Diff Blogs|continue reading]]) </div> Should you have any question regarding the UCoC, please direct it to the Movement Strategy & Governance facilitator for the ESEAP region, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]]. -- [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|olay]]) 14:12, 14 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies&oldid=21536786 --> :Please see a localized version below; with thanks from the newsletter team for the translation assistance. [[Paragamit:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:RamzyM (WMF)|olay]]) 09:39, 24 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) === Bareta sa Universal Code of Conduct - Panduwang Isyu === <section begin="ucoc-newsletter-translated"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Bareta sa Universal Code of Conduct'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Panduwang Isyu, Hulyo 2021'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2|'''Basahon an intirong bareta''']]</span> ---- Maugmang pag-abot sa panduwang isyu kan bareta kan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]! An bareta na ini matabang sa mga Wikimedian na padagos na magin kabali sa pagkarhay kan bagong panundon asin ihiras man an mga importanteng bareta, saliksik, asin paabot na tiripon manungod sa UCoC. Rumdumon na magsubscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/UCoC Newsletter Subscription|igdi]] kun muya nindong mapagirumdon kan mga paabot na edisyon kan bareta, asin ikaag man an saindong mga username [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/UCoC Newsletter Subscription0|igdi]] kun muya nindong i-kontak para sa pagpatabang sa mga pagpalis sa ibang lenggwahe ngapit. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Ribyu sa hinaman na draft sa Panundon kan Pag-implementar''' - An mga nainot na hururon kan drafting committee nakatabang sa pagkonektar asin paglinya kan mga importanteng dapat ulayan manungod sa pag-impursar, mantang tinatawan man importansya an nainot nang pagsaliksik manungod sa mga eksistidong proseso asin mga ultanan sa laog kan satuyang grupo. ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Enforcement Draft Guidelines Review|ipadagos an pagbasa igdi]]) *'''An mga Target kan Saliksik sa Harrasment''' - Tangani na masuportaran an drafting committee, an Wikimedia Foundation nagkonduktar in proyekto na nakatutok sa mga eksperyensya nin harassment sa mga proyektong Wikimedia.([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Targets of Harassment Research|ipadagos an pagbasa]]) *'''Konsultasyon sa mga Functionary''' - Puon kan Hunyo, an mga Functionary sa kabilogan kan manlain-lain na wiki naghururon tangani na urulayan kun ano an puturo sa global na konteksyo kan UCoC.([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Functionaries’ Consultation|ipadagos an pagbasa]]) *'''Harampangan na Pag-urulay''' - An facilitation team kan UCoC giraray nag gibo nin harampangan na urulay, sa seryeng ini yaraon an mga myembro kan komunidad na nagtataram sa lenggwaheng Koreano asin iba pang partisipantes sa mga proyekto sa ESEAP tangani na urulayan an pag-impursar kan UCoC.([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Roundtable Discussions|ipadagos an pagbasa]]) *'''Amay na pag-adaptar kan mga Komunidad sa UCoC''' - Puon kan ratipikasyon kan Board kaidtong Pebrero 2021, an mga sitwasyon kun sain pig-aadaptar an UCoC kan mga komunidad kan Wikimedia,padagos na nagdadakula. ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Early Adoption of UCoC by Communities|ipadagos an pagbasa]]) *'''Bagong Talaan kan Panahon para sa Interim Trust & Safety Case Review Committee''' - An CRC orihinal na pighahalat na mag-antos sana hasta Hulyo 1. Alagad, ngunyan na UCoC pig-aandam na pakarhayon pa hasta sa Disyembre, an talaan para sa CRC naghira man.([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#New Timeline for the Interim Trust & Safety Case Review Committee|ipadagos an pagbasa]]) *'''Wikimania''' - An UCoC team nagpaplano na maghaman nin mga urulay kun sain yaun an mga representante para sa gigibuhon na Wikimania 2021. Nagpaplano man ini na magin presente sa mga komperensya sa Community Village.([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Wikimania Session|ipadagos an pagbasa]]) *'''Mga Blog sa Diff''' - Hilingon an mga pinakabagong publikasyon manungod sa UCoC sa Wikimedia Diff blog.([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/2#Diff Blogs|ipadagos an pagbasa]]) </div><section end="ucoc-newsletter-translated"/> == Interface administrator access == Hi, I am ShiminUfesoj, one of the administrators of the Bcl wiki, please support me in Interface administrator access. Thank you very much, May the Lord bless you --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 17:39, 25 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) :Hi Joseph. Iba man ini sa admin? -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 06:15, 26 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) ::Garo iyo ta siya an nag-eedit sa mga MediaWiki: na files like [[MediaWiki:Guidedtour-tour-twa4.js]] --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 08:46, 27 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) '''Strong Support''' - An experienced administrator in Bikol Wikipedia, advanced knowledge in Wikimedia editing, and with expertise in the Bikol Sentral language, I strongly support to elevate his access to that of an Interface administrator. Good luck! -[[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 14:21, 26 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) '''Strong Support''' - All the best! [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|olay]]) 16:15, 26 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) :: Salamat sa support --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 08:48, 27 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) == Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee == Movement Strategy announces [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee|the Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee]]. The Call opens August 2, 2021 and closes September 1, 2021. The Committee is expected to represent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Diversity_and_Expertise_Matrices|diversity in the Movement]]. Diversity includes gender, language, geography, and experience. This comprises participation in projects, affiliates, and the Wikimedia Foundation. English fluency is not required to become a member. If needed, translation and interpretation support is provided. Members will receive an allowance to offset participation costs. It is US$100 every two months. We are looking for people who have some of the following [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Role_Requirements|skills]]: * Know how to write collaboratively. (demonstrated experience is a plus) * Are ready to find compromises. * Focus on inclusion and diversity. * Have knowledge of community consultations. * Have intercultural communication experience. * Have governance or organization experience in non-profits or communities. * Have experience negotiating with different parties. The Committee is expected to start with 15 people. If there are 20 or more candidates, a mixed election and selection process will happen. If there are 19 or fewer candidates, then the process of selection without election takes place. Will you help move Wikimedia forward in this important role? Submit your candidacy starting from next week [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Candidate_Statements|here]]. Please contact strategy2030{{at}}wikimedia.org or [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]], Movement Strategy and Governance facilitator for the [[:m:ESEAP Hub|ESEAP region]], with questions. -- [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|olay]]) 10:40, 30 Hulyo 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies&oldid=21536786 --> == Delay of the 2021 WMF Board of Trustees election == Dear Wikimedians, We are reaching out to you today regarding the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021|2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. This election was due to open on August 4th. Due to some technical issues with SecurePoll, the election must be delayed by two weeks. This means we plan to launch the election on August 18th, which is the day after Wikimania concludes. For information on the technical issues, you can see the [[phab:T287859|Phabricator ticket]]. We are truly sorry for this delay and hope that we will get back on schedule on August 18th. We are in touch with the Elections Committee and the candidates to coordinate next steps. We will update the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021|Board election Talk page]] and [https://t.me/wmboardgovernancechat Telegram channel] as we know more. -- [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|olay]]) 16:07, 3 Agosto 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies&oldid=21536786 --> == Launching of Portal for Science in Bikol Wikipedia == Marhay na Aldaw, Bikol Wikipedia Community! The [[Portal:Siyensya]] page is now up here in Bikol Wikipedia. Thanks to [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto Siyensya|WikiProyekto Siyensya]] which paves way for the mass creations of scientific articles here in Bikol Wikipedia for the past few months.<br> The portal is open for suggestions and comments, especially that the page is identified as an "article" instead of a "portal" unlike the other Wikipedia language editions. It seems that the "portal" feature is still not available here in Bikol Wikipedia. If it is available, please inform me ASAP so that I can move the given page. Mabalos! [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 16:10, 6 Agosto 2021 (UTC) :Great initiative, @[[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]]! Surely, this project will have an huge impact. Kudos! -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 23:26, 6 Agosto 2021 (UTC) :Thank you Sir @[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]]! Portal for History (Uusipon), Mathematics (Matematika), Bicolandia (Kabikolan), Philippines (Filipinas), Siyensya Sosyal (Social Science), Literature (Literatura), etc. were being planned, and will depend on the success of their respective [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto|WikiProjects]]. Also, the [[Portal:Siyensya]] is now connected to the Main Page of Bikol Wikipedia, and hopefully, the proposed portals will follow... -[[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 02:25, 7 Agosto 2021 (UTC) : Magayon na plano ini, pwede ko makopya an nilalaog kaiyan, mamukna man ako nin [[Portal:Tataramon]]? --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 03:06, 7 Agosto 2021 (UTC) : Go lang tabi @[[Paragamit:ShiminUfesoj|ShiminUfesoj]]. Para dagos ta naman maitakod sa Panginot na Pahina... -[[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 03:10, 7 Agosto 2021 (UTC) == Universal Code of Conduct - Enforcement draft guidelines review == The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Phase_2|Universal Code of Conduct Phase 2 drafting committee]] would like comments about the '''[[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|enforcement draft guidelines]]''' for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC). This review period is planned to begin 17 August 2021. Community and staff members collaborated to develop these draft guidelines based on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Discussions|consultations, discussions, and research]]. These guidelines are not final but you can help move the progress forward. Provide comments about these guidelines by 17 October 2021. The committee will be revising the guidelines based upon community input. Everyone may share comments in a number of places. Facilitators welcome comments in any language on the [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|draft review talk page]] or by email. Comments can also be shared on talk pages of translations, at local discussions, or during round-table discussions and conversation hours. There are planned live discussions about the UCoC enforcement draft guidelines: :'''[[wmania:2021:Submissions/Universal_Code_of_Conduct_Roundtable|Wikimania 2021 session]]''' - 16 August @ 11:00 UTC - 11:45 UTC :'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions#Conversation hours|Conversation hours]]''' - 24 August, 31 August, 7 September @ 03:00 UTC & 14:00 UTC :'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions|Roundtable calls]]''' - 18 September @ 03:00 UTC & 15:00 UTC The facilitation team supporting this review period hopes to reach a large number of communities. Having a shared understanding is important. If you do not see a conversation happening in your community, please organize a discussion. Facilitators can assist you in setting up the conversations. Discussions will be summarized and presented to the drafting committee every two weeks. The summaries will be published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee/Digests|here]]. If you have any questions, please contact [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]], the facilitator for ESEAP region. -- [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|olay]]) 14:51, 17 Agosto 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=21893476 --> == Voting for the 2021 WMF Board of Trustees election is now open == Voting for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Voting|2021 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates from the community were asked to submit their candidacy. After a three week long Call for Candidates, there are [[m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Candidates#Candidate%20Table|19 candidates for the 2021 election]]. The Wikimedia movement has the opportunity to vote for the selection of community-and-affiliate trustees. By voting, you will help to identify those people who have the qualities to best serve the needs of the movement for the next several years. The Board is expected to select the four most voted candidates to serve as trustees. Voting closes 31 August 2021. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's operations. The Board wants to improve their competences and diversity as a team. They have shared the [[m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Candidates#Skills|areas of expertise]] that they are currently missing and hope to cover with new trustees. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Candidates#Candidate%20Table|Learn more about candidates]]. [[c:File:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees.webm|Learn about the Board of Trustees]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Voting|Vote]]. Read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/2021-08-18/2021 Voting Opens|full announcement]]. Best, The Elections Committee -- [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|olay]]) 01:12, 18 Agosto 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=21893476 --> == Riribayan ko an mga kastilaloy na kataga pa bikol sa lado kan direksyon.. == Pwede ako maghagad opinyon, mawot ko isabikol an mga kataga na manongod sa direksyon hali sa kastila paduman sa bikol Norte magigin Amihanan Sur magigin Habagatan Asbp. Tapos patabang kun ano talaga an pagbaybay kan West sa bikol; Sulnupan o Solnopan? --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 12:23, 16 Setyembre 2021 (UTC) :Sulnopan (sulnop + an) an tahaw. :D --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 18:24, 2 Nobyembre 2021 (UTC) ::Mayo sato inaapod na kun siring sa tagalog itong o magigin u like, walo nagin walu+han? <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 05:03, 3 Nobyembre 2021 (UTC) == Movement Charter Drafting Committee - Community Elections to take place October 11 - 24 == This is a short message with an update from the Movement Charter process. The call for candidates for the Drafting Committee closed September 14, and we got a diverse range of candidates. The committee will consist of 15 members, and those will be (s)elected via three different ways. The 15 member committee will be selected with a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Set Up Process|3-step process]]: * Election process for project communities to elect 7 members of the committee. * Selection process for affiliates to select 6 members of the committee. * Wikimedia Foundation process to appoint 2 members of the committee. The community elections will take place between October 11 and October 24. The other process will take place in parallel, so that all processes will be concluded by November 1. For the full context of the Movement Charter, its role, as well the process for its creation, please [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|have a look at Meta]]. You can also contact us at any time on Telegram or via email (wikimedia2030@wikimedia.org). Best regards, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:55, 21 Setyembre 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=21992831 --> == A elongation: The questions for the candidates into Drafting Committee Movement_Charter == Into 2021-09-'''29''' 11:59:59 UTC You can [[:m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Election Compass Statements|suggest the questions]] for the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates|candidates]] into [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Drafting Committee]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter|Movement Charter]]. ✍️ [[Paragamit:Dušan Kreheľ|Dušan Kreheľ]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Dušan Kreheľ|olay]]) 17:56, 27 Setyembre 2021 (UTC) ==Running as an admin again== good day, I would like to run again as administrator in BCL because my two -year extension in BCL as admin is over, I hope you will support me again. --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 14:37, 1 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) : '''Strong Support''' - Has the experience, editing skills, and mastery of the Bikol language. Actively participating to different projects and is leading the community on enriching the language-related articles here in Bikol Wikipedia through [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto Tataramon|WikiProyekto Tataramon]]. Good luck! - [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 16:23, 1 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) *{{Strong support}} - Dedicated and prolific! -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 17:30, 1 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) '''Strong Support''' - Genuine and has a heart of a true volunteer, more powers! - [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|olay]]) 05:13, 2 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) == Universal Code of Conduct Draft Enforcement Guidelines review still needs your ideas and opinions == Hello, this is just a reminder that the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|Universal Code of Conduct Draft Enforcement Guidelines]] are open for review and comment. The Drafting Committee will start working on revisions and improvement in '''less than two weeks (October 17)''', so it is important that you give them your ideas and opinions soon! There is now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review/Abstract|a short, simple version of the Draft Guidelines]] here to make your review easier. If possible, also help translate the short version into more languages! We will also hold [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions|one last conversation hour]] on October 15, 2021 03:00 and 14:00 UTC. On behalf of the [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Phase_2|Drafting Committee]], much thanks to everyone who has given ideas so far. We hope to hear from more of you - the Guidelines will be much stronger if more opinions are included. Best regards, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 07:27, 6 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22126457 --> == Voting period to elect members of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee is now open == Voting for the election for the members for the Movement Charter drafting committee is now open. In total, 70 Wikimedians from around the world are running for 7 seats in these elections. '''Voting is open from October 12 to October 24, 2021.''' The committee will consist of 15 members in total: The online communities vote for 7 members, 6 members will be selected by the Wikimedia affiliates through a parallel process, and 2 members will be appointed by the Wikimedia Foundation. The plan is to assemble the committee by November 1, 2021. * '''[[m:Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee|Learn about the Drafting Committee]]''' * '''[[m:Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates|Learn about each candidate]]''' to inform your vote in the language that you prefer * We are piloting a voting advice application for this election. '''[https://mcdc-election-compass.toolforge.org/ Click yourself through the tool]''' and you will see which candidate is closest to you * '''[[m:Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections|Vote here!]]''' Best, [[User:KVaidla (WMF)|Kaarel Vaidla]] <br>Movement Strategy & Governance Team, Wikimedia Foundation <br>10:35, 12 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22126457 --> == Universal Code of Conduct News – Issue 4 == <section begin="ucoc-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Universal Code of Conduct News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 4, October 2021'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/4|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the fourth issue of Universal Code of Conduct News! This newsletter will help Wikimedians stay involved with the development of the new code and will distribute relevant news, research, and upcoming events related to the UCoC. If you haven’t already, please remember to subscribe [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/UCoC Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to be notified about future editions of the newsletter, and also leave your username [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/Participate|here]] if you’d like to be contacted to help with translations in the future. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Enforcement Draft Guidelines Review Wrap-up''' - The Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Draft Guidelines Review will come to a close on 17 October 2021, after more than two months of extensive consultations. ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/4#Enforcement Draft Guidelines Review Wrap-up|continue reading]]) *'''Roundtable Discussions and Conversation Hours''' - Another successful roundtable session happened on September 18, 2021 to discuss the EDGR. One last conversation hour will be happening on October 15th, 2021. ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/4#Roundtable Discussions and Conversation Hours|continue reading]]) *'''Movement Charter Drafting Committee Elections''' - The Movement Charter Drafting Committee selection process has kicked off and will be open until October 25, 2021. Contributors to Wikimedia projects can elect their favorite candidates on to the committee. ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/4#Movement Charter Drafting Committee Elections|continue reading]]) *'''New Direction for the Newsletter''' - As we round-up the consultation processes for the Universal Code of Conduct, the facilitation team is currently envisioning new directions for the newsletter. ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/4#New Direction for the Newsletter|continue reading]]) *'''Diff Blogs''' - Check out the most recent publications about the UCoC on Wikimedia Diff. ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/4#Diff Blogs|continue reading]]) </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:25, 14 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22126457 --> == Learn how the Implementation Grants can support your Movement Strategy plans == We are excited to announce the reopening of the Movement Strategy Implementation Grants. This program fund projects that advance a specific Movement Strategy initiative. The projects can be big or small, but they must all make a case for advancing one initiative. '''[[m:Grants:MSIG/About|Read all about it, what to apply for, and how to apply]]'''. Please do encourage others to apply as well. Best regards, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:22, 21 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22126457 --> == Request for Renewal of Administrator Access == Good Day! I would like to apply for the renewal of my administrator access in Bikol Wikipedia. As an administrator, I formalized my vision for Bikol Wikipedia through the WikiProyekto project which I believe had contributed significant impact to the local community. As a result, diversity on the featured topics is now more evident from the field of science to the arts. As an editor, I am active in the creation of new Articles especially these past few months. Aside from the Articles, I am also active creating Non-articles like Redirects, Templates, and Talk pages. I also initiated the publishing and design of Portal pages in Bikol Wikipedia which were connected to the Main Page. I also actively participated to various projects and edit-a-thons organized by other editors from the Bikol community. With regards to special administrator actions, I have done multiple blocking of user accounts or IP addresses which tries to contribute unwanted information to the local wikipedia. Deletion of articles through spam were also done whenever opportunity comes. If ever granted the administrator access again: (1) I will ensure the balance which were currently observed in the continuous increase of the Number of articles and Depth of Bikol Wikipedia (2) I can help the current administrators again in monitoring of edits (3) I will create more WikiProjects to promote diversity of featured topics in Bikol Wikipedia. Thank you! --[[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|olay]]) 14:52, 26 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) '''Strong Support''' - Dedicated, trustworthy and known for raising the bar in contributing quality articles. A lot of improvement in Bikol Wikipedia since he became an administrator. Mabalos! [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|olay]]) 13:23, 27 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) '''Strong support'''- He is passionate and all-out for the growth of Bikol wikipedia. [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|olay]]) 16:37, 27 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) '''Strong support''' - Diligent admin and contributor! -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 19:51, 27 Oktobre 2021 (UTC) [[Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence_Hires.png|right|thumb|Accept '''The Barnstar of Diligence''' in recognition of your extraordinary scrutiny, precision and community service --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|olay]]) 19:51, 27 Oktobre 2021 (UTC)]] == Meet the new Movement Charter Drafting Committee members == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Movement Charter Drafting Committee election and selection processes are complete. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results|election results have been published]]. 1018 participants voted to elect seven members to the committee: '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard%20Knipel%20(Pharos)|Richard Knipel (Pharos)]]''', '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anne%20Clin%20(Risker)|Anne Clin (Risker)]]''', '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Alice%20Wiegand%20(lyzzy)|Alice Wiegand (Lyzzy)]]''', '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Micha%C5%82%20Buczy%C5%84ski%20(Aegis%20Maelstrom)|Michał Buczyński (Aegis Maelstrom)]]''', '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard%20(Nosebagbear)|Richard (Nosebagbear)]]''', '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ciell%20(Ciell)|Ciell (Ciell)]]''', '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ravan%20J%20Al-Taie%20(Ravan)|Ravan J Al-Taie (Ravan)]]'''. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Affiliate-chosen_members|affiliate process]] has selected six members: '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anass%20Sedrati%20(Anass%20Sedrati)|Anass Sedrati (Anass Sedrati)]]''', '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#%C3%89rica%20Azzellini%20(EricaAzzellini)|Érica Azzellini (EricaAzzellini)]]''', '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Jamie%20Li-Yun%20Lin%20(Li-Yun%20Lin)|Jamie Li-Yun Lin (Li-Yun Lin)]]''', '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Georges%20Fodouop%20(Geugeor)|Georges Fodouop (Geugeor)]]''', '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Manavpreet%20Kaur%20(Manavpreet%20Kaur)|Manavpreet Kaur (Manavpreet Kaur)]]''', '''[[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Pepe%20Flores%20(Padaguan)|Pepe Flores (Padaguan)]]'''. * The Wikimedia Foundation has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Wikimedia_Foundation-chosen_members|appointed]] two members: '''[[m:User:Runab WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee]]''', '''[[m:User:JVargas (WMF)|Jorge Vargas]]'''. The committee will convene soon to start its work. The committee can appoint up to three more members to bridge diversity and expertise gaps. If you are interested in engaging with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] drafting process, follow the updates [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|on Meta]] and join the [https://t.me/joinchat/U-4hhWtndBjhzmSf Telegram group]. With thanks from the Movement Strategy and Governance team<section end="announcement-content"/> </div> Best, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 13:39, 1 Nobyembre 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22126457 --> == ESEAP Regional Education Meeting == Join us for the 1st ESEAP Regional Education Meeting on 27th November 2021 at 7:00 UTC. We are using this as an opportunity to strengthen the EduWiki network, explore collaboration opportunities, and identify common practices or challenges that are faced by our community members in different regions of the world. Learn and share your projects, tools, or ideas with the education community in the ESEAP region. We are excited to hear from these wonderful speakers: :Education activities in Indonesia - Dimas Hardijanto, Deputy Coordinator of Education Program of Wikimedia Indonesia :Education activities in Australia - Alex Lum, President of Wikimedia Australia :Education activities in Malaysia - Dody Ismoyo, Wikimedia Community User Group Malaysia :Education activities in the Philippines - Imelda Brazal, EWOC Community Specialist - ESEAP Region Read more about this event here: [[m:Education/About/Regional Meeting/ESEAP|ESEAP Regional Meeting]] You may join as a sharer by adding your own agenda or send an email to ''dangbrazal@gmail.com'' to be included in the participants list. Thank you. Best, EduWiki Outreach Collaborators Community Specialists Team [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|olay]]) 07:54, 23 Nobyembre 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22285703 --> == Closing the comment period for the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Draft Guidelines == Thank you for your continued comments and ideas on the Universal Code of Conduct enforcement guidelines. Your responses have helped to build a stronger Universal Code of Conduct. If you have not already provided your comments, now is the time as the drafting committee has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code_of Conduct/Drafting committee/Phase 2 meeting summaries|meeting to update the enforcement guidelines]]. The drafting committee wants to consider all comments as they make their updates. Please submit any comments by the end of November. The Committee hopes to finish its revisions before the end of the year, and the revised guidelines will be published as soon as they have been completed. The next steps for the Universal Code of Conduct include conversations about ratification of the enforcement guidelines. There will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions|a conversation about ratification on November 29]]. The Wikimedia Foundation will make recommendations to the Board of Trustees about the ratification of the guidelines in December. The recommendations will inform the next steps in the Universal Code of Conduct process. Best, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:57, 26 Nobyembre 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22285703 --> == Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content /> :''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Board of Trustees is preparing a call for feedback about the upcoming Board Elections, from January 7 - February 10, 2022. While details will be finalized the week before the call, we have confirmed at least two questions that will be asked during this call for feedback: * What is the best way to ensure fair representation of emerging communities among the Board? * What involvement should candidates have during the election? While additional questions may be added, the Movement Strategy and Governance team wants to provide time for community members and affiliates to consider and prepare ideas on the confirmed questions before the call opens. We apologize for not having a complete list of questions at this time. The list of questions should only grow by one or two questions. The intention is to not overwhelm the community with requests, but provide notice and welcome feedback on these important questions. '''Do you want to help organize local conversation during this Call?''' Contact the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance team]] on Meta, on [https://t.me/wmboardgovernancechat Telegram], or via email at msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org. Reach out if you have any questions or concerns. The Movement Strategy and Governance team will be minimally staffed until January 3. Please excuse any delayed response during this time. We also recognize some community members and affiliates are offline during the December holidays. We apologize if our message has reached you while you are on holiday. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ([[User talk:RamzyM (WMF)|talk]]) 04:48, 27 Desyembre 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22499498 --> == Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open == <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The '''Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections''' is now open and will close on '''7 February 2022'''. With this Call for Feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team is taking a different approach. This approach incorporates community feedback from 2021. Instead of leading with proposals, the Call is framed around key questions from the Board of Trustees. The key questions came from the feedback about the 2021 Board of Trustees election. The intention is to inspire collective conversation and collaborative proposal development about these key questions. There are two confirmed questions that will be asked during this Call for Feedback: # What is the best way to ensure more diverse representation among elected candidates? ''The Board of Trustees noted the importance of selecting candidates who represent the full diversity of the Wikimedia movement. The current processes have favored volunteers from North America and Europe.'' # What are the expectations for the candidates during the election? ''Board candidates have traditionally completed applications and answered community questions. How can an election provide appropriate insight into candidates while also appreciating candidates’ status as volunteers?'' There is one additional question that may be presented during the Call about selection processes. This question is still under discussion, but the Board wanted to give insight into the confirmed questions as soon as possible. Hopefully if an additional question is going to be asked, it will be ready during the first week of the Call for Feedback. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Join the conversation.]]''' Best, Movement Strategy and Governance<section end="announcement-content"/> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:12, 11 Enero 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22499498 --> == Movement Strategy and Governance News #5 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ucoc-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 5, January 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the fifth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News (formerly known as Universal Code of Conduct News)! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board elections and other relevant MSG topics. This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly or bi-weekly to subscribers. Please remember to subscribe [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive these updates. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Call for Feedback about the Board elections''' - We invite you to give your feedback on the upcoming WMF Board of Trustees election. This call for feedback went live on 10th January 2022 and will be concluded on 7th February 2022. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Call for Feedback about the Board elections|continue reading]]) *'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification''' - In 2021, the WMF asked communities about how to enforce the Universal Code of Conduct policy text. The revised draft of the enforcement guidelines should be ready for community vote in March. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Universal Code of Conduct Ratification|continue reading]]) *'''Movement Strategy Implementation Grants''' - As we continue to review several interesting proposals, we encourage and welcome more proposals and ideas that target a specific initiative from the Movement Strategy recommendations. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Movement Strategy Implementation Grants|continue reading]]) *'''The New Direction for the Newsletter''' - As the UCoC Newsletter transitions into MSG Newsletter, join the facilitation team in envisioning and deciding on the new directions for this newsletter. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#The New Direction for the Newsletter|continue reading]]) *'''Diff Blogs''' - Check out the most recent publications about the UCoC on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Diff Blogs|continue reading]])</div><section end="ucoc-newsletter"/> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 07:14, 14 Enero 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22499498 --> == Additional question to the Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections == Dear ESEAP project communities, I am reaching out to you today about an additional question to the Call for Feedback about Board of Trustees elections that I posted above. The Board has approved an additional question which we seek feedback to: '''How should affiliates participate in the elections?''' Affiliates are an important part of the Wikimedia movement. Two seats of the Board of Trustees due to be filled this year were filled in 2019 through the Affiliate-selected Board seats process. [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bylaws&type=revision&diff=123603&oldid=123339 A change in the Bylaws removed the distinction between community and affiliate seats]. This leaves the important question: How should affiliates be involved in the selection of new seats? The Board of Trustees is seeking feedback about this last question especially, although not solely, from the affiliate community. Everyone is invited to share proposals and join the conversation in the Call for Feedback channels. In addition to collecting online feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team will organize several video calls with affiliate members to collect feedback. These calls will be at different times and include Trustees. On behalf of the Movement Strategy and Governance team, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:08, 22 Enero 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22499498 --> == #WikiForHumanRights Conversation Hour - ESEAP Communities == '''#WikiForHumanRights''' is back! We are calling all organizers, Wikimedia affiliates, and individuals to help us organize the [[m:WikiForHumanRights|'''WikiForHumanRights 2022''']] campaign this year, which focuses once again on the Right to a Healthy Environment, the newest human right to be recognized by the UN. Interested but not sure how or what to do? Need help in getting started? Join our regional support hour for Asian communities and learn everything you need to know to begin taking action. We will have representatives from the community resource team talk about what you need to know about the funding opportunities for your campaign. You can read our new post on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/01/20/join-wikiforhumanrights2022-upcoming-regional-support-conversation-hours/ diff]. ::Date: '''January 29, 2022''', Saturday ::Time: 15:00 UTC+8:00 ::Zoom: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/86011791455 You may also write to '''campaigns@wikimedia.org''' or join the Telegram channel. Best, Foundation Programs Team [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|olay]]) 11:18, 28 Enero 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:IBrazal_(WMF)/sandbox/Targets&oldid=22695300 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Leadership Development Task Force: Your feedback is appreciated</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Community Development team at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting the creation of a global, community-driven Leadership Development Task Force. The purpose of the task force is to advise leadership development work. The team is looking for feedback about the responsibilities of the Leadership Development Task Force. This Meta page shares the proposal for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force|Leadership Development Task Force]] and how [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Participate|you can help.]] Feedback on the proposal will be collected from 7 to 25 February 2022.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> Best, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 11:56, 9 Pebrero 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22499498 --> == Commons category of your home province needs major cleanup == Hello. As much as possible, please recategorize the files at Commons category of your home province, [[c:Category:Camarines Sur]]. It has become a mess. As per [[c:COM:OVERCAT]], files mus always be ''in their specific'' categories as much as possible, and avoid needless overcategorizations. Salamat po. <span style="font-family:Footlight MT">[[User:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] <span style="background:#68FCF1">(''[[User talk:JWilz12345|Talk]]''|''[[Special:Contributions/JWilz12345|Contrib's.]]'')</span></span> 03:03, 12 Pebrero 2022 (UTC) :Some, like the flag, do not need recategorization. Just ''majority'' of the images. <span style="font-family:Footlight MT">[[User:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] <span style="background:#68FCF1">(''[[User talk:JWilz12345|Talk]]''|''[[Special:Contributions/JWilz12345|Contrib's.]]'')</span></span> 03:05, 12 Pebrero 2022 (UTC) == Updates on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines Review == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees released a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/January 2022 - Board of Trustees on Community ratification of enforcement guidelines of UCoC|statement on the ratification process]] for the '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]]'''. The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The UCoC and the Enforcement Guidelines were written by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|volunteer-staff drafting committees]] following community consultations. The revised guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. There is a [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Changes|list of changes made]] to the guidelines after the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|enforcement draft guidelines review]]. '''Comments about the guidelines can be shared [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on the Enforcement Guidelines talk page on Meta-wiki]].''' To help to understand the guidelines and process, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team will be hosting Conversation Hours on 4 February 2022 at 15:00 UTC, 25 February 2022 at 12:00 UTC, and 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Conversations|Join the conversation hours to speak with the UCoC project team and drafting committee members about the updated guidelines and voting process]].''' The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Project#Timeline|timeline is available on Meta-wiki]]. The voting period is March 7 to 21. All eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the Enforcement guidelines, and share why. '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|See the voting information page for more details]].''' Many participants from across the movement have provided valuable input in these ongoing conversations. The UCoC and MSG teams want to thank the Drafting Committee and the community members for their contributions to this process. Sincerely, Movement Strategy and Governance<br/> Wikimedia Foundation<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:37, 12 Pebrero 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22499498 --> === Upcoming Conversation Hours on 25 February and 4 March === The [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team is hosting Conversation Hours on Universal Code of Conduct enforcement ratification on '''25 February 2022 at 12:00 UTC''' and '''4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC'''. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations|'''sign-up for these conversation hours''']] to interact with the project team and the drafting committee about the updated enforcement guidelines and the ratification process. See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2022_conversation_hour_summaries|Conversation Hour summaries]] for notes from 4 February 2022. For more information, contact either team by email: msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org or ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Best, [[Paragamit:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:RamzyM (WMF)|olay]]) 03:35, 22 Pebrero 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now closed</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections]] is now closed. This Call ran from 10 January and closed on 16 February 2022. The Call focused on [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Discuss Key Questions#Questions|three key questions]] and received broad discussion [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Discuss Key Questions|on Meta-wiki]], during meetings with affiliates, and in various community conversations. The community and affiliates provided many proposals and discussion points. The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Reports|reports]] are on Meta-wiki. This information will be shared with the Board of Trustees and Elections Committee so they can make informed decisions about the upcoming Board of Trustees election. The Board of Trustees will then follow with an announcement after they have discussed the information. Thank you to everyone who participated in the Call for Feedback to help improve Board election processes. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:39, 3 Marso 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22874552 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Invitation to Hubs event: Global Conversation on 2022-03-12 at 13:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />Hello! The Movement Strategy and Governance team of the Wikimedia Foundation would like to invite you to the next event about "Regional and Thematic Hubs". The Wikimedia Movement is in the process of understanding what Regional and Thematic Hubs should be. Our workshop in November was a good start ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Documentation/27 November Workshop|read the report]]), but we're not finished yet. Over the last weeks we conducted about 16 interviews with groups working on establishing a Hub in their context ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Dialogue|see Hubs Dialogue]]). These interviews informed a report that will serve as a foundation for discussion on March 12. The report is planned to be published on March 9. The event will take place on March 12, 13:00 to 16:00 UTC on Zoom. Interpretation will be provided in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, and Portuguese. Registration is open, and will close on March 10. Anyone interested in the topic is invited to join us. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Global Conversations March 12, 2022|More information on the event on Meta-wiki]]'''. Best regards, [[m:User:KVaidla (WMF)|Kaarel Vaidla]]<br />Movement Strategy <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 09:56, 7 Marso 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22874552 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting open from 7 to 21 March 2022</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The revised enforcement guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|read more about the UCoC project]]. You can also comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact the team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Sincerely, Movement Strategy and Governance Wikimedia Foundation<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 00:41, 11 Marso 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22874552 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Leadership Development Working Group: Apply to join! (14 March to 10 April 2022)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, Thank you to everyone who participated in the feedback period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]] initiative. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|summary of the feedback]] can be found on Meta-wiki. This feedback will be shared with the working group to inform their work. The application period to join the Working Group is now open and will close on April 10, 2022. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Purpose_and_Structure#3._How_is_the_working_group_formed_and_structured?|review the information about the working group]], share with community members who might be interested, and '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Participate#1._How_to_participate|apply if you are interested]]'''. Thank you, From the Community Development team<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:12, 14 Marso 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=22874552 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Join the Community Resilience and Sustainability Conversation Hour with Maggie Dennis</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours/Office hours 2022-03-24/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours/Office hours 2022-03-24/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:IRC office hours/Office hours 2022-03-24/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The [[m:Community Resilience and Sustainability|Community Resilience and Sustainability]] team at the Wikimedia Foundation is hosting a conversation hour led by its Vice President [[m:User:Mdennis (WMF)|Maggie Dennis]]. Topics within scope for this call include Movement Strategy, Board Governance, Trust and Safety, the Universal Code of Conduct, Community Development, and Human Rights. Come with your questions and feedback, and let's talk! You can also send us your questions in advance. The meeting will be on 24 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1648134035 check your local time]). You can [[m:IRC office hours/Office hours 2022-03-24|read details on Meta-wiki]].<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> Looking forward to seeing you on the call, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 13:18, 21 Marso 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23027963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting is now closed</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Greetings, The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) came to a close on 21 March 2022. Over {{#expr:2300}} Wikimedians voted across different regions of our movement. Thank you to everyone who participated in this process! The scrutinizing group is now reviewing the vote for accuracy, so please allow up to two weeks for them to finish their work. The final results from the voting process will be announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|here]], along with the relevant statistics and a summary of comments as soon as they are available. Please check out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|the voter information page]] to learn about the next steps. You can comment on the project talk page [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on Meta-wiki]] in any language. You may also contact the UCoC project team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Best regards, Movement Strategy and Governance<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 01:25, 25 Marso 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23027963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Leadership Development Working Group: Reminder to apply by 10 April 2022</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement/Reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement/Reminder|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement/Reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, The Community Development team at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting the creation of a global, community-driven [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]]. The purpose of the working group is to advise leadership development work. Feedback was collected in February 2022 and a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|summary of the feedback]] is on Meta-wiki. The application period to join the Working Group is now open and is closing soon on April 10, 2022. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Purpose and Structure#3. How is the working group formed and structured?|review the information about the working group]], share with community members who might be interested, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#1. How to participate|apply if you are interested]]. Thank you, From the Community Development team<br/><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 13:54, 31 Marso 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23027963 --> == Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience == {{int:Hello}} Central Bikol Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in Bikol language, {{Int:Please-translate}}. The [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_engineering WMF Language team] is pleased to let you know that we will like to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Central Bikol Wikipedia. For this, our team will love you to read about the tool and test it so you can: *Give us your feedback *Ask us questions *Tell us how to improve it. Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it. '''Background information''' [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and help us with feedback to make it better. [https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will: *Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones. *Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device. Central Bikol Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since data shows significant mobile editing activity. We plan to enable the tool on Central Bikol Wikipedia in the coming weeks if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats: *As a reply to this message *On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]]. '''Try the tool''' Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on Central Bikol Wikipedia, you’ll have access to https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve. '''Provide feedback''' Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on: *The tool *What you think about our plans to enable it *Your ideas for improving the tool. Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback and questions. [[Paragamit:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:UOzurumba (WMF)|kaulayon]]) 15:35, 14 Abril 2022 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team '''PS''': Sending your feedback or questions in English is particularly appreciated. But, you can still send them in the language of your choice. == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Join the Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan conversations with Maryana Iskander</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:YShibata (WMF)/Sandbox|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:YShibata (WMF)/Sandbox|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:User:YShibata (WMF)/Sandbox}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Communications|Movement Communications]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] teams invite you to discuss the '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft|2022-23 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]]''', a plan of record for the Wikimedia Foundation's work. These conversations continue [[m:User:MIskander-WMF|Maryana Iskander]]'s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer/Maryana’s Listening Tour|Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer listening tour]]. The conversations are about these questions: * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia 2030|2030 Wikimedia Movement Strategy]] sets a direction toward "knowledge as a service" and "knowledge equity". The Wikimedia Foundation wants to plan according to these two goals. How do you think the Wikimedia Foundation should apply them to our work? * The Wikimedia Foundation continues to explore better ways of working at a regional level. We have increased our regional focus in areas like grants, new features, and community conversations. What is working well? How can we improve? * Anyone can contribute to the Movement Strategy process. Let's collect your activities, ideas, requests, and lessons learned. How can the Wikimedia Foundation better support the volunteers and affiliates working in Movement Strategy activities? You can find [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft/Your Input|'''the schedule of calls on Meta-wiki''']]. The information will be available in multiple languages. Each call will be open to anyone to attend. Live interpretation will be available in some calls. Best regards,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 15:54, 14 Abril 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23027963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 6</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ucoc-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 6, April 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the sixth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board of trustees elections and other relevant MSG topics. This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while the more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Leadership Development -''' A Working Group is Forming! - The application to join the Leadership Development Working Group closed on April 10th, 2022, and up to 12 community members will be selected to participate in the working group. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A1|continue reading]]) *'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification Results are out! -''' The global decision process on the enforcement of the UCoC via SecurePoll was held from 7 to 21 March. Over 2,300 eligible voters from at least 128 different home projects submitted their opinions and comments. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A2|continue reading]]) *'''Movement Discussions on Hubs -''' The Global Conversation event on Regional and Thematic Hubs was held on Saturday, March 12, and was attended by 84 diverse Wikimedians from across the movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A3|continue reading]]) *'''Movement Strategy Grants Remain Open! -''' Since the start of the year, six proposals with a total value of about $80,000 USD have been approved. Do you have a movement strategy project idea? Reach out to us! ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A4|continue reading]]) *'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee is All Set! -''' The Committee of fifteen members which was elected in October 2021, has agreed on the essential values and methods for its work, and has started to create the outline of the Movement Charter draft. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A5|continue reading]]) *'''Introducing Movement Strategy Weekly -''' Contribute and Subscribe! - The MSG team have just launched the updates portal, which is connected to the various Movement Strategy pages on Meta-wiki. Subscriber to get up-to-date news about the various ongoing projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A6|continue reading]]) *'''Diff Blogs -''' Check out the most recent publications about Movement Strategy on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A7|continue reading]]) </div><section end="ucoc-newsletter"/> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 06:43, 16 Abril 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23027963 --> == Ika-12,000 na artikulo! == Naabot na an '''ika-12,000ng artikulo''' sa pagkakamukna kan [[Madre de kakaw]]! Mabalos @[[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]]! -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 09:50, 22 Abril 2022 (UTC) ==15,000 naman an satong aboton== Hi [[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]], Halawig pa an satong biyahe. Sikwiton ta naman an 15,000. Dobleng pagdarudal! [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 05:19, 26 Abril 2022 (UTC) :Tama @[[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]]! 15 mil sa ika-15ng taon kan Bikol Wikipedia. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 06:37, 7 Hulyo 2022 (UTC) @[[User:Ralffralff]], @[[User:Ringer]], @[[User:ShiminUfesoj]], @[[User:Jay Bolero]], @[[User:Maffeth.opiana]], @[[User:Derk29]], @[[User:MarvinBikolano]], @[[User:Zyrahila]] @[[FrincesEzra]] The 15th Bikol Wikipedia is happening on November 24, 2022! Is anyone of you interested for collaboration to hold a celebration? What ideas do you have in mind? --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 09:56, 17 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) :Hello @[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]]! Count me in for this. Hopefully, the incoming celebration will bring more awareness to Bikol Wikipedia among the Bicolanos e.g. the role of Bikol Wikipedia as a representation of the Bicol language and culture in the World Wide Web. :With regards to the activities, Seminars, Talks, and Edit-a-thons are some of the possible events. The biggest event which could possibly be the flagship event of the annual Bikol Wikipedia Day is an Editing Competition. Division of the competition could be between the Regular Editors, Rookie Editors, Academe (Tertiary and Secondary), etc. :Thank you! [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 13:15, 17 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) Great! We have possible partners like the Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Ateneo de Naga University or University of Nueva Caceres. We can also pursue the Bikol Wikipedia Quiz! -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 13:29, 17 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) Maaboot daw an ika-15,000 na artikulo sa Ika-15ng Anibersaryo kan Bikol Wikipedia?Pwede! Kun pagsururogan ta gabos![[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 11:44, 18 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) Hello everyone! We can have edit-a-thons for Wiki Loves Philippines (Wiki Loves Fashion, Wiki Loves Monuments and Wiki Loves Food. :) [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|kaulayon]]) 13:14, 23 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) :100wikidays is the key :D --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 09:56, 30 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) '''Update''' @[[user:Ringer|Ringer]] and I just met days ago and discussed about the anniversary celebration. Aside from aiming to reach 15,000 articles by November 24, there will be an in-person conference, and advocacy activities in November. Details to be posted soon. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 14:53, 8 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) :Thanks for the update. I also received an email about a Google Meeting for the celebration of the anniversary. Also, at this rate, my estimate on the target 15,000 articles is that it will be reached 2-4 years from now. We are only averaging about 100 new articles per month, but still the only thing we can do is to have the best effort in attaining the goal... [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 13:37, 9 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) :See you @[[user:Ringer|Ringer]], @[[user:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] on October 13 Thursday (8-9pm). -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 23:16, 9 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Next steps: Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) and UCoC Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/April 2022 - Board of Trustees on Next steps: Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) and UCoC Enforcement Guidelines|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/April 2022 - Board of Trustees on Next steps: Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) and UCoC Enforcement Guidelines}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Community Affairs Committee of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees would like to thank everyone who participated in the recently concluded community vote on the Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC). The volunteer scrutinizing group has completed the review of the accuracy of the vote and has reported the total number of votes received as 2,283. Out of the 2,283 votes received, a total of 1,338 (58.6%) community members voted for the enforcement guidelines, and a total of 945 (41.4%) community members voted against it. In addition, 658 participants left comments with 77% of the comments written in English. We recognize and appreciate the passion and commitment that community members have demonstrated in creating a safe and welcoming culture that stops hostile and toxic behavior, supports people targeted by such behavior, and encourages good faith people to be productive on the Wikimedia projects. Even at this incomplete stage, this is evident in the comments received. While the Enforcement Guidelines did reach a threshold of support necessary for the Board to review, we encouraged voters, regardless of which way they were voting, to provide feedback on the elements of the enforcement guidelines that they felt needed to be changed or fixed, as well as why, in case it seemed advisable to launch a further round of edits that would address community concerns. Foundation staff who have been reviewing comments have advised us of some of the emerging themes, and as a result we have decided as Community Affairs Committee to ask the Foundation to reconvene the drafting committee and to undertake another community engagement to refine the enforcement guidelines based on the community feedback received from the recently concluded vote. For clarity, this feedback has been clustered into 4 sections as follows: # To identify the type, purpose, and applicability of the training; # To simplify the language for easier translation and comprehension by non-experts; # To explore the concept of affirmation, including its pros and cons; # To review the conflicting roles of privacy/victim protection and right to be heard. Other issues may emerge during conversations, and particularly as the draft Enforcement Guidelines evolve, but we see these as the primary areas of concern for voters and are asking staff to facilitate review of these issues. After further engagement, the Foundation should re-run the community vote to evaluate the revamped Enforcement Outline to see if the new document is then ready for its official ratification. Further, we are aware of the concerns with the note 3.1 in the Universal Code of Conduct Policy. We are directing the Foundation to facilitate a review of this language to ensure that the Policy meets its intended purposes of supporting a safe and inclusive community, without waiting for the planned review of the entire Policy at the end of year. Again, we thank all who participated, thinking about these critical and difficult challenges and contributing to better approaches across the movement to working together well. Best, Rosie Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight (she/her)<br /> Acting Chair, Community Affairs Committee <br /> Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:39, 25 Abril 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23027963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">2022 Board of Trustees Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Board of Trustees seeks candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Announcement/Call_for_Candidates|'''Read more on Meta-wiki.''']] The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is here! Please consider submitting your candidacy to serve on the Board of Trustees. The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's operations. Community-and-affiliate selected trustees and Board-appointed trustees make up the Board of Trustees. Each trustee serves a three year term. The Wikimedia community has the opportunity to vote for community-and-affiliate selected trustees. The Wikimedia community will vote to fill two seats on the Board in 2022. This is an opportunity to improve the representation, diversity, and expertise of the Board as a team. Who are potential candidates? Are you a potential candidate? Find out more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Apply to be a Candidate page]]. Thank you for your support, Movement Strategy and Governance on behalf of the Elections Committee and the Board of Trustees<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 15:47, 25 Abril 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23027963 --> == Call for volunteers: 2022 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <languages/> The Movement Strategy and Governance team is looking for community members to serve as election volunteers in the upcoming Board of Trustees election. The idea of the Election Volunteer Program came up during the 2021 Wikimedia Board of Trustees Election. This program turned out to be successful. With the help of Election Volunteers we were able to increase outreach and participation in the election by 1,753 voters over 2017. Overall turnout was 10.13%, 1.1 percentage points more, and 214 wikis were represented in the election. But a total of 74 wikis that did not participate in 2017 produced voters in the 2021 election. Can you help change the participation? Election volunteers will help in the following areas: * Translate short messages and announce the ongoing election process in community channels * Optional: Monitor community channels for community comments and questions Volunteers should: * Maintain the friendly space policy during conversations and events * Present the guidelines and voting information to the community in a neutral manner Do you want to be an election volunteer and ensure your community is represented in the vote? Sign up [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Election Volunteers/About|here]] to receive updates. You can use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Strategy and Governance/Election Volunteers/About|talk page]] for questions about translation. </div> Best regards, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:15, 5 Mayo 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23027963 --> == Announcing the members of the Leadership Development Working Group == Hello all, Following up my previous message about the [[m:Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]]: the [[m:Community Development|Community Development Team]] has completed the candidate selection process and is happy to announce '''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/ZJIUYB3IOU3AULV2R7EY32L6LIUSO56R/ fifteen volunteers]''' that are beginning work on this project. Thank you for your support and participation throughout the process! For the Community Development team, [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:25, 12 Mayo 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23027963 --> == Updates on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines == Hello all, I’d like to share an update on the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC): * <small>(''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Report/Announcement|see full announcement]]'')</small> In May 2022, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|UCoC project team]] completed a report on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|2022 March ratification vote]] about the Guidelines. Voters cast votes from at least 137 communities, and at least 650 voters added comments with their vote. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Report|The report is available on '''Meta-Wiki''']]. * Following the vote, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JAYQN3NYKCHQHONMUONYTI6WRKZFQNSC/ asked] that several areas of the Guidelines be reviewed for improvements. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions Committee|Revisions Committee]] will refine it based on community feedback. * <small>(''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement|see full announcement]]'')</small> In order to help the Revisions Committee, input from the community is requested. You can visit the discussions below: ** '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions|Discussions related to revisions of the Enforcement Guidelines]]''' ** '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions|Discussions related to revision of the UCoC policy text]]''' Please let me know if you have any questions about these next steps. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<br> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 12:46, 30 Mayo 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23312742 --> == Invitation to participate in the #WPWPCampaign 2022 == Dear Wikimedians, We are glad to inform you that the 2022 edition of Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign is coming up in July. This is a formal invitation to invite individuals and communities to join the campaign to help improve Wikipedia articles with photos and contextual images. The campaign will run from July 1 to August 31, 2022 and several communities and Wikimedia Affiliates have already indicated interest to organize the campaign in their localities. Please find your community or community closer to you to participate: [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2022/Participating Communities|WPWP2022 Campaign: Participating Communities]]. The campaign primarily aims to promote using images from Wikimedia Commons to enrich Wikipedia articles that are lacking them. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photos, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. In this third edition of the campaign, eligibility criteria have been revised based on feedback and campaign Evaluation Reports of the previous editions. Please find more [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2022/FAQ and Contest Rules|details about these changes and our FAQ here on Meta-Wiki]] For more information, please visit the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2022|campaign page on Meta-Wiki]]. Best,<br/> [[User:Ammarpad|Ammar A.]]<br/> Global Coordinator<br/> Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign 2022.<br /> 17:39, 31 Mayo 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Martin Urbanec@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos/Distribution_list&oldid=23230284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> 2022 Board of Trustees Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/2022 Candidates for the Board of Trustees|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/2022 Candidates for the Board of Trustees|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/2022 Candidates for the Board of Trustees}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] Call for Candidates has now closed. This Call led 12 candidates from the community to submit their applications. Learn more about the [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|2022 Board of Trustees candidates]]. The Analysis Committee will now consider the candidates’ applications with the skills and criteria provided by the Board. The trustees seek certain skills and competencies to improve the capacity of the Board. After the Analysis Committee completes their review, the ratings of each candidate will be published. These ratings are for informational purposes only. For more information about the 2022 Board election, you may find the timeline, voting information and other ways to get involved [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|on Meta-wiki]]. Thank you for your support, Movement Strategy and Governance on behalf of the Elections Committee and the Board of Trustees <br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:56, 1 Hunyo 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23312742 --> == Delete local files == Magandang gabi po. I'm requesting some admins here to delete two local files here as I have transferred the files to their equivalents at Commons: *[[:Ladawan:IrosinChurch2.jpg]] — [[c:File:IrosinChurch 20140602.jpg]] *[[:Ladawan:Irosin mun. hall.jpg]] – [[c:File:Irosin mun hall 20140602.jpg]] There is no local equivalent of [[w:en:Template:NowCommons]] here. Note that I have raised this matter for a different file at [https://bcl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olay_sa_Wikipedia:Portal_kan_Komunidad&diff=202728&oldid=201835]. Regards, <span style="font-family:Footlight MT">[[User:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] <span style="background:#68FCF1">(''[[User talk:JWilz12345|Talk]]''|''[[Special:Contributions/JWilz12345|Contrib's.]]'')</span></span> 15:31, 10 Hunyo 2022 (UTC) Plus also: *[[:Ladawan:Casiguran Church.jpg]] – [[:File:Casiguran simbahan.jpg]] *[[:Ladawan:Casiguran mun. hall.jpg]] – [[:File:Casiguran munisipyo.jpg]] _ <span style="font-family:Footlight MT">[[User:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] <span style="background:#68FCF1">(''[[User talk:JWilz12345|Talk]]''|''[[Special:Contributions/JWilz12345|Contrib's.]]'')</span></span> 15:40, 10 Hunyo 2022 (UTC) ::Hi <span style="font-family:Footlight MT">[[User:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] <span style="background:#68FCF1">(''[[User talk:JWilz12345|Talk]]''|''[[Special:Contributions/JWilz12345|Contrib's.]]'')</span></span> ,<br>I have already deleted the local files. I have also created the [[Plantilya:Now Commons|Template:NowCommons]] for BCL Wikipedia, I will just translate some of the texts later. Thanks for taking time to review these images. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|kaulayon]]) 06:20, 13 Hunyo 2022 (UTC) :::@[[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]] you're welcome po. Btw, I just [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q5611625&diff=1659475933&oldid=1630222273 linked] the Bclwiki template to Wikidata. <span style="font-family:Footlight MT">[[User:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] <span style="background:#68FCF1">(''[[User talk:JWilz12345|Talk]]''|''[[Special:Contributions/JWilz12345|Contrib's.]]'')</span></span> 08:21, 13 Hunyo 2022 (UTC) ==Infobox yaon na baga sa wala?== Hi ‎[[User:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]], [[User:Kunokuno|Kunokuno]], Ano ta an infobox nakabugtak na sa bandang wala? Pwede tang ibalik sa too, na iyo an dati? [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 13:12, 30 Hunyo 2022 (UTC) :Marhay na Aldaw po Sir @[[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]], Base po sa mga nahihiling ko, nasa too man giraray an mga infobox. Pwede po pakisambit kun anong ngaran kan infobox o plantilya na an infobox yaon sa wala. O, pakisambit na lang po kan artikulo kun sain mo po nahiling na sa bandang wala an infobox. Salamat po! :-- [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 14:21, 30 Hunyo 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Upcoming activities for the 2022 Board of Trustees election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Upcoming Activities| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Upcoming Activities|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Upcoming Activities}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all, This message covers two upcoming activities for the 2022 Board of Trustees election. The Board of Trustees election will have an Election Compass to support voters in their decision-making process. Eligible voters can propose statements in July and vote on which statements are used in the Election Compass in late July. Please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Election Compass page]] for more information. Join conversations with the 2022 Board of Trustees candidates July 27 to August 7. Each candidate will have a one hour conversation with the community. Each conversation will be recorded and made available for future viewing. Live interpretation will be available. Languages available will be announced when the dates are set. These conversations will be scheduled with the candidates once the results of the Affiliate Selection are available. That information will be shared on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Events|2022 Board of Trustees election campaign events]] page. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 01:16, 11 Hulyo 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23312742 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="msg-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 7, July-September 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy recommendations]], other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation. The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]] will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> * '''Movement sustainability''': Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continue reading]]) * '''Improving user experience''': recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continue reading]]) * '''Safety and inclusion''': updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continue reading]]) * '''Equity in decisionmaking''': reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continue reading]]) * '''Stakeholders coordination''': launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continue reading]]) * '''Leadership development''': updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continue reading]]) * '''Internal knowledge management''': launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continue reading]]) * '''Innovate in free knowledge''': high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continue reading]]) * '''Evaluate, iterate, and adapt''': results from the Equity Landscape project pilot ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continue reading]]) * '''Other news and updates''': a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continue reading]]) </div><section end="msg-newsletter"/> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 04:32, 18 Hulyo 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23312742 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi everyone, '''The Affiliate voting process has concluded.''' Representatives from each Affiliate organization learned about the candidates by reading candidates’ statements, reviewing candidates’ answers to questions, and considering the candidates’ ratings provided by the Analysis Committee. The selected 2022 Board of Trustees candidates are: * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) You may see more information about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Results]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|Statistics]] of this Board election. Please take a moment to appreciate the Affiliate Representatives and Analysis Committee members for taking part in this process and helping to grow the Board of Trustees in capacity and diversity. These hours of volunteer work connect us across understanding and perspective. Thank you for your participation. Thank you to the community members who put themselves forward as candidates for the Board of Trustees. Considering joining the Board of Trustees is no small decision. The time and dedication candidates have shown to this point speaks to their commitment to this movement. Congratulations to those candidates who have been selected. A great amount of appreciation and gratitude for those candidates not selected. Please continue to share your leadership with Wikimedia. Thank you to those who followed the Affiliate process for this Board election. You may review the results of the Affiliate selection process. '''The next part of the Board election process is the community voting period.''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|You may view the Board election timeline here]]. To prepare for the community voting period, there are several things community members can engage with in the following ways: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Read candidates’ statements]] and read the candidates’ answers to the questions posed by the Affiliate Representatives. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Propose and select the 6 questions for candidates to answer during their video Q&A]]. * See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee’s ratings of candidates on each candidate’s statement]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Propose statements for the Election Compass]] voters can use to find which candidates best fit their principles. * Encourage others in your community to take part in the election. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee'' </div><section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 01:29, 20 Hulyo 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23312742 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Vote for Election Compass Statements</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all, Volunteers in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|vote for statements to use in the Election Compass]]. You can vote for the statements you would like to see included in the Election Compass on Meta-wiki. An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views. Here is the timeline for the Election Compass: *<s>July 8 - 20: Volunteers propose statements for the Election Compass</s> *<s>July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements</s> *July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements *August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements *August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements *August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee'' <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:37, 26 Hulyo 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23312742 --> == Bikol Wikipedia surpassed Depth of 20.0 == Marhay na Aldaw, Bikol Wikipedia Community! I just want to inform you that Bikol Wikipedia finally surpassed Depth of 20.0. As of posting, Articles = 12,258; Non-articles = 20,600; Total Edits = 233,228; which translates into a Depth of '''20.05''' This is mainly with Bikol Wikipedia as the main recipient of the pilot project of [[metawiki:PhilWiki_Community/WikiDepth_Project|WikiDepth Project]]. This project was organized by members of the [[metawiki:PhilWiki_Community|Philippine Wikimedia Community (PH-WC)]]. Let's keep on editing and aside from creating articles, we can also create supplementary non-articles related to it. Dios Mabalos! [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 13:45, 7 Agosto 2022 (UTC) :Hi Raff, :I noticed presently, 15 articles were deleted from our BikolWiki. What gives? As of August 3, 2022 our Wikipedia already had 12,273. Today, it stands at 12,258. Who is mopping up in our Wiki? [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 22:38, 8 Agosto 2022 (UTC) ::Hello Sir @[[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]], ::A fellow Filipino Wikipedian and an administrator at Tagalog Wikipedia identified articles in Bikol Wikipedia which were believed to be hoax. And as a current administrator, I chose to delete those articles. These articles were about the unverified radio stations which were created by an unidentified I.P. user. Based on my count, about 25 articles were recently deleted. The deletion of those articles contributed to the jump in the Depth of Bikol Wikipedia which is reflective on the quality rather than quantity of the project... ::Thank you! [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 12:30, 9 Agosto 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Delay of the 2022 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Delay of Board of Trustees election| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Delay of Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Delay of Board of Trustees election}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all, I am reaching out to you today with an update about the timing of the voting for the Board of Trustees election. As many of you are already aware, this year we are offering an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|Election Compass]] to help voters identify the alignment of candidates on some key topics. Several candidates requested an extension of the character limitation on their responses expanding on their positions, and the Elections Committee felt their reasoning was consistent with the goals of a fair and equitable election process. To ensure that the longer statements can be translated in time for the election, the Elections Committee and Board Selection Task Force decided to delay the opening of the Board of Trustees election by one week - a time proposed as ideal by staff working to support the election. Although it is not expected that everyone will want to use the Election Compass to inform their voting decision, the Elections Committee felt it was more appropriate to open the voting period with essential translations for community members across languages to use if they wish to make this important decision. The voting will open on August 23 at 00:00 UTC and close on September 6 at 23:59 UTC. Best regards, Matanya, on behalf of the Elections Committee <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 12:22, 15 Agosto 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_SEA_%26_P&oldid=23605164 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi everyone, The Community Voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Here are some helpful links to get you the information you need to vote: * Try the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|Election Compass]], showing how candidates stand on 15 different topics. * Read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|candidate statements]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|answers to Affiliate questions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Learn more about the skills the Board seeks]] and how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee found candidates align with those skills]] If you are ready to vote, you may go to [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_Elections_2022|SecurePoll voting page]] to vote now. '''You may vote from August 23 at 00:00 UTC to September 6 at 23:59 UTC.''' To see about your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] and [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 17:09, 23 Agosto 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=23708689 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Invitation to join the Movement Strategy Forum</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello everyone, The [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/ Movement Strategy Forum] (MS Forum) is a multilingual collaborative space for all conversations about Movement Strategy implementation. We are inviting all Movement participants to collaborate on the MS Forum. The goal of the forum is to build community collaboration, using an inclusive multilingual platform. The [[m:Movement Strategy|Movement Strategy]] is a collaborative effort to imagine and build the future of the Wikimedia Movement. Anyone can contribute to the Movement Strategy, from a comment to a full-time project. Join this forum with your Wikimedia account, engage in conversations, and ask questions in your language. The Movement Strategy and Governance team (MSG) launched the proposal for the MS Forum in May 2022. There was a 2-month community review period, which ended on 24 July 2022. The community review process included several questions that resulted in interesting conversations. You can read the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/ms-forum-community-review-report/1436 Community Review Report]. We look forward to seeing you at the MS Forum! Best regards, Movement Strategy and Governance Team<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] and [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 15:58, 30 Agosto 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=23733589 --> == The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting is about to close == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting is about to Close| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting about to Close|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting is about to Close}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, The Community Voting period of the 2022 Board of Trustees election started on August 23, 2022, and will close on September 6, 2022 23:59 UTC. There’s still a chance to participate in this election. If you did not vote, please visit the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_Elections_2022|SecurePoll voting page]] to vote now. To see about your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. If you need help in making your decision, here are some helpful links: * Try the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|Election Compass]], showing how candidates stand on 15 different topics. * Read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|candidate statements]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|answers to Affiliate questions]]. *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Learn more about the skills the Board seek]] and how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee found candidates align with those skills]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Campaign_Videos|Watch the videos of the candidates answering questions proposed by the community]]. For translated versions, please see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Campaign_Videos#Translations_(subtitles)|here]]. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] & [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 13:08, 2 Setyembre 2022 (UTC)<section end="announcement-content" /> <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=23733589 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Revised Enforcement Draft Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines Revisions committee]] is requesting comments regarding the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|'''Revised Enforcement Draft Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC)''']]. This review period will be open from '''8 September 2022 until 8 October 2022.''' The Committee collaborated to revise these draft guidelines based on input gathered from the community discussion period from May through July, as well as the community vote that concluded in March 2022. The revisions are focused on the following four areas: # To identify the type, purpose, and applicability of the UCoC training; # To simplify the language for more accessible translation and comprehension by non-experts; # To explore the concept of affirmation, including its pros and cons; # To review the balancing of the privacy of the accuser and the accused The Committee requests comments and suggestions about these revisions by '''8 October 2022'''. From there, the Revisions Committee anticipates further revising the guidelines based on community input. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|Find the Revised Guidelines on Meta]], and a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Comparison|comparison page in some languages.''']] Everyone may share comments in a number of places. Facilitators welcome comments in any language on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|the Revised Enforcement Guidelines talk page]]. Comments can also be shared on talk pages of translations, at local discussions, or during conversation hours. There are a series of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Conversation hours|'''conversation hours''']] planned about the Revised Enforcement Guidelines; please see Meta for the times and details. The facilitation team supporting this review period hopes to reach a large number of communities. If you do not see a conversation happening in your community, please organize a discussion. Facilitators can assist you in setting up the conversations. Discussions will be summarized and presented to the drafting committee every two weeks. The summaries will be published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee/Digests|here]].<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> On behalf of the UCoC Project Team,<br> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 16:27, 9 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=23733589 --> == Announcing the preliminary results of the 2022 Board of Trustees election community voting period == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the preliminary results of the 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the preliminary results of the 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the preliminary results of the 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi everyone, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] process. Your participation helps seat the trustees the community seeks on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. These are the preliminary results of the 2022 Board of Trustees election: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates/Shani_Evenstein_Sigalov|Shani Evenstein Sigalov]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates/Mike Peel|Mike Peel]] You may see more information about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Results]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|Statistics]] of this Board election. The Board will complete their review of the most voted candidates, including conducting background checks. The Board plans to appoint new trustees at their meeting in December. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] and [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 15:09, 22 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:VChang (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=23733589 --> == Sound Logo == [[Ladawan:Sound_logo_campaign_lockup_-_English.png|sentro|150x150px]] Hi all, The Wikimedia sound logo contest has [[metawiki:Communications/Sound Logo|officially launched]], welcoming scores of submissions from around the world. From 13 September to 10 October 2022, everyone, everywhere is invited to play a part in [https://soundlogo.wikimedia.org/ The Sound of All Human Knowledge]. If you want to learn more about sound logos, need help with your submission, or if you have a great idea for one, but don't know how to capture it, join this conversation with our technical partner [https://www.massivemusic.com/ MassiveMusic] on '''29 September 2022, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1664463604 15:00-16:00 UTC]'''. Sign up directly on [https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZUudO-rrzMoHdB0MJUmJeJ3M_XBZLP_S6DG '''Zoom''']. Sound Logo Team, [[Paragamit:Arupako-WMF|Arupako-WMF]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Arupako-WMF|kaulayon]]) 08:11, 26 Setyembre 2022 (UTC) == Mansanas == Dai pa tabi nakasugpon sa English Wikipedia na 'apple' an Bikol article na 'mansanas'. [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jay Bolero|kaulayon]]) 08:59, 2 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) :Nasugpon ko na an artikulo na [[Mansanas]] sa ''Apple'' kan English Wikipedia. Salamat! [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 14:45, 2 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) Salamat ralfralf [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jay Bolero|kaulayon]]) 03:19, 3 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) Anong fb mo? Ako an mahanap saimo nganing madali takang makontak [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jay Bolero|kaulayon]]) 03:36, 3 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) Hello! Search mo na lang "Ralff Nestor Nacor", yan tabi an account ko sa FB. Salamat! [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 11:29, 3 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) == Tangga nin klasipikasyon kan mga artikulo == Dai nakasugpon sa ibang mga siring na tema. Isolado an gabos na ' ' tangga nin klasipikasyon kan mga artikulo' '. == Leadership Development Working Group Community Calls == An draft sa pagpakahulugan kun ano an magin pamayo (leader), na pighaman kan '''Leadership Development Working Group''', pigpublikar para sa pagrerekisa kan komunidad asin sa pagtau nin komento kan Setyembre 15. Ini imbitasyon na magpartisipar sa pankomunidad na pangapudan na mangyayari online sa mga masunod na Sabado sa Oktubre 22 asin 29, 2022. Magpalista igdi tangani na makabali sa gigibuhon na urulay: [[metawiki:Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Community_Call_Invitation/bcl|Leadership Development Working Group/Community Call Invitation]] An Leadership Development Working Group [LDWG] nagpublikar nin pighahaman na depenisyon para sa pankomunidad na pagkokomento asin pag-adal kan ika-15 kan Setyembre 2022. Nagtipon kami nin mga suhestyon asin komento na nagtapos kan Oktubre 6, 2022. Makukua nindo an laog kan pighahaman na depenisyon igdi. Pwede nindo magamit an ano man na paagi na yaun nakalista sa ibaba tangani na makapagtau nin komento samuya! <nowiki/>[[metawiki:Talk:Leadership_Development_Working_Group|Meta-Talk page]] [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/contribute-to-a-definition-of-leadership-for-wikimedia-includes-a-quick-survey/1801 MS Forum Poll page] [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScnL4lQQVVpCT9X4A8BRX3InI1ek-fRxYqo_Q0F85XG7DkhLQ/viewform Feedback form] [mailto:leadershipworkinggroup@wikimedia.org email] An mga apod madurar nin 60 hasta 90 minutos, kaiba an 20 minutos para sa introduksyon sa katuyuhan kan apod asin man mga bagong bareta sa pighahaman na depenisyon, kasunod kan bukas na pagdidiskurso. Mag sign-up kamo nin mas amay tangani na makaayon. Lugod magkahirilingan kita sa aldaw na iyan. [[Paragamit:Kunokuno|Anthony Diaz, LDWG Member]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Kunokuno|kaulayon]]) 14:24, 12 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Review period on the revised Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct closed</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Consultation Close|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Consultation Close|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Consultation Close}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear Wikimedians, Thank you for participating in the review of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|Revised Enforcement Draft Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC)]]. The UCoC project team and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions Committee|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines Revisions Committee]] appreciate you all taking the time to discuss the guidelines, suggest changes, and ask questions. '''This community review period lasted from 8 September 2022 to 8 October 2022.''' Over the past four weeks, the UCoC project team has collected valuable community input from various channels, including three [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Conversation hours|conversation hours sessions]], where Wikimedians could get together to discuss the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines. The Revisions Committee will review community input when they reconvene in the second week of October 2022. The UCoC project team will support them in providing updates as they continue their work and will continue to inform the community about all important developments and milestones as the Committee prepares the final version of the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines that is currently scheduled for a community-wide vote in mid-January of 2023.<br> On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] & [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:46, 20 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=23913087 --> == Bagong skin/interface kan Bikol Wikipedia == Marhay na Aldaw, Bikol Wikipedia Community! Baad narisa nindo an pagbago kan ''skin'' o ''interface'' sa pagbisita sa Bikol Wikipedia. Igwa na palan nin bagong ''skin'' na inaapod na '''Vector (2022)''' asin ini an ''default'' na skin ngunyan kan Bikol Wikipedia. Huli ta an lambang paragamit igwa nin manlainlain na preperensya sa skin/interface sa pagbasa o pagliwat sa sityo na ini, pwede tabi na maibalik nindo an skin/interface sa dati. An pagbalik sa hiling ko iyo nakadepende sa kada paragamit. Magbisita tabi sa takod na ini: [[Espesyal:Preferences|Mga kabòtan - Wikipedia]]. Kun mawot nindo na maibalik sa dati an skin/interface, pilion an '''Vector legacy (2010)''' asin itagama dagos. Kun mawot nindo makibali sa mga diskusyon manungod sa skin/interface sa internasyunal na komunidad, ini tabi an takod: [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements - MediaWiki]]. Dios Mabalos! [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 14:19, 27 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) Dyos mabalos, Ralffralff ! Kun ibalik ko, an mahihiling ko an dating interface sa sakuyang laptop sana? Sa ibang paragamit, kun mayo sindang gibohon, an mahihiling an bagong Vector (2022)? [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 02:39, 28 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) :Ibinalik ko baga. hehe --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 11:25, 28 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) ::Sir @[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]], maski ako po, natuod na kaya sa dating skin. Haha -- [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 13:04, 28 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) :Iyo po Sir @[[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]], default skin na po talaga an '''Vector (2022)''' kan Bikol Wikipedia. Nagtesting man po ako sa laptop kan tugang ko para maikompara. An pagbalik po sa dati na '''Vector legacy (2010)''' nakadepende po sa paragamit asin si saiyang tanawon sana po an maaapektuhan... -- [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 13:01, 28 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) == Request for Renewal of Administrator Access 2022 == Good Day! I want to inform you that my administrator access will expire this coming November 5, 2022. With this, I would like to reapply as an Administrator of Bikol Wikipedia especially that currently I am the only one who administer this Wikipedia edition. If given the chance to prolong my administrator access; (1) I will ensure to balance the increase between the No. of Articles and Depth, (2) random editing of articles will be performed and promoted, (3) and will continuously monitor the edits and perform administrator duties like deleting pages, blocking users, etc. whenever necessary. Thank you! -- [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 14:53, 31 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) :Sinusuportaran ko si Ralffralff na magin admin giraray kan Bikol Wikipedia [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jay Bolero|kaulayon]]) 15:30, 31 Oktubre 2022 (UTC) :{{Support}} -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 02:56, 1 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) :{{Support}} -[[Paragamit:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:en:User:Buszmail|kaulayon]]) 03:11, 1 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) :{{Support}} - Ralff is credible and trusted admin of Bikol Wikipedia. - [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|kaulayon]]) 03:44, 1 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) :{{Support}} [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jay Bolero|kaulayon]]) 05:10, 1 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) :{{Support}}, trusted and friendly. <span style="font-family:Footlight MT">[[User:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] <span style="background:#68FCF1">(''[[User talk:JWilz12345|Talk]]''|''[[Special:Contributions/JWilz12345|Contrib's.]]'')</span></span> 11:19, 3 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) :{{Support}} - Ralff is reliable, dedicated and zealous in his work. [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 15:08, 2 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) :{{Support}} - Since I'm so busy in my personal life, I meant for my work, Ralff was suitable to became an Admin of this wiki.. --[[Espesyal:Contributions/175.176.21.194|175.176.21.194]] 13:31, 3 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) ::Ako kaini <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 13:35, 3 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) :::Pwede pa daw kaya ako mag-admin digdi hahaha <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 13:35, 3 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) ::::Magsabi ka lang. Suportahan mi ika giraray. Hehe :) -- [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 14:27, 3 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) Support [[Paragamit:Inarawan1979|Inarawan1979]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Inarawan1979|kaulayon]]) 23:19, 3 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) == Magbali! == {{WAM |header = Wikipedia Asian Month 2022 <div style="margin-right:1em; float:right;"><br>[[File:WAM_logo_without_text.svg|200px|center|link=]]</div> |subheader = An '''Bulan kan Asya nin Wikipedia''' sarong online editing contest tanganing maparahay an pagkakasinabotan kan mga komunidad nin Wikipedia sa [[Asya]], ngunyan na bulan nin Nobyembre 2022. An katuyohan kan Bulan kan Asya sa tataramon na [[Bikol Sentral]] iyo na madugangan asin mapakarhay an mga artikulo dapit sa mga Asyanong nasyon kabali an [[Filipinas]]. Bilang kasumarò sa pagkakaaramigo kan Komunidad nin Wikipedia kan Asya, an lambang partisipante na nakagibo nin dai mababa sa apat (4) na artikulo na nakakasunod sa susundon makakaresibe nin sertipiko asin espesyal na postcard nin Wikipedia gikan sa mga kabaling nasyon. An paraambag na makakagibo nin pinakadakol na mga artikulo mimidbidon na "Wikipedia Asian Ambassador". [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|center|200px]] <div style="text-align:center;"> <!-- Please edit the "URL" accordingly, especially the "section" number; thanks --> {{Clickable button 2|Magbali na|url={{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Participants |action=edit}} |class=mw-ui-progressive}} {{Clickable button 2|Report contributions|url=https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/asian-month-2022-bcl|class=mw-ui-progressive}} </div> |body = ==Susundon== * An artikulo bàgong gibo nindo (i.e. bakong ''[[Wikipedia:Tangga nin Klasipikasyon kan mga Artikulo|tamboan na artikulo]]'' na pinakarhay) poon Nobyembre 1, 2022 0:00 sagkod Nobyembre 30, 2022 05:00 (UTC). * An artikulo kaipohan yaon sa klasipikasyon na ''[[Wikipedia:Tangga_nin_Klasipikasyon_kan_mga_Artikulo#Poon|poon na artikulo]]'' o halangkaw pa. * Kaipohan midbid o bantog an isusurat na artikulo. * Kaipohan igwa nin mga toltolan an artikulo; an mga kaduda-dudang pahayag igwang hihilngan sa artikulo. * Pwedeng magpalis sa tataramon na Bikol gikan sa ibang tataramon. * Mayo nin kakundian (mayong tags) sa laog kan artikulo * An artikulo bakong sarong lista. * An artikulo nagtatao nin impormasyon. * An artikulo dapit sa sarong [[Lista nin mga nasyon|Asyanong nasyon o rehiyon]]. * Importante: An hurado an makakapagsabi kun an sarong artikulo aakoon o dai. |footer = ==Mag-ayon== Tanganing makabali, [https://bcl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Espesyal:UserLogin&type=signup&campaign=loginCTA maggibo nin sadiring account] asin iusip an mga ambag digdi. Pindoton an buton sa ibaba dangan idugang an simbolong <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> tanganing maidugang an saimong paragamit-na-ngaran o username. Mamarkahan nin tsek kan mga hurado kun an artikulo nasunod an criteria. <div style="text-align:center;"> <!-- Please edit the "URL" accordingly, especially the "section" number; thanks --> {{Clickable button 2|Magbali na|url=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Bulan_kan_Asya_nin_Wikipedia_2022/Participants&action=edit |action=edit}} |class=mw-ui-progressive}} </div> --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 03:15, 1 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) Dai baga naggagagana an fountain? -- <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 15:57, 3 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Invitation to attend “Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter” Sessions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />Hello all, During the 2022 Wikimedia Summit, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Movement Charter Drafting Committee]] (MCDC) presented the first outline of the Movement Charter, giving a glimpse on the direction of its future work, and the Charter itself. The MCDC then integrated the initial feedback collected during the Summit. Before proceeding with writing the Charter for the whole Movement, the MCDC wants to interact with community members and gather feedback on the drafts of the three sections: Preamble, Values & Principles, and Roles & Responsibilities (intentions statement). The Movement Charter drafts will be available on the Meta page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content|here]] on November 14, 2022. Community wide consultation period on MC will take place from November 20 to December 18, 2022. Learn more about it [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|here]]. With the goal of ensuring that people are well informed to fully participate in the conversations and are empowered to contribute their perspective on the Movement Charter, three '''“Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter"''' sessions have been scheduled in different time zones. Everyone in the Wikimedia Movement is invited to attend these conversations. The aim is to learn about Movement Charter - its goal, purpose, why it matters, and how it impacts your community. MCDC members will attend these sessions to answer your questions and hear community feedback. The “Ask Me Anything” sessions accommodate communities from different time zones. Only the presentation of the session is recorded and shared afterwards, no recording of conversations. Below is the list of planned events: * '''Asia/Pacific''': November 4, 2022 at 09:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1667552400 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Chinese and Japanese. * '''Europe/MENA/Sub Saharan Africa''': November 12, 2022 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1668265257 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Arabic, French and Russian. * '''Latin America/North America/ Western Europe''': November 12, 2022 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1668265257 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Spanish and Portuguese. On the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|Meta page]] you will find more details; Zoom links will be shared 48 hours ahead of the call. '''Call for Movement Charter Ambassadors''' Individuals or groups from all communities who wish to help include and start conversations in their communities on the Movement Charter are encouraged to become [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|Movement Charter Ambassadors]] (MC Ambassadors). MC Ambassadors will carry out their own activities and get financial support for enabling conversations in their own languages. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|Regional facilitators]] from the Movement Strategy and Governance team are available to support applicants with MC Ambassadors grantmaking. If you are interested please sign up [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|here]]. Should you have specific questions, please reach out to the MSG team via email: strategy2030@wikimedia.org or on the MS forum. We thank you for your time and participation. On behalf of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 13:52, 2 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=23913087 --> == Apply for Funding through the Movement Strategy Community Engagement Package to Support Your Community == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The Wikimedia Movement Strategy implementation is a collaborative effort for all Wikimedians. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About|Movement Strategy Implementation Grants]] support projects that take the current state of a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy Initiative]] and push it one step forward. If you are looking for an example or some guide on how to engage your community further on Movement Strategy and the Movement Strategy Implementation Grants specifically, you may find this '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/Community Engagement Package|community engagement package]]''' helpful. The goal of this community engagement package is to support more people to access the funding they might need for the implementation work. By becoming a recipient of this grant, you will be able to support other community members to develop further grant applications that fit with your local contexts to benefit your own communities. With this package, the hope is to break down language barriers and to ensure community members have needed information on Movement Strategy to connect with each other. Movement Strategy is a two-way exchange, we can always learn more from the experiences and knowledge of Wikimedians everywhere. We can train and support our peers by using this package, so more people can make use of this great funding opportunity. If this information interests you or if you have any further thoughts or questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us as your [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Team|regional facilitators]] to discuss further. We will be more than happy to support you. When you are ready, follow the steps on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About |this page]] to apply. We look forward to receiving your application. Best regards, <br> Movement Strategy and Governance Team <br> Wikimedia Foundation<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] and [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:53, 9 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:VChang (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=23913087 --> == Global bot approval request for JhsBot == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:hello}}! {{#ifeq:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|en||I apologize for sending this message in English. {{int:please-translate}}.}} In accordance to [[:m:Bot policy#Global bots|the policy]], this message is to notify you that there is a new approval request for a global bot. The discussion is available at [[:m:Steward requests/Bot status#Global bot status for JhsBot|Steward requests/Bot status#Global bot status for JhsBot]] on Meta-Wiki. All Wikimedia community members are invited to participate. Thank you for your time. Best regards,<br /> --[[User:Martin Urbanec|Martin Urbanec]] ([[:m:User talk:Martin Urbanec|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 23:25, 13 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Martin Urbanec@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bot_policy/New_global_bot_discussion&oldid=23595640 --> == Maugmang ika-15ng kaaldawan Bikol Wikipedia! == Kaglimang taon na an nakalihis kan tugotan an pagkakamukna kan Bikol Wikipedia. Sagkod ngunyan an satong komunidad padagos na nagdadakol asin nagkakaburugkos. Maghirilingan kita tanganing ipagrukyaw an satong mga nakamtan asin giromdomon an mga agi-agi. Sa maabot na Disyembre 2, magkakaigwa kita nin webinar sa pakikipagtabangan kan James O'Brien SJ Library, Ateneo de Naga University kaiba bilang bisitang tagapagtaram gikan sa Indya asin Estados Unidos. Antabayan an mga detalye! --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 00:16, 24 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) Maogmang ika-kaglimang anibersaryo (Nov 2007 - Nov 2022) kan Bikol Wikipedia! Nagburublay na an mga ibang Wikipedia, alagad an Bikol Sentral iyo na an pinakadinamiko asin pinakamabagsik igdi sa Filipinas! Orog tang parambongon ini, patabaon asin papusogon!!! [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 01:30, 24 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) :Maogmang ika-15ng Kaaldawan sa Bikol Wikipedia! :Harayo na an naabot kan Bikol Wikipedia asin dikit na lang mahihiling ta na an bunga kan satuyang paghigos. Para sa representasyon kan Tataramon asin Kultura kan Kabikolan sa World Wide Web sa paagi kan Bikol Wikipedia, dagos-dagos sana an satuyang pagtrabaho sa pagpaparambong kan proyekto na ini! :-- [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 01:59, 24 Nobyembre 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Join the Movement Charter conversation hour for ESEAP region</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Regional conversations - ESEAP|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Regional conversations - ESEAP|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Regional conversations - ESEAP}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter Drafting Committee|Movement Charter Drafting Committee]] (MCDC) is currently collecting community feedback about three draft sections of the Movement Charter: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|Preamble]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]]''', and '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]]''' (statement of intent). '''How can you participate and share your feedback?''' The MCDC is looking forward to receiving all types of feedback in different languages from the community members across the Movement and Affiliates. You can participate in the following ways: * Attend one of the scheduled '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|community conversation hours with MCDC members]]'''; detail for the ESEAP session below; * Fill out a '''[https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 survey]''' (optional and anonymous); * Share your thoughts and feedback on the '''[[m:Movement Charter/Content|Meta talk page]]'''; * Share your thoughts and feedback on the '''Movement Strategy Forum''': **'''[https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-preamble/2284 Preamble]''' **'''[https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-values-principles/2285 Values & Principles]''' **'''[https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-roles-responsibilities-statement-of-intent/2286 Roles & Responsibilities]''' (statement of intent); or * Send an email to '''{{nospam|movementcharter|wikimedia.org}}''' if you have other feedback to the MCDC. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#Regional_conversation:_East_Asia,_South_East_Asia,_and_the_Pacific|community consultation session for the ESEAP region]] will take place on '''Friday, 9 December 2022''' at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1670576448 '''09:00-10:30 UTC''']. The session will be held on Zoom; the link will be shared at the page 48 hours before the session. Live interpretation in '''Chinese''', '''Japanese''', and '''Indonesian''' will be available. The conversations will not be recorded, except for the section where participants are invited to share what they discussed in the breakout rooms. The facilitation team will take notes and produce a summary report afterwards. If you want to learn more about the Movement Charter, its goals, why it matters and how it impacts your community, please watch the [[commons:File:Ask_Me_Anything_on_Movement_Charter,_Introduction_by_%C3%89rica_Azzellini,_English,_Nov_12,_2022.webm|recording (in English)]] of the “Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter” sessions which took place earlier in November 2022. You can also watch the recording [[commons:File:MCDC_Onboarding_%22Ask_me_Anything%22_session_-_Mandarin.webm|in Chinese]] and [[commons:File:MCDC_Onboarding_%22Ask_me_Anything%22_session_-_Japanese_language.webm|in Japanese]]. Thank you for your participation. On behalf of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] and [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 01:01, 2 Disyembre 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder to provide feedback on the Movement Charter content</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Reminder - ESEAP| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Reminder - ESEAP|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation/Reminder_-_ESEAP}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all,  We are in the middle of the community consultation period on the three draft sections of the Movement Charter: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|Preamble]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] (statement of intent). You are invited to attend the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#Regional_conversation:_East_Asia,_South_East_Asia,_and_the_Pacific|community consultation session for East Asia, South East Asia, and the Pacific region (ESEAP)]] which will take place on '''Friday, 9 December 2022''' at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1670576448 '''09:00-10:30 UTC''']. The session will be held on Zoom; please join the meeting via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88407930105?pwd=VVpBaFpKRThtd29mVzk5RCtOa1FaUT09 this link]. Live interpretation will be available in '''Indonesian''', '''Japanese''', and '''Mandarin Chinese'''. '''This community consultation period will end on 18 December 2022'''. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Movement Charter Drafting Committee]] (MCDC) encourages everyone who is interested in the governance of the Wikimedia movement to share their thoughts and opinions on the draft content of the Charter. Apart from joining the live conversation, you can also share your feedback via different channels provided below: * Fill out an anonymous [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 '''survey'''] * Share your thoughts and feedback on the '''[https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/december-9th-09-00-utc-mcdc-community-consultation-east-southeast-asia-and-the-pacific/2384 Movement Strategy Forum]'''  * Share your thoughts and feedback on the Meta Talk pages * Send an email to: movementcharter@wikimedia.org if you have other feedback to the MCDC   You can also find the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Team|ESEAP facilitators from the Movement Strategy and Governance team]] at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP_Hub/Meetings|ESEAP 28th Community Meeting]] on Sunday, 11 December 2022 to share your thoughts. Let us know if you have any questions. Thank you for your participation in this community consultation!  Best regards, Movement Strategy and Governance Team, Wikimedia Foundation  <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 06:37, 9 Disyembre 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == 13,000 lagpas na an artikulo sa Bikol Wikipedia == Ngunyan na aldaw naabot kan Bikol Wikipedia an ika-13,000 na artikulo kaini. Ini an pinakamarikas na paglangkaw kan bilang nin artikulo sa haraning panahon, huli ta kan Abril man kan taong ini naabot kan Bikol Wikipedia an ika-12,000 na artikulo kaini. Dios Mabalos sa duwa sa pinakamahigos na paraambag nin artikulo na iyo sinda @[[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] asin @[[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]]! -- [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 12:11, 12 Disyembre 2022 (UTC) == Community Wishlist Survey 2023 opens in January! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:Please-translate}}'' {{int:Hello}} The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|'''Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) 2023''']], which lets contributors propose and vote for tools and improvements, starts next month on Monday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496831 23 January 2023, at 18:00 UTC] and will continue annually. We are inviting you to share your ideas for technical improvements to our tools and platforms. Long experience in editing or technical skills is not required. If you have ever used our software and thought of an idea to improve it, this is the place to come share those ideas! The dates for the phases of the Survey will be as follows: * Phase 1: Submit, discuss, and revise proposals – Monday, Jan 23, 2023 to Sunday, Feb 6, 2023 * Phase 2: WMF/Community Tech reviews and organizes proposals – Monday, Jan 30, 2023 to Friday, Feb 10, 2023 * Phase 3: Vote on proposals – Friday, Feb 10, 2023 to Friday, Feb 24, 2023 * Phase 4: Results posted – Tuesday, Feb 28, 2023 If you want to start writing out your ideas ahead of the Survey, you can start thinking about your proposals and draft them in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. We are grateful to all who participated last year. See you in January 2023! </div> {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Community Tech, [[m:User:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]]</bdi> 12:59, 13 Disyembre 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:STei_(WMF)/CWS_2023_List&oldid=24226232 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Movement Charter: End of the community consultation round 1</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/End of Community Consultation|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/End of Community Consultation}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] Hi everyone, On behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Movement Charter Drafting Committee]] (MCDC), we would like to thank everyone who has participated in our first [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|community wide consultation period]] on the Movement Charter. People from across the Movement shared their feedback and thoughts on the content of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Movement Charter]]. If you have not had the chance to share your opinion yet, you are welcome to do so still by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|giving the drafts a read]] and filling out the '''[https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 anonymous survey]''', which is accessible in 12+ languages. The survey will close on '''January 2, 2023'''. You are invited to continue to share your thoughts with the MCDC via email too: movementcharter@wikimedia.org. '''What’s next?''' The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|Movement Strategy and Governance team]] will publish the final report with the summary of the feedback received in January 2023. It will be shared with the MCDC and the communities via different distribution channels. After receiving the final report, the MCDC will review the suggestions and communicate the changes by providing an explanation on how and why suggestions were or were not adopted in the next versions of the drafts. There will be additional ways to engage with the Movement Charter content in 2023, including early feedback on a proposed ratification process and new drafts of different chapters in the second quarter of 2023. We invite you to sign-up to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter|MCDC monthly newsletter]], it will be delivered to the Talk page of your choice. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates|Monthly updates]] are available on Meta to remain updated on the progress of the MCDC. Interested people can still sign-up to become a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|Movement Charter Ambassador]] (MC Ambassador) to support their community. The MC Ambassadors Program grant program will restart accepting applications from both individuals and groups ahead of the next round of consultations in the second quarter of 2023. We thank you for your participation, time and effort in helping to build the Charter for our Movement! ''On behalf of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee,''<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 12:25, 16 Disyembre 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a fountain tool or dashboard. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023. Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 10:23, 24 Disyembre 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == Online Town Hall Meeting for Wikimedia Movement Strategy (December 2022) == An implementasyon kan ''Wikimedia Movement Strategy'' iyo sarong kolaboratibong higos kan gabos na mga Wikimedian. Ini nakatakod sa [[Wikipedia:Karta kan Kahiroang Wikimedia|Karta nin Kahiroang Wikimedia]] (epektibo an konstitusyon kaini). An presenteng kamugtakan kan inisyatibo na Movement Strategy iyo dagos nangangaipo nin sarong lakdang na busol paabante sa paagi kan Pag-enganyo sa Komunidad. Kaipohan niyato na maaraman an pagmati asin sentimiyento kan satuyang Wiki na komunidad sa bilog na kinaban! Mawot niyamo na magkaigwa nin Onlne Town hall meeting. Magtao tabi kan saimong sadiring opinyon. Kun kinakaipo, pakisurat an saimong naiisip sa paagi kan samuyang online na pag-urulay na ika sana an nakakaaram. Mayo nin tama o sala na simbag; an kaipohan niyato maiheras dapat madangog (o mabasa) kan Kahiroang Wikimedia. Urog na sa Filipinas na dae pa nadadagos. Nguyan na an panahon! Pwede tabi magbali sa online na miting na samuyang ioorganisa sa oras na 9PM sa Desyembre 28, 2022 (Miyerkules). Dios Mabalos! -- [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 14:09, 27 Disyembre 2022 (UTC) To join the meeting on Google Meet, click this link: https://meet.google.com/wyk-bhma-eum Or open Meet and enter this code: wyk-bhma-eum [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 04:19, 28 Disyembre 2022 (UTC) == Upcoming vote on the revised Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, In mid-January 2023, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] will undergo a second community-wide ratification vote. This follows [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|the March 2022 vote]], which resulted in a majority of voters supporting the Enforcement Guidelines. During the vote, participants helped highlight important community concerns. The Board’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] requested that these areas of concern be reviewed. The volunteer-led [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Revisions_Committee_members|Revisions Committee]] worked hard reviewing community input and making changes. They updated areas of concern, such as training and affirmation requirements, privacy and transparency in the process, and readability and translatability of the document itself. The revised Enforcement Guidelines can be viewed '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|here]]''', and a comparison of changes can be found '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Comparison|here]]'''. '''How to vote?''' Beginning '''January 17, 2023''', voting will be open. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Voter information|This page on Meta-wiki]]''' outlines information on how to vote using SecurePoll. '''Who can vote?''' The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information#Voting_eligibility|eligibility requirements]]''' for this vote are the same as for the Wikimedia Board of Trustees elections. See the voter information page for more details about voter eligibility. If you are an eligible voter, you can use your Wikimedia account to access the voting server. '''What happens after the vote?''' Votes will be scrutinized by an independent group of volunteers, and the results will be published on Wikimedia-l, the Movement Strategy Forum, Diff and on Meta-wiki. Voters will again be able to vote and share concerns they have about the guidelines. The Board of Trustees will look at the levels of support and concerns raised as they look at how the Enforcement Guidelines should be ratified or developed further. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[m:User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 12:28, 11 Enero 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == ''The Signpost'': 16 January 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * From the team: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/From the team|We heard zoomers liked fortnights: the biweekly Signpost rides again]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/Special report|Coverage of 2022 bans reveals editors serving long sentences in Saudi Arabia since 2020]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/News and notes|Revised Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines up for vote, WMF counsel departs, generative models under discussion]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/In the media|Court orders user data in libel case, Saudi Wikipedia in the crosshairs, Larry Sanger at it again]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/Technology report|View it! A new tool for image discovery]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/In focus|Busting into Grand Central]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/Serendipity|How I bought part of Wikipedia – for less than $100]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/Gallery|What is our responsibility when it comes to images?]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/Humour|New geologically speedy deletion criteria introduced]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/Opinion|Good old days, in which fifth-symbol-lacking lipograms roam'd our librarious litany]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/Featured content|Flip your lid]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/Traffic report|The most viewed articles of 2022]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-01-16/From the archives|Five, ten, and fifteen years ago]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 02:16, 16 Enero 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=24363624 --> == Voting now open on the revised Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 2|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''{{subst:more languages}}'' Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting|voting period]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|revised Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] is now open! Voting will be open for two weeks and will close at '''23:59 UTC''' on '''January 31, 2023'''. Please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|voter information page on Meta-wiki]] for voter eligibility information and details on how to vote. For more details on the Enforcement Guidelines and the voting process, see our [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement/Voting_1|previous message]]. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team,<br> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 12:50, 18 Enero 2023 (UTC) <section end="announcement-content" /> <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == Bikol Wikipedia Community in Meta-Wiki == To highlight the efforts done by the community of Bicolano Wikipedians and its focus, a separate page of the Bikol Wikipedia Community was published in Meta-Wiki. You can visit it [[metawiki:Bikol_Wikipedia_Community|here]]. The '''Bikol Wikipedia Community''' is a community of Wikimedians supporting the [[Panginot na Pahina|Bikol Wikipedia]] project in the Philippines, the activities of [[metawiki:PhilWiki_Community|PhilWiki Community]] on Bikol Wikipedia, and the mission and vision of [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] in general. To signify your interest in joining the community, please add your username in the list of [[metawiki:Bikol_Wikipedia_Community#https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bikol_Wikipedia_Community#Interested_Members|Interested Members]]. Dios Mabalos! -- [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 14:00, 21 Enero 2023 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Voting on the revised Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct is closed</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 4|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 4|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 4}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Voting|vote]] on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] is now closed. The results will now be counted and scrutinized to ensure that only eligible votes are included. Results will be published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|on Meta]] and other movement forums as soon as they become available, as well as information on future steps. Thank you to all who participated in the voting process, and who have contributed to the drafting of Guidelines. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 11:34, 3 Pebrero 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == ''The Signpost'': 4 February 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * From the editor: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/From the editor|New for the Signpost: Author pages, tag pages, and a decent article search function]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/News and notes|Foundation update on fundraising, new page patrol, Tides, and Wikipedia blocked in Pakistan]] * Section 230: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/Section 230|Twenty-six words that created the internet, and the future of an encyclopedia]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/Disinformation report|Wikipedia on Santos]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/Special report|Legal status of Wikimedia projects "unclear" under potential European legislation]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/In the media|Furor over new Wikipedia skin, followup on Saudi bans, and legislative debate]] * Op-Ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/Op-Ed|Estonian businessman and political donor brings lawsuit against head of national Wikimedia chapter]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/Opinion|Study examines cultural leanings of Wikimedia projects' visual art coverage]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/Recent research|Wikipedia's "moderate yet systematic" liberal citation bias]] * WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/WikiProject report|WikiProject Organized Labour]] * Tips and tricks: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/Tips and tricks|XTools: Data analytics for your list of created articles]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/Featured content|20,000 Featureds under the Sea]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-04/Traffic report|Films, deaths and ChatGPT]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 21:46, 4 Pebrero 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=24455582 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Universal Code of Conduct revised enforcement guidelines vote results</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The recent community-wide vote on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines |Universal Code of Conduct revised Enforcement Guidelines]] has been tallied and scrutinized. Thank you to everyone who participated. After 3097 voters from 146 Wikimedia communities voted, the results are 76% in support of the Enforcement Guidelines, and 24% in opposition. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting_statistics|Statistics]] for the vote are available. A more detailed summary of comments submitted during the vote will be published soon. From here, the results and comments collected during this vote will be submitted to the Board of Trustees for their review. The current expectation is that the Board of Trustees review process will complete in March 2023. We will update you when their review process is completed. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 16:06, 14 Pebrero 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == ''The Signpost'': 20 February 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-20/News and notes|Terms of Use update, Steward elections, and Wikipedia back in Pakistan]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-20/In the media|Arbitrators open case after article alleges Wikipedia "intentionally distorts" Holocaust coverage]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-20/Disinformation report|The "largest con in corporate history"?]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-20/Essay|Machine-written articles: a new challenge for Wikipedia]] * Tips and tricks: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-20/Tips and tricks|All about writing at DYK]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-20/Featured content|Eden, lost.]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-20/Gallery|Love is in the air]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-20/Traffic report|Superbowl? Pfft. Give me some Bollywood! Yours sincerely, the world]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-20/From the archives|5, 10, and 15 years ago: Let's (not) delete the Main Page!]] * Cobwebs: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-20/Cobwebs|Editorial: The loss of the moral high ground]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-02-20/Humour|The RfA Candidate's Song]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 18:04, 20 Pebrero 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=24566371 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Community feedback-cycle about updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use starts</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours/Announcement|}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department|Wikimedia Foundation Legal Department]] is organizing a feedback-cycle with community members to discuss updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use. [[:foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Terms of Use|The Terms of Use (ToU)]] are the legal terms that govern the use of websites hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. We will be gathering your feedback on a draft proposal from February through April. The draft will be translated into several languages, with written feedback accepted in any language. This update comes in response to several things: * Implementing the Universal Code of Conduct * Updating project text to the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license * Proposal for better addressing undisclosed paid editing * Bringing our terms in line with current and recently passed laws affecting the Foundation, including the European Digital Services Act As part of the feedback cycle two office hours will be held, the first on March 2, the second on April 4. For further information, please consult: * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update|proposed update of the ToU by comparison]] * The page for your [[m:Talk:Terms of use|feedback]] * Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours|the office hours]] On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 22:50, 21 Pebrero 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == Magbali! == {| style="width:100%; height:125px; border:1px solid #800080; background-color:#ffc0cb; text-align:left; padding:8px;" | rowspan="2" style="width:125px;" |[[Ladawan:Fnf-combo.png|wala|120x120px]] | style="font-size:11pt;" |'''[[Wikipedia:Wiki Loves Folklore in the Philippines/Partisipante|Magin parte]]''' kan '''Feminism and Folklore in the Philippines 2023''', an internasyunal na kampanya sa pagdugang nin laog o kontent sa Wikipedia tanganing idokumento an mga katutubong [[kultura]] sa manlainlain na rehiyon sa kinaban. |- | style="font-size:11pt;" |Nagpoon an ''Wiki Loves Folklore'' taon 2018 bilang ''Wiki Loves Love'' para sa mga temang seremonya asin festival nin pagkamoot. Sa Bikol Wikipedia, ini an [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto|WikiProyekto]] na dapit sa [[Wikipedia:Wiki Loves Folklore in the Philippines/Listahan|katutubong kultura]] nagpoon kan Pebrero 2022. Ngunyan na taon, an aktibidad poon Pebrero 1 sagkod Marso 31. Siring man, tinatawan kahalagahan sa proyektong ini an papel kan [[Wikipedia:WikiProyekto Kababaihan|kababaihan]] sa kultura. |- |} [[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 05:40, 24 Pebrero 2023 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-03-01|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 21:20, 27 Pebrero 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge "'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! </div> [[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == ''The Signpost'': 9 March 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's weekly journal about Wikipedia and Wikimedia''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-09/News and notes|What's going on with the Wikimedia Endowment?]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-09/Technology report|Second flight of the Soviet space bears: Testing ChatGPT's accuracy]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-09/In the media|What should Wikipedia do? Publish Russian propoganda? Be less woke? Cover the Holocaust in Poland differently?]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-09/Featured content|In which over two-thirds of the featured articles section needs to be copied over to WikiProject Military History's newsletter]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-09/Recent research|"Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the Holocaust" in Poland and "self-focus bias" in coverage of global events]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-09/From the archives|Five, ten, and fifteen years ago]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 05:43, 9 Marso 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=24651918 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimania 2023 Welcoming Program Submissions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="wikimania-program-submissions"/>[[File:Wikimania Singapore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]Do you want to host an in-person or virtual session at Wikimania 2023? Maybe a hands-on workshop, a lively discussion, a fun performance, a catchy poster, or a memorable lightning talk? [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''Submissions are open until March 28''']]. The event will have dedicated hybrid blocks, so virtual submissions and pre-recorded content are also welcome. If you have any questions, please join us at an upcoming conversation on March 12 or 19, or reach out by email at wikimania@wikimedia.org or on Telegram. More information on-wiki.<section end="wikimania-program-submissions"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == ''The Signpost'': 20 March 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/News and notes|Wikimania submissions deadline looms, Russian government after our lucky charms, AI woes nix CNET from RS slate]] * Eyewitness: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/Eyewitness|Three more stories from Ukrainian Wikimedians]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/In the media|Paid editing, plagiarism payouts, proponents of a ploy, and people peeved at perceived preferences]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/Featured content|Way too many featured articles]] * Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/Interview|228/2/1: the inside scoop on Aoidh's RfA]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/Traffic report|Who died? Who won? Who lost?]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 11:19, 20 Marso 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=24726786 --> == ''The Signpost'': 20 March 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/News and notes|Wikimania submissions deadline looms, Russian government after our lucky charms, AI woes nix CNET from RS slate]] * Eyewitness: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/Eyewitness|Three more stories from Ukrainian Wikimedians]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/In the media|Paid editing, plagiarism payouts, proponents of a ploy, and people peeved at perceived preferences]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/Featured content|Way too many featured articles]] * Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/Interview|228/2/1: the inside scoop on Aoidh's RfA]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-03-20/Traffic report|Who died? Who won? Who lost?]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 13:19, 20 Marso 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=24726786 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Board of Trustees have ratified the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement - Board ratification|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement - Board ratification|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement - Board ratification}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, an important update on the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines: The vote on the Enforcement Guidelines in January 2023 showed a majority approval of the Enforcement Guidelines. There were 369 comments received and a detailed summary of the comments will be published shortly. Just over three-thousand (3097) voters voted and 76% approved of the Enforcement Guidelines. You can view the '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting_statistics|vote statistics on Meta-wiki]]'''. As the support increased, this signifies to the Board that the current version has addressed some of the issues indicated during the last review in 2022. The Board of Trustees voted to ratify the Enforcement Guidelines. The [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Approval_of_Universal_Code_of_Conduct_Enforcement_Guidelines resolution can be found on Foundation wiki] and you can read more about the [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/21/the-enforcement-guidelines-received-strong-support-from-the-community-what-happens-next/ process behind the 2023 Enforcement Guidelines review on Diff.] There are some next steps to take with the important recommendations provided by the Enforcement Guidelines. More details will come soon about timelines. Thank you for your interest and participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 15:55, 23 Marso 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Report on voter comments from the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines ratification vote</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Voting/Report/Email|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Voting/Report/Email|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Voting/Report/Email}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, The Universal Code of Conduct project team has completed the analysis of the comments accompanying the ratification vote on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines|revised Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]]. All respondents to the vote had the opportunity to provide comments regarding the contents of the revised Enforcement Guidelines draft document. A total of 369 participants left comments in 18 languages; compared to 657 commenters in 27 languages in 2022. The Trust and Safety Policy team completed an analysis of these results, categorizing comments to identify major themes and areas of focus within the comments. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Voter comments report|The report is available in translated versions on Meta-wiki here]]'''. Please help translate into your language. Again, we are thankful to all who participated in the vote and discussions. More information about the Universal Code of Conduct and its Enforcement Guidelines can be found on Meta-wiki. On behalf of the Universal Code of Conduct project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 14:40, 31 Marso 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Upcoming community review of the Movement Charter ratification methodology</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Movement Charter/Ratification/Pre-announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' Hello everyone, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Movement Charter Drafting Committee]] (MCDC) will propose a ratification methodology for the future [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] on April 10, 2023. The proposed ratification methodology is a result of learnings from previous ratification processes. The MCDC will organize a consultation period with the Wikimedia Movement to hear feedback on the proposed ratification methodology from '''April 10 to 28, 2023'''. People will be invited to share their feedback on the questions mainly via the Meta Talk page discussion, on the Movement Strategy Forum, and during the community conversation hours. The MCDC welcomes your input on some open questions. '''Join the community conversation hours''' The MCDC invites everyone interested in sharing their feedback on the proposed methodology to join the community conversation hours: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#Community_conversation_#1:_18_April,_2023_at_10.00_UTC|Community conversation hour #1]]: '''18 April at 10:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1681812036 your local time]) * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#Community_conversation_#1:_18_April,_2023_at_10.00_UTC|Community conversation hour #2]]: '''24 April at 17:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682355603 your local time]) When signing up, please leave a comment if you need language support. Please note that language interpretation will be provided if at least 3 people expressed interest to participate in the following languages: Arabic, Mandarin Chinese, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Russian and Spanish. Thank you, On behalf of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[m:User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 15:38, 6 Abril 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == ''The Signpost'': 3 April 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * From the editor: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-03/From the editor|Some long-overdue retractions]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-03/News and notes|Sounding out, a universal code of conduct, and dealing with AI]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-03/In the media|Twiddling Wikipedia during an online contest, and other news]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-03/Arbitration report|"World War II and the history of Jews in Poland" case is ongoing]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-03/Featured content|Hail, poetry! Thou heav'n-born maid]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-03/Recent research|Language bias: Wikipedia captures at least the "silhouette of the elephant", unlike ChatGPT]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-03/From the archives|April Fools' through the ages]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-03/Disinformation report|Sus socks support suits, seems systemic]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 05:25, 7 Abril 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=24766128 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Elections Committee: Call for New Members</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominations/2023/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominations/2023/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominations/2023/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Wikimedia Foundation elections committee]] (Elections Committee) is, from today until April 24, seeking an additional 2–4 members to help facilitate the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustee (Board) selection process. The 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election is being planned. New members are invited to join the Elections Committee. The Elections Committee oversees the Board of Trustees community seat selection process. Join the committee and contribute your valuable skills and ideas to the Trustee selection process. There are eight community- and affiliate-selected seats on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees|the Wikimedia Foundation Board]]. The wider Wikimedia community votes for community members to occupy these seats. In 2024, the Elections Committee will oversee this selection process for the community- and affiliate-selected seats with expiring terms. This process will be supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. Elections Committee members sign up for three-year terms and will be asked to [[phab:L37|sign a confidentiality agreement]]. Members can expect to contribute 2–5 hours per week before the selection process and 5–8 hours per week during the selection process. As an Elections Committee member, you will be responsible for: * Attending online meetings between now and the next election (mid-2024) * Attending onboarding and online training in May–June 2023 * Working with the Committee to fulfill its [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Elections_Committee_Charter|other responsibilities]] New members should have the following qualities: * Fluency in English * Responsiveness to email collaboration * Knowledge of the movement and movement governance If you would like to volunteer for this role, please '''submit your candidacy by April 24, 2023 23:59 [[en:Anywhere on Earth|AoE (Anywhere on Earth)]] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Nominations/2023|this Meta-Wiki page]]'''. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Wikimedia_Foundation_Elections_Committee_-_2023_Call_for_New_Members|'''read the full announcement here''']]. Thank you in advance for your interest! If you are not interested but know someone who might be, share this message with them. Please let me know if you have questions. On behalf of the Elections Committee,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[m:User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 15:41, 12 Abril 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24066307 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Call for early input on the proposed Movement Charter ratification methodology</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The [[<tvar name="mcdc">m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee</tvar>|Movement Charter Drafting Committee]] (MCDC) has started to collect input from the Wikimedia movement on the [[<tvar name="mcm">m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification</tvar>|proposed methodology for the ratification of the Movement Charter]] from '''April 10 to 28, 2023'''. Ratification of the [[<tvar name="mc">m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter</tvar>|Movement Charter]] is planned to take place in early 2024 according to the timeline. '''There are [[<tvar name="mcm2">m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification</tvar>|six questions]] that the MCDC requests your input on.''' Please share your feedback by: * Commenting on the [[<tvar name="tmc">m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter</tvar>|Meta talk page]] * Commenting on the [<tvar name="forum">https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-ratification-methodology-community-review-from-10-28-april-2023/2930</tvar> Movement Strategy forum] * Joining the community conversation hours; the first conversation hour will take place on '''18 April at 10:00 UTC''' ([<tvar name="1">https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1681812036</tvar> your local time]). [[<tvar name="mccc">m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation</tvar>|When signing up]], please leave a comment if you need language support by April 16, 2023. We will try our best to provide language interpretation if at least three people expressed interest. If you have any questions, kindly let us know. On behalf of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] & [[m:User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 13:33, 14 Abril 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24869567 --> == Wikimedia Foundation’s 2023-2024 Annual Plan and Upcoming Community Conversations == The main purpose of this message is to share with you the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024|draft annual plan]] of the Wikimedia Foundation for the coming fiscal year from July 2023 to June 2024. The summary of the annual plan is available in multiple languages. '''Some Excerpts from the Annual Plan Draft''' The Wikimedia Foundation has remained in a period of transition. It welcomed new leadership last year, including a new Chief Executive Officer and Chief Product and Technology Officer. Additionally, the Foundation has navigated conversations with global communities on a range of important issues, from a future charter defining roles and responsibilities, to how we raise shared resources through banner fundraising. This year's Annual Plan attempts to provide more clarity on multi-year strategic issues that do not have quick fixes, and more detailed information on how the Foundation operates. For the second consecutive year, the Wikimedia Foundation is anchoring its annual plan in the movement's strategy to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Goals/Equity|advance equity]]. The intention is to connect the Foundation's work even more deeply with the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Strategy/Recommendations/Summary|Movement Strategy Recommendations]] to make even deeper progress towards the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017|2030 Strategic Direction]]. This year, the Foundation is recentering its plan around [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Goals/Infrastructure|Product and Technology]], emphasizing our unique role as a platform for people and communities collaborating on a massive scale. If you are interested to learn more, you can find detailed information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024|this meta page]]. '''Requesting Your Feedback''' Your feedback is highly appreciated, whether being on [[m:Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024|Meta discussion page]] or sharing at your local discussion space. Your comments and reflections will help improve the proposal before the Foundation’s Board of Trustees considers the plan and budget in their June meeting. '''Community Conversations''' Everyone is also invited to participate in the '''virtual conversation on 30th April 2023 at 6am UTC''' (check your [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682834411 local time here]), which is planned for participants from the Asia Pacific timezone. Kindly see the [[wmfblog:event/30th-april-annual-planning-call/|Diff calendar here]]. [[m:User:Lgruwell-WMF|Lisa Seitz Gruwell]], Chief Advancement Officer and Deputy to the Chief Executive Officer will be joining the call to share more and learn about your thoughts. You can find the information relating to virtual conversations on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Collaboration|collaboration page]]. We look forward to seeing you in the upcoming conversation! [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 13:31, 25 Abril 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:VChang (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24869572 --> == ''The Signpost'': 26 April 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/News and notes|Staff departures at Wikimedia Foundation, Jimbo hands in the bits, and graphs' zeppelin burns]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/In the media|Contested truth claims in Wikipedia]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/Obituary|Remembering David "DGG" Goodman]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/Arbitration report|Holocaust in Poland, Jimbo in the hot seat, and a desysopping]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/Opinion|What Jimbo's question revealed about scamming]] * Op-Ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/Op-Ed|Wikipedia as an anchor of truth]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/Special report|''Signpost'' statistics between years 2005 and 2022]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/News from the WMF|Collective planning with the Wikimedia Foundation]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/Featured content|In which we described the featured articles in rhyme again]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/From the archives|April Fools' through the ages, part two]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/Humour|The law of hats]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-04-26/Traffic report|Long live machine, the future supreme]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 13:19, 26 Abril 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=24906106 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are: * Community members in good standing * Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects * Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type * Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023 * Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations * Confidently able to communicate in English The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff. The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Best regards,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 19:00, 26 Abril 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24941045 --> == ''The Signpost'': 8 May 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's weekly journal about Wikipedia and Wikimedia''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-08/News and notes|New legal "deVLOPments" in the EU]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-08/In the media|Vivek's smelly socks, online safety, and politics]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-08/Recent research|Gender, race and notability in deletion discussions]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-08/Featured content|I wrote a poem for each article, I found rhymes for all the lists; <br />My first featured picture of this year now finally exists!]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-08/Arbitration report|"World War II and the history of Jews in Poland" approaches conclusion]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-08/News from the WMF|Planning together with the Wikimedia Foundation]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-08/Special report|There Shall Be Seasons Refreshing – Stories from WikiConference India 2023]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 04:26, 8 Mayo 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=24990251 --> == ''The Signpost'': 22 May 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-22/News and notes|Golden parachutes: Record severance payments at Wikimedia Foundation]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-22/In the media|History, propaganda and censorship]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-22/Arbitration report|Final decision in "World War II and the history of Jews in Poland"]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-22/Recent research|Create or curate, cooperate or compete? Game theory for Wikipedia editors]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-22/Featured content|A very musical week for featured articles]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-22/Traffic report|Coronation, chatbot, celebs]] * WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-05-22/WikiProject report|Wikipedians Convene for Queering Wikipedia 2023: The First International LGBT+ Wikipedia Conference]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 08:41, 22 Mayo 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=24998606 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Selection of the U4C Building Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 04:20, 27 Mayo 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == ''The Signpost'': 5 June 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-06-05/News and notes|WMRU director forks new 'pedia, birds flap in top '22 piccy, WMF weighs in on Indian gov's map axe plea]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-06-05/In the media|Section 230 stands tall, WP vs. UK bill, Miss Information dissed again]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-06-05/Featured content|Poetry under pressure]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-06-05/Traffic report|Celebs, controversies and a chatbot in the public eye]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 01:24, 5 Hunyo 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25064021 --> == Invitation to participate in the #WPWPCampaign 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Dear Wikimedians, [[File:WPWP_logo_1.png|right|150px|frameless]] We are glad to inform you that the 2023 edition of Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign is coming up in July. This is a formal invitation to invite individuals and communities to join the campaign to help improve Wikipedia articles with photos and other relevant media files. If you're interested in participating, please find your community or community closer to you to participate from the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2023/Participating Communities|Participating Communities]] page. If you're organizer, please add your community or Affiliate to the page. The campaign primarily aims to promote using images from Wikimedia Commons to enrich Wikipedia articles. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photos, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. In this edition of the campaign, eligibility criteria have been revised based on feedback and campaign Evaluation Reports of the previous editions. Please find more [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2023/FAQ and Contest Rules|details about these changes and our FAQ on Meta-Wiki]] For more information, please visit the '''[[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2023|campaign page on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Kind regards, Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos International Team. [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 23:25, 7 Hunyo 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ammarpad@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos/Distribution_list&oldid=23360272 --> == ''The Signpost'': 19 June 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-06-19/News and notes|WMF Terms of Use now in force, new Creative Commons licensing]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-06-19/In the media|English WP editor glocked after BLP row on Italian 'pedia]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-06-19/Featured content|Content, featured]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-06-19/Recent research|Hoaxers prefer currently-popular topics]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 10:11, 19 Hunyo 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25152768 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Announcing the new Elections Committee members</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello there, We are glad to announce [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|the new members and advisors of the Elections Committee]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] assists with the design and implementation of the process to select Community- and Affiliate-Selected trustees for the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. After an open nomination process, the strongest candidates spoke with the Board and four candidates were asked to join the Elections Committee. Four other candidates were asked to participate as advisors. Thank you to all the community members who submitted their names for consideration. We look forward to working with the Elections Committee in the near future. On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:59, 28 Hunyo 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == ''The Signpost'': 3 July 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-03/News and notes|Online Safety Bill: Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia UK launch open letter]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-03/Disinformation report|Imploded submersible outfit foiled trying to sing own praises on Wikipedia]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-03/In the media|Journo proposes mass Wiki dox, sponsored articles on Fandom, Section 230 discussed]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-03/Featured content|Incensed]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-03/Traffic report|Are you afraid of spiders? Arnold? The Idol? ChatGPT?]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-03/Humour|United Nations dispatches peacekeeping force to Wikipedia policy discussions]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 08:17, 3 Hulyo 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25180371 --> == ''The Signpost'': 17 July 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-17/News and notes|Big bux hidden beneath wine-dark sea as we wait for the Tides to go out?]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-17/In the media|Tentacles of Emirates plot attempt to ensnare Wikipedia]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-17/Obituary|David Thomsen (Dthomsen8) and Ingo Koll (Kipala)]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-17/News from the WMF|ABC for Fundraising: Advancing Banner Collaboration for fundraising campaigns]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-17/In focus|Are the children of celebrities over-represented in French cinema?]] * Tips and tricks: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-17/Tips and tricks|What automation can do for you (and your WikiProject)]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-17/Recent research|Wikipedia-grounded chatbot "outperforms all baselines" on factual accuracy]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-17/Humour|New fringe theories to be introduced]] * Cobwebs: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-17/Cobwebs|If you're reading this, you're probably on a desktop]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-17/Featured content|Scrollin', scrollin', scrollin', keep those readers scrollin', got to keep on scrollin', Rawhide!]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-07-17/Traffic report|The Idol becomes the Master]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 09:03, 17 Hulyo 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25275917 --> == 14,000 lagpas na an artikulo kan Bikol Wikipedia == Kan Hulyo 18, 2023, luminagpas 14,000 na an mga artikulo digdi sa Bikol Wikipedia. Sarong dakulang pasasalamat sa mga mahihigos na paraambag urog na ki [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] asin [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]], sagkod sa mga inisyatibo kan [[:meta:Bikol Wikipedia Community|Bikol Wikipedia Community]] asin [[:meta:PhilWiki Community|PhilWiki Community]] na nakatabang nin marhay sa marikas na pagsangat nin mga artikulo asin bilang nin pagliwat sa Bikol Wikipedia. Mag-ambag pa kita sa padagos na pag-uswag kan Bikol Wikipedia! <br> -- [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 12:57, 21 Hulyo 2023 (UTC) == Deploying the Phonos in-line audio player to your Wiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}! Apologies if this message is not in your language, {{int:Please-translate}} to your language. This wiki will soon be able to use the [[mw:Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player]] implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. This is part of fulfilling a wishlist proposal of providing [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Multimedia_and_Commons/Audio_links_that_play_on_click|audio links that play on click]]. With the inline audio player, you can add text-to-speech audio snippets to wiki pages by simply using a tag: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="audio file" label="Listen"/> </syntaxhighlight> The above tag will show the text next to a speaker icon, and clicking on it will play the audio instantly without taking you to another page. A common example where you can use this feature is in adding pronunciation to words as illustrated on the [[wiktionary:en:English#Pronunciation|English Wiktionary]] below. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{audio|en|En-uk-English.oga|Audio (UK)}} </syntaxhighlight> Could become: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="En-uk-English.oga" label="Audio (UK)"/> </syntaxhighlight> The inline audio player will be available in your wiki in 2 weeks time; in the meantime, we would like you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos|read about the features]] and give us feedback or ask questions about it in this [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:Phonos|talk page]]. Thank you!</div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], on behalf of the Foundation's Language team</bdi> </div> 02:26, 27 Hulyo 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_announcement_list_(In-line_audio_player)&oldid=25350821 --> == ''The Signpost'': 1 August 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-01/News and notes|City officials attempt to doxx Wikipedians, Ruwiki founder banned, WMF launches Mastodon server]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-01/In the media|Truth, AI, bull from politicians, and climate change]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-01/Disinformation report|Hot climate, hot hit, hot money, hot news hot off the presses!]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-01/Obituary|Donald Cram, Peter McCawley, and Eagleash]] * Tips and tricks: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-01/Tips and tricks|Citation tools for dummies!]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-01/Humour|Does Wikipedia present neutral perspectives?]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-01/In focus|''Journals cited by Wikipedia'']] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-01/Opinion|Are global bans the last step?]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-01/Featured content|Featured Content, 1 to 15 July]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-01/Traffic report|Come on Oppie, let's go party]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 03:40, 1 Agosto 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25312130 --> == ''The Signpost'': 15 August 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/News and notes|Dude, Where's My Donations? Wikimedia Foundation announces another million in grants for non-Wikimedia-related projects]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/In the media|An accusation of bias from Brazil, a lawsuit from Portugal, plagiarism from Florida]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/In focus|2023 Good Article Nomination drive is underway: get your barnstars here!]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/Special report|Thirteen years later, why are most administrators still from 2005?]] * Tips and tricks: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/Tips and tricks|How to find images for your articles, check their copyright, upload them, and restore them]] * Cobwebs: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/Cobwebs|Getting serious about writing]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/Opinion|Copyright trolls, or the last beautiful free souls on this planet?]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/Serendipity|Why I stopped taking photographs almost altogether]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/Featured content|Barbenheimer confirmed]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/Humour|Arbitration Committee to accept case against Right Honorable Frimbley Cantingham, 15th Viscount Bellington-upon-Porkshire]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/Traffic report|Come on in, and pull yourself up a chair]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 14:18, 15 Agosto 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25463725 --> == Nomination to the ESEAP Preparatory Council 2023-2024 == '''Backgrounder''' Basaha sa [[m:ESEAP Preparatory Council/Process|ESEAP Preparatory Council process]]. Para sa '''[[m:Community process for Community Seats|Community process for Community Seats]]. Ilista an saimong inonomina. Magbali sa nominasyon sagkod sa 19 Agosto, 2023. *(nominasyon) -kagnominar *''magdugang nin pangaran'' *self-nomination -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 11:14, 18 Agosto 2023 (UTC) :I highly recommend Filipinayzd. He's more than qualified for the position. [[Paragamit:Mataba padaba|Mataba padaba]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Mataba padaba|kaulayon]]) 05:00, 20 Agosto 2023 (UTC) ::Thank you @[[Paragamit:Mataba padaba|Mataba padaba]]. Allow me to vote on behalf of the Bikol Wikipedia Community. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 12:47, 26 Agosto 2023 (UTC) ===TIMELINE for 3 Communities seats=== *[[:m:ESEAP_Preparatory_Council/Nomination|NOMINATION]] starts and ends: 16 to 19 August 2023 *VOTING starts: 21 August 2023 *VOTING concludes: 2 September 2023 (anywhere on Earth) == Preparatory Council Nomination and Voting Information == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <languages/> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Preparatory Council Nomination and Voting Information|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' Dear Communities and individual contributors in the ESEAP Regional Cooperation: The ESEAP Interim Hub Committee's mandate shall conclude with Wikimania 2023; culminating with their handover to a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Preparatory Council/Process|ESEAP Preparatory Council.]] This Preparatory Council will continue to define, until its completion, ESEAP's Roles and Responsibilities document. The Council shall also finalize ESEAP's pilot grant plan for the first year; concluding with the ESEAP Conference in 2024. The Preparatory Council will consist of 9 seats; * 4 of the 9 seats will be allocated for Affiliates and voted exclusively by Affiliates. Each affiliate will have a maximum of 4 votes. * 3 seats will be allocated for Communities from ESEAP, duly verified, and voted exclusively by the Communities. Each community will have a maximum of 3 votes. * 2 seats will be allocated for Individual contributors and will be voted by Popular Vote ‐ voted exclusively by individual contributors. Each individual voter has a maximum of 2 votes. Should your community wish to nominate a candidate, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Preparatory Council/Nomination|nominate your community with the name of the candidate]] by August 19th. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Preparatory Council/Voting|voting]] will be happening betwen August 20nd and September 2nd. Should you (individual contributor) want to nominate an individual, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Preparatory Council/Nomination|nominate the person]] by August 19th. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Preparatory Council/Voting|voting]] will be happening between August 20nd and September 2nd. With the time being so short, we need your cooperation and participation as soon as possible. The election for the seats will be held on the this Meta page. Let's move forward together! Sincerely, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP_Hub/Community_Yellow_Pages#ESEAP_Hub_Interim_Committee|ESEAP Interim Hub Committee]] </div> [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 09:21, 17 Agosto 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:VChang (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/ESEAP_communities&oldid=24939050 --> :Thanks @[[Paragamit:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] [[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 09:31, 18 Agosto 2023 (UTC) == ESEAP PREPARATORY COUNCIL == This is to support Filipinayzd to his seat in ESEAP PREPARATORY COUNCIL. He has the skills and talent for the said position. [[Paragamit:ArvyJames|ArvyJames]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:ArvyJames|kaulayon]]) 07:22, 19 Agosto 2023 (UTC) I endorse Filipinayzd for the position -[[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 13:27, 19 Agosto 2023 (UTC) Endorsing Filipinayzd for this position. He is more capable for this -[[Paragamit:MarvinBikolano|MarvinBikolano]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MarvinBikolano|kaulayon]]) 14:27, 19 Agosto 2023 (UTC) This is to support Filipinayzd to his seat in ESEAP PREPARATORY COUNCIL. [[Paragamit:Derk29|Derk29]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Derk29|kaulayon]]) 11:11, 20 Agosto 2023 (UTC) :Thank you @[[Paragamit:ArvyJames|ArvyJames]], @[[Paragamit:Derk29|Derk29]], @[[Paragamit:MarvinBikolano|MarvinBikolano]], @[[Paragamit:Mataba padaba|Mataba padaba]], @[[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]], @[[Paragamit:LeahLhey|LeahLhey]]. Allow me to vote on behalf of the [[meta:Bikol Wikipedia Community|Bikol Wikipedia Community]]. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 12:51, 26 Agosto 2023 (UTC) == Endorsing Filipinayzd for this position. He is more capable for this == Endorsing Filipinayzd for this position. He is more capable for this. [[Paragamit:LeahLhey|LeahLhey]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:LeahLhey|kaulayon]]) 13:01, 20 Agosto 2023 (UTC) == Global bot flag request for Lingua Libre Bot == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> : <small>Apologies for sending this message solely in English. {{int:please-translate}}.</small> {{int:hello}}, This is a notice pursuant the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Bot policy|global bot policy]], to inform you that [[:m:User:Lingua Libre Bot|Lingua Libre Bot]] is requesting approval to operate as a global bot. The discussion can be found at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Steward_requests/Bot_status#Lingua_Libre_Bot|Steward requests/Bot status]] in Meta-Wiki. All Wikimedia Community members can participate in the discussion if they so wish. {{int:thank-you}} <small>''You are receiving this message because this page is listed in the [[:m:Bot policy/New global bot discussion|list of pages to notify]] about new global bot discussions. If you no longer wish to be notified, you may remove this page from that list at any time.''</small> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">--[[m:User:MarcoAurelio|MA]] ([[m:User talk:MarcoAurelio|urulay]]) 11:04, 21 Agosto 2023 (UTC)</bdi> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:MarcoAurelio@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bot_policy/New_global_bot_discussion&oldid=25384075 --> == ESEAP Preparatory Council Election for Community Seats == ''There will be 3 (three) community seats available to fill up, and here are the candidates:'' {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Name ! Username ! Name of Community ! Meta Page / Community wiki page ! Description of the Community ! Nominated by ! Meta-Wiki documentation regarding your nomination |- | Johnny Alegre | [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] | Pilipinas Panorama Community | [[Meta:Pilipinas Panorama Community|Pilipinas Panorama Community]] | Thematic community | [[Meta:Pilipinas Panorama Community/Membership|<small>Pilipinas Panorama Community</small>]] | [[Meta:Talk:Pilipinas Panorama Community/Membership#Nominations to the ESEAP Preparatory Council 2023–2024|<small>Nominations to the ESEAP Preparatory Council 2023–2024</small>]] |- | Irvin Sto. Tomas | [[User:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] | Bikol Wikipedia | [[bcl:|{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/{{TRANSLATIONLANGUAGE}}}}]] | Wikipedia | Self-nominated with endorsements from community members and admin. | [[:bcl:Olay sa Wikipedia:Portal kan Komunidad#Nomination to the ESEAP Preparatory Council 2023–2024|<small>Discussion in the community portal talk page</small>]] |- | Youngjin Ko | [[User:*Youngjin|*Youngjin]] | Korean Wikipedia | [[ko:|{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/{{TRANSLATIONLANGUAGE}}}}]] | Wikipedia | Self-nominated with endorsement from community and [[Wikimedia Korea]]'s Board. | [[:ko:위키백과:사랑방/2023년 제33주#ESEAP Hub 임시 위원회 출마 관련 지지 요청|<small>Nominations to the ESEAP Preparatory Council 2023-2024(Korean Wikipedia)</small>]] |- | Robert Sim | [[User:Robertsky|Robertsky]] | Wikimedians of Singapore User Group | [[Meta:Wikimedians of Singapore User Group|Wikimedians of Singapore User Group]] | Wikipedia | Self-nominated with endorsement from [[Meta:Wikimedia Community User Group Malaysia|Wikimedia Community User Group Malaysia]] | {{small|[[Meta:Talk:Wikimedians of Singapore User Group#ESEAP Preparatory Council nomination]]}} |} === Community process for Community Seats === * The votes for Community seats will be exclusive to the ESEAP-verifed Communities themselves. * Communities must have a Wikimedia Meta presence or Wikimedia Project Page (not proposal, but active) older than 12 months in order to qualify in the voting and nominating process for the 3 available seats in the Prepatory Council. * Otherwise, the Community that intends to participate must be endorsed by an ESEAP Affiliate. Note: an Affiliate can endorse only one (1) Community from their country/region. * A Community intending to nominate a candidate to the Council must be their member in good standing. * Each Community that has successfully registered as a voter may vote for a maximum of 3 candidates; one of these candidates may include their own. * A Community voting twice for the same candidate will nullify their entire cast of votes. * Affiliates shall not participate in the community-voting process. === Timeline for 3 Community seats === *[[Meta:ESEAP Preparatory Council/Nomination|Nomination]] 16-19 August 2023 *Nomination will be confirmed by process oversight sub-committee by '''23:59 UTC, 24 August 2023''' *Voting starts: '''00:00 UTC, 26 August 2023''' *Voting concludes: '''23:59 UTC, 3 September 2023''' === Voting methods for Community Seats === * '''[[meta:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Preparatory Council/Voting#Community Seats|Voting]]''' == Filipinayzd == [[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 12:20, 22 Agosto 2023 (UTC) :@[[Paragamit:ArvyJames|ArvyJames]], @[[Paragamit:Mataba padaba|Mataba padaba]], @[[Paragamit:MarvinBikolano|MarvinBikolano]], @[[Paragamit:Derk29|Derk29]], @[[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]], @[[Paragamit:LeahLhey|LeahLhey]]: :Here are the 4 candidates running for the 3 Community Seats. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 12:55, 26 Agosto 2023 (UTC) :@[[Paragamit:ShiminUfesoj|ShiminUfesoj]] mabalos sa suporta. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 14:42, 26 Agosto 2023 (UTC) ::no problem, My support is for the future. <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 00:31, 30 Agosto 2023 (UTC) :{{Support}} - [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 14:50, 1 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{Support}} - [[Paragamit:Jp2593|Jp2593]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jp2593|kaulayon]]) 14:59, 1 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{Support}} [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|kaulayon]]) 11:30, 2 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :Kabu Sawsaw (kaulayon) 12:10, 5 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) I believe in the leadership of Irvin. His dedication to the preservation of our heritage is unfathomable. [[Paragamit:Charles Brioso|Charles Brioso]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Charles Brioso|kaulayon]]) 04:09, 5 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 12:18, 2 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{Support}}[[Paragamit:Firth m|Firth m]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Firth m|kaulayon]]) 12:29, 2 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) I support Irvin...he is very active and a pillar of Bikol Wikipedia...I believe Wikipedia/media leadership needs to have more representation from lesser known Wikipedia projects and minority languages like Bikol. ::Mabalos Firth on your genuine support. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 12:33, 2 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) [[Paragamit:Daragang Nagueña|Daragang Nagueña]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Daragang Nagueña|kaulayon]]) 12: 35, 2 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) I support Irvin. He has a vision and has dedication and commitment to the organization. :{{Support}} [[Paragamit:Marife.altabano|Marife.altabano]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Marife.altabano|kaulayon]]) 03:52, 5 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) == Buszmail == [[Paragamit:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Buszmail|kaulayon]]) <gallery> File:Wikimedia_Summit_2022_Portraits_Johnny_Alegre.jpg|Photo by Jason Krüger for Wikimedia, at the Wikimedia Summit 2022 File:Johnny Alegre at Juan B. Alegre Street.jpg|Photo of Johnny Alegre at the Sorsogon Provincial Capitol honoring his grandfather, Senator Juan B. Alegre of the Bicol Region File:Juan B. Alegre Street, Sorsogon.jpg|street honoring Senator Juan B. Alegre of the Bicol Region, extending towards [[Dalan_na_Maharlika|Maharlika Highway]] File:Tri-street intersection in Sorsogon City.jpg|Photo of J. ALEGRE ST. behind Sorsogon Provincial Capitol, in Brgy. Burabod File:Saint_Gregory_the_Great_Cathedral.jpg|Saint Gregory the Great Cathedral, Old Albay District, Legaspi City, Albay, bounded by JB Alegre Street (Bicol 640) </gallery> {{Support}} - [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 10:51, 2 Setyembre 2023 (UTC)<br> {{Support}} - [[Paragamit:FrincesEzra|Ezra Carullo]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:FrincesEzra|kaulayon]]) [[Paragamit:FrincesEzra|FrincesEzra]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:FrincesEzra|kaulayon]])<br> {{Support}} - [[Paragamit:Zirconaut|Zirconaut]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Zirconaut|kaulayon]]) 12:10, 2 Setyembre 2023 (UTC)<br> {{Support}} - [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 12:22, 2 Setyembre 2023 (UTC)<br> {{Support}} - <span style="font-family:Footlight MT">[[User:JWilz12345|JWilz12345]] <span style="background:#68FCF1">(''[[User talk:JWilz12345|Talk]]''|''[[Special:Contributions/JWilz12345|Contrib's.]]'')</span></span> 02:00, 3 Setyembre 2023 (UTC)<br> <br><br> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward. Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]]. Best,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 15:35, 28 Agosto 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25392152 --> == ''The Signpost'': 31 August 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * From the editor: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-31/From the editor|Beta version of signpost.news now online]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-31/News and notes|You like RecentChanges?]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-31/In the media|Taking it sleazy]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-31/Recent research|The five barriers that impede "stitching" collaboration between Commons and Wikipedia]] * Draftspace: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-31/Draftspace|Bad Jokes and Other Draftspace Novelties]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-31/Humour|The Dehumourification Plan]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-31/Traffic report|Raise your drinking glass, here's to yesterday]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 00:45, 31 Agosto 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25528894 --> == ''The Signpost'': 16 September 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-09-16/News and notes|Wikimedia power sharing – just an advisory role for the volunteer community?]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-09-16/In the media|"Just flirting", going Dutch and Shapps for the defence?]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-09-16/Obituary|Nosebagbear]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-09-16/Serendipity|Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no paywall, for thou, Wikipedia Library, art with me]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-09-16/Featured content|Catching up]] * Concept: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-09-16/Concept|Strange portal opened by CERN researchers brings Wikipedia articles from "other worlds"]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-09-16/Traffic report|Some of it's magic, some of it's tragic]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 04:38, 16 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25586584 --> == I running to become an admin here in BCL wiki == I am willing to run again for being admin here so please support me: <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 01:40, 17 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :Tugot man ako kon sisay saindo an magigin tagamato kaining Wikipedia. Para man ini sa gabos. Gudlak na sana! [[Paragamit:ChisoyWasabe|ChisoyWasabe]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:ChisoyWasabe|kaulayon]]) 02:04, 17 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{Support}} With the rapid surge of the number of articles, Bikol Wikipedia needs more administrator. Goodluck! - [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 02:46, 17 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{strong support}} -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 12:58, 17 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{strong support}} -[[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|kaulayon]]) 08:31, 18 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) == Request for adminship == Marhay na aldaw! Tugoti nindo akong magin tagamato kaining Wikipedia para sa pagpakarhay kan nagpapadagos na proyektong [[Wikipedia:1,000 core topics]] asin mga katakod na proyekto. Dakula an magigin tabang kan pagigin tagamato na mapangatamanan an mga artikulo para sa urog pang pagpatalubo kan mga ini. Mabalos sa suporta. -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 01:41, 17 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :Tugot man ako kon sisay saindo an magigin tagamato kaining Wikipedia. Para man ini sa gabos. Gudlak na sana! [[Paragamit:ChisoyWasabe|ChisoyWasabe]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:ChisoyWasabe|kaulayon]]) 01:53, 17 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{Support}} - With the rapid surge of the number of articles, Bikol Wikipedia needs more administrator. Goodluck! - [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 02:39, 17 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{Strong support}} - Indeed, additional administrators are needed by the Bikol Wikipedia, and I am happy to support. [[Paragamit:Jp2593|Jp2593]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jp2593|kaulayon]]) 08:25, 17 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) ::{{support}} - more admin, easier to manage the Bicol Wiki against spammers and also for the Editing and development of this page <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 14:49, 17 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{strong support}} -[[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|kaulayon]]) 08:32, 18 Setyembre 2023 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 3 October 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-03/News and notes|Wikimedia Endowment financial statement published]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-03/In the media|History is written by whoever can harness the most editors]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-03/Recent research|Readers prefer ChatGPT over Wikipedia; concerns about limiting "anyone can edit" principle "may be overstated"]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-03/Featured content|By your logic,]] * Concept: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-03/Concept|Wikipedia policies from other worlds: WP:NOANTLERS]] * Poetry: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-03/Poetry|"The Sight"]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-03/Traffic report|There shall be no slaves in the land of lands, it's a Bollywood jam]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 20:32, 3 Oktubre 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25667606 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">== Opportunities open for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission, and the Case Review Committee ==</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>''</div> Hi everyone! The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission]] (OC), and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Case Review Committee]] (CRC) are looking for new members. These volunteer groups provide important structural and oversight support for the community and movement. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to apply. There is more information about the roles of the groups, the skills needed, and the opportunity to apply on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''Meta-wiki page''']]. On behalf of the Committee Support team,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 16:41, 9 Oktubre 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review and comment on the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear all, Please review and comment on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package from now until 29 October 2023. The selection rules package was based on older versions by the Elections Committee and will be used in the 2024 Board of Trustees selection. Providing your comments now will help them provide a smoother, better Board selection process. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|More on the Meta-wiki page]]. Best, Katie Chan <br> Chair of the Elections Committee<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 01:12, 17 Oktubre 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == ''The Signpost'': 23 October 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-23/News and notes|Where have all the administrators gone?]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-23/In the media|Thirst traps, the fastest loading sites on the web, and the original collaborative writing]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-23/Gallery|Before and After: Why you don't need to know how to restore images to make massive improvements]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-23/Featured content|Yo, ho! Blow the man down!]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-23/Traffic report|The calm and the storm]] * News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-23/News from Diff|Sawtpedia: Giving a Voice to Wikipedia Using QR Codes]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-10-23/Humour|New citation template introduced for divine revelations, drug use, and really thinking about it]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 06:59, 23 Oktubre 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25777554 --> == ''The Signpost'': 6 November 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-06/Arbitration report|Admin bewilderingly unmasks self as sockpuppet of other admin who was extremely banned in 2015]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-06/In the media|UK gov bigwig accused of ripping off WP articles for book, Wikipedians accused of being dicks by a rich man]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-06/News and notes|Board candidacy process posted, editors protest WMF privacy measure, sweet meetups]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-06/Opinion|An open letter to Elon Musk]] * WikiCup report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-06/WikiCup report|The WikiCup 2023]] * News from Wiki Ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-06/News from Wiki Ed|Equity lists on Wikipedia]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-06/Recent research|How English Wikipedia drove out fringe editors over two decades]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-06/Featured content|Like putting a golf course in a historic site.]] * Wikidata: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-06/Wikidata|Evaluating qualitative systemic bias in large article sets on Wikipedia]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-06/Traffic report|Cricket jumpscare]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 03:46, 6 Nobyembre 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25812995 --> == ''The Signpost'': 20 November 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-20/In the media|Propaganda and photos, lunatics and a lunar backup]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-20/News and notes|Update on Wikimedia's financial health]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-20/Traffic report|If it bleeds, it leads]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-20/Recent research|Canceling disputes as the real function of ArbCom]] * Wikimania: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-11-20/Wikimania|Wikimania 2024 scholarships]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 09:45, 20 Nobyembre 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25866860 --> <!-- ------------------------- --> == <span style="font-family: Bell MT; font-size: 18pt; color: maroon">''Movement Charter Drafts '''2024''' ''</span> == <small>''source'': [[:m:Pilipinas_Panorama_Community/Movement_Charter|Pilipinas Panorama Community]]</small> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- style="text-align: center; font-weight: ; background: #fff;" ! style="text-align: left; background: #fff; line-height: 100px;" | [[File:Wikimedia-logo-update-2016.svg|180px]] | colspan=5 | <br><big>'''Wikimedia Movement Charter'''</big> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- style="text-align: center; font-weight: ; background: #fff;" ! style="text-align: left; background: #fff; line-height: 100px;" | '' '' | colspan=3 | '''Languages'''<br> |- ! Document ! <big>English</big> ! <big>Tagalog</big> ! <big>Bikol<br>Central</big> |- |: |- | '''Movement Charter''' | [[:m:Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] | [[:m:Movement Charter/tl|Tipang Kasulatan ng Kilusan]] | [[:m:Movement Charter/bcl|Tipang Kasuratan]] |- |: |- | '''Content''' | [[:m:Movement Charter/Content|Content]] | [[:m:Movement Charter/Content/tl|Mga Nilalaman]] | ''' ''' |- |: |- | '''One-Page''' | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Content/One-page_draft|One-page draft]] | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Content/One-page_draft/tl|Isang-pahinang draft]] | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Content/One-page_draft/bcl|Sarong-pahinang draft]] |- |: |- | '''Introduction''' | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Introduction|Introduction]] | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Introduction/tl|Panimula]] | ''' ''' |- |: |- | '''Volunteers''' | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Volunteers|Volunteers]] | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Volunteers/tl|Mga Nagkukusang-loob]] | ''' ''' |- |: |- | '''Wikimedia Movement Bodies''' | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Wikimedia_Movement_Bodies|Wikimedia Movement Bodies]] | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Wikimedia_Movement_Bodies/tl|Mga Katawan ng Kilusang Wikimedia]] | ''' ''' |- |: |- | '''Amendment''' | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Amendment|Amendment]] | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Amendment/tl|Pagbabago (Susog)]] | ''' ''' |- |: |- | '''Ratification''' | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Ratification|Ratification]] | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Ratification/tl|Pagpapatibay]] | ''' ''' |- |: |- | '''Glossary''' | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Glossary|Glossary]] | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Glossary/tl|Talasalitaan]] | ''' ''' |- |: |- | '''Supplementary Documents''' | [[:m:Movement_Charter/Content/One-page_draft#Supplementary_documents|Supplementary Documents]] | ''' ''' | ''' ''' |- |: |- | '''Conversations''' | [[:m:Movement Charter/Ambassadors Program/Conversations|Conversations]] | [[:m:Movement Charter/Ambassadors Program/Conversations/tl|Mga Talakayan]] | ''' ''' |- |: |- | '''Community Consultation''' | [[:m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation|Community Consultation]] | [[:m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/tl|Konsultasyon sa Pamayanan]] | ''' ''' |- |: |- | '''Drafting Committee''' | [[:m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Drafting Committee]] | [[:m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/tl|Drafting Committee]] | ''' ''' |- |: |- |'''MCDC Open Community Call''' |[[File:MCDC Open Community Call April 4 2024.webm|thumb|center|<center>April 4 2024 (Recording)</center>]] | ''' ''' | ''' ''' |- |: |} |} <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------------- --> [[:meta:Talk:Pilipinas_Panorama_Community/Movement_Charter#Share_your_thoughts|'''Share your thoughts''']] [[:meta:Talk:Movement_Charter|'''Feedback''']]</div><br> <small> [[Paragamit:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Buszmail|kaulayon]]) 07:37, 27 Nobyembre 2023 (UTC) <br>Updated: [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 4:40, 08 Mayo 2024 (UTC) </small> <!-- ---- Thank you for supporting our Movement Charter drafting initiatives ---- --> == ''The Signpost'': 4 December 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-04/News and notes|Beeblebrox ejected from Arbitration Committee following posts on Wikipediocracy]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-04/In the media|Turmoil on Hebrew Wikipedia, grave dancing, Olga's impact and inspiring Bhutanese nuns]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-04/Disinformation report|"Wikipedia and the assault on history"]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-04/In focus|Tens of thousands of freely available sources flagged]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-04/Comix|Bold comics for a new age]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-04/Essay|I am going to die]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-04/Featured content|Real gangsters move in silence]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-04/Traffic report|And it's hard to watch some cricket, in the cold November Rain]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-04/Humour|Mandy Rice-Davis Applies]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 10:11, 4 Disyembre 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25919722 --> ==Application for admin access (2023/2024)== A volunteer since 2008, and having experienced all kinds of problems in editing and writing articles in Wikipedia, may I ask for your support in applying for administratorship in Bikol Wikipedia. I have met various forms of editorial problems in Wikipedia but since they require higher level of authority, I just ignore them. Hopefully, I can assist right on in improving the quality of our Wikipedia if vested with the proper tools. Thanks. [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 04:12, 9 Disyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{support}} -[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 13:30, 9 Disyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{support}} -<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 18:55, 9 Disyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{support}} - [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|kaulayon]]) 01:58, 10 Disyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{strong support}} - [[Paragamit:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Buszmail|kaulayon]]) 04:54, 11 Disyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{Strong support}} - [[Paragamit:Ralffralff|Ralffralff]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ralffralff|kaulayon]]) 14:06, 11 Disyembre 2023 (UTC) :{{Strong support}} - [[Paragamit:Jay Bolero|Jay Bolero]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jay Bolero|kaulayon]]) 04:36, 14 Disyembre 2023 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 24 December 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/Special report|Did the Chinese Communist Party send astroturfers to sabotage a hacktivist's Wikipedia article?]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/News and notes|The Italian Public Domain wars continue, Wikimedia RU set to dissolve, and a recap of WLM 2023]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/In the media|Consider the humble fork]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/Discussion report|Arabic Wikipedia blackout; Wikimedians discuss SpongeBob, copyrights, and AI]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/In focus|Liquidation of Wikimedia RU]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/Technology report|Dark mode is coming]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/Recent research|"LLMs Know More, Hallucinate Less" with Wikidata]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/Gallery|A feast of holidays and carols]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/Comix|Lollus lmaois 200C tincture]] * Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/Crossword|when the crossword is sus]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/Traffic report|What's the big deal? I'm an animal!]] * From the editor: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/From the editor|A piccy iz worth OVAR 9000!!!11oneone! wordz ^_^]] * Apocrypha: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/Apocrypha|Local editor discovered 1,380 lost subheadings in ancient Signpost scrolls. And what he found was shocking.]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/Humour|Guess the joke contest]] * BJAODN: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-12-24/BJAODN|Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 10:00, 24 Disyembre 2023 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=25972416 --> == ''The Signpost'': 10 January 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * From the editor: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-10/From the editor|NINETEEN MORE YEARS! NINETEEN MORE YEARS!]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-10/Special report|Public Domain Day 2024]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-10/Technology report|Wikipedia: A Multigenerational Pursuit]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-10/News and notes|In other news ... see ya in court!]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-10/In focus|The long road of a featured article candidate]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-10/In the media|What is plagiarism? Oklahoma Disneyland? Reaching a human being at Wikipedia?]] * WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-10/WikiProject report|WikiProjects Israel and Palestine]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-10/Obituary|Anthony Bradbury]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-10/Traffic report|The most viewed articles of 2023]] * Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-10/Crossword|everybody gangsta till the style sheets start cascading]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-10/Comix|Conflict resolution]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 12:51, 12 Enero 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=26044843 --> == Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.'' Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.<br> ''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.'' The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time. For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.<br>We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WD4WMP/ScreenerInvite2&oldid=26055343 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2024 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2024, to March 31, 2024 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 07:26, 18 Enero 2024 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' -- [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 07:26, 18 Enero 2024 (UTC) </div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am reaching out to you today to announce that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) Charter is now open. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]] now through '''2 February 2024'''. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C Charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:08, 19 Enero 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == ''The Signpost'': 31 January 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-31/News and notes|Wikipedian Osama Khalid celebrated his 30th birthday in jail]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-31/Opinion|Until it happens to you]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-31/Disinformation report|How paid editors squeeze you dry]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-31/In the media|Katherine Maher new NPR CEO, go check Wikipedia, race in the race]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-31/In focus|The long road of a featured article candidate, part 2]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-31/Recent research|Croatian takeover was enabled by "lack of bureaucratic openness and rules constraining [admins]"]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-31/Comix|We've all got to start somewhere]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-01-31/Traffic report|DJ, gonna burn this goddamn house right down]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 15:16, 31 Enero 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=26086360 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Last days to vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am reaching out to you today to remind you that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) charter will close on '''2 February 2024'''. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]]. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:00, 31 Enero 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == Request for global bot flag for CommonsDelinker == Hello! This is a notification to let you know that a new request for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Bot policy#Global bots|global bot]] flag for [[Special:Contributions/CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] has been started. Please note that the request will remain open for 14 days starting today. You can leave a comment or opinion on [[m:Steward requests/Bot status#Global bot status requests|the relevant page]]! Best regards --[[m:User:Superpes15|Superpes15]] ([[m:User talk:Superpes15|talk]]) <!-- Message sent by User:Superpes15@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bot_policy/New_global_bot_discussion&oldid=25384075 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Announcing the results of the UCoC Coordinating Committee Charter ratification vote</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, Thank you everyone for following the progress of the Universal Code of Conduct. I am writing to you today to announce the outcome of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|ratification vote]] on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter]]. 1746 contributors voted in this ratification vote with 1249 voters supporting the Charter and 420 voters not. The ratification vote process allowed for voters to provide comments about the Charter. A report of voting statistics and a summary of voter comments will be published on Meta-wiki in the coming weeks. Please look forward to hearing about the next steps soon. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:23, 12 Pebrero 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26160150 --> == ''The Signpost'': 13 February 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-02-13/News and notes|Wikimedia Russia director declared "foreign agent" by Russian gov; EU prepares to pile on the papers]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-02-13/Disinformation report|How low can the scammers go?]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-02-13/Gallery|Before and After: Why you don't need to touch grass to dramatically improve images of flora and fauna]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-02-13/In the media|Speaking in tongues, toeing the line, and dressing the part]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-02-13/Serendipity|Is this guy the same as the one who was a Nazi?]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-02-13/Traffic report|Griselda, Nikki, Carl, Jannik and two types of football]] * Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-02-13/Crossword|Our crossword to bear]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-02-13/Comix|Strongly]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 04:38, 13 Pebrero 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=26223997 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26166467 --> == ''The Signpost'': 2 March 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-02/News and notes|Wikimedia enters US Supreme court hearings as "the dolphin inadvertently caught in the net"]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-02/Recent research|Images on Wikipedia "amplify gender bias"]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-02/In the media|The Scottish Parliament gets involved, a wikirace on live TV, and the Foundation's CTO goes on record]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-02/Obituary|Vami_IV]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-02/Traffic report|Supervalentinefilmbowlday]] * WikiCup report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-02/WikiCup report|High-scoring WikiCup first round comes to a close]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 11:03, 2 Marso 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=26310391 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Report of the U4C Charter ratification and U4C Call for Candidates now available</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am writing to you today with two important pieces of information. First, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] is now available. Secondly, the call for candidates for the U4C is open now through April 1, 2024. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members are invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Per the charter, there are 16 seats on the U4C: eight community-at-large seats and eight regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Meta-wiki]]. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:25, 5 Marso 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26276337 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2024 Selection</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear all, This year, the term of 4 (four) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Elections Committee]] will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Board Governance Committee created a Board Selection Working Group from Trustees who cannot be candidates in the 2024 community- and affiliate-selected trustee selection process composed of Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, and Shani Evenstein Sigalov [3]. The group is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2024 trustee selection process, and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 2024: Call for candidates and call for questions * June 2024: Affiliates vote to shortlist 12 candidates (no shortlisting if 15 or less candidates apply) [5] * June-August 2024: Campaign period * End of August / beginning of September 2024: Two-week community voting period * October–November 2024: Background check of selected candidates * Board's Meeting in December 2024: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2024 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|this Meta-wiki page]], and make your plan. '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2024 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta-wiki page]]. Best regards, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Governance Committee Chair, Board Selection Working Group) [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] Even though the ideal number is 12 candidates for 4 open seats, the shortlisting process will be triggered if there are more than 15 candidates because the 1-3 candidates that are removed might feel ostracized and it would be a lot of work for affiliates to carry out the shortlisting process to only eliminate 1-3 candidates from the candidate list.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]19:56, 12 Marso 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26349432 --> == ''The Signpost'': 29 March 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-29/Technology report|Millions of readers still seeing broken pages as "temporary" disabling of graph extension nears its second year]] * Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-29/Interview|Interview on Wikimedia Foundation fundraising and finance strategy]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-29/Special report|19-page PDF accuses Wikipedia of bias against Israel, suggests editors be forced to reveal their real names, and demands a new feature allowing people to view the history of Wikipedia articles]] * Op-Ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-29/Op-Ed|Wikipedia in the age of personality-driven knowledge]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-29/Recent research|"Newcomer Homepage" feature mostly fails to boost new editors]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-29/News and notes|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter ratified]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-29/In the media|"For me it’s the autism": AARoard editors on the fork more traveled]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-29/Traffic report|He rules over everything, on the land called planet Dune]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-29/Humour|Letters from the editors]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-03-29/Comix|Layout issue]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 22:42, 29 Marso 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=26349119 --> == ''The Signpost'': 25 April 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-04-25/In the media|Censorship and wikiwashing looming over RuWiki, edit wars over San Francisco politics and another wikirace on live TV]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-04-25/News and notes|A sigh of relief for open access as Italy makes a slight U-turn on their cultural heritage reproduction law]] * WikiConference report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-04-25/WikiConference report|WikiConference North America 2023 in Toronto recap]] * WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-04-25/WikiProject report|WikiProject Newspapers (Not WP:NOTNEWS)]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-04-25/Recent research|New survey of over 100,000 Wikipedia users]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-04-25/Traffic report|O.J., cricket and a three body problem]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 11:50, 25 Abril 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=26669718 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to select members of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20:20, 25 Abril 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/>Hello all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]]. We look forward to your participation! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 14 Mayo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == ''The Signpost'': 16 May 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-05-16/News and notes|Democracy in action: multiple elections]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-05-16/Special report|Will the new RfA reform come to the rescue of administrators?]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-05-16/Arbitration report|Ruined temples for posterity to ponder over – arbitration from '22 to '24]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-05-16/In the media|Deadnames on the French Wikipedia, and a duel between Russian wikis]] * Op-Ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-05-16/Op-Ed|Wikidata to split as sheer volume of information overloads infrastructure]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-05-16/Comix|Generations]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-05-16/Traffic report|Crawl out through the fallout, baby]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 11:00, 16 Mayo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=26773320 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Feedback invited on Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' [[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]] Dear community members, The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language. On behalf of the CAC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:25, 22 Mayo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Announcing the first Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote results. We are following up with the results of the first [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) election]]. We are pleased to announce the following individuals as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a two-year term: * North America (USA and Canada) ** – * Northern and Western Europe ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]] * Latin America and Caribbean ** – * Central and East Europe (CEE) ** — * Sub-Saharan Africa ** – * Middle East and North Africa ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]] * East, South East Asia and Pacific (ESEAP) ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]] * South Asia ** – The following individuals are elected to be community-at-large members of the U4C, fulfilling a one-year term: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]] * – * – * – * – Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. Follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]]. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:14, 3 Hunyo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == Invitation to participate in the #WPWPCampaign 2024 == Dear community members, We are inviting you to participate in the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2024 campaign, a global contest scheduled to run from July through August 2024: Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. In its first year (2020), 36 Wikimedia communities in 27 countries joined the campaign. Events relating to the campaign included training organized by at least 18 Wikimedia communities in 14 countries. The campaign resulted in the addition of media files (photos, audios and videos) to more than 90,000 Wikipedia articles in 272 languages. Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) offers an ideal task for recruiting and guiding new editors through the steps of adding content to existing pages. Besides individual participation, the WPWP campaign can be used by user groups and chapters to organize editing workshops and edit-a-thons. The organizing team is looking for a contact person to coordinate WPWP participation your language Wikipedia. We’d be glad for you to sign up directly at [[:meta:Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos_2024/Participating_Communities|WPWP Participating Communities page]] on Meta-Wiki. Thank you, [[:w:en:User:Reading Beans|Reading Beans]] / readthebeans{{@}}gmail.com)<br/> Project manager and coordinator<br/> Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2024 <!-- Message sent by User:Ammarpad@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos/Distribution_list&oldid=26836490 --> :'''Done.''' Check out [[:meta:PhilWiki Community/Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos PH 2024|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos PH 2024]]. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 14:23, 5 Hunyo 2024 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 8 June 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/News and notes|Wikimedia Foundation publishes its Form 990 for fiscal year 2022-2023]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/Technology report|New Page Patrol receives a much-needed software upgrade]] * Deletion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/Deletion report|The lore of Kalloor]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/In the media|National cable networks get in on the action arguing about what the first sentence of a Wikipedia article ought to say]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/News from the WMF|Progress on the plan — how the Wikimedia Foundation advanced on its Annual Plan goals during the first half of fiscal year 2023-2024]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/Opinion|Public response to the editors of Settler Colonial Studies]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/Recent research|ChatGPT did not kill Wikipedia, but might have reduced its growth]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/Featured content|We didn't start the wiki]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/Essay|No queerphobia]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/Special report|RetractionBot is back to life!]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/Traffic report|Chimps, Eurovision, and the return of the Baby Reindeer]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/Comix|The Wikipediholic Family]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/Humour|Wikipedia rattled by sophisticated cyberattack of schoolboy typing "balls" in infobox]] * Concept: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-06-08/Concept|Palimpsestuous]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 12:29, 8 Hunyo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=26803274 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The final text of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now on Meta</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hi everyone, The final text of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] is now up on Meta in more than 20 languages for your reading. '''What is the Wikimedia Movement Charter?''' The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a proposed document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance. '''Join the Wikimedia Movement Charter “Launch Party”''' Join the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|“Launch Party”]] on '''June 20, 2024''' at '''14.00-15.00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 your local time]). During this call, we will celebrate the release of the final Charter and present the content of the Charter. Join and learn about the Charter before casting your vote. '''Movement Charter ratification vote''' Voting will commence on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC.''' You can read more about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voting process, eligibility criteria, and other details]] on Meta. If you have any questions, please leave a comment on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]] or email the MCDC at [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org]. On behalf of the MCDC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:44, 11 Hunyo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Central Bikol Wikipedia == {{int:Hello}} Central Bikol Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] has been working on [[mw:MinT#MinT_for_wiki_readers|MinT for Wiki Readers]]. This feature will allow communities to access more content that is only available in other languages with machine translation in Wikipedia. We will be enabling the initial version of this feature first in Igbo Wikipedia, and your Wikipedia is the next to test and have this feature since it will be beneficial for reading content in other languages. For this, our team would like you to read about the feature and [[:bcl:Special:AutomaticTranslation|'''test it''']] so you can: * Ask us questions * Tell us how to improve the feature * Give us your feedback on enabling it in your Wikipedia '''About the feature''' The MinT for Wiki Readers is a feature that will allow readers of Central Bikol Wikipedia to expand their reading options and knowledge beyond the language they are familiar with in Wikipedia. For instance, if someone is interested in a topic or content that only exists in the Japanese language and the person is not familiar with the language. While using the mobile web version of Wikipedia, the reader can access the machine translation version of that content in the Central Bikol language from the language selector or the article's footer (as shown in the media files below). [[File:MinT MVP Language Selector entry point video.webm|Language selector entry point]], [[File:MinT_MVP_Article_footer_entry_point.png|300px|Article footer entry point]] These machine-generated translations of content are clearly identified as such, and the human-created content is surfaced and recommended if available. This feature is in its initial development. It is an early and functional version, and many aspects will be improved based on your community member's feedback on what works and what can be improved to better support your needs as readers. '''How to try the tool''' Before we enable this feature in your Wikipedia by the 26th June 2024, we invite members of your community to try MinT for Wiki Readers in your Wikipedia at [[:bcl:Special:AutomaticTranslation|Special:AutomaticTranslation]] and give us early feedback in this thread or on [[mw:Talk:MinT#Feedback_from_Wikipedians_about_MinT_for_Wiki_Readers|this talk page]]. Our team would like to know your impression on: * How do you use the feature * Anything we should consider for our plans to enable it? * Your ideas for improving it. We greatly appreciate your time and effort in testing this tool. We eagerly look forward to your valuable feedback and questions, which will be instrumental in the further development of this feature. Thank you. On behalf of the WMF Language team [[Paragamit:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:UOzurumba (WMF)|kaulayon]]) 22:04, 13 Hunyo 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now open – cast your vote</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, The voting to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Wikimedia Movement Charter''']] is now open. The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance. The final version of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|available on Meta in different languages]] and attached [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf here in PDF format] for your reading. Voting commenced on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC'''. Please read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voter information and eligibility details]]. After reading the Charter, please [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''vote here''']] and share this note further. If you have any questions about the ratification vote, please contact the Charter Electoral Commission at [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org''']. On behalf of the CEC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:51, 25 Hunyo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == Cleaning up files == Hello! All files must have a valid license. Any file without a license should be deleted. The official policy is [[:wmf:Resolution:Licensing_policy]] and according to this files should either have a free license like [[:c:Template:Cc-by-sa-4.0]] or meet the requirements of fair use. If bcl.wiki would like to use fair use you need an Exemption Doctrine Policy (EDP). See lists at [[:m:Non-free content]] and an example see [[:en:Wikipedia:Non-free content]]. Many of the files are uploaded by [[Paragamit:Ringer]] and [[Paragamit:Filipinayzd]] that are still active. So if any of the files are own work it is easy to fix. All that needs to be done is that there is a statement like "I'm the photographer/creator of the file(s)" and a statement of a free license like Cc-by-sa-4.0. The statement should be added to all the files. It is easy to do with a bot. If the files are non-free you need an EDP and a license template like [[:en:Template:Non-free logo]]. That can also be added with a bot. A good place to start could be at [[Espesyal:UnusedFiles]]. Unused files can probably just be deleted. But if they are good and uploader is still active they can be moved to Commons if a valid license is added. Please ping me if you have questions. --[[Paragamit:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MGA73|kaulayon]]) 10:25, 4 Hulyo 2024 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 4 July 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/News and notes|WMF board elections and fundraising updates]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Special report|Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification vote underway, new Council may surpass power of Board]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/In focus|How the Russian Wikipedia keeps it clean despite having just a couple dozen administatrors]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Discussion report|Wikipedians are hung up on the meaning of Madonna]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/In the media|War and information in war and politics]] * Sister projects: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Sister projects|On editing Wikisource]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Obituary|Hanif Al Husaini, Salazarov and Hyacinth]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Opinion|Etika: a Pop Culture Champion]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Gallery|Spokane Willy's photos]] * Op-Ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Op-Ed|Why you should not vote in the 2024 WMF BoT elections]] * Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Crossword|On a day of independence, beat crosswords into crossploughshares]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Humour|A joke]] * Cobwebs: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Cobwebs|Counting to a billion — manuscripts don't burn]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Recent research|Is Wikipedia Politically Biased? Perhaps]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-04/Traffic report|Talking about you and me, and the games people play]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 13:41, 4 Hulyo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=26991487 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is ending soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, This is a kind reminder that the voting period to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] will be closed on '''July 9, 2024''', at '''23:59 UTC'''. If you have not voted yet, please vote [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|on SecurePoll]]. On behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]],<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:45, 8 Hulyo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024. The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]]. In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]]. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:02, 10 Hulyo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification voting results</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, After carefully tallying both individual and affiliate votes, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]] is pleased to announce the final results of the Wikimedia Movement Charter voting.   As [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|communicated]] by the Charter Electoral Commission, we reached the quorum for both Affiliate and individual votes by the time the vote closed on '''July 9, 23:59 UTC'''. We thank all 2,451 individuals and 129 Affiliate representatives who voted in the ratification process. Your votes and comments are invaluable for the future steps in Movement Strategy. The final results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] ratification voting held between 25 June and 9 July 2024 are as follows: '''Individual vote:''' Out of 2,451 individuals who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 2,446 have been accepted as valid votes. Among these, '''1,710''' voted “yes”; '''623''' voted “no”; and '''113''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 73.30% voted to approve the Charter (1710/2333), while 26.70% voted to reject the Charter (623/2333). '''Affiliates vote:''' Out of 129 Affiliates designated voters who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 129 votes are confirmed as valid votes. Among these, '''93''' voted “yes”; '''18''' voted “no”; and '''18''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 83.78% voted to approve the Charter (93/111), while 16.22% voted to reject the Charter (18/111). '''Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation:''' The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees voted '''not to ratify''' the proposed Charter during their special Board meeting on July 8, 2024. The Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Nataliia Tymkiv, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|shared the result of the vote, the resolution, meeting minutes and proposed next steps]].   With this, the Wikimedia Movement Charter in its current revision is '''not ratified'''. We thank you for your participation in this important moment in our movement’s governance. The Charter Electoral Commission, [[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 17:52, 18 Hulyo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == ''The Signpost'': 22 July 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-22/Discussion report|Internet users flock to Wikipedia to debate its image policy over Trump raised-fist photo]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-22/News and notes|Wikimedia community votes to ratify Movement Charter; Wikimedia Foundation opposes ratification]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-22/News from the WMF|Wikimedia Foundation Board resolution and vote on the proposed Movement Charter]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-22/Essay|Reflections on editing and obsession]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-22/In the media|What's on Putin's fork, the court's docket, and in Harrison's book?]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-22/Obituary|JamesR]] * Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-22/Crossword|Vaguely bird-shaped crossword]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-07-22/Humour|Joe Biden withdraws RfA, Donald Trump selects co-nom]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 09:34, 22 Hulyo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=27085896 --> == Request for feedback on machine translation support variable provided by Google Translate for your Wikipedia == {{int:Hello}} Central Bikol Wikipedians! Apologies, as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please-translate}}. Google Translate just introduced machine translation support in Bikol language. However, Google uses code<code>bik</code>for Bikol while Wikipedia uses<code>bcl</code>for Central Bikol, so it is unclear if the variant supported by Google could be useful for your community. Therefore, the WMF Language and Product Localisation team wants to know from members of the Central Bikol Wikipedia community if this variant is helpful for your translation work. For this, my team would like you to: * [https://translate.google.com/?sl=auto&tl=bik Try the machine translation support] at  https://translate.google.com/. You can paste multiple pieces of content from different Wikipedia articles and check whether the provided result is the correct variant for your language. * Provide us with specific feedback on the machine translation quality. Let us know if the translations are accurate, maintain the original meaning, are grammatically correct, and if they are suitable for your Wikipedia. '''Our plans to enable the machine translation support''' If the machine translation is the correct variant, and there are no objections to having translation support. We will deploy it once the support is available in the external APIs. We look forward to your feedback in this thread, as we need to be sure we will be providing a helpful support service for your translation work. Thank you! [[Paragamit:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:UOzurumba (WMF)|kaulayon]]) 04:02, 25 Hulyo 2024 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localisation team. :Hello @[[Paragamit:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]! :The machine translation can translate into English and other Philippine languages the following Bikol variants/languages with varying accuracy in each variant/language: Central Bikol [bcl], Rinconada Bikol [bto], Miraya Bikol [rbl], Buhi'non Bikol [ubl], Pandan Bikol [cts]. There are more Bikol variants/languages. :Having only one language [bik] for all Bikol variants would be problematic when a user wants to translate from English or other languages to a particular Bikol variant. The translations he will get is a actually the Central Bikol [bcl] which is different from the rest of the other Bikol variants/languages. :The translations (which is in Central Bikol [bcl], the language used in this local project: Bikol Sentral Wikipedia / Bikol Wikipedia) are not entirely correct. The meaning and grammar of the translation does not change and correct same as the original text in most cases therefore the tool would be very helpful! :[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 05:03, 25 Hulyo 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, @[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]], for your feedback. Since Google Translate is helpful, the WMF Language Localisation team will enable Google translation support (with code <code>bik</code>) for your Wikipedia once the support is available in external APIs. ::[[Paragamit:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:UOzurumba (WMF)|kaulayon]]) 15:20, 26 Hulyo 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:46, 27 Hulyo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:29, 6 Agosto 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == ''The Signpost'': 14 August 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-08-14/In the media|Portland pol profile paid for from public purse]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-08-14/Recent research|STORM: AI agents role-play as "Wikipedia editors" and "experts" to create Wikipedia-like articles, a more sophisticated effort than previous auto-generation systems]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-08-14/Discussion report|Twitter marks the spot]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-08-14/News and notes|Another Wikimania has concluded]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-08-14/Special report|Nano or just nothing: Will nano go nuclear?]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-08-14/Opinion|HouseBlaster's RfA debriefing]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-08-14/Traffic report|Ball games, movies, elections, but nothing really ''weird'']] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-08-14/Humour|I'm proud to be a template]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 22:52, 14 Agosto 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=27163580 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 23:19, 22 Agosto 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:05, 2 Setyembre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 12:13, 3 Setyembre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == ''The Signpost'': 4 September 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-04/News and notes|WikiCup enters final round, MCDC wraps up activities, 17-year-old hoax article unmasked]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-04/In the media|AI is not playing games anymore. Is Wikipedia ready?]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-04/Recent research|Simulated Wikipedia seen as less credible than ChatGPT and Alexa in experiment]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-04/News from the WMF|Meet the 12 candidates running in the WMF Board of Trustees election]] * Wikimania: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-04/Wikimania|A month after Wikimania 2024]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-04/Serendipity|What it's like to be Wikimedian of the Year]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-04/Traffic report|After the gold rush]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-04/Humour|Local man halfway through rude reply no longer able to recall why he hates other editor]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 13:31, 4 Setyembre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=27280376 --> == ''The Signpost'': 26 September 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-26/In the media|Indian courts order Wikipedia to take down name of crime victim, and give up names of editors]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-26/Serendipity|A Wikipedian at the 2024 Paralympics]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-26/Opinion|asilvering's RfA debriefing]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-26/News and notes|Are you ready for admin elections?]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-26/Gallery|Are Ludd''ai''tes defending the English Wikipedia?]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-26/Recent research|Article-writing AI is less "prone to reasoning errors (or hallucinations)" than human Wikipedia editors]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-09-26/Traffic report|Jump in the line, rock your body in time]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 20:15, 26 Setyembre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=27463206 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 18:58, 27 Setyembre 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:25, 14 Oktubre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Global bot approval request for Leaderbot == {{int:hello}}! I apologize for sending this message in English. {{int:please-translate}}. In accordance to [[:m:Bot policy#Global bots|the policy]], this message is to notify you that there is a new approval request for a global bot. The discussion is available at [[:m:Steward requests/Bot status#Global bot status for Leaderbot|Steward requests/Bot status#Global bot status for Leaderbot]] on Meta. Thank you for your time. Best regards, [[User:EPIC|EPIC]] ([[User talk:EPIC|talk]]) 09:36, 15 Oktubre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:EPIC@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bot_policy/New_global_bot_discussion&oldid=26399716 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:07, 16 Oktubre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == ''The Signpost'': 19 October 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-10-19/News and notes|One election's end, another election's beginning]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-10-19/Recent research|"As many as 5%" of new English Wikipedia articles "contain significant AI-generated content", says paper]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-10-19/In the media|Off to the races! Wikipedia wins!]] * Contest: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-10-19/Contest|A WikiCup for the underdeveloped world]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-10-19/Traffic report|A scream breaks the still of the night]] * Book review: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-10-19/Book review|''The Editors'']] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-10-19/Humour|The Newspaper Editors]] * Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-10-19/Crossword|Spilled Coffee Mug]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 11:17, 19 Oktubre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=27606308 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:30, 22 Oktubre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == Request for adminship == Giraray, naghahagad ako kan saindong suporta na magin tagamato kaining Wikipedia, para sa pagmantenir kan mga pahina nin proyekto, plantilya saka kan [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. Dakula an magigin tabang kan pagigin tagamato na mapangatamanan an mga kontribusyon digdi. Mabalos sa suporta. --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 09:55, 3 Nobyembre 2024 (UTC) :{{support}} <span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 12:15, 5 Nobyembre 2024 (UTC) :{{support}} [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) [[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Ringer|kaulayon]]) 02:15, 19 Nobyembre 2024 (UTC) :{{support}} [[Paragamit:Jp2593|Jp2593]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Jp2593|kaulayon]]) 02:55, 24 Nobyembre 2024 (UTC) :{{support}} Dakulang suporta saimo na iyo ang tagamato asin iyo an magmantenir para sa ikakamaray kang kan proyekto [[Paragamit: MarvinBikolano|MarvinBikolano]] ([[Olay kan paragamit: MarvinBikolano|kaulayon]]) 13:45, 24 Nobyembre 2024 (UTC) :{{support}} [[Pragamit:Derk29|Derk29]]([[Olay kan paragamit:Derk29|kaulayon]])02:28, 24 Nobyembre 2024 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 6 November 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * From the editors: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-06/From the editors|Editing Wikipedia should not be a crime]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-06/News and notes|Wikimedia Foundation shares ANI lawsuit updates; first admin elections appoint eleven sysops; first admin recalls opened; temporary accounts coming soon?]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-06/In the media|An old scrimmage, politics and purported libel]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-06/Special report|Wikipedia editors face litigation, censorship]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-06/Gallery|Why you should take more photos and upload them]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-06/In focus|Questions and answers about the court case]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-06/Traffic report|Twisted tricks or tempting treats?]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-06/Technology report|Wikimedia tech, the Asian News International case, and the ultra-rare BLACKLOCK]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-06/Humour|Man quietly slinks away from talk page argument after realizing his argument dumb, wrong]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 08:08, 6 Nobyembre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=27684085 --> == ''The Signpost'': 18 November 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-18/News and notes|Open letter to WMF about court case breaks one thousand signatures, big arb case declined, U4C begins accepting cases]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-18/In the media|Summons issued for Wikipedia editors by Indian court, "Gaza genocide" RfC close in news, old admin Gwern now big AI guy, and a "spectrum of reluctance" over Australian place names]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-18/Recent research|SPINACH: AI help for asking Wikidata "challenging real-world questions"]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-18/News from the WMF|Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia Endowment audit reports: FY 2023–2024]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-18/Traffic report|Well, let us share with you our knowledge, about the electoral college]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 23:46, 18 Nobyembre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=27733567 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 Nobyembre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == ''The Signpost'': 24 December 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/News and notes|Responsibilities and liabilities as a "Very Large Online Platform"]] * Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Op-ed|Beeblebrox on Wikipediocracy, the Committee, and everything]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Opinion|Graham87 on being the first-ever administrator recall subject]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/In the media|Delhi High Court considers ''Caravan'' and ''Ken'' for evaluating the ANI vs. WMF case]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/From the archives|Where to draw the line in reporting?]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Recent research|"Wikipedia editors are quite prosocial", but those motivated by "social image" may put quantity over quality]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Humour|Backlash over Santa Claus' Wikipedia article intensifies]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Gallery|A feast of holidays and carols]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Traffic report|Was a long and dark December]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 00:04, 25 Disyembre 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=27936465 --> == ''The Signpost'': 15 January 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * From the editors: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/From the editors|Looking back, looking forward]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Traffic report|The most viewed articles of 2024]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/In the media|Will you be targeted?]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Technology report|New Calculator template brings interactivity at last]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Essay|Meet the Canadian who holds the longest editing streak on Wikipedia]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Opinion|Reflections one score hence]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/News and notes|It's a new dawn, it's a new day, it's a new life for me... and I'm feeling free]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Serendipity|What we've left behind, and where we want to go next]] * Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Op-ed|Elon Musk and the right on Wikipedia]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/In focus|Twenty years of The Signpost: What did it take?]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Arbitration report|Analyzing commonalities of some contentious topics]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Humour|How to make friends on Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 07:57, 15 Enero 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28061132 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia by February 2025 now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 22:15, 21 Enero 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_Dark_mode_deployment_list_(February_2025)&oldid=28153450 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Enero 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 02:35, 29 Enero 2025 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 02:35, 29 Enero 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Pebrero 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == ''The Signpost'': 7 February 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/Recent research|GPT-4 writes better edit summaries than human Wikipedians]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/News and notes|Let's talk!]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/Opinion|Fathoms Below, but over the moon]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/In the media|Wikipedia is an extension of legacy media propaganda, says Elon Musk]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/Community view|24th Wikipedia Day in New York City]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/Arbitration report|Palestine-Israel articles 5 has closed]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/Traffic report|A wild drive]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 01:59, 7 Pebrero 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28179470 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]] We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''. This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba. '''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''. Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language & Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 08:28, 22 Pebrero 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == ''The Signpost'': 27 February 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/News and notes|Administrator elections up for reapproval and 1bil GET snagged on Commons]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Serendipity|Guinea-Bissau Heritage from Commons to the World]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Technology report|Hear that? The wikis go silent twice a year]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/In the media|The end of the world]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Recent research|What's known about how readers navigate Wikipedia; Italian Wikipedia hardest to read]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Opinion|Sennecaster's RfA debriefing]] * Tips and tricks: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Tips and tricks|One year after this article is posted, will every single article on Wikipedia have a short description?]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Community view|Open letter from French Wikipedians says "no" to intimidation of volunteer contributors]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Traffic report|Temporary scars, February stars]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Essay|The source, the whole source, and nothing but the source]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Obituary|Ümüt Çınar (Kmoksy) and Vinícius Medina Kern (Vmkern)]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 10:31, 27 Pebrero 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28313070 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Marso 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:55, 13 Marso 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == ''The Signpost'': 22 March 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * From the editor: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/From the editor|''Hanami'']] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/News and notes|Deeper look at takedowns targeting Wikipedia]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/In the media|The good, the bad, and the unusual]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/Recent research|Explaining the disappointing history of Flagged Revisions; and what's the impact of ChatGPT on Wikipedia so far?]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/Traffic report|All the world's a stage, we are merely players...]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/Gallery|WikiPortraits rule!]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/Essay|Unusual biographical images]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/Obituary|Rest in peace]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 03:11, 22 Marso 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28391577 --> == Phased deployment of the CampaignEvents extension across various Wikipedias == Hello! Apologies for writing this message in English. I am writing on behalf of the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|Campaigns product team]] who are planning a global deployment of the [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] to all Wikipedias, starting with a small batch in April 2025. The Bikol Wikipedia is one of the wikis proposed for this phase! This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, wikiprojects, and other on-wiki collaborations. Also making these events/wikiprojects more discoverable. You can find out more here on the [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/FAQ|FAQs page]]. The three main features of this extension are: # '''Event Registration:''' A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. # '''Event List:''' A calendar to show all events on your wiki. Soon, it will include WikiProjects too. # '''Invitation Lists:''' A tool to find editors who might want to join, based on their edits. '''Please Note:''' This extension comes with a new user right called "Event Organizer," which will be managed by the administrators of Bikol Wikipedia, allowing the admins to decide when and how the extension tools are used on the wikis. Once released, the organizer-facing tools (Event Registration and Invitation Lists) can only be used if someone is granted the Event-Organizer right, managed by the admins. The only tool that is available immediately after release is the ‘’Collaboration List’’, which is a read-only page that lists events and WikiProjects that people can join. The extension is already on some wikis,e.g Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia ([[metawiki:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|see full list]]). Check out the [[metawiki:CampaignEvents/Deployment status|phased deployment plan]] and share your thoughts by March 31, 2025. '''To Admins,''' your feedback and thoughts are especially important because this extension includes a new user right called "Event Organizer," which will be managed by you. Once you take a look at the details above and on the linked pages, we suggest drafting a community policy outlining criteria for granting this right on Bikol Wikipedia. Check out [[metawiki:Meta:Event organizers|Meta:Event_organizers]] and [[wikidata:Wikidata:Event_organizers|Wikidata:Event_organizers]] to see examples. For further enquiries, feel free to contact us via the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents|talkpage]], or email ikristiani@wikimedia.org. <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> [[Paragamit:IKristiani-WMF|IKristiani-WMF]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:IKristiani-WMF|kaulayon]]) 06:11, 24 Marso 2025 (UTC) == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 Abril 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == ''The Signpost'': 9 April 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Special report|Wikipedian and physician Ziyad al-Sufiani reportedly released from Saudi prison]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/In focus|WMF to explore "common standards" for NPOV policies; implications for project autonomy remain unclear]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/In the media|Indian judges demand removal of content critical of Asian News International]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/News and notes|35,000 user accounts compromised, locked in attempted credential-stuffing attack]] * Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Op-ed|How crawlers impact the operations of the Wikimedia projects]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Opinion|Crawlers, hogs and gorillas]] * Debriefing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Debriefing|Giraffer's RfA debriefing]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Obituary|RHaworth, TomCat4680 and PawełMM]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Traffic report|Heigh-Ho, Heigh-Ho, off to report we go...]] * News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/News from Diff|Strengthening Wikipedia’s neutral point of view]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Comix|Thirteen]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 18:25, 9 Abril 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28494227 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16:10, 16 Abril 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Abril 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Global bot approval request for KiranBOT == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:hello}}! I apologise for sending the message in English. {{int:please-translate}}. In accordance to [[:m:Bot policy#Global bots|the policy]], this message is to notify you that there is a new approval request for a global bot. The discussion is available at [[:m:Steward requests/Bot status#Global bot status for KiranBOT|Steward requests/Bot status#Global bot status for KiranBOT]] on Meta.<br />Kindly note that the request will remain open for 14 days starting today. Thank you for your time. Best regards,<br />[[Paragamit:Usernamekiran|Usernamekiran]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Usernamekiran|kaulayon]]) 09:05, 19 Abril 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message manually sent by User:usernamekiran@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bot_policy/New_global_bot_discussion&oldid=28423712 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 15:04, 28 Abril 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:40, 29 Abril 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == ''The Signpost'': 1 May 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/News and notes|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/News and notes]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/In the media|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/In the media]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Recent research|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Recent research]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Arbitration report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Arbitration report]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Discussion report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Discussion report]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Traffic report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Traffic report]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Disinformation report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Disinformation report]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/News from the WMF|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/News from the WMF]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Humour|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Humour]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Comix|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Comix]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/In focus|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/In focus]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Community view|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Community view]] * Debriefing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Debriefing|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Debriefing]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Gallery|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Gallery]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Obituary|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Obituary]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 22:20, 1 Mayo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28562138 --> == ''The Signpost'': 14 May 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/News and notes|WMF to kick off new-CEO quest as Iskandar preps to move on — Supreme Court nixes gag of Wiki page for other India court row on ANI — code-heads give fix-up date for Charts in lieu of long-dead Graph gizmo]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/In the media|Wikimedia Foundation sues over UK government decision that might require identity verification of editors worldwide]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Disinformation report|What does Jay-Z know about Wikipedia?]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/In focus|On the hunt for sources: Swedish AfD discussions]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Technology report|WMF introduces unique but privacy-preserving browser cookie]] * Debriefing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Debriefing|Goldsztajn's RfA debriefing]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Obituary|Max Lum (User:ICOHBuzz)]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Community view|A Deep Dive Into Wikimedia (part 2)]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Comix|Collection]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/From the archives|Humor from the Archives]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 22:01, 14 Mayo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28671646 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|urulay]])</bdi> 22:06, 15 Mayo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:26, 22 Mayo 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 03:07, 28 Mayo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, ''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)'' The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''. This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable. The three main features of this extension are: * '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. * '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''. * '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions. '''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''"Event Organizer"''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment. The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]]) If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout. Thank you! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|urulay]]) 16:47, 29 Mayo 2025 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&oldid=28803829 --> == CampaignEvents Extension Now Active on this Wiki! == Good news! The [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents| CampaignEvents extension]] is now active on this Wiki as part of [[metawiki:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Global_Deployment_Plan| Phase 2 of the global deployment]]! This extension empowers organizers to plan and promote events like edit-a-thons, data-a-thons, and meetups with ease. What You Can Do Now: * [[metawiki:Event_Center/Registration| Event Registration]] & [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list| Invitation Lists]]: Organizers can ask this wiki’s admins for the Event-Organizer right. This gives access to tools for planning, managing events, Wikiprojects and finding editors who share similar interests to invite for your upcoming event or wikiproject. These tools make organizing events simple and smooth. * [[metawiki:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list| Collaboration List]]: You can now go to the “Special:AllEvents” page on this wiki to explore a global, automated calendar of upcoming and ongoing events, as well as WikiProjects on this wiki. It’s a great way to discover and promote collaborative activities! * Transclude Collaboration list: You can now add the Collaboration List to any page, like this wiki’s main page, WikiProject pages, or even User pages. This creates a calendar that updates automatically with events that match your wiki or topic. You can also transclude a list of the WikiProjects on the wiki. Learn more at: [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list/Transclusion|mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list/Transclusion]]. For further enquires, feel free to contact us via the [[metawiki:Talk:CampaignEvents|extension talkpage]] or email my colleague Benedict Udeh ([mailto:budeh-ctr@wikimedia.org budeh-ctr@wikimedia.org]) <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> [[Paragamit:IKristiani-WMF|IKristiani-WMF]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:IKristiani-WMF|kaulayon]]) 10:16, 2 Hunyo 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:00, 13 Hunyo 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 17:43, 17 Hunyo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == ''The Signpost'': 24 June 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/News and notes|Happy 7 millionth!]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/In the media|Playing professor pong with prosecutorial discretion]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Disinformation report|Pardon me, Mr. President, have you seen my socks?]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Recent research|Wikipedia's political bias; "Ethical" LLMs accede to copyright owners' demands but ignore those of Wikipedians]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Traffic report|All Sinners, a future, all Saints, a past]] * News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/News from Diff|Call for candidates is now open: Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Opinion|Russian Wiki-fork flails, failing readers and editors]] * Debriefing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Debriefing|EggRoll97's RfA² debriefing]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Community view|A Deep Dive Into Wikimedia (part 3)]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-06-24/Comix|Hamburgers]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 02:31, 24 Hunyo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28849846 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:56, 27 Hunyo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> ==Invitation to participate in the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photo in the Philippines 2025== Maogmang aldaw Wikipedians! I would like to invite you to participate in our initiative to improve Wikipedia article by adding photo. This is an initiative of our small community which commenced this July 1st and ends on August 31st of 2025. Before participating, it is important to read the participation instructions and rules below in their entirety. #Sign in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin) or Create a New Account on Wikipedia. You can create an account on any language Wikipedia, including your own language. The list of all language Wikipedia can be found here (https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias). #Find an article in Wikipedia (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panginot_na_Pahina) that needs a photo. #Find an appropriate image on Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page). Search for the image using the correct title or category (https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search). Please note that the purpose of an image is to increase readers' understanding of the article's subject matter. The relevant aspect of the image should be clear and central. The images must be significant and relevant in the topic's context, not primarily decorative. #On the article page, find a section where the image is relevant and helps the reader understand the subject. Click Edit and insert the image, and include a brief caption explaining what the image depicts in the article. Use the best quality images available. Think carefully about which images best illustrate the subject matter. You MUST provide an edit summary for all your edits, "Preview" and make any necessary changes. Include the hashtags #WPWP and #WPWPPH in the edit summary of all articles improved with images. Then click on "Publish changes". #Please be mindful of the image syntax! If you are going to add images to the infoboxes in articles, the syntax is a lot easier — just the filename. For complete instructions, please see this link: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos_in_the_Philippines_2025 https://www.facebook.com/WPWPcampaignPH -- [[Paragamit:MarvinBikolano|MarvinBikolano]] [[Olay kan paragamit:MarvinBikolano|kaulayon]] on behalf of small community editors 13:66, 02 Hunyo 2025 (UTC) == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 12:45, 14 Hulyo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == ''The Signpost'': 18 July 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/News and notes|Is no WikiNews good WikiNews? — Election season returns!]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/In the media|How bad (or good) is Wikipedia?]] * WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/WikiProject report|WikiProject Medicine reaches milestone of zero unreferenced articles]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/In focus|Wikimania 2025: Connecting Wikimedians across the world for 20 years]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Recent research|Knowledge manipulation on Russia's Wikipedia fork; Marxist critique of Wikidata license; call to analyze power relations of Wikipedia]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/News from the WMF|Form 990 released for the Wikimedia Foundation’s fiscal year 2023-2024]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Discussion report|Six thousand noticeboard discussions in 2025 electrically winnowed down to a hundred]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Comix|Divorce]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Opinion|Women are somewhat under-represented on the English-language Wikipedia, and other observations from analysis]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Community view|A Deep Dive Into Wikimedia (part 4): The Future Of Wikimedia and Conclusion]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Obituary|Pvmoutside, Atomicjohn, Rdmoore6, Jaknouse, Morven, Martin of Sheffield, MarnetteD, Herewhy, BabelStone]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Traffic report|God only knows]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-07-18/Humour|New forum created for people who don't care about Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 07:53, 18 Hulyo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28903822 --> == Applying as an Admin again == Applying as an Admin again, hope you can support me again guys --<span style="border:1px solid red;padding:1px;">[[User: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: red;background: black;">''' Shimin_Ufesoj '''</font>]][[User talk: ShiminUfesoj|<font style="color: black;background:red;">''' ᜂᜎᜌ᜔_ᜃᜒᜆ?'''</font>]] </span> 12:51, 18 Hulyo 2025 (UTC) *{{strong support}} --[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 03:10, 25 Hulyo 2025 (UTC) *{{strong support}} -- [[Paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|Maffeth.opiana]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Maffeth.opiana|kaulayon]]) 10:15, 25 Hulyo 2025 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 9 August 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/News and notes|Court order snips out part of Wikipedia article, editors debate whether to frame shreds or pulp them]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Discussion report|News from ANI, AN, RSN, BLPN, ELN, FTN, and NPOVN]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Disinformation report|The article in the most languages]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Community view|News from the Villages Pump]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/In the media|Disgrace, dive bars, deceased despots, and diverse dispatches]] * Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Crossword|Accidental typography]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Comix|best-laid schemes o' wikis an' men]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-08-09/Traffic report|I'm not the antichrist or the Superman]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 02:27, 9 Agosto 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=29085669 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''. Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. '''Why we are building temporary accounts''' Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users. '''How temporary accounts work''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it. '''What does this mean for different groups of users?''' '''For logged-out editors''' * This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki. * If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice. '''For community members interacting with logged-out editors''' * A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address). * Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community. '''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki''' * '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.) * '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''': ** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option. ** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range. * Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this. '''Our requests for you, and next steps''' * If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]]. * If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in. * Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options. * Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses. To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:35, 26 Agosto 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == ''The Signpost'': 9 September 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/News and notes|Wikimedia Foundation loses a round in court]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/In the media|Congress probes, mayor whitewashed, AI stinks]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/Disinformation report|A guide for Congress]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/Recent research|Minority-language Wikipedias, and Wikidata for botanists]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/Technology report|A new way to read Wikisource]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/Traffic report|Check out some new ''Weapons'', weapon of choice]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-09-09/Essay|The one question]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 01:08, 9 Setyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=29233676 --> == ''The Signpost'': 2 October 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/News and notes|Larry Sanger returns with "Nine Theses on Wikipedia"; WMF publishes transparency report]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/In the media|Extraordinary eruption of "EVIL" explained]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Disinformation report|Emails from a paid editing client]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Discussion report|Sourcing, conduct, policy and LLMs: another 1,339 threads analyzed]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Community view|The pressing questions of the modern WWW, as seen from the Village Pump]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Recent research|Is Wikipedia a merchant of (non-)doubt for glyphosate?; eight projects awarded Wikimedia Research Fund grants]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Opinion|Some disputes aren't worth it]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Obituary|Michael Q. Schmidt]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Traffic report|Death, hear me call your name]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-02/Comix|A grand spectacle]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 06:54, 2 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=29367448 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]]. When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]]. '''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Chair, Elections Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 04:47, 9 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:42, 20 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == ''The Signpost'': 20 October 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/News and notes|Board shuffles, LLM blocks increase, IPs are going away]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Special report|The election that isn't]] * Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Interview|The BoT bump]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/In the media|An incident at WikiConference North America; WMF reports AI-related traffic drop and explains Wikipedia to US conservatives]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Traffic report|One click after another]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-10-20/Humour|Wikipedia pay rates]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 22:45, 20 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=29377595 --> == Global bot approval request for SchlurcherBot == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:hello}}! {{#ifeq:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|en||I apologize for sending this message in English. {{int:please-translate}}.}} In accordance to [[:m:Bot policy#Global bots|the policy]], this message is to notify you that there is a new approval request for a global bot. The discussion is available at [[:m:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_status_for_User:SchlurcherBot|Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_status_for_User:SchlurcherBot]] on Meta-Wiki. All Wikimedia community members are invited to participate. Thank you for your time. Best regards, [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 22:10, 21 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bot_policy/New_global_bot_discussion&oldid=29480590 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == ''The Signpost'': 10 November 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/News and notes|Temporary accounts go live and WMF board member self-suspends]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Community view|Six Wikipedians' thoughts on Grokipedia, and the humanity of it all]] * Wikicup report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Wikicup report|BeanieFan11, WikiCup victor of 2025, covers the results]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/In the media|Jimbo's book, an argument about genocide, and a train of shame]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Recent research|Taking stock of the 2024–2025 research grants]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Opinion|With Grokipedia, top-down control of knowledge is new again]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Obituary|Struway]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Traffic report|The documentaried, the disowned, the deceased, Diwali and the Dodgers]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-11-10/Comix|Head of steam]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 12:56, 10 Nobyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=29568932 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Nobyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 21:43, 28 Nobyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-12-01_Wikipedias&oldid=29723884 --> == ''The Signpost'': 1 December 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/News and notes|Election cycles come and go, and Wikimedia Foundation achieves record revenue in 2024–2025!]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/In the media|Wales walk-off, antisemitism, supernatural powers, feminism turmoil, saints, and sex]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Recent research|At least 80 million inconsistent facts on Wikipedia – can AI help find them?]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Disinformation report|Epstein email exchanges planned strategy, edits and reported progress]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Traffic report|It's a family affair]] * Book review: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Book review|''The Seven Rules of Trust'']] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/From the archives|"I have been asked by Jeffrey Epstein ..."]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Humour|An interview with Wikipe-tan]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Opinion|AI finds errors in 90% of Wikipedia's best articles]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Serendipity|Highlights from the itWikiCon 2025]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-01/Comix|Madness]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 00:16, 1 Disyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=29700455 --> == ''The Signpost'': 17 December 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Interview|Part 1: Bernadette Meehan]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/News and notes|We're gonna have a party!]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/In the media|The "bigg" bosses: Robertsky and the Pope]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Traffic report|Death and stranger things]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Gallery|A feast of holidays and carols]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Obituary|Michal Lewi (Iwelam) and Alan R. King (A R King)]] * Concept: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Concept|List of xxtreme sports (redirected from Electrojousting)]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-12-17/Comix|display: flex-inline;]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 20:05, 17 Disyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=29700455 --> == ''The Signpost'': 15 January 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/News and notes|Wikipedia's 25th anniversary is here!]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Special report|Wikipedia at 25: A Wake-Up Call]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Serendipity|The WMF wants to buy you books!]] * WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/WikiProject report|Time for a health check: the Vital Signs 2026 campaign]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/In the media|Fake Acting President Trump and a Wikipedia infobox]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Community view|The inbox behind Wikipedia]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Recent research|Art museums on Wikidata; comparing three comparisons of Grokipedia and Wikipedia]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Traffic report|Tonight I'm gonna rock you]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Comix|Oh come on man.]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 15:18, 15 Enero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=29899914 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 13:20, 18 Enero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Enero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == ''The Signpost'': 29 January 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/Traffic report|The most viewed articles of 2025]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/News and notes|Good news... but also bad news for the Public Domain]] * News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/News from Diff|Solving puzzles together]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/In the media|Every view on the 25th anniversary of everything]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/Comix|Perspectives]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 06:31, 29 Enero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=29988053 --> == ''The Signpost'': 17 February 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/In the media|Global powers see Wikipedia as fundamental target for manipulation]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/News and notes|Discussions open for the next WMF Annual Plan]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Serendipity|Maintenance crews continue to slog through Wikipedia's oldest Featured Articles]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Disinformation report|Epstein's obsessions]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Technology report|Wikidata Graph Split and how we address major challenges]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Traffic report|Deaths, killings, films, and the Olympics]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Opinion|Incoming Incurables]] * Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Crossword|Pop quiz]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Comix|herculean]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 08:03, 17 Pebrero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=30039447 --> == Help Needed – A project to grow content and attract more contributors in Central Bikol Wikipedia == {{int:Hello}} Central Bikol Wikipedia, I apologize that this message is not in your language. {{int:Please-translate}}. The [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team is planning to launch a campaign project to encourage more native speakers to contribute to your Wikipedia. '''Our approach''' We will invite native speakers through Central Bikol Wikipedia homepage to join a 3-week onboarding program in an [[metawiki:Event_Center/Registration#Event_Registration_Tool|Event registration page]]. This program will: * Guide them step-by-step through an onboarding material on how to edit and use contribution tools to expand articles. * Surface vital articles that the community has prioritized for improvement and editing tasks can be worked on to improve those articles. Through this guided onboarding program we will see if this approach will increase contributions from new editors or less experienced editors in your Wikipedia. You can read more about the project here in [[metawiki:Research:Engage native speakers to improve vital content in small language Wikipedias#Hypothesis_WE2.1.5|this page]]. '''Tasks you can volunteer to help us with''' To make this project successful, we need your community’s help with these key tasks: * Translate the onboarding materials on this page: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:SSethi_(WMF)/Sandbox/Event:_Vital_Knowledge_Drive_2026#Overview into Central Bikol. * Set up a call-to-action message on your [[Panginot na Pahina|homepage]] using the translations (admins are needed for this step). Instructions for the setup are on [[metawiki:User:SSethi_(WMF)/Sandbox/Event:_Vital_Knowledge_Drive_2026#For_event_organizers:_adding_vital_knowledge_section_to_wiki_home_page|this page]]. @[[Paragamit:Ringer|Ringer]] and @[[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]], can you help with this task? * Create an Event Registration Page on Central Bikol Wikipedia, and insert the translated materials in it. Here is a sample of the event registration page: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:SSethi_(WMF)/Sandbox/Event:_Vital_Knowledge_Drive_2026#Event:_Vital_Knowledge_Drive_2026 * Identify local Wikipedia articles or lists of articles needing improvement or missing in your Wikipedia. You might find inspiration in the "[[metawiki:List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have|List of articles every Wikipedia should have]]". These articles are to be added into the Event page you will create. Our team will help generate links to contribution tools for the selected articles. '''Timeline and Next Steps''' Please, help us complete these tasks by '''March 20, 2026'''. We plan to launch the program on March 23, 2026. We understand this is a big effort and truly appreciate any help you all can provide. Your support can help grow your community and make Central Bikol Wikipedia stronger. Please let us know If your community is interested in this project and would help us with the tasks by replying on this thread. Thank you for your time and support! [[Paragamit:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:UOzurumba (WMF)|kaulayon]]) 20:15, 26 Pebrero 2026 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 10 March 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Interview|Bernadette Meehan, new Wikimedia Foundation CEO]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/News and notes|Security testing unleashes computer worm on Meta-wiki]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Special report|What actually happened during the Wikimedia security incident?]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/In the media|Indonesian government blocks Wikimedia logins; archive site scoured from Wikipedia after owner runs malware]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Recent research|To wiki, perchance to groki]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Obituary|Madhav Gadgil, Fredrick Brennan, Mark Miller, Chip Berlet]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Opinion|Interface administrators and trusting trust]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Technology report|English Wikipedia deprecates archive.today after DDoS against blog, altered content]] * Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Op-ed|Why is "Trypsin-sensitive photosynthetic activities in chloroplast membranes" cited in "List of tallest buildings in Chicago"?]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Essay|The pursuit of a button click]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/In focus|Short descriptions: One year later]] * WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/WikiProject report|Unreferenced articles backlog drive]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Community view|Speaking of planning ...]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Traffic report|Over the mountain, kissing silver inlaid clouds]] * Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Crossword|"It will never happen"]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Comix|BRIEn't]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 04:14, 10 Marso 2026 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=30121359 --> == ''The Signpost'': 31 March 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/In the media|AI ban, newspapers disrupt archiving; and antisemitism complaints]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Community view|Videos from WikiConference North America 2025 in NYC]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Disinformation report|Cleaning up after Jeffrey Epstein, Peter Nygard, and Mohamed Al-Fayed]] * WikiConference report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/WikiConference report|WikiConference North America 2025 in NYC review]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Obituary|Dr. Subas Chandra Rout]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Traffic report|Call in the dogs of war, soldier of fortune]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Gallery|Canadian Rangers participate in Operation ''Enduring Encyclopedia'']] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Comix|n00bsitting]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 10:08, 31 Marso 2026 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=30329870 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == ''The Signpost'': 21 April 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/News and notes|Six Serbian Wikipedia editors banned following controversy about political bias]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/In the media|Could Wikipedia be involved in Massachusetts' proposed social media ban for minors?]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Gallery|March equinox]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Traffic report|Time to change my galaxy in case, we outta space!]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Comix|Of skirts and articles]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 06:50, 21 Abril 2026 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=30434643 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:MediaWiki message delivery|kaulayon]]) 00:57, 26 Abril 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == Program submissions open: Bikol WikiConference 2026 == [[File:Bikol_WikiConference_2026_logo.png|frameless|250px|right]] The '''[[m:Bikol Wikipedia Community/Bikol WikiConference 2026|Bikol WikiConference 2026]]''' will take place '''29–31 May 2026 in Naga City''', under the theme: ''Advancing Language and Culture in the Digital Age''. The Bikol WikiCon is an extraordinary regional gathering that brings together Bikolanos actively supporting and contributing to open educational resources (OERs) with the vibrant Wikimedia communities in the Philippines. Next year, Bikol Wikipedia will be turning 20 years old. Reaching 2 decades is a strong milestone therefore it is also the right moment to ask harder questions about sustainability, quality and direction. The conference will serve as a venue for the participants to exchange and share their experiences, new ideas, and collaboration results, and to discuss the challenges encountered and the solutions adopted. We can’t wait to see you at the event! The conference will cover topics pertaining to Digital Resources, Heritage Advocacy, Cultural Preservation, and Partnerships with various institutional, social, and cultural contexts. You may submit any of the following types of session proposals: * '''Lightning talk:''' One presenter gives a talk with no follow-up by the audience. The total time for a lightning talk will be 10-15 minutes. * '''Lecture:''' One or two presenters offer(s) a presentation followed by questions and comments from the audience. The total time for a lecture (including questions and comments) will be 30-45 minutes. * '''Roundtable:''' A group of 10-15 people discusses a particular topic. The total time for a roundtable discussion will be 60 minutes. * '''Workshop:''' One or two moderators present(s) a topic by actively interacting with the audience. The total time for a workshop will be 60-120 minutes. * '''Meetup:''' A group of people with common interests informally meets to discuss different topics. The total time for a meetup is not pre-determined and depends on the proposer’s preferences. Submissions will be evaluated by the Program Committee based on: * Potential impact and expected outcomes * Relevance to the conference theme or focus areas Sessions may be recorded and made publicly available. If you prefer not to be filmed, you may indicate this during submission. '''→ [[m:Bikol Wikipedia Community/Bikol WikiConference 2026/Program|Submit your proposal on Meta]] or [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd1vYWPvrNltZS2ie51lYK-OB6cfS8E2NQFjH1I213dYl24NQ/viewform?usp=header Google Form]''' on or before '''May 15.''' For more information, or questions, contact: bikolwikicommunity(@)gmail.com Mabalos! On behalf of the Bikol WikiConference Organizing Team,<br> [[Paragamit:Filipinayzd|Filipinayzd]] ([[Olay kan paragamit:Filipinayzd|kaulayon]]) 06:36, 2 Mayo 2026 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 22 May 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/News and notes|Offline: Osama Khalid still in prison]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/In the media|Indonesian editors, you shall return!]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Disinformation report|Who is a typical paid editor? Who are their typical clients?]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Recent research|WikiLambda the Ultimate]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Traffic report|This is where I'll be, so heavenly, so come and dance with me Michael!]] * Forum: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Forum|WikiAnnotate: help us build a dataset of article quality evaluations]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/In focus|Demystifying the 2026-27 Annual Plan]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Opinion|Wikipedia isn't a battleground. So why does it feel like one?]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Serendipity|Wikinews: Into the Wikiverse]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Special report|Wikimedia Foundation closes Wikinews after 21 years]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Community view|Wikipedia's traffic drop: more on languages and freshness]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Gallery|Earth Day and Mother's Day]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-05-22/Comix|Brother, can you spare a page?]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 05:19, 22 Mayo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=30513885 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. 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Ini an ikatulong pinakadakulang banwaan sa sukol kaining 188 kilometro kwadrado. An designadong zip code kaini iyo an {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. Susog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. An banwaan napapalibotan kan [[Kadagatan Pacifico]] sa subangan hasta habagatan, kan halangaw asin berdeng tarakod na kabukidan kan [[San Miguel, Catanduanes|San Miguel]] sa amihanan, asin kan [[San Andres, Catanduanes|San Andres]] sa sulnopan. ==Mga barangay== Nababanga sa 63 mga barangay an Catanduanes. {{columns-list|colwidth=10em| * Antipolo Del Norte * Antipolo Del Sur * Balite * Batag * Bigaa * Buenavista * Buyo * Cabihian * Calabnigan * Calampong * Calatagan Proper * Calatagan Tibang * Capilihan * Casoocan * Cavinitan * Gogon Sirangan * Concepcion (Pob.) * Constantino (Pob.) * Danicop * Dugui San Vicente * Dugui San Isidro * Dugui Too * F. Tacorda Village * Francia (Pob.) * Gogon Centro * Hawan Grande * Hawan Ilaya * Hicming * Igang * Juan M. Alberto (Poniton) * Lanao (Pob.) * Magnesia Del Norte * Magnesia Del Sur * Marcelo Alberto (Pob.) * Marilima * Pajo Baguio * Pajo San Isidro * Palnab Del Norte * Palnab Del Sur * Palta Big * Palta Salvacion * Palta Small * Rawis (Pob.) * Salvacion * San Isidro Village * San Jose (Pob.) * San Juan (Pob.) * San Pablo (Pob.) * San Pedro (Pob.) * San Roque (Pob.) * San Vicente * Ibong Sapa (San Vicente Sur) * Santa Cruz * Santa Elena (Pob.) * Santo Cristo * Santo Domingo * Santo Niño * Simamla * Sogod-Simamla * Talisoy * Sogod-Tibgao * Tubaon * Valencia }} == Demograpiko == {{Populasyon}} ==Uusipon== Kan nag-abot an mga Kastila sa baybayon kan Catanduanes, an Virac sarong sadit na komunidad na pinamamayohan ni Datu Lumibao asin an saiyang agom na si Milbigan. An saidang matuang aking lalaki iyo si Macacao na nakaistar sa gilid kan sapa. ==Mga Estasyon nin Radyo== *[[DZVC-AM]] 621 kHz (Progressive Broadcasting Corporation) *[[DZNI]] 729 kHz (Raven Broadcasting Corporation) *[[DWHH-AM]] 837 kHz (Crusaders Broadcasting System) *[[1053 AM (Virac)|D___]] 1053 kHz (Delta Broadcasting System) *[[DWDI]] 1224 kHz (Mareco Broadcasting Network) *[[DZRA-AM]] 1368 kHz (Catanduanes State College/Audiovisual Communicators, Inc.) *[[DZHL]] 1431 kHz (Audiovisual Communicators, Inc.) *DWIO 97.5 ([[DWIO]]; Audiovisual Communicators, Inc.) ==Mga Estasyon nin Telebisyon== *DWOY-TV ALLTV 7 (Advanced Media Broadcasting System) ==Kataytayan nin mga Ladawan== <gallery> File:Simbahan katoliko Virac.jpg|An Simbahan katoliko sa Virac File:Munisipyo kan Virac.jpg|An Munisipyo kan Virac Ladawan:Saodan sa Virac137.jpg|Merkado publiko Ladawan:Merkado publiko sa Virac135.jpg|An sa ibong kan merkado Ladawan:Catanduanes Colleges.jpg|Catanduanes Colleges Ladawan:Tinampo sa may munisipyo.jpg|Tinampong kahampang munisipyo Ladawan:Virac Sports Center118.jpg|Lugar sa isports Ladawan:An parke097.jpg|An parke Ladawan:Marem Pension House130.jpg|Marem Pension House File:Low tide in Virac, Catanduanes 01.jpg|thumb|Virac, Catanduanes </gallery> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System] *[http://www.virac-catanduanes.gov.ph/ Official website of Virac] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427063828/http://www.virac-catanduanes.gov.ph/ |date=2006-04-27 }} {{saringsing}} {{Navbox Catanduanes}} [[Kategorya:Mga banwaan kan Catanduanes]] l6e8oto6gpi73y45xbfgv3cbs2ji2jl 0 598 309806 207325 2026-08-23T23:57:06Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | region = [[Western philosophy]] | era = [[Ancient Greek philosophy]] | image = Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpg | caption = Roman copy of a portrait [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] by [[Silanion]] for the Academia in Athens ({{circa|370&nbsp;BC|lk=on}}) | name = Plato | birth_date = 428/427 or 424/423 BC | birth_place = [[Classical Athens|Athens]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] | death_date = 348/347 BC (age {{circa|80}}) | death_place = Athens, Greece |ethnicity = [[Greeks|Greek]] | school_tradition = [[Platonism]] | notable_students = {{Flatlist}} * [[Aristotle]] * [[Eudoxus of Cnidus]] * [[Heraclides Ponticus]] * [[Philip of Opus]] * [[Speusippus]] * [[Xenocrates]] {{Endflatlist}} | main_interests = {{Flatlist}} * [[Metaphysics]] * [[Ethics]] * [[Political philosophy|Politics]] * [[Epistemology]] * [[Aesthetics]] * [[Philosophy of self|Soul]] * [[Philosophy of love|Love]] * [[Mathematics]] * [[Philosophy of language|Language]] * [[Philosophy of education|Education]] * [[Cosmology]] * [[Eschatology]] {{Endflatlist}} | notable_works = {{Flatlist}} *''[[Apology (Plato)|Apology]]'' *''[[Crito]]'' *''[[Euthyphro]]'' *''[[Meno]]'' *''[[Parmenides (dialogue)|Parmenides]]'' *''[[Phaedo]]'' *''[[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]]'' *''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' *''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' *''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' {{Endflatlist}} | notable_ideas = {{Flatlist}} * [[Template:Plato navbox|Platonic philosophy]] * [[Innatism]] * [[Theory of forms]] * [[Idealism]] {{Endflatlist}} | influences = {{Flatlist}} *[[Socrates]] *[[Pythagoras]] *[[Parmenides]] *[[Heraclitus]] *the [[Sophists]] *[[Eleusinian Mysteries]] *[[Orphism (religion)|Orphism]] *[[Diotima of Mantinea|Diotima]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ragland-Sullivan |first=Ellie |date=Fall 1989 |title=Plato's Symposium and the Lacanian Theory of Transference: Or, What Is Love? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-atlantic-quarterly_fall-1989_88_4/page/740 |journal=The South Atlantic Quarterly |publisher=Duke University Press |volume=88 |pages=740 }}</ref> *[[Cratylus]] *[[Theaetetus (mathematician)|Theaetetus]] *[[Theodorus of Cyrene|Theodorus]] *[[Archytas]] *[[Homer]] *[[Hesiod]] {{Endflatlist}} | influenced = Virtually all subsequent [[Western philosophy]] (and [[Western religions|religion]]), especially [[Platonism]], including [[Aristotelianism]], [[Old Academy]], [[Academic skepticism]], [[Middle Platonism]], [[Neoplatonism]], [[Church Fathers]] and [[Neoplatonism and Christianity|Christian Platonism]], [[Chaldean Oracles]], [[Gnosticism]], [[Hermeticism]], [[Platonism in Islamic Philosophy|Islamic Platonism]], [[Byzantine philosophy]], [[Platonic Academy (Florence)|Florentine Academy]] and [[Platonism in the Renaissance|Renaissance Platonism]], [[Cambridge Platonists|Cambridge Platonism]], [[Modern Platonism]] }} Si Platón (sa Griego Πλάτων) o Plato (pbt. 427 AK/428 A – 347 AK), sarong dating pilósopong Griyego, estudyante ni [[Sócrates]] asin maestro ni [[Aristóteles]]. Sabay sa ining duwa, si Platón an nagpoon kan pundasyón nin pilosopiya nin kulturang sulnopan. Apuera sa pilósopo buda sa pagsusurat nin orolayang pilosopo, si Platón matemátiko man asin kagpundar nin [[Akademia]] kan [[Atenas]] na nagin primerong institusyon nin edukasyón na mataas sa kinaban na sulnopan. An pilosopiya ni Platón midbid sa kayamanan kaini asin sa mga kadaklan nin mga problemang pig'uugid niya sa saiyang mga orolayan. An pinaka-matagom na impluwensyang pilososopikal niya nagtundag ka Socrates, Pythagoras, Heraclitus asin Parmenides. Totoo idtong nagkaerenot saiyang mga pilosopo dikiton na an mga nawalat na mga sinurat asin kun arinman yan asin kun isay nanggad sinda, an mga siring na kaaraman hale mansana ki Plato ta saiyang nasasambitan sa mga sinurat niya man."<ref name="auto">[[#{{harvid|Brickhouse|Smith}}|Brickhouse & Smith]].</ref> Siring man bakong arog kan mga nasurat kan mga kagurubay niyang mga pilosopo, an mga nasurat ni Plato tinutubod nakaligtas asin nati'mos gabos sa laog na nin sobrang 2,400 na taon.<ref>Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S., eds. (1997): "Introduction".</ref> Masaboi pa na dawa nagbabago-bago an popularidad kan mga nasurat ni Plato dai nawawara' an interes sa pagbasa kaini poon pa kan ini nagkasururat. {{sfn|Cooper|1997|p=vii}} == Biograpiya == ==== Kamundagan asin Pamilya ==== [[File:Diogenes Laertius.jpg|thumb|upright=0.81|Si Diogenes Laertius sarong parasurat na magugunuan kan kasaysayan kan soanoy na Griyegong pilosopiya.]] Huli sa kakulangan kan mga nasaray na salaysay, kakadikit sana an aram dapit sa pagkaaki asin adal ni Platon. Si Platon naggikan sa aristokratiko asin maimpluwensyang pamilya. Susog sa kontrobersyal na tradisyon, inuusip kan paraistoryang si Diogenes Laërtius an ama ni Platon iyo si Ariston na sinususog an ginikanan sa hade nin Atenas, si Kodrus, asin sa hade man kan Messenia, si Melanthus.<ref name="DW">Diogenes Laërtius, ''Life of Plato'', III<br />• {{harvnb|Nails|2002|p=53}}<br />• {{harvnb|Wilamowitz-Moellendorff|2005|p=46}}</ref> [[File:Solon.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.72|Paagi sa saiyang ina, si Platon sarong sadiring tawo ni Solon.]] An ina ni Platon iyo si Perictione, na an pamilya ipiglalaki-laki an relasyon sa bantog na lehislador na taga-Atenas asin lirikong pararawit na si Solon, saro sa mga Pitong Pantas nin Gresya, na pinawa'ran bagsik an mga ley ni Drako (maliban sa silot kagadanan para sa murder).<ref name="LaI">Diogenes Laërtius, ''Life of Plato'', I</ref> Si Perictione tugang ni Charmides asin pinsan ni Critias, kapwa miridbid komo kaapil sa [[Tatlumpung Maniniil]], na bisto bilang An TulongPolo, sarong halipot na rehimeng oligarkiya (404–403 BC), na iyo an suminunod sa pagbagsak kan Atenas sa pagtatapos kan Gerang Peloponnesian kan (431 –404 BC).<ref name="TW1">{{harvnb|Guthrie|1986|p=10}}<br />• {{harvnb|Taylor|2001|p=xiv}}<br />• {{harvnb|Wilamowitz-Moellendorff|2005|p=47}}</ref> Susog sa magkapirang rekord, nagngata' kuta si Ariston na ipirit niya an saiyang sadiri ki Perictione, alagad nasubak siya saiyang tuyo; nagpahiling daa an diyos na si [[Apollo]] sa saiya sa sarong pangaturog, asin ta hui kaini binayaan niya si Perictione na dai na pigpakilabotan.<ref name="Ap1">Apuleius, ''De Dogmate Platonis'', 1<br />• Diogenes Laërtius, ''Life of Plato'', I<br />• {{cite encyclopedia |title=Plato |encyclopedia=Suda}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga gadan nang tawo]] [[Kategorya: Mga pilosopong Greigo]] ib7xsy7pcjqlq4krmjp1aviuhghr2zj 0 2439 309631 309080 2026-08-23T21:06:37Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Briullov, Karl - A Dream of a Girl Before a Sunrise.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''A Dream of a Girl Before a Sunrise'' c. 1830–33 ni [[Karl Bryullov]] (1799–1852)]] An mga '''pangatorogan''' ([[Tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]]: ''dream'') mga serye nin imahe, tanog asin pagmatì na nanyayari sa isip mientras na [[turog]], sinasabayan nin marikas na paghirô nin matá. An mga tawo naggagamit nin mga duwang oras sa pangatorogan kada banggi, asin an kada pangatorogan nagpapadagos nin mga 5 sagkod 20 minutos, minsan ngani posibleng isipon kan parapangatorogan na mas halawig na marhay an pangatorogan kisa kaini.<ref name="HSWDream">{{Cite book|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/dream3.htm|title=How Dream Works|last=Lee Ann Obringer|year=2006|access-date=4 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418032147/http://science.howstuffworks.com/dream3.htm|archive-date=18 April 2006}}</ref> An laog asin pagpunsionar nin mga pangatorogan nagin mga tema nin sientipiko, pilosopiko asin relihiyosong interes sa bilog na nakarekord na kasaysayan. Sa interpretasyon nin pangatorogan, na ginibo kan mga Babilonyo kan ikatolong milenyo BCE asin mas amay pa ngani kan suanoy na mga taga Sumeryan, an mga personaheng prominente sa relihiyosong mga teksto sa nagkapirang tradisyon, asin nagkaigwa nin pangenot na kabtang sa psychotherapy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Extraordinary Dreams and How To Work with Them|url=https://archive.org/details/extraordinarydre0000krip|last=Krippner|first=Stanley|last2=Bogzaran|first2=Fariba|last3=Carvalho|first3=Andre Percia de|date=2002|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-7914-5257-3|location=Albany, NY|page=[https://archive.org/details/extraordinarydre0000krip/page/9 9]|quote=Clay tablets have been found, dating to about 2500 B.C.E., that contain interpretive material for Babylonian and [[Assyria]]n dreamers.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Magic, Supernaturalism and Religion|last=Seligman|first=K|date=1948|publisher=Random House|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="BlackGreen1992">{{Cite book|title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/godsdemonssymbol0000blac|last=Black|first=Jeremy|last2=Green|first2=Anthony|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1992|isbn=0714117056|location=Austin|pages=[https://archive.org/details/godsdemonssymbol0000blac/page/71 71]–72, 89–90}}</ref><ref name="Freud1">{{Cite book|title=The Interpretation of Dreams|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretation1965freu|last=Freud|first=Sigmund|date=1965|publisher=Avon|editor-last=James Strachey|location=New York|translator-last=James Strachey|author-link=Sigmund Freud}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schredl|first1=Michael|last2=Bohusch|first2=Claudia|last3=Kahl|first3=Johanna|last4=Mader|first4=Andrea|last5=Somesan|first5=Alexandra|title=The Use of Dreams in Psychotherapy|journal=The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research|year=2000|volume=9|issue=2|pages=81–87}}</ref> An sientipikong pag - adal sa mga pangatorogan inaapod na oneirolohiya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kavanau|first=J.L.|title=Sleep, memory maintenance, and mental disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuropsychiatry-and-clinical-neurosciences_spring-2000_12_2/page/199|journal=Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences|year=2000|volume=12|issue=2|pages=199–208|doi=10.1176/jnp.12.2.199|pmid=11001598}}</ref> An kadaklan na modernong pag - adal sa pangatorogan nakasentro sa neurophysiolohiya nin mga pangatorogan asin sa pagpalakop asin pag - eksamin sa mga teoriya mapadapit sa pagpunsionar kan pangatorogan. Dai aram kun saen sa hotok guminikan an mga pangatorogan, kun igwa sanang ginikanan para sa mga pangatorogan o kun dakol na rehiyon kan hotok an napapalabot, o kun ano an katuyohan nin pangatorogan para sa hawak o isip. An eksperyensia nin tawo sa pangatorogan asin kun ano an gigibohon diyan nagkaigwa nin darudakulang pagbabago sa dalagan nin kasaysayan.<ref name="Dodds1">{{Cite book|title=The Greeks and the Irrational|url=https://archive.org/details/greeksirrational0000dodd_n8v8|last=Dodds|first=E. R.|date=1951|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|page=[https://archive.org/details/greeksirrational0000dodd_n8v8/page/105 105]|quote=The Greeks never spoke as we do of ''having'' a dream, but always of ''seeing'' a dream....|author-link=E. R. Dodds}}</ref><ref name="Packer1">{{Cite book|title=Dreams in Myth, Medicine, and Movies|url=https://archive.org/details/dreamsinmythmedi0000pack|last=Packer|first=Sharon|date=2002|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=0-275-97243-7|location=Westport, CT|page=[https://archive.org/details/dreamsinmythmedi0000pack/page/85 85]|quote=…[M]any more ancient cultures think that dreams are imposed by a force that resides outside the individual.}}</ref> Kaidtong haloy nang panahon, sono sa mga isinurat hale sa Mesopotamia asin Suanoy na Ehipto, an mga pangatorogan nagdikta nin mga gawe - gawe pakatapos nin mangatorogan na ginibo sa mas huri nang millennium. An suanoy na mga isinurat na ini manongod sa mga pangatorogan nagtatampok nin mga pagdalan sa pangatorogan, na diyan an pigura nin pangatorogan, sa parate sarong dios o prominenteng apoon, nagboboot sa parapangatorogan na gumibo nin espesipikong mga aksyon asin posibleng ihula an mga mangyayari sa ngapit.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Commentary on the Dream of Scipio|url=https://archive.org/details/commentaryondrea0000macr|last=Macrobius|date=1952|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/commentaryondrea0000macr/page/90 90]|translator-last=W. H. Stahl|quote=We call a dream oracular in which a parent, or a pious or revered man, or a priest, or even a god clearly reveals what will or will not transpire, and what action to take or to avoid.|author-link=Macrobius}}</ref><ref>Dodds (1951), referring to the type of dream described by Macrobius: "This last type is not, I think, at all common in our own dream-experience. But there is considerable evidence that dreams of this sort were familiar in antiquity." (p. 107).</ref><ref name="Krippner1">{{Cite book|title=Extraordinary Dreams and How To Work with Them|url=https://archive.org/details/extraordinarydre0000krip|last=Krippner|first=Stanley|last2=Bogzaran|first2=Fariba|last3=Carvalho|first3=André Percia de|date=2002|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-7914-5257-3|location=Albany|page=[https://archive.org/details/extraordinarydre0000krip/page/10 10]|quote=The Egyptian papyrus of Deral-Madineh was written about 1300 B.C.E. and gives instructions on how to obtain a dream message from a god.}}</ref> Manlaenlaen man an pagkakalaen kan eksperyensia sa pangatorogan sa ibong nin mga kultura saka sa pag-agi nin panahon. An pangatorogan asin pagtorog magkakonektar. An mga pangatorogan sa pangenot nangyayari sa marikas na paghiro nin mata (REM) na tangga nin pagtorog - kun an aktibidad sa hotok halangkaw asin nakaaagid sa pagigin mata. Huli ta an REM na pagtorog maririsa sa dakol na klase, asin huli ta an pagsiyasat nagsusuherir na an gabos na mammal nakaeeksperyensia nin REM, na ikinokonektar an mga pangatorogan sa REM na pagtorog na nagbunga na an mga hayop nangangatorogan man.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lesku|first1=J. A.|last2=Meyer|first2=L. C. R.|last3=Fuller|first3=A.|last4=Maloney|first4=S. K.|last5=Dell'Omo|first5=G.|year=2011|title=Ostriches sleep like platypuses|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=8|pages=1–7}}</ref> Minsan siring, an mga tawo nangangatorogan durante kan bakong REM na pagtorog na bakong ordinaryo, siring man, asin bakong gabos na REM na pagbungkaras elicit an mga report sa pangatorogan.<ref name="Solms1">{{Cite journal|last=Solms|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Solms|title=Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-and-brain-sciences_2000-12_23_6/page/n58|journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences|year=2000|volume=23|issue=6|pages=843–850|doi=10.1017/S0140525X00003988|pmid=11515144|quote=Dreaming and REM sleep are incompletely correlated. Between 5 and 30% of REM awakenings do not elicit dream reports; and at least 5–10% of NREM awakenings do elicit dream reports that are indistinguishable from REM....}}</ref> Tanganing pag - adalan, an pangatorogan dapat na gibohon nguna sa berbal na report, na sarong pagkasaysay kan paggirumdom kan temang iyan sa pangatorogan, bakong an mismong eksperyensya sa pangatorogan. Kaya, an pangatorogan kan mga bakong tawo sa presente dai mapatutunayan, siring sa pangatorogan kan mga fetus nin tawo asin mga umboy na dai pa nakakasayod.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dreaming in the world's religions: A comparative history|url=https://archive.org/details/dreaminginworlds0000bulk|last=Bulkeley|first=Kelly|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8147-9956-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/dreaminginworlds0000bulk/page/14 14]|quote=Do animals dream? We currently have no means of proving it one way or the other, just as we have no way to determine whether human fetuses and newborns are genuinely dreaming before they develop the ability to speak and relate their experiences.}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} mskx79ip4oxnv7skrvtbkk8vkyf9aew 0 2486 309681 252174 2026-08-23T22:06:53Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309681 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg|right|thumb|''[[Le Suicidé]]'' ni [[Édouard Manet]]]] [[Ladawan:A drug addict is going to commit suicide.jpg|thumb|Pag'utas kan sadiring buhay sa paagi kan pag lukso sa halangkaw na lugar]] An '''paghugot''' iyo an tuyong pag'utas kan sadiring buhay.<ref>https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide</ref> Mga [[mental disorder]] (kabali an [[major depressive disorder|depresyon]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]], [[anxiety disorder]]), physical disorders (siring kan [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]), asin [[substance abuse]] (kabali an [[alkoholismo]] asin an paggamit nin drugang [[benzodiazepine]] asin dangan pagbutas igdi, iyo an mga risk factors.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Hawton2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hawton K, van Heeringen K | s2cid = 208790312 | title = Suicide | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-18-24-2009_373_9672/page/1372 | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9672 | pages = 1372–81 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19376453 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X }}</ref><ref name=Autism2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | s2cid = 25741716 | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 }}</ref><ref name=Dod2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dodds TJ | title = Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature | journal = The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28257172 | doi = 10.4088/PCC.16r02037 | doi-access = free }}</ref> An ibang paghugot mga basang na gawe huli sa binubungang stress kan sarong problema (arog kan gikan sa pinansyal o [[Paghugot sa mga kolehiyo sa Estados Unidos|kasakitan sa akademya]]), mga problema sa karelasyon (siring kan [[pagbulagan]] o [[dibursyo]]s), o harassment asin bullying.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS | title = Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review | journal = Cadernos de Saude Publica | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 463–75 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25859714 | doi = 10.1590/0102-311x00036114 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=19 September 2019 |language=en-us |date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.}}</ref> Igwa nin halangkaw na posibilidad na mag'otro sa maabot na panahon idtong mga dati nang nagngata' na maghugot.<ref name=WHO2016/> An epektibong [[paglikay sa paghugot]] na mga espwerso kabali an limiting access sa mga paagi sa paghugot siring kan [[firearms]], droga, asin mga hilo; pagbulong sa helang-sa-isip asin pag-abuso sa substance; maingat na pagreport kan [[mass media|media]] dapit sa paghugot; asin sa pagpaurog sa kamugtakan ekonomiko.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4}}</ref> Minsan siring na komun na gikanan an [[crisis hotline]], dai pa naaadalan nin marhay an saindang pagigin epektibo.<ref name=Sak2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakinofsky I | title = The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 52 | issue = 6 Suppl 1 | pages = 7S–20S | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17824349 | quote = Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking. }}</ref><ref name=Zal2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J | display-authors = 6 | title = Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = 646–59 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27289303 | doi = 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X | quote = Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support. | hdl = 1854/LU-8509936 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> An pinakakomun na inadaptar na [[Suicide methods|method of suicide]] nagkakalaen sa lambang nasyon asin kabtang sana na may kinaaraman sa pagkakaigwa nin epektibong mga paagi.<ref name=Yip2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY | title = Means restriction for suicide prevention | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-23-29-2012_379_9834/page/2393 | journal = Lancet | volume = 379 | issue = 9834 | pages = 2393–9 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22726520 | pmc = 6191653 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2 }}</ref> Kabali sa mga komun na paagi nin paghugot iyo an pagbitay, [[pagkahilo sa pestisidyo]], asin firearms.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Aj2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W | title = Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_world-health-organization-bulletin_2008-09_86_9/page/726 | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 86 | issue = 9 | pages = 726–32 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18797649 | pmc = 2649482 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.07.043489 }}</ref> Nagresulta an paghugot sa 828,000 na kagadanan sa bilog na kinaban kan 2015, huminalangkaw gikan sa 712,000 na bilang nin kagadanan poon kan 1990.<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal |collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}. For the number 828,000, see Table 5, line "Self-harm", second column (year 2015)</ref><ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal | collaboration = GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_january-10-16-2015_385_9963/page/117 | journal = Lancet | volume =385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 }}. For the number 712,000, see Table 2, line "Self-harm", first column (year 1990)</ref> Ginigibo kaini an paghugot na ika-10 na [[pangenot na dahelan nin kagadanan]] sa bilog na kinaban.<ref name=Hawton2009/><ref name=Var2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Värnik P | title = Suicide in the world | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 760–71 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22690161 | pmc = 3367275 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph9030760 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == Toltolan == <references /> {{stub}} m5xsngut22lqzn0qv48c29h1578jn5p 0 4536 309790 301832 2026-08-23T23:44:38Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kahadean nin Moroko | common_name = Moroko | native_name = {{native name list|name1=المملكة المغربية|tag1=ar|name2=ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|tag2=zgh}} | image_flag = Flag of Morocco.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Morocco.svg | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|الله، الوطن، الملك&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{native phrase|zgh| ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ|italics=off|nolink=on}} | national_anthem = <br />{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|النشيد الوطني&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{native phrase|zgh|{{lower|0.1em|ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />"[[Cherifian Anthem|National Anthem]]"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Morocco.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg | map_caption = Location of Morocco in northwest [[Africa]]<br />Dark green: Undisputed territory of Morocco<br />Lighter green: [[Western Sahara]], a [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|territory]] claimed and occupied mostly by Morocco {{nowrap|as its [[Southern Provinces]]}}{{NoteTag|Solve the [[Political status of Western Sahara|status issue]] under the leadership of United Nations' [[United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara|MINURSO]]<ref>{{cite web |title=MANDATE |url = https://minurso.unmissions.org/mandate |website=UNITED NATIONS |date=26 October 2016 }}</ref>}} | capital = [[Rabat]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|02|N|6|51|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Casablanca]]<br />{{small|{{coord|33|32|N|7|35|W|display=inline}}}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]|[[Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Amazigh]]}} | languages_type = Spoken languages | languages = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Moroccan Arabic]]|[[Hassaniya Arabic]]| [[Berber languages|Berber]]|[[French language|French]]{{NoteTag|[[French language in Morocco]] is also used in official government documents and by the business community, although it has no official status: "French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy)..."<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |title=Morocco |work=World Factbook |date=12 January 2022 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=FR>{{cite web |title = Présentation du Maroc |url = https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/ |website=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères |language = fr }}</ref>}}}} | languages2_type = Foreign languages | languages2 = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=The teaching of English in Morocco: the place of culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_elt-journal_1994-10_48_4/page/295 |last1=Hyde |first1=Martin |journal=ELT Journal |volume=48 |issue=4 |date=October 1994 |pages=295–305 |doi=10.1093/elt/48.4.295}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 67% [[Arabs]] * 31% [[Berbers]] * 2% [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawis]] {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fs0Fog7XneUC&pg=PA11 |title=The Report: Morocco 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=978-1-907065-54-5 |language=en}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2012 | religion = {{Tree list}} * 99.6% [[Islam in Morocco|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) ** 99.23% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ** 0.45% [[Shia Islam|Shia]] * 0.3% [[Religion in Morocco|Others]] ** 0.13% [[Agnosticism|Agnostics]] ** 0.10% [[Baháʼí Faith in Morocco|Baháʼís]] ** 0.09% [[Christianity in Morocco|Christians]] ** 0.01% [[Moroccan Jews|Jews]] {{Tree list/end}} | religion_ref = <ref name=CIA/><ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Profiles: Morocco |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=155c&u=23r |website= The Association of Religion Data Archives |publisher= World Religion Database}}</ref> | demonym = [[Moroccans|Moroccan]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Constitutional monarchy#Executive monarchy versus ceremonial monarchy|semi-constitutional monarchy]]<ref name="Const1">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco |publisher=William S. Hein & Co., Inc. |quote=First published in the Official Bulletin on July 30, 2011 |year=2012 |location=Getzville |translator-last=Ruchti |translator-first=Jefri J. |language=en}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of rulers of Morocco|King]] | leader_name1 = [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Morocco|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Aziz Akhannouch]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Morocco|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[House of Councillors (Morocco)|House of Councillors]] | lower_house = {{nowrap|[[House of Representatives (Morocco)|House of Representatives]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Morocco|Establishment]] | established_event1 = [[Idrisid dynasty]] | established_date1 = 788 | established_event2 = [['Alawi dynasty]] {{small|(current dynasty)}} | established_date2 = c. 1668 | established_event3 = [[French protectorate in Morocco|Protectorate established]] | established_date3 = 30 March 1912 | established_event4 = [[History of Morocco#Independent Morocco (since 1956)|Independence]] | established_date4 = 7 April 1956 | area_km2 = 446,300 | area_footnote = {{nowrap|<br />{{raise|0.15em|or {{cvt|710,850|km2|sqmi}}{{ref label|Territory|a|}}}}}} | area_rank = 39th or 57th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 274,460 sq mi<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->{{nowrap|<br />{{raise|0.15em|or 172,413 {{ref label|Territory|b|}}}}}} | percent_water = {{nowrap|0.056 {{small|(250 km{{sup|2}})}}}} | population_estimate = 37,984,655<ref name=HCPclock>{{cite web | title = Horloge de la population | language = fr | url = https://www.hcp.ma/Horloge-de-la-population_a3531.html | year = 2022 | publisher = [[Haut Commissariat au Plan|HCP]] | access-date = 18 December 2022 | archive-date = 20 May 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230520093947/https://www.hcp.ma/Horloge-de-la-population_a3531.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 39th | population_census = 33,848,242<ref name=HCP>{{cite web | title = Résultats RGPH 2014 | language = fr | url = http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/ | year = 2014 | publisher = [[Haut Commissariat au Plan|HCP]] | access-date = 17 October 2019 | archive-date = 2 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230702000402/http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2014 | population_density_km2 = 50.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 189.3 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$359.671&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf">{{cite web |url = https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October |title=World Economic Outlook Database: October 2022 Edition |publisher = [[International Monetary Fund]] }}</ref> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 56th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$9,808<ref name=imf/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 124th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$142.874&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 60th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$3,896<ref name=imf/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 145th | Gini = 40.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite book |url= https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/africa-s-development-dynamics-2018_9789264302501-en#page18 |title = Africa's Development Dynamics 2018:Growth, Jobs and Inequalities |publisher=AUC/OECD |access-date=18 December 2020 |page=179 |year=2018 }}</ref> | HDI = 0.683<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26451-7 |pages=272–276 |website=hdr.undp.org |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 124th | currency = [[Moroccan dirham]] | currency_code = MAD | time_zone = <!--Morocco defines its time zone as Greenwich Mean Time + 1 hour, please do not add "Central European Time" or "West Africa Time" without an official source.--> | utc_offset = +1<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Décret royal n° 455-67 du 23 safar 1387 (2 juin 1967) portant loi relatif à l'heure légale |url=http://bdj.mmsp.gov.ma/Fr/Document/10117-D%C3%A9cret-royal-n-455-67-du-23-safar-1387-2-juin-19.aspx?KeyPath=594/596/608/714/10117 |journal=Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc |issue=2854 |via=Banque de Données Juridiques |access-date=2023-03-07 |archivedate=2023-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113013757/http://bdj.mmsp.gov.ma/Fr/Document/10117-D%C3%A9cret-royal-n-455-67-du-23-safar-1387-2-juin-19.aspx?KeyPath=594/596/608/714/10117 }}</ref><br />UTC+0 (during [[Ramadan]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changements d'heure pour ramadan, quels impacts ? |url=https://telquel.ma/2018/05/14/changements-dheure-pour-ramadan-quels-impacts_1593439?fbrefresh=7 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=TelQuel |language=fr}}</ref> | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Morocco|+212]] | cctld = [[.ma]]<br />المغرب. <!--Unused: | footnote_? = {{note|French}} 13.5% fluent, 19.5% partially fluent.<ref>"[http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/La_francophonie_dans_le_monde_2006-2007.pdf La Francophonie dans le monde]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121224074425/http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/La_francophonie_dans_le_monde_2006-2007.pdf Archive]) ''[[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]]''. p.&nbsp;16. Retrieved 15 October 2012.</ref>-->| official_website = [https://maroc.ma/ maroc.ma] | footnote_a = {{note|Territory}} The area {{convert|446550|km2|abbr=on}} excludes all disputed territories, while {{convert|710850|km2|abbr=on}} includes the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of [[Western Sahara]] (claimed as the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] by the [[Polisario Front]]). Morocco also claims [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]], making up about {{convert|22.8|km2|abbr=on}} more claimed territory. | footnote_b = | population_rank = | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Tifinagh}} An '''Moroko''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Morocco.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɒ|k|oʊ}}),{{NoteTag|{{lang-ar|المغرب|al-maḡrib|the place where the sun sets; the west}}; {{lang-zgh|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|lmeɣrib}}; {{lang-fr|Maroc}}, {{IPA-fr|maʁɔk|IPA}}.<!--It is important to keep the French name in the lede, even though it is not official, due to its de facto importance in government-->}} officially the '''Kingdom of Morocco''',{{NoteTag|{{lang-ar|links=no|المملكة المغربية|al-mamlaka al-maḡribiyya|the Western kingdom}}; {{lang-zgh|links=no|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|tageldit n lmeɣrib}}; {{lang-fr|links=no|Royaume du Maroc}}.}} sarong nasyon sa rona' nin [[Maghreb]] kan [[Norte Aprika]]. Ini tinata'naw an [[Dagat Mediteraneo]] sa amihanan, asin an [[Dagat Atlantiko]] sa solnopan, asin kadulon an [[Algeria]] [[Algeria–Morocco border|sa bandang subangan]], asin man an pig'aaragawan na teritoryo nin [[Western Sahara]] sa [[Morocco–Western Sahara border|bandang habagatan]]. An [[Mauritania]] yaon sa bandang habagatan nin Western Sahara. An Moroko pighihingako man an [[Espanya|Espanyol]] na [[Enclave and exclave|exclaves]] nin [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] asin [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]], asin saradit pang [[Plazas de soberanía|islang kontrolado kan Espanya]] sa may kosa kaini.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627 |title = Ceuta, Melilla profile |year=2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 November 2018 |language=en-GB }}</ref> An Moroko may kahiwasan na {{cvt|446,300|km2|sqmi}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Land area (sq. km) – Morocco {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2?locations=MA|access-date=15 February 2022|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215185439/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2?locations=MA|dead-url=yes}}</ref> o {{cvt|710,850|km2|sqmi}},{{ref label|Territory|b|}} asin may populasyon na mga 37 milyon katawo. An opisyal asin dominanteng relihiyon [[Islam]], saka an opisyal na tataramon an [[Arabik]] asin [[Mga lenggwaheng Berber|Berber]]; an [[Maroki'ng Arabik|Maroki'ng dyalekto na Arabik]] saka an [[Lenggwaheng Pranses|Pranses]] mahiwas man na ginagamit. An [[Kultura nin Moroko|indentidad Maroki asin kultura]] saralak kan [[Arabong kultura|Arabo]], [[Mga Berber|Berber]], asin [[Kultura nin Europa|Europeo]]ng kultura. An kabesera iyo an [[Rabat]], mantang an pinakdakulang siyudad kaini iyo an [[Casablanca]].<ref name="Abun-Nasr1987">{{cite book |author=Jamil M. Abun-Nasr |title = A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC |date = 20 August 1987 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33767-0 }}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya: Morocco]] [[Kategorya:Mga 1956 na establisyemento sa Aprika]] [[Kategorya:Mga 1956 na establisyemento sa Moroko [[Kategorya:Mga Arabikong parataram na nasyon asin mga teritoryo]] [[Kategorya:Mga Nasyon sa Aprika]] [[Kategorya:Mga Pranses na parataram na nasyon asin teritoryo]] [[Kategorya:Mga Maghrebi'ng nasyon]] [[Kategorya:Mga Myembrong estado sa African Union]] [[Kategorya:Mga Myembrong estado kan Arab League]] s7f3clgeskexxvumsozesrtww6xju0u 0 7284 309791 260104 2026-08-23T23:45:24Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = Rudolf Virchow |image = Rudolf Virchow NLM3.jpg |caption = |birth_date = {{birth date|1821|10|13|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Schivelbein]], [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Pomerania]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Confederation]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1902|09|5|1821|10|13|df=yes}} |death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]] |resting_place = [[Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof]], [[Schöneberg]] |resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|52.28 |13.22|type:landmark|display=inline}} |citizenship = [[Kingdom of Prussia]] |field = [[Medicine]]<br>[[Anthropology]] |work_institutions = [[Charité]]<br>[[University of Würzburg]] |education = [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Friedrich Wilhelm University]] ([[M.D.]], 1843) |thesis_title = De rheumate praesertim corneae |thesis_url = https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/714 |thesis_year = 1843 |doctoral_advisor = [[Johannes Peter Müller]] |academic_advisors = [[Robert Froriep]] |doctoral_students = [[Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen]]<br>[[Walther Kruse]] |notable_students = [[Ernst Haeckel]]<br>[[Edwin Klebs]]<br>[[Franz Boas]]<br>[[Adolph Kussmaul]]<br>[[Max Westenhöfer]]<br>[[William Osler]]<br>[[William H. Welch]] |known_for = [[Cell theory]]<br>[[Cellular pathology]]<br>[[Biogenesis]]<br>[[Virchow's triad]] |influenced = [[Eduard Hitzig]]<br>[[Charles Scott Sherrington]]<br>[[Paul Farmer]] |awards = [[Copley Medal]] (1892) |spouse = Ferdinande Rosalie Mayer (a.k.a. Rose Virchow) |signature = Rudolf Virchow signature.svg }} Si '''Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow<ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Virchow "Virchow"]. ''[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]''.</ref>''' ([[Oktobre 13]], [[1821]] – [[Setyembre 5]], [[1902]]) sarong [[Alemanya|Aleman]] na doktor, antropologo, aktibista para sa salud publiko, patologo, prehistoryador, biologo, parasurat, editor asin pulitiko. Siya inaapod na "Ama kan Patolohiya" asin siya an kagtugdas kan adal sa medisina sosyal asin sa saiyang mga kagurubay binasagan siyang "Papa nin medisina".<ref name=silver87>{{cite journal|last1=Silver|first1=G A|title=Virchow, the heroic model in medicine: health policy by accolade|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_1987-01_77_1/page/82|journal=American Journal of Public Health|date=1987|volume=77|issue=1|pages=82–88|doi=10.2105/AJPH.77.1.82|pmid=3538915|pmc=1646803}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nordenström|first1=Jörgen|title=The Hunt for the Parathyroids|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=978-1-118-34339-5|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0UmWnc-lYUC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Huisman|first1=Frank|last2=Warner|first2=John Harley|title=Locating Medical History: The Stories and Their Meanings|date=2004|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-0-8018-7861-9|page=415|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ND5d0K4sE8AC}}</ref> Si Virchow nag'adal nin medisina sa [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Friedrich Wilhelm University]] sa irarom nin pagmato ni [[Johannes Peter Müller]]. Manta siya nagtatrabaho sa ospital nin [[Charité]], an mga imbestigasyon niya sa epidemyang 1847–1848 na [[tipus]] duman sa [[Upper Silesia]] iyo an nagin pundasyon kan [[salud publiko]] sa Alemanya, asin iyo an nagsemento kan karera niya sa politika. Sa saiyang mga nanuparan, an sabi niya an "An Medisina syensiang sosyal, asin an politika mayong iba kundi lapagap na pagbubulong". An partisipasyon niya sa [[Revolusyon nin 1848 sa mga estadong Aleman|Rebolusyon nin 1848]] nagresulta sa pagpatalsik saiya sa Charité sunod na taon. Dangan kaidto siya nagpublikar nin peryodiko ''Die Medizinische Reform'' (''The Medical Reform''). Siya nagpwesto bilang enot na tukaw sa Pathological Anatomy sa [[University of Würzburg]] kan 1849. Pakalihis limang taon, an Charité pinabalik siya sa bagonng Institute for Pathology. Saiya man na katuwang-minukna an partido politikang [[Deutsche Fortschrittspartei]], asin naelehir sa [[Prussian House of Representatives]] asin nakagana n in sarong pwesto sa [[Reichstag (Imperyong Aleman)|Reichstag]]. An saiyang pagkontra sa polisya pinansya ni [[Otto von Bismarck]] nagresulta sa pag'angat nin duel saiya ni von Bismarck. Alagad siya nagsuporta sa mga kampanya ni von Bismark laban sa mga Katoliko, na an siring na kampanya inapod niyang ''[[Kulturkampf]]'' ("pagpakitusay kultural").<ref name="kulturkampf">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kulturkampf|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/324668/Kulturkampf|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> == Mga panluwas na takod == {{Commons category|Rudolf Virchow}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=Virchow,+Rudolf | name=Rudolf Virchow}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Rudolf Virchow}} * {{Librivox author |id=15820}} * [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10770 The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes], yaon sa ''Project Gutenberg'' (katuwang na pigsurat ni Virchow kaiba si Tomás Comyn, Fedor Jagor, asin Chas Wilkes) * [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/data?id=per149 Halipot na biyograpiya asin bibliyograpiya] sa ''Virtual Laboratory'' kan ''Max Planck Institute for the History of Science'' * [http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Virchow.html Students and Publications of Virchow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718094302/http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Virchow.html |date=2010-07-18 }} * Sarong biyograpiya ni Virchow kan [https://web.archive.org/web/20071128063442/http://www.aans.org/education/journal/neurosurgical/June06/20-6-1-0979.pdf American Association of Neurological Surgeons] na minasambit sa saiyang enot na gibo sa Cerebrovascular Pathology ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Mga Aleman na antropologo]] edhssv9lfzm71zxtrkc0kobd332zjgn 0 10136 309653 308451 2026-08-23T21:31:54Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]<br />''[[Ghazi (warrior)|Gazi]]'' | name = Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | image = Ataturk1930s.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Atatürk kan mga 1930 | birth_name = Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa<br />({{small|aki ni Mustafa ki Ali Rıza}}) | birth_date = 19 Mayo 1881 ({{small|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's personal life#Birth date|conventional]]}}) | birth_place = [[Thessaloniki|Salonica]], [[Salonica Vilayet]], [[Ottoman Empire]] <br />({{small|now Thessaloniki, [[Greece]]}}) | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1938|11|10|1881|5|19}} | death_place = [[Dolmabahçe Palace]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] | restingplace = [[Ethnography Museum of Ankara|Ethnography Museum]], [[Ankara]] (21 November 1938 – 10 November 1953)<br />[[Anıtkabir]], Ankara (from 10 November 1953) | signature = Signature of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.svg | nationality = [[Turkish people|Turkish]] | party = [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|Republican People's Party]] | otherparty = [[Vatan ve Hürriyet|Motherland and Liberty]]<br />[[Committee of Union and Progress]]<br />[[Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia]] <small>(Republican People's Party after 1923)</small> | spouse = [[Latife Uşaklıgil]] (1923–25) | parents = [[Ali Rıza Efendi]]<br />[[Zübeyde Hanım]] | relatives = [[Makbule Atadan]] (tugang) | order1 = 1st | office1 = Presidente kan Turkey | term1 = 29 Oktobre 1923 – 10 Nobyembre 1938 | primeminister1 = [[İsmet İnönü]]<br /> [[Ali Fethi Okyar]]<br />[[Celâl Bayar]] | predecessor1 = ''Opisina tinogdas'' | successor1 = [[İsmet İnönü]] | office2 = 1st [[Primer Ministro kan Turkey|Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly]] | term2 = 3 Mayo 1920 – 24 Enero 1921 | deputy2 = [[Fevzi Çakmak]] | predecessor2 = ''Opisina tinogdas'' | successor2 = Fevzi Çakmak | order3 = 1st | office3 = Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey | term3 = 24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923 | predecessor3 = ''opisina tinogdas'' | successor3 = Ali Fethi Okyar | office4 = 1st [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|Leader of the Republican People's Party]] | term4 = 9 Septyembre 1923 – 10 Nobyembre 1938 | predecessor4 = ''Opisina tinogdas'' | successor4 = İsmet İnönü <!--Military service--> | allegiance = {{flagu|Ottoman Empire}} <small>(1893–1919)</small><br />{{flagu|Turkey}} <small>(1921–1927)</small> | branch = {{army|Ottoman Empire}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkish Land Forces Command.svg}} [[Turkish Army]] | rank = [[Mareşal (Turkey)|Marshal]] | unit = | commands = 19th Division<br />[[XVI Corps (Ottoman Empire)|16th Corps]]<br />[[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Army]]<br />[[Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)|7th Army]]<br />[[Yildirim Army Group]]<br />[[Turkish Army#History|Army of]] [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|the Grand National Assembly]] | battles = {{Collapsible list |bullets=yes |title= | '''[[Italo-Turkish War]]'''<br />[[Battle of Tobruk (1911)|Tobruk]]<br />Derna | '''[[Balkan Wars]]'''<br />[[Battle of Bulair|Bulair]]<br />Adrianople II | '''[[World War I]]'''<br />[[Landing at Anzac Cove|Anzac Cove]]<br />[[Battle for Baby 700|Baby 700]]<br />[[Battle for No.3 Post|No.3 Post]]<br />[[Battle of the Nek|Nek]]<br />[[Battle of Chunuk Bair|Chunuk Bair]]<br />[[Battle of Scimitar Hill|Scimitar Hill]]<br />[[Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)|Hill 60]]<br />[[Landing at Suvla Bay|Suvla Bay]]<br />[[Battle of Sari Bair|Sari Bair]]<br />[[Battle of Bitlis|Bitlis]]<br />[[Stalemate in Southern Palestine|Southern Palestine]]<br />[[Third Transjordan attack|Transjordan III]]<br />[[Battle of Nablus (1918)|Nablus]]<br />[[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Megiddo]]<br />[[Capture of Jisr ed Damieh|Jisr ed Damieh]]<br />[[Battle of Samakh|Samakh]]<br />[[Capture of Damascus (1918)|Damascus]]<br />[[Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub|Jisr Benat Yakub]]<br />[[Charge at Kiswe|Kiswe]]<br />[[Charge at Kaukab|Kaukab]]<br />[[Pursuit to Haritan]]<br />[[Charge at Khan Ayash|Khan Ayash]]<br />[[Battle of Aleppo (1918)|Aleppo]]<br />[[Charge at Haritan]] | '''[[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]'''<br />[[Battle of Sakarya|Sakarya]]<br />[[Great Offensive]] }} | awards = [[List of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's awards|List (24 medals)]] | footnotes = <div style="float: left;">[[File:timeline icon.svg|50px|External timeline]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 87px;">[[Template:Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Graphical timeline]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 87px;">[[Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Detailed chronology]]</div> }} Si '''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' (ika-19 nin Mayo 1881 <small>(Konbensyunal)</small>&nbsp;– Ika-10 nin Nobyembre 1938) sarong [[Mga tawo nin Turko|Turkong]] [[field marshal]] (''[[Mareşal (Turkey)|Mareşal]]''), ''revolutionary statesman'', kagsurat, dangan kagtugdas kan Republika kan Turkiya, na nagsirbing enot na Presidente poon 1923 sagkod kan magadan ini kan 1938. pan-ideyolohiyang sarong sekularista dangan nasyunalista, nagin bisto an saiyang mga polisiya asin mga teoriya bilang Kemalismo.{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Mga toltolan== {{Refbegin}} ;Mga printa * {{Cite book |last = Ahmad |first = Feroz |title = The Making of Modern Turkey |url 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Kaiba sa disenyo an sarong naiibang simboryo sa pinakatuktok na parte kan establishimiento. Ini natapos kadtong Abril 1915 asin pigpangaranan ining Hiroshima Prefectural Commercial Exhibition (HMI). Pormal ining pigbukasan sa publiko kadtong Agosto kan taong man ini. Kadtong 1921, pigbágo an pangaran paduman sa Hiroshima Prefectural Products Exhibition Hall, dangan otro ining pigbágo kadtong 1933 paduman sa pangaran na Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall. Mahihiling an establishimiento sa dakulang distrito nin negosyo kataid kan [[Tulay nin Aioi]] asin panginot ining piggamit para duman sa mga eksibisyon sa arte asin pang-edukasyon.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Logan|first=William|year=2008|title=Places of Pain and Shame: Dealing with 'Difficult Heritage'|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> == Pambobomba nin atomiko == Sa oras kan 8:15 nin aga kadtong Agosto 6, 1945, an [[Little Boy]] - an sarong [[Bombang atomiko|atomic bomb]] na piggamit sa giyera - inihulog kan [[US Air Force Forces]] hale sa [[Enola Gay]], sarong Parabomba nin B-29. An epektibong pwersa kan bombang atomiko an nagpahali sa Syudad nin [[Syudad nin Hiroshima|Hiroshima]], [[Hapon]]. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Schofield, John and Cocroft, Wayne (eds.)|last1=Schofield, John and Cocroft, Wayne (eds.)|year=2009|title=A Fearsome Heritage: Diverse Legacies of the Cold War|publisher=Left Coast Press}}</ref> Kadtong Hulyo 25, 1945, kinua ni General Carl Spaatz, lider kan Estados Unidos Strategic Air Forces sa Pasipiko, tanganing makapagdara nin "special bomb" na pag-atake sa mga napiling Syudad sa [[Hapon|Japan]]<ref name="Van Rhyn">{{Cite web|last=Van Rhyn|first=Mark E.|title=Hiroshima, Bombing of|url=https://www.pbs.org/thewar/detail_5234.htm|access-date=29 March 2013|accessdate=29 March 2013|publisher=PBS|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214210135/http://www.pbs.org/thewar/detail_5234.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> An enot na napiling target na syudad iyo an Hiroshima, na igwang importanteng daungan sa habagatan na parte kan Honshu asin punong tanggapan kan Panduwang Pangkalahatang Hukbo kan Hapon na may 40,000 tawuhan nin militar sa syudad. Piggibo an bomba nin pasekreto asin ikinarga sa Enola Gay. Ini igwang sarong uranium isotope 235 core na pinangangalagaan nin daan-daang kilo nin lead. Nagkaigwa an Little Boy nin kusog na katumbas kan 12,500 tonelada nin TNT. Ibinagsak kan eroplano an bomba sa syudad sa oras na 8:15:17 sa sarong lokal na oras kadtong Agosto 6, 1945. Sa laog nin 43 segundo kan pagbaba, suminabog an Little Boy sa syudad, nawara an target kaini sa 240 m (790 piye). Imbis na sa [[Tulay nin Aioi]] mabagsak an bomba, Ini suminabog nin direkta sa Shima Hospital, harani sa Genbaku Dome. Tibaad an pagsabog halos direkta sa ibabaw, an establishimiento napatagal an hulma kaini.<ref name="Ide 2007 12–23">{{Cite journal|last=Ide|first=Kanako|date=Winter 2007|title=A Symbol of Peace and Peace Education: The Genbaku Dome in Hiroshima|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jae/summary/v041/41.4ide.html|series=4|journal=Journal of Aesthetic Education|volume=41|pages=12–23|access-date=February 10, 2014|accessdate=February 10, 2014}}</ref> An mga pabalagbag na hanay kan establishimiento an nakaligtas sa halos pabalagbag na pababang puwersa kan pagsabog, asin an mga parte kan kongkreto asin brick na panluwas na pader nanatiling buo. An tahaw kan pagsabog nangyari 150 m (490 piye) nin pabalagbag asin 600 m (2,000 piye) patindog hale sa Dome. An kada tawo sa laog kan establishmiento tulos nagadan. <ref>Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall Memorial Plaque</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Milam|last1=Milam|first1=Michael C.|first=Michael C.|date=July–August 2010|title=Hiroshima and Nagasaki|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_humanist_july-august-2010_70_4/page/n32|journal=Humanist|volume=70|issue=4|pages=32–35|location=Buffalo, N.Y.|publisher=American Humanist Association and the American Ethical Union}}</ref> == Pangangataman == An establishimiento an solong istrukturang nawalat nin nakatindog harani sa [[hiposentro]] kan bomba.<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|last=UNESCO|title=Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome)|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/775}}</ref> Sa panahon na inaapod na Genbaku ("A-Bomb") Dome, Tibaad sa nakalantad na balangkas kan metal dome sa ibabaw kaini, an istraktura nakatala na gabaon an natatadang parte kaini, alagad an kadaklan kaini, buo nanggad, nahira an mga plano kan demolisyon. An Dome naging sarong tema nin kontrobersya, igwang pirang mga lokal na gusto ining gabaon, mantang an iba mawot ining imantinir bilang sarong pang-girumdom nin pambobomba asin sarong simbolo nin katrangkiluhan.<ref>Hiroshima Peace Museum</ref>Sa huri, alinsabay sa otrong pagbangon kan Hiroshima, namantinir an kalansay kan labi kan establishimiento. Puon 1950 sagkod 1964, itinugdas an [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park]] sa palibot kan Dome. Nagpapusog nin resolusyon an Konseho kan Syudad nin Hiroshima kadtong 1966 sa permanenteng pangangalaga kan Genbaku Dome, asin opisyal na pinangaranan ining Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome). Padagos an Dome na panginot na palatandaan kan parke. [[Image:Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif|thumb|374x374px|An Genbaku Dome sa tahaw ng pagkagabá kadtong Oktubre 1945. Ladawan ini ni Shigeo Hayashi, saro sa duwang parakuang-ritrato na kasabay sa mga academic survey team.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Let's look at the Special Exhibit: Hiroshima on October 5, 1945|url=http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/virtual/VirtualMuseum_e/exhibit_e/exh0702_e/exh070201_e.html#01|access-date=15 August 2010|accessdate=15 August 2010|publisher=Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum}}</ref>]] Nagpadagos an pag-uran asin pagkagaba kan Genbaku Dome sa panahon kan giyera. Ipinahayag kan Konseho kan Syudad nin Hiroshima kadtong 1966 na nilayon tanganingpadagos na mapanatili an istraktura, na ngunyan inaapod na "Genbaku Dome". An enot na popular na inihalal na alkalde kan Hiroshima, Si Shinzo Hamai (1905-1968) an naghagad nin mga pondo para sa pagpapamantinir kan pangangalaga sa laog asin sa internasyonal. Sa sarong paglalakbay sa Tokyo, nagduman si Hamai sa mga dalan kan kabisera tanganing makakolekta nin mga pondo. Natapos an gibuhong pangangalaga sa Genbaku Dome kadtong 1967.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia}}</ref> Napapairarom an Genbaku Dome sa duwang minor na mga proyekto nin pagngangataman tanganing papusugon ini, lalo na kadtong Oktubre 1989 asin Marso 1990. Haros eksakto an Genbaku Dome matapos an pambobomba kadtong Agosto 6, 1945. Sadit an mga pagbabago sa mga guho, na sinadya tanganing masiguro an kapusugan kan istraktura. == Mga ladawan == {{Wide image|HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg|1000px|180 ° view kan Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. An Genbaku Dome mahihiling sa tahaw nin wala kan ladawan. An orihinal na target para duman sa bomba duman sa hulmang "T" kan tulay nin Aioi na mahihiling sa walang parte kan ladawan.}}<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="167" classes="center"> File:Hiromuseum.jpg|An Products Exhibition Hall sa orihinal niyang kondisyon (c. 1921–1933) File:Genbaku Dome 2.jpg|An Hall, kinua hale sa Tulay nin Motoyasu (c. 1921–1933) File:HiroshimaAtomicBombDome1921.jpg|Pambanging Ritrato, 1921 File:A-Bomb Dome close-up.jpg|Mga Ciudadano kan syudad na naaagihan an Hiroshima Peace Memorial paduman sa saindang memorial ceremony kadtong 6 August 2004 File:Gambaku Dome of Hiroshima.jpg|An Dome, kinua an ladawan hale sa parteng Sur-subangan File:Ganbaku Dome of Hiroshima from distance.jpg|An Distant view kan Dome; kinua ini hale sa Tulay nin Aioi File:A-bomb dome closeup.jpg|An Close up kan dome File:HiroshimaGembakuDome6747.jpg|Dome kaiba an plaque File:Hiroshima Peace Memorial before and after bombing.jpg|An Peace Dome, Ngunyan asin kadto File:A-bomb dome.jpg|An Genbaku Dome kadtong 2007 File:A-bomb dome at night.jpg|An Genbaku Dome pagbanggi File:A-Bomb Dome at Night.JPG|An Genbaku Dome pagbanggi File:Paper cranes.jpg|An Origami cranes File:Hiroshima dome.JPG|An Hiroshima dome na mahihiling hale sa memorial park File:Atomic Bomb Dome Hiroshima 2015.jpg|An Genbaku Dome kadtong October 2015 (HDR Image) File:Hiroshima Peace Memorial9.jpg|An Overcast sa Tig-sibol (Mayo 2017) </gallery> ==Toltolan== {{Reflist}} {{Saringsing}} 26mc1lbsiz75sfkahkat9i0am1cy1xm 0 15521 309542 308811 2026-08-23T19:56:46Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language family |name=Austronesyo |region=[[Kadagatan na Sur-Subangan na Asya]], [[Osyanya|Oseanya]], [[Madagaskar]], [[Taiwan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Mga isla nin Andaman|Lanka archipelago]] |familycolor=Austronesyo |family=saro sa mga pangenot na pamilya nin mga tataramon sa kinàban |protoname=[[Tataramon na Proto-Austronesyo|Proto-Austronesyo]] |child1 = [[Tataramon na Rukai|Rukai]] ([[Mga tataramon na Pormosano|Pormosano]]) |child2 = [[Tataramon na Tsou|Tsou]] ([[Mga tataramon na Pormosano|Pormosano]]) |child3 = [[Tataramon na Puyuma|Puyuma]] ([[Mga tataramon na Pormosano|Pormosano]]) |child4 = Nukleyar Austronesyo<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;An iba pang [[Mga tataramon na Pormosano|mga tataramon na Pormosano]] <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(higit pang mga pangenot na tangkay)<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-polinesyo]] |iso2=map |iso5=map |glotto=aust1307 |glottorefname=Austronesian |map=Austroneske jazyky.jpg |mapcaption=Distribusyon kan mga tataramon na Austronesyo }} An mga '''Tataramon na Austronesyo''' o ([[Tataramon na Espanyol]]: ''lenguas austronesias''; [[Ingles]]: ''Austronesian languages'') saro sa [[pamilya nin tataramon]] na talingkas na nakawarak sa mga kaiislahan nin [[Sur-subangan na Asya]] asin sa [[Pasipiko]], na igwang diit na kaayon na ginagamit sa mismong kontinente kan [[Asya]]. Ini pigtataram kan 386 milyon na katawo (4.9%), na naglaag saiya bilan pan-apat na pinakadakulang pamilya nin tataramon sa kada parataram, minasunod ini sa [[mga tataramon na Indo-Europeo]] (46.3%), [[mga tataramon na Sino-Tibetan]] (20.4%), asin sa [[mga tataramon na Niger-Congo]] (6.9%). Mayoriyad sa mga tataramon na Austronesyo, igwa nin pinakahalangkaw na numero nin mga parataram , iyo an minasunod: [[Tataramon na Malay|Malay]] ([[Tataramon na Indonesian|Indones]] asin [[Tataramon na Malayo|Malayo]]), [[Tataramon na Habanes|Habanes]], asin [[Tataramon na Filipino|Filipino]] ([[Tataramon na Tagalog|Tagalog]]). Igwa an pamilya nin Austronesyo nin 1,257 na mga tataramon, kun saen ini an panduwa sa dakol kan anumang pamilya nin tataramon.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the Austronesian Languages|last=Blust|first=Robert|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref> Arog kan mga kag-aki nin tataramon na [[Mga Tataramon na Indo-Europeo|Indo-Europeo]], [[Mga Tataramon na Apro-Asyatiko|Apro-Asyatiko]], asin [[Mga Tataramon na Uraliko|Uraliko]] bilang saro sa mga tanging establisadong mga sinaenot na pamilya nin tataramon. Gikan an pangaran na '''Austronesyo''' sa [[Tataramon na Latino|Latinong]] ''auster'' na boot sabihon (Duros na hale sa sur o habagatan), asin kan [[Tataramon na Griyego|Griyegong]] ''nêsos'' na boot sabihon (isla). Pinangaranan an naturang pamilya bilang sa pangmadlang mga tataramon na Austronesyo na piggagamit sa mga kaiislahan: alagad igwang mga tataramon na arog kan [[Tataramon na Malay|Malay]] asin [[mga tataramon na Tsamiko]], na katutubo sa mismong kontinente nin Asya. Kadaklan sa mga tataramon na Austronesyo, kadiit an katutubong parataram, alagad piggagamit an mga [[Lista nin mga tataramon na Austronesyo|pangenot nin tataramon na Austronesyo]] kan milyun-milyong katawo. Si [[Otto Dempwolff]], sarong Alemang iskolar, iyo an enot na parasaliksik na malayong nasasaliksik an Austronesyo ayon sa tradisyonal na [[paagi nin pagkukumparar]]. Manlaenlaen an pinaghalian kan mga tataramon an naiiba, alagad an Austronesyo asin an Niger-Congo an duwang pinakadakulang pamilya nin tataramon sa enterong kinàban sa bilang nin mga tataramon na laog kan mga ini, lambang saro igwang haros saro't-ikalima (1/5) sa enterong tataramon na binibilang sa kinàban. Saro sa mga pinakahalawig an heograpikong pagkakawarak kan mga dagâ kan mga tataramon, na nagpupuon sa [[Madagaskar]] hangan sa [[Isla nin Pagkabuhay-liwat]]. An hangganan nin heograpiko kan pamilya nin Austronesyo iyo an mga tataramon na [[Tataramon na Hawayano|Hawayano]], [[Tataramon na Rapanui|Rapanui]] asin [[Tataramon na Malgatse|Malgatse]] (piggagamit sa nacion na [[Madagaskar]]. Segun ki [[Robert Blust]] (1999), Igwang kadakol na panginot na tangkay an pamilya nin Austronesyo , apwera sa saro na madudugangan lang sa [[Taywan]]. Ipinangkat an [[mga tataramon na Pormosano]] kan Taiwan bilang kasindakol kan siyam na nagka-erinot na subgrupo kan Austronesyo. Nabibilang an gabos kan tataramon na Austronesyo na piggagamit sa luwas kan Taiwan (kaiba an [[Tataramon na Yami]]) sa tangkay kan [[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]], na minsan pig-apod man ining ''Ekstrapormosano''. Kadakol sa mga tataramon na Austronesyo an kulang sa halabang kasaysayan nin nakasurat na atestasyon (patotoo kan pag-iral). An pinakasuanoy na inskripsyon sa [[tataramon na Tsam]], an [[Inskripsyong Đông Yên Châu]], na pigtatayang nagibo kadtong ika-6 na siglo sa pinakapurit kaini, na iyo man an nagpatotoo kan sarong tataramon na Austronesyo. ==Historiya== === Pinaghalian asin Pagkarap === Pigsasabi na an pinaghalian kan tataramon na Austronesyo, nagpuon sa [[Taiwan]] dangan luminakop sa mga kaiislahan sa sur na parte kan taiwan dangan nakalakop ini sa mga kaiislahan sa katahawan kan [[Kadagatang Pacifico]]. Mahihiling sa baba kun páno kuminarap an tataramon na Austronesyo hasta na makaabot sa ngunyan na estado kaini. {{Clade | label1='''[[Taiwan]]'''&nbsp; | 1={{Clade | 1=&nbsp;[[Filipinas]] &nbsp; | 2={{Clade | 1=&nbsp;[[Borneo]]&nbsp;→&nbsp;[[Madagaskar]] | 2={{Clade | label1=&nbsp;[[Sumatra]]&nbsp; | 1={{Clade | 1=&nbsp;[[Indotsina]] | 2=&nbsp;Gilid-baybayon nin [[Borneo]] | 3=&nbsp;[[Isla nin Haba|Java]] | 4=&nbsp;[[Sulnupan na Nusa tenggara]] }} | label2=&nbsp;[[Selebes]]&nbsp; | 2={{Clade | 1=&nbsp;[[kaiislahan na Marianas|Marianas]] | 2={{Clade | 1=[[Subangan na Nusa tenggara]] | label2=&nbsp;[[Molucas]]→[[Melanesya]]&nbsp; | 2={{Clade | 1=&nbsp;[[Mikronesya]] | 2=&nbsp;[[Polinesya]]}} }} }} }} }} }} }} == Estraktura == Masakiton talaga an pagtaò nin pangkagabsan na panundon manongod sa tataramon na ganap na diberso arog kan Austronesyo. Sa pangabusan, nababanga an Austronesyo sa tolong grupo nin mga tataramon: '''Filipino''' (''Philippine type''), '''Indones''' asin '''Post-Indones'''. :*Kaibanan sa enot na grupo, apuwera sa mga tataramon kan [[Filipinas]], an mga tataramon na Austronesyo kan Taiwan, Sabah, norteng Sulawesi asin Madagaskar. Igwa ining katangian na mamantinir an orihinal na sistema nin ''[[Austronesyong pagkakalinyada|Philippine-type voice alternations]]'' na kun saen ini pigtatawan-sigurdo kan mga tolo o apat na tanog kun aring semantiko an pigtatawan nin papel an "paksa" na pigtatawang-pahayag (pwede ining pigtatawang-pahayag an paragibo, an pigtatawang-gibo, an kinamumugtakan asin an benepisyaryo, o iba pang mga pangkalagayang ganap arog kan mga instrumento o kaugnay). :* Sa kabaligtadan, an mas makaba'gong mga tipo nin lengguwahe kan Indonesyano, na partikular na nagkakapot sa Malaysia asin sa subangan na Indonesya, an sistema nin boses an binabawasan an pagkakaiba sa paagi lang kan duwang boses (boses nin aktor asin "undergoer" na boses), alagad an mga ini suplementado nin [[pang-aplikadong boses|aplikatibo]] na mga morpolohiya na aparato (orihinal na duwa: mas direktang * '' - i '' asin mas pahilig * '' - sarong / - [a] kən ''), na nagsisilbi tanganing baguhon an semantiko na papel kan "undergoer". Ini man an nailaladawan sa pamamagitan kan pagkakaigwa nin mga nahahalinang clitic pronouns. Bakong arog kan uri nin Filipino, kadaklan sa mga tataramon na ini, igwang posibilidad na magin verb-second word-order. An pirang mga tataramon, arog kan [[mga tataramon na Batak]], [[Lumang Habanes]], [[tataramon na Balines|Balines]], [[Tataramon na Sasak|Sasak]] asin pirang mga tataramon kan Sulawesi, mukhang nagkakatawan sa sarong intermediyante na yugto sa paagi kan duwang uri na ini.<ref>Adelaar, K. Alexander and Nikolaus Limmelmann. 2005. The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. P.6-7</ref><ref>Croft, William. 2012 Verbs: Aspect and Causal Structure. P.261 </ref> :* Panpurít, sa pirang mga tataramon kun saen pig'aapod ni Ross an '''"post-Indones"''', an orihinal na sistema kan boses an iyong ganap na nararaot asin dae na minamantinir an mga function kan saindang affixes kan voice-mark. Nagagamit man sa mga tataramon na Austronesyo an pig'aapod na "reduplikasyon" (pag'utro kan gabos o parte kan sarong taramon, arog kan ''wiki-wiki'', ''[[Agar|agar-agar]]'', o luway-luway), asin, arog man kan kadaklan sa mga tataramon kan [[Subangan na Asya|Sirangan]] asin [[Sur-Subangan na Asya]], kadaklan igwa ining mahigpit na mataas na [[ponotaktiko]], na kalimitang igwa nin kadiit na bilang nin mga [[ponema]] asin nakakadakol nin mga pantig na katinig-patinig. Pusog o estable naman an pira sa mga kognado. ==Pagtitipo== Masikot asin mapagal intindihon an panlaog na kapormahan kan mga tataramon na Austronesyo. Pigbubuo an pamilyang ini nin para-parehas asin magkaharanihan na magkakaugnay na mga tataramon na igwang mga darakulang bilang nin inaapod sa ingles na ''[[dialect continuum]]'', na nagpapasakit sa hangganan kan natatangâng mga tangkay nin pamilya. Ganon pa man, malinaw na an pinakadakulang dibersidad na pang-akan (henealohiko) an mahihiling sa [[mga tataramon na Pormosano]] kan Taiwan, asin an pinakasimpleng dibersidad naman sa mga kaiislahan sa Pasipiko, na nagtataong-batid nin pagkaka-warak kan pamilya na hale sa Tsina o Taiwan. ===Blust (1999)=== [[File:Formosan languages.png|thumb|300px|An mga pamilya nin mga tataramon na Pormosano bagô pa an kolonyalisasyong Minnanese kan Taiwan, per Blust (1999).]] [[File:Austronesian family.png|thumb|Distribusyon kan mga tataramon na Austronesyo, per Blust (1999).]] :<big>'''Austronesyo'''</big> (Ikot-relo hali sa sur-sulnupan) {{legend|#FFF9A5|<big>'''[[Mga tataramon na Tsouiko|Tsouiko]]'''</big> ([[Mga tataramon na Pormosano|Pormosano]])}} * [[Tataramon na Tsou]]. * [[Tataramon na Saaroa]]. * [[Tataramon na Kanakanabu]]. {{legend|#FECCA0|<big>'''Sulnupang Kapatagan'''</big> ([[Mga tataramon na Pormosano|Pormosano]])}} * [[Tataramon na Thao]], <small>AKA</small> Sao. Brawbaw asin mga diyalektong Shtafari. * Sentral Sulnupang Kapatagan ** [[Tataramon na Babuza]]: Taokas, Mga diyalektong Poavosa; suanoy na [[tataramon na Favorlang]]. ** [[Tataramon na Papora-Hoanya]]: Mga diyalektos nin Papora, Hoanya. {{legend|#FEA4A4|<big>'''Norte-Sulnupan na Pormosano'''</big>}} * [[Tataramon na Saisiyat]]: Mga diyalektong Taai asin Tungho. * [[Tataramon na Pazeh]] <small>AKA</small> Kulun. {{legend|#9FD8B3|<big>'''[[Mga tataramon na Atayaliko|Atayaliko]]'''</big> ([[Mga tataramon na Pormosano|Pormosano]])}} * [[Tataramon na Atayal]]. * [[Tataramon na Seediq]]: <small>AKA</small> Truku/Taroko. {{legend|#CBA6CB|<big>'''[[Mga tataramon na Subangan na Pormosano|Subangan na Pormosano]]'''</big>}} * Norteng (mga tataramon na Kavalaniko). ** [[Tataramon na Basay]]: Mga diyalektong Trobiawa asin Linaw–Qauqaut. ** [[Tataramon na Kavalan]]. ** [[Tataramon na Ketagalan]], o Ketangalan. * Sentral ([[Tataramon na Amis|Ami]]). ** [[Tataramon na Amis|Amis proper]]. ** [[Tataramon na Sakizaya|Sakizaya]]. * [[Tataramon na Siraya]]. {{legend|#B7DF86|<big>'''[[Tataramon na Bunun]]'''</big> ([[Mga tataramon na Pormosano|Pormosano]])}} {{legend|#E2E17F|<big>'''[[Tataramon na Rukai]]'''</big> ([[Mga tataramon na Pormosano|Pormosano]])}} * ''Divergent'' an mga diyalektong Mantauran, Tona, asin Maga kan [[Tataramon na Rukai|Rukai]]. {{legend|#D3FE00|<big>'''[[Tataramon na Puyuma]]'''</big> ([[Mga tataramon na Pormosano|Pormosano]])}} {{legend|#E1FEEB|<big>'''[[Tataramon na Paiwan]]'''</big> (purong habagatan kan Pormosa)}} {{legend|#DF7575|<big>'''[[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]]'''</big>}} ===Li (2008)=== An klasipikasyon na ini, pinanatili an Subangan na Pormosano ni Blust, asin pinagsararô an iba pang mga tataramon na norte. Pighaín ni [[Paul Jen-kuei Li|Li]] an ginikanan na Proto-Pormosano (F0) asin pigpantay ini sa [[Proto-Austronesyo]] (PAN), alinsunod sa modelo sa Starosta (1995).<ref name="Li">Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2008. "Time perspective of Formosan Aborigines." In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia ed. ''Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics''. Taylor & Francis US.</ref><ref name="Starosta">Starosta, S. 1995. "A grammatical subgrouping of Formosan languages." In P. Li, Cheng-hwa Tsang, Ying-kuei Huang, Dah-an Ho, and Chiu-yu Tseng eds. ''Austronesian Studies Relating to Taiwan'', pp. 683–726, Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.</ref> Nahihiling an Rukai asin Tsouiko bilang napakakakaiba,<ref name="Li"/> miski na napakakontrobersyal an posisyon kan Rukai.<ref>"Pinakakontrobersiya an posisyon kan Rukai: Tsuchida... Binabantaan bilang pinakaharani sa mga tataramon na Tsouiko, base sa leksikostatistikong ebidensya, samantala pinaniniwalaan an Ho... na saro sa mga tataramon na Paiwaniko, i.e. parte kan sakong Habagatang grupo, bilang base sa komparasyon kan kag'apat na pinapahiling na gramatikal. Sa totoo lang, an mga antropolohistang Hapon, dae na''distinguish'' sa pagitan kan Rukai, Paiwan asin Puyuma sa amay na yugto kan saindang pag'aadal" (Li 2008: 216).</ref> * F0: <big>'''Pormosano''' = '''Austronesyo'''</big> ** {{legend|#FEA4A4|<big>'''[[Tataramon na Rukai|Rukai]]'''</big>}} *** Mantauran *** Maga–Tona, Budai–Labuan–Taromak ** F1 *** {{legend|#FFF9A5|<big>'''Sentral ([[mga tataramon na Tsouiko|Tsouiko]])'''</big>}} **** [[Tataramon na Tsou|Tsou]] **** Habagatang Tsouiko ***** [[Tataramon na Saaroa|Saaroa]] ***** [[Tataramon na Kanakanabu|Kanakanabu]] *** F2 **** {{legend|#FECCA0|<big>'''[[Mga tataramon na Norteng Pormosano|Norteng Pormosano]]'''</big>}} ***** Norte-Sulnupan (kapatagan) ****** [[Tataramon na Saisiyat|Saisiyat]]–Kulon–[[Tataramon na Pazeh|Pazeh]] ****** Sulnupan ******* [[Tataramon na Thao|Thao]] ******* Sulnupang Gilid-baybayon ([[Tataramon na Papora|Papora]]–[[Tataramon na Hoanya|Hoanya]]–[[Tataramon na Babuza|Babuza]]–Taokas) ***** [[Mga tataramon na Atayaliko|Atayaliko]] ****** [[Tataramon na Atayal|Squliq Atayal]] ****** [[Tataramon na Atayal|Ts'ole' Atayal]] (= C'uli') ****** [[Tataramon na Seediq|Seediq]] **** {{legend|#CBA6CB|<big>'''[[Mga tataramon na Subangan na Pormosano|Subangan na Pormosano]]'''</big>}} ***** [[Tataramon na Kavalan|Kavalan]]–[[Tataramon na Basay|Basay]] ***** [[Tataramon na Siraya|Siraya]]–[[Tataramon na Amis|Amis]] **** ? '''<big>Habagatan</big>''' [uncertain] ***** {{legend|#B7DF86|[[Tataramon na Bunun|Bunun]]}} ****** Isbukun ****** Norte asin Sentral (Takitudu asin Takbanuaz) ***** {{legend|#9FD8B3|[[Tataramon na Paiwan|Paiwan]]–[[Tataramon na Puyuma|Puyuma]] [uncertain]}} ===Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (2008)=== [[File:Formosan languages 2008.png|thumb|300px|Mga pamilya nin mga tataramon na Pormosano bagó pa an kolonyalisasyong Minnanese, per the ''Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database'' {{Harvcol|Greenhill|Blust|Gray|2008}}.]] Pigmamantinir kan imbestigasyon na ini an [[Mga tataramon na Norteng Pormosano|Norteng Pormosano]] ni [[Paul Jen-kuei Li|Li]], alagad salungat ini sa Subangan na Pormosano ni Blust, asin pigimungkahi na an Paiwan pwedeng harani sa Malayo-Polinesyo. Nagkakasararô man ini sa [[Mga tataramon na Tsouiko|Tsouiko]] asin sa [[Tataramon na Rukai|Rukai]], na an duwa an pinakakakaibang mga tataramon kay Li. :<big>'''Austronesyo'''</big> {{legend|#9FD8B3|<big>'''Kavalaniko'''</big>}} Halatá man ining, low-level grouping * [[Tataramon na Basay|Basay]] (Trobiawano, mga diyalektos na Linaw–Qauqaut) * [[Tataramon na Kavalan|Kavalan]] * [[Tataramon na Ketagalan|Ketagalan]] {{legend|#FECCA0|<big>'''[[Mga tataramon na Norteng Pormosano|Norteng Pormosano]]'''</big>}} Nakatakod an mga grupong ini sa pigtatantyang 97% na probabilidad. * [[Tataramon na Thao|Thao]] (a.k.a. Sao. Brawbaw, mga diyalektos na Shtafari) * Sulnupang Kapatagan ** [[Tataramon na Babuza|Babuza]] (a.k.a. [[Tataramon na Favorlang|Favorlang]]. Taokas, mga diyalektos na Poavosa) ** [[Tataramon na Papora-Hoanya|Papora-Hoanya]] ([[Tataramon na Papora|Papora]], mga diyalektos na [[Tataramon na Hoanya|Hoanya]]) * [[Tataramon na Saisiyat|Saisiyat]] (Taai, mga diyalektos na Tungho) * [[Tataramon na Pazeh|Pazeh]] (a.k.a. Kulun) * [[Mga tataramon na Atayaliko|Atayaliko]] ** [[Tataramon na Atayal|Atayal]] (Squliq, C’uli’) ** [[Tataramon na Seediq|Seediq]] (a.k.a. Truku, Taroko) {{legend|#CBA6CB|<big>'''Ami'''</big>}} Iba pang paggugrupong nin low-level * [[Tataramon na Sakizaya|Sakizaya]] * [[Tataramon na Amis|Amis]] {{legend|#B7DF86|<big>'''Bunun'''</big>}} * [[Tataramon na Bunun|Bunun]] {{legend|#FFF9A5|<big>'''Tsou–Rukai'''</big>}} Konektado an Tsou asin Rukai sa moderatong confidence, pigtatantyang mga 85% na probabilidad. * [[Mga tataramon na Tsouiko|Tsouiko]] ** [[Tataramon na Tsou|Tsou]] ** [[Tataramon na Saaroa|Saaroa]] ** [[Tataramon na Kanakanabu|Kanakanabu]] * [[Tataramon na Rukai|Rukai]] (Mantauran, Tona, and Maga dialects are divergent) {{legend|#FEA4A4|<big>'''Siraya'''</big>}} * [[Tataramon na Siraya|Siraya]] (Taivoano, mga diyalektos nin Makatao) {{legend|#D3FE00|<big>'''Puyuma'''</big>}} * [[Tataramon na Puyuma|Puyuma]] {{legend|#DF7575|<big>'''Paiwaniko'''</big>}} Nakatakod an Malayo-Polinesyo asin Paiwan sa low level of confidence (74%). * [[Tataramon na Paiwan|Paiwan]] (purong habagatan kan Pormosan) * [[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]] ===Ross (2009)=== [[File:Formosan languages 2009.png|thumb|300px|An pamilya nin mga tataramon na Pormosano bagô an Kolonyalisasyong Minnanes, per Ross (2009).]] Kan 2009, Nag-haín si [[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Malcolm Ross]] nin bâgong klasipikasyon kan pamilya nin tataramon na Austronesyo base sa ebidensiyang morpolohikal hale sa manlaen-laen na klase nin mga tataramon na Pormosano.<ref name="Ross2009">Ross, Malcolm. 2009. "Proto Austronesian verbal morphology: A reappraisal." In Alexander Adelaar and Andrew Pawley (eds.). ''Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: a festschrift for Robert Blust''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</ref> hinaín niya na an ngunyang rekonstruksyon para sa Proto-Austronesyo na sa totoo lang minatukoy ini sa yugtong intermediyamente, kun saen pigtawan boot sabihon niya an "Proto-Nukleyar Austronesyo". Sa balyong kampo, an klasipikasyon ni Ross, dae nagsusuporta sa pagkakasararô kan [[mga tataramon na Tsouiko]], imbis pigkonsiderar niya an mga tataramon na Habagatang Tsouiko kan Kanakanavu asin Saaroa na magkasuwayan na sangá. Pigsusuportahan kainin an ''claims'' ni Chang (2006) na dae balido an grupo nin Tsouiko.<ref name="Chang2006">Chang, Henry Yungli. 2006. "Rethinking the Tsouic Subgroup Hypothesis: A Morphosyntactic Perspective." In Chang, H., Huang, L. M., Ho, D. (eds.). ''Streams converging into an ocean: Festschrift in honor of Professor Paul Jen-Kuei Li on his 70th birthday.'' Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.</ref> :<big>'''Austronesyo'''</big> {{legend|#9FD8B3|<big>'''[[Tataramon na Rukai|Rukai]]'''</big>}} * (Naiiba an mga diyalektos nin Mantauran asin Tona–Maga) {{legend|#DF7575|<big>'''[[Tataramon na Puyuma|Puyuma]]'''</big>}} {{legend|#FFF9A5|<big>'''[[Tataramon na Tsou|Tsou]]'''</big>}} {{legend|#FECCA0|<big>'''Nukleyar Austronesyo'''</big>}} * An Subdibisyon dae addresibo, Suway sa [[mga tataramon na Habagatan na Tsouiko|Saaroa–Kanakanabu]] na magin suway sa Tsou. ==Leksiko== Naitugdas an pamilya nin tataramon na Austronesyo kan mga pa'aging pagkukumpara na lingguwistiko batay sa mga kognado, grupo nin mga taramon na magkakawangis sa tanog asin kahulugan na nagpapahiwatig na gikan an mga inibhale sa parehong taramon na ansestral sa [[Tataramon na Proto-Austronesyo|Proto-Austronesyo]] ayon sa pangabusan na alituntunin. An taramon para sa ''mata'' sa mga tataramon na Austronesyo, '''mata''' man (kadaklan sa mga tataramon na Austronesyo sa parteng norte, mga [[Mga tataramon na Pormosano|tataramon na Pormosano]] arog kan [[tataramon na Bunun|Bunun]] asin [[tataramon na Amis|Amis]] dangan paduman sa sur na [[Tataramon na Maori|Maori]]). Masakit man ining isagibo an rekonstruksyon (pag'aayos-utro) kan ibang mga sa taramon. Estable man an taramon para sa ''duwa'', na siyang naglataw sa haros kabuuan kan pamilya nin Austronesyo, alagad nangangaipuhan an pira sa mga porma (hal. [[Tataramon na Bunun|Bunun]] '''rusya''', '''lusha'''; [[Tataramon na Amis|Amis]] '''tusa'''; [[Tataramon na Māori|Maori]] '''tahi''', '''rua''') nin kadalubhasaang pang-aghamwika tanganing matáwan nin kilanlan. Nagtaô an [http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database] nin mga listahan nin mga taramom (coded for cognateness) para sa dae makulang na 1000 na mga tataramon na Austronesyo. ==Mayoridad na mga tataramon== {{Main article|Listahan kan mayoridad asin opisyal na mga tataramon na Austronesyo}} ==Pagkukumparar== Nasa parteng ibaba an tsart nin komparasyon kan mga tataramon na Austronesyo <div style="overflow:auto;"> ===Tsart nin Komparasyon-Mga Numéro=== <div style="overflow:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" ! [[Mga tataramon na Austronesyo|Austronesyo]] Lista kan mga bilang 1-10 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Mga tataramon na Proto-Austronesyo|Proto-Austronesyo]] | || *əsa<br />*isa || *duSa || *təlu || *Səpat || *lima || *ənəm || *pitu || *walu || *Siwa || *(sa-)puluq |- style="text-align: center;" ! ''[[Mga tataramon na Pormosano]]'' ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Amis|Amis]] | || cecay|| tosa || tolo || spat || lima || enem || pito || falo || siwa || mo^tep |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Atayal|Atayal]] | || qutux|| sazing || cyugal || payat || magal || mtzyu || mpitu || mspat || mqeru || mopuw |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Paiwan|Paiwan]] | || ita|| drusa || tjelu || sepatj || lima || enem || pitju || alu || siva || tapuluq |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Bunun|Bunun]] | || tasʔa|| dusa || tau || paat || hima || nuum || pitu || vau || siva || masʔan |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Puyuma|Puyuma]] | || isa|| zuwa || telu || pat || lima || unem || pitu || walu || iwa || pulu' |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Rukai|Rukai]] | || itha|| drusa || tulru || supate || lrima || eneme || pitu || valru || bangate || pulruku |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Tsou|Tsou]] | || coni|| yuso || tuyu || sʉptʉ || eimo || nomʉ || pitu || voyu || sio || maskʉ |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Saisiyat|Saisiyat]] | || 'aeihae' || roSa' || to:lo' || Sopat || haseb || SayboSi: || {{nowrap|SayboSi: 'aeihae'}} || maykaSpat || hae'hae' || lampez |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Yami|Yami]] | || asa|| dora || atlo || apat || lima || anem || pito || wao || siyam || poo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Thao|Thao]] | || taha|| tusha || turu || shpat || tarima || katuru || pitu || kashpat || tanathu || makthin |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Kavalan|Kavalan]] | || usiq|| uzusa || utulu || uspat || ulima || unem || upitu || uwalu || usiwa || rabtin |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Truku|Truku]] | || kingal|| dha || tru || spat || rima || mataru || empitu || maspat || mngari || maxal |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Sakizaya|Sakizaya]] | || cacay|| tosa || tolo || sepat || lima || enem || pito || walo || siwa || {{nowrap|cacay a bataan}} |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Seediq|Seediq]] | || kingal|| daha || teru || sepac || rima || mmteru || mpitu || mmsepac || mngari || maxal |- style="text-align: center;" ! ''[[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo]]'' ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Proto-Malayo-Polinesyo]] | || *əsa<br />*isa || *duha || *təlu || *əpat || *lima || *ənəm || *pitu || *walu || *siwa || *puluq |- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;" ! style="font-size: small;" | ''[[Mga tataramon na Nukleyar Malayo-Polinesyo|Mga tataramon na Nukleyar Malayo-Polinesyo (MP)]]'' ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 |- style="text-align: center;" ! style="font-size: x-small;" | ''[[Mga tataramon na Sunda–Sulawesi]]'' ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Acehnes|Acehnes]] | sifar <br /> soh|| sa || duwa || lhee || peuet || limong || nam || tujoh || lapan || sikureueng || siploh |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Balines|Balines]]{{ref|a|a}} | [[File:Bali 0.png|center|20px]] <br /> nul || [[File:Bali 1.png|center|20px]] <br /> besik<br />siki || [[File:Bali 2-vowel La lenga.png|center|20px]] <br /> dua || [[File:Bali 3-vowel O.png|center|20px]] <br /> telu || [[File:Bali 4.png|center|20px]] <br /> papat || [[File:Bali 5.png|center|20px]] <br /> lime || [[File:Bali_6-vowel_E_kara.png|center|20px]] <br /> nenem || [[File:Bali 7.png|center|20px]] <br /> pitu || [[File:Bali 8, Pha.png|center|20px]] <br /> kutus || [[File:Bali 9.png|center|20px]] <br /> sia || dasa |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Banjar|Banjar]] | || asa || dua || talu || ampat || lima || anam || pitu || walu || tangkay || sapuluh |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Toba Batak|Batak, Toba]] | || sada || dua || tolu || opat || lima || onom || pitu || ualu || sia || sampulu |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Bugines|Bugines]] | || ceddi || dua || tellu || empa || lima || enneng || pitu || arua || asera || seppulo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Cia-Cia|Cia-Cia]] | || 디세 <br /> dise <br /> ise || 루아 <br /> rua <br /> ghua || 똘루 <br /> tolu || 빠아 <br /> pa'a || 을리마 <br /> lima || 노오 <br /> no'o || 삐쭈 <br /> picu || 활루 <br /> walu <br /> oalu || 시우아 <br /> siua || 옴뿔루 <br /> ompulu |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Tsam|Tsam]] | || sa || dua || klau || pak || lima || nam || tujuh || dalapan || salapan || sapluh |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Kawi|Habanes (Kawi)]]{{ref|b|b}}<ref>Siman Widyatmanta, Adiparwa. Vol. I dan II. Cetakan Ketiga. Yogyakarta: U.P. "Spring", 1968.</ref> | sunya || [[File:Angka 1.png|20px]] <br /> eka || [[File:Angka 2.png|20px]] <br /> dwi || [[File:Angka 3.png|20px]] <br /> tri || [[File:Angka 4.png|20px]] <br /> catur || [[File:Angka 5.png|20px]] <br /> panca || [[File:Angka 6.png|20px]] <br /> sad || [[File:Angka 7.png|20px]] <br /> sapta || [[File:Angka 8.png|20px]] <br /> asta || [[File:Angka 9.png|20px]] <br /> nawa || dasa |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Suanoy na Habanes]]<ref>Zoetmulder, P.J., Kamus Jawa Kuno-Indonesia. Vol. I-II. Terjemahan Darusuprapto-Sumarti Suprayitno. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1995.</ref> | das || sa <br /> (sa' / sak) || rwa || tĕlu || pāt || lima || nĕm || pitu || walu || tangkay || sapuluh |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Habanes|Habanes (Krama)]] | nol || setunggal || kalih || tiga || sekawan || gangsal || enem || pitu || wolu || tangkay || sedasa |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Habanes|Habanes (Ngoko)]]<ref>''[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm] Alpabetong Habanes, pagsayod, asin tataramon (Aksara Jawa), http://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm''</ref> | nol || siji || loro || telu || papat || lima || enem || pitu || wolu || tangkay || sepuluh |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan-Pattani]] | kosong || so || duwo || tigo || pak || limo || ne || tujoh || lape || smile || spuloh |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Madures|Madures]] | nol || settong || dhuwa' || tello' || empa' || lema' || ennem || petto' || ballu' || tangkay' || sapolo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Makassares|Makassares]] | ᨒᨚᨅ <br /> lobbang <br /> ᨊᨚᨒᨚ <br /> nolo'|| ᨙᨔᨙᨑ <br /> se're || ᨑᨘᨕ <br /> rua || ᨈᨒᨘ <br /> tallu || ᨕᨄ <br /> appa' || ᨒᨗᨆ <br /> lima || ᨕᨊ <br /> annang || ᨈᨘᨍ <br /> tuju || ᨔᨂᨈᨘᨍ <br /> tangkayntuju || ᨔᨒᨄ <br /> salapang || ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚ <br /> sampulo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Malay|Standard Malay]]<br />(both [[Tataramon na Indones|Indones]] asin [[Tataramon na Malayo|Malayo]]) | kosong <br />sifar<ref>gikan sa [[Arabe]] na صِفْر ''ṣifr''</ref> <br /> nol<ref>Predominante sa Indones ya, hale sa [[Latin]] na ''nullus''</ref> | satu <br /> suatu<ref>An subli-taramon nin [[Sanskrit]] na "Ekasila" : "Eka" boot sabihon 1, "Sila" boot sabihon "pillar", nagluwas an "principle" sa pataratara ni [[Sukarno]]</ref> || dua || tiga<ref name="wordsense.eu">sa [[Inskripsyong Kedukan Bukit]] luminuwas an numerong tlu ratus bilang tolóng gatos, tlu bilan toló, sa http://www.wordsense.eu/telu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401172144/http://www.wordsense.eu/telu/ |date=2016-04-01 }} sa malay minatukoy an telu bilan toló, alagad bihiráng gamiton an telu.</ref><ref>sa subli-taramon nin [[Sanskrit]] na "Trisila" : "Tri" boot sabihon 3, "Sila" boot sabihon "pillar", luminuwas an "principle" sa pataratara ni [[Sukarno]]</ref> || empat || lima<ref>subli-taramon gikan sa [[Sanskrit]] na पञ्चन् ''páñcan'' - hilingun an [[Sukarno]]'s [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]]: "five principles", ''[[Pancawarna]]'': "five colours, colourful".</ref>|| enam || tujuh || delapan<br />lapan<ref>''lapan'' bistado sa konstraksyon kan ''delapan''; predominante sa Malaysia, Singapore asin Brunei.</ref> || sembilan || sepuluh |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] | || ciek || duo || tigo || ampek || limo || anam || tujuah || salapan || sambilan || sapuluah |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Moken|Moken]] | || c^ha:_? || t^huwa:_? || teloj <br /> (təlɔy) || pa:t || lema:_? || nam || luɟuːk || waloj <br /> (walɔy) || ch''e''waj <br /> (cʰɛwaːy / sɛwaːy) || c^ep'''o'''h |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Sasak|Sasak]] | || sekek || due || telo || empat || lime || enam || pituk || baluk || siwak || sepulu |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Sundanes|Sundanes]] | ᮔᮧᮜ᮪ <br /> nol || ᮠᮤᮏᮤ <br /> hiji || ᮓᮥᮃ <br /> dua || ᮒᮤᮜᮥ <br /> tilu || ᮇᮕᮒ᮪ <br /> opat || ᮜᮤᮙ <br /> lima || ᮌᮨᮔᮨᮕ᮪ <br /> genep || ᮒᮥᮏᮥᮂ <br /> tujuh || ᮓᮜᮕᮔ᮪ <br /> dalapan || ᮞᮜᮕᮔ᮪ <br /> salapan || ᮞᮕᮥᮜᮥᮂ <br /> sapuluh |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Terengganu Malay]] | kosong || se || duwe || tige || pak || lime || nang || tujoh || lapang || smilang || spuloh |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Tetum|Tetun]] | nol || ida || rua || tolu || hat || lima || nen || hitu || ualu || sia || sanulu |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Tsat|Tsat (HuiHui)]]{{ref|c|c}} | || sa³³ {{ref|sa³³|*}}, <br />ta¹¹ {{ref|ta¹¹|**}} || tʰua¹¹ || kiə³³ || pa²⁴ || ma³³ || naːn³² || su⁵⁵ || paːn³² || tʰu¹ paːn³² || piu⁵⁵ |- |colspan=22| : May duwang porma nin Numéro '[[saró]]' sa [[Tataramon na Tsat|Tsat (Hui Hui; Hainan Cham)]] : : {{note|sa³³|*}} Piggagamit an taramon na ''sa³³'' para sa serial counting. : {{note|ta¹¹|**}} Piggagamit an ''ta¹¹'' kaiba kan mga gatos asin mga ribo asin bagō an qualifiers. |- style="text-align: center;" ! style="font-size: x-small;" | [[''Mga tataramon na Borneo–Filipinas]]'' ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Ilokano|Iluko]] | ibbong <br /> awan || maysa || dua || tallo || uppat || lima || innem || pito || walo || siam || tangkaypulo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Ibanag|Ibanag]] | awan || tadday || duwa || tallu || appa' || lima || annam || pitu || walu || siyam || mafulu |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Pangasinan|Pangasinan]] | || sakey || duwa || talo || apat || lima || anem || pito || walo || siyam || samplo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Kapampangan|Kapampangan]] |ala||metung/ isa'||adua|| atlu || apat || lima || anam || pitu || walu || siyam || apulu |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Tagalog|Tagalog]] | {{Script|Tglg|ᜏᜎ}} <br/> walâ || {{Script|Tglg|ᜁᜐ}} <br/> isá || {{Script|Tglg|ᜇᜎᜏ}} <br/> dalawá || {{Script|Tglg|ᜆᜆ᜔ᜎᜓ}} <br/> tatló || {{Script|Tglg|ᜀᜉᜆ᜔}} <br/> apat || {{Script|Tglg|ᜎᜒᜋ}} <br/> limá || {{Script|Tglg|ᜀᜈᜒᜋ᜔}} <br/> anim || {{Script|Tglg|ᜉᜒᜆᜓ}} <br/> pitó || {{Script|Tglg|ᜏᜎᜓ}} <br/> waló || {{Script|Tglg|ᜐᜒᜌᜋ᜔}} <br/> siyám || {{Script|Tglg|ᜐᜋ᜔ᜉᜓ}} <br/> sampû |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Bikol|Bikol]] | wara || sarô || duwá || tuló || apat || limá || anom || pitó || waló || siyám || sampulû |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Aklanon|Aklanon]] | uwa || isaea <br /> sambilog || daywa || tatlo || ap-at || lima || an-om || pito || waeo || siyam || napueo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Karay-a|Kinaray-a]] | wara || (i)sara || darwa || tatlo || apat || lima || anəm || pito || walo || siyam || napulo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Onhan|Onhan]] | || isya || darwa || tatlo || upat || lima || an-om || pito || walo || siyam || sampulo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Romblomanon|Romblomanon]] | || isa || duha || tuyo || upat || lima || onum || pito || wayo || siyam || napuyo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Masbatenyo|Masbatenyo]] | || isad <br /> usad || duwa <br /> duha || tulo || upat || lima || unom || pito || walo || siyam || napulo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]] | wala|| isa || duha || tatlo || apat || lima || anom || pito || walo || siyam || napulo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Cebuano|Cebuano]] | wala || usa || duha || tulo || upat || lima || unom || pito || walo || siyam || napulo <br /> pulo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Waray-Waray|Waray]] | waray || usa || duha || tulo || upat || lima || unom || pito || walo || siyam || napulò |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Tausug|Tausug]] | || isa || duwa || tū || upat || lima || unum || pitu || walu || siyam || hangpu' |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Maranao|Maranao]] | || isa || dua || telu || pat || lima || nem || pitu || ualu || siau || sapulu' |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Lawangan|Benuaq (Dayak Benuaq)]] | || eray || duaq || toluu || opaat || limaq || jawatn || turu || walo || sie || sepuluh |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Lun Bawang|Lun Bawang/ Lundayeh]] | na luk dih || eceh || dueh || teluh || epat || limeh || enem || tudu' || waluh || liwa' || pulu' |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Dusun|Dusun]] | aiso || iso || duo || tolu || apat || limo || onom || turu || walu || siam || hopod |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Malgatse|Malagasy]] | aotra || isa <br /> iray || roa || telo || efatra || dimy || enina || fito || valo || sivy || folo |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Sangir|Sangirese (Sangir-Minahasan)]] | || sembau || darua || tatelu || epa || lima || eneng || pitu || walu || sio || mapulo |- style="text-align: center;" ! style="font-size: small;" | ''[[Mga tataramon na Osyaniko]]''{{ref|d|d}} ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Fijiano|Fijiano]] | saiva || dua || rua || tolu || vaa || lima || ono || vitu || walu || ciwa || tini |- style="text-align: center;" | [[tataramon na Hawayano|Hawayano]] | 'ole || 'e-kahi || 'e-lua || 'e-kolu || 'e-hā || 'e-lima || 'e-ono || 'e-hiku || 'e-walu || 'e-iwa || 'umi |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Gilbertes|Kiribati]] | akea || teuana || uoua || tenua || aua || nimaua || onoua || itua || wanua || ruaiwa || tebwina |- style="text-align: center;" | [[tataramon na Māori|Māori]] | kore || tahi || rua || toru || whā || rima || ono || whitu || waru || iwa || tekau <br />ngahuru |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Marshalles|Marshallese]]<ref>Cook, Richard (1992). ''[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rscook/pdf/PCMLT-JejeinM.pdf Peace Corps Marshall Islands: Marshallese Language Training Manual]'' ([[PDF]]), pg. 22. Accessed August 27, 2007</ref> | o̧o || juon || ruo || jilu || emān || ļalem || jiljino || jimjuon || ralitōk || ratimjuon || jon̄oul |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Motu|Motu]]{{ref|e|e}}<ref>Percy Chatterton, (1975). [http://www.exkiap.net/other/tok_pisin/Say_It_In_Motu.pdf Say It In Motu: An instant introduction to the common language of Papua]. Pacific Publications. {{ISBN|978-0-85807-025-7}}</ref> | || ta || rua || toi || hani || ima || tauratoi || hitu || taurahani || taurahani-ta || gwauta |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Niueano|Niueano]] | nakai || taha || ua || tolu || fa || lima || ono || fitu || valu || hiva || hogofulu |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Rapanui|Rapanui]] | || tahi || rua || toru || hā || rima || ono || hitu || va'u || iva || angahuru |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Rarotongan Māori|Rarotongan Māori]] | kare || ta'i || rua || toru || 'ā || rima || ono || 'itu || varu || iva || nga'uru |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Rotumano|Rotuman]] | || ta || rua || folu || hake || lima || ono || hifu || vạlu || siva || saghulu |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Samoano|Sāmoano]] | o || tasi || lua || tolu || fa || lima || ono || fitu || valu || iva || sefulu |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Samoano|Sāmoano]]<br />(K-type) | o || kasi || lua || kolu || fa || lima || ogo || fiku || valu || iva || sefulu |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Tahitiano|Tahitiano]] | || hō'ē <br /> tahi || piti || toru || maha || pae || ōno || hitu || va'u || iva || hō'ē 'ahuru |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Tongano|Tongano]] | noa || taha || ua || tolu || fa || nima || ono || fitu || valu || hiva || hongofulu <br /> taha noa |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Tsuukes|Trukes]] | || eet || érúúw || één || fáán || niim || woon || fúús || waan || ttiw || engoon |- style="text-align: center;" | [[Tataramon na Tuvaluano|Tuvaluano]] | || tahi <br /> tasi || lua || tolu || fa || lima || ono || fitu || valu || iva || sefulu |- style="text-align: center;" |} ===Tsart nin Komparasyon-Kagtolóng mga tataramon=== {|class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Bikol Sentral ! style="background:#efefef;" | saro ! style="background:#efefef;" | duwa ! style="background:#efefef;" | tulo ! style="background:#efefef;" | apat ! style="background:#efefef;" | tawo ! style="background:#efefef;" | harong ! style="background:#efefef;" | ayam ! style="background:#efefef;" | dalan ! style="background:#efefef;" | aldaw ! style="background:#efefef;" | bago ! style="background:#efefef;" | kita (kata) ! style="background:#efefef;" | ano ! style="background:#efefef;" | kalayo |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | [[Tataramon na Tagalog]] (Filipino) ! style="background:#efefef;" | isa ! style="background:#efefef;" | dalawa ! style="background:#efefef;" | tatlo ! style="background:#efefef;" | apat ! style="background:#efefef;" | tao ! style="background:#efefef;" | bahay ! style="background:#efefef;" | aso ! style="background:#efefef;" | daan ! style="background:#efefef;" | araw ! style="background:#efefef;" | bago ! style="background:#efefef;" | tayo (kata) ! style="background:#efefef;" | ano ! style="background:#efefef;" | apoy |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Tetum|Tetum]]''' |ida |rua |tolu |haat |ema |uma |asu |dalan |loron |foun |ita |saida |ahi |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Amis|Amis]]''' |cecay |tosa |tolo |sepat |tamdaw |luma |wacu |lalan |cidal |faroh |kita |uman |namal |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Puyuma|Puyuma]]''' |sa |dua |telu |pat |taw |rumah |soan |dalan |wari |vekar |mi |amanai |apue,<br />asi |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Rinconada Bikol|Rinconada Bikol]]''' |əsad |darwā |tolō |əpat |tawō |baləy |ayam |raran |aldəw |bāgo |kitā |onō |kalayō |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Cebuano|Sinugbuanon]]''' |usa,<br />isa |duha |tulo |upat |tawo |balay |iro |dalan |adlaw |bag-o |kita |unsa |kalayo |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Waray-Waray|Waray]]''' |usa |duha |tulo |upat |tawo |balay |ayam,<br />ido |dalan |adlaw |bag-o |kita |anu |kalayo |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]]''' |isa |duha |tatlo |apat |tawo |balay |ido |dalan |adlaw |bag-o |kita |ano |kalayo |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Aklanon|Aklanon]]''' |isaea,<br />sambilog |daywa |tatlo |ap-at |tawo |baeay |ayam |dayan |adlaw |bag-o |kita |ano |kaeayo |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Kinaray-a|Kinaray-a]]''' |sara |darwa |tatlo |apat |tawo |balay |ayam |aragyan |adlaw |bag-o |kita |ano |kalayo |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Tausug|Tausug]]''' |hambuuk |duwa |tu |upat |tau |bay |iru' |dan |adlaw |ba-gu |kitaniyu |unu |kayu |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Maranao|Maranao]]''' |isa |dowa |t'lo |phat |taw |walay |aso |lalan |gawi'e |bago |tano |tonaa |apoy |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Pampango|Kapampangan]]''' |metung |adwa |atlu |apat |tau |bale |asu |dalan |aldo |bayu |ikatamu |nanu |api |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Pangasinense|Pangasinense]]''' |sakey |dua,<br />duara |talo,<br />talora |apat,<br />apatira |too |abong |aso |dalan |ageo |balo |sikatayo |anto |pool |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Ilokano|Ilokano]]''' |maysa |dua |tallo |uppat |tao |balay |aso |dalan |aldaw |baro |datayo |ania |apoy |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Ibatan|Ivatan]]''' |asa |dadowa |tatdo |apat |tao |vahay |chito |rarahan |araw |va-yo |yaten |ango |apoy |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Ibanag|Ibanag]]''' |tadday |dua |tallu |appa' |tolay |balay |kitu |dalan |aggaw |bagu |sittam |anni |afi |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Yogad|Yogad]]''' |tata |addu |tallu |appat |tolay |binalay |atu |daddaman |agaw |bagu |sikitam |gani |afuy |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Gaddang|Gaddang]]''' |antet |addwa |tallo |appat |tolay |balay |atu |dallan |aw |bawu |ikkanetam |sanenay |afuy |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Tboli|Tboli]]''' |sotu |lewu |tlu |fat |tau |gunu |ohu |lan |kdaw |lomi |tekuy |tedu |ofih |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Malay|Malay]]''' |satu |dua |tiga<ref>Sa Inskriturang Kedukan Bukit luminuwas an Tlu ratus bilang Tulung gatos, An Tlu bilang Tolo, digdi sa http://www.wordsense.eu/telu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401172144/http://www.wordsense.eu/telu/ |date=2016-04-01 }} an taramon na Telu tumutukoy sa tolo sa tataramon na Malay asin Indonesya miski na napakabihira an paggamit kan Telu.</ref> |empat |orang |rumah,<br />balai |anjing |jalan |hari |baru |kita |apa,<br />anu |api |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Lumang Habanes|Lumang Habanes]]''' |esa,<br />tunggal |rwa,<br />kalih |tĕlu,<br />tiga |pat,<br />sakawan<ref>s.v. kawan, ''Old Javanese-English Dictionary'', P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982</ref> |wwang |umah |asu |dalan |dina |hañar, añar<ref>s.v. hañar, ''Old Javanese-English Dictionary'', P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982</ref> |kami<ref>s.v. kami, this could mean both first person singular and plural, ''Old Javanese-English Dictionary'', P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982</ref> |apa,<br />aparan |apuy,<br />agni |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Habanes|Habanes]]''' |siji,<br />setunggal |loro,<br />kalih |tĕlu,<br />tiga<ref name="ReferenceA">''Javanese English Dictionary'', Stuart Robson and Singgih Wibisono, 2002</ref> |papat,<br />sekawan |uwong,<br />tiyang,<br />priyantun<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |omah,<br />griya,<br />dalem<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |asu,<br />sĕgawon |dalan,<br />gili<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |dina,<br />dinten<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |anyar,<br />énggal<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |awaké dhéwé,<br />kula panjenengan<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |apa,<br />punapa<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |gĕni,<br />latu,<br />brama<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Sundanes|Sundanes]]''' |hiji |dua |tilu |opat |urang |imah |anjing |jalan |poe |anyar,<br />enggal |arurang |naon |seuneu |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Acehnes|Acehnes]]''' |sa |duwa |lhèë |peuët |ureuëng |rumoh,<br />balèë |asèë |ret |uroë |barô |(geu)tanyoë |peuë |apuy |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]''' |ciek |duo |tigo |ampek |urang |rumah |anjiang |labuah,<br />jalan |hari |baru |awak |apo |api |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Lampung|Lampung]]''' |sai |khua |telu |pak |jelema |lamban |kaci |ranlaya |khani |baru |kham |api |apui |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Bugines|Bugines]]''' |sedi |dua |tellu |eppa |tau |bola |asu |lalen |esso |baru |idi |aga |api |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Temuano|Temuano]]''' |satuk |duak |tigak |empat |uwang,<br />eang |gumah,<br />umah |anying,<br />koyok |jalan |aik,<br />haik |bahauk |kitak |apak |apik |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Toba Batak]]''' |sada |dua |tolu |opat |halak |jabu |biang |dalan |ari |baru |hita |aha |api |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan-Pattani]]''' |so |duwo |tigo |pak |oghe |ghumoh,<br />dumoh |anjing |jale |aghi |baghu |kito |gapo |api |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Chamorro|Chamorro]]''' |håcha,<br />maisa |hugua |tulu |fatfat |taotao |guma |ga'lågu<ref>Hale sa [[Tataramon na Espanyol|Espanyol]] "[[:es:Galgo|galgo]]"</ref> |chålan |ha'åni |nuebu<ref>Hale sa [[Tataramon na Espanyol|Espanyol]] "[[:es:Nuevo|nuevo]]"</ref> |hita |håfa |guafi |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Motu|Motu]]''' |ta,<br />tamona |rua |toi |hani |tau |ruma |sisia |dala |dina |matamata |ita,<br />ai |dahaka |lahi |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Maori|Maori]]''' |tahi |rua |toru |wha |tangata |whare |kuri |ara |ra |hou |taua |aha |ahi |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Tubaluano|Tubaluano]]''' |tasi |lua |tolu |fá |toko |fale |kuli |ala,<br />tuu |aso |fou |tāua |a |afi |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Hawayano|Hawayano]]''' |kahi |lua |kolu |hā |kanaka |hale |'īlio |ala |ao |hou |kākou |aha |ahi |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Banjar|Banjar]]''' | asa | duwa | talu | ampat | urang | rūmah | hadupan | heko | hǎri | hanyar | kami | apa | api |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Malagasy|Malagasy]]''' |isa |roa |telo |efatra |olona |trano |alika |lalana |andro |vaovao |isika |inona |afo |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Sentral Dusun|Dusun]]''' | iso | duo | tolu | apat | tulun | walai,<br />lamin | tasu | ralan | tadau | wagu | tokou | onu/nu | tapui |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Kadazan|Kadazan]]''' | iso | duvo | tohu | apat | tuhun | hamin | tasu | lahan | tadau | vagu | tokou | onu,<br />nunu | tapui |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Rungus|Rungus]]''' | iso | duvo | tolu,<br />tolzu | apat | tulun,<br />tulzun | valai,<br />valzai | tasu | dalan | tadau | vagu | tokou | nunu | tapui,<br />apui |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Tambanuo|Sungai/Tambanuo]]''' | ido | duo | tolu | opat | lobuw | waloi | asu | ralan | runat | wagu | toko | onu | apui |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Iban|Iban]]''' | satu, sa,<br />siti, sigi | dua | tiga | empat | orang,<br />urang | rumah | ukui,<br />uduk | jalai | hari | baru | kitai | nama | api |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Sarawak Malay]]''' | satu,<br />sigek | dua | tiga | empat | orang | rumah | asuk | jalan | ari | baru | kita | apa | api |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Terengganu Malay|Terengganu]] | se | duwe | tige | pak | oghang | ghumoh,<br />dumoh | anjing | jalang | aghi | baghu | kite | mende, ape,<br />gape, nape | api |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Tataramon na Kanayatn|Kanayatn]]''' | sa | dua | talu | ampat | urakng | rumah | asu' | jalatn | ari | baru | kami',<br />diri' | ahe | api |- |}</div> ==Sistema nin Panurát== {{Hilngon man|Mga sistema nin panurát kan Sur-subangan na Asya}} {{multiple image|direction=vertical|image1=Pura Puseh 05153.jpg|caption1=an Sign nin Iskriptong [[Iskriturang Balines|Balines]] asin [[Iskriturang Latin|Latin]] sa templong [[Hindu]] sa [[Bali]]|image2=Manuscript in Toba-Batak language, central Sumatra, early 1800s - Robert C. Williams Paper Museum - DSC00360.JPG|caption2=An manuskripto gikan sa amay na 1800s gamit an alpabetong [[Batak]]}} Kadaklan sa mga tataramon na Austronesyo ngunyan, igwa nin sistema nin panurát base sa [[Iskriturang Latin|Latin]]. Nakalistá sa babâ an piráng bakong sistema nin panurát na base sa Latin. * [[Iskriturang Brahmi]] ** [[Iskriturang Kawi]] *** [[Alpabetong Balines]] - piggagamit para sa pagsurat nin [[Tataramon na Balines|Balines]] asin [[Tataramon na Sasak|Sasak]]. *** [[Alpabetong Batak]] - piggagamit para sa pagsurat nin pirang [[mga tataramon na Batak]]. *** [[Baybayin]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[Tataramon na Tagalog|Tagalog]] asin sa mga pirang [[Mga tataramon kan Filipinas|mga tataramon sa Filipinas]]. *** [[Alpabetong Bima]] - sarong beses na piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Bima]]. *** [[Alpabetong Buhid]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Buhid]]. *** [[Alpabetong Hanunó'o]] -piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Hanuno'o]]. *** [[Alpabetong Habanes]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Habanes]] asin mga kataraid na mga tataramon arog kan [[Tataramon na Madures|Madures]]. *** [[Alpabetong Kerinci]] (''Kaganga'') - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Kerinci]]. *** [[Alpabetong Kulitan]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Kapampangan]]. *** [[Alpabetong Lampung]] - Piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Lampung|Lampung]] asin [[tataramon na Komering|Komering]]. *** [[Alpabetong Lontara]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Bugines|Bugines]], [[tataramon na Makassares|Makassares]] asin mga kadaklan na mga tataramon kan [[Sulawesi]]. *** [[Alpabetong Sundanes]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Sundanes]]. *** [[Alpabetong Rejang]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramo na Rejanges|tataramon na Rejang]]. *** [[Alpabetong Rencong]] - minsan piggamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Malay]]. *** [[Alpabetong Tagbanwa]] - minsan piggamit tanganing makasurat nin iba-ibang klase nin [[mga tataramon na Palawan]]. *** [[Alpabetong Lota]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Ende-Li'o]]. ** [[Alpabetong Tsam]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Tsam]]. * [[Alpabetong Arabe|Iskriturang Arabe]] ** [[Alpabetong Pegon]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[Tataramon na Habanes|Habanes]], [[Tataramon na Sundanes|Sundanes]] asin [[Tataramon na Madures|Madures]] na iyo man sa mga kadaklan na sararadit na mga kataraid na tataramon. ** [[Alpabetong Jawi]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[Tataranmon na Malay|Malay]], [[Tataramon na Acehnes|Acehnes]], [[Tataramon na Banjar|Banjar]], [[Tataramon na Minangkabau|Minangkabau]], [[Tataramon na Tausug|Tausug]], [[tataramon na Tsam|Sulnupang Tsam]] asin iba pa. ** [[Alpabetong Sorabe]] - minsan piggamit sa mga kadaklan na mga diyalektos kan [[tataramon na Malgatse]]. * [[Hangul]] - Minsan piggamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Cia-Cia]] alagad an proyekto dae na masyadong aktibô. * [[Alpabetong Dunging|Dunging]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Iban]] alagad dae na ini masyadóng piggagamit * [[Avoiuli]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Raga]]. * [[Iskriturang Eskayan|Eskayan]] - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Eskayan]], sarong sekretong tataramon na pigbasé sa [[tataramon na Boholano|Boholano]]. * [[Iskriturang Woleai]] (Caroline Island script) - piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Carolinya]] (Refaluwasch). * [[Rongorongo]] - possibleng piggagamit tanganing makasurat nin [[tataramon na Rapa Nui]]. * [[Braille]] - piggagamit sa [[tataramon na Filipino|Filipino]], [[tataramon na Malayo|Malayo]], [[Tataramon na Indones|Indones]], [[Tataramon na Tolai|Tolai]], [[Tataramon na Motu|Motu]], [[Tataramon na Māori|Māori]], [[Tataramon na Samoano|Samoano]], Malgatse, asin kadaklan sa mga iba pang mga tataramon na Austronesyo. ==Sagunson== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal | title = The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1991-07_265_1/page/88 | last = Bellwood | first = Peter |date=July 1991 | journal = Scientific American | volume = 265 | pages = 88–93 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88 | ref = harv | issue=1 }} * {{cite book | title = Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago | url = https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofindo0000bell | last = Bellwood | first = Peter | year = 1997 | publisher = University of Hawai'i Press | place=Honolulu | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | title = Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples | last = Bellwood | first=Peter | year = 1998 | journal = Review of Archaeology | volume = 18 | pages = 39–48 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | title = The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives | last = Bellwood | first=Peter| last2 = Fox | first2 = James | last3 = Tryon | first3 = Darrell | publisher=Department of Anthropology, Australian National University | year=1995 | isbn=0-7315-2132-3 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | title=Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_2005-06_46_3/page/480 | author=Bellwood, Peter & Alicia Sanchez-Mazas | journal=Current Anthropology |date=June 2005 | volume=46 | pages=480–484 | ref=harv | issue=3 | doi=10.1086/430018 }} * {{cite conference |title = Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? |last = Blench |first = Roger |year = 2004 |url = http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/China/Geneva%20paper%202004%20submit.pdf |format = PDF |accessdate = |conference = Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence |place = Geneva |date = June 10–13, 2004 |ref = harv |archive-date = 2019-12-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191227212426/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/China/Geneva%20paper%202004%20submit.pdf |dead-url = yes }} * {{cite journal |title = A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? 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Alexander | editor2-last= Pawley | editor2-first= Andrew | location= Canberra | publisher= Pacific Linguistics | pp= 295–326 | ref= harv }} * {{cite journal | title=Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-anthropology_1993_22/page/425 | author=[[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Ross, Malcolm]] & Andrew Pawley | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | year=1993 | volume=22 | pages= 425–459| doi=10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.002233 | ref=harv | oclc=1783647 }} * {{cite book | chapter=Final words: research themes in the history and typology of western Austronesian languages | last=Ross | first=John | editor1-last=Wouk|editor1-first=Fay|editor2-first=Malcolm|editor2-last=Ross|year=2002 | title=The history and typology of Western Austronesian voice systems | pages=451–474 | place=Canberra | publisher=Pacific Linguistics | ref=harv }} * {{cite conference | title = Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian: An updated and improved argument | last = Sagart | first = Laurent | date = 8–11 January 2002 | url = http://halshs.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/08/50/59/PDF/canberra.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = | conference = Ninth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL9) | place = Canberra, Australia | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | title = The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai–Kadai | last = Sagart | first = Laurent | year = 2004 | journal = Oceanic Linguistics | volume=43 | pages = 411–440 | ref = harv | doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0012 }} * {{cite book | contribution = Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian: An updated and improved argument | last = Sagart | first = Laurent | year = 2005 | editor-first = Roger | editor-last = Blench | editor2-first = Alicia | editor2-last=Sanchez-Mazas | title = The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics | url = https://archive.org/details/peoplingofeastas0000unse | pages = [https://archive.org/details/peoplingofeastas0000unse/page/161 161]–176 | publisher = Routledge Curzon | place = London | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | contribution = Time perspective in aboriginal American culture: a study in method | last = Sapir | first = Edward | year = 1968 | title = Selected writings of Edward Sapir in language, culture and personality | url = https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings0000unse_t1d1 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings0000unse_t1d1/page/389 389]–467 | editor-first = D.G. | editor-last = Mandelbaum | place = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | title=A ramble through southern Formosa | last1=Taylor | first=G. | year=1888 | journal=The China Review | volume=16 | pages=137&ndash;161 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | title=Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration | last=Terrell | first=John Edward | journal=World Archaeology |date=December 2004 | volume=36 | pages=586–590 | ref=harv | issue =4 | doi=10.1080/0043824042000303764 }} * {{Cite journal | title=From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects. Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications No. 28 | last1=Thurgood | first=Graham | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press| place=Honolulu | year=1999 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | title = Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations | year = 2005 | url = http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv?request=get-pdf&file=10.1371_journal.pbio.0030247-p-S.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = | journal = PLoS Biol | volume = 3 | page = e247 | ref = {{harvid|Trejaut et al.|2005}} | author2 = Kivisild T | author3 = Loo JH | author4 = Lee CL | author5 = He CL | author = Trejaut JA | issue = 8 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247 | pmid = 15984912 | pmc = 1166350 }} * Wouk, Fay and [[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Malcolm Ross]], eds. (2002), ''The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems.'' Pacific Linguistics. Canberra: Australian National University. {{refend}} ==Toltolan== {{Reflist|3}} {{rambong}} [[Kategorya:Tataramon na Austronesyo|Austronesyo]] 00rknjwjb49zqx242z2nu2glysreqks 0 16083 309685 259686 2026-08-23T22:13:30Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Mga tataramon na Austronesyo}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}} {{Infobox language family | name = Mga tataramon na Austroasyatiko | altname = Mon–Khmer | region = [[Habagatan na Asya|Habagatan]] asin sa [[Habagatan-Subangan na Asya]] | familycolor = Austroasyatiko | family = Saró sa mga primerang [[pamilya nin tataramon|mga pamilya nin tataramon]] sa kinában | protoname = [[Tataramon na Proto-Mon–Khmer|Proto-Mon–Khmer]] | child1 = [[Mga tataramon na Munda|Munda]] | child2 = [[Mga tataramon na Khasiko|Khasi]]–[[Mga tataramon na Palaungiko|Palaungiko]] | child3 = [[Mga tataramon na Khmuiko|Khmuiko]] | child4 = [[Mga tataramon na Pakaniko|Pakaniko]] | child5 = [[Mga tataramon na Bietiko|Bietiko]] | child6 = [[Mga tataramon na Katuiko|Katuiko]] | child7 = [[Mga tataramon na Bahnariko|Bahnariko]] | child8 = [[tataramon na Khmer|Khmer]] | child9 = [[Mga tataramon na Peariko|Peariko]] | child10 = [[Mga tataramon na Nicobares|Nicobares]] | child11 = [[Mga tataramon na Asliano|Asliano]] | child12 = [[Mga tataramon na Moniko|Moniko]] | child13 = [[Tataramon na Shompen|Shompen]]? | iso5 = aav | glotto = aust1305 | glottorefname = Austroasyatiko | map = Austroasiatic-en.svg | mapcaption = Mga tataramon na Austroasyatiko }} An '''mga tataramon na Austroasyatiko''',{{refn|group=note|Minsan manongod sa ''Austro-Asyatiko'' o ''Austroasyano''}} na sa nguyan na klasipikasyon kaparehas sa '''Mon–Khmer''',<ref>Bradley (2012) notes, ''MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic.''</ref>, sarong dakulang [[pamilya nin tataramon]] kan [[Kadagaan na Habagatan-Subangan na Asya]] na nakawarak man sa [[Indya]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] asin sa Habagatan na kasagkudan kan [[Tsina]], na may mga 117 milyon na parataram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Austroasiatic.html|title=Austroasiatic|website=www.languagesgulper.com|language=en|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref>Gikan an pangaran na ''Austroasyatiko'' sa mga taramon na [[Latin]] na boot sabihon, "Habagatan" asin "Asya", o "Habagatan na Asya". Sa mga tataramon kaini, an [[Tataramon na Bietnames|Bietnames]], [[Tataramon na Khmer|Khmer]], asin [[Tataramon na Mon|Mon]] an may historiya na halabáng pagtugdas an nairekord, dangan an Bietnames asin Khmer igwa nin opisyal na estado nin modernong mga [[nasyunal na tataramon]] (na nasa [[Bietnam]] asin [[Kambodya]], respektabo). Sa [[Myanmar]], an [[tataramon na Wa]] an opisyal nin de facto na tataramon kan [[Estadong Wa]]. An mga natatadang mga tataramon an pigtataram kan mga minoridad na mga grupo dangan mayóng opisyal na estado. ==Ginikanan-Ngaran== An kataga na ''Austroasyatiko'' naggikan sa pagsasaro kan [[Latin]] na kataga para sa "Lontokan" o "habagatan" asin "Asya", kumbaga "Lontokan na Asya". ==Proto-tataramon== {{Main|tataramon na Proto-Austroasyatiko}} Dakol na gibo an nahimo sa pagpapakarhay giraray kan [[Proto-Mon–Khmer]] sa ''Mon–Khmer Comparative Dictionary'' ni [[Harry L. Shorto]]. Kadiit sana na gibo an nahimo sa [[mga tataramon na Munda]], na kun sain dai masyado naidokumento. Sa saindang pagpapatalingkas hali sa sarong panginot na sangay, nagin magkasingoot sabihon an Proto-Mon – Khmer kan Proto-Austroasyatiko. Pigpakarhay giraray ni Paul Sidwell (2005) an katanog na imbentaryo kan Proto-Mon – Khmer arog kan minasunod:{{sfnp|Sidwell|2005|p=196}} {| class="IPA wikitable" |- | *p || *t || *c || *k || *ʔ |- | *b || *d || *ɟ || *ɡ || |- | *ɓ || *ɗ || *ʄ || || |- | *m || *n || *ɲ || *ŋ || |- | *w || *l, *r || *j || || |- | || *s || || || *h |} Ini magkapareho sa mga nainot na pagpapakarhay giraray apwera sa {{IPA | * ʄ}}. Urog na marhay an {{IPA | * ʄ}} na namantinir sa [[mga tataramon na Katuiko]], na kun sain espesyalista ni Sidwell. == Panlaog na Klasipikasyon == {{clade |label1=Austro-&nbsp;Asyatiko&nbsp; |1={{clade |label1=&nbsp;[[tataramon na munda|Munda]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Remo |2=Savara }} |2={{clade |1=Kharia-Juang |2={{clade |1=[[Korku]] |2=Kherwari }} }} }} |label2=&nbsp;Khasi-&nbsp;&nbsp;Khmúico&nbsp; |2={{clade |2=[[Tataramon na khasiko|Khasiko]] |1={{clade |1=[[Tataramon na khmuiko|Khmuiko]] |2={{clade |1=[[Tataramon na pakaniko|Pakániko]] |2=[[Tataramon Palaungiko|Paláungiko]] }} }} }} |label3=&nbsp;[[Tataramon na Mon-Khmer|(Nukleyar) &nbsp;{{nowrap|Mon-Khmer}}]]&nbsp; |3={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Tataramon na Bietiko|Bietiko]] |2=[[tataramon na Katuiko|Katuiko]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[tataramon na Bahnariko|Bahnariko]] |2={{clade |1=[[Tataramon na Khmer|Khmer]] |2=[[Tataramon na Peariko|Peariko]] }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Tataramon na Nicobares|Nicobares]] |2={{clade |1=[[Tataramon na Asliano|Asliano]] |2=[[Tataramon na Mon|Mon]] }} }} }}}} }} == Austroasyatikong migrasyon == Susog sa Chaubey et al., an mga parataram nin "Austroasyatiko ngunyan sa India gikan sa dispersal hale sa Habagatan-subangan na asya, by Suminunod sa ''extensive sex-specific admixture'' na may lokal na populasyong Indyano."{{sfn|Chaubey|Metspalu|Choi|Magi|2010|p=1013}} Segun ki Riccio et al., an mga tawo nin Munda an mga pinaghalian hale sa ''Austroasiatic migrants'' gikan sa syr-subangan na asya.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Riccio |first1=M. E. |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=The Austroasiatic Munda population from India and Its enigmatic origin: a HLA diversity study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-biology_2011-06_83_3/page/405 |journal=Human Biology |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=405–435 |pmid=21740156 |doi=10.3378/027.083.0306}}</ref><ref>The Language Gulper, [http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Austroasiatic.html ''Austroasiatic Languages'']</ref> Segun ji Zhang et al., an migrasyong Austroasyatiko gikan Habagatan-subangan na asia paduman Indya minabalik sa huring Glacial maximum, circa 10,000 taon an nakakaagk.{{sfn|Zhang|2015}} Si Arunkumar et al. Pigsuggest an mga migrasyong Austroasyatiko gikan Habagatan-subangan na Asya nangyari paduman sa Indya 5.2 ± 0.6 kya asin sa Subangan na Indya 4.3 ± 0.2 kya.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Arunkumar | first1 = G. | display-authors = etal | year = 2015 | title = A late Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a1-M95 from east to west | url = | journal = Journal of Systematics and Evolution | volume = 53 | issue = 6| pages = 546–560 | doi = 10.1111/jse.12147 }}</ref> ==Mga toltolan== {{Reflist}} == Mga pinagkuahan == {{refbegin}} * Adams, K. L. (1989). ''Systems of numeral classification in the Mon–Khmer, Nicobarese and Aslian subfamilies of Austroasiatic''. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. {{ISBN|0-85883-373-5}} * {{cite book |last=Alves |first=Mark J. |year=2014 |chapter=Mon-Khmer |editor1=Rochelle Lieber |editor2=Pavel Stekauer |title=The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology |pages=520–544 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref=harv}} * Alves, Mark J. (2015). Morphological functions among Mon-Khmer languages: beyond the basics. In N. J. Enfield & Bernard Comrie (eds.), ''Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: the state of the art''. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton, 531–557. * Bradley, David (2012). "[https://www.academia.edu/1542763/Languages_and_Language_Families_in_China Languages and Language Families in China]", in Rint Sybesma (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics''. * [[Byomkes Chakrabarti|Chakrabarti, Byomkes]]. (1994). ''A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali''. * {{Citation |last1=Chaubey|first1=G.|last2=Metspalu|first2=M.|last3=Choi|first3=Y.|last4=Magi|first4=R.|last5=Romero|first5=I. G.|last6=Soares|first6=P.|last7=van Oven|first7=M.|last8=Behar|first8=D. M.|last9=Rootsi|first9=S.|last10=Hudjashov|first10=G.|last11=Mallick|first11=C. B.|last12=Karmin|first12=M.|last13=Nelis|first13=M.|last14=Parik|first14=J.|last15=Reddy|first15=A. G.|last16=Metspalu|first16=E.|last17=van Driem|first17=G.|last18=Xue|first18=Y.|last19=Tyler-Smith|first19=C.|last20=Thangaraj|first20=K.|last21=Singh|first21=L.|last22=Remm|first22=M.|last23=Richards|first23=M. B.|last24=Lahr|first24=M. M.|last25=Kayser|first25=M.|last26=Villems|first26=R.|last27=Kivisild|first27=T.| display-authors = 1| year =2010 | title =Population Genetic Structure in Indian Austroasiatic Speakers: The Role of Landscape Barriers and Sex-Specific Admixture | journal =Mol Biol Evol | doi =10.1093/molbev/msq288| doi-access =free | volume=28 |issue=2| pages=1013–1024 | pmid=20978040 | pmc=3355372}} * Diffloth, Gérard (2005). "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austro-Asiatic". in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.'' 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon. {{ISBN|0-415-32242-1}} * Filbeck, D. (1978). ''T'in: a historical study''. Pacific linguistics, no. 49. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. {{ISBN|0-85883-172-4}} * Hemeling, K. (1907). ''Die Nanking Kuanhua''. (German language) * Jenny, Mathias and [[Paul Sidwell]], eds (2015). ''[http://www.brill.com/products/reference-work/handbook-austroasiatic-languages-2-vols The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages]''. Leiden: Brill. * Peck, B. M., Comp. (1988). ''An Enumerative Bibliography of South Asian Language Dictionaries''. * Peiros, Ilia. 1998. ''Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia.'' Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 142. Canberra: Australian National University. * Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). ''[https://www.academia.edu/11344550/A_Mon-Khmer_comparative_dictionary A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary]''. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. {{ISBN|0-85883-570-3}} * Shorto, H. L. ''Bibliographies of Mon–Khmer and Tai Linguistics''. London oriental bibliographies, v. 2. London: Oxford University Press, 1963. * Sidwell, Paul (2005). "[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2005proto.pdf Proto-Katuic Phonology and the Sub-grouping of Mon–Khmer Languages]". In Sidwell, ed., ''SEALSXV: papers from the 15th meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society.'' * Sidwell, Paul (2009a). [http://www.jolr.ru/files/%2851%29jlr2010-4%28117-134%29.pdf The Austroasiatic Central Riverine Hypothesis]. Keynote address, SEALS, XIX. * Sidwell, Paul (2009b). ''[https://www.academia.edu/1540105/Classifying_the_Austroasiatic_languages_history_and_state_of_the_art Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324073527/https://www.academia.edu/1540105/Classifying_the_Austroasiatic_languages_history_and_state_of_the_art |date=24 March 2019 }}''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa. * Zide, Norman H., and Milton E. Barker. (1966) ''Studies in Comparative Austroasiatic Linguistics'', The Hague: Mouton (Indo-Iranian monographs, v. 5.). * {{Citation | last1 =Zhang | display-authors =etal | year =2015 | title =Y-chromosome diversity suggests southern origin and Paleolithic backwave migration of Austro-Asiatic speakers from eastern Asia to the Indian subcontinent | journal =Scientific Reports | volume =5 | page =1548 | doi =10.1038/srep15486 | url =http://www.nature.com/articles/srep15486 | pmc =4611482 | bibcode =2015NatSR...515486Z | pmid =26482917 }} {{refend}} {{Stub}} fzd6e24oo11f4ctx7nqjg4f60s78im6 0 16497 309608 172754 2026-08-23T20:47:52Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309608 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ajinomoto_global_logo.svg|250px|thumb|an Logo kan Ajinomoto.]] An {{Nihongo|'''Ajinomoto Co., Inc.'''|味の素株式会社|Ajinomoto Kabushiki-gaisha}}, saróng pagibuhan nin pagkakan asin mga [[kemikal]] na korporasyon sa nasyon na [[Hapon]] na nakakagibo nin mga ''pampanamit'', [[mantikilya]], pamanggihan sa [[telebisyon]], [[pampahamis]], mga ''[[amino acid]]'' asin mga ''[[pharmaceutical]]''. Sa partikular nin pinakadakulang pagibuhan nin ''[[aspartame]]'', na igwang 40% na pigheheras sa merkado sa kinában kan Oktubre 25, 2000.<ref name=matsui2004>{{cite web |last=Matsui |first=Akira |last2=Morita |first2=Issei |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a1rBnsdDJnM8 |title=Ajinomoto May Exceed Full-Year Forecasts on Amino Acid Products |website=[[Bloomberg.com]] |date=November 18, 2004 |accessdate=June 23, 2010 }}</ref> An {{nihongo4||{{linktext|味の素}}|AJI-NO-MOTO|"esensya nin namit"}} an pangaran kan kompanyang paragibo nin produktong [[bitsin|bitchin]].<ref name=sand2005>{{cite journal |last1=Sand |first1=Jordan |year=2005 |title=A Short History of MSG |url=https://archive.org/details/gastronomica_fall-2005_5_4/page/38 |journal=[[Gastronomica]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=38&ndash;49 |doi=10.1525/gfc.2005.5.4.38 |jstor=10.1525/gfc.2005.5.4.38}}{{subscription required}}</ref> ==Mga Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub|Pagkain|Hapon}} [[Kategorya:Mga kompanya]] [[Kategorya:Mga Pampalamit]] 5eb0m71y2os14daiwn4wkrcdxny8wug 0 16587 309804 238421 2026-08-23T23:56:05Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language family |name=Mindanao |altname=Kahabagatang Filipinas, Sur na Filipinas |acceptance=heograpikal |region=[[Mindanao]] |familycolor=Austronesyo |fam2=[[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]] |fam3=[[Mga tataramon na Filipino|Filipino]] |fam4=[[Mas Dakulang Sentral Filipino]] |child1=[[Mga tataramon na Manobo|Manobo]] |child2=[[Mga tataramon na Danao|Danao]] |child3=[[Tataramon na Subanon|Subanon]] |glotto=mayó }} An '''Mindanao''' o '''mga tataramon na Sur Filipinas''' iyo an grupo nin pirang pigtugdas na darakulang mga grupo nin mga tataramon sa Filipinas, na may dosenang magkaano-anong mga tataramon na [[Mindanao]]. Tradisyunal na pig'aapod an grupo na ''Southern Philippine''. Alagad, pig'bali ni Blust (1991) an tolóng grupo bilan suway na sangâ sa pinadakulang sub-grupo nin ''Mas Dakulang Sentral Filipino'', kaiba an mga sangâ nin [[Mga tataramon na Sentral Filipino|Sentral Filipino]], [[Mga tataramon na Sur na Mindoro|Sur na Mindoro]], [[Mga tataramon na Palawan|Palawan]] asin [[Mga tataramon na Gorontalo–Mongondow|Gorontalo–Mongondow]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Blust, Robert | title=The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanic-linguistics_winter-1991_30_2/page/73 | journal=Oceanic Linguistics | year=1991 | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=73–129 | ref=harvcol | doi=10.2307/3623084| jstor=3623084 }}</ref> == Mga tataramon== Pigbangâ an mga tataramon paduman sa minasunod na mga sub-grupo: *[[Mga tataramon na Danao]] *[[Mga tataramon na Manobo]] *[[Tataramon na Subanon]] ==Mga Toltolan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na Filipino]] [[Kategorya:Mindanao]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na Mindanao| ]] {{Mga tataramon na Filipino}} {{Mga tataramon na Borneo-Filipino}} {{Mga tataramon kan Filipinas}} {{au-lang-stub}} kjz2u5gv3epacc12rsio0wv4ddn4h78 0 16599 309605 257856 2026-08-23T20:46:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language family |name= Katahawan na Filipino |region=[[Filipinas]] |familycolor=Austronesyo |fam2=[[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]] |fam3=[[Mga tataramon na Filipino|Filipino]] |fam4=[[Mas Dakulang Katahawan na Filipino]] |child1=[[Tataramon na Tagalog|Tagalog]] |child2=[[Mga tataramon na Bikol|Bikol]] |child3=[[Mga tataramon na Mansakan|Mansakan]] |child4=[[Mga tataramon na Bisaya|Bisayá]] |glotto=cent2246 |glottorefname=Central Philippine }} An '''mga tataramon na Katahawan na Filipino''' iyo an pinakalakop na grupo kan mga tataramon sa [[Filipinas]], na ipinagtataram sa Habagatan na [[Luzon]], [[Visayas]], [[Mindanao]], asin sa [[Sulu|Sulu]]. An mga ini man an pinakamatawo, kaiba an [[Tataramon na Tagalog|Tagalog]] (sagkod [[tataramon na Filipino|Filipino]]), [[Tataramon na Bikol|Bikol]], asin an darakulang tataramon na Bisaya arog kan [[Tataramon na Cebuano|Cebuano]], [[Tataramon na Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]], [[Tataramon na Waray-Waray|Waray]], [[Tataramon na Karay-a|Kinaray-a]], asin an [[Tataramon na Tausug|Tausug]], na kabali sa apatnapulong (40) pinakadakulang mga tataramon sa nasyon.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92361 | title = Ethnologue}}.</ref> ==Pagsusuruway-suway== ===Pangkagabsan=== Parating nasasakop kan arog kaini an mga tataramon (mga tataramon sa ''italics'' minatukdo sa solong tataramon): *[[Tataramon na Tagalog|Tagalog]] (dai mababa sa 3 diyalekto sa habagatan na Luzon) *[[Mga tataramon na Bikol|Bikol]] (8ng mga tataramon sa [[Rawis nin Bikol]]) *[[Mga tataramon na Bisaya|Bisaya]] (18ng mga tataramon an ipinagtataram sa kabilugan kan [[Visayas]], na iyo man sa habagatan na [[Luzon]], amihanan-subangan na [[Mindanao]] asin [[Probinsya nin Sulu|Sulu]]) *[[Mga tataramon na Mansakan|Mansakan]] (11ng mga tataramon kan [[Rehiyon nin Davao]]) *[[Tataramon na Manide|Manide]]–[[Tataramon na Inagta Alabat|Inagta]] (2ng mga tataramon) Igwang kadugangan apwera sa mga tataramon kan bulod-tribal kan [[Aeta]] na daing kasiguraduhan na kaakibat: [[tataramon na Ata (Aeta) | Ata]], [[Tataramon na Sorsogon Ayta| Sorsogon Ayta]], [[Tataamon na Tayabas Ayta| Tayabas Ayta]], [[Tataramon na Karolanos | Karolanos]] (Amihanan na Binukidnon), [[Tataramon na Magahat | Magahat]] (Habagatan na Binukidnon), [[Tataramon na Sulod|Sulod]], asin [[Mga tataramon na Umiray Dumaget|Umiray Dumaget]]. Sa katotoohan, pigbibilog an kadaklan sa mga tataramon na Katahawan na Filipino nin sarong [[dialect continuum]] asin dai pwedeng matukdo nin suway bilang suway na tataramon. Nailista ni Blust (2009) na an medyo hababang pagkakalainlain na madudugangan sa mga tataramon na Bisaya nin huli ta sa dai pa nahahaloy na pagpapalawig kan populasyon.<ref name= "Blust09">Blust, Robert A. ''The Austronesian Languages''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 2009. {{ISBN|0-85883-602-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-85883-602-0}}.</ref> ===Gallman (1997)=== Ipinagklasipikar ni Andrew Gallman (1997)<ref>Gallman, Andrew Franklin. 1997. ''Proto East Mindanao and its internal relationships''. Philippine Journal of Linguistics, Special monograph issue, no. 44. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.</ref> an mga tataramon na Katahawan na Filipino bilang mga minasunod: *''Tagalog'' *''Bikol'' *Habagatan na Katahawan na Filipino (Bisaya) **Sulnopan na Bisaya **Banton **Katahawan na Bisaya **Sinugbuanon **Subangan nin Mindanao ***Amihanan na Subangan nin Mindanao ****''Sinugbuanon'' ****''[[Tataramon na Mamanwa|Mamanwa]]'' ****''[[Tataramon na Surigaonon|Surigaonon]]'' ****''[[Tataramon na Butuanon|Butuanon]]-[[Tataramon na Tausug|Tausug]]'' ***Katahawan na Subangan nin Mindanao ****''[[Tataramon na Kamayo|Kamayo]]'' ****''[[Tataramon na Dabawenyo|Dabawenyo]] (Banganga)'' ****''[[Tataramon na Dabawenyo|Dabawenyo]] ([[Digos]])'' ***Habagatan na Subangan nin Mindanao ****''[[Tataramon na Mandaya|Mandaya]] (Kabasagan)'' ****''[[Tataramon na Mandaya|Mandaya]] ([[Caraga]])'' ****''[[Tataramon na Mansaka|Mansaka]], [[Tataramon na Mandaya|Mandaya]] ([[Maragusan]]), [[Tataramon na Mandaya|Mandaya]] (Boso)'' *****(Sanga) ******''[[Tataramon na Mandaya|Mandaya]] (Islam)'' ******''[[Tataramon na Kalagan|Kalagan]] ([[Kaagan]]), [[Tataramon na Kalagan|Kalagan]] (Tagakaulu)'' ===Mas Dakulang Katahawan na Filipino (Blust)=== Ipinagsaysay ni Blust (1991)<ref>{{cite journal | author=Blust, Robert | title=The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanic-linguistics_winter-1991_30_2/page/73 | journal=Oceanic Linguistics | year=1991 | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=73–129 | ref=harvcol | doi=10.2307/3623084| jstor=3623084 }}</ref> na an Katahawan na asin Habagatan na na Filipinas, igwang hababang lingguwistiko na pagkakalainlain. Ipinagbase sa eksklusibong pagheras nin leksikong mga inobasyon, pinaggibo niya an pan-irarom na pugro na '''mas dakulang Katahawan na Filipino''' na naglaag sa sanga nin Katahawan na Filipino kaiba an [[mga tataramon na Habagatan na Mangyan|Habagatan na Mangyan]], [[Mga tataramon na Palawan|Palawan]], [[Mga tataramon na Danao|Danao]], [[mga tataramon na Manobo|Manobo]], [[tataramon na Subanon|Subanon]] asin [[mga tataramon na Gorontalo–Mongondow]], na madudugangan sa Amihanan na [[Sulawesi]]. (Hilingon man [[mga tataramon na Filipino]].) ==Toltolan== {{Reflist}} {{tataramon-saringsing}} {{Mga tataramon na Filipino}} {{mga tataramon na Borneo-Filipino}} {{Mga tataramon kan Filipinas}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mga tataramon na Katahawan na Filipino}} [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na Katahawan na Filipino| ]] avku9qlffmi1wrmoi0z49ztggl99kf3 0 16601 309735 301137 2026-08-23T22:57:22Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language family |name=Mas Dakulang Sentral Filipino |region=[[Filipinas]]<br>Norteng [[Sulawesi]], Indonesya |familycolor=Austronesyo |fam2=[[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]] |fam3=[[Mga tataramon na Filipino|Filipino]] |child1=[[Mga tataramon na Sentral Filipino|Sentral Filipino]] |child2=[[Mga tataramon na Sur na Mindoro|South Mangyan]] |child3=[[Mga tataramon na Palawan|Palawan]] |child4=[[Tataramon na Subanon|Subanen]] |child5=[[Mga tataramon na Danao|Danao]] |child6=[[Mga tataramon na Manobo|Manobo]] |child7=[[Mga tataramon na Gorontalo–Mongondow|Gorontalo–Mongondow]] |glotto=grea1284 |glottorefname=Greater Central Philippine }} An '''mga tataramon na Mas Dakulang Sentral Filipino''' (Ingles: ''Greater Central Philippine languages'') sarong pigpanukalang subgroup kan pamilya nin tataramon na [[Mga tataramon na Austronesyo|Austronesian]] . An mga ini pigtataram sa katahawan dangan kasurang parte kan [[Filipinas]], asin sa Norteng [[Sulawesi]].<ref name="Blust1991"> {{cite journal | author=Blust, Robert | title=The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanic-linguistics_winter-1991_30_2/page/73 | journal=Oceanic Linguistics | year=1991 | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=73–129 | ref=apa | doi=10.2307/3623084 | jstor=3623084 }}</ref> An subgrupong ini pigpanukala ni [[Robert Blust]] (1991) na pigbase sa leksikal asin ponologikal na ebidensya,<ref name="Blust1991" /> asin pigtanggap kan kadaklan sa mga espesyalista sa larangan.<ref>Lobel, Jason William. (2013). [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/graduate/Dissertations/JasonLobelFinal.pdf ''Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182924/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/graduate/Dissertations/JasonLobelFinal.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}. Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.</ref><ref>Reid, Lawrence A. (2018). "[https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=7893&file_id=22&file_no=1 Modeling the linguistic situation in the Philippines]." In ''Let's Talk about Trees'', ed. by Ritsuko Kikusawa and Lawrence A. Reid. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. {{doi|10.15021/00009006}}</ref><ref> {{cite journal | last=Smith | first=Alexander D. | title=The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem | journal=Oceanic Linguistics | year=2017 | volume=56 | issue=2 | pages=435–490 | ref=apa | doi=10.1353/ol.2017.0021}}</ref><ref> {{cite journal | last=Himes | first=Robert S. | title=The Relationship of Umiray Dumaget to Other Philippine Languages | journal=Oceanic Linguistics | year=2002 | volume=41 | issue=2 | pages=275–294 | ref=apa | jstor=3623311}}</ref> Kadaklan sa mga mayoridad na mga tataramon kan Filipinas kabali sa sub-grupong Mas Dakulang Sentral Filipino: [[Tataramon na Tagalog|Tagalog]], an [[mga tataramon na Bisaya]] [[Tataramon na Cebuano|Cebuano]], [[Tataramon na Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]], [[Tataramon na Waray-Waray|Waray]]; [[Tataramon na Bikol Sentral|Bikol Sentral]], [[Tataramon na Maranao|Maranao]] asin [[Tataramon na Maguindanao|Maguindanao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/16/show_country/PH/|title=Ethnologue report for Philippines|website=www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> Sa isla kan [[Sulawesi]], Indonesya, an [[tataramon na Gorontalo|Gorontalo]] an pantolong-pinakadakula sa numero nin pigtataram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/16/show_country/IDL/|title=Ethnologue report for Indonesia (Sulawesi)|website=www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> ==Uusipon== Segun ki Blust, an distribusyon ngunyan kan mga tataramon na Mas Dakulang Sentral Filipino iyo an resulta kan paglawak na nangyari mga 500 B.C. dangan na kun saen nagtulod sa paglebel kan lingguwistiko dibersidad sa lugar sa sentral asin kasuran na Filipinas, na winalat an [[tataramon na Ati|Ati]], an [[mga tataramon na Norteng Mindoro|mga tataramon na Norteng Mangyan]], an [[mga tataramon na Kalamian]] asin an [[mga tataramon na Sur na Mindanao]] bilan mga nawalat kan amay na dibersidad na ini.<ref name="Blust1991" /> ==Klasipikasyon== Igwa an sub-grupong Mas Dakulang Sentral Filipino nin mga minasunod na mga mikrogrupo:<ref name="Blust1991" /> *[[Mga tataramon na Sentral Filipino]] (kaiba an [[Tataramon na Tagalog|Tagalog]], [[Mga tataramon na Bikol]], asin an [[mga tataramon na Bisaya]]) *[[Mga tataramon na Sur na Mindoro|Mga tataramon na Sur na Mangyan]] *[[Mga tataramon na Palawan]] *[[Tataramon na Subanon|mga tataramon na Subanen]] *[[Mga tataramon na Danao]] (kaiba an [[Tataramon na Maranao|Maranao]] asin [[tataramon na Maguindanao|Magindanao]]) *[[Mga tataramon na Manobo]] *[[Mga tataramon na Gorontalo–Mongondow]] (kaiba an [[Tataramon na Gorontalo|Gorontalo]]) ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{tataramon-saringsing}} {{Mga tataramon na Filipino}} [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na Filipino]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Filipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Indonesya]] 06frsfk48cn7m4aua81z1f8bfh1v689 0 16730 309536 260300 2026-08-23T19:50:38Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309536 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Tataramon na Proto-Filipino''' saróng reconstructed ancestral na tataramong proto kan [[mga tataramon na Filipino]], saróng pighain na subgrupo kan [[mga tataramon na Austronesyo]] na kun saen kaiba gabos an mga tataramon sa Filipinas (apwera lang sa [[mga tataramon na Sama–Bajaw]]) na iyo man na mga tataramon sa norteng parte kan [[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesya]].<ref name=llamzon1975>Llamzon, Teodoro A. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1975_num_9_1_1214 "Proto-Philippine Phonology."] In: ''Archipel'', volume 9, 1975. pp. 29-42.</ref><ref name=charles1974>{{cite journal|jstor=3622751|title=Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the Subgrouping of the Philippine Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanic-linguistics_summer-winter-1974_13_1-2/page/457|first=Mathew|last=Charles|date=1974|publisher=|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=13|issue=1/2|pages=457–509|doi=10.2307/3622751}}</ref><ref name=zorc1986>Zorc, R.D. (1986). "The genetic relationships of Philippine languages." In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. editors, ''FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics''. C-94:147-173. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986.</ref><ref name=blust1991>{{cite journal | author=Blust, Robert | title=The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis | journal=Oceanic Linguistics | year=1991 | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=73–129 | ref=apa | doi=10.2307/3623084| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623084 }}</ref> ==Halimbawá kan mga taramon== Igwang mga pirang katagâ o taramon gikan sa Proto-Filipino: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Proto-Filipino!![[Tataramon na Tagalog|Tagalog]]!![[Tataramon na Ilokano|Ilokano]]!! |- |{{IPA|*ásu}} || ''áso'' ||''aso''||ayam |- |{{IPA|*baláy}} || ''báhay'' ||''balay''||harong |- |{{IPA|*bábuy}} ||''báboy'' ||''baboy''||orig |- |{{IPA|*baqRu}} ||''bágo'' ||''baro''||bágo |- |{{IPA|*bái}} ||''babáe'' ||''babai''||babaye |- |{{IPA|*dəkət}} ||''dikít'' ||''dekket''||dukot |- |{{IPA|*dáRaq<br>*duRúq}} ||<br>''dugô'' ||''dara''<br> &nbsp;||dugo |- |{{IPA|*hajək}} ||''halík'' ||''agek''||hadok/haduk |- |{{IPA|*ŋájan}} ||''pangálan'' ||''nagan''||pangaran/ngaran |- |{{IPA|*danúm}}<br>{{IPA|*túbiR}}||<br>''túbig'' ||''danom''<br>&nbsp;||tubig |- |{{IPA|*laŋúy}}||''langóy'' ||''langoy''||langóy |- |{{IPA|*táu}}||''táo'' ||''tao''||tawo |- |} ==Hilingon man== *[[Mga tataramon na Austronesyo]] *[[Mga tataramon na Filipino]] *[[Tataramon na Austronesyo]] ==Mga Toltolan== {{Reflist}} ==Mababasa pa lalo== *Paz, Consuelo J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AR1CAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345&lpg=PA345&dq=proto-filipino&source=bl&ots=l4P-054Fys&sig=3PyZsboAXdve8vRyrb9RFGeoWmE&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwiWrNG2oJzKAhUMKyYKHf35AVcQ6AEISjAI#v=onepage&q=proto-filipino&f=false The Application of the Comparative Method to Philippine Languages] *Liao, Hsiu-chuan. [http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2011_1_08_4619.pdf On the Development of Comitative Verbs in Philippine Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607181241/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2011_1_08_4619.pdf |date=2021-06-07 }}, Language and Linguistics, 2011. {{Mga tataramon kan Filipinas}} {{Mga historiya nin tataramon}} {{Austronesian-lang-stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga tataramong proto]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Filipinas]] hc5fac7uwifqqbs4hh9c0h2l9srux46 0 17800 309566 279515 2026-08-23T20:12:05Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309566 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Pararaton''', bistado man sa '''Libro kan mga Hade''', saróng Kronikulong Habanes<ref name=indianized>{{Cite book | last = Cœdès | first = George | authorlink = Georges Coedès | title = The Indianized states of Southeast Asia | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1968 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC | isbn =9780824803681 }}</ref>An {{rp|187}} sa [[tataramon na Kawi]]. An pankomparatibong halipot na teksto kan mga pahina na 32 folio-sukol (1126 na linya) na naglalaog nin historiya kan mga hade kan [[Singhasari]] asin [[Majapahit]] sa subangan na [[Haba (isla)|Haba]]. Nagbutwa an Pararaton sa saróng pormal na inkarnasyon kan kagtugdas kan Kahadean nin [[Singhasari]] (1222–1292), [[Ken Arok]] (o Ken Angrok).<ref name="Johns1964">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2050416 | jstor = 2050416 | title = The Role of Structural Organisation and Myth in Javanese Historiography | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1964-11_24_1/page/91 | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 24 | pages = 91 | year = 1964 | last1 = Johns | first1 = A. H. }}</ref> Haros kabangâ kan manuskrito iyo an trabaho ni Ken Arok bago pa an saiyang aksesiyon sa trono kan 1222. Malinaw sa parteng ini na [[mitikal]] sa katawuhan. Pigsusunod pa nanggad an mas halipot na ''narrative fragments'' sa kronolohikal na pagkakasunod-sunod. Naka petsa kadaklan sa mga pangyayaring natala digdi. Paduman sa katapusan an pidaso kan historiya nagin asin mas halipot dngan pighaluan nin inpormasyones na [[henealohiya|henealohikal]] na manongod sa mga miembro kan royal na pamilya kan [[Majapahit]]. An edisyon kan teksto na pigpublikar ni J.L.A. Brandes pigpakinis sa alternatibong titulo: ''Serat Pararaton atawa Katuturanira Ken Angrok'' ("An libro kan mga Hade, o an Tala ki Ken Angrok", alagad pigtataó lang kan orihinal na manuskrito lang an madalion na titulo: "Pararaton". Poon pa na an [[Colophon (papublikaran)|colophon]] sa mga [[manuskrito]] igwang laog na 1522 Saka (1600 CE), an huring parte kan teksto kaipuhan na nasurat na natatangâ sa 1481 dangan sa 1600 CE. ==Mga tala== {{notelist | group=lower-roman}} == Mga toltolan == {{reflist|2}} ==Urog pang mababasa== * {{Citation | title = Pararaton (Ken Arok) of het boek der Koningen van tumapel en van Majapahit / uitg. en toegelicht door J. Brandes | last = Brandes | first = Jan Laurens Andries | authorlink= :nl:Jan Laurens Andries Brandes | year = 1896 | publisher= Albrecht & Rusche / M. Nijhoff | language = Dutch, Javanese }} * [[Hans Ras|J.J. Ras]] (1986), ''[[Hikayat Banjar]] and Pararaton. A structural comparison of two chronicles''. In: C.M.S. Hellwig and S.O. Robson (eds.), A man of Indonesian letters (Dordrecht, Cinnaminson: Foris VKI 121, pp.&nbsp;184–203), {{ISBN|90-6765-206-7}} * Wayan Jarrah Sastrawan (2020) [https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2020.1701325 "How to read a chronicle: the ''Pararaton'' as a conglomerate text"], ''Indonesia and the Malay World'', '''48''', pp.&nbsp;1–22. {{Stub}} 928xiiebci7ojmgwphsoe0zzmkegrzs 0 18417 309734 270805 2026-08-23T22:56:26Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Justicia adhatoda 1.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = |unranked_classis = |unranked_ordo = |ordo = [[Lamiales]] |familia = [[Acanthaceae]] |genus = ''[[Justicia (genus)|Justicia]]'' |species = '''''J. adhatoda''''' |binomial = ''Justicia adhatoda'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |synonyms = *''Adhatoda vasica'' {{au|[[Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck|Nees]]}} *''Adhatoda zeylanica'' {{au|Medik.}} }} An '''''Justicia adhatoda''''', inaapod sa Ingles na '''Malabar nut''', '''adulsa''', adhatoda, vasa, o vasaka,<ref name=eol-common>{{ cite web | title = Common Names for Malabar Nut (Justicia adhatoda) | work = Encyclopedia of Life | url = http://eol.org/pages/596715/names/common_names | accessdate=3 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="AslamRais2013">{{cite journal|last1=Aslam|first1=Mohd|last2=Rais|first2=Sumbul|last3=Alam|first3=Masood|last4=Pugazhendi|first4=Arulazhagan|title=Adsorption of Hg(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Adulsa (Justicia adhatoda) Leaves Powder: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-chemistry_2013-01_91_1/page/n7|journal=Journal of Chemistry|volume=2013|year=2013|pages=1–11|issn=2090-9063|doi=10.1155/2013/174807}}</ref> sarong tinanom na medisinal natural na tubo sa [[Asya]], lakop na ginagamit sa [[Medisina Siddha]], [[Ayurvediko]], homeopatiya asin sistema [[Unani]] nin pagbubulong. An mga dahon kan tinanom na ini bulong sa [[hapo]], pampatukal kan sipon sa daghan, pagpaluag kan mga tubong hangosan (bronchi) <ref>[https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1/malabar-nut] www.webmd.com. Kinua 2019-01-24</ref><ref>[https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/malabar-nuts-facts/]www.healthbenefitstimes.com. Kinua 2019-01-23</ref> An mga pisog kaini pwedeng kakanon na dai linuto alagad pwede man sanlagon. Sa Ingles, inaapod man ining ''Adhatoda vasica'', pangaran na naghale sa lumang apod sayantipiko kaini. May mga iba-ibang apod kan tinanom na ini sa manlaenlaen na tataramon.<ref>Dr. K. M. Nadkarni's Indian Materia Medica, Volume 1, Edited by A. K. Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1976, pp. 40.</ref> *[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: pawatta(පාවට්ටා), agaladara (අගලදාර), adathoda (ආඩතෝඩා). *[[Zeme language|Rongmei]]: Thimpui *[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: Adalodakam (ആടലോടകം) *[[Sanskrit language|Sanskrito]]: Sinhapuri, Vasaka (वसाका) *[[Hindi language|Hindi]]: Adosa, Arusha, Rus, Bansa *[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: Adulsa, Bashak, Vasok, বাসক পাতা *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: Aradusī, Adulso, Aduraspee, Bansa (અરડૂસી) *[[Kannada language|Kannada]]: Adusogae,(ಅಡೋಸೊಗ) *[[Marathi language|Marathi]]: Adulsa, Adusa (अडुळसा) *[[Oriya language|Oriya]]: Basanga *[[Persian language|Persian]]: Bansa *[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: Bhekkar *[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: Adathodai *[[Telugu language|Telugu]]: Adamkabu, Adampaka, Addasaram (అడ్డసరం) *[[Nepali language|Nepali]]: Asuro, Kalo vasak (नेपाली) *[[Mizo language|Mizo]]: Kawldai *[[Pashto language|Pashto]]: Baikar *[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]:Basingu ==Mga taytay nin retrato== <gallery> Malabar leaf.jpg|thumb|Dahon nin malabar na tinanom Malabar trunk.jpg|thumb|kahawakan Malabar plant.jpg|thumb|Tinanom na malabar, hubin pa Malabar plant seedling.jpg|thumb|tamboan Malabar nuts.jpg|thumb|Pisog Malabar flower.jpg|thumb|Burak nin malabar </gallery> ==Mga dagdag na basahon== *[http://www.thesiddha.com/adathoda-siddha-medicinal-plants/ Adathoda Uses in Siddha Medicine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327043158/https://www.thesiddha.com/adathoda-siddha-medicinal-plants/ |date=2019-03-27 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080620172354/http://www.amrutaherbals.com/specifications/Vasaka/detail.htm MONOGRAPH BY Dr AJAY PADMAWAR] *[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-medical-uses-of-justicia-adhatoda.htm] *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=220006995 Flora of Nepal: ''Justicia adhatoda''] *{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=0-7234-3410-7 }} Contains a detailed monograph on ''Justicia adhatoda'' syn. ''Adhatoda vasica'' (Vasa; Vasaka), as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20110616193509/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/342-vasaka == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya: Mga tinanom na medisinal]] cqqsq8hg605l3ioq5k4j1v9zl64kv88 0 18590 309798 260208 2026-08-23T23:50:43Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name                           = | official_name                   = Sofia | native_name                     = София | settlement_type                 = [[Syudad]] | image_skyline = {{nowrap|<!-- -->[[File:Sofia skyline.jpg|300px]]<br/><!-- -->{{Css Image Crop|Image =1-Sofia-parliament-square-ifb.JPG |bSize = 300|cWidth = 300|cHeight = 100|oTop = 30 |Location = center}}<!-- -->[[File:Party House by night, Sofia (by Pudelek, cropped by ArionEstar).JPG|150px]]<!-- --><br/><!-- -->}} | image_caption                   = '''enot na raya''': Skyline gikan sa Nasyunal na Palasyo kan Kultura<br/>'''Ikaduwang raya''': National Assembly Square ([[Monument to the Tsar Liberator]], [[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]], [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]])<br/>'''ikatulong raya: [[Largo, Sofia|Largo]]; [[Nasyunal na Palasyo kan Kultura]] | image_flag = BG Sofia flag.svg | image_shield = BG_Sofia_coa.svg | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = | motto                           = ''Minadakula, alagad dae nag-eedad''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=sofia |title=Sofia through centuries|publisher=Sofia Municipality |accessdate=16 October 2009 |deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819151030/https://www.sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=sofia |archivedate=19 August 2009|df=}}</ref><br/><small>(Расте, но не старее)</small> | mapsize = 230px | map_caption                     = Kinamumugtakan kan Sofia sa Bulgaria | pushpin_map                     = Bulgarya | pushpin_relief                 = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|42.70|23.33|region:BG|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint                   = | coordinates_footnotes           = | subdivision_type               = [[List of sovereign states|Nasyon]] | subdivision_name = {{BGR}} | subdivision_type1               = [[Mga probinsiya kan Bulgarya|Probinsiya]] | subdivision_name1               = [[Probinsiyang Syidad nin Sofia|Syudad nin Sofia]] | established_title               = padagos na pig-iistaran | established_date               = puon pa kan 7000 BK<ref name="ghodsee"/> | established_title2             = Neolitikong pag-eerok | established_date2               = 5500–6000 BK<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/12/07/archaeologist-discovers-8000-year-old-nephrite-frog-like-swastika-in-slatina-neolithic-settlement-in-bulgarias-capital-sofia/|title=Archaeologist Discovers 8,000-Year-Old Nephrite ‘Frog-like’ Swastika in Slatina Neolithic Settlement in Bulgaria’s Capital Sofia – Archaeology in Bulgaria|first=Ivan Dikov · in|last=Prehistory|date=|work=archaeologyinbulgaria.com|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-date=2015-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083234/http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/12/07/archaeologist-discovers-8000-year-old-nephrite-frog-like-swastika-in-slatina-neolithic-settlement-in-bulgarias-capital-sofia/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | established_title3             = Pag-eerok nin [[Mga Trasyano|Trasyano]] | established_date3               = 1400 BK<ref name="Marazov, Ivan 1998">Marazov, Ivan (ed.). Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians. NY: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1998. Texts by Marazov, Ivan; Venedikov, Ivan; Fol, Alexander; Tacheva, Margarita. {{ISBN|9780810919921}}.</ref><ref>Popov, Dimitar (ed.). The Thracians, Iztok – Zapad, Sofia, 2011. {{ISBN|9789543218691}}.</ref> | established_title4             = Administrasyong Romano | established_date4               = 46 AD (bilang ''Serdica''){{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=13}} | established_title5             = Pigrakyada kan [[Krum]] | established_date5               = 809 AD (bilang ''Sredets''){{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=13}} | leader_party = [[GERB]] | leader_title                   = [[Lista kan mga alkalde kan Sofia|Alkalde]] | leader_name = [[Yordanka Fandakova]] | area_total_km2 = 492 | area_urban_km2 = 5723 | area_urban_footnotes = <ref name="URBANISED AREAS"/> | area_metro_km2 = 10532 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="European Metropolitan regions area">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826083648/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_d3area&lang=en]</ref> | elevation_m = 500–2290 | elevation_ft = 1640–7510 | population_total = {{increase}} 1,238,438<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Население по градове и пол {{!}} Национален статистически институт |url=http://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2981/население-по-градове-и-пол |website=www.nsi.bg |language=bg}}</ref> | population_as_of = 2017 | population_urban = {{increase}} 1,549,659 <ref name="Urban area populaton - Budapest">{{cite web|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en|title=Eurostat-Sofia urban area population}}</ref> | population_metro = {{decrease}} 1,681,592 <ref name="European Metropolitan regions" /> | population_density_km2 = 2517 | population_density_urban_km2 = 271 | population_density_metro_km2 = 160 | timezone                       = [[Oras kan Kasubangang Europeyano|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type               = Kodigong Postal | postal_code                     = 1000 | area_code = (+359) 02 | blank3_name                     = [[Mga plaka nin awto]] | blank3_info = C, CA, CB | website = https://www.sofia.bg/en/web/sofia-municipality/ | footnotes = }} {{short description|An kapitolyo dangan pinakadakulang syudad kan Bulgarya}} An'''Sofia''' (/ˈsoʊfiə, ˈsɒf-, soʊˈfiːə/ SOH-fee-ə, SOF-, soh-FEE-ə;<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521152532}}</ref> Bulgarian: Со́фия, translit. ''Sofiya'',<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> IPA: [ˈsɔfijə] (listen))an kapitolyo asin pinakadakulang syudad sa  [[Bulgarya|Bulgaria]]. An syudad nasa may paanan kan Bukid Vitosha kan parteng sulnopan kan nasyon. Yaon sa sentro nin Balkan peninsula, ini nasa tahaw kan Dagat na Itom asin Dagat Adriatiko, harani sa Dagat Aegeano.<ref name="tr">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiNjOpwrTBMC&pg=PA315&dq=sofia+the+most+city+in+europe&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwADgKahUKEwiyi4CtpuPGAhXuFtsKHeO2B4E#v=onepage&q=sofia%20the%20most%20city%20in%20europe&f=false|title=Education in Cities|last1=Lauwerys|first1=Joseph|date=1970|publisher=Evan's Brothers|isbn=0-415-39291-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA301&dq=sofia+center+of+the+balkan+peninsula#v=onepage&q=sofia%20center%20of%20the%20balkan%20peninsula&f=false|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|last=Rogers|first=Clifford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780195334036|volume=1|page=301}}</ref> <gallery> StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG| Sof.University~1935.jpg| Narsob3.jpg| NDK-front-view.jpg| NationalAssemblySquare.jpg| </gallery> ==Mga Toltolan== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliograpiya=== *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|NSI|2016}}|url=http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/SOFIA_2015.pdf|title=Sofia in Figures|publisher=National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria|accessdate=26 October 2018|language=Bulgarian, English|date=2016}} ==Mababasa pa lalo== * {{cite journal|last=Gigova|first=Irina|title=The City and the Nation: Sofia’s Trajectory from Glory to Rubble in WWII|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-urban-history_2011-03_37_2/page/155|work=Journal of Urban History|date=March 2011 |volume=37 |issue=2|pages=155–175}}The 110 footnotes provide a guide to the literature on the city * {{cite web|url=http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf |title=Sofia in Figures 2009 |publisher=Regional Statistical Office of Sofia |year=2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011205615/http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf |archivedate=11 October 2011 }} * {{cite web|url=http://www.alphabank.bg/130 |title=Sofia&nbsp;— 130 Years Capital |language=Bulgarian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20110128155857/http://www.alphabank.bg/130/ |archivedate=28 January 2011 }} ==Mga panluwas na takod== {{Sister project links|voy=Sofia}} *{{Official website|https://www.sofia.bg/en/web/sofia-municipality/}} * [http://www.inyourpocket.com/Bulgaria/Sofia/ Online guide to Sofia] * [http://www.sumc.bg/en/ Official Site of Sofia Public Transport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525132226/http://www.sumc.bg/en/ |date=2010-05-25 }} *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Bulgaria/Provinces/Sofia_City}} * [http://www.stara-sofia.com/ Archival images of Sofia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064732/http://www.slideshare.net/fullscreen/johnpaull/sofia-by-night-light-a-photographic-exhibition-by-john-paull Sofia by Night Light: A Photographic Exhibition] * [http://www.ulpiaserdica.com/index_en.html Virtual Guide to Ancient Serdica] * [http://weather-webcam.eu/all-cams-from-sofia-vsicki-online-kameri-ot-sofia-bg-karta More than 25 live webcams from Sofia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712182039/http://www.world-nomad.com/vitosha-peak/ Pictures from Vitosha mountain] {{Stub}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorya:Sofia| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Kategorya:Mga kapitolyo sa Europa]] rimbebv10l1ktbdoajna116r51pthvj 0 18614 309827 278851 2026-08-24T00:14:37Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Chișinău |other_name = {{lang|ru|Кишинёв}} |settlement_type = Syudad |image_skyline = Montaj de imagini Commons a Chișinăului.jpg |image_caption = |image_flag = Flag of Chișinău.svg |image_seal = Flagge-Chisinau-01-10.png |nickname = {{lang|ro|Orașul din piatră albă}}<br/>("An syudad kan puting gapo") |motto = |mapsize = 230px |map_caption = Kinamumugtakan kan Chisinau sa Moldoba |pushpin_map = Moldoba |pushpin_relief = 0 |coordinates = {{coord|47|01|22.3932|N|28|50|07.2060|E|region:MD|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Nasyon]] |subdivision_name = {{MDA}} |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_name2 = |established_title = Enot na nabanggit sa surat |established_date = 1436<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brezianu|first1=Andrei|last2=Spânu|first2=Vlad|year=2010|title=The A to Z of Moldova |page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsF94kyuHs4C&pg=PA81 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9781461672036 |accessdate= 26 December 2013}}</ref> |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |government_type = |leader_title = [[Alkalde kan Chișinău|Alkalde]] |leader_name = [[Ruslan Codreanu]] {{small|(acting)}} |area_footnotes = <ref name="PUG">{{cite press_release | url=http://www.chisinau.md/download.php?file=cHVibGljL3B1YmxpY2F0aW9ucy8xMDA0NTAxX21kX3B1Z19jaGlzaW5hdS5wZGY%3D | title=Planul Urbanistic General al Municipiului Chișinău | publisher=Chișinău City Hall | date= | accessdate=20 January 2013 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091514/http://www.chisinau.md/download.php?file=cHVibGljL3B1YmxpY2F0aW9ucy8xMDA0NTAxX21kX3B1Z19jaGlzaW5hdS5wZGY%3D | dead-url=yes }}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 123 |area_total_sq_mi = 47 |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = 563.3 |area_metro_sq_mi = 217.5 |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 85 |elevation_ft = 279 |population_total = 532,513<!--Do not replace with estimates numbers as these numbers are from the most recent census data--> |population_as_of = 2014 sensus |population_footnotes = <ref name="PopCensus2014">{{cite press_release | url=http://www.statistica.md/newsview.php?l=ro&idc=168&id=5583&parent=0 | title=Principalele rezultate ale RPL 2014| publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova | date=31 March 2017 | accessdate=7 September 2017}}</ref> |population_density_km2 = 4,329 |population_density_sq_mi = |pop_est_as_of = 2017 |population_est = 685,900 |pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistica.md/category.php?l=ro&idc=103&|title=Populaţia şi procesele demografice|accessdate = 3 December 2017|publisher = National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova}}</ref> |population_metro = 820,500 <ref name="statbank.statistica.md">http://statbank.statistica.md/pxweb/pxweb/en/60%20Statistica%20regionala/60%20Statistica%20regionala__02%20POP/POP010300reg.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=2345d98a-890b-4459-bb1f-9b565f99b3b9{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |blank_name = GDP(nominal)<ref>http://www.statistica.md/public/files/publicatii_electronice/Chisinau/Anuar_Chisinau_2013.pdf</ref> |blank_info = 2016 |blank1_name = &nbsp;– Total |blank1_info = $4 bilyon |blank2_name = &nbsp;– Per capita |blank2_info = $5,000 |blank3_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017) |blank3_info = 0.770<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#0c0|high}} |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = MD-20xx |area_code = +373-22 |iso_code = MD-CU |website = [http://www.chisinau.md/ www.chisinau.md] |footnotes = ^a As the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which comprises the city of Chișinău and 34 other suburban localities)<ref name="comune">{{cite press_release | url=http://www.statistica.md/public/files/Recensamint/Recensamint_pop_2014/Rezultate/Tabele/Caracteristici_populatie_Comune_RPL_2014_rom_rus_eng.xls | title=Population by commune, sex and age groups | publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova | date=31 March 2017 | accessdate=7 September 2017}}</ref> |timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +02:00 |timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +03:00 }} [[File:Chisinau, Moldova-satellite photo white balanced, lightened.jpg|thumb|An ta'nawon kan syudad nin Chișinău gikan sa orbito.]] An '''Chișinău''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|ɪ|ʃ|ᵻ|ˈ|n|aʊ}}; {{IPA-ro|kiʃiˈnəw|lang|Ro-Chișinău.ogg}}), an kapitolyo asin pinakadakulang syudad sa Republika nin [[Moldoba|Moldova]]. An syudad sentro nin industriya asin komersyo, ini manunumpungan sa tahaw kan nasyon, sa salog Bâc. Base sa resulta kan 2014 census, an syudad igwang populsyon na 532,513, mientras an populasyon kan Banwaan kan Chișinău (kabali na an syudad mismo asin hararaning komunidad) uminabot sa 662,836. An Chișinău iyo an asensadong syudad sa Moldova asin igwang pinakadakulang transportasyon. ==Mga tala dangan mga toltolan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Mababasa pa lalo== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite journal |last=Hamm |first=Michael F. |date=March 1998 |title=Kishinev: The character and development of a Tsarist Frontier Town |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nationalities-papers_1998-03_26_1/page/19 |journal=[[Nationalities Papers]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.1080/00905999808408548}} {{Refend}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== {{Sister project links|Chișinău|voy=Chișinău}} * {{official website|http://www.chisinau.md}} * [http://hartachisinau.net Map of Chișinău] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610085355/http://hartachisinau.net/ |date=2014-06-10 }} * {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|2276223|Chişinău, Moldova}} {{stub}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chisinau}} [[Kategorya:Chișinău| ]] [[Kategorya:Mga kapitolyo sa Europa]] sskyp7extrpc6w10ctwy6iabpenwy0d 0 18909 309826 290085 2026-08-24T00:13:23Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tawo|name=Rosa Parks|image=|caption=Si Rosa Parks kan 1955, kaiba si [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]|birth_name=Rosa Louise McCauley|birth_date={{birth date|1913|2|4}}|birth_place=[[Tuskegee, Alabama|Tuskegee]], [[Alabama]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|2005|10|24|1913|2|4}}|death_place=[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], U.S.|resting_place=[[Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit, Michigan)|Woodlawn Cemetery]], Detroit, Michigan, U.S.|occupation=Aktibista nin sibil na diretsos|known_for=[[Montgomery bus boycott]]|movement=[[Civil Rights Movement]]|spouse={{marriage|Raymond Parks|1932|19 August 1977|reason=died}}|signature=Rosa Parks Signature.svg}} Si '''Rosa Louise McCauley Parks''' (Pebrero 4, 1913&nbsp;– Oktobre 24, 2005) sarong amerikanang aktibista sa kaparatan kan katawohan na midbid sa pibotal niyang papel sa Montgomery bus boycott. An United States Congress inapod siyang "the first lady of civil rights" asin "the mother of the freedom movement".<ref>{{USPL|106|26}}. Retrieved November 13, 2011. The quoted passages can be seen by clicking through to the text or PDF.</ref> Kan Disyembre 1, 1955, sa Montgomery, [[Alabama]], si Parks pigsayumahan an sarong drayber nin bus na si James F. Blake na sinabihan siyang itao an saiyang tukawan sa "colored section" sa pasaherong "puti" ta napano na an mga tukawan para sainda. Bako lang si Parks an enot na nagsayuma sa pagkakalaen kan mga pasahero sa bus, pero an National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) nagtutubod na siya an pinakamaray na kandidata para labanan an isyu kan "racismo" pakatapos siyang maaresto sa civil disobedience nin paglapas sa Alabama segregation laws. An saiyang kasikatan sa komunidad asin pagtugot na maging kontrobersiyal na tao sa komunidad kan mga itom nagpangyari na suportahan na boykoton an mga bus nin Montgomery sa lampas sarong taon, enot na aksyon sa kampanya sa post-war civil rights movement. An saiyang kaso nabasura sa hukumang estado mientras an pederal Montgomery bus lawsuit ''Browder v. Gayle'' nagtrayumpo kan November 1956.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=The Other Rosa Parks: Now 73, Claudette Colvin Was First to Refuse Giving Up Seat on Montgomery Bus|series=[[Democracy Now!]]|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2013/3/29/the_other_rosa_parks_now_73|accessdate=April 18, 2013|publisher=[[Pacifica Radio]]|network=NPR|last1=González|first1=Juan|last2=Goodman|first2=Amy|date=March 29, 2013|minutes=25}}</ref><ref name="Branch">{{Cite web|title=PARTING THE WATERS: America in the King Years|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1988|first=Taylor|last=Branch|url=http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/branch4.htm|accessdate=February 5, 2013}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Rosaparks_busdiagram.jpg|thumb|Layout kan bus kun saen nakatukaw si Parks, December 1, 1955]] [[Ladawan:Rosa_Parks_(13270402093)_(cropped).jpg|too|thumb|Rosa Parks c.1978]] == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{Refbegin}} * Editorial. 1974. "Two decades later." ''New York Times'' (May 17): 38. ("Within a year of ''[[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown]]'', Rosa Parks, a tired seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama, was, like [[Plessy v. Ferguson|Homer Plessy]] sixty years earlier, arrested for her refusal to move to the back of the bus.") * Barnes, Catherine A. ''Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit'', Columbia University Press, 1983. * Rosa Parks with [[James Haskins]], ''Rosa Parks: My Story'' New York: Scholastic Inc., 1992. {{ISBN|0-590-46538-4}} * Brinkley, Douglas. ''Rosa Parks: A Life'', Penguin Books, October 25, 2005. {{ISBN|0-14-303600-9}} * ''The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks'' by Jeanne Theoharis, Beacon Press, 2015, {{ISBN|9780807076927}} * {{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=Aldon|title=Rosa Parks, Strategic Activist (sidebar)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contexts_summer-2012_11_3/page/25|journal=[[Contexts]]|volume=11|issue=3|page=25|doi=10.1177/1536504212456178|date=Summer 2012|ref=harv}} {{Refend}}{{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ecenwuknf6a8oqobmjgwradnf49hs25 0 18949 309709 309015 2026-08-23T22:31:30Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Catherine II|image=Catherine II by J.B.Lampi (1780s, Kunsthistorisches Museum).jpg|caption=Portrait of Catherine II in her 50s, by [[Johann Baptist von Lampi the Elder]]|image_size=|succession=[[Emperor of Russia|Empress of Russia]]|reign={{nowrap|9 July 1762 – 17 November 1796}}|coronation=22 September 1762|cor-type=[[Coronation of the Russian monarch|Coronation]]|predecessor=[[Peter III of Russia|Peter III]]|successor=[[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]]|spouse={{marriage|[[Peter III of Russia]]|1745|1762|end=d.}}|issue=[[Paul I of Russia]]|issue-link=#Issue|issue-pipe=among others…|full name={{lang-de|Sophie Friederike Auguste}} <br /> {{lang-ru|Yekaterina Alekseyevna Romanova}} {{lang-en|Catherine Alexeievna Romanova}}|house=[[House of Romanov|Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov]] {{small|(by marriage)}}<br />[[House of Ascania|Ascania]] {{small|(by birth)}}|father=[[Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst]]|mother=[[Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp|Princess Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp]]|birth_date={{OldStyleDate|2 May|1729|21 April}}|birth_name=Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst|birth_place=Stettin, [[Pomerania]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]<br>(now [[Szczecin]], [[Poland]])|death_date={{OldStyleDate|17 November|1796|6&nbsp;November}} (aged 67)|death_place=[[Winter Palace]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]|burial_place=[[Peter and Paul Cathedral]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]|signature=Catherine The Great Signature.svg|religion=[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] (1744–1796)<br />prev. [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] (1729–1744)}} Si '''Catherine II''' ([[Ruso|Russian]]: Екатерина Алексеевна ''Yekaterina Alekseyevna''; Mayo 2, [O.S. 21 Abril] 1729 – Nobyembre 17, [O.S. 6 November] 1796), midbid siya sa apod na '''Dakulang Catherine''' ({{Lang|ru|Екатери́на Вели́кая}}, ''Yekaterina Velikaya''), pinangaki na '''Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst''', Imperatris kan [[Rusya|Russia]] puon kan 1762 hanggang 1796, an babaying lider na pinakahalawig na nagsirbe. Nakua niya an kapangyarihan sumunod sa ''coup d'état'' na tig-organiisa niya na nagpangyari na mapatalsik si Peter III. sa irarom kan saiyang pamamahala,, an Russia nabuhayan; ini nagparadakula asin nagkusog, ini man binisto na saro sa makusog na pwersa sa Europa. Alagad siya nang agaw nin trono mientras an saiyang aki na si Paul I an dapat na sar pagkagadan ni Peter III. == Kataytayan nin mga ladawan == <gallery> Ladawan:Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Alexeevna_by_L.Caravaque_(1745,_Gatchina_museum).jpg|Si Catherine kan aki pa pakatapos niya makaabot sa Russia, ni Louis Caravaque Ladawan:5_Kopecks_représentant_l'aigle_bicéphale_et_le_monogramme_de_Catherine_II,_1791.jpg|Dakilang Catherine Ladawan:Скульптура_Екатерины_II_в_"Русском_Музее",_г.Санкт-Петербург_(2).jpg|Marmol na istatwa ni Catherine II sa likod ni Minerva (1789–1790), niFedot Shubin Ladawan:Katharina_II.,_die_Große.jpg|Catherine II sa saiyang Russian national costume Ladawan:Catherine_II_walking_by_V.Borovikovskiy_(1794,_Tretyakov_gallery).jpg|Ladawan ni Catherine kan 179,edad haros 65, na igwang Chesme Column sa likod </gallery> == Mga toltolan == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Catherine the Great|url=https://archive.org/details/catherinegreat0000dixo|last=Dixon|first=Simon|publisher=[[Ecco Press|Ecco]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-078627-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Fisher|first=Alan W.|title=Enlightened Despotism and Islam under Catherine II|journal=Slavic Review|volume=27|issue=4|pages=542–53|year=1968|jstor=2494437|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2494437}} * {{cite book|title=Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917|url=https://archive.org/details/russiapeopleempi00hosk|last=Hosking|first=Geoffrey|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1997|ref=harv|authorlink=Geoffrey Hosking}} * {{cite journal|last=Klier|first=John D.|title=The Ambiguous Legal Status of Russian Jewry in the Reign of Catherine II|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_slavic-review_1976-09_35_3/page/504|journal=Slavic Review|volume=35|issue=3|pages=504–17|year=1976|jstor=2495122|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2495122}} * [[Vasily Klyuchevsky|Kliuchevskii, Vasilii]]. 1997. ''A course in Russian history: the time of Catherine the Great''. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. (Translation of a 19th-century work.) * {{cite book|title=Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom|last=Kolchin|first=Peter|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0-674-92098-9|location=Cambridge|ref=harv|origyear=First published 1987}} * {{cite journal|first=Isabel De|last=Madariaga|title=The Foundation of the Russian Educational System by Catherine II|journal=Slavonic and East European Review|year=1979|pages=369–95|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great|url=https://archive.org/details/russiainageofcat0000mada|last=Madariaga|first=Isabel De|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1981|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Catherine the Great: A Short History|last=Madariaga|first=Isabel De|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-300-05427-9|location=New Haven and London|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman|url=https://archive.org/details/catherinegreatpo00mass_3|last=Massie|first=Robert K.|publisher=Random House|year=2011|isbn=978-0-679-45672-8|location=New York|ref=harv|authorlink=Robert K. Massie}} * {{cite newspaper|last=Max|title=If these walls....Smolny's Repeated Roles in History|newspaper=Russian Life|year=2006|pages=19–24|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Prince of Princes: the life of Potemkin|url=https://archive.org/details/princeofprincesl0000seba|last=Montefiore|first=Simon Sebag|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2001|isbn=978-1-84212-438-3|location=London|ref=harv|authorlink=Simon Sebag Montefiore}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jvr-k8Q5tMC&pg=PT159|title=Catherine the Great and Potemkin: The Imperial Love Affair|last=Montefiore|first=Simon Sebag|date=2010|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-0-297-86623-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySzrq3JwjBEC|title=Poland's Last King and English Culture: Stanisław August Poniatowski, 1732–1798|last=Butterwick|first=Richard|date=1998|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-820701-6|ref=harv|accessdate=29 April 2012}} * Reddaway, W.F. "Documents of Catherine the Great. The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction of 1767 in the English Text of 1768". Cambridge University Press, (England), (1931), Reprint (1971). * {{Cite book|title=Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815|url=https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna00rodg|last=Rodger|first=NAM|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2005|isbn=978-0-393-06050-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Catherine the Great: Love, Sex and Power|url=https://archive.org/details/catherinegreatlo0000roun_j1t3|last=Rounding|first=Virginia|publisher=Hutchinson|year=2006|isbn=978-0-09-179992-2|location=London|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Catherine the Great|url=https://archive.org/details/catherinegreatlo0000roun_j1t3|last=Rounding|first=Virginia|publisher=Hutchinson|year=2006|isbn=978-0-09-179992-2|location=London|ref=harv}} {{refend}} <references responsive=""></references> [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] {{Poon}} i2a18zspdu8vxghh9zbzhbkcwmk7hz4 0 19114 309727 260454 2026-08-23T22:51:00Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer|name=Zora Neale Hurston|image=Hurston-Zora-Neale-LOC.jpg|caption=|birth_date={{birth date|1891|1|7|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[Notasulga, Alabama]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1960|1|28|1891|1|7}}|death_place=[[Fort Pierce, Florida]], U.S.|occupation=Folklorist, anthropologist, ethnographer, novelist, short story writer|period={{circa}} 1925–1950|genre=|spouse={{marriage|Herbert Sheen|1927|1931|end=div}}<br>{{marriage|Albert Price|1939|1943|end=div}}<br>{{marriage|James Howell Pitts|1944|1944|end=div}}|movement=[[The Harlem Renaissance]]|alma_mater={{ubl|[[Howard University]]|[[Barnard College]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}}}|notableworks=''[[Their Eyes Were Watching God]]''|signature=Zora Neale Hurston signature.svg|website={{URL|zoranealehurston.com}}}}'''Si Zora Neale Hurston''' (Enero 7, 1891<ref name="autogenerated17">{{cite book|title=Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston|last=Boyd|first=Valerie|publisher=Scribner|year=2003|isbn=978-0-684-84230-1|location=New York|page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bH_DBVJ1vXYC&pg=PA17 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hurston5">{{cite book|title=Speak, So You Can Speak Again: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston|last=Hurston|first=Lucy Anne|publisher=Doubleday|year=2004|isbn=978-0-385-49375-8|location=New York|page=5}}</ref> – Enero 28, 1960) sarong maimpluwensiyang parasukat kan literatura nin Aprikano-Amerikano asin sarong antropologo, na nag ganap sa mga pagsakit nin rasa kan ika-20 siglo American South, asin nagpublikar nin saligsig sa Haitian voodoo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trefzer|first=Annette|date=2000|title=Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_summer-2000_34_2/page/299|journal=African American Review|volume=34.2|page=299}}</ref> An saiyang sikat sa apat na nobela iyo an ''Their Eyes Were Watching God'', na tigpublikar kan 1937. Nagsurat man siyang 50 halipot an osipon, mga dula asin sanaysay. Si Hurston pinangaki sa Notasulga, Alabama, dangan naglipat sa Eatonville, Florida, kaiba an saiyang pamilya kan 1894. An Eatonville ang naging lugar kan saiyang mga halipot na osipon asin iyo na ni an lugar kan Zora! Festival, na ginigibo kada taon para sa saiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zorafestival.org|title=ZORA! Festival Homepage|language=en |website=zorafestival.org }}</ref> Kan saiyang enot na karera, si Hurston nagsagibo nin anthropolohiko asin etnograpiko na saligisg habang yaon sa Barnard College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/2011/07/12/the-upbringing-and-education-of-zora-neale-hurston/|title=The Upbringing and Education of Zora Neale Hurston|language=English|website=social.rollins.edu|access-date=2019-04-07|archive-date=2017-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043547/http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/2011/07/12/the-upbringing-and-education-of-zora-neale-hurston/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Habang nasa New York, siya naging sentral na pigura nin Harlem Renaissance. An saiyang mga halipot na satiriko, kurit hale sa Aprikano- Amerikano na ekperyensiya asin dibisyon nin lahi, na publikar na mga antolohiya arog kang ''The New Negro'' and ''Fire!!''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Newly-Complicated-Zora/125753|title=The Newly Complicated Zora Neale Hurston|last=Carpio|first=Glenda R.|date=January 2, 2011|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|last2=Sollors|first2=Werner|language=en|issn=0009-5982}}</ref> Pakatapos maglbalik sa Florida, Si Hurston nagpublikar nin literaturang antropolohiya kan Aprikano-Amerikano na alamat sa North Florida, ''Mules and Men'' (1935) asin an saiyang tolong enot na nobela iyo: ''Jonah's Gourd Vine'' (1934); ''Their Eyes Were Watching God'' (1937); asin ''Moses, Man of the Mountain'' (1939). Dangan tigpublikar man kan panahon na iyan an ''Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica'' (1938), na tigdokumento an saiyang saligsig kan mga ritwal sa Jamaica asin Haiti. [[Ladawan:Zora_Neale_Hurston_(1938).jpg|thumb|Zora Neale Hurston, ritrato ni Carl Van Vechten (1938)]] == Piling bibliographiya == * "Journey's End" (''Negro World'', 1922), tula * "Night" (''Negro World'', 1922), tula * "Passion" (''Negro World'', 1922), tula * ''Color Struck'' (''Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life'', 1925), dula * "Sweat" (1926), halipot na osipon * "How It Feels to Be Colored Me" (1928), sanaysay * "Hoodoo in America" (1931) in ''The Journal of American Folklore'' * "The Gilded Six-Bits" (1933), halipot na osipon * ''Jonah's Gourd Vine'' (1934), nobela * ''Mules and Men'' (1935), non-fiction * ''Their Eyes Were Watching God'' (1937), nobela * ''Tell My Horse'' (1938), non-fiction * ''Moses, Man of the Mountain'' (1939), nobela * ''Dust Tracks on a Road'' (1942), talambuhay * ''Seraph on the Suwanee'' (1948), nobela * "What White Publishers Won't Print" (''Negro Digest'', 1950) * ''I Love Myself When I Am Laughing ... and Then Again When I Am Looking Mean and Impressive: A Zora Neale Hurston Reader'' (Alice Walker, ed.) (1979) * ''The Sanctified Church'' (1981) * ''Spunk: Selected Stories'' (1985) * ''Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life'' (play, with Langston Hughes; edited with introductions by George Houston Bass and Henry Louis Gates, Jr.) (1991) * ''The Complete Stories'' (introduction by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Sieglinde Lemke) (1995) * ''Novels & Stories: Jonah's Gourd Vine, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Moses, Man of the Mountain, Seraph on the Suwanee, Selected Stories'' (Cheryl A. Wall, ed.) (Library of America, 1995) {{ISBN|978-0-940450-83-7}} * ''Folklore, Memoirs, & Other Writings: Mules and Men, Tell My Horse, Dust Tracks on a Road, Selected Articles'' (Cheryl A. Wall, ed.) (Library of America, 1995) {{ISBN|978-0-940450-84-4}} * ''Every Tongue Got to Confess: Negro Folk-tales from the Gulf States'' (2001) * ''Zora Neale Hurston: A Life in Letters'', collected and edited by Carla Kaplan (2003) * ''Collected Plays'' (2008) * ''Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"'' (2018) == Mga toltolan == <references /> {{Authority control}} 94q945w16erf693azidsaoboxjeo1ji 0 19141 309664 308799 2026-08-23T21:44:19Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309664 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Si Martina Sofia Helena Bergman-Österberg''' (née '''Bergman'''; Oktobre 7, 1849 – Hulyo 29, 1915)<ref name="Westrin194">Westrin, p. 194</ref> pinangaki na sarong [[Suesya|Swedish]] na maestra sa physical education asin may adobokasiya sa karapatan kan mga kababaihan na makaboto asin ginugol an saiyang pagtrabaho sa Britanya. Pakatapos makapag-adal nin dyimnastiko sa Stockhol, siya naglipat sa London, kun saen niya minukna an enot na kolehiyo para sa mga instruktor kan physical education sa England, na kun saen babayi lamang an saiyang inako. Si Bergman-Österberg an nagpuon kan education bilang asignatura sa kurikulum kan Ingles na eskwelahan, na igwang istilo nin Swedish na dyimnastiko (na kontra sa modelo nin Alemana) sa ubod. Tig adbokasiya niya man an pagsulot nin gymslips kan mga babaying nakakarawat nin isports, asin nagkawat nin pibotal na papel sa enot na pag-usbong kan netball. Siya man an may adbokasiya nin pagpalaya sa mga kababaihan, direktang hinihikayat an mga kababaihan na magbali sa isport asin edukasyon, asin pagdonar nin kwarta sa mga organisasyon sa mga katutubong Swedish sa pagpalaya sa mga kababaihan. An saiyang mga istudyante an nagmukna kan Ling Association, na naging Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom. == Mga Nota asin Toltolan == <references group=""></references> == Bibliyograpiya == {{refbegin}} * {{citation|last=Aldrich|first=Richard|contribution=Teacher training in London|editor1-last=Floud|editor1-first=Roderick|editor2-last=Glynn|editor2-first=Sean|title=London Higher: The Establishment of Higher Education in London|edition=3rd|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=1998|isbn=0-485-11524-7}} * {{cite book|title=Dictionary of British Educationists|last1=Aldrich|first1=Richard|last2=Gordon|first2=Peter|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|isbn=978-0-7130-0177-8|location=}} * {{cite journal|last=Bloomfield|first=Anne|title=Martina Bergman-Osterberg (1849–1915): Creating a Professional Role for Women in Physical Training|journal=History of Education|volume=34|issue=5|pages=517–34|date=September 2005|issn=0046-760X|doi=10.1080/00467600500220762}} * {{cite book|title=Women and sport: Interdisciplinary perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/womensportinterd0000unse|last1=Costa|first1=D. Margaret|last2=Guthrie|first2=Sharon Ruth|publisher=Human Kinetics|year=1994|isbn=0-87322-686-0}} * {{cite journal|last1=Donovan|first1=Mick|last2=Jones|first2=Gareth|last3=Hardman|first3=Ken|title=Physical Education and Sport: Dualism, Partnership and Delivery Provision|journal=Kinesiology|volume=38|issue=1|pages=16–27|year=2006}} * {{cite journal|last=Fehn|first=Inger|title=Madame Bergman-Österberg 1849–1915, en bortglömd pionjär?|journal=Idrott, historia och samhälle: Svenska idrottshistoriska föreningens årsskrift|volume=5|pages=128–33|year=2000|url=http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/kunskap/folkbildning/mbergman.pdf|language=Swedish|access-date=2019-04-08|archivedate=2019-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120152709/http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/kunskap/folkbildning/mbergman.pdf}} * {{cite book|title=Advanced PE for Edexcel|url=https://archive.org/details/advancedpeforede0000unse|last1=Galligan|first1=Frank|last2=Maskery|first2=Colin|last3=Spence|first3=Jon|last4=Howe|first4=David|last5=Barry|first5=Tim|last6=Ruston|first6=Andy|last7=Crawford|first7=Dee|date=24 October 2000|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=0-435-50643-9|location=}} * {{cite book|title=Sport: A Critical Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sportcriticalsoc0000giul|last=Giulianotti|first=Richard|publisher=Polity|year=2005|isbn=0-7456-2545-2}} * {{cite book|title=Dictionary of British Women's Organisations, 1825–1960|last1=Gordon|first1=Peter|last2=Doughan|first2=David|publisher=Woburn Press|year=2002|isbn=0-7130-4045-9|location=London and Portland, OR}} * {{cite book|title=Sporting Females: Critical Issues in the History and Sociology of Women's Sports|url=https://archive.org/details/sportingfemalesc0000harg|last=Hargreaves|first=Jennifer|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1997|isbn=0-415-07027-9|edition=3rd}} * {{citation|last=Hargreaves|first=Jennifer|contribution=The Victorian cult of family and the early years of female sport|editor1-last=Scraton|editor1-first=Sheila|editor2-last=Flintoff|editor2-first=Anne|title=Gender and Sport: A Reader|location=Abingdon and New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-25953-3}} * {{cite journal|last1=Jobling|first1=Ian|last2=Barham|first2=Pamela|title=The Development of Netball and the All-Australia Women's Basketball Association (AAWBBA): 1891–1939|journal=Sporting Traditions, Journal of the Australian Society for Sports History|volume=8|issue=1|date=November 1991|pages=29–48|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingTraditions/1991/st0801/st0801e.pdf|access-date=2019-04-08|archivedate=2019-04-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408152155/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportingTraditions/1991/st0801/st0801e.pdf}} * {{cite book|title=Playing the Game: Sport and the Physical Emancipation of English Women|last=McCrone|first=Kathleen E.|publisher=Routledge|year=1988|isbn=0-415-00358-X|location=London}} * {{cite journal|last=McCrone|first=Kathleen E.|title=Class, Gender, and English Women's Sport, c. 1890–1914|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-sport-history_1991_18_1-3/page/159|journal=Journal of Sport History|volume=18|issue=1|year=1991|pages=159–182}} * {{cite book|title=Freeing the Female Body|last=Smart|first=Richard|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=0-7146-5088-9|editor1-last=Mangan|editor1-first=J. A.|chapter=At the Heart of a New Profession: Margaret Stanfield, a Radical English educationist|editor2-last=Hong|editor2-first=Fan}} * {{cite journal|last=Treagus|first=Mandy|title=Playing Like Ladies: Basketball, Netball and Feminine Restraint|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-the-history-of-sport_2005-01_22_1/page/88|journal=International Journal of the History of Sport|volume=22|issue=1|date=January 2005|pages=88–105|doi=10.1080/0952336052000314593}} * {{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Wendy|title=The woman who made girls jump|publisher=TES Magazine|date=26 April 2002|url=http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=362829}} * {{cite book|title=The Challenge of Change in Physical Education: Chelsea College of Physical Education – Chelsea School, University of Brighton 1898–1998|url=https://archive.org/details/challengeofchang0000webb|last=Webb|first=Ida M.|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=0-7507-0976-6}} * {{cite encyclopedia|editor=Th Westrin|encyclopedia=Nordisk familjebok|title=Österberg|url=http://runeberg.org/nfcn/0119.html|accessdate=2009-02-10|edition=2nd|year=1922|publisher=Nordic Family Book|volume=34|location=Stockholm|language=Swedish}} * {{cite journal|last=Wicksell|first=Anna|title=En bortgången märkeskvinna: Martina Bergman-Österberg|journal=Rösträtt för Kvinnor|publisher=Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt|language=Swedish|url=http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/04/1915/15/rfkv1915_15_01_06.pdf|date=15 August 1915|volume=4|issue=15–16|page=2|access-date=8 April 2019|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172543/http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/04/1915/15/rfkv1915_15_01_06.pdf}} {{refend}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9dkiz4wj37n16wr9hjn76jueqktk2nh 0 19541 309562 308595 2026-08-23T20:09:46Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = File:Zheng He.jpg | caption = Estatuwa sa modernong monumento ki Zheng He sa [[Stadthuys|Stadthuys Museum]] sa [[Siyudad kan Malacca]], [[Malaysia]] | birth_date = 1371{{sfn|Dreyer|2007|p= 11}} | birth_place = [[Kunyang Subdistrict|Kunyang]], [[Kunming]], [[Yunnan]], [[China]]{{sfn|Dreyer|2007|p= 11}} | death_date = 1433 o 1435 | death_place = | resting_place = | other_names = Ma He<br /> Sanbao, Cheng Ho | occupation = Almirante, diplomata, [[List of explorers|eksplorador]], asin tibos sa palasyo | era = [[Dinastiya Ming]] | religion = }} {{Infobox Chinese |title='''Zheng He''' |pic = Zheng He (Chinese characters).svg |piccap = "Zheng He" in traditional (top) and simplified (bottom) Chinese characters |picupright = 0.425 |s = 郑和 |t = 鄭和 |p = Zhèng Hé |mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|eng|4|-|h|e|2}} |myr = Jèng Hé |w = Cheng⁴ Ho² |suz = Zên Ghóu |j = Zeng6 Wo4 |y = Jehng Wòh |ci = {{IPAc-yue|z|eng|6|-|w|o|4}} |poj = Tēⁿ Hô |tl = Tēnn Hô }} Si '''Zheng He''' o Cheng Ho <ref>A Vanished Empire. Kapitolo IX., p. 233.[Bergreen, Laurence, Over the Edge of the World (Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe) p. 233. HarperCollins Publishers. 2004.ISBN 0-06-621173-5.]</ref> (Tsino, 鄭和}; 1371 – 1433 o 1435) sarong Tsinong marinero, eksplorador, dipomata, almirante, asin tibosan (eunuch) sa korte durante kan panahon na Dinastiya Ming nin [[Tsina]]. Dati dara an pangaran na Ma He na gikan sa pamilyang Muslim, siya tina'wan bagong apelyido na Zheng ni Emperador Yongle.{{sfn|Dreyer|2007|pp=22–23}} Si Zheng namayo sa mga biyaheng pangdagat komersyo sa [[Sur-subangan na Asya]], [[Habagatan Asya]], [[Solnopan Asya]], asin sa [[Subangan Aprika]] poon 1405 sundo 1433 sa laog nin pitong paglalayag sa pagboboot ni Emperador Yongle sa katuyohan na mapahiwas asin mapapusog an paikipagnegosyo sa mga ibang nasyon. An siring na paglalayag inapod na "Treasure Fleet". Sinasabing an enot na paglayag kan 1405 inandam sa kosa kan Salog Yangtze sa Nanking kun saen nagtipon nin 27,800 na tripulante na an ibang sasakyan naglalaba na limang polong gatos na pye, apat an suson, pirang gatos na tripulante an sakay.<ref>A Vanished Empire. Kapitolo IX., p. 235.[Bergreen, Laurence, Over the Edge of the World (Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe). HarperCollins Publishers. 2004.ISBN 0-06-621173-5.]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Worlds Together Worlds Apart|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393276664|last = Pollard|first = Elizabeth|publisher = W.W. Norton & Co.|year = 2015|isbn = 978-0-393-91847-2|location =New York|pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393276664/page/n154 409]}}</ref> alagad, an iba nagsasabi na palabaw man an mga usipon na siring.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wake|first=Christopher|date=2004 |title=The Myth of Zheng He's Great Treasure Ships|url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-maritime-history_2004-06_16_1/page/59|journal=International Journal of Maritime History|volume=16|issue=1|pages=59–76|doi=10.1177/084387140401600105|issn=0843-8714}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Church|first=Sally K.|date=2005|title=Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausability of 450-ft pameasure Ships|journal=Monumenta Serica|volume=53|issue=1|pages=1–43|doi=10.1179/mon.2005.53.1.001|issn=0254-9948}}</ref> ==Kaamayi kan buhay asin pamilya == Si Zheng namundag sa pangaran na Ma He ({{lang|zh|馬和}}) sa [[Islam in China|Muslim]] na pamilya gikan sa [[Kunyang Subdistrict|Kunyang]], [[Kunming]], Yunnan, Tsina. Igwa siyang matuang tugang na lalalki asin apat na babaeng tugang.<ref>Dreyer, Edward L. (2007). Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming, 1405–1433. Library of World Biography. New York: Pearson Longman. p. 11.ISBN 978-0-321-08443-9.</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Zheng He's tomb, Nanjing.jpg|Lulubngan ni Zheng He sa [[Nanjing]] File:Museum in honour of Zheng He in Nanjing.jpeg|Museo sa pag'onra ki Zheng He, Nanjing File:Zheng He Gallery in Malacca.JPG|[[Galeriya ni Admiral Cheng Ho]] sa Malacca File:Admiral Zhenghe.jpg| An tarong iskultor ni Zheng He sa [[Quanzhou Maritime Museum]] </gallery> ==Mga panluwas na takod== * [https://www-labs.iro.umontreal.ca/~vaucher/History/Ships_Discovery/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109005251/https://www-labs.iro.umontreal.ca/~vaucher/History/Ships_Discovery/ |date=2019-11-09 }} Mga biyahe ni Cheng Ho. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya: Mga Tsinong eksplorador kan Dinastiyang Ming]] au14ivmecskwoor87hribvelsfdti7c 0 19991 309604 239205 2026-08-23T20:45:27Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{automatic taxobox |image = Starr_010330-0602_Clusia_rosea.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Clusia rosea]]'' |taxon = Clusiaceae |authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref></small> |type_genus = ''[[Clusia]]'' |synonyms = Guttiferae }} An '''Clusiaceae''' o '''Guttiferae''' <small>Juss. (1789)</small> (''nom. alt. et cons.'' = alternatibong ngaran) kaayon sa [[family (biology)|pamilya]] kan mga [[tinanom]] na igwang 13 genera asin 750 species,.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 }}</ref> An ibang dating miyembro kaini nailaag na sa [[Calophyllaceae]] asin [[Hypericaceae]]. Kadaklan kaini mga [[kahoy]] asin mga [[palumpong]],<ref name="Gustafsson">{{citation | doi = 10.1086/342521 | title = Phylogeny of Clusiaceae Based on ''rbc''L sequences | year = 2002 | author = Gustafsson, Mats H. G. | journal = International Journal of Plant Sciences | volume = 163 | issue = 6 | pages = 1045–1054 | jstor = 3080291 }}</ref> na igwang mala-gatas na mga [[katas]] asin mga [[prutas]] o [[capsule (fruit)|mala-kapsulang]] mga [[tulang]]. An pamilyang ini, tropikal.<ref name="Gustafsson"/> Ayon sa [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG III]], an pamilyang ini naaayonn sa order na [[Malpighiales]]. Saro sa mga katangian na mahihiling sa pamilya kaini, asin bihira sa iba (arog kan [[Malpighiaceae]]), iyo an pagkakaigwa nin [[pollinator]] na nagtatao nin mga [[pollen]] o [[nektar]] sa iba; an ibang espesye kaini nagtatao nin [[resin]] na ginagamit kan mga [[lukot]] sa pagbuo kan saindang harong (gabos ini makukua sa mga espesye kan Clusiaceae).<ref name="Gustafsson"/> ==Klasipikasyon== Sunod sa Ruhfel et al. (2011) <ref>Ruhfel, B. R., V. Bittrich, C. P. Bove, M. H. G. Gustafsson, C. T. Philbrick, R. Rutishauser, Z. Xi, and C. C. Davis. (2011) Phylogeny of the Clusioid Clade (Malpighiales): Evidence from the Plastid and Mitochondrial Genomes. American Journal of Botany 98: 306–25.</ref> :Tribo '''Clusieae''' ::''[[Chrysochlamys]]'' ::''[[Clusia]]'' ::''[[Dystovomita]]'' ::''[[Tovomita]]'' ::''[[Tovomitopsis]]'' :Tribo '''Garcinieae''' ::''[[Garcinia]]'' (kasali an''[[Allanblackia]]'') - [[saptree]], [[manggosten]] :Tribo '''Symphonieae''' ::''[[Lorostemon]]'' ::''[[Montrouziera]]'' ::''[[Moronobea]]'' ::''[[Pentadesma]]'' ::''[[Platonia]]'' ::''[[Symphonia (plant)|Symphonia]]'' ::''[[Thysanostemon]]'' ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya == * {{cite journal |first=Paul |last=van Rijckevorsel |title=(1564) Proposal to Conserve the Name ''Platonia insignis'' against ''Moronobea esculenta'' (Guttiferae) |url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_2002-11_51_4/page/813 |journal=Taxon |volume=51 |issue=4 |date=November 2002 |pages=813–815 |doi=10.2307/1555050|jstor=1555050|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== * Hilingon an [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/guttifer.htm Guttiferae] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/ * Garcinia Rat Studies [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027869150400331X] * Hilingon an [http://www.ib.unicamp.br/profs/volker/chaves/Guttiferae/generos-de-Guttiferae.htm Key to Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) genera from Brazil (in Portuguese)] [[Kategorya:Clusiaceae| ]] [[Kategorya:Malpighiales families]] 0j7xyitvuftw0hrn08u6ct8cfmwtktn 0 20002 309820 308429 2026-08-24T00:09:34Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox |name = Pamilya kan Minte |image = Lamium purpureum jamestown1.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Lamium purpureum]]'' [[L.]] |taxon = Lamiaceae |authority = [[Ivan Ivanovich Martynov|Martinov]]<ref name=MOBOT>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P. F. |title=Lamiales (Lamiaceae Family) |publisher=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiaceae |issue= Version 12 |date=July 2012 |accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2017-05-25 |format=PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |archivedate=2017-05-25 |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract }}</ref> |type_genus = ''[[Lamium]]'' |type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |subdivision_ranks = [[Genera]] |subdivision = See text }} [[File:Lamium purpureum Closeup.jpg|thumb|''[[Lamium purpureum]]'']] [[File:Melissa officinalis01.jpg|thumb|''Melissa officinalis'']] An '''Lamiaceae''' o '''Labiatae''' , an [[family (biology)|pamilya]] kan mga tanom na [[nagbuburak]] na mas bisto sa ngaran na '''mint''' o '''deadnettle''' o '''sage''' na pamilya. Kadaklan kan mga tanom igdi [[aromatic]] an gabos na parte asin kaayon sa mga pagluto na [[herb]], arog kan [[basil (herb)|basil]], [[Mentha|mint]], [[rosemary]], [[Salvia officinalis|sage]], [[savory (herb)|savory]], [[marjoram]], [[oregano]], [[Hyssopus officinalis|hyssop]], [[thyme]], [[lavender]], asin [[perilla]]. Ang ibang espesya ka ini mga [[palumpong]], [[kahoy]] (arog kan [[teak]]), o, paminsan mga [[vine]]. Kadaklan kan miyembro sa pamilyang ini kinukultivar bako sana para sa mag aroma kaini, kundi dahil man sa madali an pagpadakul ka ini gamit an pagputol sana kan mga sanga.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} An iba na an mga dahon pwedeng kakanon, nagigi man dagos pandekorasyon, arog kan ''[[Coleus]]''. Igwa man iba na pinapadakul para sa mga pisog kaini, arog kan ''[[Salvia hispanica]]'' (chia), para sa tubo, arog kan ''[[Plectranthus edulis]]'', ''[[Plectranthus esculentus]]'', ''[[Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'', asin''[[Stachys affinis]]'' o (Chinese artichoke). An pamilya igwa nin [[cosmopolitan distribution]].<ref name="heywood2007">{{cite book |first1=Vernon H. |last1=Heywood |first2=Richard K. |last2=Brummitt |first3=Ole |last3=Seberg |first4=Alastair |last4=Culham |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/floweringplantfa0000unse |publisher=Firefly Books| location=Ontario, Canada |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4|year=2007 }}</ref> An pinadakulang Lamiaceae igwa nin halos 236 na [[genera]]<ref name="harley2004"/> na igwa nin poon 6,900<ref name="heywood2007"/> hanggang 7,200<ref name="harley2004"/> na mga [[species|espesye]], pero an '''World Checklist''' nakalista nin 7,534.<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/incfamilies.do World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> An mga darakulang genera iyo an ''Salvia'' (900), ''Scutellaria'' (360), ''Stachys'' (300), ''Plectranthus'' (300), ''Hyptis'' (280), ''Teucrium'' (250), ''Vitex'' (250), ''Thymus'' (220), asin ''Nepeta'' (200).<ref name="harley2004"/> An ''Clerodendrum'' dating genus na igwang 400 espesye,<ref name="harley2004"/> pero kan 2010, ini pinalipot sana sa 150.<ref name="yuan2010">{{cite journal |first1=Yao-Wu |last1=Yuan |first2=David J. |last2=Mabberley |first3=Dorothy A. |last3=Steane |first4=Richard G. |last4=Olmstead |year=2010 |title=Further disintegration and redefinition of ''Clerodendrum'' (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy |url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_2010-02_59_1/page/125 |journal=Taxon |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=125–133|doi=10.1002/tax.591013 }}</ref> An pamilya tradisyonal na harani sa [[Verbenaceae]];<ref name="harley2004">Raymond M. Harley, Sandy Atkins, Andrey L. Budantsev, Philip D. Cantino, Barry J. Conn, Renée J. Grayer, Madeline M. Harley, Rogier P.J. de Kok, Tatyana V. Krestovskaja, Ramón Morales, Alan J. Paton, asin P. Olof Ryding. 2004. "Labiatae" pages 167-275. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) asin Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-40593-1}}</ref> kan 1990, an [[phylogenetic]] [[Research|na mga pagadal]] nagsuhestiyon na an [[genera]] [[Biological classification|klasipikasyon]] kaini sa Verbenaceae dapat ilaog sa Lamiaceae <ref name=Cantino>Cantino, P.D., Harley, R.M. & Wagstaff, S.J. 1992. Genera of Labiatae: status and classification. Pp. 511-522. In: Raymond M. Harley and Tom Reynolds (editors). ''Advances in Labiate Science.'' Richmond, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref name="wagstaff1998">{{cite journal |first1=Steven J. |last1=Wagstaff |first2=Laura |last2=Hickerson |first3=Russ |last3=Spangler |first4=Patrick A. |last4=Reeves |first5=Richard G. |last5=Olmstead |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny in Labiatae s.l., inferred from cpDNA sequences |url=https://archive.org/details/plant-systematics-and-evolution_1998_209_3-4/page/265 |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=209 |issue=3–4 |pages=265–274 |doi=10.1007/bf00985232}}</ref> o sa ibang pamilya sa [[Order (biology)|order]] kan [[Lamiales]].<ref name=MOBOT /> ==Mga Genera== [[File:Leucas aspera at Gandipet, Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9054.jpg|thumb|''[[Leucas aspera]]'' sa [[Hyderabad, India]]]] [[File:Orthosiphon pallidus (Jyoti) in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8284.jpg|thumb|''[[Orthosiphon thymiflorus]]'' na burak]] [[File:Origanum vulgare - harilik pune.jpg|thumb|[[Oregano]]]] An huring rebisyon kan buong pamilya kaini ipinublikar kan 2004.<ref name="harley2004"/> Ini nagpaliwanag asin nagtao nin mga[[Identification key|key]] sa 236 genera. Ini minarkahan nin asterisk (*) sa listahan sa iabab. Magkakapirang genera man an nabuo asin binuhay ulit poon 2004. Ini minarkahan nin plus sign (+). An mga natatadang mga genera sa listahan para sa mga historikal na interes sana o gikan sa listahan kan mga genera na mayong kapaliwanagan.<ref name="grin">"List of genera in Lamiaceae". In: "Lamiaceae". In: "List of families". In: "Families and genera in GRIN. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> An [[Kew Gardens]] nagtatao nin mga listahan kan genera na igwa nin mga dagdag na impormasyon.<ref name="kewlamiaceaelist">List of Genera in Lamiaceae. At: Vascular Plant Families and Genera. At: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. At: Electronic Plant Information Center. At: Website of ''Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew''. (see ''External Links'' below).</ref> Igwa man listahan sa [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] na pirming dinudugangan.<ref>[http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/lamiaceaegen.html APG list of Lamiaceae genera]</ref> {{Columns-list|colwidth=15em| * *''[[Acanthomintha]]'' * *''[[Achyrospermum]]'' * ''[[Acinos]]'' * ''[[Acrocephalus (plant)|Acrocephalus]]'' * *''[[Acrotome]]'' * *''[[Acrymia]]'' * ''[[Adelosa]]'' * *''[[Aegiphila]]'' * *''[[Aeollanthus]]'' * *''[[Agastache]]'' * *''[[Ajuga]]'' * *''[[Ajugoides]]'' * *''[[Alajja]]'' * *''[[Alvesia]]'' * *''[[Amasonia]]'' * *''[[Amethystea]]'' * *''[[Anisochilus]]'' * *''[[Anisomeles]]'' * *''[[Asterohyptis]]'' * *''[[Ballota]]'' * *''[[Basilicum]]'' * ''[[Becium]]'' * *''[[Benguellia]]'' * *''[[Blephilia]]'' * *''[[Bostrychanthera]]'' * ''[[Bovonia]]'' * *''[[Brachysola]]'' * *''[[Brazoria (plant)|Brazoria]]'' * *''[[Bystropogon]]'' * ''[[Calamintha]]'' * *''[[Callicarpa]]'' * *''[[Capitanopsis]]'' * ''[[Capitanya]]'' * *''[[Caryopteris]]'' * *''[[Catoferia]]'' * *''[[Cedronella]]'' * ''[[Ceratanthus]]'' * *''[[Chaiturus]]'' * *''[[Chamaesphacos]]'' * *''[[Chaunostoma]]'' * *''[[Chelonopsis]]'' * *''[[Chloanthes]]'' * *''[[Cleonia]]'' * *''[[Clerodendrum]]'' * *''[[Clinopodium]]'' * *''[[Colebrookea]]'' * *''[[Collinsonia]]'' * *''[[Colquhounia]]'' * *''[[Comanthosphace]]'' * *''[[Congea]]'' * *''[[Conradina]]'' * ''[[Coridothymus]]'' * *''[[Cornutia]]'' * *''[[Craniotome (plant)|Craniotome]]'' * *''[[Cryphia (plant)|Cryphia]]'' * *''[[Cuminia]]'' * *''[[Cunila]]'' * *''[[Cyanostegia]]'' * *''[[Cyclotrichium]]'' * *''[[Cymaria]]'' * *''[[Dauphinea]]'' * *''[[Dicerandra]]'' * *''[[Dicrastylis]]'' * ''[[Discretitheca]]'' * ''[[Dorystoechas]]'' * *''[[Dracocephalum]]'' * *''[[Drepanocaryum]]'' * *''[[Elsholtzia]]'' * *''[[Endostemon]]'' * ''[[Englerastrum]]'' * *''[[Eremostachys]]'' * *''[[Eriope]]'' * *''[[Eriophyton]]'' * ''[[Eriopidion]]'' * *''[[Eriothymus]]'' * ''[[Erythrochlamys]]'' * ''[[Euhesperida]]'' * *''[[Eurysolen]]'' * *''[[Faradaya]]'' * *''[[Fuerstia]]'' * *''[[Galeopsis]]'' * *''[[Garrettia]]'' * ''[[Geniosporum]]'' * *''[[Glechoma]]'' * *''[[Glechon]]'' * *''[[Glossocarya]]'' * *''[[Gmelina]]'' * *''[[Gomphostemma]]'' * *''[[Gontscharovia]]'' * *''[[Hanceola]]'' * *''[[Haplostachys]]'' * *''[[Haumaniastrum]]'' * *''[[Hedeoma]]'' * *''[[Hemiandra]]'' * *''[[Hemigenia]]'' * *''[[Hemiphora]]'' * *''[[Hemizygia]]'' * *''[[Hesperozygis]]'' * *''[[Heterolamium]]'' * *''[[Hoehnea]]'' * *''[[Holmskioldia]]'' * *''[[Holocheila]]'' * ''[[Holostylon]]'' * *''[[Horminum]]'' * *''[[Hosea (plant)|Hosea]]'' * *''[[Hoslundia]]'' * *''[[Huxleya]]'' * *''[[Hymenocrater]]'' * *''[[Hymenopyramis]]'' * *''[[Hypenia]]'' * *''[[Hypogomphia]]'' * *''[[Hyptidendron]]'' * *''[[Hyptis]]'' * *''[[Hyssopus (plant)|Hyssopus]]'' * ''[[Isodictyophorus]]'' * *''[[Isodon]]'' * *''[[Isoleucas]]'' * +''[[Kalaharia (plant)|Kalaharia]]'' * *''[[Karomia]]'' * ''[[Keiskea]]'' * ''[[Killickia]]'' * ''[[Kudrjaschevia]]'' * *''[[Kurzamra]]'' * *''[[Lachnostachys]]'' * *''[[Lagochilus]]'' * *''[[Lagopsis (plant)|Lagopsis]]'' * *''[[Lallemantia]]'' * *''[[Lamiophlomis]]'' * *''[[Lamium]]'' * *''[[lavender|Lavandula]]'' * *''[[Leocus]]'' * *''[[Leonotis]]'' * *''[[Leonurus]]'' * *''[[Lepechinia]]'' * *''[[Leucas]]'' * ''[[Leucophae]]'' * *''[[Leucosceptrum]]'' * ''[[Limniboza]]'' * *''[[Lophanthus]]'' * *''[[Loxocalyx]]'' * *''[[Lycopus]]'' * *''[[Macbridea]]'' * *''[[Madlabium]]'' * *''[[Mallophora]]'' * *''[[Marmoritis]]'' * *''[[Marrubium]]'' * *''[[Marsypianthes]]'' * *''[[Matsumurella]]'' * *''[[Meehania]]'' * *''[[Melissa (plant)|Melissa]]'' * *''[[Melittis]]'' * *''[[Mentha]]'' * *''[[Meriandra]]'' * ''[[Mesona]]'' * *''[[Metastachydium]]'' * *''[[Microcorys]]'' * *''[[Micromeria]]'' * *''[[Microtoena]]'' * *''[[Minthostachys]]'' * *''[[Moluccella]]'' * *''[[Monarda]]'' * *''[[Monardella]]'' * *''[[Monochilus]]'' * *''[[Mosla]]'' * *''[[Neoeplingia]]'' * ''[[Neohyptis]]'' * ''[[Neorapinia]]'' * *''[[Nepeta]]'' * *''[[Newcastelia]]'' * ''[[Nosema (plant)|Nosema]]'' * *''[[Notochaete]]'' * *''[[Obtegomeria]]'' * *''[[Ocimum]]'' * ''[[Octomeron]]'' * *''[[Ombrocharis]]'' * *''[[Oncinocalyx]]'' * *''[[Origanum]]'' * *''[[Orthosiphon]]'' * *''[[Otostegia]]'' * +''[[Ovieda]]'' * *''[[Oxera]]'' * *''[[Panzerina]]'' * *''[[Paralamium]]'' * *''[[Paraphlomis]]'' * *''[[Paravitex]]'' * *''[[Peltodon]]'' * *''[[Pentapleura]]'' * *''[[Perilla]]'' * *''[[Perillula]]'' * *''[[Peronema]]'' * *''[[Perovskia]]'' * ''[[Perrierastrum]]'' * ''[[Petitia]]'' * *''[[Petraeovitex]]'' * *''[[Phlomidoschema]]'' * *''[[Phlomis]]'' * *''[[Phlomoides]]'' * *''[[Phyllostegia]]'' * *''[[Physopsis]]'' * *''[[Physostegia]]'' * *''[[Piloblephis]]'' * ''[[Pitardia]]'' * *''[[Pityrodia]]'' * *''[[Platostoma]]'' * *''[[Plectranthus]]'' * *''[[Pogogyne]]'' * *''[[Pogostemon]]'' * *''[[Poliomintha]]'' * *''[[Prasium]]'' * *''[[Premna]]'' * *''[[Prostanthera]]'' * *''[[Prunella (plant)|Prunella]]'' * *''[[Pseuderemostachys]]'' * *''[[Pseudocarpidium]]'' * *''[[Pseudocaryopteris]]'' * *''[[Pseudomarrubium]]'' * ''[[Puntia]]'' * *''[[Pycnanthemum]]'' * *''[[Pycnostachys]]'' * ''[[Rabdosiella]]'' * *''[[Renschia]]'' * *''[[Rhabdocaulon]]'' * *''[[Rhaphiodon (plant)|Rhaphiodon]]'' * *''[[Rhododon]]'' * *''[[Rosmarinus]]'' * *''[[Rostrinucula]]'' * *''[[Rotheca]]'' * *''[[Roylea]]'' * *''[[Rubiteucris]]'' * +''[[Rydingia]]'' * ''[[Sabaudia (plant)|Sabaudia]]'' * *''[[Saccocalyx (plant)|Saccocalyx]]'' * ''[[Salazaria (plant)|Salazaria]]'' * *''[[Salvia]]'' * *''[[Savory (herb)|Satureja]]'' * *''[[Schizonepeta]]'' * *''[[Schnabelia]]'' * *''[[Scutellaria]]'' * *''[[Sideritis]]'' * *''[[Siphocranion]]'' * ''[[Solenostemon]]'' * *''[[Spartothamnella]]'' * *''[[Sphenodesme]]'' * *''[[Stachydeoma]]'' * *''[[Stachyopsis]]'' * *''[[Stachys]]'' * *''[[Stenogyne]]'' * *''[[Sulaimania (plant)|Sulaimania]]'' * *''[[Suzukia]]'' * *''[[Symphorema]]'' * ''[[Symphostemon]]'' * *''[[Synandra]]'' * *''[[Syncolostemon]]'' * *''[[Tectona]]'' * *''[[Teijsmanniodendron]]'' * +''[[Tetraclea]]'' * *''[[Tetradenia]]'' * *''[[Teucridium]]'' * *''[[Teucrium]]'' * *''[[Thorncroftia]]'' * *''[[Thuspeinanta]]'' * *''[[Thymbra (plant)|Thymbra]]'' * *''[[Thymus (plant)|Thymus]]'' * *''[[Tinnea]]'' * *''[[Trichostema]]'' * *''[[Tripora]]'' * *''[[Tsoongia]]'' * *''[[Vitex]]'' * *''[[Viticipremna]]'' * +''[[Volkameria]]'' * *''[[Warnockia]]'' * *''[[Wenchengia]]'' * *''[[Westringia]]'' * ''[[Wiedemannia (plant)|Wiedemannia]]'' * *''[[Wrixonia]]'' * ''Xenopoma'' * *''[[Zataria]]'' * *''[[Zhumeria]]'' * *''[[Ziziphora]]'' }} ==Mga bagong kaliwatan== An [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumskripsiyon]] kan magkakapirang mga genera nagbago na poon kan 2004. ''Tsoongia'', ''Paravitex'', asin ''Viticipremna'' ibinaba na sa mga [[Synonym (taxonomy)|kapareho]] kaiba an ''Vitex''.<ref name="bramley2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bramley |first1=Gemma L.C. |last2=Forest |first2=Félix |last3=Rogier |year=2009 |title=Troublesome tropical mints: re-examining generic limits of ''Vitex'' and relations (Lamiaceae) in South East Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_2009-05_58_2/page/500|journal=Taxon |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=500–510|doi=10.1002/tax.582014 }}</ref> ''Huxleya'' ibinaba sa ''Volkameria''.<ref name="yuan2010"/> An ''Kalaharia'', ''Volkameria'', ''Ovieda'', asin ''Tetraclea'' [[Segregate (taxonomy)|sinuruway]] hali sa dating [[polyphyletic]] ''Clerodendrum''.<ref name="yuan2010"/> An ''Rydingia'' isinuway sa ''Leucas''.<ref name="scheen2007">{{cite journal |last1=Scheen |first1=Anne-Cathrine |last2=Albert |first2=Victor A. |year=2007 |title=Nomenclatural and taxonomic changes within the ''Leucas'' clade (Lamioideae; Lamiaceae)". |url= |journal=Systematics and Geography of Plants |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=229–238}}</ref> An natatadang ''Leucas'' sarong [[paraphyletic]] kan apat na ibang genera.<ref name="scheen2009">{{cite journal |last1=Scheen |first1=Anne-Cathrine |last2=Albert |first2=Victor A. |year=2009 |title=Molecular Phylogenetics of the ''Leucas'' Group (Lamioideae; Lamiaceae)". |url= |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=173–181 |doi=10.1600/036364409787602366}}</ref> == Subfamilia asin mga tribo == Kan 2004, an Lamiaceae binanga sa pitong mga [[subfamilies|subpamilya]] na igwa nin 10 genera na dai nakaayon sa mga subpamilya.<ref name="harley2004"/> An mga mayong [[Incertae sedis|kinamumugtakan]] na genera iyo an: ''[[Tectona]]'', ''[[Callicarpa]]'', ''[[Hymenopyramis]]'', ''[[Petraeovitex]]'', ''[[Peronema]]'', ''[[Garrettia]]'', ''[[Cymaria]]'', ''[[Acrymia]]'', ''[[Holocheila]]'', asin ''[[Ombrocharis]]''. An mga subpamilya iyo an [[Symphorematoideae]], [[Viticoideae]], [[Ajugoideae]], [[Prostantheroideae]], [[Nepetoideae]], [[Scutellarioideae]], asin [[Lamioideae]]. An subpamilya na Viticoideae bakong [[monophyletic]].<ref name="bramley2009"/> An Prostantheroideae asin Nepetoideae binanga sa mga [[Tribe (biology)|tribo]]. Ini ipinapahiling sa [[phylogenetic tree]] sa ibaba. ==Phylogenyo== Kadaklan kan mga genera kan Lamiaceae dai pa napagadalan an [[DNA]] para sa [[molecular phylogenetic]] na pag-adal..An [[phylogeny]] na ipinapahiling sa ibaba gikan sa iba-ibang pinagunuan.<ref name="harley2004"/><ref name="wagstaff1998"/><ref name="yuan2010"/><ref name="bramley2009"/><ref name="zhong2010">{{cite journal |last1=Zhong |first1=Jin-Shun |last2=Li |first2=Jie |last3=Li |first3=Lang |last4=Conran |first4=John G. |last5=Hsi-wen |first5=Li |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of ''Isodon'' (Schrad. ex Benth.) Spach (Lamiaceae) and Related Genera Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal ITS, trnL-trnF Region, and rps16 Intron Sequences and Morphology |url= |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=207–219 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862614}}</ref><ref name="walker2007">{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Jay B. |last2=Sytsma |first2=Kenneth J. |year=2007 |title=Staminal Evolution in the Genus ''Salvia'' (Lamiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence for Multiple Origins of the Staminal Lever |url= |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=375–391 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcl176 |pmid=16926227 |pmc=2735309}}</ref><ref name="ryding2010">{{cite journal |last1=Ryding |first1=P. Olof |year=2010 |title=Pericarp structure and phylogeny of tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae)". |url=https://archive.org/details/plant-systematics-and-evolution_2010-05_285_3-4/page/165|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=285 |issue=3–4 |pages=165–175 |doi=10.1007/s00606-010-0270-9}}</ref> {{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:90% |label1='''Lamiaceae'''&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=''[[Callicarpa]]'' |2=''[[Tectona]]'' |label3=[[Viticoideae]]&nbsp;(pro&nbsp;parte)&nbsp; |3={{clade |1=''[[Gmelina]]'' |2=''[[Premna]]'' }} |label4=[[Viticoideae]]&nbsp;(pro&nbsp;parte)&nbsp; |4=''[[Vitex]]'' |label5=[[Symphorematoideae]]&nbsp; |5={{clade |1=''[[Congea]]'' |2=''[[Symphorema]]'' }} |label6=[[Ajugoideae]]&nbsp; |6={{clade |1=''[[Rotheca]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Teucrium]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Ajuga]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Oxera]]'' |2=''[[Faradaya]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Kalaharia (plant)|Kalaharia]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Clerodendrum]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Volkameria]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Ovieda]]'' |2=''[[Aegiphila]]'' |3=''[[Tetraclea]]'' |4=''[[Amasonia]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |label7=[[Prostantheroideae]]&nbsp; |7={{clade |label1=[[Chloantheae]]&nbsp; |1=''[[Chloanthes]]'' |label2=[[Westringieae]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Prostanthera]]'' |2=''[[Westringia]]'' }} }} |label8=[[Nepetoideae]]&nbsp; |8={{clade |label1=[[Ocimeae]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=''[[Lavandula]]'' |2=''[[Siphocranion]]'' |3={{clade |1=''[[Isodon]]'' |2=''[[Hanceola]]'' |3=''[[Hyptis]]'' |4=''{{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Orthosiphon]]'' |2=''[[Ocimum]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Plectranthus]]'' |2=''[[Solenostemon]]'' }} }} }} }} |label2=[[Elsholtzieae]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=''[[Elsholtzia]]'' |2=''[[Perilla]]'' }} |label3=[[Mentheae]]&nbsp; |3={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Lepechinia]]'' |2=''[[Salvia]]'' |3=''[[Rosmarinus]]'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Prunella (plant)|Prunella]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Nepeta]]'' |2=''[[Dracocephalum]]'' |3=''[[Agastache]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Origanum]]'' |2=''[[Thymus (plant)|Thymus]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mentha]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Satureja]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Clinopodium]]'' |2=''[[Bystropogon]]'' }} |3={{clade |1=''[[Pycnanthemum]]'' |2=''[[Monarda]]'' }} |4={{clade |1=''[[Dicerandra]]'' |2=''[[Conradina]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |9={{clade |label1=[[Scutellarioideae]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=''[[Holmskioldia]]'' |2=''[[Scutellaria]]'' }} |label2=[[Lamioideae]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=''[[Pogostemon]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Phlomis]]'' |2=''[[Lamium]]'' |3={{clade |1=''[[Stachys]]'' |2=''[[Sideritis]]'' |3={{clade |1=''[[Haplostachys]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Stenogyne]]'' |2=''[[Phyllostegia]]'' }} }} }} |4=''[[Leonurus]]'' |5=''[[Marrubium]]'' |6=''[[Moluccella]]'' |7={{clade |1=''[[Rydingia]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Leucas]]'' |2=''[[Leonotis]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Toltolan== {{reflist|30em}} ==Panluwas na takod== * [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/labiatae.htm Lamiaceae] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com [[Kategorya:Lamiaceae| ]] [[Kategorya:Lamiales families]] 0a68g1uld4hbk7z2bnv8npqf4bkd7hq 0 20006 309792 308534 2026-08-23T23:45:47Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Eudicots | fossil_range = {{fossil range|125|0|[[Early Cretaceous]] - recent}} | image = Primulas aka.jpg | image_caption = An ''[[Primula hortensis]]'' sarong eudicot | subdivision_ranks = Clades ([[APG IV system|APG IV]]) | subdivision = *Basal eudicots: **[[Buxales]] **[[Proteales]] **[[Ranunculales]] **[[Trochodendrales]] *Core eudicots: **Clades ***[[Superasterids]] ***[[Superrosids]] **Orders ***[[Berberidopsidales]] ***[[Caryophyllales]] ***[[Dilleniales]] ***[[Gunnerales]] ***[[Santalales]] ***[[Saxifragales]] }} [[File:Arabis voch1-4.jpg|thumb|right|An pollen kan ''[[Arabis]]'' pollen igwa nin tolong colpi.]] An '''eudicots''', '''Eudicotidae''' o '''eudicotyledons''' ang [[clade]] kan mga tanom na [[nagbuburak]] dating inaapod na '''tricolpates''' o '''non-[[magnoliid]] dicots''' ka ibang mga parasurat. An botanikal na termino ipinabisto kan 1991 kan ebolusyonaryong botanista na si [[James A. Doyle]] asin paleobotanist Carol L. Hotton para tawan doon an huring ebolusyonaryong pagkakaiba kan tricolpate [[dicotyledon|dicots]] sa mga enot, dai pa espesyalisadong mga dicots.<ref name="Endress_2002">{{cite journal|last=Endress|first=Peter K.|title=Morphology and Angiosperm Systematics in the Molecular Era|journal=Botanical Review|year= 2002|volume=68|issue=4|series=Structural Botany in Systematics: A Symposium in Memory of William C. Dickison|pages=545–570|jstor=4354438 |doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0545:maasit]2.0.co;2|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/313995/files/12229_2008_Article_684545.pdf}}</ref> An haraning relasyon kan mga tanom na nagbuburak sa tricolpate pollen grains enot na nahiling sa morphological studies kan [[Synapomorphy|ibang karakter]]. An mga tanom na ini igwang distinktibong katangian sa saindang pollen grains, nagpapahiling nin tolong colpi o grooves paralleling sa polar axis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coiro|first=Mario|last2=Doyle|first2=James A.|last3=Hilton|first3=Jason|date=2019-01-25|title=How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms?|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|doi=10.1111/nph.15708|pmid=30681148}}</ref>. Dai naghaloy, an mga [[molecular]] na ebidensiya kinonpirma an genetic basis para sa mga ebolusyonaryong relasyon kan mga tanom na nagbuburak sa tricolpate pollen grains asin dicotyledonous traits. An termino nangangahulugan na "true dicotyledons", ta ini igwa nin mayoridad kan tanom na kinonsiderar na dicots asin igwang [[Phenotypic trait|katangian]] kan mga dicots. An terminong "eudicots" sunod nang ginamit sa [[botany]] para magtukoy kan saro sa duwang pinakadulang clades kan [[angiosperm]] (nagbubuo kan halos 70% kan mga angiosperm species), [[monocots]] ang saro pa. An mga natatadang angiosperms kaayon an [[magnoliids]] o ang minsan na inaapod na [[basal angiosperms]] o paleodicots, pero ining mga termino na ini dai pa ginagamit, ta mayo ini nin [[monophyletic]] na grupo. ==Subdibisyon== An eudicots pwedeng bangaon sa duwang grupo: an mga basal eudicots asin an mga core eudicots.<ref name="worberg2007">{{cite journal |last=Worberg |first=A |last2=Quandt |first2=D |last3=Barniske |first3=A-M |last4=Löhne |first4=C |last5=Hilu |first5=KW |last6=Borsch |first6=T |year=2007 |title=Phylogeny of basal eudicots: insights from non-coding and rapidly evolving DNA |journal=Organisms, Diversity and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=55–77 |doi=10.1016/j.ode.2006.08.001}}</ref> Basal eudicot is an informal name for a [[paraphyletic]] group. The core eudicots are a monophyletic group.<ref name="soltis2005">{{cite book |authorlink=Douglas E. Soltis |first=Douglas E. |last=Soltis |author2link=Pamela S. Soltis |first2=Pamela S. |last2=Soltis |first3=Peter K. |last3=Endress |author4link=Mark Wayne Chase |first4=Mark W. |last4=Chase |title=Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms |url=https://archive.org/details/phylogenyevoluti0000unse |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, MA |year=2005 |isbn=9780878938179 }} </ref> A 2010 study suggested the core eudicots can be divided into two clades, [[Gunnerales]] and a clade called '''Pentapetalae''', comprising all the remaining core eudicots.<ref name=MoorSoltBellBurl10/> An Pentapetalae pwedeng pagsuruwayon sa tolong clades: * [[Dilleniales]] * superrosids binubo kan [[Saxifragales]] asin [[rosids]] (the [[APG IV system]] includes the Vitales in the rosids) * superasterids binubuo kan [[Santalales]], [[Berberidopsidales]], [[Caryophyllales]] asin [[asterids]] An dibisyon kan eudicots pinapahiling sa masunod na cladogram:<ref>Based on:<br>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2001–2014 |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html |title=Trees |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |accessdate=2014-11-17 |archive-date=2015-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521153254/http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/treeapweb2map.html |dead-url=yes }}<br>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2001–2016 |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/ranunculalesweb.htm#Eudicots |title=Eudicots |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |accessdate=2014-11-17 }}</ref> {{clade |style=line-height:1em; |label1=eudicots |1={{cladex |label1=basal eudicots |1=(paraphyletic group: [[Ranunculales]], [[Proteales]], [[Trochodendrales]], [[Buxales]])|state1=double |label2=core eudicots |2={{clade |1=[[Gunnerales]] |label2=Pentapetalae |2={{clade |1=[[Dilleniales]] |2={{clade |label1=[[superrosids]] |1={{clade |1=[[Saxifragales]] |label2=[[rosids]] |2={{clade |1=[[Vitales]] |label2=[[eurosids]] |2={{clade |1=[[fabids]] (8 orders) |2=[[malvids]] (8 orders) }} }} }} |label2=[[superasterids]] |2={{clade |1=[[Santalales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Berberidopsidales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Caryophyllales]] |label2=[[asterids]] |2={{clade |1=[[Cornales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Ericales]] |label2=[[euasterids]] |2={{clade |1=[[campanulids]] (7 orders) |2=[[lamiids]] (8 orders) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ---- An minasunod mas detalyadong pagsusog base sa [[APG IV]], pinapahiling sa kada clade asin order.<ref name="apgiv">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 }}</ref> * clade '''Eudicots''' *: order [[Ranunculales]] *: order [[Proteales]] *: order [[Trochodendrales]] *: order [[Buxales]] *: clade '''Core eudicots''' *:: order [[Gunnerales]] *:: order [[Dilleniales]] *:: clade '''[[Superrosids]]''' *::: order [[Saxifragales]] *::: clade '''[[Rosids]]''' *:::: order [[Vitales]] *:::: clade '''[[Fabids]]''' *::::: order [[Fabales]] *::::: order [[Rosales]] *::::: order [[Fagales]] *::::: order [[Cucurbitales]] *::::: order [[Oxalidales]] *::::: order [[Malpighiales]] *::::: order [[Celastrales]] *::::: order [[Zygophyllales]] *:::: clade '''[[Malvids]]''' *::::: order [[Geraniales]] *::::: order [[Myrtales]] *::::: order [[Crossosomatales]] *::::: order [[Picramniales]] *::::: order [[Malvales]] *::::: order [[Brassicales]] *::::: order [[Huerteales]] *::::: order [[Sapindales]] *:: clade '''[[Superasterids]]''' *::: order [[Berberidopsidales]] *::: order [[Santalales]] *::: order [[Caryophyllales]] *::: clade '''[[Asterids]]''' *:::: order [[Cornales]] *:::: order [[Ericales]] *:::: clade '''[[Campanulids]]''' *::::: order [[Aquifoliales]] *::::: order [[Asterales]] *::::: order [[Escalloniales]] *::::: order [[Bruniales]] *::::: order [[Apiales]] *::::: order [[Dipsacales]] *::::: order [[Paracryphiales]] *:::: clade '''[[Lamiids]]''' *::::: order [[Solanales]] *::::: order [[Lamiales]] *::::: order [[Vahliales]] *::::: order [[Gentianales]] *::::: order [[Boraginales]] *::::: order [[Garryales]] *::::: order [[Metteniusales]] *::::: order [[Icacinales]] ==Toltolan== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=MoorSoltBellBurl10>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Michael J. |last2=Soltis |first2=Pamela S. |last3=Bell |first3=Charles D. |last4=Burleigh |first4=J. Gordon |last5=Soltis |first5=Douglas E. |year=2010 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2010-03-09_107_10/page/4623 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=4623–8 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0907801107 |lastauthoramp=yes |pmid=20176954 |pmc=2842043|bibcode=2010PNAS..107.4623M }}</ref> }} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin}} <!-- Syst. Biol. 56(5):741 --> *{{cite book |last=Doyle |first=J.A.|last2=Hotton |first2=C.L. |chapter=Diversification of early [[angiosperm]] pollen in a cladistic context |pages=169–195 |title=Pollen and Spores. Patterns of Diversification |editor-last=Blackmore |editor-first=S. |editor2-last=Barnes |editor2-first=S.H. |publisher=Clarendon Press |volume=44 |series=Systematics Association Publications |year=1991 |isbn=9780198577461}} *{{cite journal |first=Walter S. |last=Judd |first2=Richard G. |last2=Olmstead |year=2004 |title=A survey of tricolpate (eudicot) phylogenetic relationships |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=91 |pages=1627–44 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627 |issue=10 |pmid=21652313 |url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1627 |ref=harv |access-date=2019-09-09 |archivedate=2009-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808231456/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1627 }} *[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/ranunculalesweb.htm#Eudicots Eudicots] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006. {{refend}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== *''[http://www.tolweb.org/eudicots Eudicots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624093458/http://tolweb.org/eudicots |date=2013-06-24 }}'', Tree of Life Web Project *[http://www.plantlifeforms.com/Classes186/DICOTS_DICOTYLEDONEAE_503903_186.aspx Dicots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224112718/http://plantlifeforms.com/Classes186/Dicots_Dicotyledoneae_503903_186.aspx |date=2015-02-24 }} Plant Life Forms {{Poon}} [[Kategorya:Eudicots| ]] [[Kategorya:Early Cretaceous plants]] sridra11lvlocx0zsmin52z9jzj6nk3 0 20015 309726 259597 2026-08-23T22:50:31Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Magnoliids | image = Asimina triloba - pawpaw - desc-flower.jpg | image_caption =Burak kan ''[[Asimina triloba]]'' | subdivision_ranks = Orders | subdivision = [[Canellales]]<br/> [[Laurales]]<br/> [[Magnoliales]]<br/> [[Piperales]] | type_species = ''[[Magnolia virginiana]]'' }} An '''Magnoliids''' (o '''Magnoliidae''' r '''Magnolianae''') sarong grupo kan mga tinanom na [[nagbuburak]]. Hasta ngunyan, an grupo igwa nin halos 9,000<ref name="palmer">{{cite journal | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 | title = The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view | first1 = Jeffrey D. | last1 = Palmer | first2 = Douglas E. | last2 = Soltis | authorlink2 = Douglas E. Soltis | first3 = Mark W. | last3 = Chase | authorlink3 = Mark Wayne Chase | journal = American Journal of Botany | year = 2004 | volume = 91 | pages = 1437–1445 (Fig.2) | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437 | issue = 10 | pmid = 21652302 | access-date = 2019-09-09 | archivedate = 2010-10-09 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101009220630/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 }}</ref> na species, kairiba an mga [[magnolia]], [[nutmeg]], [[laurel]], [[cinnamon]], [[abukado]], [[black pepper]], [[tulip tree]] asin iba pa. An grupo nabibisto sa [[Merosity|trimerous]] na burak kaini, [[pollen]] na may sarong pore, asin sanga-sangang mga dahon. {| class="wikitable" align="left" style="margin-left:1em" |+'''Pagkokompara kan magnoliids sa limang sistema''' !style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[APG II system]]<ref name="APG2">{{cite journal | journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=141 | issue=4 | pages=399–436 | author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group | year=2003 | title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II | doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x }}</ref><br/>magnoliids !style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[Cronquist system]]<ref>Cronquis, Arthur (1981). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03880-1.</ref><br/>Magnoliidae !style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[Dahlgren system]]<ref name="Dahlgren">{{cite journal | last=Dahlgren | first=R.M.T. | year=1980 | title = A revised system of classification of angiosperms | journal= Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=80 | issue=2 | pages=91–124 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x }}</ref><br/>Magnolianae !style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[Thorne system (1992)]]<ref name="Thorne 1992">{{cite journal | last=Thorne | first=R. F. | year=1992 | title= Classification and geography of the flowering plants | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_botanical-review_july-september-1992_58_3/page/225 | journal= Botanical Review | volume=58 | issue=3 | pages=225–348 | doi= 10.1007/BF02858611}}</ref><br/>Magnolianae !style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | Thorne system (2000)<ref name="Thorne 2000">{{cite journal | last=Thorne | first=R. F. | year=2000 | title= The classification and geography of the flowering plants: Dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_botanical-review_october-december-2000_66_4/page/441 | journal= Botanical Review | volume=66 | issue=4 | pages=441–647 |doi= 10.1007/BF02869011 }}</ref><br/>Magnolianae |- |- | [[Laurales]] | [[Laurales]] | [[Laurales]] | rowspan=9 | [[Magnoliales]] | rowspan=9 | [[Magnoliales]] |- | rowspan=2 | [[Magnoliales]] | rowspan=4 | [[Magnoliales]] | [[Magnoliales]] |- | [[Annonales]] |- | [[Canellales]] | [[Winterales]] |- | rowspan=3 | [[Piperales]] | [[Lactoridales]] |- | [[Aristolochiales]] | [[Aristolochiales]] |- | rowspan=2 | [[Piperales]] | ''Piperales in Nymphaeanae'' |- | rowspan=5 | ''hinali or yaon sa basal na clade'' | [[Chloranthales]] |- | [[Illiciales]] | [[Illiciales]] |- | ''in Rosidae'' | [[Rafflesiales]] | ''in Rafflesianae'' | ''in Rafflesianae'' |- | rowspan=3 | [[Nymphaeales]] | rowspan=2 | ''in Nymphaeanae'' | ''in Nymphaeanae'' | ''in Nymphaeanae'' |- | [[Ceratophyllales]] | rowspan=5 | ''in Ranunculidae'' |- | rowspan=4 | ''inilaag sa eudicot clade'' | [[Nelumbonales]] | [[Nelumbonales]] |- | [[Ranunculales]] | rowspan=2 | ''in Ranunculanae'' | rowspan=2 | [[Berberidales]] |- | [[Papaverales]] |- | ''in Dilleniidae'' | ''in Theanae'' | [[Paeoniales]] |} ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Magnoliids]] {{stub}} cgsgc5imm5413h032jqtty2y0qb4nyf 0 20025 309785 308855 2026-08-23T23:42:13Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|80|0}}[[Cretaceous]] - Presente | image = Koeh-174.jpg | image_caption = (''[[Castilla elastica]]'') | taxon = Moraceae | authority = [[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudich.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = Hilingon an teksto }} An '''Moraceae''' — o inaapod man na '''mulberry family''' o '''fig family''' — sarong pamilya kan tanom na [[nagbuburak]] binubuo kan 38 genera asin lampas sa 1100 na espesye.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = [[Phytotaxa]] | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 }}</ref> Kadaklan nakalakop sa tropikal asin subtropikal na mga rehiyon, igwa man nin dikit sa mga temperadong klima. An [[synapomorphy]] sa laog kan Moraceae iyo an presensiya kan mga [[laticifer]] asin malagatas na [[sap]] sa buong [[Ground tissue#Parenchyma|parenchymatous na tisyu]], sa kagabsan, an katangian kaini iyo an pagkakaigwa nin duwang [[Gynoecium|carpels]] o paminsan saro lang, surumpayan na mga [[burak]], asin surumpayan na mga [[bunga]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ | year = 2008 | title = Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach |url=https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0000unse | publisher = Sinauer Associates, Inc. | location = Sunderland, MA | pages = [https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0000unse/page/n20 1]–620 | isbn = 978-0-878-93407-2}}</ref> Sa pamilyang ini nakaayon an mga bistong tanom arog kan [[Balete]], [[Ficus benghalensis|banyan]], [[breadfruit]], [[Morus (plant)|mulberry]], asin[[Maclura pomifera|Osage orange]]. An mga burak kan Moraceae madalas [[pseudanthium|pseudanthia]] (o minsan [[inflorescence]]). [[File:Ficus retusa, Moraceae, Bagh-e-Jinnah.jpg|thumb|''[[Ficus retusa]]'' (Moraceae) sa [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore]]]] ==Historical taxonomy== Dati kasali sa order na [[Urticales]], an mga bagong pag-adal an nagkaag kani sa order kan [[Rosales]] sa clade na inaapod na urticalean rosids igdi kasali man an [[Ulmaceae]], [[Celtidaceae]], [[Cannabaceae]], asin [[Urticaceae]]. ''[[Cecropia]]'', na ikinaraag sa Moraceae, Urticaceae, o sa sadiri nindang pamilya, an Cecropiaceae, kaayon na sa Urticaceae.<ref name="Sytsma">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires C, Nepokroeff M, Conti E, Zjhra M, Hall JC, Chase MW | year = 2002 | title = Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on ''rbcL'', ''trnL''–''F'', and ''ndhF'' sequences | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 89 | issue = 9 | pages = 1531–1546 | url = http://www.bricol.net/research/CICphylog/CICfinalSTUFF/Urtical-rosids.pdf | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531 | pmid = 21665755}}</ref> An [[Dioecy]] (mga indibiduwal na magkasuway an kasarian) nagluluwas na may primitibong estado sa Moraceae.<ref name="Datwyler">{{cite journal | vauthors = Datwyler SL, Weiblen G | year = 2004 | title = On the origin of the fig: Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ''ndhF'' sequences | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 91 | issue = 5 | pages = 767–777 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/5/767.abstract | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.5.767 | pmid = 21653431 | access-date = 2019-09-09 | archivedate = 2021-02-13 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20210213101207/https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15372197 }}</ref> ==Distribusyon== An mga Moraceae pwedeng mahiling sain man na parte kan kinaban, pinaghihinalaan dahil sa pagsuruwayan<!-- [dubious, discuss] --> kan [[Gondwana]] sa panahon kan [[Jurassic]]<ref name="Gondwana">{{cite website | title = Gondwana | website = Encyclopedia Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Gondwana-supercontinent}}</ref>. An kadaklan kan espesye mahihiling sa lumang tropiko na igwang doon sa Asia asin mga pulo sa Pasipiko.<ref name = "Zerega et al">{{cite journal | author = Zerega NJC, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD." | year = 2005 | title = Biogeography and Divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae) | url = https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2005_37_2/page/402 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 402–416 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004 | pmid = 16112884 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.418.1442 }}</ref> ==Phylogenyo== An modernong [[molecular phylogenetics]] itinutugma an mga relasyon na ini:<ref name="Sytsma"/><ref name="Datwyler"/><ref name="Clement">{{cite journal |vauthors=Clement WL, Weiblen GD | year = 2009 | title = Morphological evolution in the mulberry family (Moraceae) | journal = [[Systematic Botany]] | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 530–552 | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aspt/sb/2009/00000034/00000003/art00010 | doi = 10.1600/036364409789271155}}</ref><ref name="Zerega">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zerega NJ, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD | year = 2005 | title = Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae) |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2005_37_2/page/402 | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 402–416| doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004 | pmid = 16112884| citeseerx = 10.1.1.418.1442 }}</ref> {{Clade| style=line-height:75%; |1={{clade |1=[[Urticaceae]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]]) |label2=Moraceae |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Artocarpeae]] <!-- Missing: Hullettia and Treculia. --> |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Batocarpus]]'' |2=''[[Clarisia]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Artocarpus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Parartocarpus]]'' |2=''[[Prainea]]'' }} }} }} |label2=[[Moreae]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Sorocea]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Bagassa]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Milicia (plant)|Milicia]]'' |2=''[[Streblus]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Morus (plant)|Morus]]'' |2=''[[Trophis]]'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=[[Maclureae]] |1=''[[Maclura]]'' |2={{clade |label1=[[Dorstenieae]] <!-- Missing: Bosqueiopsis and Scyphosyce. --> |1={{clade |1=''[[Fatoua]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Broussonetia]]'' |2=''[[Malaisia (plant)|Malaisia]]'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Bleekrodea]]'' |2=''[[Sloetia]]'' }} |2=''[[Trilepisium]]'' |3={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Utsetela]]'' |2=''[[Dorstenia]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Brosimum]]'' |2=''[[Trymatococcus]]'' |3=''[[Helianthostylis]]'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=[[Ficeae]] |1=''[[Ficus]]'' |label2=[[Castilleae]] |2={{clade |label1=Antiaropsineae |1={{clade |1=''[[Sparattosyce]]'' |2=''[[Antiaropsis]]'' }} |label2=Castillineae |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Antiaris]]'' |2=''[[Mesogyne]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Naucleopsis]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Perebea]]'' |2=''[[Pseudolmedia]]'' |3={{clade |1=''[[Maquira]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Helicostylis]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Poulsenia]]'' |2=''[[Castilla (plant)|Castilla]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ===Mga tribo asin genera=== An Moraceae binubuo kan:<ref name="Hepworth">{{cite journal | authors = Hepworth C. | year = 2018 | title = Moraceae - The Mulberry Family | journal = Florida Fruit Geek | url = https://floridafruitgeek.com/moraceae-the-mulberry-family/}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=350px}} *'''[[Artocarpeae]]''' <small>Lam. & DC. 1806</small> ** ''[[Artocarpus]]'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small> (~50 spp.) ** ''[[Batocarpus]]'' <small>H.Karst.</small> (4 spp.) ** ''[[Clarisia]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small> (3 spp.) ** ''[[Hullettia]]'' <small>King ex Hook.f.</small> (2 spp.) ** ''[[Parartocarpus]]'' <small>Baill.</small> (3 spp.) ** ''[[Prainea]]'' <small>King ex Hook.f.</small> (4 spp.) ** ''[[Treculia]]'' <small>Decne. ex Trécul</small> (3 spp.) *'''[[Castilleae]]''' <small>C.C.Berg 1977</small> **'''[[Antiaropsineae]]''' <small>(C.C.Berg) Clement & Weiblen 2005</small> *** ''[[Antiaropsis]]'' <small>K.Schum.</small> (1 sp.) *** ''[[Sparattosyce]]'' <small>Bur.</small> (1 sp.) **'''[[Castillineae]]''' <small>Clement & Weiblen 2009</small> *** ''[[Antiaris]]'' <small>Lesch.</small> (1 sp.) *** ''[[Castilla (plant)|Castilla]]'' <small>Cerv.</small> (3 spp.) *** ''[[Helicostylis]]'' <small>Trécul</small> (7 spp.) *** ''[[Maquira]]'' <small>Aubl.</small> (5 spp.)<!-- Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277 --> *** ''[[Mesogyne]]'' <small>Engl.</small> (1 sp.) *** ''[[Naucleopsis]]'' <small>Miq.</small> (~20 spp.) *** ''[[Perebea]]'' <small>Aubl.</small> (9 spp.) *** ''[[Poulsenia]]'' <small>Eggers</small> (1 sp.) *** ''[[Pseudolmedia]]'' <small>Trécul</small> (~9 spp.) *'''[[Dorstenieae]]''' <small>Dumort. 1830</small> ** ''[[Bleekrodea]]'' <small>Blume</small> (3 spp.) ** ''[[Bosqueiopsis]]'' <small>De Wild. & T.Durand</small> (1 sp.) ** ''[[Brosimum]]'' <small>Sw.</small> (13 spp.) ** ''[[Broussonetia]]'' <small>L’Hér. ex Vent.</small> (8 spp.) ** ''[[Dorstenia]]'' <small>L.</small> (~105 spp.) ** ''[[Fatoua]]'' <small>Gaudich.</small> (3 spp.) ** ''[[Helianthostylis]]'' <small>Baill.</small> (2 spp.) ** ''[[Malaisia (plant)|Malaisia]]'' <small>Blanco 1837</small> (1 sp.) ** ''[[Scyphosyce]]'' <small>Baill.</small> (2 spp.) ** ''[[Sloetia]]'' <small>Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz 1864</small> (1 sp.) ** ''[[Trilepisium]]'' <small>Thouars</small> (1 sp.) ** ''[[Trymatococcus]]'' <small>Poepp. & Endl.</small> (2 spp.) ** ''[[Utsetela]]'' <small>Pellegr.</small> (1 sp.) *'''[[Ficeae]]''' <small>Gaudich. 1830</small> **''[[Ficus]]'' <small>L.</small> (750 spp.) *'''[[Maclureae]]''' <small>W.L. Clement & Weiblen 2009</small> ** ''[[Maclura]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> (11 spp.) *'''[[Moreae]]''' <small>Dumort. 1829</small> ** ''[[Bagassa]]'' <small>Aubl.</small> (1 sp.) ** ''[[Milicia (plant)|Milicia]]'' <small>Sim</small> (2 spp.) ** ''[[Morus (plant)|Morus]]'' <small>L.</small> (~12 spp.) ** ''[[Sorocea]]'' <small>A.St.-Hil.</small> (14 spp.) ** ''[[Streblus]]'' <small>Lour.</small> (~24 spp.) ** ''[[Trophis]]'' <small>P.Browne</small> (8 spp.) *'''Fossils''' ** [[Extinction|†]]''[[Artocarpoides]]'' <small></small> {{div col end}} ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} ==Panluwas na takod== * [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/moraceae.htm Moraceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.] [[Kategorya:Moraceae| ]] [[Kategorya:Rosales]] [[Kategorya:Rosid families]] {{Moraceae genera}} px70ja9nznk7bwzc1xdqu9u58tzaxxa 0 20027 309640 297729 2026-08-23T21:17:03Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | image = Illustration Rosa majalis0.jpg | image_caption = [[Rosa cinnamomea|''Rosa cinnamomea'' L.]] asin [[Rosa rubiginosa|''R. rubiginosa'' L.]] | taxon = Rosales | authority = [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2017-05-25 |format=PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |archivedate=2017-05-25 |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Familia | subdivision = [[Barbeyaceae]]<br /> [[Cannabaceae]]&nbsp;([[hemp]]&nbsp;family)<!-- why aren't ordinary spaces working?? --><br /> [[Dirachmaceae]]<br /> [[Elaeagnaceae]]&nbsp;([[oleaster]]/[[Russian olive]] family)<br /> [[Moraceae]]&nbsp;([[mulberry]]&nbsp;family)<br /> [[Rhamnaceae]]&nbsp;([[buckthorn]]&nbsp;family)<br /> [[Rosaceae]]&nbsp;([[rose]]&nbsp;family)<br /> [[Ulmaceae]]&nbsp;([[elm]]&nbsp;family)<br /> [[Urticaceae]]&nbsp;([[Urtica|nettle]]&nbsp;family) | synonyms = Rhamnales<br/> Rosanae<br/> Urticales<ref name ="uniprot">{{cite web | url = http://beta.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3744 | title = Order '''Rosales''' | accessdate = 2008-04-24 | author = UniProt | authorlink = UniProt }}</ref> }} '''Rosales''' sarong [[Order (biology)|order]] kan tinanom na nagbuburak [[flowering plant]].<ref name="apwebrosales">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Rosales". At: Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> Ini [[sister taxon|tugang]] kan [[clade]] na binubuo kan [[Fagales]] asin [[Cucurbitales]].<ref name="wang2009">{{citation |author1=Hengchang Wang |author2=Michael J. Moore |author3=Pamela S. Soltis |authorlink3=Pamela S. Soltis |author4=Charles D. Bell |author5=Samuel F. Brockington |author6=Roolse Alexandre |author7=Charles C. Davis |author8=Maribeth Latvis |author9=Steven R. Manchester |author10=Douglas E. Soltis |authorlink10=Douglas E. Soltis |last-author-amp=yes | title = Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 10 | pages = 3853–3858 | date = 10 Mar 2009 | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/106/10/3853.abstract?etoc | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0813376106 | pmid = 19223592 | pmc = 2644257 }}</ref> Igwa ini nin halos 7700 na [[species|espesye]], nababanga sa 260 [[genera]]. An Rosales igwa nin 9 na [[family (biology)|pamilya]], an [[Type (biology)|uri]] kan pamilya iyo an rose family, na inaapod na [[Rosaceae]]. An pinakadarakulang pamilya iyo an [[Rosaceae]] (90/2500) asin [[Urticaceae]] (54/2600). An order Rosales nababanga sa tolong [[clade]] na dai pa natatawan nin [[taxonomic rank]]. An [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] clade na binubuo kan pamilya Rosaceae; asin saro pang clade na binubo kan apat na pamilya, kaayon an [[Rhamnaceae]]; an pantolong clade binubuo kan apat na [[Urticales|urticalean]] families.<ref name="soltis2011">Douglas E. Soltis, et alii. (28 authors). 2011. "Angiosperm Phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''98'''(4):704-730. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.1000404}}</ref> An order Rosales sarong [[monophyletic]] sa [[phylogenetic]] analyses kan mga [[DNA sequence]], ayon sa [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]].<ref name="judd2008">Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-87893-407-2}}</ref> Sa saindang [[APG III system]] kan mga [[History of plant systematics|klasipikasyon kan tanom]], pinakahulugan ninda an Rosales na binubuo kan siyam na pamilya na mahihiling sa listahan.<ref name=APGIII2009/> An[[phylogenetic tree|relasyon]] kan mga pamilyang ini dai sigurado hanggang sa kan 2011, naresolba ninda ini gamit an pagadal base sa duwang [[Cell nucleus|nuclear]] [[gene]] asin sampolong [[chloroplast]] genes.<ref name="zhang2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Shu-dong Zhang | first1 = De-zhu Li | last2 = Soltis | first2 = Douglas E. | last3 = Yang | first3 = Yang | last4 = Ting-shuang | first4 = Yi | year = | title = Multi-gene analysis provides a well-supported phylogeny of Rosales | url =https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2011-07_60_1/page/21| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 60 | issue = 1| pages = 21–28 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.008 | pmid = 21540119 | date=July 2011}}</ref> An mga bistong miyembro kaini: [[rosa]]s, [[strawberry|strawberries]], [[blackberry|blackberries]] asin [[raspberry|raspberries]], [[mansana]] asin [[peras]], [[plum]], [[peach]] asin [[apricot]], [[almond]], [[rowan]] asin [[Crataegus|hawthorn]], [[jujube]], [[elm]], [[banyan]], [[ficus|balete]], [[Morus (plant)|mulberries]], [[breadfruit]], [[Urtica|nettle]], [[Humulus lupulus|hops]], asin [[cannabis]]. ==Taxonomy== Sa sistema kan klasipikasyon ni [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] an Rosales yaun sa [[superorder]] Rosiflorae (na inaapod man na Rosanae). Sa lumang [[Cronquist system]], an order Rosales pirming [[polyphyletic]]. Binubuo ini kan Rosaceae asin 23 ibang pamilya na sa ngunyan yaun na sa iba ibang mga order.<ref name="cronquist1981">Arthur John Cronquist. 1981. ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants''. Columbia University Press: New York, NY, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-231-03880-5}}</ref> These families and their placement in the [[APG III system]] are:<ref name=APGIII2009/> * [[Alseuosmiaceae]] ([[Asterales]]) * [[Anisophylleaceae]] ([[Cucurbitales]]) * [[Brunelliaceae]] ([[Oxalidales]]) * [[Bruniaceae]] ([[Bruniales]]) * [[Byblidaceae]] ([[Lamiales]]) * [[Cephalotaceae]] ([[Oxalidales]]) * [[Chrysobalanaceae]] ([[Malpighiales]]) * [[Columelliaceae]] (Bruniales) * [[Connaraceae]] ([[Oxalidales]]) * [[Crassulaceae]] ([[Saxifragales]]) * [[Crossosomataceae]] ([[Crossosomatales]]) * [[Cunoniaceae]] ([[Oxalidales]]) * Davidsoniaceae ([[Cunoniaceae]], [[Oxalidales]]) * Dialypetalanthaceae ([[Rubiaceae]], [[Gentianales]]) * Eucryphiaceae ([[Cunoniaceae]], [[Oxalidales]]) * Greyiaceae ([[Melianthaceae]], [[Geraniales]]) * [[Grossulariaceae]] ([[Saxifragales]]) * [[Hydrangeaceae]] ([[Cornales]]) * [[Neuradaceae]] ([[Malvales]]) * [[Pittosporaceae]] ([[Apiales]]) * [[Rhabdodendraceae]] ([[Caryophyllales]]) * [[Rosaceae]] * [[Saxifragaceae]] ([[Saxifragales]]) * [[Surianaceae]] ([[Fabales]]) ==Phylogenyo== An masunod na [[phylogenetic tree]] hali sa [[cladistic]] analysis kan [[DNA]] na naipublikar kan 2011.<ref name="zhang2011"/> {{clade| style=line-height:75%; |label1='''Rosales''' |1={{clade |1=[[Rosaceae]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Rhamnaceae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Elaeagnaceae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Barbeyaceae]] |2=[[Dirachmaceae]] }} }} }} |label2=&nbsp;urticalean&nbsp;rosids&nbsp;&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=[[Ulmaceae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Cannabaceae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Moraceae]] |2=[[Urticaceae]] }} }} }} }} }} }} An Rosales sarong order napasairarom kan kingdom na [[Plant]]ae.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Rosales |title=Classification {{!}} USDA PLANTS |website=plants.usda.gov |access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |<big>Kingdom</big>  Plantae |- |<big>Subkingdom</big>  [[Vascular plant|Tracheobionta]] |- |<big>Superdivision</big>  [[Spermatophyte|Spermatophyta]] |- |<big>Division</big>  [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] |- |<big>Class</big>  [[Magnoliopsida]] |- |<big>Subclass</big>  [[Rosidae]] |- |<big>Order</big>  Rosales |} ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} ==Panluwas na takod== * [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/Rosalesweb.htm#Rosales Rosales] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html Trees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521153254/http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/treeapweb2map.html |date=2015-05-21 }} <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden Website] *[http://www.plantlifeforms.com/Orders239/ROSE_AND_ALLIES_ROSALES_50390371_239.aspx?txtSearch=rosales Rosales – Plant Life Forms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072931/http://plantlifeforms.com/orders239/rose_and_allies_rosales_50390371_239.aspx?txtsearch=rosales |date=2016-03-12 }} [[Kategorya:Rosales| ]] [[Kategorya:Angiosperm orders]] 37rd2wfp1704ixlvkfqhz3omi2kes5n 0 20031 309712 294157 2026-08-23T22:33:32Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Myrtales | image = Lumnitzera littorea.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Lumnitzera]] littorea'' | authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ''ex'' [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name="apgiii"/> | subdivision_ranks = Familia | subdivision = * [[Alzateaceae]] * [[Combretaceae]] * [[Crypteroniaceae]] * [[Lythraceae]] * [[Melastomataceae]] * [[Myrtaceae]] * [[Onagraceae]] * [[Penaeaceae]] * [[Vochysiaceae]] }} [[Image:Blue Eyes Fuchsia.JPG|thumb|'''Blue Eyes [[Fuchsia]]''' burak, hali sa order Myrtales asin pamilya [[Onagraceae]]]] An '''Myrtales''' sarong order kan tinanom na [[nagbuburak]] tugang kang [[eurosids II]] na clade ayon sa ''Eucalyptus grandis'' kan Hunyo 2014.<ref name=Myburg>{{cite journal | last1 = Myburg | first1 = A.A. | last2 = Grattapaglia | first2 = D. | last3 = Tuskan | first3 = G.A. | last4 = Hellsten | first4 = U. | last5 = Hayes | first5 = R.D. | last6 = Grimwood | first6 = J. | last7 = Jenkins | first7 = J. | last8 = Lindquist | first8 = E. | last9 = Tice | first9 = H. | last10 = Bauer | first10 = D. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = The genome of Eucalyptus grandis | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 510 | issue = 7505| pages = 356–62 | doi = 10.1038/nature13308 | pmid = 24919147 | bibcode = 2014Natur.510..356M }}</ref> An [[APG III system]] kan klasipikasyon para sa [[angiosperms]] inaayon ini sa [[eurosids]]. An mga masunod na pamilya kaayon sa APG{{nbsp}}III:<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG&nbsp;III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2017-05-25 |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref> * [[Alzateaceae]] <small>S. A. Graham</small> * [[Combretaceae]] <small>R. Br.</small> ([[Combretum imberbe|leadwood]] pamilya) * [[Crypteroniaceae]] <small>A. DC.</small> * [[Lythraceae]] <small>J. St.-Hil.</small> ([[Lythrum|loosestrife]] asin [[Granada|pomegranate]] pamilya) * [[Melastomataceae]] <small>Juss.</small> (kaiba an [[Memecylaceae]] <small>DC.</small>) * [[Myrtaceae]] <small>Juss.</small> (myrtle pamilya; kaiba an[[Heteropyxidaceae]] <small>Engl. & Gilg</small>, [[Psiloxylaceae]] <small>Croizat</small>) * [[Onagraceae]] <small>Juss.</small> ([[evening primrose]] asin [[Fuchsia]] pamilya) * [[Penaeaceae]] <small>Sweet ex Guill.</small> (kaiba an [[Oliniaceae]] <small>Arn.</small>, [[Rhynchocalycaceae]] <small>L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs</small>) * [[Vochysiaceae]] <small>A. St.-Hil.</small> An [[Cronquist system]] nagtao nin kaparehong komposisyon, alagad an [[Vochysiaceae]] hinali sa order na [[Polygalales]], asin an [[Thymelaeaceae]] inilaog. An mga pamilyang [[Sonneratiaceae]], [[Trapaceae]], asin [[Punicaceae]] hinali sa Lythraceae. Sa klasipikasyon ni [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] an Myrtales yaun sa [[superorder]] Myrtiflorae (o inaapod man na Myrtanae). An APG{{nbsp}}III system nag-uyon man sa Cronquist circumskripsiyon na ilaag an Psiloxylaceae asin Heteropyxidaceae sa laog kan Myrtaceae, asin Memecyclaceae sa laog kan Melastomataceae. An [[Ellagitannin]] sinasabing dicotyledoneous angiospermes, asin sarong espesye sa laog kan Myrtales.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yoshida | first1 = Takashi | last2 = Amakura | first2 = Yoshiaki | last3 = Yoshimura | first3 = Morio | year = 2010 | title = Structural Features and Biological Properties of Ellagitannins in Some Plant Families of the Order Myrtales | url = | journal = Int. J. Mol. Sci. | volume = 11 | issue = 1| pages = 79–106 | doi = 10.3390/ijms11010079 | pmid = 20162003 | pmc = 2820991 }}</ref> ==Toltolan==<!-- SystBiol56:591 --> {{reflist}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Conti | first1 = E. | last2 = Erikkson | first2 = T. | last3 = Schonenberger | first3 = J. | last4 = Sytsma | first4 = K. J. | last5 = Baum | first5 = D. A. | year = 2002 | title = Early Tertiary Out-of-India Dispersal of Crypteroniaceae: Evidence from Phylogeny and Molecular Dating | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_2002-10_56_10/page/1931| journal = Evolution | volume = 56 | issue = 10| pages = 1931–1942 | doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00119.x}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Schönenberger | first1 = J. | last2 = Conti | first2 = E. | year = 2003 | title = Molecular phylogeny and floral evolution of Penaeaceae, Oliniaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae, and Alzateaceae (Myrtales) | url =https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-botany_2003-02_90_2/page/293| journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 90 | issue = 2| pages = 293–309 | doi=10.3732/ajb.90.2.293 | pmid=21659121}} [[Kategorya:Myrtales| ]] [[Kategorya:Angiosperm orders]] [[Kategorya:Flora of Australasia]] mamd3rws8hgxiuo78v27f55zh76r8li 0 20062 309672 307098 2026-08-23T21:52:53Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | image = Cashewnuts hanging on a Cashew Tree.jpg | image_caption = [[Cashew]] (''Anacardium occidentalis'') | taxon = Anacardiaceae | authority = ([[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]) [[John Lindley|Lindl.]] | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = * [[Anacardioideae]] * [[Spondiadoideae]] }} ===Mga genera=== {{div col|colwidth=250px}} {{unbulleted list |''[[Abrahamia]]'' |''[[Actinocheita]]'' |''[[Amphipterygium]]'' |''[[Anacardium]]'' ([[cashew]]) |''[[Androtium]]'' |''[[Antrocaryon]]'' |''[[Apterokarpos]]'' |''[[Astronium]]'' (=''Myracrodruon'') |''[[Baronia (plant)|Baronia]]'' |''[[Blepharocarya]]'' |''[[Bonetiella]]'' |''[[Bouea]]'' |''[[Buchanania]]'' |''[[Campnosperma]]'' |''[[Campylopetalum]]'' |''[[Cardenasiodendron]]'' |''[[Choerospondias]]'' |''[[Comocladia]]'' |''[[Cotinus]]'' (smoke tree) |''[[Cyrtocarpa]]'' |''[[Dobinea]]'' |''[[Dracontomelon]]'' |''[[Drimycarpus]]'' |''[[Ebandoua]]'' |''[[Euleria]]'' |''[[Euroschinus]]'' |''[[Faguetia]]'' |''[[Fegimanra]]'' |''[[Gluta]]'' |''[[Haematostaphis]]'' |''[[Haplorhus]]'' |''[[Harpephyllum]]'' |''[[Heeria]]'' |''[[Holigarna]]'' |''[[Koordersiodendron]]'' |''[[Lannea]]'' |''[[Laurophyllus]]'' |''[[Lithraea]]'' |''[[Loxopterygium]]'' |''[[Loxostylis]]'' |''[[Malosma]]'' |''[[Mangifera]]'' ([[mango]]) |''[[Mauria]]'' |''[[Melanochyla]]'' |''[[Melanococca]]'' |''[[Melanorrhoea]]'' |''[[Metopium]]'' |''[[Micronychia (plant)|Micronychia]]'' |''[[Montagueia]]'' |''[[Mosquitoxylum]]'' |''[[Nothopegia]]'' |''[[Ochoterenaea]]'' |''[[Operculicarya]]'' |''[[Orthopterygium]]'' |''[[Ozoroa]]'' |''[[Pachycormus (plant)|Pachycormus]]'' |''[[Parishia]]'' |''[[Pegia]]'' |''[[Pentaspadon]]'' |''[[Pistacia]]'' ([[pistachio]]) |''[[Pleiogynium]]'' |''[[Poupartia]]'' |''[[Poupartiopsis]]'' |''[[Protorhus]]'' |''[[Pseudoprotorhus]]'' |''[[Pseudosmodingium]]'' |''[[Pseudospondias]]'' |''[[Rhodosphaera]]'' |''[[Rhus]]'' ([[sumac]]) |''[[Schinopsis]]'' |''[[Schinus]]'' (peppertree) |''[[Sclerocarya]]'' |''[[Searsia (plant)|Searsia]]'' |''[[Semecarpus]]'' |''[[Smodingium]]'' |''[[Solenocarpus]]'' |''[[Sorindeia]]'' |''[[Spondias]]'' |''[[Swintonia]]'' |''[[Tapirira]]'' |''[[Thyrsodium]]'' |''[[Toxicodendron]]'' ([[poison ivy]], [[poison oak]], [[poison sumac]]) |''[[Trichoscypha]]'' }} {{div col end}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal|last1=Aguilar-Ortigoza|first1=Carlos|last2=Sosa|first2=Victoria|last3=Angeles|first3=Guillermo|title=Phylogenetic relationships of three genera in Anacardiaceae: ''Bonetiella'', ''Pseudosmodingium'', and ''Smodingium''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brittonia_april-june-2004_56_2/page/169|journal=Brittonia|date=April 2004|volume=56|issue=2|pages=169–184|doi=10.1663/0007-196X(2004)056[0169:PROTGI]2.0.CO;2}} * {{cite journal|last1=Andrés-Hernández|first1=A. R.|last2=Terrazas|first2=Teresa|title=Leaf architecture of ''Rhus'' s.str. (Anacardiaceae)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Teresa_Terrazas2/publication/230321099_Leaf_architecture_of_Rhus_sstr_Anacardiaceae/links/56645fb608ae4931cd607c6f.pdf|journal=Feddes Repertorium|date=October 2009|volume=120|issue=5-6|pages=293–306|doi=10.1002/fedr.200911109}} * {{Cite book |last1=Britton |first1=Nathaniel Lord |authorlink1=Nathaniel Lord Britton |last2=Brown |first2=Hon. Addison |authorlink2=Addison Brown |title=An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102D Meridian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_IKAAAAIAAJ |accessdate=11 April 2009 |volume=Volume II, Portulacaceae to Menyanthaceae |year=1897 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |ref=IFNUS }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Brown, F.R.S. |first1=Robert |authorlink1=Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose) |last2=Tuckey |first2=James Hingston |authorlink2=James Hingston Tuckey |last3=Christen |first3=Smith |authorlink3=Christen Smith | title = Observations, Systematical and Geographical, on Professor Christian Smith's Collection of Plants from the Vicinity of the River Congo | journal = Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, Under the Direction of Captain J.H. Tuckey, R.N., to Which is Added, the Journals of Professor Smith; Some General Observations on the Country and its Inhabitants; and an Appendix: Containing the Natural History of that Part of the Kingdom Congo Through Which the Zaire Flows |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aj1kAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA420 |accessdate=9 April 2009 |year=1818 |publisher=[[John Murray (1778–1843)|John Murray]] |location=[[London]] |ref=ZAIRE }} * {{Cite book |last1=Candolle |first1=Augustin Pyramus de |authorlink1=Augustin Pyramus de Candolle |last2=Candolle |first2=Alphonse de |authorlink2=Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle |title=Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis: sive enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBEAAAAAQAAJ |accessdate=3 April 2009 |series= Pars Secunda |year=1825 |publisher=Sumptibus Victoris Masson |location=[[Paris]] |language=Latin |ref= PS }} * {{Cite book |last=Jussieu |authorlink=Bernard de Jussieu |first=Bernard de |title=Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV |url=http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753000471463 |accessdate=10 April 2009 |year=1789 |publisher=Apud Viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois |location=[[Paris]] |language=Latin |ref=GP |archive-date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418040633/http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753000471463 |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Kubitzki|editor-first1=Klaus|editorlink=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. x. Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hHvYeQYTTEC|date= 2011|publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|isbn=978-3-642-14397-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Kunth | first = C. S. | authorlink = Carl Sigismund Kunth | year = 1824 | title = Terebintacearum Genera: denuo ad examen revocare, characteribus magis accuratis distinguere, inque spetem familias, distribuere conatus est | journal = Annales des Sciences Naturelles | volume = Tome Second | publisher = Chez Bechet Jeune | location = [[Paris]] | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5751941 | language = French | accessdate = 11 April 2009 | ref=ASN }} * {{Cite book |last1=Lindley, F.R.S. |first1=John |authorlink1=John Lindley |last2=Torrey, M.D. |first2=John |authorlink2=John Torrey |title=An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany: or A Systematic View of the Organization, Natural Affinities, and Geographical Distribution of the Whole Vegetable Kingdom; Together with the Uses of the Most Important Species in Medicine, the Arts and Rural or Domestic Economy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2QaAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=10 April 2009 |edition=First American |year=1831 |publisher=G. & C. & H. Carvill |location=[[New York City|New York]] |ref=NSB }} * {{cite journal|last1= Mitchell|first1=John D.|last2=Daly|first2=Douglas C.|title=A revision of ''Spondias'' L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics|journal=PhytoKeys|date=5 August 2015|volume=55|pages=1–92|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489|pmc=4547026}} * {{cite journal|last1=Moffett|first1=R.O.|title=Name changes in the Old World ''Rhus'' and recognition of ''Searsia'' (Anacardiaceae|journal=[[Bothalia]]|date=2007|volume=37|issue=2|pages=165–175|url=http://abcjournal.org/index.php/ABC/article/viewFile/311/256|access-date=2019-09-17|archivedate=2017-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221023653/http://abcjournal.org/index.php/ABC/article/viewFile/311/256}} * {{Cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Hermann |authorlink1=Hermann Müller (botanist) |last2=Knuth |first2=Dr. Paul |last3=Davis |first3=James Richard Ainsworth |title=Handbook of Flower Pollination Based Upon Hermann Müller's Work ‘The Fertilisation of Flowers by Insects’ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zagXAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=11 April 2009 |volume=Volume II, Ranunculaceae to Stylidieae |year=1908 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]] |location=[[Oxford]] |pages=258–259 |chapter=XXXII. Order Anacardiaceae |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=zagXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA258 }} * {{cite book|last1=Pell|first1=Susan Katherine|title=Molecular systematics of the cashew family (Anacardiaceae)|date=May 2004|publisher=Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University|url=http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04152004-101232/unrestricted/Pell_dis.pdf|format=PhD thesis|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821121314/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04152004-101232/unrestricted/Pell_dis.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} * {{cite journal|last1=Pell|first1=Susan K.|last2=Mitchell|first2=John D.|last3=Lowry|first3=Porter P.|last4=Randrianasolo|first4=Armand|last5=Urbatsch|first5=Lowell E.|title=Phylogenetic Split of Malagasy and African Taxa of ''Protorhus'' and ''Rhus'' (Anacardiaceae) Based on cpDNA ''trnL–trnF'' and nrDNA ETS and ITS Sequence Data|journal=Systematic Botany|date=1 April 2008|volume=33|issue=2|pages=375–383|doi=10.1600/036364408784571545}} * {{cite book|last1=Pell|first1=SK|last2=Mitchell|first2=JD|last3=Miller|first3=AJ|last4=Lobova|first4=TA|title=Anacardiaceae R.Br. (1818)|pages=7–50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hHvYeQYTTEC&pg=PA7|ref={{harvid|Pell et al|2011}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Kubitzki|2011}} * {{Cite book |last1=Solereder |first1= Hans |authorlink1=Hans Solereder |last2=Scott |first2=D. H. |authorlink2=Dukinfield Henry Scott |others=trans. Leonard A. Boodle, [[Felix Eugene Fritsch]] |title=Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, A Handbook for Laboratories of Pure and Applied Botany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VagUAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=11 April 2009 |volume=Volume I, Introduction, Polypetalae, Gamopetalae |year=1908 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]] |location=[[Oxford]] |ref=SAD }} *{{Cite book |last1=Turpin |first1=Pierre Jean François |authorlink1=Pierre Jean François Turpin |last2=Jussieu |first2=Antoine-Laurent de |authorlink2=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu |title=Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, Dans Lequel on Traite Méthodiquement des Différens Êtres de la Nature, Considérés Soit en Eux-Mêmes, d’Aprés l’État Actuel de nos Connoissances, soit Relativement à l’Utilité Qu’en Peuvent Retirer la Médecine, l’Agriculture, le Commerce et les Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ux4XAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=11 April 2009 |volume=Volume 53 |year=1828 |publisher=G. Levrault |location=[[Strasbourg]] |language=French |pages=120–126 |chapter=Térébintacées |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ux4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA120 |ref=DSN }} {{Refend}} ==Panluwas na takod== *[http://tolweb.org/Anacardiaceae/21262 Tree of Life: Anacardiaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415222641/http://tolweb.org/Anacardiaceae/21262 |date=2022-04-15 }} *[http://www.anacardiaceae.org Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111022324/http://anacardiaceae.org/ |date=2019-01-11 }} *[http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/anacardiaceae.htm Anacardiaceae in Topwalks] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050315000926/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/anacardi.htm Anacardiaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.] *[http://flowersinisrael.com/FamAnacardiaceae.html Family Anacardiaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323094510/http://www.flowersinisrael.com/FamAnacardiaceae.html |date=2016-03-23 }} - Flowers in Israel *[http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/PIC_FAMILIES_SIMPLE_Anacardiaceae.php Anacardiaceae of Chile, by Chileflora] *[https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ANAC-1.html Anacardiaceae] in [https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/ BoDD &#8211; Botanical Dermatology Database] *[https://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/Taxonomy:family=Anacardiaceae/ Anacardiaceae at Flickr] *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10038 Tianlu Min & Anders Barfod. Anacardiaceae at Flora of China, 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006204706/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10038 |date=2021-10-06 }} ** [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume11/Anacardiaceae.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224025248/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume11/Anacardiaceae.pdf |date=2021-02-24 }} [[Kategorya:Anacardiaceae| ]] [[Kategorya:Sapindales families]] 3ychk4y21x4iwh8f53aqhw07r3ciwwo 0 20147 309769 185597 2026-08-23T23:24:17Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Selayar |nativename=Basa Silajara |states=[[Indonesya]] |region=[[Mga isla nin Selayar]], [[Habagatang Sulawesi]] |ethnicity= |speakers={{sigfig|128,000|2}} |date=2000 senso |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austronesyo |fam2=[[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]] |fam3=[[Mga tataramon na Sur na Sulawesi|Habagatang Sulawesi]] |fam4=[[Mga tataramon na Makassariko|Makassariko]] |iso3=sly |glotto=sela1260 |glottorefname=Selayar |notice=IPA }} An '''Selayar''' o '''Selayares''' sarong [[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo]] na pinagtataram kan haros 100,000 katawo sa [[isla kan Selayar]] sa probinsyang [[Habagatang Sulawesi]], [[Indonesya]].<ref name="mb">{{cite journal |last=Mithun|first=Marianne|first2=Hasan|last2=Basri |year=1986 |title=The Phonology of Selayarese |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanic-linguistics_summer-winter-1986_25_1-2/page/210|journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=25 |issue=1/2 |pages=210–254 |doi=10.2307/3623212 |jstor=3623212}}</ref>{{rp|210}} ===Mga patanog=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! ! [[Pan-atubang na patanog|Atubangan]] ! [[Panlikod na patanog|Likod]] |- ! [[Halangkaw na patanog|Langkaw]] | {{IPA|i}} | {{IPA|u}} |- ! [[Katahawang patanog|Tahaw]] | {{IPA|e}} | {{IPA|o}} |- ! [[Hababang patanog|Hababa]] |colspan="2"| {{IPA|a}} |} Pinapalawig an mga patanog pag nai-stress sa sarong bukas na silaba. ====Pagsasanasal==== Pinapalawig an pagsasanasal puon sa mga katanog na nasal paduman sa mga minasunod na mga patanog, nagpapadagos sagkod mabagat ini kan sarong raot na [[intonasyon (lingguwistiks)|intonasyon]] o sarong katanog kaysa sa [[glottal stop]]: :{{IPA|[lamẽãĩʔĩ ãːsu]}} "Nagtiris saiya an ido." :{{IPA|[sassaʔ lamẽãĩʔĩ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ʔaːsu lataiːʔiʔi]}} "Nagtiris saiya an tagaw, asin nag-udo an ido saiya."<ref name="mb"/>{{rp|225–226}} ==Mga toltolan== {{reflist}} {{incubator|sly}} {{Mga tataramon kan Indonesya}} {{Mga tataramon Austronesyo}} [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Indonesya]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Sur na Sulawesi]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Sulawesi]] [[Kategorya:Sur na Sulawesi]] rpgmm680vn85z3vrnhv2jzs6q4n9l1c 0 20277 309633 309255 2026-08-23T21:10:21Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Suanoy na Iskritura kan Sentral asin Habagatang Asya}} {{Redirect|Brahmi}} {{Distinguish|Mga iskriturang Brahmiko}} {{Infobox sistema nin panurat|name= Brāhmī |sample= [[File:Brahmi pillar inscription in Sarnath.jpg |270px]] |caption= An iskriturang Brahmi sa Pillar kan Ashoka (250 BCE siglo) |type= [[Abugida]] |languages= [[Tataramon na Tamil|Tamil]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]], [[Tataramon na Saka|Saka]], [[Tataramon na Tochariano|Tochariano]] |time= ika-4 o ika-3ng siglo BCE^[a] sagkod ika-5ng siglo CE |fam1=[[Iskriturang Proto-Sinaitiko]]?^[b]|fam2=[[Alpabetong Ponesyano]]?^[b] |fam3=[[Alpabetong Aramaiko]]?^[b] |sisters= [[Kharoṣṭhī]] |children=[[Iskriturang Gupta|Gupta]] asin nagkapira pang [[#Mga pinaghalian|pinaghaliang mga siste nin panurat]] |footnotes=[a] Pinag-iiwalan pa langgad an mga dae pa sana nahahaloy na pag-angkin kan mga naenot na fragmentary inskripsyon sa mga banga. [b] Dai pangkagabsang uyon an hinaliang Semitiko kan mga iskriturang Brahmiko.|unicode= [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11000.pdf U+11000–U+1107F] |iso15924= Brah }} [[File:Soghaura_inscription.jpg|thumb|An [[Sohgaura copper plate inscription]] sa iskriturang Brahmi , ika-3ng siglo BCE]] An '''Brahmi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|ɑː|m|i}}; [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Brāhmī}}, sa iskriturang Brahmi: <b>𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻</b>, "''Brā-hmī''"), namukna sa katahawan kan ika-1 na sanribong taon BCE, an pinakaluma na bistong [[sistema nin panurat]] kan [[Suanoy na Indya]], na may posibleng pagbubukod kan daing natukoy na [[Iskriturang Indus]].<ref name=britbrahmiscript>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmi Brahmi], Encyclopedia Britannica (1999), Quote: An "Brāhmī, sarong sistema nin pagsurat kan ninuno sa gabos kan mga iskritura kan Indya apwera sana sa Kharoṣṭhī. Kan Aramaikong deribasyon o inspirasyon, pwedeng masususog ini sa ika-8 o ika-7 siglo BC, kung pwedeng napabisto sa mga parakalakal kan Indya kan mga tawo na Semitiko an hinalian. (. ..) An sarong barya kan ika-4 na siglo BC, natuklasan sa Madhya Pradesh, na nakasurat sa mga karakter na Brāhmī na minadalagan puon patuo sagkod wala."</ref> Sarong [[abugida]] an Brahmi na nag-uswag sa [[Subkontinenteng Indya]] asin nagagamit nin sarong [[sistema]] kan mga karkang diyakirikal tanganing maitakod an mga patanog sa mga katanog na mga simbolo. Nagdakula ini sa sarong host kan iba pang mga iskritura, na pig-aapod na [[mga iskriturang Brahmiko]], na padagos na piggagamit sagkod ngunyan sa[[Sur na Asya|Habagatan]] asin sa [[Sur-Subangan na Asya|Habagatan-Subangan na Asya]].{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=19–30}}<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmi Brahmi], Encyclopedia Britannica (1999), Quote: "Kabali sa dakol na mga inapo kan Brāhmī iyo an Devanāgarī (pigagamit para sa Sanskrit, Hindi asin iba pang mga tataramong Indyano), an mga iskritura kan Bengali dangan Gujarati asin an mga tataramon na Drabidyano"</ref> ==Mga toltolan== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliograpiya=== * {{cite book|author1=Annette Wilke|author2=Oliver Moebus|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Bühler|first=Georg|title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet|url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft|year=1898|publisher=Strassburg K.J. Trübner}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Deraniyagala|first=Siran|title=The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVJcnQEACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Department of Archaeological Survey, Government of Sri Lanka|isbn=978-955-9159-00-1}} * {{cite book|last1=Falk|first1=Harry|title=Schrift im alten Indien: ein Forschungsbericht mit Anmerkungen|date=1993|publisher=Gunter Narr Verlag|language=German|ref=harv}} * Gérard Fussman, ''Les premiers systèmes d'écriture en Inde'', in Annuaire du Collège de France 1988–1989 (sa Pranses) * Oscar von Hinüber, ''Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien'', Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990 (sa Aleman) * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Keay|first=John|authorlink=John Keay|title=India: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC|year=2000|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ledyard|first=Gari|authorlink=Gari Ledyard|title=The Korean Language Reform of 1446: The Origin, Background, and Early History of the Korean Alphabet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xnc0nQEACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=University Microfilms}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Masica|first=Colin|authorlink=Colin Masica|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2}} * {{cite journal|last1=Norman|first1=Kenneth R.|title=The Development of Writing in India and its Effect upon the Pāli Canon|journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies|date=1992|volume=36|issue=Proceedings of the VIIIth World Sanskrit Conference Vienna|pages=239–249}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Patel|first1=Purushottam G.|last2=Pandey|first2=Pramod|last3=Rajgor|first3=Dilip|title=The Indic Scripts: Palaeographic and Linguistic Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAIaAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=D.K. Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0406-9}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Rocher|first=Ludo|authorlink=Ludo Rocher|title=Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dziNBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-315-2}} * {{cite book |first=Richard|last=Salomon|chapter=Brahmi and Kharoshthi|editors=Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William |title=The World's Writing Systems |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-507993-0 |ref=harv|title-link=The World's Writing Systems}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Salomon|first=Richard|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3}} *{{cite journal|last1=Salomon|first1=Richard|title=On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_april-june-1995_115_2/page/271|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1995|volume=115|issue=2|pages=271–279|doi=10.2307/604670|jstor=604670}} *{{Cite book | last=Salomon | first=Richard | title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages | url=https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphyg0000salo | publisher=Oxford University Press | place=Oxford | year=1998 | isbn=0-19-509984-2|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Trautmann|first=Thomas|authorlink=Thomas Trautmann|title=Languages and Nations: The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0W0oVIZgyEwC|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24455-9}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Timmer|first=Barbara Catharina Jacoba|title=Megasthenes en de Indische maatschappij|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GudWAAAAMAAJ|year=1930|publisher=H.J. Paris}} {{Stub}} 5u6tho9rg0kdy61t3akok67kubytw8v 0 20507 309698 304741 2026-08-23T22:21:02Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309698 wikitext text/x-wiki : An mga minasunod sarong listahan kan mga feministang literatura, nakalista uyon sa taon kan inot na ipinublikar, asin sa laog kan mga taon, naka-alpabetikong lista uyon sa titulo (naggagamit nin Ingles imbes na an mga dayuhang lengguwahe kan literatura). An mga libro asin magasin naka Italiko, asin an ibang uri kan literatura naka quotation marks.Igwa nin toltolan kun may posibleng takodan sa kabuoan kan literatura. == Ika-15 Siglo == * ''The Book of the City of Ladies'', Christine de Pisan (ca. 1405) * ''Le tresor de la cité des dames'', meaning ''The Treasure of the City of Ladies'', Christine de Pisan (ca. 1405) * ''The Tale of [[Joan of Arc]]'', Christine de Pisan (1429) * The Wife of Bath's Tale - Chaucer == Ika-16 Siglo == * ''The Superior Excellence of Women Over Men'', Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1529) * ''The Defense of Good Women'', Thomas Elyot (1545) * ''Le Promenoir de M. de Montaigne qui traite de l’amour dans l’œuvre de Plutarque'', Marie le Jars de Gournay (1584) * ''Her Protection for Women'', Jane Anger (1589) == Ika-17 siglo == * "Poem 92, called Philosophical Satire", Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1600s) * ''A Muzzle for Melastomus, the Cynical Baiter of, and Foul-mouthed Barker Against Eve's Sex. Or An Apologetical Answer to that Irreligious and Illiterate Pamphlet Made by Jo. Sw. And By Him Entitled, "The Arraignment of Women"'', Rachel Speght (1617) * ''Ester Hath Hang'd Haman: An Answer To a Lewd Pamphlet, Entitled "The Arraignment of Women," With the Arraignment of Lewd, Idle Forward, and Unconstant Men, and Husbands'', Ester Sowernam (1617) * ''Swetnam the Woman-Hater'', Anonymous (1620) * ''Égalité des hommes et des femmes'', Marie Le Jars de Gournay (1622), translated into English as ''The Equality of Men and Women'' * ''Grief des dames'', Marie Le Jars de Gournay (1626), translated into English as ''The Ladies' Grievance'' * ''Women's Speaking Justified, Proved, and Allowed of by the Scriptures, All such as speak by the Spirit and Power of the Lord Jesus. And how Women were the first that Preached the Tidings of the Resurrection of Jesus, and were sent by Christ's own Command, before he Ascended to the Father, John 20. 17.'', Margaret Fell (1667) * ''An Essay to Revive the Antient [sic] Education of Gentlewomen in Religion, Manners, Arts &#x26; Tongues, with An Answer to the Objections Against this Way of Education.'', Bathsua Makin (1673) * ''De l'égalité des deux sexes'', François Poullain de la Barre (1673) * ''De l’Éducation des dames pour la conduite de l’esprit dans les sciences et dans les mœurs, entretiens'', François Poullain de la Barre (1674) * ''La Princesse de Clèves'', Madame de Lafayette (1678) * ''Female Advocate or, an Answer to a Late Satyr Against the Pride, Lust and Inconstancy, &#x26;c. of Woman. Written by a Lady in Vindication of her Sex'', Sarah Fyge Egerton (1686) * ''A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of Their True and Greatest Interest'', Mary Astell (1694) * ''An Essay in Defence of the Female Sex. In Which Are Inserted the Characters of a Pedant, a Squire, a Beau, a Vertuoso, a Poetaster, a City-Critick, &#x26;c. In a Letter to a Lady. Written by a Lady'', Judith Drake (1697) * ''A Serious Proposal, Part II'', Mary Astell (1697) * ''The Adventure of the Black Lady'', [[Aphra Behn]] (1697) == Ika-18 siglo == *''Some Reflections Upon Marriage, Occasioned by the Duke and Dutchess of Mazarine's Case; Which is Also Considered.'', [[Mary Astell]] (1700) *''[[The Ladies' Defence|The Ladies' Defence, Or, a Dialogue Between Sir John Brute, Sir William Loveall, Melissa, and a Parson]]'', [[Lady Mary Chudleigh]] (1701) *''The Education of Women'', [[Daniel Defoe]] (1719)<ref>{{Cite web |title="The Education of Women," by Daniel Defoe - Classic British Essays - Essay by Defoe<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://grammar.about.com/od/classicessays/a/educwomendefoe.htm |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2016-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130214520/http://grammar.about.com/od/classicessays/a/educwomendefoe.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * ''The Emulation'', [[Sarah Fyge]] (1719) *''The Woman's Labour'', [[Mary Collier]] (1739)<ref>{{Cite web |title="The Woman's Labour: An Epistle to Mr. Stephen Duck" by Mary Collier<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=https://www.usask.ca/english/barbauld/related_texts/collier.html |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2018-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913174323/http://www.usask.ca/english/barbauld/related_texts/collier.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *''An Essay on Woman in Three Epistles'', [[Mary Leapor]] (1763) *''Letters on Women's Rights'', [[Abigail Adams|Abigail]] and [[John Adams]] (1776)<ref>[http://www.thelizlibrary.org/suffrage/abigail.htm Letters Of Abigail Adams<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''Desultory Thoughts upon the Utility of Encouraging a Degree of Self-Complacency, Especially in Female Bosoms'', [[Judith Sargent Murray]] (1784)<ref name="Murray1995">{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Judith Sargent|title=Selected Writings of Judith Sargent Murray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GgPrVX5egUC&pg=PA44|accessdate=29 July 2013|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510038-9|page=44}}</ref> *''Philosophie eines Weibs: Von einer Beobachterin,'' [[Marianne Ehrmann]] (1784) *''[[Mary: A Fiction]]'', [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1788)<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16357/16357-h/16357-h.htm The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mary, by Mary Wollstonecraft<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''Petition of Women of the Third Estate to the King'' (1789)<ref>[http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/472/ "Petition of Women of the Third Estate to the King" (1 January 1789)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Women's Petition to the [French] National Assembly" (1789)<ref>[http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/629/ Women's Petition to the National Assembly<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship'', [[Marquis de Condorcet]] (1790)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Library of Liberty<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1013&layout=html |access-date=2026-03-27 |archive-date=2021-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224113957/https://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1013&layout=html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"On the Equality of the Sexes", [[Judith Sargent Murray]], from ''The Massachusetts Magazine, or, Monthly Museum Concerning the Literature, History, Politics, Arts, Manners, Amusements of the Age, Vol. II'' (1790)<ref>[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/murray/equality/equality.html On the Equality of the Sexes<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * ''[[A Vindication of the Rights of Woman]]'', [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1791)<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/wmn/vind.txt Vindication of the Rights of Woman]</ref> * ''[[Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen]]'', [[Olympe de Gouges]] (1791)<ref name="olympedegouges.eu">{{Cite web |title=The Rights of Women, by Olympe De Gouges, including the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, all in English |url=http://www.olympedegouges.eu/rights_of_women.php |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2021-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103043613/https://www.olympedegouges.eu/rights_of_women.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *''The Rights of Women [including the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen]'', [[Olympe de Gouges]] (1791)<ref name="olympedegouges.eu"/> * ''[[Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman]]'', [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1798)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maria, or The Wrongs of Woman<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/WolMari.html |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2006-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061220160141/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Ika-19 siglo == === 1810s–1820 na dekada === * ''Pride and Prejudice'', [[Jane Austen]] (1813) * "An Address to the Public; Particularly to the Members of the Legislature of New-York, Proposing a Plan for Improving Female Education", Emma Willard (1819) * ''The Skeleton Count, or The Vampire Mistress'', Elizabeth Caroline Grey (1828) === 1830 na dekada === * ''Indiana'', George Sand (pen name of Amantine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin) (1832) * "Marriage Law Protest", Robert Dale Owen (1832) * ''Valentine'', George Sand (pen name of Amantine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin) (1832) * ''Lélia'', George Sand (pen name of Amantine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin) (1833) * ''Jacques'', George Sand (pen name of Amantine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin) (1834) * ''The History of the Condition of Women in Various Ages and Nations'', Lydia Maria Child (1835) * ''Letters on the Equality of the Sexes'', Sarah Grimke (1837) * "Remarks Comprising in Substance Judge Hertell's Argument in the House of Assembly in the State of New York in the Session of 1837 in Support of the Bill to Restore to Married Women the 'Right of Property' as Guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States", Judge Thomas Hertell (1837) * ''The Times that Try Men's Souls'', Maria Weston Chapman (1837) * ''Woman'', Harriet Martineau (1837) * ''On Marriage'', Harriet Martineau (1838) === 1840 na dekada === * ''The Great Lawsuit'', Margaret Fuller (1843) * ''Brief History of the Condition of Women: in Various Ages and Nations, Volume 2'', Lydia Maria Child (1845) * "The Rights and Condition of Women", Samuel May (1845) * ''Woman in the Nineteenth Century'', Margaret Fuller (1845) * ''Poganka'' (The Heathen Woman), by Narcyza Żmichowska (1846) * ''Jane Eyre'', Charlotte Brontë (1847)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.literature.org/authors/bronte-charlotte/jane-eyre/|title=Literature.org - The Online Literature Library<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2013-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504200054/http://www.literature.org/authors/bronte-charlotte/jane-eyre/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * "Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions", Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1848) * ''The Tenant of Wildfell Hall'', Anne Brontë (1848) * "Voting Rights Speech", Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1848) * "Discourse on Woman", Lucretia Mott (1849) === 1850 na dekada === * ''The Scarlet Letter,'' Nathaniel Hawthorne (1850) * ''Woman and Her Needs'', Elizabeth Oakes Smith (1850-1851)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.neiu.edu/~thscherm/eos/w%26n.htm|accessdate=May 15, 2015|title=Archive copy|archive-date=August 23, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000823085749/http://www.neiu.edu/~thscherm/eos/w%26n.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * Ain't I a Woman? speech, Sojourner Truth (1851) * "Enfranchisement of Women", Harriet Taylor Mill, from the ''Westminster Review'' (1851) * "Speech at the National Woman's Rights Convention", Ernestine Rose (1851) * "The Responsibilities of Woman", Clarina Howard Nichols (1851) * "Cassandra", [[Florence Nightingale]] (1852) * "Speech at the National Woman's Rights Convention", Matilda Joslyn Gage (1852) * ''Villette'', Charlotte Brontë (1853) * ''What Time of Night It Is'', Sojourner Truth (1853) * ''Women's Rights'', William Lloyd Garrison (1853) * "A Brief Summary in Plain Language of the Most Important Laws Concerning Women", Barbara Bodichon (1854) * "Address to the Legislature of New York", Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1854) * "English Laws for Women in the Nineteenth Century", Caroline Norton (1854) * "A Letter to the Queen On Lord Chancellor Cranworth's Marriage and Divorce Bill", Caroline Norton (1855) * ''Marriage of Lucy Stone Under Protest'', Lucy Stone, Rev. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and Henry Blackwell (1855) * "The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids", Herman Melville (1855) * ''Ruth Hall'', Fanny Fern (1855) * "The Right of Women to Exercise the Elective Franchise", Agnes Pochin (1855) * ''Hertha'', Fredrika Bremer (1856) * "Consistent democracy. The elective franchise for women. Twenty-five testimonies of prominent men, viz: ex-Gov. Anthony of R.I., Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Rev. Wm.H. Channing [etc.]" (1858) * "Female Ministry, Or, Woman's Right to Preach the Gospel", Catherine Booth (1859) * "Ought Women to Learn the Alphabet?", Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1859) === 1860 na dekada === * "A Practical Illustration of 'Woman's Right to Labor;' or, A Letter from Marie E. Zakrzewska, M.D., Late of Berlin, Prussia", Caroline H. Dall (ed.) (1860) * ''A Slave's Appeal'', Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1860) * ''Female Teaching'', Catherine Booth (1861) * ''Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl'', Harriet Jacobs (1861) * "A Woman's Philosophy of Woman; or Woman Affranchised. An Answer to Michelet, Proudhon, Girardin, Legouve, Comte, and Other Modern Innovators", Jenny d'Héricourt (1864) * ''A Long Fatal Love Chase'', [[Louisa May Alcott]] (1866) * "Objections to the Enfranchisement of Women Considered", Barbara Bodichon (1866) * ''The Higher Education of Women'', Emily Davies (1866) * "Address To The First Anniversary Of The American Equal Rights Association", Frances D. Gage (1867) * "Keeping the Thing Going While Things Are Stirring", Sojourner Truth (1867) * ''Little Women'', [[Louisa May Alcott]] (1868) * "The Destructive Male", Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1868) * "The Education and Employment of Women", [[Josephine Butler]] (1868) * ''Criminals, Idiots, Women, and Minors'', Frances Power Cobbe (1869) * ''The Subjection of Women'', John Stuart Mill (1869) * ''The Woman with Prospects'', Concepción Arenal (Seville, Spain) (1869) * ''Women and Politics'', Charles Kingsley (1869) === 1870 na dekada === * "About Marrying Too Young" from ''The Revolution'', Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1870) * "Are Women A Class?", Lillie Blake (1870) * "Our Policy: An Address to Women Concerning the Suffrage", Frances Power Cobbe (1870) * ''Man's Rights'', Annie Denton Cridge (1870) * ''Endorsing Women's Enfranchisement'', Adelle Hazlett (1871) * "Letters to and from Polly Plum", Polly Plum (pen name of Mary Ann Colclough) (1871) * ''On the Progress of Education and Industrial Avocations for Women'', Matilda Joslyn Gage (1871) * "Put Us In Your Place" from ''The Revolution'', Lillie Blake (1871) * ''On Woman's Right to Suffrage'', Susan B. Anthony (1872) * ''Reasons For and Against the Enfranchisement of Women'', Barbara Bodichon (1872) * ''The Adventures of a Woman in Search of her Rights'', Florence Claxton (1872) * ''Martha'' (Polish: ''Marta''), a novel by Eliza Orzeszkowa (1873) * "Sentencing of Susan B. Anthony for the Crime of Voting" (1873) * "Uncivil Liberty: An Essay to Show the Injustice and Impolicy of Ruling Woman Without Her Consent", Ezra Heywood (1873) * ''Woman: Man's Equal'', Thomas Webster (1873) * "Women's Temperance Movement", [[Mark Twain]] (1873) * ''Papa's Own Girl'', Marie Howland (1874) *"Some Thoughts on the Present Aspect of the Crusade Against the State Regulation of Vice", [[Catherine Booth]] (1874)<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/butler/thoughts.html Some Thoughts on the Present Aspect of the Crusade Against the State Regulation of Vice<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * {{cite book|last=Blackwell|first=Antoinette|author-link=Antoinette Brown Blackwell|title=The Sexes Throughout Nature|origyear=first published 1875|publisher=Hyperion Press|year=1976|isbn=0-88355-349-X|title-link=The Sexes Throughout Nature}}<ref>[https://archive.org/texts/flipbook/flippy.php?id=cu31924031174372 Internet Archive: Details: The sexes throughout nature<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * "Declaration of Rights of the Women of the United States", [[National Woman Suffrage Association]], July 4, 1876<ref>[http://ecssba.rutgers.edu/docs/decl.html Declaration of Rights of the Women of the United States by the National Woman Suffrage Association]</ref> *''Why Women Desire the Franchise'', [[Frances Power Cobbe]] (1877)<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/cobbe/cobbewhy.html Why Women Desire the Franchise<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"An Appeal to the Men of New Zealand", Femina (pen name of [[Mary Ann Muller]]) (1878)<ref>[http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/an-appeal-to-the-men-of-new-zealand 'An appeal to the men of New Zealand' | NZHistory, New Zealand history online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[A Doll's House]]'', [[Henrik Ibsen]] (1879)<ref>{{Cite web |title=SparkNotes: Complete Text of A Doll House: Act I<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://pd.sparknotes.com/lit/dollhouse/section2.html |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2018-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618005443/http://pd.sparknotes.com/lit/dollhouse/section2.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *''Social Purity'', [[Josephine Butler]] (1879)<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/butler/social.html Social Purity<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> === 1880 na dekada === * ''Mizora'', Mary Lane (1880&#x2013;81) * ''Common Sense About Women'', Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1881) * ''Women and the Alphabet: A Series of Essays'', Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1881) * ''Die Frauenfrage in Deutschland'', Augusta Bender (1883) * ''The Constitutional Rights of the Women of the United States'', Isabella Beecher Hooker (1883) * ''The Story of an African Farm'', Olive Schreiner (1883) * ''The Woman in her House'', Concepción Arenal (1883) * ''What Shall We Do With our Daughters? Superfluous Women and Other Lectures'', Mary A. Livermore (1883) * ''The Iniquity of State Regulated Vice'', Catherine Booth (1884) * "The Need of Liberal Divorce Laws" from the ''North American Review'', Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1884) * ''The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State'', Friedrich Engels (1884) * "Has Christianity Benefited Woman?", Elizabeth Cady Stanton, from the ''North American Review'' (1885)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu/ewwrp/content.php?level=div&id=stanton_christianity_001&document=stanton_christianity|title=Emory Women Writers Resource Project : 0 : 0 0<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072041/http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu/ewwrp/content.php?level=div&id=stanton_christianity_001&document=stanton_christianity|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * ''Men, Women, And Gods, And Other Lectures'', Helen H. Gardener (1885) * ''The Bostonians'', Henry James (1886) * ''Cathy the Caryatid'' (Polish: Kaśka Kariatyda), a novel by Gabriela Zapolska (1886) * ''The Woman Question'', Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx Aveling (1886) * ''Misogyny in Excelsis'', Annie Besant (1887) * ''Women and Men'', Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1888) * ''Women Who Go To College'', Arthur Gilman (1888) * ''New Amazonia'', Elizabeth Burgoyne Corbett (1889) * ''Ein deutsches Mädchen in Amerika'', Augusta Bender (1893) === 1890 na dekada === * "Sex Slavery", Voltairine de Cleyre (1890) * ''Le Droit des femmes'', meaning ''Women's Rights'' (1869 to 1891) * ''A Doll's House Repaired'', Eleanor Marx Aveling (1891) * ''The Woman's Movement in the South'', A.P. Mayo (1891) * "Transactions of the National Council of Women of the United States" (1891) * ''A Voice from the South'', Anna J. Cooper (1892) * "Hearing of the Woman Suffrage Association" (1892) * ''Solitude of Self'', Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1892) * "The Yellow Wallpaper", Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1892) * ''The New Woman'' (Polish: ''Emancypantki''), a novel by Bolesław Prus (1890–93) * ''So That Women May Receive the Vote'', Meri Te Tai Mangakāhia (1893) * "The Progress of Fifty Years", Lucy Stone (1893) * ''Unveiling a Parallel'', Alice Ilgenfritz Jones & Ella Merchant (1893) * ''Woman, Church, and State'', Matilda Joslyn Gage (1893) * ''Women's Cause is One and Universal'', Anna Julia Cooper (1893) * "Common Sense" Applied to Women's Suffrage, Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi (1894) * "Speech on Women's Suffrage", Carrie Chapman Catt (1894) * "The Story of an Hour", Kate Chopin (1894) * ''The New Woman'', Winona Branch Sawyer (1895) * "What Becomes of the Girl Graduates", Winona Branch Sawyer (1895) * "Anarchy and the Sex Question" from the ''New York World'', Emma Goldman (1896) * "Only in Conjunction With the Proletarian Woman Will Socialism Be Victorious", Clara Zetkin (1896) * ''The Proletarian in the Home'', Eleanor Marx Aveling (1896) * ''The Women of To-Morrow'', William Hard (1896) * ''Truth Before Everything'', Catherine Booth (1897) * "Why Go To College? An Address by Alice Freeman Palmer, Formerly President of Wellesley College", Alice Freeman Palmer (1897) * ''Eighty Years and More'', Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1898) * ''The Renaissance of Girls' Education in England, a Record of Fifty Years Progress'', Alice Zimmern (1898) * "The Storm", Kate Chopin (1898) * ''The Woman's Bible'', Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1898) * ''Women and Economics'', Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1898) * ''Arqtiq'', Anna Adolph (1899) * ''The Awakening'', Kate Chopin (1899) == Ika-20 siglo == === 1900 na dekada === * "Are Homogenous Divorce Laws in All the States Desirable?" from the ''North American Review'', Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1900)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu/ewwrp/content.php?level=div&id=stanton_states_001&document=stanton_states|title=Emory Women Writers Resource Project : 0 : 0 0<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2010-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720101134/http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu/ewwrp/content.php?level=div&id=stanton_states_001&document=stanton_states|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * "Inspired" Marriage, Robert Ingersoll (1900) * "Progress of the American Woman" from the ''North American Review'', Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1900)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu/ewwrp/content.php?level=div&id=stanton_progress_001&document=stanton_progress|title=Emory Women Writers Resource Project : 0 : 0 0<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053730/http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu/ewwrp/content.php?level=div&id=stanton_progress_001&document=stanton_progress|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * ''A Bundle of Fallacies'', Dora Montefiore (1901) * ''Die Frauenfrage ihre geschichtliche Entwicklung und wirtschaftliche Seite'', Lily Braun (1901) * "Votes for Women", [[Mark Twain]] (1901) * ''Woman'', Kate Austin (1901) * "A Response to "Republics Versus Women" by Mrs. Kate Trimble Wolsey", Dora Montefiore (1903) * "Declaration of Principles", by the National American Woman Suffrage Association (1904) * "What Interest does the Women's Movement have in Solving the Homosexual Problem?" by Anna Rüling (1904) * "Sultana's Dream" from ''The Indian Ladies Magazine'', Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain (1905) * ''The House of Mirth'', Edith Wharton (1905) * ''Blackburn S.D.P.'', Dora Montefiore (1906) * ''Kobiety'' (Women), Zofia Nałkowska (1906 Polish novel) * "German Socialist Women's Movement", Clara Zetkin (1906) * ''Jus Suffragii'', the official journal of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (1906 to 1924) * ''Love's Coming of Age'', Edward Carpenter (1906) * ''Social-Democracy &#x26; Woman Suffrage'', Clara Zetkin (1906) * "Some Words to Socialist Women", Dora Montefiore (1907) * "A Response to "Why I am Opposed to Female Suffrage" by E. Belfort Bax", Dora Montefiore (1909) * "A Review of "Women's Work and Wages" by Edward Cadbury M., Cecile Matheson and George Shann", Dora Montefiore (1909) * ''Herland'', Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1909) * "Items of Interest", Dora Montefiore (1909) * "Items of Interest from Other Countries", Dora Montefiore (1909) * "Ladies and the Suffrage", Dora Montefiore (1909) * "Politics and Prayers", Dora Montefiore (1909) * ''The Englishwoman'', Dora Montefiore (1909) * ''The Evolution of Sex'', Dora Montefiore (1909) * "The Future of Woman", Dora Montefiore (1909) * "The Latest Play of the Stage Society", Dora Montefiore (1909) * "The London Congress of the International Alliance for Women Suffrage", Dora Montefiore (1909) * "The Position of Women in the Socialist Movement", Dora Montefiore (1909) * ''The Woman Movement'', Ellen Key (1909) * ''What Diantha Did'', Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1909–10) * "What Every Socialist Woman Should Know", Dora Montefiore (1909) * "Woman — Comrade and Equal", Eugene V. Debs (1909) * ''Narcyza'', Zofia Nałkowska (1910 Polish novel) === 1910 na dekada === * ''Love and Marriage'', Ellen Key (1911) * ''Marriage and Love'', Emma Goldman (1911) * ''Moving the Mountain'', Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1911) * ''Our Androcentric Culture, or The Man Made World'', Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1911) * "The Hypocrisy of Puritanism", Emma Goldman (1911) * ''The Sex and Woman Questions'', Lena Morrow Lewis (1911) * "The Traffic in Women", Emma Goldman (1911) * "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation", Emma Goldman (1911) * ''Woman and Labor'', Olive Schreiner (1911) * ''Pygmalion'', George Bernard Shaw (1912) * "Sudden Jolt Forward of the World", Dora Montefiore (1912) * ''The Woman Voter'', Vida Goldstein (1912) * ''Two Suffrage Movements'', Martha Gruening (1912) * "Womanhood Suffrage", Dora Montefiore (1912) * "Freedom or Death", [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] (1913) * "If Men Were Seeking the Franchise", Jane Addams (1913) * ''Samantha on the Woman Question'', Marietta Holley * The Needle and the Pen, poem by Silvia Fernandez (1913) * "Why I Wrote the Yellow Wallpaper" from ''The Forerunner'', Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1913) * ''A Short History of Women's Rights, From the Days of Augustus to the Present Time. With Special Reference to England and the United States'', Eugene A. Hecker (1914) * ''La Rosa Muerta'', Aurora Cáceres (1914) * ''To the Women of Kooyong'', Vida Goldstein (1914) * ''Are Women People? A Book of Rhymes for Suffrage Times'', Alice Duer Miller (1915) * "How It Feels to Be the Husband of a Suffragette", Mr. Catt (married to Carrie Chapman Catt) (1915) * ''In Times Like These'', Nellie L. McClung (1915) * "The Fundamental Principle of a Republic", Anna Howard Shaw (1915) * ''Woman's Work in Municipalities'', Mary Ritter Beard (1915) * "The Crisis", Carrie Chapman Catt (1916) * "The Social Evil, Women’s Convention, by the Women’s Political Association (Non-Party)" (1916) * ''Trifles: A Play in One Act'', Susan Glaspell (1916) * ''With Her in Ourland'', Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1916) * ''The Job'', Sinclair Lewis (1917) * ''The Sturdy Oak'', Elizabeth Jordan (editor) (1917) * "Speech to Congress", Carrie Chapman Catt (1917) * ''Woman Suffrage'', Emma Goldman (1917) * ''Women Are People!'', Alice Duer Miller (1917) * "Labour Party Women's Conference", Dora Montefiore (1918) * ''Married Love'', [[Marie Stopes]] (1918) * "Mobilizing Woman-Power", Harriot Stanton Blatch (1918) * "A Call to Our Women Comrades", Dora Montefiore (1919) * "On the History of the Movement of Women Workers in Russia", [[Aleksandra Kollontai|Alexandra Kollontai]] (1919) * ''Pioneers of Birth Control in England and America'', Victor Robinson (1919) * ''The Woman and the Right to Vote'', Rafael Palma (1919) * ''Woman triumphant; the story of her struggles for freedom, education, and political rights. Dedicated to all noble-minded women by an appreciative member of the other sex'', Rudolph Cronau (1919) * "Women Workers Struggle For Their Rights", [[Aleksandra Kollontai|Alexandra Kollontai]] (1919) === 1920 na dekada === * ''Communism and the Family'', [[Aleksandra Kollontai|Alexandra Kollontai]] (1920) * "International Women's Day", [[Aleksandra Kollontai|Alexandra Kollontai]] (1920) * ''Jailed For Freedom'', Doris Stevens (1920) * ''Now We Can Begin'', Crystal Eastman (1920) * ''Race Motherhood, Is Woman a Race?'', Dora Montefiore (1920) * ''The Age of Innocence'', Edith Wharton (1920) * ''Woman and the New Race'', Margaret Sanger (1920) * ''Women and Communism'', Dora Montefiore (1920) * ''Mrs. Swanwick on Women'', Dora Montefiore (1921) * ''Prostitution and Ways of Fighting It'', [[Aleksandra Kollontai|Alexandra Kollontai]] (1921) * ''Sexual Relations and the Class Struggle'', [[Aleksandra Kollontai|Alexandra Kollontai]] (1921) * ''The Labor of Women in the Evolution of the Economy'', [[Aleksandra Kollontai|Alexandra Kollontai]] (1921) * ''The Morality of Birth Control'', Margaret Sanger (1921) * ''Theses on Communist Morality in the Sphere of Marital Relations'', [[Aleksandra Kollontai|Alexandra Kollontai]] (1921) * "Woman's Rights Party Platform" (1922) * ''A Great Love'', [[Aleksandra Kollontai|Alexandra Kollontai]] (1923) * ''Red Love'', [[Aleksandra Kollontai|Alexandra Kollontai]] (1923) * "Manifesto of the [Japanese] League for the Realization of Women's Suffrage" (1924) * ''From a Victorian To a Modern'', Dora Montefiore (1925) * "The Double Task: The Struggle of Negro Women for Sex and Race Emancipation", Elise Johnson McDougald (1925) * ''Concerning Women'', Suzanne La Follette (1926) * ''The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman'', [[Aleksandra Kollontai|Alexandra Kollontai]] (1926) * ''A Room of One's Own'', [[Virginia Woolf]] (1929) === 1930 na dekada === * ''Women in Music'', edited by Frédérique Petrides (1935) * ''Nightwood'', Djuna Barnes (1936) * ''Three Guineas'', [[Virginia Woolf]] (1938) === 1940 na dekada === * ''Are Women Paid Men's Rates?'', Robert L. Day, Lucy G. Woodcock, and Muriel Heagney of the Council of Action for Equal Pay (1942) * ''Laura'', Vera Caspary (1943) * ''Woman as a Force in History. A Study in Traditions and Realities'', Mary Ritter Beard (1946) * ''The Second Sex'' (French: ''Le Deuxième Sexe''), [[Simone de Beauvoir]] (1949) === 1950 na dekada === * "Women as a Minority Group", Helen Mayer Hacker (1951) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://media.pfeiffer.edu/lridener/courses/womminor.html|title=Women as a Minority Group - Helen Mayer Hacker|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2015-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425170951/http://media.pfeiffer.edu/lridener/courses/womminor.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * ''The Matriarchal-Brotherhood: Sex and Labor in Primitive Society'', Evelyn Reed (1954) * ''The Myth of Women's Inferiority'', Evelyn Reed (1954) === 1960 na dekada === * "The Human Situation: A Feminine View", Valerie Saiving (1960) * "Kvinnans villkorliga frigivning", meaning "Woman's Release on Probation", Eva Moberg (1961) * ''The Golden Notebook'', Doris Lessing (1962) * "A Bunny's Tale, Part I", by Gloria Steinem (1963) * "A Bunny's Tale, Part II", by Gloria Steinem (1963) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/undercover/sites/dlib.nyu.edu.undercover/files/documents/uploads/editors/Show-A%20Bunny%27s%20Tale-Part%20Two-June%201963.pdf |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2015-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824191851/http://dlib.nyu.edu/undercover/sites/dlib.nyu.edu.undercover/files/documents/uploads/editors/Show-A%20Bunny%27s%20Tale-Part%20Two-June%201963.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * "Equality Between the Sexes: An Immodest Proposal", Alice S. Rossi (1963) * "On the Publication of the Second Sex", [[Simone de Beauvoir]] (1963)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/ethics/de-beauvoir/1963/interview.htm On the publication of The Second Sex]</ref> * ''The Bell Jar'', Sylvia Plath (1963) * ''The Feminine Mystique'', Betty Friedan (1963) * "A Study of the Feminine Mystique", Evelyn Reed (1964)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/reed-evelyn/1964/friedan-review.htm A Study of the Feminine Mystique by Evelyn Reed 1964]</ref> * Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Position Paper: Women in the Movement (1964)<ref>[http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Manifestos/SNCC_women.html Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Position Paper: Women in the Movement]</ref> * "Jane Crow and the Law: Sex Discrimination and Title VII", Mary Eastwood and Pauli Murray (1965) * "Sex and Caste - A Kind of Memo", Casey Hayden and Mary King (1965)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/memo.html|accessdate=2015-05-01}}</ref> * ''Up Your Ass'', Valerie Solanas (1965)<ref>[http://www.mediafire.com/file/mquahlkn7wexbrw/solanas+UYA.pdf Up Your Ass by Valerie Solanas]</ref> * ''Child'', Andrea Dworkin (1966) * "Free Woman" from the ''San Francisco Express Times'', Heather Dean (1966) * The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose, Betty Friedan (1966) * "What Concrete Steps Can Be Taken to Further the Homophile Movement", Shirley Willer (1966)) * "Woman’s Place: Silence or Service?", Letha Scanzoni (1966) (original manuscript, possibly not as published in 1966)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lethadawsonscanzoni.com/womens-place-silence-or-service/|accessdate=2013-12-02}}</ref> * "Women: The Longest Revolution", Juliet Mitchell (1966)<ref>[http://platypus1917.org/wp-content/uploads/archive/rgroups/2008-chicago/mitchelljuliet_womenlongestrevolution_nlr40.pdf Women: The Longest Revolution Juliet Mitchell 1966]</ref> * ''De Schaamte Voorbij'', Anja Meulenbelt (1967), translated into English as ''The Shame is Over'' * ''Diary of a Mad Housewife'', Sue Kaufman (1967) * "Het onbehagen bij de vrouw", Joke Kool-Smits (1967),<ref>[http://www.emancipatie.nl/_documenten/js/werk/hetonbehagenbijdevrouw/hetonbehagenbijdevrouw.pdf Het onbehagen bij de vrouw, Joke Kool-Smits]</ref> translated into English as "The Discontent of Women" * "The Radical Women Manifesto: Socialist Feminist Theory, Program and Organizational Structure", by Radical Women (1967) * "To the Women of the Left" (1967) * "Abortion Rally Speech", Anne Koedt (1968)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notes from the First Year - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/notes/#abortion |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927025426/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/notes/#abortion |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * "A Letter to the Editor of ''Ramparts Magazine''", Lynn Piartney (1968)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notes from the First Year - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/notes/#ramparts |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927025426/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/notes/#ramparts |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * "Black Women in Poverty", various authors (1968) * "Burial of Weeping Womanhood", Radical Women's Group (1968) * "Elevate Marriage to Partnership", Letha Scanzoni (1968) (original manuscript, not as published in 1968) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lethadawsonscanzoni.com/2010/04/christian-marriage-patriarchy-or-partnership-published-as-elevate-marriage-to-partnership/|accessdate=2013-12-02}}</ref> * "Funeral Oration for the Burial of Traditional Womanhood", Kathie Amatniek (1968)<ref>[http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Traditional-Womanhood.html Funeral Oration For The Burial Of Traditional Womanhood - The Feminist Ezine]</ref> * "Letter to the Editor in Response to a ''Guardian'' Article", Ellen Willis (1968)<ref>[http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/willisletter.html Ellen Willis's Reply]</ref> * ''Morning Hair'', Andrea Dworkin (1968) * National Organization for Women (N.O.W.) Bill of Rights (1968) * ''No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation'', (1968)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fun and Games 1 - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fun-games1/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609045143/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fun-games1/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * "No More Miss America!", (press release for Redstockings), Robin Morgan (1968)<ref>{{Cite web |title=No More Miss America! |url=http://www.redstockings.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=103 |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2018-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614021133/http://www.redstockings.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=103 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * ''Notes From the First Year'', New York Radical Women (1968)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notes from the First Year - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/notes/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927025426/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/notes/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * "Psychology Constructs the Female", Naomi Weisstein (1968) * "Principles", New York Radical Women (1968) * ''SCUM Manifesto'', Valerie Solanas (1968)<ref>[http://www.womynkind.org/scum.htm SCUM Manifesto - Valerie Solanas]</ref> * ''Sexual Politics'', Kate Millett (1968) * ''The Church and the Second Sex'', Mary Daly (1968) * "The Jeanette Rankin Brigade: Woman Power? A Summary of Our Involvement", Shulamith Firestone (1968) * "The Lesbian's Other Identity", Del Martin (1968) * "The Women's Liberation Front" from ''Moderator'', Joreen (1968)<ref>[http://www.jofreeman.com/feminism/womfront.htm The Women's Liberation Front]</ref> * "The Women's Rights Movement in the US: A New View", Shulamith Firestone (1968) * "Towards a Radical Movement", Heather Booth, Evie Goldfield, and Sue Munaker (1968) * "Understanding Orgasm" from ''Ramparts'', Susan Lydon (1968) * ''Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement'' [newsletter] (1968–1969) * "What Sort of Man Reads Playboy?" (1968)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fun and Games 1 - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fun-games1/essay.html |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607165347/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fun-games1/essay.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * "Women and Power", Gloria Steinem (1968)<ref>[https://nymag.com/news/features/50175/?_ga=2.263057228.1586410575.1543862239-314148631.1541612012 Women and Power]</ref> * "After Black Power, Women's Liberation", Gloria Steinem (1969)<ref>[http://jwa.org/feminism/_html/_pdf/JWA067a.pdf The City Politic]</ref> * "A Historical and Critical Essay for Black Women", Patricia Haden, Donna Middleton, and Patricia Robinson (1969–1970) * "Are Men Really the Enemy?", Jayne West (1969) * "An Argument for Black Women's Liberation As a Revolutionary Force", Mary Ann Weathers (1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Argument For Black Women's Liberation As a Revolutionary Force - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fun-games2/argument.html |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607165130/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fun-games2/argument.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * "An 'Oppressed Majority' Demands Its Rights" from ''Life'', Sara Davidson (1969)<ref>[http://www.maryellenmark.com/text/magazines/life/905W-000-004.html LIFE MAGAZINE - AN 'OPPRESSED MAJORITY' DEMANDS ITS RIGHTS - 905W-000-004]</ref> * ''Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female'', Frances Beal (1969)<ref>[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/196.html Frances M. Beal, Black Women's Manifesto; Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female]</ref> * "Equal Rights for Women", Shirley Chisholm (1969)<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/t/hist/equal-rights-for-women/ Equal Rights For Women]</ref> * "Females and Welfare", Betsy Warrior (1969) * "Founding Editorial" from ''Women: A Journal of Liberation'' (1969) * "Freedom for Movement Girls - Now", vanauken (1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom for Movement Girls Now - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/vanauken/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609050432/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/vanauken/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * ''I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings'', [[Maya Angelou]] (1969) * "Lesbianism and Feminism", Wilda Chase (1969) * ''Les Guérillères'', Monique Wittig (1969) * "Politics of the Ego: A Manifesto", New York Radical Feminists (1969) * Proposed Statement of Political Principles (1969) * "Radical Feminism and Love", Ti-Grace Atkinson (1969) * "Redstockings Manifesto" (1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Redstockings Manifesto |url=http://www.redstockings.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=103 |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2018-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052432/http://www.redstockings.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=103 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * "Sweet 16 to Saggy 36: Saga of American Womanhood", Cleveland Radical Women's Group (1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweet 16 - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/sweet16/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609045341/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/sweet16/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * "The First Press Coverage of the Redstockings" from ''Scenes'' (1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Redstockings of the Women's Liberation Movement |url=http://www.redstockings.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=77 |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2018-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052420/http://www.redstockings.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=77 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * "The Grand Coolie Damn", Marge Piercy (1969)<ref>[http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/The-Grand-Coolie-Damn.html The Grand Coolie Damn - The Feminist eZine]</ref> * "The Last of the Red Hot Mammas, Or, the Liberation of Women as Performed by the Inmates of the World" (1969) * "The Next Great Moment in History Is Theirs", Vivian Gornick (1969) * "The Political Economy of Women's Liberation", Margaret Benston (1969) * "Towards a Revolutionary Women's Union: A Strategic Perspective"', Terry R. and Lucy G. (1969) * "What is the Revolutionary Potential of Women's Liberation?", Kathy McAfee and Myrna Wood (1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revolutionary Potential - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/mcafee/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609045826/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/mcafee/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * "Who Is the Enemy?", Roxanne Dunbar (1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is the Enemy? - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fun-games2/enemy.html |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607165116/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fun-games2/enemy.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * Who We Are: Descriptions of Women's Liberation Groups (1969) * "Women and the Myth of Consumerism", Ellen Willis (1969)<ref>[http://fair-use.org/ellen-willis/women-and-the-myth-of-consumerism Women and the Myth of Consumerism (1969). By Ellen Willis in RAMPARTS (1969) // Fair Use Repository]</ref> === 1970 na dekada === *"A Monologue by [[Naomi Weisstein]]" (1970s)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUMemoir/monolog.html A Monolog<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225315/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUMemoir/monolog.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"A Proposal for Community Work", [[Vivian Rothstein]] and Mary M. (1970s)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/commwork.html A Proposal for Community Work<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052019/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/commwork.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *''Liberation of Women: Sexual Repression and the Family'', Laurel Limpus (1970s)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/limpus/liberation.htm Laurel Limpus-Liberation of Women<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *Lyrics to songs by the [[Chicago and New Haven Women's Liberation Rock Bands]] (1970s)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.org/song-lyrics.html Song Lyrics | Rock Band<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072841/http://www.cwluherstory.org/song-lyrics.html |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref> *"About Us", San Diego Women's Collective (1970)<ref>{{cite book|last=Pettegrew|first=John|title=Public Women, Public Words: A Documentary History of American Feminism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDd2aNCoGlYC&pg=PA42|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-2236-7|page=42}}</ref> *"Benjo Kara no Kaiho", in English "Liberation from the Toilet", [[Mitsu Tanaka]] (1970) *"Black Woman's Manifesto", [[Third World Women's Alliance]] (1970)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Women's Manifesto - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/blkmanif/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926011806/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/blkmanif/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *''Black Women's Liberation'', Maxine Williams and Pamela Newman (1970)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Women's Liberation - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/blacklib/#why |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609044005/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/blacklib/#why |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://khatrimaza.uno/black-womens-liberation/ BLACK WOMEN’S LIBERATION] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630045700/https://khatrimaza.uno/black-womens-liberation/ |date=2022-06-30 }} December 17, 2020</ref> *''Chains or Change'', by the [[Irish Women's Liberation Movement]] (1970) *"Erosu Kaihō Sengen", in English "Liberation from Eros," [[Mitsu Tanaka]] (1970) *"For the Equal Rights Amendment", [[Shirley Chisholm]] (1970)<ref>[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/shirleychisholmequalrights.htm American Rhetoric: Shirley Chisholm - For the Equal Rights Amendment (Aug 10, 1970)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Goodbye to All That" from ''Rat'', [[Robin Morgan]] (1970)<ref>[http://blog.fair-use.org/2007/09/29/goodbye-to-all-that-by-robin-morgan-1970/ Fair Use Blog » Blog Archive » "Goodbye to All That," by [[Robin Morgan]] (1970)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics]]'' (1977-1992) *''I Am What I Am'', Lorna Cherot (1970)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baxandall|first1=Rosalyn|last2=Gordon|first2=Linda|title=Dear Sisters: Dispatches From The Women's Liberation Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lpVCg__2gC&pg=PA112|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=26 April 2001|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01707-2|page=112}}</ref> *"If That's All There Is", [[Del Martin]] (1970)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=B_tMFSkHzr8C&amp;pg=PA352&amp;dq=%22if+that%27s+all+there+is%22+del+martin&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=rwBXTMXaD8L38AbCyLzhCA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=book-thumbnail&amp;resnum=3&amp;ved=0CDIQ6wEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q=%22if%20that%27s%20all%20there%20is%22%20del%20martin&amp;f=false We Are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook in Gay and Lesbian Politics - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Institutional Discrimination", [[Joreen]] (1970)<ref>[http://www.jofreeman.com/womensociety/institidiscrim.htm Institutional Discrimination<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Is Man an 'Aggressive Ape?'", [[Evelyn Reed]] (1970)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/reed-evelyn/1970/aggressive-ape.htm Is Man an 'Aggressive Ape'? by Evelyn Reed 1970<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Judge Carswell And The 'Sex Plus' Doctrine", [[Betty Friedan]] (1970)<ref>[http://www.edchange.org/multicultural//speeches/betty_friedan_plus.html Betty Friedan: Judge Carswell And The "Sex Plus" Doctrine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''Notes From The Second Year: Women's Liberation'', [[New York Radical Women]] (1970) <ref>[http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/wlmpc_wlmms01039/ Notes from the Second Year: Women's Liberation (wlmms01039) - Women's Liberation Movement Print Culture - Duke Libraries<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * ''[[off our backs]]'' (1970–present) *"Poor White Women", [[Roxanne Dunbar]] (1970)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/poorwhite.html Poor White Women<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221006/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/poorwhite.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> * ''[[Sexual Politics]]'', [[Kate Millett]] (1970) * ''[[Sisterhood Is Powerful|Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement]]'', edited by [[Robin Morgan]] (ed.) (1970) *"Take a Good Look at Our Problems", Pamela Newman (1970)<ref>[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/255.html Pamela Newman, Take a Good Look at Our Problems<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"The BITCH Manifesto", [[Jo Freeman]] (1970)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/bitch/|title=The Bitch Manifesto - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement|publisher=Duke University Libraries|accessdate=2015-07-07|archive-date=2011-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719185933/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/bitch/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> *"The Building of the Gilded Cage" from ''The Second Wave: A Magazine of the New Feminism'', [[Joreen]] (1970)<ref>[http://www.jofreeman.com/womensociety/guildcage.htm The Building of the Gilded Cage<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * ''[[The Dialectic of Sex|The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution]]'', [[Shulamith Firestone]] (1970) * ''[[The Female Eunuch]]'', [[Germaine Greer]] (1970) *''The Liberation of Black Women'', [[Pauli Murray]] (1970)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TFKRZ9uqA6cC&amp;pg=PA186&amp;dq=%22liberation+of+black+women%22&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=AiD6Tpb6N6Xg0QGT0Ym7Bg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=book-thumbnail&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CDcQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Words of fire: an anthology of African-American feminist thought - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"[[The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm]]", [[Anne Koedt]] (1970)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/vaginalmyth.html The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm by Anne Koedt<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106211856/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/vaginalmyth.html |date=January 6, 2013 }}</ref> *"The Politics of Housework", Pat Mainardi of [[Redstockings]] (1970)<ref>[http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/The-Politics-of-Housework.html The Politics of Housework - The Feminist eZine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"The Revolution is Happening in Our Minds" from ''Revolution II: Thinking Female'', [[Joreen]] (1970)<ref>[http://www.jofreeman.com/feminism/happening.htm The Revolution is Happening in Our Minds<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"The Role of Government Agencies in Gaining Equal Rights for Women", DARE (1970)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.org/the-role-of-government-agencies-in-gaining-equal-rights-for-women.html The Role of Government Agencies in Gaining Equal Rights for Women | Work<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072845/http://www.cwluherstory.org/the-role-of-government-agencies-in-gaining-equal-rights-for-women.html |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref> *"The Unfreedom of Jewish Women", [[Trude Weiss-Rosmarin]] (1970) *"[[The Woman-Identified Woman|The Woman Identified Woman]]", [[Radicalesbians]] (1970)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman-Identified Woman - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/womid/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709041431/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/womid/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"Towards A Revolutionary Women's Union: A Strategic Perspective", Terry R. and Lucy G. (1970)<ref name=autogenerated4 /> *"You Are Not My God, Jehovah!", Rev. Peggy Way (1970)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lpVCg__2gC&amp;pg=PA103&amp;dq=%22rev+peggy+way%22 Dear Sisters: Dispatches from the Women's Liberation Movement - Rosalyn Baxandall, Linda Gordon - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * "Young Lords Party Position Paper on Women", Central Committee of the [[Young Lords]] Party (1970)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170506201050/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1/ylp-reader.pdf Full text of ''The Young Lords: A Reader'' (2010) edited by Darrel Enck-Wanzer, including "Young Lords Party Position Paper on Women", 1970]</ref> *''What Is a Woman?'', Norma Allen (1970)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lpVCg__2gC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=%22what+is+a+woman%22+%22norma+allen%22 Dear Sisters: Dispatches from the Women's Liberation Movement - Rosalyn Baxandall, Linda Gordon - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"What Is Women's Liberation?", Marilyn Salzman Webb, from WIN (1970)<ref>[http://www.hippy.com/php/article-128.html What is Women's Liberation? (1970) - Hippyland<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224055434/http://www.hippy.com/php/article-128.html |date=2009-12-24 }}</ref> *"What It Would Be Like If Women Win", [[Gloria Steinem]] (1970)<ref>[http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,876786-1,00.html What It Would Be Like If Women Win (1970) - Time magazine]</ref> *"What Men Can Do For Women's Liberation", Gainesville Women's Liberation (1970)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lpVCg__2gC&amp;pg=PA76&amp;dq=%22what+me n+can+do+for+women%27s+liberation%22 Dear Sisters: Dispatches from the Women's Liberation Movement - Rosalyn Baxandall, Linda Gordon - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Who We Are", ''Siren: A Journal of Anarcho-Feminism'' (1970)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EDd2aNCoGlYC&amp;pg=PA38&amp;dq=%22a+journal+of+anarcho+feminism%22+%22who+we+are%22 Public Women, Public Words: A Documentary History of American Feminism - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Why 'Sex Liberation' - Raising the Problem of Women's Liberation", [[Mitsu Tanaka]] (1970) *"Why Women's Liberation is Important to Black Women", Maxine Williams (1970)<ref>[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/254.html Maxine Williams, Black Women's Liberation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Woman and Her Mind: The Story of Daily Life", [[Meredith Tax]] (1970)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman and Her Mind: The Story of Daily Life {{!}} Meredith Tax<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.meredithtax.org/us-movement-history-strategy/woman-and-her-mind-story-daily-life |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2018-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608123322/http://www.meredithtax.org/us-movement-history-strategy/woman-and-her-mind-story-daily-life |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"Women: Caste, Class, or Oppressed Sex", [[Evelyn Reed]] (1970)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/reed-evelyn/1970/caste-class-sex.htm Women: Caste, Class or Oppressed Sex by Evelyn Reed 1970<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Women on the Social Science Faculties since 1892 (at the University of Chicago)", [[Joreen]] (1970)<ref>[http://www.jofreeman.com/academicwomen/uc1892.htm Women On The Social Science Faculties Since 1892<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"'Women's Liberation' Aims to Free Men Too" from the ''Washington Post'', [[Gloria Steinem]] (1970)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Liberation' Aims to Free Men Too - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/aims/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609050546/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/aims/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"Women's Lib Organizations", Karen Durbin, from WIN (1970)<ref>[http://www.hippy.com/php/article-329.html Women's Lib Organizations (1970) - Hippyland<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224055647/http://www.hippy.com/php/article-329.html |date=2009-12-24 }}</ref> *"Women’s Lib: The War on ‘Sexism’", Helen Dudar (1970)<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/women-revolt-newsweek-cover-and-lawsuit-collide-514891 Women’s Lib: The War on ‘Sexism’, Helen Dudar (1970)]</ref> *"Women’s Oppression: Cortejas", Connie Morales, Education Ministry, [[Young Lords]] (1970)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170506201050/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1/ylp-reader.pdf Full text of ''The Young Lords: A Reader'' (2010) edited by Darrel Enck-Wanzer, including "Women’s Oppression: Cortejas", 1970]</ref> *"Abortions", Gloria Colon, Ministry of Education, Central Headquarters [[Young Lords Party]] (1971)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170506201050/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1/ylp-reader.pdf Full text of ''The Young Lords: A Reader'' (2010) edited by Darrel Enck-Wanzer, including "Abortions", 1971]</ref> *"A Daughter and Mother Talk About Sexuality", Elaine and her mother from ''Womankind'' (1971–1972)<ref>[https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/motherdaughter.html A Mother and Daughter Talk about Sexuality<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214924/https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/motherdaughter.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"A Defense of Abortion" from ''Philosophy &amp; Public Affairs'', Vol. 1, no. 1, [[Judith Jarvis Thomson]] (Fall 1971)<ref>[http://spot.colorado.edu/~heathwoo/Phil160,Fall02/thomson.htm Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"After the Death of God the Father" from ''Commonweal'', [[Mary Daly]] (1971)<ref>{{Cite web |title=After the Death of God the Father - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/after/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609050350/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/after/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"Analysis of Chicago Women's Liberation School", [[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]], (1971)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2uMwEGfAMSQC&amp;pg=PA82&amp;lpg=PA82&amp;dq=%22analysis+of+chicago+women%27s+liberation+school%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=kRHJ7bnDlW&amp;sig=dBlYnu59n44jXSPe5P_1SGe108I&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=z49kSs6HGI_kNYnVoPgB&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1 Dear Sisters: Dispatches from the Women's Liberation Movement - Rosalyn Baxandall, Linda Gordon - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"And Jill Came Tumbling After" from ''Womankind'' (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/jill.html And Jill Came Tumbling After<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220055/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/jill.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"An End to Separate and Unequal", [[Trude Weiss-Rosmarin]] (1971)<ref name=autogenerated5>[http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=10701 An End to Separate and Unequal], on [[Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner]]</ref> *"A Statement About Female Liberation" (1971)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EDd2aNCoGlYC&amp;pg=PA42&amp;dq=%22a+statement+about+female+liberation%22 Public Women, Public Words: A Documentary History of American Feminism - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Bogeymen and Bogeywomen", Judy from ''Womankind'' (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/bogey.html Bogeymen and Bogeywomen<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233710/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/bogey.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"Can Women Love Women?" (interview by [[Anne Koedt]], 1971)<ref>[http://images.nymag.com/images/2/promotional/11/11/week1/mrs-womenb.pdf Can Women Love Women?]</ref> *"Desexing the Language", [[Casey Miller]] and [[Kate Swift]] (1971) *"Down With Sexist Upbringing!", [[Letty Cottin Pogrebin]] (1971)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6eICAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&client=firefox-a&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false New York Magazine - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Equal Only When Obligated", Deborah Miller (1971)<ref name=autogenerated5 /> *"Feminism and 'The Female Eunuch'", [[Evelyn Reed]] (1971)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/reed-evelyn/1971/female-eunuch.htm Feminism and 'The Female Eunuch' by Evelyn Reed 1971<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Feminism: Old Wave and New Wave", Ellen DuBois (1971)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.com/feminism-old-wave-and-new-wave.html Feminism Old Wave and New Wave | Classic Feminist Writings<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123100342/http://www.cwluherstory.com/feminism-old-wave-and-new-wave.html |date=2011-11-23 }}</ref> *"Free Abortion is Every Woman's Right: Statement of the [[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]]" (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/abortionrights.html Free Abortion is Every Woman's Right<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235848/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/abortionrights.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"Going Through Changes", Joan from ''Womankind'' (1971)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.com/going-through-changes.html Going Through Changes | Text Memoirs<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123105909/http://www.cwluherstory.com/going-through-changes.html |date=2011-11-23 }}</ref> *"High School Women Ask: What is Women's Liberation?" from ''Womankind'' (1971)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.com/high-school-women-ask-what-is-womens-liberation.html High School Women Ask: What is Women's Liberation? | Consciousness<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123105350/http://www.cwluherstory.com/high-school-women-ask-what-is-womens-liberation.html |date=2011-11-23 }}</ref> *"How to Start your Own Consciousness-Raising Group" (leaflet distributed by the [[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]], 1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/crcwlu.html Consciousness Raising<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053958/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/crcwlu.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"Is Biology Woman's Destiny?", [[Evelyn Reed]] (1971)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/reed-evelyn/1971/biology-destiny.htm Is Biology Woman's Destiny? by Evelyn Reed 1971<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Manifeste des 343 Salopes", [[Simone de Beauvoir]], from ''Le Nouvel Observateur'', (1971),<ref>[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20071127.OBS7018/?xtmc=343&amp;xtcr=1 Le "Manifeste des 343 salopes" paru dans le Nouvel Obs en 1971 - Le Nouvel Observateur<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> translated into English as the "[[Manifesto of the 343|Manifesto of the 343 Sluts]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://manifesto343.wordpress.com/ |title=manifesto343 |date=1971-04-05 |accessdate=2016-06-11 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611012314/https://manifesto343.wordpress.com/ |archivedate=2016-06-11 }}</ref> *"Lemme Tell Ya About Being a Woman Lawyer...", Susan from ''Womankind'' (1971)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.com/lemme-tell-ya-about-being-a-woman-lawyer.html Lemme tell ya about being a woman lawyer... | Work<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123101529/http://www.cwluherstory.com/lemme-tell-ya-about-being-a-woman-lawyer.html |date=2011-11-23 }}</ref> *"Lesbianism and Feminism", [[Anne Koedt]] (1971) *"Masters of War" from ''Womankind'' (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/warmasters.html Masters of War<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312031408/http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/warmasters.html |date=2012-03-12 }}</ref> *"Mr. Smith, Take A Memo: I've Got Some Things to Tell You" from ''Womankind'' (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/smith.html Mr. Smith, Take a Memo<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215043/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/smith.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' (1971–present) *"[[New York Radical Feminists]] Manifesto of Shared Rape" (1971)<ref>[http://www.americancivilrightsreview.com/docs-nyradicalfeministsrapemanifesto1971.htm Site5 - Web Hosting for Web Designers<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055246/http://www.americancivilrightsreview.com/docs-nyradicalfeministsrapemanifesto1971.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"No Lady" from ''Black Maria'' (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/nolady.html No Lady<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053910/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/nolady.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *Notes for the (future [[Furies Collective]]) Cell Meeting (1971) *''Notes From The Third Year: Women's Liberation'', [[New York Radical Women]] (1971) <ref>[http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/wlmpc_wlmms01038/ Notes from the Third Year: Women's Liberation (wlmms01038) - Women's Liberation Movement Print Culture - Duke Libraries<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Notes on a Writer's Workshop" from ''Black Maria'', Donna I. (1971)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.org/notes-on-a-writers-workshop.html notes on a writers workshop | Consciousness<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072849/http://www.cwluherstory.org/notes-on-a-writers-workshop.html |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref> *"Politicalesbians and the Women's Liberation Movement", Anonymous Realesbians (1971)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lpVCg__2gC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22politicalesbians+and+the+women%27s+liberation+movement%22 Dear Sisters: Dispatches From The Women's Liberation Movement - Rosalyn Baxandall, Linda Gordon - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * "Position on Women’s Liberation", Central Committee, [[Young Lords Party]] (1971)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170506201050/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1/ylp-reader.pdf Full text of ''The Young Lords: A Reader'' (2010) edited by Darrel Enck-Wanzer, including "Position on Women’s Liberation", 1971]</ref> *"Rape: An Act of Terror", Barbara Mehrhof and Pamela Kearon (1971)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EDd2aNCoGlYC&amp;pg=PA153&amp;dq=%22rape+an+act+of+terror%22 Public Women, Public Words: A Documentary History of American Feminism - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Rape Means Never Having to Say You're Sorry", Kay Potter (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/saysorry.html Rape Means Never Having to Say You're Sorry<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201131142/https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/saysorry.html |date=2015-02-01 }}</ref> * "Sexism", Gloria González, Field Marshal, [[Young Lords Party]] (1971)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170506201050/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1/ylp-reader.pdf Full text of ''The Young Lords: A Reader'' (2010) edited by Darrel Enck-Wanzer, including "Sexism", 1971]</ref> *"Statement by Elma Barrera" (1971)<ref>[http://clnet.ucla.edu/research/docs/chicanas/vidal.htm Statement By Elma Barrera] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826235258/http://clnet.ucla.edu/research/docs/chicanas/vidal.htm |date=2004-08-26 }}</ref> * ''[[The First Sex]]'', [[Elizabeth Gould Davis]] (1971) *"The Housewife's Moment of Truth", Jane O'Reilly (1971)<ref>[https://nymag.com/news/features/46167/ 'Ms.' Magazine Preview: The Housewife's Moment of Truth - New York Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"The Jew Who Wasn't There: Halacha and the Jewish Woman", [[Rachel Adler]] (1971)<ref>[http://jwa.org/sites/jwa.org/files/mediaobjects/the_jew_who_wasnt_there_adler.jpg The Jew Who Wasn't There: Halacha and the Jewish Woman]</ref> *"The Lesbian Newsletter", [[Daughters of Bilitis]] (1971) *"The Politics of Sterilization", [[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]] (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/sterilpol.html The Politics of Sterilization<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212715/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/sterilpol.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"The Shulmans' Marriage Agreement", [[Alix Kates Shulman]] (1971)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EDd2aNCoGlYC&amp;pg=PA194&amp;dq=%22+the+shulmans%27+marriage+agreement%22&amp;lr=#v=onepage&amp;q=%22%20the%20shulmans%27%20marriage%20agreement%22&amp;f=false Public Women, Public Words: A Documentary History of American Feminism - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"The Social Construction of the Second Sex" from ''Roles Women Play: Readings Towards Women's Liberation'', [[Joreen]] (1971)<ref>[http://www.jofreeman.com/womensociety/socconstruct.htm The Social Construction of the Second Sex<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"The Vagina on Trial", [[Kathleen Barry]] (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/vaginatrial.html The Vagina on Trial<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052851/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/vaginatrial.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"United Women's Contingent: March On Washington Against the War" (1971)<ref>{{Cite web |title=March on Washington - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/united/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918061404/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/united/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"Using Your Maiden Name", Diane and Linda from ''Womankind'' (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/name.html Using Your Maiden Name<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214507/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/name.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" from ''ArtNews'', [[Linda Nochlin]], (1971)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nochlin: Why No Great Women Artists?<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.miracosta.edu/home/gfloren/nochlin.htm |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2018-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811134915/http://www.miracosta.edu/home/gfloren/nochlin.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"Why Women's Liberation?" from ''Black Maria'' (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/whyliberation.html What is Women's Liberation?<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024224106/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/whyliberation.html |date=2012-10-24 }}</ref> *"Woman as Patient", Laura Green and Womankind (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/womanpatient.html Woman as Patient<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051216/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/womanpatient.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> * ''Woman's Estate'', [[Juliet Mitchell]] (1971) *"Women: New Voice of La Raza", Mirta Vidal (1971) *"Women's Liberation: A Catholic View", Marilyn Bowers (1971) *"Women's Liberation and Its Impact on the Campus" from ''Liberal Education'', [[Joreen]] (1971)<ref>[http://www.jofreeman.com/academicwomen/womencampus.htm Womens' Liberation and its Impact on the Campus<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *Women's March on D.C., Anne and Heidi (1971)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's March - Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/wom/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609044331/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/wom/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"Working Women Get Together", Dagmar and Laura from ''Womankind'' (1971)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/gettogether.html Working Women Get Together<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220903/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/gettogether.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"Workshop Resolutions of the First National Chicana Conference" (1971)<ref>[http://clnet.ucla.edu/research/docs/chicanas/chicana.htm First National Chicana Conference<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904220425/http://clnet.ucla.edu/research/docs/chicanas/chicana.htm |date=2006-09-04 }}</ref> *"A Call for the Castration of Sexist Religion", [[Mary Daly]] (1972) *"Action Committee on Decent Childcare", from ''Women: A Journal of Liberation'' (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/ACDC.html ACDC<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213718/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/ACDC.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"A History of International Women's Day" from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/interwomen.html A History of International Women's Day<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828054017/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/interwomen.html |date=2015-08-28 }}</ref> *"Chicago Maternity Center: 77 Years of Home Deliveries...Will This Be Its Last?", Alice from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/materncenter.html The Chicago Maternity Center<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231732/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/materncenter.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"[[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]]" from ''Women: A Journal of Liberation'', [[Naomi Weisstein]] and [[Vivian Rothstein]] (1972)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.com/chicago-womens-liberation-union.html Chicago Women's Liberation Union | Organizing<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123100320/http://www.cwluherstory.com/chicago-womens-liberation-union.html |date=2011-11-23 }}</ref> *"Cleaning Up", Mary Blake from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.com/cleaning-up.html Cleaning Up | Text Memoirs<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123104900/http://www.cwluherstory.com/cleaning-up.html |date=2011-11-23 }}</ref> *"Covert Sex Discrimination Against Women as Medical Patients", [[Carol Downer]] (1972)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.org/covert-sex-discrimination-against-women-as-medical-patients.html Covert Sex Discrimination Against Women as Medical Patients | Classic Feminist Writings<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212048/http://www.cwluherstory.org/covert-sex-discrimination-against-women-as-medical-patients.html |date=2015-09-23 }}</ref> *"DARE Challenges City Hall Budget" (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/darerelease1.html DARE Challenges the City Hall Budget-1972<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214531/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/darerelease1.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"Don't Think", from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/clerical.html Don't Think<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000946/https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/clerical.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women [in the Navy]", [[Admiral Zumwalt]] (1972)<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq93-116.htm Admiral Zumwalt: Z- Gram#116<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219021530/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq93-116.htm |date=2014-12-19 }}</ref> *"Family Relations Court", Alice from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/familycourt.html Family Relations Court<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053433/https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/familycourt.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *''[[Feminist Studies]]'' (1972–present) *"Half of China" from ''Womankind'', Elaine (1972)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.org/half-of-china.html Half of China | Internationalism<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072852/http://www.cwluherstory.org/half-of-china.html |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref> *"Indochina Peace Campaign" from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/janefonda.html The Indochina Peace Campaign<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002123/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/janefonda.html |date=2015-01-09 }}</ref> * ''Inochi no Onna-tachie: Torimidashi uman ribu ron'', in English ''For My Spiritual Sisters: A Disorderly Theory of Women's Liberation'', [[Mitsu Tanaka]] (1972) *"I Want a Wife" from ''Ms.'', Judy Syfers (1972)<ref>[http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~mariedj/browse/serious/wives I Want a Wife, Judy Syfers, in The First Ms. Reader]</ref> *"I Want to Pick Your Brains", Ruth Carol (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUMemoir/ruthcarol.html Ruth Carol<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215430/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUMemoir/ruthcarol.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"Jewish Women Call For a Change", Ezrat Nashim (1972)<ref name="Bloomberg2004">{{cite book|author=Jon Bloomberg|title=The Jewish World in the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVETCrICwO8C&pg=PA116|year=2004|publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|isbn=978-0-88125-844-8|pages=116–}}</ref> *"Lesbian Mothers and Their Children" from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/lesbianmom.html Lesbian Mothers and Their Children<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054232/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/lesbianmom.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"Lesbians in Revolt: Male Supremacy Quakes and Quivers", [[Charlotte Bunch]] (1972)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lesbians in Revolt - Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/furies/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608170650/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/furies/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *''[[Lesbian/Woman]]'', [[Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon]] (1972) *''Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen'', [[Alix Kates Shulman]] (1972) *"[[National Organization for Women|NOW]] Press Release on City Hall Gender Discrimination" (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/nowrelease.html NOW Press Release on Gender Discrimination-1972<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224957/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/nowrelease.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"On Being a Waitress", Carolyn (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/waitress.html On Being a Waitress<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214527/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/waitress.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"One Small Step for Genkind", [[Casey Miller]] and [[Kate Swift]] (1972) *"Our Output = Their Income" from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/output.html Our Output = Their Income<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119044547/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/output.html |date=2011-11-19 }}</ref> *"Rape" from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/rape.html Rape<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000243/https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/rape.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"Sex or, Hey, I Thought This Was Supposed to be Fun!" from ''Womankind'', Cathy (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/supposefun.html Sex or Hey I Thought This Was Supposed to be Fun!<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000804/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/supposefun.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"Socialist Feminism", [[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]] (1972)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lpVCg__2gC&amp;pg=PA96&amp;dq=%22socialist+feminism%22+%22dear+sisters%22 Dear Sisters: Dispatches From The Women's Liberation Movement - Rosalyn Baxandall, Linda Gordon - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Soldiers in the Streets" from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.com/soldiers-in-the-streets.html Soldiers in the Streets | Internationalism<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123101320/http://www.cwluherstory.com/soldiers-in-the-streets.html |date=2011-11-23 }}</ref> *''[[Surfacing (novel)|Surfacing]]'', [[Margaret Atwood]] (1972) *"That Old Problem - Sex" from ''Womankind'', Lorna (1972)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.org/that-old-problem-sex.html That Old Problem-Sex | Sexuality<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073006/http://www.cwluherstory.org/that-old-problem-sex.html |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref> *''The Coming of Lilith'', [[Judith Plaskow]], (1972)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jwa.org/teach/golearn/sep07/GoLearnSep07-excerpt.pdf |title=Judith Plaskow, "The Coming of Lilith," 1972 |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119064143/http://jwa.org/teach/golearn/sep07/GoLearnSep07-excerpt.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *"The DARE Janitress Campaign" from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/janitress.html The DARE Janitress Campaign<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220229/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/janitress.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> * “The Emancipation of Man", [[Olof Palme]] (1972)<ref>[https://www.dorudi.nl/olof-palme-on-the-emancipation-of-man/ The Emancipation of Man, by Olof Palme]</ref> *"The Fear of Childbirth is a PAIN", from ''Womankind'' (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/fearchildbirth.html The Fear of Childbirth is a PAIN<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051547/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/fearchildbirth.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *''[[The Feminist Art Journal]]'' (1972-1977) *"The Feminization of Society", [[Yoko Ono]] (1972)<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/23/archives/the-feminization-of-society.html?_r=0</ref> *"The Lesbian and God-the-Father, or, All the Church Needs Is a Good Lay . . . On Its Side", [[Sally Miller Gearhart]] (1972)<ref name="Daley2012">{{cite book|author=James Daley|title=Great Speeches on Gay Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpPvO-Jtb1UC&pg=PA57|date=6 March 2012|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-11566-5|pages=57–}}</ref> *"[[The Tyranny of Structurelessness]]", [[Joreen]] (1972) *"Tum'ah and Toharah: Ends and Beginnings", [[Rachel Adler]] (1972) *"Viet Nam: The Voice of Song Will Rise Above the Sound of the Bombs" from ''Womankind'', Eileen Kreutz (1972)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/vietnamtrip.html Viet Nam: The Voice of Song Will Rise Above the Sound of the Bombs<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054043/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/vietnamtrip.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"WATCH Demands", WATCH (1972)<ref>[https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/watchdemands.html WATCH- Women Act To Control Healthcare<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214050/https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/watchdemands.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"WATCH: Save the Chicago Maternity Center" (1972)<ref>[https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/watch.html WATCH- Women Act To Control Healthcare<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419031501/http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/watch.html |date=2012-04-19 }}</ref> *"We Have Had Abortions", published in ''Ms.'' (1972)<ref>[http://images.nymag.com/images/2/promotional/11/11/week1/mrs-abortionsb.pdf We Have Had Abortions]</ref> * "Welfare is a Women's Issue", by [[Johnnie Tillmon]], published in ''Ms.'' (1972)<ref>[https://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/learn/resources/welfare-womens-issue-johnnie-tillmon Welfare is a Women's Issue]"</ref> *"We Look At Ms.", Sue (1972)<ref>[https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/msmag.html We Look at Ms. by Sue<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001415/https://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/msmag.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision", [[Adrienne Rich]] (1972)<ref>[http://www.westga.edu/~aellison/Other/Rich.pdf When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision]</ref> *''Women and Madness'', [[Phyllis Chesler]] (1972) * "Women in a Socialist Society", Women's Union, [[Young Lords Party]] (1972)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170506201050/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1/ylp-reader.pdf Full text of ''The Young Lords: A Reader'' (2010) edited by Darrel Enck-Wanzer, including "Women in a Socialist Society", 1972]</ref> *''Women of La Raza Unite!'' (1972)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lpVCg__2gC&amp;pg=PA77&amp;dq=%22women+of+la+raza+unite%22 Dear Sisters: Dispatches From The Women's Liberation Movement - Rosalyn Baxandall, Linda Gordon - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[Women's Studies Quarterly]]'' (1972–present) *"Abortion Task Force: Who We Are" from ''Womankind'' (1973)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/atf.html Abortion Task Force: Who We Are<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213659/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/atf.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *''Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women's Liberation'', [[Mary Daly]] (1973) *''[[Fear of Flying (novel)|Fear of Flying]]'', [[Erica Jong]] (1973) *''[[Lesbian Nation|Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution]]'', [[Jill Johnston]] (1973) *"Letter from the Abortion Defense Fund" (1973)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUFeature/defenseletter.html Abortion Defense Fund Letter- February 8, 1973<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001513/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUFeature/defenseletter.html |date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref> *"Me and Them Sirens Running All Night Long", Susan Cavin (1973)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Me and Them Sirens Running All Night Long|last=Cavin|first=Susan|publisher=Brooklyn: The Print Center|year=1973|isbn=|location=Brooklyn, NY|pages=}}</ref> *"Mom on a Hook" from ''Womankind'' (1973)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/hook.html Mom on a Hook<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119042110/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/hook.html |date=2011-11-19 }}</ref> *"On Separatism", Lee Schwing (1973)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lpVCg__2gC&amp;pg=PA111&amp;dq=%22on+separatism%22+%221973%22 Dear Sisters: Dispatches From The Women's Liberation Movement - Rosalyn Baxandall, Linda Gordon - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * ''[[Our Bodies, Ourselves]]'', The [[Boston Women's Health Book Collective]] (1973) *"Posters that Express the Reality of Being a Woman", Linda Winer (1973)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUGallery/tribgraph.html Graphics Collective Newspaper Article<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212223/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUGallery/tribgraph.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"[[Rape (poem)|Rape]]", [[Adrienne Rich]] (1973)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://marinagraphy.com/rape-power-adrienne-rich/ |title=Rape, Power, and Adrienne Rich {{!}} Empowering Girls and Women<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517123844/http://marinagraphy.com/rape-power-adrienne-rich/ |archive-date=2015-05-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *"So Who Needs Daycare?" from ''Womankind'', Mary M. (1973)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/whoneeds.html So Who Needs Daycare?<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215728/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/whoneeds.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> * ''The Furies'', [[The Furies Collective]] (January 1972 until mid-1973) *"The Jane Song", Elizabeth Roberts (1973)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUFeature/Janesong.html The Jane Song<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222215/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUFeature/Janesong.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"The [[National Black Feminist Organization]]’s Statement of Purpose" (1973)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The National Black Feminist Organization’s Statement of Purpose, 1973<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~ppennock/doc-BlackFeminist.htm |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2018-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528221144/http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~ppennock/doc-BlackFeminist.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"The Status of Women in Halakhic Judaism", [[Saul Berman]] (1973)<ref>[http://www.lookstein.org/articles/status_of_women.htm The Status Of Women<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"The Verbal Karate of [[Florynce Kennedy|Florynce R. Kennedy]], Esq.", [[Gloria Steinem]] (1973)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.msmagazine.com/summer2011/verbalkarate.asp |title=Ms. Magazine {{!}} The Verbal Karate of Florynce R. Kennedy, Esq<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513075629/http://www.msmagazine.com/summer2011/verbalkarate.asp |archive-date=2015-05-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *"The Women Men Don't See", James Tiptree, Jr. (pen name of [[Alice Bradley Sheldon]]) (1973)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080119040143/http://www.scifi.com/scifiction/classics/classics_archive/tiptree2/tiptree21.html THE WOMEN MEN DON'T SEE-PAGE 1<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Vacuum Aspiration Abortion", Health Organizing Collective of Women's Health and Abortion Project (1973)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vacuum Aspiration Abortion - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/abortion/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607152254/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/abortion/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"[[When I Was Growing Up]]", [[Nellie Wong]] (1973) *''Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A History of Women Healers'', [[Barbara Ehrenreich]] and [[Deirdre English]] (1973)<ref>[http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/witches.html Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A History of Women Healers<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006191529/http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/witches.html |date=2013-10-06 }}</ref> *"Abortion--the Need to Change Jewish Law", [[Rachel Adler]] (1974)<ref>[http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=8788 Abortion-the Need to Change Jewish Law | Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"A Young Woman's Death: Would Health Rights Have Prevented It?", Helen Rodriquez-Trias (1974)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/womansdeath.html A Young Woman's Death<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000454/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/womansdeath.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"Feminism, a Cause for the Halachic", [[Rachel Adler]] (1974)<ref>[http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=9395 Feminism, a Cause for the Halachic | Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Feminism, Art, and My Mother Sylvia", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1974)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/OurBloodI.html Feminism, Art, and My Mother Sylvia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"In Search of Our Mother's Gardens: The Creativity of Black Women in the South", from ''Ms.'', [[Alice Walker]] (1974)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/walker.asp |title=Ms. Magazine {{!}} From the Archives<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519062204/http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/walker.asp |archive-date=2015-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *"Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?", [[Sherry Ortner]] (1974) *"Marxism, Mariategui and the Women's Movement", Catalina Adrianzen (1974)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/adrianzen/1974.htm Women and Marxism: Marxists Internet Archive<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Mother Right: A New Feminist Theory", [[Jane Alpert]] (1974)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mother Right - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/mother/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2008-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219175710/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/mother/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *''Speculum of the Other Woman'', [[Luce Irigaray]] (1974) *"What Educated Women Can Do", [[Indira Gandhi]] (1974)<ref>[http://www.edchange.org/multicultural//speeches/indira_gandhi_educated.html Indira Gandhi: What Educated Women Can Do<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[Woman Hating: A Radical Look at Sexuality]]'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1974) *"A Black Feminist's Search For Sisterhood", [[Michele Wallace]] (1975)<ref>{{citation | last = Wallace | first = Michele | author-link = Michele Wallace | contribution = A Black feminist's search for sisterhood | editor-last1 = Hull | editor-first1 = Gloria T. | editor-last2 = Scott | editor-first2 = Patricia Bell | editor-last3 = Smith | editor-first3 = Barbara | title = All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies | publisher = Feminist Press | location = Old Westbury, N.Y | year = 1982 | isbn = 9780912670959 | ref = harv | postscript = .| title-link = All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave }}</ref> *''Abortion is a Blessing'', [[Anne Nicol Gaylor]] (1975)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ffrf.org/legacy/books/AIAB/?t=main&app=#contents |title=Abortion Is A Blessing |publisher=Ffrf.org |accessdate=2015-05-01}}</ref> * ''[[Against Our Will]]'', [[Susan Brownmiller]] (1975) *"DAR II (Dykes for the Second American Revolution)" (1975)<ref>{{Cite web |title=DAR II - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/darii/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609044929/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/darii/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"Feminist Economic Alliance Formed to Aid New Sister Credit Unions" (1975)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feminist Economic Alliance - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/alliance/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609044420/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/alliance/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *''[[Hecate (journal)|Hecate]]'' (1975–present) *"How to Discriminate Against Women Without Really Trying" from ''Women: A Feminist Perspective'', [[Joreen]] (1975)<ref>[http://www.jofreeman.com/academicwomen/howdiscrim.htm How to Discriminate Against Women Without Really Trying<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''Judaism and the New Woman'', [[Sally Priesand]] (1975) *"Lesbian Group [1975 Conference Report]" (1975)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/lesbiangroup.html Lesbian Group 1975 Report<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231634/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/lesbiangroup.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"Lesbian Pride", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1975)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/OurBloodII.html Lesbian Pride<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''Reaching Beyond Intellect'', Hallie Iglehart and Jeanne Scott-Senior (1975)<ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite book|last1=Baxandall|first1=Rosalyn|last2=Gordon|first2=Linda|title=Dear Sisters: Dispatches From The Women's Liberation Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lpVCg__2gC&pg=PA105|accessdate=1 August 2013|date=26 April 2001|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01707-2|pages=105–106}}</ref> *''[[Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]]'' (1975–present) *"Stand Up and Be Counted", Secret Storm (1975)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/counted.html Stand Up and be Counted<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215024/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/counted.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> * ''The Female Imagination'', Patricia Meyer Spacks (1975) * ''[[The Female Man]]'', [[Joanna Russ]] (1975) *"The Legal Bias Against Rape Victims (The Rape of Mr. Smith)," Connie K. Borkenhagen (1975)<ref>[http://www.crisiscentersyr.org/mr_smith.html crisiscentersyr.org<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019174636/http://www.crisiscentersyr.org/mr_smith.html |date=2009-10-19 }}</ref> *"The Root Cause", [[Andrea Dworkin]], (1975)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/OurBloodIII.html The Root Cause (1 of 2)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * "The Traffic in Women: Notes on the "Political Economy" of Sex," [[Gayle Rubin]] (1975)<ref>https://genderstudiesgroupdu.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/the-rraffic-in-women.pdf</ref> * "Toward a Phenomenology of Feminist Consciousness," [[Sandra Bartky]] (1975)<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bartky | first = Sandra Lee | author-link = Sandra Bartky | title = Toward a phenomenology of feminist consciousness | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_social-theory-and-practice_fall-1975_3_4/page/425 | journal = [[Social Theory and Practice]] | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 425–439 | publisher = [[Florida State University|Florida State University Department of Philosophy]] via JSTOR | date = Fall 1975 | jstor = 23557163 | ref = harv | doi = 10.5840/soctheorpract1975349 }}</ref> * "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," [[Laura Mulvey]] (1975)<ref>[https://wiki.brown.edu/confluence/display/MarkTribe/Visual+Pleasure+and+Narrative+Cinema Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema]</ref> * ''Wages Against Housework'', [[Silvia Federici]] (1975)<ref>[https://monoskop.org/images/2/23/Federici_Silvia_Wages_Against_Housework_1975.pdf]</ref> *"What is Women's Liberation?", Secret Storm (1975)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/whatis.html What is Women's Liberation?<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000146/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/whatis.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"What Medical Students Learn", Kay Weiss (1975)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lpVCg__2gC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;dq=%22what+medical+students+learn%22 Dear Sisters: Dispatches From The Women's Liberation Movement - Rosalyn Baxandall, Linda Gordon - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[Woman's Evolution|Woman's Evolution: From Matriarchal Clan to Patriarchal Family]]'', [[Evelyn Reed]] (1975) *"You Are Where You Eat", Laura Shapiro (1975)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2uMwEGfAMSQC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;dq=%22you+are+where+you+eat%22 Dear Sisters: Dispatches From The Women's Liberation Movement - Rosalyn Baxandall, Linda Gordon - Google Boeken<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"A Feminist Tarot", [[Sally Miller Gearhart]] and Susan Rennie (1976) * ''[[Al-Raida]]'' (1976–present) * ''Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman'', [[Michele Wallace]] (1976) *''Blazing Star'' Vol. 2 No. 1 (July 1976)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517000422/http://www.cwluherstory.org/images/stories/PDF%20Documents/Blazing%20Star001a.pdf Blazing Star'' Vol. 2 No. 1]</ref> *''Blazing Star'' Vol. 2 No. 3 (October 1976)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212100/http://www.cwluherstory.org/images/stories/PDF%20Documents/Blazing%20Star002.pdf Blazing Star'' Vol. 2 No. 3]</ref> *''[[Camera Obscura (journal)|Camera Obscura]]'' (1976–present) *"Female God Language in a Jewish Context", [[Rita Gross]] (1976) *"Feminism: Is it Good for the Jews?", [[Blu Greenberg]] (1976) *"Is the Women's Movement in Trouble?" from Working Papers on Socialism & Feminism, Roberta Lynch (1976)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/premature.html Is the Women's Movement in Trouble?<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054703/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/premature.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> * ''[[Kinflicks]]'', [[Lisa Alther]] (1976) *"Learning From Lesbian Separatism", [[Charlotte Bunch]] (1976) * ''Literary Women'', Ellen Moers (1976) * ''[[Lover (novel)|Lover]]'', [[Bertha Harris]] (1976) * ''Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution'', [[Adrienne Rich]] (1976) *"Medical Crimes Against Women", Jenny Knauss, Janet M., Kathy Mallin, Lauren Crawford and Sharon M. (1976)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/medcrimes.html Medical Crimes Against Women<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418191901/http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/medcrimes.html |date=2012-04-18 }}</ref> *''[[Meridian (novel)|Meridian]]'', [[Alice Walker]] (1976) *''Our blood: prophecies and discourses on sexual politics'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1976) *"The Laugh of the Medusa", [[Hélène Cixous]] (1976)<ref>[https://artandobjecthood.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/cixous_the_laugh_of_the_medusa.pdf The Laugh of the Medusa, by Hélène Cixous, translated into English]</ref> *"What Became of God the Mother? Conflicting Images of God in Early Christianity", [[Elaine H. Pagels]] (1976)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.womenpriests.org/body/pagels.asp |title=What Became of God the Mother?<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704065520/http://www.womenpriests.org/body/pagels.asp |archive-date=2015-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *"What is Socialist Feminism?", [[Barbara Ehrenreich]] (1976)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/ehrenreich-barbara/socialist-feminism.htm Barbara Ehrenreich. What is Socialist Feminism? 1976<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[When God Was a Woman]]'', [[Merlin Stone]] (1976) *''[[Woman on the Edge of Time]]'', [[Marge Piercy]] (1976) *''Women, Money and Power'', [[Phyllis Chesler]] with Emily Jane Goodman (1976) *"Women's Liberation Builds Strong Bodies in Many Ways", Secret Storm (ca. 1976)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/strongbodies.html Women's Liberation Builds Strong Bodies in Many Ways<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222102/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/strongbodies.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *"Women Talk Back", Secret Storm (ca. 1976)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/sports.html Secret Storm<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213132/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/sports.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *''Words and Women: A New Language in New Times'' by [[Casey Miller]], [[Kate Swift]] (1976) *"A Black Feminist Statement", [[Combahee River Collective]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Black-Feminist-Statement.html A Black Feminist Statement - The Feminist eZine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Biological Superiority: The World's Most Dangerous and Deadly Idea", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIID.html Biological Superiority: The World's Most Dangerous and Deadly Idea<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Claiming an Education", [[Adrienne Rich]] (1977) *"Declaration of American Women", The President's Interagency Council on Women National Plan of Action (1977)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/declare.htm |title=Declaration of American Women<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214143336/http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/declare.htm |archive-date=2012-02-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *"How Can a Little Girl Like You Teach a Big Class of Men?", [[Naomi Weisstein]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUMemoir/naomiscientist.html Naomi Weisstein<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509162820/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUMemoir/naomiscientist.html |date=2015-05-09 }}</ref> *"Left-Wing Anti-Feminism: A Revisionist Disorder", [[Marlene Dixon]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/dixon-marlene/anti-feminism.htm Marlene Dixon. The Rise and Demise of Women's Liberation: A Class Analysis. 1977<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Marx and Gandhi were Liberals: Feminism and the 'Radical' Left", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1977) *"Monopoly Capitalism and the Women's Movement", [[Marlene Dixon]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/dixon-marlene/monopoly-capitalism.htm Marlene Dixon. The Rise and Demise of Women's Liberation: A Class Analysis. 1977<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"On the Super-Exploitation of Women", [[Marlene Dixon]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/dixon-marlene/super-exploitation.htm Marlene Dixon. The Rise and Demise of Women's Liberation: A Class Analysis. 1977<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Pornography: The New Terrorism" [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIVA.html Pornography: The New Terrorism]</ref> *''Sex Bias in the U.S. Code'', [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr12se9.pdf Sex Bias in the U.S. Code] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052012/http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr12se9.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *"The Last Mile", Edith Grinnell (1977)<ref>[http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/photos/Houstonremember.html The Last Mile (1977)<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130080044/http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/photos/Houstonremember.html |date=2016-01-30 }}</ref> *"The Prostitute: Paradigmatic Woman", Julia P. Stanley (1977)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Prostitute: Paradigmatic Woman - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/prostitute/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2011-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926090158/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/prostitute/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"The Rise and Demise of Women's Liberation: A Class Analysis", [[Marlene Dixon]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/dixon.html The Rise and Demise of Women's Liberation<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318021540/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/dixon.html |date=2015-03-18 }}</ref> *"The Simple Story of a Lesbian Girlhood", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/NewBrokenHeart.html the simple story of a lesbian girlhood<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"The Sisterhood Rip-Off: The Destruction of the Left in the Professional Women’s Caucuses", [[Marlene Dixon]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/dixon-marlene/sisterhood.htm Marlene Dixon. The Rise and Demise of Women's Liberation: A Class Analysis. 1977<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"The Subjugation of Women Under Capitalism: The Bourgeois Morality, [[Marlene Dixon]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/dixon-marlene/morality.htm Marlene Dixon. The Rise and Demise of Women's Liberation: A Class Analysis. 1977<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[The Women's Room]]'', [[Marilyn French]] (1977) *''This Sex Which Is Not One'', [[Luce Irigaray]] (1977) *"Wages for Housework and Strategies of Revolutionary Fantasy", [[Marlene Dixon]] (1977)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/dixon-marlene/housework.htm Marlene Dixon. The Rise and Demise of Women's Liberation: A Class Analysis. 1977<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''Who really starves?: Women and world hunger'', Lisa Leghorn and Mary Roodkowsky (1977) *''[[Women's Studies in Communication]]'' (1977–present) *"A Feminist Looks at Saudi Arabia", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1978)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIIA.html A Feminist Looks at Saudi Arabia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Art Hysterical Notions of Progress and Culture", [[Valerie Jaudon]] and [[Joyce Kozloff]] (1978)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151251/http://www.deadrevolutionariesclub.co.za/node/59 Art Hysterical Notions of Progress and Culture]</ref> *''[[Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism]]'', collection of essays anthologized by [[Zillah R. Eisenstein]] (1978) *"Consciousness-Raising: A Radical Weapon", [[Kathie Sarachild]] (1978)<ref>[http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fem/sarachild.html Consciousness-Raising - Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718193344/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fem/sarachild.html |date=2011-07-18 }}</ref> *''[[Crystal Eastman]] on Women and Revolution'', edited by [[Blanche Wiesen Cook]] (1978) *"Fat is A Feminist Issue", [[Susie Orbach]] (1978) *"Full Employment: Toward Economic Equality For Women", [[Joreen]] (1978)<ref>[http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/lawandpolicy/fullemploy.htm Full Employment: Toward Economic Equality For Women<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025704/http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/lawandpolicy/fullemploy.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> *''Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism'', [[Mary Daly]] (1978) *"On the [[National Black Feminist Organization]]", [[Michele Wallace]] (1978)<ref>[http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fem/wallace.html National Black Feminist - Women's Liberation Movement<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607165800/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fem/wallace.html |date=2011-06-07 }}</ref> *"The New Woman's Broken Heart", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1978)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/NewBrokenHeart2.html the new womans broken heart<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[The Sadeian Woman and the Ideology of Pornography]]'', [[Angela Carter]] (1978) *"The Wander-ground", [[Sally Miller Gearhart]] (1978) *"Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power", [[Audre Lorde]] (1978) *"Why So-called Radical Men Love and Need Pornography", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1978) *"Why Women Need the Goddess", [[Carol P. Christ]] (1978)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Women Need the Goddess - by Carol P. Christ<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.goddessariadne.org/whywomenneedthegoddess.htm |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2016-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701102046/http://www.goddessariadne.org/whywomenneedthegoddess.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *''[[X: A Fabulous Child's Story]]'', [[Lois Gould]] (1978)<ref>[http://www.gendercentre.org.au/22article4.htm Polare 22: X: A Fabulous Child's Story | The Gender Centre Inc<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518171229/http://gendercentre.org.au/22article4.htm |date=2013-05-18 }}</ref> *"Classical and Baroque Sex in Everyday Life", [[Ellen Willis]] (1979)<ref>[http://iacb.blogspot.com/2006/12/ellen-willis-classical-and-baroque-sex.html Iamcuriousblue: Ellen Willis "Classical and Baroque Sex in Everyday Life"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Let's Put Pornography Back in the Closet" from ''Newsday'', [[Susan Brownmiller]] (1979)<ref>[http://www.susanbrownmiller.com/susanbrownmiller/html/antiporno.html AntiPorno<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[On Lies, Secrets and Silence]]'', [[Adrienne Rich]] (1979) *''[[Opera: The Undoing of Women]]'', [[Catherine Clément]] (1979) *''Sexual harassment of working women: a case of sex discrimination'', [[Catharine MacKinnon]] (1979) * ''[[The Bloody Chamber]]'', [[Angela Carter]] (1979) *"The Double Standard of Aging", [[Susan Sontag]] (1979) *"The Lie", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1979)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIa.html The Lie<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * ''[[The Madwoman in the Attic]]'', [[Sandra Gilbert]] and [[Susan Gubar]] (1979) *"The Night and Danger", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1979)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIb.html The Night and Danger<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[The Transsexual Empire]]'', [[Janice Raymond]] (1979) *"35% of Puerto Rican Women Sterilized", Committee for Puerto Rican Decolonization (late 1970s)<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/puertorico.html 35% of Puerto Rican Women Sterilized<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430130413/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUArchive/puertorico.html |date=April 30, 2015 }}</ref> * "The Tyranny of Tyranny", Cathy Levine (1979)<ref>[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/cathy-levine-the-tyranny-of-tyranny The Tyranny of Tyranny, by Cathy Levine]</ref> * ''Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her'', [[Susan Griffin]] (1979) *''Womanspirit Rising: A Feminist Reader in Religion'' edited by [[Carol P. Christ]] and [[Judith Plaskow]] (1979) * ''Women and Household Labor'', Sarah Fenstermaker Berk, ed. (1979) === 1980 na dekada === *"A Woman Writer and Pornography", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1980)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIB.html A Woman Writer and Pornography<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"[[Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence]]", [[Adrienne Rich]] (1980)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terry.uga.edu/~dawndba/4500compulsoryhet.htm |title=Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence |publisher=Onlywomen Press |via=University of Georgia Terry College of Business |author=Adrienne Rich |date=1980 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218003008/http://www.terry.uga.edu/~dawndba/4500compulsoryhet.htm |archivedate=2012-12-18 |url-status=dead |access-date=2015-05-15 |author-link=Adrienne Rich }}</ref> *''[[Man Made Language]]'', [[Dale Spender]] (1980) *''[[The Sceptical Feminist]]: A Philosophical Enquiry'', [[Janet Radcliffe Richards]], (1980) *''The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing'', [[Casey Miller]] and [[Kate Swift]] (1980) *''The New Woman's Broken Heart: Short Stories'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1980) *"True Liberation of Women", [[Indira Gandhi]] (1980)<ref>[http://www.edchange.org/multicultural//speeches/indira_gandhi_liberation.html Indira Gandhi: True Liberation of Women<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"What Would a Non-Sexist City Look Like? Speculations on Housing, Urban Design, and Human Work", [[Dolores Hayden]]<ref>{{Cite web |title="What Would a Non-Sexist City Look Like? Speculations on Housing, Urban Design, and Human Work" |url=http://nextgenhousing.wikispaces.com/file/view/Hayden+-+Non-Sexist+City.pdf |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108125932/https://nextgenhousing.wikispaces.com/file/view/Hayden+-+Non-Sexist+City.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"Women and Urban Policy", [[Joreen]] (1980)<ref>[http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/lawandpolicy/urbanpol.htm Women and Urban Policy<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085716/http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/lawandpolicy/urbanpol.htm |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref> * ''[[Ain't I a Woman? (book)|Ain’t I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism]]'', [[bell hooks]] (1981) *"Nature's Revenge", [[Ellen Willis]] (1981)<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/12/books/nature-s-revenge.html NATURE'S REVENGE - NYTimes.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Pornography and Male Supremacy", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1981)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIVH.html Letter From A War Zone, Part IV<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[Pornography: Men Possessing Women]]'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1981) *"Pornography's Part in Sexual Violence", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1981)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIVC.html Pornography's Part in Sexual Violence]</ref> *"The ACLU: Bait and Switch", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1981)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIVD.html The ACLU: Bait and Switch]</ref> *''[[This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color]]'', [[Cherrie Moraga]] and [[Gloria Anzaldúa]] (1981) *"Toward A Feminist Jurisprudence", [[Ann C. Scales]] (1981) *"Why Pornography Matters to Feminists", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1981)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIVB.html Why Pornography Matters to Feminists]</ref> *''[[Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis]]'', essays by [[Alice Walker]], [[Robin Morgan]], [[Kathleen Barry]], [[Diana E. H. Russell]], [[Susan Star|Susan Leigh Star]], [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]], [[John Stoltenberg]], [[Sarah Hoagland|Sarah Lucia Hoagland]], [[Susan Griffin]], [[Cheri Lesh]], and [[Judith Butler|Judy Butler]] (1982) *''[[All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave|All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies]], edited by [[Akasha Gloria Hull]], [[Patricia Bell-Scott]], and [[Barbara Smith]] (1982) *''[[Feministische Studien]]'' (meaning ''Feminist Studies'') (1982–present) *''[[Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy]]'' (1982–present) *''[[In a Different Voice|In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development]]'', [[Carol Gilligan]] (1982) *''Invisible Women: The Schooling Scandal'', [[Dale Spender]] (1982) *''[[Powers of Horror]]'', [[Julia Kristeva]] (1982) *''The Anatomy of Freedom'', [[Robin Morgan]] (1982) *''[[The Color Purple]]'', [[Alice Walker]] (1982) *"The Importance of Women’s Paid Labour: Women at Work in World War II", Lynn Beaton (1982)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/beaton/world-war-two.htm The importance of women's paid labour. Women at work in World War II by Lynn Beaton<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[Zami: A New Spelling of My Name]]'', [[Audre Lorde]] (1982) *''Feminist theorists: Three centuries of key women thinkers'', [[Dale Spender]], ed. (1983) *''[[For Love or Money, a Pictorial History of Women and Work in Australia (1983)|For Love or Money, a Pictorial History of Women and Work in Australia]]'', Megan McMurchy, Margot Oliver & [[Jeni Thornley]] (1983) *''[[Home Girls]]'', various authors (1983) * ''[[How to Suppress Women's Writing]]'', [[Joanna Russ]] (1983) *''[[In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose]]'', a collection of works by [[Alice Walker]] (1983) *"I’ve Had Nothing Yet, So I Can’t Take More", [[Rachel Adler]] (1983) * ''Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions'', [[Gloria Steinem]] (1983) * ''[[Andrea Dworkin#Right-Wing Women|Right Wing Women: The Politics of Domesticated Females]]'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1983) * ''Sexism and God-Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology'', [[Rosemary Radford Ruether]] (1983) * ''[[The Politics of Reality|The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory]]'', [[Marilyn Frye]] (1983) * ''There's Always Been a Women's Movement in the Twentieth Century'', [[Dale Spender]] (1983) * "Whose Press? Whose Freedom?", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1983)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIC.html Whose Press? Whose Freedom?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * "Comparable Worth" from ''In These Times'', [[Joreen]] (1984)<ref>[http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/lawandpolicy/compworth.htm Comparable Worth: Parts I-III<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055203/http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/lawandpolicy/compworth.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> * "Female Rabbis, Male Fears", Chaim Sedler-Feller (1984) * ''In Search of Answers: Indian Women's Voices'' ([[Madhu Kishwar]] with [[Ruth Vanita]], Zed Books, 1984). {{ISBN|0862321786}}. * ''[[Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center]]'', [[bell hooks]] (1984) * "I Want a Twenty-Four-Hour Truce During Which There is No Rape", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1984)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIIE.html I Want a Twenty-Four-Hour Truce During Which There Is No Rape<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * ''Pure Lust: Elemental Feminist Philosophy'', [[Mary Daly]] (1984) * ''Sisterhood is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology'', edited by [[Robin Morgan]] (1984) * ''[[Sister Outsider]]'', [[Audre Lorde]] (1984) *''[[The Man of Reason|The Man of Reason: 'Male' and 'Female' in Western Philosophy]]'', [[Genevieve Lloyd]] (1984) *"The Missing Rib: The Forgotten Place of Queens and Priestesses in the Establishment of Zion", [[Margaret Toscano]] (1984)<ref>[http://www.bhporter.com/Porter%20PDF%20Files/The%20Missing%20Rib.pdf The Missing Rib: The Forgotten Place of Queens and Priestesses in the Establishment of Zion]</ref> *"Against the Male Flood: Censorship, Pornography and Equality", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1985) *"A Person Paper on Purity in Language", William Satire (pen name of [[Douglas Richard Hofstadter]]) (1985)<ref>[http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans/cs655/readings/purity.html Douglas Hofstadter - Person Paper on Purity in Language<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * ''[[Australian Feminist Studies]]'' (1985–present) * ''Beyond Power: On Women, Men, and Morals'', [[Marilyn French]] (1985) * "Breaking With Invisibility", Cady (1985)<ref>[http://www.cwluherstory.org/breaking-with-invisibility.html Breaking With Invisibility | Text Memoirs<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518070645/http://www.cwluherstory.org/breaking-with-invisibility.html |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref> * ''For the Record: The Making and Meaning of Feminist Knowledge'', [[Dale Spender]] (1985) * "Loving Books: Male/Female/Feminist" from ''Hot Wire'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1985)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIE.html Loving Books: Male/Female/Feminist<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * ''Magic Mommas, Trembling Sisters, Puritans and Perverts: Feminist Essays'', [[Joanna Russ]] (1985)<ref>[http://feminist-reprise.org/docs/RUSS_MMTSPP/RUSS_MMPP.pdf ''Magic Mommas, Trembling Sisters, Puritans and Perverts: Feminist Essays'']</ref> * "Shifting Horizons", Lynn Beaton (1985)<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/beaton/shifting-horizons/index.htm Shifting Horizons by Lynn Beaton<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * ''[[The Handmaid's Tale]]'', [[Margaret Atwood]] (1985) * ''The Reasons Why: Essays on the New Civil Rights Law Recognizing Pornography as Sex Discrimination'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] and [[Catharine MacKinnon]] (1985) * ''Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Select Prose (1979-1985)'', [[Adrienne Rich]] (1986) *''[[Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World]]'', [[Kumari Jayawardena]] (1986) * ''Feminist Studies, Critical Studies'', [[Teresa de Lauretis]] (1986) *"Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis", [[Joan Wallach Scott]] (1986)<ref>http://www.westga.edu/~history/FacultyUpdated/EMacKinnon/Spring%202011%20Syllabi%20and%20Materials/Gender.pdf{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *''Ice and Fire'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1986) *"If Men Could Menstruate" from ''Ms.'', [[Gloria Steinem]] (1986)<ref>{{Cite web |title=If Men Could Menstuate by Gloria Steinem<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/steinem.menstruate.html |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2015-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305212920/http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/steinem.menstruate.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *"Letter from a War Zone", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1986)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIVG1.html Letters From A War Zone: The New Terrorism<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''Mothers on Trial: The Battle for Children and Custody'', [[Phyllis Chesler]] (1986) *''[[Agenda (feminist journal)|Agenda]]'' (1987–present) * ''[[Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza]]'', [[Gloria Anzaldúa]] (1987) * ''Feminism unmodified: discourses on life and law'', [[Catharine MacKinnon]] (1987) * ''[[Intercourse (book)|Intercourse]]'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1987) *''[[Landscape for a Good Woman]]'', Carolyn Kay Steedman (1987) *''Making it: A Woman's Guide to Sex in the Age of AIDS'', [[Cindy Patton]] and Janis Kelly (1987).<ref>Patton, Cindy, and Janis Kelly. ''Making it: A Woman's Guide to Sex in the Age of AIDS''. No. 2. Firebrand Books, 1987.</ref> *''[[Reconstructing Womanhood]]'', [[Hazel Carby]] (1987) *"Voyage in the Dark: Hers and Ours", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1987)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIF.html Voyage in the Dark: Hers and Ours<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''Websters' First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language, Conjured in Cahoots with Jane Caputi'', [[Mary Daly]], Jane Caputi, and Sudie Rakusin (1987) *"Who You Know Versus Who You Represent: Feminist Influence in the Democratic and Republican Parties", [[Joreen]] (1987)<ref>[http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/conventions/feminfluence.htm Who You Know Versus Who You Represent<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212719/http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/conventions/feminfluence.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> * ''Feminism and Anthropology'', [[Henrietta Moore]] (1988) *Feminist Activities at the 1988 Republican Convention, [[Joreen]] (1988)<ref>[http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/conventions/repub88.htm Feminist Activities at the 1988 Republican Convention<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212824/http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/conventions/repub88.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> *''[[Feminist Formations]]'' (1988–present) *''Feminist Literary History'', [[Janet Todd]] (1988) *"Handle With Care: We Need a Child-Rearing Movement", [[Ellen Willis]] (1988) *''[[If Women Counted|If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics]]'', [[Marilyn Waring]] (1988) * ''Lesbian Ethics: Toward New Value'', [[Sarah Lucia Hoagland]] (1988) *''Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women's Equality'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] and [[Catharine MacKinnon]] (1988)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/other/ordinance/newday/TOC.htm New Day<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *"Social Revolution and the Equal Rights Amendment", [[Joreen]] (1988)<ref>[http://www.jofreeman.com/feminism/socrevera.htm Social Revolution and the Equal Rights Amendment<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *''[[The Heidi Chronicles]]'', [[Wendy Wasserstein]] (1988) *"Women at the 1988 Democratic Convention", [[Joreen]] (1988)<ref>[http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/conventions/dem88.htm Women at the 1988 Democratic Convention<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025652/http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/conventions/dem88.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> * ''[[The Women's History of the World]]'', Rosalind Miles (1989) * ''[[A Vindication of The Rights of Whores]]'', Gail Pheterson, ed. (1989) * ''[[Bananas, Beaches and Bases|Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics]]'', [[Cynthia Enloe]] (1989) * ''[[Dancing at the Edge of the World]]'', a collection of essays by [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] (1989) * ''[[Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies]]'' (1989–present) * ''[[Gender Trouble|Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (Thinking Gender)]]'', [[Judith Butler]] (1989) * ''Letters from a war zone: writings, 1976-1989'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1989) * ''Makaan'', Paigham Afaqui (1989) *"Men, Women and Biblical Equality", [[Christians for Biblical Equality]] (1989)<ref>[http://www.cbeinternational.org/files/u1/smwbe/english.pdf Men, Women and Biblical Equality] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703005905/http://www.cbeinternational.org/files/u1/smwbe/english.pdf |date=2014-07-03 }}</ref> *"More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing", [[Amartya Sen]] (1989)<ref>[http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/gender/Sen100M.html The New York Review of Books: More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504072819/http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/gender/Sen100M.html |date=2013-05-04 }}</ref> * "Presenting...Sister No Blues", [[Hattie Gossett]] (1989) * "Sexuality, pornography, and method: 'Pleasure under Patriarchy'", [[Catharine MacKinnon]] (1989) *''The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home'', [[Arlie Russell Hochschild]] and Anne Machung (1989) * ''[[The Temple of My Familiar]]'', [[Alice Walker]] (1989) * ''The Writing or the Sex?, Or, Why You Don't Have to Read Women's Writing to Know It's No Good'', [[Dale Spender]] (1989) * ''[[Toward a Feminist Theory of the State]]'', [[Catharine MacKinnon]] (1989) * "What Battery Really Is", [[Andrea Dworkin]] (1989)<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneAfterword.html What Battery Really Is]</ref> * ''Weaving the Visions: New Patterns in Feminist Spirituality'', edited by [[Carol P. Christ]] and [[Judith Plaskow]] (1989) === 1990 na dekada === * ''Dominant constructions of women and nature in social science literature,'' Brinda Rao (1991) * "What is Riot Grrrl?" (early 1990s) * ''Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment'', Patricia Hill Collins (1990) * "Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975", Alice Echols (1990) * "God Is a Woman and She Is Growing Older", Margaret Wenig (1990) * ''Journal of Women, Politics &amp;amp; Policy'' (1990–present) * ''Mercy'', Andrea Dworkin (1990) * ''The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory'', Carol J. Adams (1990) * "Who Says We Haven't Made a Revolution? A Feminist Takes Stock", Vivian Gornick (1990) * "Will There Be Orthodox Women Rabbis?", Blu Greenberg (1990) * "A Brief History of the Association for Women in Mathematics: The Presidents' Perspectives", Lenore Blum (1991)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awm-math.org/articles/notices/199107/blum/|title=A Brief History of the Association for Women in Mathematics: The Presidents' Perspectives|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2015-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531010722/http://www.awm-math.org/articles/notices/199107/blum/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", Donna Haraway (1991) * ''Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women'', Susan Faludi (1991) * ''Dirty Weekend'', Helen Zahavi (1991) * ''Feminism &amp;amp; Psychology'' (1991–present) * "How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy", Joreen (1991) * "Justice Is A Woman With A Sword", D. A. Clarke (1991) * "Riot Grrrl Manifesto" from Bikini Kill Zine 2, Kathleen Hanna (1991) * ''Sexual/Textual Politics'', Toril Moi (1991) * ''Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism from a Feminist Perspective'', Judith Plaskow (1991) * "Terror, Torture, and Resistance", Andrea Dworkin (1991) * ''The Beauty Myth'', Naomi Wolf (1991) * "The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles", Emily Martin (1991) * "We Learned the Wrong Lessons in Vietnam; A Feminist Issue Still", Kate Millett, Robin Morgan, Gloria Steinem, and Ti-Grace Atkinson (1991) * "With No Immediate Cause", Ntozake Shange (1991) * ''Writing War: Fiction, Gender &amp;amp; Memory'', Lynne Hanley (1991) * "Becoming the Third Wave", Rebecca Walker (1992) * ''Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent'', Margaret Busby (ed.) (1992) * ''Jabo na kena? Jabo'', Taslima Nasrin (1992) * ''Naree'', Humayun Azad (1992) * ''Nirbachito Column'', Taslima Nasrin (1992) * ''Outercourse: The Bedazzling Voyage, Containing Recollections from My Logbook of a Radical Feminist Philosopher'', Mary Daly (1992) * ''Possessing the Secret of Joy'', Alice Walker (1992) * "Power, Resistance and Science", Naomi Weisstein (1992) * "Prostitution and Male Supremacy", Andrea Dworkin (1992) * ''Race, Class and Gender in the U.S.'', Paula Rothenberg (1992) * "Replacements", Lisa Tuttle (1992) * ''Revolution From Within: A Book of Self-Esteem'', Gloria Steinem (1992) * "Talking Our Way In", Rachel Adler (1992) * ''The Mismeasure of Woman: Why Women Are Not the Better Sex, the Opposite Sex, or the Inferior Sex'', Carol Tavris (1992) * ''The Straight Mind and Other Essays'', Monique Wittig (1992) * ''The War Against Women'', Marilyn French (1992) * "Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism", Maxine Hanks (ed.) (1992) * ''Women of ideas and what men have done to them: From [[Aphra Behn]] to Adrienne Rich'', Dale Spender (1992) * ''Women Who Run With the Wolves<nowiki><span typeof="mw:DisplaySpace mw:Placeholder" id="mwDQY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>: Myths and Stories of the Wild Woman Archetype'', Clarissa Pinkola Estes (1992) * "Are Opinions Male?", Naomi Wolf (1993) * "A Soldier Is A Soldier", Rosemary Bryant Mariner (1993) * ''Ecofeminism and the Sacred'', Carol J. Adams (1993) * "Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health", Greta Gaard and Lori Gruen (1993) * "Feminism Versus Family Values: Women at the 1992 Democratic and Republican Conventions", Joreen (1993) * ''Fire With Fire: The New Female Power And How It Will Change the 21st Century'', Naomi Wolf (1993) * "In Your Blood, Live: Re-visions of a Theology of Purity", Rachel Adler (1993) * "Not Just Bad Sex", Katha Pollitt (1993) * ''Only Words'', Catharine MacKinnon (1993) * ''The Feminist Chronicles'' (1993), Toni Carabillo, June Csida, Judith Meuli * ''The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism, and Anarchism'', L. Susan Brown (1993) * ''Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body'', Susan Bordo (1993) * ''Warrior Marks: Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women'', Alice Walker and Pratibha Parmar (1993) * ''Feminism : The Essential Historical Writings'', Miriam Schneir (1994) * ''Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing'', Rosemary Radford Ruether (1994) * ''Gender Outlaw'', Kate Bornstein (1994) * ''Neither Man nor Beast: Feminism and the Defense of Animals'', Carol J. Adams (1994) * ''Nine Parts of Desire'', Geraldine Brooks (1994) * ''Religion, Feminism, and Freedom of Conscience'', George D. Smith (ed.) (1994) * ''Skin: Talking About Sex, Class &amp;amp; Literature'', Dorothy Allison (1994) * "Suffragette City: The Chicago Women's Liberation Rock Band", Ben Kim (1994) * ''The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to 1870'', Gerda Lerner (1994) * "The Unremembered: Searching for Women at the Holocaust Memorial Museum", Andrea Dworkin (1994) * "Why Women Need Freedom From Religion", Annie Laurie Gaylor (1994) * ''Feminist Economics'' (1995–present) * ''From Suffrage to Women's Liberation: Feminism in Twentieth Century America'', Joreen (1995) * "From the Back Alleys to the Supreme Court and Beyond", Dorothy Fadiman (1995) * ''Listen Up: Voices from the Next Feminist Generation'', Barbara Findlen, ed. (1995) * ''Massacre of the Dreamers: Essays on Xicanisma,'' Ana Castillo (1995) * "Memoirs of a Feminist Therapist", Joan Saks Berman, Ph.D. (1995) * ''Nattering on the Net: Women, Power and Cyberspace'', Dale Spender (1995) * "On the Origins of the Women's Liberation Movement From a Strictly Personal Perspective", Joreen (1995) * "Plenary Address of the Fourth World Conference on Women", Bella Abzug (1995) * ''Pythagoras' Trousers - God, Physics, and the Gender Wars'', Margaret Wertheim (1995) * "The Power of the Word: Culture, Censorship and Voice", Meredith Tax with Marjorie Agosin, Ama Ata Aidoo, Ritu Menon, Ninotchka Rosca, and Mariella Sala (1995)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meredithtax.org/gender-and-censorship/power-word-culture-censorship-and-voice|title=The Power of the Word: Culture, Censorship and Voice|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2017-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120000759/http://www.meredithtax.org/gender-and-censorship/power-word-culture-censorship-and-voice|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * "The Revolution for Women in Law and Public Policy", Joreen (1995) * "The Sexual Politics of Interpersonal Behavior", Nancy Henley and Joreen (1995) * ''To Be Real'', Rebecca Walker, ed. (1995) * "(Untimely) Critiques for a Red Feminism", Teresa Ebert (1995) * ''Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female with the Mass Media'', Susan J. Douglas (1994) * ''Animals and women: Feminist theoretical explorations'', Carol J. Adams and Josephine Donovan (1994) * ''Making Stories, Making Selves: Feminist Reflections on the Holocaust'', R. Ruth Linden (1995) * "Women and Aids", Donna Shalala (1995) * "Women and Health Security", [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] (1995) * ''Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought'', Beverly Guy-Sheftall (ed.) (1995) * "A Good Rape", Andrea Dworkin (1996) * "Barred From the Bar - A History of Women and the Legal Profession", Hedda Garza (1996)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.american-buddha.com/lit.barredbartoc.htm|title=Barred From the Bar - A History of Women and the Legal Profession, by Hedda Garza<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2015-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101445/http://www.american-buddha.com/lit.barredbartoc.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * "Beijing Report: The Fourth World Conference on Women" from ''off our backs'', Joreen (1996) * "Days of Celebration and Resistance: The Chicago Women's Liberation Rock Band, 1970-1973", Naomi Weisstein (1996) * ''n.paradoxa: international feminist art journal'' (1996–present) * "Remarks to Wellesley College Class of 1996" (commencement speech), Nora Ephron (1996) * "The Day I Was Drugged and Raped", Andrea Dworkin (1996) * ''The Stronger Women Get, the More Men Love Football: Sexism and the Culture of Sport'', Mariah Burton Nelson (1996) * ''The Vagina Monologues'', Eve Ensler (1996) * "U.N. Reviews Women's Progress One Year After Beijing" from ''off our backs'', Joreen (1996) * "Waves of Feminism", Joreen (1996) * "We've Come a Long Way...?", Joreen (1996) * "Whatever Happened to Republican Feminists?", Joreen (1996) * "What's In a Name? Does It Matter How the Equal Rights Amendment is Worded?", Joreen (1996) * "Womb for Rent: Surrogate Motherhood and the Case of Baby M", Anita Silvers and Sterling Harwood, in Sterling Harwood, ed., ''Business as Ethical and Business as Usual'', pp.&nbsp;190–193. (1996) * "Change and Continuity for Women at the 1996 Republican and Democratic Conventions", Joreen (1997) * ''In Harm's Way: The Pornography Civil Rights Hearings'', Catharine MacKinnon (1997) * ''Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War against Women'', Andrea Dworkin (1997) * "Power, Resistance and Science: A Call for a Revitalized Feminist Psychology", Naomi Weisstein (1997) * "Remarks on Naomi Weisstein", Jesse Lemisch and Naomi Weisstein (1997) * "Selected Quotes From ''Women Without Superstition: No Gods - No Masters''", Annie Laurie Gaylor (ed.) (1997) * ''The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses'', Oyeronke Oyewumi (1997) * ''Who's Afraid of Feminism?: Seeing Through the Backlash'', Julie Mitchell and Ann Oakley, eds (1997) * ''And Who Will Make the Chapatis?'' Bishakha Datta, (ed.) (1998) * ''Cunt: A Declaration of Independence'', Inga Muscio (1998) * "Dear Bill and Hillary", Andrea Dworkin (1998) * ''Letters to a Young Feminist'', Phyllis Chesler (1998) * "Marxist Feminism / Materialist Feminism", Martha E. Gimenez (1998) * "Mother Wit", Ellen Willis (1998) * ''Saman'', Ayu Utami (1998) * "Seneca Falls Anniversary Speech", [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] (1998) * ''Sex and Social Justice'', Martha Nussbaum (1998) * "She Said" from ''Calyx'', Judith Arcana (1998) * ''The Economics of Gender'', Joyce P. Jacobson (1998) * ''The Last Suffragist'', Ellen DuBois (1998) * "The Magnolia Street Commune", Vivian Rothstein (1998) * "The Religious War Against Women", Annie Laurie Gaylor (1998) * "Three Pieces About Abortion" from Calyx and Hurricane Alice, Judith Arcana (1998) * ''Tipping the Velvet'', Sarah Waters (1998) * ''Quintessence... Realizing the Archaic Future: A Radical Elemental Feminist Manifesto'', Mary Daly (1998) * ''Upanibesh'', Sarojini Sahoo (1998) * "When Men Were Men", bell hooks (1998) * "Abortion and the Underground", Cheryl Terhor (1999) * "Ain't She Still a Woman?", bell hooks (1999) * "Are Women Human?", Catharine MacKinnon (1999) * "Are You Listening, Hillary? President Rape Is Who He Is", Andrea Dworkin (1999) * "Chicago Was at Center of Feminist Activities", Angela Bonavoglia (1999) * "CWLU Work Groups and Personal Transformation", Sue Davenport, Paula Kamen, and the CWLU Herstory Committee (1999) * ''Dragon Ladies: Asian American Feminists Breathe Fire'', Sonia Shah (ed.) (1999) * ''Engendering Judaism: An Inclusive Theology and Ethics'', Rachel Adler (1999) * "Feminism, Moralism, and That Woman", Ellen Willis (1999) * "Founding and Sustaining a Women's Studies Program", Judith Kegan Gardiner (1999) * ''International Feminist Journal of Politics'' (1999–present) * "Jo Freeman (also known as Joreen)", Jennifer Scanlon (1999) * "Monica and Barbara and Primal Concerns", Ellen Willis (1999) * "Our Gang of Four: Friendships and Women's Liberation", Amy Kesselman with Heather Booth, Vivian Rothstein, and Naomi Weisstein (1999) * "Penis Passion", bell hooks (1999) * ''Pratibandi'', Sarojini Sahoo (1999) * "Sex, Race, Religion, and Partisan Alignment", Joreen (1999) * "Sisters Against the System", Cara Jepson (1999) * ''Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man'', Susan Faludi (1999) * ''The Australian Feminist Law Journal'' (1999–present) * "The Chicago Women's Liberation Union: An Introduction", Margaret "Peg" Strobel and Sue Davenport (1999) * "The China Project, the Prison Project and the Issues of Class and Race", Marie "Micki" Leaner, Paula Kamen and the CWLU Herstory Committee (1999) * "The Day I Was Drugged and Raped", Andrea Dworkin (1999) * "The Green Highway Theater Press Release [concerning the play Jane: Abortion and the Underground]", Paula Kamen (1999) * ''The Whole Woman'', Germaine Greer (1999) * ''Travail, Genre et Sociétés'' (1999–present) * "What Was the Chicago Women's Liberation Union?", Becky Kluchin (1999) == Ika-21 siglo == === 2000 na dekada === * na dekada''Feminism Is For Everybody: Passionate Politics'', bell hooks (2000) * ''Feminist Theory'' (2000–present) * ''ManifestA : young women, feminism, and the future'', Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards (2000) * ''Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation'', Andrea Dworkin (2000) * "Shakespeare's Sonnets and the Mystique of the Sheikh", Annie Laurie Gaylor (2000) * "The Color of Violence Against Women", Angela Davis (2000) * ''The Frailty Myth'', Colette Dowling (2000) * ''The World Split Open: How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America'', Ruth Rosen (2000) * ''Feminist Media Studies'' (2001–present) * "As a Feminist, This "Jane" Was Far From Plain", Chris Lombardi and Ruth Surgal (2002) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> * ''Feminist Africa'' (2002–present) * "Feminist Judaism: Past and Future", Rachel Adler (2002) * ''Fingersmith'', Sarah Waters (2002) * ''Heartbreak: the political memoir of a feminist militant'', Andrea Dworkin * ''Off the Beaten Track: Rethinking Gender Justice for Indian Women'', Madhu Kishwar (Oxford University Press, 2002). {{ISBN|0195658310}}[[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0195658310|0195658310]]. * ''Stolen Sunshine: A Woman's Quest for Herself'', Smita Jhavar (2002) * "The Logic of Experience: Reflections on the Development of Sexual Harassment Law", Catharine MacKinnon (2002) * ''Aftermath: Violence and the Remaking of a Self'', Susan J. Brison (2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stronger in the Broken Places|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Reading-Room-Aftermath-by-Susan-Brison|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2012-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730130118/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Reading-Room-Aftermath-by-Susan-Brison|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * ''Gender Talk: The Struggle for Equality in African American Communities'', by Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Johnnetta B. Cole (2003) * "On Anniversary of Women's Suffrage, Equality Still Elusive", Annie Laurie Gaylor (2003) * ''Sisterhood is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium'', edited by Robin Morgan (2003) * ''The Female Face of God in Auschwitz: A Jewish Feminist Theology of the Holocaust'', Melissa Raphael (2003) * "The Feminist Ghost at the Conservative Political Action Conference", (2003) * "Women's Peace Activism: Forward into the Past?", Joreen (2003) * ''Not My Mother's Sister: Generational Conflict and Third-Wave Feminism'', Astrid Henry (2004) * ''The Pornography of Meat'', Carol J. Adams (2004) * "Women in Saudi Arabia Too Have a Dream", Mody Al-Khalaf (2004) * ''Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism'', Patricia Hill Collins (2005) * ''Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture'', Ariel Levy (2005) * ''Integrating Ecofeminism Globalization and World Religions'', Rosemary Radford Ruether (2005) * "Lust Horizons", Ellen Willis (2005) * Not for sale: feminists resisting prostitution and pornography. North Melbourne, Victoria: Spinifex Press. 2004. ISBN 9781876756499., edited by [[Rebecca Whisnant]] and Christine Stark (2004) * ''Tales from the Expat Harem: Foreign Women in Modern Turkey'', edited by Anastasia M. Ashman and Jennifer Eaton Gökmen (2005) * ''The Death of Feminism: What's Next in the Struggle for Women's Freedom'', Phyllis Chesler (2005) * ''The Mommy Myth: The Idealization of Motherhood and How It Has Undermined All Women'', Susan J. Douglas with Meredith Michaels (2005) * ''Women's lives, men's laws'', Catharine MacKinnon (2005) * ''Amazon Grace: Re-Calling the Courage to Sin Big'', Mary Daly (2006) * ''Are women human?: and other international dialogues'', Catharine MacKinnon (2006) * ''Get to Work: A Manifesto for Women of the World'', Linda Hirshman (2006) * "Paradise Lost (Domestic Division)", Terry Martin Hekker (2006) * ''The Dark Abode'', Sarojini Sahoo (2006) * "Understanding and Ending ECT: A Feminist Imperative", Dr. Bonnie Burstow (2006) * ''Global Feminisms'' (2007), Maura Reilly and Linda Nochlin * ''Full Frontal Feminism: A Young Woman's Guide to Why Feminism Matters,'' Jessica Valenti (2007) * ''Shakespeare's Wife,'' Germaine Greer (2007) * ''Tales from the Town of Widows'', James Cañón (2007) * ''The Feminine Mistake: Are We Giving Up Too Much?'', Leslie Bennetts (2007) * ''The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader'', edited by Carol J. Adams and Josephine Donovan (2007) * ''The Terror Dream'', Susan Faludi (2007) * ''Whipping Girl'', Julia Serano (2007) * "Women in Combat: Is the Current Policy Obsolete?" from ''Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy'', Martha McSally (2007) * "Against Sexual Apartheid", Maryam Namazie (2008) * ''International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics'' (2008–present) * "Men Explain Things to Me", Rebecca Solnit (2008) * ''Yes Means Yes'', Jaclyn Friedman and Jessica Valenti (2008) * "Women Are Never Front-Runners", Gloria Steinem (2008) * ''Zealous Reformers, Deadly Laws: Battling Stereotypes'', Madhu Kishwar (SAGE, 2008). {{ISBN|0761936378}}[[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0761936378|0761936378]]. * ''Black Feminist Politics from Kennedy to Clinton'', Duchess Harris (2009) * ''Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide'', Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn (2009) * "Paycheck Feminism", Karen Kornbluh and Rachel Homer (2009)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://msmagazine.com/Fall2009/PaycheckFeminism.pdf|title=Paycheck Feminism|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2015-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125033720/http://www.msmagazine.com/Fall2009/PaycheckFeminism.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * ''The Means of Reproduction: Sex, Power, and the Future of the World,'' Michelle Goldberg (2009) * ''The Purity Myth: How America's Obsession with Virginity is Hurting Young Women'', Jessica Valenti (2009) * The Rio Declaration on Engaging Men and Boys on Achieving Gender Equality (2009) * "The Words of God Do Not Justify Cruelty To Women", [[Jimmy Carter]] (2009) * ''Broken Women of the Mountains'', Nida Mahmoed (2009) === 2010 na dekada === * ''Big Girls Don't Cry: The Election That Changed Everything for American Women,'' Rebecca Traister (2010) * ''Click: When We Knew We Were Feminists,'' Courtney E. Martin, J. Courtney Sullivan, eds. (2010) * ''Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference,'' Cordelia Fine (2010) * ''Enlightened Sexism: The Seductive Message that Feminism's Work Is Done'', Susan J. Douglas (2010) * ''NO EXCUSES: 9 Ways Women Can Change How We Think about Power'', Gloria Feldt (2010) * ''Reality Bites Back: The Troubling Truth about Guilty Pleasure TV,'' Jennifer L. Pozner (2010) * ''Sensible Sensuality'', essays by Sarojini Sahoo (2010) * ''Beauty Queens'', Libba Bray (2011) * ''Cinderella Ate My Daughter'', Peggy Orenstein (2011) * ''How to Be a Woman'', Caitlin Moran (2011) * ''philoSOPHIA'' (2011–present) * ''Sister Species: Women, Animals and Social Justice'', edited by Lisa A. Kemmerer (2011) * ''A Marriage Agreement and Other Essays: Four Decades of Feminist Writing'', Alix Kates Shulman (2012) * ''Cinnamon'', Samar Yazbek (2012) * "1% Feminism", Linda Burnham (2013) * ''I Am Malala: The Story of the Girl Who Stood Up for Education and was Shot by the Taliban'', [[Malala Yousafzai]] and Christina Lamb (2013) * ''Bad Feminist: Essays'', Roxane Gay (2014) * ''Men Explain Things to Me'', Rebecca Solnit (2014) * ''We Should All Be Feminists'', Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2014) * ''American Housewife: Stories'', Helen Ellis (2015) * ''Hunger Makes Me A Modern Girl'', Carrie Brownstein (2015) * ''Nimona'', Noelle Stevenson (2015) * ''Sisters of the Revolution: A Feminist Speculative Fiction Anthology'', edited by Ann VanderMeer and Jeff VanderMeer (2015) * ''Female Erasure: What You Need To Know About Gender Politics’ War on Women, the Female Sex and Human Rights'', edited by Ruth Barrett (2016) * ''Kim Ji-young, Born 1982'' by Cho Nam Joo (2016) * ''Sex Object: A Memoir'', Jessica Valenti (2016) * ''Shrill: Notes from a Loud Woman'', Lindy West (2016) * ''The Geek Feminist Revolution'', Kameron Hurley (2016) * ''Trainwreck: The Women We Love to Hate, Mock, and Fear . . . and Why'', Sady Doyle (2016) * ''Feminists Among Us: Resistance and Advocacy in Library Leadership'' by Shirley Lew & Baharak Yousefi (2017) * ''The H-Spot: The Feminist Pursuit of Happiness'', Jill Filipovic (2017) * ''The Feminist Reference Desk'', Maria T. Accardi (2017) * ''Nasty Women'', edited by Samhita Mukhopadhyay & Kate Harding (2017) * ''Women & Power: A Manifesto'', by Mary Beard (2017) * ''Good and Mad: The Revolutionary Power of Women's Anger'', by Rebecca Traister (2018) * ''Dead Blondes and Bad Mothers: Monstrosity, Patriarchy, and the Fear of Female Power'', Sady Doyle (2019) == Mga toltolan == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Iba pang basahon == * "[http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/feminist_theory_and_criticism-_1.html Feminist Theory and Criticism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050909120143/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/feminist_theory_and_criticism-_1.html |date=2005-09-09 }}." Accessed August 18, 2005. * [http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu/advocacy/toc.php?id=suffragist Nineteenth-Century American Suffragists in the News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211215/http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu/advocacy/toc.php?id=suffragist |date=2016-03-04 }} (1800s) * [http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu/advocacy/browse.php?field=author&value=William%20P.%20Tomlinson,%20Ed. The Woman's Advocate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101213852/http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu//advocacy/browse.php?field=author&value=William%20P.%20Tomlinson,%20Ed. |date=2015-01-01 }} (1800s) * [http://www.dokpro.uio.no/litteratur/collett/ Complete Works of Camilla Collett, Norwegian feminist] (in Norwegian) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150911074223/http://www.cwluherstory.org/national-womens-liberation-conference.html 1960s: National Women's Liberation Conference] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101205041105/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/photos/witch.html#photos 1960s: 1960s Photos and Description of WITCH, by Joreen] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150911231230/http://www.cwluherstory.org/cwlu-news-1970.html 1970: CWLU News 1970] [[Kategorya: Mga artikulo sa Art+Feminism in the Philippines 2020]] slsdl004p43qafqgbv1em5eot453wty 0 20514 309524 259882 2026-08-23T19:38:40Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309524 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''World Conference on Women, 1975''', ginibo kan Hunyo 19 hasta Hulyo 2 kan 1975 sa Syudad kan Mexico, Mexico. Ini an primerong internasyunal na komperensya na ginibo kan United Nations tangani na magtutok derekta sa mga isyu pambabayi asin nagmarka ini kan sarong pagbabago para sa mga politikal na derektiba. Pakalihis kan siring na meeting, hiniling na an mga babayi bilang parte kan proseso tangani na makahaman asin makapag-implementar nin mga polisiya imbes na magi sanang resipyente nin mga tabang. An komperensya saro sa mga pagtiripon na pinag-establisar kan International Women's Year asin nanginot sa pagkrear pareho kan United Nations Decade for Women asin man kasunod pang mga komperensya tangani na mag-ebalwar sa progreso na nagtatangkas kan mga diskriminasyon kontra sa mga babayi asin pagkakapantay-pantay kan pagtatratar sainda. Duwang dokumento an pinag-adaptar sa komperensya, an World Plan of Action na igwa nin mga espisipikong target para sa mga nasyon kun ano an saindang iimplementar na women's improvement asin man an Deklarasyon kan Mexico para sa Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace, na nagpapaliwanag man kun pano an foreign policy na mga paghiro magkakaigwang derektang epekto sa mga kababaihan. Pinanginutan man kaini an pag-establisar kan International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women tangani na masusog an mga pagbabago asin man an padagos na isyus, dagdag pa digdi an United Nations Development Fund for Women tangani na magtao nin pondo para sa mga programang pagpatalubo. An komperensya nagmarka kan pinaka-inot na beses na nagkaigwa nin mga Parallel Tribune Meeting na nagin matrayumpo sa pagsusumite nin mga input sa opisyal na meeting asin magin kasangkapan pa man para sa mga pambabaying grupo tangani maporma sa bilog na kinaban. ==Nakaagi== Pigganap an World Conference on Women kan 1970s dawa pa nangyari kaidto an Cold War kun sain an pag-iiwal Geo-Politikal na ini nagkokontrol base sana sa interes kan Estados Unidos o kaya man kan USSR sa pirang rehiyon sa intirong kinaban, kun sain nabangalugod sa duwang kampo asin igwa nin kanya-kanyang impluwensiya an duwang lado.{{sfn|Cascio|Pellegrini|Segura i Mas|2014|p=93}} Kan magsuko pa sana an Estados Unidos sa [[Vietnam]]{{sfn|Ghodsee|2010|p=6}}, 48 na iriwal an mangyayari sa Asya kairiba igdi an lugar kan Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. An mga gera sa Aprika sa katapusan kan dekolonisasyon kan 1970s, nagi sanang halawig na gera-sibil sa Angola, Ethiopia-Somali, Mozambique, asin iba pa man na Aprikanong Nasyun, kun sain an mas may magagabat na kapangyarihan iyo an nagmamanipular kan mga suldados asin mga armas.{{sfn|Cascio|Pellegrini|Segura i Mas|2014|pp=92–96}} An dekolonisasyon sa Carribean nagatu nin independensya sa doseng estado sa tahaw kan 1962 asin 1983, alagad padagos ining nagipit kan pankinaban na kapangyarihan tangani na mamanipular an lokal na mga katuyohan.{{sfn|Bégot|Buleon|Shurmer-Smith|2012}}{{sfn|Bourbonnais|2016|p=175}} Duwa sa signipikanteng Middle East na iriwal nangyari kan 1967 asin man kan 1973 kan an US pinagsuroban an mga kaalyado kaini kaibahan an Israel, mantang an USSR pigsurog man kan Sosyalistang Rehimen kan mga Arab.{{sfn|Cascio|Pellegrini|Segura i Mas|2014|pp=92–93}} Sa Central asin South America igwa nin mga coups d'etats sa Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador asin an mga diktaturya igdi nagpasiring sa pagkarumpang kan mga populasyon na indigenous.{{sfn|Cascio|Pellegrini|Segura i Mas|2014|p=93}} ==Toltolan== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last1=Bégot|first1=Monique|last2=Buleon|first2=Pascal|last3=Shurmer-Smith|first3=Louis (translator)|title=Political Alignments And Situation|url=https://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/en/page-82.html|website=atlas-caraibe.certic|publisher=University of Caen Normandy|accessdate=8 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508155949/https://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/en/page-82.html|archivedate=8 May 2016|location=Normandy, France|year=2012}} *{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Bonfiglioli|first1=Chiara|title=The First UN World Conference on Women (1975) as a Cold War Encounter: Recovering Anti-Imperialist, Non-Aligned and Socialist Genealogies|journal=Filozofija i Društvo|year=2016|volume=27|issue=3|pages=521–541|doi=10.2298/FID1603521B|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0353-5738/2016/0353-57381603521B.pdf|accessdate=8 May 2017|publisher=Institut za filozofiju i društvenu teoriju Beograd ([[University of Belgrade]], Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory)|location=Belgrade, Serbia|issn=0353-5738}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Bourbonnais|first=Nicole C. |title=Birth Control in the Decolonizing Caribbean: Reproductive Politics and Practice on Four Islands, 1930–1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZraSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA175|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York City|isbn=978-1-107-11865-2}} *{{cite news|ref=harv|last1=Brady|first1=Sheila|title=Protest Averted at IWY meeting|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10826823/the_ottawa_journal/|accessdate=9 May 2017|work=[[The Ottawa Journal]]|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=27 June 1975|location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada|page=26}} {{open access}} *{{cite report|ref=harv|last1=Bunch|first1=Charlotte|last2=Hinojosa|first2=Claudia|author-link1=Charlotte Bunch|title=Lesbians Travel the Roads of Feminism Globally|url=http://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/docman/coalition-building-publications/378-lesbianstravel-roadfeminisms-pdf-1/file|publisher=[[Center for Women's Global Leadership]], [[Rutgers University]]|accessdate=11 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912010523/http://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/docman/coalition-building-publications/378-lesbianstravel-roadfeminisms-pdf-1/file|archivedate=12 September 2015|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|year=2000}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Cascio|first1=Paola Lo|last2=Pellegrini|first2=Alberto |last3=Segura i Mas|first3=Antoni |title=Soldiers, Bombs and Rifles: Military History of the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9T1QBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Newcastle upon Tyne, England|isbn=978-1-4438-6968-3}} *{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Fraser|first1=Arvonne S.|title=Becoming Human: The Origins and Development of Women's Human Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_1999-11_21_4/page/n6|journal=[[Human Rights Quarterly]]|date=November 1999|volume=21|issue=4|pages=853–906|jstor=762751|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=Baltimore, Maryland|issn=0275-0392}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last1=Fraser|first1=Arvonne S.|title=UN Decade for Women: The Power of Words and Organizations|url=http://wasi.alexanderstreet.com/help/view/un_decade_for_women_the_power_of_words_and_organizations|website=Women and Social Movements, International|publisher=Alexander Street Press, LLC|accessdate=9 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708074952/http://wasi.alexanderstreet.com/help/view/un_decade_for_women_the_power_of_words_and_organizations|archivedate=8 July 2013|location=Alexandria, Virginia|year=2013}} *{{cite news|ref=harv|last1=Fraser|first1=Arvonne S.|title=Women invade Mexico City conventions|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10826600/the_newark_advocate/|accessdate=9 May 2017|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=22 July 1975|location=Newark, Ohio|page=17}} {{open access}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Friedan|first=Betty|title=It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iv4-Qy82BJ0C&pg=PA441|year=1998|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-674-46885-6}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Frum|first=David |title=How We Got Here: The 70's: The Decade that Brought You Modern Life (For Better or Worse)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EUtP_lvCqIC&pg=PA318|year=2008|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York City|isbn=978-0-7867-2350-8}} *{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Ghodsee|first1=Kristen|title=Revisiting the United Nations decade for women: Brief reflections on feminism, capitalism and Cold War politics in the early years of the international women's movement|url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/un_decade_reflections.pdf|journal=[[Women's Studies International Forum]]|year=2010|volume=33|pages=3–12|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2009.11.008|accessdate=7 May 2017|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam, the Netherlands|issn=0277-5395}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last1=Graefe|first1=Laurel|title=Oil Shock of 1978–79|url=https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/oil_shock_of_1978_79|website=Federal Reserve History|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond|accessdate=8 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508175245/https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/oil_shock_of_1978_79|archivedate=8 May 2017|location=Richmond, Virginia|date=22 November 2013}} *{{cite news|ref=harv|last1=Klemesrud|first1=Judy|title=Suggests revolution to gain equality|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10826690/the_lowell_sun/|accessdate=9 May 2017|agency=Times News Service|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=8 July 1975|location=Lowell, Massachusetts|page=7}} {{open access}} *{{cite news|ref=harv|last1=Macalister|first1=Terry|title=Background: What caused the 1970s oil price shock?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/03/1970s-oil-price-shock|accessdate=8 May 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131003725/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/03/1970s-oil-price-shock|archivedate=31 January 2017|location=London, England}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Maier|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Lebon|first2=Nathalie|title=Women's Activism in Latin America and the Caribbean: Engendering Social Justice, Democratizing Citizenship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTt3TAZnr74C&pg=PA143|year=2010|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-8135-4951-4}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last1=Martin|first1=Aoife|title=International Women's Year 1975|url=https://history105.libraries.wsu.edu/fall2015/2015/10/03/international-womens-year-1975/|website=History105.libraries|publisher=[[Washington State University]]|accessdate=9 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509193802/https://history105.libraries.wsu.edu/fall2015/2015/10/03/international-womens-year-1975/|archivedate=9 May 2017|location=Pullman, Washington|date=3 October 2015}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Olcott|first1=Jocelyn|editor-last1=Murphy|editor-first1=Kevin P.|editor-last2=Spear|editor-first2=Jennifer M.|title=Historicising Gender and Sexuality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flAU0cgjLkkC&pg=PT261|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester, England|isbn=978-1-4443-4393-9|chapter=10: Cold War Conflicts and Cheap Cabaret: Sexual Politics at the 1975 United Nations International Women’s Year Conference|pages=261–292}} *{{cite news|ref=harv|last1=Pauley|first1=Gay|title=Post-Eyeview of Mexico City|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5970250/lebanon_daily_news/|accessdate=7 May 2017|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=19 August 1975|location=Lebanon, Pennsylvania}} {{open access}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pietilä|first=Hilkka|title=The Unfinished Story of Women and the United Nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpsg3xsQv8cC&pg=PA42|year=2007|publisher=UN Non-Governmental Liaison Service|location=New York City|id=GGKEY:K1H1G5PGUBB}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite news|ref=harv|last1=Teltsch|first1=Kathleen|title=U.N. Wants It to Be More Than a 'Ladies' Meeting'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/10/archives/un-wants-it-to-be-more-than-a-ladies-meeting.html|accessdate=8 May 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 May 1974|location=New York City|page=43}} *{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Women's World Conferences|2008}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=1975 World Conference on Women: Mexico City, June 19 – July 2, 1975 |url=http://www.5wwc.org/conference_background/1975_WCW.html |website=5WWC |publisher=5th Women's World Conference|date=2008|accessdate=7 May 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007173157/http://5wwc.org/conference_background/1975_WCW.html |archivedate=20 August 2008}} *{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Ames Daily Tribune''|1975}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=From action to Revolution|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10875189/from_action_to_revolution_ames_daily/|accessdate=9 May 2017|work=[[Ames Daily Tribune]]|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=8 July 1975|location=Ames, Iowa|page=6}} {{open access}} *{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Piqua Daily Call''|1975}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Goals vary at conference of women|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10826648/goals_vary_at_conference_of_women_the/|accessdate=9 May 2017|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=11 July 1975|location=Piqua, Ohio|page=3}} {{open access}} *{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The News Herald''|1975}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Mexico Conference Produces Accords|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10826746/panama_city_newsherald/|accessdate=9 May 2017|work=[[The News Herald (Panama City)|The News Herald]]|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=19 July 1975|location=Panama City, Florida|page=4}} {{open access}} *{{cite report|ref={{harvid|"Background of the Conference"|1976}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Report of the World Conference of the International Women's Year: Mexico City 19 June-2 July 1975|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/otherconferences/Mexico/Mexico%20section%20IV%20-%20VIII.pdf|chapter=Part II: Background of the Conference|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=8 May 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508212343/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/otherconferences/Mexico/Mexico%20section%20IV%20-%20VIII.pdf|archivedate=8 May 2017|location=New York City|date=1976}} {{refend}} [[Kategorya: Mga artikulo sa Art+Feminism in the Philippines 2020]] kurrijm6difrbc7zop1yi8nl47gnjmu 0 20523 309558 259883 2026-08-23T20:08:05Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309558 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''World Conference on Women, 1980''' o midbid man bilang Second World Conference on Women ginibo sa tahaw kan ika-14 asin ika-30 kan Hulyo, 1980 sa [[Copenhagen]], Denmark bilang mid-decade assessment sa progreso asin pagpalyar sa pag-iimplementar sa mga plano na pinag-establisar sa World Plan of Action sa 1975 inaugural na komperensya para sa mga babayi. An pinakasignipikanteng pangyayari na nagluwas sa komperensiya iyo an pormal na pagpirma sa Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women na nangyari man sa poon kan komperensya. Alagad an komperensyang ini daa namantsahan man kan pag-iwal asin pamomolitika sa internasyunal asin nasyunal na mga pangyayari na diit sana man ngani an may kinaaraman sa mga isyus pambabayi, kaya nahiling ini kan ibang partisipantes bilang sarong bakong matrayumpong okasyon. Naasegurar man ninda na an magkaigwa nin paagi tangani na mabago an [[World Programme of Action]] para maglawig pa an mga katuyohan asin mapakaray man an estado pa kan mga babayi, asin mag-establisar pa nin kasunod na komperensya sa katapusan kan dekada. ==Kasaysayan== An 1980 Conference ginibo sa tahaw kan ika-14 asin ika-30 kan Hulyo sa Copenhagen, Denmark. Iyo ini an derektang resulta kan First world Conference on Women na ginibo man sa Mexico City kan 1975, na iyo man an nag-establisar kan World Plan of Action and Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace. An mga dokumentong ini igwa nin mga temang- Development, Equality, and Peace-mga agihan kan mga babayi asin pinaggibong guidelines para sa mga nasyun tangani na maabot an panghaluyan nang obhektibo na mapakaray an buhay kan mga babayi. Kan ini pig-adaptar na, an UN nag-establisar na kan 1975 hasta 1985 bilang Dekada para sa mga Babayi, asin pinahiro na an plano para sa mga masunod pang komperensya na maebalwar kan mga nagibong progreso. An porma kan komperensya pareho sana, kun sain an opisyal na sesyon hinahaman kan mga delegadong nagrerepresentar kan sainadang mga gobyerno asin Tribuna, na iyo man an nagrerepresentar sa mga NGO. 145 na mga estado na igwa man nin 1500 na mga delegado an nagpartisipar sa opisyal na sesyon, kairiba an mga delegadong arog ninda Aleksandra PAvlovna Biryukova kan USSR; Shirley Field-Ridley kan Guyana; Ana Sixta Gonzales de Cuadros kan Colombia; Helga Horz kan East Germany; Maimouna Kane kan Senegal; Sheila Kaul kan India; Ifigenia Martines kan Mexico; Gabrielle Matzner-Holzer kan Austria; Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika kan Zambia; Elizabeth Anne Reid kan Australia; Ginko Sato kan Japan; Umayya Toukan kan Jordan; Sarah Weddington, na iyo an pamayo kan delegasyon kan Estados Unidos, asin man si May Sayegh kan Palestine presente sa nasabing komperensya. == Toltolan == {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Bunch|first1=Charlotte|author-link1=Charlotte Bunch|title=Opening Doors for Feminism: UN World Conferences on Women|journal=[[Journal of Women's History]]: [[Project MUSE]]|date=Winter 2012|volume=24|issue=4|pages=213–221|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/492530|accessdate=10 May 2017|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, Maryland|issn=1042-7961|url-access=subscription }} *{{cite report|ref=harv|last1=Bunch|first1=Charlotte|last2=Hinojosa|first2=Claudia|author-link1=Charlotte Bunch|title=Lesbians Travel the Roads of Feminism Globally|url=http://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/docman/coalition-building-publications/378-lesbianstravel-roadfeminisms-pdf-1/file|publisher=[[Center for Women's Global Leadership]], [[Rutgers University]]|accessdate=11 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912010523/http://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/docman/coalition-building-publications/378-lesbianstravel-roadfeminisms-pdf-1/file|archivedate=12 September 2015|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|year=2000}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Crocombe|first=Ron G.|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC&pg=PA547|year=2007|publisher=IPS Publications, University of the Pacific|location=Suva, Fiji|isbn=978-982-02-0388-4}} *{{cite news|ref=harv|last1=Dullea|first1=Georgia|title=UN women denounce circumsion [sic] of females|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10882848/the_ottawa_journal/|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=[[The Ottawa Journal]]|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=19 July 1980|location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada|page=14}} {{open access}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Eckel|first1=Jan|last2=Moyn|first2=Samuel|title=The Breakthrough: Human Rights in the 1970s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTqYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|year=2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|isbn=978-0-8122-0871-9}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last1=Fraser|first1=Arvonne S.|title=UN Decade for Women: The Power of Words and Organizations|url=http://wasi.alexanderstreet.com/help/view/un_decade_for_women_the_power_of_words_and_organizations|website=Women and Social Movements, International|publisher=Alexander Street Press, LLC|accessdate=9 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708074952/http://wasi.alexanderstreet.com/help/view/un_decade_for_women_the_power_of_words_and_organizations|archivedate=8 July 2013|location=Alexandria, Virginia|year=2013}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Fraser|first1=Arvonne S.|last2=Tinker|first2=Irene|title=Developing Power: How Women Transformed International Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q4LrYLajJgC&pg=PA32|year=2004|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|location=New York City|isbn=978-1-55861-484-0}} *{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Fulton|first1=Margaret|title=Copenhagen-: Mid-Decade World Conference on Women 1980|url=http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/issue/view/335/showToc|journal=Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice|year=1981|volume=6|issue=2|pages=194–201|accessdate=10 May 2017|publisher=Mount Saint Vincent University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510194059/http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/issue/view/335/showToc|archivedate=10 May 2017|location=Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada|language=English, French|issn=1715-0698}} *{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Garner|first1=Karen|title=World YWCA Leaders and the UN Decade for Women|journal=Journal of International Women's Studies|date=November 2007|volume=9|issue=1|pages=212–233|url=http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296&context=jiws|accessdate=10 May 2017|publisher=[[Bridgewater State University]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530100814/http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296&context=jiws|archivedate=30 May 2016|location=Bridgewater, Massachusetts|issn=1539-8706}} *{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Ghodsee|first1=Kristen|title=Revisiting the United Nations decade for women: Brief reflections on feminism, capitalism and Cold War politics in the early years of the international women's movement|url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/un_decade_reflections.pdf|journal=[[Women's Studies International Forum]]|year=2010|volume=33|pages=3–12|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2009.11.008|accessdate=7 May 2017|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam, the Netherlands|issn=0277-5395}} *{{cite news|ref=harv|last1=Malone|first1=Julia|title=Copenhagen hosts World Conference of Women|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0714/071469.html|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=14 July 1980|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921232308/http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0714/071469.html|archivedate=21 September 2015|location=Boston, Massachusetts}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pietilä|first=Hilkka|title=The Unfinished Story of Women and the United Nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpsg3xsQv8cC&pg=PA42|year=2007|publisher=UN Non-Governmental Liaison Service|location=New York City|id=GGKEY:K1H1G5PGUBB}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite news|ref=harv|last1=Schroeder|first1=Patricia|title=What's Next for Women?|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10919812/santa_cruz_sentinel/|accessdate=11 May 2017|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=28 August 1980|location=Santa Cruz, California|page=13}} {{open access}} *{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Tinker|first1=Irene|title=International Notes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_spring-1981_6_3/page/531|journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]]|date=Spring 1981|volume=6|issue=3|pages=531–537|jstor=3173765|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|issn=0097-9740}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=West|first1=Lois A.|editor-last1=Meyer|editor-first1=Mary K.|editor-last2=Prügl|editor-first2=Elisabeth|title=Gender Politics in Global Governance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMqz7LLP3VwC&pg=PA180|year=1999|chapter=The United Nations Women's Conferences and Feminist Politics|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8476-9161-6|pages=177–196}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Winslow|first1=Anne|title=Women, politics, and the United Nations|date=1995|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=0-313-29522-0|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/stream/womenpolitics00wins#page/144/mode/1up/search/ballantyne}} *{{cite news|ref=harv|last1=Wood|first1=Mary|title=U.N. women's conference said worthwhile|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10883074/chula_vista_starnews/|accessdate=10 May 2017|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=3 August 1980|location=Chula Vista, California|page=17}} {{open access}} *{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Women's World Conferences|2008}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=1980 World Conference on Women: Copenhagen, July 14–30, 1980|url=http://www.5wwc.org/conference_background/1980_WCW.html|website=5WWC |publisher=5th Women's World Conference|date=2008|accessdate=9 May 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202042122/http://www.5wwc.org/conference_background/1980_WCW.html|archivedate=2 February 2015}} *{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Telegraph''|2006}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Betty Friedan|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1509730/Betty-Friedan.html|accessdate=12 May 2017|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=6 February 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512182159/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1509730/Betty-Friedan.html|archivedate=12 May 2017|location=London, England}} *{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Ottawa Journal''|1980}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Bolivian women storm meeting|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10882863/the_ottawa_journal/|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=[[The Ottawa Journal]]|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=19 July 1980|location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada|page=14}} {{open access}} *{{cite report|ref={{harvid|''Report of the World Conference''|1980}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Report of the World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace—Copenhagen 14–30 July 1980|url= https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/otherconferences/Copenhagen/Copenhagen%20Full%20Optimized.pdf |publisher=United Nations|accessdate=10 May 2017 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170422020254/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/otherconferences/Copenhagen/Copenhagen%20Full%20Optimized.pdf |archivedate=22 April 2017|location=New York City|date=1980}} *{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Santa Cruz Sentinel''|1980}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=U. N. Conference Studies Indicate Women Worse Off|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10883023/santa_cruz_sentinel/|accessdate=10 May 2017|publisher=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=13 July 1980|location=Santa Cruz, California|page=16}} {{open access}} {{refend}} {{authority control}} [[Kategorya: Mga artikulo sa Art+Feminism in the Philippines 2020]] i931rzo6vs9pkxh0q7xqy3zhjuma7d5 0 20686 309650 308691 2026-08-23T21:27:41Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{EngvarB|date=Marso 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=Marso 2020}} [[File:Isabella Mary Beeton.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Si Isabella Beeton, ''née'' Mayson na nakuahan nin ladawan mga taon 1854]] Si '''Isabella Mary Beeton''' (''{{née}}'' '''Mayson'''; ika-14 kan Marso 1836&nbsp;– ika-6 kan Pebrero 1865), mas bistado sa '''Mrs Beeton''', saroong parapahayag na Ingles, paraliwat asin parasurat. An saiyang pangaran, partikular na nakatakod sa saiyang enot na libro, an 1861 na gibong ''[[Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management]]''. Ipinangaki siya sa London dangan, pagkatapos kan pag-aadal sa [[Islington]], amihanan na London, asin [[Heidelberg]], Alemanya, kinasal siya ki [[Samuel Orchart Beeton]], sarong ambisyosong parapublikar asin paraliwat nin magasin. Kadtong 1857, mas hababa sa sarong taon pagkatapos kan pagsasarong daghan, pinu'nang magsurat si Beeton para sa saro sa mga publikar kan saiyang agom, iyo ini an '' [[The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine]] ''. Idinakitaramon niya an piksyon na Pranses asin isinurat an harigi nin lutuon o ''cookery column'', maski na an gabos kan mga resipe, [[pamamlahiyo|napamamlahiyo]] gikan sa iba pang mga gibo o ipinadara kan mga parabasa kan magasin. Kadtong 1859 ipigtulod kan mga Beetons an sarong serye nin 48-pahinang bulanang suplemento sa ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine''; an 24 na mga installment<!-- Please do not change the spelling: this is correct in British English -->, naipublikar sa sarong bolyum bilang '' Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management '' kadtong Oktubre 1861, na nakapabakal nin 60,000 kopya sa enot na taon. Nagparatrabaho si Beeton sa sarong pinali'pot na bersyon kan saiyang libro, na kung sain, titituluhan kuta ini nin '' The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery '', kan nagadan siya sa [[puerperal fever]] kadtong Pebrero 1865 sa edad na 28. sa apat na aki, duwa sa sainda an nagadan sa pagkaaki, asin kadakulon na mga pagkakua o ''miscarriage''. Positibo an teorya kan duwa sa saiyang mga parabiograpiya na sinda [[Nancy Spain]] asin [[Kathryn Hughes]], na si Samuel, dai tinutuyong nagkontrata nin [[syphilis]] sa sarong pakikipag-takudan sa dai pa kasal sa sarong puta, asin dai tinutuyo na maiulakit an hilang sa saiyang agom. Nailiwat, pighira asin pigpadakula nin kadakolon na beses an '' Book of Household Management '' kan nagadan si Beeton asin nasa printa pa langgad arog kan sa <!-- Please do not change: "as at" is the correct form in BrEng. -->2016 . Pigsabi kan mga parasurat nin pagkakan na an kasunod na mga edisyon kan kagsurat, naparayo gikan sa asin mas hababa sa orihinal na bersyon. Pigkritika kan kadakulon na mga parasurat nin pagluluto, kabali sina [[Elizabeth David]] asin [[Clarissa Dickson Wright]] an gibo ni Beeton, lalo na an saiyang paggamit kan mga resipe kan ibang tawo. An iba, arog kan parasurat kan pagkakan na si [[Bee Wilson]], isaalang-alang an sobrang pagsisisi, asin kaipuhan na isipon na pambihira asin kangalasngalas si Beeton dangan an saiyang gibuhon. Naging natatakod sa kaaraman asin awtoridad sa pagluluto asin pamamahala sa istaran ni Victoria (''Victorian cooking and home management'') an saiyang pangaran, asin nagsasabi an '' [[Oxford English Dictionary]] '' na kadtong 1891, naging piggamit an katagang '' Mrs Beeton '' bilang sarong pangkaraniwang pangaran para sa sarong awtoridad sa istaran. Pigkokonsiderar man siyang sarong makusog na impluwensya sa pagtitindog o paghuhubog kan sarong katahawan tipo nin pagkakakilanlan kan panahon nin Victoria. ==Agi-agi sa buhay== ===Amay na buhay, 1836–1854=== [[File:Cheapside and Bow Church engraved by W.Albutt after T.H.Shepherd publ 1837 edited.jpg|thumb|An [[Cheapside]], London, kung sain naglipat sind Isabella asin kan saiyang pamilya kadtong 1836]] Ipinangaki si Isabella Mayson kadtong ika-14 kan Marso 1836 sa [[Marylebone]], London. Siya an matua sa tulong magkakaturugang na babae kay Benjamin Mayson, sarong linen factor (mangangalakal){{efn|An parabiograpiya ni Beeton na si [[Kathryn Hughes]] an nagpili kay Benjamin na "aki kan sarong vicar alagad na bako naman ginoo, ipig-aapod sa sarong ginoong linya ng negosyo".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=21}}}} asin an saiyang agomon na si Elizabeth (''{{nee}}'' Jerrom). Dai naghaloy pagkatapos kan kapangangakian ni Isabella, naglipat an pamilya sa Milk Street, [[Cheapside]], gikan sa kung sain ipinagbabasa ni Benjamin.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=21, 28}}{{efn|Bagaman an pirang mga biograpiya na estado kan Beeton, nasa Milk Lane, ipigkokonsoderar ini ni Hughes bilang parte kan "alamat" na minalilibot sa Beeton; an kapangakian sa address sa [[bilang problem rte kan Lungsod ini London]], magiging nasa laob kan tanog kan [[kampana kan simbahan | kampanilya]] kan simbahan nin [[St Mary-le-Bow]], na gigibohon na sarong cockney.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=28}}}} Nagadan siya kang apat na taon gulang si Isabella, {{efn | ipigtao an rason kan kagadanan bilang "apoplexy" na, tala ni Hughes, iyo an termino na piggamit tanganing masakop an sarong saklaw kan mga kamatian kabali an alkoholismo, syphilis, stroke asin atake sa puso.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=32}} An parapasalaysay na si Sarah Freeman, sa saiyang biograpiya sa Beeton, isinasaalang-alang na an rason kan pagkarap kan kagadanan, "baad kalintura o baad sa [[cholera]]".{{sfn|Freeman|1977|p=30}}}} asin bados si Elizabeth, asin dai na makayanan an pagpapalaki kan mga anak nang mag-solo mantang pigmamantinir an negosyo kan Benjamin, pinadarahan siya kan duwang nakagugurang na mga aki na babae tanganing mangirukan an kaiba kan mga kamag-anak. Nangengerot man si si Isabella kaiba an saiyang biyuda na paternal kan ama sa [[Great Orton]], [[Cumberland]], bagaman magbalik siya kaiba an saiyang ina sa laog kan masunod na duwang taon.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=33–34}} [[File:Epsom New Race Stand – 1829.jpg|thumb|An bagong race stand sa [[Epsom Downs Racecourse|Epsom Racecourse]] kadtong 1829]] Tolong taon pagkatapos kan pagkagadan ni Benjamin, pinakasalan ni Elizabeth si [[Henry Dorling]], sarong biyuda na igwá nin apat na aki. Si Henry an Clerk kan [[Epsom Downs Racecourse | Epsom Racecourse]], asin tinawanan nin maiistaran sa laog kan bakuran kan karerahan. Naglipat an pamilya, kaiba an ina ni Elizabeth sa Surrey{{sfn|Freeman|1977|p=33}} asin sa susunod na duwampulong taon, nagkaigwa sinda Henry asin Elizabeth nin kadagdagang kagtolong aki. Nagtatabang si Isabella sa pag-aalaga kan saiyang mga katurugangan, asin iribanan na minatukdo an mga ini bilang sarong "buhay na kargamento nin mga aki".{{sfn|David|1961|p=304}}{{sfn|Beetham|2012}}{{efn|Napasupog an ikakagduwang aki kan mag-agom, si Alfred, manongod sa bilang kan mga aki asin pinadarahan nin kondom an saiyang ama bilang sarong praktikal na pagsusuba. An saiyang ama, na dai nauugmahan sa implikasyon — igwang gawi an mga kondom na gagamiton sana man kan mga kliyente na mga patutot — pinalayas an saiyang aki para sa sarong [[apprenticeship]] kaiba an [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom) | negosyante na navy]].{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=56}}}} Nagtao an eksperyensiya saiya nin kadakulon na pana'naw asin eksperyensya sa kung pa'no pamahalaan an sarong pamilya asin an kagharungan kaini.<ref name="Spec: ED" /> Matapos an sarong halipot na pag-aadal sa sarong boarding school sa [[Islington]], ipinadara kadtong 1851 si Isabella sa eskwelahaan sa [[Heidelberg]], Alemanya, na inibahan kan saiyang stepister na si Jane Dorling. Naging bihasa si Isabella sa piyano asin napakaurag sa Pranses asin Aleman; nakakua man siya nin kaaraman asin eksperyensya sa paggibo nin pastry.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=65, 67–69}}{{sfn|Humble|2006|p=7}}{{efn|An kasanayan sa katahawan na klase kan mga kagharungan sa Aleman sa oras iyo an para sa kagharong kan harong na maggibo nin mga cake asin puding, imbis na suguon an mga kawani kan kagharungan na gibuhon an gibuhon.{{sfn|Freeman|1989|p=163}}}} Nagbalik siya sa Epsom sa tig-init kan 1854 asin nagkua nin kadagdagang mga adalon sa paggibo nin pastry gikan sa sarong lokal na panadero.{{sfn|Beetham|2012}}{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=71–72}} ===Kasal asin karera, 1854–1861=== Sa palibot kan 1854, nagpoon si Isabella Mayson nin sarong relasyon ki [[Samuel Orchart Beeton]]. Nakaistar man an saiyang pamilya sa Milk Street sa parehas na oras na padagos na pinapadalagan duman kan ama ni Maysons—Samuel an Dolphin Tarven asin naglalaog man an tugang na babae ni Samuel sa parehas na eskwelahan kan Heidelberg na nilalaugan man ni Isabella.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=67–68}}{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=48}} Si Samuel an kaenot-enoteng parapahayag nin Briton kan [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]'s' '[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]' ' kadtong 1852 asin pinatangkas man an duwang makabagong asin pangengenotang journal:' '[[The Domingo Magazine's Domestic Magazine]]' ' 'kadtong 1852 asin an magasin na ''[[Boys' Own]]'' kadtong 1855.{{sfn|Beetham|2004}}{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=101}} Naglaog an mag-agom sa halawig na surat kadtong 1855 - kung sain pinirmahan ni Isabella an saiyang mga letra bilang "Fatty" - dangan inanunsyo ninda an saindang pakikipag-takudan kadtong Hunyo 1855.{{sfn|Spain|1948|pp=63, 67}} Nangyari an kasal sa Simbahan kan St Martin, Epsom, kadtong Hulyo kan minasunod na taon, asin ipighayag sa '' [[The Times]]''.<ref name="Times: Marriage" /> Si Samuel, " sarong maingat alagad pusog na parapami'bi sa pagkakapantay-pantay kan mga kababayihan"{{sfn|Freeman|1989|p=164}} asin an saindang relasyon, kapwa personal asin propesyonal, sarong pantay na pakikipagtulungan.{{sfn|Beetham|2012}} Nagduman an mag-agom sa Paris para sa sarong tolong semanang hanimun, pagkatapos kaini, inibahan sinda kan ina ni Samuel sa sarong pagbisita sa Heidelberg. Nagbalik sinda sa Britanya kadtong Agosto, nang naglipat an mga bagong kasal sa Chandos Villas, sarong kadakulang harong-[[arkitektura kan Italyano |Italyanato]] sa [[Pinner]].{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=127–29}}{{sfn|Nown|1986|pp=9–10, 14}} [[File:Samuel Orchart Beeton.jpg|thumb|left|Si [[Samuel Orchart Beeton]] kadtong 1860]] Sa laog kan sarong bulan kan pag-uli gikan sa saindang hanimun, bados si Beeton.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=157}} Pirang semana bago an kapangakian, pig-engganyar ni Samuel an saiyang agom na mag-ambag sa '' The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine '', sarong pahayagan na isinasaalang-alang kan mga parasurat nin pagkakan na sinda Mary Aylett asin Olive Ordish, "pigdisenyo tanganing gibuhin na nilalaog an mga kababayihan sa saindang lote sa laog kan harong, dai tanganging mainteresan sinda sa kinaban sa luwas".{{sfn|Aylett|Ordish|1965|p=224}}Abot-kaya an magasin, na naglalayong mga kababaihan sa katahawan nin klase asin matagumpay na komersyal, na nagbebenta nin 50,000 isyu sa sarong bulan kadtong 1856.<ref name="BL: EDM" /> Nagpoon na magdakitaramon kan piksyon nin Pranses si Beeton para sa publikasyon bilang mga uusipon o serial.{{sfn|Forster-Walmsley|2013|loc=2587}}Pagkagi kan pirang sandali nagpoon siyang magtrabaho sa harigi nin lutuin - na naging naghihingagdan sa nakaaging anom na bulan kasunod kan paghali kan naenot na suraton - asin an artikulo sa kagharungan.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|p=164}}{{sfn|Nown|1986|p=23}} Ipinangaki an anak kan Beetons na si Samuel Orchart hanggang sa katapusan kan Mayo 1857, alagad nagadan sa pagtatapos kan Agosto sa taong idto. Sa sertipiko nin kagadanan, ipigtao an kawsa kan kagadanan bilang pag-uudo-udo asin cholera, dawa na Hughes hypothesises na si Samuel senior, dai pigtutuyo na nagkontrata nin [[syphilis]] sa sarong pakikipag-takod bago an kasal sa sarong puta, asin dai pigtutuyong naiulakit an kundisyon sa saiyang agom, na naulakitan man an aki niya.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=181–83}} Mantang pigkakaya an pagkawara kan saindang aki, padagos na nagtrabaho si Beeton sa '' The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine ''. Bagaman bako man siya sarong regular na paraluto, nakakua siya asin si Samuel nin mga resipe gikan sa iba pang mga mapagkukuanan. An sarong kamawotan tanganing maresibi an sadiring mga mambabasa ninn mga resipe, nagresulta sa higit sa 2,000 na ipinadara, na kung sain, pigpili asin pigliwat kan mga Beeton. Inarog man an mga naipublikar na gibo, na higit sa gabos, dai naitakod sa arinman sa mga mapagkukuanan. Kaiba sa mga ini an ''[[Modern Cookery for Private Families]]'' ni [[Eliza Acton]] ,{{sfn|Hardy|2011|p=203}} ''[[The Experienced English Housekeeper]]'' ni [[Elizabeth Raffald]] , ''Le Pâtissier royal parisien'' ni [[Marie-Antoine Carême]],<ref name="VPR: Broomfield" /> ''The French Cook'' ni [[Louis Eustache Ude]], ''The Modern Housewife or, Ménagère'' ni [[Alexis Soyer]] dangan ''The Pantropheon'', ''[[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy]]'' ni [[Hannah Glasse]], ''[[A New System of Domestic Cookery]]'' ni [[Maria Rundell]], asin an mga gibo ni [[Charles Elmé Francatelli]].{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=198–201, 206–10}}<ref name="BL: Beeton" /><ref name="Guard: Brown" /> Si Suzanne Daly at Ross G. Forman, sa saindang pagsusuri manongod sa kulturang pagluluto kan Victoria, isaalang-alang na piggibong "sarong importanteng indeks kan sosyudad nin mid-Victorian asin katahawan-klase" an plagyarismo nin huli ta an paggawa kan teksto gikan sa sadiri parabasa na nagsisiguro na ini sarong salming kan kung ano an talagang pigluto asin kinakakan sa oras.<ref name="VLC: Culture" /> Sa pagkopya kan mga resipe kan iba, pigsusunod ni Beeton an rekomendasyong ipigtao sa saiya ni Henrietta English, sarong amigo kan pamilya, na magsurat na "Sarang Siyensiya an Cookery na nanunudan sana sa halawig na karanasan asin taon nin pag-aadal na siyempre dai mo pa nakua. Samakatuwid an payo ko iyo an magtipon nin sarong libro gikan sa mga resibo gikan sa sarong Iba't ibang Mga Pinakamagandang Libro na nailimbag sa Cookery asin aram kan langit na igwánng sarong maurag na manlaenlaen para sa imo na magpili."{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=115}} [[Image:Edmsept1861.jpg|thumb|An ''[[The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine]]'', Setyembre 1861]] Medyo pigsundan ni Beetons an layout kan mga resipe ni Acton, bagaman sa sarong pangenot na pagbabago: mantang nagtao an naenot na parasurat nin paagi kan pagluluto kasunod kan sarong listahan nin mga kinakaipuhan na sahog, nakalista an mga resipe sa '' The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine '' sa mga parte bago an proseso kan pagluluto.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|p=76}}{{sfn|Paxman|2009|p=114}} An pamantayang layout ng Beeton na piggamit para sa mga resipe, ipinahiling man an pigtatantyang mga gastos kan lambang paghahatod, an pana-panahon nin mga sahog asin an bilang kan mga parte sa kada panira.{{sfn|Freeman|1989|p=165}} Segun sa ikaduwampulong siglo na panulis kan Britanya na lutuon na si [[Elizabeth David]], an saro sa mga kusog kan pagsurat ni Beeton yaon sa "kaliwanagan asin mga detalye kan saiyang pangkagabsang tagubilin, an saiyang masidhing komento, an saiyang daing kapararakan bukod".<ref name="Spec: ED" /> Nahihiling ni Si Margaret Beetham na isang historyador, na an saro sa mga kusog kan libro iyo an "pare-parehas na prinsipyo nin iribahan na piggigibong pantay-pantay asin maayos an mga nilalaog kaini, asin nagdara nin sarong oare-parehas na istilo sa pagtatanghal asin layout.<ref name="VLC: Beetham" /> Mantang itinuturing ni Daly asin Forman an sarong pamaagi na "mayo kung dai pormulatiko", nahihiling ini Hughes bilang "bagay na pinaka minamawot ka kalagitnaan kan mga Victoria, '' sarong sistema ''".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=261}} Sa panahon kan partikular na mapait na taglipot kan 1858–59. Iniandam ni Beeton an saiyang sadiring sopas na nagsirbi siya sa tirios kan Pinner, "sopas para sa mga marhay na obheto.";{{efn|An sopas — na naghaaloy nin anom asin kabangang oras para gawin, naggastos nin {{frac|1|1|2}}d. ("d", sarong peni o ''penny'', 1/240 1/240 kan sarong ribong sterling) lambang kwarter — pigbubuo nin:<br />"An ox-cheek, any pieces of trimmings of beef, which may be bought very cheaply (say 4&nbsp;lbs.), a few bones, any pot-liquor the larder may furnish, 1/4 peck of onions, 6 leeks, a large bunch of herbs, 1/2&nbsp;lb. of celery (the outside pieces, or green tops, do very well); 1/2&nbsp;lb. of carrots, 1/2&nbsp;lb. of turnips, 1/2&nbsp;lb. of coarse brown sugar, 1/2 a pint of beer, 4&nbsp;lbs. of common rice or pearl barley; 1/2&nbsp;lb. of salt, 1 oz. of black pepper, a few raspings, 10 gallons of water."{{sfn|Beeton|1861|p=65}}}}dai nahaly nagirumduman kan saoyang tugang na si Beeton "an abala sa paggibo kan [sabaw] para sa mga tios, asin an mga aki, nag-apod nin regular sa saindang mga lata ning pauruutro".<ref name="Times: 1958" />{{sfn|Nown|1986|pp=41–42}} An resipe an magiging solong entrada sa saiyang '' [[Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management | Book of Household Management]] '' na idtonna saiyang gibo. {{Sfn | Snodgrass | 2004 | p = 93}} Matapos an duwang taon nin pagkakuha, an pangaduwang aki kan mag-ago, ipinangaki kadtong Hunyo 1859; pinangaranan man ining Samuel Orchart Beeton.{{efn|An parasurat na si [[Nancy Spain]], sa saiyang biograpiya ni Beeton, naglaag sa bulan nin kapanganakian, Setyembre,{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=124}} mantang inilaag ni Freeman an kapanganakian sa tig-sibol.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|p=164}}}} Nahiling ni Hughes an mga pagkakuha bilang kadagdagang katibayan kan syphilis ni Samuel.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=265–66}} Bilang maaga kan 1857 an Beetons, isaalang-alang an paggamit kan mga harigi kan magasin bilang batayan kan sarong libro nin mga nakolekta na mga resipe asin payo sa homecare, nagtutubod si Hughes,{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=188}} asin kadtong Nobyembre 1859, ipiglunsad ninda an sarong serye nin 48-pahinang bulanang suplemento na kasabay kan '' The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine ''.<ref name="FT: Nov 59" /> An nakaimprinta na bloke para sa bilog na serye kan mga suplemento, ipigtakda gikan sa poon kaya an break sa katangaan kan lambang edisyon, naayos sa 48 na pahina, anuman an teksto, asin nabanga sa pirang mga isyu an teksto kan sarong pag-uurulay o resipe sa katangaan kan puro nin sarong pag-install asin an poon kan masunod.{{sfn|Allen|van den Berg|2014|p=49}}{{sfn|Cox|Mowatt|2014|p=176}} Nagdesisyon an mga Beetons na baguhon an '' The Domingo Magazine '' kan Englishwoman, lalo na an harigi kan fashion, na iniladawan kan istoryador na si Graham Nown bilang "sarong imbis na pidasong nakakabagot".{{sfn|Nown|1986|p=90}} Naglakbay sinda sa Paris kadtong Marso 1860 para makipaghilingan ki Adolphe Goubaud, an parapublikar kan magasin na Pranses na ''Le Moniteur de la Mode''.{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=127}} Nagdara an magasin nin sarong bilog na dakula nin pattern kan gubing na nakabalangkas sa sarong fold-out na pidaso nin papel para sa mga minagamit na gupiton asin maggibo kan saindang sadiring mga gubing. Nagkasundo an mga Beetons ki Goubaud para sa Pranses na magtao nin mga pattern asin kurit para sa saindang magasin. Nagbutwa an enot na edisyon na magdara nin bagong tampok kadtong ika-1 nin Mayo, anom na semana pagkatapos makabalik an mag-agom gikan sa Paris. Para sa utrong idisenyo magasin, nagbali si Sam bilang paraliwat ni Isabella, na iniladawan bilang "Editress".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=269–77}} Pati na man an pagiging co-editor, pantay na kasosyo man an magkailusyon. Nagdara si Isabella nin sarong kauragan asin kapusugan na acumen kan negosyo sa normal na disorganisado asin pinansiyal na diskarte ni Samuel.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=181, 272, 275–76}} Nagbali siya sa saiyang agom sa trabaho, naglalakbay aro-aldaw sa paagi kan tren paduman sa opisina, kung sain an saiyang presensya, nagkawsa nin sarong kaguluhan sa mga komuter, na kadaklan sa sainda, mga lalaki.{{sfn|Nown|1986|pp=12, 96}} Kadtong Hunyo 1860, naglakbay an mga Beeton paduman sa [[Killarney]], Irelandya, para sa sarong magdamag na bakasyon, winalat an saindang aki na lalaki sa harong kasama an saiyang nars. Nauugmahan sinda sa paglalakbay, maski na sa mga aldaw na nag-uuran, namantinir sinda sa laog kan saindang otel dangan nagtrabaho sa masunod na edisyon kan '' The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine''.{{sfn|Hyde|1951|pp=85–87}} Nangalas si Beeton sa pagkakan na pinaglingkudan ninda, asin isinurat sa saindang talaaldawan na an mga pangodtuhan, "ipigsasagibo sa istilong Pranses".{{sfn|Freeman|1989|p=281}} Kadtong Setyembre 1861, nagluwas an mga Beetons nin bago, semanahang publikasyon na pig-apod na '' [[Queen (magasin) | The Queen, the Ladies 'Newspaper]]' '.{{efn|Pagkatapos kan pagsasaro sa magasin na '' Harper's '' tanganing maging '' Harper's & Queen '' kadtong 1970, naging '' Harper's '' an publikasyon, bago an sa ngunyan na pagkakaapod kaini, ''[[Harper's Bazaar#Harper's Bazaar UK|Harper's Bazaar]]''.{{sfn|Beetham|2003|p=9}}<ref name="Mail: H&Q" />}} Sa kasibutan sa mga Beetons na nagdadalagan an saindang iba pang mga titulo, nagtatrabaho sinda [[Frederick Greenwood]] bilang paraliwat.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=178–79}} ===An ''Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management'' asin pagkatapos, 1861–1865=== {{Quote box|width=30%|bgcolor=#D8F6DE|align=right|quote=Kaipuhan kong tahasang pag-sasadiri, na kung aram ko, bago, na magugol an librong ini sakuya an paggibo na igwa ini, dai ko kaipuhan na maging makusog na boot tanganing pu'nan ini.|salign = right|source=Isabella Beeton, Pangenot na kataga kan ''Book of Household Management''{{thinsp}}{{sfn|Beeton|1861|p=iii}}}} Naipublikar an kumpletong bersyon kan '' Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management '', na pigbubuo nin 24 na nakolekta na bulanang pag-install kadtong ika-1 nin Oktubre 1861;{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=282}}{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=164}}{{efn|An bilog na titulo kan libro iyo an '' The Book of Household Management, na pigbubuo kan impormasyon para sa Mistress, Housekeeper, Cook, Kitchen-Maid, Butler, Footman, Coachman, Valet, Upper asin Under House-Maids, Lady's-Maid, Maid-of-all-Work, Laundry-Maid, Nurse asin Nurse-Maid, Monthly Wet asin Sick Nurses, asbp. asbp.–iyo man an Sanitary, Medical, & Legal Memoranda: na may Kasaysayan kan Pinaghalian, Mga Katangian, asin Naggagamit kan gabos nin mga Bagay na Nakatakod sa Buhay asin Kaaliwan sa Harong ''.{{sfn|Wilson|Wilson|1983|p=175}}}} Ini naging ssro sa mga pangenot na pangyayari sa pagpublikar kadtong ikakagsiyam na siglo.{{sfn|Humble|2006|p=8}} Pig-iba ni Beeton an sarong malawig na 26-pahina na "Analytical Index" sa libro. Bagaman bakong sarong pagbabago — piggamit ini sa magasin na '' [[The Family Friend (magasin) |The Family Friend]] '' poon pa kadtong 1855 — Pigkokonsiderar ni Hughes an indeks sa '' Book of Household Management '' na "kangalas-ngalas na detalyado asin lubusang cross-referenced".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=241}} Sa 1,112 na pahina, lagpas sa 900 na naglalaog nin mga resipe. Nagtatao an natatada nin payo sa fashion, pag-aalaga sa aki, [[pag-aagom kan hayop]], mga lason, pamamahala kan mga tagapaglingkod, agham, relihiyon, first aid asin importansya sa paggamit kan lokal asin pana-panahong ani.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=255–58}} Sa saiyang enot na taon kan publikasyon, naipabakal an libro sa 60,000 na mga kopya<ref name="Orion: Beeton" /> Pigsasalming kaini an [[Moralidad nin Victoria|mga importante kan Victoria]], lalo na an pag-iiskusar, pagaanod asin kalinigan.<ref name="WRB: Nichols" /> Si Christopher Clausen, sa saiyang pag-aadal kan mga katahawang klase sa Briton, nahihiling na si Beeton, "masasalmingan kaysa sa siisay man na iba pa, asin para sa sarong mas dakulang parapadangog, an positibong mensahe na an mid-Victorian England, napano nin mga pagkakataon para sa mga andam na maaraman kung pa'no magkua nin bentahe sa sainda ".<ref name="AS: Middle Classes" /> Inisip kan parasurat nin pagkakan na si Annette Hope na "masasabutan kan sarong twao tagumpay kaini. Kung ... mayong aram an mga aking kababaihan sa mga pag-aayos sa iniistaran, mayong mas maurag na libro kaysa digdi an pwedeng pigmukna para sa sainda."{{sfn|Hope|2005|p=163}} [[File:Isabella Beeton - Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management - title page.jpg|thumb|left|upright|An titulong pahina kan ''[[Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management]]'', na naipublikar kadtong 1861]] Positibo an mga pagsusuri para sa '' Book of Household Management ''. Pigtuturing kan kritiko para sa '' [[London Evening Standard]] '' na nagkamit si Beeton nin sadiri sa sarong reputasyon sa kagharungan, na pigsasabi na siya, "nagtagumpay sa paggibo kan sarong dakol na magiging, sa mga maabot na taon, sarong kayamanan na magigibo kan lambang kagharungan kan Ingles ".<ref name="LES: Review" /> Nagsurat an kritiko para sa '' [[Saturday Review (London) | Saturday Review]] '' na "para sa sarong totoo na importansyang repertoryo kan mga pahiwatig sa gabos nin tipo nin mga bagay sa kagharungan, inirerekumenda mi ki Mrs Beeton na may kadiit na mga salang akda".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=282–83}} Pigsaalang-alang kan dai nagpapabiatong parasuri para sa '' The Bradford Observer '' na "an impormasyong nakalaan ... nagbubutwa na maliwanag asin tahasang"; pinuri man kan parasuri an layout kan mga resipe, na nagtatampok nin mga detalye na may katakod sa mga sahog, pana-panahon asin oras na kinakaipuhanan.<ref name="BO: review" /> An pagsurat sa '' [[The Morning Chronicle]] '', sarong dai nagpapabistong komentarista na nagpasya na "Si Mrs Beeton, dai pighali an arinmang bagay na may gawi sa ginhawa kan mga kasambahay, o pinadali an kadakulon na sararadit na problema asin nagmamakulog na nahulog sa kadakolon na agom asin ina, pwede niyang ligtas na mahulaan na an librong ini, enotan kan lambang saro sa parehas na paksa sa hinaharap."<ref name="MC: Review" /> Para sa edisyon nin 1906 kan libro, '' [[The Illustrated London News]] '' an nagsuri kan pagsasaalang-alang sa gibo na "sarong mabubuo na la'was kan doktrinang lokal", asin naisip na "haros kan enot na kadakilaan an libro".<ref name="ILN: Review" /> Bakong produktibo an mga desisyon sa negosyo ni Samuel poon kadtong 1861 asin igwang kaihanan na payo na dai pigpapayuhan na pamumuhunan sa pagbakal kan papel — kung saan nawa'ran siya nin £ 1,000 - dangan sarong kaso sa korte huli ta sa dai bayad na mga bayadan. Nagdara an saiyang hubris sa mga gibuhon sa negosyo nin mga kasakitan sa pananalapi asin sa enot na parte kan 1862, naglipat an mag-agom gikan sa saindang komportableng harong kan Pinner paduman sa saindang opisina. Bakong kaaya-aya an duros kan katahawang London sa kasaludan kan ng aki kan mga Beeton, asin nagpoon na ining magkaigwa nin helang. Tolong araw pagkatapos kan Pasko, naglala an kasaludan asin nagadan siya sa Bisperas kan Bagong Taon kadtongg 1862 sa edad na tolo; an saiyang sertipiko nin kagadanan, nagtatao nin rason kan "suppressed scarlatina" asin "laryngitis".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=301–03, 306–08}}{{efn|An '' Scarlatina '', sarong ''archaic'' na pangaran para sa [[scarlet fever]].{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=308}}}} Kadtong Marso 1863 narealisar ni Beeton na siya, bados na naman, asin kan Abril, naglipat an mag-agom sa sarong harong sa [[Greenhithe]], [[Kent]]; ipinangaki an saindang aki na lalaki, na pinangaranan ninla Orchart, kadtong Bisperas nin Bagong Taon kadtong 1863.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=226–27}} Bagaman nakakaekperyensya nin mga problema sa pananalapi an mga mag-agom, nauugmahan sinda sa kamag-anak na kasaganaan sa panahon kan '' kay [[Edward William Cox | Edward Cox]] sa katahawan kan taon.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=227–28}}{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=301}} Sa katahawan kan 1864, pigbisita utro kan mga Beeton an mga Goubauds sa Paris — an pangatolong pagbisita kan mag-ago sa syudad — asin bados si Beeton sa pagbisita, arog kan dati niyang taon. Sa saiyang pagbabalik sa Britanya, nagpoon siyang magtrabaho sa sarong pinali'pot na bersyon kan '' Book of Household Management '', na kung sain, pigtitulo ining '' The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery ''.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=314–16, 319}}{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=228–30}} Kadtong ika-29 kan Enero 1865, mantang nagtatrabaho sa mga patotoo kan diksyonaryo, naglaog siya sa paggibo; kan aldaw na ito, ipinangaki na man si umboy na si Mayson Moss -.{{efn|Si Mayson ay naging isang mamamahayag para sa '' [[Daily Mail]] ''; knighted siya a para sa saiyang trabaho sa [[Ministry of Munitions]] sa panahon kan Enot na Gerang Pankinaban. An aki na lalaki kan Beetons, si Orchart, nagduman sa sarong karera sa hukbo; parehong nagadan kadtongg 1947.{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=255}}}} Si nagpoon si Beeton ay nin makamati nin pagkahilo sa susunod na aldaw asin sa nagadan namatay sa [[Mga impeksyon na postpartum | puerperal fever)] kadtong ika-6 kan Pebrero sa edad na 28.{{sfn|Beetham|2012}}{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=319}} [[File:WNC Beeton.JPG|thumb|An lapida ninda Samuel asin Isabella, [[West Norwood Cemetery]]]] Inilubong si Beeton sa [[West Norwood Cemetery]] kadtong ika-11 nin Pebrero.{{sfn|Beetham|2012}}{{efn|Kang nagadan si Samuel kadtong 1877, sa edad na 46, inilubong siya sa kataid kan saiyang agom.{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=254}}}} Kang naipublikar an '' The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery '' sa parehas na taon, ipigdagdag ni Samuel an sarong pagbisto sa saiyang agom sa kahuri: {{quote|text=Nagtataram an saiyang mga gibo para sa saindang sadiri; asin, maski na kinua gikan sa kinaban na ini sa napakalangkaw asin kusog, asin sa mga enot na aldaw kan pagkalalaki, nakamati siya nin kaugmahan — napakaurag sa gabos na nag-iiskusar nin may marhay na mawuton asin mainit na kabootan — an pag-aram sa sadiri na pigkokonsiderar nang may paggalang asin pasasalamat.|author=Samuel Beeton, ''The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery''{{sfn|Beeton|1865|p=372}}}} ==Legasiya== Kadtong Mayo 1866, kasunod kan grabeng pagbagsak sa saiyang pinansiyal na kapaladan, ipigpabakal ni Samuel an mga karapatan sa '' Book of Household Management '' sa [[Ward Lock & Co | Ward, Lock at Tyler]] (dai naghaloy naging Ward Lock & Co).{{sfn|Beetham|2004}} An parasurat na si [[Nancy Spain]], sa saiyang biograpiya ni Isabella, nag-bareta na, tinawanan an pera kan kumpanya na ginibo poon sa gibo kan Beetons, "sigurado na daing siisay man na naggibo nin sarong mas masahol o mas praktikal na bargain" kaysa ki Samuel.{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=240}} Sa kasunod na mga pahayagan, pinugulan kan Ward Lock an mga detalye nin buhay kan mga Beeton — lalo na an pagkagadan ni Isabella - tanganing maprotektaran an saindang pamumuhunan sa paagi kan pagpapaaram sa mga parabasa na siya, buhay pa nanggad asin minagibo nin mga resipe — na pigtuturing ni Hughes na "pigsasadya na censorship".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=4}} An mga huring edisyon na idto, nagpadagos na naggibo nin koneksyon sa Beeton sa pigtuturing ni Beetham na sarong "medyo daing awa na panundon sa pagmemerkado na pigpu'nan ni Beeton alagad padagos na ipigsagibo kan Ward, Lock, at Tyler".<ref name="VLC: Beetham" /> An mga kasunod na bolyum na nagdadara nin pangaran ni Beeton, naging dai gaanong minasalming sa orihinal.<ref name="VLC: Beetham" /> Huli sa pig-isyu na pangenot nin pagpupublikar kaini an '' Book of Household Management '' sa kadakol na edisyon nin hardback asin paperback, ipigdakitaramon ini sa dakol na tataramon asin dai pa naiprinta.<ref name="Orion: Beeton" /><ref name="WC: Mrs Beeton" /> [[File:Isabella Beeton.jpg|thumb|left|Si Isabella kadtong 1860]] Napasairarom si Beeton asin an saiyang pangenit na gibo sa kritisismo sa kurso kan ikaduwampulong siglo. Inirereklamo ni Elizabeth David an mga resipe na "dinadapang asin nanligaw kung minsan", bagaman pigbibisto niya na an '' [[Larousse Gastronomique]] '' ni [[Prosper Montagné]] na naglalaog man nin mga kasalaan.<ref name = "Spec: ED" /> Pig-amin kan tagapagluto nin telebisyon na si [[Delia Smith]] na nabigla siya, "kung pa'no sa kina'ban an libro ni Mrs Beeton, pigpapamahalaang tanganing lubos na mawara ... an maurag na gibo ni Acton".{{sfn|Hardy|2011 |p=8}} mantang pipilion kan saiyang kapwa chef na si [[Clarissa Dickson Wright]], na "Dae makatarungan na sisihon an siisay man na tawo o sarong libro para sa pagbagsak kan pagluluto kan Ingles, alagad si Isabella Beeton asin an saiyang ubiquitous na libro, kaipuhanan na simbagon."{{sfn |Dickson Wright| 2011 | p=372}} Kung hahambingon, pigpipili kan parasurat nin pagkakan na si [[Bee Wilson]] na an pagdadaing-bahala sa gibo ni Beeton, sarong "sunod sa moda" na tindog sana man na gibuhon asin an pagsurat kan lutuon, piggigibong mawot mo sana tanganing lutuon". <ref name =" NS: Wilson "/> Christopher Driver, an parapahayag asin kritiko kan pagkakan, nagsusuhestyon na an " kamag-aki na pagdadaing-hiro asin kamàwotan kan pagpino sa katutubong pagluluto kan Britanya sa katangaan kan 1880 asin 1930, "pwede imbis na ipaliwanag kan an "progresibong debasement sa irarom kan sunud-sunod na mga paraliwat, pigbago asin pigpadakula".{{sfn | Driver | 1983 |pp=13–14}} An komento ni David na "pag an mga simpleng Ingles na lutuon", aktibo sa saindang kusina, "pigsunod ninda an mga simpleng resipe kan Ingles asin lagpas sa gabos gikan sa mga libro ni Mrs Beeton o saindang mga debiratibo". {{sfn | David | 1961 | pp=26–27}} Pigkokonsiderar ni Dickson Wright na an Beeton, sarong "kangalas-ngalas na mapagkukuanan nin impormasyon" gikan sa sarong pananaw sa kasaysayan kan lipunan,{{sfn | Dickson Wright | 2011 | p=374}} asin pigkosiderar kan Aylett asin Ordish na an gibuhon na ini, "pinakamaurag asin maaasahang gabay para sa iskolar sa kasaysayan kan domestic sa katahawan kan panahon nin Victoria". {{sfn | Aylett | Ordish | 1965 |p=226}} Sa kabila ng pagpuna, napansin ni Clausen na "'Mrs Beeton' ay ... sa loob ng higit sa isang siglo ang karaniwang Ingles na aklat sa pagluluto, madalas na pinapalabas ang bawat iba pang mga libro ngunit ang Bibliya".<ref name="AS: Middle Classes" /> Ayon sa '' [[Oxford English Dictionary]] '', ang salitang '' Mrs Beeton '' ay ginamit bilang isang pangkaraniwang pangalan para sa "isang awtoridad sa pagluluto at mga domestic subject" nang maaga pa noong 1891,<ref name="OUP: Hist" /><ref name="OED: Beeton" /> at pinipili ni Beetham na ang "'Mrs Beeton' ay naging isang marka sa pangangalakal, isang pangalan ng tatak".<ref name="VLC: Beetham" /> InSa isang pagsusuri ni Gavin Koh na inilathala sa isang 2009 isyu ng '' [[The BMJ]] '', '' Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management '' ay binansagan ng isang medikal na klasiko. Sa "pagtatangka ni Beeton na turuan ang average na mambabasa tungkol sa mga karaniwang reklamo sa medikal at kanilang pamamahala", sinabi ni Koh, "nauna siya sa mga gabay sa kalusugan ng pamilya ngayon".<ref name="BMJ: Classic" /> Si Robin Wensley, isang propesor ng pamamahala ng estratehiya, ay naniniwala na ang payo at gabay ni Beeton sa pamamahala ng sambahayan ay maaari ring mailapat sa pamamahala ng negosyo, at ang kanyang mga aralin sa paksa ay nakatayo sa pagsubok ng oras na mas mahusay kaysa sa ilan sa kanyang payo sa pagluluto o pamantayan.<ref name="BSR: management" /> Kasunod kan broadcast nin radyo kan '' Bistadohon si Gng. Beeton '', sarong 1934 komedya kung sain ipinahiling si Samuel sa sarong dai nagaganyak na ilaw,{{efn|Nai-brodkast an '' Bistadohon si Gng Beeton '', isinurat ni [[L. du Garde Peach]], kadtong ika-4 nin Enero 1934 sa [[BBC National Program]]; pigganapan ni [[Joyce Carey]] si Isabella asin si [[George Sanders]] an nagganap ki Samuel.<ref name="RT: Meet MrsB" />}} asin an ''Mrs Beeton'', sarong dokumentaryo kadtong 1937,{{efn|Nai-brodkast an ''Mrs. Beeton '', na isinurat ni [[Joan Adeney Easdale]], kadtong ika-9 nin Nobyembre 1937 sa [[BBC Regional Program]]. <Ref name = "RT: Mrs Beeton" />}} Nagtatrabaho si Mayston Beeton sa [[ H. Montgomery Hyde]] tanganing makagibo nin biograpiya na '' Mr and Mrs Beeton '', bagaman naabala an pagkumpleto asin publikasyon sagkod 1951. Samantala, ipigpublikar ni Nancy Spain an ''Mrs Beeton and her Husband'' kadtong 1948, na-update asin ipigribay utro kadtong 1956 sa '' The Beeton Story ''. Sa bagong edisyon na ipinahiling kan Espanya, alagad dai naipaluwas, sa posibilidad na kumontrata si Samuel nin syphilis. Kadakol pang iba pang mga biograpiya an nagsunod, kabilang an gikan sa istoryador na si Sarah Freeman, na nagsurat kan ''Isabella and Sam'' kadtong 1977; Nown's ''Mrs Beeton: 150 Years of Cookery and Household Management'', na ipigpublikar sa ika-150 anibersaryo kan kaaldawan ni Beeton, asin an Hughes's ''The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton'' na ipigpublikar kadtong 2006.<ref name="Guard: Brown" />{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=401–07}} Dai pigpansin kan '' [[Diksyunaryo kan Nasyunal na Biograpiya]] '' an Beetons para sa kadakol na taon: mantang kaiba an Acton sa enot na nai-publikar na kadakol kan 1885, mayong emtrada si Beeton sagkod 1993.<ref name="Guard: Barnes" /> Dakol na mga broadcast sa telebisyon manongod sa Beeton. Kadtong 1970, ipinahiling siya ni [[Margaret Tyzack]] sa sarong solo na pagganap na isinurat ni [[Rosemary Hill]],<ref name="RT: Tyzack" /> kaidtong 2006, nagganap si [[Anna Madeley]] bilang Beeton sa [[dokudrama]],<ref name="RT: Secret life" /> asin nagpahiling si [[Sophie Dahl]] nin sarong dokumentaryo, '' The Marvelous Mrs Beeton '', sa parehas na taon.<ref name="BBC: Dahl" /> Nahihiling kan literaturang historyador na si Kate Thomas si Beeton bilang "sarong makusos na puwersa sa paggibo kan kababayang nasa tahaw nin klase kan Victoria",<ref name="VLC: ACD" /> mantang an [[Oxford University Press]], nag-aanunsyo nin sarong pinalipot na edisyon kan '' Book of Household Management '', na ipigsaalang-alang an gibo ni Beeton na sarong "pundasyong teksto"<ref name="OUP: Old 08" /> asin "kusog sa pagkorte" kan katahawan na uri kan pagkakakilanlan nin panahon kan Victoria.<ref name="OUP: New 08" /> Sa laog kan pagkakakilanlan na idto, nahiling kan historyador na si Sarah Richardson na an saro sa mga nagibo ni Beeton iyo an pagsasaro kan manlainlain na mga tamsi nin siyensyang domestiko sa sarong dakol, na "pinalangkaw an papel na pang-katahawang babaeng tagapangasiwa ... na inilalaag ini sa sarong mas malawig asin mas dakol na konteksto kan publiko".{{sfn|Richardson|2013|p=42}} Pigsipi ni Nown an sarong dai bistong akademiko na naisip na "pinangalagaan ni Mrs Beetonismo an pamilya bilang sarong yunit kan lipunan, asin naggibo nin sarong posibilidad kan lipunan",{{sfn|Nown|1986|p=60}} mantang si Nicola Humble, sa saiyang historya nin pagkaing British, nahihiling an '' The Book of Household Management '' bilang "sarong engine para sa panlipunang pagbabago" na nagresulta sa sarong "bagong kulto nin pagkakumunidad na gampanon an sarong kadakulang papel sa katahawan kan buhay-Victoria".{{sfn|Humble|2006|pp=14–15}} Pigtuturing ni Nown si Beeton na {{quote|text=...&nbsp;sarong nag-sosolo asin kapansin-pansin na babae, na pigpuri sa saiyang buhay asin dai naghaloy, nalingawan asin dai tini'no kapag an sarong pagmamataas sa magian na pastry ... dai na pigtuturing na mga kinakaipuhanan para sa pagkababae. Alagad sa saiyang pagkabuhay, progresibong paagi, tinatabangan niya an kadakol na kababayihan na malampasan an kamunduan kan pag-aagom asin tinawanan an pamilya nin kaimportansyahan na nadadapat. Sa klima kan saiyang oras, maisog siya, makusog an pag-iisip asin daing pundo na kampeon kan saiyang mga katugangan sa gabos nin dako.{{sfn|Nown|1986|p=116}}}} ==Mga tala asin mga toltolan== ===Mga tala=== {{notes|colwidth=30em}} ===Mga toltolan=== {{reflist|colwidth=25em|refs= <ref name="BSR: management"> {{cite journal|last1=Wensley|first1=Robin|title=Isabella Beeton: Management as 'Everything in its Place'|journal=Business Strategy Review|date=March 1996|volume=7|issue=1|pages=37–46|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8616.1996.tb00113.x}}</ref> <ref name="NS: Wilson"> {{cite news|last1=Wilson|first1=Bee|authorlink1=Bee Wilson|title=Good egg; Food – You can't beat Mrs Beeton, says Bee Wilson|work=New Statesman|date=18 September 2000|page=29}}</ref> <ref name="Orion: Beeton">{{cite web|title=Isabella Beeton|url=https://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/detail.page?id=GzYOp1Khopg8mafdWYf7jW/QGyh/FPXDWXoVKv3ZPk4XTfZMd-SqIXaIVgntiQ__|publisher=Orion Publishing Group|accessdate=1 December 2015|archivedate=8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144153/https://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/detail.page?id=GzYOp1Khopg8mafdWYf7jW%2FQGyh%2FFPXDWXoVKv3ZPk4XTfZMd-SqIXaIVgntiQ__|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="WC: Mrs Beeton"> {{cite web|title=Search results for 'Mrs Beeton'|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Mrs+Beeton&qt=results_page#x0:book-,(x0:book+x4:printbook),(x0:book+x4:digital),(x0:book+x4:mic),(x0:book+x4:thsis),(x0:book+x4:largeprint)format|publisher=[[WorldCat]]|accessdate=7 January 2016|archivedate=6 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306200223/https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Mrs+Beeton&qt=results_page#x0:book-,(x0:book+x4:printbook),(x0:book+x4:digital),(x0:book+x4:mic),(x0:book+x4:thsis),(x0:book+x4:largeprint)format|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="MC: Review"> {{cite news|title=Literature|work=[[The Morning Chronicle]]|date=28 February 1862|page=3}}</ref> <ref name="BO: review"> {{cite news|title=Literary Notices|work=The Bradford Observer|date=29 March 1860|page=7}}</ref> <ref name="VLC: Culture"> {{cite journal|last1=Daly|first1=Suzanne|last2=Forman|first2=Ross G|title=Cooking Culture: Situating Food and Drink in the Nineteenth Century|journal=Victorian Literature and Culture|date=2008|volume=36|issue=2|pages=363–73|jstor=40347194|doi=10.1017/S1060150308080236}}</ref> <ref name="AS: Middle Classes"> {{cite journal|last1=Clausen|first1=Christopher|title=How to Join the Middle Classes: With the Help of Dr. Smiles and Mrs. Beeton|journal=The American Scholar|date=Summer 1993|volume=62|issue=3|pages=403–18|jstor=41212151}}</ref> <ref name="WRB: Nichols"> {{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=Martha|title=Home is Where the Dirt is|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womens-review-of-books_2000-06_17_9/page/n6|journal=The Women's Review of Books|date=June 2000|volume=17|issue=9|pages=9–11|jstor=4023454|doi=10.2307/4023454}}</ref> <ref name="VLC: Beetham"> {{cite journal|last1=Beetham|first1=Margaret|title=Good Taste and Sweet Ordering: Dining with Mrs Beeton|journal=Victorian Literature and Culture|date= 2008|volume=36|issue=2|pages=391–406|jstor=40347196|doi=10.1017/S106015030808025X}}</ref> <ref name="BBC: Dahl"> {{cite web|title=The Marvellous Mrs Beeton, with Sophie Dahl|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0152d7l|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2 December 2015|archivedate= 2 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102103648/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0152d7l|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="RT: Tyzack"> {{cite web|title=Solo: Margaret Tyzack as Mrs Beeton|url=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3d79278cd34f4c1f994e32379ad26425|publisher=[[BBC]]|website=Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009)|accessdate=2 December 2015|archivedate= 8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208222633/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3d79278cd34f4c1f994e32379ad26425|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="RT: Secret life"> {{cite web|title=The Secret Life of Mrs Beeton|url=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/b8ae8cf643b04802be60b1ed85cd14a6|publisher=[[BBC]]|website=Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009)|accessdate=2 December 2015|archivedate= 8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208184836/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/b8ae8cf643b04802be60b1ed85cd14a6|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="RT: Meet MrsB"> {{cite web|title=Meet Mrs Beeton|url=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d8328c94b0174b709a8be1ad4026e7c2|publisher=[[BBC]]|website=Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009)|accessdate=2 December 2015|archivedate= 8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150205/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d8328c94b0174b709a8be1ad4026e7c2|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="RT: Mrs Beeton"> {{cite web|title=Mrs Beeton|url=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3689ba42ad7e43acaa3e7b443c0fdfc9|publisher=[[BBC]]|website=Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009)|accessdate=2 December 2015|archivedate= 8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208222016/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3689ba42ad7e43acaa3e7b443c0fdfc9|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Guard: Barnes"> {{cite news|last1=Barnes|first1=Julian|authorlink1=Julian Barnes|title=Mrs Beeton to the rescue|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/apr/05/julianbarnes.houseandgarden|work=The Guardian|date=3 April 2003|archivedate= 19 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119092338/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/apr/05/julianbarnes.houseandgarden|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="OUP: Old 08"> {{cite web|url=http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-283345-6|title= Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2 December 2015|archivedate=2 November 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102182500/http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780192833457}}</ref> <ref name="OUP: New 08"> {{cite web|title=Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/mrs-beetons-book-of-household-management-9780199536337?q=beeton&lang=en&cc=gb|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2 December 2015|archivedate=8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080144/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/mrs-beetons-book-of-household-management-9780199536337?q=beeton&lang=en&cc=gb|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="VLC: ACD"> {{cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=Kate|title=Arthur Conan Doyle and Isabella Beeton|journal=Victorian Literature and Culture|date=2008|volume=36|issue=2|pages=375–90|jstor=40347195|doi=10.1017/S1060150308080248}}</ref> <ref name="VPR: Broomfield"> {{cite journal|last1=Broomfield|first1=Andrea|title=Rushing Dinner to the Table: ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine'' and Industrialization's Effects on Middle-Class Food and Cooking, 1852–1860|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_victorian-periodicals-review_summer-2008_41_2/page/101|journal=[[Victorian Periodicals Review]]|date=Summer 2008|volume=41|issue=2|pages=101–23|jstor=20084239|doi=10.1353/vpr.0.0032}}</ref> <ref name="BMJ: Classic"> {{cite journal|last1=Koh|first1=Gavin|title=Medical Classics; The Book of Household Management|journal=[[The BMJ]]|date=26 September 2009|volume=339|issue=7723|page=755|jstor=25672776|doi=10.1136/bmj.b3866}}</ref> <ref name="Times: Marriage"> {{cite news|title=Marriages|work=The Times|date=14 July 1856|page=1}}</ref> <ref name="ILN: Review"> {{cite news|title=New Books and New Editions|work=Illustrated London News|date=17 February 1906|page=232}}</ref> <ref name="LES: Review"> {{cite news|title=Literary Summary|work=London Evening Standard|date=20 February 1862|page=3}}</ref> <ref name="FT: Nov 59"> {{cite news|last1=Russell|first1=Polly|title=Mrs Beeton, the first domestic goddess|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/be9d91a6-fcd8-11df-ae2d-00144feab49a.html|work=Financial Times|date=3 December 2010|archivedate= 8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154047/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/be9d91a6-fcd8-11df-ae2d-00144feab49a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="BL: Beeton"> {{cite web|last1=Hughes|first1=Kathryn|authorlink1=Kathryn Hughes|title=Mrs Beeton and the Art of Household Management|url=http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mrs-beeton-and-the-art-of-household-management|publisher=[[British Library]]|accessdate=27 November 2015|archivedate= 6 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106044610/http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mrs-beeton-and-the-art-of-household-management|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="BL: EDM"> {{cite web|title=The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine|url=http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-englishwomans-domestic-magazine|publisher=[[British Library]]|accessdate=27 November 2015|archivedate= 7 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107184442/http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-englishwomans-domestic-magazine|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Spec: ED"> {{cite journal|last1=David|first1=Elizabeth|authorlink1=Elizabeth David|title=Too Many Cooks|journal=The Spectator|date=21 October 1960|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="Guard: Brown"> {{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Mark|title=Mrs Beeton couldn't cook but she could copy, reveals historian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/02/guardianhayfestival2006.books|work=The Guardian|date=2 June 2006|archivedate= 8 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208042814/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/02/guardianhayfestival2006.books|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Times: 1958"> {{cite news|last1=Smiles|first1=Lucy|title=Mrs Beeton|work=The Times|date=6 February 1932|page=13}}</ref> <ref name="Mail: H&Q"> {{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Sarah|authorlink1=Sarah Williams (screenwriter)|title=The First Domestic Goddess|work=The Daily Mail|date=7 October 2006|page=85}}</ref> <ref name="OED: Beeton"> {{cite web|title=Mrs, n.1|url=http://www.oed.com/;jsessionid=B0E5B07FA17D330635385081454904DA?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/123116?rskey=O99oOJ&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid35841492|website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|accessdate=1 December 2015|archivedate=5 January 2016|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6eJIo8HlL?url=http://www.oed.com/;jsessionid=B0E5B07FA17D330635385081454904DA?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/123116?rskey=O99oOJ&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid35841492|url-status=dead}}{{cbignore}}{{subscription}}</ref> <ref name="OUP: Hist"> {{cite web|title=The language of cooking: from 'Forme of Cury' to 'Pukka Tucker'|url=http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/08/the-language-of-cooking-from-forme-of-cury-to-pukka-tucker/|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=1 December 2015|archivedate= 4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112911/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/08/the-language-of-cooking-from-forme-of-cury-to-pukka-tucker/|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} ===Mga ginunuan=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Rob|last2=van den Berg|first2=Thijs|title=Serialization in Popular Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1OhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|location=New York and Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1-134-49205-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last1=Aylett|first1=Mary|last2=Ordish|first2=Olive|title=First Catch Your Hare|year=1965|publisher=Macdonald|location=London|oclc=54053|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Beetham|first=Margaret|title=A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvWEAgAAQBAJ|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|isbn=978-1-134-76878-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite ODNB|last=Beetham|first=Margaret|title=Beeton, Samuel Orchart (1831–1877)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/45481|accessdate=23 November 2015|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/45481|year=2004|ref={{sfnRef|Beetham|2004}}}} {{ODNBsub}} * {{cite ODNB|last=Beetham|first=Margaret|title=Beeton, Isabella Mary (1836–1865)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37172|accessdate=3 November 2015|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/37172|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|Beetham|2012}}}} {{ODNBsub}} * {{cite book|last=Beeton|first=Isabella|title=The Book of Household Management|year=1861|url=https://archive.org/stream/bookhouseholdma00goog#page/n6/mode/2up|publisher=S.O. Beeton|location=London|oclc=8586799|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Beeton|first=Isabella|title=Mrs Beeton's Dictionary of Every-day Cookery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxQqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7|oclc=681270556|year=1865|publisher=S.O. Beeton|location=London|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=Howard|last2=Mowatt|first2=Simon|title=Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKzSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-960163-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=David|first=Elizabeth|authorlink=Elizabeth David|title=An Omelette and a Glass of Wine|year=1961|url=https://archive.org/stream/omeletteandglass00davi#page/n1/mode/2up|publisher=Lyons & Burford|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-55821-571-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Dickson Wright|first=Clarissa|authorlink=Clarissa Dickson Wright|title=A History of English Food|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofenglish0000dick|year=2011|publisher=Random House|location=London|isbn=978-1-905211-85-2|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Driver|first=Christopher|title=The British at Table 1940–1980|url=https://archive.org/details/britishattable190000driv|year=1983|publisher=Chatto & Windus|location=London|isbn=978-0-7011-2582-0|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Forster-Walmsley|first=J.K.|title=Breaking the Mould|year=2013|publisher=Amazon Media|edition=Kindle|isbn=978-1-291-95255-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Freeman|first=Sarah|title=Isabella and Sam: The Story of Mrs. Beeton|year=1977|publisher=Victor Gollancz Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0-575-01835-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Freeman|first=Sarah|title=Mutton and Oysters: The Victorians and Their Food|url=https://archive.org/details/muttonoystersvic0000free|year=1989|publisher=Gollancz|location=London|isbn=978-0-575-03151-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Sheila|title=The Real Mrs Beeton: The Story of Eliza Acton|url=https://archive.org/details/realmrsbeetonsto0000hard|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/realmrsbeetonsto0000hard/page/n214 1]|year=2011|publisher=History Press|location=Stroud, Glous|isbn=978-0-7524-6680-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Hope|first=Annette|title=Londoners' Larder|url=https://archive.org/details/londonerslardere0000hope|year=2005|publisher=Mainstream Publishing|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-1-84018-965-0|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Kathryn|authorlink=Kathryn Hughes|title=The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5NvuLMB3tYC&pg=PP1|year=2006|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-0-7524-6122-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Humble|first=Nicola|title=Culinary Pleasures|url=https://archive.org/details/culinarypleasure0000humb|year=2006|publisher=Faber and Faber|location=London|isbn=978-0-571-22871-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Hyde|first=Montgomery|authorlink=H. Montgomery Hyde|title=Mr and Mrs Beeton|year=1951|publisher=George G. Harrap and Co|location=London|oclc=4729698|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Nown|first=Graham|title=Mrs Beeton: 150 Years of Cookery and Household Management|url=https://archive.org/details/mrsbeeton150year0000nown|year=1986|publisher=Ward Lock|location=London|isbn=978-0-7063-6459-0|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Paxman|first=Jeremy|authorlink=Jeremy Paxman|title=The Victorians: Britain Through the Paintings of the Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Og5v5dUeaoIC&pg=PP1|year=2009|publisher=BBC Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-84607-743-2|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Sarah|title=The Political Worlds of Women: Gender and Politics in Nineteenth Century Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4c-FA8SQ-H8C&pg=PP1|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1-135-96493-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|authorlink=Mary Ellen Snodgrass|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Spain|first=Nancy|authorlink=Nancy Spain|title=Mrs Beeton and her Husband|url=https://archive.org/details/mrsbeetonherhusb00spai|year=1948|publisher=Collins|location=London|oclc=3178766|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Roger|last2=Wilson|first2=Nancy|title=Please Pass the Salt|url=https://archive.org/details/pleasepasssaltma0000wils|year=1983|publisher=George F. Stickley|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-89313-027-5|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Mga Panluwas na takod== {{Wikisource author}} {{Commons}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=Beeton,+Mrs.+(Isabella+Mary) }} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Isabella Mary Beeton}} * [http://www.mrsbeeton.com ''Beeton's Book of Household Management''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011002445/http://www.mrsbeeton.com/ |date=11 October 2007 }}; searchable online version * [http://www.exclassics.com/beeton/beetintr.htm ''Beeton's Book of Household Management'']; with original illustrations * {{Librivox author |id=4484}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beeton, Isabella}} [[Kategorya:Mga parasurat gikan sa London]] ==Mga Panluwas na takod== {{Wikisource author}} {{Commons}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=Beeton,+Mrs.+(Isabella+Mary) }} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Isabella Mary Beeton}} * [http://www.mrsbeeton.com ''Beeton's Book of Household Management''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011002445/http://www.mrsbeeton.com/ |date=11 October 2007 }}; searchable online version * [http://www.exclassics.com/beeton/beetintr.htm ''Beeton's Book of Household Management'']; with original illustrations * {{Librivox author |id=4484}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beeton, Isabella}} [[Kategorya:Mga parasurat gikan sa London]] 5xk7joe2r4dzf5xzdau643kh6c1ty24 0 21557 309818 308693 2026-08-24T00:07:01Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Grace White Sherwood | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = 1660 | birth_place = {{nowrap|malamang sa [[Pungo, Virginia|Pungo]], [[Princess Anne County, Virginia|Princess Anne County]],<br>[[Kolonya kan Virginia]]}} | death_date = {{Death year and age|1740|1660}} | death_place = Pungo malamang | monuments = Estatwa ni {{nowrap|Grace Sherwood}} na madudugangan sa {{Coord|36.866139|N|76.131811|W|display=inline}} | other_names = An parakulam kan Pungo | criminal_charge = [[Pangkukulam]] | criminal_status = Pansamantalang tinawan nin impormal na [[kapatawadan]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Parauma * Parabulong * Komadrona }} }} Si '''Grace White Sherwood''' (1660–1740), na pig-aapod na '''Mangkukulam kan Pungo''', iyo an huring tawong bisto na nasentensyahan nin [[pangkukulam]] sa [[Kolonya kan Virginia|Virginia]] (sarong babaeng nagngangarang Maria an pinatotoohang naggamit nin pangkukulam tanganing makahanap nin mga nawawarang mga aytem asin kayamanan asin pigrapado nin tolumpulo may siyam na beses kadtong 1730, na siyang aktwal na huring pagsubok sa pangkukulam sa record sa Virginia <ref>https://www.encyWikivirginia.org/Witchcraft_in_Colonial_Virginia{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). Sarong parauma, parabulong, asin komadrona, inakusahan siya kan saiyang mga kataraid-harong na nagbago an sadiri sa sarong ikos, nakakarwot kan mga pananom, asin naging kawsa kan pagkagadan kan mga hayop. Sinuhan siya nin pangkukulam ning kadakol na beses; sa saiyang paglilitis kadtong 1706, pigsentensyahan si Sherwood na nakakahiya sa saiyang kataraid-harong, si Elizabeth Hill, na nagresulta kay Hill sa [[pagkakuha|miscarry]]. Ipinagsugo kan korte na an pagkakasala o kawarang-sala ni Sherwood, maaaraman sa paagi kan pagpapakagat sa saiya sa tubig. Kung nalubog siya, mayo siyang kasalan; kung dai, nagkasala siya. Nakalutang sa ibabaw si Sherwood asin naggugol nin haros walong taon sa kulungan bago pinakawalan. Nakaistar si Sherwood sa [[Pungo, Virginia | Pungo]], [[Princess Anne County, Virginia | Princess Anne County]] ([[Lower Norfolk County]] bago an 1691, sa ngunyan parte na ini kan [[Virginia Beach, Virginia| Virginia Beach]]), asin ikinasal ki James Sherwood, sarong [[Mga plantasyon sa Habagatan na Amerika |paraplanta]], kadtong 1680. An mag-agom, igwang tolong aki na lalaki: sina John, James, asin Richard. An saiyang enot na kaso kadtong 1697; pig-akusahan siya nin paggagapo kan sarong [[spell (paranormal) | spell]] sa sarong toro, na nagreresulta sa pagkagadan kaini, alagad pigtanggal an bagay sa paagi kan tretado kan parehas na partido. Kadtong sumunod na taon pig-akusahan siya nin pangkukulam kan duwang kagtaraid-harong; diumano’y pinapahiya niya an mga hogs asin cotton crop kan saro sa sainda. Naghain si Sherwood nin [[pangraraot-puri | pararaot na puri]] pagkatapos kan bawat akusasyon, alagad dai naging matagumpay an saiyang mga parusa asin an saiyang agom nangangaipuhan nin magbayad kan mga gastos sa korte. Kan 1706 pigsentensyahan siya nin pangkukulam asin na-incarcerated. Napalaya gikan sa kulungan kadtong 1714, nakua niya an saiyang pagrurugaring hali sa Princess Anne County (nagadan an saiyang agom kadtong 1701). Dai na siya nag-agom pa utro, dangan nangerokan sa saiyang bukid sagkod na sa saiyang pagkagadan kadtong 1740 sa edad na mga 80. Kadtong Hulyo 10, 2006, an ika-300 na anibersaryo kan pagtubod ni Sherwood, nagtao si [[Gobernador kan Virginia |Gobernador]] [[Tim Kaine]] nin sarong impormal na [[kapatawadan]] tanganing "opisyal na ibalik an [saiyang] marhay na pangaran", binibisto na siya napasalang nasentensyahan. Sarong estatwa an ipigtindog na naglaladawan sa saiya harani sa [[Sistemang Pangsalud kan Sentara|Katalingkasan kan Sentara]] sa Independence Boulevard sa Virginia Beach, harani sa lugar kan kolonyal na korte kung saan siya sinubukan. Kinulit siya sa gilid kan sarong [[raccoon]], na minakapot sa saiyang pagkamoot sa mga hayop, asin nagdadara nin sarong basket na naglalaog nin [[bawang]] asin [[rosemary]], bilang pagbisto sa saiyang kaaraman sa [[herbalismo|pambubulong na herbal]]. ==Mga sanggunian== ===Mga pagbanggit=== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} === Bibliograpiya === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|Adams|2009}} |url=http://hamptonroads.com/2009/05/whats-name-virginia-beachs-witchduck-road |title=What's in a name? Virginia Beach's Witchduck Road |last=Adams |first=Kathy |date=June 1, 2009 |work=[[The Virginian-Pilot]] |accessdate=August 5, 2013 }} * {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|Barisic|2006}} |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/10/AR2006071000495.html |title=Va. Gov. Gives Informal Pardon to Witch |last=Barisic |first=Sonja |date=July 10, 2006 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=August 5, 2013 }} * {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|Batts|2007}} |url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/241271 |title=Statue of exonerated 'Witch of Pungo' finds place to rest |last=Batts |first=Denise Watson |date=March 24, 2007 |work=The Virginian-Pilot |accessdate=August 5, 2013 }} * {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|Batts|2006}} |url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/124641 |title=''Witch of Pungo'' pardoned by governor after 300 years |last=Batts |first=Denise Watson |date=July 10, 2006 |work=The Virginian-Pilot |accessdate=August 10, 2013 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Burr |first=George Lincoln |title=Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases 1648–1706 |url=http://infomotions.com/etexts/archive/ia331315.us.archive.org/1/items/narrativesofwitc00burriala/narrativesofwitc00burriala_djvu.htm |year=1914 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |location=New York |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820085607/http://infomotions.com/etexts/archive/ia331315.us.archive.org/1/items/narrativesofwitc00burriala/narrativesofwitc00burriala_djvu.htm |archivedate=2010-08-20 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Burstein |first=Sona Rose |title=Some Modern Books on Witchcraft |volume=72 |journal=Folklore |publisher=Folklore Society |location=London |date=September 1961 |jstor=1258580 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1961.9717297 |pages=520}} * {{cite journal |ref={{sfnRef|Butler|1979}} |last=Butler |first=Jon |authorlink=Jon Butler |title=Magic, Astrology, and the Early American Religious Heritage, 1600-1760 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1979-04_84_2/page/317 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=84 |date=April 1979 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Historical Association]] |location=Oxford |jstor=1855136 |issue=2 |doi=10.2307/1855136 |pages=317–46 |pmid=11610526}} * {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|Campbell|1934}} |url=http://richmondthenandnow.com/Newspaper-Articles/Witch-Grace-Sherwood.html |title=When Virginia Ducked Milady Witch |last=Campbell |first=Beverly |date=December 30, 1934 |work=[[Richmond Times-Dispatch]] |accessdate=August 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029231535/http://richmondthenandnow.com/Newspaper-Articles/Witch-Grace-Sherwood.html |archivedate=October 29, 2013 }} * {{cite news |ref=harv |last=Cleavelin |first=Mary Beth |url=http://hamptonroads.com/2014/07/witch-pungos-church-dedicates-marker-her |title=Witch of Pungo's church dedicates marker to her |publisher=hamptonroads.com |year=2014 |accessdate=October 22, 2014 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Cushing |first=Jonathan Peter |year=1833 |chapter=Record of the Trial of Grace Sherwood in 1705 Princess Anne County for Witchcraft |title=Collections of the Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society |url=https://books.google.com/?id=XEYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=cushing+record+of+the+trial+for+grace+sherwood#v=onepage&q=cushing%20record%20of%20the%20trial%20for%20grace%20sherwood&f=false |volume=95 |publisher=[[Virginia Historical Society|Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society]] |location=Richmond, VA }} ''Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.'' * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Chewning |first=Alpheus J. |title=Haunted Virginia Beach |url=https://books.google.com/?id=B7Bm8-sw6JEC |year=2006 |publisher=History Press |location=Charleston, SC |isbn=978-1-59629-188-1 }} * {{cite journal |ref={{sfnRef|Davis|1957}} |last=Davis |first=Richard Beale |title=The Devil in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=65 |date=April 1979 |publisher=Virginia Historical Society |location=Richmond, VA |jstor=4246295 |issue=2| pages=131–47}} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Department of Public Libraries |title=The Beach: A History of Virginia Beach, Virginia |url=https://archive.org/stream/beachhistoryofvi00unse#page/28/mode/2up/search/sherwood |edition=3rd |year=2006 |publisher=City of Virginia Beach |location=Virginia Beach, VA |isbn=978-0-9779570-0-2 |chapter=4. Witches and Witchcraft }} * {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|Dunphy|1994}} |title=Rural Charm Meets City Splendor |last=Dunphy |first=Janet |date=August 13, 1994 |newspaper=The Virginian-Pilot |publisher=Landmark Communications}} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Gibson |first=Marion |title=Witchcraft Myths in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/witchcraftmythsi0000gibs |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |location=Milton Park, Abingdon |isbn=978-0-415-97977-1}} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Hill |first=Christopher |title=The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/worldturnedupsid00hill |url-access=registration |year=1972 |publisher=[[Viking Press]] |location=New York |isbn=0-14-013732-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Hume |first=Ivor Noël |title=Something from the Cellar |url=https://books.google.com/?id=e288zhVyuWsC&pg=PA89 |year=2005 |publisher=Colonial Williamsburg Foundation |location=Williamsburg, VA |isbn=978-0-87935-229-5 |ref=harv }} * {{cite journal |ref={{sfnRef|James|1894 Oct}} |last=James |first=Edward W. |date=October 1894 |title=Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch |journal=[[William and Mary Quarterly]] |publisher=College of William and Mary |location=Williamsburg, VA |volume=3 |issue=2 |jstor=1914583}} ''Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.'' * {{cite journal |ref={{sfnRef|James|1895 Jan}} |last=James |first=Edward W. |date=January 1895 |title=Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |publisher=College of William and Mary |location=Williamsburg, VA |volume=3 |issue=3 |jstor=1914774}} ''Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.'' * {{cite journal |ref={{sfnRef|James|1895 Apr}} |last=James |first=Edward W. |date=April 1895 |title=Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |publisher=College of William and Mary |location=Williamsburg, VA |volume=3 |issue=4 |jstor=1915288}} ''Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.'' * {{cite journal |ref={{sfnRef|James|1895 Jul}} |last=James |first=Edward W. |date=July 1895 |title=Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |publisher=College of William and Mary |location=Williamsburg, VA |volume=4 |issue=1 |jstor=1916177}} ''Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.'' * {{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Nash |first1=Belinda |last2=Sheets |first2=Danielle |title=A Place in Time: The Age of the Witch of Pungo |year=2012 |publisher=W. S. Dawson Company |location=Virginia Beach, VA |isbn=1-57000-107-3}} * {{cite web|ref=harv|last1=Murphy|first1=Sharon Ann|title=Early American Colonists Had a Cash Problem. Here's How They Solved It|url=http://time.com/4675303/money-colonial-america-currency-history/|website=Time|accessdate=July 11, 2017|date=February 27, 2017|archive-date=July 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726120710/https://time.com/4675303/money-colonial-america-currency-history/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite thesis |ref={{sfnRef|Newman|2009}} |degree=MA (History) |title=Under an Ill Tongue: Witchcraft and Religion in Seventeenth-Century Virginia |last=Newman |first=Lindsey M. |date=April 3, 2009 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Virginia Tech|Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |accessdate=August 5, 2013 |url=http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04092009-110353/unrestricted/LMNewmanThesis1.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212039/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04092009-110353/unrestricted/LMNewmanThesis1.pdf |archivedate=March 31, 2012 }} * {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|Ruegsegger|1999}} |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19991030&id=uS4zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gggGAAAAIBAJ&pg=3940,8271057 |title=Virginia's 'Witch of Pungo': Accused Remembered as Colony's Joan of Arc |last=Ruegsegger |first=Bob |date=October 30, 1999 |work=[[The Free Lance–Star]] |accessdate=August 20, 2013 }} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Seltzer|2013}} |url=http://www.samizdat.com/sherwood/ |title=Grace Sherwood, the witch of Virginia |last=Seltzer |first=Richard |publisher=Samizdat |accessdate=August 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725231435/http://www.samizdat.com/sherwood/ |archivedate=July 25, 2014 }} ''Note: this is a transcript in modern English, with shorthand expanded, of the Burr book.'' * {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|Shapira|2006}} |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/11/AR2006071101218.html |title=After Toil and Trouble, 'Witch' Is Cleared |last=Shapira |first=Ian |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 12, 2006 |accessdate=August 10, 2013 }} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Witkowski|2012}} |url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Sherwood_Grace_ca_1660-1740 |title=Grace Sherwood (ca. 1660–1740) |work=Encyclopedia Virginia |publisher=[[Virginia Foundation for the Humanities]] |last=Witkowski |first=Monica C. |date=August 15, 2012 |accessdate=August 5, 2013 |archive-date=July 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722054457/http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Sherwood_Grace_ca_1660-1740 |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Yarsinske |first1=Amy Waters |title=Virginia Beach: A History of Virginia's Golden Shore |url=https://archive.org/details/virginiabeachhis0000yars |year=2002 |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |location=Charleston, SC |isbn=978-0-7385-2402-3}} * {{cite journal |ref={{sfnRef|Good Luck Horseshoe|1909}} |year=1909 |title=The Good Luck Horseshoe |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |publisher=College of William and Mary |location=Williamsburg, VA |volume=17 |issue=4 |jstor=1915528}} * {{cite journal |ref={{sfnRef|Harpers|1884}} |date=June–November 1884 |title=Grace Sherwood&nbsp;– The One Virginia Witch |journal=Harper's New Monthly Magazine |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]] |location=New York |volume=69 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BPEvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=grace+sherwood+light#v=onepage&q=grace%20sherwood%20light&f=false }} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Virginia Beach Historical Society|2001}} |url=http://www.virginiabeachhistory.org/kyle.html |title=Grace Sherwood & ''The Witch of Pungo'' |publisher=Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach Historical Society |accessdate=August 5, 2013 |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624043130/http://www.virginiabeachhistory.org/kyle.html |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Old Donation Episcopal Church|2010}} |url=http://www.olddonation.org/index.php?page=grace-sherwood---a-unique-story |title=Grace Sherwood&nbsp;– the Witch of Pungo (1660–1740) |year=2010 |publisher=Old Donation Episcopal Church |archivedate=April 12, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412035254/http://www.olddonation.org/index.php?page=grace-sherwood---a-unique-story |accessdate=August 15, 2013 }} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Virginia Beach.com|2009}} |url=http://www.virginiabeach.com/articles/haunting-witchduck-road |title=The Haunting of Witchduck Road |publisher=Virginiabeach.com |accessdate=August 5, 2013 }} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Interstate Guide|2013}} |url=http://www.interstate-guide.com/i-264_va.html |title=Interstate 264 Virginia |publisher=Interstate Guide |accessdate=August 5, 2013 |archive-date=July 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708230430/http://www.interstate-guide.com/i-264_va.html |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Wethersfield Historical Society|2012}} |url=http://www.wethhist.org/articles-from-the-community/2012/06/pardoning-the-witches.html |title=Pardoning the Witches |date=June 20, 2012 |publisher=Wethersfield Historical Society |accessdate=August 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103175901/http://www.wethhist.org/articles-from-the-community/2012/06/pardoning-the-witches.html |archivedate=November 3, 2013 }} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Virginia Beach Historical Society|2001a}} |url=http://virginiabeachhistory.org/pungohistory.html |title=Pungo |publisher=Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach Historical Society |accessdate=August 5, 2013 |archive-date=January 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120134514/http://www.virginiabeachhistory.org/pungohistory.html |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|USA Today|2006}} |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-07-09-witch-pungo_x.htm |title=Va. Woman Seeks to Clear Witch of Pungo |date=July 9, 2006 |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=August 5, 2013 }} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Virginia Beach.com|2013}} |url=http://www.vabeach.com/virginia-beach-history/ |title=Virginia Beach History Guide |publisher=Vabeach.com |accessdate=August 5, 2013 }} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Virginia Historical Society|2006}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113084350/http://vahistorical.org/news/gracesherwood.htm |archivedate=November 13, 2012 |url=http://www.vahistorical.org/news/gracesherwood.htm |title=The Witch of Pungo: 300 Years After Her Conviction, Governor Restores Grace Sherwood's Good Name |year=2006 |publisher=Virginia Historical Society |accessdate=August 17, 2013 }} * {{cite journal |ref={{sfnRef|The William and Mary Quarterly|1893}} |date=January 1893 |title=Witchcraft in Virginia |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |publisher=College of William and Mary |location=Williamsburg, VA |volume=1 |issue=3 |jstor=1939689}} {{refend}} == Mababasa pa lalo == * {{cite book |last=Bond |first=Edward |title=Damned Souls in a Tobacco Colony: Religion in Seventeenth-Century Virginia |year=2000 |publisher=[[Mercer University Press]] |location=Macon, GA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0xrCWUuyicC |isbn=0-86554-708-4}} * {{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Lillie |last2=Nash |first2=Belinda |last3=Norred-Williams |first3=Deni |title=Ghosts, Witches & Weird Tales Of Virginia Beach |url=https://archive.org/details/ghostswitcheswei0000lill |year=2004 |publisher=Eco Images |location=Virginia Beach, VA |isbn=0-938423-12-6}} * {{cite news |last1=Hardy |first1=Michael |last2=Geroux |first2=Bill |date=July 11, 2006 |url= |title=Ding dong, the stigma's gone |work=[[Richmond Times-Dispatch]]}} * {{cite book |last=Kyle |first=Louisa Venable |authorlink=Louisa Venable Kyle |title=The Witch of Pungo, and Other Historical Stories of the Early Colonies |date=November 1973 |publisher=Four O'Clock Farms |location=Virginia Beach, VA |isbn=978-0-927044-00-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Levermore |first=C. H. |last2=Burr |first2=George L. |last3=Jameson |first3=J. Franklin |date=October 1914 |title=Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, 1648-1706 by George L. Burr |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1914-10_20_1/page/164 |journal=American Historical Review |publisher=American Historical Association |location=Bloomington, IN |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=164–166 |jstor=1836141 |doi=10.2307/1836141}} * {{cite journal |last=Norton |first=Mary Beth |date=September 2003 |title=Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project by Benjamin Ray |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_2003-09_90_2/page/747 |journal=[[The Journal of American History]] |publisher=Organization of American Historians |location=Bloomington, IN |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=747–748 |jstor=3659596 |doi=10.2307/3659596 |first2=Benjamin |last2=Ray}} ''Note: Discusses Burr's work'' * {{cite book |last=Weisman |first=Richard |title=Witchcraft, Magic and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts |url=https://archive.org/details/witchcraftmagicr0000weis_p0e7 |year=1985 |publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]] |location=Amherst, MA |isbn=0-87023-494-3}} * {{cite book |author=Writer's Program of the Works Projects Administration of the State of Virginia |title=Virginia: A Guide to the Old Dominion |url=https://books.google.com/?id=z2VzSg9hfp0C&pg=PA142 |year=1941 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-60354-045-2 |page=142}} * {{cite web |url=http://ferryplantation.org/history/grace-sherwood/ |title=Grace Sherwood |publisher=Ferry Plantation |accessdate=August 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013021520/http://ferryplantation.org/history/grace-sherwood/ |archive-date=October 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} * {{cite journal |date=July 1926 |title=Notes and Queries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_virginia-magazine-of-history-and-biography_1926-07_34_3/page/n85 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |publisher=Virginia Historical Society |location=Richmond, VA |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=278–279 |jstor=4244097}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == {{kml}} * {{commons category inline|Grace Sherwood}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sherwood, Grace}} [[Kategorya:Mga magsasaka galing Virginia]] [[Kategorya: Kasaysayan ng Virginia]] [[Kategorya: Kasaysayan ng Virginia Beach, Virginia]] hbrczt9w6yq2ficruvwj3ozh6f6jrw6 0 21706 309758 309048 2026-08-23T23:18:25Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Name = Jennifer Lopez | Img = 2019 TIFF premiere of Hustlers, Jennifer Lopez (48696671561) (cropped).jpg |Img_capt=Si Jennifer Lopez kan 2019 | Background = solo_singer | Birth_name = Jennifer Lynn Lopez | Legal_name = Jennifer Lynn Muñiz Lopez | Alias = J.Lo | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|7|24|mf=y}} | Origin = {{nowrap|[[The Bronx]], [[New York]], E.U.}} | Genre = [[Latin pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[pop music|pop]], [[dance-pop]] | Occupation = [[Aktres]], parakanta, [[kompositor]], [[record producer]], parabayle, [[television personality]], [[fashion designer]], [[television producer]] | Years_active = 1986–presente | Label = [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Island Records|Island]] | Associated_acts = [[Marc Anthony]] | URL = {{URL|jenniferlopezonline.com}} }} Si '''Jennifer Lynn Lopez''' (namundag 24 Hulyo 1969<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.courttv.com/trials/puffy/docs/duty-caps_3.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209202541/http://www.courttv.com/trials/puffy/docs/duty-caps_3.html|archivedate=February 9, 2008|title=Duty Captain's Report|accessdate=2006-10-29|work=[[Court TV]]|date=January 17, 2001|dead-url=yes}}</ref>), na midbid man sa gahâ na '''J.Lo''', sarong Amerikanang aktres, parakanta, prodyuser, parabayle, personalidad sa telebisyon, 'fashion designer' asin prodyuser sa telebisyon. Nagpoon an karera ni Lopez bilang sarong parabayle sa sarong programang komedyang pantelebisyon na ''[[In Living Color]]''. Pagkatapos kaini nagsabak siya sa pag-arte, asin namidbid sa pelikulang ''[[Money Train]]''. ==Pilmograpiya== === Pelikula === {| class="wikitable" |+Key | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |{{dagger}}c |Pelikula na dai pa ipinapaluwas |- | style="background:#add8e6" |{{double-dagger}} |Sarong dokumentaryo |- |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Titulo ! scope="col" |Taon ! scope="col" |Papel ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |''[[My Little Girl]]'' |1986 |Myra | |<ref name="My Little Girl">''My Little Girl'': *{{cite web|first=Eleanor|last=Mannikka|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/my-little-girl-v34075|title=My Little Girl (1986)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mylittlegirl.htm|title=My Little Girl (1987)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Lost in the Wild|Nurses on the Line: The Crash of Flight 7]]'' |1993 |{{sortname|Rosie|Romero|nolink=1}} |Also known as ''Lost in the Wild'' |<ref name="Lost in the Wild">{{cite web|first=Sandra|last=Brennan|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/lost-in-the-wild-v160416|title=Lost in the Wild (1993)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[My Family (film)|My Family]]'' | rowspan="2" |1995 |Young Maria |Also known as ''Mi Familia'' |<ref name="My Family">''My Family'': *{{cite web|first=Matthew|last=Tobey|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/my-family-v133610|title=My Family (1995)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=myfamily.htm|title=My Family (1995)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Money Train]]'' |{{sortname|Grace|Santiago|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="Money Train">''Money Train'': *{{cite web|first=Judd|last=Blaise|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/money-train-v135623|title=Money Train (1995)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=moneytrain.htm|title=Money Train (1995)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Jack (1996 film)|Jack]]'' |1996 |Miss Marquez | |<ref name="Jack">''Jack'': *{{cite web|first=Clarke|last=Fountain|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/jack-v136486|title=Jack (1996)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jack.htm|title=Jack (1996)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Blood and Wine]]'' | rowspan="4" |1997 |Gabriella | |<ref name="Blood and Wine">''Blood and Wine'': *{{cite web|first=Sandra|last=Brennan|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/blood-and-wine-v136830|title=Blood and Wine (1996)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bloodandwine.htm|title=Blood and Wine (1997)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Selena (film)|Selena]]'' |{{sortname|Selena|Quintanilla|Selena}} | |<ref name="Selena">''Selena'': *{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Deming|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/selena-v154769|title=Selena (1997)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=selena.htm|title=Selena (1997)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Anaconda (film)|Anaconda]]'' |{{sortname|Terri|Flores|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="Anaconda">''Anaconda'': *{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Deming|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/anaconda-v154826|title=Anaconda (1997)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=anaconda.htm|title=Anaconda (1997)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[U Turn (1997 film)|U Turn]]'' |{{sortname|Grace|McKenna|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="U Turn">''U Turn'': *{{cite web|first=Bhob|last=Stewart|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/u-turn-v158644|title=U-Turn (1997)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=u-turn.htm|title=U-Turn (1997)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Out of Sight]]'' | rowspan="2" |1998 |{{sortname|Karen|Sisco|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="Out of Sight">''Out of Sight'': *{{cite web|first=Bhob|last=Stewart|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/out-of-sight-v162749|title=Out of Sight (1998)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=outofsight.htm|title=Out of Sight (1998)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Antz]]'' |Azteca |Voice role |<ref name="Antz">''Antz'': *{{cite web|first=Bhob|last=Stewart|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/antz-v173454|title=Antz (1998)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=antz.htm|title=Antz (1998)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''{{sortname|The|Cell}}'' |2000 |{{sortname|Catherine|Deane|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="The Cell">''The Cell'': *{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Deming|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/the-cell-v195764|title=The Cell (2000)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=cell.htm|title=The Cell (2000)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''{{sortname|The|Wedding Planner}}'' | rowspan="2" |2001 |{{sortname|Mary|Fiore|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="The Wedding Planner">''The Wedding Planner'': *{{cite web|first=Karl|last=Williams|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/the-wedding-planner-v232641|title=The Wedding Planner (2001)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=weddingplanner.htm|title=The Wedding Planner (2001)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Angel Eyes (film)|Angel Eyes]]'' |{{sortname|Sharon|Pogue|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="Angel Eyes">''Angel Eyes'': *{{cite web|first=Karl|last=Williams|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/angel-eyes-v242621|title=Angel Eyes (2001)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=angeleyes.htm|title=Angel Eyes (2001)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Enough (film)|Enough]]'' | rowspan="2" |2002 |{{sortname|Slim|Hiller|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="Enough">''Enough'': *{{cite web|first=Brian J.|last=Dillard|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/enough-v260387|title=Enough (2002)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=enough.htm|title=Enough (2002)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Maid in Manhattan]]'' |{{sortname|Marisa|Ventura|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="Maid in Manhattan">''Maid in Manhattan'': *{{cite web|first=Andrea|last=LeVasseur|url=http://allrovi.com/movie/maid-in-manhattan-v273847|title=Maid in Manhattan (2002)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}}{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=maidinmanhattan.htm|title=Maid in Manhattan (2002)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Gigli]]'' |2003 |Ricki | |<ref name="Gigli">''Gigli'': *{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Ralske|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/gigli-v282034|title=Gigli (2003)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=gigli.htm|title=Gigli (2003)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Jersey Girl (2004 film)|Jersey Girl]]'' | rowspan="2" |2004 |{{sortname|Gertrude|Steiney|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="Jersey Girl">''Jersey Girl'': *{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Deming|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/jersey-girl-v285898|title=Jersey Girl (2004)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jerseygirl.htm|title=Jersey Girl (2004)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Shall We Dance? (2004 film)|Shall We Dance?]]'' |Paulina | |<ref name="Shall We Dance?">''Shall We Dance?'': *{{cite web|first=Tracie|last=Cooper|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/shall-we-dance-v288231|title=Shall We Dance? (2004)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shallwedance.htm|title=Shall We Dance (2004)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 27, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Monster-in-Law]]'' | rowspan="2" |2005 |{{sortname|Charlotte|Cantilini|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="Monster-in-Law">''Monster-in-Law'': *{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Deming|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/monster-in-law-v293952|title=Monster-in-Law (2005)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=monsterinlaw.htm|title=Monster-in-Law (2005)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 27, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''{{sortname|An|Unfinished Life}}'' |{{sortname|Jean|Gilkyson|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="An Unfinished Life">''An Unfinished Life'' *{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Deming|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/an-unfinished-life-v287478|title=An Unfinished Life (2005)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=unfinishedlife.htm|title=An Unfinished Life (2005)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 27, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Bordertown (2006 film)|Bordertown]]'' | rowspan="2" |2006 |{{sortname|Lauren|Adrian|nolink=1}} | rowspan="2" |Also producer |<ref name="Bordertown">''Bordertown'': *{{cite web|first=Nathan|last=Southern|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/bordertown-v326119|title=Bordertown (2006)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bordertown.htm|title=Bordertown (2006)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=December 19, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[El Cantante]]'' |Puchi |<ref name="El Cantante">''El Cantante'': *{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Buchanan|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/el-cantante-v358722|title=El Cantante (2006)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=elcantante.htm|title=El Cantante (2007)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 27, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="background:#add8e6;" |''[[Manufacturing Dissent]]'' {{double-dagger|alt=Documentary release}} | rowspan="2" |2007 | rowspan="2" |Herself | |<ref name="Manufacturing Dissent">''Manufacturing Dissent'': *{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Buchanan|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/manufacturing-dissent-v391215|title=Manufacturing Dissent (2007)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/391215/Manufacturing-Dissent/overview|title=Manufacturing Dissent|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|accessdate=October 30, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Feel the Noise]]'' |Cameo; also producer |<ref name="Feel the Noise">''Feel the Noise'': *{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Buchanan|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/feel-the-noise-v389372|title=Feel the Noise (2007)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite news|first=Peter|last=Howell|url=http://thestar.com/Movies/MovieReview/article/264339|title='Feel the Noise': This Movie Barely Even Lets Us Hear It|work=[[Toronto Star]]|publisher=[[Star Media Group]]|date=October 7, 2007|accessdate=October 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024050127/http://www.thestar.com/Movies/MovieReview/article/264339|archive-date=October 24, 2012|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=feelthenoise.htm|title=Feel the Noise (2007)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 27, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''{{sortname|The|Back-up Plan}}'' |2010 |Zoe | |<ref name="The Back-up Plan">''The Back-up Plan'': *{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Buchanan|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/the-back-up-plan-v490905|title=The Back-up Plan (2010)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=backupplan.htm|title=The Back-up Plan (2010)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=November 27, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="background:#add8e6;" |''Sellebrity'' {{double-dagger|alt=Documentary release}} | rowspan="3" |2012 |Herself | |<ref name="Sellebrity">{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Buchanan|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/ellebrity-v561747|title=$ellebrity (2013)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[What to Expect When You're Expecting (film)|What to Expect When You're Expecting]]'' |Holly | |<ref name="What to Expect When You're Expecting">''What to Expect When You're Expecting'': *{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Buchanan|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/what-to-expect-when-youre-expecting-v540256|title=What to Expect When You're Expecting (2012)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=whattoexpect.htm|title=What to Expect When You're Expecting (2012)|website=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 26, 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Ice Age: Continental Drift]]'' |Shira |Voice role |<ref name="Ice Age: Continental Drift">''Ice Age: Continental Drift'': *{{cite web|first=Jeremy|last=Wheeler|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/ice-age-continental-drift-v516738|title=Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=iceage4.htm|title=Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)|website=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=July 21, 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Parker (2013 film)|Parker]]'' |2013 |{{sortname|Leslie|Rodgers|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="Parker">''Parker'': *{{cite web|first=Jeremy|last=Wheeler|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/parker-v537993|title=Parker (2013)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=October 30, 2011}} *{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=parker.htm|title=Parker (2013)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="background:#add8e6;" |''[[Dance Again World Tour#Concert film|Jennifer Lopez: Dance Again]]'' {{double-dagger|alt=Documentary release}} |2014 |Herself |Also executive producer |<ref name="Jennifer Lopez: Dance Again">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/12/special-jennifer-lopez-dance-again-to-premiere-wednesday-december-31-on-hbo/338892|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2015-12-28|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212193732/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/12/special-jennifer-lopez-dance-again-to-premiere-wednesday-december-31-on-hbo/338892/|archivedate=2015-12-12}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''{{sortname|The|Boy Next Door|The Boy Next Door (film)}}'' | rowspan="4" |2015 |{{sortname|Claire|Peterson|nolink=1}} |Also producer |<ref name="The Boy Next Door">''The Boy Next Door'': *{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Buchanan|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/the-boy-next-door-v615178|title=The Boy Next Door (2015)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=January 25, 2015}} *{{cite web|title=The Boy Next Door (2015)|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=boynextdoor.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=January 25, 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Lila & Eve]]'' |{{sortname|Eve|Rafael|nolink=1}} | |<ref name="Lila & Eve">''Lila & Eve'': *{{cite web|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/lila-eve-v621010|title=Lila & Eve (2015)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}} *{{cite journal|last1=Setoodeh|first1=Ramin|title=Sundance: Jennifer Lopez and Viola Davis on Hollywood Diversity, TV Careers and ‘Lila & Eve’|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 30, 2015|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/sundance-jennifer-lopez-and-viola-davis-on-hollywood-diversity-tv-careers-and-lila-eve-1201419950/|accessdate=February 11, 2015|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Home (2015 film)|Home]]'' |{{sortname|Lucy|Tucci|nolink=1}} |Voice role |<ref name="Home">''Home'': *{{cite web|first=Daniel|last=Gelb|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/home-v567485|title=Home (2015)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}} *{{cite web|title=Home (2015)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=happysmekday.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=March 29, 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="background:#add8e6;" |''The Latin Explosion: A New America'' {{double-dagger|alt=Documentary release}} |Herself | |<ref name="The Latin Explosion: A New America">https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/16/arts/television/review-the-latin-explosion-a-new-america-on-hbo-is-a-music-civics-lesson.html</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Ice Age: Collision Course]]'' |2016 |Shira |Voice role |<ref name="Ice Age: Collision Course">''Ice Age: Collision Course'': *{{cite web|first=Daniel|last=Gelb|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/ice-age-collision-course-v636846|title=Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)|work=[[AllMovie]]|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|accessdate=December 28, 2015}} *{{cite web|title=Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=iceage5.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=December 28, 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Second Act (film)|Second Act]]'' |2018 |Maya | rowspan="2" |Also producer |<ref>https://www.allmovie.com/movie/second-act-v701785</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | rowspan="2" |2019 |Ramona Vega |<ref>https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jennifer-lopez-hustlers-annapurna-pictures-1202896296/</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="background:#add8e6;" |''Wonder Boy, Olivier Rousteing, né sous X'' {{double-dagger|alt=Documentary release}} |Herself | |<ref name="Wonder Boy">https://www.instagram.com/p/B5GATUcoLIH/</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''[[Marry Me (upcoming film)|Marry Me]]'' {{dagger}} |TBA |Kat Valdez |Post-production; also producer |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/jennifer-lopez-maluma-marry-me-universal-stx-1202645820/|title=Jennifer Lopez Rom-Com ‘Marry Me’ Jumps From STX To Universal; Maluma Joins Cast|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=July 15, 2019|accessdate=September 26, 2019}}</ref> |} == Diskograpiya == {{Main|Jennifer Lopez discography}} * 1999: ''[[On the 6]]'' * 2001: ''[[J.Lo (album)|J.Lo]]'' * 2002: ''[[This Is Me... Then]]'' * 2005: ''[[Rebirth (Jennifer Lopez album)|Rebirth]]'' * 2007: ''[[Como ama una Mujer]]'' * 2007: ''[[Brave (Jennifer Lopez album)|Brave]]'' * 2011: ''[[Love? (album)|Love?]]'' * 2014: ''[[A.K.A. (album)|A.K.A.]]'' * 2024: ''This Is Me... Now'' ''Compilation album'' * 2002: ''[[J to tha L–O! The Remixes]]'' == Mga gawad asin nominasyon == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;" |+ |- ! scope="col" | Gawad ! scope="col" | Taon{{efn|Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}} ! scope="col" | Resipiyente asin nominado ! scope="col" | Kategorya ! scope="col" | Resulta ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- ! scope="row" |''[[AARP The Magazine]]''{{'}}s Movies for Grownups Awards {{anchor|A}} |2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gardner |first1=Chris |title='The Two Popes' Leads Nominees for AARP the Magazine's Movies for Grownups Awards |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/two-popes-leads-nominees-aarp-magazines-movies-grownups-awards-1258028 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=December 10, 2019 |date=November 26, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | ACE Awards |2006 |Jennifer Lopez |Fashion Icon of the Year |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=ACE Award winner |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/celebrity-circuit-31-10-06/16/ |website=[[CBS News]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227013202/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/celebrity-circuit-31-10-06/16/ |archivedate=December 27, 2019 |date=October 31, 2006}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=L'Oreal Paris Announces Jennifer Lopez as the Newest Global Brand Ambassador |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/loreal-paris-announces-jennifer-lopez-as-the-newest-global-brand-ambassador-111377809.html |publisher=[[PR Newswire]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=December 6, 2010}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Alliance of Women Film Journalists|Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Awards]] | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Best Actress in a Supporting Role |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2019 EDA Award Nominees |url=https://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2019-eda-award-nominees/ |publisher=[[Alliance of Women Film Journalists]] |accessdate=December 20, 2019 |date=December 20, 2019}}</ref><br /><ref name="Metacritic" />}} |- |Most Daring Performance Award |{{nom}} |- ! rowspan="20" scope="row" |[[ALMA Awards]] | 1995 |''[[Money Train]]'' | rowspan="4" | Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marquez |first1=Heron |title=Latin Sensations |date=2001 |publisher=[[Lerner Publishing Group]] |location=[[Minneapolis]] |isbn=0822596954 |page=[https://archive.org/details/latinsensations00mr/page/54 54] |url=https://archive.org/details/latinsensations00mr/page/54 }}</ref>}} |- | 1996 |''[[Jack (1996 film)|Jack]]'' | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baugh |first1=Scott L. |title=Latino American Cinema: An Encyclopedia of Movies, Stars, Concepts, and Trends |date=2012 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=[[Santa Barbara, California]] |isbn=978-0313380365 |page=[https://archive.org/details/latinoamericanci0000baug/page/157 157] |url=https://archive.org/details/latinoamericanci0000baug/page/157 }}</ref>}} |- C | 1998 |''[[Selena (film)|Selena]]'' and ''[[Anaconda (film)|Anaconda]]'' | {{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite journal|title='Selena' Captures 4 Prizes in Latino Media Awards|journal=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=April 20, 1998|page=4|issn=0458-3035}}</ref></center> |- |1999 |''[[Out of Sight]]'' | {{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite journal|title=Latino awards short on entrants|journal=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=April 13, 1999|page=35|issn=1553-8478}}</ref></center> |- | rowspan="2" |2000 | rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez |Outstanding Music Video Performer | {{won}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite journal|title=ABC to air '2000 ALMA Awards'|journal=[[The Oak Ridger]]|date=June 16, 2000|issn=0890-6009|id=110CAAFEE6259060}}</ref></center> |- | rowspan="2" |Entertainer of the Year | {{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2001 | {{won}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite journal|last=Linan|first=Steven|title='ALMA Awards' to Honor Latinos in Arts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_los-angeles-times_los-angeles-times_2001-06-01_0/page/n195|journal=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 1, 2001|page=28|issn=0458-3035}}</ref></center> |- |[[1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards]] |Outstanding Host of a Variety or Awards Special | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |2002 |''[[Angel Eyes (film)|Angel Eyes]]'' |Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film | {{nom}} | rowspan="5" |<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/76077/j-lo-leads-alma-music-nominees |title=J.Lo Leads ALMA Music Nominees |work=Billboard |date=April 18, 2012 |accessdate=October 25, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |''[[Jennifer Lopez: Let's Get Loud]]'' |Outstanding Performance in a Music, Variety or Comedy Special | {{nom}} |- |''[[J.Lo (album)|J.Lo]]'' |Album of the Year | {{nom}} |- |"[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]" |People's Choice for Outstanding Music Video |{{won}} |- |Jennifer Lopez |Outstanding Female Performer | {{Nom}} |- |2007 | rowspan="2" |''[[El Cantante]]'' |Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Ugly Betty Leads Alma Award Nominations|url=http://www.showbizspy.com/article/113980/ugly-betty-leads-alma-award-nominations.html|work=ShowbizSpy|accessdate=July 22, 2013|date=July 22, 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082934/http://www.showbizspy.com/article/113980/ugly-betty-leads-alma-award-nominations.html|archivedate=September 27, 2013}}</ref></center> |- | 2008 | Performance of a Lead Latino/Latina Cast in a Motion Picture | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Alma Awards nominees |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/awards/alma-awards-nominees-1117990560/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=August 14, 2008}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[12th ALMA Awards|2011]] |''[[American Idol]]'' |Favorite Reality, Variety or Comedy Personality Act |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite news|last=Powers|first=Lindsay|title='The Voice's' Christina Aguilera, Selena Gomez Among ALMA Award Nominees|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/alma-voice-christina-aguilera-selena-gomez-216530|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=July 2, 2013|date=July 28, 2011}}</ref></center> |- |Jennifer Lopez |Favorite Female Music Artist |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[13th ALMA Awards|2012]] |''[[What to Expect When You're Expecting (film)|What to Expect When You're Expecting]]'' |Favorite Movie Actress – Comedy or Musical |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<center><ref>{{cite news|last=Gratereaux|first=Alexandra|title=2012 NCLR/ ALMA Awards Nominees Include Jennifer Lopez, Pitbull & Selena Gomez|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2012/07/10/2012-nclr-alma-awards-nominees-include-jennifer-lopez-pitbull-selena-gomez/|work=Fox News Latino|publisher=[[Fox News Network]]|accessdate=July 2, 2013|date=July 10, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |''[[American Idol]]'' |Favorite Reality, Variety or Comedy Personality Act |{{nom}} |- |Jennifer Lopez |Favorite Female Music Artist |{{nom}} |- ! rowspan="7" scope="row" |[[American Music Awards]] | rowspan="2" |[[American Music Awards of 2000|2000]] | rowspan="7" |Jennifer Lopez |[[American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist|Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist]] |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref name="2000am">{{cite news|title=American Music Awards nominees|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=APAB&d_place=APAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F89AD578A910E72&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=July 2, 2013|date=January 17, 2000}}</ref></center> |- |[[American Music Award for Favorite Latin Artist|Favorite Latin Artist]] |{{nom}} |- |[[American Music Awards of 2002|2002]] | rowspan="2" |[[American Music Award|Hip-Hop/R&B Female Artist]] |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Nominees for the 30th annual American Music Awards.|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/73407/2002-american-music-awards-nominees|website=Billboard|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=November 19, 2002}}</ref></center> |- |[[American Music Awards of 2003 (January)|2003]] |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=30th American Music Awards|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2003/amas.htm|publisher=Rockonthenet.com|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=January 13, 2003}}</ref></center> |- |[[American Music Awards of 2003 (November)|2003]] |[[American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist|Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist]] |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite news|title=McGraw, Vandross win American Music Awards|newspaper=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]|date=November 17, 2003}}</ref></center> |- |[[American Music Awards of 2007|2007]] | rowspan="2" |[[American Music Award for Favorite Latin Artist|Favorite Latin Artist]] |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/19/entertainment/main3519877.shtml |title=American Music Awards – Winners List |publisher=CBS News. CBS Interactive |date=November 19, 2007 |accessdate=March 20, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |[[American Music Awards of 2011|2011]] |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|title=Lady Gaga, Adele Lead American Music Awards Noms|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1672323/american-music-awards-nominees-2011.jhtml|publisher=[[MTV News]]. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=July 2, 2013|date=October 11, 2011|archive-date=November 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051342/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1672323/american-music-awards-nominees-2011.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/465045/amas-2011-taylor-swift-nicki-minaj-win-big-on-ladies-night|title=AMAs 2011: Taylor Swift, Nicki Minaj Win Big on Ladies' Night|date= October 11, 2011|work=Billboard |accessdate=January 22, 2012}}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" |[[American Telemedicine Association|American Telemedicine Association Award]] |2013 |[[Lopez Family Foundation]] |ATA Humanitarian Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=GlobalMed Presents Entertainer Jennifer Lopez with Donation to Lopez Family Foundation|url=http://www.financialpost.com/markets/news/GlobalMed+Presents+Entertainer+Jennifer+Lopez+with+Donation+Lopez+Family/8084189/story.html|work=[[Financial Post]]|publisher=Postmedia Network Inc.|accessdate=March 13, 2013|date=March 12, 2013}}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" |[[amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research|amfAR Award]] |2013 |Jennifer Lopez |Humanitarian Award |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lipke |first1=David |title=Jennifer Lopez Honored at amfAR's Inspiration Gala |url=https://wwd.com/eye/parties/jennifer-lopez-honored-at-amfars-inspiration-gala-6991956/ |website=[[Women's Wear Daily]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=June 14, 2013}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Amnesty International|Amnesty International Awards]] |2007 |''[[Bordertown (2006 film)|Bordertown]]'' |Artist for Amnesty International{{efn|name=Producer|Awards and nominations Lopez has received as a producer.}} |{{won}} |{{center|<ref name="Amnesty">{{Cite book|first = Robert|last = C. Cottrell|title = Icons of American Popular Culture: From P.T. Barnum to Jennifer Lopez|publisher = [[M.E. Sharpe, Inc.]]|location = New York|year = 2010|isbn = 978-0-7656-2298-3|ref = harv|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/iconsofamericanp0000cott}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Apollo Theater|Apollo Theater Spring Benefit Concert & Awards]] | 2010 | Jennifer Lopez and [[Marc Anthony]] | Arts and Humanitarian Award | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Apollo Theater Spring Benefit Concert & Awards Ceremony - Show |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mfl45gjim/2010-apollo-theater-spring-benefit-concert-awards-ceremony-show/#1793af086dba |website=[[Forbes]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |date=June 14, 2010}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Michael Jackson and Aretha Franklin join hall of fame |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8598278.stm |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |date=April 1, 2010}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[ARIA Music Awards]] |[[ARIA Music Awards of 2011|2011]] |Jennifer Lopez |Most Popular International Artist |{{Nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Nominations Announced |url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/8/the-countdown-beginsnominations-announced |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |accessdate=February 28, 2012 |date=October 11, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016020511/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/8/the-countdown-beginsnominations-announced |archivedate=October 16, 2011 }}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" |[[Austin Film Critics Association|Austin Film Critics Association Awards]] | 2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Best Supporting Actress | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whittaker |first1=Richard |title=Austin Film Critics Association Announces 2019 Awards |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2020-01-07/austin-film-critics-association-announces-2019-awards/ |website=[[The Austin Chronicle]] |accessdate=January 8, 2020 |date=January 7, 2020}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Bambi Awards]] {{anchor|B}} |2000 |Jennifer Lopez |Best International Pop Performance |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web |title=The Bambi Goes To... |url=http://www.bambi-awards.com/history/past-winners |publisher=Bambi Awards |accessdate=July 2, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926224003/http://www.bambi-awards.com/history/past-winners |archivedate=September 26, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref></center> |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[Basenotes#The Basenotes Fragrance Awards|Basenotes Fragrance Awards]] | rowspan="2" | 2007 |[[Glow by JLo]] | rowspan="2" | Best Celebrity Fragrance for Women |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Osborne |first1=Grant |title=Finalists announced for the 7th Annual Basenotes Fragrance Awards sponsored by Aedes de Venustas |url=http://www.basenotes.net/perfumenews/2197-20070112awards7 |website=[[Basenotes]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=January 12, 2017 |archive-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227040936/http://www.basenotes.net/perfumenews/2197-20070112awards7 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- |Live Jennifer Lopez |{{nom}} |- |2008 |[[Glow by JLo]] |Best Celebrity Women's Fragrance |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Osborne |first1=Grant |title=Finalists Announced for 8th Annual Basenotes Fragrance Awards |url=http://www.basenotes.net/perfumenews/2477-20080428-fragrance-awards-finalists |website=[[Basenotes]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=April 28, 2008 |archive-date=July 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702080334/http://www.basenotes.net/perfumenews/2477-20080428-fragrance-awards-finalists |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="3" | 2009 |Deseo | rowspan="2" | Best Celebrity Fragrance for Women |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Osborne |first1=Grant |title=Finalists Announced for 9th Annual Basenotes Awards Sponsored by FragranceNet |url=http://www.basenotes.net/perfumenews/2701-20090511-basenotes-finalists |website=[[Basenotes]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=May 11, 2009 |archive-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227040937/http://www.basenotes.net/perfumenews/2701-20090511-basenotes-finalists |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- |[[Glow by JLo]] |{{nom}} |- |Deseo for Men |Best Celebrity Fragrance for Men |{{nom}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | Best of Las Vegas Awards | rowspan="2" | 2016 | rowspan="3" |[[Jennifer Lopez: All I Have]] |Best Production Show |{{won|place=Gold}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Best of Las Vegas 2016 Award Winners|url=http://bestoflasvegas.com/winners-2016|website=Best of Las Vegas|publisher=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]], Inc.|accessdate=February 16, 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114035251/http://bestoflasvegas.com/winners-2016|archivedate=November 14, 2016}}</ref></center> |- |Best Resident Performer |{{won|place=Silver}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Results for Jennifer Lopez |url=https://bestoflasvegas.com/k:Jennifer+Lopez |publisher=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221205729/https://bestoflasvegas.com/k:Jennifer+Lopez |archivedate=December 21, 2019}}</ref>}} |- |2017 |Best Bachelor Party |{{won|place=Bronze}} |- ! rowspan="7" scope="row" |''Billboard'' Music Video Awards | rowspan="7" |1999 | rowspan="4" |"[[If You Had My Love]]" | Maximum Vision Award |{{won}} | rowspan="7" |<center><ref name="BB99">{{cite journal|title=Arts Beat|journal=[[Dallas Morning News]]|date=October 10, 1999|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3DBD25179FD13&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|accessdate=July 2, 2013|id=0ED3DBD25179FD13|archivedate=September 27, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927033947/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3DBD25179FD13&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM}}</ref></center> |- |Best Video |{{nom}} |- |Best New-Artist Video |{{won}} |- |Best Pop-Clip |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Waiting for Tonight]]" | Best Video |{{nom}} |- |Best New-Artist Video |{{nom}} |- |Jennifer Lopez |Best New Artist |{{won}} |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[Billboard Music Awards|''Billboard'' Music Awards]] | rowspan="4" |[[2001 Billboard Music Awards|2001]] | rowspan="6" | Jennifer Lopez |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Artist|Artist of the Year]] |{{nom}} | rowspan="4" |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Moss|first1=Cory|title=Alicia Keys, Shaggy Top Billboard Music Awards Nominees|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1451229/alicia-keys-shaggy-top-billboard-music-awards-nominees/|publisher=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=September 22, 2017|date=November 28, 2011|archive-date=January 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123170216/http://www.mtv.com/news/1451229/alicia-keys-shaggy-top-billboard-music-awards-nominees/|dead-url=yes}}</ref></center> |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Female Artist|Female Artist of the Year]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Hot 100 Artist|Hot 100 Singles Artist of the Year]] |{{nom}} |- |Female Hot 100 Singles Artist of the Year |{{nom}} |- |[[2002 Billboard Music Awards|2002]] |Female Artist of the Year |{{nom}} | |- |[[2014 Billboard Music Awards|2014]] |[[Billboard Icon Award|Icon Award]] |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramirez|first1=Erika|title=Jennifer Lopez Receives Icon Award, Performs 'First Love' at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbma-2014/6092051/jennifer-lopez-icon-award-billboard-music-awards|work=Billboard |accessdate=December 6, 2015|date=May 18, 2014}}</ref><br /></center> |- ! rowspan="26" scope="row" |[[Billboard Latin Music Awards|''Billboard'' Latin Music Awards]] | rowspan="3" |[[2000 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2000]] | rowspan="3" |"[[No Me Ames]]" | Hot Latin Track of the Year | {{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<center><ref name="billboardawards">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EA8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA20&dq=no+me+ames+intitle:billboard#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Catch Some Rising Stars: Artist Showcases Offer a Glimpse Into The Future of Latin Music|last=Lannert|first=John|journal=Billboard|volume=112|issue=18|page=16|date=April 29, 2000|accessdate=May 9, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |Best Vocal Duo |{{won}} |- |Tropical/Salsa Track of the Year |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2002 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2002]] |"[[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]" |Latin Dance Club Play Track of the Year |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 Billboard Latin Music Awards|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/75808/2002-billboard-latin-music-awards|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=September 23, 2017|date=May 10, 2002}}</ref>}} |- |"[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Amor Se Paga Con Amor]]" | rowspan="2" |Latin Dance Maxi-Single of the Year |{{won}} |- |"[[I'm Real (Jennifer Lopez song)|I'm Real]]" |{{nom}} |- |[[2003 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2003]] |"[[Alive (Jennifer Lopez song)|Alive (Thunderpuss Club Mix)]]" | rowspan="2" |Best-Selling Latin Dance Single of the Year |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=2003 Billboard Latin Music Award Winners|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/71168/2003-billboard-latin-music-award-winners|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=September 23, 2017|date=May 9, 2003}}</ref>}} |- |[[2004 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2004]] |"[[I'm Glad|I'm Glad (Paul Oakenfold Remix)]]" |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite journal |title=Billboard Latin Music Awards Finalists |journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=February 21, 2004 |volume=116 |issue=8 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gw8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67 |accessdate=December 21, 2019}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[2008 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2008]] | rowspan="2" |''[[Como Ama una Mujer]]'' | Latin Album of the Year |{{nom}} | |- | Latin Pop Album Of The Year, Female |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2008 Billboard Latin Music Awards Winners |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1045893/2008-billboard-latin-music-awards-winners |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |date=April 11, 2008}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Qué Hiciste]]" |Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Female Latin Dance Club Play Track of the Year |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2012 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2012]] | rowspan="2" |"[[On The Floor|Ven a Bailar]]" |Vocal Event Song of the Year |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Trivino|first1=Jesus|title=2012 Latin Music Billboard Awards Predictions|url=https://www.latina.com/entertainment/music/2012-latin-music-billboard-awards-predictions?page=1|website=[[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]|accessdate=September 23, 2017|date=April 25, 2012|archive-date=September 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923101153/https://www.latina.com/entertainment/music/2012-latin-music-billboard-awards-predictions?page=1|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} |- |Latin Pop Song of the Year |{{nom}} |- |Jennifer Lopez |Female Songs Artist of the Year |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2013 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2013]] |[[Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour]] |Tour of the Year |{{won}} | rowspan="3" |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Salazar |first=Francisco |url=http://www.latinospost.com/articles/11391/20130206/billboard-latin-music-awards-2013-nominations-unveiled.htm |title=Billboard Latin Music Awards 2013 Nominations Unveiled – Jenni Rivera, Don Omar, Jennifer Lopez, Shakira, Prince Royce Among Nominees |work=Latinos Post |date=February 6, 2013 |accessdate=February 8, 2013}}</ref></center> |- |Jennifer Lopez |Songs Artist of the Year, Female |{{nom}} |- |"[[Follow the Leader (Wisin & Yandel song)|Follow the Leader]]" <small>(featuring [[Wisin & Yandel]]) </small> |Streaming Song of the Year |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2017 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2017]] | rowspan="6" |Jennifer Lopez |Hot Latin Songs Artist of the Year, Female |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cobo|first1=Leila|title=Nicky Jam Wins Big at Billboard Latin Music Awards: See the Full Winners List|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/latin-awards/7776260/billboard-latin-music-awards-2017-winners-list|website=Billboard|publisher=[[Eldridge Industries]]|accessdate=May 1, 2017|date=April 27, 2017}}</ref></center> |- |Social Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |Telemundo Star Award |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2018 Billboard Latin Music Awards|2018]] |Social Artist of the Year |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Billboard Latin Music Awards: See the Full Nominations List|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/2018-billboard-latin-music-awards-nominations-8098517|website=Billboard|publisher=[[Eldridge Industries]]|accessdate=February 8, 2018}}</ref></center> |- |Hot Latin Songs Artist of the Year, Female |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2019 Billboard Latin Music Awards|2019]] |Hot Latin Songs Artist of the Year, Female |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Respers France |first1=Lisa |title=Billboard Latin Music Awards 2019: The winners list |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/26/entertainment/billboard-latin-awards-winners-trnd/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |accessdate=December 18, 2019 |date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>}} |- |[[Jennifer Lopez: All I Have]] |Tour of the Year |{{nom}} |- | 2020 |[[It's My Party (tour)|It's My Party]] | Tour of the Year | {{pending}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Osegueda |first1=Elisa |title=2020 Billboard Latin Music Awards Nominations: See the List |url=https://www.etonline.com/2020-billboard-latin-music-awards-nominations-see-the-list-140957 |website=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |accessdate=February 6, 2020 |date=February 5, 2020}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard.com Mid-Year Music Awards]] | rowspan="2" |2011 | rowspan="4" |Jennifer Lopez | Best Comeback |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469332/britney-spears-lady-gaga-rule-billboardcoms-2011-mid-year-music-awards |title=Britney Spears, Lady Gaga Rule Billboard.com's 2011 Mid-Year Music Awards |accessdate=June 24, 2013 |work=Billboard |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623105821/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469332/britney-spears-lady-gaga-rule-billboardcoms-2011-mid-year-music-awards |archivedate=June 23, 2013}}</ref>}} |- |Comeback of the Year |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Lipshutz|first=Jason|title=Britney Spears, Adele Rule Billboard.com's Readers Poll 2011|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/464714/britney-spears-adele-rule-billboardcoms-readers-poll-2011|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=January 29, 2012|location=New York City|date=December 15, 2011}}</ref></center> |- |2012 |Sexiest Woman in Music |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Music's Sexiest Man & Woman: Poll Results|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/485392/musics-sexiest-man-woman-poll-results|work=Billboard|accessdate=July 2, 2013|date=June 12, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |2014 |Best Comeback |{{runner-up}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lipshutz |first1=Jason |title=Beyonce, Iggy Azalea Rule Billboard.com's 2014 Mid-Year Music Poll |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6150413/beyonce-iggy-azalea-rule-billboardcoms-2014-mid-year-music-poll |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=July 10, 2014}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Blockbuster Entertainment Awards]] |[[4th Annual Blockbuster Entertainment Awards|1998]] |''[[Anaconda (film)|Anaconda]]'' |Favorite Actress – Action & Adventure |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Nominees Announced|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/blockbuster-entertainment-awards-nominees-announced-77915327.html|website=[[PR Newswire]]|publisher=[[UBM plc]]|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=December 17, 1997|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034758/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/blockbuster-entertainment-awards-nominees-announced-77915327.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} |- |[[6th Blockbuster Entertainment Awards|2000]] |''[[On the 6]]'' |Favorite Female – New Artist |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominees Announced for 'Sixth Annual Blockbuster Entertainment Awards(R)' To Air in June on FOX |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nominees-announced-for-sixth-annual-blockbuster-entertainment-awardsr-to-air-in-june-on-fox-72458137.html |publisher=[[PR Newswire]] |accessdate=December 20, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112094712/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nominees-announced-for-sixth-annual-blockbuster-entertainment-awardsr-to-air-in-june-on-fox-72458137.html |archivedate=January 12, 2014 |date=February 8, 2000}}</ref>}} |- |[[7th Blockbuster Entertainment Awards|2001]] |''[[The Cell]]'' | Favorite Actress – Science Fiction |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idobi.com/news/2001/04/nsync-takes-home-three-blockbuster-entertainment-awards/ |title='NSync Takes Home Three Blockbuster Entertainment Awards |publisher=[[idobi Radio]]. idobi Network LLC |date=April 12, 2001 |first=Lance |last=Fiasco |accessdate=December 20, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226225548/http://idobi.com/news/2001/04/nsync-takes-home-three-blockbuster-entertainment-awards/ |archivedate=February 26, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[BMI Awards]] | rowspan="2" |2004 |"[[Jenny from the Block]]" | rowspan="2" |Award-Winning Song |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref name="2004b">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA59 |title=52nd Annual BMI Pop Awards Winners |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=May 22, 2004 |accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref></center> |- |"[[All I Have (song)|All I Have]]" |{{won}} |- ! scope="row" |[[BMI Awards|BMI Latin Music Awards]] | 2008 | "[[Qué Hiciste]]" | Award-Winning Song | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gustavo Santaolalla Named Icon at 15th Annual BMI Latin Music Awards |url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/gustavo_santaolalla_named_icon_at_15th_annual_bmi_latin_music_awards |publisher=[[Broadcast Music, Inc.]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=June 13, 2008}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Boys & Girls Clubs of America|Boys & Girls Club of America]] | 2000 | Jennifer Lopez | Alumni Hall of Fame Award | {{won|Inducted}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite journal |title=Jocks & Sneaks |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_atlanta_2004-11_44_7/page/n43 |journal=[[Atlanta (magazine)|Atlanta]] |date=November 2004 |volume=44 |issue=7 |page=38 |publisher=[[Emmis Communications]]}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Bravo Otto]] | rowspan="2" |2000 | rowspan="4" |Jennifer Lopez |Female Actress |{{won|place=Silver}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Bravo Otto – Sieger 2000|url=http://www.bravo-archiv.de/auswahl.php?link=ottosieger2000.php|publisher=[[Bravo Otto]]|accessdate=February 13, 2015|date=August 13, 2001}}</ref></center> |- |Female Singer |{{won|place=Bronze}} |- |2001 | rowspan="2" |Female Actress |{{won|place=Silver}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Bravo Otto – Sieger 2001|url=http://www.bravo-archiv.de/auswahl.php?link=ottosieger2001.php|publisher=Bravo Otto|accessdate=February 13, 2015|date=August 12, 2002}}</ref></center> |- |2002 |{{won|place=Gold}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Bravo Otto – Sieger 2002|url=http://www.bravo-archiv.de/auswahl.php?link=ottosieger2002.php|publisher=Bravo Otto|accessdate=February 13, 2015|date=August 12, 2003}}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" |[[Paper (magazine)|Break the Internet Awards]] | 2019 | Jennifer Lopez | Fashion Moment of the Year | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Break the Internet Awards 2019 |url=https://www.papermag.com/st/Break_The_Internet_2019?initialSlide=10 |website=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227014847/https://www.papermag.com/st/Break_The_Internet_2019?initialSlide=10 |archivedate=December 27, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Brit Awards]] | rowspan="3" |[[2000 Brit Awards|2000]] | rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez | Best International Female Artist |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Brits 2000: The winners|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2000/brit_awards/625884.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=September 23, 2017|date=March 3, 2000}}</ref>}} |- |Best International Breakthrough |{{nom}} |- |Best International Newcomer |{{nom}} |- ! scope="row" | Celebrity Fight Night Award {{anchor|C}} |2013 |Jennifer Lopez |Celebrity Fight Night Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.looktothestars.org/news/9657-jennifer-lopez-to-perform-at-celebrity-fight-night-xix-for-charity |title=Jennifer Lopez To Perform at Celebrity Fight Night XIX For Charity |publisher=Look to the Stars |date=February 4, 2013 |accessdate=February 8, 2013 |archive-date=October 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008142946/https://www.looktothestars.org/news/9657-jennifer-lopez-to-perform-at-celebrity-fight-night-xix-for-charity |dead-url=yes }}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" |[[Council of Fashion Designers of America#CFDA Fashion Awards|CFDA Fashion Awards]] |2019 |Jennifer Lopez |Fashion Icon Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bateman |first1=Kristen |title=CFDA Fashion Awards 2019: Jennifer Lopez and Barbie among winners |url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/cfda-fashion-awards-2019/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |accessdate=November 12, 2019 |date=June 4, 2019}}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" |[[Chicago Film Critics Association|Chicago Film Critics Association Awards]] |2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Once Upon a Time... In Hollywood Leads Chicago Film Critics Association 2019 Award Nominations |url=https://chicagofilmcritics.org/ |publisher=[[Chicago Film Critics Association]] |accessdate=December 12, 2019 |date=December 12, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212155731/https://chicagofilmcritics.org/ |archivedate=December 12, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | Chicago Indie Critics Awards | 2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Best Supporting Actress | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Anita |title='Little Women' Tops Chicago Indie Critics Nominations |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/little-women-tops-chicago-indie-critics-nominations-1202818101/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |accessdate=December 29, 2019 |date=December 28, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Children's Hospital Los Angeles|Children's Hospital Los Angeles Award]] | 2004 | Jennifer Lopez | Children's Humanitarian Award | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gala Benefit for Childrens Hospital Los Angeles Honors Jennifer Lopez |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2004/10/01/316479/64837/en/Gala-Benefit-for-Childrens-Hospital-Los-Angeles-Honors-Jennifer-Lopez.html |publisher=[[GlobeNewswire]] |accessdate=December 28, 2019 |date=October 1, 2004}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Miami Beach, Florida|City of Miami Beach]] | 2019 | Jennifer Lopez |[[Freedom of the City#Key to the city|Keys to the City]] | {{won|Recipient}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Correa |first1=Adriana |title=Jennifer Lopez Presented With Keys to Miami Beach |url=https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/jennifer-lopez-gets-keys-to-miami-beach/126724/ |publisher=[[WTVJ|NBC Miami]] |accessdate=January 6, 2020 |date=July 25, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | Columbus Film Critics Association Awards | 2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Best Supporting Actress | {{nominated}} |{{center|<ref name="Metacritic" />}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Critics' Choice Movie Awards]] |2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hammond |first1=Pete |title='The Irishman', 'Once Upon A Time In Hollywood' Lead Critics' Choice Nominations; Netflix Dominates With 61 Noms In Movies And TV |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/critics-choice-nominations-film-tv-nominees-list-1202803785/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |accessdate=December 8, 2019 |date=December 8, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association|Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards]] {{anchor|D}} |2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] |{{runner-up|4th place}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holt |first1=Jo Ann |title=DFW Film Critics Name '1917' Best Picture for 2019 |url=https://www.focusdailynews.com/dfw-film-critics-name-1917-best-picture-for-2019/ |website=[[Focus Daily News]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=December 23, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[MOBO Awards|DanceStar Awards]] | 2002 | rowspan="2" | Jennifer Lopez | rowspan="2" | Best Chart Artist | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=For The Record: Quick News On Britney Spears, Jennifer Lopez, Fatboy Slim, Bounty Killer, Crazy Town & More |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1453082/for-the-record-quick-news-on-britney-spears-jennifer-lopez-fatboy-slim-bounty-killer-crazy-town-more/ |website=[[MTV News]] |accessdate=December 29, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602093930/http://www.mtv.com/news/1453082/for-the-record-quick-news-on-britney-spears-jennifer-lopez-fatboy-slim-bounty-killer-crazy-town-more/ |archivedate=June 2, 2017 |date=March 26, 2003}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2003 | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2003 DanceStar Awards Nominees |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/72508/2003-dancestar-awards-nominees |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 29, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929031109/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/72508/2003-dancestar-awards-nominees |archivedate=September 29, 2017 |date=January 29, 2003}}</ref>}} |- | "[[Alive (Jennifer Lopez song)|Alive (Thunderpuss remix)]]" | Party 93.1 FM Best Remix Award | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" | Denver Film Critics Society Awards | 2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Best Supporting Actress | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref name="Metacritic" />}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Dorian Awards]] | 2016 |''[[The Boy Next Door (film)|The Boy Next Door]]'' | Campy Flick of the Year{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kilday |first1=Gregg |title='Carol' Earns Multiple Mentions as Dorian Award Nominees Are Unveiled |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/carol-earns-multiple-mentions-as-855069 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=December 29, 2019 |date=January 12, 2016}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2020 | rowspan="2" |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Film of the Year{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beresford |first1=Trilby |title='Parasite,' 'Portrait of a Lady on Fire,' 'Pain and Glory' Lead Dorian Award Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2020-gay-lesbian-entertainment-critics-dorian-awards-noms-full-list-1265575/item/film-year-1265588 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=January 5, 2020 |date=January 3, 2020}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Umberto |title=Dorian Awards: Bong Joon-Ho's 'Parasite' Nabs 5 Awards |url=https://www.thewrap.com/dorian-awards-winners-parasite-pose-galeca/ |website=[[TheWrap]] |accessdate=January 9, 2020 |date=January 8, 2020}}</ref>}} |- | Supporting Film Performance of the Year — Actress | {{won}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Dublin Film Critics' Circle|Dublin Film Critics' Circle Awards]] | rowspan="2" | 2019 | rowspan="2" |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Best Actress |{{runner-up|9th place}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Donald |title=The best movie of 2019, according to Irish film critics |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/the-best-movie-of-2019-according-to-irish-film-critics-1.4118496 |website=[[The Irish Times]] |accessdate=December 17, 2019 |date=December 17, 2019}}</ref>}} |- | Best Film{{efn|name=Producer}} |{{runner-up|8th place}} |- ! scope="row" |[[E!]]'s Entertainer of the Year Award {{anchor|E}} | 2001 | Jennifer Lopez | Entertainer of the Year |{{runner-up}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beck |first1=A.C. |title=Kidman Can-Can: She's E!'s Top Celeb |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/42587/kidman-can-can-she-s-e-s-top-celeb |website=[[E!|E! Online]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227122712/https://www.eonline.com/news/42587/kidman-can-can-she-s-e-s-top-celeb |archivedate=December 27, 2019 |date=December 13, 2001}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Kidman wins E! award for top entertainer |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/kidman-wins-e-award-for-top-entertainer/article4158017/ |website=[[The Globe and Mail]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=December 19, 2001}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Echo Music Prize|Echo Awards]] |2000 |''[[On the 6]]'' |International Newcomer of the Year |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominees and winners ECHO [Search] |url=https://echopop-archiv.de/nominierte-und-gewinner/ |publisher=[[Echo Music Prize]] |accessdate=December 23, 2019 |language=German |format=To access, enter the search parameter "Jennifer Lopez"}}</ref>}} |- |2002 |''[[J.Lo (album)|J.Lo]]'' |International Artist of the Year |{{nom}} |- |2012 |"[[On the Floor]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} |Hit of the Year |{{nom}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Empire Awards]] |[[4th Empire Awards|1999]] |''[[Out of Sight]]'' |[[Empire Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empireonline.co.uk/features/awards99/bfilm.html |title=Best Actress |work=[[Empireonline.co.uk]] |year=1999 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819093250/http://www.empireonline.co.uk/features/awards99/bactress.html |archivedate=August 19, 2000 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><ref name="awards2">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024094617/http://www.hollywoodactress.org/Jennifer-Lopez-Profile.php|archivedate=October 24, 2009|url=http://www.hollywoodactress.org/Jennifer-Lopez-Profile.php |title=Jennifer Lopez Profile, Professional Details, Awards and Achievements |publisher=Hollywood Actress|date=July 24, 1969 |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Entertainment Tonight]]'' | 2015 | Jennifer Lopez | Icon Award | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chestang|first1=Raphael|title=EXCLUSIVE: Jennifer Lopez Reveals She Only Recently Felt Like She Had 'Made It'|url=http://www.etonline.com/news/176187_exclusive_jennifer_lopez_reveals_she_only_recently_felt_like_she_had_made_it|website=[[ETonline]]|accessdate=September 21, 2017|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |''[[FHM]]'' {{anchor|F}} | 2001 | rowspan="3" | Jennifer Lopez | rowspan="2" |[[FHM's 100 Sexiest Women (UK)|100 Sexiest Women]] | {{won}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is FHM's sexiest woman? |url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/entertainment/who-is-fhms-sexiest-woman/news-story/2415e6e07a7813859087e813d1998bc0?sv=517edcc0a28780c09566b7ddc03cb6d1 |website=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |accessdate=January 5, 2020 |date=June 24, 2009}}</ref>}} |- | 2002 | {{won}} |- | 2009 |[[FHM's 100 Sexiest Women (UK)#Anniversary lists|Sexiest Women of All Time]] |{{runner-up}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[FiFi Awards]] | 2002 | rowspan="2" |Jennifer Lopez | rowspan="2" |Celebrity Fragrance Star of the Year | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Coty Wins Three FiFi Awards; Awards Signify Fragrance Industry's Highest Distinction For These Top-Selling Brands |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20030611005526/en/Coty-Wins-FiFi-Awards-Awards-Signify-Fragrance |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=June 11, 2003}}</ref>}} |- | 2003 | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lopez Still Fragrant|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EkcuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f6YEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2401,6851583|work=[[The Tuscaloosa News]]|publisher=[[Halifax Media Group]]|accessdate=January 29, 2012|date=July 25, 2003}}</ref>}} |- | 2004 |[[Still Jennifer Lopez]] | Top Ten – Women's: Luxe | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Osborne |first1=Grant |title=The US FiFi Award Nominations 2004 |url=http://www.basenotes.net/perfumenews/2091-fifinom04 |website=[[Basenotes]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=March 8, 2004 |archive-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227040935/http://www.basenotes.net/perfumenews/2091-fifinom04 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Florida Film Critics Circle|Florida Film Critics Circle Awards]] |2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref name="Metacritic" />}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Georgia Film Critics Association|Georgia Film Critics Association Awards]] {{anchor|G}} | 2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Best Supporting Actress | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2019 Awards |url=http://www.georgiafilmcritics.org/p/2019-awards.html |publisher=[[Georgia Film Critics Association]] |accessdate=January 3, 2020}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[GLAAD Media Award]]s | rowspan="2" |[[25th GLAAD Media Awards|2014]] |Jennifer Lopez |[[GLAAD Vanguard Award]] |{{won}} |{{center|<ref name="GlAAD Vanguard">{{cite web|last=Adam|first=Seth|title=Jennifer Lopez to be honored at #glaadawards in Los Angeles|url=http://www.glaad.org/blog/jennifer-lopez-be-honored-glaadawards-los-angeles|publisher=Glaad.org|accessdate=April 5, 2014|date=March 24, 2014|archive-date=April 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085802/http://www.glaad.org/blog/jennifer-lopez-be-honored-glaadawards-los-angeles|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} |- |''[[The Fosters (American TV series)|The Fosters]]'' |[[GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Drama Series|Outstanding Drama Series]]{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jennifer Lopez double winner at the Glaad Awards |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jennifer-lopez-double-winner-at-the-glaad-awards-114041400241_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |accessdate=January 2, 2020 |date=April 14, 2014}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Glamour Awards|''Glamour'' Awards]] |1999 | rowspan="2" | Jennifer Lopez | rowspan="2" | Woman of the Year |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Solomon |first1=Akiba |title=Women of the Year Turns 20: A Look Back at the Honorees |url=https://www.glamour.com/gallery/women-of-the-year-turns-20-a-look-back-at-the-honorees |website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=November 2, 2010}}</ref>}} |- Gu |2011 |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Fonda |first=Jane |url=http://www.glamour.com/women-of-the-year/2011/jennifer-lopez |title=Jennifer Lopez: The All-Star |publisher=Glamour. [[Condé Nast Publications]] |date=October 27, 2011 |accessdate=March 20, 2012}}</ref></center> |- | 2012 |''[[American Idol]]'' | TV Personality | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=WIN tickets for Glamour Women of the Year Awards 2012 |url=http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/glamour-awards-2012 |website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |accessdate=December 30, 2019 |date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303152614/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/glamour-awards-2012 |archive-date=March 3, 2012 }}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | Gold Derby Awards | 2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Best Supporting Actress | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Gold Derby Film Awards nominations: 'Parasite' and 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' lead with 11 |url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2020/gold-derby-film-awards-nominations-parasite/ |publisher=[[Gold Derby]] |accessdate=January 22, 2020 |date=January 21, 2020}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Golden Globe Awards]] |[[55th Golden Globe Awards|1998]] |''[[Selena (film)|Selena]]'' |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite journal|title='Titanic' tops Golden Globe picks|journal=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]|date=December 19, 1997|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LA&p_theme=la&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EF7C34D0C8990F4&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|accessdate=July 2, 2013|archivedate=March 26, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326040705/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LA&p_theme=la&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EF7C34D0C8990F4&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM}}</ref> </center> |- |[[77th Golden Globe Awards|2020]] |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |author1=Emily Yahr |author2=Sonia Rao |author3=Travis M. Andrews |title=Golden Globes nominations: 'Marriage Story' leads with six; Complete list of 2020 nominees |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/12/09/golden-globes-nominations-complete-coverage/ |website=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=December 10, 2019 |date=December 10, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="9" scope="row" |[[Golden Raspberry Awards]] |[[22nd Golden Raspberry Awards|2002]] |''[[The Wedding Planner]]'' and ''[[Angel Eyes (film)|Angel Eyes]]'' | rowspan="3" |[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress|Worst Actress]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaltenbach |first1=Chris |title=Worst in Show |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2002-03-20-0203200088-story.html |website=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |date=March 20, 2002}}</ref>}} |- |[[23rd Golden Raspberry Awards|2003]] |''[[Maid in Manhattan]]'' and ''[[Enough (film)|Enough]]'' |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=23rd Annual Razzie Award Nominations |url=http://www.razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=110 |publisher=[[Golden Raspberry Awards]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |date=February 10, 2003|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130729084720/http://www.razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=110|archive-date = July 29, 2013}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[24th Golden Raspberry Awards|2004]] | rowspan="2" |''[[Gigli]]'' |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=At the Razzies, it's a Bennifer sweep |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Movies/02/28/razzies.reut/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |date=February 28, 2004 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221010114/https://edition.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Movies/02/28/razzies.reut/index.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- |[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo|Worst Screen Couple]] <small>(with [[Ben Affleck]])</small> |{{won}} |- |[[26th Golden Raspberry Awards|2006]] |''[[Monster-In-Law]]'' |Worst Actress |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom and J-Lo top Razzie nominations |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/tom-and-j-lo-top-razzie-nominations-20060131-ge1nxh.html |website=[[The Age]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |date=January 31, 2006}}</ref>}} |- |[[30th Golden Raspberry Awards|2010]] |Jennifer Lopez |Worst Actress of the Decade |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shoard |first1=Catherine |title=Transformers and Land of the Lost lead Razzie nods |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/feb/01/transformers-land-of-the-lost-razzies |website=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |date=February 2, 2010}}</ref>}} |- |[[33rd Golden Raspberry Awards|2013]] |''[[What to Expect When You're Expecting (film)|What to Expect When You're Expecting]]'' |[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress|Worst Supporting Actress]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lipshutz |first1=Jason |title=Rihanna, Jennifer Lopez, Vanilla Ice Earn 2013 Razzie Nominations |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1484101/rihanna-jennifer-lopez-vanilla-ice-earn-2013-razzie-nominations |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |date=January 9, 2013}}</ref>}} |- |[[36th Golden Raspberry Awards|2016]] |''[[The Boy Next Door (film)|The Boy Next Door]]'' |Worst Actress |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jennifer Lopez among Razzies nominees for 'Boy Next Door' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/jennifer-lopez-among-razzies-nominees-for-boy-next-door |website=[[Fox News]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |date=January 13, 2016}}</ref>}} |- |[[40th Golden Raspberry Awards|2020]] |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[The Razzie Redeemer Award]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref name="Razzies">{{cite web|url=https://www.razzies.com/razz-newz.html|title=RAZZ NEWZ - The Razzies!|website=razzies.com}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Grammy Awards]] |[[42nd Grammy Awards|2000]] | "[[Waiting for Tonight]]" | rowspan="2" |[[Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording|Best Dance Recording]] | {{nom}} |<center><ref name="Grammy2000">{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/04/grammy.noms.01/list.html|title=42nd Annual Grammy Awards nominations|publisher=CNN|accessdate=June 25, 2010|date=January 4, 2000| archivedate= October 25, 2009| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091025161040/http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/04/grammy.noms.01/list.html}}</ref></center> |- |[[43rd Grammy Awards|2001]] | "[[Let's Get Loud]]" | {{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/21/grammy.winners/|title=43rd Grammy Awards|date=February 21, 2001|accessdate=June 25, 2010|publisher=CNN| archivedate= November 6, 2008|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081106040823/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/21/grammy.winners/}}</ref></center> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Gotham Awards]] | rowspan="2" |[[Gotham Independent Film Awards 2019|2019]] | rowspan="2" |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Feature|Best Feature]]{{efn|name=Producer}} |rowspan=1 {{nominated}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nolfi |first1=Joey |title=Marriage Story sweeps Gotham Awards 2019: See the full list of winners |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/12/02/gotham-awards-2019-winners-full-list/ |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |accessdate=December 14, 2019 |date=December 2, 2019}}</ref>}} |- | Audience Award{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Hilary |title=Gotham Awards: 'Marriage Story,' 'The Farewell,' 'Uncut Gems' Lead Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/gotham-awards-nominations-2019-list-full-1247779/item/audience-award-1247804 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=January 2, 2020 |date=October 24, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | Groovevolt Music & Fashion Awards | 2006 | Jennifer Lopez | Most Fashionable Artist | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Third Annual Groovevolt Music Awards Winners Announced |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/01/prweb338329.htm |publisher=[[PRWeb]] |accessdate=January 2, 2020 |date=January 27, 2006 |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123022912/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/01/prweb338329.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |''[[Guinness World Records]]'' |2003 |''[[J to tha L–O! The Remixes]]'' |First Number-One Remix Album on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] | {{won}} |{{center|<ref name="Guinness" />}} |- |2012 | "[[On the Floor]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} |Highest Viewed Female Music Video of All Time |{{won}} |{{center|<ref name="Guinness" />}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Hollywood Critics Association|Hollywood Critics Association Awards]] {{anchor|H}} |2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Hollywood Critics Association#Award categories|Best Supporting Actress]] |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title='1917' Wins Best Picture at 3rd Annual Hollywood Critics Association Awards |url=https://variety.com/2020/scene/awards/1917-best-picture-hollywood-critics-association-awards-joaquin-phoenix-lupita-nyongo-1203462463/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |accessdate=January 10, 2020 |date=January 9, 2020}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] |2013 |Jennifer Lopez |Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame (Recording Category) |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Reed|title=Jennifer Lopez, new Walk of Famer, cites Fonda among role models|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-jennifer-lopez-gets-star-on-hollywood-walk-of-fame-20130623,0,4699689.story?track=rss|work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=June 26, 2013|date=June 23, 2013}}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" |[[Houston Film Critics Society|Houston Film Critics Society Awards]] |[[Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2015|2016]] |''[[The Boy Next Door (film)|The Boy Next Door]]'' | Worst Film{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=National Society of Film Critics names 'Spotlight' best picture;'The Revenant' leads Houston critics' nominations |url=https://www.chron.com/entertainment/movies_tv/article/National-Society-of-Film-Critics-names-6735679.php |website=Chron.com |publisher=[[Houston Chronicle|Houston Chronicle News Services]] |accessdate=December 29, 2019 |date=January 4, 2016}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Human Rights Campaign]] |2013 |Jennifer Lopez |Ally for Equality Award |{{won}} |{{center|<ref name="HRC">{{cite web|last1=Chasmer|first1=Jessica|title=Jennifer Lopez: Singer-actress to receive Human Rights Campaign award|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/sep/22/human-rights-campaign-honor-jennifer-lopez/|website=[[The Washington Times]]|accessdate=September 21, 2017|date=September 22, 2013}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web|title=HRC to Honor Jennifer Lopez with Ally for Equality Award at 2013 National Dinner|url=http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/hrc-to-honor-jennifer-lopez-with-ally-for-equality-award-at-2013-national-d|work=HRC Blog|publisher=Human Rights Campaign|accessdate=September 25, 2013|date=September 20, 2013|archive-date=September 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925143143/http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/hrc-to-honor-jennifer-lopez-with-ally-for-equality-award-at-2013-national-d|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Hungarian Music Awards]] | 2002 |''[[J.Lo (album)|J.Lo]]'' | Foreign Pop Album of the Year | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jelöltek 2002 |url=http://www.fonogram.hu/jeloltek-2002 |publisher=[[Hungarian Music Awards]] |accessdate=December 22, 2019 |language=Hungarian}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | IFPI Top Sales Music Award, Hong Kong {{anchor|I}} | 2001 |''[[J.Lo (album)|J.Lo]]'' | rowspan="2" |Ten Best Sales Releases, Foreign | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hong Kong Top Sales Music Award presented [2001-2016]: 2001 |url=https://www.ifpihk.org/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented-01-11/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented/2001 |publisher=IFPI Hong Kong |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |archive-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227184054/http://www.ifpihk.org/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented-01-11/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented/2001 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- | 2003 |''[[This Is Me... Then]]'' | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hong Kong Top Sales Music Award presented [2001-2016]: 2003 |url=https://www.ifpihk.org/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented-01-11/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented/2003 |publisher=IFPI Hong Kong |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |archive-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227183810/http://www.ifpihk.org/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented-01-11/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented/2003 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[iHeartRadio Fiesta Latina]] |2019 |Jennifer Lopez |[[iHeartRadio]] Premio Corazón Award |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Tionah |title=Jennifer Lopez to be honored at the iHeart Radio Fiesta Latina |url=https://us.hola.com/celebrities/2019091027868/jennifer-lopez-iheart-fiesta-latina-awards-honor/ |website=[[¡Hola!]] |accessdate=November 11, 2019 |date=September 10, 2019 |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111130641/https://us.hola.com/celebrities/2019091027868/jennifer-lopez-iheart-fiesta-latina-awards-honor/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Almeida |first1=Celia |title=Ozuna Was the True Headliner of iHeartRadio's Uneven Fiesta Latina 2019 |url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/music/concert-review-iheartradio-fiesta-latina-at-american-airlines-arena-miami-november-2-2019-11310890 |website=[[Miami New Times]] |accessdate=November 11, 2019 |date=November 3, 2019}}</ref>|}} |- ! scope="row" |[[iHeartRadio MMVAs]] |[[2011 MuchMusic Video Awards|2011]] |Jennifer Lopez |People's Choice: Favorite International |{{nom}} | |- ! scope="row" |[[iHeartRadio Music Awards]] |[[2016 iHeartRadio Music Awards|2016]] |Jennifer Lopez |Best Triple Threat |{{nominated}} |<center><ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.iheart.com/articles/trending-104650/new-iheartradio-music-awards-category-added-14470792/ | title=New iHeartRadio Music Awards Category Added: Biggest Triple Threat | publisher=iHeartMedia, Inc. | date=March 9, 2016 | accessdate=March 9, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414013251/http://news.iheart.com/articles/trending-104650/new-iheartradio-music-awards-category-added-14470792/ | archive-date=April 14, 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref></center> |- ! rowspan="10" scope="row" |[[Imagen Awards]] |1998 |''[[Selena (film)|Selena]]'' |Lasting Image Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite journal|title=Caption Only|journal=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=April 2, 1998|page=50|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/28386528.html?dids=28386528:28386528&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&type=current&date=Apr+02%2C+1998&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Caption+Only&pqatl=google|accessdate=July 2, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br /><ref name="Notable Caribbeans" /></center> |- | rowspan="3" |2016 | Jennifer Lopez | Powerful & Influential Latinos in Entertainment (Honoree) | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Imagen Announces Its 8th Annual List of Powerful & Influential Latinos in the Entertainment Industry |url=https://www.imagen.org/2016/11/16/imagen-announces-its-8th-annual-list-of-powerful-influential-latinos-in-the-entertainment-industry/ |publisher=[[Imagen Awards|The Imagen Foundation]] |date=November 16, 2016}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="7" |''[[Shades of Blue (TV series)|Shades of Blue]]'' | Best Primetime Television Program – Drama{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imagen.org/2016/07/18/nominations-announced-for-the-31st-annual-imagen-awards/|title=Nominations Announced for the 31st Annual Imagen Awards|publisher=[[Imagen Awards|The Imagen Foundation]]|accessdate=July 21, 2016}}</ref></center> |- | Best Actress – Television | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | Best Primetime Television Program – Drama{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2017 Imagen Awards Winners, Honorees & Nominees |url=https://www.imagen.org/awards/past-imagen-awards-winners/2017-imagen-awards-winners-nominees/ |publisher=[[Imagen Awards|The Imagen Foundation]] |accessdate=December 22, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406130928/https://www.imagen.org/awards/past-imagen-awards-winners/2017-imagen-awards-winners-nominees/ |archivedate=April 6, 2019}}</ref>}} |- | Best Actress – Television | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2018 | Best Primetime Television Program – Drama{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pederson |first1=Erik |title=Imagen Awards Nominations: 'The Shape Of Water', 'Coco' Among Best Picture Hopefuls |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/imagen-awards-nominations-2018-shape-of-water-coco-guillermo-del-toro-1202423451/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |accessdate=December 22, 2019 |date=July 9, 2018}}</ref>}} |- | Best Actress – Television | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | Best Primetime Television Program – Drama{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pederson |first1=Erik |title=Imagen Awards Nominations: 2019 Field Includes Antonio Banderas, Jennifer Lopez & Pedro Almodovar |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/imagen-awards-nominations-2019-field-includes-antonio-banderas-jennifer-lopez-pedro-almodovar-1202641451/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |accessdate=December 22, 2019 |date=July 1, 2019}}</ref>}} |- |''[[Second Act (film)|Second Act]]'' | Best Actress – Feature Film | {{nom}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Independent Spirit Awards]] |[[11th Independent Spirit Awards|1996]] |''[[My Family (film)|My Family]]'' | rowspan="2" |[[Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female|Best Supporting Female]] |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite book |last1=J. Leonard |first1=David |last2=R. Lugo-Lugo |first2=Carmen |title=Latino History and Culture: An Encyclopedia |date=March 17, 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPBnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299 |accessdate=November 14, 2019|isbn=9781317466468 }}</ref></center> |- |[[35th Independent Spirit Awards|2020]] |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/spirit-awards-nominations-full-list-nominees-indie-film-ifp-1202792053/|title=Film Independent Spirit Award Nominations: 'Uncut Gems', 'The Lighthouse' & 'Honey Boy' Come Up Big|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|last2=D'Alessandro|first2=Anthony|date=November 21, 2019|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref></center> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | Indiana Film Journalists Association Awards | rowspan="2" | 2019 | rowspan="2" |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lindquist |first1=David |title='Marriage Story,' Adam Driver honored by Indiana movie critics |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/movies/2019/12/16/marriage-story-adam-driver-honored-indiana-movie-critics/2656372001/ |website=[[The Indianapolis Star]] |accessdate=December 16, 2019 |date=December 16, 2019}}</ref>}} |- | Best Film{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Neglia |first1=Matt |title=The 2019 Indiana Film Journalists Association (IFJA) Nominations |url=https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2019-indiana-film-journalists-association-ifja-nominations |publisher=nextbestpicture.com |accessdate=December 29, 2019 |date=December 11, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[IndieWire Critics Poll]] | 2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[IndieWire Critics Poll#Categories|Best Supporting Actress]] |{{runner-up}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kohn |first1=Eric |title=2019 Critics Poll: The Best Films and Performances According to Over 300 Critics From Around the World |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/best-movies-2019-critics-survey-poll-performances-parasite-adam-driver-lupita-nyongo-1202197615/ |website=[[IndieWire]] |accessdate=December 17, 2019 |date=December 16, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="7" scope="row" |[[Winter Music Conference#International Dance Music Awards|International Dance Music Awards]] | rowspan="2" |2000 |Jennifer Lopez |[[Winter Music Conference|Best New Dance Artist]] |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2000 |title=27th Annual International Dance Music Awards&nbsp;– Winter Music Conference 2012 – WMC 2012 |publisher=[[Winter Music Conference]] |accessdate=July 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814080436/http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2000 |archive-date=August 14, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref></center> |- |"[[Waiting for Tonight]]" |[[Winter Music Conference|Best Dance Video]] |{{won}} |- |2007 |"[[Control Myself]]" <small>(with [[LL Cool J]])</small> |[[Winter Music Conference|Best Rap/Hip Hop Dance Track]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=22nd Annual International Dance Music Awards |url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=2007 |publisher=[[Winter Music Conference]] |accessdate=December 23, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130421033207/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/archived/index.php?year=2007|archive-date = April 21, 2013}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |2012 | rowspan="2" |"[[On the Floor]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} |[[Winter Music Conference|Best Latin/Reggaeton Track]] |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref name="12D1">{{cite web |url=http://dancemusic.about.com/od/intldancemusicawards/a/27th-Annual-International-Dance-Music-Awards-Nominees-And-Winners.htm |title=27th Annual International Dance Music Awards Nominees and Winners |publisher=[[About.com]]. [[The New York Times Company]] |date=March 22, 2012 |accessdate=April 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622032744/http://dancemusic.about.com/od/intldancemusicawards/a/27th-Annual-International-Dance-Music-Awards-Nominees-And-Winners.htm |archivedate=June 22, 2017 }}</ref><br /><ref name="into">{{cite web|title=27th Annual International Dance Music Awards (Nominations) 2012|url=http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2012|publisher=Winter Music Conference|accessdate=March 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302102041/http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2012|archive-date=March 2, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |- |[[Winter Music Conference|Best Commercial/Dance Pop Track]] |{{nom}} |- |2013 |"[[Dance Again]]" {{small|(featuring Pitbull)}} |Best Latin Dance Track |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=28th Annual International Dance Music Awards |url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2013#idmanominees |publisher=[[Winter Music Conference]] |accessdate=December 23, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130307192804/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2013#idmanominees|archive-date = March 7, 2013}}</ref>}} |- |2015 |"[[Booty (song)|Booty]]" {{small|(featuring [[Iggy Azalea]])}} |Best Commercial/Pop Dance Track |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=IDMA Nominees for the year 2014 presented in 2015 |url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/ |publisher=[[Winter Music Conference]] |accessdate=December 26, 2019 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6WhrWDjKK?url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/ |archivedate=March 1, 2015}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | Israel Teen Choice Awards |2001 | rowspan="2" |Jennifer Lopez | rowspan="2" |International Female Singer |{{nom}} | |- |2002 |{{won}} | |- |2003 |[[Bennifer]] |Choice Romance |{{won}} | |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Italian Music Awards]] |2001 | rowspan="2" | Jennifer Lopez | rowspan="2" |[[Italian Music Awards#Winners and nominations|Best International Female Artist]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.rockol.it/news-27502/Le-nomination-agli-Italian-Music-Awards--quasi-un-plebiscito-per-i-L%C3%B9napop | publisher = Rockol.it | accessdate = December 20, 2019 | title = Le nomination agli Italian Music Awards: quasi un plebiscito per i Lùnapop | date = January 12, 2001 | language = Italian}}</ref>}} |- |2003 |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Comunicato Stampa: 'Italian Music Awads', le nomination |url=http://rockol.it/news-57723/comunicato-stampa-italian-music-awads-nomination |publisher=Rockol.it |accessdate=December 19, 2019 |language=Italian |date=October 23, 2003}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Kiss (UK radio station)|Kiss Awards]] {{anchor|K}} | 2005 | Jennifer Lopez | Style Icon | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vote |url=http://promo.kissclients.com/kissclients/kissawards/catergories.htm |publisher=[[Kiss (UK radio station)|Kiss Awards]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182331/http://promo.kissclients.com/kissclients/kissawards/catergories.htm |archivedate=August 19, 2018}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[Latin American Music Awards]] {{anchor|L}} |[[Latin American Music Awards of 2015|2015]] |"[[Back It Up (Prince Royce song)|Back It Up]]" <small>(with [[Prince Royce]])</small> |Favorite Dance Song |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Oyola|first1=Michelle|title=Latin American Music Awards 2015: How to Vote Online?|url=http://heavy.com/entertainment/2015/09/latin-american-music-awards-2015-how-to-vote-online/|website=[[Heavy.com]]|accessdate=September 8, 2015|date=September 2, 2015|archive-date=September 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907225207/http://heavy.com/entertainment/2015/09/latin-american-music-awards-2015-how-to-vote-online/|dead-url=yes}}</ref></center> |- |[[Latin American Music Awards of 2016|2016]] |"[[El Mismo Sol]]" <small>(with [[Alvaro Soler]])</small> |Favorite Pop/Rock Song |{{nom}} |<center><ref name="billboard">{{cite web | url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/7494720/2016-latin-american-music-awards-nominees-nicky-jam-becky-g-banda-ms-juan-gabriel-telemundo | title=Latin American Music Awards 2016 Nominees: Nicky Jam, Becky G, Banda MS & More | website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| publisher=Prometheus Global Media | date=August 31, 2016 | accessdate=September 1, 2016}}</ref> </center> |- |[[Latin American Music Awards of 2017|2017]] |"[[Olvídame y Pega la Vuelta]]" <small> (with [[Marc Anthony]])</small> |Favorite Tropical Song |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Fernandez|first1=Suzette|title=Shakira & Maluma Lead 2017 Latin AMAs Awards Nominations: See Full List|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/7968822/2017-latin-amas-awards-nominations-full-list|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=September 21, 2017|date=September 19, 2017}}</ref></center> |- | rowspan="2" |[[Latin American Music Awards of 2018|2018]] |[[Jennifer Lopez: All I Have]] |Favorite Tour |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8481760/2018-latin-amas-winner-list|title=2018 Latin AMA's Awards Winners: Full List|date=October 25, 2018|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=October 25, 2018}}</ref></center> |- |Jennifer Lopez |Favorite Female Artist |{{nom}} |- |[[Latin American Music Awards of 2019|2019]] |[[It's My Party (tour)|It's My Party]] |Favorite Tour |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Latin American Music Awards 2019: Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/latin-amas-2019-see-complete-list-winners-1240856/item/artista-del-ano-artist-year-1236359 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=December 23, 2019 |date=October 17, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | Latino Entertainment Film Awards{{efn|These awards are administered by the Latino Entertainment Journalists Association.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Levine |first1=Jon |title=Latino Entertainment Journalists Association Launches |url=https://www.thewrap.com/latino-entertainment-journalists-association-launches/ |website=[[TheWrap]] |accessdate=January 6, 2020 |date=December 7, 2018}}</ref>}} | rowspan="3" | 2020 | rowspan="2" |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Best Picture | {{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title='The Irishman' and '1917' Lead 2019 Latino Entertainment Film Awards by LEJA, Jennifer Lopez Gets Lifetime Achievement Award |url=http://www.latinojournalists.com/2020/01/05/the-irishman-and-1917-lead-2019-latino-entertainment-film-awards-by-leja-jennifer-lopez-gets-lifetime-achievement-award/ |publisher=Latino Entertainment Journalists Association |accessdate=January 6, 2020 |date=January 5, 2020 |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114124818/http://www.latinojournalists.com/2020/01/05/the-irishman-and-1917-lead-2019-latino-entertainment-film-awards-by-leja-jennifer-lopez-gets-lifetime-achievement-award/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- | Best Supporting Actress | {{won}} |- | Jennifer Lopez |[[Rita Moreno]] Lifetime Achievement Award | {{won}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Latin Grammy Awards]]{{efn|Note: "[[Back It Up (Prince Royce song)|Back It Up (Spanish Version)]]" was also nominated for [[Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Song|Best Urban Song]] in [[16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards|2015]], however in this category the nomination is credited to the songwriters and not the performer. The song was written by [[Savan Kotecha]], [[Ilya Salmanzadeh]], Prince Royce and Pitbull.}} | rowspan="2" |2000 | rowspan="2" |"[[No Me Ames]]" |Best Pop Performance by a Duo/Group with Vocals |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref name="latingrammy">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jul/08/entertainment/ca-49420|title=The 1st Latin Grammy Nominations – The Full Nominations|date=July 8, 2000|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref></center> |- |[[Latin Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video|Best Music Video]] |{{nom}} |- ! rowspan="8" scope="row" |[[Lo Nuestro Awards]] | rowspan="3" |[[Premio Lo Nuestro 2000|2000]] |Jennifer Lopez and Marc Anthony |[[Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Group or Duo of the Year|Pop Group or Duo of the Year]] |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{Cite news | last = Anchea | first = Maximo | title = El 5 de mayo entregan Premio Lo Nuestro a Musica Latina en Miami | language = Spanish | newspaper = [[The Jersey Journal|El Nuevo Hudson]] | date = April 27, 2000 | publisher =[[Advance Publications]] }}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez |[[Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Female Artist of the Year|Pop Female Artist of the Year]] |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Lo Nuestro Award for Pop New Artist of the Year|Pop New Artist of the Year]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Premio Lo Nuestro 2008|2008]] |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.terra.com/musica/noticias/todos_los_ganadores_premios_lo_nuestro/oci256730 |title=Todos los ganadores Premios Lo Nuestro |work=[[Terra Networks]] |publisher=[[Telefónica]] |date=February 22, 2008 |accessdate=September 27, 2013 |language=Spanish}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[Premio Lo Nuestro 2015|2015]] | rowspan="3" |"[[Adrenalina (Wisin song)|Adrenalina]]" <small>(with [[Wisin]] and [[Ricky Martin]])</small> |[[Lo Nuestro Award for Urban Song of the Year|Urban Song of the Year]] | {{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center| <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.peopleenespanol.com/article/premio-lo-nuestro-2015-la-lista-completa-de-nominados-univision-enrique-iglesias |title=Premio Lo Nuestro 2015: La lista completa de nominados |work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=December 2, 2014 |accessdate=December 2, 2014 |language=Spanish}}</ref>}} |- |[[Lo Nuestro Award for Collaboration of the Year|Urban Collaboration of the Year]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Lo Nuestro Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] |{{nom}} |- |2019 |Jennifer Lopez |Social Media Artist | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Calvario |first1=Liz |title=2019 Premio Lo Nuestro: Complete List of Winners |url=https://www.etonline.com/2019-premio-lo-nuestro-complete-list-of-winners-119827 |website=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |accessdate=December 13, 2019 |date=February 21, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[London Film Critics' Circle|London Film Critics' Circle Awards]] | 2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[London Film Critics' Circle Award for Supporting Actress of the Year|Supporting Actress of the Year]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pulver |first1=Andrew |title=The Souvenir leads nominations for London critics' circle film awards |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/dec/17/the-souvenir-london-critics-circle-film-awards-irishman-1917 |website=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=December 18, 2019 |date=December 18, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | Lone Star Film Awards |1997 |''[[Selena (film)|Selena]]'' |Best Actress |{{won}} |<center><ref name="Notable Caribbeans">{{cite book|author1=Serafín Mendez Mendez|author2=Neysa Rodríguez Deyne|author3=Gail Cueto|title=Notable Caribbeans and Caribbean Americans: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/notablecaribbean0000mend|date=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/notablecaribbean0000mend/page/258 258]|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0313314438}}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" |[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association|Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards]] |[[2019 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|2019]] |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/la-film-critics-2019-winners-1202195434/|title=LA Film Critics Association Announces 2019 Winners (Updating List)|website=[[IndieWire]]|first=Ryan|last=Lattanzio|date=December 8, 2019|accessdate=December 8, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica]] |2007 |Jennifer Lopez |[[Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica for Best MTV Tr3́s Artist|MTV Tr3́s Viewer's Choice Award – Best Pop Artist]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Belinda Tops 'Los Premios MTV Latinoamerica 2007' With 5 Nominations |url=https://top40-charts.com/news.php?nid=35429&string=Babasonicos |website=[[Top40-Charts]] |accessdate=December 28, 2019 |date=September 13, 2007}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="7" scope="row" |[[LOS40 Music Awards]] | rowspan="2" |[[Los Premios 40 Principales 2007|2007]] | Jennifer Lopez | Mejor Artista (Best Artist) | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | "[[Qué Hiciste]]" | Mejor Canción (Best Song) | {{nom}} |- |[[Los Premios 40 Principales 2011|2011]] | "[[On the Floor]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} |[[Premios 40 Principales for Best International Song|Best International Song]] | {{nom}} | |- |[[Los Premios 40 Principales 2012|2012]] | rowspan="2" |Jennifer Lopez | Best International Spanish Language Artist | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Conoce a los nominados de los Premios 40 Principales España 2012 |url=https://los40.cl/2013/conoce-a-los-nominados-de-los-premios-40-principales-espana-2012-4278.html |publisher=[[LOS40 Music Awards]] |accessdate=December 23, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223083338/https://los40.cl/2013/conoce-a-los-nominados-de-los-premios-40-principales-espana-2012-4278.html |archivedate=December 23, 2019 |date=January 23, 2013}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[LOS40 Music Awards 2016|2016]] |[[Premios 40 Principales for Best International Artist|International Artist of the Year]] | {{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=LOS40 announces nominees for the LOS40 Music Awards and reveals details of the music event of the yea |url=https://www.prisa.com/en/noticias/notas-de-prensa/los40-announces-nominees-for-the-los40-music-awards-and-reveals-details-of-the-music-event-of-the-yea |publisher=[[PRISA]] |accessdate=December 24, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224022153/https://www.prisa.com/en/noticias/notas-de-prensa/los40-announces-nominees-for-the-los40-music-awards-and-reveals-details-of-the-music-event-of-the-yea |archivedate=December 24, 2019 |date=October 7, 2016}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Ain't Your Mama]]" | International Song of the Year | {{nom}} |- |[[Los Premios 40 Principales for Best International Video|International Video of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" |[[March of Dimes]] {{anchor|M}} | 2013 | Jennifer Lopez {{small|(for the [[Lopez Family Foundation]])}} | Grace Kelly Award | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khatchatourian |first1=Maane |title=Jennifer Lopez Honored at March of Dimes' Celebration of Babies Luncheon |url=https://variety.com/2013/scene/vpage/jennifer-lopez-honored-at-march-of-dimes-celebration-of-babies-luncheon-1200927839/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |accessdate=December 29, 2019 |date=December 6, 2013}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | MiTRL Music Awards |2007 |Jennifer Lopez |Chica of the Year (Female of the Year) |{{nom}} | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[MTV Asia Awards]] |[[MTV Asia Awards 2002|2002]] | rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez | rowspan="3" |[[MTV Asia Award for Favorite Female Artist|Favorite Female Artist]] | {{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web |title=And the nominees for the 1st MTV Asia Awards are... |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/young-star/2001/12/14/143656/and-nominees-1st-mtv-asia-awards-are |website=[[The Philippine Star]] |accessdate=December 2, 2019 |date=December 14, 2001}}</ref></center> |- |[[MTV Asia Awards 2003|2003]] | {{nom}} | |- |[[MTV Asia Awards 2004|2004]] | {{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chi |first1=Minnie |title=Love is in the Air at the 2004 MTV Asia Awards |url=https://international.ucla.edu/institute/article/6739 |publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] |accessdate=December 14, 2019 |date=January 23, 2004}}</ref></center> |- ! rowspan="10" scope="row" |[[MTV Europe Music Awards]] | rowspan="2" |[[1999 MTV Europe Music Awards|1999]] | rowspan="8" |Jennifer Lopez |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act|Breakthrough Artist]] | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ives |first1=Brian |title=Britney, BSB Top Nominations For MTV Europe Awards |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1426920/britney-bsb-top-nominations-for-mtv-europe-awards-spears-mariah-puffy-manson-to-perform/ |website=[[MTV News]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109141609/http://www.mtv.com/news/1426920/britney-bsb-top-nominations-for-mtv-europe-awards-spears-mariah-puffy-manson-to-perform/ |archivedate=November 9, 2019 |date=October 5, 1999}}</ref>}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B|Best R&B Artist]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2000 MTV Europe Music Awards|2000]] |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female|Best Female Artist]] | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Madonna and Eminem triumph at MTV awards |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/16/mtv.awards/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129174435/https://edition.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/16/mtv.awards/index.html |archivedate=January 29, 2011 |date=November 16, 2000}}</ref>}} |- | Best R&B Artist |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Madonna's MTV triumTph |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1027299.stm |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=November 17, 2000}}</ref>}} |- |[[2001 MTV Europe Music Awards|2001]] |Best Female Artist |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gorillaz storm MTV Awards |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1643395.stm |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=November 8, 2001}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2002 MTV Europe Music Awards|2002]] |Best R&B Artist |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV Europe Music Awards 2002 Nominations|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/74018/mtv-europe-music-awards-2002-nominations|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=September 22, 2017|date=September 30, 2002}}</ref>}} |- |Best Female Artist |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Triple MTV awards win for Eminem |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/music/newsid_2479000/2479411.stm |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112111555/http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/music/newsid_2479000/2479411.stm |archivedate=November 12, 2017 |date=November 15, 2002}}</ref>}} |- |[[2003 MTV Europe Music Awards|2003]] |Best R&B Artist | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=MTV awards rock Edinburgh |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3245921.stm |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=November 6, 2003}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2011 MTV Europe Music Awards|2011]] |"[[On the Floor]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song|Best Song]] | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=The 2011 MTV EMA Nominees |url=https://www.capitalfm.com/events/mtv-emas/photos/2011-nominees/beyonce/ |website=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028184947/http://www.capitalfm.com/events/mtv-emas/photos/2011-nominees/katy-perry/#jennifer-lopez |archivedate=October 28, 2011}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Lady Gaga leads MTV European Music Awards |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/lady-gaga-leads-mtv-european-music-awards-2357939.html |website=[[The Independent]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=September 20, 2011}}</ref>}} |- |Jennifer Lopez |Best Female Artist | {{nom}} |- ! rowspan="7" scope="row" |[[MTV Movie & TV Awards]] |[[1998 MTV Movie Awards|1998]] |''[[Selena (film)|Selena]]'' |[[MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance|Best Breakthrough Performance]] | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite book |author1=Clint C Wilson II |author2=Felix Gutierrez |author3=Lena CHao |title=Racism, Sexism, and the Media |date=2013 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idI5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |accessdate=December 27, 2019|isbn=9781452217512 }}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[1999 MTV Movie Awards|1999]] | rowspan="2" |''[[Out of Sight]]'' |[[MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie|Best Female Performance]] | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=Willow |title=MTV Movie Award Nominations |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/mtv-movie-award-nominations/ |website=[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=April 20, 1999}}</ref>}} |- |[[MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss|Best Kiss]] {{small|(with [[George Clooney]])}} | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2001 MTV Movie Awards|2001]] | rowspan="2" |''[[The Cell]]'' |Best Female Performance | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Awards 2001 |url=http://www.mtv.com/movie-awards/2001 |website=[[MTV]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531173207/http://www.mtv.com/movie-awards/2001 |archivedate=May 31, 2019}}</ref>}} |- |[[MTV Movie Award for Best Dressed|Best Dressed]] |{{won}} |- |[[2011 MTV Movie Awards|2011]] |''[[The Back-up Plan]]'' |Best Latino Actor |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Justin Timberlake y Mila Kunis se roban el show en los MTV Movie Awards |url=https://peopleenespanol.com/article/justin-timberlake-y-mila-kunis-se-roban-el-show-en-los-mtv-movie-awards/ |website=[[People en Español]] |accessdate=December 23, 2019 |language=Spanish |date=June 6, 2011}}</ref>}} |- |[[2015 MTV Movie Awards|2015]] |''[[The Boy Next Door (film)|The Boy Next Door]]'' |[[MTV Movie Award for Best Scared-As-S**t Performance|Best Scared-As-S**t Performance]] |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wickman|first1=Kase|title=Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2095540/mtv-movie-awards-nominations-2015/|website=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=March 5, 2015|date=March 4, 2015|archive-date=April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412072632/http://www.mtv.com/news/2095540/mtv-movie-awards-nominations-2015/|dead-url=yes}}</ref></center> |- ! rowspan="24" scope="row" |[[MTV Video Music Awards]] | rowspan="5" |[[1999 MTV Video Music Awards|1999]] | rowspan="4" |"[[If You Had My Love]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]] | {{nom}} | rowspan="5" |<center><ref>{{cite journal|title=Asia Pacific Quarterly|journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=August 7, 1999|volume=111|issue=32|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54-IA2&dq=jennifer+lopez+if+you+had+my+love#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=November 29, 2016|issn=0006-2510}}</ref></center> |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance Video|Best Dance Video]] | {{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video|Best Pop Video]] | {{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist in a Video]] | {{nom}} |- |www.jenniferlopez.com |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Artist Website|Best Artist Website]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2000 MTV Video Music Awards|2000]] | rowspan="2" |"[[Waiting for Tonight]]" |Best Dance Video |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pelletiere |first1=Nicole |title=Pics that prove J.Lo's VMA style has come a long way since the early 2000s |url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Style/pics-prove-jlos-vma-style-long-early-2000s/story?id=57246217 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |accessdate=December 20, 2019 |date=August 19, 2018}}</ref>}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]] | {{nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" |[[2001 MTV Video Music Awards|2001]] | rowspan="2" |"[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]" |Best Female Video | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=D'Angelo|first=Joe|title=Britney Spears To Debut New Single at Video Music Awards|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1446661/britney-debut-new-single-at-vmas.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. MTV Networks|accessdate=February 16, 2013|date=August 15, 2001|archive-date=November 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107203526/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1446661/britney-debut-new-single-at-vmas.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref></center> |- |Best Dance Video | {{nom}} |- |[[2002 MTV Video Music Awards|2002]] |"[[I'm Real (Jennifer Lopez song)|I'm Real (Murder Remix)]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video|Best Hip-Hop Video]] |{{Won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2002 MTV Video Music Awards Winners |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/74257/2002-mtv-video-music-awards-winners |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 20, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630085844/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/74257/2002-mtv-video-music-awards-winners |archivedate=June 30, 2018 |date=September 1, 2002}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[2003 MTV Video Music Awards|2003]] | rowspan="4" |"[[I'm Glad]]" |Best Female Video | {{Nom}} | rowspan="4" |<center><ref>{{cite web |title=2003 MTV Video Music Awards Nominees |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/69818/2003-mtv-video-music-awards-nominees |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=November 16, 2019 |date=July 25, 2003}}</ref></center> |- |Best Dance Video | {{nom}} |- |Best Choreography in a Video | {{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction in a Video]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[2005 MTV Video Music Awards|2005]] | rowspan="4" |"[[Get Right (Jennifer Lopez song)|Get Right]]" |Best Dance Video | {{nom}} | |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Direction in a Video]] | {{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite journal |title=Arts & Entertainment |journal=[[Hispanic Link]] |date=2005 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ8pAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=January 6, 2020 |quote=Jennifer López's ''Get Right'' video competes against ''La tortura'' for best choreography and is also nominated in directing and editing categories.}}</ref>}} |- |Best Choreography in a Video | {{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing in a Video]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2012 MTV Video Music Awards|2012]] |"[[Dance Again]]" |Best Choreography | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kaufman|first1=Gil|title=2012 VMA Nominations: The Complete List|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1690827/video-music-awards-nominees-list-2012/|website=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=July 30, 2012|archive-date=March 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311162922/http://www.mtv.com/news/1690827/video-music-awards-nominees-list-2012/|dead-url=yes}}</ref></center> |- |Jennifer Lopez |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Latino Artist|Best Latino Artist]] | {{nom}} |- |[[2013 MTV Video Music Awards|2013]] |"[[Live It Up (Jennifer Lopez song)|Live It Up]]" |Best Choreography | {{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Montgomery|first=James|title=2013 Video Music Award Nominations: Get The Full List!|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1710689/vma-nominations-list-2013.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=July 17, 2013|date=July 17, 2013|archive-date=July 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718183305/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1710689/vma-nominations-list-2013.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref></center> |- | rowspan="3" |[[2018 MTV Video Music Awards|2018]] | rowspan="2" |"[[Dinero (song)|Dinero]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite web |last1=Atkinson |first1=Katie |title=MTV VMAs 2018 Complete Winners List |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/vma/8471097/vma-2018-winners |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=November 12, 2019 |date=August 20, 2018}}</ref></center> |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Latino Artist|Best Latin]] |{{nom}} |- |Jennifer Lopez |[[Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award]] |{{won}} |<center><ref name="RS VMA">{{cite web |last1=Exposito |first1=Suzy |title=MTV Video Vanguard Award: Jennifer Lopez's 10 Most Career-Defining Videos |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/jennifer-lopez-mtv-vmas-video-vanguard-713338/ |website=[[Rolling Stone]] |accessdate=November 12, 2019 |date=August 20, 2018}}</ref></center> |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[MTV Video Music Awards Japan]] |[[2003 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2003]] |"[[Jenny From The Block]]" | rowspan="2" |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Female Video|Best Female Music Video]] | {{nom}} | |- |[[2005 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2005]] |"[[Get Right]]" | {{nom}} | |- |[[2014 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2014]] |"[[Live It Up (Jennifer Lopez song)|Live It Up]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] | {{nom}} | |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | MTV Video Play Awards |2012 |"[[On the Floor]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} | rowspan="2" |Platinum Award | {{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Jessie J, Adele Receive MTV Video Play Awards|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/jessie-j/news/jessie-j-adele-receive-mtv-video-play-awards|website=[[MTV]]|accessdate=February 13, 2015|date=February 8, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |2013 |"[[Dance Again]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hart|first1=Tina|title=MTV honours most-played music videos of 2012|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/mtv-honours-most-played-music-videos-of-2012/053570|website=[[Music Week]]|publisher=Dave Roberts|accessdate=February 13, 2015|date=February 13, 2013}}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" | Music City Film Critics Association Awards |2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ciccarone |first1=Erica |title=The Music City Film Critics Association Nominations Are In |url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/arts-culture/film/article/21107780/the-music-city-film-critics-association-nominations-are-in |website=[[Nashville Scene]] |accessdate=December 23, 2019 |date=December 23, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" | MVPA Awards | rowspan="2" | 2000 | rowspan="2" | "[[Waiting for Tonight]]" |Pop Video of the Year |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite journal|title=With Eight, Lauryn Hill Tops Nominees For MVPA Awards|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2000-04-01_112_14/page/102|journal=Billboard|date=April 1, 2000|volume=112|issue=14|page=102|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|issn=0006-2510}}</ref>}} |- | Best Hair | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chemical Bros. Video Wins 3 MVPA Awards|journal=Billboard|date=April 29, 2000|volume=112|issue=18|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|issn=0006-2510}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="3" | 2005 | rowspan="3" | "[[Get Right]]" | Choreography | {{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gottlieb |first1=Steven |title=NEWS: MVPA Award Nominees Announced (Updated) |url=https://www.videostatic.com/vs/2005/03/news-mvpa-award-nominees-announced-updated.html |publisher=VideoStatic |accessdate=December 30, 2019 |date=March 18, 2005}}</ref>}} |- | Styling | {{nom}} |- | Make-Up | {{nom}} |- ! rowspan="7" scope="row" |[[My VH1 Music Awards]] | rowspan="4" | 2000 | rowspan="2" | Jennifer Lopez | Woman of the Year | {{nom}} | rowspan="4" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=VH1 And VH1.com Announce Finalists For "My VH1 Music Awards," The First Interactive Music Awards Show |url=http://www.mi2n.com/press.php3?press_nb=14062 |publisher=Music Industry News Network |accessdate=January 1, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001215080700/http://www.mi2n.com/press.php3?press_nb=14062 |archivedate=December 15, 2000 |date=October 24, 2000}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Subject: Congrats! |journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=December 16, 2000 |volume=112 |issue=51 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9 |accessdate=January 1, 2020 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.}}</ref>}} |- | Booty Shake | {{nom}} |- | "[[Waiting for Tonight]]" | Sexxxiest Video | {{nom}} |- |''[[The Cell]]'' | Double Threat (Musician-Actors) | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" | 2001 | Jennifer Lopez | Navel Academy | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wiederhorn |first1=Jon |title=U2, Dave Matthews Lead My VH1 Music Awards Nominees |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1450497/u2-dave-matthews-lead-my-vh1-music-awards-nominees/ |website=[[MTV News]] |accessdate=January 1, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302165402/http://www.mtv.com/news/1450497/u2-dave-matthews-lead-my-vh1-music-awards-nominees/ |archivedate=March 2, 2018 |date=November 2, 2001}}</ref>}} |- | "[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]" | Is It Hot in Here or Is It Just My Video | {{nom}} |- | "[[What's Going On (remix album)|What's Going On]]" {{small|(with various artists)}} | There's No "I" in Team (Best Collaboration) | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=DMB Is 'My VH1' Favorite |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/77564/dmb-is-my-vh1-favorite |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=January 1, 2020 |date=December 3, 2001}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[NAACP Image Awards]] {{anchor|N}} |2003 |''[[Maid in Manhattan]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Brown Sugar and Barbershop vie for black film awards |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/dec/06/news |website=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=December 11, 2019 |date=December 6, 2002}}</ref>}} |- |2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haring |first1=Bruce |title=NAACP Image Awards Nominees: 'Harriet,' 'When They See Us', Netflix Lead Way |url=https://deadline.com/2020/01/naacp-image-awards-nominees-list-2020-nominations-1202825419/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |accessdate=January 10, 2020 |date=January 9, 2020}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[National Film Academy|National Film & TV Awards]] |2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Best Actress |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jennifer Lopez, Sharon Stone, Toy Story 4, Quentin Tarantino and Once Upon A Time in Hollywood win big at the 2nd annual National Film & TV Awards 2019. |url=https://www.nationalfilmandtvawards.com/2019/12/jennifer-lopez-sharon-stone-toy-story-4-quentin-tarantino-and-once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-win-big-at-the-2nd-annual-national-film-tv-awards-2019/ |website=National Film & TV Awards |publisher=[[National Film Academy]] |accessdate=December 11, 2019 |date=December 4, 2019 |archive-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204204301/https://www.nationalfilmandtvawards.com/2019/12/jennifer-lopez-sharon-stone-toy-story-4-quentin-tarantino-and-once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-win-big-at-the-2nd-annual-national-film-tv-awards-2019/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[National Society of Film Critics|National Society of Film Critics Awards]] |[[2019 National Society of Film Critics Awards|2020]] |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] |{{runner-up|3rd place}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nyren |first1=Erin |title=National Society of Film Critics Names 'Parasite' Best Picture |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/national-society-of-film-critics-2020-winners-1203456641/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |accessdate=January 5, 2020 |date=January 4, 2020}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[New York Film Critics Online|New York Film Critics Online Awards]] |[[New York Film Critics Online#2019|2019]] |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Top 10 Films{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beresford |first1=Trilby |title='Parasite' Voted Best Picture by New York Film Critics Online |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/parasite-voted-best-picture-by-new-york-film-critics-online-1259537 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=December 29, 2019 |date=December 7, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | Nevada Film Critics Society |2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |{{center|<ref name="Metacritic" />}} |- ! rowspan="11" scope="row" |[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]] | rowspan="2" |[[2000 Kids' Choice Awards|2000]] | rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez |Favorite New Music Artist |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gill |first1=John |title=Will Smith, Backstreet Boys Win At Kids' Choice Awards |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1425161/will-smith-backstreet-boys-win-at-kids-choice-awards/ |website=[[MTV News]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618032919/http://www.mtv.com/news/1425161/will-smith-backstreet-boys-win-at-kids-choice-awards/ |archivedate=June 18, 2019 |date=April 17, 2000}}</ref>}} |- |[[Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer|Favorite Female Singer]] | {{nom}} |- |[[2001 Kids' Choice Awards|2001]] |Favorite Female Singer |{{nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" |[[2002 Kids' Choice Awards|2002]] |''[[The Wedding Planner]]'' | Favorite Movie Actress | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pink Is Kids' Choice |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/76034/pink-is-kids-choice |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=April 22, 2002}}</ref>}} |- | Jennifer Lopez | Favorite Female Singer | {{nom}} | |- | rowspan="3" |[[2003 Kids' Choice Awards|2003]] |''[[Maid in Manhattan]]'' | Favorite Movie Actress | {{nom}} | |- | Jennifer Lopez | Favorite Female Singer | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oei |first1=Lily |title=J. Lo, Justin top Nick noms |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/news/j-lo-justin-top-nick-noms-1117880527/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=February 13, 2003}}</ref>}} |- | "[[Jenny from the Block]]" | Favorite Song | {{nom}} |- |[[2004 Kids' Choice Awards|2004]] | Jennifer Lopez | Favorite Female Singer | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Cameron Diaz and Mike Myers Are Tapped as Co-Hosts of Nickelodeon's 17TH Annual Kids' Choice Awards Live Telecast Saturday, April 3 |url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2004KCA/content/nominee.php |publisher=[[Nickelodeon]] |accessdate=December 28, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201035426/http://www.nickkcapress.com/2004KCA/content/nominee.php |archivedate=December 1, 2019 |format=Press Release |date=January 19, 2004}}</ref>}} |- |[[2016 Kids' Choice Awards|2016]] |''[[Home (2015 film)|Home]]'' |Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ceron |first1=Ella |title=Here's Everyone Who Was Nominated for a 2016 Kids Choice Award |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/2016-kids-choice-awards-nominations |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=February 2, 2016}}</ref>}} |- |[[2019 Kids' Choice Awards|2019]] |''[[World of Dance (TV series)|World of Dance]]'' | Favorite TV Judges {{small|(shared with [[Derek Hough]] and [[Ne-Yo]])}} | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Calvario |first1=Liz |title=2019 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards: Complete List of Winners |url=https://www.etonline.com/2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-complete-list-of-winners-121794 |website=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |accessdate=27 December 2019 |date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324161248/https://www.etonline.com/2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-complete-list-of-winners-121794 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | North Carolina Film Critics Association Awards | 2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Best Supporting Actress | {{nominated}} |{{center|<ref name="Metacritic" />}} |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[NRJ Music Award]]s |2002 |Jennifer Lopez |International Female Artist of the Year | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dido is double winner in France |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1771852.stm |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=December 19, 2019 |date=January 20, 2002}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="3" | 2003 |JenniferLopez.com |Music Website of the Year | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=NRJ Music Awards 2003 |url=https://www.nrj.fr/music-awards/actualites/nrj-music-awards-2002-236040 |publisher=[[NRJ]] |accessdate=December 19, 2019 |language=French |date=November 11, 2003}}</ref>}} |- | Jennifer Lopez | International Female Artist of the Year | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Bienvenue sur les NRJ Music Awards 2003: Album International|url=http://www.nrj.fr/awards/awards2003/home.php?nav=vote&cat=9 |publisher=[[NRJ]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307133104/http://www.nrj.fr/awards/awards2003/home.php?nav=vote&cat=5 |archivedate=March 7, 2005 |language=French}}</ref>}} |- |''[[J to tha L–O! The Remixes]]'' | International Album of the Year | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Bienvenue sur les NRJ Music Awards 2003: Artiste Féminine Internationale |url=http://www.nrj.fr/awards/awards2003/home.php?nav=vote&cat=9 |publisher=[[NRJ]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307133104/http://www.nrj.fr/awards/awards2003/home.php?nav=vote&cat=9 |archivedate=March 7, 2005 |language=French}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Awards {{anchor|O}} |2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |{{center|<ref name="Metacritic" />}} |- ! scope="row" | Online Association of Female Film Critics |2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |{{center|<ref name="Metacritic" />}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Online Film Critics Society|Online Film Critics Society Awards]] |2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2019 Awards (23rd Annual) |url=https://ofcs.org/awards/2019-awards-23rd-annual/ |publisher=[[Online Film Critics Society]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107040810/https://ofcs.org/awards/2019-awards-23rd-annual/ |archivedate=January 7, 2020 |accessdate=December 24, 2019 |date=December 23, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Palm Springs International Film Festival]] {{anchor|P}} |2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Spotlight Award |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fuster |first1=Jeremy |title=Jennifer Lopez to Receive Palm Springs Film Festival's Spotlight Award |url=https://www.thewrap.com/jennifer-lopez-palm-springs-film-festival-spotlight-award/ |website=[[TheWrap]] |accessdate=December 14, 2019 |date=November 25, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="15" scope="row" |[[People's Choice Awards]] | rowspan="2" |[[27th People's Choice Awards|2001]] |Jennifer Lopez |Favorite Female Musical Performer | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |''[[The Cell]]'' |Favorite Motion Picture Actress | {{nom}} |- |[[29th People's Choice Awards|2003]] | rowspan="2" | Jennifer Lopez |Favorite Female Musical Performer | {{nom}} | |- |[[31st People's Choice Awards|2005]] |Best Smile | {{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2005 |title=People's Choice Awards 2005 Nominees |publisher=PeoplesChoice.com |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |[[37th People's Choice Awards|2011]] | rowspan="2" |''[[American Idol]]'' | rowspan="2" |Choice Competition TV Show | {{won}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2011 |title=People's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees |publisher=PeoplesChoice.com |accessdate=April 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63UOErYYD?url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/mtvmusicawards/2011-08-26-video-music-award-winners-list_n.htm |archivedate=November 26, 2011 }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2012 |title=People's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees |publisher=PeoplesChoice.com |accessdate=April 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175611/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2012 |archivedate=March 3, 2016 }}</ref></center> |- |[[38th People's Choice Awards|2012]] | {{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |2013 | rowspan="2" |Jennifer Lopez |Favorite Female Artist | {{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<center><ref name="2013People">{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/nominations/vote.jsp?pollId=120033 |title=Nominate your favorites for People's Choice Awards 2013 |publisher=PeoplesChoice.com |accessdate=October 28, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |Favorite Pop Artist | {{nom}} |- |"[[Dance Again]]" |Favorite Music Video | {{nom}} |- |[[41st People's Choice Awards|2015]] |Jennifer Lopez |Favorite Pop Artist | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=People's Choice Awards 2015: The winner's list|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/01/07/peoples-choice-awards-2015-the-winners-list|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=November 19, 2016|archive-date=June 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626173259/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/01/07/peoples-choice-awards-2015-the-winners-list|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[42nd People's Choice Awards|2016]] | rowspan="2" |''[[The Boy Next Door (film)|The Boy Next Door]]'' |Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2016|title=2016 Nominees & Winners|work=People's Choice Awards|accessdate=October 3, 2015}}</ref>}} |- |Favorite Thriller Movie{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{nom}} |- |[[43rd People's Choice Awards|2017]] |''[[Shades of Blue (TV series)|Shades of Blue]]'' |Favorite TV Crime Drama Actress |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=People's Choice Awards 2017: Full List of Nominees|url=http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2016/11/15/peoples-choice-awards-2017-full-list-of-nominees/|website=People's Choice|accessdate=November 19, 2016|date=November 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063137/http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2016/11/15/peoples-choice-awards-2017-full-list-of-nominees/|archive-date=November 17, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[45th People's Choice Awards|2019]] |Jennifer Lopez |The Style Star of 2019 | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Rachel |title=People's Choice Awards 2019 full list of winners |url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/11/11/peoples-choice-awards-2019-full-list-winners/ |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |accessdate=December 23, 2019 |date=November 11, 2019}}</ref>}} |- |[[It's My Party (tour)|It's My Party]] |The Concert Tour of 2019 | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" |[[People Magazine Awards|''People'' Magazine Awards]] |2014 | Jennifer Lopez |Triple Threat Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Jordan |first=Julie |url=http://people.com/awards/jennifer-lopez-at-the-people-magazine-awards-wins-triple-threat-award/ |title=PEOPLE Magazine Awards: Jennifer Lopez Wins Triple Threat Award |publisher=People. Time Inc. |date=December 18, 2014 |accessdate=November 27, 2016}}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" | Phoenix Critics Circle Awards |2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref name="Metacritic" />}} |- ! scope="row" | Philadelphia Film Critics Circle |2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{runner-up}} |{{center|<ref name="Metacritic" />}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Pollstar|''Pollstar'' Awards]] |2018 |[[Jennifer Lopez: All I Have]] |Best Residency |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=30th Annual Pollstar Awards Nominations Announced |url=https://www.pollstar.com/News/30th-annual-pollstar-awards-nominations-announced-136805 |website=[[Pollstar]] |accessdate=December 23, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819194501/https://www.pollstar.com/News/30th-annual-pollstar-awards-nominations-announced-136805 |archivedate=August 19, 2019 |date=November 30, 2018}}</ref>}} |- |2019 |[[It's My Party (tour)|It's My Party]] |Best Latin Tour |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Willman |first1=Chris |title=Elton John Wins Pollstar's Top Tour Award, Vows to 'Win the F—ing Thing Next Year as Well' |url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/elton-john-wins-pollstar-top-tour-award-1203496354/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |accessdate=February 10, 2020 |date=February 7, 2020}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | Premios Amigo |2000 |''[[On the 6]]'' |Best International Album |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Los irlandeses U2 actuarán en la gala de los Premios Amigo |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2000/10/20/cultura/971992814_850215.html |website=[[El País]] |accessdate=December 20, 2019 |language=Spanish |date=October 20, 2000}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |Jennifer Lopez |rowspan="2"{{n/a}} |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=David Bisbal, 'Premio Amigo 2007' |url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/313158/0/seguimiento/bisbal/amigo/ |website=[[20 minutos]] |accessdate=December 20, 2019 |language=Spanish |date=November 28, 2007}}</ref>}} |- |"[[Qué Hiciste]]" |{{nom}} |- ! rowspan="43" scope="row" |[[Premios Juventud]] | rowspan="12" |[[2004 Premios Juventud|2004]] | rowspan="7" |Jennifer Lopez | She Steals the Show | {{nom}} | rowspan="12" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hip, Young Hispanics to Honor Their Idols: 'Premios Juventud' First Ever Hispanic Youth Awards to Air Live on Univision Network Sept. 23 |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040802006007/en/Hip-Young-Hispanics-Honor-Idols-Premios-Juventud |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |accessdate=December 22, 2019 |date=August 2, 2004}}</ref>}} |- | Best Moves |{{nom}} |- | All Over the Dial |{{nom}} |- | She's Totally Red Carpet | {{won}} |- | Paparazzi's Favorite Target | {{nom}} |- | Dream Chick |{{nom}} |- | My Idol Is |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" | Jennifer Lopez and [[Marc Anthony]] | Paparazzi's Favorite Target | {{won}} |- | Dynamic Duet | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" | Hottest Romance |{{nom}} |- |Jennifer Lopez and [[Ben Affleck]] |{{nom}} |- | "[[No Me Ames]]" | Catchiest Tune |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[2005 Premios Juventud|2005]] | Jennifer Lopez | She's Got Style | {{won}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=La 2da entrega anual de 'Premios Juventud': Una noche de estrellas y estrenos |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050923_es_1005655_generatedID/es/ |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |accessdate=December 22, 2019 |language=Spanish |date=September 22, 2005}}</ref>}} |- |''[[Shall We Dance? (2004 film)|Shall We Dance?]]'' and ''[[Monster-in-Law]]'' | She Steals the Show |{{won}} |- | Jennifer Lopez | Paparazzi's Favorite Target | {{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=¿Quiénes son los famosos favoritos de la juventud hispana? Descúbralo en los 'Premios Juventud' de Univision el 22 de septiembre |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050721_es_1005425_generatedID/es/ |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |language=Spanish |date=July 21, 2005}}</ref>}} |- | "[[Amar Sin Mentiras|Escapémonos (Tropical Version)]]" {{small|(with [[Marc Anthony]])}} | Dynamic Duet |{{nom}} |- | Jennifer Lopez and [[Marc Anthony]] | Hottest Romance |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2006 Premios Juventud|2006]] | Jennifer Lopez | She's Got Style |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |''[[An Unfinished Life]]'' | She Steals the Show |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2007 Premios Juventud|2007]] | rowspan="6" | Jennifer Lopez | She's Got Style | {{won}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=4th Annual ''Premios Juventud'' Awards on Univision Constructs an All-Star Musical Factory |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070719006224/en/4th-Annual-Premios-Juventud-Awards-Univision-Constructs |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |accessdate=December 22, 2019 |date=July 20, 2007}}</ref>}} |- | Paparazzi's Favorite Target | {{nom}} |- | Girl of My Dreams | {{won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[2008 Premios Juventud|2008]] | She's Got Style | {{won}} | rowspan="6" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Univision Announces Nominated Artists for Its 5th Annual "Premios Juventud" |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080501006475/en/Univision-Announces-Nominated-Artists-5th-Annual-Premios |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |date=May 1, 2008}}</ref>}} |- | Girl of My Dreams | {{won}} |- | Paparazzi's Favorite Target | {{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |''[[El Cantante]]'' | She Steals the Show | {{nom}} |- | Favorite Flick | {{nom}} |- | Jennifer Lopez and [[Marc Anthony]] | Torrid Affairs | {{nom}} |- |[[2009 Premios Juventud|2009]] | Jennifer Lopez | She's Got Style | {{won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |[[2011 Premios Juventud|2011]] | "[[On the Floor]]" {{small|(with [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} | The Perfect Combination | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cantor-Navas |first1=Judy |title=Prince Royce, Pitbull, Mana Among Univision's Premios Juventud Winners |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1177007/prince-royce-pitbull-mana-among-univisions-premios-juventud-winners |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 22, 2019 |date=July 22, 2011}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="3" | Jennifer Lopez | Actress Who Steals The Screen | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2013 Premios Juventud|2013]] |World Icon Award | {{won}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Baida|first1=Aiyana|title=Jennifer Lopez Wins Premios Juventud's World Icon Award (Video)|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/19/jennifer-lopez-premios-juventud_n_3622993.html%7D|website=[[HuffPost]]|accessdate=November 19, 2016|date=July 19, 2013}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite news| url=http://voces.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/10/premios-juventud-2013-jennifer-lopez-canta-premio_n_3576301.html | work=HuffPost | title=Jennifer Lopez y Marc Anthony en 'Premios Juventud' | date=July 10, 2013 | first=Mandy | last=Fridmann}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latintimes.com/articles/6494/20130718/premios-juventud-2013-winners-list-ganadores-who-won.htm |title=Premios Juventud 2013 Winners List: Who Won? |date=July 18, 2013 |accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref></center> |- |Favorite Actress | {{won}} |- |[[2014 Premios Juventud|2014]] | "[[Adrenalina (Wisin song)|Adrenalina]]" {{small|([[Wisin]] featuring [[Ricky Martin]] and Jennifer Lopez)}} | The Perfect Combination | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tinoco |first1=Armando |title=Premios Juventud 2014 Nominees: Prince Royce Tops Nominations List, Plus Angelique Boyer, Maite Perroni Score Nods In Telenovela Category |url=https://www.latintimes.com/premios-juventud-2014-nominees-prince-royce-tops-nominations-list-plus-angelique-boyer-171728 |website=Latin Times |publisher=[[IBT Media]] |accessdate=December 22, 2019 |date=May 7, 2014}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2015 Premios Juventud|2015]] | rowspan="2" |''[[The Boy Next Door (film)|The Boy Next Door]]'' | She Steals the Show | {{won}} | rowspan="2" |<center><ref name="valdez1">{{cite news| url=http://www.latintimes.com/premios-juventud-2015-winners-list-luis-coronel-enrique-iglesias-take-most-awards-330119 | work=Latin Times | title=Premios Juventud 2015 Winners List: Luis Coronel, Enrique Iglesias Take Most Awards! | date=July 17, 2015 | first=Maria | last=Valdez}}</ref></center> |- | Favorite Movie{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2016 Premios Juventud|2016]] |"[[Back It Up (Prince Royce song)|Back It Up]]" <small>(featuring [[Prince Royce]] & [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])</small> |The Perfect Combination | {{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<center><ref>{{cite web |title=Premios Juventud 2016: Lista completa de ganadores |url=https://www.univision.com/especiales/premios-juventud/premios-juventud-2016-lista-completa-de-ganadores |publisher=[[Univision]] |accessdate=December 14, 2019 |language=Spanish |date=July 15, 2016 |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328092334/https://www.univision.com/especiales/premios-juventud/premios-juventud-2016-lista-completa-de-ganadores |dead-url=yes }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Premios Juventud: Lista completa de nominados 2016 |url=https://www.univision.com/especiales/premios-juventud/premios-juventud-lista-completa-de-nominados-2016 |publisher=[[Univision]] |accessdate=December 22, 2019 |language=Spanish |date=June 3, 2016 |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510041042/https://www.univision.com/especiales/premios-juventud/premios-juventud-lista-completa-de-nominados-2016 |dead-url=yes }}</ref></center> |- | rowspan="5" | Jennifer Lopez | She Steals the Show | {{nom}} |- | My Favorite Twitter Celebrity | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[2019 Premios Juventud|2019]] | Scroll Stopper | {{nom}} | rowspan="4" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Torres |first1=Alejandra |title=Premios Juventud 2019: the complete list of winners |url=https://us.hola.com/celebrities/2019071826097/premios-juventud-2019-winners/ |website=[[¡Hola!]] |accessdate=December 22, 2019 |date=July 18, 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} |- | Street Style | {{nom}} |- | Hair Obsessed | {{nom}} |- | Jennifer Lopez and [[Alex Rodriguez]] | Couple That Fired Up My Feed | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Premios Ondas]] |2001 |Jennifer Lopez |Mención especial de la Organización |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Palmarés: 2001 |url=https://premiosondas.com/historia_2009-2000-01.php |language=Spanish |website=[[Premios Ondas]] |publisher=[[Cadena SER]] |accessdate=December 19, 2019 |archive-date=December 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219185748/https://premiosondas.com/historia_2009-2000-01.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Premios Oye!]] |2007 |Jennifer Lopez |Pop Español: Solista Femenina |{{nom}} | |- ! scope="row" |[[Radio Disney Music Awards]] {{anchor|R}} |2015 |Jennifer Lopez |[[Radio Disney Music Awards#Special awards|Hero Award]] |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/2015-radio-disney-music-awards-jennifer-lopez-hero/story?id=30625481 |title=2015 Radio Disney Music Awards: Jennifer Lopez Gets Hero Award |publisher=ABC News |date=April 27, 2015 |accessdate=November 27, 2016}}</ref> </center> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Radio Music Awards]] | rowspan="2" | 2003 | rowspan="2" | Jennifer Lopez | Artist of the Year – Hip Hop Radio | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2003 Radio music awards nominees |url=https://top40-charts.com/news.php?nid=5623 |website=[[Top40-Charts]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=September 19, 2003}}</ref>}} |- | Artist of the Year – Top 40 Radio | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Ritmo Latino|Ritmo Latino Music Awards]] | 1999 | Jennifer Lopez | New Artist of the Year | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lannert |first1=John |title=Ritmo Winners Chosen |journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=October 30, 1999 |volume=111 |issue=44 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74 |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards#International Pop Poll Awards|RTHK International Pop Poll Awards]] | 2012 | "[[On the Floor]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} | Top Ten International Gold Songs | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=23rd International Pop Poll |url=http://rthk9.rthk.hk/special/poppoll23/index.htm |website=[[RTHK]] |publisher=[[Government of Hong Kong]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172349/http://rthk.hk/special/poppoll23/index.htm |archivedate=March 3, 2016 |date=May 6, 2012}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle|San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Awards]] {{anchor|S}} |2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |{{center|<ref name="Metacritic">{{cite web |last1=Dietz |first1=Jason |title=Best of 2019: Film Awards & Nominations Scorecared |url=https://www.metacritic.com/feature/2019-film-awards-and-nominations-scorecard |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=December 14, 2019 |date=December 3, 2019 |archive-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107031446/https://www.metacritic.com/feature/2019-film-awards-and-nominations-scorecard |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Satellite Awards]] |[[24th Satellite Awards|2020]] |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2019 Winners |url=https://www.pressacademy.com/2019-ipa-awards/ |publisher=[[International Press Academy]] |accessdate=December 19, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219204231/https://www.pressacademy.com/2019-ipa-awards/ |archivedate=December 19, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Saturn Awards]] |[[24th Saturn Awards|1998]] |''[[Anaconda (film)|Anaconda]]'' | rowspan="2" |[[Saturn Award for Best Actress]] | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hammond |first1=Pete |title=Notes On The Season: State Of The Race; Jennifer Lopez Soars Into Contention; Terry Gilliam Tilts At Oscar's Windmill |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/jennifer-lopez-oscars-hustlers-terry-gilliam-parasite-1202809124/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=December 13, 2019}}</ref>}} |- |[[27th Saturn Awards|2001]] |''[[The Cell]]'' | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominees for 27th annual Saturn Awards |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/2001/04/04/Nominees-for-27th-annual-Saturn-Awards/9791986356800/ |publisher=[[United Press International]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=April 4, 2001}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] |2020 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Screen Actors Guild Award nominations revealed |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/11/entertainment/sag-2020-nominations/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |accessdate=December 11, 2019 |date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211155616/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2019/12/11/entertainment/sag-2020-nominations/index.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Seattle Film Critics Society|Seattle Film Critics Society Awards]] |2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title='The Irishman' Leads the 2019 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations |url=http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2019/12/09/the-irishman-leads-the-2019-seattle-film-critics-society-nominations/ |publisher=[[Seattle Film Critics Society]] |accessdate=December 10, 2019 |date=December 9, 2019}}</ref><br /><ref name="Metacritic" />}} |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Shorty Awards]] | rowspan="4" |2011 | rowspan="4" |Jennifer Lopez |Celebrity |{{nom}} | rowspan="4" |<center><ref>{{cite web |url=http://shortyawards.com/JLo |title=Jennifer Lopez was nominated for a Shorty Award |publisher=[[Shorty Awards]] |date=March 26, 2012 |accessdate=April 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122032635/http://shortyawards.com/JLo |archive-date=January 22, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref></center> |- |Music |{{nom}} |- |Actress |{{nom}} |- |Singer |{{nom}} |- ! scope="row" |[[ShoWest|ShoWest Convention Awards]] |2002 |Jennifer Lopez |Female Star of the Year |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Diorio |first1=Carl |title=ShoWest honors Lopez |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/showest-honors-lopez-1117860787/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |accessdate=December 20, 2019 |date=February 14, 2002}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=J Lo Heads Dazzling Turnout at ShoWest Awards in Las Vegas |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/2002/03/08/showest/ |website=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]] |accessdate=December 20, 2019 |date=March 8, 2002}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Smash Hits Poll Winners Party]] | rowspan="2" | 2002 | rowspan="2" | Jennifer Lopez | Best Female Solo |{{runner-up|7th place}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Smash Hits Poll Winners' Party 2002 |url=http://www.pollwinnersparty.com/pollwinnersparty/vote.shtml |publisher=[[Smash Hits Poll Winners Party]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021211095337/http://www.pollwinnersparty.com/pollwinnersparty/vote.shtml |archive-date=December 11, 2002 }}</ref>}} |- | Most Fanciable Female |{{runner-up|5th place}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Soul Train Music Awards]] |2000 |''[[On the 6]]'' |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Album – Female|Best R&B/Soul Album – Female]] |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite journal |title=TLC Leads Nominees for Soul Train Music Awards |journal=Billboard |date=February 19, 2000 |volume=112 |issue=8 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87 |accessdate=November 14, 2019 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.}}</ref></center> |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[Stinkers Bad Movie Awards]] | rowspan="2" |[[2001 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards|2001]] |''[[Angel Eyes (film)|Angel Eyes]]'' and ''[[The Wedding Planner]]'' | Worst Actress | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 24th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinkers Awards |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/2001/2001st.htm |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815101727/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/2001/2001st.htm |archivedate=August 15, 2007}}</ref>}} |- |''[[Angel Eyes (film)|Angel Eyes]]'' | Most Annoying Fake Accent – Female | {{won}} |- |[[2002 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards|2002]] |''[[Enough (film)|Enough]]'' | Worst Actress | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2002 25th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinkers Awards |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/2002/2002st.htm |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=January 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815213025/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/2002/2002st.htm |archive-date=August 15, 2007 }}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2003 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards|2003]] | rowspan="3" |''[[Gigli]]'' | Worst Actress | {{won}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2003 26th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinker Awards |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/2003/2003st.htm |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017172801/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/2003/2003st.htm |archivedate=October 17, 2006}}</ref>}} |- | Worst On-Screen Couple {{small|(with [[Ben Affleck]])}} | {{won}} |- | Worst Fake Accent – Female | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Streamy Awards]] |2018 |''Fear BOX Challenge'' <small>(with [[David Dobrik]])</small> |Best Performance – Collaboration |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schaffstall |first1=Katherine |title=Streamy Awards 2018: Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/streamy-awards-2018-winners-list-1146664/item/visual-special-effects-1146655 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=December 16, 2019 |date=October 22, 2018}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Swiss Music Awards]] |[[Swiss Music Awards#2012|2012]] | "[[On the Floor]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} | Best Hit International | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Zwei Trophäen für 77 Bombay Street |url=https://www.schweizer-illustrierte.ch/stars/zwei-trophaeen-fuer-77-bombay-street |website=[[Schweizer Illustrierte]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |language=German |date=March 2, 2012 |archive-date=August 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805145520/https://www.schweizer-illustrierte.ch/stars/zwei-trophaeen-fuer-77-bombay-street |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="50" scope="row" |[[Teen Choice Awards]] {{anchor|T}} | rowspan="2" |[[1999 Teen Choice Awards|1999]] |"[[If You Had My Love]]" |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Summer Song|Best Song of the Summer]] |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baird |first1=Pat |title=Jennifer Lopez The Crossover Dream Comes True |url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/233517 |publisher=[[Broadcast Music, Inc.]] |accessdate=December 29, 2019 |date=October 31, 1999}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Breakout Artist|Breakout Artist]] | {{nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" |[[2000 Teen Choice Awards|2000]] |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Female Hottie|Female Hottie Award]] | {{nom}} | |- |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Female Artist|Female Artist]] | {{nom}} | |- | rowspan="6" |[[2001 Teen Choice Awards|2001]] |"[[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]" |Best Dance Track | {{won}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Riedlinger |first1=Megan |title=Teen Choice Awards 'Choice Hottie' Winners Through the Years |url=https://www.wonderwall.com/eye-candy/hot-celebrities/teen-choice-awards-choice-hottie-winners-through-years-3015681.gallery?photoId=1033217 |website=Wonderwall |publisher=[[Whalerock Industries]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |date=August 7, 2019}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |Jennifer Lopez |Female Hottie Award | {{won}} |- |Female Artist | {{nom}} | |- |''[[The Wedding Planner]]'' |Choice Chemistry | {{nom}} | |- |"[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]" |Choice Music Single | {{nom}} | |- |''[[J.Lo (album)|J.Lo]]'' |Choice Music Album | {{nom}} | |- | rowspan="6" |[[2002 Teen Choice Awards|2002]] | rowspan="2" |Jennifer Lopez |Female Artist | {{nom}} | rowspan="6" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2002 Teen Choice Awards |url=https://oklahoman.com/article/2803593/2002-teen-choice-awards |website=[[The Oklahoman]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=August 18, 2002}}</ref>}} |- |Female Hottie Awards | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |"[[Ain't It Funny|Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)]]" {{small|(featuring [[Ja Rule]] and [[Caddillac Tah]])}} |Choice Music Hook-Up | {{nom}} |- |Choice Music Single | {{nom}} |- |Best R&B/Hip-Hop/Rap Single |{{won}} |- |''[[Enough (film)|Enough]]'' |Choice Actress in a Drama/Action or Adventure Film | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="12" |[[2003 Teen Choice Awards|2003]] | rowspan="3" |''[[Maid in Manhattan]]'' |Choice Movie Actress – Comedy | {{nom}} | rowspan="12" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2003 Teen Choice Awards Nominees |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/70551/2003-teen-choice-awards-nominees |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=June 18, 2003}}</ref>}} |- |Choice Movie Liar | {{nom}} |- |Choice Movie Lip-Lock {{small|(shared with [[Ralph Fiennes]])}} | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[All I Have (song)|All I Have]]" {{small|(featuring [[LL Cool J]])}} |Choice Music Single | {{nom}} |- |Choice Music Hook-Up | {{nom}} |- |"[[I'm Glad]]" |Choice Love Song | {{nom}} |- |''[[This Is Me... Then]]'' |Choice Music Album | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="6" |Jennifer Lopez |Choice Hip Hop R&B Artist |{{won}} |- |Choice Crossover Artist |{{nom}} |- |Choice Fashion Icon |{{won}} |- |Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |Female Hottie Award | {{nom}} |- |[[2004 Teen Choice Awards|2004]] |Female Artist | {{nom}} | |- | rowspan="6" |[[2005 Teen Choice Awards|2005]] | rowspan="2" |"[[Get Right]]" |Choice R&B/Hip-Hop Track | {{nom}} | rowspan="6" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=FOX Announces Nominees for 'The 2005 Teen Choice Awards' |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2005/06/01/fox-announces-nominees-for-the-2005-teen-choice-awards--18495/20050601fox01/ |website=[[The Futon Critic]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=June 1, 2005}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=The Teen Choice Awards 2005 |url=http://www.fox.com/tca2005/nominees.htm |publisher=[[Fox Broadcasting Company]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060108193620/http://www.fox.com/tca2005/nominees.htm |archive-date=January 8, 2006 }}</ref>}} |- |Choice Party Starter | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Monster-in-Law]]'' |Choice Chemistry {{small|(shared with [[Jane Fonda]])}} | {{nom}} |- |Choice Movie Actress: Comedy | {{nom}} |- |''[[Shall We Dance? (2004 film)|Shall We Dance?]]'' |Choice Dance Scene {{small|(shared with [[Richard Gere]])}} | {{nom}} |- |Jennifer Lopez |Choice Red-Carpet Fashion Icon (Female) | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2010 Teen Choice Awards|2010]] | rowspan="2" |''[[The Back-up Plan]]'' |Best Romantic Comedy Actress | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Soll |first1=Lindsay |title=Teen Choice Awards 2010: First Round of Nominees Announced |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2553497/teen-choice-awards-2010-nominees/ |publisher=[[MTV News]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=June 14, 2010 |archive-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108020424/http://www.mtv.com/news/2553497/teen-choice-awards-2010-nominees/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- | Best Romantic Comedy | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2011 Teen Choice Awards|2011]] |Jennifer Lopez |Choice Red Carpet Fashion Icon (Female) | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodacre |first1=Kate |title=Teen Choice Awards 2011: TV winners |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a333845/teen-choice-awards-2011-tv-winners/ |website=[[Digital Spy]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=August 8, 2011}}</ref>}} |- |''[[American Idol]]'' | Choice TV: Personality | {{won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[2012 Teen Choice Awards|2012]] |''[[What to Expect When You're Expecting (film)|What to Expect When You're Expecting]]'' | Choice Comedy Actress | {{nom}} | rowspan="6" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitchell |first=John |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1685440/teen-choice-awards-nominations.jhtml |title='Vampire Diaries,' Justin Bieber Lead Teen Choice Award Nominations – Music, Celebrity, Artist News |publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc. |date=May 18, 2012 |accessdate=October 25, 2012 |archive-date=May 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522045043/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1685440/teen-choice-awards-nominations.jhtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Teen Choice Awards 2012: Complete Winners List |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1690174/teen-choice-awards-winners-list/ |publisher=[[MTV News]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207185830/http://www.mtv.com/news/1690174/teen-choice-awards-winners-list/ |archivedate=December 7, 2019 |date=July 22, 2012}}</ref>}} |- |"[[Dance Again]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} |Choice Music Single – Female | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez |Choice Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |Choice Fashion Icon: Female | {{nom}} |- |Choice Summer Female Artist | {{nom}} |- |''[[American Idol]]'' |Female TV Personality | {{won}} |- |[[2013 Teen Choice Awards|2013]] |''[[The Fosters (American TV series)|The Fosters]]'' |Choice TV Breakout Show {{small|(shared with cast and crew)}}{{efn|name=Producer}} |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Complete list of Teen Choice 2013 Awards winners |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-teen-choice-2013-awards-winners-list-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=Aug 11, 2013}}</ref>}} |- |[[2014 Teen Choice Awards|2014]] |''[[American Idol]]'' |Female TV Personality | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nordyke |first1=Kimberly |title=Teen Choice Awards: The Complete Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/teen-choice-awards-2014-winners-724423 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=August 10, 2014}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Teen Choice Awards|2016]] |''[[Shades of Blue (TV series)|Shades of Blue]]'' |Choice TV: Drama{{efn|name=Producer}} | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvline.com/2016/05/24/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominations-full-list-tv-nominees/|title=Teen Choice Awards 2016: CW Dramas, Pretty Little Liars Lead Early Noms|accessdate=May 24, 2016}}</ref>}} |- |Jennifer Lopez |Choice TV Actress: Drama | {{nom}} |- |[[2018 Teen Choice Awards|2018]] |"[[Dinero (song)|Dinero]]" {{small|(featuring [[DJ Khaled]] and [[Cardi B]])}} |Choice Latin Song | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Selena Gomez and Cardi B lead second wave of Teen Choice Awards music nominees |url=http://abcnewsradioonline.com/music-news/2018/6/22/selena-gomez-and-cardi-b-lead-second-wave-of-teen-choice-awa.html |publisher=[[ABC News Radio]] |accessdate=December 14, 2019 |date=June 22, 2018 |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622220726/http://abcnewsradioonline.com/music-news/2018/6/22/selena-gomez-and-cardi-b-lead-second-wave-of-teen-choice-awa.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Telehit Awards]] |[[Telehit Awards#2014|2014]] | "[[Booty (song)|Booty]]" {{small|(featuring [[Iggy Azalea]])}} | El Glúteo de Oro | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Solis |first1=Erik |title=Capital Cities encabezará Premios Telehit |url=https://www.milenio.com/espectaculos/capital-cities-encabezara-premios-telehit |website=[[Milenio]] |accessdate=January 2, 2020 |language=Spanish |date=October 6, 2014}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[The Record of the Year]] | 1999 |"[[If You Had My Love]]" | rowspan="2" | The Record of the Year |{{runner-up|10th place}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Westlife win song award |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/560705.stm |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=December 12, 1999}}</ref>}} |- |2011 |"[[On the Floor]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} |{{runner-up|9th place}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=It's your choice! |url=http://www.roty.tv/ |publisher=[[The Record of the Year]] |accessdate=December 26, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209131137/http://www.roty.tv/ |archivedate=February 9, 2012}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Top of the Pops|Top of the Pops Awards]] |2001 | rowspan="2" | Jennifer Lopez |Artist on Top of the World |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=TOTP Awards: The winners |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1685658.stm |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515103132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1685658.stm |archivedate=May 15, 2019 |date=November 30, 2001}}</ref>}} |- |2003 |Most Crap Hair |{{nominated}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=TOTP Awards - The results 2003 - Most Crap Hair |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp/awards/hair.shtml |publisher=[[BBC Online]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317175020/http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp/awards/hair.shtml |archivedate=March 17, 2005}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[TMF Awards]] | rowspan="2" |2001 | rowspan="4" |Jennifer Lopez |Best International Female Artist | {{won}} | |- |Best Zangeres (Best Singer) |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite journal |title=TMF Awards Increase Viewers in Netherlands |journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=April 28, 2001 |volume=113 |issue=17 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA62&lpg=RA1-PA62 |accessdate=December 19, 2019}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |Best International Female Artist |{{won}} | |- |Best Zangeres (Best Singer) |{{won}} | |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Total Request Live|''TRL'' Awards]] | rowspan="2" | 2003 | Jennifer Lopez | The First Lady Award (Favorite Female) | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=TRL Awards Winners |url=http://www.mtv.com/onair/trl/awards/post_vote.jhtml |website=[[MTV]] |accessdate=December 29, 2019 |date=2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030402023238/http://www.mtv.com/onair/trl/awards/post_vote.jhtml |archive-date=April 2, 2003 }}</ref>}} |- | "[[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]" (''[[Total Request Live|TRL]]'' Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa) | The Rock The Mic Award (Best Live Performance) | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" |[[UNESCO|UNESCO Award]] {{anchor|U}} |2012 |[[Lopez Family Foundation]] |Award for Philanthropic Work |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Merriam |first1=Allie |title=J Lo Celebrates Her Belated 1-Year Anniversary at a Charity Gala |url=https://www.popsugar.com.au/celebrity/Jennifer-Lopez-Lanvin-Pictures-Germany-25662635 |website=[[PopSugar]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=October 30, 2012}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | Urban Fashion Awards | rowspan="3" | 2002 | Jennifer Lopez | Female Urban Fashion Aficionado | {{nom}} | rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reid |first1=Shaheem |title=Bad Boy Looks Good: Diddy Wins Three Urban Fashion Awards |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1455217/bad-boy-looks-good-diddy-wins-three-urban-fashion-awards/ |website=[[MTV News]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231170315/http://www.mtv.com/news/1455217/bad-boy-looks-good-diddy-wins-three-urban-fashion-awards/ |archivedate=December 31, 2019 |date=June 14, 2002}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[J.Lo by Jennifer Lopez]] | New Urban Fashion Celebrity Line | {{nom}} |- | New Designer of the Year | {{won}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |''[[Us Weekly]]'' Awards | 2007 | rowspan="2" | Jennifer Lopez | Style Icon of the Year | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |author1=Sarah Schmalbruch |author2=Megan Willett |author3=Darcy Schild |title=Jennifer Lopez has been in Hollywood for over 20 years — here's her wild style evolution |url=https://www.insider.com/jennifer-lopez-fashion-evolution-2017-1#she-wore-a-fashion-forward-pantsuit-to-accept-the-award-for-style-icon-of-the-year-at-the-us-hot-hollywood-party-in-2007-29 |website=Insider |publisher=[[Insider Inc.]] |accessdate=December 28, 2019 |date=July 25, 2019}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tunzi |first1=Kristina |title=Backbeat |journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=June 2, 2007 |volume=119 |issue=22 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA66 |accessdate=December 28, 2019 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.}}</ref>}} |- | 2010 | Style Icon of the Decade | {{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jennifer Lopez: style icon of the decade |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/jennifer-lopez-style-icon-of-the-decade-20100426-tmpk.html |website=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment Co.]] |accessdate=December 28, 2019 |date=April 26, 2010}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Jennifer Lopez, Marc Anthony Dirty Dance at Us Weekly Bash! |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/jennifer-lopez-marc-anthony-dirty-dance-at-us-weekly-bash-2010234/ |website=[[Us Weekly]] |accessdate=December 28, 2019 |date=April 23, 2010}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Vancouver Film Critics Circle|Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards]] {{anchor|V}} | 2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vlessing |first1=Etan |title='Marriage Story' Leads Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/marriage-story-leads-vancouver-film-critics-circle-awards-noms-1262564 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=December 14, 2019 |date=December 13, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'' Awards]] |2014 |[[Lopez Family Foundation]] |Power of Women Award |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandell |first1=Andrea |title=J.Lo, Viola Davis showcase 'Power of Women' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/10/10/jennifer-lopez-viola-davis-power-of-women-luncheon/17056245/ |website=[[USA Today]] |accessdate=December 20, 2019 |date=October 10, 2014}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Vevo Certified Award]]s | rowspan="5" |2014 |"[[On the Floor]]" | rowspan="5" |[[Vevo Certified Award]] | {{won}} | rowspan="5" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jennifer Lopez - #VevoCertified, Pt. 1: Award Presentation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MNbtwIFTtc |publisher=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |format=Video |date=May 19, 2014}}</ref>}} |- |"[[I'm Into You]]" | {{won}} |- |"[[Dance Again]]" | {{won}} |- |"[[Goin' In]]" | {{won}} |- |"[[Live It Up (Jennifer Lopez song)|Live It Up]]" | {{won}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[VH1]]/''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' Fashion Awards | 1999 | rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez |Most Fashionable Female Artist | {{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite news|title=VH1/Vogue dole out fashion awards|url=http://www.cnn.com/1999/STYLE/fashion/12/06/vh1.vogue/index.html|website=[[CNN]]|publisher=Cable News Network|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=December 6, 1999}}</ref></center> |- | 2000 |[[Versace]] Award | {{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/vh1vogue-fashion-awards-to-present-versace-award-to-actress-singer-jennifer-lopez-when-gala-special-is-presented-live-friday-october-20-at-900-1100-pm-etpt-74801232.html |title='VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards' to Present Versace Award to Actress-Singer Jennifer Lopez When Gala Special Is Presented Live Friday, October 20 at 9:00–11:00 P.M. (ET/PT) |location=New York |agency=PR Newswire |accessdate=March 20, 2012}}</ref></center> |- | 2002 | Most Influential Artist | {{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Winners Unveiled at The 2002 'VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards'|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/winners-unveiled-at-the-2002-vh1vogue-fashion-awards-76274087.html|website=[[PR Newswire]]|publisher=[[UBM plc]]|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=October 15, 2002}}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" |[[Vibe (magazine)#Vibe Awards|Vibe Awards]] |2003 |Jennifer Lopez |Enterprising Entrepreneur |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=2003 Vibe Awards Nominees |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/68763/2003-vibe-awards-nominees |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 18, 2019 |date=October 7, 2003}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[VIVA (German TV channel)|VIVA Comet Awards]] |2001 |Jennifer Lopez |Best International Artist |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Jonathan |title=Stripped: Depeche Mode |date=November 5, 2009 |publisher=[[Omnibus Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dlapcBLwu0C&pg=PT720&lpg=PT720 |accessdate=December 18, 2019|isbn=9780857120267 }}</ref>}} |- |2002 |"[[I'm Real (Jennifer Lopez song)|I'm Real]]" |Video International |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominierungen für den Comet: Staraufgebot in Köln |url=https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/nominierungen-fuer-den-comet-staraufgebot-in-koeln-a-209263.html |website=[[Spiegel Online]] |language=German |accessdate=December 18, 2019 |date=August 13, 2002}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Virgin Media|Virgin Media Music Awards]] |2012 |"[[I'm Into You]]" {{small|(featuring [[Lil Wayne]])}} |Best Collaboration |{{nom}} |<center><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mediacentre.virginmedia.com/Stories/Lady-Gaga-beats-new-Grammy-record-holder-Adele-to-sweep-the-board-in-the-Virgin-Media-Music-Awards-236b.aspx |title=Lady Gaga beats new Grammy record holder Adele to sweep the board in the Virgin Media Music Awards |publisher=Vigin Media Centre |date=February 16, 2012 |accessdate=April 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326105421/http://mediacentre.virginmedia.com/Stories/Lady-Gaga-beats-new-Grammy-record-holder-Adele-to-sweep-the-board-in-the-Virgin-Media-Music-Awards-236b.aspx |archive-date=March 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref></center> |- ! scope="row" |[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association|Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards]] {{anchor|W}} | 2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' |[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title='Parasite' Finds a Host in D.C. Film Critics |url=http://www.dcfilmcritics.com/awards/19release.pdf |publisher=[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] |accessdate=December 9, 2019 |date=December 8, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Women Film Critics Circle|Women Film Critics Circle Awards]] | 2019 |''[[Hustlers (film)|Hustlers]]'' | Best Screen Couple {{small|(with [[Constance Wu]])}} |{{runner-up}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Neglia |first1=Matt |title=The 2019 Women Film Critics Circle (WFCC) Winners |url=https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2019-women-film-critics-circle-wfcc-winners |publisher=nextbestpicture.com |accessdate=December 21, 2019 |date=December 9, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards]] |2006 |Jennifer Lopez |[[Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards#Crystal Award|Crystal Award]] |{{won}} |<center><ref name="Crystal Award">{{cite news|last=Keck |first=William |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-06-07-jlo-crystal_x.htm |title=J. Lo gets love from Women in Film |publisher=[[USA Today]]. [[Gannett Company]], Inc.|date=June 7, 2006 |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref></center> |- ! rowspan="11" scope="row" |[[World Music Awards]] |2002 | rowspan="7" |Jennifer Lopez |World's Best-Selling Latin Female Artist |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grein |first1=Paul |title=Will Jennifer Lopez Get Golden Globe, Oscar Noms for 'Hustlers'? |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/8529867/jennifer-lopez-golden-globe-oscar-noms-hustlers |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |date=September 12, 2019}}</ref>}} |- |[[2005 World Music Awards|2005]] |World's Best-Selling Pop Female Artist | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Usher, Eminem, Gwen Stefani up for honors at 2005 World Music Awards |url=https://siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/usher-eminem-gwen-stefani-up-for-honors-at-world-music/article_a6fcb20c-483e-595c-9746-7d9880b3e8af.html |website=[[Sioux City Journal]] |accessdate=December 27, 2019 |date=September 1, 2005}}</ref>}} |- |2007 |World's Best-Selling Latin Female Artist |{{nom}} | |- |[[2010 World Music Awards|2010]] |Legend Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web |last1=Neel |first1=Julia |title=World Music Awards 2010 |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/world-music-awards-2010 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |accessdate=November 14, 2019 |date=May 19, 2010}}</ref></center> |- | rowspan="7" |[[2014 World Music Awards|2014]] | World's Best Female Artist | {{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination for worlds best female artist |url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=4 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6KFWqRgdL?url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=4 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 9, 2013 |publisher=[[World Music Awards]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019}}</ref>}} |- | World's Best Live Act |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination for worlds best live act |url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=7 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6KFWsBQIN?url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=7 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 9, 2013 |publisher=[[World Music Awards]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019}}</ref>}} |- | World's Best Entertainer of the Year |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination for worlds best entertainer of the year |url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=9 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6KFWubBaO?url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=9 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 9, 2013 |publisher=[[World Music Awards]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[I Luh Ya Papi]]" <small>(featuring [[French Montana]])</small> | World's Best Song |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination for worlds best song |url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=1 |publisher=[[World Music Awards]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924222211/http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=1 |archivedate=September 24, 2014}}</ref>}} |- | World's Best Video |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination for worlds best video |url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=3 |publisher=[[World Music Awards]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151446/http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=3 |archivedate=October 6, 2014}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Live It Up (Jennifer Lopez song)|Live It Up]]" {{small|(featuring [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} | World's Best Song |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination for worlds best song |url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=1 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6KFWk8zHt?url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 9, 2013 |publisher=[[World Music Awards]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019}}</ref>}} |- | World's Best Video |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination for worlds best video |url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=3 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6KFWm0XZp?url=http://vote.worldmusicawards.com/selectnomination.asp?cat=3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 9, 2013 |publisher=[[World Music Awards]] |accessdate=December 31, 2019}}</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Your World Awards]] {{anchor|Y}} | rowspan="2" |2012 |"[[Follow the Leader (Wisin & Yandel song)|Follow the Leader]]" <small>(with [[Wisin & Yandel]])</small> |Best Musical Video | {{won}} | rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Las telenovelas triunfan en la primera edición de los premios Tu Mundo |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/sdhoy-comienza-la-ceremonia-de-la-primera-edicion-de-2012aug30-story.html |website=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |accessdate=December 23, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223082108/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/sdhoy-comienza-la-ceremonia-de-la-primera-edicion-de-2012aug30-story.html |archivedate=December 23, 2019 |language=Spanish |date=August 30, 2012}}</ref>}} |- |Jennifer Lopez | Favorite Latino in Hollywood | {{won}} |- |2014 |"[[Adrenalina (Wisin song)|Adrenalina]]" {{small|(with [[Wisin]] and [[Ricky Martin]])}} |Most Popular Song of the Year |{{nom}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tinoco |first1=Armando |title=Premios Tu Mundo 2014 Nominees Revealed: Shakira, Pitbull, 'El Señor De Los Cielos' Nominated; See Full List Here! |url=https://www.latintimes.com/premios-tu-mundo-2014-nominees-revealed-shakira-pitbull-el-senor-de-los-cielos-nominated-192292 |website=Latin Times |publisher=[[IBT Media]] |accessdate=December 23, 2019 |date=July 15, 2014 |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407155203/https://www.latintimes.com/premios-tu-mundo-2014-nominees-revealed-shakira-pitbull-el-senor-de-los-cielos-nominated-192292 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |} == Toltolan == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Mga panluwas na takod == {{Commons category|Jennifer Lopez}} <!-- Please do not add fan-sites, as they will be promptly removed. --> * {{Official website|http://jenniferlopezonline.com/}} * {{IMDb name|182}} * [http://www.jenniferlopezbeauty.com/ Official website for Jennifer Lopez fragrances] {{Jennifer Lopez}} {{Jennifer Lopez singles}} {{American Idol}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> {{BD|1969||Lopez, Jennifer}} [[Kategorya:Jennifer Lopez| ]] [[Kategorya:Mga kompositor gikan sa Estados Unidos]] [[Kategorya:Mga artista gilan sa Estados Unidos]] [[Kategorya:Mga parakanta gikan sa Estados Unidos]] [[Kategorya:1969 nagkamurundag]] {{Tamboan}} dpvixzx5y192kmo2tp58mns44yhp4hd 0 21770 309809 309262 2026-08-24T00:00:18Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Videography of Christina Aguilera}} [[Ladawan:Christina_Aguilera_at_the_premiere_of_Burlesque_(2010).jpg|alt=A blonde-haired woman waving her hand|too|thumb|Si Christina Aguilera sa premiere nin ''[[Burlesque (2010 American film)|Burlesque]]'' sa [[Empire, Leicester Square]] sa London kan 2010]] An Amerikanang parakanta na si [[Christina Aguilera]] nagkaigwa nin limang [[Album|video albums]] asin nagluwas sa trentang mga music video, limang pelikula,treseng programa sa telebisyonasin pitong komersyal. == Mga music videos == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width:20em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Other performer(s) ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Direktor ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |"[[Reflection (song)|Reflection]]" |1998|{{n/a}}|{{n/a}} |<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Mulan (Disney Gold Classic Collection)|others=[[Barry Cook]] (Director), [[Tony Bancroft]] (Director)|type=DVD|publisher=[[Walt Disney Pictures]]|year=1998}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Genie in a Bottle]]" | rowspan="2" |1999|{{n/a}} | rowspan="2" |{{sortname|Diane|Martel}} |<ref name="diane">{{cite journal|title=Female Video Directors Remain Rare In Industry|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2000-11-11_112_46/page/103|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|page=103|volume=112|issue=46|date=November 11, 2000|first=Carla|last=Hay}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[What a Girl Wants (Christina Aguilera song)|What a Girl Wants]]" |{{n/a}} |<ref name="diane" /> |- ! scope="row" |"[[I Turn to You (All-4-One song)|I Turn to You]]" | rowspan="7" |2000|{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Rupert C.|Almont|nolink=1}} |<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101044541/http://www.mtv.com/videos/christina-aguilera/7909/i-turn-to-you.jhtml|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/christina-aguilera/7909/i-turn-to-you.jhtml|title=I Turn to You {{!}} Christina Aguilera Music Video|publisher=[[MTV]]. Viacom|archivedate=November 1, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)]]" |{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Paul|Hunter|dab=director}} |<ref name="video2">{{harvnb|Railton|Watson|2011|page=162}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"So Emotional" |{{n/a}}|{{n/a}} |<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314070528/http://www.mtv.com/videos/christina-aguilera/805562/so-emotional.jhtml|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/christina-aguilera/805562/so-emotional.jhtml|title=So Emotional {{!}} Christina Aguilera Music Video|publisher=MTV. Viacom|archivedate=March 14, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Genio Atrapado"{{efn|"Genio Atrapado" is the Spanish-language version of "Genie in a Bottle".<ref name="MiReflejoNotes">{{cite AV media notes|title=[[Mi Reflejo]]|others=[[Christina Aguilera]]|year=2000|type=liner notes|publisher= [[BMG U.S. Latin]]|location=United States}}</ref>}} |{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Diane|Martel|nolink=1}} |<ref name="video2" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Por Siempre Tú"{{efn|"Por Siempre Tú" is the Spanish-language version of "I Turn to You".<ref name="MiReflejoNotes"/>}} |{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Rupert C.|Almont|nolink=1}} |<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314070526/http://www.mtv.com/videos/christina-aguilera/805267/por-siempre-tu.jhtml|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/christina-aguilera/805267/por-siempre-tu.jhtml|title=Por Siempre Tú {{!}} Christina Aguilera Music Video|publisher=MTV. Viacom|archivedate=March 14, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ven Conmigo (Solamente Tú)"{{efn|"Ven Conmigo (Solamente Tú)" is the Spanish-language version of "Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)".<ref name="MiReflejoNotes"/>}} |{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Paul|Hunter|dab=director}}{{sortname|Lorin|Finkelstein|nolink=1}} |<ref name="video2" /> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti]]" |{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Kevin G.|Bray}} |<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314070515/http://www.mtv.com/videos/christina-aguilera/805268/pero-me-acuerdo-de-ti.jhtml|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/christina-aguilera/805268/pero-me-acuerdo-de-ti.jhtml|title=Pero Me Acuerdo de Tí|publisher=MTV. Viacom|archivedate=March 14, 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Nobody Wants to Be Lonely]]" | rowspan="2" |2001 |{{sortname|Ricky|Martin}} |{{sortname|Wayne|Isham}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/video/ricky-martin/701634/nobody-wants-to-be-lonely-pop-up-video.jhtml|title=Ricky Martin – 'Nobody Wants To Be Lonely'|publisher=[[VH1]]. Viacom|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022012254/http://www.vh1.com/video/ricky-martin/701634/nobody-wants-to-be-lonely-pop-up-video.jhtml|archivedate=October 22, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Lady Marmalade#Moulin Rouge! cover|Lady Marmalade]]" |[[Mýa]][[Lil' Kim]][[Pink (singer)|Pink]][[Missy Elliott]] |{{sortname|Paul|Hunter|dab=director}} |<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sg9Q8jxMC5AC&pg=PT25|title=Split Personality: The Story of Pink|last=Lester|first=Paul|publisher=[[Music Sales Group]]|year=2009|chapter=Hit And M!ss|accessdate=April 14, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Dirrty]]" | rowspan="2" |2002 |[[Redman (rapper)|Redman]] |{{sortname|David|LaChapelle}} |<ref name="dirrty">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458223/x-tina-dirrty-vid-under-fire.jhtml|title='Dirrty' Christina Aguilera Video Thai-ed To Sex Industry|first=Joe|last=D'Angelo|date=October 18, 2002|accessdate=August 25, 2013|publisher=[[MTV News]]. [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]]|archive-date=September 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921075329/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458223/x-tina-dirrty-vid-under-fire.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song)|Beautiful]]" |{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Jonas|Åkerlund}} |<ref name="glaad">{{cite news|url=http://www.glaad.org/media/release_detail.php?id=3283|accessdate=October 23, 2011|title=Christina Aguilera to be Honored at 14th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Presented by Absolut Vodka in Los Angeles|date=February 28, 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415214007/http://www.glaad.org/media/release_detail.php?id=3283|archivedate=April 15, 2008|publisher=[[GLAAD]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Fighter (Christina Aguilera song)|Fighter]]" | rowspan="3" |2003|{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Floria|Sigismondi}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1470505/christina-shooting-fighter-video.jhtml|title=Christina's Dark, Moth-Filled New Video Is About Empowerment|first=Corey|last=Moss|date=March 13, 2003|accessdate=August 25, 2013|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|archive-date=November 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107234735/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1470505/christina-shooting-fighter-video.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Can't Hold Us Down]]" |[[Lil' Kim]] | rowspan="2" |{{sortname|David|LaChapelle|nolink=1}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1471890/christina-lil-kim-getting-dirrtier.jhtml|title=Christina, Lil' Kim Get Even 'Dirrtier' For 'Can't Hold Us Down' Clip|first=Corey|last=Moss|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|date=May 16, 2003|accessdate=April 25, 2013|archive-date=September 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921082548/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1471890/christina-lil-kim-getting-dirrtier.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[The Voice Within]]" |{{n/a}} |<ref>{{cite web|last=Moss|first=Corey|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1479845/20031020/aguilera_christina.jhtml|title=Stripped-Down Christina Aguilera Displays 'A Voice Within': Lens Recap|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|date=October 20, 2003|accessdate=July 30, 2013|archive-date=April 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426224146/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1479845/20031020/aguilera_christina.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Car Wash (song)|Car Wash]]" | rowspan="2" |2004 |[[Missy Elliott]] |[[DreamWorks Animation]] |<ref name="carwash">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1491393/x-tina-soaking-wet-car-wash-clip.jhtml|title=Christina Aguilera Is Poisonous In Video With Missy Elliott|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|first=Jennifer|last=Vineyard|date=September 24, 2004|accessdate=August 25, 2013|archive-date=September 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921075431/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1491393/x-tina-soaking-wet-car-wash-clip.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Tilt Ya Head Back]]" |[[Nelly]] |{{sortname|Little|X|Director X}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/nelly/37218/tilt-ya-head-back-feat-christina-aguilera.jhtml|title=Nelly – Tilt Ya Head Back {{!}} Music Videos|publisher=MTV Networks|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028120048/http://www.mtv.com/videos/nelly/37218/tilt-ya-head-back-feat-christina-aguilera.jhtml|archivedate=October 28, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Ain't No Other Man]]" | rowspan="3" |2006|{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Bryan|Barber}} |<ref name="anom">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1534591/video-has-christina-singing-blues.jhtml|title='Ain't No Other Man' Video Has Christina Singing The Blues|date=June 19, 2006|first=Jennifer|last=Vineyard|accessdate=August 25, 2013|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|archive-date=November 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108000931/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1534591/video-has-christina-singing-blues.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Hurt (Christina Aguilera song)|Hurt]]" |{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Floria|Sigismondi|nolink=1}}{{sortname|Christina|Aguilera|nolink=1}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/story.html?id=a5bf28e4-6fb5-401b-af65-f99601e22394|title=Q&A with Christina Aguilera|date=March 23, 2007|work=[[Montreal Gazette]]|publisher=[[Postmedia News]]|accessdate=August 25, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Tell Me (Diddy song)|Tell Me]]" |{{sortname|P.|Diddy|Sean Combs}} |{{sortname|Erik|White}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/diddy/116379/tell-me-feat-christina-aguilera.jhtml|title=Diddy – Tell Me {{!}} Music Videos|publisher=MTV. Viacom|accessdate=August 25, 2013|archive-date=August 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818141412/http://www.mtv.com/videos/diddy/116379/tell-me-feat-christina-aguilera.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Candyman (Christina Aguilera song)|Candyman]]" |2007|{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Matthew|Rolston}}{{sortname|Christina|Aguilera|nolink=1}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1552870/aguileras-new-clip-xtina-x-three.jhtml|title=Xtina X Three: Aguilera Has Multiple-Personality Disorder In Clip|first=Corey|last=Moss|date=February 21, 2007|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|accessdate=August 25, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214181618/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1552870/aguileras-new-clip-xtina-x-three.jhtml|archivedate=December 14, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Save Me from Myself (Christina Aguilera song)|Save Me From Myself]]" | rowspan="2" |2008|{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Paul|Korver}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/247818/see-video-christina-aguilera-s-personal-new-video|title=See Video Christina Aguilera reveals her wedding lingerie|first=Holly|last=Arnold|date=January 16, 2008|work=[[NOW (UK magazine)|NOW]]|publisher=[[IPC Media]]/[[Time Warner]]|accessdate=September 2, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Keeps Gettin' Better]]" |{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Peter|Berg}} |<ref name="better">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598063/christina-aguileras-keeps-gettin-better-video-geektastic.jhtml|title=Christina Aguilera Acquires Sci-Fi Edge In 'Keeps Gettin' Better' Video|first=Gil|last=Kaufman|date=October 28, 2008|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|accessdate=August 25, 2013|archive-date=February 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222053640/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598063/christina-aguileras-keeps-gettin-better-video-geektastic.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Not Myself Tonight]]" | rowspan="2" |2010|{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Hype|Williams}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/staff-blog/christina-aguilera-grabs-steamy-inspirations-for-not-myself-tonight-video-20100430|title=Christina Aguilera Grabs Steamy Inspirations for "Not Myself Tonight" Video|first=Daniel|last=Kreps|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|publisher=[[Wenner Media]]|date=April 30, 2010|accessdate=August 26, 2013|archive-date=November 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105225353/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/staff-blog/christina-aguilera-grabs-steamy-inspirations-for-not-myself-tonight-video-20100430|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[You Lost Me]]" |{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Anthony|Mandler}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idolator.com/5437682/sia-interview-christina-aguilera-we-are-born-bionic|title=Sia: The Idolator Interview|first=Robbie|last=Daw|publisher=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]. [[Buzz Media]]|date=March 9, 2010|accessdate=August 25, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Moves like Jagger]]" |2011 |[[Maroon 5]] |{{sortname|Jonas|Åkerlund|nolink=1}} |<ref name="jagger">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2011/08/09/maroon-5-christina-aguilera-moves-like-jagger-video|title=Maroon 5, Christina Aguilera pay homage to Mick's dancing, longevity in 'Moves Like Jagger' video|first=Kyle|last=Anderson|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=Time Warner|date=August 9, 2011|accessdate=April 16, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Your Body (Christina Aguilera song)|Your Body]]" |2012|{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Melina|Matsoukas}} |<ref name="body">{{cite web|last=Rome|first=Emily|title=Christina Aguilera announces new album's release date, releases art for single 'Your Body'|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2012/09/12/christina-aguilera-lotus-your-body-release-date/|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Warner|date=September 12, 2012|accessdate=September 12, 2012|archive-date=November 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130083024/http://music-mix.ew.com/2012/09/12/christina-aguilera-lotus-your-body-release-date/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Feel This Moment]]" | rowspan="4" |2013 |[[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]] |{{sortname|David|Rousseau|nolink=1}} |<ref name="ftm">{{cite web|url=http://www.videostatic.com/watch-it/2013/03/18/pitbull-feel-moment-david-rousseau-dir|title=Pitbull "Feel This Moment" (David Rousseau, Dir.)|publisher=VideoStatic. Steven J. Gottlieb|date=March 18, 2013|accessdate=August 25, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti#Alejandro Fern.C3.A1ndez version|Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti]]" |{{sortname|Alejandro|Fernández}} |{{sortname|Simon|Brand}} |<ref name="spavid">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/christina-aguilera-hoy-tengo-ganas-de-ti_n_3636621.html|title=Christina Aguilera, Alejandro Fernandez Premiere 'Hoy Tengo Ganas De Ti'|date=July 22, 2013|accessdate=August 26, 2013|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Let There Be Love (Christina Aguilera song)|Let There Be Love]]" |{{n/a}}|{{n/a}} |<ref name="dailymail">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stargazing/2013/08/30/christina_aguilera_just_wants_there_to_be_love_watch_new_music_video.html|title=Christina Aguilera just wants there to be love|date=August 30, 2010|work=[[Toronto Star]]|publisher=[[Star Media Group]]|first=Malene|last=Arpe|accessdate=December 14, 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Say Something (A Great Big World song)|Say Something]]" |[[A Great Big World]] |{{sortname|Christopher|Sims|nolink=1}} |<ref name="SaySomething">{{cite web|url=http://www.videostatic.com/watch-it/2013/11/20/great-big-world-say-something-christopher-sims-dir-0|title=A Great Big World f/ Christina Aguilera – Say Something|publisher=VideoStatic. Steven J. Gottlieb|accessdate=February 10, 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Telepathy (Christina Aguilera song)|Telepathy]]" |2016|{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Hannah Lux|Davis|nolink=1}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7557930/christina-aguilera-telepathy-video-nile-rodgers-dance-club-songs|title=Christina Aguilera Thanks Fans for No. 1 Dance Club Songs Hit With Disco-Themed 'Telepathy' Video|first=Taylor|last=Weatherby|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=October 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com.au/christina-aguilera/news/christina-aguilera-has-released-her-first-solo-music-video-in-4-years|title=christina aguilera has released her first solo music video in four years!|first=Sophia|last=Barker|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=November 1, 2016|access-date=April 7, 2020|archive-date=November 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104033545/http://www.mtv.com.au/christina-aguilera/news/christina-aguilera-has-released-her-first-solo-music-video-in-4-years|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Accelerate (Christina Aguilera song)|Accelerate]]" | rowspan="2" |2018|{{n/a}} |{{sortname|Zoey|Grossman|nolink=1}} |<ref name="Accelerate">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a20135626/christina-aguilera-new-song-accelerate/|title=Christina Aguilera Is Topless and Covered in Goo in Her New Video|magazine=Cosmopolitan|accessdate=May 10, 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Fall in Line]]" |[[Demi Lovato]] |{{sortname|Luke|Gilford|nolink=1}} |<ref name="FallinLine">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.idolator.com/7680299/christina-aguilera-demi-lovato-fall-line-video-review?chrome=1|title=Christina & Demi Reclaim Their Power In Symbolic "Fall In Line" Video|magazine=Idolator|accessdate=May 23, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |} == Pilmograpiya == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width:14em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Direktor ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Karakter ! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:10em;" |Deskripsyon |- ! scope="row" |2004 |''[[Shark Tale]]''<ref name="carwash" /> |[[Vicky Jenson]][[Bibo Bergeron]][[Rob Letterman]] |Rastafarian jellyfish |Voice role |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''[[Shine a Light (film)|Shine a Light]]''<ref name="shinealight">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/3672481/Film-reviews-Shine-a-Light-and-21.html|title=Film reviews: Shine a Light and 21|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|first=David|last=Gritten|date=April 11, 2008|accessdate=August 28, 2013}}</ref> |[[Martin Scorsese]] |Herself |Documentary |- ! scope="row" |2010 |''[[Get Him to the Greek]]''<ref name="greek">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zorianna-kit/get-him-to-the-greek---br_b_598366.html|title=Get Him To The Greek|work=The Huffington Post|publisher=AOL|first=Zorianna|last=Kit|date=June 2, 2010|accessdate=August 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2010/jun/28/get-him-to-the-greek|title=Post-credits scene: Get Him to the Greek|work=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media|first=Ben|last=Child|date=June 28, 2010|accessdate=August 28, 2013}}</ref> |[[Nicholas Stoller]] |Herself |Cameo |- ! scope="row" |2010 |''[[Burlesque (2010 American film)|Burlesque]]''<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2010/11/24/movies/24burlesque.html?pagewanted=all|title='Burlesque', With Cher and Christina Aguilera|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|date=November 24, 2010|first=Manohla|last=Dargis|accessdate=August 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/dec/11/cher-christina-aguilera-burlesque|title=Cher could teach Christina Aguilera a thing or two in Burlesque|work=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media|first=John|last=Patterson|date=December 11, 2010|accessdate=August 29, 2013}}</ref> |[[Steve Antin]] |Ali Rose |Main actress |- ! scope="row" |2015 |''[[Pitch Perfect 2]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/article/pitch-perfect-2-the-voice-adam-devine-clip|title=Video: Watch Pitch Perfect 2's Surprise Scene: Adam DeVine's Voice Audition|first=Mariah|last=Haas|publisher=Time Warner|work=People|date=May 18, 2015|accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref> |[[Elizabeth Banks]] |Herself |Cameo |- ! scope="row" |2017 |''[[The Emoji Movie]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/meet-christina-aguileras-emoji-movie-character-first-pic-w482253|title=Meet Christina Aguilera's 'Emoji Movie' Character Akiko Glitter: First Pic!|first=Megan|last=French|work=US Magazine|date=May 15, 2017|accessdate=May 16, 2017}}</ref> |[[Tony Leondis]] |Akiko Glitter |Voice role |- ! scope="row" |2018 |''[[Zoe (film)|Zoe]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7777123/christina-aguilera-joins-cast-zoe|title=Christina Aguilera Joins Cast for Sci-Fi Romance Film 'Zoe'|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=Billboard Media Group|date=February 5, 2017|first=Rebecca|last=Ford|accessdate=March 19, 2017}}</ref> |[[Drake Doremus]] |Jewels |Supporting role |- ! scope="row" |2018 |''[[Life of the Party (2018 film)|Life of the Party]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-3846408/Christina-Aguilera-shows-pink-hair-films-scenes-Life-Party.html|title=Christina Aguilera Shows Off Pink Hair on the Set of 'Life of the Party'|work=[[Daily Mail]]|date=October 18, 2016|first=Mike|last=Larkin|accessdate=March 19, 2017}}</ref> |[[Ben Falcone]] |Herself |Cameo |} == Television roles == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Taon ! scope="col" |Palabas sa Telebisyon ! scope="col" |Karakter ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Deskripsyon |- | scope="row" |1990 |''[[Star Search#Competition winners|Star Search]]'' |Contestant |Season 6 |- | scope="row" |1993–1994 |''[[The Mickey Mouse Club|The New Mickey Mouse Club]]'' |Herself |Season 6–7<ref>{{harvnb|Dominguez|2003|pp=23–31}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |1999 |''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'' |Herself |"[[List of Beverly Hills, 90210 episodes|Let's Eat Cake]]" (season 10: episode 2)<ref>{{harvnb|Dominguez|2003|page=70}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |1999 |''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]'' |Herself |"[[List of Roswell episodes|Monsters]]" (season 1: episode 3)<ref>{{cite video|people=Jonathon Dukes (creator)|date=October 20, 1999|title=Monsters|medium=television production|publisher=[[The WB Television Network]]}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |1999 |''[[Christmas in Washington]]'' |Herself |Guest star<ref>{{cite video|people=Glenn Weiss (director)|date=1999|title=Christmas in Washington 1999|medium=television production|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[TNT (U.S. TV network)|TNT]]}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2000 |''Al salir de clase'' |Herself |"El día que no existe" (season 5: episode 42)<ref>{{cite video|people=Pascal Jongen (director)|date=February 29, 2000|title=El día que no existe|medium=television production|language=Spanish|location=Spain|publisher=BocaBoca}}</ref>"Augurios" (season 8: episode 72)<ref>{{cite video|people=Pascal Jongen (director)|date=December 7, 2000|title=Augurios|medium=television production|language=Spanish|location=Spain|publisher=BocaBoca}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2002 |''[[Un Paso Adelante (TV series)|Un Paso Adelante]]'' |Herself |"Arriba el telón" (season 1: episode 1)<ref>{{cite video|people=Daniel Écija Ernesto Pozuelo and Jesus del Cerro (creators)|date=January 8, 2002|title=Arriba el telón|language=Spanish|medium=television production|location=Spain|publisher=[[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]]}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2003 |''[[Player$]]'' |Herself |"Hulk" (Season 2, Episode 10)<ref>{{cite video|date=2003|title=Hulk|medium=television production|location=United States|publisher=[[G4 (U.S. TV channel)|GVTV]]}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2003 |''[[Punk'd]]'' |Herself |"Ryan Pinkston – VH1 Big in 2002" (Season 1, Episode 1)<ref>{{cite video|date=2002|title=VH1 Big in 2002|medium=television production|location=United States|publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2009 |''[[Project Runway]]'' |Herself / Guest Judge |"Sequins, Feathers and Fur, Oh My!" (Season 6, Episode 9)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20421847,00.html|title=Christina Aguilera to Guest Judge Project Runway|work=People|publisher=Time Warner|accessdate=September 8, 2013|date=October 15, 2009}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2010 |''[[Conan (talk show)|Conan]]'' |Herself |"A Prayer for Dick Butkus" (Season 1, Episode 9)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/950370/christina-aguilera-teaches-conan-to-burlesque-dance|title=Christina Aguilera Teaches Conan to Burlesque Dance|first=Jilian|last=Mapes|date=November 23, 2010|accessdate=September 8, 2013|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2010 |''[[Entourage (U.S. TV series)|Entourage]]'' |Herself |"Lose Yourself" (Season 7, Episode 10)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/06/28/eminem-christina-aguilera-entourage/|title=PopWatch Exclusive: Eminem, Christina Aguilera among guests for 'Entourage' season finale|first=Dan|last=Snierson|date=June 28, 2010|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Warner|accessdate=September 7, 2013|archive-date=September 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061444/http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/06/28/eminem-christina-aguilera-entourage/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2011–2016, 2020 |''[[The Voice (U.S. TV series)|The Voice]]'' |Herself (Coach) |Seasons 1—3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/17/the-voice-usher-shakira-replacing-christina-ceelo_n_1892052.html|title='The Voice': Shakira And Usher To Replace Christina Aguilera and Cee Lo Green As Coaches For Fourth Cycle|date=September 17, 2012|work=The Huffington Post|publisher=AOL|accessdate=September 8, 2013}}</ref>Season 5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/cee-lo-green-christina-aguilera-return-to-the-voice-20130729|title=Cee Lo Green, Christina Aguilera Return to 'The Voice'|first=RJ|last=Cubarrubia|date=July 29, 2013|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Wenner Media|accessdate=September 8, 2013}}</ref> Season 8<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/6281700/christina-aguilera-returning-the-voice-season-8|title=Goodbye, Gwen: Christina Aguilera Returning to 'The Voice'|date=October 14, 2014|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|first=Joe|last=Lynch|accessdate=December 14, 2014}}</ref>Season 10<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/voice-returns-season-10-christina-871650|title='The Voice' Returns for Season 10, Christina Aguilera Back As Judge|date=February 26, 2016|first=Kayla|last=Kumari Upadhyaya|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=April 16, 2016}}</ref> Season 19 |- | scope="row" |2015 |''[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]'' |Jade St. John |3 episodes, recurring role ([[Nashville (season 3)|Season 3]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/article/christina-aguilera-nashville-guest-star|title=Look Which Coach from The Voice Is Joining Nashville!|work=People|first=Lynette|last=Rice|publisher=Time Warner|date=February 13, 2015|accessdate=February 14, 2015}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |2018 |''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]'' |Herself/Guest Judge |Season 10, Episode 1 |} == Mga video album == [[Ladawan:What_A_Girl_Wants122_-_CA_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Si Aguilera habang nagpapasali sa saiyang [[Back to Basics Tour]] kan 2006]] {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Titulo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Detalye ! colspan="3" scope="col" |Peak positions ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |[[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]](sales threshold) |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<ref>Peak chart positions for Aguilera's video albums in Australia: * ''My Reflection'': {{cite journal|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue591.PDF|title=The ARIA Report – Week Commencing 25th June 2001|page=19|issue=591|date=June 25, 2001|journal=[[Pandora Archive]]|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|format=PDF|accessdate=December 14, 2014|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020221-0000/www.aria.com.au/issue591.PDF|archivedate=February 21, 2002}} * ''Stripped Live in the U.K.'': {{cite journal|url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20041220-0000/issue769.pdf|title=Week Commencing 22nd November 2004|journal=Pandora Archive|format=PDF|volume=939|page=22|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|date=November 22, 2004|accessdate=August 21, 2013|archivedate=December 12, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212203527/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20041220-0000/ISSUE769.pdf}} * ''Back to Basics: Live and Down Under'': {{cite journal|url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20080320-0000/issue939.pdf|title=Week Commencing 25th February, 2008|journal=Pandora Archive|format=PDF|volume=939|page=22|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|date=February 25, 2008|accessdate=July 22, 2013|archivedate=April 16, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416141817/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20080320-0000/issue939.pdf}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |[[Billboard charts|US]]<ref>Peak chart positions for Aguilera's video albums in the United States: * ''Genie Gets Her Wish'': {{cite journal|title=Top Music Videos|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|page=57|date=April 6, 2000|volume=112|issue=15}} * ''My Reflection'': {{cite journal|title=No. 1 On This Week's Unpublished Charts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2001-06-23_113_25/page/4|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|page=4|date=June 23, 2001|volume=113|issue=25}} * ''Stripped Live in the U.K.'': {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2004-10-30/music-video|title=Music Video Sales: October 30, 2004|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|date=October 30, 2004|accessdate=August 26, 2013}} {{subscription required}} * ''Back to Basics: Live and Down Under'': {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2008-02-23/music-video|title=Music Video Sales: February 23, 2008|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|date=February 23, 2008|accessdate=August 26, 2013}} {{subscription required}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |[[Official Charts Company|UK]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Iron Maiden|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_2008-05-17_120_20/page/72|page=72|volume=120|issue=20|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|date=May 17, 2008}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Genie Gets Her Wish]]'' | * Released: December 14, 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/genie-gets-her-wish-mw0000255570|title=Genie Gets Her Wish&nbsp;– Christina Aguilera: Overview|publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[All Media Network]]|first=Heather|last=Phares|accessdate=August 26, 2013}}</ref> * Format: [[DVD]], [[VHS]] * Label: [[RCA Records|RCA]] |— |7 |— | * [[Recording Industry Association of America#Video Longform certification|RIAA]]: Platinum<ref name="riaa">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?|title=Gold and Platinum Searchable Database|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=August 26, 2013|format=''Enter the keyword "Christina Aguilera" in the search box''}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[My Reflection]]'' | * Released: June 5, 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Christina-Aguilera-My-Reflection/dp/B00005IA82|title=My Reflection (2000)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]. Amazon Inc|accessdate=August 26, 2013}}</ref> * Format: DVD, VHS * Label: RCA |8 |1 |— | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="riaa" /> * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-dvd-2003.htm|title=Accreditations – 2003 DVDs|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=December 14, 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Stripped Live in the U.K.]]'' | * Released: November 15, 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Christina-Aguilera-Stripped-Live-U-K/dp/B00011RU0Q|title=Striped Live in the UK (DVD)|publisher=Amazon.com. Amazon Inc|location=United Kingdom|accessdate=August 26, 2013}}</ref> * Format: DVD * Label: RCA |4 |3 |— | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="riaa" /> * ARIA: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.audvd2010.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2010 DVDs|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=August 26, 2013}}</ref> * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx|title=Certified Awards|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=September 5, 2013|format=''Enter the keyword "Christina Aguilera" in the search box''|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120124207/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx|archivedate=January 20, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Back to Basics and Beyond'' | * Released: 2006{{efn|The album was released exclusively in Canada and the United States by [[Walmart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Christina-Aguilera-Back-Basics-Beyond/dp/B000OA52TA|title=Back to Basics and Beyond|publisher=Amazon.com. Amazon Inc|accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref>}} * Format: [[NTSC]] * Label: RCA |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Back to Basics: Live and Down Under]]'' | * Released: February 4, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Back-Basics-Live-Down-Under/dp/B000WTSWTK|title=Back To Basics Live And Down Under (2008)|publisher=Amazon.com. Amazon Inc|location=United Kingdom|accessdate=July 22, 2013}}</ref> * Format: DVD, digital download * Label: RCA |2 |1 |1<br /> | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="riaa" /> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesDVDaccreds2011.htm|title=ARIA Charts &ndash; Accreditations &ndash; 2011 DVDs|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=August 26, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64sNpgTgx?url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesDVDaccreds2011.htm|archivedate=January 22, 2012}}</ref> |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%" |"—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. |} == Mga komersyal == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 20em;" |Produkto/Brand ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |2001 ! scope="row" |[[Coca-Cola]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,109862,00.html|title=Pop Star|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Warner|first=Liane|last=Bonin|date=May 17, 2001|accessdate=February 10, 2014|archive-date=February 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070111/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,109862,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2003 ! scope="row" |[[Skechers]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,478535,00.html|title=Toeing the Line|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Warner|first=Gary|last=Susman|date=August 27, 2003|accessdate=February 10, 2014|archive-date=February 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070108/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,478535,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2006 ! scope="row" |[[Pepsi]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2006-10-10/news/around-the-world-in-60-seconds-97899/|title=Around The world in 60 seconds|work=[[The Malta Independent]]|publisher=Standard Publications Ltd|date=October 10, 2006|accessdate=February 10, 2014}}</ref> |- |2008 ! scope="row" |Shattered Jewelry Collection |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2008/02/htpnymagcomimages2dailyfashion.html|title=Christina Aguilera Limits Herself to Merely Inspiring Jewelry|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|publisher=New York Media LLC|date=February 19, 2008|accessdate=February 10, 2014}}</ref> |- |2012 ! scope="row" |Red Sin Perfume |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-hook/474805/christina-aguilera-shows-skin-in-sinful-fragrance-ad|title=Christina Aguilera Shows Skin in Sinful Fragrance Ad|first=Gregory|last=DelliCarpini Jr.|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|date=October 4, 2012|accessdate=February 10, 2014}}</ref> |- |2012 ! scope="row" |Royal Desire Perfume |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/25/christina-aguilera-royal-desire-ad-photoshop_n_2019309.html|title=Christina Aguilera's Royal Desire Perfume Ad Reeks Of Photoshop|first=Ellie|last=Krupnich|date=October 25, 2012|work=The Huffington Post|publisher=AOL|accessdate=December 14, 2014}}</ref> |- |2013 ! scope="row" |Unforgettable Perfume |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://style.mtv.com/2013/10/18/christina-aguilera-unforgettable/|title=Christina Aguilera Reveals Unforgettable Fragrance Ad|publisher=MTV Style. Viacom|first=Parry|last=Ernsberger|date=October 18, 2013|accessdate=December 14, 2014|archive-date=December 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214155332/http://style.mtv.com/2013/10/18/christina-aguilera-unforgettable/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2017 ! scope="row" |[[Oreo]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/christina-aguileras-oreo-dunk-challenge-ad-really-hits-all-of-the-right-notes-videos-37274|title=Christina Aguilera’s Oreo Dunk Challenge Ad Really Hits All Of The Right Notes|publisher=Bustle|first=Kristie|last=Rohewedder|date=February 10, 2017|accessdate=February 12, 2017}}</ref> |} == Mga nota == {{notelist|2}} == Mga toltolan == {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == * {{cite book|title=Music Video and the Politics of Representation|url=https://archive.org/details/musicvideopoliti0000rail|last1=Railton|first1=Diane|last2=Watson|first2=Paul|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7486-3323-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/christinaaguiler0000domi|title=Christina Aguilera &ndash; A Star Is Made: The Unauthorized Biography|last=Dominguez|first=Pier|publisher=Amber Communications Group, Inc|year=2003|isbn=978-0-9702224-5-9|location=|ref=harv|url-access=registration}} == Mga panluwas na takod == {{Wikipedia books|Christina Aguilera}} * [https://www.youtube.com/user/CAguileraVEVO Christina Aguilera's official Vevo channel] on [[YouTube]] * [http://www.allmovie.com/artist/christina-aguilera-p295828 Christina Aguilera] at [[AllMovie]] * [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/christina_aguilera/ Christina Aguilera] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]] * {{IMDb name|nm0004694|Christina Aguilera}} {{Christina Aguilera}} se4m8auu3d8n8ufnt90ey43wr587v4t 0 21794 309601 306941 2026-08-23T20:40:57Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Wikimedia list article}}Si '''Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter''' (/biːˈjɒnseɪ/; namundag Septyembre 4, 1981), sarong parakantang Amerikano, aktres, asin parasurat kanta. Siya namundag asin nagdakula sa Houston, Texas, asin aki pa sige na an bali sa mga kompetisyon sa karantahan asin patiribayan sa pagbayle. Si Beyoncé naglataw sa kabantogan kan mga 1990 bilang nangenot na parakanta sa R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Inaasikaso kan saiyang ama, si Mathew Knowles, an grupo nagin saro sa pinakalataw asin pinakamabentang grupong parakanta sa bilog na kinaban sa guhit nin historya. Kan medyo nagtoninong an grupo, si Beyoncé nag'debut sa pelikula-teatrong pasaling Goldmember (2002) asin pagluwas kan pambungsod niyang album, Dangerously in Love (2003). An album nagkaag saiya komo solong artistang pangkinaban na kabantogan, mala ta limang Grammy Awards an nasikwit kaini asin natampok sa Billboard Hot 100 number one singles "Crazy in Love" asin "Baby Boy".<ref>[http://www.tmz.com/person/beyonce-knowles/]www.tmz.com. Kinua 05-18-18</ref><ref>[https://www.billboard.com/music/beyonce] www.billboard.com. Kinua 05-18-18</ref> == Musika == === American Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="3" |[[American Music Awards of 2003 (November)|2003]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2003/amas2.htm|title=Rock On the Net: 31st American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On the Net|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |[[American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist|Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |[[American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Album|Favorite Soul/R&B Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[American Music Awards of 2004|2004]] |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2004/amas.htm|title=Rock On the Net: 32nd American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On the Net|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- |[[American Music Awards of 2006|2006]] |Beyoncé |[[American Music Award for Artist of the Year|Artist ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2006/amas.htm|title=Rock On the Net: 34th American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On the Net|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |[[American Music Awards of 2007|2007]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2007/amas.htm|title=Rock On the Net: 35th American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On the Net|accessdate=2016-06-27|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919032052/http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2007/amas.htm|archivedate=2008-09-19}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |{{won}} |- |[[American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist|Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |''[[B'Day (Beyoncé album)|B'Day]]'' |{{nom}} |- |''[[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture]]'' |[[American Music Award for Top Soundtrack|Favorite Soundtrack]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[American Music Awards of 2009|2009]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2009/amas.htm|title=Rock On the Net: 37th American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On the Net|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |{{won}} |- |''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[American Music Awards of 2011|2011]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2011/amas.htm|title=Rock On the Net: 39th American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On the Net|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{won}} |- |''[[4 (Beyoncé album)|4]]'' |{{nom}} |- |[[American Music Awards of 2012|2012]] |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2012/amas.htm|title=Rock On the Net: 40th American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On the Net|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |[[American Music Awards of 2014|2014]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gma.yahoo.com/amas-2014--iggy-azalea-leads-american-music-awards-nominations-with-six-nods-015647021.html?vp=1|title=AMAs 2014: Iggy Azalea Leads American Music Awards Nominations With Six Nods|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|publisher=via [[Good Morning America]]|date=October 13, 2014|accessdate=October 13, 2014}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |{{won}} |- |''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' |{{won}} |- |[[American Music Awards of 2015|2015]] |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2015/amas.htm|title=Rock On the Net: 43rd American Music Awards|publisher=Rock On the Net|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |[[American Music Awards of 2016|2016]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theamas.com/2016/10/the-2016-american-music-awards-nominations-announced/|title=The 2016 American Music Awards Nominations Announced|publisher=AMA|date=2016-10-10|accessdate=2016-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201107/http://www.theamas.com/2016/10/the-2016-american-music-awards-nominations-announced/|archive-date=2016-10-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |[[The Formation World Tour]] |[[American Music Award for Tour of the Year|Tour ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |{{nom}} |- |[[American Music Awards of 2017|2017]] |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/amas/8039497/amas-2017-winners-list|title=Here Are All the Winners From the 2017 AMAs|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=2017-11-19|accessdate=2017-11-20}}</ref> |- |[[American Music Awards of 2018|2018]] |[[On the Run II Tour]] (with [[Jay-Z]]) |{{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/amas/8474634/2018-american-music-awards-ella-mai-bebe-rexha-normani-kane-brown-nominations-youtube|title=Ella Mai, Bebe Rexha, Normani & Kane Brown to Announce 2018 American Music Awards Nominations Live on YouTube|website=Billboard|date=2018-09-11}}</ref> |- |[[American Music Awards of 2019|2019]] |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8540229/2019-american-music-awards-nominations-ama-list|title=AMAs 2019 Nominations|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=2019-10-24|accessdate=2019-10-24}}</ref> |- |} === ARIA Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[ARIA Music Awards of 2014|2014]] |Beyoncé |''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/2014/2014-aria-awards-connected-by-telstra-nominated-ar|title=2014 ARIA Awards Connected By Telstra - Nominated artists revealed|publisher=ARIA|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- |[[ARIA Music Awards of 2016|2016]] |Beyoncé |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/nominees/2016/aria-awards/Best-International-Artist|title=2016 ARIA Awards Connected By Telstra - Nominated artists revealed|publisher=ARIA|accessdate=2016-10-05}}</ref> |} === ASCAP Awards === The American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers is an American non-profit performance-rights organization (PRO) that protects its members' musical copyrights by monitoring public performances of their music, whether via a broadcast or live performance, and compensating them accordingly. ASCAP honors its top members in a series of annual awards shows in seven different music categories: pop, rhythm and soul, film and television, Latin, country, Christian, and concert music. Awards are presented through a "vote online" that makes up 50% of the judging criteria. Other 50% came from different music critics. Beyoncé has received 54 awards from the company. ==== ASCAP Latin Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2018 |"[[Mi Gente (J Balvin and Willy William song)|Mi Gente]]" (Remix) ([[J Balvin]] and [[Willy William]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/latinawards18|title=El Premio ASCAP 2018|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=March 7, 2018}}</ref> |} ==== ASCAP Pop Music Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="4" |2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2013/30-years-of-songwriters-of-the-year.aspx|title=ASCAP 2001 30 Years of Songwriters of the Year|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2016-06-28}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{won}} |- |"[[Independent Women|Independent Women Part 1]]" | rowspan="17" |<nowiki>Most Performed Songs| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Jumpin', Jumpin']]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Survivor (Destiny's Child song)|Survivor]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |2004 |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2004/|title=ASCAP 2004 Pop Music Awards|publisher=ASCAP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604012050/http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2004/|archivedate=2004-06-04}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2005/winners.html|title=ASCAP 2005 Pop Music Awards: Winners List|publisher=ASCAP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522212013/http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2005/winners.html|archivedate=2011-05-22}}</ref> |"[[Baby Boy (Beyoncé song)|Baby Boy]]" (featuring [[Sean Paul]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Me, Myself and I (Beyoncé song)|Me, Myself and I]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2006/songs.html|title=23rd Annual ASCAP Pop Music Awards – Most Performed Songs|publisher=ASCAP|access-date=8 December 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119042226/http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2006/songs.html|archivedate=19 November 2008}}</ref> |"[[Lose My Breath]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Soldier (Destiny's Child song)|Soldier]]" (featuring [[T.I.]] and [[Lil Wayne]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2007/performed.html|title=24th Annual ASCAP Pop Music Awards|publisher=ASCAP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522221919/http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2007/performed.html|archivedate=2011-05-22}}</ref> |"[[Check on It]]" (featuring [[Slim Thug]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Grillz]]" ([[Nelly]] featuring [[Paul Wall]] and [[Ali & Gipp]]<nowiki>) (as writer)| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |2008 |"[[Irreplaceable]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2008/performed.aspx|title=25th Annual ASCAP Pop Music Awards|publisher=ASCAP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523032944/http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2008/performed.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-23}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2010/Most_Performed_Songs.aspx|title=27th Annual Pop Music Awards: Most Performed Songs|publisher=ASCAP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127103202/http://ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2010/Most_Performed_Songs.aspx|archivedate=2010-11-27}}</ref> |"[[Halo (Beyoncé song)|Halo]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Sweet Dreams (Beyoncé song)|Sweet Dreams]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |2011 |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]]<nowiki> featuring Beyoncé)| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2011/most_Performed_Songs.aspx|title=Most Performed Songs|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2012-07-05}}</ref> |- |2015 |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/popawards/2015/most-peformed-songs|title=Most Performed Songs|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2016-12-24}}</ref> |} ==== ASCAP PRS Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2007 |"[[Irreplaceable]]" |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/prs/2007/winners.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013053219/http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/prs/2007/winners.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 13, 2007|title=2007 PRS Awards|date=October 13, 2007}}</ref> |} ==== ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |1999 |"[[No, No, No (Destiny's Child song)|No, No, No]]" | rowspan="3" |<nowiki>Award Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=June 12, 1999|page=21|title=EMI Publishing, Dupri Among ASCAP Winners|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_1999-06-12_111_24/page/n20|last=Hay|first=Carl|volume=111|issue=24|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> |- |2000 |"[[Bills, Bills, Bills]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]|date=June 26, 2000|page=34|title=Sean 'Puffy' Combs and Kandi Burruss Named ASCAP Songwriters of the Year|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jet_2000-06-26_98_3/page/34|volume=98|issue=3|issn=0021-5996}}</ref> |- |2001 |"[[Say My Name]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref name="rhythmandsoul2">{{citation|author=|title=Rhythm & Soul: ASCAP Congratulates Our 2001 Rhythm and Soul Award Honorees|newspaper=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=June 16, 2001|volume=113|issue=24|pages=2–3|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> |- |2002 |"[[Independent Women|Independent Women Part 1]]" |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/playback/2002/december/rsawards.aspx|title=ASCAP 2002 Rhythm & Soul Music Awards: Winners List|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2004/completewinners.html|title=ASCAP 2004 Rhythm & Soul Music Awards: Winners List|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> |"[[Baby Boy (Beyoncé song)|Baby Boy]]" (featuring [[Sean Paul]]) | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>Award Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |2005 |"[[Me, Myself and I (Beyoncé song)|Me, Myself and I]]" |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2005/rbhiphop.html|title=ASCAP 2005 Rhythm & Soul Music Awards: Winners List|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2006/hiphop.aspx|title=ASCAP 2006 Rhythm & Soul Music Awards: Winners List|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> |"[[Cater 2 U]]" | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>Award Winning R&B/Hip Hop Song| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Soldier (Destiny's Child song)|Soldier]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="5" |2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2007/soundtrack.html|title=ASCAP 2007 Rhythm & Soul Music Awards: Winners List|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Check on It]]" (featuring [[Slim Thug]]) |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>Award Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |"[[Grillz]]" ([[Nelly]] featuring [[Paul Wall]] and [[Ali & Gipp]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2007/hiphop.aspx|title=ASCAP 2007 Rhythm & Soul Music Awards: Winners List|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2017-10-17}}</ref> |- |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2007/ringtone.aspx|title=ASCAP 2007 Rhythm & Soul Music Awards: Winners List|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2017-10-17}}</ref> |- |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2007/rap.aspx|title=ASCAP 2007 Rhythm & Soul Music Awards: Winners List|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2017-10-17}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2008/hiphop.aspx|title=ASCAP 2008 Rhythm & Soul Music Awards: Winners List|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> |"[[Get Me Bodied]]" | rowspan="3" |<nowiki>Award Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Irreplaceable]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Until the End of Time (Justin Timberlake and Beyoncé song)|Until the End of Time]]" ([[Justin Timberlake]]<nowiki> featuring Beyoncé)| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2010/RnB_HipHop.aspx|title=ASCAP 2010 Rhythm & Soul Music Awards: Winners List|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> |"[[Diva (Beyoncé song)|Diva]]" | rowspan="3" |<nowiki>Award Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Ego (Beyoncé song)|Ego]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |2012 |"[[Best Thing I Never Had]]" |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Rys|first=Dan|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/quincy-jones-pharrell-williams-ascap-rhythm-soul-awards-343905?page=2|title=Quincy Jones, Pharrell Williams Honored; EMI Wins Big at ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Awards|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=2012-07-01|accessdate=2012-07-04}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2013/r-and-b-hip-hop-songs.aspx|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2014-07-17|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101120249/http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2013/r-and-b-hip-hop-songs.aspx|archivedate=2013-11-01}}</ref> |"[[Love On Top]]" |{{won}} |- |"[[Dance for You]]" | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>Award Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Party (Beyoncé song)|Party]]" (featuring [[André 3000]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/rsawards/2015/r-and-b-hip-hop-songs.aspx|title=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2015-12-23}}</ref> |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |{{won}} |- |"[[Flawless (Beyoncé song)|Flawless]]" (featuring [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]) | rowspan="9" |<nowiki>Award Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Partition (song)|Partition]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/news-events/awards/2016/rhythmsoul-awards|title=2016 ASCAP Rhythm and Soul Awards|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=2016-08-20}}</ref> |"[[7/11 (song)|7/11]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Feeling Myself (Nicki Minaj song)|Feeling Myself]]" ([[Nicki Minaj]]<nowiki> featuring Beyoncé)| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/rsawards17|title=2017 ASCAP Rhythm and Soul Awards|publisher=ASCAP|accessdate=June 23, 2017}}</ref> |"[[Hold Up (song)|Hold Up]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Sorry (Beyoncé song)|Sorry]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |2018 |"[[Shining (song)|Shining]]" (with [[DJ Khaled]]<nowiki> and Jay )| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/rsawards18|title=2018 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards|website=Ascap.com}}</ref> |- |2019 |"[[Apeshit]]" (with [[Jay Z]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/news-events/awards/2019/rs-awards|title=2019 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards|website=Ascap.com}}</ref> |} === BBC Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |[[2016 BBC Music Awards|2016]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/0242a2af-6f63-43b0-90e5-54fead8d55c9|title=BBC Music Awards 2016 – The Nominees|publisher=bbc.com|date=November 25, 2016|accessdate=March 21, 2017}}</ref> |"[[Hymn for the Weekend]]" ([[Coldplay]] featuring Beyoncé) | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>Song ng Taon| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Runnin' (Lose It All)]]" ([[Naughty Boy]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Arrow Benjamin]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{nom}} |} === BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[BBC Radio 1|2018]] |"[[Perfect (Ed Sheeran song)|Perfect Duet]]" (with [[Ed Sheeran]]) |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4fbfMwBkT2xnSm7Fh22BH5T/teen-awards-2018|title=BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards 2018: Nominations|work=bbc.com|accessdate=22 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-45933886|title=2018 BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards Winners|access-date=2018-10-22|work=BBC News|date=2018-10-21}}</ref> |} === BET Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[BET Awards 2003|2003]] |"[['03 Bonnie & Clyde]]" ([[Jay-Z]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the411online.com/bet03.html|title=50 wins two BET Awards|publisher=The411online.com|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68y1stoz2?url=http://www.the411online.com/bet03.html|archivedate=2012-07-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |[[BET Awards 2004|2004]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the411online.com/bet04.html|title=2004 BET Awards|publisher=The411online.com|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68y25byVM?url=http://www.the411online.com/bet04.html|archivedate=2012-07-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Beyoncé |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[BET Awards 2005|2005]] |Beyoncé |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bet.com/video/betawards/2005/performances/t-i-sheilae-performance-bet-awards-2005.html|title=T.I. Brings Out Sheila E. &#124; BET Awards &#124; Videos|publisher=BET|date=2005-06-25|accessdate=2015-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202154459/http://www.bet.com/video/betawards/2005/performances/t-i-sheilae-performance-bet-awards-2005.html|archive-date=2016-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[BET Awards 2006|2006]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Adaso|first=Henry|url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETAwards2006.htm|title=BET Awards 2006|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2012-07-07|archive-date=2013-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515200808/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/BETAwards2006.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Check on It]]" (featuring [[Slim Thug]]) |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[BET Awards 2007|2007]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nero|first=Mark|url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007BETAwards.htm|title=2007 BET Awards Winners|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2012-07-07|archive-date=2013-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413182550/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007BETAwards.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |Beyoncé |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Beautiful Liar]]" (with [[Shakira]]) | rowspan="2" |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Irreplaceable]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) | rowspan="2" |[[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Upgrade U]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[BET Awards 2009|2009]]<ref name="BETAwards09">{{cite web|author=Jason|url=http://www.rapbasement.com/bet/102809-bet-2009-awards-performances-cyphers-freestyles-winners-and-losers-videos-watch-all-here.html|title=BET Awards 2009 Re-Cap (Videos & More)|publisher=Rapbasement.com|date=2009-10-28|accessdate=2012-07-07}}</ref> |Beyoncé |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[If I Were a Boy]]" | rowspan="2" |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[BET Awards 2010|2010]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nero|first=Mark|url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2010BETAwards.htm|title=2010 BET Awards|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2012-07-07|archive-date=2013-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421063235/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2010BETAwards.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |Beyoncé |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Video Phone (song)|Video Phone]]" (Extended Remix) (featuring [[Lady Gaga]]) |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Sweet Dreams (Beyoncé song)|Sweet Dreams]]" |[[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[BET Awards 2011|2011]] | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapradar.com/2011/05/17/bet-awards-2011-nominees/|title=BET Awards 2011 Nominees|publisher=Rapradar.com|date=2011-05-17|accessdate=2012-07-07}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |[[BET Awards 2012|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Adaso|first=Henry|url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2012-Bet-Awards-Winners.htm|title=2012 BET Awards Winners and Nominees|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2012-07-07|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119035854/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2012-Bet-Awards-Winners.htm|archivedate=2012-11-19}}</ref> |Video Director ng Taon (with [[Alan Ferguson]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Countdown (Beyoncé song)|Countdown]]" | rowspan="2" |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Love on Top]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Party (Beyoncé song)|Party]]" (Remix) (featuring [[J. Cole]]) |[[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[BET Awards 2013|2013]] | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1709766/bet-awards-2013-winners-list/|title=BET AWARDS 2013: Complete Winners List|work=MTV|date=June 28, 2013|accessdate=June 28, 2016|archive-date=November 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128104559/http://www.mtv.com/news/1709766/bet-awards-2013-winners-list/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |[[BET Awards 2014|2014]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/541781/bet-awards-nominations-announced-jay-z-beyonce-and-drake-lead-with-5-nods-each|title=BET Awards Nominations Announced: Jay Z, Beyoncé and Drake Lead With 5 Nods Each|work=[[E!]]|first=Peter|last=Gicas|date=May 14, 2014|accessdate=May 14, 2014}}</ref> |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |{{won}} |- |"[[Partition (song)|Partition]]" | rowspan="2" |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[BET Awards 2015|2015]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards.html|title=Awards &#124; Shows|publisher=BET|date=|accessdate=2015-12-23}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}} |- |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[7/11 (song)|7/11]]" |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[BET Awards 2016|2016]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7416617/bet-awards-complete-winners-list|title=BET Awards: The Complete Winners List|magazine=Billboard|date=June 27, 2016|accessdate=2016-06-28}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[BET Centric Award|Centric Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Feeling Myself (Nicki Minaj song)|Feeling Myself]]" ([[Nicki Minaj]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="7" |[[BET Awards 2017|2017]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7842168/beyonce-remy-ma-2017-bet-awards|title=Beyoncé Wins Big, Remy Ma Ends Nicki Minaj's Reign at 2017 BET Awards|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=June 26, 2017|accessdate=June 27, 2017}}</ref> |Beyoncé |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |"[[Sorry (Beyoncé song)|Sorry]]" |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |Video Director ng Taon (with [[Kahlil Joseph]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewers Choice Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |[[BET Award for Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Freedom (Beyoncé song)|Freedom]]" (featuring [[Kendrick Lamar]]) | rowspan="2" |[[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Shining (song)|Shining]]" ([[DJ Khaled]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Jay-Z]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[BET Awards 2018|2018]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bet.com/content/bet/shows/bet-awards/2018/photos/show/bet-awards-nominations-2018-the-complete-list.html|title=BET Awards Nominations 2018: The Complete List|website=BET.com}}</ref> |Beyoncé |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Female R&B/Pop Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Top Off]]" ([[DJ Khaled]] featuring [[Jay-Z]], [[Future (rapper)|Future]] and [[Beyoncé]]) |[[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[BET Awards 2019|2019]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2019/winners-announcement.html?cid=facebook|title=HERE ARE YOUR 2019 BET AWARDS WINNERS|website=BET.com}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{won}} |- |''[[Everything is Love]]'' |[[BET Award for Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Apeshit]]" |[[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[The Carters]] |{{nom}} |} === BET Hip Hop Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |[[2015 BET Hip Hop Awards|2015]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/6699572/bet-hip-hop-awards-2015-nominations-drake|title=BET Hip Hop Awards 2015 Nominations: Drake Leads With 12|work=Billboard|accessdate=18 September 2015|date=2015-09-15}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Feeling Myself (Nicki Minaj song)|Feeling Myself]]" ([[Nicki Minaj]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2018 BET Hip Hop Awards|2018]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8480295/2018-bet-hip-hop-awards-winners-list|title=Here Are All the Winners From the 2018 BET Hip Hop Awards|website=Billboard|date=2018-10-16}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Apeshit (song)|Apeshit]]" ([[The Carters]]) |{{won}} |- |{{won}} |- |"[[Everything Is Love]]" |{{won}} |- |[[2019 BET Hip Hop Awards|2019]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2019-bet-hip-hop-awards-nominations-list-8529768|title=Cardi B Leads 2019 BET Hip Hop Awards With 10 Nominations|website=Billboard}}</ref> |[[The Carters]] |{{nom}} |} === Billboard Awards === ==== Billboard Latin Music Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="7" |2018<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8098517/2018-billboard-latin-music-awards-nominations|title=J Balvin, Shakira, Luis Fonsi, Daddy Yankee, Ozuna & Maluma Lead 2018 Billboard Latin Music Awards Finalists|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 7, 2018|accessdate=February 7, 2018}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="6" |"[[Mi Gente (J Balvin and Willy William song)|Mi Gente]]" (Remix) ([[J Balvin]] and [[Willy William]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[Billboard Latin Music Award for Hot Latin Song of the Year|Hot Latin Song ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |{{won}} |} ==== Billboard.com Mid-Taon Music Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |2011<ref name="BMYMA11">{{cite web|last=Lipshutz|first=Jason|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469332/britney-spears-lady-gaga-rule-billboardcoms-2011-mid-year-music-awards|title=Britney Spears, Lady Gaga Rule Billboard.com's 2011 Mid-Year Music Awards|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=2011-07-07|accessdate=2012-07-08}}</ref> |[[Glastonbury Festival 2011|Beyoncé at Glastonbury Festival]] |{{nom}} |- |[[2011 Billboard Music Awards|2011 Billboard Music Awards featuring Beyoncé]] |{{won}} |- |2012 |Beyoncé | style="" |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Lipshutz|first=Jason|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/482238/madonna-rules-billboardcoms-2012-mid-year-music-awards|title=Madonna Rules Billboard.com's 2012 Mid-Year Music Awards|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=2012-07-02|accessdate=2012-07-04}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |2013<ref name="BMYA13">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/1568739/taylor-swift-rules-billboardcoms-2013-mid-year-music-awards|title=Taylor Swift Rules Billboard.com's 2013 Mid-Year Music Awards|work=Billboard|publisher=Billboard Staff|date=July 1, 2013|accessdate=July 2, 2013}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |[[Second inauguration of Barack Obama|Beyoncé's Lip Sync Performance at Inauguration]] |{{won}} |- |[[Super Bowl XLVII halftime show|Super Bowl XLVII Halftime Show Starring Beyoncé]] |{{won}} |- |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |[[The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour]] and ''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="6" |2014<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lipshutz|first=Jason|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6150413/beyonce-iggy-azalea-rule-billboardcoms-2014-mid-year-music-poll|title=Beyonce, Iggy Azalea Rule Billboard.com's 2014 Mid-Year Music Poll|magazine=Billboard|date=2014-10-07|accessdate=2015-12-23}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé | style="" |{{nom}} |- |{{won}} |- |[[The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour]] |{{nom}} |- |[[On the Run Tour (Beyoncé and Jay-Z)|On the Run Tour]] |{{won}} |- |''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' |{{won}} |- |"[[Part II (On the Run)]]" ([[Jay-Z]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{nom}} |} ==== Billboard Music Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="6" |[[2003 Billboard Music Awards|2003]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/67805/2003-billboard-music-awards-winners|title=2003 Billboard Music Awards Winners|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=2012-07-06|date=2003-12-10}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}} |- |{{won}} |- |"[[Crazy in Love]]" and "[[Baby Boy (Beyoncé song)|Baby Boy]]" |{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |{{won}} |- |{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Female Artist|Female Artist ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2004 Billboard Music Awards|2004]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/65464/2004-billboard-music-awards-finalists|title=2004 Billboard Music Awards Finalists|work=Billboard|date=November 30, 2004|accessdate=December 6, 2016}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Female Artist|Female Artist ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Artist|Female R&B/Hip-Hop Artist ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[2006 Billboard Music Awards|2006]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56556/2006-billboard-music-awards-finalists|title=2006 Billboard Music Awards Finalists|website=Billboard|date=2006-11-29}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Female Artist|Female Artist ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Artist|Female R&B/Hip-Hop Artist ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Artist|Artist ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Check on It]]" (featuring [[Slim Thug]]) |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Hot 100 Song|Hot 100 Airplay Single]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[2011 Billboard Music Awards|2011]] |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/471664/beyonce-to-be-honored-with-billboard-millennium-award-at-billboard-music-awards|title=Beyoncé to be Honored with Billboard Millennium Award|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=2012-07-06|date=2011-05-09}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |[[2012 Billboard Music Awards|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/billboard-music-awards-2012-winners-327091|title=Billboard Music Awards 2012: The Complete Winners List|work=The Hollywood Reporter|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=2012-05-20|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> |''[[4 (Beyoncé album)|4]]'' |[[Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Album|Top R&B Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |[[Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Artist|Top R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | style="" |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="7" |[[2014 Billboard Music Awards|2014]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2014-nominees/|title=2014 nominees|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=April 9, 2014|accessdate=April 9, 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601070107/http://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2014-nominees/|archivedate=June 1, 2014}}</ref> | rowspan="4" |Beyoncé |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Female Artist|Top Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Billboard 200 Artist|Top Billboard 200 Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Touring Artist|Top Touring Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Artist|Top R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Billboard 200 Album|Top Billboard 200 Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Album|Top R&B Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Song|Top R&B Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2015 Billboard Music Awards|2015]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/04/07/taylor-swift-sam-smith-billboard-music-award-nominations/25408947/|title=Swift, Smith lead Billboard Music Award noms|work=USA Today|first=Brian|last=Mansfield|date=April 7, 2015|accessdate=April 7, 2015}}</ref> |Beyoncé |[[Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Artist|Top R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' |[[Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Album|Top R&B Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="8" |[[2017 Billboard Music Awards|2017]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2017/04/drake-the-chainsmokers-tied-most-bbmas-noms/|title=Drake & The Chainsmokers Tied for Most BBMAs Nominations|work=Billboard|date=April 10, 2017|accessdate=April 10, 2017|archive-date=April 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055758/https://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2017/04/drake-the-chainsmokers-tied-most-bbmas-noms/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | rowspan="5" |Beyoncé |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Billboard 200 Artist|Top Billboard 200 Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Artist|Top Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Female Artist|Top Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Touring Artist|Top Touring Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Artist|Top R&B Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Billboard 200 Album|Top Billboard 200 Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Album|Top R&B Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[The Formation World Tour]] |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2018 Billboard Music Awards|2018]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/bbma/8343598/billboard-music-awards-2018-nominations-list|title=Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations: See the Full List|website=Billboard|date=2018-04-17}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |"[[Mi Gente (J Balvin and Willy William song)|Mi Gente]]" (Remix) ([[J Balvin]] and [[Willy William]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Song|Top Latin Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2019 Billboard Music Awards|2019]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/bbma/8505581/billboard-music-awards-2019-nominations|title=Cardi B Leads 2019 Billboard Music Awards Nominations With 21|website=Billboard|date=2019-04-04}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |{{won}} |- |{{won}} |} ==== [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard Power 100]] ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2012 | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé & Jay Z | rowspan="3" |<nowiki>Music Power Players Honoree| </nowiki>{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.18456/title.jay-z-beyonce-birdman-rank-on-billboard-power-100-list|title=Jay-Z & Beyonce, Birdman Rank On "Billboard" Power 100 List|website=hiphopdx|date=2012-01-27|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2017-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514184342/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.18456/title.jay-z-beyonce-birdman-rank-on-billboard-power-100-list|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5885224/billboard-power-100-gala-music-power-players-honored-20-feet-from-stardom|title=Billboard Power 100 Gala: Music Power Players Honored, '20 Feet From Stardom' Singers Perform|website=Billboard|date=2014-01-24}}</ref> |- |2020 | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé and [[Parkwood Entertainment]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8548429/billboard-2020-power-list|title=The 2020 Billboard Power List Revealed|website=billboard|date=2020-01-24}}</ref> |- |} ==== Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="3" |2004<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/67008/kelly-dominates-billboard-rbhip-hop-awards|title=Kelly Dominates Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=2015-12-23}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}} |- |{{won}} |- |''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |{{nom}} |} ==== Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Power Player List ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="1" |2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7964815/hip-hop-power-list-2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322100448/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7964815/hip-hop-power-list-2017|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 22, 2018|title=Kendrick Lamar and Anthony 'Top Dawg' Tiffith Rule Billboard's First-Ever Hip-Hop Power List|date=September 14, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé as CEO of [[Parkwood Entertainment]] | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>R&B/Hip-Hop Power Player| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="1" |2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiofacts.com/billboard-announces-2018-power-players/|title=Billboard Announces 2018 R&B/Hip-Hop Power Players' List|date=September 28, 2018|access-date=April 8, 2020|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402154353/https://www.radiofacts.com/billboard-announces-2018-power-players/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="1" |2019<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8533185/rb-hip-hop-power-list-2019|title=Billboard's 2019 R&B/Hip-Hop Power Players List Revealed|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=2019-10-18}}</ref> |{{won}} |} ==== Billboard Touring Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5763197/billboard-touring-awards-finalists-rolling-stones-taylor-swift-pink-bon-jovi?page=0%2C1|title=Billboard Touring Awards: Rolling Stones, Taylor Swift, P!nk and Bon Jovi Among Finalists|work=Billboard Biz|date=October 22, 2013|accessdate=October 23, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |[[The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour]] |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bb-touring-conference/7556880/billboard-touring-awards-finalists-2016-full-list|title=Billboard Touring Awards: Beyoncé, Bruce Springsteen and Coldplay Lead 2016 Finalists|work=Billboard|date=October 26, 2016|accessdate=October 26, 2016}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[The Formation World Tour]] |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8480438/billboard-live-music-awards-2018-nominees-full-list|title=Billboard Live Music Awards 2018 Nominations: Full List Includes Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran & Beyonce|work=Billboard|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref> |Beyoncé & Jay-Z |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[On the Run II Tour]] (with [[Jay-Z]]) |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |} ==== Billboard Women in Music ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2009 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref name="billboardaward">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267205/beyonce-accepts-billboards-woman-of-the-year-award-lady-gaga-is-rising-star|title=Beyonce Accepts Billboard's Woman Of the Year Award, Lady Gaga Is Rising Star|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|author=Concepcion, Mariel|date=2009-10-02|accessdate=2009-10-03}}</ref> |} === Bravo Otto === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2006 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bravo-archiv.de/auswahl.php?link=ottosieger2006.php|title=BRAVO OTTO - SIEGER 2006|publisher=Bravo|date=|accessdate=2016-06-29}}</ref> |} === BreakTudo Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2018 |"[[Perfect (Ed Sheeran song)#Perfect Duet|Perfect Duet]]" (with [[Ed Sheeran]]) |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominees announced for BreakTudo Awards 2018|url=https://celebmix.com/nominees-announced-for-breaktudo-awards-2018/|work=CelebMix|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[Homecoming: The Live Album]]'' |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominees announced for BreakTudo Awards 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fG6L7-OflQE|work=youtube|access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref> |- |"[[Spirit (Beyoncé song)|Spirit]]" |{{won}} |} === BRIT Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |[[2004 Brit Awards|2004]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/2004|title=The BRITs 2004|publisher=[[BRIT Awards]]|accessdate=2012-07-06|archive-date=2012-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807024604/http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/2004|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |{{nom}} |- |Beyoncé |[[Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist|Best International Female Solo Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[2007 Brit Awards|2007]] |Beyoncé |[[Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist|Best International Female Solo Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/2007|title=The BRITs 2007|publisher=BRIT Awards|accessdate=2012-07-06|archive-date=2012-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807024429/http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/2007|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |[[2009 Brit Awards|2009]] |Beyoncé |[[Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist|Best International Female Solo Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/2009|title=The BRITs 2009|publisher=BRIT Awards|accessdate=2012-07-06|archive-date=2015-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701070023/http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/2009|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |[[2012 Brit Awards|2012]] |Beyoncé |[[Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist|Best International Female Solo Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/winners/|title=The BRIT Awards 2012 winners|publisher=BRIT Awards|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68wlwwfUV?url=http://www.brits.co.uk/winners/|archivedate=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[2015 Brit Awards|2015]] |Beyoncé |[[Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist|Best International Female Solo Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1408728/brit-awards-2015-nominations-the-full-list|title=Brit Awards 2015 Nominations: The Full List|publisher=Sky News|date=2015-02-25|accessdate=2016-06-29}}</ref> |- |[[2016 Brit Awards|2016]] |"[[Runnin' (Lose It All)]]" ([[Naughty Boy]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Arrow Benjamin]]) |[[Brit Award for British Video of the Year|British Video ng Taon]] |{{Eliminated}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/6843707/brit-awards-2016-nominations|title=Adele, James Bay, Years & Years Lead Brit Awards 2016 Nominations|magazine=Billboard|date=2016-01-14|accessdate=2016-06-29}}</ref> |- |[[2017 Brit Awards|2017]] |Beyoncé |[[Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist|Best International Female Solo Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/news/brit-awards-2017-nominees-david-bowie-leonard-cohen/|title=Brit Awards 2017: David Bowie and Leonard Cohen get posthumous nominations as Little Mix and Skepta are up for three|newspaper=Telegraph|date=January 14, 2017|accessdate=January 14, 2017|last1=Morgan|first1=Clive}}</ref> |- |[[2019 Brit Awards|2019]] |[[The Carters]] |[[Brit Award for International Group|Best International Group]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/news/brit-awards-2019-winners-list-full-results-nominees/amp/|title=Brit Awards 2019 winners list: Full results and all the nominees|work=Telegraph|date=February 21, 2019|accessdate=May 12, 2019}}</ref> |} === BuzzAngle Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/files/2017/01/BuzzAngle-Music-2016-Report.pdf|title=U.S. MUSIC INDUSTRY REPORT 2016|publisher=www.musicbusinessworldwide.com|accessdate=2020-01-10}}</ref> |- |{{won}} |} === Capital FM Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2004 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beyonceonline.org/awards.php|title=Awards – BEYONCÉ ONLINE » Your best Beyoncé fansite on the net!|website=beyonceonline.org}}</ref> |} === Capricho Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2007 | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.tv-premiacoes-artisticas.webnode.com/pr%C3%AAmios-nacionais/capricho-awards/|title=Caprice Award|publisher=m.tv|accessdate=2019-09-29}}</ref> |- |2013 |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://capricho.abril.com.br/famosos/vencedores-capricho-awards-2013/|title=Capricho Awards Winners 2013|publisher=Capricho|accessdate=2019-09-29}}</ref> |} === Channel V Thailand Music Video Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2011 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.mthai.com/news/newsmusic/94739.html|title=Channel [V] Thailand Music Video Awards #7|publisher=MThai Music|date=September 6, 2011|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref> |} === Clio Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2016 |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clios.com/music/winner/12669|title=Beyoncé – Formation (Clios)|publisher=Clios|accessdate=2016-09-26}}</ref> |- |2017 |"[[Sorry (Beyoncé song)|Sorry]]" |{{won}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://clios.com/music/winner/20730|title=Beyoncé – Sorry (Clios)|publisher=Clios|accessdate=2017-09-28}}</ref> |- |2018 |"[[Apeshit]]" |{{won}}<ref name="auto" /> |} === Creative Circle Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2016 |"[[Runnin' (Lose It All)]]" ([[Naughty Boy]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Arrow Benjamin]]) |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sarahtognazzi.com/pages/about|title=Archived copy|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701124409/http://www.sarahtognazzi.com/pages/about|archive-date=2019-07-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} === Cyworld Digital Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |2009 | rowspan="2" |"Honesty" | rowspan="1" |<nowiki>International Artist of the Month - September| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.jkn.co.kr/post/321428|title=비욘세 "저 상받았어요!"|date=1 November 2009|website=재경일보|accessdate=20 August 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |<nowiki>International Artist of the Month - October| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://enews.imbc.com/News/RetrieveNewsInfo/4487|title=내한공연 가진 '섹시 카리스마' 비욘세, 미공개 사진 공개 &#124; MBC 연예 스포츠|date=2 November 2009|website=MBC 연예|accessdate=20 August 2019}}</ref> |} === The Daily Californian Arts Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]] |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailycal.org/2016/12/29/daily-californian-arts-awards-music-2016/|title=The Daily Californian Arts Awards 2016|date=1 December 2016|website=dailycal.org|accessdate=13 January 2020}}</ref> |- |[[Sorry (Beyoncé song)|Sorry]] |{{won|Runner-Up}} |- | rowspan="1" |2018 |[[Apeshit]] |{{won|Runner-Up}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailycal.org/2018/11/29/the-daily-californian-arts-awards-music-of-2018/|title=The Daily Californian Arts Awards 2018|date=1 December 2018|website=dailycal.org|accessdate=13 January 2020}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |2019 |[[Brown Skin Girl]] |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailycal.org/2019/12/05/the-daily-californian-arts-awards-music-of-2019/|title=The Daily Californian Arts Awards 2018|date=1 December 2019|website=dailycal.org|accessdate=13 January 2020}}</ref> |- |} === Danish Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2016 |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tv.tv2.dk/de-nominerede/2016-10-04-aarets-internationale-udgivelse|title=Årets Internationale Udgivelse|publisher=TV2|date=October 5, 2016|accessdate=December 13, 2016}}</ref> |} === [[Douban]] Abilu Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2017 |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://artist.douban.com/abilu/2016/international|title=2017 Abilu Music Awards|publisher=douban.com|date=January 5, 2017|accessdate=November 3, 2019|archive-date=October 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020182757/https://artist.douban.com/abilu/2016/international|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === Echo Music Prize === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2017 |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echopop.de/pop-nominierte-2017/|title=ECHO Nominierte 2017|publisher=ECHO|accessdate=2017-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327183314/http://www.echopop.de/pop-nominierte-2017/|archive-date=2017-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} === European School of Economics === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2006 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/article/Houston-business-leader-Bethune-lends-name-to-1554560.php|title=Houston business leader Bethune lends name to school|first1=Anastasia|last1=Ustinova|first2=Copyright 2006 Houston|last2=Chronicle|date=October 5, 2006|website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref> |} === [[Fuse (TV channel)]] === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2008 |[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]] |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fuseblog.typepad.com/fuseblog/2008/12/sd-and-now-on-t.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119201228/https://fuseblog.typepad.com/fuseblog/2008/12/sd-and-now-on-t.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 19, 2009|title=So Long, 2008|date=December 19, 2019|website=FUSE TV}}</ref> |} === ''GAFFA'' Awards === ==== ''GAFFA'' Awards (Denmark) ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2016 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaffa.dk/nyhed/115513|title=GAFFA-Prisen: Og vinderne er...|language=Danish|publisher=GAFFA|date=March 11, 2017|accessdate=October 17, 2017|archive-date=March 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314063705/http://gaffa.dk/nyhed/115513|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} ==== ''GAFFA'' Awards (Sweden) ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaffa.se/priset|title=GAFFA-Prisen: Og vinderne er...|publisher=GAFFA|date=March 11, 2017|accessdate=October 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127071940/http://gaffa.se/priset|archive-date=November 27, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{won}} |- |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |{{won}} |} === ''Glamour Magazine'' Woman ng Taon === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2007 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theinsider.com/news/212887_Glamour_Women_of_the_Year_Awards_2007|title=Glamour Women of the Year Awards 2007 at The Insider|publisher=Theinsider.com|date=|accessdate=2010-08-12}}{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |} === Golden Boot Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theboot.com/2017-golden-boot-awards-winners/|title=2017 Golden Boot Awards: See the Full List of Winners|publisher=The Boot|first=Angela|last=Stefano|date=June 5, 2017|accessdate=June 11, 2017}}</ref> |[[Dixie Chicks]] and [[Beyoncé]] at the [[50th Annual Country Music Association Awards|2016 CMA Awards]] |{{won}} |- |"[[Daddy Lessons]]" (Remix) (featuring [[Dixie Chicks]]) |{{won}} |- |} === Grammis Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2012 |''[[4 (Beyoncé album)|4]]'' |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522192817/http://www.grammis.se/?ha_events=180|url=http://grammis.se/?ha_events=180|title=Nominerade Grammis 2012|trans-title=Grammis Nominees 2012|publisher=Grammis.com|date=2011-12-19|accessdate=2013-08-22|archivedate=2012-05-22}}</ref> |} === Grammy Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |[[42nd Grammy Awards|2000]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Muller|first1=Marissa G.|title=Beyoncé Becomes Most-Nominated Woman in GRAMMYs History|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/01/16/beyonce-becomes-most-nominated-woman-in-grammys-history/|publisher=[[CBS]]|accessdate=February 8, 2015|date=January 16, 2015}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Bills, Bills, Bills]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best Rhythm & Blues Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[43rd Grammy Awards|2001]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/21/grammy.winners/|title=43rd Grammy Awards|accessdate=July 12, 2010|publisher=CNN|date=February 21, 2001|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106040823/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/21/grammy.winners/|archivedate=November 6, 2008}}</ref> | rowspan="4" |"[[Say My Name]]" |[[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Independent Women|Independent Women Part I]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media|Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[44th Grammy Awards|2002]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/01/04/entertainment/main323197.shtml|title=Complete List Of Grammy Nominees|date=January 4, 2002|accessdate=May 15, 2011|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> |''[[Survivor (Destiny's Child album)|Survivor]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Album|Best R&B Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Survivor (Destiny's Child song)|Survivor]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[46th Grammy Awards|2004]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/05/movies/they-re-all-contenders.html|title=They're All Contenders|date=December 5, 2003|accessdate=July 12, 2010|work=The New York Times|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref> |''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[The Closer I Get to You]]" (with [[Luther Vandross]]) |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Dangerously in Love (song)|Dangerously in Love 2]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[47th Grammy Awards|2005]] |"[[Lose My Breath]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Susman|first=Gary|title=Impressed with West|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,927237,00.html|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Inc.|date=December 7, 2004|accessdate=February 8, 2015|archivedate=July 14, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172857/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,927237,00.html}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |[[48th Grammy Awards|2006]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/grammys/2005-12-08-grammy-list-nominations_x.htm|title=Complete list of Grammy Award nominations|work=USA Today|publisher=Gannett Company|accessdate=January 6, 2011|date=December 8, 2005}}</ref> |''[[Destiny Fulfilled]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Wishing on a Star]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Cater 2 U]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Soldier (Destiny's Child song)|Soldier]]" (featuring [[T.I.]] and [[Lil Wayne]]) |[[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"So Amazing" (with [[Stevie Wonder]]) |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[49th Grammy Awards|2007]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2006-12-08/entertainment/17322976_1_corinne-bailey-rae-carrie-underwood-mary-j-blige|title=Complete list of Grammy nominees|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]]|page=3|date=December 8, 2006|accessdate=February 8, 2015|archivedate=February 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130202045646/http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Complete-list-of-Grammy-nominees-2483347.php}}</ref> |''[[B'Day (Beyoncé album)|B'Day]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Ring the Alarm]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[50th Grammy Awards|2008]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Grammy 2008 Winners List|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1581272/grammy-2008-winners-list/|publisher=MTV|accessdate=February 8, 2015|date=February 10, 2008|archive-date=March 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302161124/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1581272/20080210/story.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |''[[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media|Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Irreplaceable]]" |[[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Beautiful Liar]]" (with [[Shakira]]) |[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals|Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[51st Grammy Awards|2009]] |"[[Me, Myself and I (Beyoncé song)|Me, Myself and I]]" (Live) |[[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/awards/2008/12/complete_list_of_grammy_nomine_1.html|title=Complete list of Grammy nominees|last=Conner|first=Thomas|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|publisher=[[Sun-Times Media Group]]|date=December 3, 2008|accessdate=February 8, 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208221858/http://blogs.suntimes.com/awards/2008/12/complete_list_of_grammy_nomine_1.html|archivedate=February 8, 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan="10" |[[52nd Grammy Awards|2010]]<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Full List of 2010 Grammy Winners: From Beyonce to Bruce|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/full-list-of-2010-grammy-winners-from-beyonce-to-bruce-20100131|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=February 8, 2015|date=January 31, 2010}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Halo (Beyoncé song)|Halo]]" |[[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |[[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[At Last]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance|Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Ego (Beyoncé song)|Ego]]" (Remix) (featuring [[Kanye West]]) |[[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"Once in a Lifetime" |[[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media|Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[53rd Grammy Awards|2011]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Grammy Awards 2011: Winners and nominees for 53rd Grammy Awards|url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-env-grammys-nominees-2010-list-htmlstory.html|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=June 29, 2016}}</ref> |''[[The Fame Monster]]'' (as featured artist) |[[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals|Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Halo (Beyoncé song)|Halo]]" (Live) |[[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[54th Grammy Awards|2012]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Grammy Awards 2012: Winners and nominees list|url=https://www.latimes.com/la-env-grammy-awards-2012-winners-nominees-list-htmlstory.html|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=January 8, 2015}}</ref> |''[[I Am... World Tour]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video|Best Long Form Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Party (Beyoncé song)|Party]]" (featuring [[André 3000]]) |[[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[55th Grammy Awards|2013]] |"[[Love on Top]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance|Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Grammys 2013: Complete list of nominees and winners|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-grammys-2013-complete-list-of-nominees-and-winners-story.html|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=June 29, 2016}}</ref> |- |[[56th Grammy Awards|2014]] |"[[Part II (On the Run)]]" ([[Jay-Z]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Grammy Nominations 2014|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2013/12/06/grammy-nominations-2014|accessdate=February 8, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=December 6, 2013|archivedate=April 23, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423024900/https://ew.com/article/2013/12/06/grammy-nominations-2014/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |[[57th Grammy Awards|2015]]<ref>{{cite web|title=57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences|accessdate=February 8, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503164723/http://www.grammy.com/nominees|archivedate=May 3, 2012}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Surround Sound Album|Best Surround Sound Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album|Best Urban Contemporary Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |''[[On the Run Tour: Beyoncé and Jay-Z (TV program)|Beyoncé & Jay Z: On the Run Tour]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Best Music Film|Best Music Film]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance|Best R&B Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="9" |[[59th Annual Grammy Awards|2017]]<ref>{{cite web|title=59th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences|accessdate=December 6, 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201120225/http://www.grammy.com/nominees|archivedate=February 1, 2012}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album|Best Urban Contemporary Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Music Film|Best Music Film]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |[[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Music Video|Best Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Don't Hurt Yourself (Beyoncé song)|Don't Hurt Yourself]]" (featuring [[Jack White]]) |[[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance|Best Rock Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Hold Up (song)|Hold Up]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance|Best Pop Solo Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Freedom (Beyoncé song)|Freedom]]" (featuring [[Kendrick Lamar]]) | rowspan="2" |[[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[60th Annual Grammy Awards|2018]] |"Family Feud" ([[Jay-Z]]<nowiki> featuring Beyoncé)| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=60th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/60th-annual-grammy-awards|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences|accessdate=November 28, 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |[[61st Grammy Awards|2019]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/61st-annual-grammy-awards|title=61st Annual GRAMMY Awards|date=December 6, 2018|website=GRAMMY.com}}</ref> |"[[Apeshit]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best Music Video|Best Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"Summer" |[[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance|Best R&B Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |''[[Everything Is Love]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album|Best Urban Contemporary Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[62nd Annual Grammy Awards|2020]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/62nd-annual-grammy-awards-2019|title=62nd Annual GRAMMY Awards|date=2019-11-19|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> |''[[The Lion King: The Gift]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Spirit (Beyoncé song)|Spirit]]" |[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance|Best Pop Solo Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media|Best Song Written for Visual Media]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |''[[Homecoming (2019 film)|Homecoming]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Best Music Film|Best Music Film]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |} === Guinness Book of World Records === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2008 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com">{{cite web|last=Lynch|first=Kevin|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/12/beyonc%C3%A9-album-confirmed-as-fastest-selling-ever-on-itunes-53746/|title=Beyoncé album confirmed as fastest-selling ever on iTunes|publisher=Guinness World Records|date=2013-12-17|accessdate=2015-12-23}}</ref> |- |2009 |Beyoncé and [[Jay-Z]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hellobeautiful.com/2010/09/20/beyonce-jay-z-added-to-guinness-book-of-world-records/|title=Beyoncé & Jay Z Added to Guinness Book of World Records!|publisher=HelloBeautiful|date=2010-09-20|accessdate=2015-12-23}}</ref> |- |2011 |Beyoncé | about="" |{{won}} |<ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com" /> |- |2013 |''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' |{{won}} |<ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com" /> |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |2017 |"[[Amor Gitano]]" (with [[Alejandro Fernández]]) |{{won}} |<ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com" /> |- | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com" /> |- |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2018 | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}} | rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com" /> |- |{{won}} |- |2019 |"[[On the Run II Tour]]" |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/8/ed-sheerans-divide-tour-sets-three-records-ahead-of-final-shows-587419/|title=Ed Sheeran's Divide Tour sets three records ahead of final shows|date=2019-08-22|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> |- |} === HipHopDX Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2017 |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hiphopdx.com/editorials/id.3589/title.the-2016-hiphopdx-year-end-awards|title=The 2016 HipHopDX Year End Awards|first=HipHopDX-|last=https://hiphopdx.com|date=December 30, 2016|website=HipHopDX}}</ref> |} === IFPI Hong Kong Top Sales Music Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2003 |''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpihk.org/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented-01-11/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented/2003|title=Hong Kong Top Sales Music Award presented [2001-2015]|publisher=IFPI HK|accessdate=May 16, 2017|archive-date=June 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609220805/http://www.ifpihk.org/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented-01-11/hong-kong-top-sales-music-award-presented/2003|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === IFPI Middle East Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2009 |"[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]" |{{won}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130807014709/http://ifpi.org/content/section_news/mid_east_2009.html IFPI Middle East Awards - 2009<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |} === IFPI Platinum Europe Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2003 |"[[Dangerously in Love]]" | rowspan="4" |<nowiki>Platinum Award| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103083215/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2003.html IFPI Platinum Europe Awards - 2003<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |2007 |"[[B'Day (Beyoncé album)]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131127154333/http://ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2007.html IFPI Platinum Europe Awards - 2007<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |2008 | rowspan="2" |"[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref name="web.archive.org">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131019044551/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2009.html IFPI Platinum Europe Awards - 2008<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |{{won}}<ref name="web.archive.org" /> |} === iHeartRadio Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="3" |[[2015 iHeartRadio Music Awards|2015]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Zach|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/621640/2015-iheartradio-music-awards-nominees-announced|title=2015 iHeartRadio Music Awards Nominees Announced!|publisher=[[E! Online]]|date=February 4, 2015|accessdate=February 7, 2015}}</ref> |"[[Flawless (Beyoncé song)|Flawless]]" (featuring [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]) | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>Hip Hop / R&B Song ng Taon| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |The BeyHive |{{nom}} |- |[[2016 iHeartRadio Music Awards|2016]] |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6873866/iheartradio-music-awards-2016-nominees-performers|title=iHeartRadio Music Awards Announce 2016 Nominees, Performers & New Categories|first=Joe|last=Lynch|work=Billboard|date=February 9, 2016|accessdate=February 9, 2016}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |[[2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards|2017]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.iheart.com/features/iheartradio-music-awards-15/articles/15/490103/drake-the-chainsmokers-more-nominated-for-15435573/|title=Drake, The Chainsmokers & More Nominated For 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards|work=iHeartRadio|date=January 4, 2017|accessdate=January 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719214343/http://news.iheart.com/features/iheartradio-music-awards-15/articles/15/490103/drake-the-chainsmokers-more-nominated-for-15435573/|archive-date=July 19, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |"[[Sorry (Beyoncé song)|Sorry]]" |{{nom}} |- |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |{{nom}} |- |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |The BeyHive |{{nom}} |- |[[2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards|2018]] |"[[Mi Gente (J Balvin and Willy William song)|Mi Gente]]" (Remix) ([[J Balvin]] and [[Willy William]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/8093669/iheartradio-music-awards-2018-nominees-full-list|title=Rihanna, Ed Sheeran & Bruno Mars Lead iHeartRadio Music Awards 2018 Nominees|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|first=Rania|last=Aniftos|date=January 10, 2018|accessdate=January 10, 2018}}</ref> |- |[[2020 iHeartRadio Music Awards|2020]] |"[[Before I Let Go]]" |R&B Song ng Taon |{{pending}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-01-08-2020-iheartradio-music-awards-nominees-revealed-see-the-full-list/|title=2020 iHeartRadio Music Awards Nominees Revealed: See the Full List|work=iheart.com|date=January 10, 2019|accessdate=January 10, 2019}}</ref> |} === International Dance Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2004 |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2004|title=18th Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=WMC|accessdate=2016-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221195322/http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2004|archive-date=2016-12-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2007|title=21st Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=WMC|accessdate=2016-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818183417/http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2007|archive-date=2016-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |"[[Check on It]]" (featuring [[Slim Thug]]) |{{nom}} |- |2009 |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2009|title=23rd Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=WMC|accessdate=2016-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817204200/http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2009|archive-date=2017-08-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2010|title=24th Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=WMC|accessdate=2016-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104181823/http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2010|archive-date=2017-11-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |"[[Sweet Dreams (Beyoncé song)|Sweet Dreams]]" |{{nom}} |- |2011 |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2011|title=25th Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=WMC|accessdate=2016-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821122220/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2011|archive-date=2016-08-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2012 |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]" |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2012|title=26th Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=WMC|accessdate=2016-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302102041/http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2012|archive-date=2017-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2015 |"[[Flawless (Beyoncé song)|Flawless]]" (featuring [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]) |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2015|title=29th Annual International Dance Music Awards|publisher=WMC|accessdate=2016-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001441/http://www.wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2015|archive-date=2017-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} === Italian Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2003 |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qn.quotidiano.net/2003/12/16/5023509-italian-music-awards.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717195947/http://qn.quotidiano.net/2003/12/16/5023509-italian-music-awards.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012|publisher=qn.quotidiano.net|date=16 December 2003|title=Italian Music Awards|accessdate=15 December 2011}}</ref> |} === Ivor Novello Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2008 |"[[Beautiful Liar]]" (with [[Shakira]]) |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emimusicpub.com/global-offices/united-kingdom/news/53rd-ivor-novello-awards-2008.php|title=53rd Ivor Novello Awards 2008 – EMI Music Publishing|publisher=[[EMI#EMI Music Publishing|EMI Music Publishing]]|date=2008-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929233711/http://emimusicpub.com/global-offices/united-kingdom/news/53rd-ivor-novello-awards-2008.php|archivedate=2010-09-29}}</ref> |} === J-Wave Tokio Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2003 |"[[Crazy In Love]]" (with [[Jay Z]]) |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.j-wave.co.jp/original/tokiohot100/chart_2003/main.htm|title=J-WAVE WEBSITE : TOKIO HOT100|website=J-wave.co.jp}}</ref> |} === JIM Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2014 | rowspan="4" |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20140427_01082930|title=Stromae en 'de Smos' grote winnaars Jimmies|language=nl|publisher=Nieuwsblad|first=Michaël|last=Temmerman|date=April 27, 2014|accessdate=January 8, 2018}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medialaan.be/nl/jimmies-2015-dimitri-vegas-mike-grote-winnaars|title=Jimmies 2015: Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike grote winnaars|language=nl|publisher=[[Medialaan]]|date=February 23, 2015|accessdate=January 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233259/http://medialaan.be/nl/jimmies-2015-dimitri-vegas-mike-grote-winnaars|archive-date=January 8, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |{{nom}} |- |{{won}} |- |{{nom}} |} === Kingsizegala === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2015 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kingsizemag.se/noje/vinnarna-pa-kingsizegalan-2015-se-listan-har/|title=Vinnarna på KINGSIZEGALAN 2015 – se listan här!|accessdate=20 August 2019}}</ref> |} === Kora Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2012 |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]" |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/12/kora-awards-2012-nigeria-gets-8-nominations-full-list/|title=Kora Awards 2012: Nigeria Gets 8 Nominations [Full-List]|date=December 5, 2012|accessdate=December 24, 2016|archive-date=December 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224235537/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/12/kora-awards-2012-nigeria-gets-8-nominations-full-list/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === Latin American Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |[[Latin American Music Awards of 2018|2018]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://latinamas.com/vota|title=¡VOTA YA por Nuevo Artista Del Año!|website=Telemundo}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Mi Gente (J Balvin and Willy William song)|Mi Gente]]" (Remix) ([[J Balvin]] and [[Willy William]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |} === Latin Grammy Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[Latin Grammy Awards of 2007|2007]] |"[[Beautiful Liar|Bello Embustero]]" (with [[Shakira]]) |[[Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/beyonce-fergie-get-latin-grammy-nods/|title=Beyoncé, Fergie Get Latin Grammy Nods|date=August 29, 2007|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref> |- | align="center" |[[19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards|2018]] |"[[Mi Gente (J Balvin and Willy William song)|Mi Gente]]" (Remix) ([[J Balvin]] and [[Willy William]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Fusion/Performance|Best Urban Fusion/Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{Nominated}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latingrammy.com/en/news/j-balvin-leads-latin-grammy-nominations-with-eight-followed-by-rosal-a-with-five-el-david|title=J Balvin leads 2018 Latin GRAMMY nominations with eight, followed by Rosalía with five|date=September 19, 2018|accessdate=September 20, 2018}}</ref> |} === Latin Music Italian Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2017 |"[[Mi Gente (J Balvin and Willy William song)|Mi Gente]]" (Remix) ([[J Balvin]] and [[Willy William]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://latinmusicoficial.com/2017/11/06/latin-music-italian-awards-2017-le-nomination/|title=Latin Music Italian Awards 2017: The Nominations!|date=November 6, 2017|accessdate=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042311/https://latinmusicoficial.com/2017/11/06/latin-music-italian-awards-2017-le-nomination/|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} === London International Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2016 |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |{{won|Bronze}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.liaawards.com/press/press_winners/2016/press_article.cfm?press_id=673&start=41|title=2016 WINNERS RELEASES|publisher=LIA|accessdate=2016-11-07}}</ref> |} === Lo Nuestro Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[Premio Lo Nuestro 2008|2008]] |Beyoncé |[[Lo Nuestro Award for Pop New Artist of the Year|Breakout Artist or Group ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peopleenespanol.com/article/nominees-premio-lo-nuestro-2008-announced/|title=Nominees for Premio Lo Nuestro 2008 Announced|date=December 13, 2007|accessdate=December 24, 2016}}</ref> |} === Los Premios 40 Principales === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[Los Premios 40 Principales 2008|2008]] | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toyoutome.es/blog/esta-es-la-historia-de-los40-music-awards/43488|title=This is the story of 'LOS40 Music Awards'|trans-title=This is the story of 'LOS40 Music Awards'|language=Spanish|work=Las Provincias|publisher=[[Grupo Vocento]]|date=October 31, 2008|accessdate=August 19, 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Los Premios 40 Principales 2009|2009]] |[[Premios 40 Principales for Best International Artist|Best International Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lasprovincias.es/ocio/noticias/musica/noviembre09/beyonce-publica-nuevo-disco.html|title=La cantante Beyoncé publica nuevo CD|trans-title=Singer Beyoncé releases new CD|language=Spanish|work=Las Provincias|publisher=[[Grupo Vocento]]|date=November 25, 2009|accessdate=July 18, 2013}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[LOS40 Music Awards 2016|2016]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://los40.com/especiales/los40-music-awards/2016/nominados/|title=LOS40 Music Awards Nominations|accessdate=November 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011231149/http://los40.com/especiales/los40-music-awards/2016/nominados/|archive-date=October 11, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |"[[Runnin' (Lose It All)]]" ([[Naughty Boy]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Arrow Benjamin]]) |[[Los Premios 40 Principales for Best International Video|Best International Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[The Formation World Tour]] |[[Los Premios 40 Principales for Best Spanish Festival, Tour or Concert|Best Tour]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[LOS40 Music Awards 2018|2018]] |"[[Perfect (Ed Sheeran song)#Perfect Duet|Perfect Duet]]" (with [[Ed Sheeran]]) |{{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://los40.com/especiales/los40-music-awards/2018/nominados/|title=LOS40 Music Awards 2018: artistas nominados|website=LOS40}}</ref> |} === Lunas del Auditorio === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2014 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lunasauditorio.com.mx/esp/lunas-2014/ceremonia?evento=2014&cat=38&artist=Beyonce|title=Lunas del Auditorio 2014|publisher=Lunas del Auditorio|accessdate=May 16, 2017}}</ref> |} === Meteor Ireland Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[2004 Meteor Awards|2004]] | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/showbiz/damien-dempsey-star-of-meteor-awards-136551.html|title=Damien Dempsey star of Meteor awards|date=2004-03-02|accessdate=June 29, 2016}}</ref> |- |[[2009 Meteor Awards|2009]] |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.hotpress.com/news/5230224.html|title=Meteor Awards 2009 Presenter & Nominees Revealed|date=2009-01-28|accessdate=2009-01-28|magazine=[[Hot Press (magazine)|Hot Press]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201031613/http://www.hotpress.com/news/5230224.html|archivedate=1 February 2009}}</ref> |} === MOBO Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="4" |2003<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3199193.stm|title=MOBO Awards 2003: The Nominees|work=BBC News|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68wtkcbsj?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3199193.stm|archivedate=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |{{nom}} |- |2004 |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobo.com/2004%20Royal%20Albert%20Hall|title=MOBO Awards 2004|publisher=[[MOBO Awards]]|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68wtJL9bx?url=http://mobo.com/2004%20Royal%20Albert%20Hall|archivedate=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2006<ref>{{cite web|last=Adaso|first=Henry|url=http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2006MOBOAwards.htm|title=2006 MOBO Awards – Winners|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2012-07-06|archive-date=2013-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515160854/http://rap.about.com/od/awards/a/2006MOBOAwards.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |{{won}} |- |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/mobos09/awards/|title=MOBO Awards 2009 – Award list|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |{{won}} |- |''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |Beyoncé | rowspan="5" |<nowiki>Best International Act| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Eames|first=Tom|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a344045/mobo-awards-2011-winners-in-full.html|title=MOBO Awards 2011: Winners in full|work=Digital Spy|publisher=Hachette Filipacchi Médias|date=2011-10-05|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> |- |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobo.com/news-blogs/mobo-awards-2012-nominees-shortlist-revealed|title=2012 MOBO Awards nominations revealed|publisher=[[MOBO Awards]]|accessdate=2012-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806100337/http://www.mobo.com/news-blogs/mobo-awards-2012-nominees-shortlist-revealed|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobo.com/winners-2014|title=Winners 2014 MOBO Awards|publisher=[[MOBO Awards]]|accessdate=2016-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001214524/http://www.mobo.com/winners-2014|archive-date=2017-10-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voting.mobo.com/categories/song|title=2016 MOBO Awards - Best Song|publisher=[[MOBO Awards]]|accessdate=2016-09-22}}</ref><nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Runnin' (Lose It All)]]" ([[Naughty Boy]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Arrow Benjamin]]) |{{nom}} |} === MP3 Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | align="center" |2009 |"[[Sweet Dreams (Beyoncé song)|Sweet Dreams]]" |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/kings-of-leon/news/mp3-music-award-winners-announced|title=MP3 Music Award Winners Announced &#124; MTV UK|website=Mtv.co.uk}}</ref> |} === MTV Awards === ==== MTV Video Music Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="4" |[[2003 MTV Video Music Awards|2003]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2003/|title=MTV Video Music Awards 2003|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2009-02-13|archive-date=2008-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828092702/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2003/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | rowspan="4" |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video|Best R&B Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[2004 MTV Video Music Awards|2004]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2004/|title=MTV Video Music Awards 2004|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2009-02-13|archive-date=2010-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725031625/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2004/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | rowspan="4" |"[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance Video|Best Dance Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Me, Myself and I (Beyoncé song)|Me, Myself and I]]" | rowspan="2" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video|Best R&B Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[2006 MTV Video Music Awards|2006]] |"[[Check on It]]" (featuring [[Slim Thug]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2006/|title=MTV Video Music Awards 2006|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2009-02-13|archive-date=2013-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819072659/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2006/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="7" |[[2007 MTV Video Music Awards|2007]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/|title=MTV Video Music Awards 2007|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2009-02-13|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517061921/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |"[[Irreplaceable]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |"[[Beautiful Liar]]" (with [[Shakira]]) |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration|Most Earthshattering Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Director]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |[[MTV Video Music Award for Quadruple Threat of the Year|Quadruple Threat ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="9" |[[2009 MTV Video Music Awards|2009]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2009/08/04/vmas-2009-the-nominations-have-been-announced-lady-gaga-beyonce-9-nominations-trump-britneys-7/|title=VMAs 2009: The Nominations Have Been Announced! Lady Gaga & Beyonce 9 Nominations Trump Britney's|publisher=MTV|date=2009-08-04|accessdate=2010-08-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806083329/http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2009/08/04/vmas-2009-the-nominations-have-been-announced-lady-gaga-beyonce-9-nominations-trump-britneys-7|archivedate=2010-08-06}}</ref> | rowspan="9" |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video|Best Pop Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[2010 MTV Video Music Awards|2010]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2010/mtvvmas.htm|title=MTV Video Music Awards 2010|publisher=Rock On the Net|accessdate=2016-06-29}}</ref> | rowspan="5" |"[[Video Phone (song)|Video Phone]]" (featuring [[Lady Gaga]]) |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video|Best Pop Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2011 MTV Video Music Awards|2011]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2011/mtvvmas.htm|title=MTV Video Music Awards 2011|publisher=Rock On the Net|accessdate=2016-06-29}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[2012 MTV Video Music Awards|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Ford|first=Rebecca|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mtv-video-music-awards-winners-vmas-368553|title=MTV Video Music Awards: Complete Winners List|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=2012-09-06|accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> |"[[Love on Top]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |"[[Countdown (Beyoncé song)|Countdown]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |[[2013 MTV Video Music Awards|2013]] |"[[I Was Here (song)|I Was Here]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message|Best Video with a Social Message]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2013/best-video-with-a-social-message/|title=best video with a social message|work=MTV|date=July 17, 2013|accessdate=July 17, 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6IBAcHIFi?url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2013/best-video-with-a-social-message/|archivedate=July 17, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="9" |[[2014 MTV Video Music Awards|2014]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1910671/2014-vma-winners-full-list/|title=Here's Your Full List Of 2014 VMA Winners|publisher=MTV News. MTV Networks|first=Adam|last=Fleischer|date=August 25, 2014|accessdate=August 25, 2014|archive-date=November 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119083627/http://www.mtv.com/news/1910671/2014-vma-winners-full-list/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Partition (song)|Partition]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |"[[Pretty Hurts]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message|Best Video with a Social Message]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |Beyoncé |[[Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[2015 MTV Video Music Awards|2015]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2219077/2015-vma-nominations/|title=2015 VMA Nominations|publisher=MTV News. MTV Networks|accessdate=July 27, 2014|archive-date=July 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723030226/http://www.mtv.com/news/2219077/2015-vma-nominations/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | rowspan="5" |"[[7/11 (song)|7/11]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video|Best Pop Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="11" |[[2016 MTV Video Music Awards|2016]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/07/26/mtv-vma-2016-nominations|title=Beyoncé and Adele lead 2016 MTV VMA nominations|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=July 26, 2016|archive-date=July 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727165723/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/07/26/mtv-vma-2016-nominations|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | rowspan="6" |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video|Best Pop Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Sorry (Beyoncé song)|Sorry]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Hold Up (song)|Hold Up]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Freedom (Beyoncé song)|Freedom]]" (featuring [[Kendrick Lamar]]) |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Long Form Video|Breakthrough Long Form Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[2018 MTV Video Music Awards|2018]] |"[[Walk on Water (Eminem song)|Walk on Water]]" (with [[Eminem]]) |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/cardi-b-beyonce-jay-z-lead-2018-mtv-vma-video-music-awards-nominations-1202874001/|title=Cardi B, Beyonce, Jay-Z Lead 2018 MTV VMA Nominations|accessdate=July 16, 2018|date=July 16, 2018|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- |} ==== MTV Europe Music Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[2002 MTV Europe Music Awards|2002]] | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B|Best R&B]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1457848/eminem-pink-shakira-nab-most-noms-for-mtv-europe-music-awards/|title=Eminem, Pink, Shakira Nab Most Noms For MTV Europe Music Awards|date=2002-09-30|work=MTV|accessdate=2016-07-11|archivedate=2020-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102201846/http://www.mtv.com/news/1457848/eminem-pink-shakira-nab-most-noms-for-mtv-europe-music-awards/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |[[2003 MTV Europe Music Awards|2003]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/07/artsnews.scotland|title=World's pop stars descend on Edinburgh for awards|last=Akwagyiram|first=Alexis|date=2003-11-07|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2009-02-13}}</ref> |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B|Best R&B]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female|Best Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song|Best Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2004 MTV Europe Music Awards|2004]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1491974/20041005/outkast.jhtml|title=Outkast, Usher Top Nominees At MTV Europe Music Awards|last=Montgomery|first=James|date=2004-10-06|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2009-02-13|archivedate=2004-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041201083428/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1491974/20041005/outkast.jhtml}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female|Best Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B|Best R&B]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Album|Best Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2006 MTV Europe Music Awards|2006]] | rowspan="4" |Beyoncé |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B|Best R&B]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female|Best Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2007 MTV Europe Music Awards|2007]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/ema/news/ema-nominations-out|title=EMA Nominations Out|last=Thorogood|first=Tom|date=2007-09-24|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2016-07-11}}</ref> |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Urban|Ultimate Urban]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act|Headliner ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Beautiful Liar]]" (with [[Shakira]]) |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song|Most Addictive Track]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[2008 MTV Europe Music Awards|2008]] |Beyoncé |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Urban|Ultimate Urban]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ema.mtv.co.uk/VOTE/|title=EMA Nominations Out|date=2008-09-24|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2016-07-11|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081107215345/http://ema.mtv.co.uk/VOTE/#__ultimate_urban|archivedate=2008-11-07}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |[[2009 MTV Europe Music Awards|2009]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ir.viacom.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=628089|title=2009 MTV Europe Music Awards Best European Act Nominations Unveiled|date=2009-11-02|publisher=Viacom|accessdate=2016-07-11}}</ref> |"[[Halo (Beyoncé song)|Halo]]" |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song|Best Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act|Best Live Act]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female|Best Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Video|Best Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[2010 MTV Europe Music Awards|2010]] |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Video|Best Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1648210/lady-gaga-katy-perry-score-mtv-europe-music-awards-nominations.jhtml|title=Lady Gaga, Katy Perry Score MTV Europe Music Awards Nominations|work=MTV News|publisher=Viacom|date=2010-09-20|accessdate=2012-07-05|archive-date=2012-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106220957/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1648210/lady-gaga-katy-perry-score-mtv-europe-music-awards-nominations.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |[[2011 MTV Europe Music Awards|2011]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/67032/MTV-Europe-Music-Awards-2011-Nominations-List|title=Lady Gaga, Katy Perry Score MTV Europe Music Awards Nominations|work=Gigwise|date=2011-09-19|accessdate=2016-07-11}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female|Best Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best North American Act|Best North American Act]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]" |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Video|Best Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[2013 MTV Europe Music Awards|2013]] | rowspan="4" |Beyoncé |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act|Best Live Act]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2013/09/17/justin-timberlake-macklemore-ryan-lewis-lead-mtv-ema-nominations/|title=Justin Timberlake, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Lead MTV EMA Nominations|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=2013-09-17|accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |[[2014 MTV Europe Music Awards|2014]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/mtv-ema-2014-nominations-revealed-9735670.html|title=MTV EMAs 2014 nominations revealed: Katy Perry and Ariana Grande lead pack|work=[[The Independent]]|first=Antonia|last=Molloy|date=September 16, 2014|accessdate=September 16, 2014}}</ref> |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best US Act|Best US Act]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female|Best Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act|Best Live Act]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Pretty Hurts (song)|Pretty Hurts]]" |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song|Best Video with a Social Message]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[2015 MTV Europe Music Awards|2015]] | rowspan="5" |Beyoncé |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best US Act|Best US Act]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2360044/2015-ema-winners-list/|title=2015 MTV EMA: See The Full Winners List|work=[[MTV]]|first=Patrick|last=Hosken|date=October 25, 2015|accessdate=July 11, 2016|archivedate=December 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224103111/http://www.mtv.com/news/2360044/2015-ema-winners-list/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |[[2016 MTV Europe Music Awards|2016]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://br.mtvema.com/_/beyonce|title=MTV EMAs 2016: Beyoncé|work=[[MTV]]|date=September 27, 2016|accessdate=September 27, 2016}}</ref> |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best US Act|Best US Act]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female|Best Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act|Best Live Act]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Biggest Fans|Biggest Fans]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Video|Best Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |} ==== MTV Africa Music Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[MTV Africa Music Awards 2014|2014]] | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé | rowspan="3" |<nowiki>Best International Act| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/04/16/find-out-who-scooped-2014-mtv-africa-music-awards-mama-nominations/|title=Find Out Who Scooped 2014 MTV Africa Music Awards (MAMA) Nominations!|publisher=Bella Naija|date=2011-02-23|accessdate=2014-04-17}}</ref> |- |[[MTV Africa Music Awards 2015|2015]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtvbase.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721001010/http://mama.mtv.com/news/2015-mtv-africa-music-awards-winners/|url-status=dead|title=MTV Africa &#124; New Music Videos, Full TV Shows, Entertainment News, Pop Culture|archivedate=July 21, 2015|website=Mtvbase.com}}</ref> |- |[[MTV Africa Music Awards 2016|2016]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mama.mtv.com/voting/|title=MAMA 2016|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2016-09-27|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926142902/http://mama.mtv.com/voting/|archivedate=2016-09-26}}</ref> |} ==== MTV Asia Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[MTV Asia Awards 2004|2004]] |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.international.ucla.edu/institute/article/6739|title=Love is in the Air at the 2004 MTV Asia Awards|publisher=UCLA International Institute|date=January 23, 2004|accessdate=December 6, 2016}}</ref> |} ==== MTV Australia Music Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |[[MTV Australia Video Music Awards 2005|2005]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Luke|url=http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/local/1438/Nominees-Announced-For-The-MTV-Australia-Video-Music-Awards|title=Nominees Announced For The MTV Australia Video Music Awards|work=Faster Louder|publisher=FasterLouder Pty Ltd|date=2004-12-03|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68uwMemZ3?url=http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/local/1438/Nominees-Announced-For-The-MTV-Australia-Video-Music-Awards|archivedate=2012-07-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]]" |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[MTV Australia Video Music Awards 2007|2007]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Morse|first=Mary-Jane|url=http://www.mediasearch.com.au/music/spotlights/mtvavma-2007|title=Spotlight: 2007 MTV Australia Video Music Awards|work=Media Search|publisher=Carmine Pascuzzi|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68up8WXF5?url=http://www.mediasearch.com.au/music/spotlights/mtvavma-2007|archivedate=2012-07-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Irreplaceable]]" |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[MTV Australia Awards 2009|2009]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/music/list-of-nominees-for-the-2009-mtv-awards/2009/02/20/1234633024954.html|title=List of nominees for the 2009 MTV Awards|work=[[The Age]]|publisher=[[Fairfax Media]]|date=2009-02-20|accessdate=2012-07-05|archivedate=2015-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905040825/http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/music/list-of-nominees-for-the-2009-mtv-awards/2009/02/20/1234633024954.html}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |} ==== MTV Video Music Awards Japan ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[2003 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2003]] |"[[Work It Out (Beyoncé song)|Gibo It Out]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Video from a Film|Best Video from a Film]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj/2007/videos/2003.html|title=VMAJ 2003 MTVJAPAN|publisher=Mtvjapan.com|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823020917/http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj/2007/videos/2003.html|archive-date=2017-08-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2004 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2004]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj/2007/videos/2004.html|title=VMAJ 2004 MTVJAPAN|publisher=Mtvjapan.com|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074432/http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj/2007/videos/2004.html|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[2007 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2007]] |"[[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Video from a Film|Best Video from a Film]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj/2007/top.html|title=VMAJ 2007 MTVJAPAN|publisher=Mtvjapan.com|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422015559/http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj/2007/top.html|archive-date=2016-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[2009 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2009]] |"[[If I Were a Boy]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj2009/nominee/|title=VMAJ 2009 MTVJAPAN|publisher=Mtvjapan.com|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818165329/http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj2009/nominee/|archive-date=2016-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[2010 MTV World Stage VMAJ|2010]] |"[[Video Phone (song)|Video Phone]]" (featuring [[Lady Gaga]]) |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/news/music/17559|title=「MTV WORLD STAGE VMAJ 2010」 全ノミネート作品一覧 &#124; 音楽（洋楽·邦楽）のことならMTVJAPAN|publisher=Mtvjapan.com|date=|accessdate=2010-05-30}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2012 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2012]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Hicap|first=Jonathan|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/354833/kpop-groups-nominated-mtv-video-music-awards-japan-2012|title=K-pop groups nominated in MTV Video Music Awards Japan 2012|work=The Manila Bulletin|date=2012-03-20|accessdate=2012-03-24|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011249/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/354833/kpop-groups-nominated-mtv-video-music-awards-japan-2012|archivedate=2012-03-24}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Pop Video|Best Pop Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2014 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2014]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gyao.yahoo.co.jp/vmaj2014/nominee/|title=MTV VMAJ 2014 Nominees|work=Yahoo|accessdate=2016-10-03|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716011833/http://gyao.yahoo.co.jp/vmaj2014/nominee/|archivedate=2014-07-16}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best R&B Video|Best R&B Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Album of the Year|Best Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2016 MTV Video Music Awards Japan|2016]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj2016/winners/|title=MTV VMAJ 2016 Winners|work=MTV Japan|date=2016-10-02|accessdate=2016-10-02}}</ref> |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Female Video|Best Female Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |[[MTV Video Music Award Japan for Album of the Year|Best Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |} ==== MTV Millennial Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://miaw.mtvla.com/noticias/estos0son-los-nominados-a-los-premios-mtv-miaw-2018|title=Archived copy|access-date=2018-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421094513/http://miaw.mtvla.com/noticias/estos0son-los-nominados-a-los-premios-mtv-miaw-2018|archive-date=2018-04-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Beyoncé-Bite |{{nom}} |- |"[[Mi Gente (J Balvin and Willy William song)|Mi Gente]]" (Remix) ([[J Balvin]] and [[Willy William]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{nom}} |} ==== MTV TRL Awards (Italy) ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |[[:it:TRL Awards 2009|2009]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundsblog.it/post/7162/trl-awards-2009-le-nomination-e-gli-ospiti|title=Trl Awards 2009: le nomination e gli ospiti|date=April 26, 2009|accessdate=December 24, 2016}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[:it:MTV Italy Awards 2014|2014]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teamworld.it/news/spettacolo-tv/mtv-awards-2014/mtv-awards-2014-tutte-le-nominations/|title=MTV Awards 2014: tutte le nominations!|date=May 12, 2014|accessdate=December 24, 2016|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514172028/https://www.teamworld.it/news/spettacolo-tv/mtv-awards-2014/mtv-awards-2014-tutte-le-nominations/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | rowspan="8" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[:it:MTV Italy Awards 2015|2015]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundsblog.it/post/398071/mtv-awards-2015-nomination-one-direction-ed-sheeran-e-justin-bieber-possono-vincere-due-premi|title=MTV Awards 2015, nomination: One Direction, Ed Sheeran e Justin Bieber possono vincere due premi|date=May 4, 2015|accessdate=December 24, 2016}}</ref> |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[:it:MTV Italy Awards 2016|2016]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teamworld.it/news/spettacolo-tv/mtv-awards-2016/vincitori-mtv-awards-2016-premiati-one-direction-benji-fede-alberico/|title=Vincitori MTV Awards 2016: premiati One Direction, Benji & Fede e Alberico|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=December 24, 2016}}</ref> |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |[[:it:MTV Italy Awards 2017|2017]] |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori-2017/|title=Vincitori MTV Awards 2017|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=May 27, 2017}}</ref> |} ==== MTV TRL Awards (USA) ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2004 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lPtk-hH_rwU|title=Beyoncé Receives The TRL Awards 2004|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=December 8, 2009|accessdate=December 24, 2016}}</ref> |} ==== MTV Video Play Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2007 |"[[Beautiful Liar]]" (Beyoncé & Shakira) | rowspan="6" |<nowiki>Platinum Award| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/media/a81068/mtv-launches-global-video-play-awards/|title=MTV launches global video play awards|first=James|last=Welsh|date=December 4, 2007|website=Digital Spy}}</ref> |- |2011 |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]]<nowiki> featuring Beyoncé)| </nowiki>{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.antimusic.com/news/11/feb/02Rihanna_and_Lady_Gaga_Lead_2010_MTV_Video_Play_Awards.shtml|title=Rihanna and Lady Gaga Lead 2010 MTV Video Play Awards|work=Anti Music|date=February 2, 2011|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2012<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.music-news.com/news/UK/48677/Read|title=MTV International reveal most played videos for 2011|work=Music News|date=February 9, 2012|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref> |"[[Best Thing I Never Had]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2016<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/sia/news/mtvs-most-played-videos-2016-sia-tops-the-list-with-cheap-thrills-but-who-else-is-up-there|title=MTV's Most Played Videos 2016: Sia Tops the List with "Cheap Thrills", But Who Else is Up There?|work=MTV|date=December 20, 2016|accessdate=May 14, 2017}}</ref> |"[[Sorry (Beyoncé song)|Sorry]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Hymn for the Weekend]]" ([[Coldplay]]<nowiki> featuring Beyoncé)| </nowiki>{{won}} |} === mtvU Woodie Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2014 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://beyonce-legion.com/news/beyonce-wins-did-it-my-way-woodie-award|title=Beyoncé Wins 'Did It My Way' Woodie Award|work=Beyoncé Legion|date=2014-03-17|accessdate=2016-10-03|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003202919/http://beyonce-legion.com/news/beyonce-wins-did-it-my-way-woodie-award|archivedate=2016-10-03}}</ref> |} === MuchMusic Video Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[2003 MuchMusic Video Awards|2003]] |"[[Work It Out (Beyoncé song)|Gibo It Out]]" |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Best International Artist Video|Best International Artist Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/70812/2003-muchmusic-video-awards-nominees|title=2003 MuchMusic Video Awards Nominees|work=Billboard|date=2003-05-30|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2004 MuchMusic Video Awards|2004]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.soulshine.ca/news/newsarticle.php?nid=767|title=MMVA 2004 Winners|work=Soul Shine|date=2004-06-22|accessdate=2016-07-12|archivedate=2016-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815051451/http://www.soulshine.ca/news/newsarticle.php?nid=767}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Best International Artist Video|Best International Artist Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Peoples Choice: Favourite International Artist|Favourite International Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[2007 MuchMusic Video Awards|2007]] |"[[Beautiful Liar]]" (with [[Shakira]]) |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Best International Artist Video|Best International Artist Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.muchmusic.com/events/mmva07/nominees/index.aspx|title=MMVA 2007 Winners|work=MMVA|accessdate=2016-07-12|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416210259/http://www.muchmusic.com/events/mmva07/nominees/index.aspx|archivedate=2008-04-16}}</ref> |- |[[2009 MuchMusic Video Awards|2009]] |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Best International Artist Video|Best International Artist Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/sports/Nickelback+Danny+Fernandes+Lead+2009+MuchMusic+Video+Awards+Nominations/1636647/story.html|title=Nickelback and Danny Fernandes Lead 2009 MuchMusic Video Awards Nominations|work=Vancouver Sun|date=2009-05-26|accessdate=2016-07-12|archivedate=2016-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826084844/http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/Nickelback+Danny+Fernandes+Lead+2009+MuchMusic+Video+Awards+Nominations/1636647/story.html}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2010 MuchMusic Video Awards|2010]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mmva.muchmusic.com/awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053300/http://mmva.muchmusic.com/awards|archivedate=2010-05-22|title=2010 MuchMusic Video Awards|publisher=[[MuchMusic]]|accessdate=2012-07-05}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Best International Artist Video|Best International Artist Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Peoples Choice: Favourite International Artist|Favourite International Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[2011 MuchMusic Video Awards|2011]] |"[[Why Don't You Love Me (Beyoncé song)|Why Don't You Love Me]]" |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Best Watched Video|Best Watched Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mmva.muchmusic.com/nominees/|title=2011 MuchMusic Video Awards|publisher=[[MuchMusic]]|accessdate=2016-07-12|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524054219/http://mmva.muchmusic.com/nominees/|archivedate=2011-05-24}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2012 MuchMusic Video Awards|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuse.tv/galleries/2012/05/muchmusic-video-awards-2012-nominees#12|title=Meet the 2012 MMVA Nominees|publisher=Fuse|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref> |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]" |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Best International Artist Video|Best International Artist Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Countdown (Beyoncé song)|Countdown]]" |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Best Watched Video|Best Watched Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[2014 MuchMusic Video Awards|2014]] |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Best International Artist Video|Best International Artist Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/05/21/mmvas-nominees-2014_n_5364987.html|title=MMVAs Nominees: Pharrell, Drake, 5 Seconds of Summer, Hedley Up for MuchMusic Video Awards|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref> |- |[[2017 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards|2017]] |Beyoncé |[[MuchMusic Video Award for Peoples Choice: Favourite International Video|Fan Fave International Artist or Group]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/drum-roll-please-nominees-for-the-2017-iheartradio-much-music-video-awards-announced-622978593.html|title=Drum Roll Please… Nominees for The 2017 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards Announced!|publisher=News Wire|date=May 18, 2017|accessdate=May 18, 2017}}</ref> |- |} === Music Choice Most Demanded Artists & Videos of 2007 === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | align="center" |2007 |[[Beyoncé]] |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20071210005837/en/Music-Choice-Reveals-DEMANDED-Artists-Videos-2007|title=Music Choice Reveals MOST DEMANDED Artists & Videos of 2007|date=December 10, 2007|website=Businesswire.com}}</ref> |} === Myx Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[Myx Music Awards 2011|2011]] |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[Myx Music Award for Favorite International Video|Favorite International Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myxph.com/myxmusicawards/archive/2011/|title=MYX Music Awards 2011 Winners|publisher=MYX|accessdate=2016-10-07}}</ref> |- |[[Myx Music Awards 2015|2015]] |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[Myx Music Award for Favorite International Video|Favorite International Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myxph.com/myxmusicawards/archive/|title=MYX Music Awards 2015 Winners|publisher=MYX|accessdate=2016-10-07}}</ref> |} === MÜYAP Turkish Music Industry Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2008 |[[Beautiful Liar]] (with [[Shakira]]) |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.mu-yap.org/news/2008-muyap-turkish-music-industry-awards/|title=2008 MÜYAP TURKISH MUSIC INDUSTRY AWARDS – MÜ-YAP|accessdate=20 August 2019}}</ref> |} === NAACP Image Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="5" |[[36th NAACP Image Awards|2004]] | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |[[NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1485616/20040308/chasez_jc.jhtml|title=For The Record: Quick News On JC Chasez, N.E.R.D., Beyonce, David Crosby, Outkast, Liars & More|author=MTV News Staff|date=2004-03-08|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2009-02-12|archivedate=2010-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813111253/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1485616/20040308/chasez_jc.jhtml}}</ref> |- |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist|Outstanding Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding New Artist|Outstanding New Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Song|Outstanding Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video|Outstanding Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |2007 |Beyoncé |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist|Outstanding Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naacp.org/press/entry/president--celebrities-announce-38th-naacp-image-award-nominees|title=President, Celebrities Announce 38th NAACP Image Award Nominees|date=2007-01-10|publisher=NAACP|accessdate=2016-07-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709025815/http://www.naacp.org/press/entry/president--celebrities-announce-38th-naacp-image-award-nominees/|archivedate=2010-07-09}}</ref> |- |''[[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture]]'' | rowspan="2" |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Album|Outstanding Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |''[[B'Day (Beyoncé album)|B'Day]]''<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Irreplaceable]]" |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Song|Outstanding Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video|Outstanding Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[40th NAACP Image Awards|2008]] |Beyoncé |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist|Outstanding Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.variety.com/awardcentral_article/VR1117978663.html?nav=news&categoryid=1983&cs=1|title=Awards News|author=Variety Staff|date=2008-01-08|work=Variety|accessdate=2009-02-13}}</ref> |- |"[[Beautiful Liar]]" (with [[Shakira]]) |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video|Outstanding Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[41st NAACP Image Awards|2009]] |Beyoncé |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist|Outstanding Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2009/02/13/image-winners.html|title=Hudson tops winners at NAACP Image Awards|date=2009-02-13|publisher=CBC|accessdate=2009-02-15}}</ref> |- |''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Album|Outstanding Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Song|Outstanding Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video|Outstanding Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[If I Were a Boy]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |2011 |"[[Why Don't You Love Me (Beyoncé song)|Why Don't You Love Me]]" |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video|Outstanding Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/nominees-and-honorees/recording/|title=The 42nd NAACP Image Awards – Recording|publisher=naacpimageawards.net|accessdate=2011-01-14|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115063213/http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/nominees-and-honorees/recording/|archivedate=2011-01-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2012 |Beyoncé |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist|Outstanding Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abc7.com/archive/8511789/|title=NAACP Image Awards 2012: Full list of nominees|publisher=ABC7|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423141026/http://abc7.com/archive/8511789/|archive-date=2016-04-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[4 (Beyoncé album)|4]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Album|Outstanding Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Best Thing I Never Had]]" |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Song|Outstanding Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[I Was Here (song)|I Was Here]]" |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video|Outstanding Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[45th NAACP Image Awards|2014]] | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |[[NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abc7.com/archive/9388163/|title=NAACP Image Awards 2014: Full list of nominees|publisher=ABC7|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302015125/http://abc7.com/archive/9388163/|archive-date=2016-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist|Outstanding Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[46th NAACP Image Awards|2015]] | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |[[NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/naacp-image-awards-2015-winners-771018|title=NAACP Image Awards: The Winners|date=February 6, 2015|first=Arlene|last=Washington|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=February 8, 2015}}</ref> |- |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist|Outstanding Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |''[[Beyoncé: Platinum Edition]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Album|Outstanding Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Pretty Hurts (song)|Pretty Hurts]]" |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Song|Outstanding Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video|Outstanding Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="7" |[[48th NAACP Image Awards|2017]] | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |[[NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="7" |<ref name="NAACP17">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/naacp-image-awards-birth-a-nation-scores-6-nominations-955660|title=NAACP Image Awards: 'Birth of a Nation' Scores 6 Nominations|date=December 13, 2016|first=Hilary|last=Lewis|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=December 13, 2016}}</ref> |- |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist|Outstanding Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Album|Outstanding Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Freedom (Beyoncé song)|Freedom]]" (featuring [[Kendrick Lamar]]) |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Duo or Group|Outstanding Duo, Group or Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Song|Outstanding Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video|Outstanding Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[49th NAACP Image Awards|2018]] |"[[Die with You]]" |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist|Outstanding Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/11/naacp-image-awards-netflix-own-annapurna-universal-pictures-open-road-films-anthony-anderson-1202212017/|title=NAACP Image Awards Nominees: Netflix, OWN Lead In TV; Universal, Annapurna, Open Road Top Film|date=November 20, 2017|first=Bruce|last=Haring|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=November 21, 2017}}</ref> |- |[[50th NAACP Image Awards|2019]] |Beyoncé |[[NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naacpimageawards.net/entertainer-of-the-year-voting/|title=Entertainer of the Year Voting &#124; NAACP Image Awards|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402095422/https://naacpimageawards.net/entertainer-of-the-year-voting/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |[[51st NAACP Image Awards|2020]] |[[Homecoming: The Live Album]] |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Album|Outstanding Album]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naacpimageawards.net/the-nominees|title=The Nominees|accessdate=10 January 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228040358/https://naacpimageawards.net/the-nominees|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist|Outstanding Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Before I Let Go]] |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Song|Outstanding Song - Contemporary]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Spirit (Beyoncé song)|Spirit]] |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Song|Outstanding Song - Traditional]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Brown Skin Girl]]" |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Duo or Group|Outstanding Duo, Group or Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[The Lion King: The Gift]] |{{won}} |} === New York Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newyorkmusicawards.com/2010_Winners.html|title=2010 Winners|website=newyorkmusicawards}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{won}} |- |{{won}} |} === Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards === ==== Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |[[2004 Kids' Choice Awards|2004]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2004KCA/content/nominee.php|title=Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Press Site|date=|publisher=KCA|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-date=2019-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201035426/http://www.nickkcapress.com/2004KCA/content/nominee.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |Beyoncé |[[Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer|Favorite Female Singer]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |{{nom}} |- |[[2005 Kids' Choice Awards|2005]] | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>Favorite Female Singer| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2005KCA/hostnomsrelease.php|title=2005 Host/Nominee Release - Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Press Site|publisher=KCA|accessdate=2016-07-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6SLiICKuE?url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2005KCA/hostnomsrelease.php|archivedate=2014-09-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2007 Kids' Choice Awards|2007]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2007KCA/nominees.php|title=2007 Host/Nominee Release - Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Press Site|date=|publisher=KCA|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-date=2013-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019163005/http://www.nickkcapress.com/2007KCA/nominees.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref><nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |"[[Irreplaceable]]" |{{won}} |- |[[2008 Kids' Choice Awards|2008]] |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2008KCA/nominees.php|title=2008 Host/Nominee Release - Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Press Site|date=|publisher=KCA|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-date=2012-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427021724/http://www.nickkcapress.com/2008KCA/nominees.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2009 Kids' Choice Awards|2009]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2009KCA/nominees.php|title=Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2009 Press Kit|date=|publisher=KCA|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-date=2009-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222203305/http://www.nickkcapress.com/2009KCA/nominees.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé | rowspan="3" |<nowiki>Favorite Female Singer| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[2010 Kids' Choice Awards|2010]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2010KCA/releases/hostnoms/|title=Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2010 Press Kit|date=|publisher=KCA|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-date=2012-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513163336/http://nickkcapress.com/2010KCA/releases/hostnoms/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |[[2015 Kids' Choice Awards|2015]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/kids-choice-awards-nominees-2015-nominations-refresher-list-march-28-award-show-1861866|title=Kids' Choice Awards Nominees 2015: A Nominations Refresher List Before The March 28 Award Show|date=2015-03-27|first=Monica|last=Castillo|website=International Business Times|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2017 Kids' Choice Awards|2017]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/826332/2017-kids-choice-awards-complete-list-of-nominations|title=2017 Kids' Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominations|date=February 2, 2017|first=Zach|last=Johnson|publisher=E! News|accessdate=February 3, 2017}}</ref> |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |Beyoncé | rowspan="4" |<nowiki>Favorite Female Singer| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[2018 Kids' Choice Awards|2018]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://people.com/music/kids-choice-awards-2018-beyonce-taylor-swift-katy-perry-favorite-female-artists-nomination/|title=Beyoncé, Taylor Swift and Katy Perry Nominated for Favorite Female Artist at 2018 Kids' Choice Awards|date=February 26, 2018|first=Nicole|last=Sands|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=February 26, 2018}}</ref> |- |[[2019 Kids' Choice Awards|2019]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/8500241/nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-2019-nominees|title=Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2019 Nominees: The Complete List|website=Billboard}}</ref> |- |[[2020 Kids' Choice Awards|2020]] |{{pending}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kidschoiceawards.com/|title=Kids Choice Awards|website=nick.com}}</ref> |} ==== Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2010|2010]] |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehothits.com/news/19942/nickelodeon-kids'-choice-awards-nominations---australia-2010!|title=Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Nominations - Australia 2010!|publisher=Take40 Australia|accessdate=2010-10-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920190709/http://www.thehothits.com/news/19942/nickelodeon-kids%27-choice-awards-nominations---australia-2010%21|archivedate=2011-09-20}}</ref> |} ==== Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Brazil ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2016 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meuspremiosnick.uol.com.br/vote#cat=girl_power|title=Meus Prêmios Nick 2016|date=|publisher=Nickelodeon|accessdate=October 26, 2016}}</ref> |- |} ==== Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards 2007|2007]] |"[[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]]" |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a68524/in-full-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-uk-nominees/|title=In full: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards UK nominees|date=2007-07-30|first=Joanne|last=Oatts|website=Digital Spy|accessdate=2016-10-07}}</ref> |} === NME Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2010 |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/49955|title=Shockwaves NME Awards 2010: all the winners|publisher=NME|accessdate=2016-07-12|date=2010-02-24}}</ref> |- |[[NME Awards 2012|2012]] |"[[Countdown (Beyoncé song)|Countdown]]" |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/awardsvote/offset/7|title=NME Awards 2012 – Vote Now|publisher=NME|accessdate=2012-02-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202084727/http://www.nme.com/awardsvote/offset/7|archivedate=2012-02-02}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |[[NME Awards 2017|2017]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/beyonce-nominated-vo5-nme-awards-2017-1942337|title=Beyoncé leads nominations for the VO5 NME Awards 2017|publisher=NME|date=January 12, 2017|accessdate=January 12, 2017}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |{{won}} |} === NRJ Music Awards, France === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.singersroom.com/news/5041/Beyonce-Guetta-Lead-2010-NRJ-Award-Nominees|title=Beyoncé, Guetta Lead 2010 NRJ Award Nominees|publisher=Singersroom.com|date=2010-05-01|accessdate=2010-08-12}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{won}} |- |''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr/actus/article/nrj-music-awards-2011-271698|title=NRJ Music Awards 2011|publisher=NRJ Music Awards|language=French|accessdate=July 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100135/http://nrjmusicawards.nrj.fr/actus/article/nrj-music-awards-2011-271698|archive-date=December 22, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{won}} |- |{{nom}} |- |2012 | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/NRJ-Music-Awards/news-76978.html|title=NRJ Music Awards 2012 : les nominés sont...|publisher=Charts in France|date=2011-12-05|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref> |- |2014 |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.programme-tv.net/news/tv/58904-nrj-music-awards-2014-la-liste-finale-des-artistes-nomines/|title=NRJ Music Awards 2014 : la liste finale des artistes nominés !|publisher=Tēlē Loisirs|date=2014-11-03|accessdate=2016-07-12}}</ref> |- |2016 |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrj.fr/music-awards/nommes|title=Artistes nominés NRJ Music Awards 2016|publisher=NRJ|date=|accessdate=2016-09-30}}</ref> |} === NRJ Radio Award, Sweden === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- | rowspan="2" |2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hd.se/2004-01-26/beyonce-och-lisa-drottningar-pa-nrj-galan|title=Beyoncé och Lisa drottningar på NRJ-galan|website=HD}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}} |- |{{won}} |} === One Show Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2014 |''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' Beyoncé Motion Cover |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneclub.org/awards/youngguns/-award/28465/vogue-beyonc-motion-cover|title=Vogue / Vogue Beyoncé Motion Cover|website=Oneclub.org}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | rowspan="2" |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |{{won|Gold Pencil}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-one-show-announces-2017-winners-300455672.html|title=The One Show Announces 2017 Winners|publisher=PR Newswire|date=May 10, 2017|accessdate=May 12, 2017}}</ref> |- |{{won|Gold}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneclub.org/awards/theoneshow/-archive/awards/2017/all/all/Music+Videos/select|title=The One Show / The One Club – Music Video Awards 2017|publisher=[[The One Club]]|accessdate=May 12, 2017}}</ref> |} === People's Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |[[30th People's Choice Awards|2004]] | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2004|title=People's Choice Awards 2004 Nominees|publisher=[[People's Choice Awards]]|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |[[34th People's Choice Awards|2008]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2008|title=People's Choice Awards 2008 Nominees|publisher=People's Choice Awards|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> |{{nom}} |- |"[[Irreplaceable]]" |{{nom}} |- |"[[Beautiful Liar]]" (with [[Shakira]]) |{{nom}} |- |[[35th People's Choice Awards|2009]] | rowspan="5" |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2009|title=People's Choice Awards 2009 Nominees|publisher=[[People's Choice Awards]]|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027004716/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2009|archive-date=2009-10-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[36th People's Choice Awards|2010]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2010|title=People's Choice Awards 2010 Nominees|publisher=People's Choice Awards|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[37th People's Choice Awards|2011]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2011|title=People's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees|publisher=People's Choice Awards|accessdate=2012-07-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715063438/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2011|archivedate=2011-07-15}}</ref> |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[38th People's Choice Awards|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2012|title=People's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees|publisher=People's Choice Awards|accessdate=2012-07-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109013135/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2012|archivedate=2012-01-09}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]" |{{nom}} |- |''[[4 (Beyoncé album)|4]]'' |{{nom}} |- |[[39th People's Choice Awards|2013]] | rowspan="6" |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/vote/votenow.jsp|title=People's Choice Awards 2013 Nominees|publisher=People's Choice Awards|archivedate=2012-11-15|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CCd5zeQU?url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/vote/votenow.jsp|accessdate=2012-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[41st People's Choice Awards|2015]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2014/11/04/peoples-choice-awards-2015-nominees-full-list/|title=People's Choice Awards 2015: Full List of Nominees|publisher=People's Choice Awards|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108093946/http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2014/11/04/peoples-choice-awards-2015-nominees-full-list/|archive-date=2014-11-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |[[42nd People's Choice Awards|2016]] |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2015/11/03/peoples-choice-awards-2016-nominees/|title=People's Choice Awards 2016: Full List of Nominees|publisher=People's Choice Awards|accessdate=2016-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104222127/http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2015/11/03/peoples-choice-awards-2016-nominees/|archive-date=2015-11-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |[[43rd People's Choice Awards|2017]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2016/11/15/peoples-choice-awards-2017-full-list-of-nominees/|title=People's Choice Awards 2017: Full List of Nominees|publisher=People's Choice Awards|accessdate=2016-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063137/http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2016/11/15/peoples-choice-awards-2017-full-list-of-nominees/|archive-date=2016-11-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[44th People's Choice Awards|2018]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/shows/peoples_choice_awards/news/963752/2018-people-s-choice-awards-complete-list-of-nominations|title=2018 People's Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominations|date=September 5, 2018|website=E!}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- | style="" |{{nom}} |- |[[On the Run II Tour]] |{{nom}} |- |[[45th People's Choice Awards|2019]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etonline.com/2019-peoples-choice-awards-the-complete-winners-list-135930|title=2019 People's Choice Awards|date=November 10, 2019|website=E!}}</ref> |Beyoncé |{{won}} |} === People en Español Lo mejor del 2007 === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2007 |Bello embustero |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peopleenespanol.com/gallery/en-fotos-lo-mejor-del-2007/|title=EN FOTOS: Lo mejor del 2007|website=People en Español}}</ref> |} === Pollstar Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2015 |[[On the Run Tour (Beyoncé and Jay-Z)|On the Run Tour]] |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.pollstarpro.com/live2015/Awards/awardscategories.html|title=26th Anniversary Pollstar Awards Categories|magazine=Pollstar|accessdate=December 1, 2016|archive-date=December 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206082314/https://www.pollstarpro.com/live2015/Awards/awardscategories.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | rowspan="2" |[[The Formation World Tour]] |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.pollstar.com/news_article.aspx?ID=827962|title=Pollstar Awards Nominees|magazine=Pollstar|date=November 11, 2016|accessdate=December 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127153404/http://www.pollstar.com/news_article.aspx?ID=827962|archive-date=November 27, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{won}} |- |2019 |[[On the Run II Tour]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/ed-sheeran-beyonce-paradigm-win-pollstar-awards-1203140347/|title=Ed Sheeran, Beyoncé & Jay-Z, Paradigm Agency Win Big at Pollstar Awards|first1=Jordan|last1=Moreau|first2=Jordan|last2=Moreau|date=February 15, 2019}}</ref> |} === Porin Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2004 |"[[Crazy in Love]]" | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>Best Foreign Song| </nowiki>{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.porin.info/dobitnici-po-godinama/2004-115|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904080317/http://www.porin.info/dobitnici-po-godinama/2004-115|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 4, 2011|title=Porin • 2004 - O Porinu|date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> |- |2010 |"[[Halo (Beyoncé song)|Halo]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.porin.info/dobitnici-po-godinama/2010-121|title=Dobitnici Po Godinama|publisher=Porin|accessdate=2016-10-05|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609225901/http://www.porin.info/dobitnici-po-godinama/2010-121|archivedate=2011-06-09}}</ref> |} === Pop Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2019 |Beyonce & Jay Z "[[The Carters]]" |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pop-awards.com/|title=POP AWARDS - Annual Music Award|website=pop-awards.com}}</ref> |} === Premios Amigos === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |2004 |''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 14, 2004|title=No Party for Premios|last=Llewellyn|first=Howell|volume=116|issue=7|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2007<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/313158/0/seguimiento/bisbal/amigo/|title=David Bisbal, 'Premio Amigo 2007'|date=November 28, 2007|website=20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |"[[Amor Gitano]]" (with [[Alejandro Fernández]]) |{{won}} |- |{{won}} |} === Premios Juventud === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[2015 Premios Juventud|2015]] |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latintimes.com/premios-juventud-2015-winners-list-luis-coronel-enrique-iglesias-take-most-awards-330119|title=Premios Juventud 2015 Winners List: Luis Coronel, Enrique Iglesias Take Most Awards!|publisher=Latin Times|date=July 16, 2015|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref> |} === Premios Oye! === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2007 |''[[B'Day (Beyoncé album)|B'Day]]'' |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sony.com/en_us/SCA/company-news/press-releases/sony-columbia-records/2007/bello-embustero-beautiful-liar-del-album-bday-delu.html|title='Bello Embustero' (Beautiful Liar), del álbum 'B'DAY Deluxe Edition' de Beyonce, ganador del premio Oye!, obtiene una nominación para Álbum del Año en los Grammy Latinos|trans-title='Beautiful Liar' (Beautiful Liar), from the album 'B'DAY Deluxe Edition' of Beyoncé, who won the Oye! prize, gets a nomination for Album of the Year at the Latin Grammys|language=Spanish|publisher=[[Song]]|date=August 30, 2007|accessdate=October 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005202847/https://www.sony.com/en_us/SCA/company-news/press-releases/sony-columbia-records/2007/bello-embustero-beautiful-liar-del-album-bday-delu.html|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} === Q Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2011 | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Corner|first=Lewis|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a340505/q-awards-2011-nominations-in-full.html|title=Q Awards 2011: Nominations in full|work=Digital Spy|publisher=Hachette Filipacchi Médias|date=2011-09-15|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- |2016 |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qthemusic.com/16973/stubhub-q-awards-2016-shortlist-vote-now/|title=StubHub Q Awards 2016 shortlist announced!|publisher=Q Magazine|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 13, 2016}}</ref> |} === [[Gaygalan Awards|QX Gaygalan Awards]] === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2011 |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qx.se/noje/gaygala/16711/alla-vinnarna-pa-qx-gaygala-2011/|title=Alla vinnarna på QX GayGala 2011 – QX|website=Qx.se}}</ref> |} === Radio Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2004 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emol.org/music/awards/2004radiomusicawards.html|title=2004 Radio Music Awards Winners|publisher=Entertainment Magazine Online|date=|accessdate=October 17, 2017|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031103434/https://www.emol.org/music/awards/2004radiomusicawards.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === Record ng Taon Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2003 |[[Crazy in Love]] | rowspan="3" |<nowiki>Record ng Taon| </nowiki>{{won|4th}} |<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a292649/fireflies-wins-record-of-the-year|title='Fireflies' wins 'Record Of The Year'|website=Digital Spy|date=10 December 2010|accessdate=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |2007 |[[Beautiful Liar]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won|7th}} |<ref name="autogenerated2" /> |- |2010 |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]]<nowiki> featuring Beyoncé)| </nowiki>{{won|2nd}} |<ref name="autogenerated2" /> |- |} === Rockbjörnen === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2018 |Beyoncé |{{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/21eO4a|title=De slåss om fansens pris – rösta här: "Så tacksam"|website=Aftonbladet}}</ref> |} === RTHK International Pop Poll Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |[[Crazy in Love]] |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rthk.org.hk/special/15poppoll/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604035500/http://www.rthk.org.hk/special/15poppoll/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 4, 2004|title=RTHK - International Pop Poll|date=June 4, 2004}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé |{{won|place=Bronze}} |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]] |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rthk.org.hk/special/16poppoll/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050614000123/http://www.rthk.org.hk/special/16poppoll/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 14, 2005|title=第十六屆國際流行音樂大獎|date=June 14, 2005}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)]] |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rthk.org.hk/special/18poppoll/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609034442/http://www.rthk.org.hk/special/18poppoll/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 9, 2008|title=香港電台第十八屆國際流行音樂大獎|date=June 9, 2008}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé |{{won|place=Bronze}} |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |[[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]] |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rthk.org.hk/special/19poppoll/|title=Archived copy|access-date=2008-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615024226/http://www.rthk.org.hk/special/19poppoll/|archive-date=2008-06-15|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé |{{won|place=Gold}} |- | rowspan="3" |2009 | rowspan="2" |"[[If I Were a Boy]]" |{{won}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://app3.rthk.org.hk/press/main.php?id=74|title="RTHK International Pop Poll" Award Presentation Reveals the Top Ten Foreign Music Awards|publisher=[[RTHK]]|date=April 21, 2009|accessdate=May 15, 2017|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231505/http://app3.rthk.org.hk/press/main.php?id=74|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |{{won}} |- |Beyoncé |{{won|place=Gold}} |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |"[[Sweet Dreams (Beyoncé song)|Sweet Dreams]]" |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rthk.hk/special/poppoll21/|title=21st International Pop Poll|publisher=[[RTHK]]|date=May 7, 2010|accessdate=May 15, 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011152211/http://rthk.hk/special/poppoll21/|archivedate=October 11, 2011}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé |{{won|place=Bronze}} |- | rowspan="2" |2011 | rowspan="2" |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gbcode.rthk.hk/TuniS/app3.rthk.org.hk/press/main.php?id=551|title=RTHK International Pop Poll Award Presentation Reveals the Top Ten Foreign Music Awards|publisher=[[RTHK]]|date=May 2, 2011|accessdate=May 15, 2017|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103444/http://gbcode.rthk.hk/TuniS/app3.rthk.org.hk/press/main.php?id=551|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |Beyoncé |{{won|place=Bronze}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rthk.hk/special/poppoll23/index.htm|title=23rd International Pop Poll|publisher=[[RTHK]]|date=May 6, 2012|accessdate=May 15, 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172349/http://rthk.hk/special/poppoll23/index.htm|archivedate=March 3, 2016}}</ref> |- |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]" |{{won}} |- |2014 |Beyoncé |{{won|place=Bronze}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rthk.hk/special/poppoll25/index.htm|title=25th International Pop Poll|publisher=[[RTHK]]|date=May 9, 2014|accessdate=May 15, 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017053309/http://rthk.hk/special/poppoll25/index.htm|archivedate=October 17, 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |"[[Sorry (Beyoncé song)|Sorry]]" | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>Top Ten International Gold Songs| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://app4.rthk.hk/special/poppoll28/|title=28th International Pop Poll Awards – RTHK|publisher=[[RTHK]]|accessdate=12 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604145717/http://app4.rthk.hk/special/poppoll28/|archive-date=4 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |"[[Hymn for the Weekend]]" ([[Coldplay]]<nowiki> featuring Beyoncé)| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |Beyoncé |{{won|place=Bronze}} |} === Sammy Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta |- |1989 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/beyonceknowlesbi00aren/page/13|title=Beyoncé Knowles: A Biography|last=Arenofsky|first=Janice|date=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313359149|page=[https://archive.org/details/beyonceknowlesbi00aren/page/13 13]|url-access=registration}}</ref> |} === Silver Clef Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2017 |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nordoff-robbins.org.uk/o2-silver-clef-awards|title=The O2 Silver Clef Awards 2017 Are Coming Soon|publisher=Nordoff Robbins|accessdate=June 12, 2017}}</ref> |} === Smash Hits Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |Beyoncé |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/music/newsid_3325000/3325823.stm|title=Smash Hits Poll Winners 2003 awards winners|publisher=CBBC|date=16 December 2003|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref> |- |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |{{won}} |- |2005 |Beyoncé |{{nom}}<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{n/a}} |} === Space Shower Music Video Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2004 | rowspan="2" |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdplus.jp/company/download/241307/20366.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629080221/http://cdplus.jp/company/download/241307/20366.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2019|title=Coca-Cola presents SPACE SHOWER Music Video Awards 2004|website=Cdplus.jp|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> |- |{{won}} |- |2017 |"[[Sorry (Beyoncé song)|Sorry]]" |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tokyomusicodyssey.jp/2017/awards/nominees/|title=NOMINEES &#124; SPACE SHOWER MUSIC AWARDS 2017|website=TOKYO MUSIC ODYSSEY 2017|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001101008/https://tokyomusicodyssey.jp/2017/awards/nominees/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |} === Spin Readers' Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | align="center" |2004 |[[Beyoncé]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=March 9, 2004|page=13|title=Editor's Letter|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_spin_2004-03_20_3/page/13|last=Michel|first=Sia|volume=20|issue=3|issn=0886-3032}}</ref> |} === Soul Train Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="5" |[[2004 Soul Train Music Awards|2004]] | rowspan="2" |''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/46873/beyonce-tops-soul-train-noms|title=Beyoncé Tops Soul Train Noms|date=February 19, 2004|website=E! Online}}</ref> |- |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Album – Female|Best R&B/Soul Album – Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single – Female|Best R&B/Soul Single – Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Video of the Year|Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |Beyoncé |[[Soul Train Music Award for Sammy Davis Jr. – Entertainer of the Year|Sammy Davis Jr. Award for Entertainer ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2005 Soul Train Music Awards|2005]] |"[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]]" |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single – Female|Best R&B/Soul Single – Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert|url=http://www.rapnewsdirect.com/0-202-259971-00.html|title=Hip-Hop News: Soul Train Music Awards|publisher=Rapnewsdirect.com|date=2005-04-02|accessdate=2012-07-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207071001/http://www.rapnewsdirect.com/0-202-259971-00.html|archivedate=2013-12-07}}</ref> |- |"[[The Closer I Get to You]]" (with [[Luther Vandross]]) |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single – Group, Band or Duo|Best R&B/Soul Single – Group, Band or Duo]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2007 Soul Train Music Awards|2007]] |''[[B'Day (Beyoncé album)|B'Day]]'' |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Album – Female|Best R&B/Soul Album – Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Nero|first=Mark|url=http://randb.about.com/od/awardsshows/a/2007SoulAwards.htm|title=2007 Soul Train Music Awards Nominees and Winners|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2012-07-06|archive-date=2015-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917001444/http://randb.about.com/od/awardsshows/a/2007SoulAwards.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Irreplaceable]]" |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single – Female|Best R&B/Soul Single – Female]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Video of the Year|Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[2009 Soul Train Music Awards|2009]] |''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Nero|first=Mark|url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2009SoulTrainAwards.htm|title=2009 Soul Train Awards|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2012-07-06|archive-date=2013-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412194110/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2009SoulTrainAwards.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |[[Soul Train Music Award for The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award|The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Song of the Year|Song ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |Beyoncé |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female Artist|Best R&B/Soul Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[2011 Soul Train Music Awards|2011]] |''[[4 (Beyoncé album)|4]]'' |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph|first=Justin|url=http://blogs.centrictv.com/music/soulsessions/soul-train-awards-2011-winners/|title=Soul Train Award 2011 Winners|publisher=[[BET Her|Centric]]|date=2011-11-27|accessdate=2011-11-28}}</ref> |- |"[[Best Thing I Never Had]]" |[[Soul Train Music Award for The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award|The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]" |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Dance Performance|Best Dance Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |Beyoncé |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female Artist|Best R&B/Soul Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2012 Soul Train Music Awards|2012]] |"[[Love on Top]]" |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Dance Performance|Best Dance Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Danie|first=Danica|url=http://blogs.centrictv.com/music/soulsessions/miguel-tyrese-elle-varner-2-chainz-john-legend-win-big-at-the-soul-train-awards-2012/|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121128030545/http://blogs.centrictv.com/music/soulsessions/soul-train-awards-2012-winners/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-28|title=Soul Train Awards 2012 Complete Winners List|publisher=Centric|date=2012-11-25|accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female Artist|Best R&B/Soul Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[2014 Soul Train Music Awards|2014]] |''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/13/centric-announces-soul-train-awards-2014-nominees-including-beyonce-pharrelll/313758/|title=Centric Announces 'Soul Train Awards 2014' Nominees Including Beyoncé & Pharrell|work=[[TV by the Numbers]]|publisher=[[Tribune Media Services]]|date=October 13, 2014|accessdate=October 14, 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015150327/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/13/centric-announces-soul-train-awards-2014-nominees-including-beyonce-pharrelll/313758/|archivedate=October 15, 2014}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Song of the Year|Song ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Pretty Hurts (song)|Pretty Hurts]]" |[[Soul Train Music Award for The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award|The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Say Yes (Michelle Williams song)|Say Yes]]" ([[Michelle Williams (singer)|Michelle Williams]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Kelly Rowland]]) |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Gospel/Inspirational Song|Best Gospel/Inspirational Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |Beyoncé |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female Artist|Best R&B/Soul Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[2015 Soul Train Music Awards|2015]] | rowspan="2" |"[[7/11 (song)|7/11]]" |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theboombox.com/2015-soul-train-awards-nominees-the-weeknd-bruno-mars-beyonce/|title=2015 Soul Train Awards Nominees Include The Weeknd, Bruno Mars, Beyoncé & More|publisher=The Boombox|date=October 16, 2015|accessdate=July 12, 2016}}</ref> |- |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Dance Performance|Best Dance Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |Beyoncé |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female Artist|Best R&B/Soul Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Feeling Myself (Nicki Minaj song)|Feeling Myself]]" ([[Nicki Minaj]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="8" |[[2016 Soul Train Music Awards|2016]] |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Album of the Year|Album ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} | rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7541060/erykah-badu-2016-soul-train-music-awards-host|title=Erykah Badu Returns to Host the 2016 Soul Train Music Awards as Drake, Beyoncé Lead Nominations|magazine=Billboard|date=October 12, 2016|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref> |- |"[[Sorry (Beyoncé song)|Sorry]]" | rowspan="2" |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Song of the Year|Song ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Dance Performance|Best Dance Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Soul Train Music Award for The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award|The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Freedom (Beyoncé song)|Freedom]]" (featuring [[Kendrick Lamar]]) |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |Beyoncé |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female Artist|Best R&B/Soul Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |[[2017 Soul Train Music Awards|2017]] |"[[All Night (Beyoncé song)|All Night]]" |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8005601/soul-train-awards-2017-nominees-solange-bruno-mars-bet|title=Solange, Bruno Mars Lead 2017 Soul Train Awards Nominations|magazine=Billboard|date=October 17, 2017|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2019 |Beyoncé |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Female Artist|Best R&B/Soul Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8540527/soul-train-awards-2019-nominations-list|title=Chris Brown, Drake, Beyoncé & Lizzo Top Nominees For 2019 Soul Train Awards: Exclusive|website=Billboard|access-date=2020-02-24|date=2019-10-25}}</ref> |- |"[[Before I Let Go]]" |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Song of the Year|Song ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Spirit (Beyoncé song)|Spirit]]" |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Video of the Year|Video ng Taon]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Dance Performance|Best Dance Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Brown Skin Girl]]" (with Saint Jhn and Wizkid featuring Blue Ivy Carter) |[[Soul Train Music Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Soul Train Music Award for The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award|The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |} === Stellar Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="3" |2015 | rowspan="3" |"[[Say Yes (Michelle Williams song)|Say Yes]]" ([[Michelle Williams (singer)|Michelle Williams]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Kelly Rowland]]) |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|title=30th Annual Stellar Award Results|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/stellar-gospel-music-awards/30th-annual-stellar-gospel-music-award-winners/900971103298476?fref=nf|work=facebook.com/StellarAwards|year=2015|accessdate=April 7, 2015}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- |{{won}} |} === TEC Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.tecawards.org/tec/04nomineescreat.html|title=TEC Awards Creative Achievement Nominees for 2004|publisher=TEC|accessdate=December 24, 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |{{nom}} |} === Teen Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[2002 Teen Choice Awards|2002]] | rowspan="6" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsok.com/2002-teen-choice-awards/article/2803593/?page=2|title=2002 Teen Choice Awards (page 2)|publisher=[[NewsOK]]|date=August 18, 2002|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}</ref> |- | rowspan="8" |[[2003 Teen Choice Awards|2003]] |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Female Artist|Choice Music: Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="8" |<ref name="2003TeenChoice">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/70551/2003-teen-choice-awards-nominees|title=2003 Teen Choice Awards Nominees|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=2012-07-06|date=2003-06-18}}</ref> |- |{{won}} |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |"[['03 Bonnie & Clyde]]" ([[Jay-Z]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Collaboration|Choice Music: Hook-Up]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Love Song|Choice Music: Love Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |{{won}} |- | rowspan="8" |[[2004 Teen Choice Awards|2004]] | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Female Artist|Choice Music: Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/67001/2004-teen-choice-awards-winners|title=2004 Teen Choice Awards Winners|work=Billboard|date=2004-08-09|accessdate=2016-07-15}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |[[Verizon Ladies First Tour]] |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Baby Boy (Beyoncé song)|Baby Boy]]" (featuring [[Sean Paul]]) |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Single|Choice Music: Single]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Collaboration|Choice Music: Hook-Up]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]]" |{{nom}} |- |''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2005 Teen Choice Awards|2005]] | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox.com/tca2005/nominees.htm|title=The Teen Choice Awards|publisher=[[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]|accessdate=October 31, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060108193620/http://www.fox.com/tca2005/nominees.htm|archivedate=January 8, 2006}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2006 Teen Choice Awards|2006]] |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2006-teen-choice-award-winners/|title=2006 Teen Choice Award Winners|website=Cbsnews.com}}</ref> |- |"[[Check on It]]" (featuring [[Slim Thug]]) |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2007 Teen Choice Awards|2007]] |Beyoncé |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|title=2007 Teen Choice Awards: Announcing the Winners!|url=http://www.popsugar.com/entertainment/2007-Teen-Choice-Awards-Announcing-Winners-569804|publisher=[[PopSugar]]|accessdate=November 26, 2014|date=July 26, 2007}}</ref> |- |"[[Irreplaceable]]" |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Break-Up Song|Choice Music: Payback Track]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[2008 Teen Choice Awards|2008]] | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/env-2008-teen-choice-awards-scorecard17jun17,0,2603341.htmlstory|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]]|date=June 17, 2008|accessdate=August 6, 2013|title=2008 Teen Choice Awards winners and nominees|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912051322/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/env-2008-teen-choice-awards-scorecard17jun17%2C0%2C2603341.htmlstory|archivedate=September 12, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |[[2009 Teen Choice Awards|2009]] |{{won}} | rowspan="5" |<ref name="TeenChoice2009">{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2009/06/teen-choice-awards-2009-nominees.html|title=Teen Choice Awards 2009 nominees|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Los Angeles Times Company|date=2009-06-15|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |{{won}} |- |"[[Halo (Beyoncé song)|Halo]]" |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Love Song|Choice Music: Love Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2010 Teen Choice Awards|2010]] |Beyoncé |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1645401/2010-teen-choice-awards-winners-list.jhtml|title=2010 Teen Choice Awards Winners List|work=MTV News|publisher=Viacom|date=2010-08-09|accessdate=2012-07-06|archive-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025061325/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1645401/2010-teen-choice-awards-winners-list.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Collaboration|Choice Music: Hook Up]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2011 Teen Choice Awards|2011]] |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]" |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/29/teen-choice-awards-2011-nominees_n_887197.html|title=Teen Choice Awards 2011 Nominees Announced: Harry Potter vs Twilight|work=Huffington Post|date=2011-06-29|accessdate=2011-06-30}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2012 Teen Choice Awards|2012]] |"[[Love on Top]]" |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/18/teen-choice-awards-nominees-2012_n_1528233.html|title=Teen Choice Award Nominees 2012|work=Huffington Post|date=2012-05-18|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2013 Teen Choice Awards|2013]] |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1712166/teen-choice-awards-2013-winners.jhtml|title=2013 Teen Choice Awards: The Winners List|publisher=MTV News. MTV Networks|date=2013-08-11|accessdate=2013-08-15|archive-date=2014-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330030332/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1712166/teen-choice-awards-2013-winners.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |[[The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour]] | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>Choice Summer Tour| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[2014 Teen Choice Awards|2014]] |[[On the Run Tour (Beyoncé and Jay-Z)|On the Run Tour]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.eonline.com/shows/keeping_up_with_the_kardashians/news/560939/teen-choice-2014-nominees-keeping-up-with-the-kardashians-iggy-azalea-22-jump-street-and-more|title=Teen Choice 2014 Nominees: Keeping Up With the Kardashians, Iggy Azalea, 22 Jump Street and More!|work=E!|first=Alyssa|last=Toomey|date=July 17, 2014|accessdate=July 18, 2014}}</ref> |- | rowspan="7" |Beyoncé |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Female Artist|Choice Music: Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |[[2015 Teen Choice Awards|2015]] |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stutz|first1=Colin|title=Teen Choice Awards 2015: More Nominees; Ludacris, Gina Rodriguez & Josh Peck Hosting|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6649228/teen-choice-awards-2015-ludacris-gina-rodriguez-josh-peck-hosting|website=Billboard|date=July 30, 2015|accessdate=July 30, 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Teen Choice Awards|2016]] |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Female Artist|Choice Music: Female Artist]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7385087/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominees-justin-bieber-selena-gomez|title=Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez, Zayn Malik Lead Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations|accessdate=May 24, 2016|date=2016-05-24}}</ref> |- |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[2017 Teen Choice Awards|2017]] |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/story/teen-choice-awards-2017-nominees|title=Teen Choice Awards 2017: See the First Wave of Nominations|last=Ceron|first=Ella|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|date=June 19, 2017|accessdate=June 19, 2017}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- |[[2018 Teen Choice Awards|2018]] |[[On the Run II Tour]] |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/teen-choice-awards-black-panther-solo-riverdale-nominations-list-1202415855/|title=Teen Choice Awards: 'Black Panther', 'Solo', 'Riverdale' Lead Nominations – List|first1=Greg|last1=Evans|first2=Greg|last2=Evans|date=June 22, 2018}}</ref> |} === Telecom Mobile Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2005 |"[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)]]" |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU0508/S00471.htm?from-mobile=bottom-link-01|title=Mobile music awards for ringtones and caller tunes|accessdate=October 7, 2019}}</ref> |} === Telehit Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2010 |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://musikislife.net/transmision-en-vivo-de-premios-telehit-2010/|title=Premios Telehit 2012, Artistas Confirmados y Transmisión|publisher=Musik is Life|date=October 23, 2012|accessdate=May 19, 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118045636/http://musikislife.net/transmision-en-vivo-de-premios-telehit-2010/|archivedate=November 18, 2010}}</ref> |} === Ticketmaster Touring Milestone Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2019 |[[On the Run II Tour]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pollstar.com/article/ticketmaster-honors-17-acts-with-inaugural-touring-milestone-award-137531|title=Ticketmaster Honors 17 Acts With Inaugural 'Touring Milestone Award'|website=Pollstar.com|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514090447/https://www.pollstar.com/article/ticketmaster-honors-17-acts-with-inaugural-touring-milestone-award-137531|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === TMF Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2009 |Beyoncé |{{won}}<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{n/a}} |} === UK Music Video Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/2009/09/28/uk-music-video-awards-2009-here-are-the-nominations/|title=UK Music Video Awards 2009 – here are the nominations!|publisher=Promonews.tv|date=2009-09-28|accessdate=2012-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329102851/http://www.promonews.tv/2009/09/28/uk-music-video-awards-2009-here-are-the-nominations/|archive-date=2012-03-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |"[[Diva (Beyoncé song)|Diva]]" |{{nom}} |- |2010 |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/2010/09/20/uk-music-video-awards-2010-here-are-the-nominations/|title=UK Music Video Awards 2010: here are the nominations!|publisher=Promonews.tv|date=2010-09-20|accessdate=2012-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231071448/http://www.promonews.tv/2010/09/20/uk-music-video-awards-2010-here-are-the-nominations/|archive-date=2011-12-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2015 |"[[Runnin' (Lose It All)]]" ([[Naughty Boy]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Arrow Benjamin]]) |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukmva.com/content/nominations|title=UK Music Video Awards 2016: shortlists|publisher=UKMVA|date=2010-09-20|accessdate=2016-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922110212/http://www.ukmva.com/content/nominations|archive-date=2016-09-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2016 | rowspan="2" |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.musicweek.com/media/read/bowie-beyonce-and-radiohead-among-uk-music-video-awards-nominees/066022|title=Bowie, Beyoncé and Radiohead among UK Music Video Awards nominees|magazine=Music Week|date=2016-09-22|accessdate=2016-09-22}}</ref> |- |{{won}} |- |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |} === Urban Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[2009 Urban Music Awards|2009]] |"[[Halo (Beyoncé song)|Halo]]" |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanmusicawards.net/us_news.php?id=108&start=0&limit=10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509082404/http://www.urbanmusicawards.net/us_news.php?id=108&start=0&limit=10|archivedate=2009-05-09|title=Urban Music Awards|publisher=[[Urban Music Awards]]}}</ref> |- |2016 |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanmusicawards.co/solange-knowles-craig-david-skepta-beyonce-wstrn-giggs-mo-kanye-west/|title=Nominations for the 14th annual Urban Music Awards 2016 are announced..|publisher=[[Urban Music Awards]]|date=October 19, 2016|accessdate=October 26, 2016|archive-date=March 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322021254/http://www.urbanmusicawards.co/solange-knowles-craig-david-skepta-beyonce-wstrn-giggs-mo-kanye-west/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === VH1 Big Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2003 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/TBabaMS2cJL/VH1+Big+In+03+Awards+Show/74EKikGZlC-/Beyonce+Knowles|title=Beyoncé Knowles in VH1 Big In '03 Awards|publisher=Zimbio|date=November 20, 2003|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref> |- |[[VH1 Big in '06 Awards|2006]] |Beyoncé and [[Jay-Z]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popsugar.com/celebrity/VH1-Big-06---Big-Show-77349|title=VH1 Big in '06 - The Big Show|publisher=Pop Sugar|date=December 4, 2006|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref> |} === Vibe Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="4" |2003 | rowspan="2" |"[[Crazy in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]) |{{won}} | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nominees-announced-for-the-first-vibe-awards-beats-style-flavor-on-friday-nov-21-on-upn-72411292.html|title=Nominees Announced for the First 'Vibe Awards: Beats, Style, Flavor'|publisher=PR Newswire|date=2003-10-07|accessdate=2012-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174313/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nominees-announced-for-the-first-vibe-awards-beats-style-flavor-on-friday-nov-21-on-upn-72411292.html|archive-date=2014-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1480580/andre-3000-goes-pepto-hilary-eats-trophy-nachos-nicky-covers-for-paris-at-vh1-awards/|title=André 3000 Goes Pepto, Hilary Eats Trophy Nachos, Nicky Covers For Paris At VH1 Awards|publisher=MTV|date=2003-11-21|accessdate=2016-10-03|archive-date=2022-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526010953/https://www.mtv.com/news/1480580/andre-3000-goes-pepto-hilary-eats-trophy-nachos-nicky-covers-for-paris-at-vh1-awards/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |- |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2004 | rowspan="2" |"[[Me, Myself and I (Beyoncé song)|Me, Myself and I]]" |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hiphopgalaxy.com/Vibe-Awards-2004-hip-hop-403.html|title=Vibe Awards 2004|publisher=Hiphopgalaxy.com|date=2004-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103152749/http://www.hiphopgalaxy.com/Vibe-Awards-2004-hip-hop-403.html|archivedate=2006-11-03|url-status=dead|access-date=2012-07-07}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |2007 | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}} | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Nero|first=Mark|url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007VibeAwards.htm|title=2007 VH1 Soul VIBE Awards|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2012-07-07|archive-date=2013-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509104156/http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2007VibeAwards.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |{{won}} |- |"[[Irreplaceable]]" |{{nom}} |- |"[[Get Me Bodied]]" |{{nom}} |} === Village Voice Web Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2011 |[[Countdown (Beyoncé song)]] |{{won}} | rowspan="1" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/12/07/the-winners-of-the-2011-village-voice-web-awards/|accessdate=July 30, 2019|title=2011 Village Voice Web Awards winners|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913080232/https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/12/07/the-winners-of-the-2011-village-voice-web-awards/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === Virgin Media Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="3" |2009 | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/awards2009-winners.php|accessdate=July 30, 2015|title=Virgin Media Music Awards 2009: The winners|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323205729/http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/awards2009-winners.php|archivedate=March 23, 2010}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2010 | rowspan="3" |"[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]" ([[Lady Gaga]] featuring Beyoncé) |{{won}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1657642/lady-gaga-christina-aguilera-win-virgin-media-music-awards/|accessdate=July 30, 2015|title=Lady Gaga, Christina Aguilera Win Virgin Media Music Awards|archive-date=September 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910144739/http://www.mtv.com/news/1657642/lady-gaga-christina-aguilera-win-virgin-media-music-awards/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |{{won|2nd Place}} |- |{{won|2nd Place}} |- | rowspan="6" |2012 | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |{{nom}} | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/awards/best-track.php|title=Virgin Media Music Awards: Best Single|publisher=[[Virgin Media]]|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63T6CFUSC?url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/awards/best-track.php|archivedate=November 25, 2011}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |"[[Run the World (Girls)]]" |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |''[[4 (Beyoncé album)|4]]'' |{{nom}} |} === Waffle House's Tunie Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2018 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wixx.com/news/articles/2018/nov/19/khalids-location-chris-stapleton-imagine-dragons-beyonce-all-hailed-at-waffle-houses-tunie-awards/|title=Khalid's "Location," Chris Stapleton, Imagine Dragons, Beyonce all hailed at Waffle House's Tunie Awards|first=Midwest Communications|last=Inc|website=101 WIXX|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2018-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119171409/https://wixx.com/news/articles/2018/nov/19/khalids-location-chris-stapleton-imagine-dragons-beyonce-all-hailed-at-waffle-houses-tunie-awards/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === WatsUp TV Africa Music Video Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2016 |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Shatta-Wale-saves-Ghana-at-2016-WatsUp-TV-Africa-Music-Video-Awards-497577|title=Shatta Wale saves Ghana at 2016 WatsUp TV Africa Music Video Awards|publisher=Ghana Web|date=December 29, 2016|accessdate=December 29, 2016}}</ref> |} === Webby Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2017 |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vote.webbyawards.com/PublicVoting#/2017/film-video/general-film/music-video|title=21st Annual Webby Awards|publisher=Webby|date=April 4, 2017|accessdate=April 4, 2017}}</ref> |} === World Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[2006 World Music Awards|2006]] | rowspan="3" |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|title=2006 World Music Awards|publisher=Chiff|url=http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/world-music-awards.htm|accessdate=2008-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204051554/http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/world-music-awards.htm|archivedate=4 February 2008}}</ref> |- |[[2008 World Music Awards|2008]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|title=Carey and Knowles Lead World Music Awards|publisher=Contact Music|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/mariah-carey/news/carey-and-knowles-lead-world-music-awards_1086124|accessdate=2016-07-15|date=2008-11-10}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2010 World Music Awards|2010]] |{{nom}}<nowiki>| rowspan="2" </nowiki>{{n/a}} |- |"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="10" |[[2014 World Music Awards|2014]] | rowspan="4" |Beyoncé |{{won}} | rowspan="10" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.twiceasnice.co.uk/index.php/news/6632/world-music-awards-2014-winners-list/|accessdate=22 June 2015|title=World Music Awards 2014 Winners List|work=TwiceasNice|date=30 May 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623052010/http://www.twiceasnice.co.uk/index.php/news/6632/world-music-awards-2014-winners-list/|archivedate=23 June 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://beyonce-legion.com/news/beyonce-nominated-9-times-for-world-music-awards|accessdate=4 October 2016|title=Beyoncé Nominated 9 Times for the World Music Awards|work=Beyoncé Legion|date=12 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006001857/http://beyonce-legion.com/news/beyonce-nominated-9-times-for-world-music-awards|archivedate=6 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |''[[Life Is But a Dream]]'' | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>World's Best Video| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]''<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |- |{{won}} |- |"[[Part II (On the Run)]]" ([[Jay-Z]] featuring Beyoncé) | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>World's Best Song| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |"[[Drunk in Love]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]]<nowiki>)| </nowiki>{{nom}} |} === [[Yahoo! Music]] Turning Purple Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |"[[Beautiful Liar]]" (with [[Shakira]]) | rowspan="2" |<nowiki>Turning Purple Award| </nowiki>{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=July 21, 2007|title=Bits & Briefs|page=18|volume=119|issue=29|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> |- |"[[Irreplaceable]]<nowiki>"| </nowiki>{{won}} |} === Taon in Vevo Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |"[[7/11 (song)|7/11]]" |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9OCOVa1b38|title=Vision Award - Winner Announcement (The Year In Vevo)|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |- |"[[Runnin' (Lose It All)]]" ([[Naughty Boy]] featuring Beyoncé and [[Arrow Benjamin]]) |{{won}} |} === YouTube Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[2015 YouTube Music Awards|2015]] | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ52K6Y8JNw|title=Presenting the YouTube Music Awards Winners of 2015|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=March 2, 2015|accessdate=April 9, 2015}}</ref> |} === 4Music Video Honours === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2013 |Beyoncé | style="" |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.4music.com/shows/4Music-Video-Honours-2013|title=Archived copy|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142629/http://www.4music.com/shows/4Music-Video-Honours-2013|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Film, television and internet == === African-American Film Critics Association === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2016 |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/moonlight-named-best-picture-by-african-american-film-critics-association-955250|title='Moonlight' Named Best Picture by the African American Film Critics Association|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 12, 2016|accessdate=December 13, 2016}}</ref> |} === ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2002 |"[[Independent Women|Independent Women Part 1]]" |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000044/2002|title=ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards (2002)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2011-04-17}}</ref> |} === BET Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[BET Awards 2004|2004]] |Beyoncé |''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' |[[BET Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/2004-bet-awards.html|title=The BET Awards 2004 winners|access-date=December 19, 2009|publisher=allthatsfab|archive-date=July 10, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710003048/http://www.metrolyrics.com/2004-bet-awards.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |[[BET Awards 2009|2009]] |Beyoncé |''[[Cadillac Records]]'' and ''[[Obsessed (2009 film)|Obsessed]]'' |[[BET Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref name="BETAwards09" /> |} === Black Reel Awards === ==== Black Reel Film Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[Black Reel Awards of 2001|2001]] | colspan="2" |"[[Independent Women|Independent Women Part 1]]" |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Original Song|Outstanding Original Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000957/2001|title=Black Reel Awards (2001)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2007-01-03}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[Black Reel Awards of 2003|2003]] | colspan="2" |"[[Work It Out (Beyoncé song)|Gibo It Out]]" |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Original Song|Best Original Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000957/2003|title=Black Reel Awards (2003)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2007-01-03}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé |''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Breakthrough Performance|Outstanding Breakthrough Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[Black Reel Awards of 2004|2004]] | colspan="2" |"He Still Loves Me" |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Original Song|Best Original Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000957/2004|title=Black Reel Awards (2004)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2007-01-03}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" |''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Original Soundtrack|Outstanding Original Soundtrack]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |Beyoncé |''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Actress|Outstanding Actress]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[Black Reel Awards of 2007|2007]] | colspan="2" |"[[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]]" |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Original Song|Outstanding Original Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000957/2007|title=Black Reel Awards (2007)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" |''[[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture]]'' |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Original Soundtrack|Outstanding Original Soundtrack]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |Beyoncé |''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Actress|Outstanding Actress]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Black Reel Awards of 2014|2014]] |Beyoncé |''[[Epic (2013 film)|Epic]]'' |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Voice Performance|Outstanding Voice Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blackreelawards.wordpress.com/2013/12/18/the-14th-annual-black-reel-awards-nominations/|title=The BET Awards 2004 winners|access-date=December 19, 2009|publisher=allthatsfab}}</ref> |- |[[Black Reel Awards of 2019|2019]] |[[Spirit (Beyoncé song)]] |''[[The Lion King (2019 film)|The Lion King]]'' |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Original Song|Outstanding Original Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.awardscircuit.com/2019/12/11/black-reel-awards-nominations-queen-slim-lead-the-field-kelvin-harrison-nabs-double-nomination/ |access-date=2020-04-08 |archive-date=2019-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212121522/https://www.awardscircuit.com/2019/12/11/black-reel-awards-nominations-queen-slim-lead-the-field-kelvin-harrison-nabs-double-nomination/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |} ==== Black Reel Television Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[Black Reel Awards of 2015|2015]] | colspan="2" |''[[On the Run Tour: Beyoncé and Jay-Z (TV program)|On the Run Tour: Beyoncé and Jay-Z]]'' | rowspan="3" |[[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Television Documentary or Special|Outstanding Television Documentary or Special]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000957/2015|title=Black Reel Awards (2015)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2015-09-12}}</ref> |- |[[Black Reel Awards of 2017|2017]] | colspan="2" |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]''<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blackreelawards.com/17th-annual-black-reel-awards-nominations/|title=17th Annual Black Reel Awards Nominations|date=December 14, 2016|accessdate=December 18, 2016|publisher=Black Reel Awards|archive-date=February 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228121330/http://blackreelawards.com/17th-annual-black-reel-awards-nominations/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2019 | colspan="2" |''[[Homecoming (2019 film)|Homecoming]]''<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/18iza_JFykGWpDQeyAmkLowjUcbhwP8rN62A3zMH6uSY/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=3rd Annual Black Reel for Television Awards Winners|website=Google Docs}}</ref> |} === Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |"[[Formation (song)|Formation]]" |{{won|Gran Prix}} | rowspan="2" |<ref name="BillCann">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7416509/cannes-lions-beyonce-formation-video-grand-prix|title=Beyoncé's 'Formation' Music Video Wins Grand Prix at Inaugural Cannes Lions Entertainment for Music Awards|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=2016-06-24}}</ref> |- |"[[Runnin' (Lose It All)]]" ([[Naughty Boy]] featuring [[Beyoncé]] and [[Arrow Benjamin]]) |{{won|Bronze Lion}} |} === [[Capri Hollywood International Film Festival|Capri, Hollywood Fest Awards]] === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2020 |''[[Spirit (Beyoncé song)|Spirit]]'' |{{won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/irishman-lion-king-win-big-capri-hollywood-fest-awards-2895635|title='The Irishman,' 'Lion King' Win Big At Capri, Hollywood Fest Awards|last=Sharma|first=Aayush|date=2020-01-02|website=International Business Times|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> |} === Cinema Eye Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2019 |''[[Homecoming (2019 film)|Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé]]'' |{{nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/10/cinema-eye-honors-2020-nominations-beyonce-homecoming-honeyland-1202184689/|title=Beyoncé's 'Homecoming' Leads Cinema Eye Honors 2020 Nominations|last=Thompson|first=Anne|last2=Thompson|first2=Anne|date=2019-10-24|website=IndieWire|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> |} === Critics' Choice Movie Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="3" |[[12th Critics' Choice Awards|2006]] | colspan="2" |"[[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]]" |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song|Best Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} | rowspan="3" |<ref name="bfca">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2006.php|title=The 12th Critics' Choice Movie Awards Winners and Nominees|publisher=[[Broadcast Film Critics Association]] (BFCA)|accessdate=2012-01-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120719045544/http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2006.php|archivedate=2012-07-19}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" |''[[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture]]'' |{{won}} |- |Beyoncé |''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble|Best Acting Ensemble]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |2020 | colspan="2" |"[[Spirit (Beyoncé song)|Spirit]]" |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song|Best Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2019/critics-choice-awards-2020-film-nominations-full-list/|title=Critics' Choice Awards 2020 film nominations: Full list led by 'The Irishman,' 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood,' 'Little Women'|last=Laws|first=Zach|last2=Laws|first2=Zach|date=2019-12-08|website=GoldDerby|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> |} === Digital Spy Reality TV Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2009 |[[Alexandra Burke]] & Beyoncé (''[[The X Factor (British TV series)|The X Factor]]'' Finals 2008) |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a151980/digital-spy-reality-tv-awards-the-winners/|title=Digital Spy Reality TV Awards: The Winners|date=April 6, 2009|website=Digital Spy}}</ref> |- |} === Dorian Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2015 |[[2014 MTV Video Music Awards|2014 MTV Video Music Awards Medley Performance]] |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|author=SPIN|url=http://www.galeca.com/pastwinners.html|title=Dorian Awards Past Winners|publisher=GALECA|accessdate=2016-09-26|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165511/http://www.galeca.com/pastwinners.html|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2017 |[[2016 MTV Video Music Awards|2016 MTV Video Music Awards Medley Performance]] |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Kilday|first=Gregg|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/moonlight-leads-gay-lesbian-entertainment-critics-association-dorian-awards-nominations-2017-9|title='Moonlight' Leads Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics' Dorian Award Nominations|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=January 12, 2017|accessdate=January 14, 2017}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé |{{nom}} |} === Primetime Emmy Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[65th Primetime Emmy Awards|2013]] |[[Super Bowl XLVII halftime show|Super Bowl XLVII Halftime Show Starring Beyoncé]] |[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short-Format Live-Action Entertainment Program|Outstanding Short-Format Live-Action Entertainment Program]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search|title=Awards Search|website=EMMYs}}</ref> |- |[[67th Primetime Emmy Awards|2015]] |''[[On the Run Tour: Beyoncé and Jay-Z (TV program)|On the Run Tour: Beyoncé and Jay-Z]]'' |[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program|Outstanding Special Class Program]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/67th-nominations-list-v1.pdf|title=67th Primetime Emmy Awards Nominations List|publisher=Emmys|accessdate=December 23, 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[68th Primetime Emmy Awards|2016]] | rowspan="2" |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special|Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/68th-nominations-list-v2.pdf|title=68th Primetime Emmy Awards Nominations List|publisher=Emmys|accessdate=April 14, 2016}}</ref> |- |[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special|Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[71st Primetime Emmy Awards|2019]] | rowspan="4" |''[[Homecoming (2019 film)|Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé]]'' |[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special|Outstanding Variety Special (Pre-Recorded)]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/71st-nominations-list-v1.pdf|title=Archived copy|access-date=2019-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716222258/https://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/71st-nominations-list-v1.pdf|archive-date=2019-07-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special|Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction|Outstanding Music Direction]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special|Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |} === GLAAD Media Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2019 |Beyoncé |[[GLAAD Vanguard Award]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/beyonce-and-jay-z-to-be-honored-at-glaads-media-awards-1203160142/|title=Beyonce and Jay-Z to Be Honored at GLAAD's Media Awards|first1=Anna|last1=Tingley|first2=Anna|last2=Tingley|date=March 11, 2019}}</ref> |} === Golden Globe Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |[[64th Golden Globe Awards|2006]] |Beyoncé |''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical|Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref name="BBCGlobe2007">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6265641.stm|title=Golden Globes 2007: The winners|date=2007-07-16|publisher=BBC News. [[BBC]]|accessdate=2012-01-12}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" |"[[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]]" | rowspan="3" |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[66th Golden Globe Awards|2008]] | colspan="2" |<nowiki>"Once in a Lifetime"| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7777327.stm|title=Golden Globes 2009: The winners|publisher=BBC News. BBC|date=2008-12-11|accessdate=2012-01-12}}</ref> |- |[[77th Golden Globe Awards|2020]] | colspan="2" |<nowiki>"Spirit"| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/awards/2020-golden-globes-nominations-list-nominees-1203426905/|title=2020 Golden Globe Nominations: The Complete List|publisher=Variety|date=2019-12-09|accessdate=2019-12-09}}</ref> |} === Golden Raspberry Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[30th Golden Raspberry Awards|2009]] |Beyoncé |''[[Obsessed (2009 film)|Obsessed]]'' |[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress|Worst Actress]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite news|last=Ellwood|first=Gregory|url=http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/awards-campaign/posts/shots-at-new-moon-transformers-2-and-land-of-the-lost|title=2009 Razzies take shots, New Moon, Transformers 2 and Land of the Lost|work=[[HitFix]]|date=2010-02-01|accessdate=2012-07-05|archivedate=2014-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223030815/http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/awards-campaign/posts/shots-at-new-moon-transformers-2-and-land-of-the-lost}}</ref> |} === Gold Spirits Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2007 |''[[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture]]'' |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/playback/2007/FALL/FACES_PLACES/FILMTV/ubeda|title=Archived copy|access-date=2019-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706111624/https://www.ascap.com/playback/2007/FALL/FACES_PLACES/FILMTV/ubeda|archive-date=2019-07-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} === Grierson Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2019 |''[[Homecoming (2019 film)|Homecoming]]'' |Best Arts or Music Documentary |{{shortlisted}} |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://griersontrust.org/grierson-awards/the-grierson-awards/shortlist/|title=The Grierson Trust Shortlist 2019|work=The Grierson Trust|accessdate=2019-07-25|archivedate=2019-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209144704/https://griersontrust.org/grierson-awards/the-grierson-awards/shortlist/}}</ref> |} === Guild of Music Supervisors Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2020 |''[[Spirit (Beyoncé song)|Spirit]]'' |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/guild-of-music-supervisors-awards-winners-full-list-1203496186/|title=Guild of Music Supervisors Awards: Regina Spektor, 'Euphoria' Among Winners (Full List)|date=January 10, 2020}}</ref> |} === Hollywood Music In Media Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2019 |''[[Spirit (Beyoncé song)|Spirit]]'' |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmmawards.com/2019-music-in-visual-media-nominations/|title=2019 MUSIC IN VISUAL MEDIA NOMINATIONS|date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> |} === IDA Documentary Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2019 |''[[Homecoming (2019 film)|Homecoming]]'' |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.documentary.org/awards2019/nominees|title=IDA 2019 Nominees|date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> |} === Japan Gold Disc Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2008 | colspan="2" |''[[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture]]'' |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/viewlongc.php?id=382358&chapter=80|title=2008 Japan Gold Disc Awards List of Winners|publisher=Dek-D|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref> |} === MTV Movie Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[2003 MTV Movie Awards|2003]] |Beyoncé |''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' |[[MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance|Breakthrough Female Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000453/2003|title=MTV Movie Awards (2003)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- |[[2006 MTV Movie Awards|2006]] |Beyoncé |''[[The Pink Panther (2006 film)|The Pink Panther]]'' |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000453/2006|title=MTV Movie Awards (2006)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- |[[2007 MTV Movie Awards|2007]] |Beyoncé |''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' |[[MTV Movie Award for Best Performance|Best Performance]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000453/2007|title=MTV Movie Awards (2007)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- |[[2010 MTV Movie Awards|2010]] |Beyoncé (with [[Ali Larter]]) |''[[Obsessed (2009 film)|Obsessed]]'' |[[MTV Movie Award for Best Fight|Best Fight]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/2010/|title=2010 MTV Movie Awards – Awards Show Highlights and Winners|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2015-12-23|archive-date=2010-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325000144/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/2010/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |[[2017 MTV Movie Awards|2017]] |Beyoncé (with [[Channing Tatum]]) |''[[Lip Sync Battle]]'' |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/3009781/2017-mtv-movie-tv-awards-winners-list/|title=2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Winners: See The Full List|publisher=[[MTV]]|first=Natalie|last=Morin|date=May 7, 2017|accessdate=May 7, 2017|archive-date=May 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508050820/http://www.mtv.com/news/3009781/2017-mtv-movie-tv-awards-winners-list/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === NAACP Image Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[36th NAACP Image Awards|2004]] |Beyoncé |''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref name="SusmanNAACP04">{{cite web|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,573926,00.html|title=Public Image|last=Susman|first=Gary|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=2004-01-08|accessdate=2012-01-12|archive-date=2013-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103013934/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,573926,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2007 |Beyoncé |''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref name="SneiderNAACP07">{{cite web|url=https://www.variety.com/awardcentral_article/VR1117957008.html?nav=news|title=NAACP announces nominees|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|date=2007-01-09|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|accessdate=2012-01-12}}</ref> |- |2010 |Beyoncé |''[[Cadillac Records]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref name="NAACP09">{{cite news|url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/40/releases/40th_nia_nominees_release.pdf|title=Nominees for 40th NAACP Image Awards Announced|publisher=NAACP Image Awards|accessdate=2012-01-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212001050/http://www.naacpimageawards.net/40/releases/40th_nia_nominees_release.pdf|archivedate=2009-02-12}}</ref> |- |2011 | colspan="2" |''[[I Am... World Tour]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Variety – Series or Special|Outstanding Variety – Series or Special]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/nominees-and-honorees/television/|title=The 42nd NAACP Image Awards – Television|publisher=NAACP Image Awards|accessdate=2012-01-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209093512/http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/nominees-and-honorees/television/|archivedate=2011-02-09}}</ref> |- |[[45th NAACP Image Awards|2014]] | colspan="2" |''[[Life Is But a Dream]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Documentary|Outstanding Documentary]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/naacp-image-awards-winners-682585|title=NAACP Image Awards: The Winners|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- |[[46th NAACP Image Awards|2015]] | colspan="2" |''[[On the Run Tour: Beyoncé and Jay-Z (TV program)|On the Run Tour: Beyoncé and Jay-Z]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Variety – Series or Special|Outstanding Variety – Series or Special]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/naacp-image-awards-2015-winners-771018|title=NAACP Image Awards: The Winners|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- |[[48th NAACP Image Awards|2017]] | colspan="2" |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Variety – Series or Special|Outstanding Variety – Series or Special]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref name="NAACP17" /> |- | rowspan="2" |[[51st NAACP Image Awards|2020]] |Beyoncé | rowspan="2" |''[[Homecoming (2019 film)|HΘMΣCΘMING]]'' |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Variety – Series or Special|Outstanding Variety – Series or Special]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://naacpimageawards.net/the-nominees|title=NAACP Image Awards: The Nominees|work=naacp|accessdate=2020-01-10|archive-date=2020-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228040358/https://naacpimageawards.net/the-nominees|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé |[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Documentary|Outstanding Documentary]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |} === NAMIC Vision Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2017 |Beyoncé |[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://namic.com/visionawards/2017winners/|title=2017 NAMIC Vision Awards Winners|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322230534/http://namic.com/visionawards/2017winners/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === National Film & TV Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2019 | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé |''[[The Lion King (2019 film)]]'' |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalfilmandtvawards.com/voting/|title=2nd National Film & TV Awards|accessdate=20 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |''[[Homecoming (2019 film)]]'' |{{nom}} |} === New York Association of Black Journalists === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2012 |Beyoncé |''[[Essence (magazine)]]'' |{{won}} |<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyabj.org/press-releases/nyabj-hosts-24th-annual-scholarship-and-awards-banquet/|title=NYABJ Hosts 24Th Annual Scholarship and Awards Banquet|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402012950/http://www.nyabj.org/press-releases/nyabj-hosts-24th-annual-scholarship-and-awards-banquet/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[2003 Kids' Choice Awards|2003]] |Beyoncé |''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000386/2003|title=Kids' Choice Awards, USA (2003)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- |[[2020 Kids' Choice Awards|2020]] |Beyoncé |''[[The Lion King (2019 film)|The Lion King]]'' |Favorite Female Voice from an Animated Movie |{{pending}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kidschoiceawards.com/|publisher=kidschoiceawards.com|title=Kids Choice Awards|accessdate=2020-02-14}}</ref> |} === NME Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2020 |''[[Homecoming (2019 film)|Homecoming]]'' |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nme-awards-2020-nominations-2598499|title=NME Awards 2020: Full list of nominations revealed {{!}} NME|date=2020-01-20|website=NME Music News, Reviews, Videos, Galleries, Tickets and Blogs {{!}} NME.COM|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> |} === NRJ Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2007 |"[[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]]" |{{nom}} |<ref name="IMDB245">{{cite web|url=http://www.cineteka.com/index.php?op=Award&id=462|title=NRJ Ciné Award|accessdate=November 10, 2010|publisher=Cineteka}}</ref> |} === Online Film Critics Society Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2020 |"[[Homecoming (2019 film)]]" |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ofcs.org/awards/2019-awards-23rd-annual/|title=2019 AWARDS (23RD ANNUAL)|publisher=ofcs|accessdate=January 11, 2020|date=2019-12-23}}</ref> |} === Peabody Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2017 |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |{{won}} |<ref name="Entertainment Weekly">{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/2017/04/20/peabody-award-winners-entertainment-beyonce/?xid=entertainment-weekly_socialflow_twitter|title=Beyoncé's Lemonade among Peabody Award winners for Entertainment|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=April 20, 2017|accessdate=April 20, 2017}}</ref> |} === Satellite Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[7th Golden Satellite Awards|2003]] |"[[Work It Out (Beyoncé song)|Gibo It Out]]" |[[Satellite Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000386/2003|title=Satellite Awards (2003)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[11th Satellite Awards|2006]] |Beyoncé (''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'') |[[Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture|Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000386/2006|title=Satellite Awards (2006)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- |"[[Listen (Beyoncé song)|Listen]]" |[[Satellite Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |- |[[13th Satellite Awards|2008]] |Beyoncé (''[[Cadillac Records]]'') |[[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress – Musical or Comedy]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000386/2008|title=Satellite Awards (2008)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- |[[24th Satellite Awards|2019]] |"[[Spirit (Beyoncé song)|Spirit]]" |[[Satellite Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressacademy.com/2019-ipa-awards/|title=2019 Winners {{!}} International Press Academy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> |} === Screen Actors Guild Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[13th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2007]] |Beyoncé |''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' |[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/13th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards|title=13th Annuel Screen Actors Guild Awards|publisher=SAG Awards|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |} === Shorty Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |[[9th Shorty Awards|2017]] |Beyoncé & Blue Ivy |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shortyawards.com/9th/winners|title=9th Annual Shorty Awards Winners|website=Shorty Awards|accessdate=2017-04-23}}</ref> |- |''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]'' |{{nom}} |- |[[10th Shorty Awards|2018]] |Beyonce's Birth Announcement |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shortyawards.com/10th/finalists|title=10th Annual Finalists - The Shorty Awards|website=shortyawards.com|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Beyoncé |Celebrity (Arts & Entertainment) |{{pending}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/nominees-for-the-2020-shorty-awards-social-media-influencer-list-2020-1|title=Exclusive: The full list of nominees for the Shorty Awards, including Jeffree Star, Sophie Turner, and Baby Yoda Sipping Tea|last=Perelli|first=Amanda|website=Business Insider|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> |- |Beyoncé on shoes |{{nom}} |} === Teen Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominado !Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[2002 Teen Choice Awards|2002]] |Beyoncé |''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywood.com/general/teen-choice-awards-2002-complete-winners-list-57164177/|title=Teen Choice Awards 2002: Complete Winners List|first=Hollywood com|last=Staff|date=August 5, 2002}}</ref> |- |[[2003 Teen Choice Awards|2003]] |Beyoncé |''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' |{{nom}} |<ref name="2003TeenChoice" /> |- |[[2007 Teen Choice Awards|2007]] |Beyoncé (with [[Jamie Foxx]]) |''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' |{{nom}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000644/2007|title=Teen Choice Awards (2007)|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2016-06-27}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2009 Teen Choice Awards|2009]] |Beyoncé | rowspan="2" |''[[Obsessed (2009 film)|Obsessed]]'' |{{nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref name="TeenChoice2009" /> |- |Beyoncé (with [[Ali Larter]]) |[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie: Rumble|Choice Movie: Rumble]]<nowiki>| </nowiki>{{nom}} |} === Webby Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |[[2014 Webby Awards|2014]] |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.msn.com/music/article.aspx?news=864501|title=News, reviews, interviews and more for top artists and albums – MSN Music|publisher=Music.msn.com|date=2015-11-25|accessdate=2015-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501001108/http://music.msn.com/music/article.aspx?news=864501|archive-date=2014-05-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Webby Awards|2016]] | rowspan="2" |Beyoncé.com |{{nom}} | rowspan="1" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webbyawards.com/winners/2016/|title=The 2016 Webby Awards|publisher=Webby|date=|accessdate=2016-09-26}}</ref> |- |{{won|Honoree}} | rowspan="1" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2016/websites/website-features-and-design/best-use-of-photography/beyonce-official-site/|title=Winners 2016 Websites - Best Use of Photography|publisher=Webby|date=|accessdate=2016-09-26}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |} === Xfinity On Demand Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2011 | rowspan="4" |Beyoncé |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ourteentrends.com/2012/02/xfinity-on-demand-awards-winner-announcement-beyonce-bridesmaids-tosh-0-and-spongebob-squarepants-watched-the-most-in-2011/|title=Xfinity On Demand Awards Winner Announcement: Beyonce, Bridesmaids, Tosh.0 and SpongeBob SquarePants Watched the Most in 2011|first=Bello Mag #33 ‘Destination’ Desert &#124; Celeb Dirty Laundry|last=says|date=February 21, 2012|website=Our Teen Trends|access-date=April 8, 2020|archive-date=June 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626122656/https://ourteentrends.com/2012/02/xfinity-on-demand-awards-winner-announcement-beyonce-bridesmaids-tosh-0-and-spongebob-squarepants-watched-the-most-in-2011/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |<nowiki>Overall Most-Viewed Musical| </nowiki>{{won}} |- |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corporate.comcast.com/comcast-voices/xfinity-on-demand-award-winners|title=XFINITY On Demand Award Winners|first=J. T.|last=Ramsay|date=May 26, 2011|website=corporate.comcast.com}}</ref> |- |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corporate.comcast.com/news-information/news-feed/xfinity-tv-announces-the-most-viewed-tv-shows-movies-and-musicians-with-the-2012-xfinity-on-demand-awards|title=Xfinity TV Announces the Most-Viewed TV Shows, Movies and Musicians with the 2012 Xfinity On Demand Awards|date=March 7, 2013|website=corporate.comcast.com}}</ref> |} == Fashion and Magazine == === Bravo Fashion Queen Gag Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2013 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stage8.bravotv.com/fashion-queens/season-2/episode-8/videos/the-2013-gag-award-jlaw-beyonce-kerry-washington|title=The 2013 Gag Award: JLaw, Beyoncé, Kerry Washington|date=October 28, 2014|website=Bravo TV Official Site|access-date=April 8, 2020|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514034234/https://stage8.bravotv.com/fashion-queens/season-2/episode-8/videos/the-2013-gag-award-jlaw-beyonce-kerry-washington|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2006 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/news/a1705/beyonce-interview/|title=Beyoncé: Fun, Fearless Female of the Year 2006|magazine=cosmopolitan|date=November 1, 2006|accessdate=March 5, 2020}}</ref> |} === Council of Fashion Designers of America === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2016 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.vogue.com/13443807/beyonce-cfda-fashion-icon-speech/|title=Beyoncé Is the CFDA's Fashion Icon, Read Her Speech Here|magazine=Vogue|date=June 7, 2016|accessdate=October 5, 2016|archive-date=October 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013052806/http://www.vogue.com/13443807/beyonce-cfda-fashion-icon-speech|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === Dutch Glamour Glammy Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2009 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fashion.blog.nl/modemix/2009/06/04/carice-van-houten-wint-glammy-award-voor-woman-of-the-year|title=Carice van Houten wint Glammy Award voor Woman of the Year|first1=Door Lynsey Dubbeld op 4 juni 2009|last1=om 22:00|first2=in de categorie|last2=Modemix|date=June 4, 2009|website=Fashion|access-date=April 8, 2020|archive-date=May 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513164636/http://fashion.blog.nl/modemix/2009/06/04/carice-van-houten-wint-glammy-award-voor-woman-of-the-year|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === PopSugar Beauty Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2013 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellasugar.com/POPSUGAR-Beauty-Awards-2013-Video-32227475|title=Taylor, Jennifer, and Beyoncé! See Who Snagged a POPSUGAR Beauty Award|first=Kirbie|last=Johnson|date=October 22, 2013|website=POPSUGAR Beauty}}</ref> |} === Teen Vogue Beauty Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2010 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/beauty-awards|title=Beauty Awards|first=Condé|last=Nast|website=Teen Vogue}}</ref> |} === Vh1 Bikini Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2012 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>[http://www.vh1.com/news/2012-07-27/beyonce-wins-the-2012-vh1-celebrity-bikini-awards/] {{dead link|date=August 2019}}</ref> |} == Pilantropiya == === Barnardos Mother ng Taon === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2014 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/barnardos-australia-20124014.html|title=Barnardos Australia 'Mother of the Year' nominations|website=au.news.yahoo.com}}</ref> |} === Great BIG Story Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2017 |Beyoncé ‘Freedom’ + International Day of the Girl |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greatbigstory.com/stories/freedom-anthem-to-get-behind-award|title=Beyonce 'Freedom' + International Day of the Girl &#124; Anthem to Get Behind Award|website=Greatbigstory.com}}</ref> |} === Grio Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2010 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>[[Grio Awards]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}} |} === Miami Children’s Hospital Foundation’s Diamond Ball & Private Concert === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2008 |Beyoncé |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.socialmiami.com/articles/mchf-diamond-ball.asp|title=Miami Children's Hospital Foundation's Diamond Ball|website=Socialmiami.com|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2009-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112165714/http://www.socialmiami.com/articles/MCHF-Diamond-Ball.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === St. John’s Church (Houston) === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2002 |Knowles and Rowland Family |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://credentials.tsu.edu/tsu_hb2504/cv/knowles-mathew-cv.pdf|title=Mathew E. Knowles|date=March 12, 2020|access-date=April 8, 2020|archive-date=May 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513180155/http://credentials.tsu.edu/tsu_hb2504/cv/knowles-mathew-cv.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} == Retail == === Allure's Best of Beauty Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2015 |NCLA for Beyoncé Nail Wraps in Je Ne Sais Quoi |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allure.com/gallery/best-of-beauty-2015-winners|title=These Are Allure's Best of Beauty 2015 Winners|first=Condé|last=Nast|website=Allure}}</ref> |} === Cosmetic Executive Women Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2011 |[[Heat (perfume)|Heat]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perfumerflavorist.com/networking/news/company/122432304.html|title=CEW Announces Winners for Annual Beauty Awards|publisher=Perfumer & Flavorist|date=May 22, 2011|accessdate=May 22, 2011}}</ref> |} === FiFi Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2005 |[[True Star (perfume)]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.celebrityscentsation.com/celebrity-perfumes/musicians/beyonce-knowles/true-star-perfume/|title=Beyonce Knowles True Star Perfume, Celebrity Perfume Beyonce Knowles, Celebrity SCENTsation fragrances|website=Celebrityscentsation.com}}</ref> |- |2011 |[[Heat (perfume)|Heat]] |{{nom}} |<ref>n/a</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2012 | rowspan="3" |[[Beyoncé Pulse]] |{{nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beyonce.com/beyonce-pulse-is-a-top-5-fifi-finalist-2/|title=Beyoncé Pulse is a Top 5 FiFi Finalist|website=Beyoncé}}</ref> |- |{{nom}} |- |{{nom}} |} === [[Heat (magazine)]] Hair & Beauty Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2010 |[[Heat (perfume)|Heat]] |{{won}} |<ref>[https://heatworld.com/hair-beauty/hair/beauty-awards-2010-prettiest-pouts-hottest-hair-dos-glowiest-skin/] {{dead link|date=August 2019}}</ref> |} === International Hologram Manufacturers Association Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2011 |[[Beyoncé Pulse|Pulse]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ihma.org/2011-awards.aspx|title=IHMA 2011 Awards|publisher=[[International Hologram Manufacturers Association]]|date=November 10, 2011|accessdate=November 11, 2011|archive-date=December 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220103758/http://www.ihma.org/2011-awards.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |} === Latina Beauty Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2014 |[[Rise (perfume)|Rise]] | style="" |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latina.com/beauty/products/latina-beauty-awards-2014|title=The 2014 Latina Beauty Awards!|website=LATINA}}</ref> |} === Love Perfume? Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2011 |[[Heat (perfume)|Heat]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fusionlifestylemag.com/story/lifestyle/48/%E2%80%98love-perfume%E2%80%99-awards/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128202015/http://www.fusionlifestylemag.com/story/lifestyle/48/%E2%80%98love-perfume%E2%80%99-awards/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2016|title='Love perfume' awards|date=November 28, 2016}}</ref> |} === Vogue India Beauty Award === {| class="wikitable" !Taon !Nominadong Gibo !Kategoriya !Resulta !Ref |- |2010 |[[Heat (perfume)|Heat]] |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/winners-vogue-beauty-awards-0|title=Winners of the Vogue Beauty Awards|website=Vogue India}}</ref> |} == Iba pang pagbisto == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Listicle ! scope="col" |Taon ! scope="col" |Resulta ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Adweek |100 Most Creative People |2016 |Placed | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/adweeks-creative-100-2016-list-alphabetical-order-172650/|title=Adweek's Creative 100: The 2016 List in Alphabetical Order|website=adweek|language=en|access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[AskMen]] | rowspan="1" |Most Desirable Woman ng Taon | rowspan="1" |2007 |1st Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070130006478/en/AskMen.com-Readers-Beyonce-Knowles-Desirable-Woman-2007|title=AskMen.com Readers Name Beyoncé Knowles the Most Desirable Woman of 2007|website=businesswire|language=en|date=December 11, 2007|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |Woman of the Decade | rowspan="1" |2009 |1st Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/according-to-5-million-men-blake-lively-is-the-most-desirable-woman-of-2011|title=Beyoncé Knowles the Most Desirable Woman of decade|website=refinery29|language=en|date=December 11, 2009|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[BBC]] | rowspan="1" |7 Most Powerful Women of the last 70 Taons |2016 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/14/bbc-announces-powerful-women-last-70-years-beyonce-bridget-jones/|title=BBC announces most powerful women of the last 70 years: Beyonce and Bridget Jones (but no Queen)|website=telegraph|language=en|date=December 14, 2016|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- |40 Music's Most Powerful Woman |2018 |1st Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-45639433|title=Beyoncé named music's most powerful woman by BBC Woman's Hour power list|website=[[BBC]]|language=en|date=September 28, 2018|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- |BBC Radio 4 Woman’s Hour |2020 |1st Placed |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://matzavreview.com/2020/03/23/bbc-appoints-beyonce-as-the-most-powerful-woman-in-the-music/|title=BBC appoints Beyoncé as the most powerful woman in the music|last=Khattar|first=Aslam|date=2020-03-23|website=Matzav Review|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | rowspan="1" |Artist of the Decade | rowspan="5" |2009 |4th Placed | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/266399/eminem-beyonce-grab-top-spots-on-decade-end-charts|title=Eminem, Beyoncé Grab Top Spots On Decade-End|website=[[Billboard (magazine)]]|language=en|date=December 11, 2009|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- |Female Artist of the Decade |1st Placed |- |Hot 100 Artist of the Decade |2nd Placed |- |Hot 100 Female Artist of the Decade |1st Placed |- |Radio Songs Artist of the Decade |1st Placed |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Black Enterprise | rowspan="2" |Most Powerful Women In Business |2017 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/black-enterprise-announces-the-most-powerful-women-in-business-300419549.html|title=BLACK ENTERPRISE Announces The Most Powerful Women In Business|last1=Meritt|first1=Jason|website=prnewswire|date=March 7, 2017|access-date=January 19, 2020}}</ref> |- |2020 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/womenofpowersummit/beyonce-knowles-carter/2020-top-50-women-in-business-46-beyonce/|title=2020 TOP 50 WOMEN IN BUSINESS-46 BEYONCE|last1=Meritt|first1=Jason|website=blackenterprise|date=March 7, 2020|access-date=March 12, 2020}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]] |100 Women Trailblazers |2019 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/explore/100women/profiles/beyonce|title=Beyoncé|last1=Meritt|first1=Jason|website=Britannica|date=March 1, 2019|access-date=January 19, 2020}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Business of Fashion |BoF 500 |2017 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/beyonce-knowles|title=Beyonce Knowles|last1=Asmelash|first1=Leah|last2=Andrew|first2=Scottie|website=CNN|date=December 31, 2017|access-date=January 1, 2020}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[CNN]] |The 10 Artists Who Transformed Music in the 2010s |2019 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/31/entertainment/2010s-music-artists-define-decade-trnd/index.html|title=The 10 artists who transformed music this decade|last1=Asmelash|first1=Leah|last2=Andrew|first2=Scottie|website=CNN|date=December 31, 2019|access-date=January 1, 2020}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |[[Complex (magazine)]] |100 Hottest Female Singers of All Time |2012 |1st Placed | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/music/2012/12/the-100-hottest-female-singers-of-all-time/|title=The 100 Hottest Female Singers of All Time|website=complex.com|language=en|access-date=December 11, 2012}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]] | rowspan="2" |Power 100 | rowspan="1" |2012 |Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ebony.com/entertainment/ebony-reveals-its-2012-power-100-list-100/|title=Ebony Power 100|website=ebony|language=en|date=December 11, 2012|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |2016 |Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7565585/beyonce-john-legend-solange-nas-ebony-power-100-honorees|title=Ebony Power 100|website=ebony|language=en|date=December 11, 2016|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[Entertainment Weekly]] | rowspan="2" |Entertainers ng Taon |2003 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(bu2e1gjlq1dzbuxyv3w1a3gc))/collection.aspx?collection=3274|title=EW reveals its 2003 Entertainers of the Year|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |2006 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(bu2e1gjlq1dzbuxyv3w1a3gc))/collection.aspx?collection=3274|title=EW reveals its 2006 Entertainers of the Year|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |Entertainers of the Decade | rowspan="3" |2009 |2nd Placed | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/article/2010/05/13/beyonce-entertainer-decade-2/|title=EW reveals its Entertainers of the Decade|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en|date=December 11, 2009|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |Music: Entertainer of the Decade |1st Placed |- | rowspan="1" |Hottest Hottie of the Decade |1st Placed |- |Entertainers ng Taon |2016 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/gallery/entertainers-year-2016/|title=EW reveals its 2016 Entertainers of the Year|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]] | rowspan="1" |35 Under 35 Young Blacks | rowspan="1" |2012 |Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.essence.com/news/35-under-35-young-black-amazing/#235413|title=35 Under 35 Young, Black & Amazing|website=[[Essence (magazine)]]|language=en|date=December 11, 2012|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | rowspan="1" |50 Most Powerful Women | rowspan="1" |2016 |Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://time.com/4485327/beyonce-fortune-most-powerful-women/|title=Beyoncé Is the Youngest Woman on This Year's Fortune's Most Powerful Women List|website=Time|language=en|date=September 9, 2016|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-date=April 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419195122/https://time.com/4485327/beyonce-fortune-most-powerful-women/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |[[GQ]] |100 Hottest Women Of The 21st Century |2013 |1st Placed | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gq.com/gallery/beyonce-cover-story-photos-gq-february-2013|title=Beyoncé's GQ Photo Shoot|website=gq.com|language=en|access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[NME]] | rowspan="1" |People ng Taon | rowspan="1" |2016 |Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/nme-people-year-2016-beyonce-1898878|title=nme people of the year|website=nme|language=en|date=December 11, 2016|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |10 Artists Who Defined The Decade | rowspan="1" |2019 |Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/features/nmes-10-artists-who-defined-the-decade-the-2010s-2583451|title=nme people of the decade|website=nme|language=en|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Parade | rowspan="1" |125 Influential Women Will Inspire You To Crush Your Goals | rowspan="1" |2020 |Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://parade.com/973936/leighweingus/influential-women-in-history/|title=The 125 Influential Women Will Inspire You To Crush Your Goals|website=parade|language=en|date=March 5, 2020|access-date=March 12, 2020}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Recording Industry Association of America]] | rowspan="1" |Certified Artist of the Decade | rowspan="3" |2010 |1st Placed | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/beyonce-tops-decades-riaa-certifications-20777|title=Beyonce tops decades riaa certifications|website=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en|date=December 11, 2009|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- |Most Certifications for a Female Artist |1st Placed |- |Most Master Ringtone Certifications for a Female Artist |1st Placed |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Refinery29 | rowspan="1" |7 Women Who Changed The Game In Music In the 2010s | rowspan="1" |2019 |Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/12/9094334/most-important-women-in-music-2010s-decade|title=Top 7 women of 2010|website=refinery29|language=en|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Rolling Stone | rowspan="1" |The New Immortals | rowspan="1" |2013 |Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/the-new-immortals-144884/taylor-swift-34-168356/|title=The New Immortals|website=rollingstone|language=en|date=December 11, 2013|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Tampabay Times | rowspan="1" |Best Visionary of the Decade | rowspan="1" |2019 |1st Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tampabay.com/arts-entertainment/2019/12/23/best-of-the-decade-our-top-50-movies-music-tv-and-books-of-the-2010s/|title=Best of the decade: Our top 50 movies, music, TV and books of the 2010s|website=tampabay|language=en|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |[[Time 100|''Time'' 100]] {{Small|(under "Icons" with tribute written by [[Baz Luhrmann]])}} |2013 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/beyonce/|title=The 2013 TIME 100 - TIME|last=Luhrmann|first=Baz|date=April 29, 2013|work=Time|access-date=December 4, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=June 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609034134/https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/beyonce/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |[[Time 100|''Time'' 100]] {{Small|(under "Titans" with tribute written by [[Sheryl Sandberg]])}} |2014 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/70716/beyonce-2014-time-100/|title=The 2013 TIME 100 - TIME|last=Sandberg|first=Sheryl|date=April 29, 2014|work=Time|access-date=December 4, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=May 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530033518/https://time.com/70716/beyonce-2014-time-100/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |[[Time Person of the Year|Time Person ng Taon]] |2016 |6th Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2016-beyonce-runner-up/|title=Beyonce|website=Time|language=en|access-date=December 4, 2019|archive-date=October 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007144254/http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2016-beyonce-runner-up/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |100 Women ng Taon |2020 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5793791/beyonce-100-women-of-the-year/|title=2014: Beyoncé Knowles-Carter|last=Cooper|first=Brittney|date=March 2, 2020|work=Time|access-date=March 2, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://time.com/5793791/beyonce-100-women-of-the-year/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |The Economic Times | rowspan="1" |Diva of the Decade | rowspan="1" |2019 |1st Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aseanbreakingnews.com/2019/12/2010s-round-up-gangnam-style-despacito-frozen-music-films-that-made-the-decade-memorable/|title=2010s round-up: 'Gangnam Style', 'Despacito', 'Frozen'; music & films that made the decade memorable|website=aseanbreakingnews.com|language=en|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |The Guardian | rowspan="1" |25 Best Girl Band Member of All Time | rowspan="1" |2019 |1st Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/oct/12/from-t-boz-to-beyonce-who-is-the-best-girl-band-member-of-all-time|title=From T-Boz to Beyoncé: who is the best girl band member of all time?|website=aseanbreakingnews.com|language=en|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |The Independent UK | rowspan="1" |Women of the Decade | rowspan="1" |2019 |Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/women/women-decade-beyonce-aoc-hillary-clinton-serena-williams-feminism-a9255276.html|title=Women of the Decade|website=independent.co.uk|language=en|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |[[The Insider (TV program)|The Insider]] |Artists of the Decade |2019 |Placed | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/beyonce-artist-of-the-decade-2010s-2019-12|title=Artists of the Decade|website=insider.com|language=en|access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |The Observer | rowspan="1" |Artist of the Decade | rowspan="1" |2009 |1st Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/nov/29/beyonce-artist-of-the-decade|title=Beyoncé: artist of the decade|website=theguardian|language=en|date=December 11, 2009|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |The Irish Times | rowspan="1" |Music that defined the Decade | rowspan="1" |2019 |Placed | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/fifty-shades-kanye-love-hate-the-films-tv-books-and-music-that-defined-the-decade-1.4116690|title=Fifty Shades, Kanye, Love/Hate: The films, TV, books and music that defined the decade|website=irishtimes|language=en|date=December 11, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" |USA Today |Musician ng Taon |2016 |Placed | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2016/12/25/usa-today-musician-of-the-year-beyonce/95476234/|title=USA TODAY Musician of the year: Beyoncé|publisher=usatoday}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |Variety500: The 500 Most Important People in Global Media |2017-2019 |Placed | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/exec/beyonce-knowles/|title=Beyonce Knowles|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> |- |Variety Women’s Impact List |2013 |Placed | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/gallery/varietys-womens-impact-list-2013/beyance/|title=Beyonce|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[VH1]] |100 Hottest Hotties |2004 |1st Placed | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.r1-forum.com/threads/vh1s-100-hottest-hotties.66418/|title=vh1 hottest hotties 2004|website=vh1|language=en|access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> |- |100 Winningest Moments of 2011 |2011 |1st Placed | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/redeye-charlie-sheens-winningest-moments-spiketv-20110309-story.html|title='Charlie Sheen's Winningest Moments' get animated|website=latimes|language=en|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=December 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230113314/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/redeye-charlie-sheens-winningest-moments-spiketv-20110309-story.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |100 Sexiest Artist |2013 |1st Placed | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thatgrapejuice.net/2013/03/beyonce-tops-vh1s-100-sexiest-artists-list/|title=vh1 hottest hotties 2013|website=thatgrapejuice.net|language=en|access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |The 10 Best Artists of the 2010s |2019 |Placed | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/best-music-2010s/|title=The 10 Best Artists of a Decade That Atomized Music|last=Parham|first=Jason|magazine=Wired|date=December 31, 2019|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=en}}</ref> |} == Toltolan == {{Reflist}} <references /> p4ljvb8auhx3p46joi84jt54qnyyxky 0 21851 309538 274362 2026-08-23T19:52:30Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309538 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Jerome David Salinger''' (/ˈsælɪndʒər/; Enero 1, 1919 – Enero 27, 2010) , sarong Amerikanong parasurat na bantog huli sa saiyang nobelang [[The Catcher in the Rye]]. Nagpublikar si Salinger nin nagkakapirang mga halipot na usipon sa Story magazine kan kinaamayi kan 1940 bago sya magserbe sa Ika-duwang gerang pangkinaban. Kan 1948, an saiyang istoryang "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" nagluwas sa The New Yorker na nagi man kapinunan kan saiyang mga nagsunod na mga naisurat. Naipublikar an The Catcher in the Rye kan taon 1951 asin nagin bantog man tulos ini. Nagin impluwensyal an saiyang pagsasaladawan kan mga inaagihan kan mga soltero huli sa saiyang karakter na si Holden Caulfield. Binasa kan mas kadakol na tawo an libro asin nagi man ining kontrobersiyal. An pagigin bantog kan The Catcher in the Rye nagkawsa tanganing matawan ini nin labing atensyon asin pagsuysoy. Nagin mas patago si Salinger hasta sa diit na sana an saiyang mga bagong ipigruruluwas na obra. Pigsundan nya an nobelang ini nin koleksiyon nin mga halipot na usipon, sa titulong [[Nine Stories (Salinger)|Nine Stories]] (1953); sarong bolyum na igwa nin laog na novella asin mga halipot na usipon, Franny and Zooey (1961); asin sarong bolyum na naglalaog nin duwang novella, Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963). An saiyang huring naipublikar na novella na igwa nin titulong "Hapsworth 16, 1924," nagluwas sa The New Yorker kan Hunyo 19, 1965. Makalihis an panahon, nag-atubang sya nin pirang legal na remalaso kan 1980 kontra sa biographer na si Ian Hamilton asin man sa pagluwas kan mga memoirs kan huring parte kan 1990 gikan sa duwang tawong harani saiya: si Joyce Maynard, dati nyang kaiuluson; asin man si Margaret Salinger, saiyang aking babayi.{{Infobox writer|image=J. D. Salinger (Catcher in the Rye portrait).jpg|caption=Salinger in 1950|birth_name=Jerome David Salinger|birth_date={{Birth date|mf=yes|1919|1|1}}|birth_place=Manhattan, New York|death_date={{Death date and age|mf=yes|2010|1|27|1919|1|1}}|death_place=[[Cornish, New Hampshire]]|occupation=Writer|education=[[New York University]]<br />[[Ursinus College]]<br />[[Columbia University]]|period=|movement=|notableworks=''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'' (1951)<br />''[[Nine Stories (Salinger)|Nine Stories]]'' (1953) <br />''[[Franny and Zooey]]'' (1961) <br />''[[Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction]]'' (1963)|spouse={{marriage|Sylvia Welter|1945|1947|end=divorced}}{{marriage|Claire Douglas|1955|1967|end=divorced}}{{marriage|Colleen O'Neill<br />|1988}}|children=Margaret Salinger <br /> [[Matt Salinger]]|signature=J. D. Salinger Signature.svg}} [[Ladawan:1133_Park_Avenue_cloudy_jeh.jpg|too|thumb|1133 Park Avenue in Manhattan, where Salinger grew up]] [[Ladawan:The_Catcher_in_the_Rye_(1951,_first_edition_dust_jacket).jpg|thumb|Dust jacket of ''The Catcher in the Rye'', first edition.]] [[Ladawan:J-D-Salinger-TIME-1961.jpg|thumb|Salinger on the cover of ''[[Time (magasin)|Time]]'' (September 15, 1961)]] [[File:Dream_Catcher_(memoir).jpg|thumb|Margaret Salinger's memoir ''Dream Catcher'', its cover featuring a rare photograph of Salinger and Margaret as a child|link=Special:FilePath/Dream_Catcher_(memoir).jpg]] [[Ladawan:J-D-Salinger-Illustration-TIME-1961.jpg|thumb|Created for the cover of ''Time'' magazine, Robert Vickrey's 1961 portrait of Salinger was placed on view in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C., after Salinger's death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://npg.si.edu/blog/j-d-salinger-1919-2010|title=J. D. Salinger, 1919–2010|last=|first=|date=February 1, 2010|publisher=National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonia Institution}}</ref>]] == Lista kan mga gibo == === Mga Libro === * ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'' (1951) * ''[[Nine Stories (Salinger)|Nine Stories]]'' (1953) **[[A Perfect Day for Bananafish|"A Perfect Day for Bananafish"]] (1948) ** "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut" (1948) ** "Just Before the War with the Eskimos" (1948)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bryan|first=James E.|date=1961|title=J. D. Salinger: The Fat Lady and the Chicken Sandwich|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_college-english_1961-12_23_3/page/227|journal=College English|volume=23|issue=3|pages=227|doi=10.2307/373014|issn=0010-0994}}</ref> ** "The Laughing Man" (1949) ** "Down at the Dinghy" (1949) ** "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor" (1950) ** "Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes" (1951)[165] ** "De Daumier-Smith's Blue Period" (1952) ** "Teddy" (1953) * ''Franny and Zooey'' (1961) ** "Franny" (1955) ** "Zooey" (1957) * ''Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction'' (1963) ** "Raise High the Roof-Beam, Carpenters" (1955) ** "Seymour: An Introduction" (1959) * ''Three Early Stories'' (2014) ** "The Young Folks" (1940) ** "Go See Eddie" (1940) ** "Once a Week Won't Kill You" (1944) === Mga naipublikar asin naiantolohiyang mga usipon === * "Go See Eddie" (1940, republished in ''Fiction: Form & Experience'', ed. William M. Jones, 1969 and in ''Three Early Stories'', 2014) * "The Young Folks" (1940, republished in ''Three Early Stories'', 2014) * "The Hang of It" (1941, republished in ''The Kit Book for Soldiers, Sailors and Marines'', 1943) * "The Long Debut of Lois Taggett" (1942, republished in ''Stories: The Fiction of the Forties'', ed. Whit Burnett, 1949) * "Once a Week Won't Kill You" (1944, republished in ''Three Early Stories'', 2014) * "A Boy in France" (1945, republished in ''Post Stories 1942–45'', ed. Ben Hibbs, 1946 and July/August 2010 issue of ''Saturday Evening Post'' magazine) * "This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise" (1945, republished in ''The Armchair Esquire'', ed. L. Rust Hills, 1959) * "Slight Rebellion off Madison" (1946, republished in ''Wonderful Town: New York Stories from The New Yorker'', ed. David Remnick, 2000) * "A Girl I Knew" (1948, republished in ''Best American Short Stories 1949'', ed. Martha Foley, 1949) === Mga naipublikar asin dai naiantolohiyang mga usipon === * "The Heart of a Broken Story" (1941) * "Personal Notes of an Infantryman" (1942) * "The Varioni Brothers" (1943) * "Both Parties Concerned" (1944) * "Soft-Boiled Sergeant" (1944) * "Last Day of the Last Furlough" (1944) * "Elaine" (1945) * "The Stranger" (1945) * "I'm Crazy" (1945) * "A Young Girl in 1941 with No Waist at All" (1947) * "The Inverted Forest" (1947) * "Blue Melody" (1948) * "Hapworth 16, 1924" (1965) === Mga nainot na usipon na dai naisapublikar === == Mga media portrayal asin reperensya == * In W. P. Kinsella's 1982 novel, ''Shoeless Joe'', the main character "kidnaps" the reclusive Salinger to take him to a baseball game. When the novel was adapted for cinema as ''Field of Dreams'', Salinger's character was replaced by the fictional Terence Mann (played by James Earl Jones), amid fears that Salinger might sue.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Geddes|first=John|title=W.P. on J.D.: Kinsella talks about writing Salinger into 'Shoeless Joe'|url=http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/w-p-on-j-d-kinsella-talks-about-writing-salinger-into-shoeless-joe/|date=January 29, 2010}}</ref> * In the 2002 film ''The Good Girl'', the character of Holden (played by [[Jake Gyllenhaal]]) adopts the name because of his admiration of ''The Catcher in the Rye''. Coincidentally the film also stars Zooey Deschanel who was named after the character from Salinger's ''Franny and Zooey''. * Salinger is portrayed by Chris Cooper in James Steven Sadwith's 2015 film ''Coming Through the Rye''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Ashley|title=Chris Cooper Is J.D. Salinger in 'Coming Through the Rye' Clip (Exclusive Video)|date=October 14, 2016|url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/chris-cooper-is-jd-salinger-938110}}</ref> * Salinger appears as a character (voiced by Alan Arkin) in several 2015–2016 episodes of ''BoJack Horseman'' (season 2 episodes 6, 7, 8, 10 and season 3 episode 1), where he is said to have faked his own death to escape public attention and ironically pursue a career in television production. He quotes numerous lines from his works, bemoaning how ''The Catcher in the Rye'' has become his only recognizable work. In humorous contrast to his real-life beliefs, this rendition of Salinger loves Hollywoo and ends up managing a game show, which he aptly names ''Hollywoo Stars and Celebrities: What Do They Know? Do They Know Things? Let's Find Out''. * Salinger was portrayed by Nicholas Hoult in the 2017 film ''Rebel in the Rye''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Child|first=Ben|title=Nicholas Hoult to play JD Salinger in new biopic|date=September 1, 2015|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/01/nicholas-hoult-rebel-in-the-rye-jd-salinger}}</ref> * Salinger's name is mentioned in the title for The Wonder Years song "You're Not Salinger. Get Over It." * In the book and TV show ''You'' by Caroline Kepnes, one of the characters, Peach, is named as being a relative of Salinger. * In the film ''Man at Bath'' (2010), the character Dustin Segura-Suarez holds ''Franny and Zooey'' in his hands while taking a bath; the novel's themes of family suicide, detachment, and hauntings play important roles in Honoré's film, ''Dans Paris'' (2006). * ''The Catcher in the Rye'' plays a major part in the South Park episode "The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs", as the boys are inspired to write their own book when they feel Salinger's book does not live up to its controversial reputation. * The anime TV series ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' heavily references J. D. Salinger works including ''Catcher in the Rye'', ''The Laughing Man'' and ''A Perfect Day for Banana Fish''. * The 2018 anime series Banana Fish displays themes found in ''A Perfect Day for Banana Fish'', and protagonist Ash Lynx mirrors Seymour Glass. Other references to Salinger's work are found in episode titles; episode 1 is titled "A Perfect Day for Banana Fish" and episode 24 is titled "The Catcher in the Rye". * ''Salinger'' is a 2013 documentary film that tells the story of Salinger's life through interviews with friends, historians, and journalists. * My Salinger Year is a film for release in 2020, based on the 2014 memoir by Joanna Rakoff. == Mga Tala == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} == Toltolan == * Mueller, Bruce F.; Hochman, Will (2011). Critical Companion to J. D. Salinger: a Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0816065974. * Alexander, Paul (1999). Salinger: A Biography. Los Angeles: Renaissance. ISBN 1-58063-080-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) * Crawford, Catherine, ed. (2006). If You Really Want to Hear About It: Writers on J. D. Salinger and His Work. New York: Thunder's Mouth. ISBN 1-56025-880-2.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) * Grunwald, Henry Anatole, ed. (1962). Salinger, the Classic Critical and Personal Portrait. New York: Harper Perennial, Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06185-250-3.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) * French, Warren (1988). J. D. Salinger, Revisted. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-7522-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) * Hamilton, Ian (1988). In Search of J. D. Salinger. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-53468-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) * Kubica, Chris; Hochman, Will (2002). Letters to J. D. Salinger. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-17800-5. * Lutz, Norma Jean (2002). "Biography of J.D. Salinger". In Bloom, Harold (ed.). J. D. Salinger. Bloom's BioCritiques. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. pp. 3–44. ISBN 0-7910-6175-2. OCLC 48473975.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) * Maynard, Joyce (1998). At Home in the World. New York: Picador. ISBN 0-312-19556-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) * Salinger, Margaret (2000). Dream Catcher: A Memoir. New York: Washington Square Press. ISBN 0-671-04281-5. * Slawenski, Kenneth (2010). ''J. D. Salinger: A Life Raised High'', London, Pomona Books. {{ISBN|978-1-904590-23-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-904590-23-1|978-1-904590-23-1]] * {{Cite journal|title=Cherished and Cursed: Toward a Social History of The Catcher in the Rye|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-quarterly_1997-12_70_4/page/567|last=Whitfield|first=Stephen|journal=The New England Quarterly|volume=70|issue=4|date=December 1997|pages=567–600|doi=10.2307/366646}} : Reprinted in Bloom, Harold, ed. (2001). J. D. Salinger. Bloom's BioCritiques. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. pp. 77–105. ISBN 0-7910-6175-2. == Mga panluwas na takod == * [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/29/books/29salinger.html J. D. Salinger, Enigmatic Author, Dies at 91], ''The New York Times'', January 28, 2010 * [https://archive.today/20121210114221/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nation-world/bal-te.ob.salinger29jan29,0,4629261.story The Reclusive Writer Inspired a Generation], ''Baltimore Sun'', January 29, 2010 * [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/7096097/JD-Salinger.html JD Salinger]&nbsp;– ''Daily Telegraph'' obituary * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3786891.stm Obituary: JD Salinger], BBC News, January 28, 2010 * [http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2010/02/sali-f02.html ''J.D. Salinger (1919–2010): An appreciation''] World Socialist Web Site. February 2, 2010. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040615211038/http://www.tversu.ru/Science/Hermeneutics/1998-2/1998-2-28-eng.pdf Implied meanings in J. D. Salinger stories and reverting] * [http://www.deadcaulfields.com/DCHome.html Dead Caulfields – The Life and Work of J.D. Salinger] * [http://catchingsalinger.wordpress.com Catching Salinger]&nbsp;– Serialized documentary about the search for J.D. Salinger * [http://www.shmoop.com/jd-salinger/ J.D. Salinger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601200200/https://www.shmoop.com/jd-salinger/ |date=2019-06-01 }} biography, quotes, multimedia, teacher resources * [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/23725 On J.D. Salinger] by Michael Greenberg from ''The New York Review of Books'' * [http://www.haaretz.com/culture/books/the-courage-to-be-an-absolute-nobody-1.346920 Essay on Salinger's life from Haaretz] * Works by J. D. Salinger at Open Library * [http://www.uea.ac.uk/is/archives# J.D. Salinger – Hartog Letters, University of East Anglia] * [http://www.life.com/gallery/62491/salinger-and-catcher-in-the-rye#index/0 Salinger and 'Catcher in the Rye'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124040405/http://www.life.com/gallery/62491/salinger-and-catcher-in-the-rye#index/0 |date=2012-01-24 }} — slideshow by ''Life magazine'' * [http://www.esquire.com/features/jd-salinger-bio-0697 The Man in the Glass House] — Ron Rosenbaum's 1997 profile for ''Esquire'' * J. D. Salinger on IMDb * J. D. Salinger at Library of Congress Authorities, with 18 catalog records 9fdvkholx5v756lcvcrsla29i399lab 0 23762 309523 259275 2026-08-23T19:38:03Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands|name=Jeju Island|area_km2=1826<ref name="jc4">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldislandinfo.com/COUNTRYV2.htm |title=Joshua Calder's World Island Info - Largest Islands of Selected Countries |publisher=Worldislandinfo.com |accessdate=2016-01-30}}</ref>|ethnic_groups=Koreano, Tsino|population_as_of=2020|population=695,519|country_largest_city_population=501,791|country_largest_city=Syudad nin Jeju|country_admin_divisions=Espesyal na Awtonomong Probinsya nin Jeju|country_admin_divisions_title=Espesyal na Awtonomong Probinsya|country=[[Sur na Korea]]|elevation_m=1,950|highest_mount=Hallasan|width_km=31|native_name={{nobold|제주도}}|length_km=73|archipelago=Jeju|coordinates=|location=Subangang Asya|map_caption=Mapa kan Isla nin Jeju|map_image=Map Jeju-do.svg|image_caption=Imahe kan Isla nin Jeju gikan sa ''Satellite''|image_alt=Imahe kan Isla nin Jeju|image_name=Jeju Island.jpg|sobriquet=''Sammu-samda-do (Island of no three kinds and many three kinds)''|native_name_lang=ko|native_name_link=Korean language|languages=Jeju, Koreano}} An '''Isla nin Jeju''' ({{Korean|hangul=제주도|hanja=濟州島|}}) ([[Tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]]: ''Jeju Island'') iyo an pinakadakulang isla sa [[Sur na Korea]], na mahihiling sa probinsya nin Jeju. An isla yaon sa ''Korea Strait'', sa ibaba kan Rawis nin Korea asin sur kan probinsya nin South Jeolla. An isla igwang natural na [[World Heritage Site|world heritage site]], na iyo an ''Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6248244.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Unesco names World Heritage sites|date=June 28, 2007|accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> An Jeju may moderatong klima; maski ngani kun tag-yelo, an temperatura minsan sana magbaba sa {{convert|0|C|F}}. An Jeju iyo popular na bakasyunan kun sain an dakulang porsyon kan ekonomiya nakadepende sa turismo asin sa pang-ekonomiyang aktibidad gikan sa sibil/"naval" na base kaini. == Uusipon == Sa historya kan isla, an isla pig-apud sa manlainlain na pangaran na iyo an mga: * Doi (hanja: {{linktext|島|夷}}, literal na boot-sabihon "''Island barbarian''") * Dongyeongju ([[hanja]]: 東瀛州) * Juho (hanja: {{linktext|州|胡}}) * Tammora (탐모라, 耽牟羅) * Seomna (섭라, 涉羅) * Tangna (탁라, 乇羅) * Tamna (탐라, 耽羅) * Quelpart,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Island of Quelpart|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-geographical-society-of-new-york-bulletin_1905_37_7/page/396|journal=Bulletin of the American Geographical Society|volume=37|issue=7|pages=396–408|jstor=198722|last1=Hulbert|first1=H. B|doi=10.2307/198722|year=1905}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Quelpart Island and Its People|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-review_1926-01_16_1/page/60|journal=Geographical Review|volume=16|issue=1|pages=60–72|jstor=208503|last1=Hall|first1=R. Burnett|doi=10.2307/208503|year=1926}}</ref> Quelparte<ref>{{cite web|title=The Queen of Quelparte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjUXAAAAYAAJ|last1=Hulbert|first1=Archer Butler|year=1902}}</ref> o Isla nin Quelpaert<ref name="The Name of Quelpaert Island">{{Cite journal|title=The Name of Quelpaert Island|journal=Isis|volume=38|issue=3/4|pages=231–235|doi=10.1086/348077|year=1948|last1=Sokol|first1=A. E}}</ref> * Junweonhado (준원하도, 준원下島 na boot-sabihon "sur na parte kan rawis") * Taekseungnido (boot-sabihon iyo matoninong na mainit na isla sa Joseon) * Samdado (boot-sabihon iyo "''Island of Three Abundances''")<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeju Island Facts|url=http://www.softschools.com/facts/wonders_of_the_world/jeju_island_facts/105/}}</ref> Bago pa an aneksasyon nin mga Hapones kan 1910, an isla bistado bilang "Quelpart" sa mga Europeano;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fs.unm.edu/TheIslandOfQuelpart.pdf|title=The Island of Quelpart}}</ref> asin kan okupasyon an isla bistado man sa Hapones na ngarang "Saishū". An pangarang ''Quelpart'' iyo gikan sa enot na Europeanong barko na nakadiskobresa isla, na iyo an Dutch na ''Quelpaert'', na iyo an nakahiling pagkatapos ini mawara sa kadagatan na iyo dapat pasiring sa base nin kalakalan nin mga Dutch sa Nagasaki, [[Hapon]], gikan sa [[Taiwan]] (na iyo an nagligad na kolonya nin Dutch na "Formosa"). An ngarang "Fungma island" luminuwas sa "Atlas of China" ni M. Martini na uminabot sa [[Tsina]] bilang sarong misyonaryo kan 1655.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://eastsea1994.org/data/bbsData/14911233821.pdf |access-date=2020-11-23 |archive-date=2021-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831171058/http://eastsea1994.org/data/bbsData/14911233821.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Heograpiya == <gallery widths="200" heights="160"> Ladawan:Hallasan 2.jpg|Baengnokdam sa Hallasan Ladawan:KOCIS Jeju Island (5982720813).jpg|Sarong bukid sa Jeju Ladawan:Hallasan-2005 07 22 - 1.jpg|An Bukid nin Halla sa Jeju Ladawan:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566 g-10c.jpg|Mapa kaiba an Jeju Island </gallery> An Jeju iyo sarong bulkan na isla, na iyo pigdodomina kan Hallasan - na iyo sarong bulkan na igwang 1,950 na metro (6,400 ft) na taas asin an pinakahalangkaw na bukid sa Sur na Korea. An isla may sukol na harus 73 na kilometro (45 milya) sa direksyong subangan hasta solnopan, asin man 41 na kilometro (25 milya) sa direksyong norte hasta sur.<ref>[http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/124th_issue/99121501.htm Map of Korea: Cheju Island] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200212/http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/124th_issue/99121501.htm|date=2016-03-04}} The People's Korea. Accessed 8 July 2012</ref> An isla naporma nin mga pagsabog kan bulkan sa nakaaging harus duwang milyon na taon,sa panahon nin Cenozoic.<ref name="2million">{{Citation|last=Woo|first=Kyung|last2=Sohn|first2=Young|last3=Ahn|first3=Ung|last4=Spate|first4=Andy|title=Geology of Jeju Island|journal=Jeju Island Geopark - A Volcanic Wonder of Korea|volume=1|pages=13–14|date=January 2013|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-20564-4_5|series=Geoparks of the World (closed)|isbn=978-3-642-20563-7}}</ref> An kadagaan kan isla iyo pigbibilog nin harus "basalt" asin lava. An kahiwasan na nagsasakop nin harus 12% (224 na kilometrong kuwadrado o 86 na milyang kuwadrado) sa Jejudo iyo bistado bilang ''Gotjawal Forest''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riss4u.net/link?id=A35499718|title=RISS 통합검색 - 국내학술지논문 상세보기|website=www.riss4u.net}}</ref> An kahiwasan mantinido bilang dae-kultibado hasta sa ika-21 na siglo, kun sain an base nin lava iyo pigpapadipisil an pagliwat kaini para sa [[agrikultura]]. Nin uli ta an kagubatan iyo namantinir an gayon, pigsasabing ini igwang solmanteng ekolohiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riss4u.net/link?id=U10812496_003|title=RISS 통합검색 - 학위논문 상세보기|website=www.riss4u.net}}</ref> An kagubatan iyo an primerong pinaghahalean kan tubig hale sa irarom kan daga asin man para sa inomon kan harus kabangang nilyong katawohan na yaon sa isla half million people of the island, nin uli ta an tubig-uran dumidiretso nin direkta sa mga aquifer sa paago nin mga crack sa lava sa ibaba kan kagubatan. An Gotjawal forest iyo pigkokonsidera sa pang-internasyunal na importansya uli sa mga "wetland" sa irarom nin ''Ramsar Convention'' kan nagkapirang mga "researchers".<ref>Jang, Yong-chang and Chanwon Lee, 2009, "Gotjawal Forest as an internationally important wetland," ''Journal of Korean Wetlands Studies'', 2009, Vol 1.</ref> Ini man an istaran kan mga solamenteng espesyi nin mga tanom asin an pangenot na pinaghahalean nin tubig para sa mga residente, maski ngani hasta sa ngunyan dae pa nanggad ini pigdedeklarar bilang sarong "Ramsar" na sityo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf|title=Ramsar site list|accessdate=2007-06-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195859/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf|archivedate=January 14, 2009}} Accessed June 2009</ref> [[Ladawan:제주_중문대포해안주상절리대_(Jeju_Jungmun_Daepo_Jusangjeolli_Cliff).jpg|thumb|Daepo Jusangjeolli Cliff]] === Pormasyon === * Harus sa nakaaging 2&nbsp; milyong taon, an isla nin Jeju naporma sa paagi nin aktibidad kan bulkan.<ref name="2million" /> * Harus sa nakaaging 1.2&nbsp; milyong taon, sarong "magma chamber" fan naporma sa irarom kan kadagaan nin dagat asin nagpuon suminabog. * Harus sa nakaaging 700 ribong taon, an isla Jeju naporma sa paagi nin aktibidad kan bulkan. An aktibidad kan puminondo sana pagkatapos an 100 ribong taon. * Harus sa nakaaging 300 ribong taon, an aktibidad nin bulkan nagpuon liwat sa parte nin baybayon. * Harus sa nakaaging 100 ribong taon, an aktibidad nin bulkan naporma an Bukid nin Halla. * Harus sa nakaaging 25 ribong taon, an lateral na mga pagsabog sa palibot kan Bukid nin Halla nagwalat nin pirang "oreum" (saradit na 'parasitic cones' sa mga "flank" kan primerong kapa). * An aktibidad nin bulkan nagpundo asin pigpalawig an "weathering" asin erosyon na nakatabang sa pagporma kan isla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nature.jeju.go.kr/index.asp?sso=ok|archive-url=https://archive.is/20160712043220/http://nature.jeju.go.kr/index.asp?sso=ok|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-07-12|title=제주특별자치도 자연환경생태정보시스템|website=nature.jeju.go.kr|access-date=2016-03-14}}</ref> == Ekonomiya == === Turismo === An turismo iyo sarong importanteng lado kan lokal na ekonomiya. An isla pig-aapud man minsan na "Hawaii kan Sur na Korea". An mga tursita gikan sa China dae kaipuhan an visa tangarig makabisita sa Jeju, dae arug kan natatadang parte kan Sur na Korea, asin kan 2010s nagpuon magbisita sa mga espesyal na "package tours" tangarig makakua nin "driver's license" sa Sur na Korea; an eksaminasyon kapareho sa Tsina, pero pwedeng makompleto sa kadikit na oras asin mas madali. An mga "application form" asin "test form" iyo yaon sa mga nagkapirang mga tataramon. Asin an lisensya sa Sur na Korea, dae arug kan lisensya sa Tsina, iyo pig-oonra bilang ''International Drivers License''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20181001-spending-your-holiday-driving-round-in-circles|first=Erin|last=Craig|title=The unusual reason Chinese tourists are going to S Korea|work=BBC News|date=October 2, 2018}}</ref> Pira sa mga lugar nin interes iyo an mga: [[Ladawan:Seongsan_Ilchulbong_and_Trail.jpg|thumb|Seongsan Ilchulbong o "Sunrise Peak"]] [[Ladawan:Saekdal-dong,_Seogwipo-si,_Jeju-do,_South_Korea_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Baybayon sa Jeju]] * Manjanggul Lava Tube - 8&nbsp;km na laba na igwang 1&nbsp;km na porsyong madudumanan kan publiko * Seongsan Ilchulbong or "Sunrise Peak" - iyo sarong bulkan na "tuff cone and crater" * Bukid nin Hallasan - pinakadominanteng bukid sa isla * Seongeup Folk Village * Jeju Teddy Bear Museum * Jeju Maze Park * Mysterious Road * Water Falls (Jeongbang. Cheonjiyeon. Cheonjeyeon) * Jeju Loveland - iskulpturang parke na may temang seks * O'Sulloc Tea Museum * Beach (Jungmun. Hyeopjae) * Ecoland Train Trip Theme Park * Natural Recreation Forest Jeolmul == Edukasyon == * [https://www.nlcsjeju.co.kr/ North London Collegiate School Jeju] - iyo sarong independiyenteng Briton na "boarding school" sa Seogwipo para sa lalake asin babae na may edad 4 hasta 19 na taon * Korean International School Jeju - iyo sarong independyenteng "boarding school" para sa mga lalake asin babae * Branksome Hall Asia - iyo sarong pambabaeng independiyenteng paadalang institusyon sa Seogwipo. * St. Johnsbury Academy JeJu - iyo sarong bagong kabubuka na "boarding asin day school" para sa lalaki asin babae na igwang Amerikong edukasyon na sistema sa Seogwipo. * Jeju National University - sarong pampublikong unibersidad * Jeju International University- sarong pribadong unibersidad * Cheju Halla University - sarong pribadong unibersidad * Jeju Tourism University - sarong pribadong unibersidad * Korea Polytechnics - sarong pampublikong bokasyonal na paadalan;an kampus nin Jeju iyo nasa Syudad nin Jeju, == Transportasyon == An isla pigsisirbehan nin kan ''Jeju International Airport'' sa Syudad nin Jeju. An Seoul – Jeju City na rutang pang-ere iyo saro sa mga pinakasibot sa bilog na kinaban, kun sain harus 13,400,000 na pasahero an luminayog sa tahaw kan duwang syudad kan 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-busiest-air-route-is-between-seoul-and-jeju-2016-12|title=The world's busiest air route is between Seoul and the 'South Korean Hawaii'|last=Murray|first=Tom|date=2018-07-21|website=Business Insider|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> An ibang syudad na may biyahe pasiring sa Jeju iyo an Daegu, Busan, Gunsan asin Gwangju. An Jeju pwede man maabot hale sa Busan sa paagi nin barko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/TRP/TP_ENG_3_2.jsp|title=Ferry to Jeju}}</ref> An oras kan biyahe iyo yaon sa 3 hasta 12 na oras. An isla may pampublikong na sistema para sa bus, asin mayo nin tren sa laog kan isla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitjeju.net/en/themaView.jto?menuCd=DOM_000001822008000000&areaId=CNTS_000000000022500&langCd=EN|title=The all new Jeju public transportation system|access-date=2020-11-23|archive-date=2018-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064226/https://www.visitjeju.net/en/themaView.jto?menuCd=DOM_000001822008000000&areaId=CNTS_000000000022500&langCd=EN|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sarong "tunnel" pasiring sa isla na magdudukot digdi sa ''Korea Train Express'' na network an pig-propose, pero sa ngunyan dae pa ini maibo nin uli sa konsern sa gastos asin lokal na oposisyon sa Jeju, sa paghadit na dagos na pagkawara kan katutubong kultura sa isla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=486|title=To Jeju, by train?|last=|first=|date=2010-01-04|website=m.jejuweekly.com|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021104338/http://m.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=486|archive-date=2021-10-21|access-date=2020-02-26|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{Reflist|2}} == Panluwas na takod == * {{Commons category-inline|Jeju}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Jeju}} [[Kategorya:Sur na Korea]] 1z1t5kiaqeu8zyjmgt8oyb9y63sql3v 0 23815 309634 260026 2026-08-23T21:11:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Myoglobin.png|thumb|214x214px|Sarong representasyon kan tolong-dimensyonal na istraktura kan myoglobin na pinapahiling an makulay na mga ''alpha helix''. Ini an enot na protina na nahiling an istraktura sa paagi nin krystallograp kan x-ray.]] An mga '''protina''' ([[Ingles]]: ''protein'') iyo darakulang mga [[molekula]] na hinimo gikan sa saradit na mga yunit nin inaapod na mga [[asidong amino]]. An mga protina may mahiwas na kagibohan sa gabos na [[organismo]], kaiba an katalisong metabolikong reaksyon, replikasyon nin [[DNA]], pagresponde sa "stimuli", pagtao nin istraktura sa mga [[selula]] asin mga [[organismo]], asin sa transportasyon kan mga [[molekula]] gikan sa sarong lokasyon pasiring sa ibang lokasyon. An pagkakaiba kan mga manlainlain na protina iyo primero uli sa sekwensya kan mga asidong amino, na iyo pigdidiktahan kan nukleyotidong sekwensya kan mga "genes", asin harus nagreresulta sa pagtiklop kan protina sa mga ispesipikong 3D na istraktura na iyo dagos nagdedetermina kan aktibidad kaini. == Uusipon == Nadiskubre ni [[Jons Jacob Berzelius]], sarong [[Sweden|Swekong]] [[Kimika|kimiko]], kaidtong 1838 an mga protina. Dae labing pigtawan nin risa an kagibuhan kan mga protina sa mga organismong may buhay hasta sa taong 1926. Sa taong ini, pinahiling ni [[James B. Sumner]] an [[Ensima|ensimang]] urease na sarong protina.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sumner, JB.|title=''The isolation and crystallization of the enzyme urease. Preliminary paper''|url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/69/2/435.pdf?ijkey=028d5e540dab50accbf86e01be08db51ef49008f|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=69|issue=|pages=435–41|year=1926|access-date=2020-12-08|archivedate=2007-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120727/http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/69/2/435.pdf?ijkey=028d5e540dab50accbf86e01be08db51ef49008f}}</ref> An insulin an enot na protina na pinagsunod-sunod ni [[Frederick Sanger]], na iyo nanggana nin [[Nobel Prize|Gawad na Nobel Prize]] para sa kagibuhang ini kaidtong 1958. An hemoglobin asin myoglobin an enot na mga istraktura nin mga protina na nasimbag ninda [[Max Perutz]] asin [[Sir John Cowdery Kendrew]], sa arug kaidtong pagkakarhay, kaidtong 1958.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Muirhead H, Perutz M.|title=''Structure of hemoglobin. A three-dimensional fourier synthesis of reduced human hemoglobin at 5.5 Å resolution''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1963-08-17_199_4894/page/633|journal=Nature|volume=199|issue=4894|pages=633–38|year=1963|pmid=14074546|doi=10.1038/199633a0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Kendrew J, Bodo G, Dintzis H, Parrish R, Wyckoff H, Phillips D.|title=''A three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by x-ray analysis''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1958-03-08_181_4610/page/662|journal=Nature|volume=181|issue=4610|pages=662–66|year=1958|pmid=13517261|doi=10.1038/181662a0}}</ref> Enot na nasimbag an tolong-dimensyonal na istraktura kan parehong mga protina sa paagi nin pag-adal nin dipraksyon kan x-ray. Asin uli kaini, iyo parehong nanggana si Perutz asin Kendrew kan Gawad na Nobel Prize sa [[Kimika]] kaidtong 1962 para sa saindang ambag sa lado nin [[siyensya]]. == Mga kagamitan == Ginagamit ang mga protina sa paglakop, pagpakarhay, asin pagpapatibay kan mga tulang. Nagtatabang ini na maggibo nin mga tisyu asin mga sihay. Mahihiling ini sa mga [[hayop]], tinanom, tinanom na sangaw, [[bakterya]], asin sa lawas kan mga [[tawo]]. Halimbawa, may laog na kadakol na protina an mga masel (''muscle''). Nagkakakan an mga nagmamantinir kan lawas nin mga kakanon na pano nin protina bilang sarong madaling paagi sa pagmantinir o makakua nin halangkaw na lebel nin masel na mas ligtas kaysa mag-esteroydes (''steroids''). May importanteng parte an mga protina sa mga [[kakanon]] arug kan gatas, sugok, karne, sira, mga patani, asin nuwes. Nagkakakan an mga hayop nin protina tangarig makakua nin [[enerhiya]] asin mga asidong amino. Ginagamit an mga asidong aminong ini tangarig makagibo nin bagong mga protina na gagamiton bilang mga [[ensima]] (''enzymes''), mga hormona (''hormones''), o mga antikuwerpo (''antibodies''). Sarong halimbawa nin halabang-kondenso na protina iyo an "enaptin", na pigbibilog nin kadakulon na molekula nin [[karbon]], [[idrohino]], asin [[oksiheno]]. == Mga produkto na mayaman sa protina == <gallery> Ladawan:Egg upright.jpg|Sugok Ladawan:Beyond Meat Beast Burger 1.jpg|Karne na burger Ladawan:Chickens in market.jpg|Karne nin manok Ladawan:Glass of milk on tablecloth.jpg|Gatas Ladawan:Alaskan King Crab.jpg|Kasag Ladawan:Fish hanging in the sun with black background.jpg|Sira Ladawan:7795Ginisang monggo at manok 12.jpg|Monggo Ladawan:Swiss cheese cubes.jpg|Keso </gallery> == Hilingon man == * [[Carbohydrate]] * [[Lipid]] * [[Ensima]] *[[DNA]] (''Deoxyribonucleic acid'') *[[RNA]] (''Ribonucleic acid'') *[[Alerhiya sa kakanon]] == Mga panluwas na takod == {{Commons category|Proteins|Mga protina}} ===Mga database asin proyekto=== * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=protein NCBI Entrez Protein database] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=structure NCBI Protein Structure database] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060424071622/http://www.hprd.org/ Human Protein Reference Database] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135408/http://www.humanproteinpedia.org/ Human Proteinpedia] * [http://folding.stanford.edu/ Folding@Home (Stanford University)] * [http://www.pdbe.org/ Protein Databank in Europe] (hilingon man sa [http://www.pdbe.org/quips PDBeQuips]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, halipot na mga artikulo asin tutoryal sa mga interesadong istraktura nin PDB) * [http://www.rcsb.org/ Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics] (hilingon man sa [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/index.html Molecule of the Month] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724151351/https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion%2Fmolecule_of_the_month%2Findex.html |date=2020-07-24 }}, nagpepresenta nin mga halipot na akawnt sa pagselekta sa mga protina gikan sa PDB) * [http://www.proteopedia.org/ Proteopedia&nbsp;– Life in 3D]: naiikot, napapadakulang 3D na modelo kaiba an mga anotasyong wiki para sa gabos na aram na istraktura nin protinang molekula. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080608183902/http://www.expasy.uniprot.org/ UniProt the Universal Protein Resource] ===Mga tutoryal asin edukasyonal na mga websityo=== * [http://web.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/hopes_test/an-introduction-to-proteins/ "An Introduction to Proteins"] gikan sa HOPES (Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050219090405/http://www.biochemweb.org/proteins.shtml Proteins: Biogenesis to Degradation&nbsp;– The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology] == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{agham-saringsing}} [[Kategorya:Biyokimika]] 4q4tidaa0a3u2hs0l2qhymocu82a1ye 0 24098 309686 309009 2026-08-23T22:14:08Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309686 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Wolfram evaporated crystals and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|315x315px|Mga halimbawa nin elementong wolpramyo o tungsten]] An '''wolpramyo''' o '''tungsten''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ʌ|ŋ|s|t|ən}} na bistado man bilang '''wolfram''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ʊ|l|f|r|ə|m}} iyo sarong elementong kimikal na may simbolo na '''W''' asin atomikong bilang na 74. An taramong "tungsten" iyo gikan sa tataramong Swedish na ''tung sten'' na direktang mapapalis na ''magabat na gapo''. An tungsten iyo sarong matagas asin bihirang metal sa irarom nin istandard na kondisyon kun dae nakasalak (uncombined). Ini iyo natural na mahihiling sana sa kinaban sa mga kimikal na kompuwesto. Ini iyo nadiskobre bilang bagong elemento kaidtong 1781 asin enot na naisuway bilang metal kaidtong 1783. An importanteng ore kaini iyo binabalehan kan wolframite sagkod scheelite. An talingkas na elemento iyo bistado sa pagigin pusog kaini urog na an katotoohang ini an may pinakahalangkaw na natutunaw na punto sa gabos nin mga dae-alloy na metal asin ikaduwang pinakahalangkaw sa gabos nin mga elementong kimikal pagkatapos nin [[karbon]]. Ini man an may pinakahalangkaw na densidad na iyo 19.3 beses nin sa [[tubig]] asin maikukumpara sa [[uranium]] asin [[bulawan]] sagkod mas halangkaw (mga 1.7 beses) kaysa sa tingga (lead).<ref name="daintith">{{cite book|title=Facts on File Dictionary of Chemistry|last=Daintith|first=John|publisher=Checkmark Books|year=2005|isbn=0816056498|edition=4th|location=New York}}</ref> Kun ini may kaibang kadikit na impuridad ini iyo madaling mabari.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=foLRISkt9gcC&pg=PA20|title=Tungsten: properties, chemistry, technology of the element, alloys, and chemical compounds|last=Lassner|first=Erik|publisher=Springer|year=1999|isbn=9780306450532|location=|page=256|pages=20-21|chapter=low temperature brittleness}}</ref> Alagad, an napakapurong tungsten maski ngani matagas man giraray iyo mas duktilo (ductile) asin pupuwedeng bangaon nin sarong matagas na [[bakal]] na hacksaw.<ref name="albert">{{cite book|title=A Guide to the elements|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789577766298|last=Stwertka|first=Albert|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0195150260|edition=2nd|location=New York}}</ref> An dae-alloyed na elemental na porma kaini iyo pangenot na ginagamit sa mga elektrikal na aplikasyon. An kadaklan kan mga alloy nin tungsten iyo kadakul nin mga aplikasyon na an pinakabistado digdi an inkandesenteng bombilyang filamento nin tubo kan X-ray (bilang parehong filamento asin inaasinta) sagkod mga superalloy. An katagasan nin tungsten asin halangkaw na densidad iyo nagtatao digdi nin mga aplikasyong pangmilitar arug kan sa mga prohektilo (projectile). An mga kompuwesto nin tungsten iyo harus ginagamit nin pang-industriyal bilang mga katalista. An tungsten an kasaro-sarong metal gikan sa ikatolong transisyong serye na aram na yayaon sa mga biyomolekula kun sain ini iyo ginagamit sa pirang mga ispesye nin bacteria. Ini an pinakamagabat na elementong aram na ginagamit nin anumang buhay na organismo. Asin man, an tungsten iyo minalaog sa metabolismo nin molybdenum sagkod [[tanso]], asin medyo nakalalason sa buhay nin mga [[hayop]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The active sites of molybdenum- and tungsten-containing enzymes|author=McMaster, J. and Enemark, John H|journal=Current Opinion in Chemical Biology|volume=2|issue=2|pages=201–207|year=1998|doi=10.1016/S1367-5931(98)80061-6|pmid=9667924}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Molybdenum and tungsten in biology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-biochemical-sciences_2002-07_27_7/page/360|author=Hille, Russ|journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences|volume=27|issue=7|pages=360–367|year=2002|doi=10.1016/S0968-0004(02)02107-2|pmid=12114025}}</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Kromyo]] (''Chromium'') * [[Bulawan]] (''Gold'') * [[Asoge]] (''Mercury'') == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{Talaang peryodiko}} {{commons category|Tungsten}} {{agham-stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga elementong kimikal]] 1molmkp7qvwqolxs26ze0ihwzwg0ppg 0 24171 309661 305590 2026-08-23T21:40:37Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309661 wikitext text/x-wiki An risarisang peligro kan Pilipinas sa natural na mga kalamidad, iyo huli sa lugar na kinamumugtakan kaini. Bilang sarong nasyon na yaon sa ''Pacific Ring of Fire'', sarong pagpapatotoo na madaling magkaigwa nin mga linog asin pagtuga nin bulkan. Dugang pa, an nasyon napalilibotan nin darakulang porsyon nin katubigan asin napapaatubang sa Kadagatan nin Pasipiko kun saen 60% kan mga bagyo sa kinaban an nabibilog. An saro sa pinakamapanlaglag na mga bagyo na tuminama sa Pilipinas kan 2013 iyo an Typhoon Haiyan, o "Yolanda," na guminadan nin labing 10,000 katawo, nagdistroso nin labi sa trilyon kantidad na mga propyedad asin danyos sa manlaenlaen na sektor. Kabale sa iba pang problema sa palibot na inaatubang kan nasyon an polusyon, ilegal na pagmina asin paghampak, pagpalod sa mga kadlagan, pagdakop nin mga baybayon, pagluya nin mga hayop, pagbago nin init asin klima sa bilog na globo. == Polusyon sa Tubig == [[Ladawan:Pasig_Intramuros.JPG|thumb|300x300px|An Salog nin Pasig sa Manila, saro sa pinakamaating salog sa kinaban.]] Kung minsan na ang kayamanang tubig nagigin kadikit sa mga pirang rehiyon asin kapanahonan, an Pilipinas sa kabilogan, igwa nin bastanteng tubig, magin surface water o groundwater. Minsan siring, an pagpabaya na magkaigwa nin koordinal na palakaw sa palibot nagbunga kan pag - ati sa 58% kan tubig sa daga sa Pilipinas. An pangenot na ginikanan nin polusyon dai minamaltrato asin dae tinatawan duon pati sa pan-industriyal na sektor kan Pililpinas. An un - tersio sana kan mga sistemang pansalog sa Pilipinas an ibinibilang na angay para sa pampublikong suplay nin tubig.<ref>[https://www.adb.org/documents/country-environmental-analysis-philippines Country Environmental Analysis for the Philippines]</ref> Kinakalkulo na sa 2025, an pagkaigwa nin tubig magigin marhen sa kadaklan na mayor na syudad asin sa 8 kan 19 mayor na planggana sa salog ''(river basins)''. Apuera sa grabeng mga kahaditan sa salud, an polusyon sa tubig nagbubunga man nin mga problema sa mga industriya nin paninira asin turismo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=World Bank |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/05/24/000012009_20040524135608/Rendered/PDF/282970PH0Environment0monitor.pdf |title=Philippines Environment Monitor 2003 |date=2003 |author-link=World Bank |access-date=April 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195527/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/05/24/000012009_20040524135608/Rendered/PDF/282970PH0Environment0monitor.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}, p. 18–19</ref> Rinekonoser kan gobyerno nasyonal an problema asin poon kan 2004 naghingoang iintrodusir an nagsusustenir na mga rekurso nin tubig (helingon sa ibaba). 5% sana sa total na populasyon an konektado sa sarong organisasyon nin mga imburnal. An dakulang mayoriya naggagamit nin pabilog na mga kasilyasan na konektado sa magaspang na mga tangke. Mantang bihira an pagbolong asin mga pasilidad sa pag - apon, an kadaklan na may kaya dai inaasikaso. Segun sa Development Bank sa Asia, an Salog nin Pasig saro sa pinakamaating salog sa kinaban, na nagdadalagan sa kabiserang siudad nin Manila. Kan Marso 2008, ipinaisi kan Manila Water na magkakaigwa nin sarong planta sa pagbulong sa tubig sa Taguig..<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2008 |title=Manila Water to Build P105-M Sewage Treatment Plant in Taguig |url=http://www.manilawater.com/news/manila-water-to-build-p105-m-sewage-treatment-plant-in-taguig|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409190631/http://www.manilawater.com/news/manila-water-to-build-p105-m-sewage-treatment-plant-in-taguig |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |access-date=April 14, 2008 |website=Manila Water |}}</ref> An enot sa Pilipinas na natugdok na pasilidad na maserbi sa 700 na kaharongan natapos kan 2006 sa sarong lugar sa Siudad nin Bayawan na ginamit sa para sa mga pamilya na nag - iistar sa baybayon sa impormal na mga baryo asin mayo nin makukuang ligtas na suplay nin tubig asin sanitasyon. == Pagpanipis kan kadlagan == Durante kan ika - 20 siglo an kadlagan sa Pilipinas buminaba poon sa 70 porsiento sagkod sa 20 porsiento.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lasco |first=R. D. |last2=Visco |first2=R. G. |last3=Pulhin |first3=J. M. |date=2001 |title=Secondary Forests in the Philippines: Formation and Transformation in the 20th Century |url=http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/SecondaryForest/Lasco.pdf |journal=Journal of Tropical Forest Science |11= |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=652–670 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903005908/http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/SecondaryForest/Lasco.pdf |archive-date=September 3, 2006 |access-date=May 20, 2014 |archivedate=September 3, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903005908/http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/SecondaryForest/Lasco.pdf }}</ref> Sa kagabsan, 46 na klase (''species'') an namemeligro, dangan 4 an biyo nang napara. 3.2 porsiento kan kadlagan an natada. Basado sa pag - analisar sa daga ginagamit an arogan na mga mapa asin mapa kan tinampo na an kinakarkulong 9.8 milyones na ektarya nin kadlagan nawara sa Pilipinas poon 1934 sagkod 1988.<ref name="Liu1993">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Dawning S. |last2=Iverson |first2=Louis R. |last3=Brown |first3=Sandra |date=1993 |title=Rates and Patterns of Deforestation in the Philippines: Application of Geographic Information System Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forest-ecology-and-management_1993-03_57_1-4/page/1 |journal=Forest Ecology and Management | |volume=57 |issue=1–4 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1016/0378-1127(93)90158-J}}</ref> Nangyayari an ilegal na pagtroso sa Pilipinas asin nadadagdagan an danyos nin baha sa nagkapirang lugar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 1, 2004 |title=Illegal Logging a Major Factor in Flood Devastation of Philippines | |work=Terra Daily |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=http://www.terradaily.com/2004/041201072557.jj82upor.html |access-date=February 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404022956/http://www.terradaily.com/2004/041201072557.jj82upor.html |archive-date=April 4, 2019}}</ref> Susog sa iskolar na si Jessica Matews, an halipot na mga palakaw kan gobyerno kan Pilipinas an nakakontribuwir sa halangkaw na rikas nin pagpanipis kan kadlagan: • Jessica Mathews<blockquote>Regular na tinatawan kan gobyerno nin pagpangongoltanan na mayo pang sampulong taon. Mantang kaipuhan nin 30 hanggan 35 na taon para sa ikaduwa sa hayakpit na kadlagan sagkod na magin maygurang, an mga paratroso mayo nin pagkusa na magtanom. Por dahil sa mga pagkakasala, ininkamenar kan mga nasa ''flat royaltie''s an mga paratroso na haleon sana an pinakamahalagang mga klase. An makatatakot na 40 porsiento kan anihon na kahoy nungkang nahale sa kadlagan kundi, naraot sa paghabon, nalapa o nasolo. An daing kaagid na resulta kaini asin konektadong mga polisiya iyo an nasa 17 milyones na tada nin protektadong mga kadlagan na duminakol sa pagpopoon kan siglo 1.2 milyones sana an natatada sa ngonyan.</blockquote>An Pilipinas igwa nin 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score na 5.910, na an ranggo ika-91 sa bilog na kinaban sa 172 na nasyon.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last=Grantham |first=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |display-authors=1 |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic Modification of Forests Means only 40% of Remaining Forests Have High Ecosystem Integrity |journal=Nature Communications | |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmc=7723057 |doi-access=free |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> == Polusyon sa duros == Huli sa mga basurang naghahali sa mga industriya asin lunadan, an Manila nagsapo kan polusyon sa duros, na nakaaapektar sa 98% kan populasyon.<ref name="UNcyberbus">{{Cite web |title=Manila, Philippines |url=https://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/manila.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815101306/http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/manila.asp |archive-date=August 15, 2010 |access-date=March 4, 2010 |website=United Nations Cyberschoolbus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alave |first=Kristine L. |date=August 18, 2004 |title=Metro Manila Air Polluted Beyond Acceptable Levels |url=http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58903.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203095144/http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58903.html |archive-date=December 3, 2005 |access-date=March 4, 2014 |website=Clean Air Initiative}}</ref> affecting 98% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Pollution Adversely Affects 98% of Metro Manila Residents |url=http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-59870.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427214119/http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-59870.html |archive-date=April 27, 2006 |access-date=March 4, 2014 |via=cleanairnet.org}}</ref> Taon - taon, an polusyon sa duros nagkacausa nin labing 4,000 na pagkagadan. An Ermita, iyo an pinakamaating distrito sa Manila huli sa pagbukas nin mga open dump sites asin industrial waste. Susog sa Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), an nasyon nagpoprodusir nin promedyong 41 koronsilyong basura na may haros 10 koronsilyong basura aroaldaw hale sa Metro Manila sana. Minsan ngani an kadaklan na grupo sa lokal na gobyerno nag - eestablisar nin Material Recovery Facility (MRF), pag - implementar nin segregasyon sa pinagkukuanan, asin an pagkolekta saka pagproseso kan gabos na reklusyonable asin nalalapang materyales, an kadaklan sa mga basurang munisipal magsalang ibinubugtak sa maating mga lugar o hayag na sinosoloan na nagkacausa nin pinagrabeng kualidad kan maating duros sa mga syudad. Segun sa sarong report kan 2003, an Salog nin Pasig saro sa pinakamaating mga salog sa kinaban na may 150 tonelada nin basurang domestiko asin 75 toneladang industriyal an basura aroaldaw. == Hilingon man igdi == *[[Polusyon sa salog kan Pasig]] *[[Paghirong kontra-nukleyar sa Pilipinas]] *[[Green politics sa Pilipinas]] *[[Eco-rehiyon sa Pilipinas]] == Pagbago kan Klima == [[Kategorya:Kapalibutan]] r8yf0fm6v2sbu7jz73o1mohz1dw1o3c 0 24201 309793 305749 2026-08-23T23:47:45Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309793 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Gashydrat_mit_Struktur.jpg|thumb|An mga [[:en:Clathrate_hydrate|Clathrate hydrates]] an tinutukoy na posibleng nagkawsa nin biglang mga pagbabago sa panahon.]] An '''biglaan na pagbago kan klima''' nangyayari kun an sistema nin klima nagpipirit na maglipat sa bagong estado kan klima base sa balanseng enerhiya kan sistema nin klima, asin na mas marikas sa pagbabago kawsa kan mga panluwas na elemento.<ref name="def22">{{cite book|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10136#toc|title=Abrupt climate change : inevitable surprises|author=Committee on Abrupt Climate Change, National Research Council.|publisher=National Academy Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-309-07434-6|location=Washington, D.C.|chapter=Definition of Abrupt Climate Change|doi=10.17226/10136|chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309074347&page=14#pagetop}}</ref>Kabali sa nainot na mga pangyayari an pagtapos kan [[:en:Carboniferous_Rainforest_Collapse|Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse]],<ref name="SahneyBentonFalconLang 2010RainforestCollapse2">{{cite journal|author=Sahney, S.|author2=Benton, M.J.|author3=Falcon-Lang, H.J.|year=2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2010-12_38_12/page/1079|journal=Geology|volume=38|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|issue=12|bibcode=2010Geo....38.1079S}}</ref> [[:en:Younger_Dryas|Younger Dryas]]<ref name="Broecker2">{{Cite journal|author-link=Wallace Smith Broecker|last1=Broecker|first1=W. S.|title=Geology. Was the Younger Dryas triggered by a flood?|volume=312|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|issue=5777|pages=1146–1148|date=May 2006|issn=0036-8075|pmid=16728622|doi=10.1126/science.1123253|s2cid=39544213}}</ref>, an mga [[:en:Dansgaard-Oeschger_event|Dansgaard-Oeschger events]], [[:en:Heinrich_event|Heinrich events]] asin posible man an [[:en:Paleocene–Eocene_Thermal_Maximum|Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/abruptclimatecha00boar|title=Abrupt climate change : inevitable surprises|publisher=National Academy Press|year=2002|isbn=0-309-07434-7|location=Washington, D.C.|page=[https://archive.org/details/abruptclimatecha00boar/page/n122 108]|url-access=registration|authors=Committee on Abrupt Climate Change, Ocean Studies Board, Polar Research Board, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council.}}</ref>An termino ginagamit man sa konteksto sa pag-init sa bilog na globo tanganing iladawan an biglang pagbabago sa klima na risang - risa sa paglihis nin panahon.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rial|title=Nonlinearities, Feedbacks and Critical Thresholds within the Earth's Climate System|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_climatic-change_2004-07_65_1-2/page/11|journal=Climatic Change|volume=65|pages=11–00|year=2004|doi=10.1023/B:CLIM.0000037493.89489.3f|author2=Pielke Sr.|author3=Beniston}}</ref> An mga panahon nin mga pangyayari na ilinadawan na 'bigla-bigla' pwedeng magkaiba-iba. An mga pagbabago sa klima kan Greenland naitala sa mga huring aldaw kan Younger Dryas, ini sukol sa mga tahaw kan yelo, nagkaigwa nin biglaang pag-imbong na+{{convert|10|C-change||(+|)|disp=x}} sa laog kan pirang taon sana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grachev|first1=A.M.|last2=Severinghaus|first2=J.P.|title=A revised +10±4&nbsp;°C magnitude of the abrupt change in Greenland temperature at the Younger Dryas termination using published GISP2 gas isotope data and air thermal diffusion constants|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=24|issue=5–6|pages=513–9|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.016|bibcode=2005QSRv...24..513G}}</ref> An iba pang biglang pagbabago iyo an +{{convert|4|C-change||(+|)|disp=x}} sa Greenland 11,270 taon na an nakaagi<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kobashi|first1=T.|last2=Severinghaus|first2=J.P.|last3=Barnola|first3=J.|title=4 ± 1.5&nbsp;°C abrupt warming 11,270 yr ago identified from trapped air in Greenland ice|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=268|issue=3–4|pages=397–407|date=30 April 2008|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2008.01.032|bibcode=2008E&PSL.268..397K}}</ref> o an biglang +{{convert|6|C-change}} pag-imbong 22,000 na taon na an nakaagi sa Antartica.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Taylor|last11=Lamorey|last8=Spencer|first8=M|last9=Meyerson|first9=E|last10=Meese|first10=D|first11=G|last7=Steig|last12=Grachev|first12=A|last13=Gow|first13=A|last14=Barnett|first14=B|first7=E|first6=R|first1=K.C.|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.09.004|title=Abrupt climate change around 22 ka on the Siple Coast of Antarctica|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=23|issue=1–2|pages=7–15|date=January 2004|last2=White|last6=Alley|first2=J|last3=Severinghaus|first3=J|last4=Brook|first4=E|last5=Mayewski|first5=P|bibcode=2004QSRv...23....7T}}</ref> Sa kabaliktaran, an Paleocene-Eocene termal maximum sinasabing biglaang nagpuon saen man sa pagitan nin pirang dekada asin nagkapirang ribong taon. An mga modelong proyekto manungod sa sistema kan kinaban nagpapasairarom sa [[:en:Greenhouse_gas|greenhouse gas]] emissions mas amay pa sa 2047, an temperatura kan kinaban posibleng mawara sa range of variability sa huring 150 taon, na maaapektuhan an 3 bilyon katawo asin kadaklan sa mga lugar na may mga maray na klaseng espesye sa kinaban<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mora|first1=C|title=The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2013-10-10_502_7470/page/n82|journal=Nature|volume=502|issue=7470|pages=183–187|year=2013|doi=10.1038/nature12540|bibcode=2013Natur.502..183M}}</ref> == Mga pakahulogan == Uyon sa sa Committee on Abrupt Climate Change of the [[:en:United_States_National_Research_Council|National Research Council]]<blockquote> Igwa nin duwang kahulogan an '''biglang pagbago sa klima''': * Sa mga termino nin pisika, ini iyo an transisyon kan sistema sa klima sa laen-laen na paagi sa laog kan sarong panahon na mas marikas kisa sa responsableng pagbago. * Sa termino kan epekto kaini, ini an "an biglang pagbabago sarong pagbabago na marikason asin dai linalaoman kaya an mga tawo o sistemang natural nasasakitan na makibagay igdi. " An mga kahulogan na ini magkakomplemento: an naenot nagtatao nin pakarorop sa nangyayaring biglang pagbabago sa klima; an paliwanag kan ikaduwa kun taano ta kadakol kan pagsiyasat na idinusay igdi.</blockquote> == Mga epekto == [[Ladawan:Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png|too|thumb|320x320px|An sumaryo kan dalan kan sirkulasyon kan thermohaline. An mga dalan nin blue nagrerepresentar sa harararom na sulog kan tubig, asin an pulang mga dalan nagrerepresentar sa panluwas na mga sulog.]] [[Ladawan:Extinction_intensity.svg|too|thumb|320x320px|An Permian–Triassic extinction event, na inapod na "P-Tr" digdi, iyo an pinakamahalagang pangyayaring mapopoho sa pakanang ini para sa marine genera.]] An biglang pagbago sa klima posibleng marhay na iyo an nagin dahelan kan lakop asin grabeng mga epekto: * Sa mga dakulaang ekstinksyon kan mga nakaagin panahon, an Permino-Triasic Extinction (o mas bisto sa apod na dakulang kagadanan) asin an [[:en:Carboniferous_Rainforest_Collapse|Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse]], an sinasabing posibleng naging resulta kan biglang pagbago nin klima.<ref name="SahneyBentonFalconLang 2010RainforestCollapse">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney, S.|author2=Benton, M.J.|author3=Falcon-Lang, H.J.|year=2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2010-12_38_12/page/1079|journal=Geology|volume=38|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|issue=12|bibcode=2010Geo....38.1079S}}</ref><ref name="SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney, S.|author2=Benton, M.J.|year=2008|title=Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.1370|volume=275|pages=759–65|issue=1636}}</ref><ref name="crowley">{{Cite journal|author2=North|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|author=Crowley|title=Abrupt Climate Change and Extinction Events in Earth History|volume=240|issue=4855|pages=996–1002|doi=10.1126/science.240.4855.996|bibcode=1988Sci...240..996C}}</ref> * Pagkawara kan biobersidad: kun mayo nin olang hale sa biglang pagbago sa klima asin iba pang ekstinksyon, an biodybersidad kan planetang ini padagos na matalubo.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney, S.|author2=Benton, M.J.|author3=Ferry, P.A.|year=2010|title=Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land|journal=Biology Letters|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024|volume=6|pages=544–547|issue=4}}</ref> * Mga pagbabago sa sirkulasyon nin kadagatan arog baga kan. :* pagdakul kan mga El Niño pangyayari.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=K. E.|author1-link=Kevin E. Trenberth|last2=Hoar|first2=T. J.|url=http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/Trenberth/trenberth.pdf/Trenberth%26Hoar97GL03092.pdf|last1=Trenberth|title=El Niño and climate change|journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]]|volume=24|issue=23|pages=3057–3060|year=1997|doi=10.1029/97GL03092|bibcode=1997GeoRL..24.3057T|access-date=2021-01-27|archivedate=2013-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114132934/http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/Trenberth/trenberth.pdf/Trenberth%26Hoar97GL03092.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first1=G. A.|last2=Washington|first2=W. M.|last1=Meehl|title=El Niño-like climate change in a model with increased atmospheric {{CO2}} concentrations|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=382|pages=56–60|year=1996|doi=10.1038/382056a0|bibcode=1996Natur.382...56M|issue=6586|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233184}}</ref> :* An politikal na diriskutiran sa sirkulasyon kan termohaline, arog kan tibaad nangyari durante kan okasyon kan Hoben na si Dryas.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=W. S.|title=Thermohaline Circulation, the Achilles Heel of Our Climate System: Will Man-Made CO₂ Upset the Current Balance?|url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/arch/docs/broecker_1997.pdf|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|last1=Broecker|volume=278|year=1997|doi=10.1126/science.278.5343.1582|pages=1582–1588|bibcode=1997Sci...278.1582B|issue=5343|access-date=2021-01-27|archivedate=2009-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122154415/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/arch/docs/broecker_1997.pdf}}</ref><ref name="cite doi|10.1038/378165a0">{{Cite journal|first1=S.|last2=Stouffer|first2=R. J.|url=http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/bibliography/related_files/sm9501.pdf|last1=Manabe|title=Simulation of abrupt climate change induced by freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=378|year=1995|doi=10.1038/378165a0|bibcode=1995Natur.378..165M|issue=6553}}</ref> :* Mga pagbabago sa osipon kan Atlantiko sa Amihanan na Atlantiko.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=M.|last2=Jungo|first2=P.|url=http://doc.rero.ch/lm.php?url=1000,43,2,20050718135259-QT/1_bensiton_sdp.pdf|last1=Beniston|title=Shifts in the distributions of pressure, temperature and moisture and changes in the typical weather patterns in the Alpine region in response to the behavior of the North Atlantic Oscillation|journal=Theoretical and Applied Climatology|volume=71|issue=1–2|pages=29–42|year=2002|doi=10.1007/s704-002-8206-7|bibcode=2002ThApC..71...29B}}</ref> :* Mga Pagbabago sa Atlantikong Medional sa Pagpabagsak sa Circulation (AMOC) na puedeng makakontribuwir sa mas grabeng mga pangyayari sa panahon.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2015-432/|title=Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2&nbsp;°C global warming is highly dangerous|year=2015|last1=J. Hansen|last2=M. Sato|doi=10.5194/acpd-15-20059-2015|volume=15|issue=14|journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions|pages=20059–20179|bibcode=2015ACPD...1520059H|access-date=2021-01-27|archivedate=2019-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910025412/https://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2015-432/}}</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Adaptasyon sa pagbabago kan klima]] * [[Deklarasyon emerhensiya sa klima|Emerhensia sa klima]] * [[Sensitinidad panklima]] * [[Mga epekto kan pankinaban na pag-imbong]] == Mga referensya == [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references />{{Poon}} th25oyw1khbtdex1gvi0nlki66dg4rl 0 24256 309738 258798 2026-08-23T22:59:53Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | title = Black hole | data1 = [[File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg|200px]]<br /> [[File:BlackHole_Lensing.gif|200px]] | data2 = '''(1)''' An magabaton na black hole sa tahaw kan higanteng eliptikal na galaksiyang [[Messier 87]], na may gabat na harus 7 bilyon kan sa Saldang,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Oldham, L. J.|author2=Auger, M. W.|title=Galaxy structure from multiple tracers – II. M87 from parsec to megaparsec scales|date=March 2016|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=457|issue=1|pages=421–439|doi=10.1093/mnras/stv2982|arxiv=1601.01323|bibcode=2016MNRAS.457..421O|s2cid=119166670}}</ref> bilang pagdepikta sa enot na false-colour na imahe sa mga radio wave na pigluwas kan [[Event Horizon Telescope]] (10 Abril 2019).<ref name="NYT-20190410">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|author-link=Dennis Overbye|title=Black Hole Picture Revealed for the First Time – Astronomers at last have captured an image of the darkest entities in the cosmos – Comments|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/science/black-hole-picture.html?comments#permid=31473598|date=10 April 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="APJL-20190410">{{cite journal|first1=The|last1=Event Horizon Telescope|author-link1=Event Horizon Telescope|title=First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7|arxiv=1906.11238|date=2019|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=875|pages=L1|number=1|bibcode=2019ApJ...875L...1E}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20190410">{{cite news|last=Landau|first=Elizabeth|title=Black Hole Image Makes History|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7372|date=10 April 2019|work=[[NASA]]|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web|author=<!--staff-->|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47891902|title=The woman behind first black hole image|date=11 April 2019|website=bbc.co.uk|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> '''(2)''' Simulasyon kan ''gravitational lensing'' nin sarong black hole, na nagpatiko sa imahe kan sarong galaksiya sa likudan kaini. }} An '''black hole''' (literal na pagpalis: "''itom na labot''") iyo sarong rehiyon nin ispasyo-oras kun sain an grabidad iyo makusogon na maray, na mayong partikulo o maski elektromagnetikong radiasyon arug nin liwanag an makakalikay digdi.<ref>{{harvnb|Wald|1984|pp=299–300}}</ref> An teorya nin [[pankagabsan na relatibo]] iyo nagtutubod na an sarong tamang kompaktong masa iyo kayang lainon an porma kan ispasyo-oras ngarig makahaman nin sarong blackhole.<ref name="wald 1997">{{cite book|title=Black Holes, Gravitational Radiation and the Universe|last=Wald|first=R. M.|date=1997|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-9401709347|editor1=Iyer, B. R.|pages=69–86|chapter=Gravitational Collapse and Cosmic Censorship|arxiv=gr-qc/9710068|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-0934-7|author-link=Robert Wald|editor2=Bhawal, B.}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150608">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|author-link=Dennis Overbye|title=Black Hole Hunters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/science/black-hole-event-horizon-telescope.html|date=8 June 2015|work=[[NASA]]|access-date=8 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609023631/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/science/black-hole-event-horizon-telescope.html|archive-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> == Pisikal na karakter == An kapurohan kan rehiyon kun sain dae posible an makadulag iyo inaapod na "event horizon". Maski ngani an event horizon iyo igwang katakut-takot na epekto sa kamugtakan sagkod sirkumstansya nin sarong bagay na maagi digdi, segun sa pankagabsan na relatibo mayo ini nin lokal na nahihiling na karakter.<ref name="HamiltonA">{{cite web|author=Hamilton, A.|url=http://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/insidebh/schw.html|title=Journey into a Schwarzschild black hole|website=jila.colorado.edu|access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref> Sa pirang pagkakataon, an black hole nag-aakto na garu ideyal "itom na lawas", nin huli ta mayo ining pigbabalik na liwanag.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_T0xxhDcsIC|title=Gravity from the ground up|last1=Schutz|first1=Bernard F.|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-45506-0|page=110|author-link1=Bernard F. Schutz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202222711/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_T0xxhDcsIC|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Davies|first=P. C. W.|author-link1=Paul Davies|title=Thermodynamics of Black Holes|url=http://cosmos.asu.edu/publications/papers/ThermodynamicTheoryofBlackHoles%2034.pdf|journal=[[Reports on Progress in Physics]]|volume=41|date=1978|issue=8|pages=1313–1355|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004|bibcode=1978RPPh...41.1313D|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510184530/http://cosmos.asu.edu/publications/papers/ThermodynamicTheoryofBlackHoles%2034.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2013|access-date=1 February 2021|archivedate=19 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719005558/http://cosmos.asu.edu/publications/papers/ThermodynamicTheoryofBlackHoles%2034.pdf}}</ref> Dugang pa kaiyan, an "quantum field theory" sa nakurbang ispasyo-oras nagtutubod na an mga "event horizon" minaluwas nin [[Hawking radiation]], nin may kaparehong spectrum bilang sarong itom na lawas nin sarong [[temperatura]] na may baliktad na proporsyon sa gabat kaini. An temperatura iyo yaon sa order na bilyon nin sarong [[kelvin]] para sa mga black hole kan istelar na gabat, na naghihimo kaini na imposible na maobserbahan nin direkta. == Uusipon == An mga bagay na an "gravitational field" iyo makusogon na maray para an liwanag dae makadulag iyo enot na pigkonsidera kaidtong ika-18 na siglo ni [[John Michell]] asin [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]]. An enot na modernong solusyon para sa pankagabsan na relatibo na makaraktisa nin sarong black hole iyo nadiskobre ni [[Karl Schwarzschild]] kaidtong 1916, maski ngani an interpretasyon bilang sarong rehiyon kan ispasyo kun sain mayo an makakadulag iyo enot napublikar ni [[David Finkelstein]] kaidtong 1958. An mga black hole iyo haloy nakonsidera bilang matematikong kyuryosidad, sagkod kan pag-abot nin 1960s na an teoretikong kagibuhan nagpahiling na igwang henerikong prediksyon para sa pankagabsan na relatibo. An pagkadiskobre nin mga neutron na [[bitoon]] ni [[Jocelyn Bell Burnell]] kan 1967 nagpaluwas nin interes sa mga grabitasyunal na nagabang kompaktong bagay bilang sarong posibleng astro-pisiko na realidad. == Pormasyon == [[Ladawan:Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg|thumb|An mga gas na urap na pigsuruway kan black hole sa tahaw kan [[Milky Way]] (obserbasyon gikan 2006, 2010 sagkod 2013 na pinapahiling sa asul, berde, sagkod pula).<ref>{{cite news|title=Ripped Apart by a Black Hole|url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1332/|access-date=19 July 2013|newspaper=ESO Press Release|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721014626/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1332/|archive-date=21 July 2013}}</ref>|wala]] An mga black hole nin istelar na gabat iyo pinagtutubudang mapoporma kun an magabaton na bitoon nagaba sa katapusan kan saindang buhay. Pagkatapos na maporma an black hole, pwede ini magpadagos nin pagdakula sa pag-ako nin mga masa sa kapalibotan kaini. Sa pag-ako nin ibang bitoon asin pakikipagsaro sa iba pang mga black hole, magabaton na maray na black hole nin milyon kan masang solar an pwedeng maporma. Igwa nin konsensus na an magabaton na black hole lakop sa tahaw nin kadaklan kan mga galaksya. An presensya kan sarong black hole iyo pwedeng manudan sa interaksyon kaini sa iba pang [[materya]] sagkod sa mga elektromagnetikong radiasyon arug kan nahihiling na liwanag. An mga materya na yaon sa sarong black hole iyo pwedeng makaporma nin sarong panluwas na accretion disk na pigpa-init nin friction, kun sain naporma an mga [[Quasar|quasars]], na pira sana sa mga pinakamaliliwanag na bagay sa uniberso. An mga bitoon na minaagi harani sa magabaton na black hole iyo mapipino sa liwanag bago "matulon."<ref name="pmid32001633">{{cite journal|author=Clery D|title=Black holes caught in the act of swallowing stars|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2020-01-31_367_6477/page/495|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=367|issue=6477|pages=495|year=2020|doi=10.1126/science.367.6477.495|pmid=32001633|bibcode=2020Sci...367..495C}}</ref> Kun may iba pang mga bitoon na minabilog sa sarong black hole, an saindang mga orbit pwedeng magamit sa pagdetermina kan gabat asin lokasyon kan black hole. An mga obserbasyon na arug kaiyan pwedeng magamit para maisuway an mga posibleng alternatibo arug kan neutron na bitoon. Sa paaging ini, an mga astronomo iyo nagpili nin nagkapirang kandidato na istelar na black hole sa sistemang binary, sagkod pighaman na an ginikanang radyo na bistado bilang Sagittarius A*, sa tahaw kan [[Milky Way]] na galaksiya, igwang sarong magabaton na black hole nin harus 4.3&nbsp;miilyon na masang solar. == Obserbasyon == [[Ladawan:Black Holes - Monsters in Space.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Itom na labot kaiba an corona, X-ray na gunuan (konsepto nin parakurit)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140813072002/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-273 "NASA's NuSTAR Sees Rare Blurring of Black Hole Light"]. ''[[NASA]]''. 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.</ref>]] Kaidtong 11 Pebrero 2016, an [[LIGO Scientific Collaboration]] sagkod an Virgo collaboration nagheras kan enot na direktang deteksyon nin "gravitational wave", na iyo nagrepresenta man sa enot na obserbasyon sa sarong nagsalak na blackhole. Hasta 2018, kagsarong gravitational wave na kasibotan an naobserbahan na gikan sa sampolong nagsaralak na mga black hole (kaiba an sarong binary neutron na bitoon na nakisalak). Kaidtong 10 Abril 2019, an enot na direktang imahe nin sarong black hole sagkod bisinidad kaini an napublikar, pagkatapos kan obserbasyon na ginibo kan [[Event Horizon Telescope]] kan 2017 sa magabaton na black hole sa galaktikong sentro kan Messier 87.<ref name="APJL-20190410" /><ref name="BoumanJohnson2016">{{cite book|title=2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)|last1=Bouman|first1=Katherine L.|last2=Johnson|first2=Michael D.|last3=Zoran|first3=Daniel|last4=Fish|first4=Vincent L.|last5=Doeleman|first5=Sheperd S.|last6=Freeman|first6=William T.|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4673-8851-1|pages=913–922|chapter=Computational Imaging for VLBI Image Reconstruction|arxiv=1512.01413|doi=10.1109/CVPR.2016.105|hdl=1721.1/103077|author-link1=Katie Bouman|s2cid=9085016}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190412">{{cite news|last=Gardiner|first=Aidan|title=When a Black Hole Finally Reveals Itself, It Helps to Have Our Very Own Cosmic Reporter – Astronomers announced Wednesday that they had captured the first image of a black hole. The Times's Dennis Overbye answers readers' questions.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/12/reader-center/black-holes-dennis-overbye.html|date=12 April 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Bitoon]] * [[Bulan (astronomiya)]] * [[Saldang]] == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{commons category|Black hole}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Astronomiya]] 40crnx6yg7iuqyadxth2th5znk24gkt 0 24291 309718 307258 2026-08-23T22:40:47Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | title = Etanol | data1 = [[File:Ethanol-2D-flat.svg|200px]]<br /> [[File:Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg|200px]]<br /> [[File:Ethanol-3D-vdW.png|200px]]<br /> [[File:Ethanol-3D-balls.png|200px]] | data2 = Mga pagsaladawan nin '''etanol''': bilog na istraktural na pormula, iskeletal na pormula, ispasyong pagpano na modelo, sagkod an bola asin istik na modelo }} An '''etanol''' ([[Ingles]]: ''ethanol, ethyl alcohol''), inaapod man na '''granyulang alkohol''', '''inumong alkohol''', '''ispirito''', o simple bilang '''alkohol''', iyo sarong organikong kimikal na kompuwesto. Ini iyo sarong simpleng [[alkohol]] na may kimikal na pormula na '''C₂H₆O'''. An pormula pwede man masurat bilang CH₃-CH₂-OH o C₂H₅OH (sarong ethyl na grupo na nakasugpon sa hydroxyl na grupo), sagkod pigpapalipot man bilang '''EtOH'''. An etanol iyo sarong bolatilo, marikas magkalayo, mayong kulay na likido na may kadikit na karakter na parong. Ini iyo sarong sikoaktibo na substansya, rekreaksyunal na [[druga]], sagkod an aktibong salak sa mga inumong alkoholiko. An etanol iyo natural na nahihimo sa paagi nin [[permentasyon]] kan [[asukar]] gamit an [[yeast]] o sa petrokimikal na proseso arug kan "ethylene hydration". Igwa man ini nin aplikasyong medikal arug kan pagigin antiseptiko sagkod disinpektant. Piggagamit man ini bilang kimikal na panunaw sagkod sa sintesis nin mga organikong kompuwesto. An etanol iyo saro man na alternatibong panggatong na ginikanan. == Etimolohiya == An ''Ethanol'' iyo an sistematikong ngaran na pigtawan kahulugan nin ''International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry'' (IUPAC) para sa sarong kompuwesto na igwang alkyl na grupo kaiba an duwang karbon na atomo (prefix “eth-”), na igwang sarong sugpon sa tahaw ninda (infix “-an-”), na nakasugpon man sa ''functional group'' na −OH (suffix “-ol”).<ref name="Pubchem">{{cite web|title=Ethanol – Compound Summary|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=702|website=The PubChem Project|location=USA|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref> An “eth-” na prefix sagkod an “ethyl” sa “ethyl alcohol” orihinal na gikan sa ngarang “ethyl” na pigtao kaidtong 1834 sa grupo na C₂H₅ − ni [[Justus von Liebig|Justus Liebig]]. Namokna niya an taramon hale sa Alemanong ngaran na ''Aether'' kan kompuwestong C₂H₅-O-C₂H₅ (harus inaapod na “ether” sa Ingles, mas ispesipikong inaapod na “diethyl ether”).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Liebig|first=Justus|name-list-style=vanc|year=1834|title=Ueber die Constitution des Aethers und seiner Verbindungen|trans-title=On the constitution of ether and its compounds|language=de|doi=10.1002/andp.18341072202|journal=Annalen der Pharmacie|volume=9|issue=22|pages=1–39|quote=From page 18: "''Bezeichnen wir die Kohlenwasserstoffverbindung 4C + 10H als das Radikal des Aethers mit E₂ und nennen es Ethyl'', ..." (Let us designate the hydrocarbon compound 4C + 10H as the radical of ether with E₂ and name it ethyl ...).|bibcode=1834AnP...107..337L|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423568}}</ref> Segun sa ''Oxford English Dictionary'', an ''Ethyl'' iyo sarong kontraksyon kan Suanoy na Griyego na [[wikt:αἰθήρ#Ancient_Greek|αἰθήρ]] (''{{transl|grc|aithḗr}}'', “ibabaw na ere”) sagkod an Griyegong taramon na [[wikt:ὕλη#Ancient_Greek|ὕλη]] (''{{transl|grc|hýlē}}'', “substansya”).<ref>Harper, Douglas. [https://www.etymonline.com/?term=ethyl "ethyl"]. ''Online Etymology Dictionary''.</ref> An ngarang ''ethanol'' iyo namokna bilang sarong resulta nin resolusyon sa ''International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature'' na nagdurar kaidtong Abril 1892 sa Geneva, [[Switzerland]].<ref>For a report on the 1892 International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature, see: * {{cite journal|last=Armstrong|first=Henry|name-list-style=vanc|year=1892|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=LHkCAAAAIAAJ|page=56}}|title=The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature|journal=Nature|volume=46|pages=56–59|doi=10.1038/046056c0|issue=1177|bibcode=1892Natur..46...56A|doi-access=free}} * Armstrong's report is reprinted with the resolutions in English in: {{cite journal|last=Armstrong|first=Henry|name-list-style=vanc|year=1892|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=RogMAQAAIAAJ|page=398}}|title=The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature|journal=The Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry|volume=6|issue=1177|pages=390–400 (398)|quote=The alcohols and the phenols will be called after the name of the hydrocarbon from which they are derived, terminated with the suffix ''ol'' (ex. pentanol, pentynol, etc.)|bibcode=1892Natur..46...56A|doi=10.1038/046056c0|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kimika == [[Ladawan:Spiritusflamme_mit_spektrum.png|thumb|An etanol na nagkakalayo kabale an depiksyon kan ispektrum kaini]] === Kimikal na pormula === An etanol iyo sarong 2-karbon na alkohol. An molekular na pormula iyo CH₃CH₂OH. A alternatibong notasyon iyo CH₃−CH₂−OH, na nagpapahiling na an karbon kan sarong methyl na grupo (CH₃−) iyo nakasugpon sa karbon nin sarong methylene na grupo (−CH₂–), na nakasugpon sa [[oksiheno]] nin hydroxyl na grupo (−OH). Ini iyo sarong konstitusyonal na isomer kan dimethyl ether. An etanol iyo minsan pigpapalipot bilang '''EtOH''', na minagamit nin organikong kimika na notasyon na nagrerepresenta sa ethyl na grupo (C₂H₅−) kaiba an '''Et'''. === Pisikal na karakter === An etanol iyo sarong bolatilo, mayong kulay na likido na igwang kadikit na parong. Nasusulo ini na minaluwas nin mayong aso asin asul na kalayo na dae pirmi nahihiling sa normal na liwanag. An pisikal na karakter kan etanol iyo primerong naguguno sa presensya kan hydroxyl na grupo kaini sagkod sa pagigin halipot kan karbon na kadena kaini. An hydroxyl na grupo kan etanoliyo kayang magpartisipar sa sugpunang hidroheno, na minatao saiya nin mas malapot sagkod mas hababang bolatilo kaysa sa mas dae-polar na mga organikong kompuwesto nin kaparehong molekular na gabat, arug kan propane. == Kagamitan == === Antiseptiko === [[Ladawan:Ethyl alcohol usp grade.jpg|thumb|Sarong etanol na may gradong USP na gagamiton para sa laboratoryo]] An ethanol iyo piggagamit sa mga medikal na pamunas sagkod kadaklan sa antibakteryal na panhugas nin kamot huli sa epekto kaini laban sa mga bakterya sagkod fungi.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pohorecky|first1=Larissa A.|last2=Brick|first2=John|title=Pharmacology of ethanol|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pharmacology-therapeutics_1988_36_2-3/page/335|journal=Pharmacology & Therapeutics|date=January 1988|volume=36|issue=2–3|pages=335–427|doi=10.1016/0163-7258(88)90109-X|pmid=3279433}}</ref> Piggagadan kan etanol an mga mikroorganismo sa paagi nin pagtunaw kan saindang membrane lipid bilayer sagkod denaturing kan saindang mga [[protina]], asin iyo epektibo laban sa kadaklan nin bakterya asin [[Fungus|fungi]] sagkod mga [[birus]]. Pero, ini iyo dae-epektibo laban sa mga bacterial spores, asin pwede man pakusugon gamit an hydrogen peroxide.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=McDonnell G, Russell AD|title=Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-microbiology-reviews_1999-01_12_1/page/147|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=12|issue=1|pages=147–79|date=January 1999|pmid=9880479|pmc=88911|doi=10.1128/CMR.12.1.147}}</ref> An solusyon nin 70% etanol iyo mas epektibo kaysa sa purong etanol huli ta an etanol naglalaom sa mga molekula nin tubig para sa optimong antimikrobyal na aktibidad. An purong etanol pupuwedeng disganaron an mga membrane kan mikrobyo, pero dae ninda magagadan an mga ini, huli ta an alkohol iyo dae masasakop nin bilog an nasambit na membrane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/chemical.html|title=Chemical Disinfectants {{!}} Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control {{!}} CDC|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_is_70_ethanol_used_for_wiping_microbiological_working_areas|title=Why is 70% ethanol used for wiping microbiological working areas?|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref> An etanol pwede man gamiton bilang sarong disinpektant sagkod antiseptiko huli ta nagkakawsa ini nin pagkapaha sa mga selula sa paagi nin pagraot sa osmotikong balansiya sa mebrane kan selula, kaya an tubig minahale sa selula na matao nin kagadanan digdi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethanol|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00898|website=www.drugbank.ca|access-date=28 January 2019|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304032636/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00898|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Rekreasyunal === Bilang sarong depressant sa sentral na sistemang nerbo, an etanol iyo saro sa mga pinakanakokonsumo na sikoaktibong druga.<ref>[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Alcohol use and safe drinking]. US National Institutes of Health.</ref> Maski ngani an alkohol igwang sikoaktibong karakter, ini iyo madaling hanapon sagkod legal na nabebenta sa kadaklan nin mga nasyun. Alagad, may mga ley na nagreregula sa pagbenta eksportasyon/ importasyon, taksasyon, paggibo kaini, pagkonsumo, asin posesyon nin mga inumong alkoholiko. An pinakabistong regulasyon iyo an pagbabawal sa mga menor-de-edad. === Panggatong === An pinakadakulang solamenteng gamit nin etanol iyo an pagigin panggatong sa mga makina. An [[Brazil]] sa partikular iyo naglalaom sa paggamit nin etanol bilang sarong panggatong, huli ta sinda saro sa mga nangengenot na paragibo nin etanol.<ref>{{cite web|title=Availability of Sources of E85|url=http://www.cleanairtrust.org/Sources-Availability-E85.html|website=Clean Air Trust|access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref> An gasolina na nabebenta sa Brazil iyo igwang dae mababa sa 25% anhydrous na etanol. An hydrous na etanol (harus 95% etanol sagkod 5% tubig) iyo pwedeng magamit kan 90% nin mga bagong kotse na nagagasolinahan sa nasyun. An Brasilyanong etanol iyo namomokna hale sa tubo sagkod nanutaran sa halangkaw na karbonong sekwestrasyon.<ref name="WaPo-Brazil">{{cite news|vauthors=Reel M|date=19 August 2006|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/19/AR2006081900842.html|title=Brazil's Road to Energy Independence|website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> An US sagkod an nagkapirang mga nasyun nangengenot sa paggamit nin E10 (10% etanol, minsan bistado bilang gasohol) asin E85 (85% etanol) etanol/gasolina na pinagsalak. == Mga halimbawa sa komersyo == <gallery> Ladawan:San Miguel Beer-set.jpg|Serbesa Ladawan:Sao Paulo ethanol pump 04 2008 74 zoom.jpg|Bioethanol Ladawan:Overflowing sake glass in masu.jpg|Sake Ladawan:Ethanol Flasche.jpg|Denatured ethanol </gallery> == Hilingon man == * [[Permentasyon]] * [[Serbesa]] * [[Sake]] == Iba pang babasahon == {{refbegin}} * {{cite web | last1 = Boyce | first1 = John M | last2 = Pittet | first2 = Didier | name-list-style = vanc | year = 2003 | url = http://cdc.gov/handhygiene/ | title = Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings | publisher = Centers for Disease Control | location = Atlanta, Georgia, United States }}. * {{cite conference |url=http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_conf/68/ |title=Ethanol production, purification, and analysis techniques: a review |first1=Shinnosuke |last1=Onuki |first2=Jacek A. |last2=Koziel |first3=Johannes |last3=van Leeuwen |first4=William S. |last4=Jenks |first5=David |last5=Grewell |first6=Lingshuang |last6=Cai | name-list-style = vanc |date=June 2008 |conference=2008 ASABE Annual International Meeting |location=Providence, RI |access-date=16 February 2013 }} * {{cite web | url = http://sci-toys.com/ingredients/alcohol.html | website = Sci-toys | title = Explanation of US denatured alcohol designations }} *{{cite book|last=Lange|first=Norbert Adolph|editor=John Aurie Dean|title=Lange's Handbook of Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YlqAAAAMAAJ|edition=10th|year=1967|publisher=McGraw-Hill}} {{refend}} == Panluwas na takod == {{Commons category|Ethanol}} {{Wiktionary|alcohol|ethanol}} * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_alcohol.htm Alcohol (Ethanol)] at ''The Periodic Table of Videos'' (University of Nottingham) * [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0044.htm International Labour Organization] (Pangkaligtasan na impormasyon) * [http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/ethanol/index.html National Pollutant Inventory – Ethanol Fact Sheet] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0262.html CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Ethyl Alcohol] * [http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?Name=ethanol&Units=SI National Institute of Standards and Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216202610/http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?Name=ethanol&Units=SI |date=2009-02-16 }} (Kimikal na data manungod sa etanol) * [http://www.cmegroup.com/company/cbot.html Chicago Board of Trade] bareta sagkod data sa komersyo para sa futuro nin etanol * Kalkulasyon kan [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/AntoineCalculation/AntoineCalculationCGI.exe?component=Ethanol vapor pressure], [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/DIPPR105DensityCalculation/DIPPR105CalculationCGI.exe?component=Ethanol liquid density], [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/VogelCalculation/VogelCalculationCGI.exe?component=Ethanol dynamic liquid viscosity], [http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/DIPPR106SFTCalculation/DIPPR106SFTCalculationCGI.exe?component=Ethanol surface tension] nin ethanol * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140915061825/http://www.ethanolhistory.com/ Ethanol History] (Uusipon kan etanol) * [http://chemsub.online.fr/name/ethyl_alcohol.html ChemSub Online: Ethyl alcohol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729233643/http://chemsub.online.fr/name/ethyl_alcohol.html |date=2013-07-29 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170210214845/http://www.inclusive-science-engineering.com/industrial-alcohol-production-from-ethylene-and-sulphuric-acid/industrial-ethyl-alcohol-production-from-ethylene-and-sulphuric-acid/ Industrial ethanol production process flow diagram using ethylene and sulphuric acid] == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{agham-saringsing}} [[Kategorya:Organikong kimika]] evhrhywjvl61s7suiwpcolkeja071xl 0 24347 309756 278044 2026-08-23T23:16:49Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | title = Coal | data1 = [[File:Coal_bituminous.jpg|200px]]<br /> [[File:Struktura_chemiczna_węgla_kamiennego.svg|200px]]<br /> [[File:Castle_Gate_Power_Plant,_Utah_2007.jpg|200px]] | data2 = '''(1)''' Sarong halimbawa nin coal o karbon na gapo '''(2)''' Istrakturang kimikal nin coal '''(3)''' Sarong plantang pang-enerhiya na minagamit nin coal bilang panggatong }} An '''coal''' o '''karbon na gapo''' iyo sarong kombustableng maitom o malakayumanggi-itom na sedimentaryong gapo, na nabibilog bilang gapong istrata na inaapod na "coal seams". An coal iyo harus [[karbon]] na may mga baryenteng bilang nin ibang elemento; arug kan [[hidroheno]], [[asupre]], [[oksiheno]], asin [[nitroheno]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Blander|first=M|title=Calculations of the Influence of Additives on Coal Combustion Deposits|url=http://www.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/Volumes/Vol34-2.pdf|publisher=Argonne National Laboratory|access-date=17 December 2011|page=315|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174436/http://www.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/Volumes/Vol34-2.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Tagebau Garzweiler Panorama 2005.jpg|center|800px|thumb|]] == Pormasyon == An coal iyo nahihimo kapag an gadang tanom na [[materya]] iyo nalapa pasiring sa "peat" asin naliliwat pasiring sa coal sa paagi nin init asin presyon sa hararom na piglubungan mga milyong taon na an nakaagi.<ref name="EIA Coal Explained">{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=coal_home|title=Coal Explained|publisher=[[US Energy Information Administration]]|work=Energy Explained|date=21 April 2017|access-date=13 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208115825/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=coal_home|archive-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> Mahiwas na deposito nin coal an naggikan sa nagligad na "basang daga" —na inaapod na "kagubatan nin coal"—na tuminaklob sa kadakulaan nin tropikong kadagaan nin Kinaban kan nagligad na ''Carboniferous'' (Pennsylvanian) asin Permiano na oras.<ref name="ClealThomas2005">{{cite journal|last1=Cleal|first1=C. J.|last2=Thomas|first2=B. A.|year=2005|title=Palaeozoic tropical rainforests and their effect on global climates: is the past the key to the present?|journal=Geobiology|volume=3|pages=13–31|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4669.2005.00043.x}}</ref><ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010RainforestCollapse">{{cite journal|author=Sahney, S.|author2=Benton, M.J.|author3=Falcon-Lang, H.J.|year=2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2010-12_38_12/page/1079|journal=Geology|volume=38|pages=1079–1082|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|issue=12|bibcode=2010Geo....38.1079S}}</ref> Alagad, nagkapirang mga signipikong deposito nin coal an mas huben digdi asin naggikan sa panahong Mesozoic asin Cenozoic. == Paggamit == === Panggatong sa enerhiya === An coal iyo primerong ginagamit bilang panggatong. Maski ngani an coal aram na asin piggagamit na nin sangribong taon na an nakaagi, an kagamitan kaini iyo limitado bago pa an [[Rebolusyong Industriyal]]. Sa pagka-imbento kan "steam engine", naglangkaw an konsumo nin coal. Hasta 2016, an coal mantinido bilang importanteng panggatong kun sain ini nagsusuplay nin harus kwarterya nin pankinabang primerong enerhiya sagkod duwang-taglimang elektrisidad.<ref name="IEAstats2">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=WORLD&year=2016&category=Key%20indicators&indicator=ElecGenByFuel&mode=chart&categoryBrowse=false&dataTable=ELECTRICITYANDHEAT&showDataTable=false|title=Global energy data|publisher=[[International Energy Agency]]}}</ref> An ibang paragibong [[bakal]] asin steel sagkod ibang prosesong industriyal iyo nagsusulo man nin coal. === Mga epekto asin paglikay === [[Ladawan:Coral not coal protest at India Finance Minister Arun Jaitley Visit to Australia (25563929593).jpg|wala|thumb|221x221px|Sarong protesta sa [[Australya]] laban sa paggamit nin coal. An paggatong kaya nin coal pinapaurog an [[pagbabago nin klima]] na iyo may maraot na epekto sa mga coral reefs sa irarom nin kadagatan.]] An ekstraksyon asin paggamit nin coal nagkakawsa nin nagkapirang amay na pagkagadan asin labing paghelang.<ref name="Heal">{{cite web|url=https://www.env-health.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/HEAL-Lignite-Briefing-en_web.pdf|title=Lignite coal – health effects and recommendations from the health sector|publisher=Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL)|access-date=2021-02-11|archive-date=2018-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010345/https://www.env-health.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/HEAL-Lignite-Briefing-en_web.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> An industriya nin coal nakakaraot sa kalibotan, kabale na an [[pagbabago nin klima]] huli ta ini an pinakadakulang antropohenikong ginikanan nin karbon dioksido, 14.4 gigatonnes (Gt) kaidtong 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|title=CO2 emissions by fuel|url=https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-fuel|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Our World in Data}}</ref> na iyo 40% kan bilog na emisyon nin [[fossil fuel]] sagkod harus 25% kan bilog na pankinabang emisyon nin ''greenhouse gas''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.resilience.org/stories/2020-01-24/dethroning-king-coal-how-a-once-dominant-fuel-source-is-falling-rapidly-from-favour/|title=Dethroning King Coal – How a Once Dominant Fuel Source is Falling Rapidly from Favour|date=2020-01-24|website=Resilience|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> Bilang parte kan pankinabang enerhiyang transisyon, nagkapirang mga nasyun an nagbawas o pighali an paggamit nin enerhiya hale sa coal, sagkod an UN Secretary General nakiulay sa mga gobyerno na punduhan na an paghaman nin mga bagong plantang coal sa pag-abot nin 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tax carbon, not people: UN chief issues climate plea from Pacific 'frontline'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/15/tax-carbon-not-people-un-chief-issues-climate-plea-from-pacific-frontline|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=15 May 2019}}</ref> An paggamit nin coal pinakahalangkaw kaidtong 2013<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://webstore.iea.org/login?ReturnUrl=%2fdownload%2fdirect%2f2542%3ffileName%3dCoal_Information_2019_Overview.pdf&fileName=Coal_Information_2019_Overview.pdf|title=Coal Information Overview 2019|publisher=[[International Energy Agency]]|access-date=2020-03-28|quote=peak production in 2013|archive-date=2020-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516134429/https://webstore.iea.org/login?ReturnUrl=%2fdownload%2fdirect%2f2542%3ffileName%3dCoal_Information_2019_Overview.pdf&fileName=Coal_Information_2019_Overview.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> pero para maabot an target sa [[Paris Agreement]] na mamantinir an [[pankinabang pag-init]] nin mas hababa sa {{convert|2|C-change|F-change|1}}, an paggamit nin coal nangangaipo na mabanga puon 2020 hasta 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-coal-use-must-plummet-this-decade-to-keep-global-warming-below-1-5c|title=Analysis: Why coal use must plummet this decade to keep global warming below 1.5C|date=2020-02-06|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> == Pagkonsumo == An pinakadakulang nagkokonsumo asin importer nin coal iyo an [[Tsina]]. Namimina kan Tsina an harus kabanga nin coal sa bilog na kinaban, na pigsusundan nin [[Indya]] na igwang tagsampulong porsyento. An [[Australya]] iyo nag-aakwant para sa harus tagtolo nin export kan pankinabang suplay nin coal na pigsusundan man nin [[Indonesya]] asin [[Rusya]].<ref name="IEAstats">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/statistics|title=Global energy data|publisher=[[International Energy Agency]]}}</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Karbon]] * [[Enerhiyang nukleyar]] * [[Enerhiya]] ==Iba pang babasahon== * {{cite book |last= Thurber |first=Mark |year=2019 |title=Coal |publisher=Polity Press |isbn=978-1509514014}} * {{cite book|last = Freese|first = Barbara|title = Coal: A Human History|year = 2003|publisher = Penguin Books|isbn = 978-0-7382-0400-0|oclc = 51449422|url = https://archive.org/details/coalhumanhistory00free_0}} == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{commons category|Coal}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Enerhiya]] [[Kategorya:Kinaban]] gvepgq9cs6yf29pisig8ukw0ljb935u 0 24360 309623 210764 2026-08-23T20:59:29Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | title = Mikroorganismo | data1 = [[File:E_coli_at_10000x,_original.jpg|200px]]<br /> [[File:Staphylococcus_aureus_01.jpg|200px]]<br /> [[File:Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_(10388739803)_(cropped).jpg|200px]] | data2 = Mga halimbawa nin mikroorganismo (magnipikado nin 10,000 na beses): '''(1)''' ''Escherichia coli'' '''(2)''' ''Staphylococcus aureus'' '''(3)''' ''Euglena mutabilis'' }} An sarong '''mikroorganismo''' ([[Ingles]]: ''microorganism'', gikan sa Griyego: μικρός, ''mikrós'', "sadit" asin ὀργανισμός, ''organismós'', "organismo"; pigbabaybay man na '''mikro-organismo''', '''mikro organismo''') o '''mikrobyo''' iyo sarong mikroskopikong [[organismo]] na pupuwedeng binibilog nin sarong [[selula]] ([[uniselular]]), mga kumpol nin selula, o mayong selula ([[aselular]]).<ref name="Brock">{{cite book|title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms|author=Madigan M, Martinko J (editors)|publisher=Pearson Education|year=2006|isbn=0-321-73551-X|edition=ika-13|page=1096}}</ref> An pag-aadal nin mga mikroorganismo iyo inaapod na [[mikrobiyolohiya]], sarong ladong nagpoon sa pagkadiskobre ni [[Anton van Leeuwenhoek]] nin mga mikroorganismo kaidtong 1675, na ginagamit an sarong [[Mikroskopyo|mikroskopyong]] siya mismo an nagdisenyo. == Klasipikasyon == Mahiwas asin mangiba-iba an mga mikroorganismo; kabale sa mga ini an [[bakterya]], [[fungi]], [[archaea]], asin mga [[protista]]; mikroskopikong mga tinanom (mga berdeng lumot; asin mga mikro-hayop na arug kan [[plankton]] asin an [[planariano]]. Pirang mga mikrobiyologo an nagbabale man nin mga [[birus]], alagad an iba iyo pigkaklasipika ini bilang mayong buhay o dae nabubuhay.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rybicki EP|title=The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics|journal=S Aft J Sci|volume=86|pages=182–6|year=1990|issn=0038-2353}}</ref><ref name="pmid13481308">{{Cite journal|author=LWOFF A|title=The concept of virus|journal=J. Gen. Microbiol.|volume=17|issue=2|pages=239–53|year=1956|pmid=13481308}}</ref> Kadaklan sa mga mikroorganismo iyo uniselular (may saro sanang selula), alagad bakong unibersal, huli ta an pirang mga organismong [[multiselular]] (may kadakul na mga selula) iyo mikroskopiko, habang an pirang mga protista asin bakteryang uniselular, arug kan ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'', iyo [[makroskopiko]] asin mahihiling sa paagi nin mata.<ref>[http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/1999/news17_99.htm Balitang Pinakawalan ng Max Planck Society Research], napuntahan noong 21 Mayo 2009</ref> == Kagibuhan == [[Ladawan:Biofermentor.jpeg|thumb|Sarong kagamitan para sa [[permentasyon]], na iyo sarong proseso na pinapangenotan nin mikroorganismong [[yeast]]|214x214px]] === Ekosistema === An mga mikroorganismo iyo nabubuhay sa gabos na mga parte nin [[biyospero]] kun sain may likidong [[tubig]], kabali an daga, maiinit na mga bukal, salug nin [[kadagatan]], [[atmospera]], asin sa kalaog-laogan nin mga gapong nasa laog nin palnit kan [[kinaban]]. Importante an mga mikroorganismo sa pagpapaitok-itok asin liwat na paggamit nin mga nutriyente o sustansiya sa laog nin mga [[ekosistema]] huli ta nag-aakto sinda bilang mga tagapagpalapa. Huli ta an pira sa mga mikroorganismo iyo nakakagaba nin [[nitroheno]], importante an mga ini sa pauru-utro na pagpapaitok nin nitroheno, asin an kasuarin sana na mga pag-aadal iyo nagpapahiling na an mga mikrobyong nasa duros iyo pupuwedeng may pig-aaktohan sa [[Presipitasyon (meteorolohiya)|presipitasyon]] asin panahon.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Christner BC, Morris CE, Foreman CM, Cai R, Sands DC|title=Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-02-29_319_5867/page/1214|journal=Science|volume=319|issue=5867|pages=1214|year=2008|pmid=18309078|doi=10.1126/science.1149757|bibcode=2008Sci...319.1214C}}</ref> === Biyoteknolohiya === An mga mikrobyo iyo ginagamit asin nakukuahan nin oportunidad nin mga tawo na nasa lado nin [[biyoteknolohiya]], parehas sa pangtradisyong pagpreparar nin pagkakan asin inumon, sagkod sa makabagong mga teknolohiyang nakabase sa [[inhinyeriyang panghenetika]]. Alagad, an mga [[mikrobyong patoheniko]] iyo minatao nin distroso, huli ta minaatake sinda asin nagdadakula sa laog nin iba pang mga organismo, na nagigin kawsa nin mga kamatean na nakakagadan nin mga tawo, ibang mga hayop, asin mga tanom.<ref>[http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodgbd2002revised/en/index.html 2002 Dato ng [[mortalidad]] ng [[WHO]], napuntahan noong 20 Enero 2007</ref> == Sa piksyon == * An ''Osmosis Jones'', sarong pelikula kan 2001, asin an palabas kaini na ''Ozzy & Drix'', pighimo sa maistilong bersyon kan hawak nin tawo, na minatampok nin mga antromorpikong mikroorganismo. == Hilingon man == * [[Birus]] * [[Yeast]] * [[Permentasyon]] == Toltolan == {{Reflist}} {{commons category|Microorganism|Mikroorganismo}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Biyolohiya]] 6e7rn83v3o49f1c4m3anydsjfo3x2xj 0 24386 309690 213458 2026-08-23T22:16:28Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | title = Kolesterol | data1 = [[File:Cholesterol.svg|200px]]<br /> [[File:Cholesterol-from-xtal-3D-bs.png|200px]]<br /> [[File:Cholesterol-from-xtal-3D-sf.png|200px]] | data2 = Mga pagsaladawan nin '''kolesterol''': kimikal na istraktura, bola asin istik na modelo, sagkod an ispasyong pagpano na modelo }} An '''kolesterol''' ([[Ingles]]: ''cholesterol'', gikan sa Suanoy na Griyego na ''chole-'' (''bile'') asin ''stereos'' ([[solido]]), na pigsusundan nin kimikal na suffix ''-ol'' para sa sarong [[alkohol]]) iyo sarong organikong molekula. Ini iyo sarong ''sterol'' (o modipikadong steroid),<ref>[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5997 "Cholesterol, 57-88-5"]. PubChem, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 9 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.</ref> na iyo sarong klase nin [[lipid]]. An kolesterol iyo pig-biyosintesa nin gabos na mga [[selula]] kan hayop asin iyo sarong esensyal na istraktural na komposisyon nin selulang membrana kan mga hayop. An kolesterol iyo minasirbe man bilang sarong prekursor para sa mga biyosintesis kan mga steroid na hormona, asido nin bile<ref name="Hanukoglu_1992">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hanukoglu I|title=Steroidogenic enzymes: structure, function, and role in regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis|journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=43|issue=8|pages=779–804|date=December 1992|pmid=22217824|doi=10.1016/0960-0760(92)90307-5|url=https://zenodo.org/record/890723|s2cid=112729}}</ref> asin [[bitamina D]].{{fact|date=January 2021}} An kolesterol iyo an pangenot na sterol na pigsisintesa nin gabos na mga hayop. Sa mga vertebrado, an hepatikong selula iyo tipikal na naghihimo nin pinakadakul na bilang. Mayo ini sa mga prokaryota ([[bakterya]] asin arkeya), alagad igwang mga eksepsyon, arug kan ''Mycoplasma'', na nangangaipo nin kolesterol para magdakula..<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Razin S, Tully JG|title=Cholesterol requirement of mycoplasmas|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-bacteriology_1970-05_102_2/page/306|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=102|issue=2|pages=306–10|date=May 1970|pmid=4911537|pmc=247552|doi=10.1128/JB.102.2.306-310.1970}}</ref> Si François Poulletier de la Salle an enot na nakadiskobre sa kolesterol sa solidong porma sa mga ''gallstone'' kaidtong 1769. Pero, bakong sagkod kaidtong 1815 kan an kimikong si Michel Eugène Chevreul pigpangaran an kompuwesto bilang "cholesterine".<ref>Chevreul (1816) "Recherches chimiques sur les corps gras, et particulièrement sur leurs combinaisons avec les alcalis. Sixième mémoire. Examen des graisses d'homme, de mouton, de boeuf, de jaguar et d'oie" (Chemical researches on fatty substances, and particularly on their combinations o filippos ine kapios with alkalis. Sixth memoir. Study of human, sheep, beef, jaguar and goose fat), ''Annales de Chimie et de Physique'', '''2''' : 339–372. From [https://books.google.com/books?id=DHCz1nhhYL8C&pg=PA346#v=onepage&q&f=false page 346] : "Je nommerai ''cholesterine'', de χολη, bile, et στερεος, solide, la substance cristallisée des calculs biliares humains, ... " (I will name ''cholesterine'' — from χολη (bile) and στερεος (solid) — the crystalized substance from human gallstones ... )</ref><ref name="Olson_1998">{{cite journal|vauthors=Olson RE|title=Discovery of the lipoproteins, their role in fat transport and their significance as risk factors|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=128|issue=2 Suppl|pages=439S–443S|date=February 1998|pmid=9478044|doi=10.1093/jn/128.2.439S|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Lipid]] * [[Etanol]] * [[DNA]] == Panluwas na takod == * {{Commons category-inline|Cholesterol|Kolesterol}} == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Biyokimika]] s75p37pttei60na4ntz3ek6wx8z400b 0 24421 309519 300321 2026-08-23T19:33:38Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{automatic taxobox|fossil_range={{Long fossil range|4200|0|Archean o bago&nbsp;– Ngunyan}}|image=E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|image_width=210px|image_caption=Pinadakulang mikrograpong elektron nin ''[[Escherichia coli]]''|domain=Bacteria|subdivision_ranks=Phyla<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Bacteria (eubacteria) |accessdate=2008-09-10 |work=Taxonomy Browser |publisher=NCBI |date= }}</ref>|subdivision=*'''Gramong positibo/ mayong panluwas na membrano''' [[Actinobacteria]] (halangkaw na G+C)<br /> [[Firmicutes]] (hababa na G+C)<br /> [[Tenericutes]] (mayong selulang pader)<br /> *'''Gramong negatibo/ Igwa nin panluwas na membrano''' [[Aquificae]]<br /> [[Bacteroidetes]]/[[Chlorobi]]<br /> [[Chlamydiae]]/[[Verrucomicrobia]]<br /> [[Deinococcus-Thermus]]<br /> [[Fusobacteria]]<br /> [[Gemmatimonadetes]]<br /> [[Nitrospirae]]<br /> [[Proteobacteria]]<br /> [[Spirochaete]]s<br /> [[Synergistetes]]<br /> *'''Dae aram/ dae nakagrupo''' [[Acidobacteria]]<br /> [[Chloroflexi]]<br /> [[Chrysiogenetes]]<br /> [[Cyanobacteria]]<br /> [[Deferribacteraceae|Deferribacteres]]<br /> [[Dictyoglomi]]<br /> [[Fibrobacteres]]<br /> [[Planctomycetes]]<br /> [[Thermodesulfobacteria]]<br /> [[Thermotogae]]}} An '''bakterya'''<ref name="Estrada">"Bakterya." Estrada, Horacio R. ''Bakterya, Bayrus, at Bulate'', nagsisilbing sanggunian para sa pag-unawa sa agham ng mikrobiyolohiya, bakterya, birus, at iba pang mga mikroorganismo, [http://www.stii.dost.gov.ph/dostpub/nrcp.htm NRCP Medical Series 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004055955/http://www.stii.dost.gov.ph/dostpub/nrcp.htm |date=2008-10-04 }}, STII.dost.gov.ph</ref> ([[Ingles]]: ''bacteria'' (<small>IPA</small>: /bækˈtɪəriə/) [''darakulan''] o '''''bacterium''''' [''saroan'']<ref name="NBK">"''Bacteria'' [plural], ''bacterium'' [singular], ''Some Medical Terms'', ''Diseases''". ''The New Book of Knowledge (Ang Bagong Aklat ng Kaalaman), Grolier Incorporated''. 1977., pahina 206.</ref>) iyo saro sa mga pangenot na grupo nin mga nabubuhay na mga [[organismo]]. Sa manlainlain na paggamit, pigsasabi na an terminong bakterya iyo an gabos nin mga ''prokaryote'' o sa sarong pangenot na grupo ninda, o iyo man an inaapod na '''eubakterya''' (''eubacteria''), depende sa mga kaisipan dapit sa mga pagkasugpon kaini. Digdi, ginagamit an bakterya ngarig aramon an yubakterya. Saro pang pangenot na grupo nin bakterya (dae ginagamit sa mahiwas, bakong taksonomikong kaisipan) an ''[[Archaea]]''. An ''bakteriyolohiya'', sarong sangay nin [[mikrobiyolohiya]], an apud sa pag-aadal nin mga bakterya. Mahihiling an mga bakterya sa gabos nin mga pig-iistaran sa [[Kinaban]], arug nin sa kadagaan, asidikong mainit na tubig, basurang radyoaktibo,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fredrickson JK|last4=Kennedy|last9=Brockman|first8=M. F.|last8=Romine|first7=M. J.|last7=Daly|first6=H. M.|last6=Kostandarithes|first5=S.-m. W.|last5=Li|first4=D.|display-authors=3|title=Geomicrobiology of high-level nuclear waste-contaminated vadose sediments at the Hanford site, Washington state|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2004-07_70_7/page/4230|author3=Balkwill DL|author2=Zachara JM|author-separator=,|doi=10.1128/AEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004|pmc=444790|pmid=15240306|year=2004|pages=4230–41|issue=7|volume=70|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|first9=F. J.}}</ref> tubig, asin sa kairaroman nin Kinaban, kabali na man an mga organikong bagay asin mga buhay na hawak nin mga tinanom asin mga hayop, na nagigin sarong halimbawa nin mutwalismo sa sistemang panunaw nin mga tao, anay, sagkod mga ipis. Igwang apatnapung milyong [[selula]] nin bakterya sa sarong gramo nin daga asin sarong milyong selula nin bakterya sa sarong milimetro nin malinig na tubig; sa pankagabsan, igwang estimadong limang nonilyong (5×10³⁰) bakterya sa kinaban,<ref name="pmid9618454">{{cite journal|author=Whitman WB, Coleman DC, Wiebe WJ|title=Prokaryotes: the unseen majority|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1998-06-09_95_12/page/6578|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=95|issue=12|pages=6578–83|year=1998|pmid=9618454|pmc=33863|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578}}</ref> na minabilog nin sarong biyomas na mas dakul sa bilang nin gabos na mga tinanom asin hayop.<ref>C.Michael Hogan. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480 ''Bacteria''. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC]</ref> Igwang estimadong sampolong liwat na selulang bakteryal sa plora nin mga tawo kaysa sa mga selulang pantawo sa satuyang hawak, na kun sain igwang dakulang bilang nin mga bakterya sa palnit bilang sarong ''gut flora''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sears CL|title=A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora|journal=Anaerobe|volume=11|issue=5|pages=247–51|year=2005|pmid=16701579|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001}}</ref> An kadaklan nin mga bakterya sa satuyang hawak iyo kinokonsiderang dae nakakaraot huli naman sa epekto nin sistemang immuno, sagkod an pira iyo nakakatabang. Alagad, an pirang klase nin bakterya iyo patoheniko asinpupuwedeng magkawsa nin mga helang, arug nin [[kolera]], [[syphilis]], [[anthrax]], [[leprosy]], asin [[bubonic plague]]. An mga [[impeksiyong respiratoryo]] an pinakadistroso sa mga helang, arug na sana an [[tuberkulosis]] na guminadan nin duwang milyong katawo sa laog nin sarong taon, kadaklan digdi iyo naka-istar sa [[Aprika]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodgbd2002revised/en/index.html|title=2002 WHO mortality data|accessdate=2007-01-20}}</ref> Sa mga mauswag na nasyun, ginagamit an mga [[antibiotic]] sa pagbulong nin mga impeksiyong bakteryal asin sa agrikultura, nagigin bistado na an resistensiyang antibiyotik. Sa industriya, importante an mga bakterya sa paglinig nin mga estero asin sa pagpapababa nin naapong lana, sa produksiyon nin keso sagkod yogurt sa paagi nin [[permentasyon]], an pagkua nin [[bulawan]], [[palladium]], [[tanso]] asin iba pang metal sa sektor nin pagmimina,<ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100901191137.htm</ref> kabali naman sa [[biyoteknolohiya]], asin an pagpapaluwas nin mga antibiotik sagkod iba pang kimikal.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ishige T, Honda K, Shimizu S|title=Whole organism biocatalysis|journal=Current Opinion in Chemical Biology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=174–80|year=2005|pmid=15811802|doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.02.001}}</ref> An bakterya an pinakadakol sa gabos nin mga organismo, ini iyo huli sa saindang marikas na reproduksiyon o pagpadakol. Mahiwasan sindang mahihiling sa daga, [[tubig]] asin bilang mga ''symbiont'' nin ibang organismo. Dakol na mga ''[[pathogen]]'', mga organismong minatao nin helang, iyo bakterya. Saditon an kadaklan sa sainda, harus yaon sa [[1 E-6 m|0.5-5.0 μm]] an saindang pinakahalabang dimensyon, pero puwede man magdakula an higanteng bakterya arug nin ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'' asin ''Epulopiscium fishelsoni'' sa 0.5&nbsp;mm an dakula. Igwa sindang mga selulang pader (''cell wall''), arug nin mga [[selula]] (''cell'') kan tinanom sagkod [[amag]], pero pigbibilog nin ''peptidoglycan'' an mga selulang pader nin bakterya. == Hilingon man == * [[Birus]] * [[Mikroorganismo]] * [[Selula]] * [[Espesye]] == Mga panluwas na takod == {{commons category|Bacteria|Bakterya}} *[http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/MicrobeWiki MicrobeWiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206071749/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/MicrobeWiki |date=2015-02-06 }}, an extensive [[wiki]] about [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Microbial_Biorealm bacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208122124/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Microbial_Biorealm |date=2015-02-08 }} and [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Viral_Biorealm viruses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214015059/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Viral_Biorealm |date=2015-02-14 }} *[http://www.ncppb.com Bacteria which affect crops and other plants] *[http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm Bacterial Nomenclature Up-To-Date from DSMZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083605/http://www3.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm |date=2007-09-29 }} *[http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/eubacteria.html Genera of the domain Bacteria] - list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature *[http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm The largest bacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211094146/http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm |date=2012-12-11 }} == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Biyolohiya]] n9q2zrr5c8t1baqfixebclbypnpibon 0 24443 309518 250551 2026-08-23T19:32:27Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309518 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg|thumb|400x400px|SI ABWA naporma sa Kadagatan nin Timog hale sa ibabaw nin tubig na naglilipot sa polinya.]] An '''tubig sa irarom kan Antartika''' ([[Tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]]: ''Antarctica Bottom Water'' (ABW)) iyo an klase nin masa nin tubig sa Habagatan na Kadagatan na nakapalibot sa Antarctica na may temperatura na nag - iitok puon $0.8 habanggan 2°C (35°F), sustansia puon 34.6 haggang 34.7 psu. Pagigin Sadiri lagduan na tubig sa kadagatan, an AABW manonompongan na nasa rarom sa 4000 kalabaan kan gabos na planggana sa kadagatan na may koneksion sa Kadagatan sa Timog.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMS Glossary, Antarctic Bottom Water|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=antarctic-bottom-water1|publisher=American Meteorological Society}}</ref> An mayor na kahulogan kan tubig na Antartik ibaba iyo na iyan an pinakasadit na tubig sa irarom, na nagtatao kaiyan nin mahalagang impluwensia sa paghiro kan kadagatan. An tubig sa irarom kan antartika igwa man nin halangkaw na oksihenong laog na konektado sa iba pang hararom na katubigan kan kadagatan. Ini huli sa pagkalapa kan nagraraot na organikong laog sa iba pang hararom na kadagatan. Sa siring, an tubig sa antartika ibinilang na pagbihag kan hararom na kadagatan. == Sirkulasyon == An katubigan sa irarom kan antartika iyo an linalang sa sarong kabtang huli sa dakulang pagtumba sa tubig sa kadagatan. An tubig sa irarom kan antartika napoporma sa Wedyll asin Rosss Seast, harani sa Baybayon nin Adélie asin ni Cape Darnley hale sa ibabaw kan tubig na naglilipot sa polynya asin sinusupsup an yelo. . An napapalain kabtang kan tubig na Antartika iyo an malipot na doros sa ibabaw na hinahawas an kontinente Antartika.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Massom|first1=R.|last2=Michael|first2=K.|last3=Harris|first3=P.T.|last4=Potter|first4=M.J.|year=1998|title=The distribution and formative processes of latent heat polynyas in East Antarctica|journal=Annals of Glaciology|volume=27|pages=420–426|doi=10.3189/1998aog27-1-420-426|bibcode=1998AnGla..27..420M}}</ref> An doros sa ibabaw nagpapangyari sa mga polynya na nagbubukas kan tubig sa mas dakol pang doros. An An Antartik doros na ini mas makosog durante kan mga bulan nin tiglipot asin sa siring an Antarticikong pagporma nin tubig mas pronombre sa panahon nin tiglipot. An tubig sa dagat pinayayaman nin asin hale sa pagkaporma sa dagat. Huli sa nag - oorog na pagkadigtaan kaiyan, iyan nagbobolos pasiring sa marhen na Antartiko asin nagpapadagos paamihanan sa irarom. Iyan an pinakagrabeng tubig sa daing bayad na kadagatan, asin sa irarom nin iba pang irarom asin panlaog na katubigan sa kadaklan na parte kan hemisperyo sa timog. An Weddell Sea Bottom Water iyo an pinakagrabeng elemento kan tubig na irarom kan Antartik. Ipinaririsa nin ebidensia na an pagprodusir nin tubig sa Antarctik irarom kan tubig paagi sa Holocene (huring 10,000 na taon) mayo sa daing pondong kamugtakan; an boot sabihon na an mga produksion nin tubig sa irarom nagliliwat sa laog kan Antartic marhen sa laog nin dakol na dekada sagkod sa mga siglo bilang mga kondisyon sa pag - eksister nin pagbabago kan polynyas.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1029/98JC00248|first6=M.|pages=15833–15843|issue=C8|volume=103|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|first9=R.|last9=Key|first8=C.|last8=Heinze|first7=U.|last7=Mikolajewicz|last6=Schroeder|title=How much deep water is formed in the Southern Ocean?|first5=E.|last5=Fahrbach|first4=R.|last4=Weiss|first3=S.|last3=Walker|first2=S. L.|last2=Peacock|first1=W. S.|last1=Broecker|year=1998|bibcode=1998JGR...10315833B}}</ref> Halimbawa, an pagkalkulo kan Mertz Glacier, na nangyari kan 12-13 Pebrero 2010, dramatikong liniwat an palibot sa pagprodusir nin tubig sa irarom, na nagreprodusir nin sagkod sa 23% sa rehion nin Adelie Land.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/ncomms1156|title=Impact of the Mertz Glacier Tongue calving on dense water formation and export|year=2011|last1=Kusahara|first1=Kazuya|last2=Hasumi|first2=Hiroyasu|last3=Williams|first3=Guy D.|journal=Nature Communications|volume=2|issue=1|bibcode=2011NatCo...2..159K}}</ref> An ebidensia hale sa mga tindahan nin sementeryo, na may laog na mga suon nin krus na may mga katambay na nagpaparisa nin mga kabtang nin mas makosog na sulog, na tinitipon sa Mac.Si Robertson shelf asin Adélie Land nagsusuherir na sinda nagbago "sa" asin "nagkakaepekto giraray " bilang mahalagang mga lugar sa irarom kan tubig sa nakaaging nagkapirang ribong taon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=P.T.|year=2000|title=Ripple cross-laminated sediments on the East Antarctic shelf: evidence for episodic bottom water production during the Holocene?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_marine-geology_2000-11-15_170_3-4/page/317|journal=Marine Geology|volume=170|issue=3–4|pages=317–330|doi=10.1016/s0025-3227(00)00096-7|bibcode=2000MGeol.170..317H}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first7=M.|doi=10.1016/s0025-3227(01)00183-9|pages=1–8|issue=1–2|volume=179|journal=Marine Geology|title=Continental shelf drift deposit indicates non-steady state Antarctic bottom water production in the Holocene|url=https://archive.org/details/marine-geology_2001-09-15_179_1-2/page/1|year=2001|first8=F.|last8=Trincardi|last7=Prestie|first1=P.T.|first6=G.|last6=Giorgetti|first5=R.J.|last5=Beaman|first4=M.|last4=Busetti|first3=L.|last3=Armand|first2=G.|last2=Brancolini|bibcode=2001MGeol.179....1H}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Aabwvemaromanche-qgis.svg|too|thumb|SI ABUWIR nagbobolos sa Equatorial Atlantiko]] === Dagat Atlantiko === An Vema Channel, sarong hararom na taktika sa Rio Grande Rise kan Timog na Atlantiko sa 31,3°S 39.4°W, An sarong mahalagang kabtang para sa irarom ng Antartic and Weddel Sea Bottom An Bottom Water pagbalyo sa ibang lugar sa timog Mga sarong-ikatalong kan tubig sa amihanan na nagbobolos sa Antartico an minalaog sa Guiana Basin, sa pangenot sagkod sa kabangaan kan Equatorial Channel sa 35%W. An saro pang kabtang kaiyan minaagi sa Romanong Fracture Zone sa sirangan na Atlantiko. <ref name="monika">{{Cite journal|title=The spreading of Antarctic bottom water in the tropical Atlantic|url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/pub/rhein/rhein_aabw.pdf|access-date=2012-02-14}}</ref> Sa Guiana Basin, sa solnopan nin 40°W, an tusong topograpiya asin an makosog, pasirangan na nagbobolos nin hararom sa solnopan na sulog tibaad makaolang sa tubig na Antartic sa solnopan: Sa siring, kaipuhan na paamihanan iyan sa sirangan na bakilid kan Ceará Rise. Sa 44°W, sa amihanan kan Ceará Rise, an irarum kan Antarticikicnagbobolos pasolnopan sa laog kan plasa. An sarong dakulang parte kan tubig na Antartika minalaog sa sirangan na Atlantiko paagi sa Vema Fracture Zone.<ref name="monika">{{Cite journal|title=The spreading of Antarctic bottom water in the tropical Atlantic|first1=Monika|last1=Rhein|first2=Lothar|last2=Stramma|first3=Gerd|last3=Krahmann|journal=Deep-Sea Research Part I|volume=45|issue=4–5|pages=507–527|year=1998|url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/pub/rhein/rhein_aabw.pdf|access-date=2012-02-14|doi=10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00030-7|bibcode=1998DSRI...45..507R}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRheinStrammaKrahmann1998">[[Si Monika Rihen |Rhein, Monika]]; Stramma, Lothar; Krahmann, Gerd (1998). [http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/pub/rhein/rhein_aabw.pdf "The spreading of Antarctic bottom water in the tropical Atlantic"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Deep-Sea Research Part I''. '''45''' (4–5): 507–527. [[Bibcod (Midbid) |Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998DSRI...45..507R 1998DSRI...45..507R]. [[Sitaron an ZeforX (midbidan) |CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.571.6529 10.1.1.571.6529]</span>. [[Doi (midbid) |doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00030-7|10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00030-7]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[Ladawan:Aabwpathways.svg|too|thumb|Mga Dalan nin AABWO]] === Dagat Indio === Sa Kadagatan nin India, an Crozet-Kerguelen Gap nagtotogot sa Antartik ibaba kan tubig na bumalyo pasiring sa ekwador. An mobimientong ini sa amihanan para sa 2.5 Sv. Inaabot nin 23 na taon an Antartik Bottom Water tanganing makaabot sa Crozet-Kerguelen Gap.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haine|first1=T. W. N.|last2=Watson|first2=A. J.|last3=Liddicoat|first3=M. I.|last4=Dickson|first4=R. R.|title=The flow of Antarctic bottom water to the southwest Indian Ocean estimated using CFCs|doi=10.1029/98JC02476|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=103|issue=C12|pages=27637–27653|year=1998|bibcode=1998JGR...10327637H}}</ref> Sa Timog nin Aprika, an tubig na Antartico minabolos paamihanan paagi sa Agulhas Baisin dangan pasirangan sa Agulhas Pasage asin sa timog na parte kan Agulhas Plateau hale sa lugar na iyan ibinalyo sa Mozambique Bain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Uenzelmann-Neben|first1=G.|last2=Huhn|first2=K.|year=2009|title=Sedimentary deposits on the southern South African continental margin: Slumping versus non-deposition or erosion by oceanic currents?|journal=Marine Geology|volume=266|issue=1–4|pages=65–79|bibcode=2009MGeol.266...65U|doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.011}}</ref> == Nagbago an klima == An pagbago kan klima asin an suminunod na pagtunaw kan pidaso nin yelo sa timog nagpaluya sa pagkaporma nin AABW, asin posibleng marhay na magpadagos an pagluyang ini. An biyong pagkaporma sa ABWA posible sa pinakamadaling panahon na 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hansen|first8=George|issn=1680-7324|doi=10.5194/acp-16-3761-2016|pages=3761–3812|issue=6|volume=16|language=en|journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics|url=https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/3761/2016/|title=Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous|date=2016-03-22|first9=Junji|last9=Cao|last8=Tselioudis|first1=James|first7=Gary|last7=Russell|first6=Valerie|last6=Masson-Delmotte|first5=Maxwell|last5=Kelley|first4=Reto|last4=Ruedy|first3=Paul|last3=Hearty|first2=Makiko|last2=Sato|bibcode=2016ACP....16.3761H}}</ref> An pagsirkular na ini magkakaigwa nin dramatikong mga epekto sa sirkulasyon nin dagat asin sa panglobong panahon. == Toltolan == [[Kategorya:Environment of antarctica]] <references />{{Saringsing}} h0zpt2tduwoe08t87phv7tiyjt3qivm 0 24490 309587 297953 2026-08-23T20:27:16Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309587 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 280px;" | {| style="background-color: #000; white-space: nowrap;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" |[[Ladawan:Mercury_in_color_-_Prockter07-edit1.jpg|frameless|left|upright=0.5|Merkuryo]] [[Ladawan:PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_(cropped2).jpg|frameless|right|upright=0.5|Venus]] |- | style="padding-left: 8px;" |[[Ladawan:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg|frameless|left|upright=0.5|Kinaban]] [[Ladawan:OSIRIS_Mars_true_color.jpg|frameless|right|upright=0.5|Marte]] |- | style="padding-left: 5px;" |[[Ladawan:Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg|frameless|left|upright=0.5|Jupiter]] [[Ladawan:Saturn_during_Equinox_(rot45).jpg|frameless|right|upright=0.5|Saturn]] |- |[[Ladawan:Uranus2.jpg|frameless|left|upright=0.5|Uranus]] [[Ladawan:Neptune_-_Voyager_2_(29347980845)_flatten_crop.jpg|frameless|right|upright=0.5|Neptune]] |} |- |An walong aram na mga planeta (manungod sa IAU na depinisyon nin planta) nin Sistemang Solar: * An mga terestriyal na planeta : [[Merkuryo (planeta)]], [[Venus]], [[Kinaban]] asin [[Marte]] * An mga higanteng planeta : [[Hupiter]] asin [[Saturno]] (mga gas na higante) : [[Urano]] asin [[Neptuno]] (mga yelo na higante) ''Pigpapahiling sa order gikan sa [[Saldang]] asin sa tunay na kulay. An pagkadakula iyo mayo sa sukol.'' |} An '''planeta''' ([[Ingles]]: ''planet'') iyo sarong astronomikal na lawas na minaikot sa sarong [[bitoon]] o istelar na katadaan na may tamang gabat na maikotan nin sadiri kaining [[grabidad]], iyo bakong magabat para magkawsa nin termonukleyar na fusion sagkod – manungod sa ''International Astronomical Union'' pero dae gabos na mga planetaryang siyentista – iyo naklaro an kataraid-rehiyon kan planetesimalso kaini.<ref name="IAU">{{cite web|title=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes|url=http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/|publisher=International Astronomical Union|date=2006|access-date=2009-12-30|archive-date=2014-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429212224/http://iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="WSGESP">{{cite web|date=2001|title=Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union|work=IAU|url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html|access-date=2008-08-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916161707/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html|archive-date=2006-09-16}}</ref> An terminong ''planeta'' iyo suanoy, na may takod sa [[uusipon]], [[astrolohiya]], [[siyensya]], [[mitolohiya]], asin [[relihiyon]]. Dae kabali an Kinaban, mga limang planeta nin [[Sistemang Solar]] an nahihiling kan mata. Ini iyo pinagtutubudang banal nin mga suanoy na kultura, o bilang emisaryo nin mga diyos. Hasta an siyentipikong kaaraman nag-uuswag, an persepsyon nin katawohan sa mga planeta iyo nagbago, na may kaibahang numero nin luwas na mga bagay. Kaidtong 2006, an ''International Astronomical Union'' (IAU) opisyal na pig-ako an resolusyon na minataong depinisyon sa mga planeta sa loag nin Sistemang Solar. An depinisyon iyo kontrobersyal huli ta pigsusuway kaini an nagkapirang mga bagay nin planetaryong masa base sa kun sain o ano an pig-iikotan ninda. Alagad walo sa mga planetaryong lawas na nadiskobre bago an 1950 iyo mantinido bilang "planeta" sa irarom nin presenteng depinisyon, pira sa mga selestyal na lawas, arug kan Ceres, Pallas, Juno asin Vesta (gabos iyo sarong bagay na yaon sa ''solar asteroid belt''), asin an [[Pluto]] (an enot na trans-Neptunian na bagay na nadiskobre), na sarong beses iyo pigkonsidera bilang ''planeta'' kan siyentipikong komunidad, iyo bako nang sarong planeta sa irarom nin presenteng depinisyon kan ''planeta''. An mga planeta iyo pighona ni [[Ptolemy]] na minaikot sa [[Kinaban]] sa lain asin episiklong mosyon. Alagad an ideya na an mga planeta iyo minaikot sa Saldang iyo naisuhestyon naman minsan, sagkod dae hasta kaidtong ika-17 na siglo na an pagtanaw na ini iyo pigsuportahan nin ebidensya gikan sa enot na mga teleskopyong astronomikal na obserbasyon ni [[Galileo Galilei]]. Harus sa kaparehong panahon, sa maingat na analisis nin pre-teleskopikong obserbasyunal na datos na pigkolekta ni [[Tycho Brahe]], [[Johannes Kepler]] nahiling na an mga orbit kan planeta iyo eliptikal asin bakong sirkular. Habang an obserbasyunal na kagamitan nag-uuswag, an mga astronomo nahiling idto, arug kan Kinaban, an kada planeta na minaikot sa sarong aksis na nakatiko sa ''orbital pole'' kaini, asin nagkapira an may kaparehong pagtampok sa yelong kopya asin mga panahon. Poon pa kan pagsirang nin Espasyong Panahon, an mga haraning obserbasyon nin space probes iyo nahiling na an Kinaban asin an ibang mga planeta iyo may kaparehong karakter arug kan bulkanismo, bagyo, tektoniko, asin hidrolohiya. An mga planeta sa Sistemang Solar iyo nababanga sa duwang klase: an dakula hababang-densidad na higanteng planeta, asin an mas sadit na magapong terestriyal. Igwa nin walong plabeta an Sistemang Solar manungod sa depinisyon nin IAU.<ref name="IAU" /> Sa order nin pasakat na distansya, gikan sa [[Saldang]], sinda iyo apat na terestriyal, [[Merkuryo (planeta)|Merkuryo]], [[Venus]], [[Kinaban]], asin an [[Marte]], sagkod an apat na higanteng planeta, [[Hupiter]], [[Saturno]], [[Urano]], asin [[Neptuno]]. Anom sa mga planeta iyo pig-iikotan nin saro o mas dakul na mga natural na satelayt. Nagkapirang ribong mga planeta na nakapalibot sa ibang mga bitoon ("ekstrasolar na planeta" or "eksoplaneta") an nadiskobre sa Milky Way. Kan 1 March 2021, igwa nin 4,687 na bistadong ekstrasolar na planeta sa 3,463 planetaryang sistema (kabali an 770 na multipleng planetaryong sistema), na may rango sa sukol poon sa Bulan pasiring sa gas na higante na harus doble an pagkadakula sa Jupiter an nadiskobre, kun sain mas dakul sa 100 na planeta an may kaparehas na pagkadakula sa Kinaban, siyam digdi an may parehas na relatibong distansya sa saindang bitoon na garu an Kinaban asin Saldang, halimbawa an ''circumstellar habitable zone''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/05/10/kepler-finds-new-planets/84187098/|title=NASA discovery doubles the number of known planets|date=10 May 2016|work=[[USA TODAY]]|access-date=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog|encyclopedia=[[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]]|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php|last=Schneider|first=Jean|date=16 January 2013|access-date=2013-01-15}}</ref> Kaidtong 20 December 2011, an grupong ''Kepler Space Telescope'' nagheras kan pagkadiskobre ninda sa pinakaenot na may kaparehas na sukol sa Kinaban na mga ekstrasolar na planeta, an Kepler-20e<ref name="Kepler20e-20111220">{{cite web|author=NASA Staff|author-link=NASA|title=Kepler: A Search For Habitable Planets – Kepler-20e|url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/|date=20 December 2011|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=2011-12-23|archive-date=2013-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222162400/http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> asin Kepler-20f,<ref name="Kepler20f-20111220">{{cite web|author=NASA Staff|author-link=NASA|title=Kepler: A Search For Habitable Planets – Kepler-20f|url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20f/|date=20 December 2011|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=2011-12-23|archive-date=2012-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614161345/http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20f/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> na minaikot sa garu Saldang na bitoong Kepler-20.<ref name="NASA-20111220">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Michele|title=NASA Discovers First Earth-size Planets Beyond Our Solar System|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=20 December 2011|access-date=2011-12-20|archive-date=2019-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504012546/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Nature-20111220">{{cite journal|last=Hand|first=Eric|title=Kepler discovers first Earth-sized exoplanets|doi=10.1038/nature.2011.9688|date=20 December 2011|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|s2cid=122575277}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20111220">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|title=Two Earth-Size Planets Are Discovered|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/21/science/space/nasas-kepler-spacecraft-discovers-2-earth-size-planets.html|date=20 December 2011|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=2011-12-21}}</ref> Sarong pag-aadal kaidtong 2012, an nag-analisa sa grabitasyonal na mikrolensing na datos, an nag-estima sa harus dae mababa na 1.6 na planeta sa kada bitoon sa Milky Way.<ref name="nature.com">{{cite journal|display-authors=4|journal=Nature|author21=D. Dominis Prester|author22=J. Donatowicz|author23=P. Fouqué|author24=K. Hill|author25=N. Kains|title=One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-01-12_481_7380/page/167|date=12 January 2012|author19=K. H. Cook|volume=481|pages=167–169|doi=10.1038/nature10684|issue=7380|bibcode=2012Natur.481..167C|pmid=22237108|arxiv=1202.0903|author20=S. Dieters|author18=Ch. Coutures|last1=Cassan|author8=J. Menzies|first1=Arnaud|author2=D. Kubas|author3=J.-P. Beaulieu|author4=M. Dominik|author5=K. Horne|author6=J. Greenhill|author7=J. Wambsganss|author9=A. Williams|author17=A. Cole|author10=U. G. Jørgensen|author11=A. Udalski|author12=D. P. Bennett|author13=M. D. Albrow|author14=V. Batista|author15=S. Brillant|author16=J. A. R. Caldwell|s2cid=2614136}}</ref> Harus saro sa limang garu Saldang na mga bitoon an pighohona na may garu Kinaban na sukol na planeta sa maiistaran na sona.<ref name="ucb1in5">{{cite web|last=Sanders|first=R.|date=4 November 2013|title=Astronomers answer key question: How common are habitable planets?|url=http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/11/04/astronomers-answer-key-question-how-common-are-habitable-planets/|work=newscenter.berkeley.edu|access-date=7 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107081158/http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/11/04/astronomers-answer-key-question-how-common-are-habitable-planets/|archive-date=7 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="earthsunhz">{{cite journal|last1=Petigura|volume=110|pmid=24191033|doi=10.1073/pnas.1319909110|bibcode=2013PNAS..11019273P|arxiv=1311.6806|pages=19273–19278|issue=48|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|first1=E. A.|title=Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2013-11-26_110_48/page/19273|date=2013|first3=G. W.|last3=Marcy|first2=A. W.|last2=Howard|pmc=3845182}}</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Kinaban]] * [[Saldang]] * [[Asteroyd]] == Panluwas na takod == {{Commons category|Planets}} * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union website] * [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ Photojournal NASA] * [http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/ NASA Planet Quest – Exoplanet Exploration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225110149/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/ |date=2011-02-25 }} * [http://www.co-intelligence.org/newsletter/comparisons.html Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets with each other, the Sun, and other stars] * {{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html |title= IAU Press Releases since 1999 "The status of Pluto: A Clarification" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214043704/http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html |archive-date=2007-12-14}} * [http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hal/planet_def.html "Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes."] article by Stern and Levinson * [http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/ ''Planetary Science Research Discoveries''] (educational site with illustrated articles) * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y25b The Planets], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Paul Murdin, Hugh Jones & Carolin Crawford (''In Our Time'', May 27, 2004) == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{agham-saringsing}} [[Kategorya:Astronomiya]] if8qs354rtyk576z0asyz5c1gbvp997 0 24496 309533 309309 2026-08-23T19:48:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | title = Bitamina C/ Asidong askorbiko | data1 = [[File:L-Ascorbic_acid.svg|200px]]<br /> [[File:Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png|200px]] | data2 = Mga pagsaladawan nin '''bitamina C''' o '''asidong askorbiko''': prodyeksyong Natta sagkod an bola asin istik na modelo }} An '''bitamina C''' ([[Ingles]]: ''vitamin C'') (bistado man bilang '''asidong askorbiko''' sagkod '''ascorbate''') iyo sarong [[bitamina]] na mahihiling sa manlainlain na kakanon asin pigbebenta bilang sarong suplementong pampaniwang.<ref name="DRItext" /> Ginagamit ini sa paglikay asin pagtrato nin helang na eskorbuto (''scurvy'').<ref name="DRItext" /> An bitamina C iyo sarong esensyal na nutriyente na nagtatabang sa pagpakarhay nin mga tisyu asin [[Ensima|ensimatikong]] produksyon nin nagkapirang mga ''neurotransmitters''.<ref name="DRItext" /> Kinakaipo ini sa paggana nin nagkapirang mga ensima asin iyo importante para pag-andar nin [[sistemang immuno]].<ref name="DRItext" /><ref name="lpi2018">{{cite web|title=Vitamin C|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-C|publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR|access-date=19 June 2019|date=1 July 2018}}</ref> Minagana man ini bilang sarong antioxidant.<ref name="NIH2016" /> == Uusipon == An bitamina C iyo nadiskobre kaidtong 1912, naisuway kaidtong 1928, sagkod, kaidtong 1933, iyo an pinakaenot na bitamina na nahimo sa kimikal na paagi.<ref name="BNF76" /> Yaon man ini sa ''World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines''.<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|publisher=World Health Organization|year=2019|location=Geneva|hdl=10665/325771|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|author-link=World Health Organization|hdl-access=free}}</ref> An bitamina C iyo yaon bilang sarong baratong heneriko asin "''over-the-counter''" na medikasyon.<ref name="DRItext" /><ref name="BNF76">{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|edition=76|page=1049}}</ref> Partida sa pagkadiskobre kaini, si Albert Szent-Györgyi asin Walter Norman Haworth iyo ginawadan kan mga 1937 [[Nobel Prize]] sa Pisiyolohiya asin Medisina sagkod [[Kimika]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=November 20, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105153327/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/|archive-date=November 5, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Zet2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zetterström R|title=Nobel Prize 1937 to Albert von Szent-Györgyi: identification of vitamin C as the anti-scorbutic factor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2009-05_98_5/page/915|journal=Acta Paediatrica|volume=98|issue=5|pages=915–9|date=May 2009|pmid=19239412|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01239.x|s2cid=11077461}}</ref> An mga pagkakan na igwang bitamina C iyo kabali an mga sitrus na prutas, kiwifruit, bayawas, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, bell peppers asin [[strawberry]].<ref name="NIH2016" /> An haloy na pagtago o pagluto pwedeng magpababa nin kontentong bitamina C sa mga pagkakan.<ref name="NIH2016" /> == Medisina == [[Ladawan:VitaminSupplementPills2.jpg|thumb|Mga suplementong bitamina C sa komersyo|wala|230x230px]] === Kagamitan === Igwa nin pirang mga ebidensya na an regular na paggamit nin suplemento iyo pwedeng magpababa kan durasyon nin sipon, pero dae ini minaluwas para malikayan an impeksyon.<ref name="NIH2016">{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet for Health Professionals – Vitamin C|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/|publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health|date=February 11, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730052126/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/|archive-date=July 30, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="WHO2008">{{cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|publisher=World Health Organization|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name="Hem2013">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hemilä H, Chalker E|title=Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=1|pages=CD000980|date=January 2013|pmid=23440782|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4|pmc=1160577}}</ref> Bakong malinaw kun an suplementasyon iyo nakakaapekto sa tsansa nin kanser, helang sa puso, o demensya.<ref name="Ye2013">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z|title=Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=2|pages=e56803|year=2013|pmid=23437244|pmc=3577664|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056803|bibcode=2013PLoSO...856803Y}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Duerbeck NB, Dowling DD, Duerbeck JM|title=Vitamin C: Promises Not Kept|journal=Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey|volume=71|issue=3|pages=187–93|date=March 2016|pmid=26987583|doi=10.1097/OGX.0000000000000289|s2cid=29429545|quote=Antioxidant vitamin supplementation has no effect on the incidence of major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, stroke, total death, and cardiac death.}}</ref> Pwede man ini matulon gamit an nguso o sa paagi nin indiyeksyon. === Mga lain na epekto === An bitamina C iyo harus may tamang tolerasyon sana.<ref name="DRItext" /> An kadakul na pagkonsumo pwedeng magkawsa nin pagkulog nin tulak, kulog-payo,kasakitan sa pagturog, sagkod pamumula nin palnit.<ref name="DRItext" /><ref name="WHO2008" /> An normal na pagkonsumo iyo ligtas sa pagbados.<ref name="Drugscom pregnancy">{{cite web|title=Ascorbic acid Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ascorbic-acid.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=December 30, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075819/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ascorbic-acid.html|archive-date=December 31, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> An ''Institute of Medicine'' kan [[Estados Unidos]] iyo minarekomenda laban sa labing pagkonsumo kaini.<ref name="DRItext">{{cite book|title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids|publisher=The National Academies Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-309-06935-9|location=Washington, DC|pages=95–185|chapter=Vitamin C|access-date=September 1, 2017|chapter-url=https://www.nap.edu/read/9810/chapter/7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902180153/https://www.nap.edu/read/9810/chapter/7|archive-date=September 2, 2017|df=mdy-all|url-status=live}}</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Bitamina]] * [[Kolesterol]] * [[Carbohydrate]] == Panluwas na takod == {{Commons category|Ascorbic acid}} * {{cite web | title=Vitamin C Fact Sheet | website=U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]] | url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Vitaminc-HealthProfessional/ }} * {{cite web| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/ascorbic%20acid | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine| work = Drug Information Portal| title = Ascorbic acid }} == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Biyokimika]] 6tb4efgaabcv91hg40rq9reju412v1o 0 24503 309657 308895 2026-08-23T21:36:22Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Single_Polymer_Chains_AFM.jpg|thumb|204x204px|An hitsura nin totoong linyar na polimerikong kadena na nairekord gamit an atomikong pwersang mikroskopyo sa ibabaw nin sarong bagay, sagkod sa irarom nin likidong medyum. An kontor na laba nin kadena para sa polimerong ini iyo ~204&nbsp;nm; pagkahibog iyo ~0.4&nbsp;nm.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Y.|last1=Roiter|first2=S.|last2=Minko|doi=10.1021/ja0558239|title=AFM Single Molecule Experiments at the Solid-Liquid Interface: In Situ Conformation of Adsorbed Flexible Polyelectrolyte Chains|url=https://archive.org/details/american-chemical-society-journal_2005-11-16_127_45/page/15688|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=127|issue=45|pages=15688–15689|year=2005|pmid=16277495}}</ref>]] {{Quote box|title=Depinisyon nin IUPAC|quote=An polimero iyo sarong substansya na pigbibilog nin mga makromolekula.<ref>IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "[https://goldbook.iupac.org/P04735.html polymer]". doi:[https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.P04735 10.1351/goldbook.P04735]</ref> An makromolekula iyo sarong molekula nin halangkaw na relatibong molekular na gabat, an istraktura niya na esensyal na pigbibilog an dakulong repetisyon nin mga yunit iyo naguno, aktwal o konseptwal, gikan sa mga molekula nin hababang relatibong molekular na gabat.<ref>IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "[https://goldbook.iupac.org/M03667.html macromolecule (polymer molecule)]". doi:[https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M03667 10.1351/goldbook.M03667]</ref>|align=right|width=30%}} An '''polimero''' ([[Ingles]]: ''polymer'', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|l|ᵻ|m|ər}};<ref>{{cite web|title=Polymer – Definition of polymer|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/polymer|publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com|The Free Dictionary]]|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Define polymer|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/polymer|dictionary=[[Dictionary.com|Dictionary Reference]]|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> Griyego ''[[wikt:poly-|poly-]]'', "nagkapira" + ''[[wikt:-mer|-mer]]'', "parte") iyo sarong substansya o materyal na pigbibilog nin darakulaon na [[molekula]], o [[makromolekula]], na igwa nin nagkapirang mga uruutrong subyunit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/polymer|title=Polymer on Britannica}}</ref> Huli sa saindang mahiwas na ispektrum nin mga karakter,<ref name="PC1">{{cite book|title=Fundamentals of polymer science: an introductory text|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901566765595|last1=Painter|first1=Paul C.|last2=Coleman|first2=Michael M.|publisher=Technomic Pub. Co.|year=1997|isbn=978-1-56676-559-6|location=Lancaster, Pa.|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901566765595/page/1 1]}}</ref> parehas an mga sintetiko asin natural na polimero na minaakto nin esensyal asin lakop na ambag sa urualdaw na pagbuhay.<ref name="MBB1">{{cite book|title=Principles of polymer engineering|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofpoly0000mccr_2edi|last1=McCrum|first1=N. G.|last2=Buckley|first2=C. P.|last3=Bucknall|first3=C. B.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-19-856526-0|location=Oxford; New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofpoly0000mccr_2edi/page/1 1]}}</ref> == Etimolohiya asin uusipon == An terminong "polimero" iyo gikan sa taramong Griyego na πολύς (''polus'', boot-sabihon iyo "nagkapira") asin μέρος (''meros'', boot-sabihon iyo "parte"), asin minareperar sa darakulang mga [[molekula]] na an istraktura iyo pigbibilog nin dakulong mga uruutrong yunit, kun sain gikan an karakter na halangkaw na relatibong molekular na gabat asin pag-atendir na kaugalian.<ref>IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "[https://goldbook.iupac.org/M03667.html macromolecule (polymer molecule)]". doi:[https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M03667 10.1351/goldbook.M03667]</ref> An mga yunit na minabilog sa polimero iyo gikan, aktwal o konseptwal, hale sa molekula nin hababang relatibong molekular na gabat.<ref>IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "[https://goldbook.iupac.org/M03667.html macromolecule (polymer molecule)]". doi:[https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M03667 10.1351/goldbook.M03667]</ref> An termino iyo namokna kaidtong 1833 ni [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]], alagad an depinisyon iyo lain sa modernong depinisyon nin IUPAC.<ref>If two substances had molecular formulae such that one was an integer multiple of the other – e.g., acetylene (C₂H₂) and benzene (C₆H₆) – Berzelius called the multiple formula "polymeric". See: Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1833) "''Isomerie'', Unterscheidung von damit analogen Verhältnissen" (''Isomeric'', distinction from relations analogous to it), ''Jahres-Bericht über die Fortschitte der physischen Wissenschaften …'', '''12''': 63–67. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1vs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA64 From page 64]: "Um diese Art von Gleichheit in der Zusammensetzung, bei Ungleichheit in den Eigenschaften, bezeichnen zu können, möchte ich für diese Körper die Benennung ''polymerische'' (von ''πολυς'' mehrere) vorschlagen." (In order to be able to denote this type of similarity in composition [which is accompanied] by differences in properties, I would like to propose the designation "polymeric" (from ''πολυς'', several) for these substances.)<br />Originally published in 1832 in Swedish as: Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1832) "Isomeri, dess distinktion från dermed analoga förhållanden," ''Årsberättelse om Framstegen i Fysik och Kemi'', pages 65–70; the word "polymeriska" appears on [https://books.google.com/books?id=PZUHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA66 page 66].</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Jensen, William B.|year=2008|title=Ask the Historian: The origin of the polymer concept|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=85|issue=5|pages=624–625|doi=10.1021/ed085p624|url=http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/141.%20Polymer.pdf|bibcode=2008JChEd..85..624J|access-date=2013-03-04|archive-date=2018-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125718/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/141.%20Polymer.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=2018-06-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125718/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/141.%20Polymer.pdf}}</ref> An modernong konsepto nin mga polimero bilang kovalentong sugponang makromolekula na istraktura iyo pigsuhestyon kaidtong ni [[Hermann Staudinger]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Staudinger|first1=H|year=1920|title=Über Polymerisation|trans-title=On polymerization|language=de|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3481298;view=1up;seq=1283|journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume=53|issue=6|pages=1073–1085|doi=10.1002/cber.19200530627}}</ref> na iyo nagpadagos nin sunod na dekada sa paghanap nin eksperimental na ebidensya para sa hypothesis na ini.<ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary Polymer Chemistry|last1=Allcock|first1=Harry R.|last2=Lampe|first2=Frederick W.|last3=Mark|first3=James E.|publisher=Pearson Education|year=2003|isbn=978-0-13-065056-6|edition=3|page=21}}</ref> == Pormasyon asin karakter == [[Ladawan:Styrene-butadiene chain2.png|wala|thumb|An istraktura nin sarong styrene-butadiene na kadena, gikan sa molekular na simulasyon.|185x185px]] An mga polimero minarango hale sa pamilyar na [[Plastik|sintetikong plastik]] arug kan ''polysterene'' pasiring sa mga natural na biyopolimero arug kan [[DNA]] sagkod [[protina]] na iyo pundamental sa biyolohikal na istraktura asin paggana. An mga polimero, parehas natural asin sintetiko, iyo nahimo sa paagi nin [[polimerisasyon]] nin nagkapirang mga saraditon na molekula, na iyo bistado bilang [[monomero]]. An saindang konsekwentong dakulang molekular na gabat, na iyo relatibo sa sadit na molekulang kompuwesto, naghihimo nin unikong pisikal na karakter arug kan pagkatagas, halangkaw na elastisidad, viskoelastisidad, asin an tsansa nin makaporma nin amorpo sagkod semikristalikong istraktura imbes na mga kristal. == Pag-aadal asin importansya == An mga polimero iyo pig-aadalan sa mga lado nin polimerong siyensya (na iyo kabali an polimerong kimika asin polimerong pisika), biyopisika, asin materyal na siyensya sagkod inhenyeriya. Historikal na an mga produkto na minaluwas hale sa pagsugpon nin uru-utrong yunit nin kovalentong sugpong kimikal an primerong pokus nin polimerong siyensya. An sarong nagluluwas na importanteng kahiwasan ngunyan iyo minapokus sa supramolekular na polimero na naporma nin dae-kovalentong takod. An ''polyisoprene'' nin latex na goma iyo sarong halimbawa ni natural na polimero, sagkod an ''polystyrene'' nin ''styrofoam'' iyo sarong halimbawa nin sintetikong polimero. Sa biyolohikal na konteksto, esensyal na an gabos na biyolohikal na makromolekula—halimbawa an, [[protina]] (polyamides), [[nukleyikong asido]] (polynucleotides), asin an mga polisakarido—iyo purong polimeriko, o iyo pigbibilog sa dakulang parte nin polimerikong komposisyon. == Hilingon man == * [[Molekula]] * [[Protina]] * [[Plastik]] ==Panluwas na takod== {{Wiktionary|polymer}} * [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/468696 Polymer (chemistry)] sa Encyclopædia Britannica *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404053600/http://www.icdd.com/resources/tutorials/pdf/How%20to%20analyze%20polymers.pdf How to Analyze Polymers Using X-ray Diffraction] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080320034241/http://www.polymerchemistryhypertext.com/ Polymer Chemistry Hypertext, Educational resource] *[https://www.pslc.ws/macrog/index.htm The Macrogalleria] *[https://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=3484&printable=1 Introduction to Polymers] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090425134619/http://www.theotherpages.org/abbrev.html Glossary of Polymer Abbreviations] == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Organikong kimika]] fde7ohccvt7fye8ur4y70h04gzrqpov 0 24710 309716 279827 2026-08-23T22:38:27Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309716 wikitext text/x-wiki Si Bronwen Konecky sarong paleoclimatologist asin klimologo na an partikular na lugar nin pokus yaon kan nakaagi asin sa presente iyo an epekto kan klima sa mga tropiko.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://eos.org/agu-news/2019-agu-section-awardees-and-named-lecturers|title=2019 AGU Section Awardees and Named Lecturers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/bronwen-l-konecky|title=Learn more about Bronwen L. Konecky|language=en|access-date=2021-03-22|archive-date=2019-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923142230/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/bronwen-l-konecky|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://geosciencewomen.org/get-involved/identify-with-a-scientist/bronwen-konecky/|title=Bronwen Konecky – Progress|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-22|archive-date=2019-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923142200/https://geosciencewomen.org/get-involved/identify-with-a-scientist/bronwen-konecky/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> SYa sarong katabang na propesor sa Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences sa Unibersidad nin Washington sa St. Louis.ה. Washington University. Louis<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.futurity.org/rainwater-tropical-weather-climate-1978912-2/|title=Details inside raindrops hint at future water sources|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edukasyon Asin akademikong karera == Sa saiyang senyor na taon sa high-scholl, si Konecky nagkua nin A.P. Enviromental Science class na iyo an nag-agyat saiya na adalan an siyensya. Si Konecky nagresibe man nin B.A. sa Enviromental Science sa Barnard College kan Columbia University kan 2005. Kan 2010, nagtapos sya nin Sc.M. sa Geological Studies sa Brown University bago makaresibe nin Ph.D. sa Geological Studues hali sa parehong institusyon kan 2013. Sa Brown University, si Konecky nagin estudyante ni James M. Russel. An disertasyon ni Konecky na “Decadal to Orbital Scale Climate Change in the Indian Ocean Region: Precipitation Isotopic Perspectives from East Africa and Indonesia” nakatutok sa mga epektong pagbabago sa klima asin mga pag-uran sa rehiyon kan Kadagatan kan India sa paagi kan pag-adal kan stable isotopes para sa mga sedimento kan danaw. == Karera asin pagsiyasat == Makalihis na makagradwar sa Barnard College kan 2005, si Konecky nagpuon na magtrabaho sa African Millennium Villages Project bilang Environmental Research Coordinator. An obheto kan proyekto iyo an magtau nin tabang sa mga komunidad sa rural na Aprika na makahawas sa labing kapobrehan asin magpirmi sa proyekto hasta 2008. Kan 2013, nagtrabaho sya sa Cobb lab bilang postdoktoral na fellow sa [[:en:Georgia_Tech|Georgia Institute of Technology]]. Sa tahaw kan 2014 hasta 2016, si Konecky nagin [[:en:National_Science_Foundation|National Science Foundation]] Postdoctoral Fellow asin nagtatrabaho sa [[:en:Oregon_State_University|Oregon State University]] asin [[:en:University_of_Colorado_Boulder|University of Colorado Boulder]] bago magin pansaliksik na siyentista sa [[:en:Cooperative_Institute_for_Research_in_Environmental_Sciences|Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences]], University of Colorado Boulder. Pigkaptan nya an posisyon na ini nin sarong taon bago nagin katabang na propesro sa Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences sa Washington University in 2018, kun sain man sya nagtatrabaho hasta ngunyan. <ref name=":3"/> An panginot na mga langtad nin pagsiyasat ni Konecky iyo an Paleocliamolohiya, Climatolohiya asin Hydrogeology.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Influence of Competing Hydroclimate Processes on Stable Isotope Ratios in Tropical Rainfall}}</ref> Midbid sya sa saiyang gibuhon na pag - adal sa suanoy asin modernong uran sa tropiko, partikularmente sa palibot kan Dagat Indio asin sa Aprika. == Mga publikasyon == Kabale sa pinakasitadong mga publikasyon ni Konecky an: ** ''Upward range extension of Andean anurans and chytridiomycosis to extreme elevations in response to tropical deglaciation<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seimon|first8=Alex D.|issn=1365-2486|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01278.x|pages=288–299|issue=1|volume=13|language=en|journal=Global Change Biology|title=Upward range extension of Andean anurans and chytridiomycosis to extreme elevations in response to tropical deglaciation|date=2007|first9=Bronwen|last9=Konecky|last8=Hyatt|first=Tracie A.|first7=Preston|last7=Sowell|first6=César A.|last6=Aguilar|first5=Lisa M.|last5=Schloegel|first4=Stephan R. P.|last4=Halloy|first3=Peter|last3=Daszak|first2=Anton|last2=Seimon|bibcode=2007GCBio..13..288S}}</ref>'' ** ''The African Millennium Villages<ref name="Zamba 16775–167802">{{Cite journal|last=Zamba|first8=Frank|pmid=17942701|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.0700423104|pages=16775–16780|issue=43|volume=104|language=en|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|title=The African Millennium Villages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-10-23_104_43/page/16775|date=2007-10-23|first9=Herine|last9=Okoth|last8=Place|first=Colleen|first7=Sonia Ehrlich|last7=Sachs|first6=Amir|last6=Said|first5=David|last5=Siriri|first4=Awash|last4=Teklehaimanot|first3=Karen|last3=Wang|first2=Justine|last2=Wangila|pmc=2040451}}</ref>'' ** ''Using palaeo-climate comparisons to constrain future projections in CMIP5<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yiou|first8=S.|bibcode=2014CliPa..10..221S|issn=1814-9324|doi=10.5194/cp-10-221-2014|pages=221–250|issue=1|volume=10|language=English|journal=Climate of the Past|title=Using palaeo-climate comparisons to constrain future projections in CMIP5|date=2014-02-05|first9=B.|last9=Konecky|last8=Lovejoy|first=P.|first7=M. E.|last7=Mann|first6=V.|last6=Masson-Delmotte|first5=C.|last5=Risi|first4=D.|last4=Thompson|first3=A.|last3=Timmermann|first2=L.-B.|last2=Tremblay|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' ** ''Isotopic reconstruction of the African Humid Period and Congo Air Boundary migration at Lake Tana, Ethiopia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Kassandra|last2=Russell|first2=James|last3=Konecky|first3=Bronwen|last4=Lamb|first4=Henry|date=2014-01-01|title=Isotopic reconstruction of the African Humid Period and Congo Air Boundary migration at Lake Tana, Ethiopia|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=83|pages=58–67|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.031|issn=0277-3791|bibcode=2014QSRv...83...58C}}</ref>'' ** ''Atmospheric circulation patterns during late Pleistocene climate changes at Lake Malawi, Africa''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Atmospheric circulation patterns during late Pleistocene climate changes at Lake Malawi, Africa}}</ref> == Mga reperensya == 2mk8s4odsuak4g3btfpcu10k1lykfv1 0 24737 309737 309128 2026-08-23T22:59:06Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=350|image1=Deep Impact HRI.jpeg|alt1=Comet Tempel collides with Deep Impact's impactor|image2=67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko - Rosetta (32755885495).png|alt2=Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko orbited by Rosetta|image3=17pHolmes 071104 eder vga.jpg|alt3=Comet 17P/Holmes and its blue ionized tail|image4=Comet Wild2.jpg|alt4=Comet Wild 2 visited by Stardust probe|image5=Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997 hires adj.jpg|alt5=Hale–Bopp seen from Croatia in 1997|image6=Iss030e015472 Edit.jpg|alt6=Comet Lovejoy seen from orbit|footer= Mga Kometa – nukleyus, coma, asin an ikog: * Ibabaw: 9P/Tempel (impactor collision: ''Deep Impact''), asin 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (''Rosetta'') * Tahaw: 17P/Holmes asin an asul na iyonisong ikog, asin 81P/Wild (Wild 2) na pigbista kan ''Stardust'' * Irarom: An Hale–Bopp na nahiling sa Kinaban kan 1997, asin an C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) na nakuhaan gikan sa orbit kan Kinaban}} An '''kometa''' ([[Ingles]]: ''comet'') iyo sarong mayelo, sadit na lawas sa [[Sistemang Solar]] na kun minaagi harani sa [[Saldang]], nag-iinit sagkod nagpopoon na magluwas nin mga [[gas]], na iyo sarong proseso na inaapod na "outgassing". Nagmomokna ini nin nahihiling na atmospera o coma, asin minsan man iyo sarong ikog. An penomenang ini iyo huli sa epekto kan radiasyong solar asin an duros na solar na minaakto sa nukleyus kan kometa. An nukleyi kan kometa iyo minarango poon sa nagkapirang gatos na metro hasta sa sampolong kilometro asin iyo pigbibilog nin yelo, alpog, asin mga saradit na partikulo nin gapo. An coma pwedeng 15 na beses kan diyametro nin Kinaban, mientras an ikog iyo dae mababa sa sarong astronomikal na yunit. Kun yaon sa tamang liwanag, an kometa iyo mahihiling hale sa Kinaban nin dae gamit an teleskopyo asin pupuwedeng magpormanin arkong 30° (60 na Bulan) sa kalangitan. An mga kometa iyo naobserbahan na asin nairekord poon pa kan suanoy na panahon nin manlainlain na kultura. An mga kometa iyo harus igwang halangkaw na esentrikong eliptikal na orbit, asin may mahiwas na rango nin peryodong orbital, na minarango poon sa pipirang taon pasiring sa milyong taon. An mga halipotong peryodong kometa iyo gikan sa Kuiper belt o sa saiyang naka-asosyar na "scattered disc", na yayaon lagpas sa orbit nin [[Neptune]]. An mga haluyong peryodong kometa iyo pighohona na gikan sa Oort cloud, na iyo sarong isperikal na urap nin mga mayelong lawas na minalagpas gikan sa luwas nin Kuiper belt pasiring sa kabangaan sagkod sa pinakaharaning bitoonr.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs: The Astounding Interconnectedness of the Universe|url=https://archive.org/details/darkmatterdinosa0000rand|last=Randall|first=Lisa|date=2015|publisher=Ecco/HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-0-06-232847-2|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/darkmatterdinosa0000rand/page/104 104]–105}}</ref> An mga haluyong peryodong kometa iyo yaon sa mosyon pasiring sa Saldang gikan sa Oort cloud sa paagi nin mga grabitasyonal na perturbasyon na pigkawsa nin mga minaaging bitoon asin an galaktic na tide. An mga hyperbolikong kometa iyo pwedeng mag-agi sa kalaogang Sistemang Solar bago magpasiring sa inter-istelar na kahiwasan. An hitsura kan sarong kometa iyo inaapod na sarong aparisyon. An mga kometa iyo nabibisto gikan sa mga asteroid sa presensya nin sarong lagpas, grabitasyonal atmospera na minapatos sa sentral na nukleyus. An atmospera iyo may mga parte na pig-aapud na coma (an sentral na parte na minapatos sa nukleyus) asin an ikog (tipikal na linyar na seksyon na pigbibilog nin mga alpog o gas na pighayop gikan sa coma kan presyon nin liwanag kan Saldang o plasmang duros na solar). Alagad, an mga ekstintong kometa na nag-agi harani sa Saldang nin nagkapirang beses iyo nawaran na nin mga bolatilong yelo asin alpog sagkod iyo garu na sadit na asteroyd.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the difference between asteroids and comets|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Frequently_asked_questions|work=Rosetta's Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=European Space Agency|access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> An mga asteroyd iyo pighohona na may lain na ginikanan sa mga kometa, huli ta sinda iyo naporma sa laog kan orbit nin Jupiter imbes sa luwas kan Sistemang Solar.<ref>{{cite web|title=What Are Asteroids And Comets|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast|work=Near Earth Object Program FAQ|publisher=NASA|access-date=30 July 2013|archive-date=9 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909210213/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Comparison of Comet 81P/Wild 2 Dust with Interplanetary Dust from Comets|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-01-25_319_5862/page/447|first7=N. D.|bibcode=2008Sci...319..447I|pmid=18218892|doi=10.1126/science.1150683|date=2008|pages=447–50|issue=5862|volume=319|journal=Science|display-authors=1|first8=F.|last8=Molster|last7=Browning|last1=Ishii|first6=M. J.|last6=Burchell|first5=A. T.|last5=Kearsley|first4=M.|last4=Chi|first3=Z. R.|last3=Dai|first2=J. P.|last2=Bradley|first1=H. A.|s2cid=24339399}}</ref> An pagkadiskobre kan main-belt comets asin an aktibong centaur na menor na planeta iyo nagpalibog sa distinksyon sa tahaw nin mga asteroyd asin kometa. Sa kaamayan nin ika-21 na siglo, an pagkadiskobre nin pirang mga menor na lawas na may halabang-peryodo na orbit kan kometa, pero may karakter nin mga asteroyd sa laog kan sistemang solar, iyo inaapod na "Manx comets". Pigkaklasipika sinda bilang mga kometa, arug kan C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?orb=1;sstr=2014+S3|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS)}}</ref> Mga 27 na Manx comet an nadiskobre poon 2013 hasta 2017.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chasing Manxes: Long-Period Comets Without Tails|last7=Wainscoat|volume=49|date=October 2017|at=420.02|display-authors=1|first10=Devendra|last10=Sahu|first9=Bhuwan|last9=Bhatt|first8=Marco|last8=Micheli|first7=Richard J.|first6=Bin|journal=AAA/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts #49|last6=Yang|first5=Olivier|last5=Hainaut|first4=Jacqueline|last4=Keane|first3=Jan|last3=Kleyna|first2=Karen Jean|last2=Meech|first1=Haynes|last1=Stephens|bibcode=2017DPS....4942002S}}</ref> Hasta Hulyo 2019, igwa nin aram na 6,619 kometa,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/sslist.html|title=Known populations of solar system objects|website=JohnstonsArchive.net|first=William Robert|last=Johnston|date=13 July 2019|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref> sarong numero na padagos na naglalangkaw. Alagad, pigrerepresenta sana kaini an saditong porsyento nin total na potensyal na populasyon kan kometa, huli ta an gunuan nin mga garu kometang lawas sa panluwas na Sistemang Solar (sa Oort cloud) iiyo pig-eestima bilang sarong trilyon.<ref name="Erickson2003">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwbivW5YKoYC&pg=PA123|title=Asteroids, Comets, and Meteorites: Cosmic Invaders of the Earth|last=Erickson|first=Jon|date=2003|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-0-8160-4873-1|series=The Living Earth|location=New York|page=123}}</ref><ref name="Couper2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXkRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|title=The Planets: The Definitive Guide to Our Solar System|last1=Couper|first1=Heather|last2=Dinwiddie|first2=Robert|last3=Farndon|first3=John|last4=Henbest|first4=Nigel|last5=Hughes|first5=David W.|last6=Sparrow|first6=Giles|last7=Stott|first7=Carole|last8=Stuart|first8=Colin|date=2014|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=978-1-4654-3573-6|location=London|page=222|display-authors=1}}</ref> Harus sarong kometa kada taon an nahihiling kan mata, maski ngani an pira kaini iyo malibog asin bakong ispektakular.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1006/icar.1998.6048|title=The Rate of Naked-Eye Comets from 101 BC to 1970 AD|date=1999|last1=Licht|first1=A.|journal=Icarus|volume=137|issue=2|pages=355–356|bibcode=1999Icar..137..355L}}</ref> Partikular na mga maliwanag na halimbawa iyo an inaapod na "great comets". An mga kometa iyo nabisita na kan mga mayong tawo na probe arug kan ''Rosetta'' nin European Space Agency, na iyo an pinakaenot na makapasiring nin sarong robotikong spacecraft sa sarong kometa,<ref name="Philae">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Touchdown!_Rosetta_s_Philae_probe_lands_on_comet|title=Touchdown! Rosetta's Philae Probe Lands on Comet|publisher=European Space Agency|date=12 November 2014|access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> asin an ''Deep Impact'' kan NASA, na iyo nagpasabog nin crater sa Kometang Tempel 1 para pag-adalan an interyor kaini. == Hilingon man == * [[Asteroyd]] * [[Bulalakaw]] * [[Planeta]] == Mga panluwas na takod == {{commons category|Comets}} * {{curlie|Science/Astronomy/Solar_System/Small_Bodies/Comets/|Comets}} * [https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/small-bodies/comets/overview/ Comets] at NASA's Solar System Exploration * [http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/ International Comet Quarterly] by Harvard University * [http://smallbodies.ru/en/ Catalogue of the Solar System Small Bodies Orbital Evolution] * [https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/watch-play/demos/make-a-comet Science Demos: Make a Comet] by the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory * [https://bibnum.obspm.fr/exhibits/show/cometes Comets: from myths to reality], exhibition on Paris Observatory digital library == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Astronomiya]] 1negiqrq888d5vkhkx37ls62errzh1t 0 24739 309525 259679 2026-08-23T19:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 8 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309525 wikitext text/x-wiki An pagbabago sa klima iyo an ano man na mahalagang halawig na pagkaliwat sa linalaoman na arogan, baga man huli sa natural na pagkalaenlaen o bilang resulta kan aktibidad nin tawo. An mga kamugtakan sa palibot may mahalagang marhay na kabtang sa pagdigta sa pagpunsionar asin pagdistribwir nin mga tinanom, na nakikipagkombinar sa iba pang dahelan. An mga halawig na pagbabago sa mga kamugtakan sa palibot na sa kagabsan inaapod na pagbabago sa klima maaraman na nagkaigwa nin dakulaon na epekto sa presenteng mga ugale nin laen - laen na klase nin tinanom; An dugang pang mga epekto linalaoman sa ngapit.<ref name="SahneyBentonFalconLang 2010RainforestCollapse">{{Cite journal|author=Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J.|year=2010|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2010-12_38_12/page/1079|journal=Geology|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|volume=38|pages=1079–1082|issue=12}}</ref> Ihinula na an pagbabago sa klima magdadanay na saro sa mayor na mga drayber kan mga unibersidad sa ngapit.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dadamouny, M.A.|title=Trends of climate with rapid change in Sinai, Egypt|journal=Journal of Water and Climate Change|doi=10.2166/wcc.2015.215|volume=7|issue=2|pages=jwc2015215}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=287|issue=5459|pages=1770–4|doi=10.1126/science.287.5459.1770}}</ref> Sa presente pinoponan nin mga hiro-hiro nin tawo an ikaanom na mayor na pagpoho na naheling kan satong kinaban, na liniliwat an pagwaras asin pagkadakol kan mga tinanom.<ref name="Chapin III 234–242">{{Cite journal|author=Chapin III|title=Consequences of changing biodiversity|journal=Nature|volume=405|issue=6783|pages=234–242|doi=10.1038/35012241}}</ref> == Kontekstong palaeo == [[Ladawan:Daintree_Rainforest.JPG|wala|thumb|304x304px| Kapanahunan sa Australia: An sarong sistema nin ekolohiya na midbid na dakula an pagkaolakit sa lugar na iyan sa dai pa sana nahahaloy na geolohikong panahon bilang resulta nin mga pagbabago sa kulmatika.]] [[File:Last Glacial Maximum Vegetation Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last Glacial Maximum Vegetation Map.svg|wala|thumb|260x260px|Map of global vegetation distributions during the last [[:en:Glacial_maximum|glacial maximum]]]] An Kinaban daing ontok na nagbabago an klima kan panahon poon pa kan enot na tumubo an mga tinanom. Kun ikokomparar sa presenteng aldaw, an historyang ini ibinilang an Kinaban na mas malipot, mas mainit, mas mara asin mas basa, asin CO2(carbon dioxide) mas halangkaw sagkod mas hababa.<ref>Dunlop, M., & Brown, P.R. (2008) Implications of climate change for Australia’s National Reserve System: A preliminary assessment. Report to the Department of Climate Change, February 2008. Department of Climate Change, Canberra, Australia</ref> An mga pagbabagong ini mahihiling sa daing ontok na pagbago nin mga tinanom, halimbawa an mga komunidad nin kadlagan na nagdodominar sa kadaklan na lugar sa mga panahon nin pag - oltanan, asin mamasitas na mga komunidad na nagdodominar durante kan mga panahon nin gradwal. Ipinaheling na an nakaaging pagliliwat sa kulminasyon nagin mayor na drayber kan mga proseso nin pagbanabana asin pagpoho.<ref name="SahneyBentonFalconLang 2010RainforestCollapse"/> An pinakamidbid na halimbawa kaini iyo an Carboniferus Rainforst CollapSe na nangyari 350 milyones na taon na an nakaagi. An pangyayaring ini nagpabagsak sa populasyon nin mga ampibia asin nagpahiro sa ebolusyon nin mga reptilia. == Modernong konteksto == Igwa nin dakulang interes asin pagsiyasat sa presente na nakasentro sa pangyayari nin bago pa sanang antropograpikong mga pagbabago sa klima, o pag - init kan globo. An pokus iyo an pagmidbid sa presenteng mga epekto nin klima na binabago an biodibersidad, asin paghula kan mga epektong ini sa ngapit. Kabale sa pagbago kan mga pagkakalaen sa klima na may koneksion sa pagpunsionar asin pagdistribwir nin mga tinanom an nag - oorog na mga konsentrasyon sa CO2, nag - oorog na panglobong temperatura, pagbabago sa presipitasyon, asin liniwat na mga pagbabago sa mga arogan nin "grabeng" panahon na arog baga nin mga buhawi, kalayo o bagyo. Manlaenlaen na klase nin pagdistribwir an ibinunga kan laen - laen na modelo nin pagbabago sa bioklimatiko.<ref>W. Thuiller et al., Nature 430, 10.1038/nature02716(2004).</ref> Huli ta an indibiduwal na mga tinanom asin kun siring mga klase daing ibang magigibo kundi magpunsionar sa pisilohikong paagi, asin mapangganang taposon an saindang mga siklo nin buhay sa irarom nin espesipikong mga kamugtakan sa palibot (dating nasa irarom kan mga ini), an mga pagbabago sa klima posibleng magkaigwa nin dakulang mga epekto sa mga tinanom poon sa sokol kan indibiduwal sagkod sa sokol kan ekolohiya o biomya. === Mga epekto kan CO2 === [[Ladawan:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg|too|thumb|280x280px|An dai pa sana nahahaloy na mga pag - oswag sa atmosperang CO2.]] Padagos na nagdadakul an konsentrasyon nin CO2 sa laog nin labing duwang siglo. An mga pag - oswag sa atmosperang CO2 nakakaapektar sa kun paano an mga tinanom magtalubo, na nagreresulta sa pagdakol kan tubig sa tinanom nagkakaipo nin pagigin episiente, mas dakol na kapasidad sa pagtalubo asin pag - oswag.<ref>Steffen, W. & Canadell, P. (2005). ‘Carbon Dioxide Fertilisation and Climate Change Policy.’ 33 pp. Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of Environment and Heritage: Canberra</ref> An nag - orog na CO2 naimbuelto sa "paghibog nin mga tinanom" na nakaaapektar sa estruktura asin pagpunsionar kan komunidad nin mga pananom.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Vegetation thickening in an ecological perspective: significance to national greenhouse gas inventories|journal=Environmental Science & Policy|volume=4|issue=2–3|pages=59–72|year=2001|doi=10.1016/S1462-9011(00)00109-X}}</ref> Depende sa palibot, igwa nin manlaenlaen na reaksion sa halangkaw na atmosperang CO2 sa pag - oltanan nin mayor na "mga klase nin tanom, arog baga kan C3 asin C4 tinanom, o mas kadikit na klase nin kahoy; na igwa nin potensial sa iba pang bagay na liwaton an kompetisyon kan mga grupong ini.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?|journal=Trends Ecol. Evol.|volume=14|issue=4|pages=135–9|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01554-7}}</ref> An nag - orog na CO2 puede man na sumagkod sa pag - orog kan Carbon: Nitrogen proporsion sa mga dahon nin mga tinanom o sa iba pang aspekto nin chemistry sa dahon, na posibleng magriribay nin herbivore na nutrisyon. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Enhanced CO₂ alters the relationship between photosynthesis and defence in cyanogenic ''Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell.''|journal=Plant Cell Environ.|volume=21|pages=12–22|year=1998|doi=10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00258.x}}</ref> Ipinapaheling kan mga pagsiyasat na an dobleng mga konsentrasyon nin CO2 magpapaheling nin pagdakol nin pagtalubo sa C3 na tinanom alagad bakong sa C4 na mga tiananom.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Photosynthesis of C3 and C4 Species in Response to Increased CO 2 Concentration and Drought Stress|journal=HAYATI Journal of Biosciences|volume=12|issue=4|pages=131–138|doi=10.1016/s1978-3019(16)30340-0}}</ref> Minsan siring, ipinaheheling man na an mga tinanom na C4 mas kayang magpadagos sa panahon na tigmara kisa mga tanom na C3. ==== Mga epekto nin temperatura ==== [[Ladawan:2005_surface_temperature_anomaly.jpg|too|thumb|200x200px|An lakop sa globong taonan na temperatura kan 2005, na konektado sa 1951-1980 nangangahulogan]] An mga pag - oswag sa temperatura ilinalangkaw an rikas nin dakol na pisiolohikong proseso arog baga kan photosynthesis sa mga tinanom, sagkod sa itaas, depende sa klase nin tinanom. An mga pag - oswag na ini sa photosynthesis asin iba pang mga prosesong pisiolohiko pinahihiro nin nag - oorog na kemikal na mga reaksion asin biyong pagdakol nin entusiastikong mga produksion para sa kada 10&nbsp;°C pagdakol nin temperatura.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wolfenden|first1=Richard|last2=Snider|first2=Mark|last3=Ridgway|first3=Caroline|last4=Miller|first4=Brian|title=The Temperature Dependence of Enzyme Rate Enhancements|url=https://archive.org/details/american-chemical-society-journal_1999-08-18_121_32/page/7419|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=121|issue=32|pages=7419–7420|doi=10.1021/ja991280p|year=1999}}</ref> An grabeng temperatura puedeng makadanyar kun lampas na sa pisyolohikong mga limitasyon nin sarong tinanom na pag - abot nin panahon maresulta sa mas halangkaw na kabilangan nin mga desikasyon. An sarong komun na teoriya nin mga sientista iyo na pag mas mainit an lugar, mas halangkaw an pagkalaenlaen kan tinanom. An teoriyang ini maririsa sa natural na kapalibotan, na kun saen an mas halangkaw na klase nin tanom parateng manonompongan sa nagkapirang latitudes (na sa parate may kaibang espesipikong klimang temperatura).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Climate, energy and diversity|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=273|issue=1599|pages=2257–2266|doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3545|year=2006}}</ref> ==== Mga epekto nin tubig ==== [[Ladawan:US_precipitation_trends.gif|wala|thumb|238x238px|May dalagan nin pag - andam sa Estados Unidos, poon kan panahon nin 1901-2005. Sa nagkapirang lugar an oran nag - oran kan nakaaging siglo, mantang an nagkapirang lugar naalang.]] Mantang an suplay nin tubig mahalagang marhay sa pagtalubo nin tinanom, iyan may pangenot na kabtang sa pagdeterminar sa pagwaras nin mga tinanom. An mga pagbabago sa presipitasyon ihinula na bakong gayong pabarobago kisa sa temperatura asin mas laen - laen sa pag - oltanan nin mga rehion, na may mga prediksion na an nagkapirang lugar magigin matubig na maray, asin an nagkapira mas alang.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Climate Assessment}}</ref> An pagliliwat sa pagkaigwa nin tubig magpapaheling nin direktang korelasyon sa rikas nin pagtalubo asin paguswag kan mga klase nin tinanom sa rehion na iyan. Mantang daing pagliwatliwat, an mas makosog na pag - oran nin tubig magkakaigwa nin direktang epekto sa alumaad kan daga sa sarong lugar. An pag - ina sa alumaad kan daga magkakaigwa nin negatibong epekto sa pagtalubo kan tinanom, na binabago an dinamikong sistema sa ekolohiya sa kabilogan. An mga tinanom nagsasarig bako sanang sa total na oran durante kan panahon nin pagtalubo, kundi pati sa kosog asin kadakulaan kan kada pag - oran.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Porporato|title=Soil Water Balance and Ecosystem Response to Climate Change|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=164|issue=5|pages=625–632|doi=10.1086/424970}}</ref> ==== Pankagabsan na mga epekto ==== An pagkakalain - lain sa istaran dai ibinubulag, kundi paglaban sa iba pang mga panggigipit arog kan pagkaraot kan istaran, pagkawara nin istaran, asin pag - introdusir nin mga klase na puwedeng makaraot. Isinusuherir na an ibang drayber na ini nin pagliliwat sa biodibersidad mahiro na may pag uyon sa klima tanganing dugangan an impluwensia sa mga klase tanganing mabuhay. Mantang nadadagdagan an mga pagbabagong ini, an satong pankagabsan na sistema nin ekolohiya ihinula na magigin laen na marhay kesa pagheling kaiyan ngonyan. == An direktang mga epekto nin pagbago sa klima == === Mga pagbabago sa pagdistribwir === [[Ladawan:Alpineplantssweden.jpg|wala|thumb|200x200px|An puon nin Pine tree na nagrerepresentar sa sarong halangkaw na kahoy na 105 metros an langkaw sa peryodo kan 1915-1974. Nipfjːllet, Sweden]] Kun an mga dahelan kan pagbabago sa klima arog baga kan temperatura asin presipitasyon maliliwat sa sarong rehiyon na lihis pa kaya kan sarong klase plastipiko kun siring an mga pagbabago kan mga klase dai maiiwasan. Igwa na nin ebidensia na an mga klase nin tinanom nagbabago kan saindang mga ranggo sa kalangkawan asin latitud bilang reaksion sa pagbago nin rehiyonal na mga klima.<ref name="Parmesan03">{{Cite journal|title=A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-01-02_421_6918/page/37|journal=Nature|volume=421|issue=6918|pages=37–42|date=January 2003|pmid=12511946|doi=10.1038/nature01286}}</ref><ref name="Walther02">{{Cite journal|title=Ecological responses to recent climate change|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-03-28_416_6879/page/n76|journal=Nature|volume=416|issue=6879|pages=389–95|date=March 2002|pmid=11919621|doi=10.1038/416389a}}</ref> Pero depisil ihula kun paano mababago an mga espesya bilang simbag sa klima asin ibubulag an mga pagbabagong ini sa gabos na iba pang pagbabago sa palibot na arog baga nin eutropikasyon, oran na may asido asin pagkaraot kan istaran.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Going against the flow: potential mechanisms for unexpected downslope range shifts in a warming climate|journal=Ecography|volume=33|pages=295–303|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06279.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Some poleward movement of British native vascular plants is occurring, but the fingerprint of climate change is not evident|journal=PeerJ|volume=1|issue=e77|pages=e77|doi=10.7717/peerj.77|pmid=23734340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Historical changes in the distributions of invasive and endemic marine invertebrates are contrary to global warming predictions: the effects of decadal climate oscillations|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=37|issue=3|pages=423–431|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02218.x}}</ref> Kun ikokomparar sa ibinaretang kabilangan nin mga klase nin tinanom sa nakaaging mga pagbalyo, an marikas na pagbabago sa presenteng panahon igwa nin potensial sa bako sanang pagdistribwir nin bagong mga espesya, kundi nagtatao man nin dakol na klase na dai kayang sunodon an klima kun sain sinda ibinabagay.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Range shifts and adaptive responses to Quaternary climate change|journal=Science|volume=292|issue=5517|pages=673–9|doi=10.1126/science.292.5517.673}}</ref> An mga kamugtakan sa palibot na hinahagad nin nagkapirang klase, arog baga kan mga nasa alpine na rehion tibaad biyo nang mawara. An resulta kan mga pagbabagong ini posibleng marhay na magparikas sa padagos na pagkapara.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Extinction risk from climate change|journal=Nature|volume=427|issue=6970|pages=145–8|doi=10.1038/nature02121}}</ref> An pakikibagay sa bagong mga kamugtakan puede man na magin mahalagang marhay sa reaksion nin mga tinanom.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Running to stand still: adaptation and the response of plants to rapid climate change|journal=Ecol. Lett.|volume=8|issue=9|pages=1010–20|year=2005|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00796.x}}</ref> Minsan siring, bakong pasil an prediksion sa pagkapara kan mga klase nin tinanom. Halimbawa, an mga pangyayari hale sa nagkapirang panahon nin marikas na pagbago sa kulminasyon kan nakaagi nagpapahiling nin kadikit na klase nin pagkapara sa nagkapirang rehion.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Forecasting the effects of global warming on biodiversity|journal=BioScience|volume=57|issue=3|pages=227–36|doi=10.1641/B570306}}</ref> An kaaraman kun paano an mga klase puedeng makibagay o magdanay sa atubangan nin marikas na pagbabago limitado pa man giraray. An mga pagbabago sa pagigin angay nin sarong istaran para sa mga klase nagmamaneho nin pagdistribwir nin mga pagbabago bako sanang paagi nin pagbago kan lugar na puedeng konsintihon nin mga klase, kundi kun gurano iyan kaepektibong pakikipagdaogan sa ibang tinanom sa laog kan lugar na ini. Kun siring, an mga pagbabago sa komposisyon nin komunidad linalaoman man na resulta nin pagbabago sa klima. === Pagbabago sa siklo nin buhay (penolohiya) === An panahon nin mga penolohiyang pangyayari sa pananom arog baga kan pamumurak parateng konektado sa mga pagkakalaen sa palibot na arog baga kan temperatura. Kun siring an nagbabagong mga kamugtakan linalaoman na magiya sa mga pagbabago sa mga pangyayari sa buhay, asin an mga ini irinekord para sa dakol na klase nin tinanom.<ref name="Parmesan03"/> An mga pagbabagong ini may potensial na gumiya sa pagbabago sa pag - oltanan nin mga klase, o liwaton an kompetisyon sa pag - oltanan nin mga tinanom. Halimbawa, nagbago an mga panahon sa mga tanom na Britano, na nagreresulta sa taonan na mga tinanom na nagbobolos nin mas amay kisa sa mga perenyal, asin an mga tinanom na napopolbos nin mas amay kisa sa mga tinanom na pinapaanom nin doros; May potensial na mga resulta sa ekolohiya.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 2002|title=Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-05-31_296_5573/page/1689|journal=Science|volume=296|issue=5573|pages=1689–91|doi=10.1126/science.1071617|pmid=12040195}}</ref> An bago pa sanang ipublikar na pag - adal naggamit nin impormasyon na isinurat kan parasurat asin naturalistang si Henry David Thoreau tanganing patunayan an mga epekto nin klima sa penolohiya nin nagkapirang klase sa lugar nin Concord, Massachusetts.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2008|title=Phylogenetic patterns of species loss in Thoreau's woods are driven by climate change|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2008-11-04_105_44/page/17029|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=105|issue=44|pages=17029–33|doi=10.1073/pnas.0806446105|pmid=18955707}}</ref> === Manlainlain na gentil === An pagigin mayaman asin espeyal kan mga klase nin pananom, may mahalagang marhay na kabtang sa kun gurano karikas asin kabunga an sarong sistema nin ekolohiya na puedeng makaadaptar sa pagbabago.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2013|title=Climate-change impacts on ecological systems: introduction to a US assessment|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|volume=11|issue=9|pages=456–464|doi=10.1890/120310}}</ref>Dugang pa sa posibilidad na pagkawara kan populasyon dahil sa mga pangyayari sa panahon, an henetikong pagkalaenlaen sa populasyon pwedeng mabawasan.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-12-20|title=The impact of global climate change on genetic diversity within populations and species|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=22|issue=4|pages=925–946|doi=10.1111/mec.12152|pmid=23279006}}</ref> Mantang an henetikong pagkalaenlaen sarong pangenot na nagkokontribwir sa kun paano puedeng mag - ebolusyon an sarong sistema nin ekolohiya, an sistema nin ekolohiya mas madali nanggad na makua huli ta an kada indibiduwal magigin kaagid kan masunod. An kadaihan nin henetikong mga pagliliwat asin pag - ina sa mga klase nagpapaoswag na marhay sa posibilidad na mapara.<ref name="Chapin III 234–242"/> An paghale kan sarong tinanom sa saiyang palibot nagdodoon na dugangan niya an saiyang plastipiko, na nagpapangyari sa mga klase na magbago nin mas marikas kisa ihinula.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Plant phenotypic plasticity in a changing climate|journal=Trends in Plant Science|volume=15|issue=12|pages=684–692|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2010.09.008}}</ref> An plastik na mga simbag na ini matabang sa mga tinanom na maghimate sa marikas na nagbabagong mga kamugtakan. An pakasabot sa pagkaliwat kan propiong mga kamugtakan bilang reaksion sa palibot makatatabang na makagibo nin mga konklusyon kun ano an magigin reaksion nin magkaparehong relasyon. == An indirektang mga epekto nin pagbago sa klima == An gabos na klase posibleng marhay na direktang maaapektaran kan mga pagkaliwat sa mga kamugtakan sa palibot na pinag - olayan sa enotan, asin siring man nin indirekta paagi sa saindang mga interaksion sa iba pang klase. Minsan ngani an direktang mga epekto tibaad mas pasil na ihula asin imahinaron, posibleng marhay na an indirektang mga epekto mahalaga man sa pagdeterminar sa reaksion kan mga tinanom sa pagbago kan klima.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population Ecology of ''Moringa peregrina'' growing in Southern Sinai, Egypt.|pages=205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Impact of Improved Soil Properties on Establishment of ''Moringa peregrina'' seedlings and trial to decrease its Mortality Rate.}}</ref> An mga klase na an pagdistribwir bilang direktang resulta nin pagbago sa klima puedeng "magliwat kan sokol nin ibang klase o ' pagsakyada, na nag - introdusir nin bagong relasyon na may kompetisyon o liniwat an iba pang proseso na arog baga nin pagkuenta sa karbon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Study: As Climate Changes, Boreal Forests to Shift North and Relinquish More Carbon Than Expected {{!}} Berkeley Lab|date=2013-05-05}}</ref> Sa Europa, an temperatura asin presipitasyon huli sa pagbabago sa klima puedeng bakong direktang makaapektar sa nagkapirang populasyon nin mga tawo. An paglataw nin temperatura asin kadaihan nin presipitasyon nagreresulta sa laen - laen na lansangan nin salog, asin iniinaan an mga populasyon nin mga tawo na sensitibo sa peligro nin baha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Direct and indirect impacts of climate and socio-economic change in Europe: a sensitivity analysis for key land- and water-based sectors|journal=Climatic Change|volume=128|issue=3–4|pages=261–277|doi=10.1007/s10584-014-1313-y}}</ref> An pagkakapareho nin sarong simbiotikong pungus na konektado sa mga gamot tibaad direktang magbago bilang resulta nin liniwat na klima, na nagreresulta sa pagbabago sa pagdistribwir kan tinanom.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Craine|title=Global patterns of foliar nitrogen isotopes and their relationships with climate, mycorrhizal fungi, foliar nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen availability|journal=New Phytologist|volume=183|issue=4|pages=980–992|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02917.x}}</ref> An sarong bagong doot puedeng lumakop sa sarong rehion, asin liwaton an rehimen nin kalayo asin liwaton na marhay an mga klase. An sarong patogen o parasito puedeng bagohon an mga interaksion sa sarong tinanom, arog baga kan mga patogenik na pungus na nagigin mas ordinaryo na sana sa sarong lugar kun saen nagdadakol an oran. An nag - orog na temperatura tibaad magtogot sa mga erbiyoso na magpahiwas pasiring sa mga rehiyon alpine, na dakula an epekto sa kompuwesto sa mga tanuman sa alpine. An kompuwesto nin natural asin mga sistema nin tawo nagseserbing mga sistema na nagliliwat sa mahiwas na pagbanabana asin temporal na mga sokol na sa parate ibinibilang na bakong direktang mga epekto nin pagbabago sa klima. Nangorognang totoo ini kun nag - aanalisar sa mga sistema nin pagkasobra. [[:en:Environmental_factor#Socioeconomic_Drivers|Environmental factor#Socioeconomic Drivers]] == Mas halangkaw na grado nin mga pagbabago == An mga espesya minasimbag sa laen - laen na marhay na paagi sa pagbago nin klima. An pagkakalaen sa pagdistribwir, an penolohiya asin kadakoldakol na klase magiya pasiring sa dai malilikayan na mga pagbabago sa medyo abundang klase asin sa saindang mga interaksion. An mga pagbabagong ini mabolos tanganing makaapektar sa estruktura asin pagpunsionar nin mga sistema nin ekolohiya.<ref name="Walther02"/> An mga patern kan pagbalyo kan mga gamgam sa ibang lugar nagpapaheling na nin pagbabago sa mas amay na paglayog sa timog, asin mas amay na pagbalik, ini puedeng makaapektar sa pankagabsan na sistema nin ekolohiya. Kun an mga gamgam mahale nin mas amay pa maina ini sa rikas nin pollinasyon nin nagkapirang tinanom sa pag - agi nin panahon. An obserbasyon kan mga pagbalyo nin gamgam mas ebidensia kan pagbago kan klima, na maresulta sa pagbolos nin mga tinanom sa laen - laen na panahon.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2002|title=Ecological responses to recent climate change|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-03-28_416_6879/page/n76|journal=Nature|volume=416|issue=6879|pages=389–395|doi=10.1038/416389a|pmid=11919621}}</ref> May nagkapirang klase nin tinanom na may disbentaha sa mas mainit na klima, an saindang mga parabariwas na insekto tibaad mauntok man.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2002|title=Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores|url=https://archive.org/details/global-change-biology_2002-01_8_1/page/1|journal=Global Change Biology|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00451.x}}</ref> An temperatura direktang makakaapektar sa pagkalaenlaen, pagkadesidido asin pagkatadang buhay kapwa sa mga tinanom asin sa saindang mga erbiyos na insekto. Kun paanong nag - iina an mga erbiyosong ini, siring man an mas haralangkaw na klase nin klase nin espesya na makakan kan mga insektong iyan. An nakadadanyar na pangyayaring ini makadadanyar sa satong daga asin kun paano niato minamansay an naturalesa ngonyan. == Mga kadepisilan sa pagkaigwa nin arogan na mga epekto sa ngapit == An eksaktong mga prediksion sa maabot na mga epekto kan pagkaliwat nin klima sa pagkalaenlaen nin mga tinanom mahalaga sa pagtalubo nin mga estratehiya sa konserbasyon. An mga prediksion na ini sa kadaklan hale sa mga estratehiya sa bioinaformat, na kalabot an modelong indibiduwal na mga klase, mga grupo nin mga klase na arog baga nin "mga funsionar na tipo," mga komunidad, ekolohiya o mga biomiya. Puede man na kalabot dian an paggibo nin arogan na mga klase na naheheling an palibot, o pagmasid sa pisyolohikong mga proseso. Minsan ngani kapakipakinabang, an modelo igwa nin dakol na limitasyon. Enot, igwa nin pagkadaing kasegurohan manongod sa mga kamugtakan sa ngapit na sukol kang nakakaraot na alisngaw nin gas na nagpapadalagan nin klima asin nin dakulang kawaran nin kasegurohan sa pag - arog kun paano ini makakaapektar sa ibang aspekto nin klima na arog baga nin lokal na oran o temperatura.<ref>Solomon, S., et al. (2007). Technical Summary. In ‘Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’. (Eds. S. Solomon, et al.) pp. 19-91, [[Cambridge University Press]]: Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. </ref> Para sa kadaklan kan mga espesya, an halaga nin espesipikong mga pagkakalaen sa pagdidistribwir (e.g. minimum na oran o pinakapundamental na temperatura) dai aram. Depisil man na maaraman kun arin na mga aspekto nin sarong partikular na kulminasyon an pinakaimportante, arog baga kan katamtaman kontra pinakadakol o pinakadikit. An mga proseso sa ekolohiya na arog baga kan mga interaksion sa pag - oltanan nin mga klase asin pagsuruwaysuway saka distansia natural man na komplikado, dugang pang komplikadong mga prediksion. An pagpaoswag sa mga modelo sarong aktibong lugar nin pagsiyasat, na may bagong mga modelo na nagpoprobar na kuanon an mga bagay na arog baga kan mga ugale sa buhay sa mga klase o proseso na arog baga nin pagbalyo nin lugar kun patienot na naggigibo nin mga pagbabago sa pagdistribwir; minsan ngani rinerekonoser an posibleng pagkaeksakto sa negosyo sa pag - oltanan nin mga rehiyon asin pankagabsan.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Predicting global change impacts on plant species' distributions: Future challenges|journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics|volume=9|issue=3–4|pages=137–52|doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2007.09.004}}</ref> Ihinula man an pagbago kan klima na makikiiba sa iba pang drayber nin biodibersidad nagbago arog baga kang pagkaraot kang istaran o pra, o pag - introdusir nin ibang klase. An mga humang ini tibaad humiro na may sinerhiya tanganing dugangan an peligrong mapoho sa mga panahon nin marikas na pagbago nin klima kan nakaagi. == Toltolan ==  {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * (2008) An gobyerno nagreport manongod sa mga epekto nin klima liniwat an agrikultura, mga kayamanan kan daga, rekurso sa tubig, asin biodiverniversity sa Estados Unidos. * (2003) An Sumaryo nagreport hale sa internasyonal na komperensia sa Global Clime Clime Clige and Biodiversity, Mointure Nation Conservation Committee. * (2008) An pag - orolay manongod sa ngapit nin modelong klima nagliliwat nin mga epekto sa mga klase nin tinanom. sa mga website nin thuiller. Encyclopedia.D. Dapit sa ngapit nin modelong klima na nagliliwat nin mga epekto sa mga klase nin tinanom. * (2005) The Milenyo Ecosystem Assemento, kaiba an pagpaliwanag sa mga epekto nin pagbago nin klima sa biodiversity. * [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1354-1013 An Global Cange Biology - sarong sientipikong magasin na may mga artikulo mapadapit sa interaksion sa pag - oltanan kan lakop sa globong mga pagbabago arog kan klima, asin biolohikong mga sistema.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930113045/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1354-1013 |date=2008-09-30 }} * (201) Pagkawara kan mga gamgam, an mga tinanom kataed kan pa - New Scientist. * {{Cite journal|last1=Loarie|first6=D. D.|year=2009|pages=1052–1055|issue=7276|volume=462|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|title=The velocity of climate change|doi=10.1038/nature08649|last6=Ackerly|first1=S. R.|first5=C. B.|last5=Field|first4=G. P.|last4=Asner|first3=H.|last3=Hamilton|first2=P. B.|last2=Duffy|pmid=20033047}} {{Saringsing}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q6sx2nhocwt7jimxjqhelk5h39hbr3k 0 24768 309741 213419 2026-08-23T23:02:11Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309741 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Borch Lady washing hands.jpg|thumb|Sarong babayi na naghahanaw nin kamot]] An '''salud''' ([[Ingles]]: ''health'') iyo an istado nin pisikal, mental, asin sosyal na pagkarahay kun sain may kawaran nin kahelangan sagkod impirmidad.<ref name="WHO constitution">World Health Organization. (2006). [https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf ''Constitution of the World Health Organization''] – ''Basic Documents'', Forty-fifth edition, Supplement, October 2006.</ref> An kahulogan kan salud iyo naliliwat sa sa pagdalagan nin panahon. Sa pag-uyon sa biyomedikal na perspektibo, an mga enot na depinisyon kan salud iyo minapokus sa tema nin abilidad kan hawak na maggana; kun sain an salud iyo nahihiling bilang sarong istado nin normal na paggana na pupuwedeng tapuson kan kahelangan sa anuman na oras. An halimbawa kan depinisyon nin salud iyo: "sarong istado na pigkakaraktisa nin anatomiko, pisiyolohiko, asin sikolohikal na integridad; abilidad na makagibo nin personal na pagganap sa pamilya, trabaho, asin sa komunidad; abilidad na kaputan an pisikal, biyolohikal, sikolohikal, asin sosyal na stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stokes|first1=J.|last2=Noren|first2=J.|last3=Shindell|first3=S.|date=1982-01-01|title=Definition of terms and concepts applicable to clinical preventive medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-community-health_fall-1982_8_1/page/33|journal=Journal of Community Health|volume=8|issue=1|pages=33–41|issn=0094-5145|pmid=6764783|doi=10.1007/bf01324395|s2cid=1748896}}</ref> Asin kan 1948, sa sarong radikal na pagluwas sa nagligad na depinisyon, an [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) iyo nagproposar nin mas halangkaw na depinisyon: pagtakod sa salud pasiring sa pagkarahay, sa termino nin "pisikal, mental, asin sosyal na pagkarahay, asin bako sana sa pagkawara nin kahelangan asin impirmidad".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/37089|title=The first ten years of the World Health Organization|last=World Health Organization|publisher=WHO|year=1958|location=Geneva|publication-date=1958}}</ref> Alagad an depinisyong ini iyo nahihiling bilang inobatibo, pigtatawan pa man giraray ini nin mga kritisismo huli sa pagigin dae malinaw, halawig na sakop, asin dae nasusukol. Sa haloy na panahon, nahihiling an salud bilang sarong impraktikal na ideya asin an harus na diskusyon sa salud iyo nagbabalik sa praktikalidad kan biyomedikal na modelo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Part1-TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/ConceptsOfHealthAndIllness/DefinitionsofHealth|title=Part 1 – Theory: Thinking About Health Chapter 1 Concepts of Health and Illness|website=phprimer.afmc.ca|access-date=2016-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812145405/http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Part1-TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/ConceptsOfHealthAndIllness/DefinitionsofHealth|archive-date=2016-08-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Panluwas na takod == * {{Commonscat-inline|Health|Salud}} == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{agham-stub}} ivhvzfueyopgki1elcc3slb4mk5evej 0 24773 309771 309229 2026-08-23T23:26:00Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309771 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Food for senses.jpg|thumb|Makukua an nutrisyon hali sa marhay na pagkakan]] An '''nutrisyon''' ([[Ingles]]: ''nutrisyon'') iyo an [[biyokimika|biyokimikal]] asin [[pisiyolohika|pisiyolohikal]] na proseso kun an [[organismo]] iyo ginagamit an [[pagkakan]] para suportahan an saiyang buhay. Kaiba kaini an ingestiyon, absorpsyon, asimilasyon, biyosintesis, [[katabolismo]], asin ekskresyon.<ref>{{cite web|title=nutrition {{!}} Definition, Importance, & Food|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/nutrition|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> An [[siyensya]] na nag-aadal sa pisiyolohikal na proseso kan nutrisyon iyo inaapod na siyensyang pangnutrisyon (''nutrional science'' o ''nutrition science''). == Bibliyograpiya == * {{cite book|title=Protein and Energy: A Study of Changing Ideas in Nutrition|url=https://archive.org/details/proteinenergystu0000carp|author=Carpenter, Kenneth J.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-521-45209-0}} * Curley, S., and Mark (1990). ''The Natural Guide to Good Health'', Lafayette, Louisiana, Supreme Publishing * {{cite book|title=Human Nutrition Historic and Scientific|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P7-CKO-994|author=Galdston, I.|publisher=International Universities Press|year=1960|location=New York}}<!-- LCCN RA 605 --> * {{cite book|title=Terrors of the Table: The Curious History of Nutrition|url=https://archive.org/details/terrorsoftablecu0000grat_g1n2|author=Gratzer, Walter|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-920563-9|orig-year=2005}} * {{cite book|title=Krause's Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/krausesfoodnutri0000unse_10ed|publisher=W.B. Saunders Harcourt Brace|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7216-7904-4|editor1=Mahan, L.K.|edition=10th|location=Philadelphia|editor2=Escott-Stump, S.}} * {{cite book|title=Vitamines & minéraux|author=Thiollet, J.-P.|publisher=Anagramme|year=2001|location=Paris}} * {{cite journal|author1=Walter C. Willett|author2=Meir J. Stampfer|title=Rebuilding the Food Pyramid|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2003-01_288_1/page/64|journal=Scientific American|date=January 2003|pmid=12506426|volume=288|issue=1|pages=64–71|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0103-64}} == Mga panluwas na takod == {{Commons category|Nutrition}} * [https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/dietnutrition_and_chronicdiseases/en/ Diet, Nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases] by a Joint WHO/FAO Expert consultation (2003) * [http://www.unscn.org/ UN Standing Committee on Nutrition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707161346/http://www.unscn.org/ |date=2022-07-07 }} – In English, French and Portuguese * [https://ndap.org.ph/ Nutritionist-Dietitians' Association of the Philippines] {{en icon}} == Toltolan == {{Reflist}} {{agham-poon}} [[Category:Salud]] e1w7htm0zr7e8cy5clg16sawyf50zr6 0 24792 309585 237587 2026-08-23T20:24:43Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309585 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Asklepios.3.jpg|thumb|Istatwa ni Asclepius, an suanoy na Griyegong diyos kan medisina]] An '''pagbulong''' o '''medisina''' ([[Ingles]]: ''medicine'') iyo an [[arte]],<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Panda SC|title=Medicine: science or art?|journal=Mens Sana Monogr|volume=4|issue=1|pages=127–38|date=January 2006|pmid=22013337|doi=10.4103/0973-1229.27610|pmc=3190445|url=}}</ref> [[siyensya]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford textbook of medicine|last=Firth|first=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0198746690|location=Oxford|chapter=Science in medicine: when, how, and what}}</ref> asin praktika<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Saunders J|title=The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science|journal=Med Humanit|volume=26|issue=1|pages=18–22|date=June 2000|pmid=12484313|doi=10.1136/mh.26.1.18|s2cid=73306806|url=https://archive.org/details/medical-humanities_2000-06_26_1/page/18|doi-access=free}}</ref> nin pag-ataman para sa sarong pasyente asin pagmanehar sa diyagnosis, prognosis, pagtrato, o palyasyon kan saindang kadinan o [[kahelangan]]. Pigsasakop kan medisina an mga baryente nin praktika sa pag-ataman kan [[salud]] na naliwat sa pagmantinido asin pagbalik kan salud sa paagi kan paglikay sagkod pagtrato kan mga kahelangan. An kontemporaryong medisina iyo nag-aaplikar nin biyomedikal na siyensya, biyomedikal na pag-aadal, henetiko, asin medikal na teknolohiya sa pagdiyagnosis, trato, asin paglikay nin kadinan sagkod kahelangan, na tipikal sa paagi kan parmasiyutikal o surherya, pero iyo man sa terapiya na diberso arug kan sikoterapiya, panluwas na isplint asin traksyon, medikal na kagamitan, biyolohiko, nag-iiyonisang radiasyon, asin iba pa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine|title=Dictionary, medicine|access-date=2 Dec 2013}}</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Biyokimika]] * [[Pandemya]] * [[Bakuna]] == Toltolan == <references group=""></references> {{agham-stub}} e6zx3y2ht8n1wtpxavzevyvi2d1i2i5 0 24902 309625 284145 2026-08-23T21:01:35Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309625 wikitext text/x-wiki An terminong '''diyalekto''' (gikan sa [[Tataramon na Latin|Latin]] na ''dialectus'', ''dialectos'', gikan sa [[Tataramon na Suanoy na Griyego|Suanoy na Griyeg]]ng kataga na διάλεκτος, diálektos "diskurso", gikan διά, diá "sa paagi" asin λέγω, légō "nagtataram ako") ginagamit sa duwang daing kaarog na paagi tanganing upang sumangguni sa duwang magkakalain na klase nin pangyayari sa [[Lingguwistika|tataramon]]: * An sarong paggamit minatukdo sa [[Sari-sari (lingguwistika)|sari-saring]] [[tataramon]] na sarong katangian kan sarong partikular na grupo nin mga nagtataram kan tataramon na idto.<ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/dialect Oxford Living Dictionaries – English.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330210310/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/dialect |date=2019-03-30 }} Retrieved 18 January 2019.</ref> Sa irarom kan depinisyon na ini, an mga diyalekto o pagkakalain-lain kan sarong partikular na tataramon na haraning naitatakod asin, kabali kan saindang pagkakalain, parating lagpas na [[Kapwa na nagkakasabutan|nasasabutan]], lalo na kun harani sa lambang saro sa [[pagpapadagos kan diyalekto]]. Pirming ipigbubugtak an termino sa mga panrehiyon na korte nin pagtataram, alagad an sarong diyalekto, pwede man matukdo nin lain pang mga karasunan, arog kan tipo sa sosyodad o [[etnikong grupo|etnisidad]].<ref>[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/dialect Merriam-Webster Online dictionary.]</ref> An sarong diyalekto na naitatakod sa sarong sakto na tipo nin sosyodad pwede na apodon na [[sosyulekto]], mantang an sarong diyalekto na naitatakod sa sarong partikular na grupo nin [[etnikong grupo|etniko]] pwede apodon na [[etnolekto]], asin an sarong heograpikal/panrehiyon na diyalekto pwedeng masabing sarong rehilekto<ref>Wolfram, Walt and Schilling, Natalie. 2016. ''American English: Dialects and Variation.'' West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, p. 184.</ref> (kaiba an mga alternatibong termino 'rehiyonalekto',<ref>{{citation|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_376_Dispossessed.pdf|page=8|author=Daniel. W. Bruhn|title=Walls of the Tongue: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed}}</ref> 'heolekto',<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5N9VUT5Tl4C|page=250|chapter=Varieties of the Greek language|title=The Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development|author=Christopher D. Land|date=21 February 2013|isbn=978-9004234772|editor=Stanley E. Porter, Andrew Pitts}}</ref> at 'topolekto'<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5N9VUT5Tl4C|page=250|chapter=Varieties of the Greek language|title=The Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development|author=Christopher D. Land|date=21 February 2013|isbn=978-9004234772|editor=Stanley E. Porter, Andrew Pitts}}</ref>). Segun sa depinisyon na ini, an anuman na pagkakalain-lain kan sarong naitao na tataramon, pwede maitipo bilang "sarong diyalekto", kabali an anumang [[Estandardisadong tataramon|estandardisadong pagkakalain-lain]]. Sa kasong ini, an pagkakalain sa tanga kan "estandardisadong tataramon" (boot sabihon, an "estandarteng" diyalekto kan sarong isang partikular na tataramon) asin an "[[dai-estandardisadong diyalekto]]" (bernakular) na diyalekto kan parehas na tataramon pirming [[Pagka-arbitraryo|arbitraryo]] asin base sa mga salik pansosyudad, pampulitika, kultural, o pagsasaalang-alang sa uusipon o pagwarak asin katanyagan.<ref name="chao2">{{cite book|last=Chao|first=Yuen Ren|title=Language and Symbolic Systems|date=1968|publisher=CUP archive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Se87AAAAIAAJ&q=language+standard+dialect&pg=PA130|page=130|isbn=9780521094573}}</ref><ref name="Lyons2">{{cite book|last=Lyons|first=John|title=Language and Linguistics|date=1981|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/languagelinguist0000lyon|url-access=registration|quote=language standard dialect.|page=[https://archive.org/details/languagelinguist0000lyon/page/25 25]|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="johnson2">{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=David|title=How Myths about Language Affect Education: What Every Teacher Should Know|date=27 May 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPsVxfVDXp0C&q=language+standard+dialect&pg=PA75|page=75|isbn=978-0472032877}}</ref> Sa kaarog na paagi, an mga depinisyon kan mga terminong "tataramon" asin "diyalekto" pwedeng magsalak asin pirmi na napapairarom sa debate, na igwang pagkakalain-lain sa tanga kan duwang pagpapakasaboot sabihon na pirmi na pinagbabasehan kan dak-makatwiran o sosyopolitikal na motibo.<ref name="mcworther2">{{cite news|last1=McWhorter|first1=John|title=What's a Language, Anyway?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/01/difference-between-language-dialect/424704/|accessdate=19 July 2016|agency=The Atlantic|date=Jan 19, 2016}}</ref> An terminong "diyalekto" kung minsan ay pinaghihigpitan tanganing matawan nin depinisyon na "dai-estandarteng pagkakalain-lain", partikular sa mga pagkakataon na bakong espesyalista asin mga tradisyon nin linggwistiko na bakong Ingles.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Benedikt Perak, Robert Trask, Milica Mihaljević|date=2005|title=Temeljni lingvistički pojmovi|url=https://www.academia.edu/819390|language=sh|page=81}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Schilling-Estes2">Schilling-Estes, Natalies. (2006) "Dialect variation." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds) ''An Introduction to Language and Linguistics''. pp. 311-341. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sławomir Gala|title=Teoretyczne, badawcze i dydaktyczne założenia dialektologii|date=1998|publisher=Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWEZAQAAIAAJ|page=24|isbn=9788387749040|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Małgorzata Dąbrowska-Kardas|title=Analiza dyrektywalna przepisów części ogólnej kodeksu karnego|date=2012|isbn=9788326446177|publisher=Wolters Kluwer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZVSAwAAQBAJ|page=32|language=pl}}</ref> * An iba pang paggamit kan termino na "diyalekto", na tukoy sa mga pagkakataong [[Kolokyalismo|kolokyal]] sa pirang mga nasyon arog kan [[Italya]]<ref>«The often used term "Italian dialects" may create the false impression that the dialects are varieties of the standard Italian language.» Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), The Dialects of Italy, Psychology Press, p.2</ref> (hilingon an ''[[:it:Dialetto|dialetto]]''<ref name="battaglia">«Parlata propria di un ambiente geografico e culturale ristretto (come la regione, la provincia, la città o anche il paese): contrapposta a un sistema linguistico affine per origine e sviluppo, ma che, per diverse ragioni (politiche, letterarie, geografiche, ecc.), si è imposto come lingua letteraria e ufficiale». Battaglia, Salvatore (1961). ''Grande dizionario della lingua italiana'', UTET, Torino, V. IV, pp.321-322</ref>), [[Pransya]] (hilingon an mga ''[[:fr:patois|patois]]'') asin an [[Pilipinas]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter G. Gowing, William Henry Scott|title=Acculturation in the Philippines: Essays on Changing Societies. A Selection of Papers Presented at the Baguio Religious Acculturation Conferences from 1958 to 1968|year=1971|publisher=New Day Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfjZAAAAMAAJ|page=157}}</ref><ref name="maiden2">{{cite book|last1=Maiden|first1=Martin|last2=Parry|first2=Mair|title=The Dialects of Italy|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|page=2|isbn=9781134834365|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Dz_LyQF_eAC&q=dialects+of+italy}}</ref> an nagdadara nin sarong [[Mapanraot|mapanraot]] na depinisyon asin naipapahiling an pampolitika asin [[Pansosyudad na pagkakabanga|pansosyudad na kamugtakan]] kan sarong tataramon na bakong pangnasyon sa sarong pangnasyon na tataramon. Sa madaling sabi, an mga "diyalekto" na ini, bakong mga aktwal na diyalekto sa parehas na depinisyon arog kan sa inot na paggamit, huli ta an mga ini, nagpoon sa tataramon na nangingibabaw sa politika asin baga bakong saro sa mga [[Sari-sari (lingguwistika)|sari-sari]] kaini, alagad nag-uswag ini sa sarong suway asin kahilerang paagi dangan pwede nang haros na maglaog sa estandarte kan manlainlain na paninindogan para sa sarong suway na tataramon. Sa balyo kaini, an mga "diyalekto" na ini pwedeng pirmi na makauusipon na [[kognado]] asin nagheheras nin mga [[Relasyon na genetiko (lingguwistika)|genetikong gamot]] sa parehas na [[kag-aki kan mga tataramon]] bilang an nangingibabaw na tataramon pangnasyon sa manlainlain na lebel na sarong [[Kapwa na pagkakasabutan|kapwang pagkakasabutan]]. Sa puntong ini, bakong arog kan sa inot na paggamit, dai binibisto an nasyunal na tataramon na sarong "diyalekto", huli ta ini an nangingibabaw na tataramon sa sarong partikular na estado, maging sa mga terminong [[Prestihiyo (sosyolingguwistika)|prestihiyo sa tataramon]], kamugtakan sa sosyodad o politika (hal. [[Opisyal na tataramon|opisyal]]), pahahadi o pagwarak, o gabos na nasambit. An terminong "diyalekto" na ginamit sa arog kaining paagi, nagpapahiwatig nin sarong pampolitikang konotasyon, na ginagamit kan kadaklan tanganing manukdo sa mga hababang-prestihiyo na tataramon (anuman a saindang totoong lebel kan tahang sa nasyunal na tataramon), mga tataramon na dai nin suporta sa institusyon, o an mga binibisto na "bakong angkop para sa pagsusurat".<ref>{{cite book|author=Defenders of the Indigenous Languages of the Archipelago|title=Filipino is Not Our Language: Learn why it is Not and Find Out what it is|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3oLAQAAMAAJ|page=26}}</ref> An pagkakakaag na "diyalekto" patok man na ginagamit tanganing sumangguni sa mga dai nakasurat o dai nakakodigong tataramon kan mga nag-uuswag na nasyon o mga nakasuway na lugar,<ref>{{cite book|last=Fodde Melis|first=Luisanna|title=Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States|year=2002|isbn=9788846439123|publisher=FrancoAngeli|language=en|page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Crystal|first=David|title=A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionarylingui00crys_715|url-access=limited|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|edition=6|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4051-5296-9|language=en|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionarylingui00crys_715/page/n167 142]–144}}</ref> kun sain an terminong "[[Bernakular|tataramon na bernacular]]" urog na pig-uuyunan kan mga lingguwista.<ref>{{cite journal|page=927|title=Dialect, Language, Nation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1966-08_68_4/page/927|first=Einar|last=Haugen|journal=American Anthropologist|series=''American Anthropologist'' New Series, Vol. 68, No. 4|year=1966|volume=68|issue=4|doi=10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040|language=en|jstor=670407}}</ref> == Mga toltolan == {{Reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/dialect Dialect (linguistics)] * [http://www.bl.uk/soundsfamiliar Parang pamilyar?] - Makinig sa mga impit na rehiyon at diyalekto ng UK sa website ng 'Sounds Familiar' ng British Library * [http://web.ku.edu/idea/ Mga International Dialect ng English Archive Mula pa noong 1997] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821112901/http://web.ku.edu/idea/ |date=2007-08-21 }} * [http://www.whoohoo.co.uk whoohoo.co.uk British Dialect Translator] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181224033902/http://www.thedialectdictionary.com/ thedialectdictionary.com] - Pagsasama-sama ng Mga Dayalekto mula sa buong mundo * [http://www.unii.ac.jp/~chitsuko/english/index.html Isang site para sa mga anunsyo at pag-download ng SEAL System] {{poon}} [[Kategorya:Leksikolohiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga kaarog asin estilo nin tataramon]] [[Kategorya: tataramon]] 51xkbl77hge7by6ya2zvpgk9rd8l46y 0 24904 309629 309327 2026-08-23T21:05:04Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | title = Aspirin/Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) | data1 = [[File:Aspirin-skeletal.svg|200px]]<br /> [[File:Aspirin-B-3D-balls.png|200px]] | data2 = Mga pagsaladawan nin '''aspirin''': iskeletal na pormula sagkod an bola asin istik na modelo }} An '''aspirin''', midbid na '''acetylsalicylic acid''' ('''ASA'''), sarong bulong para sa kulog, kalintura, asin paggatok.<ref name="AHSF2016">{{cite web|title=Aspirin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/aspirin.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|date=6 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425142242/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/aspirin.html|archive-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> An mga ispesipikong paggatok na nabubulong kaini iyo an [[Kawasaki disease]], [[pericarditis]], asin [[rheumatic fever]].<ref name="AHSF2016" /> An pagtao nin aspirin matapos an atake sa puso nakakatabang para malikayan an pagkagadan.<ref name="AHSF2016" /> An aspirin iyo nakakatabang para malikayan an atake sa puso, [[Ischaemic stroke|ischaemic strokes]], asin pagbilog nin dugo sa mga tawong halangkaw an posibilidad na magkaigwa kaini.<ref name="AHSF2016" /> Nababawasan man an tiyansa na magkaigwa nin iba-ibang klase nin kanser partikular na an [[colorectal cancer]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Patrignani P, Patrono C|title=Aspirin and Cancer|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=68|issue=9|pages=967–76|date=August 2016|pmid=27561771|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.083|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sa kulog o kalentura, an epekto kaini mapuon pakatapos nin trenta minutos.<ref name="AHSF2016" /> An aspirin sarong [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID) asin may epekto na parehas kan ibang NSAIDs mientras pinupugulan kaini an normal na paggana kan mga [[Platelet|platelets]].<ref name="AHSF2016" /> An epekto kaini haros pagkulog nin tulak.<ref name="AHSF2016" /> An iba pa iyo an ulser sa tulak, pagdugo asin paglala nin hika.<ref name="AHSF2016" /> An pagdugo mas halangkaw an epekto sa mga gurang, nagiinom arak, naggamit nin ibang NSAID, o sa ibang [[Anticoagulants|blood thinners]].<ref name="AHSF2016" /> An aspirin dae nirerekomenda sa huring parte nin pagbados.<ref name="AHSF2016" /> Dae man ini marerekomenda sa mga aki na may impeksyon nin huli ta halangkaw an tiyansa na magkaigwa nin [[Reye syndrome]].<ref name="AHSF2016" /> An halangkaw na dosis kaini maresulta nin pagtanog kan mga talinga.<ref name="AHSF2016" /> An aspirin iyo an pinakaginagamit na bolong sa kinaban, na igwang tinatantiyang nasa {{convert|40000|tonne|}} (50 hanggang 120 [[billion]] [[Pill (pharmacy)|pills]]) pagkunsumo kada taon.<ref name="Jon2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubE0ILq_aDQC&pg=PA6|title=Chemistry: An Introduction for Medical and Health Sciences|last1=Jones|first1=Alan|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-09290-3|pages=5–6|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="COX2002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Warner TD, Mitchell JA|title=Cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3): filling in the gaps toward a COX continuum?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2002-10-15_99_21/page/13371|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=99|issue=21|pages=13371–3|date=October 2002|pmid=12374850|pmc=129677|doi=10.1073/pnas.222543099|bibcode=2002PNAS...9913371W}}</ref> Kaiba ini sa listahin kan [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|publisher=World Health Organization|year=2019|location=Geneva|hdl=10665/325771|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|author-link=World Health Organization|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iyo man ini an bolong sa pangkagabsan.<ref name="AHSF2016" /> Kan 2018, ini an ika-40 na nirereseta sa Estados Unidos na igwang with more than 19 milyong million preskripsyon.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2021|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aspirin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Aspirin|access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref> == Produksyon == An sintesis kan aspirin iyo pigkaklasipika bilang sarong reaksyong esteripikasyon. An salicylic acid iyo pigtatrato nin acetic anhydrise, sarong deribatibo nin asido, na minakawsa nin reaksyong kimikal na minaliwat sa hydroxyl na grupo kan salicylic acid pasiring sa sarong ester na grupo (R-OH → R-OCOCH₃). An prosesong ini nagmomokna nin aspirin asin [[asidong asetiko]] , na iyo pigkokonsidera na lain na produkto kan reaksyong ini. An saditon na kantidad nin asidong sulpuriko (sagkod minsan iyo asidong posporiko) iyo harus ginagamit pirmi bilang kataliko. An paaging ini iyo harus pigtutukdo sa mga pangtukdong laboratoryo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Experimental organic chemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/experimentalorga0000pall |last=Palleros |first=Daniel R | name-list-style = vanc |year=2000 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=New York | isbn=978-0-471-28250-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/experimentalorga0000pall/page/494 494]}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Aspirin_synthesis.svg|sentro|thumb|490x490px|Kabubuan nin Aspirin ]] [[Ladawan:Acetylation_of_salicylic_acid,_mechanism.png|sentro|thumb|800x800px|Mekanismo na Acetylation nin salicylic acid]] An mga pormulasyon na may halangkaw na konsentransyon nin aspirin iyo harus may parong na suka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem00/chem00314.htm |title=Aspirin aging |access-date=8 May 2008 |last=Barrans |first=Richard | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=Newton BBS | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080518213137/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem00/chem00314.htm | archive-date= 18 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> huli ta an aspirin pwedeng malapa sa paagi nin hidrolisis sa mabasa-basang kondisyon, na iyo dagos nagmomokna nin mga asidong salicylic asin asetiko.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carstensen JT, Attarchi F | title = Decomposition of aspirin in the solid state in the presence of limited amounts of moisture III: Effect of temperature and a possible mechanism | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmaceutical-sciences_1988-04_77_4/page/318 | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 77 | issue = 4 | pages = 318–21 | date = April 1988 | pmid = 3379589 | doi = 10.1002/jps.2600770407 }}</ref> == Mga toltolan == {{Reflist}} == Panluwas na takod == {{Commons|Aspirin}} * {{cite web|url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/aspirin|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|work=Drug Information Portal|title=Aspirin}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ling|first=Greg|title=Aspirin|encyclopedia=How Products are Made|volume=1|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2005|url=http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Aspirin.html}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Medisina]] 9szwzv3t4odn2lyrerufojw33phm88g 0 24964 309618 204687 2026-08-23T20:56:30Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox particle|bgcolour=|symbol=n, n⁰, N⁰|parity=+1|isospin=−1/2|spin=1/2|magnetic_polarizability=3.7(20)×10⁻⁴ fm³|magnetic_moment=−0.96623650(23)×10⁻²⁶ J·T⁻¹<br /><!-- -->−1.04187563(25)×10⁻³ μ_B<br /><!-- -->−1.91304273(45) μ_N|electric_polarizability=1.16(15)×10⁻³ fm³|electric_dipole_moment=< 2.9×10⁻²⁶ e⋅cm (pang-ibabaw na limitasyong eksperimental)|electric_charge=0 ''e''<br /> (−2±8)×10⁻²² ''e'' (limitasyong eksperimental)|mean_lifetime=879.4(6) s (talingkas)<ref name="PDG Live: 2020 Review of Particle Physics">{{cite web |last1=Zyla |first1=P. A. |title=n MEAN LIFE |url=https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S017T |website=PDG Live: 2020 Review of Particle Physics |publisher=Particle Data Group |access-date=25 February 2021 |date=2020}}</ref>|mass=1.67492749804(95)×10⁻²⁷kg<ref name="CODATA2018">"2018 CODATA recommended values" https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html</ref><br /><!-- -->939.56542052(54) MeV/c²<ref name="CODATA2018"/><br /><!-- -->1.00866491588(49) Da<ref name="2014 CODATA">Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N. and Newell, D.B. (2014), [http://physics.nist.gov/constants "The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants"] (Web Version 7.0). The database was developed by J. Baker, M. Douma, and S. Kotochigova. (2014). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899.</ref>|discovered=[[James Chadwick]]<ref name="1935 Nobel Prize in Physics">[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/ 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics]. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-16.</ref> (1932)|classification=Baryon|theorized=[[Ernest Rutherford]]<ref name="chemed.chem.purdue.edu">[http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/rutherford.html Ernest Rutherford]. Chemed.chem.purdue.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-16.</ref> (1920)|antiparticle=Antineutron|interaction=Grabidad, maluya, makusog, elektromagnetiko|generation=|group=Hadron|statistics=Fermionic|composition=1 up quark, 2 down quarks|num_types=|caption=An istrakturang quark nin neutron|image=[[File:Quark structure neutron.svg|250px]]|name=Neutron|condensed_symmetries=''I''(''J''^''P'') = (1/2)(1⁺/2)}} An '''neutron''' iyo sarong sub-atomikong partikulo, may simbolong n o n⁰, na iyo may neutral (bakong positibo o negatibo) na karga, sagkod masa na mas magabat nin kadikit sa [[proton]]. An mga proton asin neutron iyo an minabilog sa [[Atomikong nukleyus|nukleyus]] kan [[atomo]]. Huli ta an mga proton asin neutron may kaparehas na pag-uugali sa laog kan nukleyus, asin an kada gabat ninda iyo harus sarong atomikong masang yunit, sindang duwa iyo inaapod na nucleons.<ref name="Nuc">{{Citation|author1-last=Thomas|author1-first=A.W.|author2-last=Weise|author2-first=W.|title=The Structure of the Nucleon|publisher=Wiley-WCH, Berlin|date=2001|isbn=978-3-527-40297-7}}</ref> An saindang karakter asin interaksyon iyo pigpapaliwanag kan pisikang nukleyar. An kimikal na karakter kan sarong atomo iyo harus pigpapahiling sa kumpigurasyon kan [[elektron]] na iyo minaikot sa magabat na nukleyus kan atomo. An elektronong kumpigurasyon iyo pigdedetermina nin karga kan nukleyus, na iyo pigdedetermina nin bilang kan proton o atomikong bilang. An bilang kan neutron iyo an "numerong neutron". An mga neutron iyo dae nakakaapekto sa elektronong kumpigurasyon, pero an kabilugan kan atomiko asin neutron na numero iyo an masa kan nukleyus. An mga atomo kan sarong [[elementong kimikal]] na nalalain sana kan numerong neutron iyo inaapod na mga [[isotopo]]. Bilang halimbawa, an [[karbon]], na may atomikong bilang na 6, iyo may abundanteng isotopo na [[karbon-12]] na igwang 6 na neutron asin bihirang isotopo na karbon-13 na igwang 7 na neutron. An ibang elemento iyo nangyayari na may saro sanang pusog na isotopo, arug kan [[plurina]]. An ibang elemento man iyo nangyayari na may dakul na pusog na isotopo, arug kan [[lata]] na may sampolong pusog na isotopo. An neutron iyo esensyal sa produksyon kan [[enerhiyang nukleyar]]. Sa dekada pagkatapos madiskobre ni [[James Chadwick]] an neutron kan 1932,<ref name="Chad1932"> {{cite journal|last=Chadwick|first=James|year=1932|title=Possible Existence of a Neutron|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1932-02-27_129_3252/page/312|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=129|page=312|doi=10.1038/129312a0|bibcode=1932Natur.129Q.312C|issue=3252|s2cid=4076465|doi-access=free}}</ref> an mga neutron iyo nagamit sa pagmokna nin nagkapirang manlainlain na klase nin nukleyar na transmutasyon. Sa pagkadiskobre kan nukleyar na pagsuway kan 1938,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01488241|author1=Hahn, O.|author2=Strassmann, F.|name-list-style=amp|title=Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_naturwissenschaften_1939-01-06_27_1/page/11|trans-title=On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons|journal=[[Die Naturwissenschaften]]|volume=27|issue=1|pages=11–15|year=1939|bibcode=1939NW.....27...11H|s2cid=5920336}}</ref> narealisar tulos na kun an kasibotang pagsuway iyo nakakamokna nin neutron, an kada neutron na ini pwedeng magkawsa nin padagos na kasibotang pagsuway sa kaskadong bisto bilang nukleyar na kadenang reaksyon.<ref>Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J., eds. (1977), ''The Effects of Nuclear Weapons'' (3rd ed.), U.S. Dept. of Defense and Energy Research and Development Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office, ISBN 978-1-60322-016-3</ref> An mga kasibotan asin pagkadiskobre na ini an naghimo sa pinakaenot na nagsasadiring nukleyar na reaktro (Chicago Pile-1, 1942) sagkod an pinakaenot na nukleyar na armas (Trinity, 1945). == Hilingon man == * [[Atomo]] * [[Proton]] * [[Elektron]] ==Padagos na pagbasa== * James Byrne, ''Neutrons, Nuclei and Matter: An Exploration of the Physics of Slow Neutrons''. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2011. {{ISBN|0486482383}}. * Abraham Pais, ''Inward Bound'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. {{ISBN|0198519974}}. * Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, ''The Story of Spin'', The University of Chicago Press, 1997 * Herwig Schopper, ''Weak interactions and nuclear beta decay'', Publisher, North-Holland Pub. Co., 1966. * [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150107225156/http%3A//alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse%3Dscience/Neutrons Annotated bibliography for neutrons from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues] == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{agham-stub}} [[Kategorya:Atomo]] fs2kjbdc5cknhxv2ifyi2bf4uyo4ayt 0 24965 309697 274613 2026-08-23T22:20:35Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Nucleus_drawing.svg|too|thumb|228x228px|Sarong modelo kan atomikong modelo na minapahiling sa kompaktong duwang klase nin nucleon: an proton (pula) asin an neutron (asul).]] An '''atomikong nukleyus''' ([[Ingles]]: ''atomic nucleus'') iyo an sadit, durukutan na rehiyon na pigbibilog nin mga [[proton]] asin [[neutron]] sa tahaw kan sarong [[atomo]], sagkod iyo nadiskobre kan 1911 ni [[Ernest Rutherford]] base sa Geiger–Marsden gold foil na eksperimento kan 1909. Pagkatapos na madiskobre an neutron kan 1932, an mga modelo para sa nukleyus na pigbibilog nin mga proton asin neutron iyo marikas na nahaman ni [[Dmitri Ivanenko]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Iwanenko, D.D.|title=The neutron hypothesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1932-05-28_129_3265/page/798|journal=Nature|volume=129|issue=3265|pages=798|doi=10.1038/129798d0|year=1932|bibcode=1932Natur.129..798I|s2cid=4096734|doi-access=free}}</ref> asin [[Werner Heisenberg]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Heisenberg|first=W.|title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne. I|journal=[[Z. Phys.]]|volume=77|issue=1–2|pages=1–11|year=1932|doi=10.1007/BF01342433|bibcode=1932ZPhy...77....1H|s2cid=186218053}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Heisenberg|first=W.|title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne. II|journal=Z. Phys.|volume=78|pages=156–164|year=1932|doi=10.1007/BF01337585|issue=3–4|bibcode=1932ZPhy...78..156H|s2cid=186221789}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Heisenberg|first=W.|title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne. III|journal=Z. Phys.|volume=80|pages=587–596|year=1933|doi=10.1007/BF01335696|issue=9–10|bibcode=1933ZPhy...80..587H|s2cid=126422047}}</ref><ref>Miller A. I. ''Early Quantum Electrodynamics: A Sourcebook'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, {{ISBN|0521568919}}, pp. 84–88.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus: A Sixty Year Journey 1896 — 1956|author1=Fernandez, Bernard|author2=Ripka, Georges|publisher=Springer|year=2012|isbn=9781461441809|page=263|chapter=Nuclear Theory After the Discovery of the Neutron|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PxRBakqFIUC&pg=PA263|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> An atomo iyo pigbibilog nin positibong-kargadong nukleyus, na may urap nin negatibong-kargadong elektron na nakapalibot saiya, asin iyo pinagsasaro nin elektroistatikong pwersa. Harus gabos kan gabat nin atomo iyo mahihiling sa nukleyus, na may kadikiton na kontribusyon hale sa elektron na urap. An mga proton asin neutron iyo pinagsaro para maporma an nukleyus sa paagi nin nukleyar na pwersa. An diyametro kan nukleyus iyo nasa rango kan 1.7566 fm (1.7566×10⁻¹⁵ m) para sa [[hidroheno]] (an diyametro kan sarong proton) pasiring sa harus 11.7142 fm para sa [[uranyo]].<ref name="Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables"> {{cite journal|author=Angeli, I., Marinova, K.P.|date=January 10, 2013|title=Table of experimental nuclear ground state charge radii: An update|journal=Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables|volume=99|issue=1|pages=69–95|doi=10.1016/j.adt.2011.12.006|bibcode=2013ADNDT..99...69A}}</ref> An mga dimensyong ini iyo saditon na maray kumpara sa diyametro kan atomo (nukleyus + elektron na urap), na harus 26,634 an pagkasadit (an atomikong radiyus kan uranyo iyo harus 156 pm (156×10⁻¹² m))<ref>[http://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/chemical_engineering/Uranium.pdf "Uranium" IDC Technologies. ]</ref> pasiring sa harus 60,250 (an atomikong radiyus kan hidroheno iyo harus 52.92 pm). An sanga kan [[pisika]] na minaadal asin minaintindi sa atomikong nukleyus, kabali an komposisyon niya sagkod an pwersa na minasaro sa saiya, iyo inaapod na pisikang nukleyar. == Hilingon man == * [[Atomo]] * [[Materya]] * [[Enerhiyang nukleyar]] ==Panluwas na takod== * [http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/4em/ch02/ch02.html The Nucleus – a chapter from an online textbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214111339/http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/4em/ch02/ch02.html |date=2010-12-14 }} * [http://www-nds.iaea.org/livechart The LIVEChart of Nuclides – IAEA] in [http://www-nds.iaea.org/livechart Java ] or [http://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html HTML] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180227011419/http://www.halexandria.org/dward472.htm Article on the "nuclear shell model", giving nuclear shell filling for the various elements]. Accessed September 16, 2009. * [http://nagysandor.eu/nuklearis/timeline/index.html Timeline: Subatomic Concepts, Nuclear Science & Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205122858/http://nagysandor.eu/nuklearis/timeline/index.html |date=2021-02-05 }}. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{agham-stub}} [[Kategorya:Atomo]] atyz2v7zkto9dhe8u1w0lh8nxbkloyk 0 25013 309823 309164 2026-08-24T00:11:19Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309823 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Iowa archaeology edgewater.JPG|thumb|322x322px|Pagkalot sa 3800 taong gurang na ''Edgewater Park Site'' sa Iowa, [[Estados Unidos]]]] An '''arkeolohiya''' ([[Ingles]]: ''archaeology'' o ''archeology'') iyo an pag-aadal sa kasibotan kan katawohan sa paagi nin pagrekober asin pag-analisa kan materyal na [[kultura]]. Pigkokonsidera an arkeolohiya bilang sarong sanga kan sosyo-kultural na antropolohiya, pero an mga arkeolohiko iyo minakurit man hale sa biyolohikal, heolohikal, asin pangkapalibotan na sistema sa paagi nin pag-aadal kan nagligad. An arkeolohikal na rekrod iyo pigbibilog nin mga artipakto, arkitektura, biyopakto o ekopakto asin kultural na tanawon. An arkeolohiya iyo pigkokonsidera na parehong sosyal na siyensya asin sanga kan humaninades.<ref name=":0">Renfrew and Bahn (2004 [1991]:13</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Sinclair A|year=2016|title=The Intellectual Base of Archaeological Research 2004–2013: a visualisation and analysis of its disciplinary links, networks of authors and conceptual language|journal=Internet Archaeology|issue=42|doi=10.11141/ia.42.8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sa Europa, ini iyo pigtatanaw bilang sarong disiplina sa saiyang sadiring katundan o bilang sub-lado kan iba pang mga disiplina, mientras sa Norteng Amerika an arkeolohiya iyo sarong sub-lado kan [[antropolohiya]].<ref>Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E.L.; McBride, Bunny; Walrath, Dana (2010), ''Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge'' (13th ed.), Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-0-495-81082-7</ref> An mga arkeologo iyo nag-aadal nin pantawong prehistorya asin [[historya]], gikan sa mga paghaman nin mga enot na kagamitang gapo sa Lomekwi sa Subangan na Aprika 3.3&nbsp;milyong taon na an nakaagi hasta sa mga katatapos pa sanang dekada.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roche|first8=Jean-Philip|s2cid=1207285|bibcode=2015Natur.521..310H|pmid=25993961|doi=10.1038/nature14464|pages=310–315|issue=7552|volume=521|journal=Nature|title=3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_nature_2015-05-21_521_7552/page/310|date=May 2015|first9=Guillaume|last9=Daver|last8=Brugal|first1=Hélène|first7=Louise|last7=Leakey|first6=Richard A.|last6=Mortlock|first5=James D.|last5=Wright|first4=Sammy|last4=Lokorodi|first3=Christopher|last3=Kirwa|first2=Dennis V.|last2=Kent|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> An arkeolohiya iyo lain sa palaeontolohiya, na iyo an pag-aadal sa natatadang mga fossil. Ini iyo partikular na importante sa pag-adal manungod sa prehistorikong sosyedad kun sain mayo nin mga nakasurat na rekord para pag-adalan. An prehistorya iyo kabali an lagpas 99% kan nagligad sa katawohan, gikan sa Paleolitiko hasta sa pagpoon kan literasidad kan mga komunidad sa kinaban.<ref name=":0" /> An arkeolohiya iyo may manlainlain na katuyohan, poon sa pag-intindi sa kultural na historya hasta sa paghaman liwat nagligad na pamumuhay sa pag-dokumentar asin pagpapaliwanag kan mga pagbabago sa sosyedad nin katawohan sa pagdalagan nin panahon.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.livescience.com/44448-what-is-archaeology.html|title=What Is Archaeology? {{!}} Archaeology Definition|work=Live Science|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> Gikan sa Griyego, an terminong ''arkeolohiya'' iyo may literal na kahulugang "an pag-aadal kan suanoy na uusipon.”<ref>William L. Fash. "Anthropology." In David L. Carrasco (ed). [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156 ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, vol 1''.] New York : Oxford University Press, 2001, pp 25 - 35. </ref> Kabali sa disiplina an pagsurbey, ekskabasyon (pagkalot), asin dagos na pag-analisa kan mga datos na nakolekta tanganing manudan nin maray an nagligad. Sa mahiwas na sakop, an arkeolohiya iyo nakadepende sa nagsasarabatang disiplinaryong pag-aadal. An arkeolohiya iyo nahaman hale sa antikwarinsimo sa Europa durante kan ika-19 na siglo, sagkod iyo nagin nang sarong pankinabang disiplina. An arkeolohiya iyo nagagamit kan mga nasyun-estado ngarig makamokna nin partikular na pagtanaw sa nagligad.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pursuit of Ruins: Archaeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofruinsar0000buen|last=Bueno|first=Christina|date=2016|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque|pages=25ff}}</ref> Poon sa enot niyang kahamanan, an nagkapirang mga ispesipikong sub-disiplina kan arkeolohiya iyo nahaman, kabali na an pangdagat na arkeolohiya, feministang arkeolohiya, asin arkeoastronomiya, sagkod nagkapirang manlainlain na siyentipikong teknik an nahaman tanganing makatabang sa arkeolohikal na imbestigasyon. Alagad an mga arkeologo sa ngunyan iyo minaatubang sa nagkapirang mga problema arug kan pseudoarkeolohiya, an paghambog sa mga artipakto,<ref>{{citation|url=http://openscience.com/a-special-issue-of-open-archaeology-on-non-professional-metal-detecting/|title=A Special Issue of Open Archaeology on Non-Professional Metal-Detecting|first=Pablo|last=Markin|work=[[OpenScience]]|date=10 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028212253/http://openscience.com/a-special-issue-of-open-archaeology-on-non-professional-metal-detecting/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> kawaran nin pampublikong interes, sagkod oposisyon sa pagkalot kan mga natatadang lawas nin tawo. == Hilingon man == * [[Kultura]] * [[Uusipon]] * [[Antropolohiya]] == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{poon}} [[Kategorya:Siyensya Sosyal]] op6yho0h21ugh0xk05p906du5kqvufk 0 25116 309678 278713 2026-08-23T22:01:04Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Caveman 6.jpg|thumb|319x319px|Pagkurit na nagpapahiling nin mga tawo gikan sa prehistorikong panahon na naggigibo nin kagamitang hale sa gapo]] [[Ladawan:Prehistoric man.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Konsepto gikan sa ika-19 na siglo nin mga suanoy na tawo sa kagubatan]] An '''prehistorya''' ([[Ingles]]: ''prehistory''), midbid man bilang '''pre-literaryong uusipon''',<ref>{{cite journal|date=1973|title=Prehistory as a Kind of History|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_spring-1973_3_4/page/733|jstor=202691|last1=McCall|first1=Daniel F.|last2=Struever|first2=Stuart|last3=Van Der Merwe|first3=Nicolaas J.|last4=Roe|first4=Derek|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=3|issue=4|pages=733–739|doi=10.2307/202691}}</ref> iyo an panahon sa [[uusipon]] kan katawohan sa tahaw kan enot na paggamit nin kagamitang hale sa gapo kan mga hominino {{circa}} 3.3 milyong taon na an nakaagi sagkod an imbensyon kan sistemang pagsurat. An paggamit kan mga simbolo, marka, asin imahe iyo nagluwas na nin amay sa katawohan, pero an pinakaenot na bistong sistemang pagsurat iyo nagluwas {{circa|lk=no}} 5,300 na taon na an nakaagi asin ribong taon an uminagi bago mahiwasan ining pig-ako. Sa pirang kulturang pantawo, an sistemang pagsurat iyo dae piggamit hasta sa ika-19 na siglo asin, sa pipira, dae pa nanggad hasta sa ngunyan. An kataposan kan prehistorya iba-iba sa manlainlain na lugar, asin an termino iyo bihirang gamiton sa pag-urulay sa mga sosyedad kun sain an prehistorya iyo katatapos pa sana. An [[Sumer]] sa [[Mesopotamya]], an [[sibilisasyon sa lambak kan Indus]], asin an [[suanoy na Ehipto]] iyo an mga enot na sibilisasyon na nakahaman kan sadiri nindang iskripto asin nakatago nin mga historikal na rekord; ini iyo nangyayari na durante kan amay na Bronseng Panahon. An mga kataraid na sibilisasyon an enot na suminunod. Kadaklan nin iba pang mga sibilisasyon iyo naabot an kataposan kan prehistorya durante kan Bakal na Panahon. An tolong-edad na sistema kan dibisyon nin prehistorya pasiring sa Gapong Panahon, na pigsundan kan Bronseng Panahon asin Bakal na Panahon, iyo ginagamit man giraray sa mayorya kan Eurasya asin Norteng Aprika, pero iyo dae heneral na ginagamit sa parte kan kinaban kun sain an pagtrabaho sa matagas na metal iyo uminabot tulos sa pagkontak sa Eurasyanong kultura, arug kan Ocenia, Austrolasya, kadaklan nin Sub-Saharan na Aprika, asin mga parte kan Amerika. Sa pirang eksepsyon sa pre-Kolumbyanong sibilisasyon sa Amerika, an mga lugar na ini dae nakahaman nin kompleksikong sistemang pagsurat bago an pag-abot nin mga Eurasyano, kaya an prehistorya ninda iyo relatibong uminabot sa katatapos pa sanang panahon; halimbawa, 1788 an pigtutubudang kataposan kan prehistorya kan Australia. An panahon kun sain an [[kultura]] iyo pigsurat kan iba, pero dae nakahaman nin sadiri nindang sistemang pagsurat iyo pig-aapud na [[protohistorya]] kan kultura. Sa depinisyon ,<ref>{{cite web|title=Dictionary Entry|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/prehistory|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808114821/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/prehistory|url-status=live}}</ref> mayo nin nasurat na rekord gikan sa pantawong prehistorya, kaya an paghimo nin ''dating'' sa mga prehistorikong materyal iyo krusyal. An mga malinaw na teknik sa dating iyo dae marhay na nahaman hasta sa ika-19 na siglo.<ref>Graslund, Bo. 1987. ''The birth of prehistoric chronology.'' Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.</ref> == Panluwas na takod == {{commons category|Prehistory|Prehistorya}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070508182338/http://www.science.ulster.ac.uk/cma/slan/ Submerged Landscapes Archaeological Network] * An sityo kan mga Neanderthal sa [https://web.archive.org/web/20091022080203/http://geocities.com/patrickbringmans/veldwezelt-hezerwater.html Veldwezelt-Hezerwater], Belgium. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200117141201/http://www.northpacificprehistory.com/ ''North Pacific Prehistory''] iyo sarong akademikong panurat manungod sa Norte-subangan na Asyano asin Norteng Amerikanong arkilohiya * [http://www.neolithique.eu/index.html Prehistorya kan Algeria asin sa Morocco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608172540/http://www.neolithique.eu/index.html |date=2009-06-08 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071106014600/http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/early_humans.htm Early Humans] sarong koleksyon para sa mga estudyante gikan sa Courtenay Middle School Library. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{poon}} [[Kategorya:Historya]] a1qn9dg9igxjdl8qlin7s40ytc1g000 0 25124 309822 309166 2026-08-24T00:10:59Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Henry Otley Beyer|image=Henry Otley Beyer, standing with hand on ceramic pot.jpg|alt=|caption=|birth_name=Henry Otley Beyer|birth_date={{Birth date|1883|07|13}}|birth_place=Edgewood, [[Iowa]], U.S.<ref name=MNSUbio>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/beyer_henry.html|title=Henry Otley Beyer 1883-1966|publisher=Minnesota State University|author=Ogunseye, Ademuyiwa|year=2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528214044/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/beyer_henry.html|archive-date=May 28, 2010}}</ref>|death_date={{Death date and age|1966|12|31|1883|07|13}}<ref name=MNSUbio />|death_place=[[Manila]], [[Filipinas]]<ref name=MNSUbio />|alma_mater=University of Denver <small>(BA, MA)</small><br>Harvard University <small>(PhD)</small>|nationality=Amerikano<ref name=MNSUbio />|other_names=|known_for=Kagmoknang miyembro kan departamento nin Antropolohiya sa [[Unibersidad kan Pilipinas]] kaidtong 1914. Pamayo kan departamento poon 1925 hasta sa pagretiro niya kan 1954. Bistado bilang ''Ama kan Filipinong Antropolohiya''.<ref name=MNSUbio />}} Si '''Henry Otley Beyer''' (Hulyo 13, 1883 – Disyembre 31, 1966) sarong Amerikanong antropologo, na nagtao nin oras kan saiyang buhay para magtukdo nin [[kultura]] sa Filipinas. Inaapod ni [[A.V.H. Hartendorp]] si Beyer na "Dekano kan Filipinong [[etnolohiya]], [[arkiyolohiya]], asin [[prehistorya]]".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Zamora|first=Mario D.|date=1974-06-01|title=Henry Otley Beyer, 1883-1966|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1974-06_76_2/page/361|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=76|issue=2|pages=361–362|doi=10.1525/aa.1974.76.2.02a00270|issn=0002-7294|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Biograpiya == [[Ladawan:Beyer's_appointment_as_Professor_of_Anthropology_and_Ethnology.jpg|thumb|260px|An sertipikasyon nin pagpili ki Beyer bilang Propesor nin Antropolohiya asin Etnolohiya, Unibersidad kan Pilipinas]] Pinangaki si Beyer sa Edgewood, [[Iowa]], sa pamilyang Bavariano an ginakanan asin nagkaigwang interes sa Filipinas kan ini magbisita sa sarong eksibit sa [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|Louisiana Purchase Centennial Exhibition]] sa [[St Louis, Missouri]] kaidtong 1904. Nakatapos siya sa [[University of Denver]] nin parehas na B.A. asin M.A. sa [[Kimika]],<ref name=":0" /> matapos siyang mag boluntaryo na magtukdo sa Filipinas. Nagpadagos siya kan saiyang postgraduate sa antropolohikal na pag-aadal sa [[Harvard University]] bilang iskolar sa Winthrop.<ref name=":0" /> Sa saiyang mga enot na taon sa Filipinas, siya naging paratukdo sa Kabukidan nin Cordillera sa isla nin Luzon na istaran nin mga [[Ifugao]]. Pinakasalan niya si Lingayu Gambuk, an aking babayi kan kapitan sa Amganad, [[Banaue]]. An saindang aki na si William, pinangaki kan 1918, asin iyo an solong aki. Si Beyer sarong Protestante sa buong buhay niya na nakaistar sa Katolikong nasyon. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} == Magbasa pa lalo == * {{cite book|title=Bare Feet in the Palace|url=https://archive.org/details/barefeetinpalace00keit_0|last=Keith|first=Agnes Newton|publisher=New York: Little, Brown and Company|year=1955|pages=187–192, 265, 266, 276, 277 and 285}} == Panluwas na takod == * {{cite book|title=Orphans of the Pacific: the Philippines|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-DNF-769|last=Horn|first=Florence|publisher=New York: Reynal & Hitchcock|others=Photographs by Fenno Jacobs|year=1941|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-DNF-769/page/103 103]–104, 182|hdl=2027/mdp.39015049835906}} {{Poon}} [[Kategorya:Mga historyador]] 3k8d1ja92yphnbkegjxjondpvi740mb 0 25190 309742 292007 2026-08-23T23:02:51Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309742 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Euclid.jpg|thumb|263x263px|An Griyegong matematikong si '''Euclid''' (kapot an mga kaliper), ika-3 na siglo BC, sa imahe ni Raphael sa saiyang detalye gikan sa ''The School of Athens'' (1509–1511)]] An '''matematika''' ([[Ingles]]: ''mathematics'', gikan sa Griyego: μάθημα, ''máthēma'', 'kaaraman, pag-adal, pagkanood') iyo kabali an pag-adal sa mga ulayon arug kan kantidad ([[teorya nin bilang]]),<ref name="OED">{{cite web|url=http://oed.com/view/Entry/114974|title=mathematics, ''n.''|publisher=Oxford University Press|website=Oxford English Dictionary|year=2012|access-date=June 16, 2012|quote=The science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116075558/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/114974|archive-date=November 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> istraktura ([[alhebra]]),<ref name="Kneebone">{{cite book|title=Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey|author=Kneebone, G.T.|publisher=Dover|year=1963|isbn=978-0-486-41712-7|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tCXxf4vbXCcC&pg=PA4 4]|quote=Mathematics&nbsp;... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness.}}</ref> ispasyo ([[heometriya]]),<ref name="OED" /> asin pagbabago (analisis).<ref name="LaTorre">{{cite book|title=Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change|last1=LaTorre|first1=Donald R.|last2=Kenelly|first2=John W.|last3=Biggers|first3=Sherry S.|last4=Carpenter|first4=Laurel R.|last5=Reed|first5=Iris B.|last6=Harris|first6=Cynthia R.|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4390-4957-0|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ebu2Tij4QsC&pg=PA2 2]|quote=Calculus is the study of change—how things change, and how quickly they change.}}</ref><ref name="Ramana">{{cite book|title=Applied Mathematics|author=Ramana|publisher=Tata McGraw–Hill Education|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-066753-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCRC6BeKhIIC&pg=SA2–PA10 2.10]|quote=The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus.}}</ref><ref name="Ziegler">{{cite book|title=An Invitation to Mathematics: From Competitions to Research|author=Ziegler, Günter M.|publisher=Springer|year=2011|isbn=978-3-642-19532-7|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9TATfteVeVYC&pg=PR7 vii]|chapter=What Is Mathematics?|author-link=Günter M. Ziegler}}</ref> Mayo ini nin pankagabsang inaakong kahulugan.<ref name="Mura">{{cite journal|author=Mura, Roberta|date=Dec 1993|title=Images of Mathematics Held by University Teachers of Mathematical Sciences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_1993_25_4/page/375|journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics|volume=25|issue=4|pages=375–85|doi=10.1007/BF01273907|jstor=3482762|s2cid=122351146}}</ref><ref name="Runge">{{cite book|title=Iris Runge: A Life at the Crossroads of Mathematics, Science, and Industry|author1=Tobies, Renate|author2=Helmut Neunzert|publisher=Springer|year=2012|isbn=978-3-0348-0229-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EDm0eQqFUQ4C&pg=PA9 9]|quote=[I]t is first necessary to ask what is meant by ''mathematics'' in general. Illustrious scholars have debated this matter until they were blue in the face, and yet no consensus has been reached about whether mathematics is a natural science, a branch of the humanities, or an art form.}}</ref> An mga matematiko iyo minahanap asin minagamit nin mga paterno<ref>Steen, L.A. (April 29, 1988). ''The Science of Patterns'' Science, 240: 611–16. And summarized at [http://www.ascd.org/publications/curriculum-handbook/409/chapters/The-Future-of-Mathematics-Education.aspx Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development] [https://web.archive.org/web/20101028101034/http://www.ascd.org/publications/curriculum-handbook/409/chapters/The-Future-of-Mathematics-Education.aspx Archived] October 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, www.ascd.org.</ref><ref>Devlin, Keith, ''Mathematics: The Science of Patterns: The Search for Order in Life, Mind and the Universe'' (Scientific American Paperback Library) 1996, ISBN 978-0-7167-5047-5</ref> sa pagpormula nin mga bagong konhektura; pigreresolbahan ninda an katotoohan o kasalaan sa paagi nin matematikong patunay. Kapag an mga matematikong istraktura iyo magayon na modelo nin tunay na pangyayari, an matematikong pagrason pwedeng magamit sa pagtao nin pagtanaw o prediksyon manungod sa kapalibotan. Sa paagi kan paggamit nin abstraksyon asin lohika, an matematika iyo nahaman gikan sa pagbilang, kalkulasyon, pagsukol, asin an sistematikong pag-aadal nin mga hugis asin paghiro kan mga pisikal na bagay. An praktikal na matematika iyo aktibidad na nin katawohan segun sa mga nakasurat na mga rekord kaidto. An pag-aadal na kinakaipo sa pagsimbag sa mga matematikong problema iyo pwedeng maghaloy nin mga taon o maski ngani mga siglo sa sustinadong paghahapot. An mga rigorosong argumento iyo enot na nagluwas sa Griyegong matematika, harus notable sa ''Elements'' ni [[Euclid]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm|title=Eudoxus' Influence on Euclid's Elements with a close look at The Method of Exhaustion|last=Wise|first=David|website=jwilson.coe.uga.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601004355/http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm|archive-date=June 1, 2019|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> Poon sa mga pangenot na kagibohan ni [[Giuseppe Peano]] (1858–1932), [[David Hilbert]] (1862–1943), asin iba pa sa mga aksiyomatikong sistema sa kataposan nin ika-19 na siglo, nagin kustomaryo an pagtanaw sa matematikong pag-aadal bilang paghaman sa katotoohan sa paagu kan rigorosong deduksyon gikan sa angay asin napiling mga aksiyom asin depinisyon. An matematika nahaman sa relatibong maluyang rikas hasta kan [[Renaissance]], kun nuarin an mga matematikong inobasyon kaiba an mga bagong siyentipikong pagkadiskobre nagtaong dalan sa marikas na matematikong pagkadiskobre na nagpapadagos hasta sa ngunyan.{{sfn|Eves|1990|p=306}} An matematika iyo esensyal na manlainlain na lado, kabali an natural na siyensya, [[inhenyeriya]], paggastos, asin siyensyang pangsosyedad. An matematikong pang-aplikasyon iyo nagtaong dalan sa entirong bagong matematikong disiplina, arug kan [[estadistika]] asin teorya nin kawat. An mga matematiko iyo na-eengayo sa purong matematika (matematika sa saiyang kapakanan) nin mayong maski anong aplikasyon na naiisip, pero an mga praktikal na aplikasyon na nagpoon bilang purong matematika iyo harus nadiskobre pakatapos.{{sfn|Peterson|p=12}}<ref>Wigner, Eugene (1960). [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228152633/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html |date=2011-02-28 }}. ''[[:en:Communications_on_Pure_and_Applied_Mathematics|Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]]''. '''13''' (1): 1–14. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960CPAM...13....1W 1960CPAM...13....1W]. doi:[[doi:10.1002/cpa.3160130102|10.1002/cpa.3160130102]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110228152633/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html Archived] from the original on February 28, 2011.</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Siyensya]] * [[Pilosopiya]] * [[Lohika]] == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{matematika-poon}} [[Kategorya:Matematika]] 4dnvftzgiygaiylye24if56chdcjdqe 0 25274 309539 303134 2026-08-23T19:53:51Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Aktibong estratobulkan sa Filipinas}} {{Redirect|Pinatubo|kabayo|Pinatubo (kabayo)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=Mayo 2021}} {{Infobox bukid | name = Bukid Pinatubo | photo = Pinatubo91eruption clark air base.jpg | photo_caption = An [[kolum nin pagtuga]] kan Bukid Pinatubo kadtong Hunyo&nbsp;12,&nbsp;1991, tolong aldaw bago an klimatikong pagtuga | map = Filipinas | map_alt = | map_caption = Kinamumugtakan sa Filipinas | location = [[Luzon]] | map_relief = | label_position = left | elevation = {{plainlist| *{{cvt|1486|m|ft}} {{small|(sa ngunyan)}} *{{cvt|1745|m|ft}} {{small|(bago an pagtuga kan 1991)}}}} | prominence_m = | prominence_ref = | listing = [[List kan mga aktibong bulkan sa Filipinas]] | language = Filipino | pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|iː|n|ə|ˈ|t|uː|b|oʊ}} | range = [[Kabukidan nin Zambales]] | coordinates = {{coord|15|08|30|N|120|21|00|E|type:mountain_region:PH_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | topo = | coordinates_ref = | type = [[Estratobulkan]]<ref name="SI">{{cite web|url=http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=273083|title=Pinatubo|work=[[Global Volcanism Program]]|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|access-date=January 23, 2020}}</ref> | volcanic_arc/belt= [[Arko nin Bulkaniko kan Luzon]] | age = Sa tanga kan 635,000 ± 80,000<br />asin 1.1 ± 0.09 milyon na taon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://volcano.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/update_VMEPD/Volcano/VolcanoList/pinatubo.htm |title=Pinatubo Volcano |publisher=The [[Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology]] (PHIVOLCS) |access-date=August 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129222823/http://volcano.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/update_VMEPD/Volcano/VolcanoList/pinatubo.htm |archive-date=January 29, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | last_eruption = 1993<ref name="SI"/> | first_ascent = | easiest_route = | map_size = | range_coordinates = | country = [[Filipinas]] | state = [[Sentral Luzon]] | state_type = Rehiyon | region = {{hlist | [[Pampanga]] | [[Tarlac]] | [[Zambales]] }} | region_type = Mga probinsya | embedded = {{Infobox mapframe|coord={{#invoke:coordinates|coord}}|wikidata=yes}} }} An '''Bukid Pinatubo''' ({{lang-xsb|Bakil nin Pinatobo}}; {{lang-pam|Bunduk/Bulkan ning Pinatubu, Bunduk ning Apu Malyari}}; {{lang-pag|Palandey/Bulkan na Pinatubu}}; {{lang-ilo|Bantay Pinatubo}}; {{lang-tgl|Bundok/Bulkang Pinatubo}} {{IPA-tl|pinɐtubɔ|IPA}}) sarong [[aktibong bulkan|aktibong]] [[estratobulkan]] sa [[Kabukidan nin Zambales]], nakamugtak sa [[tripoint]] boundary kan mga [[probinsya kan Filipinas]] kan [[Zambales]], [[Tarlac]] asin [[Pampanga]], anas sa [[Sentral Luzon]] sa kaamihanan na isla kan [[Luzon]].<ref name="Topo">{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/philippines/txu-oclc-6539351-nd51-1-450.jpg|title=Tarlac map|publisher=University of Texas in Austin Library|access-date=August 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv9GAQAAIAAJ "Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, 1901 Vol. III"], pg. 141. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1901.</ref> Dai masyadong aram an uusipon kan pagtuga kaini kan kadaklan bago an suanoy na aktibidad nin pagtuga kan bulkan kan 1991, kan Hunyo sana. Grabeng narugba' an Pinatubo, dai napapansin asin natahuban hali sa panghiling. Natahuban ini kan mga makakapal na kadlagan na minasuporta sa sarong populasyon kan dakol na ribong katutubo na mga [[Mga Aeta|Aeta]]. ==Kataytayan nin mga ladawan== <gallery> File:Mt.Pinatubo.jpg|Sa ibabawa kan Bukid Pinatubo File:Lahar Footprints in Mt. Pinatubo.jpg|Mga tala nin lamigtis kan Lahar sa Bukid Pinatubo Ladawan:Carabao's Bath - Mt Pinatubo Trail.jpg|Karabaw na nagkakarigos sa gilid kan Bukid Pinatubo </gallery> ==Mga tala== {{Reflist|Notes30em}} ==Toltolan== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Chakraborty P, etal | year = 2009 | title = Volcanic mesocyclones | journal = Nature | volume = 458 | issue = 7237 | pages = 495–500 | url = http://web.mechse.illinois.edu/research/gioia/Art/nature07866.pdf | doi = 10.1038/nature07866 | bibcode = 2009Natur.458..497C | pmid = 19325632 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Decker, R. and Decker, B. (1997) ''Volcanoes'', 3rd edition, WH Freeman, New York. * {{cite journal|author=McCormick, M. Patrick|year=1995|title=Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=373|issue=6513|pages=399–404|doi=10.1038/373399a0|bibcode = 1995Natur.373..399M |display-authors=etal}} * {{cite book|title=Geological Disasters In The Philippines: The July 1990 Earthquake And The June 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Description, effects and lessons learned|last=Rantucci|first=Giovanni|year=1994|publisher=Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)|isbn=978-0-7881-2075-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qK3uy9oMzccC|access-date=August 15, 2009}} * {{cite book|last=Reilly|first=Benjamin |title=Disaster and human history: case studies in nature, society and catastrophe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mI77lmwmVDkC|year=2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-3655-2}} * {{Cite journal | author1= Self S. |author2= Zhao, Jing-Xia|author3=Holasek, R.E.|author4=Torres, R.C.|author5=King, A.J. | year= 1998 |quote=The atmospheric impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption | title= Fire and Mud, Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines |editor1= Newhall, C.G. |editor2=Punongbayan, R.S. | publisher= Smithsonian Institution – Global Volcanism Program |place= Washington |page= 1126 | url= http://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/self/index.html |access-date= April 21, 2010 }} * {{cite journal |doi=10.1093/petroj/40.3.381 |title=The 15 June 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo. I. Phase Equilibria and Pre-eruption P-T-fO2-fH2O Conditions of the Dacite Magma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-petrology_1999-03_40_3/page/381 |year=1999 |last1=Scaillet |first1=B. |last2=Evans |first2=B. W. |journal=Journal of Petrology |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=381–411 |bibcode=1999JPet...40..381S |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00445-003-0300-3 |title=The crater lake and hydrothermal system of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: Evolution in the decade after eruption |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-volcanology_2004-02_66_2/page/149 |year=2004 |last1=Stimac |first1=James A. |last2=Goff |first2=Fraser |last3=Counce |first3=Dale |last4=Larocque |first4=Adrienne C. L. |last5=Hilton |first5=David R. |last6=Morgenstern |first6=Uwe |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=149–167 |bibcode=2004BVol...66..149S }} * {{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00445-003-0306-x |title=Grain size, areal thickness distribution and controls on sedimentation of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo tephra layer in the South China Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-volcanology_2004-03_66_3/page/226 |year=2004 |last1=Wiesner |first1=Martin G. |last2=Wetzel |first2=Andreas |last3=Catane |first3=Sandra G. |last4=Listanco |first4=Eddie L. |last5=Mirabueno |first5=Hannah T. |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=226–242 |bibcode=2004BVol...66..226W }} * Dhot, S. Mt Pinatubo Safety. {{Refend}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Mount_Pinatubo.ogg|date=2006-01-31}} * {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.mountpinatubo.net Mount Pinatubo] Mount Pinatubo page * [http://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/contents.html ''Fire and Mud. Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo''], [[United States Geological Survey]] site * [http://eos.higp.hawaii.edu/education/slide_set1/ ''Weather effects of the 1991 eruption''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195034/http://eos.higp.hawaii.edu/education/slide_set1/ |date=March 3, 2016 }} EOS Volcanology. * [http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/fs113-97.pdf ''The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines'']. United States Geological Survey site * [http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/philippines/pinatubo.html Pinatubo, Philippines (volcanic images)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918051137/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/philippines/pinatubo.html |date=September 18, 2008 }} * [https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=273083 Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program (GVP) (entry for Pinatubo)] {{Authority control}} {{Poon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pinatubo, Mount}} [[Kategorya:Mga aktibong bulkan sa Filipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga bukid kan Filipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga estratobulkan kan Filipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga bulkan na VEI-6]] [[Kategorya:Mga bulkan kan Luzon]] [[Kategorya:Mga pormang daga kan Pampanga]] [[Kategorya:Mga pormang daga kan Tarlac]] [[Kategorya:Mga pormang daga kan Zambales]] dndll2zvsii8h561j7q2hvlap4v4hjp 0 25278 309616 309014 2026-08-23T20:54:31Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox physical quantity|name=Gabat|width=|image=Weeghaak.JPG|imagesize=x200px|caption=Sarong ''spring scale'' na minasukol sa gabat nin sarong bagay.|unit=[[Newton (yunit)|newton]] (N)|otherunits=[[libra-puwersa]] (pound-force, lbf)|symbols=<math>W</math>|baseunits=kg⋅m⋅s⁻²|dimension=<math>\mathsf{MLT}^{-2}</math>|extensive=Iyo|intensive=Dae|conserved=Dae|transformsas=|derivations={{plainlist| * <math>W = mg</math> * <math>W = ma</math> }}}} Sa [[siyensya]] asin [[inhenyeriya]], an '''gabat''' ([[Ingles]]: ''weight'') kan sarong bagay iyo an [[puwersa]] na minaakto sa nasambit na bagay huli sa [[grabidad]].<ref name="Morrison">{{cite journal|title=Weight and gravity - the need for consistent definitions|author=Richard C. Morrison|journal=The Physics Teacher|volume=37|page=51|date=1999|issue=1|doi=10.1119/1.880152|bibcode=1999PhTea..37...51M}}</ref><ref name="Galili">{{cite journal|title=Weight versus gravitational force: historical and educational perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-science-education_2001-10_23_10/page/1073|author=Igal Galili|journal=International Journal of Science Education|volume=23|page=1073|date=2001|issue=10|doi=10.1080/09500690110038585|bibcode=2001IJSEd..23.1073G|s2cid=11110675}}</ref><ref name="Gat">{{cite book|title=Standardization of Technical Terminology: Principles and Practice – ''second volume''|last=Gat|first=Uri|date=1988|publisher=ASTM International|isbn=978-0-8031-1183-7|editor=Richard Alan Strehlow|pages=45–48|chapter=The weight of mass and the mess of weight|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoB5w9Km0mUC&pg=PA45}}</ref> An ibang mga istandardong libro<ref name="Knight">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsforscien200knig|title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: a Strategic Approach|author=Knight, Randall D.|publisher=Addison–Wesley|year=2004|isbn=0-8053-8960-1|location=San Francisco, USA|pages=100–101}}</ref> pigtatawan kahulugan an gabat bilang sarong bektor na kantidad, an grabitasyonal na puwersa na minaakto sa bagay. An iba man<ref name="Bauer-and-Westfall">{{Cite book|title=University Physics with Modern Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/universityphysic0000baue_z8n6|author=Bauer, Wolfgang and Westfall, Gary D.|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2011|isbn=978-0-07-336794-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityphysic0000baue_z8n6/page/103 103]}}</ref><ref name="Serway-and-Jewett">{{Cite book|title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0000serw_u6w5|author=Serway, Raymond A. and Jewett, John W. Jr.|publisher=Thompson|year=2008|isbn=978-0-495-11245-7|location=USA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0000serw_u6w5/page/106 106]}}</ref> an gabat iyo sarong iskalar na kantidad, an kakusogan kan grabitasyonal na puwersa. Sagkod an natatada<ref name="Hewitt">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3/page/159|title=Conceptual Physics|author=Hewitt, Paul G.|publisher=Addison–Wesley|year=2001|isbn=0-321-05202-1|location=USA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3/page/159 159]}}</ref> pigtatawan kahulugan ini bilang an kakusogan kan reaksyong puwersa sa sarong lawas sa paagi nin mekanismo na oposisyon sa epekto kan grabidad: an gabat iyo an kantidad na nasusukol, halimbawa, kan spring scale. Kaya, sa kamugtakan kan [[talingkas na pagkahulog]], mayo nin gabat an sarong bagay. Sa arug kaining pagkakaintindi, an mga terestriyal na bagay pwedeng mayo nin gabat: sa dae pagbali kan resistensya nin ere, an famosong mansanas palan na nahulog hale sa puno pasiring ki [[Isaac Newton]], iyo mayo nin gabat. An yunit nin pagsukol para sa gabat iyo an sa [[puwersa]], kun sain sa [[Internasyunal na Sistema nin mga Yunit]] (SI) iyo an [[Newton (yunit)|newton]]. Halimbawa, an bagay na igwa nin [[masa]] na sarong kilogramo iyo may gabat na harus 9.8 newtons sa ibabaw kan [[Kinaban]], sagkod harus 1/6 kan sa [[Bulan (astronomiya)|Bulan]]. Maski ngani an gabat asin an masa iyo lain na siyentipikong kantidad, an mga termino minatao nin pagkaribong sa urualdaw na paggamit (i.e. pagkompara asin pagpalis kan puwersa-gabat sa libra pasiring sa masa sa kilograma sagkod an kabaliktadan).<ref name="Canada">The National Standard of Canada, CAN/CSA-Z234.1-89 Canadian Metric Practice Guide, January 1989: * '''5.7.3''' Considerable confusion exists in the use of the term "weight". In commercial and everyday use, the term "weight" nearly always means mass. In science and technology "weight" has primarily meant a force due to gravity. In scientific and technical work, the term "weight" should be replaced by the term "mass" or "force", depending on the application. * '''5.7.4''' The use of the verb "to weigh" meaning "to determine the mass of", e.g., "I weighed this object and determined its mass to be 5 kg," is correct.</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Masa]] * [[Enerhiya]] * [[Puwersa]] == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Mga parametro nin pagsukol]] pulrgzjuvfb6t6qmouuuawe12ecb8l8 0 25311 309627 261091 2026-08-23T21:03:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309627 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Distancedisplacement.svg|thumb|268x268px|An pagkakaiba kan '''distansya''' (rayo kan duwang punto na base sa dalan na pig-agihan) asin kan '''displasamento''' (rayo na nakabase sana sa inisyal asin pinal na punto, dae sa dalan na pig-agihan)]] An '''talang''' o '''tahang''', urog na midbid bilang '''distansya''' ([[Ingles]]: ''distance''), iyo sarong numerikal na pagsukol kun gurano karayo an mga bagay o punto. Sa [[pisika]] o sa urualdaw na paggamit, an distansya pwedeng dapit sa pisikal na laba o sarong estimasyon na nakabase sa ibang kriterya (e.g. "lagpas nin duwang banwaan"). An distansya gikan sa puntong A pasiring sa puntong B iyo minsan pigrerepresenta bilang <math>|AB|</math>.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-01|title=Compendium of Mathematical Symbols|url=https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Math Vault|language=en-US}}</ref> Sa kadaklan nin kaso, an "distansya gikan sa A pasiring sa B" iyo parehas sana sa "distansya gikan sa B pasiring sa A". Sa [[matematika]], an minaganang distansya o metriko iyo sarong heneralisasyon kan konsepto nin pisikal na distansya; saro ining paagi sa pagpapaliwanag kun ano an kahulugan para sa mga elemento kan ibang ispasyo para magin "harani sa", o "harayo gikan" sa kada saro. Sa [[sikolohiya]] asin [[sosyal na siyensya]], an distansya iyo sarong dae-numerikal na pagsukol; an sikolohikal na pagsukol iyo pigtatawan kahulugan bilang "an manlainlain na paagi kun sain an sarong bagay pwedeng mahali" an sadiri kaiba an mga dimensyon arug kan "oras, ispasyo, sosyal na distansya, asin hipotetikalidad.<ref name="psych">{{cite journal|vauthors=Trope Y, Liberman N|title=Construal-level theory of psychological distance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_2010-04_117_2/page/440|journal=Psychological Review|volume=117|issue=2|pages=440–63|date=April 2010|pmid=20438233|pmc=3152826|doi=10.1037/a0018963}}</ref> == Bibliyograpiya == * Deza E, Deza M (2006). Dictionary of Distances. Elsevier. ISBN [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-52087-2 0-444-52087-2]. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Mga parametro nin pagsukol]] ez26dm23b85rtzc997zehsn9y8kj2qm 0 25402 309810 309117 2026-08-24T00:00:48Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox academic|image=era=Medieval era ([[Islamic Golden Age]])|influenced=[[Abu Kamil]]<ref name=MacTutor-AK>O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abu_Kamil.html "Abū Kāmil Shujā‘ ibn Aslam"], MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.</ref>|influences=|major_works=[[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing]], Book of the Description of the Earth, Astronomical tables of Siddhanta|notable_ideas=Treatises on [[algebra]] and [[Indian numerals]]|main_interests=[[Mathematics]], [[Geography]], [[Astronomy]]|school_tradition=|alma_mater=|region=|death_place=[[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]|image_size=|death_date={{circa|lk=no|850}} (aged c. 70)|birth_place=[[Khwarezm]]<ref>{{harvnb|Berggren|1986}}; {{harvnb|Struik|1987| p= 93}}</ref>|birth_date={{circa|lk=no|780}}|other_names=|birth_name=|native_name=|name=Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī|caption=Statue of al-Khwārizmī carrying an [[astrolabe]] in [[Amir Kabir University]], [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]|alt=|awards=}}Si '''Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī'''{{refn|There is some confusion in the literature on whether al-Khwārizmī's full name is {{lang|ar|rtl=yes|ابو عبد الله محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي}} {{transl|ar|ALA|Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī}} or {{lang|ar|rtl=yes|ابو جعفر محمد بن موسی الخوارزمی}} {{transl|ar|ALA|Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī}}. [[Ibn Khaldun]] notes in his Prolegomena: "The first to write on this discipline [algebra] was Abu 'Abdallah al-Khuwarizmi. After him, there was Abu Kamil Shuja' b. Aslam. People followed in his steps."<ref>[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Table_of_Contents.htm Ibn Khaldūn, The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history, Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal, New York: Princeton (1958), Chapter VI:19]</ref> In the introduction to his critical commentary on Robert of Chester's Latin translation of al-Khwārizmī's ''Algebra'', L.C. Karpinski notes that Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā refers to the eldest of the [[Banū Mūsā]] brothers. Karpinski notes in his review on (Ruska 1917) that in (Ruska 1918): "Ruska here inadvertently speaks of the author as Abū Ga‘far M. b. M., instead of Abū Abdallah M. b. M." Donald Knuth writes it as {{transl|ar|ALA|Abū ’Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī}} and quotes it as meaning "literally, 'Father of Abdullah, Mohammed, son of Moses, native of Khwārizm,'" citing previous work by Heinz Zemanek. <ref>{{citation |first=Donald |last=Knuth |chapter=Basic Concepts |title=The Art of Computer Programming |volume=1 |edition=3rd |year=1997 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=978-0-201-89683-1 |page=1}}</ref>|group=note}} ({{lang-fa|محمد بن موسی خوارزمی|Moḥammad ben Musā Khwārazmi}}; {{circa|780|850|lk=no}}), naka-Arabiko na al-Khwarizmi asin dating naka-Latin ''Algorithmi'', iyo sarong [[Persians|Persyano]]<ref name="Corbin 1998 44">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VF0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|title=The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy|last=Corbin|first=Henry|date=1998|publisher=North Atlantic Books|isbn=978-1-55643-269-9|page=44|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrslMKTgSZwC&pg=PA84|title=The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics|author=Clifford A. Pickover|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4027-5796-9|page=84}}</ref><ref name="Science and medicine">{{cite journal|last1=Saliba|first1=George|title=Science and medicine|journal=Iranian Studies|date=September 1998|volume=31|issue=3–4|pages=681–690|doi=10.1080/00210869808701940|quote=Take, for example, someone like Muhammad b. Musa al-Khwarizmi (fl. 850) may present a problem for the EIr, for although he was obviously of Persian descent, he lived and worked in Baghdad and was not known to have produced a single scientific work in Persian.}}</ref> na [[polymath]] na may impluwensiyal na gibo sa [[matematika]], [[astronomiya]], asin [[heograpiya]]. Mga 820 CE, siya nagin astronomo asin pamayo kan library kan [[House of Wisdom]] sa [[Baghdad]].<ref name="Maher">Maher, P. (1998). From Al-Jabr to Algebra. Mathematics in School, 27(4), 14–15.</ref> Pinasikat ni Al-Khwarizmi an treatise sa [[alhebra]] (''[[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing]]'', c. 813–833 CE<ref name="Oaks">Oaks, J. (2009). Polynomials and equations in Arabic algebra. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 63(2), 169–203.</ref>) pigpresentar an enot na sitematikong solusyon sa mga linyar asin kwadratikong ekwasyon. == Mga nota == {{reflist|group=note}} == Mga toltolan == {{Reflist}} == Magbasa pa lalo == === Ispesipikong mga toltolan === {{Refbegin|2}} ====Biographical==== * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Toomer|first=Gerald|author-link=Gerald Toomer|title=Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā|encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]|volume=7|editor=Gillispie, Charles Coulston|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|date=1990|isbn=978-0-684-16962-0|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902300.html}} * [[Sonja Brentjes|Brentjes, Sonja]] (2007). "[http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.htm Khwārizmī: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al‐Khwārizmī]" in Thomas Hockey et al.(eds.). ''[[The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers]]'', Springer Reference. New York: Springer, 2007, pp.&nbsp;631–633. ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.pdf PDF version]) * {{cite journal|last=Dunlop|first=Douglas Morton|author-link=Douglas Morton Dunlop|date=1943|title=Muḥammad b. Mūsā al-<u>Kh</u>wārizmī|journal=[[The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]|pages=248–250|jstor=25221920|issue=2|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00098464}} * Hogendijk, Jan P., [http://www.alkhwarizmi.nl/ Muhammad ibn Musa (Al-)Khwarizmi (c. 780–850 CE)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203102909/http://alkhwarizmi.nl/ |date=2018-02-03 }} – bibliography of his works, manuscripts, editions and translations. * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Al-Khwarizmi|title=Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi}} * [[Fuat Sezgin]]. ''Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums''. 1974, E.J. Brill, Leiden, the Netherlands. * Sezgin, F., ed., ''Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy'', Frankfurt: Institut für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften, 1997–99. <!-- This is a collection of (mostly) reprints, consisting of 112 volumes to date. Practically all the literature on Islamic mathematics published before 1960 will be reprinted in these volumes. The volumes are compiled thematically, for example vols. 1–4 are about Al-Khwarizmi, vols. 14–20 on Euclid in the Arabic tradition, vols. 21–22 on Tabit ibn Qurra, vol. 23 on Abu Kamil, vols. 24–25 on Ibn Yunis, vols. 32–36 on al-Biruni, etc. --> ==== Algebra ==== * {{cite journal|last=Gandz|first=Solomon|author-link=Solomon Gandz|title=The Origin of the Term "Algebra"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-mathematical-monthly_1926-11_33_9/page/437|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|volume=33|issue=9|date=November 1926|pages=437–440|doi=10.2307/2299605|issn=0002-9890|jstor=2299605}} * {{cite journal|last=Gandz|first=Solomon|date=1936|title=The Sources of al-Khowārizmī's Algebra|journal=Osiris|volume=1|pages=263–277|jstor=301610|doi=10.1086/368426|issue=1|s2cid=60770737|issn=0369-7827}} * {{cite journal|last=Gandz|first=Solomon|date=1938|title=The Algebra of Inheritance: A Rehabilitation of Al-Khuwārizmī|journal=Osiris|volume=5|pages=319–391|jstor=301569|issue=5|doi=10.1086/368492|s2cid=143683763|issn=0369-7827}} * {{cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Barnabas|author-link=Barnabas Hughes|title=Gerard of Cremona's Translation of al-Khwārizmī's al-Jabr: A Critical Edition|date=1986|journal=Mediaeval Studies|volume=48|pages=211–263|doi=10.1484/J.MS.2.306339}} * Barnabas Hughes. ''Robert of Chester's Latin translation of al-Khwarizmi's al-Jabr: A new critical edition''. In Latin. F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden (1989). {{isbn|3-515-04589-9}}. * {{cite book|url=https://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittlebooks|title=Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi: With an Introduction, Critical Notes and an English Version|last=Karpinski|first=L.C.|date=1915|publisher=The Macmillan Company|author-link=L. C. Karpinski}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/algebraofmohamme00khuwrich|title=The Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa|last=Rosen|first=Fredrick|date=1831|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4179-4914-4|author-link=Frederick Rosen}} <!-- Arabic text of the Algebra of al-Khwarizmi, with English translation. Various medieval Latin translations of the Algebra of al-Khwarizmi have also been published. --> * {{cite journal|last=Ruska|first=Julius|author-link=Julius Ruska|title=Zur ältesten arabischen Algebra und Rechenkunst|journal=[[Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse]]|pages=1–125|date=1917|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001653568|series=Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philologisch-historische Klasse. Jahr. 1917,2. Abh}} ==== Arithmetic ==== * {{citation|first=Charles|last=Burnett|chapter=Arabic Numerals|editor=Thomas F. Glick|title=Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-67617-5}} * {{cite book|title=Die älteste lateinische Schrift über das indische Rechnen nach al-Ḫwārizmī|url=https://archive.org/details/diealtestelatein0000khuw|last=Folkerts|first=Menso|date=1997|publisher=Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften|isbn=978-3-7696-0108-4|location=München|language=de, la|author-link=Menso Folkerts}} <!-- / Ed., Übers. und Kommentar von Menso Folkerts unter Mitarb. von Paul Kunitzsch --><!-- This is a new edition of the complete medieval Latin translation of the Arithmetic of al-Khwarizmi (previous editions are all incomplete). This work is lost in Arabic. --> * [[Kurt Vogel (historian)|Vogel, Kurt]] (1968). ''[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000404668 Mohammed ibn Musa Alchwarizmi's Algorismus; das früheste Lehrbuch zum Rechnen mit indischen Ziffern. Nach der einzigen (lateinischen) Handschrift (Cambridge Un. Lib. Ms. Ii. 6.5) in Faksimile mit Transkription und Kommentar herausgegeben von Kurt Vogel.]'' Aalen, O. Zeller. ==== Astronomy ==== * {{cite book|title=Commentary on the Astronomical Tables of Al-Khwarizmi: By Ibn Al-Muthanna|last=Goldstein|first=B.R.|date=1968|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-00498-4|author-link=B. R. Goldstein}} * {{cite journal|first=Jan P.|last=Hogendijk|author-link=Jan Hogendijk|title=Al-Khwārizmī's Table of the "Sine of the Hours" and the Underlying Sine Table|date=1991|journal=Historia Scientiarum|volume=42|pages=1–12}} * {{cite book|title=Al-Khwārizmī and New Trends in Mathematical Astronomy in the Ninth Century|last=King|first=David A.|date=1983|publisher=Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies: Occasional Papers on the Near East 2|location=New York University|bibcode=1983antm.book.....K|lccn=85150177|author-link=David A. King (historian)}} <!-- Description and analysis of seven recently discovered minor works related to al-Khwarizmi. --> * {{cite book|title=The Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi|url=https://archive.org/details/astronomicaltabl0000oneu|last=Neugebauer|first=Otto|date=1962|author-link=Otto Neugebauer}} * {{cite book|title="Geometric trigonometry" in treatises of al-Khwārizmī, al-Māhānī and Ibn al-Haytham|last=Rosenfeld|first=Boris A.|date=1993|journal=Vestiga Mathematica: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Mathematics in Honour of H.L.L. Busard|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-5183-536-6|editor=Menso Folkerts|location=Amsterdam|author-link=Boris A. Rosenfeld|editor2=J.P. Hogendijk}} * [[Heinrich Suter|Suter, Heinrich]]. [Ed.]: Die astronomischen Tafeln des Muhammed ibn Mûsâ al-Khwârizmî in der Bearbeitung des Maslama ibn Ahmed al-Madjrîtî und der latein. Übersetzung des Athelhard von Bath auf Grund der Vorarbeiten von A. Bjørnbo und R. Besthorn in Kopenhagen. Hrsg. und komm. Kopenhagen 1914. 288 pp. Repr. 1997 (Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy. 7). {{isbn|3-8298-4008-X}}. * [[Benno van Dalen|Van Dalen, B]]. Al-Khwarizmi's Astronomical Tables Revisited: Analysis of the Equation of Time. <!-- Published in "Casulleras, J, Samsó, J., eds., ''From Baghdad to Barcelona: Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Prof. Juan Vernet''. 2 vols. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona 1996.", pp. 195–252. With survey of all work done on the tables of al-Khwarizmi. --> ==== Spherical trigonometry ==== * B.A. Rozenfeld. "Al-Khwarizmi's spherical trigonometry" (Russian), ''Istor.-Mat. Issled.'' '''32–33''' (1990), 325–339. ==== Jewish calendar ==== * {{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=E. S.|author-link=Edward Stewart Kennedy|title=Al-Khwārizmī on the Jewish Calendar|date=1964|journal=[[Scripta Mathematica]]|volume=27|pages=55–59}} <!-- reprinted in Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences. Beirut 1983, 661–665 --> ==== Geography ==== * {{cite book|title=Der Osten nach der Erdkarte al-Ḫuwārizmīs : Beiträge zur historischen Geographie und Geschichte Asiens|last=Daunicht|first=Hubert|date=1968–1970|publisher=Bonner orientalistische Studien. N.S.; Bd. 19|language=de|lccn=71468286|author-link=Hubert Daunicht}} * {{cite journal|last=Mžik|first=Hans von|author-link=Hans von Mžik|title=Ptolemaeus und die Karten der arabischen Geographen|journal=Mitteil. D. K. K. Geogr. Ges. In Wien|volume=58|date=1915|page=152}} * {{cite journal|last=Mžik|first=Hans von|title=Afrika nach der arabischen Bearbeitung der γεωγραφικὴ ὑφήγησις des Cl. Ptolomeaus von Muh. ibn Mūsa al-Hwarizmi|journal=Denkschriften D. Akad. D. Wissen. In Wien, Phil.-hist. Kl.|volume=59|date=1916}} * {{cite book|title=Das Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ des Abū Ǧa'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḫuwārizmī|last=Mžik|first=Hans von|date=1926|location=Leipzig}} * {{citation|last=Nallino|first=C.A.|author-link=Carlo Alfonso Nallino|title=Al-Ḫuwārizmī e il suo rifacimento della Geografia di Tolemo|journal=Atti della R. Accad. Dei Lincei, Arno 291, Serie V, Memorie, Classe di Sc. Mor., Vol. II, Rome|date=1896}} * {{cite journal|last=Ruska|first=Julius|title=Neue Bausteine zur Geschichte der arabischen Geographie|journal=Geographische Zeitschrift|volume=24|date=1918|pages=77–81|author-link=Julius Ruska}} * {{cite journal|last=Spitta|first=W.|author-link=W. Spitta|title=Ḫuwārizmī's Auszug aus der Geographie des Ptolomaeus|journal=Zeitschrift Deutschen Morgenl. Gesell.|volume=33|date=1879}} {{Refend}} === Pangkagabsan na toltolan === {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite journal|last=Arndt|first=A. B.|title=Al-Khwarizmi|date=1983|publisher=National Council of Teachers of Mathematics|pages=668–670|volume=76|issue=9|url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/e/c/ecb5/Courses/M475W/WeeklyReadings/Week%2013/Al-Khwarizmi.pdf|access-date=2021-05-25|archivedate=2021-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413095521/http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/e/c/ecb5/Courses/M475W/WeeklyReadings/Week%2013/Al-Khwarizmi.pdf}} * {{Cite book|title=Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/episodesinmathem0000berg|last=Berggren|first=J. Lennart|date=1986|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|isbn=978-0-387-96318-1|location=New York|author-link=Len Berggren}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye|title=A History of Mathematics|last=Boyer|first=Carl B.|date=1991|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|isbn=978-0-471-54397-8|edition=Second|chapter=The Arabic Hegemony|author-link=Carl Benjamin Boyer}} * {{Cite book|title=The Muslim contribution to mathematics|last=Daffa|first=Ali Abdullah al-|date=1977|publisher=[[Croom Helm]]|isbn=978-0-85664-464-1|location=[[London]]|author-link=Ali Abdullah Al-Daffa}} * {{Cite book|title=The Oxford History of Islam|last=Dallal|first=Ahmad|date=1999|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], [[New York City|New York]]|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John|contribution=Science, Medicine and Technology|author-link=Ahmad Dallal}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=E.S.|author-link=Edward Stewart Kennedy|title=A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables; Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|date=1956|location=[[Philadelphia]]|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|volume=46|issue=2}} * {{Cite book|title=Astronomy before the telescope|url=https://archive.org/details/astronomybeforet0000unse|last=King|first=David A.|date=1999a|publisher=[[British Museum]] Press|isbn=978-0-7141-2733-0|editor-last=Walker|editor-first=Christopher|editor-link=Christopher J. Walker|pages=[https://archive.org/details/astronomybeforet0000unse/page/n160 143]–174|contribution=Islamic Astronomy|author-link=David A. King (historian)}} * {{Cite journal|last=King|first=David A.|date=2002|title=A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus|journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy|volume=33|issue=112|pages=237–255|bibcode=2002JHA....33..237K|doi=10.1177/002182860203300302|s2cid=125329755}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000stru_m6j1|title=A Concise History of Mathematics|last=Struik|first=Dirk Jan|date=1987|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|isbn=978-0-486-60255-4|edition=4th|author-link=Dirk Jan Struik|url-access=registration}} <!-- *Nito Verdera. [http://www.cristobalcolondeibiza.com/2eng/2eng00.htm ''South America on ancient, medieval and Renaissance maps'']. Comment: Contains a bit of useful info on the Geography, but also presents a crank theory (see talk page).--> <!-- muslim<ref name="Britannica">Britannica, [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045366 ''al-Khw<u>a</u>rizm<u>i</u>''] </ref> --> <!-- * [http://www.iranica.com Encyclopaedia Iranica] what page/chapter/article??? --> <!-- * William Muir (revised edition by T.H. Weir, M.A., D.D.). [http://answering-islam.org.uk/Books/Muir/Caliphate/ The Caliphate Its Rise, Decline, and Fall]. relevance?? --> * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Abraham|title=Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi}} * {{MacTutor Biography|class=HistTopics|id=Arabic_mathematics|title=Arabic mathematics: forgotten brilliance?}} * [[Roshdi Rashed]], ''The development of Arabic mathematics: between arithmetic and algebra'', London, 1994. {{Refend}} {{tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Mga matematiko]] itkusk2lg4cqeqam8fprk6jnchdbfsy 0 25408 309546 308726 2026-08-23T19:59:31Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher|region=[[Western philosophy]]|influenced=[[George Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[Ernst Platner|Platner]], [[Voltaire]], [[David Hume|Hume]], [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Wolff]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Norbert Wiener|Wiener]], [[Bernhard Riemann|Riemann]], [[Edward Gibbon|Gibbon]], [[Carl Friedrich Gauss|Gauss]], [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange|Lagrange]], [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]], [[George Boole|Boole]], [[John Henry Newman|Newman]], [[Charles Sanders Peirce|Peirce]], [[Gottlob Frege|Frege]], [[Bertrand Russell|Russell]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Kurt Gödel|Gödel]], [[Alfred Tarski|Tarski]], [[Benoit Mandelbrot|Mandelbrot]], [[Maurice Blondel|Blondel]], [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], [[Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze]], [[Wilhelm Wundt|Wundt]], [[Nicholas Rescher|Rescher]], [[Walter Rauschenbusch|Rauschenbusch]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last=McNab |first=John |year=1972 |title=Towards a Theology of Social Concern: A Comparative Study of the Elements for Social Concern in the Writings of Frederick D. Maurice and Walter Rauschenbusch |url=http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/-?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70717&silo_library=GEN01 |degree=PhD |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill University |page=201 |access-date=February 6, 2019}}</ref>|academic_advisors={{plainlist| *[[Erhard Weigel]] (Jena)<ref name="Arthur p. 16"/> *[[Jakob Thomasius]] (B.A. advisor)<ref name="Arthur p. 13"/> *[[Christiaan Huygens]]}}|doctoral_advisor={{Interlanguage link multi|Bartholomäus Leonhard von Schwendendörffer|de}} (Dr. jur. thesis advisor)<ref>Kurt Huber, ''Leibniz: Der Philosoph der universalen Harmonie'', Severus Verlag, 2014, p. 29.</ref><ref>{{MathGenealogy|id=60985}}</ref><!--The Mathematics Genealogy Project lists Thomasius as his Dr.phil. supervisor but Arthur 2014, p. 13 lists him as Leibniz's BA advisor-->|thesis2_year=November 1666|thesis2_url=http://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/60594/1/|thesis2_title=Disputatio Inauguralis de Casibus Perplexis in Jure (Inaugural Disputation on Ambiguous Legal Cases)|thesis1_year=March 1666|thesis1_url=https://archive.org/details/ita-bnc-mag-00000844-001|thesis1_title=De Arte Combinatoria (On the Combinatorial Art)|signature=Unterschrift Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz deutscher Philosoph, Mathematiker, Physiker, Ingenieur.svg|notable_ideas={{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|[[Calculus]]<br />[[Monadology|Monads]]<br />[[Best of all possible worlds]]<br />[[Pre-established harmony]]<br />[[Identity of indiscernibles]]<br />[[Matrix (mathematics)|Mathematical matrix]]<br />[[Function (mathematics)|Mathematical function]]<br />[[Fundamental theorem of calculus#Second part|Newton–Leibniz axiom]]<br />[[Leibniz's notation]]<br />[[Leibniz integral rule]]<br />[[Integral symbol]]<br />[[Leibniz harmonic triangle]]<br />[[Leibniz's test]]<br />[[Leibniz formula for π]]<br />[[Leibniz formula for determinants]]<br />[[Chain rule]]<br />[[Quotient rule]]<br />[[Product rule]]<br />[[Leibniz wheel]]<br />[[Leibniz's gap]]<br />[[Algebra of concepts]]<br />''[[Vis viva]]'' (principle of [[conservation of energy]])<br />[[Principle of least action]]<br />''[[Salva veritate]]''<br />[[Stepped reckoner]]<br />[[Symbolic logic]]/[[Boolean algebra]]<br />[[Semiotics]]<br />''[[Topology|Analysis situs]]''<br />[[Principle of sufficient reason]]<br />[[Law of Continuity]]<br />[[Transcendental law of homogeneity]]<br />''[[De Arte Combinatoria|Ars combinatoria]]'' ([[alphabet of human thought]])<br />''[[Characteristica universalis]]''<br />''[[Calculus ratiocinator]]''<br />[[Compossibility]]<br />[[Problem of why there is anything at all]]<br />[[Pluralistic idealism]]<br />[[Dynamism (metaphysics)|Metaphysical dynamism]]<br />[[Relational theory|Relationism]]<br />[[Apperception]]<br />[[A priori and a posteriori|''A priori''/''a posteriori'' distinction]]<br />[[Deontic logic]] }}|influences=[[Scholasticism]], [[Aristotle]], [[Archimedes]], [[Euclid]], [[Apollonius of Perga]], [[Plato]], [[Francisco Suárez|Suárez]], [[Hugo Grotius]], [[Ramon Llull]], [[Confucius]], [[Anne Conway (philosopher)|Anne Conway]], [[René Descartes|Descartes]], [[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]], [[Nicolas Malebranche|Malebranche]], [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], [[Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet|Bossuet]], [[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]]|era=[[17th-century philosophy|17th-]]/[[18th-century philosophy]]|school_tradition=[[Rationalism]]<br />[[Pluralistic idealism]]<ref>Michael Blamauer (ed.), ''The Mental as Fundamental: New Perspectives on Panpsychism'', Walter de Gruyter, 2013, p. 111.</ref><br />[[Foundationalism]]<ref name=SEP-FTJ>{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational/#4 | title=Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification | encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date=21 February 2000 | access-date=August 19, 2018 | author=Fumerton, Richard}}</ref><br />[[Conceptualism]]<ref>Stefano Di Bella, Tad M. Schmaltz (eds.), ''The Problem of Universals in Early Modern Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 207 n. 25: "Leibniz's conceptualism [is related to] the Ockhamist tradition..."</ref><br />[[Optimism]]<br />[[Indirect realism]]<ref>A. B. Dickerson, ''Kant on Representation and Objectivity'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 85.</ref><br />[[Correspondence theory of truth]]<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-correspondence/ The Correspondence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]</ref><br />[[Relational theory|Relationism]]|main_interests=[[Mathematics]], [[physics]], [[geology]], [[medicine]], [[biology]], [[embryology]], [[epidemiology]], [[veterinary medicine]], [[paleontology]], [[psychology]], [[engineering]], [[linguistics]], [[philology]], [[sociology]], [[metaphysics]], [[ethics]], [[economics]], [[diplomacy]], [[history]], [[politics]], [[music theory]], [[poetry]], [[logic]], [[theodicy]], [[universal language]], [[universal science]]|nationality=German|education={{plainlist| * {{Interlanguage link multi|Alte Nikolaischule|de|3=Alte Nikolaischule (Leipzig)|lt=Alte Nikolaischule}}<br />(1655–1661) * [[Leipzig University]] (1661–1666: ** [[B.A.]] in phil., Dec. 1662 ** [[M.A.]] in phil., Feb. 1664 ** [[LL.B.]], Sep. 1665 ** [[Dr. phil. hab.]], Mar. 1666) * [[University of Jena]]<br />([[summer school]], 1663)<ref name="Arthur p. 16">Arthur 2014, p. 16.</ref> * [[University of Altdorf]]<br />([[Dr. jur.]], November 1666)}}|death_place=[[Hanover]], [[Electorate of Hanover]], Holy Roman Empire|death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1716|11|14|1646|07|1}}|birth_place=[[Leipzig]], [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]|birth_date=1 July 1646|birth_name=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|caption=Portrait by [[Christoph Bernhard Francke]]|image=Christoph Bernhard Francke - Bildnis des Philosophen Leibniz (ca. 1695).jpg|notable_students=[[Jacob Bernoulli]] (epistolary correspondent)<br />[[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]] (epistolary correspondent)}}Si '''Gottfried Wilhelm''' ('''von''') '''Leibniz'''{{efn|Leibniz himself never attached "von" to his name and was never actually ennobled.}}{{efn|{{lang-fr|Godefroi Guillaume {{notatypo|Leibnitz}}}} {{IPA-fr|ɡɔdfʁwa ɡijom lɛbnits}}; see inscription of the engraving depicted in the "[[#1666–1676|1666–1676]]" section.}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aɪ|b|n|ɪ|t|s}};<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leibniz "Leibniz"] entry in ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm fɔn ˈlaɪbnɪts|lang}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Duden-Aussprachewörterbuch (Duden Pronunciation Dictionary)|url=https://archive.org/details/dudenaussprachew0000unse_s9z1|publisher=Bibliographisches Institut GmbH|year=2005|isbn=978-3-411-04066-7|editor-last=Mangold|editor-first=Max|edition=7th|location=Mannheim|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> o {{IPA-de|ˈlaɪpnɪts|}};<ref>{{cite book|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch (German Pronunciation Dictionary)|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG|year=2010|isbn=978-3-11-018203-3|editor=Eva-Maria Krech|edition=1st|location=Berlin|language=de|display-editors=etal}}</ref> – Nobyembre 14, 1716) sarong Aleman na pilosopo, matematiko, siyentista, [[diplomat]] asin [[Polymath|polymath.]] Saro siyang prominente sa lantad nin kasaysayan nin pilosopiya asin matematika. Bilang pilosopo, siya saro sa matibay na ngrepresentar kan [[17th century]] [[rationalism]].Bilang matematiko, an saiyang pinaka naakomplisyar iyo an pagpaurog nin mga ideya sa [[differential and integral calculus]], iba man na kaisipan ki [[Isaac Newton]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm_cCZBiOhQC|title=History of Western Philosophy: Collectors Edition|last=Russell|first=Bertrand|date=15 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-69284-1|edition=revised|page=469}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm_cCZBiOhQC&pg=PA469 Extract of page 469].</ref> == Mga Nota == {{Notelist}} == Mga toltolan == === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Mga Ginikanan === ==== Mga Bibliograpiya ==== * Bodemann, Eduard, ''Die Leibniz-Handschriften der Königlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu Hannover'', 1895, (anastatic reprint: Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1966). * Bodemann, Eduard, ''Der Briefwechsel des Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in der Königlichen öffentliche Bibliothek zu Hannover'', 1895, (anastatic reprint: Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1966). * Ravier, Émile, ''Bibliographie des œuvres de Leibniz'', Paris: Alcan, 1937 (anastatic reprint Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966). * Heinekamp, Albert and Mertens, Marlen. ''Leibniz-Bibliographie. Die Literatur über Leibniz bis 1980'', Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1984. * Heinekamp, Albert and Mertens, Marlen. ''Leibniz-Bibliographie. Die Literatur über Leibniz. Band II: 1981–1990'', Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1996. An updated bibliography of more than 25.000 titles is available at [http://www.leibniz-bibliographie.de/DB=1.95/LNG=EN/ Leibniz Bibliographie]. ==== Primary literature (chronologically) ==== * Wiener, Philip, (ed.), 1951. ''Leibniz: Selections''. Scribner. * Schrecker, Paul & Schrecker, Anne Martin, (eds.), 1965. ''Monadology and other Philosophical Essays''. Prentice-Hall. * [[George Henry Radcliffe Parkinson|Parkinson, G. H. R.]] (ed.), 1966. ''Logical Papers''. Clarendon Press. * Mason, H. T. & Parkinson, G. H. R. (eds.), 1967. ''The Leibniz-Arnauld Correspondence''. Manchester University Press. * Loemker, Leroy, (ed.), 1969 [1956]. ''Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters''. Reidel. * Morris, Mary & Parkinson, G. H. R. (eds.), 1973. ''Philosophical Writings''. Everyman’s University Library. * Riley, Patrick, (ed.), 1988. ''Leibniz: Political Writings''. Cambridge University Press. * Niall, R. Martin, D. & Brown, Stuart (eds.), 1988. ''Discourse on Metaphysics and Related Writings''. Manchester University Press. * Ariew, Roger and Garber, Daniel. (eds.), 1989. ''Leibniz: Philosophical Essays''. Hackett. * Rescher, Nicholas (ed.), 1991. ''G. W. Leibniz’s Monadology. An Edition for Students'', University of Pittsburgh Press. * Rescher, Nicholas, ''On Leibniz'', (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013). * Parkinson, G. H. R. (ed.) 1992. ''De Summa Rerum. Metaphysical Papers, 1675–1676''. Yale University Press. * Cook, Daniel, & Rosemont, Henry Jr., (eds.), 1994. ''Leibniz: Writings on China''. Open Court. * Farrer, Austin (ed.), 1995. ''Theodicy'', Open Court. * Remnant, Peter, & Bennett, Jonathan, (eds.), 1996 (1981). ''Leibniz: New Essays on Human Understanding''. Cambridge University Press. * [[Roger Woolhouse|Woolhouse, R. S.]], and Francks, R., (eds.), 1997. ''Leibniz's 'New System' and Associated Contemporary Texts''. Oxford University Press. * Woolhouse, R. S., and Francks, R., (eds.), 1998. ''Leibniz: Philosophical Texts''. Oxford University Press. * Ariew, Roger, (ed.), 2000. ''G. W. Leibniz and Samuel Clarke: Correspondence''. Hackett. * Richard T. W. Arthur, (ed.), 2001. ''The Labyrinth of the Continuum: Writings on the Continuum Problem, 1672–1686''. Yale University Press. * Richard T. W. Arthur, 2014. ''Leibniz''. John Wiley & Sons. * Robert C. Sleigh Jr., (ed.), 2005. ''Confessio Philosophi: Papers Concerning the Problem of Evil, 1671–1678''. Yale University Press. * Dascal, Marcelo (ed.), 2006. "G. W. Leibniz. The Art of Controversies’’, Springer. * Strickland, Lloyd, 2006 (ed.). ''The Shorter Leibniz Texts: A Collection of New Translations''. Continuum. * Look, Brandon and Rutherford, Donald (eds.), 2007. ''The Leibniz-Des Bosses Correspondence'', Yale University Press. * Cohen, Claudine and Wakefield, Andre, (eds.), 2008. ''Protogaea''. University of Chicago Press. * Murray, Michael, (ed.) 2011. ''Dissertation on Predestination and Grace'', Yale University Press. * Strickand, Lloyd (ed.), 2011. ''Leibniz and the two Sophies. The Philosophical Correspondence'', Toronto. * Lodge, Paul (ed.), 2013. ''The Leibniz-De Volder Correspondence: With Selections from the Correspondence Between Leibniz and Johann Bernoulli'', Yale University Press. * Artosi, Alberto, Pieri, Bernardo, Sartor, Giovanni (eds.), 2014. ''Leibniz: Logico-Philosophical Puzzles in the Law'', Springer. * De Iuliis, Carmelo Massimo, (ed.), 2017. ''Leibniz: The New Method of Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence'', Talbot, Clark NJ. ==== Secondary literature up to 1950 ==== * [[Emil du Bois-Reymond|Du Bois-Reymond, Emil]], 1912. ''Leibnizsche Gedanken in der neueren Naturwissenschaft'', Berlin: Dummler, 1871 (reprinted in ''Reden'', Leipzig: Veit, vol. 1). * [[Louis Couturat|Couturat, Louis]], 1901. ''La Logique de Leibniz''. Paris: Felix Alcan. * [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger, Martin]], 1983. ''The Metaphysical Foundations of Logic''. Indiana University Press (lecture course, 1928). * Lovejoy, Arthur O., 1957 (1936). "Plenitude and Sufficient Reason in Leibniz and Spinoza" in his ''The Great Chain of Being''. Harvard University Press: 144–182. Reprinted in Frankfurt, H. G., (ed.), 1972. ''Leibniz: A Collection of Critical Essays''. Anchor Books 1972. * [[John Milton Mackie|Mackie, John Milton]]; [[Gottschalk Eduard Guhrauer|Guhrauer, Gottschalk Eduard]], 1845. ''Life of Godfrey William von {{notatypo|Leibnitz}}''. Gould, Kendall and Lincoln. * [[Bertrand Russell|Russell, Bertrand]], 1900, ''A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz'', Cambridge: The University Press. * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinmath0000smit_a3b7|title=A Source Book in Mathematics|last=Smith|first=David Eugene|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.|year=1929|location=New York and London|ref=SMITH|url-access=registration}} * [[Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg|Trendelenburg, F. A.]], 1857, "Über Leibnizens Entwurf einer allgemeinen Charakteristik," ''Philosophische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahr 1856'', Berlin: Commission Dümmler, pp.&nbsp;36–69. * [[Adolphus Ward|Ward, A. W.]], 1911. ''[[s:Leibniz as a Politician|Leibniz as a Politician]]'' (lecture) ==== Secondary literature post-1950 ==== * Adams, Robert Merrihew. 1994. ''Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist''. New York: Oxford, Oxford University Press. * Aiton, Eric J., 1985. ''Leibniz: A Biography''. Hilger (UK). * [[Maria Rosa Antognazza]], 2008. ''Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography''. Cambridge Univ. Press. * {{BarrowTipler1986}} * {{cite journal|last=Bos|first=H. J. M.|author-link=Henk J. M. Bos|year=1974|title=Differentials, higher-order differentials and the derivative in the Leibnizian calculus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archive-for-history-of-exact-sciences_1974-11-26_14_1/page/1|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|volume=14|pages=1–90|doi=10.1007/bf00327456|s2cid=120779114}} * Brown, Stuart (ed.), 1999. ''The Young Leibniz and His Philosophy (1646–76)'', Dordrecht, Kluwer. * [[Martin Davis (mathematician)|Davis, Martin]], 2000. ''The Universal Computer: The Road from Leibniz to Turing''. WW Norton. * [[Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze, Gilles]], 1993. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque''. University of Minnesota Press. * [[Jochen Fahrenberg|Fahrenberg, Jochen]], 2017. PsyDok ZPID [[hdl:20.500.11780/3772.|The influence of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz on the Psychology, Philosophy, and Ethics of Wilhelm Wundt.]] * [[Jochen Fahrenberg|Fahrenberg, Jochen]], 2020. ''Wilhelm Wundt (1832 – 1920). Introduction, Quotations, Reception, Commentaries, Attempts at Reconstruction''. Pabst Science Publishers, Lengerich 2020, {{ISBN|978-3-95853-574-9}}. * Finster, Reinhard & van den Heuvel, Gerd 2000. ''Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz''. Mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten. 4. Auflage. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg (Rowohlts Monographien, 50481), {{ISBN|3-499-50481-2}}. * [[Ivor Grattan-Guinness|Grattan-Guinness, Ivor]], 1997. ''The Norton History of the Mathematical Sciences''. W W Norton. * Hall, A. R., 1980. ''Philosophers at War: The Quarrel between Newton and Leibniz''. Cambridge University Press. * Hamza, Gabor, 2005. "Le développement du droit privé européen". ELTE Eotvos Kiado Budapest. * {{cite journal|last=Hoeflich|first=M. H.|title=Law & Geometry: Legal Science from Leibniz to Langdell|year=1986|journal=American Journal of Legal History|volume=30|issue=2|pages=95–121|doi=10.2307/845705|jstor=845705}} * Hostler, John, 1975. ''Leibniz's Moral Philosophy''. UK: Duckworth. * Ishiguro, Hidé 1990. ''Leibniz's Philosophy of Logic and Language''. Cambridge University Press. * Jolley, Nicholas, (ed.), 1995. ''The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz''. Cambridge University Press. * Kaldis, Byron, 2011. ''Leibniz' Argument for Innate Ideas'' in Just the Arguments: 100 of the Most Important Arguments in Western Philosophy edited by M Bruce & S Barbone. Blackwell. * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara|title=Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal|last=Karabell|first=Zachary|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=2003|isbn=978-0-375-40883-0|url-access=registration}} * LeClerc, Ivor (ed.), 1973. ''The Philosophy of Leibniz and the Modern World''. Vanderbilt University Press. * {{cite journal|last=Luchte|first=James|year=2006|title=Mathesis and Analysis: Finitude and the Infinite in the Monadology of Leibniz|url=http://luchte.wordpress.com/mathesis-and-analysis-finitude-and-the-infinite-in-the-monadology-of-leibniz/|journal=Heythrop Journal|volume=47|issue=4|pages=519–543|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2265.2006.00296.x}} * [[Benson Mates|Mates, Benson]], 1986. ''The Philosophy of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Language''. Oxford University Press. * Mercer, Christia, 2001. ''Leibniz's Metaphysics: Its Origins and Development''. Cambridge University Press. * Perkins, Franklin, 2004. ''Leibniz and China: A Commerce of Light''. Cambridge University Press. * [[Patrick T. Riley|Riley, Patrick]], 1996. ''Leibniz's Universal Jurisprudence: Justice as the Charity of the Wise''. Harvard University Press. * [[Donald Rutherford (philosopher)|Rutherford, Donald]], 1998. ''[[Leibniz and the Rational Order of Nature]]''. Cambridge University Press. * Schulte-Albert, H. G. (1971). Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Library Classification. ''The Journal of Library History'' (1966–1972), (2). 133–152. * Smith, Justin E. H., 2011. ''Divine Machines. Leibniz and the Sciences of Life'', Princeton University Press. * Wilson, Catherine, 1989. ''Leibniz's Metaphysics: A Historical and Comparative Study''. [[Princeton University Press]]. * {{cite journal|last=Zalta|first=E. N.|year=2000|title=A (Leibnizian) Theory of Concepts|url=http://mally.stanford.edu/Papers/leibniz.pdf|journal=Philosophiegeschichte und Logische Analyse / Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy|volume=3|pages=137–183|doi=10.30965/26664275-00301008}} == Panluwas na takod == {{Commons category|Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz}} * [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/ Translations] by [[Jonathan Bennett (philosopher)|Jonathan Bennett]], of the ''New Essays'', the exchanges with Bayle, Arnauld and Clarke, and about 15 shorter works. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110411024054/http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/rutherford/Leibniz/index.html Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Texts and Translations], compiled by Donald Rutherford, [[UCSD]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160609145125/http://www.gwleibniz.com/ Leibnitiana], links and resources edited by Gregory Brown, [[University of Houston]] * [[iarchive:philosophicalwor00leibuoft|Philosophical Works of Leibniz translated by G.M. Duncan (1890)]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106203853/https://simplycharly.com/people/gottfried-wilhelm-von-leibniz/read/interviews/nicholas-rescher-on-gottfried-wilhelm-von-leibniz The Best of All Possible Worlds: Nicholas Rescher Talks About Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz's "Versatility and Creativity"] * [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/10169 "Protogæa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801085250/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/10169 |date=2020-08-01 }} (1693, Latin, in ''Acta eruditorum'') – [[Linda Hall Library]] * [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/1694 ''Protogaea''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801045045/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/1694 |date=2020-08-01 }} (1749, German) – full digital facsimile from [[Linda Hall Library]] * Leibniz's (1768, 6-volume) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/search/collection/philsci/searchterm/omnia!Leibniz/field/title!creato/mode/all!all/conn/and!and/order/nosort ''Opera omnia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611050427/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/search/collection/philsci/searchterm/omnia!Leibniz/field/title!creato/mode/all!all/conn/and!and/order/nosort |date=2019-06-11 }} – digital facsimile * Leibniz' arithmetical machine, 1710, online and analyzed on ''[https://www.bibnum.education.fr/calculinformatique/calcul/la-machine-calculer-de-leibniz BibNum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724141910/https://www.bibnum.education.fr/calculinformatique/calcul/la-machine-calculer-de-leibniz |date=2017-07-24 }}'' <small>[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]</small> * Leibniz' binary numeral system, 'De progressione dyadica', 1679, online and analyzed on ''[https://www.bibnum.education.fr/calculinformatique/calcul/de-la-numeration-binaire BibNum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724144833/https://www.bibnum.education.fr/calculinformatique/calcul/de-la-numeration-binaire |date=2017-07-24 }}'' <small>[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]</small> {{tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Mga matematiko]] hzj9uj6ejadxthsfb1c7fygun6mida9 0 25478 309571 309029 2026-08-23T20:16:21Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist|name=Sophie Germain|field=[[Mathematician]], [[physicist]], and [[philosopher]]|prizes=|known_for=[[Elasticity (physics)|Elasticity theory]] and [[number theory]] (e.g. [[Sophie Germain prime]] numbers)|notable_students=|academic_advisors=[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] (epistolary correspondent)|alma_mater=|work_institution=|nationality=French|image=Germain.jpeg|death_place=Paris, France|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1831|6|27|1776|4|1}}|birth_place=Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, France|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1776|4|1|}}|caption=Marie-Sophie Germain|image_size=180px|footnotes='''Other name:''' Auguste Antoine Le Blanc}}Si '''Marie-Sophie Germain''' ( 1 Abril 1776 – 27 Hunyo 1831) sarong Pranses na matematiko, pisiko asin pilosopo. Dawa may pagkontra kan saiyang mga magurang asin kasakitan sa sosyudad, nakanuod siya sa mga libro sa library kan saiyang ama, kabali na ki [[Leonhard Euler]], asin mga sikat na matematiko arog ni [[Joseph Louis Lagrange|Lagrange]], [[Adrien-Marie Legendre|Legendre]], asin [[Carl Friedrich Gauss|Gauss]] (sa [[pseudonym]] na «Monsieur LeBlanc»). Saro sa mga payunir kan [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity theory]], nanggana siya nin grand prize sa [[French Academy of Sciences|Paris Academy of Sciences]] sa sanaysay sa saiyang subject. An saiyang gibo sa [[Fermat's Last Theorem]] nagtaong pundasyon sa mga matematiko na aramon an subject sa sanggatos na taon pakatapos.{{sfn|Del Centina|2008|page=373}} Dahil sa siya babae, sae siya nagkaigwang karera sa matematika, pero nagtrabaho siya nin solo sa buong buhay niya.{{sfn|Case|Leggett|2005|p=39}} Bago siya magadan, si Gauss narekomendar na siya tawan nin onra, pero dae ini nangyari.<ref>Mackinnon, Nick (1990). "Sophie Germain, or, Was Gauss a feminist?". The Mathematical Gazette 74 (470): 346–351, esp. p. 347.</ref>Kan 27 Hunyo 1831, nagadan siya sa breast cancer. Sa sentenaryo kan saiyang buhay, sarong kalye saka eskwelahan na pambabae an pinangaran saiya. An Academy of Sciences nag-establisar nin [[Sophie Germain Prize]] sa saiyang onra. == Hilingon man == * [[Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for specific exponents]] * [[Sophie Germain Counter Mode]] * [[Sophie Germain prime]] * [[Sophie Germain Prize]] * [[Sophie Germain's theorem]] * [[Timeline of women in science]] == Citations == {{reflist}} == Mga toltolan == * {{cite book|title=Men of Mathematics|title-link=Men of Mathematics|last=Bell|first=Eric Temple|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1937|author-link=Eric Temple Bell}} reprinted as {{cite book|title=Men of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/menofmathematics0000bell|last=Bell|first=Eric Temple|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1986|isbn=0-671-62818-6}} * Bucciarelli, Louis L; Dworsky, Nancy (1980). ''Sophie Germain: An Essay in the History of the Theory of Elasticity'', D. Reidel:Holland {{ISBN|978-90-277-1135-9}} * {{cite book|title=Complexities: Women in Mathematics|title-link=Complexities: Women in Mathematics|last1=Case|first1=Bettye Anne|last2=Leggett|first2=Anne M.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-691-11462-5|author1-link=Bettye Anne Case|author2-link=Anne M. Leggett}} * {{cite journal|last=Cipra|first=Barry A.|author-link=Barry A. Cipra|title=A Woman Who Counted|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-02-15_319_5865/page/899|journal=Science|year=2008|volume=319|issue=5865|page=899|doi=10.1126/science.319.5865.899a|pmid=18276866|s2cid=45461806}} * {{cite journal|last=Del Centina|first=Andrea|title=Letters of Sophie Germain preserved in Florence|journal=Historia Mathematica|year=2005|volume=32|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1016/j.hm.2003.11.001|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last=Del Centina|first=Andrea|title=Unpublished manuscripts of Sophie Germain and a revaluation of her work on Fermat's Last Theorem|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|year=2008|volume=62|issue=4|pages=349–392|doi=10.1007/s00407-007-0016-4|bibcode=2008AHES...62..349D}} * {{cite journal|last1=Del Centina|first1=Andrea|last2=Fiocca|first2=Alessandra|doi=10.1007/s00407-012-0105-x|issue=6|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|jstor=23319292|mr=2984133|pages=585–700|title=The correspondence between Sophie Germain and Carl Friedrich Gauss|volume=66|year=2012|s2cid=121021850}} * {{cite book|title=History of the Theory of Numbers, Volume II: Diophantine Analysis|last=Dickson|first=Leonard Eugene|publisher=Carnegie Institution|year=1919|author-link=Leonard Eugene Dickson}} Reprinted as {{cite book|title=History of the Theory of Numbers, Volume II: Diophantine Analysis|last=Dickson|first=Leonard Eugene|publisher=Dover Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-0-486-15460-2}} * {{cite book|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science. A study of his life and work|last=Dunnington|first=G. Waldo|publisher=Hafner|year=1955}} Reprinted as {{cite book|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science|url=https://archive.org/details/carlfriedrichgau0000dunn|last=Dunnington|first=G. Waldo|author2=Jeremy Gray|author3=Fritz-Egbert Dohse|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|year=2004|isbn=978-0-88385-547-8}} * {{cite book|title=Complexities: Women in Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/complexitieswome0000unse|last=Gray|first=Mary W.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-691-11462-5|editor1=Bettye Anne Case|pages=[https://archive.org/details/complexitieswome0000unse/page/68 68]–75|chapter=Sophie Germain|editor2=Anne M. Leggett}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Gray|first=Mary|title=Sophie Germain (1776–1831)|encyclopedia=Women of Mathematics: A Bibliographic Sourcebook|editor1=Louise S. Grinstein|editor2=Paul Campbell|publisher=Greenwood|year=1978|isbn=978-0-313-24849-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenofmathemati0000unse/page/47 47–55]|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofmathemati0000unse/page/47}} * {{cite journal|last=Mackinnon|first=Nick|title=Sophie Germain, or, Was Gauss a feminist?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematical-gazette_1990-12_74_470/page/346|journal=The Mathematical Gazette|year=1990|volume=74|issue=470|pages=346–351|doi=10.2307/3618130|jstor=3618130}} * {{cite book|title=Mathematics, Volume 2: Macmillan Science Library|last=Moncrief|first=J. William|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|year=2002|isbn=978-0-02-865563-5|editor=Barry Max Brandenberger|chapter=Germain, Sophie}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/womaninscience00zahmrich|title=Women in Science: With an Introductory Chapter on Women's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind|last=Mozans|first=H. J.|publisher=D. Appleton|year=1913|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womaninscience00zahmrich/page/154 154]–157|author-link=John Augustine Zahm}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninscience00mari|title=Women in Science: Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century: a Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography|last=Ogilvie|first=Marilyn Bailey|publisher=MIT Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-262-65038-0|url-access=registration}} * {{cite journal|last=Petrovich|first=Vesna Crnjanski|title=Women and the Paris Academy of Sciences|journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies|year=1999|volume=32|issue=3|pages=383–390|jstor=30053914|doi=10.1353/ecs.1999.0022|s2cid=162272331}} * {{cite journal|last=Sampson|first=J. H.|title=Sophie Germain and the Theory of Numbers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archive-for-history-of-exact-sciences_1990_41_2/page/157|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|year=1990|volume=41|issue=2|pages=157–161|doi=10.1007/BF00411862|jstor=41133883|s2cid=123148132}} * {{cite journal|last=Ullmann|first=D.|title=Life and work of E.F.F. Chladni|journal=European Physical Journal ST|year=2007|volume=145|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1140/epjst/e2007-00145-4|bibcode=2007EPJST.145...25U|s2cid=121813715}} * {{cite journal|last=Waterhouse|first=William C.|author-link=William C. Waterhouse|title=A counterexample for Germain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-mathematical-monthly_1994-02_101_2/page/140|journal=American Mathematical Monthly|year=1994|volume=101|issue=2|pages=140–150|doi=10.2307/2324363|jstor=2324363}} == Panluwas na takod == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Germain}} * {{MathGenealogy|id=55175}} * [http://sheroesofhistory.wordpress.com/2014/03/27/badass-wimmin-of-history-presents-sophie-germain/ Sheroes of History; Sophie Germain] * [http://kids.love.science/grandpa_benny_goes_to_school.html Sophie Germain in the illustrated story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606100323/https://kids.love.science/grandpa_benny_goes_to_school.html |date=2021-06-06 }} at the Kids Love Science project gi1zmbz6p6niqa32573sopk8rx2koh7 0 25485 309628 309359 2026-08-23T21:04:09Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher|region=[[Western philosophy]]|era=[[17th-century philosophy]]|image=Blaise Pascal Versailles.JPG|caption=Painting of Pascal made by François II Quesnel for Gérard Edelinck in 1691|name=Blaise Pascal|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1623|6|19}}|birth_place=[[Clermont-Ferrand]],<br />[[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne]], [[Kingdom of France|France]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1662|8|19|1623|6|19}}|death_place=[[Paris]], France|nationality=[[French people|French]]|school_tradition=[[Cartesianism]]<br>[[Jansenism]]<br>[[Fideism]]|main_interests={{hlist |Theology |Mathematics |Philosophy |[[Physics]]}}|influences={{hlist |[[St. Augustine of Hippo]] |[[Michel de Montaigne]] |[[Étienne Pascal]] |[[René Descartes]] |[[Gilles de Roberval]]<ref>Vincent Jullien (ed.), ''Seventeenth-Century Indivisibles Revisited'', Birkhäuser, 2015, p. 188.</ref> |[[Cornelius Jansen]] |[[Epictetus]] |[[Evangelista Torricelli]] |[[Gerolamo Cardano]]<ref name="MCS"/>}}|influenced={{hlist |[[William Lane Craig]] |[[Antoine Arnauld]] |[[Pierre Duhem]] |[[William James]] |[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|G. W. Leibniz]] |[[Léon Brunschvicg]] |[[Alexis de Tocqueville]] |[[Henri Bergson]]}}|notable_ideas={{vunblist |[[Probability theory]] |[[Pascal's wager]] |[[Pascal's triangle]] |[[Pascal's law]] |[[Pascal's theorem]] |[[Pascal's calculator]]}}}}Si '''Blaise Pascal''' ({{IPAc-en|p|æ|ˈ|s|k|æ|l}} {{Respell|pask|AL}}, {{Respell|-|AHL|,_|PASK|əl|,_-|al}}, {{IPAc-en|US|p|ɑː|ˈ|s|k|ɑː|l}} {{Respell|pah|SKAHL}};<ref>{{cite book|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|last=Wells|first=John|date=3 April 2008|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0|edition=3rd|author-link=John C. Wells}}</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pascal "Pascal"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite Oxford Dictionaries|Pascal, Blaise|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pascal|title=Pascal|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Pascal|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA-fr|blɛz paskal|lang}}; 19 Hunyo 1623 – 19 Agosto 1662) sarong Pranses na matematiko, pisiko, imbentor, pilosopo, parasurat asin Katolikong teologo. Saro siyang [[child prodigy]] na tinukduan kan saiyang ama, sarong mambububwis sa [[Rouen]]. An gibo ni Pascal sa matematika iyo an [[Conic section|conic sections]]; nagsurat siya nin significant treatise sa mga temang [[projective geometry]] sa edad na 16. Nagsurat man siya kaiba ni [[Pierre de Fermat]] sa [[probability theory]], na nakaimpluwensya sa modernong ekonomiya asin agham panlipunan. Kan 1642, siya sarong teenager, nagpuon siya magtrabaho sa mga makina sa pagkalkula (inaapod na [[Pascal's calculator|Pascal's calculators]] na naging Pascalines), na siya nagin saro sa duwang imbentor kan [[mechanical calculator]].<ref>See [http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.SchicardvsPascal Schickard versus Pascal: An Empty Debate?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215848/http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.SchicardvsPascal |date=2014-04-08 }} and {{cite book|title=Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer, trois siècles de mécanique pensante 1642–1942|last=Marguin|first=Jean|publisher=Hermann|year=1994|isbn=978-2-7056-6166-3|page=48|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?8KU54-2.5/248/150/369/363/369|title=Le calcul simplifié|last=d'Ocagne|first=Maurice|publisher=Gauthier-Villars et fils|year=1893|page=245|language=fr}}</ref> == Mga Gibo == * "Essai pour les coniques" [Essay on conics] (1639) * ''Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide'' [New experiments with the vacuum] (1647) * ''Récit de la grande expérience de l'équilibre des liqueurs'' [Account of the great experiment on equilibrium in liquids] (1648) * ''Traité du triangle arithmétique'' [Treatise on the arithmetical triangle] (written c. 1654;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.math.nmsu.edu/hist_projects/pascalII.pdf|title=David Pengelley - "Pascal's Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle"|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195055/https://www.math.nmsu.edu/hist_projects/pascalII.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> publ. 1665) * ''[[Lettres provinciales]]'' [The provincial letters] (1656–57) * ''De l'Esprit géométrique'' [On the geometrical spirit] (1657 or 1658) * ''Écrit sur la signature du formulaire'' (1661) * ''[[Pensées]]'' [Thoughts] (incomplete at death; publ. 1670) == Hilingon man == * [[Scientific revolution]] * [[List of pioneers in computer science]] * [[List of works by Eugène Guillaume]] == Mga toltolan == {{Reflist}} == Magbasa pa lalo == {{refbegin}} * [[Donald Adamson|Adamson, Donald]]. ''Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist, and Thinker about God'' (1995) {{isbn|0-333-55036-6}} * Adamson, Donald. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AMOQZfrZq-EC&pg=PA405 "Pascal's Views on Mathematics and the Divine,"] ''Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study'' (eds. T. Koetsier and L. Bergmans. Amsterdam: Elsevier 2005), pp.&nbsp;407–21. * Broome, J.H. ''Pascal''. (London: E. Arnold, 1965). {{isbn|0-7131-5021-1}} * Davidson, Hugh M. ''Blaise Pascal''. (Boston: Twayne Publishers), 1983. * {{cite book|title=The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern|url=https://archive.org/details/unfinishedgamepa0000devl|last1=Devlin|first1=Keith|publisher=Basic Books|year=2008|isbn=978-0-465-00910-7|location=New York|ref={{sfnRef|Devlin}}|author-link=Keith Devlin}} * Farrell, John. "Pascal and Power". Chapter seven of ''Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau'' (Cornell UP, 2006). * [[Lucien Goldmann|Goldmann, Lucien]], ''The hidden God; a study of tragic vision in the Pensees of Pascal and the tragedies of Racine'' (original ed. 1955, Trans. [[Philip Thody]]. London: Routledge, 1964). * [[Douglas Groothuis|Groothuis, Douglas]]. ''On Pascal''. (Belmont: Wadsworth, 2002). {{isbn|978-0534583910}} * Jordan, Jeff. ''Pascal's Wager: Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God''. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006). * Landkildehus, Søren. "Kierkegaard and Pascal as kindred spirits in the Fight against Christendom" in ''Kierkegaard and the Renaissance and Modern Traditions'' (ed. Jon Stewart. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2009). * Mackie, John Leslie. ''The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God''. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982). * Pugh, Anthony R. ''The Composition of Pascal's Apologia'', (University of Toronto Press, 1984). * {{cite journal|last1=Saka|first1=Paul|year=2001|title=Pascal's Wager and the Many Gods Objection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_religious-studies_2001-09_37_3/page/321|journal=Religious Studies|volume=37|issue=3|pages=321–41|doi=10.1017/S0034412501005686}} * {{cite book|title=Studies of a Biographer|last=Stephen|first=Leslie|publisher=Duckworth and Co.|volume=2|location=London|pages=241–284|chapter=[[s:en:Studies of a Biographer/Pascal|Pascal]]|author-link=Leslie Stephen}} * Tobin, Paul. "The Rejection of Pascal's Wager: A Skeptic's Guide to the Bible and the Historical Jesus". authorsonline.co.uk, 2009. * [[Yves Morvan]], ''Pascal à Mirefleurs ? Les dessins de la maison de Domat'', Impr. Blandin, 1985. (FRBNF40378895) {{refend}} == Panluwas na takod == * [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5325890510;view=1up;seq=15 Oeuvres complètes, volume 2] (1858) Paris: Libraire de L Hachette et Cie, link from [[HathiTrust]]. * {{Gutenberg author|id=Pascal,+Blaise|name=Blaise Pascal}} * {{Internet Archive author|sname=Blaise Pascal}} * {{Librivox author|id=4890}} * [http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/blog/?catalogue=blaise-pascal The Correspondence of Blaise Pascal] in [http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/home EMLO] * {{cite IEP|url-id=pascal-b|title="Blaise Pascal"|last=Simpson|first=David}} * {{cite SEP|url-id=pascal|title=Blaise Pascal|last=Clarke|first=Desmond}} * {{MathGenealogy|id=126406}} * ''Pensées de Blaise Pascal''. Renouard, Paris 1812 (2 vols.) ({{ULBDD|urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-484828}}) * [http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.TheModernEpochAndTheEmergenceOfTheModernCalculator#pascaline Discussion of the Pascaline, its history, mechanism, surviving examples, and modern replicas at http://things-that-count.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224015347/http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.TheModernEpochAndTheEmergenceOfTheModernCalculator#pascaline |date=2021-02-24 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100217023133/http://www.users.csbsju.edu/~eknuth/pascal.html Pascal's Memorial] in orig. French/Latin and modern English, trans. Elizabeth T. Knuth. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060114173522/http://www.biblioweb.org/-PASCAL-Blaise-.html Biography, Bibliography.] (in French) * {{OL author}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03b2v6m BBC Radio 4. In Our Time: Pascal.] * [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money5.htm Blaise Pascal featured on the 500 French Franc banknote in 1977.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416151301/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money5.htm |date=2009-04-16 }} * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut852.htm Blaise Pascal's works]: text, concordances and frequency lists * {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Blaise Pascal|short=x}} * Etext of Pascal's ''[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pascal/pensees.html Pensées]'' (English, in various formats) * Etext of Pascal's ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050428180845/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/pascal/letters-a.html Lettres Provinciales]'' (English) * Etext of a number of Pascal's [http://www.bartleby.com/48/3/ minor works] (English translation) including, ''De l'Esprit géométrique'' and ''De l'Art de persuader''. * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Pascal}} 9qgj0izdgjjf44wz4zvrixv1jwltayh 0 25721 309554 291662 2026-08-23T20:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Tetrasulfur-tetranitride-3D-vdW.png|thumb|233x233px|An tetrasulfur tetranitride, S₄N₄, iyo sarong halimbawa nin inorganikong kompuwesto.]] Sa [[kimika]], an '''inorganikong kompuwesto''' ([[Ingles]]: ''inorganic compound'') iyo tipikal na [[kompuwestong kimikal]] na kulang nin [[karbono]]-[[hidroheno]] na sugpon, na iyo, sarong kompuwesto na bakong [[organikong kompuwesto]]. Alagad, an distinksyon iyo dae malinaw na natawan nin depinisyon; an mga awtoridad igwa nin manlainlain na pagtanaw sa bagay na ini.<ref>Some major textbooks on inorganic chemistry decline to define inorganic compounds: Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. ''Inorganic Chemistry'' Academic Press: San Francisco, 2001. {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}; {{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}}, {{Cotton&Wilkinson5th}}</ref><ref>J. J. [[Berzelius]] "Lehrbuch der Chemie," 1st ed., Arnoldischen Buchhandlung, Dresden and Leipzig, 1827. {{ISBN|1-148-99953-1}}. Brief English commentary in English can be found in Bent Soren Jorgensen "More on Berzelius and the vital force" J. Chem. Educ., 1965, vol. 42, p 394. {{DOI|10.1021/ed042p394}}</ref><ref>Dan Berger, Bluffton College, analysis of varying inappropriate definitions of the inorganic-organic distinction: Otherwise consistent linked material differing from current article in downplaying the carbon present vs carbon absent distinctive: [http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-12/975719013.Ch.r.html]</ref> An pag-aadal kan mga inorganikong kompuwesto iyo sarong sub-lado kan [[kimika]] na inaapod bilang ''[[inorganikong kimika]]''. An mga inorganikong kompuwesto iyo pigbibilog an kadaklan nin kadagaan kan kinaban, alagad an komposisyon sa hararom na mantle iyo yaon pa giraray sa aktibong hiwas nin imbestigasyon.<ref name="Newman02">{{cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=D. K.|last2=Banfield|first2=J. F.|title=Geomicrobiology: How Molecular-Scale Interactions Underpin Biogeochemical Systems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-05-10_296_5570/page/1071|journal=Science|volume=296|issue=5570|pages=1071–1077|doi=10.1126/science.1010716|pmid=12004119|date=2002|bibcode=2002Sci...296.1071N}}</ref> An pirang mga simpleng kompuwesto na igwa nin karbon iyo harus pigkokonsidera bilang inorganiko. Halimbawa an [[carbon monoxide]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[Carbide|carbides]], sagkod an mga [[Asin (kimika)|asin]] kan inorganikong [[catyono]]: [[Carbonate|carbonates]], [[Cyanide|cyanides]], [[Cyanate|cyanates]], asin [[Thiocyanate|thiocyanates]]. Pira sa mga ini iyo normal na parte kan kadaklan na organikong sistema, kabali an mga organismo; asin an pagpapaliwanag sa kimikal bilang inorganiko dae boot-sabihon na dae ini nangyayari sa mga nabubuhay na bagay. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{agham-stub}} [[Kategorya:Kimika]] 8p35xv4mrbcmy34r8gope9nc3d0ncn4 0 25785 309805 301689 2026-08-23T23:56:28Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lowercase title}} [[Ladawan:PH_scale_3.jpg|too|thumb|284x284px|Mga test tube na may laog na mga solusyon nin pH 1–10 na pigkulayan gamit an sarong ''indicator''.]] Sa [[kimika]], an '''pH''' ({{IPAc-en|p|iː|ˈ|eɪ|tʃ}}, signipikasyon kan "''potential of [[hydrogen]]''" o "''power of hydrogen''"<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jensen|first1=William B.|date=2004|title=The Symbol for pH|url=http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/102.%20pH.pdf|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=81|issue=1|pages=21|doi=10.1021/ed081p21|bibcode=2004JChEd..81...21J}}</ref>) iyo sarong pagsukol na ginagamit sa pag-ispesipika kan asididad (''acidity'') asin basisidad (''basicity'') kan sarong tubigon (''aqueous'') na [[solusyon]]. An mga asidikong solusyon (solusyon na may halangkaw na konsentrasyon nin mga iyonong H⁺) iyo nasusukol sa hababang bilang nin pH kaysa sa mga basiko o alkalinong solusyon. An pagsukol nin pH (''pH scale'') iyo logaritmiko asin kabaliktadan na pigpapahiling an konsentrasyon kan mga iyonong hidroheno sa solusyon. Ini iyo huli ta an pormula na nagamit sa pagkalkula kan pH iyo aproksimasyon kan negatibo nin base 10 na logaritmo kan molar na konsentrasyon (sa yunit na moles kada litro) nin mga iyonong hidroheno sa solusyon. Sa mas marhay na paagi, an pH iyo an negatibo kan base 10 na logaritmo nin aktibidad kan iyonong H⁺.<ref name="Bates">Bates, Roger G. ''Determination of pH: theory and practice''. Wiley, 1973.</ref> Sa 25&nbsp;°C, an mga solusyon na igwa nin pH na mas hababa sa 7 iyo asidiko, asin an mga solusyon na igwa nin pH na mas halangkaw sa 7 iyo mga basiko. An mga solusyon na igwa nin pH na 7 sa temperaturang ini iyo neutral (e.g. purong tubig). An neutral na bilang kan pH iyo nakadepende sa [[temperatura]] – kun sain mas hababa sa 7 kun malangkaw an temperatura. An bilang kan pH pwedeng mas hababa sa 0 para sa mga makusogon na asido, o mas halangkaw sa 14 para sa makusogon na base.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lim|first1=Kieran F.|year=2006|title=Negative pH Does Exist|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2006-10_83_10/page/n60|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=83|issue=10|pages=1465|doi=10.1021/ed083p1465|bibcode=2006JChEd..83.1465L|doi-access=free}}</ref> An pagsukol nin pH iyo nasususog sa grupo nin mga istandardong solusyon kun sain an pH iyo nahaman sa internasyunal na pag-uyon.<ref>Covington, A. K.; Bates, R. G.; Durst, R. A. (1985). [http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1985/pdf/5703x0531.pdf "Definitions of pH scales, standard reference values, measurement of pH, and related terminology"] (PDF). ''Pure Appl. Chem''. '''57''' (3): 531–542. doi:[[doi:10.1351/pac198557030531|10.1351/pac198557030531]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14182410 14182410]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070924235637/http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1985/pdf/5703x0531.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2007.</ref> An primerong pH na istandardong bilang iyo nadetermina gamit an ''concentration cell with transference'', gamit an pagsukol sa potensyal na ultanan sa tahaw kan sarong elektrodong hidroheno sagkod an sarong istandardong elektrodo arug kan silver chloride na electrodo. An pH kan mga tubigon na solusyon iyo pwedeng masukol gamit an salming na elektrodo asin pH metro, o sarong indicator na nagriribay nin kulay. An pagsukol kan pH iyo importante sa kimika, agronomiya, medisina, pagtrato nin tubig, asin iba pang mga aplikasyon. ==Panluwas na takod== {{Commons category|㏗}} {{Scholia}} {{Wikidata property | P9440 }} *[http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pdf/c1xacid2.pdf Chem1 Virtual Textbook, Acid–base Equilibria and Calculations] *[http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa012803a.htm Red Cabbage pH Indicator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124193908/http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa012803a.htm |date=2009-01-24 }} *[http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/food-ph-d_403.html Food and Foodstuff – pH Values] *[http://www.aqion.onl Online pH Calculator for about 100 inorganic Acids, Bases, and Salts] *[https://www.wolkersdorfer.info/en/average-ph-value.html Calculation of mean pH] == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Kimika]] ajhs0gl8oig8nxm2n5flfocc3ybjzne 0 25992 309788 259171 2026-08-23T23:43:36Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:MINDANAO MALE GUAIABERO PARROT.jpg|thumb|Lalaking Mindanao Guaiabero Parrot sa Brgy. Carmen Cagayan De Oro City, Misamis Oriental ]] {{Short description|Genus of birds}} {{Speciesbox|image=MINDANAO MALE GUAIABERO PARROT.jpg|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22684914/0 |title=''Bolbopsittacus lunulatus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>|genus=Bolbopsittacus|parent_authority=[[Tommaso Salvadori|Salvadori]], 1891|species=lunulatus|authority=([[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1786)}} An '''guaiabero''' (''Bolbopsittacus lunulatus'' )sarong species kan [[parrot]] sa pamilya [[Psittaculidae]], na kabali sa [[monotypic]] [[genus]] '''''Bolbopsittacus'''''<ref name="Forshaw">{{cite book|title=Parrots of the World|author=Forshaw, Joseph M.|author2=Cooper, William T.|publisher=Landsdowne Editions|year=1978|isbn=0-7018-0690-7|edition=2nd|location=Melbourne|pages=167–68|author-link=Joseph Forshaw|name-list-style=amp}}</ref>asin harani sa [[Lovebird|lovebirds]] (''[[Agapornis]]'') asin [[Hanging parrot|hanging parrots]] (''[[Loriculus]]'').<ref name="Wright">{{cite journal|title=A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2008-10_25_10/page/2141|author8=Muller H.|pmid=18653733|doi=10.1093/molbev/msn160|pages=2141–2156|issue=10|volume=25|author11=Fleischer R. C.|author10=Chambers G. K.|author9=Scharpegge J.|author7=Capelli S.|journal=Mol Biol Evol|author6=Sanchez J. J.|author5=Graves G. R.|author4=Eberhard J. R.|author3=Matsumoto T.|author2=Schirtzinger E. E.|last=Wright|first=T.F.|year=2008|pmc=2727385}}</ref> Ini [[endemic]] na sa Filipinas asin lokal na midbis na ''bubutok''. An ngaran kaini hali sa pagkakan ninda nin [[Guava|guavas]].<ref name="Forshaw" /> [[Ladawan:BolbopsittacusIntermediusKeulemans.jpg|wala|thumb|Subspecies ''B. l. intermedius'', illustration by [[John Gerrard Keulemans|Keulemans]], 1891]] == Mga toltolan ==<!-- FieldianaZool114:1. --> {{Reflist}} == Panluwas na takod == * [http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=532 Oriental Bird Images: ''Guaiabero''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714143400/http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=532 |date=2021-07-14 }} Selected photos {{Commons category multi|Bolbopsittacus_lunulatus|Bolbopsittacus|Psittacidae}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q286299}} 194pzfhngr7tfztxm4e3vrme7p5trdb 0 26077 309668 269759 2026-08-23T21:48:36Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Jupiter and its shrunken Great Red Spot.jpg|thumb|Sarong imahe kan Hupiter na pigkua kan Hubble Space Telescope kan [[NASA]]]] An '''Hupiter''' (simbolo: [[File:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♃]]; [[Ingles]]: ''Jupiter'') iyo an ikalimang [[planeta]] hali sa [[Saldang]] asin an pinakadakula sa [[Sistemang Solar]]. Ini iyo sarong higanteng gas na an [[masa]] iyo mas dakula nin duwa asin kabangang beses kumpara sa kun pagsasaralakon an gabos na ibang mga planeta sa Sistemang Solar, pero dikit na mas hababa sa sarong tig-ribo sa masa kan Saldang. An Hupiter iyo an ikatolong pinakamaliwanag na natural na bagay sa kalangitan kan [[Kinaban]] kun banggi pagkatapos kan [[Bulan (astronomiya)|Bulan]] asin [[Venus]]. Ini iyo nahihiling na poon pa kan pre-historikong panahon asin iyo pinangaranan pagkatapos sa Romanong diyos na si Hupiter, an hade kan mga diyos, huli sa nahihiling na sukol kaini. An Hupiter iyo pangenot na pigbibilog nin [[hidroheno]], pero an [[elyo]] iyo pigbibilog an sarong kwarterya kan masa kaini asin sarong tig-sampulo kan bolyum kaini. Ini posible na may magapong laog nin mga magagabat na elemento,<ref name="coreuncertainty_2004">{{cite journal|author=Saumon, D.|author2=Guillot, T.|title=Shock Compression of Deuterium and the Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2004-07-10_609_2/page/1170|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=609|issue=2|pages=1170–1180|year=2004|bibcode=2004ApJ...609.1170S|doi=10.1086/421257|arxiv=astro-ph/0403393|s2cid=119325899}}</ref> pero arug kan iba pang mga higanteng planeta, an Hupiter kulang nin pusog na solidong hitsura. An nagpapadagos na kontraksyon kan laog kaini iyo minahimo nin init na mas dakul pa sa bilang nin nakukua kaini gikan sa Saldang. Huli sa marikas kaining rotasyon, an korte kan planeta iyo ''oblate spheroid''; may kadikit ini pero nahihiling na butog sa palibot kan ekwador kaini. An panluwas na atmospera iyo nahihiling na nasusuway sa nagkapirang mga banda sa manlainlain na latitudo, kaiba an turbulensya asin mga bagyo sa interaksyon kan saindang mga kapurohan. Sarong prominenteng resulta kaini iyo an [[Dakulang Pulang Lugar]] (''Great Red Spot''), sarong higanteng bagyo na bistado na yayaon na nin dae mahaloy sa ika-17 na siglo, kun nuarin ini iyo enot na nahiling kan [[teleskopyo]]. == Panluwas na takod == {{commons|Jupiter|Hupiter}} * {{cite book |first=Hans |last=Lohninger |display-authors=etal |date=November 2, 2005 |chapter-url=http://www.vias.org/spacetrip/jupiter_1.html |chapter=Jupiter, As Seen By Voyager 1 |url=http://www.vias.org/spacetrip/index.html |title=A Trip into Space |publisher=Virtual Institute of Applied Science |access-date=March 9, 2007}} * {{cite web |first=Tony |last=Dunn |year=2006 |url=http://orbitsimulator.com/gravity/articles/joviansystem.html |title=The Jovian System |work=Gravity Simulator |access-date=March 9, 2007}} – Sarong simulasyon kan mga 62 na bulan kan Hupiter. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157685871712710 Jupiter in Motion], album of ''Juno'' imagery stitched into short videos * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Us6EXc5Hyng June 2010 impact video] * [http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/Jupiter%20(planet)/order/title Photographs of Jupiter circa 1920s from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904035945/http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/Jupiter%20(planet)/order/title |date=2015-09-04 }} * [https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/the-jovian-system Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the Jovian system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611222440/https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/the-jovian-system/ |date=2020-06-11 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv8UwzSOxmA Video (animation; 4:00): Flyby of Ganymede and Jupiter] ([[NASA]]; 15 Hulyo 2021). == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{agham-tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Mga Planeta]] 2iz3yc33bi7v0ea0xij0i76aujsnhzv 0 26359 309584 308631 2026-08-23T20:24:03Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical intervention | Name = Pagbakuna | Image = Young girl about to receive a vaccine in her upper arm (48545990252).jpg | Caption = Aking babayi na babakunahan sa takyag | ICD10 = | ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|99.3}}-{{ICD9proc|99.5}} | MeshID = | OPS301 = | OtherCodes = | HCPCSlevel2 = }} An '''pagbakuna''' o '''bakunasyon''' ([[Ingles]]: ''vaccination'') iyo an pagtao nin [[bakuna]] para makatabang sa [[sistemang immuno]] na makahaman nin proteksyon laban sa sarong [[kahelangan]]. An mga bakuna igwa nin mga [[mikroorganismo]] o [[birus]] sa maluya, buhay o gadan na kamugtakan, o [[protina]] o toksino gikan sa [[organismo]]. Sa pag-istimula kan adaptibong immunidad kan lawas, nakakatabang sinda sa paglikay sa nakaka-ulakakit na kahelangan. Kapag an tamang dakul nin porsyento kan populasyon an nabakunahan, nagreresulta ini sa ''herd immunity''. An herd immunity pigpoprotekhan itong mga may maluya na sistemang immuno asin si mga dae pwedeng makakua nin pagbakuna huli ta maski an maluyang bersyon pwedeng makaraot sa sainda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Herd immunity (Herd protection) {{!}} Vaccine Knowledge|url=https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/herd-immunity|access-date=12 November 2020|website=vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> An pagigin epektibo kan pagbakuna iyo mahiwas na pig-aadalan asin pig-beberipika.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Seasonal influenza vaccines|last1=Fiore|first1=Anthony E.|last2=Bridges|first2=Carolyn B.|last3=Cox|first3=Nancy J.|journal=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|year=2009|isbn=978-3-540-92164-6|volume=333|pages=43–82|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_3|pmid=19768400}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Chang Y, Brewer NT, Rinas AC, Schmitt K, Smith JS|title=Evaluating the impact of human papillomavirus vaccines|journal=Vaccine|volume=27|issue=32|pages=4355–62|date=July 2009|pmid=19515467|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Liesegang TJ|title=Varicella zoster virus vaccines: effective, but concerns linger|journal=Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=379–84|date=August 2009|pmid=19606157|doi=10.3129/i09-126}}</ref> An pagbakuna iyo an pinakaepektibong paagi sa paglikay sa nakaka-ulakit na kahelangan;<ref>{{cite work|title=A CDC framework for preventing infectious diseases|url=https://www.cdc.gov/oid/docs/ID-Framework.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914102409/https://www.cdc.gov/oid/docs/ID-Framework.pdf|archive-date=14 September 2012|publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=October 2011|quote=Vaccines are our most effective and cost-saving tools for disease prevention, preventing untold suffering and saving tens of thousands of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare costs each year}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Gellin B|title=Vaccines and Infectious Diseases: Putting Risk into Perspective|url=https://iaomt.org/TestFoundation/lifesaver.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124130606/https://iaomt.org/TestFoundation/lifesaver.htm|archive-date=24 November 2010|work=American Medical Association Briefing on Microbial Threats|location=National Press Club Washington, DC|date=1 June 2000|quote=Vaccines are the most effective public health tool ever created.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vaccine-preventable diseases|date=7 October 2002|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/vpd-mev/index-eng.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324030536/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/vpd-mev/index-eng.php|archive-date=24 March 2012|quote=Vaccines still provide the most effective, longest-lasting method of preventing infectious diseases in all age groups|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)|url=http://virtualbiosecuritycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Library-NIAID-Biodefense-Research-Agenda-for-Category-B-and-C-Priority-Pathogens.pdf|title=NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda for Category B and C Priority Pathogens|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065419/http://virtualbiosecuritycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Library-NIAID-Biodefense-Research-Agenda-for-Category-B-and-C-Priority-Pathogens.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|quote=Vaccines are the most effective method of protecting the public against infectious diseases.}}</ref> an mahiwas na immunidad huli sa pagbakuna iyo dakulang responsable sa pankinabang eradikasyon kan ''smallpox'' asin an pagkawara kan mga kahelangan arug kan [[polio]] asin [[tetanus]] sa kadaklan nin kinaban. Alagad, an nagkapirang mga kahelangan, arug kan ''measles outbreaks'' sa Amerika, iyo nakahiling nin pagsakat nin kaso huli sa relatibong hababang rikas nin pagbakuna sa dekada nin 2010s – katakod nin partida sa paghabo sa bakuna.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Phadke|journal=JAMA|pmid=26978210|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.1353|pages=1149–58|issue=11|volume=315|date=March 2016|title=Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine Preventable Diseases in the United States: A Review of Measles and Pertussis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-03-15_315_11/page/1149|first1=VK|first4=SB|last4=Omer|first3=DA|last3=Salmon|first2=RA|last2=Bednarczyk|pmc=5007135}}</ref> == Padagos na pagbasa == {{refbegin}} * {{cite web | last = Carroll | first = Aaron E. | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/18/upshot/not-up-for-debate-the-science-behind-vaccination.html?mabReward=CTM | title = Not Up for Debate: The Science Behind Vaccination | work = The New York Times | date = 17 September 2015 }} * {{cite web | last1 = Cole | first1 = Jared P. | last2 = Kathleen S. | first2 = Swendiman | url = https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21414.pdf | title = Mandatory Vaccinations: Precedent and Current Laws | publisher = [[Congressional Research Service]] | date = 21 May 2014 | access-date = 11 August 2021 | archive-date = 9 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210809044625/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21414.pdf | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite book |last=Largent |first=Mark A. |title=Vaccine: The Debate in Modern America |url=https://archive.org/details/vaccinedebateinm0000larg |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4214-0607-7 }} * {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Gareth |title=Angel of Death|year=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0230274716}} * {{cite book | last = Walloch | first = Karen L. | title = The Antivaccine Heresy: Jacobson v. Massachusetts and the Troubled History of Compulsory Vaccination in the United States | publisher = University of Rochester Press | date = 2015 | page = xii }} {{refend}} == Mga panluwas na takod == {{Commons category|Vaccinations|Mga pagbakuna}} * [https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/vrc U.S. government Vaccine Research Center]: Impormasyon manungod sa mga pag-aadal sa paglikay gamit an bakuna * [http://vaccines.org/ The Vaccine Page] iyo nakatakod sa mga gunuan sa nagkapirang mga nasyon. * [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/323504/8807_PHE_Complete_Immunisation_Schedule_A4_2014_11.pdf Immunisation schedule for the UK. Published by the UK Department of Health.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722080056/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/323504/8807_PHE_Complete_Immunisation_Schedule_A4_2014_11.pdf |date=2014-07-22 }} (PDF) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170501151246/https://www.cdc.gov/nip/ CDC.gov] – 'National Immunization Program: leading the way to healthy lives', US Centers for Disease Control (CDC information on vaccinations) * [https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ CDC.gov] – 'Mercury and Vaccines (Thimerosal)', US Centers for Disease Control * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161110110318/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vacc-timeline.htm CDC.gov] – Vaccines timeline == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Medisina]] 8jvocdfgshqnuu6idh17vux379hf7hb 0 27768 309598 301543 2026-08-23T20:37:37Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309598 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Jeepney in Legazpi City.JPG|thumb|275x275px|Sarong dyipni sa syudad nin Legazpi]] An mga '''dyipni''' ([[Ingles]]: ''jeepney''), inaapod man bilang '''dyip''' ([[Ingles]]: ''jeep''), iyo an mga bus asin an pinakapopular na paagi nin pagbiyahe sa [[Filipinas]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Karen|last1=Lema|title=Manila's jeepney pioneer fears the end of the road|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSMAN1276320071120|date=November 20, 2007|access-date=February 27, 2008|work=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208231750/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-jeepney-idUSMAN1276320071120|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Bistado an mga ini sa surusuang pagtukaw asin popular na mga dekorasyon, na iyo nagin lakop na simbolo nin Filipinong [[kultura]] asin [[arte]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stuartxchange.org/Jeepney.html|title=The Philippine Jeepney: The Undisputed King of the Road|first=Godofredo U.|last=Stuart|work=StuartXChange|location=The Philippines|access-date=May 13, 2016}}</ref> Sarong Sarao na dyipni an naeksibit sa Filipinong pabilyon sa 1964 New York World's Fair bilang sarong nasyunal na imahe para sa mga Filipino.<ref name="LP">{{cite web|url=http://www.laspinascity.gov.ph/lifestyle-sarao.html|title=Lifestyle Sarao Jeepney|publisher=The City of Las Piñas|location=The Philippines|access-date=May 13, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507000228/http://laspinascity.gov.ph/lifestyle-sarao.html|archive-date=May 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-8/contents.htm|title=The Filipino Mind|last1=Mercado|first1=Leonardo N.|publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy|year=1994|isbn=978-1-56518-063-5|editor1=George F. McLean|series=Cultural Heritage & Contemporary Change|volume=Philosophical Studies II|chapter=Chapter X: Microcosms, THE JEEPNEY AS MICROCOSM|chapter-url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-8/chapter_x.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303014152/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-8/contents.htm|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gikan an mga dyipni kaidtong Amerikanong kolonyal na panahon sa mga taxi na bisto bilang '''auto calesas''', harus napapalipot sa "AC". Naliwat ini sa namodipikang imported na awto na may katakod na bitbiton sa dekada 1930s na nagsirbi bilang baratong pampasaherong utilidad na behikulo sa [[Manila]]. An mga behikulong ini harus naraot sa [[Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban]]. An pangangaipo para sa karibay na pagbiyaheng behikulo iyo nagtaong dalan sa paggamit nin mga U.S. military na dyip na natada hali sa giyera, na nagin plantilya para sa modernong dyipni.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Otsuka|first1=Keijiro|first2=Masao|last2=Kikuchi|first3=Yujiro|last3=Hayami|date=January 1986|title=Community and Market in Contract Choice: The Jeepney in the Philippines|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-development-and-cultural-change_1986-01_34_2/page/279|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=34|issue=2|pages=279–298|doi=10.1086/451528|jstor=1153851|s2cid=155062784}}</ref> An taramong "jeepney" iyo gikan sa "jeep" asin "[[Dollar van|jitney]]", an parehas na taramon iyo mga bistong slang sa mga panahon kaini<ref name="LP" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobile19.blogspot.com/2012/04/history-of-philippine-jeepney.html|title=History of the Philippine Jeepney|date=April 12, 2012|access-date=October 10, 2014}}</ref>: an "jitney" bilang popular na termino para sa Amerikanong taxicab, asin an "jeep" iyo sarong bagong namoknang termino para ipaliwanag an klase nin militaryong behikulo (pinagdedebatehan pa an ginikanan). An kadaklan sa mga dyipni iyo ginagamit bilang pampublikong utilidad na behikulo. An iba bilang mga personal na behikulo. Dae masyadong nagagamit an mga dyipni para sa komersyal o institusyonal na paggamit. == Panluwas na takod == {{commons|Jeepney|Dyipni}} * [http://www.thingsasian.com/goto_article/article.2348.html An Dyipni: ''Automotive Icon'' kan Filipinas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122051844/http://www.thingsasian.com/goto_article/article.2348.html |date=2008-11-22 }} * [http://www.wayblima.com/cebu-jeepneys.html Dokumentasyon kan mga Dyipni sa Cebu] == Toltolan == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Teknolohiya]] [[Kategorya:Arte]] 3p43e2myp02ms827684bko6irui7o8p 0 29689 309567 308971 2026-08-23T20:12:55Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Dyargon na Pidyin-Ingles kan Hapon}} {{Infobox tataramon |name=Ingles na Kawayan |altname=Ingles na Kawayan kan Hapon<br>Ingles na Kawayan kan Korea |region=[[Hapon]], [[Habagatan na Korean]], [[Mga Islang Bonin]] |era=poon pa kan ca. 1950 |familycolor=Pidyin |family=[[Lista kan mga pidyin na pigbase sa Ingles|Pidyin na pigbase sa Ingles]] |iso3=none |glotto=none |ietf=cpe-JP }} An '''Ingles na Kawayan''' o '''Bamboo English''' iyo an sarong [[Ingles na Pidyin nin Hapon|dyargon na Pidyin-Ingles kan Hapon]] na nabilog pagkatapos kan [[Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban]] na ipigtataram sa tanga kan [[Amerikanon|Amerikano]]ng [[Pwersas Armadas kan Estados Unidos|personel nin militar]] asin kan [[Mga hapones|Hapones]] sa mga base militar kan US sa [[Pagrakyada kan Hapon|okupadong Hapon]]. Ini naisip na sarong [[pidyin]],{{sfnp|Duke|1970|p=170}} dawa na an pagsusuri sa mga tampok kan tataramon nagpapamati na ini sarong pre-pidyin o sarong dyargon imbes na sarong pusog na pidyin.{{sfnp|Avram|2017|p=72}} Nailuwas ini sa Korea sa kasagaagan kan [[Gerang Korea]] kan mga Amerikanong personel nin militar bilang methodo kan pakikipagtakod sa mga Koryano. Digdi nakakua nin mga pirang mga kataga na Koryano, alagad namatinir na marhay na nakabase sa Ingles asin Hapon. Dai pa man sana nahaloy, ini na an halawig na piggagamit sa [[Prepekturang Okinawa]],{{sfnp|Smith|1994|p=343}} kung sain igwa nin mga signipikanteng [[Pwersa nin Estados Unidos kan Hapon|presensyang militar kan U.S.]]. Nagtatampok man an [[Ingles na Bonin|mga isla nin Bonin]] nin parehas na porma kan Pidyin na Ingles kan Hapon na minatukdo sa [[Ingles na Bonin]]. An kontak na tataramon na ini nabilog nin huli ta sa pabalik-balik na pagbabago sa nangingibabaw na mga tataramon sa tanga kan Ingles asin Hapon na minasakop sa laog kan sarong gatos na taon.{{sfnp|Long|2007|pp=17–18}} Minukna an ngaran na Ingles na Kawayan ni Arthur M. Z. Norman sa sarong artikulo,{{sfnp|Norman|1955|p=44}} kung sain inot niya iniladawan an tataramon. == Palatanugan == Sa mga pagkakaiba sa tanga kan Hapon asin sa mga panuytuyan kan mga tanog na kaiba sa lambang tataramon asin an pagkaag nom mga tanog na idto sa laog kan mga kataga, an pagsasalak kan duwa sa laog kan Ingles na Kawayan nagpapahiling nin pirang mga kalainan sa tanga kan mga indibidwal na parataram nin Ingles asin mga parataram nin Hapon dawa para sa parehas na mga kataga. An mga pangtapos na katanog kan mga tataramon parati na binabago kan mga nagtataram kan Hapon para sa mga taramon na Ingles na dai nagtatapos sa [n, m,] ​​o [ŋ] (arog sana kan can, from, asin song, susog sa pagkakasambit) sa paagi kan pagdugang nin /o/ o /u/ sagkod sa puro kan kataga ng salita.{{r|FOOTNOTEAvram201761|p=60}} Kinua an pagbabago na ini kan mga nagtataram kan Ingles, bagama't inilapat ning dai aram kung tano ini ginibo, arog kan sa kaso kan {{lang|cpe-JP|saymo-saymo}} na an boot sabihon parehas o sa Ingles 'same'.{{sfnp|Avram|2017|p=61}} An saro pang kaarog na pagbabago na ipinapahiling sa Ingles na kawayan iyo an pagdugang kan "ee" na tanog (arog sana kan ''cheese'' o keso) sa puro kan mga katagang Ingles. An mga kataga na arog kan 'change' (pagbago, pagsangli, pagribay), 'catch' (salo), asin 'speak' (taram) nagiging ining {{lang|cpe-JP|changee}}, {{lang|cpe-JP|ketchee}}, asin {{lang|cpe-JP|speakie}}.{{r|FOOTNOTEAvram201761}} Arog man kaiyan, inarog kan mga nagtataram kan Hapon an pirang aspeto kan pagtataram sa Ingles sa paagi kan paghali kan mga huring patanog sa pirang kataga, arog kan kataga na para sa 'car' na karaniwan, {{transl|ja|Hepburn|jidōsha}} sa Hapon alagad pigsasabi bilang {{lang|cpe-JP|jidoš}}{{sfnp|Avram|2017|p=61}} sa Ingles na Kawayan. ==Palapormahan== An Dokumentasyon kan [[morpolohiya (linguwistika)|morpolohiya]] kan Ingles na Kawayan, imbes, dai kumpleto dangan kaya masakit an pagpapahiling kan presensya o kawaran nin manlainlain na mga karakteridad. An [[Tambalan (linguwistika)|Tambalan]], halimbawa sana, igwang kadikit na rekord kan nag-iiral sa laog kan Ingles na Kawayan nin huli digdi. Sa balyong kamot, urog na namamangnuhan an [[apiksasyon]]. An pagkakaigwa nin [[suffix]] na {{lang|cpe-JP|-san}}, kinua sa Hapon, parating tinatakod sa mga reperensya asin address arog kan "mama", "papa", "boy", "girl", asin "baby" tanganing makabilog nin mga pangngaran arog kan {{lang|cpe-JP|mama-san}} o {{lang|cpe-JP|baby-san}}.{{sfnp|Avram|2017|p=63}} An kadagdagan na morpolohiya na katangian na ipinapahilibg sa Ingles na Kawayan iyo an [[reduplikasyon]], dawa na an mga halimbawang ipinahiling gikan sa tataramon nagpapamati na ini bakong tunay na reduplikasyon nin huli ta mayong mga porma nin mga kataga na ini na igwang sarong solong pagbutwa sana kan gamot. An mga kataga na idto iyo an {{lang|cpe-JP|chop-chop}} na an boot sabihon 'pagkakan o kakanon', {{lang|cpe-JP|dame-dame}} na an boot sabihon 'maraot', asin an {{lang|cpe-JP|hubba-hubba}} na an boot sabihon 'magmadali'.{{sfnp|Avram|2017|p=63}} ==Sintaks== Nin huli ta an Ingles na Kawayan dai naggigibo non signipikanteng paggamit nin inpleksyon asin limitado an bokabularyo, an mga kataga nakakua nin dakol na mga panksyon. An mga pangngaran parating nagsisirbi digdi bilang panginot na gamit, na piggagamit bilang sarong panhiro o berbo, pang-tipo o adhetibo, o adberbo na nabilog. Halimbawa, {{lang|cpe-JP|chop-chop}} na an boot sabihon 'pagkakan o kakanon' alagad 'magkakan o kumakan' man. An iba pang mga kataga na duruwahan an gamit arog kan {{lang|cpe-JP|hayaku}} na an boot sabihon 'marikas' asin 'magdalidali' man, an {{lang|cpe-JP|sayonara}} na an boot sabihon 'kawaran' asin 'para mahali', asin an {{lang|cpe-JP|taksan}} na an boot sabihon 'dakol, dakulon', 'mas', asin 'dakula'.{{sfnp|Avram|2017|p=67}} === Halimbawa nin mga parirala === Kinua an mga ehemplo sa {{harvp|Duke|1970|p=170}}. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ingles na Kawayan !! Palis-taramon |- | {{lang|cpe-JP|How much you say, papa-san?}} || pangaranan mo an saimong presyo |- | {{lang|cpe-JP|You number one washee-washee ketchee; number one presento hava-yes}} || Kung gigibuhon mo an sakuyang paglalaba ning kasiya-siya, babayadan taka nin toltol |} ==Mga tala== {{reflist}} ==Mga pinagkuanan== {{refbegin}} *{{cite journal |last1=Avram|first1=Andrei A. |title=“Two Sides of the Same Coin”: Yokohama Pridgin Japanese and Japanese Pidgin English |journal=[[Acta Linguistica Asiatica]]|issn=22323317|year=2017|volume=7|issue=1|pages=57–76|doi=10.4312/ala.7.1.57-76|doi-access=free|s2cid=125498798}} *{{cite journal|last1=Duke|first1=Charles R.|title=The bamboo style of English|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_college-composition-and-communication_1970-05_21_2/page/170|journal=College Composition and Communication|publisher=National Council of Teachers of English|date=May 1970|volume=21|issue=2|pages=170–172|doi=10.2307/356557|jstor=356557|s2cid=141562532}} *{{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Daniel |title=When islands create languages |url=https://www.shimajournal.org/issues/v1n1/e.-Long-Shima-v1n1.pdf|journal=Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures |issn=1834-6057|date=2007 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15–27}} *{{cite journal |last=Norman|first=Arthur M. Z. |year=1955 |title=Bamboo English: The Japanese Influence Upon American Speech |journal=American Speech |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=44–48 |doi=10.2307/454192 |jstor=454192}} *{{cite book|year=1994|chapter=An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages|editor1-first=Jacques|editor1-last=Arends|editor2-first=Pieter |editor2-last=Muysken|editor3-first=Norval|editor3-last=Smith|title=Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/pidginscreolesin0000unse|location=Amsterdam, Philadelphia|publisher=John Benjamins|author=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pidginscreolesin0000unse/page/331 331]–374|isbn=978-1556191695}} {{refend}} ==Hilingon man== * [[Ingris]] {{Tataramon na Hapon}} {{authority control}} [[Kategorya:Mga pidyin asin mga kreole na pigbase sa Ingles]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Hapon]] [[Kategorya:Mga pidyin sa Militar]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na pinatotoohan gikan sa 1950]] dbjimw0b47srykzrnltzb0jz73uwobv 0 30379 309801 219709 2026-08-23T23:53:56Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Tataramon na Drabidyano na pigtataram sa Indya}} {{Infobox tataramon | name = Kodava | nativename = ಕೊಡವ ತಕ್ಕ್ | states = [[Karnataka]] | region = [[Kodagu]] | ethnicity = [[Mga Kodava|Kodava]] | speakers = 113,857 | date = 2011 sensus | ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref> | familycolor = Drabidyano | fam2 = Kahabagatan | fam3 = | fam4 = | iso3 = kfa | glotto = koda1255 | glottorefname = Kodava | script = [[Iskriturang Kannada]], [[Alpabetong Coorgi–Cox]] }} An '''Kodava''' ([[Iskriturang Kannada]]: ಕೊಡವ ತಕ್ಕ್, ''Kodava takk'', na an boot sabihon 'talumpati kan mga Kodavas', sa tataramon na Kodava, alternatibong mga pangaran:'''[[Coorgi]]''' sarong delikadong mawara<ref> {{Cite web|title=Five Languages in Karnataka, Including Tulu Vanishing: Unesco|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=62360|access-date=2020-09-18|website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref> na [[Mga tataramon na Drabidyano|tataramon na Drabidyano]] asin an orihinal na tataramon kan [[distritong Kodagu]] sa Kahabagatan na [[Karnataka]], [[Indya]]. An terminong '''Kodava''' igwa nin duwang magkaanoanong paggamit. Inot, ini an pangaran kan tataramon asin kultura kan Kodava na pigsusunudan kan pirang komunidad gikan sa [[Kodagu]]. Ikaduwa, sa laog kan mga komunidad asin rehiyon na nagtataram nin Kodava ([[Kodagu]]), saro ining demonimo para sa nangingibabaw na [[Kodavanon]]. Samakatuwid, an tataramon na Kodava, bako sana [[panginot na tataramon]] kan mga Kodava alagad iyo man kan kadaklan na ibang mga kaste asin mga tribo sa Kodagu. An tataramon igwang duwang diyalekto: ini an Mendele (pigtataram sa Kaamihanan asin Katahawan na Kodagu, na an boot sabihon, sa luwas kan Kiggat naadu kan Kodagu) asin Kiggat (pigtataram sa Kiggat naadu, sa Habagatan na Kodagu). Sa uusipon, minatukdo ini bilang sarong diyalekto kan Kannada.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4VLY1KcltcC&q=Dialects+of+Kodagu&pg=PA122|title=The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States|last=Thurston|first=Edgar|date=2011-06-16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-60068-3|language=en}}</ref> Arog pa man kaito, pigsuri giraray ini bilang sarong tataramon kan amay na ika-20 siglong akademya. Tradisyonal ining ipigsusurat gamit an [[Iskriturang Kannada]] na sarong [[abugida]]. Arog pa man kaito, igwa na sarong abugida na inaapod na [[alpabetong Coorgi–Cox]] na binilog sa kamawutan kan mga miyembro nin komunidad. Nagbareta an 2011 Census kan India nin 96,918 katawo na nagbalik sa Kodava bilang saindang sadiring tataramon asin 16,939 para sa Coorgi/Kodagu, para sa kabilugan na 113,857 katawo na namidbidan an saro sa mga tataramon na ini bilang saindang sadiring tataramon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Census of India 2011|website=Census of India : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> == Gramatika == Sistematikong pinag-adalan asin naidokumento an gramatika kan Kodagu poon pa kadtong mga 1867 ni Kapitan R.A. Ipigpublikar ni Cole an matagumpay na gibuhon na ''Sarong Elementarya Gramatika kan tataramon na Coorg''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/CoorgGrammar|title=Coorg Grammar|date=11 August 1867|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Phonology == === Mga patanog === An mga sistema kan patanog kan Drabidyano, naglalaog nin limang katangian nin patanog i.e. an mga komon na katumbas nin ''a, e, i, o'' asin ''u.,'' na igwang halipot asin halabang baryante para sa lambang saro. Arog pa man kaito, igwa pang duwa an Kodava: an mid asin high (close) back unrounded vowels, na igwang kaeksakto na halalabang klase.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Emeneau|first=M. B.|year=1970|title=Koḍagu Vowels|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_january-march-1970_90_1/page/145|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=90|issue=1|pages=145–158|doi=10.2307/598436|jstor=598436|issn=0003-0279}}</ref> Igwa an Kodagu nin 14 na patanog. 7 sa mga ini, i, e, ɛ, a, ɑ, o, u, igwa nin halabang katumbas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phoible.org/inventories/view/1743#tipa|title=PHOIBLE Online -|website=phoible.org|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]] ! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]] |- !<small>unrounded</small> ![[Roundedness|<small>rounded</small>]] |- ![[Close vowel|Close]] |i |ɨ |ɯ |u |- ![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]] |ɪ | | |ʊ |- ![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] |e | | |o |- ![[Mid vowel|Mid]] | |ə | | |- ![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] |ɛ | |ʌ |ɔ |- ![[Open vowel|Open]] |a | |ɑ | |} === Mga patanog=== Igwa an Kodava nin 25 mga patanog. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] ![[Dental consonant|Dental]] ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] ![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ![[Velar consonant|Velar]] ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]] !<small>voiceless</small> |p |t̪ | |ʈ | |k | |- ![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]] |b |d̪ | |ɖ | |g | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | |ð |s |ʂ |ç | |h |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |m |n̪ |n |ɳ |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | | |l |ɭ |j | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]] | | |r | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]] | | | |ɽ | | | |} An Kodava asin Kannada igwang kakulangan nin palatalisasyon nin inisyal na kataga na ''*k-'', na sarong feature na mahihiling sa sanga nin Tamil-Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Emeneau|first=M. B.|year=1967|title=The South Dravidian Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_october-december-1967_87_4/page/365|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=87|issue=4|pages=365–413|doi=10.2307/597585|jstor=597585|issn=0003-0279}}</ref> ==Mga pagkokomparar== Sa lingguwistika, kabali an tataramon na Kodava/Kodagu sa subpamilya kan Habagatan na Drabidyano kan pamilya nin Drabidyano. Kadugangan sa laog kan subpamilya kan Habagatan na Drabidyano , kabali ini sa subgrupo na Tamil-Malayalam-Kodag.<ref>Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju. ''Dravidian Languages'', p21, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge University Press, 2003</ref> Ini, harani na natatakod asin naiimpluwensyahan kan [[Tataramon na Kannada|Kannada]], [[Tataramon na Malayalam|Malayalam]], [[Tataramon na Tamil|Tamil]] asin [[Tataramon na Tulu|Tulu]]. Kadaklan sa mga kataga komon sa tanga kan Kodava asin [[Beary bashe]], sarong diyalekto na pinaghalong [[tataramon na Tulu|Tulu]] asin [[Malayalam]] na ipigtataram sa komunidad nin mga muslim na [[Beary]] asin Kodava Thiyyar. ==Mga kataga kan kaapil nin pamilya== {| class="wikitable" |- | Mother | Avvo |- | Father | Appo |- | Grandfather | Ajjo |- | Grandmother | Ajjavo Thaayi |- | Maternal Uncle / Paternal Aunt's husband | Thammaavo / Maavo |- | Maternal Uncle's wife / Paternal Aunt | Maavi / Thammaavi |- | Eldest Paternal Uncle / Eldest Maternal Aunt's husband | Baliappo |- | Eldest Paternal Uncle's wife / Eldest Maternal Aunt | Baliavvo |- | Elder Paternal Uncle / Elder Maternal Aunt's husband | Bojappo |- | Elder Paternal Uncle's wife / Elder Maternal Aunt | Bojavvo |- | Younger Paternal Uncle / Younger Maternal Aunt's husband | Kunjappo |- | Younger Paternal Uncle's wife/ Younger Maternal Aunt | Kunjavvo |- | Youngest Paternal Uncle / Youngest Maternal Aunt's husband | Cheriappo |- | Youngest Paternal Uncle's wife/ Youngest Maternal Aunt | Cheriavvo |- | Father-in-law | Maavo |- | Mother-in-law | Maavi |- | brother-in-law (elder) / cross-cousin (elder, brother) / lineal cousin (elder, sister)'s husband | Baavo |- | sister-in-law (elder)/ cross-cousin (elder, sister) / lineal-cousin (elder, brother)'s wife | Mammo |- | brother (elder) / lineal cousin (elder brother) / cross-cousin (elder, sister)'s husband | Anno / Annaiah |- | sister (elder) / lineal-cousin (elder, sister) / cross-cousin (elder, brother)'s wife | Akko / Akkaiah |- | brother (younger) | Thammanno |- | sister (younger) | Thange |- | Wife | Ponne |- | Husband | Wadiyye |- | Son | Movo |- | Daughter | Mova |} == Mga katagang Kodava == {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Kodava''' ! '''Kannada''' ! '''Malayalam''' ! '''Tulu''' ! '''Bikol Sentral''' |- | Muddi | Hudugi | Penkutti | Ponnu | Babaye |- | Kinha | Huduga | Aankutti | Aan/Kinni | Lalaki |- | Poyi | Hogu | Poyko | Poyi | Nago na (go) |- | Kanni | Saaru | Chaar | Kajipu | nilagang (lentil, gulay, iba pa) |- | Koole | Anna | Chor | Nuppu | Maluto |- | Ide | Idu | Ide | Dee | Bugtak |- | Thimbake | Tinnakke | Tinnuka/Kazhikkuka | Thinere | Magkakan |- | kulli | snana | kuLi | Meela | Magkarigos |- | Unda? | Unta/ideya? | Undo? | Unda? | Igwa daw? |- | Bappi | Bartini | Varam | Barpe | Maabot ako (Pagbati nin pamamaaram) |- | Ullo | iddene | Ulle | Ulle | Yaon ako dyan |- | Bandan Ullo | Baruta iddene | Varunnund | Barond ulle | Maabot ako |- | Yenene Ulliya? | Hege iddiya? | Engane und? | Encha ulla/ya? | Kumusta ka?/Tara? |- |Māṅge |Maavu |Māṅga |Mudi/Kukku |Mangga |- |Kaḷḷa |Kaḷla |Kaḷḷan |Kalva |Paraikit/-habon |- |Suroole /Minyathele |Modalu |Adyam |Suru |Inot |- |Kere Pamb |Kere Haavu |Chēra Pamb |Keri |Kinong halas |- |Mūle |Mūle |Mūla |Mudye/mūle |Rukrok |- |Āme |Āme |Āma |Eme |Pagong |- |Bēli |Bēli |Vēli |Bēli |Bakod |- |Bithe/Kuru |Beeja |Vitth/Kuru |Bitth |Binhi/Tu'lang/Buto |- |Bādege |Bādige |Vādaka |Badige |Renta |- |Chaththe |Sante |Chantha |Santhe |Saudan/Merkado |- |Ēni |Ēni |Ēni |Ēni |Hagdan |- |Pulunja Puḷi |Hunase Huli |PuLi |Punke puli |Sampalok |- |Gaali/Kaath |Gaali |Kaatt |Gaali |Duros |- |Thaari |Kodu |Tharu |Koru |Tao |- |Kaapi |Kaapi |Kaapi |Kaapi |Kape |- |Paaduvo |Haadu |Paaduka |Pada paad |Magkanta |} ==Mga pinagkuanan== {{reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== * R A Cole, "An Elementary Grammar of the Coorg Languages == Mababasa pa lalo == * {{Citation | author = Government of Coorg | year=1953 | title= Handbook of Coorg Census-1951 | publisher=Assistant Commissioner and District Census Officer, Coorg | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6036/1/42086_1951_COO.pdf }} ==Mga panluwas na takod== * [http://www.languageinindia.com/oct2001/kodavarajyashree.html K. S. Rajyashree, Kodava speech community: An ethnolinguistic study] * [http://www.kodava.chilume.com Kodava Literature] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151122215606/http://www.kodavasamaj.com/ Kodava Samaj] {{Mga tataramon kan Indya}} {{Mga tataramon na Drabidyano}} {{DEFAULTSORT: tataramon na Kodava}} [[Kategorya:Aglutinatibong mga tataramon]] [[Kategorya:Kodava Takk| ]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na Drabidyano]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Karnataka]] [[Kategorya:Endangered languages of India]] c3x0hc4y4tktm4feqk5r9siut43qtq9 0 30432 309673 308935 2026-08-23T21:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309673 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|350px|thumb|right|Panahon kan mga Kalipa {{legend|#a1584e|Paglakop sa irarom ni [[Muhammad]], 622–632/A.H. 1–11}} {{legend|#ef9070|Paglakop durante sa Kalipadong Rashidun, 632–661/A.H. 11–40}} {{legend|#fad07d|Paglakop durante sa Kalipadong Umayyad, 661–750/A.H. 40–129}}]] An '''jihad''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ɪ|ˈ|h|ɑː|d}}; {{lang-ar|جهاد|jihād}} {{IPA-ar|dʒɪˈhaːd|}}) iyo sarong Arabong taramon na may literal na boot-sabihon na "pagsakit" o "pakikibaka", urog na sa katuyohang marhay na pag-omaw.<ref name="ODI">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jihad|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|location=[[Oxford]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1199|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903062853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1199|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="OEIP">{{cite encyclopedia|first1=Rudolph|last1=Peters|first2=David|last2=Cook|title=Jihād|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics|location=[[Oxford]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0057|doi=10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001|isbn=9780199739356|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114402/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001/acref-9780199739356-e-0263|archive-date=23 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EI2">{{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Tyan|editor4-first=B.|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0189|volume=2|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|location=[[Leiden]]|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]]|editor6-link=Joseph Schacht|editor6-first=J.|editor6-last=Schacht|editor5-link=Charles Pellat|editor5-first=Ch.|editor5-last=Pellat|editor4-last=Lewis|author-first=E.|editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs|editor3-first=W. P.|editor3-last=Heinrichs|editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel|editor2-first=E. J.|editor2-last=van Donzel|editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor1-first=C. E.|editor1-last=Bosworth|title=D̲j̲ihād|year=1965|isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Sa sarong Islamikong konstekto, pwede ining dapit sa kadaklan nin maski anong paghiro na makagibo nin personal asin sosyal na buhay konporme sa giya kan Kagurangnan, arug kan pakikipaglaban sa maraot na inklinasyon kan saro, proselitisismo, o paghiro pasiring sa moral na pagpamarhay kan Muslim na komunidad (''Ummah''),<ref name="ODI" /><ref name="OEIP" /><ref name="DeLong-Bas 2018">{{cite encyclopedia|author-last=DeLong-Bas|author-first=Natana J.|author-link=Natana J. DeLong-Bas|date=22 February 2018|origyear=10 May 2017|title=Jihad|encyclopedia=Oxford Bibliographies – Islamic Studies|location=[[Oxford]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0045|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0045.xml|url-access=limited|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629215212/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0045.xml|archive-date=29 June 2016|access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jihad|year=2013|editor=Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone|encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton, NJ]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|quote=Literally meaning "struggle,", jihad may be associated with almost any activity by which Muslims attempt to bring personal and social life into a pattern of conformity with the guidance of God.}}</ref> alagad ini iyo harus pigsusugpon sa giyera.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XPMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173|title=What is Islamic philosophy?|author=Roy Jackson|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1317814047|page=173|quote=''jihad'' Literally 'struggle' which has many meanings, though most frequently associated with war.}}</ref><ref name="Badara 2017">{{cite journal|last1=Badara|first1=Mohamed|last2=Nagata|first2=Masaki|date=November 2017|title=Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective|journal=[[Arab Law Quarterly]]|location=[[Leiden]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|volume=31|issue=4|doi=10.1163/15730255-12314024|doi-access=free|issn=1573-0255|pages=305–335}}</ref> Sa klasikal na Islamikong ley (''sharia''), an termino dapit sa armadong pakikipaglaban sa mga dae-paratubod,<ref name="OEIP" /><ref name="EI2" /> mientras an modernistang Islamikong iskolar heneral na pigpaparehas an militaryong ''jihad'' sa depensibong pakikipaggiyera.<ref name="hallaq334" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/6260|title=Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History|last=Peters|first=Rudolph|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2015|isbn=9783110824858|page=124|doi=10.1515/9783110824858|access-date=24 January 2017|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025124838/https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/6260|archive-date=25 October 2016|via=[[De Gruyter]]|url-status=live}}</ref> Sa [[Sufi]] asin banal na sirkulo, an ispiritwal asin moral na jihad iyo tradisyonal na pigpapahiling sa irarom kan ngaran na ''mas dakulang jihad''.<ref name="DeLong-Bas 2018" /><ref name="ER">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Rudolph Peters|title=Jihad|editor=Lindsay Jones|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=2nd|publisher=MacMillan Reference|year=2005|volume=7|page=4917}}</ref><ref name="EI2" /> An termino nakaguno nin dugang na atensyon sa dae pang nahahaloy na dekada sa paagi kan paggamit kaini kan mga nagkapirang mga insurhentong Islamikong ekstremista, militanteng Islamista, asin teroristang indibidwal asin mga organisasyon na an ideolohiya iyo nakabase sa Islamikong nosyon kan ''jihad''.<ref name="DeLong-Bas 2018" /><ref name="Badara 2017" /><ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite book|title=Understanding Jihad|last=Cook|first=David|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2015|isbn=9780520287327|edition=2nd|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|pages=93-127|chapter=Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory|jstor=10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10|lccn=2015010201|author-link=David Cook (historian)|origyear=2005|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqE2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93}}</ref><ref name="Jalal 2009">{{cite book|title=Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=9780674039070|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]|pages=239-240|chapter=Islam Subverted? Jihad as Terrorism|doi=10.4159/9780674039070-007|author-link=Ayesha Jalal|s2cid=152941120}}</ref> An taramong ''jihad'' iyo harus nagluluwas sa [[Quran]] nin igwa asin mayo nin militaryong konotasyon,<ref name="Al-Dawoody1">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/islamiclawwarjus00alda|title=The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations|last1=Al-Dawoody|first1=Ahmed|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230111608|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamiclawwarjus00alda/page/n70 56]|quote=Seventeen derivatives of jihād occur altogether forty-one times in eleven Meccan texts and thirty Medinan ones, with the following five meanings: striving because of religious belief (21), war (12), non-Muslim parents exerting pressure, that is, jihād, to make their children abandon Islam (2), solemn oaths (5), and physical strength (1).|url-access=limited}}</ref> harus sa idyomatikong ekspresyon "pagsakit sa dalan kan Kagurangnan ''(al-jihad fi sabil [[Allah]])''".<ref name="morgan2010">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg|title=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice|last=Morgan|first=Diane|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn=978-0313360251|page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/87 87]|access-date=5 January 2011|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="MIC">{{cite encyclopedia|editor=[[Josef W. Meri]]|encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA419|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0415966900|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization}}, ''Jihad'', p. 419.</ref> An mga Islamikong hurista asin iba pang mga ''ulama'' kan Bulawang Panahon kan Islam iyo naintindihan an obligasyon kan ''jihad'' na predominante sa militaryonh paghiling.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXCTjv2oFtUC&pg=PA72|title=The Political Language of Islam|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|date=11 June 1991|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0226476933|page=72|author-link=Bernard Lewis}}. Cf. William M. Watt, ''Islamic Conceptions of the Holy War'' in: Thomas P. Murphy, ''The Holy War'' (Ohio State University Press, 1974), p. 143</ref> Nakagibo sinda nin mga kasuguan na dapit sa ''jihad'', kabali an mga prohibisyon sa pagtao nin peligro sa mga dae kabali sa paglaban.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bernard Lewis|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001547201928681240|title=Jihad vs. Crusade|publisher=Opinionjournal.com|date=27 September 2001|access-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816162048/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001547201928681240|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blankinship|first=Khalid Yahya|author-link=Khalid Yahya Blankinship|year=2011|title=Parity of Muslim and Western Concepts of Just War|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_muslim-world_2011-07_101_3/page/416|journal=The Muslim World|volume=101|issue=3|page=416|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01384.x|issn=1478-1913|quote=In classical Muslim doctrine on war, likewise, genuine non-combatants are not to be harmed. These include women, minors, servants and slaves who do not take part in the fighting, the blind, monks, hermits, the aged, those physically unable to fight, the insane, the delirious, farmers who do not fight, traders, merchants, and contractors. The main criterion distinguishing combatants from non-combatants is that the latter do not fight and do not contribute to the war effort.}}</ref> Sa modernong panahon, an nosyon kan ''jihad'' nawara na an hurisprudensyal na importansya asin imbes nagtao nin pagsakat sa ideolohikal asin politikal na diskurso.<ref name="DeLong-Bas 2018" /><ref name="hallaq334">{{cite book|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations|author=Wael B. Hallaq|publisher=Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition)|year=2009|pages=334–38}}</ref> Mientras an mga modernistang Islamikong iskolar iyo pigtampok an depensibo asin dae-militaryong aspeto kan ''jihad'', nagkapirang mga Islamista an igwang halangkaw na agresibong interpretasyon na lagpas sa klasikal na teorya.<ref name="hallaq334" /><ref name="Jalal 2009" /> An jihad iyo nakaklasipika sa panlaog ("mas dakula na") ''jihad'', na kabali an pagsakit laban sa sadiring basehang impulso kan saro, asin panluwas ("mas dikit na") ''jihad'', na iyo dagos na nababanga pa sa ''jihad kan pansurat/dila'' (debate o persuasyon) asin ''jihad kan espada''.<ref name="DeLong-Bas 2018" />{{sfn|Bonner|2006|p=13}}<ref name="ER" /> An kadaklan sa mga Solnopang parasurat iyo pigkokonsidera an panluwas na ''jihad'' na magkaigwa nin primasidad sa panlaog na ''jihad'' sa Islamikong tradisyon, mientras an kadaklan sa kontemporaryong Muslim na opinyon iyo pigpapaboran an kabaliktadang pagtanaw.{{sfn|Bonner|2006|p=13}} An dakulang surbey sa analisis kan Gallup iyo pigheras an konsiderableng pagkakaiba sa mga konsepsyon nin ''jihad'' kan mga Muslim sa bilog na kinaban.<ref>Burkholder, Richard (3 December 2002). [http://www.gallup.com/poll/7333/jihad-holy-war-internal-spiritual-struggle.aspx "Jihad – 'Holy War', or Internal Spiritual Struggle?"]. gallup.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161152/http://www.gallup.com/poll/7333/jihad-holy-war-internal-spiritual-struggle.aspx Archived] from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.</ref> ''An jihad'' iyo minsan na pig-aapud bilang an ikaanom na harigi kan Islam, alagad an designasyon iyo dae harus pigbibisto.<ref name="jih">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo|title=Islam: The Straight Path|last=Esposito|first=John L.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0195043983|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo/page/95 95]|author-link=John Esposito|url-access=registration}}</ref> Sa Twelver Shi'a Islam, an ''jihad'' iyo saro sa sampolong Praktis kan Relihiyon.<ref name="practices">{{cite web|title=Part 2: Islamic Practices|url=http://www.al-islam.org/invitation-to-islam-moustafa-al-qazwini/part-2-islamic-practices|publisher=al-Islam.org|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907022817/http://www.al-islam.org/invitation-to-islam-moustafa-al-qazwini/part-2-islamic-practices|archive-date=7 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> An personang kaiba sa ''jihad'' iyo inaapod na ''mujahid'' (darakulan: ''mujahideen''). An terminong ''jihad'' iyo harus pigsasabi sa Ingles bilang an "Banal na Giyera",<ref name="holy">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRe_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221|title=Holy War, Just War: Exploring the Moral Meaning of Religious Violence|last1=Lloyd Steffen|first1=Lloyd|date=2007|publisher=Rowman& Littlefield|isbn=978-1461637394|page=221}}</ref><ref>cf., e.g., {{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8537925.stm|newspaper=BBC News|date=26 February 2010|title=Libya's Gaddafi urges 'holy war' against Switzerland|access-date=27 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304071616/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8537925.stm|archive-date=4 March 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peter-Jihad-3">[[Rudolph F. Peters]], ''Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam'' (Brill, 1977), p. 3</ref> alagad an pagpalis na ini iyo kontrobersyal.<ref>{{cite book|title=Medieval Islamic Political Thought|last=Crone|first=Patricia|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-7486-2194-6|page=363|oclc=61176687}}</ref><ref>[[Khaled Abou El Fadl]] stresses that the Islamic theological tradition did not have a notion of "Holy war" (in Arabic ''al-harb al-muqaddasa''), which is not an expression used by the Quranic text or Muslim theologians. He further states that in Islamic theology, war is never holy; it is either justified or not. He then writes that the Quran does not use the word ''jihad'' to refer to warfare or fighting; such acts are referred to as ''qital''. Source: {{cite book|title=The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists|url=https://archive.org/details/greattheftwrestl0000abou|last1=Abou El Fadl|first1=Khaled|date=23 January 2007|publisher=HarperOne|isbn=978-0061189036|page=[https://archive.org/details/greattheftwrestl0000abou/page/222 222]|author1-link=Khaled Abou El Fadl}}</ref> Sa ngunyan, an taramong ''jihad'' iyo harus nagagamit nin mayong relihiyosong konotasyon, arug kan Ingles na ''crusade''.<ref name="ODI" /><ref name="OEIP" /> == Panluwas na takod == * {{Wiktionary-inline}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{Wikiversity-inline}} == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{poon}} [[Kategorya:Historya kan Asya]] [[Kategorya:Islam]] 2nduy9wxh8v9mpsytqqe0hj43wvd2r3 0 30653 309621 309161 2026-08-23T20:57:48Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Various sushi, beautiful October night at midnight.jpg|thumb|Sushi]] {{Infobox food | name = ''Sushi'' | image = File:Sushi platter.jpg |width = 300 px | caption = Sarong dakulang plato nin sushi | alternate_name = すし, 寿司, 鮨, 鮓 | country = [[Hapon]] | region = Subangang Asya | national_cuisine = Lutuong Hapones | year = | type = | course = appetizer, pangenot na lutuon | served = malipot | main_ingredient = pigsukaang maluto | minor_ingredient = mga pagkakang pangdagat asin gulay | variations = | similar_dish = | other = }} [[Ladawan:Sushi Roll.jpg|thumb|Sushi Roll]] An {{nihongo|'''sushi'''|extra={{IPA-ja|sɯɕiꜜ|pron}} <small>or</small> {{IPA-ja|sɯꜜɕi|}}|すし, 寿司, 鮨, 鮓}} iyo sarong tradisyonal na pagkakang Hapones nin preparadong pigsukaang maluto (鮨飯, ''sushi-meshi''), harus igwa nin pirang asukar sagkod asin, na may kaiba nin mga baryenteng salak (ねた, ''neta''), arug kan pagkakang pangdagat, harus hilaw, asin mga gulay. An mga istilo nin sushi asin an presentasyon kaini iyo manlainlain, pero an sarong susing salak iyo an "''sushi rice''", inaapod man bilang an {{nihongo4||しゃり|shari}}, o {{nihongo4||酢飯|sumeshi}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.finecooking.com/article/sushi|title=Sushi - How-To|date=1998-05-01|website=FineCooking|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-04|archive-date=2019-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104201050/https://www.finecooking.com/article/sushi|url-status=live}}</ref> An sushi iyo tradisyonal na gibosa tahaw na granyulang puting bagas, alagad pwede man ipreparar gamit an kayumangging bagas o halipot na granyulang bagas. Ini iyo pinakaharus pigpepreparar gamit an pagkakang pangdagat, arug kan pusit, eel, yellowtail, salmon, tuna o imitation crab meat. An nagkapirang klase nin sushi iyo ''vegetarian''. Harus ining pigsisirbi gamit an pickled ginger (''gari''), ''wasabi'', asin tawyo (soy sauce). An daikon radish o pickled daikon (''takuan'') iyo mga popular na garnish para sa pagkakan. An sushi iyo minsan na nariribong sa [[sashimi]], sarong relatibong pagkakan sa lutuong Hapones na pigbibilog nin piggiriris na maninipis na hilaw na sira o karne sa okasyonal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diffen.com/difference/Sashimi_vs_Sushi|title=Sashimi vs Sushi – Difference and Comparison {{!}} Diffen|website=www.diffen.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05|archive-date=2019-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605054232/https://www.diffen.com/difference/Sashimi_vs_Sushi|url-status=live}}</ref> == Uusipon == Nagpoon an sushi sa Hapon, na bistado ngunyan na ''narezushi'' (馴れ寿司, 熟寿司 – "daing na sira"), na posibleng nakaimbak sa ibinurong maluto nin pipirang bulan sa sarong pagkakataon. Pinupugolan kan laktopermentasyon kan maluto an pagkalapa kan sira;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/html/yearonlytimeline.html|title=Food History Timeline, Events in Food History, 50,000 BC to 2012|publisher=|accessdate=30 Disyembre 2016}}</ref> inaapon an maluto bago kakanon an sira.<ref name="The Guardian, UK- 'Chopsticks at dawn for a sushi showdown'">{{cite news|last=Hill|first=Amelia|title=Chopsticks at dawn for a sushi showdown|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2185313,00.html|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=25 September 2011|location=London|date=2007-10-08}}</ref> An arug kaining amay na klase nin sushi iyo nagin importanteng pinagkukuanan nin protina sa mga Haponesang konsumidor. An taramong "sushi" iyo nagpopoon sa makalumang pambalarilang klase na dae na ginagamit sa ibang konteksto, asin literal na may kahulugang "maalsom"; an putahe iyo may lasang maalsom asin umami o manamit.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kouji Itou|author2=Shinsuke Kobayashi|author3=Tooru Ooizumi|author4=Yoshiaki Akahane|year=2006|title=Changes of proximate composition and extractive components in narezushi, a fermented mackerel product, during processing|url=https://archive.org/details/fisheries-science_2006-12_72_6/page/1269|journal=Fisheries Science|volume=72|issue=6|pages=1269–1276|doi=10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01285.x}}</ref> Yaon man giraray an narezushi bilang rehiyonal na espesyalidad, karisa-risa bilang ''funa-zushi'' gikan sa Prepektura kan Shiga.<ref name="tsukiji">{{cite book|last1=Bestor|first1=Theodore C.|title=Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Center of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tsukijifishmarke0000best|page=[https://archive.org/details/tsukijifishmarke0000best/page/141 141]|isbn=9780520923584|date=2004-07-13}}</ref> An pinakaamay na suratong pagsambit nin sushi sa Ingles na dineskribo sa ''Oxford English Dictionary'' iyo sa sarong libro kaidtong 1893, ''A Japanese Interior'', kun sain nasambit an sushi bilang "paikot nin malipot na maluto asin sira, pagkakang pangdagat, o iba pang pampanamit".<ref>"Sushi", ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Second edition, 1989; online version December 2011. Accessed 23 December 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ICMLAAAAYAAJ&q=sushi|title=A Japanese interior|first=Alice Mabel|last=Bacon|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company|year=1893|page=271|quote=<br>p. 271: "Sushi, a roll of cold rice with fish, sea-weed, or some other flavoring"<br>p. 181: "While we were waiting for my lord and my lady to appear, domestics served us with tea and sushi or rice sandwiches, and the year-old baby was brought in and exhibited."<br>p. 180: "All the sushi that I had been unable to eat were sent out to my kuruma, neatly done up in white paper."}}</ref> Igwa nin mas amay na pagsambit nin sushi sa diksyunaryong Hapones-Ingles ni [[James Curtis Hepburn|James Hepburn]] gikan sa 1873,<ref>James Curtis Hepburn, ''Japanese-English and English-Japanese dictionary'', Publisher: Randolph, 1873, 536 pages ([https://books.google.com/books?id=oCoYAAAAYAAJ&dq=Japanese-English%20Japanese%20dictionary%20James%20Curtis%20Hepburn%20-%201873&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q=sushi&f=false page 262])</ref> asin sa artikulo kaidtong 1879 manungod sa lutuong Hapones sa pahayagang ''Notes and Queries''.<ref>W. H. Patterson, ''Japanese Cookery'', "Notes and queries", Publisher: Oxford University Press, 1879. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=2kcAAAAAYAAJ&dq=sushi%20rice&pg=PA263#v=onepage&q=sushi&f=false p.263])</ref> == Kataytayan nin mga ladawan == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Tuna Sushi.jpg|''Toro nigiri'' (fatty tuna belly) ({{nihongo2|鮪とろ握り}}) File:Salmon sushi.jpg|Salmon roll ({{nihongo2|巻き鮭}}) File:Kakinohazusi.jpg|''Kakinoha'' ([[persimmon]] leaf) sushi ({{nihongo2|柿の葉寿司}}) File:Chakin-sushi2.JPG|''Chakin-sushi'', wrapped in thin omelette. ({{nihongo2|茶巾寿司}}) File:Sushi plate (盛り合わせ).jpg|''Sushi'' plate ({{nihongo2|盛り合わせ}}) File:Sushi_Nemuro_Hanamaru_Tokei_Dai_(184517515).jpeg|''Ikura gunkan-maki'' ({{nihongo2|イクラ軍艦巻き}}) File:Sasazushi.jpg|''Sasa'' (bamboo leaf) sushi ({{nihongo2|笹寿司}}) File:Unagi-Sushi.jpg|''Unagi'' (teriyaki-roasted freshwater eel) sushi ({{nihongo2|鰻寿司}}) File:Sashimi for sale.JPG|''Nigirizushi'' na binebenta sa sarong supermarket sa Tokyo File:Assorted sushi.png|Assorted sushi ({{nihongo2|盛り合わせ}}) File:Assorted Western sushi (盛り合わせ).jpg|Assorted Western sushi ({{nihongo2|盛り合わせ}}) File:Spicytunahandroll.jpg|Western spicy tuna hand roll ({{nihongo2|スパイシーツナロール}}) File:Spicyshrimproll.jpg|Western spicy shrimp roll ({{nihongo2|スパイシー海老ロール}}) File:Gari_ginger.jpg|Gari (ginger) File:Compare_Hikimi_Wasabi_Color_And_Taste.jpg|Wasabi [[File:Tamago sushi (egg) (3313677892).jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right | alt= Tamago Sushi]] </gallery> == Padagos na pagbasa == * {{cite book|author=Joro Ono, Masuhiro Yamamoto |year=2014 |title=鮨 すきやばし次郎: JIRO GASTRONOMY |language=ja | publisher=Shogakukan |isbn=978-4093883856 }} * {{cite book|author=Joro Ono, Masuhiro Yamamoto |year=2016 |title=匠 すきやばし次郎: JIRO PHILOSOPHY |language=ja| publisher=Shogakukan |isbn=978-4093884976 }} * {{cite book|author=Mitshuhiro Araki, Chieko Asazuma |year=2004 |title=江戸前「握り」 |language=ja| publisher=Kobunsha |isbn=978-4334032319 }} == Mga panluwas na takod == {{Commons|Sushi}} * [[wikiHow:Make-Sushi-Rice|WikiHow page on making sushi rice]] == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{poon}} [[Kategorya:Hapon]] == History == [[Ladawan:Barack_Obama_and_Shinzo_Abe_at_Sukyabashi_Jiro_April_2014.jpg|thumb|Si Presidente [[Barack Obama]] asin si Primer Ministro Shinzo Abe sa Sukiyabashi Jiro]] An sarong putahe na midbid bilang {{Nihongo3|"matured fish"|馴れ寿司, 熟寿司|narezushi}} , na itinatago sa pinaalsom na bagas sa laog nin posibleng mga bulan sa sarong panahon, pigsambit bilang saro sa mga enot na impluwensya para sa gawi kan mga Hapon na magbugtak nin bagas sa hilaw na sira. An sira pinaalsom gamit an suka nin bagas, asin, asin bagas, dangan an bagas itinapok. <ref name="worldcat1993">{{Cite book|title=Fish fermentation technology|last=Lee|first=Cherl-Ho|last2=Steinkraus|first2=Keith H|last3=Reilly|first3=P.J. Alan|date=1993|publisher=United Nation University Press|location=Tokyo|language=English|oclc=395550059}}</ref> {{Transliteration|ja|Narezushi}} inaapod man na '''{{Transliteration|ja|honnare}}''', na an boot sabihon "lubos na pinaalsa", na kontra sa {{Transliteration|ja|namanare}}, na an boot sabihon "parsyal na pinaalsa", sarong klase nin sushi na naglataw kan [[Panahon nin Muromachi|panahon ni Muromachi]] . An inasinan na sira gamit an maluto, arog kan narezushi, na nagpuon sa subangan na asya na kung sain ini ginigibo para ma preserba an labas na tubig sira, posible na sa kapatagan kan Mekong River , na ngunyan Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, saka Vietnam, saka sa kapatagan kan Irrawaddy River, na ngunyan Myanmar. An pinakaenot na pagbanggit nin pagkakan na pareho sa narezushi iyo an makukua sa sarong diksyunaryo na Intsik na tinutubudan na hali pa sa ika-4 na siglo. Sa okasyon na ini, tinutukdo kaini an binurong sirang asin na ipinahiling na ipinaluwas sa linuto o in-steam na bagas, na nagresulta sa proseso nin fermentation sa paagi kan lactic acid. An mga metodong para sa fermentation na halos kapareho kan prinsipyong ini makukuha man sa ibang kultura sa Asya na base sa bagas, arog kan burong isda, balao-balao, asin tinapayan sa Filipinas; pekasam sa Indonesia asin Malaysia; padaek (ປາແດກ) sa Laos; pla ra An lacto-fermentation kan bagas nag poproteher para dai maraot an isda. Kan ipabisto an wet-field rice cultivation sa panahon kan Yayoi, an mga salog asin lawa nagbababaha sa panahon nin uran, asin an mga sira nahahagad sa mga uma nin bagas. An pag-atsara (pickling) sarong paagi tanganing ma-preserba an sobra na sira asin magin siguradong igwa nin pagkakan sa mga masunod na bulan. An narezushi nagin maimportansya pinag hahalian nin protina para sa mga konsumidor na Hapones. An terminong “sushi” boot sabihon literal na “maaslom an lasa,” ta an kabuuang putahe may aslom asin umami o malinamnam na lasa. An tataramon na hali sa lumang porma nin pagkonjugate nin し (shi)—sarong terminal form na ginagamit sa duon—kan adjektival na berbo na sui (酸い, "maaslom"), na nagresulta sa tataramon na sushi (酸し). An narezushi padagos na igwang eksistensya bilang lokal na delikasya, partikular an funa-zushi haloy sa Shiga Prefecture. Sa {{Nihongo|[[Yōrō Code]]|養老律令|Yōrō-ritsuryō}} kan 718, an mga karakter para sa "鮨" asin "鮓" isinurat bilang pag'onra sa korte imperyal kan Hapon, asin dawa ngani igwa nin manlaen-laen na teorya kun ano man nanggad an kakanon na ini, posible na ini pigtutukto sa {{Transliteration|ja|narezushi}} . === ''Namanare'' === Sagkod kan amay na ika-19 siglo, an sushi luway-luway na nagbago sa lutong Hapon. An mga Hapon nagpoon na magkakan nin tolong pagkakan kada aldaw, an bagas pigluluto imbes na pig-alisngaw, asin an dakulang importansya iyo an pag'uswag kan suka kan bagas . <ref name="Moritzen">{{Cite book|title=Sushi: Food for the Eye, the Body and the Soul|last=Mpritzen|first=Ole G.|publisher=Springer Science-Business Media|year=2009|page=15}}</ref> Durante kan [[Panahon nin Muromachi|panahon ni Muromachi]] (1336–1573), an mga Hapon nag-imbento nin estilo nin sushi na inaapod {{Transliteration|ja|namanare}} o '''{{Transliteration|ja|namanari}}''' ({{Lang|ja|生成、なまなれ、なまなり}}), na an boot sabihon "parsyal na pinatubo". An panahon nin pag-alsa kan {{Transliteration|ja|namanare}} mas halipot kisa sa naenot {{Transliteration|ja|narezushi}}, asin an bagas na ginamit sa pag-alsa kinakakan man kaiba kan sira. Sa ibang pagtaram, sa pag-imbento kan {{Transliteration|ja|namanare}}, an sushi nagbago gikan sa sarong preserbadong kakanon na sira pasiring sa sarong kakanon kun saen an sira asin bagas kinakakan na magkaibanan. Pagkatapos kan paglataw kan {{Transliteration|ja|namanare}}, [[Sake|an sake]] asin sake lees ginamit tanganing pahalipoton an permentasyon, asin an suka ginamit kan [[panahon nin Edo]] . [[Ladawan:Hiroshige_Bowl_of_Sushi.jpg|too|thumb|''Mangko nin Sushi'' ni Hiroshige (1797–1858). ''[[Sushi|Makizushi]]'' na may bagas na piglukot sa ''tamagoyaki'' (sa enotan) asin ''[[Sushi|nigirizushi]]'' na may hipon (sa likod).]] Durante kan panahon nin Edo (1603–1867), sarong ikatolong klase nin sushi, an {{Nihongo3|"fast sushi"|早寿司、早ずし|haya-zushi}} , an namukna. {{Transliteration|ja|Haya-zushi}} naiiba sa mga naenot na sushi huli ta imbes na lactic fermentation kan bagas, an suka, sarong pinaalsom na kakanon, pighahalo sa bagas tanganing tawan ini nin maasim na namit tanganing ini kakanon kasabay kan sira. Dati, an sushi nag-evolve na may pokus sa pagpahalipot kan panahon nin pag-alsa, alagad sa pag-imbento kan {{Transliteration|ja|haya-zushi}}, na simpleng pighahalo sa suka, an proseso nin pag-alsa nahale asin an sushi nagin sarong fast food. Dakul na klase nin sushi an midbid sa kinaban ngunyan, arog kan {{Nihongo3|"scattered sushi"|散らし寿司|[[#Chirashizushi|chirashizushi]]}} , {{Nihongo3|"[[Inari Ōkami|Inari]] sushi"|稲荷寿司|[[#Inarizushi|inarizushi]]}} , {{Nihongo3|"rolled sushi"|巻寿司|[[#Makizushi|makizushi]]}} asin {{Nihongo3|"hand-pressed sushi"|握り寿司|[[#Nigirizushi|nigirizushi]]}} , naimbento kan panahon na ini, asin sinda sarong klase nin {{Transliteration|ja|haya-zushi}} . An lambang rehiyon naggagamit nin mga lokal na namit tanganing makaprodusir nin manlaen-laen na klase nin sushi na ipinasa sa laog nin dakul na henerasyon. An sarong libro nin pagluto kan 1689 naglaladawan kan {{Transliteration|ja|haya-zushi}}, asin an sarong libro nin pagluto kan 1728 naglaladawan kan pagbubo nin suka sa ibabaw {{Nihongo3|"box sushi"|箱ずし|[[#Oshizushi|hako-zushi]]}} (kwadradong sushi na gibo sa paagi nin pagpano nin bagas sa sarong kahoy na bayanan). An estilo ngonyan nin {{Nihongo3|"hand-pressed sushi"|握り寿司|nigirizushi}} , na igwa nin sarong oblong na bulod nin bagas na may sarong hiwa nin sira na nakabugtak sa ibabaw kaini, nagin popular sa Edo (kontemporanyong Tokyo) kan mga taon 1820 o 1830. An sarong komun na istorya kan ginikanan kan {{Transliteration|ja|nigirizushi}} iyo an chef na si Hanaya Yohei (1799–1858), na nag-imbento o nagperpekto kan teknik kan 1824 sa saiyang tindahan sa Ryōgoku . <ref name="tsukiji">{{Cite book|title=[[Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Center of the World]]|last=Bestor|first=Theodore C.|date=2004-07-13|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520923584|page=[https://archive.org/details/tsukijifishmarke0000best/page/141 141]|author-link=Theodore C. Bestor}}</ref> An {{Transliteration|ja|nigirizushi}} kan panahon na ini medyo iba sa modernong {{Transliteration|ja|nigirizushi}} . An bagas na sushi kan panahon na ini mga tulong beses an kadakulaan kan {{Transliteration|ja|nigirizushi}} ngunyan. An kantidad kan suka na ginamit kabanga kan sushi ngunyan, asin an klase nin suka na nabuo sa panahon na ini, na inaapod na {{Nihongo3|"red vinegar"|赤酢|aka-su}} , ginibo sa paagi nin pag-ferment kan sake lees. Naggamit man sinda nin dikit na asin kisa sa modernong panahon imbes na asukar. An kakanon-dagat na pigsisirbe sa ibabaw kan bagas pig-aandam sa manlaen-laen na paagi. An pulang suka na ini ginibo ni Nakano Matazaemon (中野 又佐衛門), na iyo an kagmukna kan Mizkan, sarong kumpanya na nagdedevelop asin nagpapabakal pa nin suka asin iba pang mga panimpla sagkod ngonyan. An putahe orihinal na inaapod na {{Transliteration|ja|Edomae zushi}} nin huli ta ini naggamit nin mga bagong dakop na sira hale sa {{Transliteration|ja|Edo-mae}} (Edo o Tokyo Bay ); an terminong {{Transliteration|ja|Edomae nigirizushi}} ginagamit pa man giraray sagkod ngonyan bilang sarong by-word para sa de kalidad na sushi, ano man an ginikanan kan mga sangkap kaini. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ut9nOwsFegC&q=Edomae&pg=PR17|title=The Connoisseur's Guide to Sushi|last=Lowry|first=Dave|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1458764140|page=xvii|quote=A nugget of rice was seasoned with vinegar and topped by a sliver of seafood fresh from the bay that was only a few blocks away. That is why a synonym for nigiri sushi is Edomae sushi: Edomae is "in front of Edo," i.e., the bay.|access-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617105707/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ut9nOwsFegC&q=Edomae&pg=PR17|archive-date=2021-06-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJxuV-0eT4UC&q=%22edomae%22&pg=PA17|title=Sushi: Food for the Eye, the Body and the Soul|last=Mouritsen|first=Ole G.|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-1441906182|page=17|quote=Edomae-zushi or nigiri-zushi? Nigiri-zushi is also known as Edomae-zushi. Edomae refers to the small bay in Edo in front of the old palace that stood on the same site as the present-day imperial precinct in Tokyo. Fresh fish and shellfish caught in the bay were used locally to make sushi, known as Edomae-zushi. It has, however, been many years since these waters have been a source of seafood. Now the expression Edomae-zushi is employed as a synonym for high-quality nigiri-zushi.|access-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617105637/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJxuV-0eT4UC&q=%22edomae%22&pg=PA17|archive-date=2021-06-17}}</ref> === Conveyor belt sushi === [[Ladawan:US_Navy_090813-N-0413R-250_Sailors_and_their_families_enjoy_sushi_while_visiting_the_historic_city_of_Kamakura,_Japan_during_orientation.jpg|thumb|Conveyor belt sushi restaurant sa Kamakura]] Kan 1958, binuksan ni Yoshiaki Shiraishi an pinakaenot na {{Nihongo|[[conveyor belt sushi]] restaurant|回転寿司|kaiten-zushi}} na inaapod na " Genroku Zushi" sa Higashi-Osaka . Sa mga restawran nin sushi na may conveyor belt, an mga conveyor belt na nakabugtak sa mga lamesa asin counter sa restawran nagdadara nin mga plato nin sushi pasiring sa mga parokyano. Sa pangkagabsan, an singil nakabasar sa bilang kan mga plato, na may manlaen-laen na kolor na plato na nagrerepresentar kan presyo kan sushi. <ref name="magnier">{{Cite news|title=Yoshiaki Shiraishi; Founded Conveyor Belt Sushi Industry|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-sep-02-me-41354-story.html}}</ref> Kan an Genroku Sushi nagbukas nin sarong restawran sa Japan World Exposition, Osaka, 1970, ini nanggana nin sarong premyo sa expo, asin an mga restawran nin sushi sa conveyor belt nagin midbid sa bilog na Hapon. Kan 1973, sarong automatikong dispenser nin tsa an ginibo, na ngonyan ginagamit sa mga restawran nin sushi na may conveyor belt ngonyan. Kan an patente para sa mga restawran nin sushi sa conveyor belt nag-expire, sarong kadena nin mga restawran nin sushi sa conveyor belt an naestablisar, na nagpapalakop kan sushi sa conveyor belt sa bilog na Hapon asin orog pang nagpapasikat asin nagpapababa kan presyo kan sushi. Kan 2021, an merkado nin sushi sa conveyor belt nagdakula sagkod sa 700 bilyon na yen asin naglakop sa luwas kan Hapon. <ref name="magnier">{{Cite news|title=Yoshiaki Shiraishi; Founded Conveyor Belt Sushi Industry|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-sep-02-me-41354-story.html}}</ref> === Sushi sa Ingles === An pinakaenot na nakasurat na pagsambit kan ''sushi'' sa Ingles na ilinadawan sa ''Oxford English Dictionary'' yaon sa sarong libro kan 1893, ''A Japanese Interior'', kun saen ini nagsambit kan sushi bilang "sarong rolyo nin malipot na bagas na may sira, sea-weed, o iba pang panlasa". <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ajapaneseinteri02bacogoog|title=A Japanese interior|last=Bacon|first=Alice Mabel|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company|year=1893|page=[https://archive.org/details/ajapaneseinteri02bacogoog/page/n293 271]|quote=p. 271: "Sushi, a roll of cold rice with fish, sea-weed, or some other flavoring" p. 181: "While we were waiting for my lord and my lady to appear, domestics served us with tea and sushi or rice sandwiches, and the year-old baby was brought in and exhibited." p. 180: "All the sushi that I had been unable to eat were sent out to my ''kuruma'', neatly done in white paper."}}</ref> Igwa nin mas naenot na pagsambit kan sushi sa diksyunaryong Hapon-Ingles ni [[James Curtis Hepburn|James Hepburn]] kan 1873, asin sarong artikulo kan 1879 manungod sa pagluto kan Hapon sa journal ''na Notes and Queries'' . Sa ibong kan komun na salang paghona sa mga parataram nin Ingles, an sushi dai nangangahulugan na "hilaw na kakanon-dagat." 0p50rii1mg1shtagwtrsfbm7cwog9s7 0 30727 309552 220223 2026-08-23T20:03:43Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png|thumb|300x300px|Bola asin istik na modelo kan molekulang (−)-cocaine, C₁₇H₂₁N₁O₄]] An '''cocaine''' (gikan sa {{Lang-fr|cocaïne}}, gikan sa {{Lang-es|[[coca]]}}, mas gikan sa [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''kúka'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=%20COCAINE|title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: %20COCAINE}}</ref> iyo sarong tropanong alkaloid asin istimulanteng druga na naguguno pangenot hali sa mga dahon kan duwang espesyeng ''coca'' na katutubo sa Sur na Amerika, an ''[[Erythroxylum coca]]'' asin ''[[Erythroxylum novogranatense]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Plowman T|title=The identification of coca (Erythroxylum species): 1860-1910|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=June 1982|volume=84|issue=4|pages=329–353|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00368.x}}</ref> Ini iyo pinakanagagamit bilang sarong rekreasyunal na druga asin euphoriant.<ref name="Pom2012">{{cite journal|vauthors=Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G|title=Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers|journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry|volume=19|issue=33|pages=5647–57|date=2012|pmid=22856655|doi=10.2174/092986712803988811}}</ref> Pakatapos kan ekstraksyon hali sa dahon nin coca asin padagos na pagproseso pasiring sa ''cocaine hydrochloride'' (pulbos na cocaine), an druga pwedeng masinghot, initon hasta magsublima asin singhoton dagos, o tunawon asin itudok sa ugat nin tawo.<ref name="Zimmerman2012" /> An mga epektong mental iyo kabali an makusog na pagmati nin kaogmahan, pagsangat kan sekswal na pagmati, pagkawara nin kontak sa realidad, o agitasyon.<ref name="Zimmerman2012" /> An mga pisikal na simtomas iyo pwedeng ibali an marikas na pagkurabkutab kan puso, pagganot, asin pagbulakog kan mata.<ref name="Zimmerman2012">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zimmerman JL|title=Cocaine intoxication|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-care-clinics_2012-10_28_4/page/517|journal=Critical Care Clinics|volume=28|issue=4|pages=517–26|date=October 2012|pmid=22998988|doi=10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003}}</ref> An halangkaw na pakonsumo pwedeng magresulta sa halangkaw na presyon kan dugo o temperatura kan lawas.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Connors NJ, Hoffman RS|title=Experimental treatments for cocaine toxicity: a difficult transition to the bedside|journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics|volume=347|issue=2|pages=251–7|date=November 2013|pmid=23978563|doi=10.1124/jpet.113.206383|s2cid=6767268}}</ref> An mga epekto mapoon sa laog nin mga segundo pasiring sa minuto nin paggamit asin mahaloy sa tahaw nin lima asin sisentang minuto.<ref name="Zimmerman2012" /> == Panluwas na takod == {{Commons category|Cocaine}} * {{cite web | url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/cocaine | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Drug Information Portal | title = Cocaine }} *[https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/cannabis European Monitoring Centre for Drugs (Cocaine)] * [https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/cocaine/cocaine.shtml Erowid – Cocaine Information] — A collection of data about cocaine including dose, effects, chemistry, legal status, images and more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110323134442/https://www.havocscope.com/black-market/drug-trafficking/cocaine/ Slang Dictionary for Cocaine.] * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323134442/https://www.havocscope.com/black-market/drug-trafficking/cocaine/ |date=23 March 2011 |title=Cocaine Market Data and Value-Havocscope Black Markets }} Data on cocaine trafficking worldwide. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{tamboan}} noq3uewxoeq1lb14nagzvori5tzj11p 0 31374 309814 284958 2026-08-24T00:03:22Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist|name=Louis Pasteur|children=5|awards={{Plainlist| * [[Legion of Honor|Legion of Honor Grand Cross]] (1881) * [[Rumford Medal]] (1856) * [[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] (1869) * [[Copley Medal]] (1874) * [[Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)|Albert Medal]] (1882) * [[Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences]] (1883) * [[Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh]] (1889) * [[Leeuwenhoek Medal]] (1895) * [[Order of the Medjidie]]<ref>{{cite web|title=II. Abdülhamid'in Fransız kimyagere yaptığı yardım ortaya çıktı|url=http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/ii-abdulhamidin-fransiz-kimyagere-yaptigi-yardim-ortaya-cikti?page=1|publisher=CNN Türk|access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref>}}|known_for=Pagmokna sa pinakaenot na bakuna para sa rabies<br />Bakuna sa kolera<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Cholera Vaccine {{!}} Passport Health|url=https://www.passporthealthusa.com/2017/11/history-of-the-cholera-vaccine/#:~:text=In%201885,%20Spanish%20physician%20Jaime,working%20with%20the%20live%20germs.|access-date=25 December 2020|website=www.passporthealthusa.com}}</ref><br />Bakuna sa anthrax<br />[[Pasteurization]]|notable_students=[[Charles Friedel]]<ref>Asimov, ''[[Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology]]'' 2nd Revised edition</ref>|alma_mater={{ublist|[[École Normale Supérieure]]|[[University of Paris]]|[[Conservatoire national des arts et métiers]]}}|workplaces={{Plainlist| * [[University of Strasbourg]] * [[University of Lille]] * [[École Normale Supérieure]] * [[Pasteur Institute]]}}|fields={{Plainlist| * [[Biyolohiya]] * [[Mikrobiyolohiya]] * [[Kimika]] *[[Matematika]] *[[Pisika]]}}|education=Matematika,<ref name="Math">{{cite web |title=Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) |url=https://www.ens.psl.eu/portraits-de-normaliens/louis-pasteur-1822-1895/}}</ref> Docteur ès Sciences (Pisikang kimikal)<ref name="Thesis">{{cite web |title=Louis Pasteur, Thèse de Chimie, Thèse de Physique |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k141151t/f29.image/}}</ref>|spouse={{marriage|Marie Laurent|1849}}|honorific_suffix={{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRS}}|nationality=Pranses|death_place=[[Marnes-la-Coquette]], Pransya|death_date={{death date and age|1895|9|28|1822|12|27|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Dole, Jura|Dole]], [[Jura (department)|Jura]], Pransya|birth_date={{birth date|1822|12|27|df=y}}|caption=Retrato kua ni Nadar|image=Louis Pasteur, foto av Paul Nadar, Crisco edit.jpg|signature=Louis Pasteur Signature.svg}} Si '''Louis Pasteur''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=small|ForMemRS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|i|_|p|æ|ˈ|s|t|ɜr}}, {{IPA-fr|lwi pastœʁ|lang}}; 27 Desyembre 1822 – 28 Septembre 1895) iyo sarong kimiko asin mikrobiyolohista na pigbibisto para sa saiyang pagkadiskobre nin mga prinsipyo kan [[bakunasyon]], [[Permentasyon|mikrobyal na permentasyon]], asin [[pasteurization]]. An saiyang pag-aadal sa kimika an nagtao nin dalan sa dakulang trayumpo sa pagkaintindi nin mga kawsa asin paglikay sa mga helang, na naghaman sa pundasyon nin paglinig, pampublikong salud, asin kadaklan nin modernong medisina.<ref name="Ligon">{{cite journal|last1=Ligon|first1=B. Lee|year=2002|title=Biography: Louis Pasteur: A controversial figure in a debate on scientific ethics|journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases|volume=13|issue=2|pages=134–141|doi=10.1053/spid.2002.125138|pmid=12122952}}</ref> An saiyang gibo iyo pigkredito sa pagsalbar sa milyon nin buhay sa paagi nin paghaman nin bakuna para sa [[rabies]] asin [[anthrax]]. Pigbisto siya bilang saro sa mga kagmokna kan modernong bakteryolohiya asin pig-onrahan bilang "aman kan bakteryolohiya"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adam|first=P.|date=1951|title=Louis Pasteur: Father of bacteriology|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14870064|journal=Canadian Journal of Medical Technology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=126–128|pmid=14870064}}</ref> asin bilang an "ama kan [[mikrobiyolohiya]]"<ref name="fein">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mwwzIdiuhkC|title=Louis Pasteur: The Father of Microbiology|author=Feinstein, S|publisher=Enslow Publishers, Inc.|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59845-078-1|pages=1–128}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fleming|first=Alexander|date=1952|title=Freelance of Science|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1952-08-02_2_4778/page/269|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=4778|pages=269|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4778.269|pmc=2020971}}</ref> (kaiba si [[Robert Koch]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tan|first1=S. Y.|last2=Berman|first2=E.|date=2008|title=Robert Koch (1843-1910): father of microbiology and Nobel laureate|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19037548|journal=Singapore Medical Journal|volume=49|issue=11|pages=854–855|pmid=19037548}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Gradmann|first=Christoph|date=2006|title=Robert Koch and the white death: from tuberculosis to tuberculin|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16126424|journal=Microbes and Infection|volume=8|issue=1|pages=294–301|doi=10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.004|pmid=16126424}}</ref> asin dagos man ki [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lane|first=Nick|date=2015|title=The unseen world: reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) 'Concerning little animals'|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=370|issue=1666|pages=20140344|doi=10.1098/rstb.2014.0344|pmc=4360124|pmid=25750239}}</ref>). Si Pasteur an responsable para sa disprobar kan doktrina nin ''spontaneous generation''. Sa irarom kan [[French Academy of Sciences]], an saiyang eksperimento nagpahiling na sa isterilisado asin nakatakop na flask, mayo nin nahahaman; asin sa isterilisado pero buka na flask, an mga mikroorganismo pwedeng magdakula.<ref name="seckbach">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=937NljkEbgYC|title=Origins: Genesis, Evolution and Diversity of Life|last1=Seckbach|first1=Joseph (editor)|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4020-1813-8|location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|page=20}}</ref> Sa eksperimento na ini, an akademya piggawadan siya kan Premyo Alhumbert na minadara nin 2,500 [[francs]] kan 1862. Si Pasteur pigbibisto man bilang saro sa ama kan ''germ theory of diseases'', na saro pang menor na konsepto kaidto.<ref name="ullmann">{{Cite journal|last=Ullmann|first=Agnes|title=Pasteur-Koch: Distinctive Ways of Thinking about Infectious Diseases|journal=Microbe|volume=2|issue=8|pages=383–387|date=August 2007|url=http://www.asm.org/index.php/component/content/article/114-unknown/unknown/4469-pasteur-koch-distinctive-ways-of-thinking-about-infectious-diseases|access-date=12 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510103839/http://www.asm.org/index.php/component/content/article/114-unknown/unknown/4469-pasteur-koch-distinctive-ways-of-thinking-about-infectious-diseases|archive-date=10 May 2016|url-status=dead|archivedate=10 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510103839/http://www.asm.org/index.php/component/content/article/114-unknown/unknown/4469-pasteur-koch-distinctive-ways-of-thinking-about-infectious-diseases}}</ref> An nagkapira sa saiyang mga eksperimento nagpahiling na an mga helang pwedeng malikayan sa paggadan o pagpundo sa mga germs, na direktang nagsuporta sa germ theory asin sa aplikasyon kaini sa medisinang klinikal. Pinakabistado siya sa heneral na publiko para sa saiyang imbensyon nin teknik sa pagtrato nin [[gatas]] asin arak sa pagpundo nin bakteryal na kontaminasyon na sarong proseso na ngunyan inaapod bilang [[pasteurization]]. Si Pasteur nakahimo man nin signipikong pagkadiskobre sa kimika, pinakanotable sa molekular na basehan para sa asimetriya nin nagkairang mga kristal asin rasemisasyon. == Panluwas na takod == {{commons}} {{wikiquote}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Pasteur, Louis}} * [https://www.pasteur.fr/en The Institut Pasteur] * [http://www.pasteurfoundation.org The Pasteur Foundation] * [http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm Pasteur's Papers on the Germ Theory] * [http://www.pasteurbrewing.com The Life and Work of Louis Pasteur], Pasteur Brewing * [http://pasteur.net/?lang=en The Pasteur Galaxy] * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878pasteur-germ.html Germ Theory and Its Applications to Medicine and Surgery, 1878] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915135641/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878pasteur-germ.html |date=2014-09-15 }} * [http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Louis_Pasteur.html Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)] profile, AccessExcellence.org * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Louis Pasteur}} * {{Librivox author |id=8786}} * {{PM20 |FID=pe/013276}} * {{cite book|url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7356c |title=Pasteur Œuvre tome 1 – Dissymétrie moléculaire |date=1922–1939 |language=fr}} * {{cite book|url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7357p |title=Pasteur Œuvre tome 2 – Fermentations et générations dites spontanées |date=1922–1939 |language=fr}} * [http://math-doc.ujf-grenoble.fr/RBSM/cr-gallica.html ''Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences''] Mga artikulo na pigpublikar ni Pasteur == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{poon}} [[Kategorya:Mga siyentista]] m1ap1l80y8z9kfdj10rhhrdd3e5ylej 0 32053 309754 277326 2026-08-23T23:14:49Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Tsokolate|image=Chocolate (blue background).jpg|image_size=200px|caption=An tsokolate harus yaon sa mga baryente nin maitom, gatas, asin puti|alternate_name=|country=|region=[[Mesoamerika]]|creator=|course=|served=|main_ingredient=[[Chocolate liquor]], [[cocoa butter]] para sa puting tsokolate, harus pigdudugangan nin asukar|variations=|calories=|other=}} An '''tsokolate''' ([[Ingles]]: ''chocolate'') iyo sarong produkto na [[pagkakan]] na gikan sa pigtustado asin pigpinong mga [[kakaw]], na yaon sa porma nin [[likido]], [[solido]], o pulot, sa sadiri kaini o bilang pangpanamit na ahente sa ibang mga pagkakan. An kakaw iyo pigkokonsumo sa nagkapirang porma poon pa sa sibilisasyong Olmec (ika-19 sundo sa ika-11 siglo BCE),<ref name="powis">{{Cite journal|last1=Powis|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8595P|pmc=3102397|pmid=21555564|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.1100620108|pages=8595–8600|issue=21|volume=108|language=en|title=Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2011-05-24_108_21/page/8595|first1=Terry G.|date=24 May 2011|first5=Kong|last5=Cheong|first4=Louis|last4=Grivetti|first3=Nilesh W.|last3=Gaikwad|first2=Ann|last2=Cyphers|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526113.html|title=Consumían olmecas chocolate hace 3000&nbsp;años|date=29 July 2008|location=Mexico City|accessdate=15 December 2021|archivedate=16 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016035521/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/526113.html}}</ref> asin an mayorya kan mga Mesoamerikano - kaiba an mga Maya asin Aztec - na naggibo nin mga inomong tsokolate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history_mesoamerican7.html|title=Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 1200–1521 – Obtaining Cacao|publisher=[[Field Museum]]|access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref><gallery> Ladawan:Hot Chocolate drinks.jpg|link=|Mainit na Tsokolate na tig ginibong inumon </gallery>An pisog kan kakaw igwa nin labing pait na namit asin kaipohan na mag-agi sa permentasyon para makahimo nin namit. Pakatapos kan permentasyon, an pisog pigpapamara, piglinigan, asin pigtutusta. Pighahali an ubak para makamokna nin ''cocoa nibs'', na dagos pigpino pasiring sa masa nin kakaw. Kapag nagin likido na an masa nin kakaw sa paagi nin pagpa-init, inaapod na ining ''chocolate liquor''. An liquor pwede man palipoton asin iproseso pasiring sa duwa kaining komposisyon: ''cocoa solids'' asin ''cocoa butter''. An tsokolate iyo saro sa mga pinakapopular na klase nin pagkakan asin pangnamit sa kinaban, asin nagkapirang mga pagkakan na igwa nin tsokolate, partikular bilang pangdulsi, kaiba an ''cake'', ''pudding'', ''mousse'', ''chocolate brownies'', asin ''chocolate chip cookies''. ==Panluwas na takod== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|chocolate}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Chocolate}} * [http://courses.ecolechocolat.com/lobjects/pdf/belgium_tempering.pdf Chocolate Tempering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082415/http://courses.ecolechocolat.com/lobjects/pdf/belgium_tempering.pdf |date=2015-05-18 }} * [http://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/merchant-era/chocolate-and-tea "Chocolate and Tea"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020141/http://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/merchant-era/chocolate-and-tea |date=2015-11-17 }}, American Enterprise Exhibition, National Museum of American History (exhibit on 18th century American trade) == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{pagkakan-tamboan}} ar0epslkks98ziw9cnmlafa5dqr9x9f 0 33853 309520 273966 2026-08-23T19:34:34Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Lalawgon | Latin = Facies, facia | Image = File:Human faces.jpg | Caption = Lalawgon nin babayi (wala) asin lalawgon nin lalaki (too) | Width = | Image2 = Sobo 1909 260.png | Caption2 = Ventrolateral na aspekto kan lalawgon na hinale an kublit, ipinapahiling an kalamnan kan lalawgon | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = }} An '''lalawgon''' o '''pandok''' ([[Ingles]]: ''face'') iyo an atubangan kan payo nin hayop na nagtatampok kan mga [[mata]], [[dungo]], [[talinga]], [[kublit]] asin [[nguso]], asin paagi kaini ipinapahayag kan mga hayop an dakul nindang emosyonyon mata, dongo, talenga.<ref name="Moore">{{Cite book|title=Moore's clinical anatomy|last=Moore, Keith L.|last2=Dalley, Arthur F.|last3=Agur, Anne M. R.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2010|isbn=978-1-60547-652-0|location=United States of America|pages=843–980}}</ref> An lalawgon importante para sa midbidan nin tawo, asin an danyos na arog baga kan mga depekto sa pag - oswag nakakaapektar sa psyche sa bakong paborableng paagi.<ref name="Moore" /> == Isahot == Inaapod na lalawgon an payo nin tawo. Kaiba dian an nagkapirang laen - laen na kabtang, na dian an pangenot na mga kabtang iyo an:<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/face Face | Define Face at Dictionary.com]. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.</ref> * An angog, na binibilog kan kublit sa irarom kan buhok, sa huri sakop kan mga templo asin mas maluya paagi sa mga mata asin talinga. forehead skin. hairline. temples eyebrows. aseazers. * An mga mata, nakatukaw sa orbita asin protektado kan mga matalidas asin mga mata. eyes orbit. eyelids. eyelales. * An napapalaen na pormang dongo nin tawo, dongo, asin nasal septum. * An mga pisngi, na nakatahob sa maxilla asin mandbulawa (o pangalay), an poro kaiyan iyo an chin. cheeks. maxilla. mandibulawa. chin * An nguso, na nababanga sa may itaas kan piltrum, kun minsan naghahayag kan ngipon.mouth. An panluwas na itsura mahalagang marhay sa pagmidbid asin komunikasyon nin tawo. An mga kalamnan sa pag - oltanan nin mga tawo nagtatao nin kinakaipuhan na emosyon. An lalawgon mismo sensitibong marhay na rehion kan hawak nin tawo asin an ekspresyon kaiyan puedeng magbago kun an hotok pinupukaw kan arin man sa dakol na sentido nin tawo, arog baga kan duta, temperatura, parong, namit, pagdadangog, paghiro, gutom, o mga ssimuli sensitibo senses. touch. th. === Dai Pagkakasundo nin Korte ===  An lalawgon an nagpapamidbid na marhay sa sarong tawo. person. An espesyalisadong mga rehion kan hotok nin tawo, arog baga kan fusiform kahampang na lugar (FFA), nagpapangyari nin dakulang pagmidbid; Kun naraot an mga ini, tibaad imposibleng mamidbid dawa an dayupot na mga miembro nin pamilya. An dalagan nin espesipikong mga organo, arog baga kan mga mata, o kabtang kaiyan, ginagamit sa bioetikong pagpamidbid sa daing kaagid na pakamidbid sa mga indibiduwal. biometricco. An korte kan lalawgon naimpluwensiyahan kan tulang-postraktura kan bungo, asin an lambang lalawgon kakaiba sa anatomikal na pagkakaiba na yaon sa mga tulang kan viscerorio (asin neurocranium). neurone-tructure anaatomical diveranium. neurcranium.<ref name="Moore"/> An mga tulang na kalabot sa pagsiping sa lalawgon sa pangenot iyo an maxilla, mandible, nasal bone asin zygomatikong tulang. maxilla. mandible. nasal bone. zygotica bone. Importante man an laen - laen na malomoy na tisyu, arog baga nin taba, buhok asin kublit (na an kolor puedeng nagkakalaenlaen).<ref name="Moore" /> An lalawgon nagbabago sa paglihis nin panahon, asin an mga bagay na uso sa mga aki o omboy, arog baga kan prominenteng mga taba - taba nawawara sa pag - agi nin panahon, an saindang kabtang sa omboy iyo an pagpasarig sa mga pisngi durante nin pagsususo. Mantang an mga buru-buayang taba' parati naluya sa pagkadakula, orog na nagdakul an pagkaprominente nin mga tulang pag natalubo asin nagtatalubo an mga ini.<ref name="Moore"/> An korte asin korte na arog kan facial symmetry - mahalagang pan - akit. facial symmetry. An mga Genes sarong mayor na bagay sa partikular na itsura kan lalauogon nin sarong tawo na may halangkaw na pagkakaagid nin magkaabay na mga lalauogon na nagpaparisa na an kadaklan sa mga pagkakalaen sa facial nagdedeterminar sa henetiko. Genes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crouch|first8=Abdelhamid|language=en|pmc=5789906|pmid=29301965|doi=10.1073/pnas.1708207114|pages=E676–E685|issue=4|volume=115|date=23 January 2018|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|title=Genetics of the human face: Identification of large-effect single gene variants|first9=Pirro|last9=Hysi|last8=Boumertit|first1=Daniel J. M.|first7=Devendra|last7=Meena|first6=Tammy|last6=Day|first5=Katarzyna|last5=Hutnik|first4=William J.|last4=Christmas|first3=Willem P.|last3=Koppen|first2=Bruce|last2=Winney|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> An mga pagsiyasat nagpamidbid nin mga gene asin rehion nin gene na nagdedeterminar kan korte asin itsura kan lalawgon. Naaraman nin 2021 pag - adal na an sarong bersion nin sarong gene na konektado sa pagigin mahibog sa ngabil na posibleng pinili huli sa pag - adjust sa malipot na klima paagi sa maluyang pagdistribwir na hale sa suanoy na mga tawo - Denisovans - pasiring sa modernong mga tawo na taga - Naga. ⁇ .introgressed. Denisovans Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Genes for face shape identified|url=https://phys.org/news/2021-02-genes.html|work=phys.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Genes for face shape identified {{!}} Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News|url=https://scienmag.com/genes-for-face-shape-identified/|work=ScienceMag|accessdate=2022-01-16|archivedate=2022-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116035239/https://scienmag.com/genes-for-face-shape-identified/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A GWAS in Latin Americans identifies novel face shape loci, implicating VPS13B and a Denisovan introgressed region in facial variation|language=en}}</ref> An mga dae nin teolohiya puwedeng gamiton sa pagguri asin pagkadiskubre nin mga pag-iriba kan mga facial phenotypes asin mga gene. ⁇ .Biological database. phnotypes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Knowledge Discovery in Biological Databases for Revealing Candidate Genes Linked to Complex Phenotypes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Defining a Face: What Can DNA Phenotyping Really Tell Us About An Unknown Sample?|url=https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/defining-face-what-can-dna-phenotyping-really-tell-us-about-unknown-sample|access-date=4 April 2021|language=en}}</ref> == Pagnigar == === Emosyonal na ekspresyon === An mga pag - ayuno mahalagang marhay sa pagpahayag nin emosyon, na may pakaaram o daing pakaaram. An dai paghona nangangahulogan nin dai pag - oyon; An huyom sa parate nangangahulogan nin saro na naoogmang marhay. An pabasa nin emosyon sa lalawgon nin iba iyo "an pundamental na basehan para sa empatiya asin an abilidad na interpretaron an mga reaksyon nin sarong tawo asin hulaan an posibilidad nin pagsunod sa mga gawe." Ginamit nin sarong pag - adal an Multimodal Emotion Recognition na Pagbalo tanganing probaran na aramon kun paano sosokolon an emosyon. Katuyohan kan pagsiyasat na ini na gumamit nin pansukol na aparato tanganing magibo an ginigibo nin mga tawo nin pasil sana sa aroaldaw: Basahon an emosyon sa sarong lalawgon.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Bänziger, T.|author2=Grandjean, D.|author3=Scherer, K. R.|year=2009|title=Emotion recognition from expressions in face, voice, and body: The Multimodal Emotion Recognition Test (MERT)|pages=691–704}}</ref> An kalamnan kan lalawgon igwa nin prominenteng kabtang sa kapahayagan nin emosyon, asin nagkakalaenlaen sa laen - laen na indibiduwal, na nagigin dahelan nin dugang pang pagkalaenlaen sa mga kabtang nin ekspresyon asin lalawgon.<ref name="Moore"/><ref name="Braus 1921">{{Cite book|title=Anatomie des Menschen: ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte|last=Braus, Hermann|year=1921|pages=777}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Braus_1921_379.png|too|thumb|317x317px|Mga pag'iingat kan mga rito, triangulo asin zygotitikong kalamnan. isario.triangulario. zygoticos.]] An mga tawo medyo matibay man sa pagdeterminar kun an huyom tunay o maputi. An bago pa sanang pag - adal nagheling sa mga indibiduwal na naghohokom nin puersahan asin tunay na mga huyom. Mantang an mga hoben asin may edad nang mga partisipante puwede man na magsabi kan pagkakalaen para sa nakahuyom na mga hoben, an "kamagurangan na adultong partisipante pinalaaram an hoben na mga nasa edad nang partisipante sa pagmidbid sa pag - oltanan kan iinatubang asin gikan sa boot na mga huyom." Isinusuherir kaini na sa eksperyensia asin edad, kita nagigin mas eksakto sa pagsabot sa tunay na mga emosyon sa laen - laen na edad. === Persepsyon asin pagmidbid === [[Ladawan:Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg|thumb|An mga mekaniko sa lalawgon kan hutok, arog kan fusiform kahampang na lugar, makakaprodusir nin facial pareidolia arog kan bantog na estrukturang ini nin gapo sa Mars fface cepposition fusiform kahampang sa lugar pareidolias. ]] Gestalt psychologist nag - aadmitir na an sarong lalawgon bako sanang sarong grupo nin itsura, kundi medyo may kahulogan sa porma kaiyan. Gestalt psychologist. Kaoyon ini kan teoriyang Getalt na an ladawan naheheling sa kabilogan kaiyan, bakong paagi sa indibiduwal na mga kabtang kaiyan. Sono ki Gary L. Allen, an mga tawo nakibagay sa mas dakol na reaksion durante nin ebolusyon bilang natural na resulta nin pagigin sarong sosyal na klase. Pigsusuherir ni Allen na an katuyuhan kan pagmidbid sa mga lalawgon iyo an magkaigwa nin gamot sa "parent-infant na atraksyon, sarong madali asin hababang klaseng paagi na an mga magurang asin mga omboy minabilog nin panlaog na representasyon kan lambang saro, na pig-iinaan an posibilidad na babayaan kan magurang an saiyang aki huli sa pagmidbid kan pagkukulang."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review: Seeking a Common Gestalt Approach to the Perception of Faces, Objects, and Scenes}}</ref> An trabaho ni Allen nagkakaipo nin sikolohikong pagmansay na pinagsasaro an mga teoriya nin ebolusyon sa Gestalt sikolohiya. ==== An pananaw sa Biolohiya ==== Ipinarisa kan pagsiyasat na an nagkapirang kabtang kan hotok partikularmenteng marahay an reaksion. An fusiform kahampang na lugar, sa laog kan fusiform gyrus, pinag - aakto nin mga lalauogon, asin laen man iyan para sa masusupgon asin sosyal na mga tawo. fusiform kahampang sa lugar fusiform gyrus. shy, Kinompirmar nin sarong pag - adal na "kun nagheheling nin mga imahen nin mga estranghero, an masusupgon na mga nasa edad na daing gayo nag - iakto sa fusiform gyri apuera sa sosyal na mga adulto."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Different fusiform activity to stranger and personally familiar faces in shy and social adults}}</ref> Apuera kaini, an partikular na mga bagay mas naghihimate sa sarong lalauogon na ibinibilang na magayon, arog kan maheheling sa saro pang pag - adal: " An kagayonan kan sosyedad nagpapaluwas nin dakol na kapakipakinabang na sistema na may labot sa paggibo nin mga bagay - bagay, paggibo nin desisyon asin balos sa mga sirkito. Sa mga eksperiyensiang idto, an parisang simbag sa ibong kan FFA asin LOC nagdanay na presente dawa kun an mga tema dai malinaw na nag - aatender sa kagayonan kan lalawgon."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The neural response to facial attractiveness}}</ref> == Sosyedad asin kultura == === Kosmetikong operasyon === An operasyon sa Kosmetiko puedeng gamiton tanganing liwaton an itsura kan mga kabtang kan facial. Cosmetikong operasyon<ref>[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plasticandcosmeticsurgery.html Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery: MedlinePlus]. Nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.</ref> An pag - operar sa ngaran ni Maxillofacial puede man na gamiton sa mga kaso nin facial trauma, na ikinadanyar kan mga helang sa kublit. An nagkapirang indibiduwal na may diperensia sa itsura dai pa sana nahahaloy na nakaresibi nin kompletong mga transplant asin parsial na mga transplant na anit asin tisyu sa kalamnan. fface transplants.<ref>[http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/surgery/services/PlasticSurg/Reconstructive/FaceTransplantSurgery/default.aspx Face Transplant Surgery at Brigham and Women's Hospital]</ref> === Karikasyon === An mga Caricature parateng pinasosobrahan an mga kabtang nin facial tanganing mas madaling mamidbid an sarong lalauogon sa pakikiasosyar sa malinaw na kabtang kan lalauogon kan indibiduwal na nasa hapot - halimbawa, an karapatan ni Osama bin Laden puedeng magkonsentrar sa saiyang buhok asin dungo; an sarong karkuaryo ni George W. Bush puedeng pahiwason an saiyang talinga sa kadakulaan kan elepante; An sarong karkulasyon ni Jay Lano puedeng ipahayag an saiyang payo asin kusin; asin an caricature ni Mick Jagger puedeng pahiwason an saiyang mga ngabil Caricatures Osama bin Laden George W. Bush Jay Leno Mick Jagger. An pagpasobra sa dai malilingawan na mga bagay nakatatabang sa mga tawo na mamidbid an iba kun ipinepresentar sa pormang karcature. === Metapro === Dugang pa, an ano man na bagay na iyo an paabante o pankinaban na kabtang nin sarong sistema na igwa nin estruktura sa laog ibinibilang na "poon " kaiyan," arog kan façade nin sarong edipisyo façade Halimbawa, an sarong pampublikong relasyon o opisyal sa prensa puedeng apodon na "poon" kan organisasyon na irinerepresentar nia. An "Face" ginagamit man na metapolikang konteksto sa pagpanongod sa dangog o kamugtakan sa sosyedad, partikularmente sa sosyedad nin Intsik, asin sinasabi na sarong rekado na pwedeng makua o mawara. sociological konteksto.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ho, David Yau-fai|title=On the Concept of Face|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-sociology_1976-01_81_4/page/867|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=81|issue=4|date=January 1976|pages=867&ndash;84|doi=10.1086/226145}}: "The concept of face is, of course, Chinese in origin".</ref> Huli sa pag-iriba sa pagiging indibidwal, an anuman na persona kun minsan pinag-aapod na "mayong kamanungdanan." == Toltolan  == [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references />{{Poon}} l4spcz9b1q1yjjxodd3dz45gbikn07d 0 33855 309600 308961 2026-08-23T20:39:37Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309600 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Saliva_Baby.jpg|thumb|Laway sa ngabil nin sarong umboy]] An '''laway''' ([[Ingles]]: ''saliva'') sarong ekstraselular na fluido na ginibo asin linuluwas kan mga glandula nin salivary sa ngoso. Sa mga tawo, an liwoy iyo igwang 98% nin tubig na arog kan elektrolytes, myukus, puting mga selula nin dugo, mga selulang epithelial (na hale diyan pwedeng haleon an DNA), enzymes (arog baga nin amylase asin lipase), antimicrobial na mga ahente arog kan secretary IgA, asin lysozymes.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Human Physiology|last=Nosek|first=Thomas M.|chapter=Section 6/6ch4/s6ch4_6|chapter-url=http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch4/s6ch4_6.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117182014/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch4/s6ch4_6.htm|archive-date=2016-01-17}}</ref> An mga enzima na yaon sa laway iyo kaipuhan sa kapinonan kan proseso nin pagtunaw nin mga sustansya asin taba sa pagkakan. An mga enzyme na ini may papel man sa pagtolod kan mga particle nin kakanon na nakasurok sa laog kan mga pag-oltanan kan ngipon, sa siring pinoprotehiran an mga ngipon sa pagkalapa nin bacteria.<ref name="DCDCM">{{Cite book|title=Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management|url=https://archive.org/details/dentalcariesdise0000unse_j7w4|last=Fejerskov|first=O.|last2=Kidd|first2=E.|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4051-3889-5|edition=2nd}}</ref> An liwoy nagmamantinir na pirming basa an laog kan ngimot, na nag - iinom nin kakanon asin tinotogotan an pag - ubos nin mga gamit, asin pinoprotehiran an berbal na mucosa na dai mapaalang. food swial mucosa.<ref name="SOH">{{Cite book|title=Saliva and Oral Health|url=https://archive.org/details/salivaoralhealth0000unse_c6s5|last=Edgar|first=M.|last2=Dawes|first2=C.|last3=O'Mullane|first3=D.|publisher=[[British Dental Association]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-904588-87-3|edition=3}}</ref> An manlain - lain na klase nin hayop may espesyal na mga gamit para sa saliva na lampas pa sa pagsagin - sagin.An nagkapira marikas na ginagamit an saindang guramoy na saliva sa pagtogdok nin mga salag. Aerodramus an nagigin basehan kan salag nin gamgam. Aerodramus. nests. bird. Cobras, rimoranon, asin nagkapira pang myembro kan kamandag clade ngane may kamandag na saliva na inuusar kan mga fans. venom clade. fangs An ibang ikos nagpapaluwas nin matibay na fiber hale sa mga protinang tal na nagtitipon nin modvary glands.caterpillars. silk fiber. == Komposisyon == Nagpadara sa salivary glands, an saliva kompuesto nin 99.5% tubig, alagad igwa man nin dakol na importanteng bagay, kaiba an elektrolytes, mucus, antibacterial na mga elemento asin manlaenlaen na enzymes. salvary glands. electrolytes. mucus. antibacterial.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Human Physiology|last=Nosek|first=Thomas M.|chapter=Section 6/6ch4/s6ch4_6|chapter-url=http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch4/s6ch4_6.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117182014/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch4/s6ch4_6.htm|archive-date=2016-01-17}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNosek">Nosek, Thomas M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160117182014/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch4/s6ch4_6.htm "Section 6/6ch4/s6ch4_6"]. ''Essentials of Human Physiology''. Archived from [http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch4/s6ch4_6.htm the original] on 2016-01-17.</cite></ref> == Urualdaw na produksyon nin laway == Kadakol kan debate manongod sa kadakolan nin saliva na nagigibo sa marahay an salud na tawo. person. An pagprodusir kinakarkulong nasa 1500 kada aldaw asin sa pankagabsan inaako na sa oras nin pagtorog kadakol kan nawawara.<ref name="SOH">{{Cite book|title=Saliva and Oral Health|url=https://archive.org/details/salivaoralhealth0000unse_c6s5|last=Edgar|first=M.|last2=Dawes|first2=C.|last3=O'Mullane|first3=D.|publisher=[[British Dental Association]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-904588-87-3|edition=3}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEdgarDawesO'Mullane2004">Edgar, M.; Dawes, C.; O'Mullane, D. (2004). ''Saliva and Oral Health'' (3&nbsp;ed.). [[Pag - iriba kan mga Britano sa Dental |British Dental Association]]. [[ISBN (identifier) |ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Espesyal: BySources/ igwang-904588-87-3 |<bdi>978-0-904588-87-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dawes|first=C.|date=1972|title=Circadian rhythms in human salivary flow rate and composition}}</ref> Sa mga tawo, an submandular na glandula nagkokontribwir nin mga 70 sagkod 75% nin hilom, mantang an mga hilom na parol na glandula mga 20 sagkod 25% asin saradit na kantidad naihilom hale sa ibang glandula nin salivary. submandigular gland. parotid gland. == Mga senkusyon == An Laway nakakokontribwir sa pagta'naw nin kakanon asin sa pagmantener nin oral kalinigan. Kun mayo nin normal na trabaho an pagkaparate nin dental na mga kotse, an helang na pulot (pagdiperitis asin panpanahon), asin an iba pang oral na mga problema nag - oorog na marhay. [nangangaipo nin toltolan] nalilimitaran an pagtalubo nin mga agihan nin bakterya asin sarong mayor na dahelan sa pagsustenir sa sistema asin pisikal na salud paagi sa prebension nin pagkalapa asin paghale nin asukar asin iba pang gikanan nin kakanon para sa mga mikrobyo. === Lubrikante === Sinapatos kan oral mucosa mekanikal na pinoprotehiran iyan sa trauma sa panahon nin pagkakan, paghamil, asin pagtaram. oral mucosa An Mouth soreness usong marhay sa mga tawo na may hababang saliva (xerostomia) asin kakanon (espesyalmente alang na kakanon) mga bala sa laog kan ngoso. xerostoria. === Dignidad === Kaiba sa maluyang mga pagpunsionar nin saliva an pag - ina nin kakanon asin pagtabang na makaprodusir nin bolus bolus An mabuhok na trabaho nin saliva minatogot sa bolus nin kakanon na madaling maisar hale sa nguso pasiring sa esphagu. Yaon sa Saliva an enzyme amylase, na inaapod man na ptyalin, na kayang gabaon an mga bitoon sa mas simpleng asukar arog kan maltase asin dextrin na puedeng dugangan pa sa sadit na bituka. Mga 30% nin bitoon nangyayari sa nguso kaka'gan. Pighilom man kan mga Salivary glands an salivary lpase (sarong mas tusong porma nin litpase) tanganing punan an pampataba. ssivary lpase. Dakula an papel kan alkohol sa bagong mamundag na mga omboy mantang kaipuhan pa man giraray nin kadikit na panahon tanganing mapatalubo an saindang pampakinilya <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho|title=Human Biology and Health|last=Maton|first=Anthea|date=1993|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-981176-0|url-access=registration}}</ref> === Papel sa namit === Importanteng marhay an Saliva sa sentido nin namit. Iyan an likidong medya na dian dinadara an mga kemikal tanganing namitan an mga selula nin rekptor (na an kadaklan konektado sa komun na papalale). An mga tawo na may kadikit na saliva parateng nagrereklamo sa dysgeusia (i.e. may diperensia sa namit, e.g. nainaan an kakayahan na namit, o pagkaigwa nin maraot, metalic namit sa gabos na panahon). dysgeusia. An bihirang kamugtakan na sinasabing may epekto sa namit iyo an ki 'Silava Hypernatrium', o sobrang sodium sa saliva na mayo man nin ibang kamugtakan (e.g., Sjögren syndrome), na nagpangyari na an gabos makanamit nin 'sala'. 'Silava Hypernatrium'. == Iba pang babasahon == * {{Cite journal|last1=Bahar|date=2007|pmid=17099862|pages=54–59|issue=1|volume=109|journal=Cancer|title=Salivary analysis in oral cancer patients: DNA and protein oxidation, reactive nitrogen species, and antioxidant profile|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer_2007-01-01_109_1/page/n71|first5=R. M.|first1=G.|last5=Nagler|first4=A.|last4=Popovtzer|first3=T.|last3=Shpitzer|first2=R.|last2=Feinmesser|doi=10.1002/cncr.22386}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Banerjee|date=1985|issue=2|pmid=2991413|pages=159–165|volume=106|journal=J Endocrinol|title=Peroxidase-catalysed iodotyrosine formation in dispersed cells of mouse extrathyroidal tissues|first5=A. G.|first1=R. K.|last5=Datta|first4=S. K.|last4=De|first3=T. K.|last3=Chakraborty|first2=A. K.|last2=Bose|doi=10.1677/joe.0.1060159}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Banerjee|first1=R. K.|last2=Datta|first2=A. G.|date=1986|title=Salivary peroxidases|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-and-cellular-biochemistry_1986-04_70_1/page/21|journal=Mol Cell Biochem|volume=70|issue=1|pages=21–29|pmid=3520291|doi=10.1007/bf00233801}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Bartelstone|first1=H. J.|date=1951|title=Radioiodine penetration through intact enamel with uptake by bloodstream and thyroid gland|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-dental-research_1951-10_30_5/page/728|journal=J Dent Res|volume=30|pages=728–733|pmid=14888774|issue=5|doi=10.1177/00220345510300051601}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Bartelstone|first1=H. J.|last2=Mandel|first2=I. D.|last3=Oshry|first3=E.|last4=Seildlin|first4=S. M.|date=1947|title=Use of radioactive iodine as a tracer in the Study of the Physiology of teeth|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1947-08-08_106_2745/page/132|journal=Science|volume=106|doi=10.1126/science.106.2745.132-a|pmid=17750793|issue=2745|pages=132–3}} * {{Cite book|title=Saliva and Oral Health|url=https://archive.org/details/salivaoralhealth0000unse_c6s5|last=Edgar|first=M.|last2=Dawes|first2=C.|last3=O'Mullane|first3=D.|date=2004|publisher=[[British Dental Association]]|isbn=978-0-904588-87-3|edition=3rd}} == Toltolan == <references />{{Poon}} o4ljy0sd2pbefgzycp3u4gl3jzfo5yq 0 34766 309689 227452 2026-08-23T22:15:45Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309689 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Suzy Willson''' (namundag 1970) sarong Briton na direktor asin choreographer. Si Willson kapwa-direktor kan kompanya nin pag-arte sa [[:en:Clod_Ensemble|Clod Ensemble]]. == Kaamayi kan buhay asin edukasyon == Si Willson namundag sa Northwood, Middlesex kan 1970. Sya naggradwar na may titulo sa drama gikan sa Unibersidad nin Manchester bago mag-adal sa L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq. == Karera == Si Willson an nagtugdas kan Clod Ensemble kan 1995 kaiba an kompositor na si Paul Clark. An saiyang trabaho na "defies ca ca categororis" nabagtas an kasagkudan kan mga teatrikal asin koryograpong gibo, sa paagi nin pakikitrabaho sa mga parabayli, musikero, aktor, asin iba pang independyenteng mga artista.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Reviews: Brighton Festival: Zero|last=McEvoy|first=William|date=22 May 2013|publisher=The Stage}}</ref> An saiyang mga produksyon nangyayari sa mga tradisyonal na teatro asin mga harong nin pagbayle, pati man sa mga nakukuang espasyo asin mga hararayong lugar. An saiyang trabaho kun beses nagkakaipo nin pasabong sa medikal na mga tema asin mga paagi nin paghihiling, pag - isip - isip asin pakaeksperyensya sa hawak nin tawo. == Piniling mga artikulo sa magasin asin libro == ** Willson, Suzy and P. Jaye (2017), ‘Arts based learning for a Circle of Care’, Lancet 390: 642-643<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Willson|first1=Suzy|title=Arts-based learning for a Circle of Care|journal=The Lancet|date=12 August 2017|volume=390|issue=10095|pages=642–643|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31970-0}}</ref> ** Willson, Suzy (2007) ‘Drama for doctors’, Lancet 369: 1782<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Willson|first1=Suzy|title=Drama for doctors|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-26-june-1-2007_369_9575/page/1782|journal=The Lancet|date=26 May 2007|volume=369|issue=9575|page=1782|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60800-9|pmid=17536239}}</ref> ** Willson, Suzy (2006) ‘What can the arts bring to medical training’, Lancet 368: S15-S1<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Willson|first1=Suzy|title=Essay: What can the arts bring to medical training?|journal=The Lancet|date=1 December 2006|volume=368|issue=Special Issue|pages=S15–S16|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69909-1}}</ref> ** Willson, Suzy (2016), ‘Moving Medicine’, in Routledge Companion to Jacques Lecoqedited by Mark Evans and Rick Kemp (Routledge: London).<ref>{{cite book|title='Moving Medicine' in The Routledge Companion to Jacques Lecoq|last1=Willson|first1=Suzy|date=August 31, 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1138818422|edition=1st|location=Chapter 24}}</ref> ** Willson, Suzy (2016), ‘An Anatomie in Four Quarters: Rehearsal Notes’, in Performance and the Medical Body, Edited by Alex Mermikides and Gianna Bouchard, (Bloomsbury Methuen Drama: New York)<ref>{{cite book|title='An Anatomie in Four Quarters: Rehearsal Notes', in Performance and the Medical Body|last1=Willson|first1=Suzy|date=25 February 2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Methuen Drama|isbn=9781472570796|edition=1|location=New York}}</ref> ** Willson, Suzy (2014), ‘Clod Ensemble: Performing Medicine’, Performance Research: A Journal of the Performing Arts 19.4: 31-37.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Willson|first1=Suzy|title=Clod Ensemble: Performing Medicine|journal=Performance Research|date=26 Sep 2014|volume=19|issue=4|pages=31–37|doi=10.1080/13528165.2014.947141}}</ref> * == Susugan == {{Reflist}} smoozqbwqwnxd0lcz949z3mqmta1ddo 0 35365 309708 309320 2026-08-23T22:30:32Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:MenstrualCycle2_en.svg|too|thumb|Menstruwal na siklo|253x253px]] An '''menstruwal na siklo''' o '''menstrual cycle''' sarong serye nin natural na mga pagbabago sa pagprodusir nin [[hormona]] asin sa mga estruktura kan matris asin mga ovaryo kan sistema nin pangangaki na ginigibong posible an pagbados. menstrual sityo. hormone. uterus. female reducture system. An siklo nin ovarian nagkokontrol sa pagprodusir asin pagpaluwas nin mga sogok asin sa cyclic na pagluwas nin erogen asin progesterone. eggs. esttrogen. progesterone. An siklo nin pag - uterine nagkokontrol sa pag - andam asin pagmantener kan pinakabasehan kan matris (duwab) tanganing maresibi nin napertilisar na semilya. Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini. An mga siklong ini kasapakat asin nakokoordinar, na sa parate minalawig sa pag - oltanan nin 21 asin 35 aldaw sa adultong mga babae, na may lawig na 28 aldaw, asin nagpapadagos sa laog nin mga 30-45 taon. median. Naturalmenteng nangyayari an mga hormona nagmamaneho kan mga siklo; An mapagtuyang paglangkaw asin pagbagsak kan tanom na follicle na nag - aaanimar na hormone iyo an dahelan kan pagprodusir asin pagtalubo kan mga okocytes (mga selulang puti). An hormone estrogen inaanimar an matris na nag - ihirimar tanganing mag - istar sa embryo maninigong mangyari an pertilisasyon. embryo An suplay nin dugo kan mahibog na ling (endometrium) nagtatao nin mga sustansia sa sarong mapangganang nakatanom na embryo. endometrium. netrents. Kun dai man mangyari an pagtatanom, papaluwason an libtong asin papaluwason an dugo. Huli sa pagbagsak nin progesterone levels, an mistruation (sarong "peryod," sa pankagabsan na pagkaante) iyo an mapagtuyang pagpabolos kan ling, asin tanda na dai pa nangyari an pagbados. An lambang siklo nangyayari sa mga kabtang basado sa mga pangyayari sa siklo nin ovario) o sa matris (sarong siklo). An siklo nin ovarian kompuesto kan usmak na kabtang, ovulsyon, asin kan lungon na kabtang; An siklo nin mga uterine kompuesto kan mga parte nin mistrual, nagagadan asin sekreto. An saro sa siklo nin kalalakihan iyo an enot na aldaw kan peryodo, na naglawig nin mga limang aldaw. Sa bilog na aldaw na kag-apat, an sugok parati napapaluwas hale sa ovary. An Menarke (an pagpoon kan enot na peryodo) parateng nangyayari sa edad na doseng taon. Menararche An siklo nin mga lalaki puedeng magpangyari sa nagkapirang babae na makaeksperyensia nin mga problema na nakararaot sa pan - aroaldaw na buhay. Puwedeng kaiba digdi an mga ramps, lumbod pang daghan, kapagalan, asin prementrual syndrome. cramps. premenstrual syndrome An mas grabeng mga problema na arog baga kan lakop na dysphorikong helang naeeksperyensiahan nin 3-8% kan mga babae. premenstrual dysphoric division An siklo nin mga lalaki puedeng liwaton paagi sa pagkontrol sa pangangaki. == Mga ati asin kabtang == [[Ladawan:Figure_28_02_07.jpg|too|thumb|An pag - oswag kan siklo nin mga mistrual asin kan nagkapirang hormona na nakakokontribwir dian]] Magpoon sa enot na aldaw nin sarong mistrusyon sagkod sa enot na aldaw kan sunod na aldaw, laen - laen an lawig nin sarong siklo nin mga mistrual alagad may lawig na media na 28 aldaw. median.<ref name="Reed2018">{{Cite journal|title=The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation|journal=Endotext|date=2018|pmid=25905282|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/?report=classic|access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> An sityo parati bakong gayong regular sa pagpoon asin katapusan kan buhay nin babae sa pangangaki.<ref name="Reed2018" /> Sa kapobrehan, an hawak nin aki nagpopoon nang magin adultong hawak na may kakayahan na magreprodusir nin sekso; An enot na peryodo (na inaapod manararche) nangyayari sa mga 12 anyos asin nagpapadagos sa laog nin mga 30-45 taon.[1] An mga siklo nin Mestrual natatapos sa menopeo, na sa parate nasa pag - oltanan nin 45 asin 55 anyos.[2]<ref name="pmid29261991">{{Cite journal|title=Physiology, menarche|journal=StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing|pmid=29261991}}</ref><ref name="pmid26703478">{{Cite journal|title=The evolution of the age at menarche from prehistorical to modern times|journal=Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology|date=December 2016|pmid=26703478}}</ref> === An siklo nin mga Ovarian === Sa pag - oltanan nin mga manarka asin minopeo an mga ovaries nin tawo na regular na nag - ooswag sa pag - oltanan nin mga kabtang nin lumot asin folicular durante kan bulanan na siklo nin mga mistrual.[4] An pag - oswag nin luway - luway - luway na nagdadakol na eurogen sa maluyang klase, mga pagluwas nin bolos nin dugo asin kan nag - iterine lishens. [9] An mga tinanom sa ovary nagpopoon na tumalubo sa irarom kan impluwensia nin komplikadong pag - oltanan nin mga hormona, asin pakalihis nin nagkapirang aldaw an saro, o kun minsan an duwa, nagigin dominante, mantang an mga daing laog na mga bunga minaatras asin nagagadan. Mga katahawan nin kahoy, mga 10-12 oras pakasali kan hormone (LH) na mga syudad, an dominanteng follicle nagpaluwas nin oocyte, sa sarong pangyayari na inaapod ovbulasyon. ocyte. ovulation.<ref name="Reed2018">{{Cite journal|title=The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation|journal=Endotext|date=2018|pmid=25905282|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/?report=classic|access-date=8 January 2021}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFReedCarrFeingold2018">Reed BF, Carr BR, Feingold KR, et&nbsp;al. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/?report=classic "The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation"]. ''Endotext'' (Review). [[PMID (idenfier) |PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25905282 25905282]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210528022539/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/?report=classic Archived] from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Sa sarong obularyong siklo nin mga lalaki, an mga siklo nin ovarian and uterine nakokonstruente asin ginigibo asin ultimong pag - oltanan nin 21 asin 35 aldaw sa sarong adultong babae, na may populasyon na may promedyong 27-29 aldaw. ==== Porlikular na kabtang ==== An mga selula kan dagat nagpapatalubo nin mga lalagan na nagbobogkos sa LH, asin bilang simbag naghilom nin dakol na klase nin pag - ati. Kadungan kaiyan an mga selulang granulosa nakapalibot sa matrigang follicle nagkakaigwa nin mga lalagan na nagbobogkos sa FSH, asin bilang simbag pinoponan an hilom asin raot nin boot, na ginigibong erogen kan enzyme aromatase. aromatase. An estrogen inhibit pa an produksyon kan FSH asin LH kan pituitary gland. An negatibong grupo na ini nin pagpakakan nag - aagi nin mga grado nin FSH asin LH. ne. An dominanteng follicle padagos na pinahilomloman an mga esrogen, asin an naglalangkaw na mga grosgen leven' an pituitaryo orog na nag'aako ki GnRH hale sa hipothamus. Mantang nagdadakol ini na nagigin positibong senyal nin pagpakakan, na ginigibong hilom an kotkot na mas dakol an FSH asin LH. positibong pagpakakan An pag-abot na ini kan FSH asin LH parateng nangyayari nin saro sagkod duwang aldaw bago an ovulation asin responsable ini sa pagbawas kan pagkaputol kan antiral follicle asin pagluwas kan ooceyte. ==== Obla ==== [[Ladawan:Ovulation.jpg|thumb|Sarong marfil manongod sa pagpaluwas nin sogok]] An pagluwas kan LH nagpapadakula sa sugok asin minapaluya kan raot na lanob sa ovaryo, na nagpangyari sa biyong nalalang na follicle na paluwason an ooceyte kaiyan. Kun iyan sinustil nin semilya, an oocyte tolos - tolos na nagin sarong otohid, na nag - oolang sa iba pang selula nin semilya asin nagigin maygurang na semilya. [1] Kun dai ini pertilisar nin semilya, an mga degeneong okocyte. An maygurang na sugok may diametro na mga 0.1 m (0.0039 pul), asin ini an pinakadakulang selula nin tawo. 0.1. ⁇ .m (0.0039. )<ref>{{Cite book|title=Molecular Biology of the Cell|last=Alberts|first=Bruce|last2=Johnson|first2=Alexander|last3=Lewis|first3=Julian|last4=Raff|first4=Martin|last5=Roberts|first5=Keith|last6=Walter|first6=Peter|date=2002|publisher=Garland Science|isbn=0-8153-3218-1|edition=4th|location=New York|chapter=Eggs|access-date=25 February 2021|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26842/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216042524/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26842/|archive-date=16 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="pmid30739329">{{Cite journal|title=A brief history of oocyte cryopreservation: Arguments and facts|journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica|volume=98|issue=5|pages=550–58|date=May 2019|pmid=30739329|doi=10.1111/aogs.13569}}</ref> Arin sa duwang obaryo an garo baga daing kamanungdanan; [30] Mayo nin proseso nin pagkoordinar na aram. Kun parehong pertilisar an duwang sugok, an resulta iyo an fraternal na katambal.[1] Pagkaluwas kan ovary, an sugok iinanod sa bagsakan tubo paagi sa awat nin tisyu sa katapusan kan kada troupian tube. [2] Pakalihis nin mga sarong aldaw, an sarong dai napepertilisar na semilya nin babae o mga disgusto sa tubong sopian, asin an napertilisar na semilya minaabot sa matris sa laog nin tolo sagkod limang aldaw. ==== Luteal na kabtang ==== Naghahaloy nin mga 14 aldaw, an kabuuang kabtang iyo an ultimong kabtang kan siklo nin ovarian asin ini katimbang kan sekretong kabtang kan siklo nin uterine.<ref name="Reed2018">{{Cite journal|title=The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation|journal=Endotext|date=2018|pmid=25905282}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFReedCarrFeingold2018">Reed BF, Carr BR, Feingold KR, et&nbsp;al. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/?report=classic "The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation"]. ''Endotext'' (Review). [[PMID (idenfier) |PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25905282 25905282]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210528022539/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/?report=classic Archived] from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Durante kan magayon na kabtang, an korteteriyang hormones FSH asin LH nagpapangyari sa natatada pang mga kabtang kan nangingibabaw na follico na gibohon an corpus luteum, na nagbubunga nin progesterone. An mga hormona na bunga kan corpus luteum pigpugol man an produksyon kan FSH asin LH na kaipohan kan corpus luteum na magtener sa sadiri. An sukol kan FSH asin LH madaling buminagsak, asin an mga atropeo sa corpus luteum. Poon sa panahon nin ovulasyon sagkod na magpoon an pag - atras kan progsterone nagin dahelan na magpoon an pagregla, an prosesong iyan sa tipikong paagi mga duwang semana. Para sa sarong indibiduwal na babae, an parteng makatatakot parateng magkakalaen an laba poon sa siklo sagkod sa siklo; Sa kabaliktaran, an lawig kan saiyang magayon na kabtang magigin daing liwat - liwat sa siklo sa laog nin 10 sagkod 16 na aldaw (average 14 aldaw).[1] === An siklo nin Uterine === [[Ladawan:Illu_cervix.svg|too|thumb|An anatomiya kan matris]] An siklo nin urine igwa nin tolong kabtang: Mga lalaki, pagdakol asin sekretaryo. ==== Menstruation ==== An paglalaki (pig'aapod man na mistrual cheleed, mines o panahon) iyo an enot asin pinakarisang kabtang kan sityo nin uri asin enot na nangyayari sa kapobrehan. Inaapod na menarke, an enot na peryodo nangyayari sa edad na mga dose o ika-katorseng taon.<ref name="pmid26703478">{{Cite journal|title=The evolution of the age at menarche from prehistorical to modern times|journal=Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology|date=December 2016|pmid=26703478}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPapadimitriou2016">Papadimitriou A (December 2016). "The evolution of the age at menarche from prehistorical to modern times". ''Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology'' (Review). '''29''' (6): 527–30. [[Doi (idenifier) |doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2015.12.002|10.1016/j.jpag.2015.12.002]]. [[PMID (idenfier) |PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26703478 26703478].</cite></ref> An promedyong edad sa pankagabsan sa nag - ooswag na kinaban asin sa kapinonan sa nagprogreso nang kinaban. <ref name="pmid29778270">{{Cite journal|title=Is female health cyclical? Evolutionary perspectives on menstruation|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|date=June 2018|pmid=29778270}}</ref> Sa bago pa sanang pag - isip - isip, iyan puedeng mangyari kaidto pang otso anyos na, asin puede pa man giraray ining magin normal. <ref name="pmid28591132">{{Cite journal|title=Early menarche: A systematic review of its effect on sexual and reproductive health in low- and middle-income countries|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2017|pmid=28591132}}</ref><ref name="pmid29422239">{{Cite journal|title=Disorders of puberty|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology|date=April 2018|pmid=29422239|url=https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-01797379/file/2018%20Sultan%20et%20al.%2C%20Disorders%20of%20puberty.pdf|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> Mga pagdukot an pinoponan kada bulan paagi sa pagbagsak nin mga epirogen asin progesterone patin pagluwas nin mga prostaglandin,[20] na nakokonstriyal na mga ugat. prostaglandins. [2] Ini an nagpapangyari sa sainda na mag - espiya, magkaigwa nin kontrata asin magkabaranga. An suplay nin dugo pasiring sa porometrium pinutol asin an mga selula kan sikat na suon kan porometrium (an stratum signa) nawawaran nin oksiheno asin nagagadan. spasm.] Kan huri nawara an bilog na suon asin an solamenteng nasa irarom na suon, an stratoum basalis, iwinawalat sa lugar na iyan. An enzyme na inaapod plasmin binabari an mga parte nin dugo sa misttrual flaxid, na nakakapaina sa pagbolos nin dugo asin minababa sa matris. An pagbolos nin dugo sa parate nagseserbing tanda na an sarong babae dai nagbados, alagad ini dai puedeng saboton na kasiertohan, ta an nagkapirang bagay puedeng magin dahelan nin pagdugo durante nin pagbabados. <ref name="pmid27166462">{{Cite journal|title=Early pregnancy bleeding|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=45|issue=5|pages=283–86|date=May 2016|pmid=27166462}}</ref> An pagmakolog nangyayari sa promedyo sarong beses kada bulan poon sa marke sagkod sa menopause, na katimbang kan mabungang mga taon nin sarong babae. An promedyong edad nin mga lalaki sa mga babae 52 na taon, asin iyan parateng nangyayari sa pag - oltanan nin 45 asin 55 anyos.<ref name="pmid27022074">{{Cite journal|title=Why do women stop reproducing before menopause? A life-history approach to age at last birth|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=371|issue=1692|date=April 2016|pmid=27022074}}</ref> Si Manopaus sinundan nin sarong peryodo nin mga pagbabago sa hormonal na inaapod na perigenopaus.[2] An Ekumenorrhea nangangahulogan nin normal, regular na pagdudugo na nagdadanay sa laog kan enot na 5 aldaw kan siklo. An mga babae na nakakaeksperyensia nin mirhagia (mahibog na mga lalaking nagdudugo) mas madaling mawara sa pagkadepensia sa batbat kisa sa ordinaryong tawo. Eumenorrhea. .<ref name="iron">{{Cite journal|title=Impact of menstrual blood loss and diet on iron deficiency among women in the UK|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-nutrition_2005-10_94_4/page/557|journal=The British Journal of Nutrition|volume=94|issue=4|pages=557–64|date=October 2005|pmid=16197581|doi=10.1079/BJN20051493}}</ref> ==== Pagdakol na Kabtang ==== [[Ladawan:Estradiol_and_progesterone_%25_changes_across_the_menstrual_cycle.tif|thumb|Durante kan siklo nin mga mistrual, an grado nin estradiol (sarong erogen) nagkakalaenlaen nin 200 porsiento. An mga grupo nin progherone nagkakalaenlaen sa labing 1200 porsiento.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Women's reproductive system as balanced estradiol and progesterone actions—A revolutionary, paradigm-shifting concept in women's health|journal=Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models}}</ref>]] An mas dakulang kabtang iyo an ikaduwang kabtang kan siklo nin mga uterine kun an erogen nagpapangyari na tumubo asin magtalubo an matris. An huring kabtang kan folicular na kabtang kaiyan iyo an nag - oorog na kabtang kan siklo nin pag - ati. Nagpoon an mga esrogens sa pagbilog nin bagong suon nin pundo sa matris kaiba an spiral artsrioles.[2] Mantang nagdadakol an saradit na grado, an mga selula sa cervix nagpapaluwas nin sarong klase nin cervical mucus na igwa nin mas halangkaw na pH asin bakong gayong pambihira kisa dati, na tinatradusir iyan na mas makikatood sa semilya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology|volume=66|pages=68–82|date=July 2020|pmid=32169418|doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.12.003}}</ref><ref name="Su2017" /> Para sa mga babaying nagsasagibo nin pakaaram sa pagigin mainaki, tanda iyan na puwedeng mangyari an ovulation, pero dai iyan nangangahulugan nin ovulation na talagang mangyayari.<ref name="Su2017">{{Cite journal|title=Detection of ovulation, a review of currently available methods|journal=Bioeng Transl Med|volume=2|issue=3|pages=238–46|date=September 2017|pmid=29313033|doi=10.1002/btm2.10058}}</ref> ==== Dekretong kabtang ==== An hilomloman na kabtang iyo an ultimong kabtang kan sityo nin uterine asin ini katumbas kan libtong na kabtang kan sityo nin ovarian. Durante kan sekretong kabtang, an corpus luteum nagbubunga nin progesterone, na igwa nin mahalagang marhay na kabtang sa paggibo kan pundo na andam na umako kan pagdukot nin sarong bulas (sarong pertil na sugok, na nagpopoon nang magtalubo). An Glycogen, iliids, asin protina inihilom sa matris asin sa cervacical mucus na purens. Glycogen. liids. proteins. Sa enot na pagbabados nag - oorog man an pagbolos nin dugo asin iniinaan an diperensia kan aregladong kalamnan sa matris. Kun an pagbados dai nangyayari sa mga siklo nin ovarian asin uterine magpoon giraray.[1] == Marahay na salud sa pag mens == [[Ladawan:Human_ovarian_follicle.jpg|thumb|Sarong pangenot na ovarian follicle nin tawo na minamansay nin mikroscopy. ovarian follicle. microscopy. An enterong oocyte na natong pula sa sentro napapalibotan nin sarong suon nin mga selulang granulosa, na linusob kan sirong na membrane asin mga selula kan dagat. An pag'alap mga 1000 beses. (H&E stain). H&E stain]] Minsan ngani normal asin natural na proseso, an nagkapirang babae nakaeeksperyensia nin mga problema na igo na tanganing raoton an saindang buhay bilang resulta kan saindang siklo nin mga armas. Kaiba digdi an cne, mapagpadangat na daghan, pakamate nin kapagalan, asin prementrual syndrome (PMS). cne. premenstrual syndrome<ref name="pmid32809533" /> An mas grabeng mga problema na arog baga kan lakop na helang na dysphoric naeeksperyensiahan kan 3 sagkod 8% kan mga babae. premenstrual dysphoric division An mga Dysmenorrhea o "periodang kulog" pwede magkawsa nin mga cramps sa abdomen, likod, o itaas na mga paa na nangyayari sa enot na pirang aldaw nin pagmenstrusyon. Dysmenorhea. cramps An nagpapaluyang kolog sa panahon bakong normal asin puedeng magin tanda nin sarong bagay na grabe arog baga nin gonometriosis. ⁇ . An mga isyung ini puwedeng magkaigwa nin dakulang epekto sa salud asin kalidad nin buhay asin napapanahon na pag - interbenir nin sarong babae tanganing mapakarhay an buhay kan mga babaeng ini. Igwa nin lakop na mga salang paniniwala sa kultura na an siklo nin mga lalaki nakakaapektar sa disposisyon nin mga babae, nagtatao nin depresyon o pagkauyam, o na an pagremedyohan makolog, makasosopog o maating eksperyensia. Sa parate an normal na pagkakalaen nin mga babae falsong iinaatribwir sa siklo nin mga mistrual. An kadaklan na kabtang kan pagsiyasat maluya, alagad minalataw na kadikiton an pag - oswag sa mga kasangkapan durante kan mga kabtang nin kagayonan asin mistrual, asin an katimbang na pag - ina durante kan ibang parte kan siklo. Nagbabago an grado nin erogen asin progeresterone sa ibong kan sistema sa teknolohiya nin mga mistrual sa mga aspekto nin pisika kaiba an hotok, metabolismo, asin musculosletal. An resulta pwedeng magin pairarom na physiological asin masopableng mga pagbabago sa parehas na pasale kan kababaihan kaiba an kusog, aerobiko, asin pagigibong anaterobiko. An mga pagbabago sa hotok namasdan man sa bilog na siklo nin mga mistrual alagad dai nagtatradusir sa mekanikal na mga pagbabago sa intelektuwal na nagibo - kaiba an akademikong paggibo, problema, memorya, asin pagkamapag - imbento. An mga pagbabago sa kakayahan sa pangangatanosan durante kan kabtang kan siklo posibleng huli sa pagdikit kan grado nin erogen asin progsterone. spatial na abilidad sa pangangatanosan. Sa ibang mga babae, an ovulation nagtatampok nin karakteristikong kulog na [lower-alpha 4] na inaapod mitelschmerz (sarong terminong Aleman na nangangahulogan grabeng kolog). . An dahelan kan kolog konektado sa naputol na policle, na nagin dahelan nin dikit na pagkawara nin dugo. Dawa kun normal, an mga pagbabago sa mga grado nin hormone durante kan siklo nin mga mistrual puedeng magdugang sa kadaihan nin epekto nin mga helang na arog baga nin mga helang na autoimmune, na puedeng huli sa erogen pinapaorog kan sistema sa inmunidad. autoimmune system.<ref name="pmid28390570">{{Cite journal|title=Menopause and rheumatic disease|journal=Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America|date=May 2017|pmid=28390570}}</ref><ref name="Reed2018">{{Cite journal|title=The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation|journal=Endotext|date=2018|pmid=25905282|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/?report=classic|access-date=8 January 2021}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFReedCarrFeingold2018">Reed BF, Carr BR, Feingold KR, et&nbsp;al. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/?report=classic "The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation"]. ''Endotext'' (Review). [[PMID (idenfier) |PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25905282 25905282]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210528022539/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/?report=classic Archived] from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Sa bilog na 40% nin mga babae na may subi - subi, nadiskobre ninda na an saindang mga pan - akit mas parateng nangyayari sa nagkapirang kabtang kan saindang siklo nin mga lalaki. epilepsy. seizures An kapahapahamak na subi - subi na ini tibaad huli sa pagbaba sa progesterone kun iyan nangyayari durante kan luteal na kabtang o sa palibot nin mga lalaki, o pagsururog sa erogen kun iyan mangyari sa ovulation. An mga babae na igwa nin regular na mga panahon puedeng kumua nin bolong bago asin durante nin pagremedyohan. Kaiba sa mga pagkontra an pagdugang nin progesterone, pag - urog kan regular nindang anticonvulstan, o temporaryong pagdagdag nin anticonvulsant arog kan clobazam o acetazolamide. anticonvulsant. clobazam. acetazolamide. Kun ini bakong epektibo, o kun bakong regular an siklo nin babae, kun siring an pagbolong iyo na papondohon an siklo nin mga lalaki. Puedeng magibo ini paagi sa medroxyprogesterone, tripletorelin o gonerelin, o paagi sa pagsustenir sa oral contraceptives. medroxyprogesterone. ptorelin. goserelin.<ref name="pmid34528245">{{Cite journal|title=Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual-related) epilepsy|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2021|issue=9|pages=CD013225|date=September 2021|pmid=34528245}}</ref><ref name="pmid25079452">{{Cite journal|title=Epilepsy and menopause: potential implications for pharmacotherapy|journal=Drugs & Aging|volume=31|issue=9|pages=671–75|date=September 2014|pmid=25079452}}</ref> === Retraksyon nin Hormonal === An mga kontradiksyon nin Hormonal nakakaolang sa pagbados paagi sa pag - entremeter sa hilom kan mga hormona, FSH, LH asin GnRH. An mga kotrapsion nin Hormona na igwa nin epirogen, arog baga kan pinagsararong oral contraceptive pills (CCs, na parateng inaapod na mga polls sa pagkontrol sa pangangaki) minapondo sa pag - oswag kan nangingibabaw na dallicle asin sa tahaw kan siudad na LH surge asin sa siring nagpapaluwas nin ovulasyon. Sa nagkapirang kamugtakan, an pagdugong ini mas magian.<ref name="pmid29940996">{{Cite journal|title=There might be blood: a scoping review on women's responses to contraceptive-induced menstrual bleeding changes|journal=Reproductive Health|volume=15|issue=1|pages=114|date=June 2018|pmid=29940996|pmc=6020216|doi=10.1186/s12978-018-0561-0}}</ref> An mga metodong Progestin-ono-onapal na koneksyon dai pirming malilikayan an ovulation kundi imbes magtrabaho paagi nin pagpundo kan cervical mucus sa pagigin espermo-prikal. An cracepsion nin Hormonal makukua sa laen - laen na porma na arog baga nin mga pill, pale, anit nagtatanom asin hormonal intrauterine systems (IUDs).[1]. == An ebolusyon asin iba pang klase == An kadaklan na babaeng mammal igwa nin siklo nin mga euro, alagad an sampulong klase sana, apat na klase nin balintong, an elepanteng mga sirew asin an garo gulod na mga klase nin mous na Cairo smy moseus (Acomys cahrinus) igwa nin siklo nin mistrual. female mammals. estrous sityo.<ref name="Bellofiore">{{Cite journal|title=First evidence of a menstruating rodent: the spiny mouse&nbsp;(Acomys&nbsp;cahirinus)|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=216|issue=1|pages=40.e1–40.e11|date=January 2017|pmid=27503621|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.041|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/06/03/056895.full.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-02-01|title=Altered exploratory behaviour and increased food intake in the spiny mouse before menstruation: a unique pre-clinical model for examining premenstrual syndrome|url=https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/34/2/308/5248532|journal=Human Reproduction|volume=34|issue=2|pages=308–322|doi=10.1093/humrep/dey360|pmid=30561655}}</ref> An mga siklo iyo man sana an sa mga tawo na laen sa laba, na poon 9 sagkod 37 aldaw.<ref name="pmid32129461">{{Cite journal|title=Characteristics of the endometrium in menstruating species: lessons learned from the animal kingdom†|journal=Biology of Reproduction|volume=102|issue=6|pages=1160–69|date=May 2020|pmid=32129461|doi=10.1093/biolre/ioaa029}}</ref><ref name="Bellofiore" /> An kadaihan nin haraning relasyon sa pag - oltanan kan mga grupong ini nagsusuherir na apat na laen - laen na ebolusyon an nagin dahelan na lumataw an pagreberensia.<ref name="Emera2012" /> Sa mga klase na igwa nin siklo nin mga lalaki, an ovulation bakong risang - risa sa potensial na mag - agom asin mayo nin panahon nin pag - agom. Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini.<ref name="pmid31999507">{{Cite journal|title=The female response to seminal fluid|journal=Physiological Reviews|volume=100|issue=3|pages=1077–117|date=July 2020|pmid=31999507|doi=10.1152/physrev.00013.2018}}</ref><ref name="pmid27616559">{{Cite journal|title=Testosterone and reproductive effort in male primates|journal=Hormones and Behavior|volume=91|pages=36–51|date=May 2017|pmid=27616559|doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.09.001}}</ref> Igwa nin apat na teoriya manongod sa ebolusyonaryong kahulogan nin pagreberasyon:<ref name="Emera2012">{{Cite journal|title=The evolution of menstruation: a new model for genetic assimilation: explaining molecular origins of maternal responses to fetal invasiveness|journal=BioEssays|volume=34|issue=1|pages=26–35|date=January 2012|pmid=22057551|doi=10.1002/bies.201100099}} See [https://web.archive.org/web/20210801180159/ttp://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150420-why-do-women-have-periods BBC Earth lay summary], 20 April 2015.</ref> == Mga Nota == {{Notelist}} == Toltolan == {{Reflist}} === Ginunuang mga libro === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|title=The Psychology of Women and Gender: Half the Human Experience +|vauthors=Else-Quest N, Hyde JS|date=2021|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-544-39360-5|edition=10th|location=Los Angeles|chapter=Psychology, gender, and health: psychological aspects of the menstrual cycle}} * {{Cite book|title=Essential Reproduction|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialreprodu0000john_k4c8|vauthors=Johnson MH|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4051-1866-8|publication-place=[[Malden, Massachusetts]]|oclc=76074156}} * {{Cite book|title=Vertebrate Endocrinology|vauthors=Norris DA, Carr JA|date=2013|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|isbn=978-0-123-96465-6|edition=5th}} * {{Cite book|title=The Concise Human Body Book: An Illustrated Guide to its Structures, Function and Disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehumanbody0000dkpu|vauthors=Parker S|publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]]|year=2019|isbn=978-0-241-39552-3|publication-place=London|oclc=1091644711}} * {{Cite book|title=Routledge International Handbook of Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health|vauthors=[[Jerilynn Prior|Prior JC]]|date=2020|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-49026-0|editor-last=Ussher|editor-first=Jane M.|edition=1st|location=[[Abingdon, Oxon]]|chapter=The menstrual cycle: its biology in the context of silent ovulatory disturbances|oclc=1121130010|editor-last2=Chrisler|editor-first2=Joan C.|editor-last3=Perz|editor-first3=Janette}} * {{Cite book|title=A Multidisciplinary Look at Menopause|vauthors=Rodriguez-Landa J|publisher=IntechOpen|year=2017|isbn=978-953-51-3405-3|publication-place=[[Rijeka, Croatia]]|oclc=1193045564}} * {{Cite book|title=Langman's Medical Embryology|url=https://archive.org/details/langmansmedicale0000sadl_l7d4|vauthors=Sadler TW|publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer]]|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4963-8390-7|location=Philadelphia|oclc=1042400100}} * {{Cite book|title=Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems|url=https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologyf0000sher_q7v9|vauthors=Sherwood L|publisher=[[Cengage]] Learning|year=2016|isbn=978-1-285-86693-2|publication-place=Boston, Massachusetts|oclc=905848832}} * {{Cite book|title=Tortora's Principles of Anatomy & Physiology|url=https://archive.org/details/tortorasprincipl0001tort|vauthors=Tortora G|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons, Inc]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-119-38292-8|publication-place=[[Hoboken, New Jersey]]|oclc=990424568}} * {{Cite book|title=Basic Sciences for Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Core Material for MRCOG|url=https://archive.org/details/basicsciencesfor0000aust|vauthors=Ugwumadu A|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-953508-8|publication-place=Oxford, England|oclc=889303297}} * {{Cite book|title=Zero to Finals : Obstetrics and Gynaecology|vauthors=Watchman T|publisher=Zero to Finals|year=2020|isbn=979-8-6037-9726-7|publication-place=Manchester|oclc=1233034578}} {{Refend}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * {{Commons category-inline|Menstrual cycle}} {{saringsing}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hblzkh1i3s7py7lgzxcffbp21on6nrz 0 35688 309760 308794 2026-08-23T23:19:21Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Social_media.png|thumb|An social media nag - app nin mga ladawan sa sarong sapatphone. smartphone.]] An '''Social Media''' mga interenologie asin digital na pinakapaagihan na madaling mangyari an paglalang asin paghiras nin impormasyon, mga ideya, interes, asin iba pang porma nin pananaram sa haros mga komunidad asin network. sosyal na media. pag - aling - aling.<ref name="SMDefinition" /> Mantang minalataw an mga angat sa pakahulogan kan social media huli sa laen - laen na paninindogan asin itinogdok na mga serbisyo sa social media sa presente, igwa nin nagkapirang komun na kabtang: social media<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social media.marketing|last=Tuten|first=Tracy L.|last2=Solomon|first2=Michael R.|publisher=Sage|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5264-2387-0|location=Los Angeles|pages=4}}</ref> # An social media mga interaksyon na Web 2.0 Internet-based aplikasyon. Web 2.0. Iinternet.<ref name="Kaplan">{{Cite journal|author=Kaplan Andreas M.|title=Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media|url=http://michaelhaenlein.eu/Publications/Kaplan,%20Andreas%20-%20Users%20of%20the%20world,%20unite.pdf|access-date=2016-12-07|archivedate=2011-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124233421/http://michaelhaenlein.eu/Publications/Kaplan,%20Andreas%20-%20Users%20of%20the%20world,%20unite.pdf}}</ref> # Mga gamit-gibong laog na arog kan mga poste nin teksto o komento, digital na mga retrato o video, asin dae naprodusir sa paagi kan gabos na online reaksyons - an dugo kan social media. User-gener na nakontento. digital phoods.<ref name="SMDefinition">{{Cite journal|author=Obar|title=Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2647377}}</ref><ref name="Kaplan" /> # Naggibo an mga paragamit nin mga ekpical profile para sa websityo o apwera na pigdisenyo asin pigmamantener kan organisasyon nin social media. website. app social media▁organization kan social media.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="boydEllison">{{Cite journal|author=boyd|title=Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship}}</ref> # An social media nagtatabang sa pagpatalubo nin mga online social network paagi sa pakikipagkonektar sa profile kan naggagamit sa ibang indibiduwal o grupo. social networks.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="boydEllison" /> Dakul na social media outlet an lain - lain sa tradisyonal na media (e.g., printary magazine asin diyaryo, TV, asin radio broading) sa dakul na paagi, kaiba an kalidad, naaabot, pagkakakita, pagigin madepende, asin pagigin permanente. traditional media. .magazines. newspapers. TV. Dugang pa, an social media nagpupunsionar sa sarong sistema nin transporsion, ani.e., an dakol na reperensia sa dakol na nag - aako, mantang an tradisyonal na mga report sa media nagpupunsionar sa irarom nin monograpikong modelo sa transporsion (i.e., sarong reperensia sa dakol na nag - aako). diological media. Halimbawa, an sarong peryodiko itinatao sa dakol na suskritor asin istasyon nin radyo ibinobrodkast an iyo man sanang mga programa sa sarong bilog na siudad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Converging Media 4th Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/convergingmedian0000pavl|last=Pavlik & MacIntoch|first=John and Shawn|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-934230-3|location=New York, NY|page=[https://archive.org/details/convergingmedian0000pavl/page/189 189]}}</ref> Mantang an pambihirang paghiwas kan Internet, an digital na media o digital na diskurso puedeng gamiton tanganing irepresentar o mamidbid an sarong kultura. digital media. An pag - adal kun paano nagin kritikal na bagong proseso para sa dakol na intelektuwal an retorikong nag - eeksister sa digital na palibot. Nabantog nin mga nagmamasid an dakol na laen - laen na positibo asin negatibong epekto kun dapit sa paggamit nin social media. An social media makatatabang na mapakarhay an sentido nin pagkonektar nin sarong indibiduwal sa tunay o online na mga komunidad asin puedeng magin epektibong kasangkapan sa komunikasyon (o pagnegosyo) para sa mga korporasyon, entrepreneurs, mga organisasyon na bakong angay na mag - agom, mga grupo sa advocacy, politikal na mga partido, asin gobyerno. markeline. Nahiling man kan mga nagmamasid na nagkaigwa nin paglangkaw sa sosyal na mga paghiro gamit an social media bilang kasangkapan sa pagkomunikar asin pag-organisar sa mga panahon nin kariribokan politikal. == Kasaysayan nin social media == === '''Enot na Pagsunod''' ===   Tinugdas an sistemang PLATO kan 1960, pakamukna sa Unibersidad nin Illinois asin pakatapos komersyal na nabebenta kan Control Data Corporation. PLATO system. University of Illinois. Control Data Corporation Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini. Nag-alok ini nin mga amay na porma nin social media na pigtatampok sa 1973-erang mga inobasyon arog kan mga note, an mensaheng-forum na aplikasyon kan PLARO; TEM-talk, an intirong tampok kaini; Pahayag, tibaad an enot na kuarto sa Internet; Bareta, sarong matawong peryodiko sa Internet, asin blog; asin Acces Lists, na nagpangyari sa kagsadiri nin sarong surat na file o iba pang aplikasyon na malimitaran an sarong grupo nin mga naggagamit, halimbawa, mga katood sana, kaklase, o mga katrabaho. Talvika. online chat room. ==Depinisyon asin tampok na mga kabtang == An ideya na an social media tinatawan sana nin kahulogan kan saindang abilidad na pagsararoon an mga tawo naheling na mahiwas na marhay, arog kan isinusuherir kaini na an pundamental na laen - laen na teknolohiya arog kan telegrapo asin telepono sosyal man. telect.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schejter|first1=A.M.|last2=Tirosh|first2=N.|date=2015|title="Seek the meek, seek the just": Social media and social justice|journal=Telecommunications Policy|volume=39|issue=9|pages=796–803|doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2015.08.002}}</ref> Bakong malinaw an terminolohiya, na an nagkapirang naenot na parasiyasat inaapod an social media na social networks o social networking services sa kabangaan nin 2000. social networks. social networking services.<ref name="boydEllison"/> Sarong mas dai pa sana nahahaloy na papel poon 2015 an nagrepaso kan mga prominenteng literatura sa lugar na idto asin nagpamidbid nin apat na komun na kabtang na daing kaagid kaidto sa mga serbisyo sosyal media:<ref name="SMDefinition"/> # An social media Web 2.0 Internet-based aplikasyon. Web 2.0 Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini.<ref name="SMDefinition"/><ref name="Kaplan"/> # An User-genieted na laog (UGC) iyo an dugo kan organismo sa social media. User-geneneed na laog<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="Kaplan" /> # Nagmukna an mga paragamit nin mga ekrupikong mga profile para sa lugar o apyan na pigdesenyo asin pigmamantener kan organisasyon sosyal na media.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="boydEllison"/> # An social media ginigibong pasil an pag - oswag nin mga social network sa online paagi sa pagkonektar sa profile kan naggagamit sa mga miembro nin ibang indibiduwal o grupo. social networks.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="boydEllison" /> Kan 2019, tinawan ni Merriam-Webster nin kahulogan an social media bilang "mga impormasyon sa elektronikong komunikasyon (arog kan mga websityo para sa social networking asin mikrobloging) na paagi kaini an mga paragamit naggigibo nin mga komunidad saline tanganing makapaghiras nin impormasyon, mga ideya, personal na mga mensahe, asin iba pang laog (arog kan mga video).." Merriam-Webster. Minsan ngani an pagkalaenlaen kan pag - ebolusyon sa mga serbisyo sosyal asin paggibo nin mga serbisyo sa social media ginigibong masakit an pagtao nin kahulogan sa sainda, an mga eksperto sa pagnegosyo asin social media mahiwas na minaoyon na kabale sa social media an minasunod na 13 klase:<ref name="SMDefinition"/><ref name="IJMR Article">{{Cite journal|title=Measuring the Degree of Corporate Social Media Use|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283073224}}</ref> * Blogs (ex. Huffington Post, Boingboing) * Business networks (ex. LinkedIn, XING) * Collaborative projects (ex. [[Wikipedya|Wikipedia]], Mozilla) * Enterprise social networks (ex. Yammer, Socialcast) * Forums (ex. Gaia Online, IGN Boards) * Microblogs (ex. [[Twitter]], Tumblr) * Photo sharing (ex. Flickr, Photobucket) * Products/services review (ex. Amazon, Elance) * Social bookmarking (ex. Delicious, Pinterest) * Social gaming (ex. World of Warcraft, Mafia Wars) * Social networks (ex. [[Facebook]], Google+) * Video sharing (ex. [[YouTube]], Vimeo) * Virtual worlds (ex. Second Life, Twinity) === '''Mobile social media''' === An Mobile social media nanonongod sa paggamit nin social media sa mga kasangkapan na de rueda arog baga nin smarphones asin table computer. Mobile social media. An Mobile social media kapaki - pakinabang na aplikasyon kan mobile market huli ta an mga linalang, patiribayan, asin sirkulasyon nin mga naggagamit kaiyan makakatabang sa mga kompanya sa pag - research, komunikasyon, asin pag - uswag sa relasyon. mobile marketing.<ref name="mobileKaplan">{{Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=Andreas M.|title=If you love something, let it go mobile: Mobile marketing and mobile social media 4x4|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_business-horizons_march-april-2012_55_2/page/129|journal=Business Horizons|date=March–April 2012|volume=55|issue=2|pages=129–139|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2011.10.009}}</ref> An Mobile social media naiiba sa iba huli ta iniiba ninda an presenteng lokasyon kan paragamit (location-sensitivity) o an panahon nin pag-atraso sa pagpadara asin pagreresibi nin mga mensahe. == Hilingon pa ==   == Reperensya == == Iba pang babasahon == * {{Cite book|title=The Hype Machine: How Social Media Disrupts Our Elections, Our Economy, and Our Health—and How We Must Adapt|url=https://archive.org/details/hypemachinehowso0000aral|last=Aral|first=Sinan|publisher=Currency|year=2020|isbn=978-0-525-57451-4}} * {{Cite book|title=The Wealth of Networks|title-link=The Wealth of Networks|last=Benkler|first=Yochai|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-300-11056-2|location=New Haven|oclc=61881089|author-link=Yochai Benkler}} * {{Cite book|title=Social Media: A Critical Introduction|last=Fuchs|first=Christian|publisher=Sage|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4462-5731-9|location=London|author-link=Christian Fuchs (sociologist)}} * {{Cite book|title=Conversation and Community: The Social Web for Documentation|url=https://archive.org/details/conversationcomm0000anne|last=Gentle|first=Anne|publisher=XML Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-937434-10-6|edition=2nd|location=Laguna Hills, CA|oclc=794490599}} *   * {{Cite book|title=Everything Bad Is Good for You|title-link=Everything Bad Is Good for You|last=Johnson|first=Steven Berlin|publisher=Riverhead Books|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57322-307-2|location=New York|oclc=57514882|author-link=Steven Berlin Johnson}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/socialmediaatwor0000juea|title=Social media at work : how networking tools propel organizational performance|last=Jue|first=Arthur L., Jackie Alcalde Marr, Mary Ellen Kassotakis|publisher=Jossey-Bass|year=2010|isbn=978-0-470-40543-7|edition=1st|location=San Francisco, CA}} * {{Cite book|title=Social Media Strategy – A step-by-step guide to building your social business|last=Lardi|first=Kamales|last2=Fuchs|first2=Rainer|publisher=vdf|year=2013|isbn=978-3-7281-3557-5|edition=1st|location=Zurich}} * {{Cite book|title=Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies|title-link=Groundswell (book)|last=Li|first=Charlene|last2=Bernoff|first2=Josh|publisher=Harvard Business Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4221-2500-7|location=Boston|oclc=423555651}} * {{Cite book|url=http://books.slashdot.org/story/12/08/13/1315256/book-review-navigating-social-media-legal-risks/|title=Navigating Social Media Legal Risks: Safeguarding Your Business|last=McHale|first=Robert|last2=Garulay|first2=Eric|publisher=Que|year=2012|isbn=978-0-7897-4953-6}} * {{Cite book|title=A Social Strategy: How We Profit from Social Media|url=https://archive.org/details/socialstrategyho0000miko|last=Piskorski|first=Mikołaj Jan|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-691-15339-1|location=Princeton, NJ|author-link=Mikolaj Piskorski}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/roiofocialmediah0000powe|title=ROI of Social Media: How to improve the return on your social marketing investment|last=Powell|first=Guy R.|last2=Groves|first2=Steven W.|last3=Dimos|first3=Jerry|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-82741-3|location=New York|oclc=0470827416|url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/smartmobsnextsoc00rhei/page/288|title=Smart mobs: The next social revolution|last=Rheingold|first=Howard|publisher=Perseus Pub.|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7382-0608-0|edition=1st printing|location=Cambridge, MA|page=[https://archive.org/details/smartmobsnextsoc00rhei/page/288 288]}} * {{Cite book|title=Naked Conversations: How Blogs are Changing the Way Businesses Talk with Customers|title-link=Naked Conversations: How Blogs are Changing the Way Businesses Talk with Customers|last=Scoble|first=Robert|last2=Israel|first2=Shel|publisher=John Wiley|year=2006|isbn=978-0-471-74719-2|location=Hoboken, NJ|oclc=61757953|author-link=Robert Scoble|author-link2=Shel Israel}} * {{Cite book|title=Here Comes Everybody|title-link=Here Comes Everybody (book)|last=Shirky|first=Clay|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59420-153-0|location=New York|oclc=458788924|author-link=Clay Shirky}} *   * {{Cite book|title=The Wisdom of Crowds|title-link=The Wisdom of Crowds|last=Surowiecki|first=James|publisher=Anchor Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-385-72170-7|location=New York|oclc=156770258|author-link=James Surowiecki}} * {{Cite book|title=Wikinomics|title-link=Wikinomics|last=Tapscott|first=Don|last2=Williams|first2=Anthony D.|publisher=Portfolio|year=2006|isbn=978-1-59184-138-8|location=New York|oclc=318389282|author-link=Don Tapscott|author-link2=Anthony D. Williams (author)}} * {{Cite book|title=Six degrees: The science of a connected age|last=Watts|first=Duncan J.|publisher=Vintage|year=2003|isbn=978-0-09-944496-1|location=London|page=368}} *   *   *   *   *   * {{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318723400|title=Society, Regulation and Governance|last=Schrape|first=JF|work=New Modes of Shaping Social Change?|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78643-838-6|pages=138–150|chapter=Reciprocal irritations: Social media, mass media and the public sphere|doi=10.4337/9781786438386.00016}} *   *   *   *   == Panluwas na mga link == * {{Commons category-inline}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pi9wazuhijkfk38e03qnbr3tk3kdiqu 0 35697 309544 305120 2026-08-23T19:58:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |image = Vigdis Finnbogadottir (1985).jpg |caption = Vigdis Finnbogadottir in September 1985 |office = Ika-4 [[Presidente nin Islandya]] |primeminister = [[Gunnar Thoroddsen]]<br />[[Steingrímur Hermannsson]]<br />[[Þorsteinn Pálsson]]<br />[[Davíð Oddsson]] |term_start = 1 Agosto 1980 |term_end = 1 Agosto 1996 |predecessor = [[Kristján Eldjárn]] |successor = [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1930|04|15|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Reykjavík]], [[Kingdom of Iceland]] |death_date = |death_place = |alma_mater = [[University of Paris]]<br />[[Université Grenoble Alpes|University of Grenoble]]<br />[[University of Copenhagen]]<br />[[University of Iceland]] }} Si ''' Vigdís Finnbogadóttir''' ({{IPA-is|ˈvɪɣtis ˈfɪnpɔɣaˌtouʰtɪr̥|lang|Is-Vigdis finnbogadottir.oga}}; namundag 15 Abril 1930) sarong Islandes na politiko na iyo an ika-apat na [[presidente nin Islandya]] poon 1980 sundo 1996. Siya an pinakaenot na babae sa enterong kinaban na naelehir sa demokratikong eleksyon komo presidente.<ref>{{cite web |title = Club of Madrid: Vigdís Finnbogadóttir |publisher = [[Club of Madrid]] |year = 2003 |url = http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/miembro/vigdis_finnbogadottir |access-date = 19 Hulyo 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170812215011/http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/miembro/vigdis_finnbogadottir |archive-date = 12 Agosto 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Sa pagsirbeng 16 na taon komo presidente, siya an ikaduwang halawig nagsirbing babaeng presidente arinman na nasyon hanggan ngonyan. Sa ngonyan, siya an [[UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador]], asin myembro kan [[Club of Madrid]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Club of Madrid: Full Members | publisher = [[Club of Madrid]] | year = 2019 | url = http://www.clubmadrid.org/miembro/vigdis-finnbogadottir/ | access-date = 27 October 2019 | archive-date = 15 May 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210515192953/http://www.clubmadrid.org/miembro/vigdis-finnbogadottir/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Siya man an solong babae na nagin presidente kan Islandya hanggan ngonyan. ==Kaamayi nin buhay== Si Vigdís Finnbogadóttir namundag sa [[Reykjavík]] kan 15 Abril 1930. An ama niya, si Finnbogi Rútur Þorvaldsson, sarong [[inhenyero sibil]], asin propesor sa [[University of Iceland]]. An ina niya, si Sigríður Eiríksdóttir, sarong nars asin namayo kan Icelandic Nurses Association. Si Vigdis aki nindang matua na nasundan nin saro pa na sarong lalaki na si Porvaldur<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-19|title="Ég missti þann förunaut sem hefði fylgt mér alla ævi"|url=https://www.ruv.is/frett/2020/04/19/eg-missti-thann-forunaut-sem-hefdi-fylgt-mer-alla-aevi|access-date=2020-12-17|website=RÚV|language=is}}</ref> Kan makapasar siya sa saiyang eksam kan 1949, si Vigdis nag'asal nin Pranses asin literaturang Pranses sa [[Université Grenoble Alpes|University of Grenoble]] asin sa [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] sa Paris poon 1949 abot 1953, dangan nag'adal pa nin kan [[historya nin teatro]] sa [[University of Copenhagen]]. Siya nakamit an BA sa French asin Ingles, asin pa an Professional Graduate Certificate in Education, sa [[University of Iceland]]. An naagom niya sarong doktor kan 1954, alagfad nagdiborsyo kan 1963, asin sa edad na 41 nag'ampon nin aking babae, bna siya ngani an pinakaenot na babae na solong-buhay tinugotan mag'ampon.<ref name=icemag>{{cite news |title=First female head of state, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, elected 35 years ago today |url=http://icelandmag.visir.is/article/first-female-head-state-vigdis-finnbogadottir-elected-35-years-ago-today |work=[[Iceland Magazine]] |date=2015-06-29 |access-date=2016-06-26 |accessdate=2022-03-10 |archivedate=2017-10-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002013337/http://icelandmag.visir.is/article/first-female-head-state-vigdis-finnbogadottir-elected-35-years-ago-today }}</ref> Si Vigdís nagpartisipar kan mga 1960 asin mga 1970 sa kadakul na rally ginibo kontra sa presensya kan militar nin E.U. sa Islandya (partikular sa [[Keflavík International Airport|Keflavík]]). Taon-taon ginatos, ribo pa, an namartsa sa 50-km na tinamp;o pasiring Keflavík asin nagkukurahaw na "Ísland úr [[NATO]], herinn burt" (literalmente: Islandya luwas sa NATO, maghale an militar!). ==Presidente nin Islandya== {{Infobox President styles |name= Vigdís Finnbogadóttir |image = [[File:Coat of arms of the President of Iceland.svg|50px]] |dipstyle= ''Virðulegi forseti Íslands'' <br> [[Excellency|Her Excellency]] |offstyle= ''Yðar Hátign'' <br> Your Excellency |altstyle= ''Frú Forseti'' <br> Madam President }} Siya enot nagdalagan kalaban an tolong lalaking kandidato. Mahimpis sana gana niya mala ta nakua niya 33.6 porsyento kan boto manta an pinakaharani saiya nakua 32.1 porsyento. Siya nanggad an pinakaenot na babae naelihir sa demokratikong eleksyon sa bilog na kinaban, kan eleksyon nasyonal 1980. Siya naging popular na marhay mala ta tolong beses pa siya n aelehir sa pagkapresidente ; kan 1984, mahyong kalaban; kan 1988 nakua niya 94.6 porsyento kan boto; qasin kan 1992, mayo man naglaban saiya. Kan eleksyon 1996, dai na siya nagdalagan sa pagkapresidente. Kaya siya an pinakahalawig nagserbing presidente (apat na termino) na babae sa Islandya. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kristinsson|first=Gunnar Helgi|date=1996|title=The presidential election in Iceland 1996|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_electoral-studies_1996-11_15_4/page/533|journal=Electoral Studies|volume=15|issue=4|pages=533–537|doi=10.1016/s0261-3794(96)80470-7|issn=0261-3794}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Mga presidente nin Islandya]] j1l2rhqfjhykzdopqjj4zb5aylyh58c 0 35727 309695 299236 2026-08-23T22:19:18Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | image = Nicolas de Largillière, François-Marie Arouet dit Voltaire adjusted.png | caption = Pintura ni [[Nicolas de Largillière]], c. 1724 | birth_name = François-Marie Arouet | birth_date = {{birth date|1694|11|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = Paris, [[Kingdom of France]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1778|5|30|1694|11|21|df=yes}} | death_place = Paris, [[Kingdom of France]] | resting_place = [[Panthéon]], Paris, Pransya | occupation = Parasurat, pilosopo | language = Pranses | nationality = Pranses | alma_mater = [[Collège Louis-le-Grand]] | partner = [[Émilie du Châtelet]] (1733–1749),<br />[[Marie Louise Mignot]] (1744–1778) | module = {{Infobox philosopher | embed = yes | era = [[Anoy nin Pagkamuklat]] | region = [[Western philosophy]]<br />[[French philosophy]] | school_tradition = [[Lumières]]<br />[[Philosophes]]<br />[[Deism]]<br />[[Classical liberalism]] | main_interests = [[Political philosophy]], literature, [[historiography]], [[biblical criticism]] | influences = [[Francis Bacon]], [[Pierre Bayle]], [[Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet]], [[Miguel de Cervantes]], [[Plato]], [[Cicero]], [[Emilie de Chatelet]], [[Confucius]], [[Pierre Corneille]], [[Epicurus]], [[Homer]], [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], [[John Locke]], [[Lucian]], [[Lucretius]], [[Jean Meslier]], [[Moliere]], [[Isaac Newton]], [[Alexander Pope]], [[Jean Racine]], [[William Shakespeare]], [[Ibn Tufail]], [[Virgil]] | influenced = [[Vissarion Belinsky]], [[Jeremy Bentham]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[Lord Byron]], [[Catherine the Great]], [[Emilie de Chatelet]], [[Denis Diderot]], [[Gustave Flaubert]], [[Frederick the Great]], [[William Godwin]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], [[Alexander Herzen]], [[Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani|Kermani]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Susan Sarah Cohen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d94FHwSn8xEC&q=he+was+influenced+by+voltaire&pg=PA90 |title=2000 |year=2012 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-095695-5 |page=90}}</ref> [[Christopher Hitchens]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2018 |title=Christopher Hitchens' Defense of the Enlightenment |url=https://areomagazine.com/2018/07/28/christopher-hitchens-defense-of-the-enlightenment/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228115435/https://areomagazine.com/2018/07/28/christopher-hitchens-defense-of-the-enlightenment/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Victor Hugo]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Napoleon]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Thomas Paine]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], [[David Strauss]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heiner F. Klemme, Manfred Kuehn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6fCwAAQBAJ&q=David+Friedrich+Strauss+were+especially+influenced+by+Voltaire&pg=PA821 |title=The Bloomsbury Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century German Philosophers |year=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4742-5600-1 |page=821}}</ref> [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] | notable_ideas = [[Philosophy of history]],<ref>Voltaire, ''La philosophie de l'histoire'', Changuion, 1765.</ref> [[freedom of religion]], [[freedom of speech]], [[separation of church and state]] | signature = БСЭ1. Автограф. Автографы. 5.svg }} }} Si '''François-Marie Arouet''' ({{IPA-fr|fʁɑ̃swa maʁi aʁwɛ|lang}}; 21 November 1694{{snd}}30 May 1778), midbid sa saiyang tagong-ngaran na '''Voltaire''' ({{IPAc-en|v|ɒ|l|ˈ|t|ɛər|,_|v|oʊ|l|-}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/voltaire "Voltaire"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Voltaire |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/voltaire |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Oxford Dictionaries|Voltaire|access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|US|v|ɔː|l|-}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Voltaire|access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Voltaire|access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA-fr|vɔltɛːʁ|lang}}), sarong Pranses [[Anoy nin Pagmumuklat|Pagmumuklat]] na parasurat, historyador, asin pilosopo bantog kan saiyang [[mapanas na pag'iisip]], saiyang [[pagtuyaw sa Kristyandad]]—orog na an [[Pagtutuyaw sa Simbahan Katoliko Romano|Simbahan Katoliko Romano]]— asin kan [[kaoripnan]], kan saiyang adbokasiya sa [[talingkas na pagtaram]], [[talingkas na pagtubod]], asin an [[pagkasuway kan simbahan sa estado]]. Si Voltaire mahusay asin mahigos na parasurat, nagpoprodyusir nin pagsusurat sa maski ano na lang na porma literaryo, kairiba na diyan an [[drama sa entablado|dula]], rawitdawit, nobela, prosa, historya, asin mga sayantipikong pagpahayag. Siya nagguhit nin sobra sa 20,000 na mga kasuratan asin 2,000 na libro asin polyeto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voltaire – Biography |url=http://www.biographyonline.net/writers/voltaire.html}}</ref> Siya an saro sa mga naenot na mga kagsurat na internasyonal na nabantog asin komersyal na nagbenta kan mga gibo niya. Siya maisog na nag'tutulod sa [[libertad sibil]] asin pirmi yaon sa huma nin estriktong pagsesensor huli kan mahigot na mga leyes kan monarkiyang Katolikong Pranses. An mga [[polemiko]] niya malanit na nagtutuya-tuya' kan intoleransya, dogma relihiyoso, asin kan mga kagawean nin Pranses sa panahon niyang idto. An pinakabantogan na obra niya asin kumbaga ''[[magnum opus]]'', iyo an ''[[Candide]]'', sarong [[halipot na nobela]] na nagkokomento, nagtutuyaw, asin nagtuya-tuya' dapit kan mga pangyayari, mga paraisip, asin kan mga pilosopiya sa panahon niya. == Mga sinurat == === Non-piksyon === * ''Letters on the Quakers'' (1727) * ''[[Letters on the English|Letters concerning the English nation]]'' (London, 1733) (French version entitled ''Lettres philosophiques sur les Anglais'', Rouen, 1734), revised as ''[[Letters on the English]]'' (circa 1778) * "[[Le Mondain]]" (1736) * ''Sept Discours en Vers sur l'Homme'' (1738) * ''[[Elements of the Philosophy of Newton|The Elements of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy]]'' (1738; 2nd expanded ed. 1745) * ''[[Dictionnaire philosophique]]'' (1752) * ''The Sermon of the Fifty'' (1759) * ''The Calas Affair: A Treatise on Tolerance'' (1762) * ''[[Treatise on Tolerance|Traité sur la tolérance]]'' (1763) * ''Ce qui plaît aux dames'' (1764) * ''[[Idées républicaines]]'' (1765) * ''La Philosophie de l'histoire'' (1765) * ''[[Questions sur les Miracles]]'' (1765) * ''[[L'Ingénu]]'' (1767) * ''La Princesse de Babylone'' (1768) * ''[[Des singularités de la nature]]'' (1768) * ''[[Les Dialogues d’Evhémère]]'' (1777) ====Historya==== * ''[[History of Charles XII]], King of Sweden'' (1731) * ''[[The Age of Louis XIV]]'' (1751) * ''[[Précis du siècle de Louis XV|The Age of Louis XV]]'' (1746–1752; published separately 1768) * ''[[Annals of the Empire]] – Charlemagne, AD 742 – Henry VII 1313'', Vol. I (1754) * ''Annals of the Empire – Louis of Bavaria, 1315 to Ferdinand II 1631'' Vol. II (1754) * ''[[Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations|Essay on Universal History, the Manners, and Spirit of Nations]]'' (1756) * ''History of the Russian Empire Under [[Peter the Great]]'' (Vol. I 1759; Vol. II 1763) === Halipot na nobela === * ''The One-eyed Street Porter, Cosi-sancta'' (1715) * ''[[Micromégas]]'' (1738) * ''The World as it Goes'' (1750) * ''Memnon'' (1750) * ''Bababec and the Fakirs'' (1750) * ''Timon'' (1755) * ''[[Plato's Dream]]'' (1756) * ''The Travels of Scarmentado'' (1756) * ''The Two Consoled Ones'' (1756) * ''[[Zadig]], or, Destiny'' (1757) * ''[[Candide]], or Optimism'' (1758) * ''Story of a Good Brahman'' (1759) * ''The King of Boutan'' (1761) * ''The City of Cashmere'' (1760) * ''An Indian Adventure'' (1764) * ''The White and the Black'' (1764) * ''Jeannot and Colin'' (1764) * ''The Blind Judges of Colors'' (1766) * ''The Princess of Babylon'' (1768) * ''The Man with Forty Crowns'' (1768) * ''The Letters of Amabed'' (1769) * ''[[L'Ingénu|The Huron, or Pupil of Nature]]'' (1771) * ''The White Bull'' (1772) * ''An Incident of Memory'' (1773) * ''The History of Jenni'' (1774) * ''The Travels of Reason'' (1774) * ''The Ears of Lord Chesterfield and Chaplain Goudman'' (1775) === Dula/drama === Si Voltaire nagsurat nin sa pag'ultan mga singkwenta asin sisentang mga dula, na may ibang dai natapos.<ref>Dates of the first performance, unless otherwise noted. Garreau, Joseph E. (1984). "Voltaire", vol. 5, pp. 113–17, in ''McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama'', Stanley Hochman, editor in chief. New York: McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|978-0-07-079169-5}}.</ref> Magkapira igdi iyo an minasunod: * ''[[Oedipus (Voltaire play)|Œdipe]]'' (1718) * ''[[Artémire (tragedy)|Artémire]]'' (1720) * ''[[Hérode et Mariamne|Mariamne]]'' (1724) * ''[[Brutus (tragedy)|Brutus]]'' (1730) * ''[[Ériphyle (tragedy)|Éryphile]]'' (1732) * ''[[Zaïre (play)|Zaïre]]'' (1732), inspiration for ''[[Zaira (opera)|Zaira]]'', opera by [[Vincenzo Bellini]] (1829) * ''[[Alzire, ou les Américains (play)|Alzire, ou les Américains]]'' (1736), inspiration for ''[[Alzira (opera)|Alzira]]'', opera by [[Giuseppe Verdi]] (1845) * ''[[Zulima]]'' (1740)<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2018 |title=Voltaire |url=https://history-biography.com/voltaire/ |access-date=3 October 2019 |website=History and biography}}</ref> * ''[[Mahomet (play)|Mahomet]]'' (1741) * ''[[Mérope]]'' (1743) * ''[[La princesse de Navarre]]'' (1745) * ''[[Sémiramis (tragedy)|Sémiramis]]'' (1748), inspiration for ''[[Semiramide]]'', opera by [[Gioachino Rossini]] (1823) * ''[[Nanine]]'' (1749) * ''[[L'Orphelin de la Chine]]'' (1755)<ref name="liu53">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Wu-Chi |year=1953 |title=The Original Orphan of China |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-literature_summer-1953_5_3/page/206 |journal=Comparative Literature |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=206–07 |doi=10.2307/1768912 |jstor=1768912}}</ref>{{efn|This is an adaptation of the famous Chinese play ''[[The Orphan of Zhao]]'', based on historical events in the [[Spring and Autumn period]].}} * ''[[Voltaire's Socrates (play)|Socrate]]'' (published 1759) * ''[[La Femme qui a Raison]]'' (1759) * ''[[Tancrède (tragedy)|Tancrède]]'' (1760), inspiration for ''[[Tancredi]]'', opera by [[Gioachino Rossini]] (1813) * ''[[Don Pèdre, roi de Castille]]'' (1774) * ''[[Sophonisbe (tragedy)|Sophonisbe]]'' (1774) * ''[[Irène (tragedy)|Irène]]'' (1778) * ''[[Agathocle]]'' (1779) === Mga obrang dinamot === * ''Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire'', A. Beuchot (ed.). 72 vols. (1829–1840) * ''Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire'', Louis E.D. Moland and G. Bengesco (eds.). 52 vols. (1877–1885) * ''Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire'', Theodore Besterman, ''et al.'' (eds.). 144 vols. (1968–2018) ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Mga Ika-18 siglong pilosopong Pranses]] [[Kategorya:Mga Ika-18 siglong Pranses na historyador]] [[Kategorya:Mga pilosopo sa edukasyon]] [[Kategorya:Mga pilosopo sa literatura]] jucdwfs8f7n26c4u718zf09i1g3vcku 0 35786 309714 295064 2026-08-23T22:35:20Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox |name = Perkoles |image = Phaseoulus lunatus.jpg |image_caption = |taxon = Phaseolus lunatus |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |synonyms = *''Dolichos tonkinensis'' <small>Bui-Quang-Chieu</small> *''Phaseolus bipunctatus'' <small>Jacq.</small> *''Phaseolus ilocanus'' <small>Blanco</small> *''Phaseolus inamoenus'' <small>L.</small> *''Phaseolus limensis'' <small>Macfad.</small> *''Phaseolus lunatus'' var. ''macrocarpus'' <small>(Moench) Benth. </small> *''Phaseolus macrocarpus'' <small>Moench</small> *''Phaseolus portoricensis'' <small>Spreng.</small> *''Phaseolus puberulus'' <small>Kunth</small> *''Phaseolus rosei'' <small>Piper</small> *''Phaseolus saccharatus'' <small>Macfad.</small> *''Phaseolus tunkinensis'' <small>Lour.</small> *''Phaseolus vexillatus'' <small>Blanco</small>, nom, illeg, non <small>L.</small> *''Phaseolus viridis'' <small>Piper</small> *''Phaseolus xuaresii'' <small>Zuccagni</small> |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-2932|title=Phaseolus lunatus L. — The Plant List|work=theplantlist.org|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2019-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308003006/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-2932|dead-url=yes}}</ref> }} [[File:Lima beans in an illustrated catalogue of seeds (1894) (17802859704).jpg|thumb|right|Perkoles sa sarong patos nin pisog perkoles, 1894]] An '''perkoles'''<ref>perkoles <Esp. frejoles, Mintz, 787: Mintz, Malcolm. Bikol Dictionary, publ. 2004</ref> (''Phaseolus lunatus''), (sa Ingles, lima bean, butter bean, kidney bean) sarong tinanom na nagkakanap asin nagsasapot. Itinatanom ini huli kan mga pisog kaini na pansalak sa mga luto. ==Ginikanan asin gamit== An ''Phaseolus lunatus'' natural nakukua sa [[Mesoamerica|Meso]]- asin sa [[Habagatan Amerika]]. Duwang gene pool an igwa kaini na pigkukultibar. An perkoles na Mesoamerikano warak sa tropikal na kaba'ban asin an saro pa lakop sa sulnopan kan Andes. An mga ini nadiskubre sa Peru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Lima_Bean|title = Cookbook:Lima Bean - Wikibooks, open books for an open world}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2021}} An pagkultibar/ataman sa Andes nangyari kaidtong 2000 BC nakaagi.<ref name="motta">{{cite journal |last1=Motta-Aldana |first1=Jenny R. |last2=Serrano-Serrano |first2=Martha L. |last3=Hernández-Torres |first3=Jorge |last4=Castillo-Villamizar |first4=Genis |last5=Debouck |first5=Daniel G. |last6=Chacóns |first6=Maria I. |title=Multiple Origins of Lima Bean Landraces in the Americas: Evidence from Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Polymorphisms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_crop-science_september-october-2010_50_5/page/1773 |journal=Crop Science |date=September 2010 |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1773–1787 |doi=10.2135/cropsci2009.12.0706 }}</ref> asin nakapaluwas nin barayti na darakula an mga pisog (lima type), manta an sarong barayti pag'pawarak sa Mesoamerika mga 800 AD, nagprodyusir nin saradit na pisog (Sieva type).<ref name="motta" /> Mga 1300, an pagtanom kaini naglakop sa norte kan [[Rio Grande]], asin kan mga 1500, an perkoles pigkukultibar na sa Europa (Old World).<ref name="motta" /> An perkoles (Sieva type) nakukua na lakop sa [[Mehiko]], abot [[Argentina]], heneralmente hababa sa {{convert|1600|m|ft|abbr=on}} sa lebel kan dagat manta su darakulang-pisog (Lima type) nakalakop sa norte kan [[Peru]], na {{convert|320|to|2030|m|ft|abbr=on}} sa lebel kan dagat. Durante kan Espanyol na pagkolonya an Kastilang [[Viceroyalty nin Peru]], pig'eksport an perkoles sa kahiwasan kan Amerika asin Europa asin ta an mga kinahon kaini pig'ngaranan na "Lima" ta an eksportasyon naghahale sa Lima, Peru, kaya an perkoles nabantog na logod sa pangaran na "lima bean".<ref>[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/british/lima-bean Lima Bean], Cambridge Dictionary</ref><ref>Allison Keene, [http://mentalfloss.com/article/30159/dietribes-lima-beans Dietribes: Lima Beans, Mental Floss] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324050851/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/30159/dietribes-lima-beans |date=2022-03-24 }}</ref> An pangaran kaini sa Amerika na "butter bean" mas gamit sa North asin South Carolina para duman sa perkoles na lapnad, dakula asin kolor giyaw/puti na barayti (''P. lunatus'' var. ''macrocarpus'', o ''P. limensis''<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, 45th Edition, various quotations</ref>). Sa Estados Unidos an perkoles na (Sieva type) tradisyonal na inaapod na "butter beans" na inaapod man na Dixie o Henderson type. Sa Reyna Unido an "butter beans" asin "lima beans" nahihiling na duwang suway na klaseng pisog, pero parehong species. Sa Estados Unidos asin Reyna Unido, an "butter bean" nagtutumoy kan mga "alang" nang pisog na binabakal pwedeng paulian sa tubig o idtong de lata pwede na tolos iluto. Sa Espanya apod kan perkoles ''garrofón'', o ''frejol'' asin mayor ining sangkap sa pagluto nin ''[[paella]]''. Sa [[Indya]], apod kaini ''Double beans'', asin ini alang na pisog, pinapalbag sa tubig magdamlag asin linuluto sa pressure cooker bilang sangkap sa ''curry''. ==Cultivar== An perkoles na tinanom nakukua sa duwang estado: saro nagkakanap o nagpupuropot sa pakamangan o natubo nakatindog: ====Mga tindog==== *'Henderson' / 'Thorogreen', 65 aldaw ([[Heirloom plant|heirloom]]) *'Eastland', 68 aldaw *'Jackson Wonder', 68 aldaw (heirloom, seeds brown mottled with purple) *'Dixie Butterpea', 75 aldaw (heirloom, two strains are common: red speckled and white seeded) *'Fordhook 242', 75 aldaw, 1945 [[All-America Selections|AAS]] winner ====Mga nagsasapot==== *'Carolina Sieva', 75 aldaw (heirloom, suffered a seed crop failure in the years 2011 and 2012 causing this variety to still not be widely sourced ten years later) *'Christmas' / 'Chestnut' / 'Giant Speckled' / 'Speckled Calico', 78 days (heirloom, seeds white mottled with red) *'Big 6' / 'Big Mama', 80 aldaw<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.motherearthnews.com/Organic-Gardening/2006-04-01/Green-Gazette-Improving-Heirloom-Varieties.aspx | title = Improving Heirloom varieties | work = Mother Earth News | access-date = 2010-01-07}}</ref> *'Willow Leaf', 80 aldaw (heirloom, there are white-seeded and variously mottled strains)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv027 |title = Beans, Willow-Leaf Lima—Phaseolus lunatus forma salicis Van Esel |work = University of Florida |access-date = 2017-05-29 |archive-date = 2017-01-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170106203531/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv027 |dead-url = yes }}</ref> *'Mezcla', 82 aldaw *'King of the Garden', 85 aldaw (heirloom) ==Gallery== <gallery> Lima bean cans.jpg|right|thumb|250px|De latang perkoles Bunga_nin_perkoles.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Bunga asin dahon kan perkoles Perkoles bunga.jpg|Mga lapnad na bungang perkoles Perkoles seeds.jpg|3000px|right|thumb|Mga lapnad na pisog perkoles Kidney beans.jpg|kolor kayumangging pisog perkoles Flower of Lima beans.jpg|Burak nin perkoles </gallery> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya: Mga tinanom gikan sa Peru]] q1spb133sinuh4z3v45qlj2taxuarso 0 35840 309750 250007 2026-08-23T23:11:11Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309750 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Mga Nagraralakaw.jpg|thumb|Mga maogmang nagraralakaw]] An '''paglakaw''' iyo an saro sa mayor na gait nin terrestrial locomotion sa tahaw nin mga hayop na may tabay. Walking amblusyon. gaits. terrestrial locomotion. An paglakaw sa parate mas maluway kisa pagdalagan asin iba pang bagay. An paglakaw pinapakahulugan nin sarong natiri' na gaitô na kun saen an hawak nag'aabang sa matagas na kalamias o kalamias nin lambang lakdang. Ini minaaplikar ano man an bilang nin mga kalamias - minsan mga artropod, na may anom, walo, o labi pang kalamias, naglalakaw. <ref>{{Cite journal|authors=Cavagna GA, Heglund NC, Taylor CR|year=1977|title=Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure.|journal=[[American Journal of Physiology]]|volume=233|issue=5|pages=R243-261|doi=10.1152/ajpregu.1977.233.5.R243|pmid=411381}}</ref> [[Ladawan:1987WorldCupTrials.jpg|thumb|325x325px|Mga parabaklay sa Pankinaban na mga Pagbalo kan 1987]] == Biomechanics == [[Ladawan:Muybridge_human_male_walking_animated.gif|alt=An 1887 stop-motion of a human walking.|thumb|295x295px|Naglalakaw an Tawo]] An paglakaw nin tawo nagibo paagi sa estratehiya na inaapod na dobleng pedulum. double pentdulum. Sa pag - abante, an tabay na minaluwas sa daga minaduko hale sa piad. An tal na ini iyo an enot na pepino. Dangan an tabay pinapakol an daga kan bool asin minalukso pasiring sa moro sa sarong aksyon na ilinadawan bilang nan - olang na pedulum. An aksyon kan duwang tabay kumboot mala ta an sarong bitis o an saro man pirming nakadukay kan daga. Mantang naglalakaw, nasasaray an mga kalamnan kan kontrata sa ogbon na baka, na ilinalangkaw an sentro nin masa kan hawak, mantang an kalamnan na ini igwa nin potensial na kosog. potisadong enerhiya. Dangan pinaabante kan grabidad an hawak pasiring sa ibong na tabay asin an potensial na enerhiya sa panahon na iyan nagigin nang maluyang kosog. An proseso kan paglakaw nin tawo nakakadamot nin halos anom na polo-limang porsyento kan enerhiyang ginagamit kan pag'utas nin grabidad sa pag'abante.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1244114018|title=First steps : how upright walking made us human|last=DeSilva|first=Jeremy|date=2021|isbn=978-0-06-293849-7|edition=1st|location=New York, NY|oclc=1244114018}}</ref> An paglakaw laen man sa landingan sa dakol na paagi. An pinakarisa iyo na durante nin paglakaw an sarong tabay pirmeng nagdadanay sa daga mantang an saro nagdadakula. Sa pagdalagan igwa nin ballistic kabtang kun saen an paradalagan nasa aire na may duwang bitis sa aire (para sa mga bidal). An saro pang pagkakalaen may labot sa paghiro kan sentro kan bilog na hawak. Sa paglakaw kan hawak na "vaults" sa ibabaw kan tabay sa daga, nalangkaw an sentro nin masa hanggan sa pinakahalangkaw na punto kaini mantang an tabay nag-aagi sa patindog, asin naghulog ini sa pinakasadit mantang nalakop an mga tabay. An pundamental na kosog nin pag - abante iyo an padagos na trabaho para sa paglangkaw nin potensial na kosog. Ini baliktad sa pagdalagan kun saen yaon sa pinakahababang parte an sentro nin masa ta patindog an tabay. Ini huli ta an epekto kan paglanding hale sa ballistic kabtang iyo an paggakod kan tabay asin pagpabagsik nin enerhiya sa kalamnan asin pag - ataman sa iba. muscles. tendons. Sa pagdalagan igwa nin pagkakombertir sa pag - oltanan nin kinetikong, potensial, asin kosog na masakit aboton. May limitasyon an rikas nin paglakaw nin sarong indibiduwal (na mayo nin espesyal na mga pamamaagi na arog kan mga ginagamit sa rikas nin pagdalagan) huli sa labi - labing pagrikas kan sentro nin masa durante nin sarong estratehiya - kun iyan mas dakula kisa sa pagrikas huli sa grabidad an tawo magigin pambihira sa aire mantang sinda minaduko sa ibabaw kan tabay sa daga. Minsan siring, sa tipikong kamugtakan, an mga hayop luway - luway na nagdadalagan sa mas hababang rikas kisa kaini huli sa mga tibay sa enerhiya. Basado sa 2D na invered pendulum na modelo nin paglakaw, igwa nin kisuerra limang pisikal na koneksyon na nagbubugtak nin pundamental na mga limitasyon sa paglakaw na siring sa sarong dai mapogolan na pedulum.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patnaik|first=Lalit|date=October 2015|title=Physical constraints, fundamental limits, and optimal locus of operating points for an inverted pendulum based actuated dynamic walker|journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics|volume=10|issue=6|pages=064001|doi=10.1088/1748-3190/10/6/064001|pmid=26502096}}</ref> An mga restriksion na ini iyo an: kamo na-pwersa, nagsabrit nin constitutensya, nagkapurustong kumbaga kumbaga, dagos-dagos na constitut, halangkaw na lakdang-furensiyang kumbaga. Dakul na tawo an gustong mag - aling - aling sa panginot na siyudad, asin saro iyan sa pinakamarahay na klase nin ehersisyo. Para sa nagkapira, an paglakaw sarong paagi na ikaogma an naturalesa asin an mga tagaluwas; asin para sa iba an pisikal, karawat asin aspekto nin pakatagal mas mahalaga. Igwa nin laen - laen na klase nin paglakaw, kaiba an paglakawlakaw, paglakawlakaw, paglakawlakaw sa gilid nin dagat, paglakaw sa bulod, pag - agom, Nordic na naglalakaw, pagbaklay, paglakaw nin ayam asin pagbaklay. May mga tawo na mas gustong maglakaw sa laog nin harong, o sa sarong gihoy, asin an mga paralakaw sa tamang - tama asin an iba tibaad gumamit nin basura tanganing bilangon an saindang mga lakad. treadmill. pedometer. Hing an parating piggagamit na tataramon sa Canada, Estados Unidos asin Sur Aprika para sa halawig na maigot na paglakaw; An kaagid na mga lakaw inaapod na mga trampi sa New Zealand, o bulod na naglalakaw o naglalakaw pa sana sa Australia, an UK asin an Republika nin Irish. Irish Republic. Sa UK, ranggak man an ginagamit. An mga Australiano igwa man nin mga bush▁walk. Sa mga parteng Ingles-taram kan Norte Amerika, an terminong paglakaw ginagamit sa halipot na mga lakaw, orog na sa mga banwaan asin siyudad. Naglalayog an niebe; May medyo laen na gait na kaipuhan kun ikokomparar sa regular na paglakaw. Snow shing. gait Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini. === Turismo === Kun dapit sa turismo, an posibilidad poon sa giyang paglakaw pasiring sa mga siudad, tanganing organisaron an mga kapiyestahan sa Himalaya. Sa UK an terminong paglakaw tour iyo man an apod sa sarong dakolang aldaw na paglakaw o hipag na pigbubuo nin sarong grupo o indibidwal. Igwa nin organisadong marhay na mga sistema nin mga dalan sa dakol na iba pang distrito sa Europa, siring man sa Canada, Estados Unidos, Nueva Zealand, asin Nepal..An halawig na paglakaw sa mga dalan sa bilog na Europa magpoon sa Norway sagkod sa Turkiya, Portugal sagkod sa Chipre. Turkey. Cyprus<ref>See [[European long-distance paths]]</ref> Dakul man an naglalakaw sa mga ruta nin tradisyonal na pilgrim, na kun saen an pinakabantog iyo an El Camino de Santiago, The Way of St. James. pilgrim rivers. Santiago. Way of St. Santiago. === Pagtakig === Sa Britania, an The Remblers, sarong rehistradong institusyon sa pag - abuloy, iyo an pinakadakulang organo na nag - aasikaso sa intereses kan mga naglalakaw, na may mga 100,000 na miembro. An "Bukaw sa Pagpapalakaw" na proyekto kaini nagtatao nin libreng giya sa ruta, nangenot sa mga lakaw, siring man nin impormasyon para sa mga tawong bagong naglalakaw. An Long Distance Walkers Association in the UK para sa mas engetikong paglakaw, asin nag-organisar nin halawig na pag-angat na 20 o 50 kilometros pa ngan 30 sagkod 80 kilometros o labi pa sa sarong aldaw. An taonan na "Hunded" okasyon kan LDWA, na kalabot an paglakaw nin 160 kilometros sa 48 oras, ginigibo an kada British Spring Bank Holiday Sundayend. Spring Bank Holiday.<ref>[Ramblers, " Our History".http://www.ldwa.org.uk/history.php] Long Distance Walkers Association: History.</ref> === Paglakaw === Nagkaigwa nin dai pa sana nahahaloy na konsentrasyon sa tahaw nin mga planong urban sa nagkapirang komunidad tanganing magmukna nin mga lugar asin tinampo na may posibilidad na magkaigwa nin areglo, pamamakal asin pag - aling - aling sa bitis. urban planners. edstrian-alista. An ideya dapit sa pagigin madaling maglakaw naglataw bilang sokol sa sokol na dian an lugar makikatood sa paglakaw. An nagkapirang komunidad medyo mayo nin kotse, kaya sinda partikularmenteng nagsusuportar sa paglakaw asin iba pang paagi nin transportasyon. Sa Estados Unidos, an aktibong sistema nin pamumuhay sarong halimbawa nin sararong paghihingoa na magkaigwa nin mga komunidad na mas makikatood sa paglakaw asin iba pang pisikal na aktibidad. aktibong pamumuhay. An paglakaw ibinibilang man na malinaw na halimbawa nin masusteniran na paagi nin transportasyon, nangorognang angay sa paggamit sa siudad asin/o mas halipot na distansia. sustaintable tranport An bakong mamotorisadong mga sasakyan na arog baga kan paglakaw, alagad nagbisikleta man, saradit na transportasyon (mga pasapin, sateboard, nagtutulod nin mga kalan asin karting nin kamot) o silyang de rueda sa parate pangenot na mga elemento nin mapangganang pag - enkaminar nin malinig na urban na transportasyon. An dakol na laen - laen na pag - adal asin marahay na mga gibo (hale sa mga siudad sa Europa asin nagkapirang halimbawa sa bilog na kinaban) na nagpapalakop asin nag - aanimar sa paglakaw bilang paagi nin transportasyon sa mga siudad manonompongan sa Eltis, an duongan sa Europa para sa lokal na transportasyon. Eltis<ref>[http://www.eltis.org European Local Transport Information Service] ([[ELTIS]]) provides case studies concerning walking as a local transport concept</ref> An pagpatalubo nin espesipikong mga deretso sa dalan na may angay na imprastraktura puedeng magpaoswag nin orog na partisipasyon asin kaogmahan sa paglakaw. Kaiba sa mga halimbawa nin pangangapital an pedestrian mall, asin mga paradehoreway arog baga nin kadagatan asin man mga agihan nin salog. edestrian mall foreshoreways. oceanways An enot na katuyohan-built pedestrian kalye sa Europa iyo an Lijnbaan sa Rotterdam, binuksan kan 1953. edestrian kalye. Lijnbaan Rotterdam. An inot na period syudad sa United Kingdom yaon sa Stevenage kan 1959. ⁇ .United Kingdom. Stvege An dakol na banwaan asin siudad sa Europa ginibong kabtang kan saindang mga sentro nin kotse - mayo poon kan enot na mga taon nin 1960. An mga ini parateng may kaibang mga parke para sa kotse sa gilid kan pedistanted sona, asin, sa mas darakulang kaso, parke asin mga sasakyan. car park asin pagsakay. An Sentral na Copenhagen iyo an saro sa pinakadakula asin pinakagurang: Ginibo iyan hale sa trapik nin kotse pasiring sa lugar nin pedestrian kan 1962. Copenhagen == Sa mga robot == Sa pangkagabsan, an enot na mapangganang mga robot igwa nin anom na tabay. Mantang nag - oorog an teknolohiya sa mikroprosesor, puedeng inaan an bilang nin mga tabay asin igwa na ngonyan nin mga robot na puedeng maglakaw sa duwang tabay. An saro, halimbawa, iyo an BIMO. ASIMO Minsan ngani nagkaigwa nin dakulang mga pag - oswag, an mga robot dai pa man giraray naglalakaw nin haros saka nin mga tawo mantang parate nindang kaipuhan na papagdanayon na permanente an saindang mga tuhod tanganing mapaoswag an karigonan. Kan 2009, an robotistang Hapon na si Tomotika Takahashi nagmukna nin robot na kayang maglukso nin tolong pulgada sa daga. An robot, na an ngaran Ropid, kayang tumindog, maglakaw, magdalagan, asin maglukso. == Mga hayop == [[Ladawan:Penguins_walking_-Moltke_Harbour,_South_Georgia,_British_overseas_territory,_UK-8.jpg|too|thumb|Duwang hadeng▁penguins asin sarong guno peguin na naglalakaw sa baybayon sa teritoryo nin Timog Georgia, Britano sa ibang nasyon.]] === Mga Kabayo === [[Ladawan:Muybridge_horse_walking_animated.gif|thumb|An paglakaw, sarong apat-na-beat na gait]] An paglakaw sarong apat-na-beat na gait na may promedyong mga 4 kilometro kada oras (6.4 km/h). 4 milya por oras (6 km/h) Kun naglalakaw, sinusundan ini kan mga tabay nin kabayo: Nagwalat nin payong tabay, walang tabay, toong tabay, toong tabay sa enotan, sa regular na 1-2-3-4 na patanog. Sa paglakaw, an kabayo pirmeng may nakaitaas na bitis asin an tolo pang bitis sa daga, na ililigtas sa halipot na panahon kun an gabat ibabalyo hale sa sarong bitis pasiring sa saro pa. An kabayo pinapahiro an payo asin liog kaiyan nin kadikit asin minasabay sa paghiro na nakatatabang na magdanay na timbang.<ref name="Harris33">Harris, Susan E. ''Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement'' New York: Howell Book House 1993 {{ISBN|0-87605-955-8}} pp. 32–33</ref> Sa kabaliktaran, an pag - oswag paibong sa lugar na dinuotan kan dating nag - aabanteng labot sa daga. Mientras na orog na nag - aagi sa likod, nagigin mas mahalnas asin mas komportable an paglakaw. An indibiduwal na mga kabayo asin laen - laen na ataman na hayop nagkakalaenlaen sa pagigin areglado kan saindang paglakaw. Minsan siring, haros pirmeng mamamatean nin sarong nangangabayo an sarong sokol nin maboot na hiro - hiro sa piad kan kabayo mantang paabante an kada pinakaputol na tabay. [nangangaipo nin toltolan] An pinakaamay na "lakaw" na may apat-na-apat na dalagan nin bitis iyo an mga panghuring porma nin pamaba na mga gait arog kan padalagan na paglakaw, saro sanang paglakaw, asin kaagid na marikas alagad maarteng rikas na gait. Kun an sarong kabayo magpoon na magparikas asin mawaran nin regular na ogbon na kagapuan sa gait kaiyan, an kabayo dai na naglalakaw kundi nagpopoon na magsalang maglakaw o maglakaw. === Mga elepante === [[Ladawan:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|too|thumb|Sarong estilo nin elepante sa Asia]] An mga elepante pwedeng maghiro kapwa nin mga paabante asin pabaliktad, alagad dai pwedeng magsuro, maglukso, o maglukso. Elphants. Ginagamit sana ninda an duwang gait kun naghihiro sa daga, an lakaw asin an mas marikas na gait na kaagid sa pagdalagan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shoshani|first8=Y.|pmc=1859925|pmid=17085582|doi=10.1073/pnas.0603689103|pages=17296–301|issue=46|volume=103|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|title=A proboscidean from the late Oligocene of Eritrea, a "missing link" between early Elephantiformes and Elephantimorpha, and biogeographic implications|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2006-11-14_103_46/page/17296|year=2006|first9=T.|last9=Ghirmai|last8=Libsekal|first1=J.|first7=G. H.|last7=Marchant|first6=W. J.|last6=Sanders|first5=P.|last5=Tassy|first4=S.|last4=Berhe|first3=M.|last3=Abraha|first2=R. C.|last2=Walter|bibcode=2006PNAS..10317296S}}</ref> Sa paglakaw, an mga tabay nagigin garo mga pepino, may mga piad asin abaga na nagbubuhat asin narumpag mantang an bitis nakatanom sa daga. Mayo nin "sarong kabtang," an marikas na gait dai nakasabat sa gabos na basehan nin pagdalagan, maski ngani an elepante ginagamit an mga tabay kaini na arog na gayo kan ibang mga hayop na pinapadalagan, na an mga piad asin abaga minabagsak dangan minalangkaw mantang an mga bitis yaon sa daga.<ref name="kinetics">{{Cite journal|last1=Hutchinson, J. R.|last2=Schwerda, D.|last3=Famini, D. J.|last4=Dale, R. H.|last5=Fischer, M. S.|last6=Kram, R.|year=2006|title=The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=209|issue=19|pages=3812–27|pmid=16985198|doi=10.1242/jeb.02443}}</ref> An mga nag-aayunong elepante garo na'aan' kaiba an saindang mga tabay sa enotan, alagad an mga paglakawlakaw' kaiba an saindang mga tabay na hihod asin pwedeng makaabot sa pinakahalangkaw na rikas na 18 km/h (11 mph). 18 km/h (11 mph.)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Genin, J. J.|last2=Willems, P. A.|last3=Cavagna, G. A.|last4=Lair, R.|last5=Heglund, N. C.|year=2010|title=Biomechanics of locomotion in Asian elephants|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=213|pages=694–706|doi=10.1242/jeb.035436|issue=5|pmid=20154184}}</ref> Sa rikas na ini, an kadaklan na iba pang gapo palaog sa galop, na nagkakuwenta pa ngani para sa laba kan tabay. === Paglakaw sa sira === [[Ladawan:Periophthalmus_gracilis.jpg|too|thumb|215x215px|An sarong paragibo nin laboy, na sarong klase nin sira na naglalakaw, yaon sa daga. mudskipper.]] An paglakaw sa sira (o maluyang sira) sira na kayang magbiahe sa bilog na daga sa laog nin halawig na panahon. An termino puede man na gamiton para sa nagkapirang iba pang kaso nin dai pa nadudutaan na sira, e.g., kun ilinaladawan an sira na "naglalakaw" sa may salog kan dagat, bilang an manibs o talapang. fish locomotion. sea river. handfish. === Mga insekto === An mga insekto kaipuhan na maingat na magkoordinar sa saindang anom na tabay durante kan paglakaw tanganing makagibo nin mga gait na nagtotogot sa episienteng pagkabigar kan saindang palibot. An mga kurso sa pagkoordinar pinag - adalan sa laen - laen na insekto, kaiba na an mga doron (Schistocerca gregaria), cockroaches (Periplonta america), kahoy na mga insekto (Caraus morossus), asin prutas na langaw (Drosophila melanogaster). Schistocer gregaria. Perietonta anmerica.<ref name="stick-insect-walking">{{Cite journal|title=A behavioural analysis of the temporal organisation of walking movements in the 1st instar and adult stick insect (Carausius morosus)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-comparative-physiology_1972_81_1/page/23|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology|volume=81|pages=23–52|date=1972|doi=10.1007/BF00693548}}</ref><ref name="static-stability">{{Cite journal|title=Static stability predicts the continuum of interleg coordination patterns in Drosophila|journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=221|pages=jeb189142|date=November 2018|doi=10.1242/jeb.189142}}</ref><ref name="cockroach-walking">{{Cite journal|title=Interlimb Coordination During Slow Walking in the Cockroach: I. Effects of Substrate Alterations|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=78|pages=233–243|date=1979|doi=10.1242/jeb.78.1.233}}</ref> Naobserbaran an laen - laen na paglakaw nin gait na marikas an pag - eksister na depende sa nagpapadagos na kabtang nin mga relasyon.<ref name="stick-insect-walking" /><ref name="cockroach-walking" /> Dawa ngani an saindang paglakaw na mga gait dai nalalapa, an mga ini parati mahiwas na masirbe bilang man sarong metrikong alon na gait, tetrapod gait, o triod gait.<ref name="insect-walking">{{Cite journal|title=Insect Walking|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-entomology_1966_11/page/103|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=11|pages=103–122|date=1966|doi=10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.000535}}</ref> Sa sarong metrikong alon na gait, saro sanang tabay an nakadukot sa daga sa sarong panahon. An gait na ini nagpupuon sa saro sa mga huben na tabay, dangan minapromotir sa katahawan asin mga tabay sa atubangan bago magpuon sa higit na tabay kan parteng contralateral .<ref name="insect-walking">{{Cite journal|title=Insect Walking|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=11|issue=1|pages=103–122|date=1966|pmid=5321575|doi=10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.000535}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWilsonDonald1966">Wilson, Donald M (1966). [[doi:10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.000535|"Insect Walking"]]. ''Annual Review of Entomology''. '''11''' (1): 103–122. [[Doi (idenifier) |doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.000535|10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.000535]]</span>. [[PMID (idenfier) |PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5321575 5321575].</cite></ref> An gatak na gait parati ginagamit sa maluway na paglakaw asin iyo an pinakamakusog, ta limang tabay an pirming nakakadukot sa daga sa oras.<ref name="hughes1957">{{Cite journal|title=The Co-Ordination of Insect Movements|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-experimental-biology_1957-09_34_3/page/306|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=34|pages=306–333|date=1957|issue=3|doi=10.1242/jeb.34.3.306}}</ref> Sa sarong tranapod na gait, duwang tabay an naglangoy sa panahon mantang an apat pang tabay nagdadanay na nakadukot sa daga. Dakulun an koneksyon para sa mga tetrapod na mga gait, alagad an mga tabay na nag-iinog dapat na yaon sa mga gilid kan hawak .<ref name="insect-walking">{{Cite journal|title=Insect Walking|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=11|issue=1|pages=103–122|pmid=5321575|doi=10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.000535}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWilsonDonald1966">Wilson, Donald M (1966). [[doi:10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.000535|"Insect Walking"]]. ''Annual Review of Entomology''. '''11''' (1): 103–122. [[Doi (idenifier) |doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.000535|10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.000535]]</span>. [[PMID (idenfier) |PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5321575 5321575].</cite></ref> An mga tradisyunal na gait tipikal na ginagamit sa mga kasyahan na rikas asin sarig man na gayo.<ref name="static-stability">{{Cite journal|title=Static stability predicts the continuum of interleg coordination patterns in Drosophila|journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=221|issue=Pt 22|pages=jeb189142|pmid=30274987|doi=10.1242/jeb.189142}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSzczecinskiBockemühlChockleyBüschges2018">Szczecinski NS, Bockemühl T, Chockley AS, Büschges A (November 2018). [[doi:10.1242/jeb.189142|"Static stability predicts the continuum of interleg coordination patterns in Drosophila"]]. ''The Journal of Experimental Biology''. '''221''' (Pt 22): jeb189142. [[Doi (idenifier) |doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1242/jeb.189142|10.1242/jeb.189142]]</span>. [[PMID (idenfier) |PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30274987 30274987].</cite></ref> An paglakaw na gait pigkokonsiderar na bakla kun tolo sa mga tabay maglaog sa pakol na kabtang durungan, mantang an tolo pang tabay nakakadukot sa daga. An tahaw na tabay kan sarong gilid kaiyan may mga tabay sa likod kan parteng contralateral.<ref name="insect-walking" /> An mga oripyo kadaklan ginagamit sa halangkaw na rikas, minsan ngani iyan puedeng gamiton sa mas hababang rikas. An tradisyunal na gait bakong gayong pusog kisa sa mga garo alon asin mga tetrapod na mga gait, alagad ini an pinaka'alitoktok. Nangangahulogan ini na mas pasil para sa insekto na maomayan sa sarong sadit na kabtang kun may tangga - tangga kun naglalakaw sa mabiaheng gait. Importante an kakayahan na maghimate sa mga robot para sa mga insekto kun minabagtas sa bako nganing lugar.<ref name="static-stability" /> == Toltolan == {{Reflist|33em}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * {{Curlie|Sports/Walking}} {{Poon}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rkc5naah1w604p330b8z9we3j4uwmt2 0 36072 309568 309153 2026-08-23T20:13:26Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mutual affection between people}} [[Ladawan:Best_friends_(1934),_by_Romualdo_Locatelli.jpg|thumb|''Best Friends'' by Romualdo Locatelli (1934)]] An '''pagkakatood''' ([[Ingles]]: ''friendship'') sarong relasyon nin kapadangatan sa lambang saro sa pag-oltanan nin mga tawo. Friendship. Saro ining mas makusog na porma nin bugkos nin interpersonal kisa sa sarong "acquainance" o "association," arog kan sarong kaklase, kapwa, katrabaho. Sa nagkapirang kultura, an ideya nin pakikikatood limitado sa kadikit na hararom na marhay na relasyon; sa iba pa, arog kan U.S. asin Canada, an saro puwedeng magkaigwa nin dakul na amigo, pati na gayod nin mas makusog na relasyon sa saro o duwang tawo, na puwedeng apudon na marahay na mga amigo o pinakadayupot na mga amigo. Kaiba sa iba pang termino sa colloquial an mga hayop o Pinakamahusay na Katood Sagkod Lamang (BFFFs). Best Friends Forever. Minsan ngani igwa nin dakol na klase nin pakikikatood, an nagkapira kaiyan tibaad nagkakalaenlaen sa lambang lugar, an nagkapirang karakteristiko yaon sa dakol na siring na bogkos. Kaiba sa mga kabtang na iyan an pagpili na makaibanan an lambang saro, pag - ogma sa panahon na magkaibanan, asin pagigin may positibo asin mapagsuportar na kabtang sa lambang saro.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howes|first=Carollee|date=1983|title=Patterns of Friendship|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1129908|journal=Child Development|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1041–1053|doi=10.2307/1129908|issn=0009-3920}}</ref> Kun beses an mga katood namimidbid sa pamilya, arog kan sinasabi na "mga katood asin pamilya," asin kun beses sa mga mamomoton (e.g., "mga mamomoton asin katood"), minsan ngani an linya pano nin mga pakinabang sa mga katood. An lugar nin mga amiga sarong lugar kun sain may saro na limitado an limitasyon sa pagbangon pasiring sa pagigin mamumuton (hilingon man an kawaran nin pagkamuot). An pagkakatood pinag - adalan sa akademikong mga langtad, arog baga kan komunikasyon, sosyolohiya, sosyal na sikolohiya, antropolohiya, asin pilosopiya. komunikasyon. sociology. social psychology. anthropology. philosophy. Manlaenlaen na akademikong teoriya nin pagkakatood an isinuherir, kaiba an sosyal na pagrinibayan nin teoriya, equidad teoriya, mga dialektong may relasyon, asin mga estilo nin pakikiiba. syal na pagrinibayan nin teoriya. equality theory. realional dialectics. == Sikolohiya nin pag-uswag == === Pagkaaki === [[Ladawan:Childhood_friends_at_a_carnival.jpg|thumb|Hoben na mga katood sa pagkaaki]] An pakasabot sa pakikikatood sa mga aki may tendensiang magin mas konsentradong marhay sa mga lugar na arog baga kan ordinaryong mga aktibidad, pisikal na kaharanihan, asin konektadong mga linalaoman. An mga pagkakatood na ini nagtatao nin oportunidad sa pagkawat asin pagpraktis sa sadiri. 246 Kadaklan sa mga aki may tendensiang iladawan an pakikikatood kun dapit sa mga bagay na arog kan paghiras, asin an mga aki mas posibleng marhay na ihiras sa saro na ibinibilang nindang katood.: 246 Mantang nagdadakula an mga aki, sinda nagigin bakong gayong indibiduwal asin mas mapagrisa sa iba. Sarong tamboan ining artikulo patungkol sa mga tataramon na Austronesyo.<ref name="bremner">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-YGCwAAQBAJ|title=An Introduction to Developmental Psychology|last=Bremner|first=J. Gavin|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4051-8652-0|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="oxford">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m_D4NYVRI8C|title=The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Vol. 2: Self and Other|last=Zelazo|first=Philip David|date=2013|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-995847-4|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="oxford" /><ref name="Newman, B. M. 2012">Newman, B.M. & Newman, P.R. (2012). Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach. Stanford, CT.</ref> Nagkakaigwa sinda nin kakayahan na magkaigwa nin empatiya sa saindang mga katood, asin naoogmang magkawat nin grupo - grupo. Naeeksperyensiahan man ninda an paghabo nin mga kapantay mantang sinda naglalakaw sa amay na mga taon nin pagkaniaki. An pagkaigwa nin marahay na pagkakatood sa hoben na edad nakakatabang sa aki na magin mas marahay an pag - omaw sa sosyedad sa huri sa saindang buhay.<ref name="Newman, B. M. 2012" /> Basado sa mga report kan mga maestro asin ina, 75% kan mga aki sa preschool igwa nin kisuerra sarong katood. An pigurang ini nagtaas sa 78% sa paagi kan ikalimang grado, bilang sukol kan pag-iriba bilang mga katood, asin 55% igwang pinakadayupot na amigo.: 247, mga 15% nin mga aki an nanompongan na daing katood, na ibinabareta an mga peryodo na mayo nin mga katood na kisuerra anom na bulan. 250.fifth grado.<ref name="oxford"/><ref name="oxford" />  Kaiba sa posibleng mga pakinabang nin pagkakatood an oportunidad na makanood manongod sa empatiya asin problema. An pakikipag - olay sa mga magurang puedeng magin kapakipakinabang sa pagtabang sa mga aki na magkaigwa nin mga katood. Ilinaladawan ni Eilen Kennedy-Moore an tolong pangenot na sangkap kan pagkamagkatood nin mga aki: (1) pagigin bukas, (2) pagkakaagid, asin (3) pag - aling - aling. ⁇ Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini. Matatabangan man kan mga magurang an mga aki na masabotan an sosyal na mga giya na dai ninda nanodan nin solo.<ref>Elman, N.M. & Kennedy-Moore, E. (2003). The Unwritten Rules of Friendship: Simple Strategies to Help Your Child Make Friends. New York: Little, Brown.</ref> Ginagamit hale sa pagsiyasat ni Robert Selman asin iba pa, si Kennedy-Moore nagpahayag nin mga tangga nin pagtalubo sa pakikikatood nin mga aki, na nagpapaheling nin nag - oorog na kakayahan na masabotan an mga punto de vista nin iba: "Inda Idtong Sakong Dalan," "Ano Ta Sa Sako?," "Sa Paagi kan mga Pamamahala," "Caring and Shathering," asin "Mga Pagbabago Paagi sa Thing asin Tin."<ref>Selman, R.L. (1980). ''The Growth of Interpersonal Understanding: Developmental and Clinical Analyses''. Academic Press: New York.</ref> === Pagigin hoben === [[Ladawan:Bhutan,_Friends_-_Flickr_-_babasteve.jpg|thumb|Duwang magkatood sa Bhutan.]] Sa pagkahoben, an mga pagkakatood nagigin "orog na nagtatao, hiras, prangka, mapagsuportar, asin gikan sa boot." May tendensia an mga tin - edyer na hanapon an mga kaedad na puedeng magtao nin siring na mga kualidad sa sarong marahay na relasyon, asin likayan an mga kaedad na an bakong marahay na gawe - gawe nagsusuherir na tibaad dai ninda kayang panigoan an mga pangangaipong ini. An personal na mga karakteristiko asin ugale itinatampok man kan mga hoben, kun nagpipili kun siisay an makikipagkatood sa sainda. An mga relasyon nagpopoon na papagdanayon an pokus sa parehong mga prinsipyo sa buhay, kaimbodan, asin ordinaryong intereses, imbes na sa pisikal na mga interes na kaagid nin pagigin harani asin paggamit nin mga bagay na mas nagpapamidbid sa pagkaniaki.: 246 loyalty. <ref name="oxford"/>  An sarong pag - adal na ginibo sa Unibersidad nin Texas sa Australya siniyasat an labing 9,000 na hoben na Amerikano tanganing aramon kun paano an saindang pagkatratong pakasal sa problemang gawe - gawe (arog baga nin paghabon, pakikilaban, asin pagkaaburido) konektado sa saindang mga pakikikatood. University of Texas sa Australya Ipinarisa nin mga nadiskobre na an mga tin - edyer mas harayo an posibilidad na magkaigwa nin problema sa gawe - gawe kun marahay an ginigibo kan saindang mga katood sa eskuelahan, nakikikabtang sa mga aktibidad sa eskuelahan, linikayan an pag - inom, asin marahay an salud sa isip. Kabaliktaran an nanompongan mapadapit sa mga hoben na talagang may problema. Baga man an mga tin - edyer naimpluwensiahan kan saindang mga katood na gumibo nin problema an gawe - gawe depende sa kun gurano sinda nalantad sa mga katood na idto, asin kun baga sinda asin an saindang mga grupo nin pakikikatood "maygurang" sa eskuelahan.<ref>Crosnoe, R., & Needham, B. (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15015689 Holism, contextual variability, and the study of friendships in adolescent development]. [[University of Texas at Austin]].</ref> An pag - adal kan mga parasiyasat hale sa Unibersidad nin Purdue nakadiskobre na an mga pakikikatood mas haloy pa kisa sa mga pakikikatood na nabilog sa kapinonan. <ref>Sparks, Glenn (August 7, 2007). [http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007b/070807SparksFriendship.html Study shows what makes college buddies lifelong friends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407142440/https://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007b/070807SparksFriendship.html|date=2019-04-07}}. [[Purdue University]].</ref> Sa paghinanapos nin pagkahoben an mga pagkakatood may tendensiang magin bihira, posibleng huli sa prehuwisyo asin pagkakalaen sa kultura.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal}}</ref> === Pagkaadulto === [[Ladawan:3_barefoot_females_smiling_and_sitting_on_a_bench.jpg|thumb|Pakikikatood sa Pagkaadulto]] [[Ladawan:Jonathan_Lovingly_Taketh_His_Leave_of_David_by_Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld.jpg|thumb|Freundschaft zwischen Jonathan und David ni Julius Schur von Karolsfeld (1860), na nagtatradusir sa Ingles bilang Katood ni Jonathan asin David. Freundschaft zwischen Jonathan und David. Julius Schnor von Karolsfeld. Friendship sa pag - oltanan ni Jonathan asin David.]] [[Ladawan:Tudor_and_Delia_Summer_2015_coloured.JPG|thumb|Duwang katood bago magbilog nin retrato.]] An pakikikatood sa pagkaadulto nagtatao nin pakiibaiba, kapadangatan, saka emosyonal na suporta, asin positibong nakakokontribwir sa mental na karahayan asin mas marahay na pisikal na salud.  An mga nasa edad na tibaad partikularmenteng madepisilan na papagdanayon an makahulogan na pakikikatood sa pinagtatrabawohan. " An pinagtatrabawohan puedeng makapukaw nin kompetisyon, kaya an mga tawo nakakanood na itago an mga iriwal asin koro nin mga katrabaho. Parateng nagkakaigwa nin mga pakikikatood sa trabaho; Masakit sabihon kun saen matatapos an networking asin nagpoon an tunay na pagkaaramigo."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Alex|title=Friends of a Certain Age: Why Is It Hard To Make Friends Over 30?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/fashion/the-challenge-of-making-friends-as-an-adult.html?pagewanted=all}}</ref> An kadaklan na nasa edad na mas pinahahalagahan an pinansial na seguridad sa saindang trabaho kisa pakikikatood sa mga katrabaho. An mayoriya kan mga nasa edad na igwa nin promedyong duwang dayupot na katood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8876376/Most-adults-have-only-two-close-friends.html|title=Most adults have 'only two close friends'|date=November 8, 2011|last=Willis|first=Amy|work=The Telegraph|location=London}}</ref> An dakol na pag - adal sa mga nasa edad na nagsusuherir na an pakikikatood asin iba pang mapagsuportar na relasyon talagang nagpapaoswag sa sadiri.<ref name="www2.psych.purdue.edu">Berndt, T.J. (2002). [http://www2.psych.purdue.edu/~berndt/Friendship%20quality%20and%20social%20development.pdf Friendship Quality and Social Development]. American Psychological Society. [[Purdue University]].</ref> === Mas may edad nang mga adulto === An mas may edad nang mga adulto padagos na nagsasabi nin halangkaw na grado nin personal na satispaksion sa saindang pakikikatood mantang sinda nagkakaedad, kun paanong an kabilogan na bilang nin mga katood nagluluya. An satispaksion na ini konektado sa nadugangan na abilidad na mahaman an mga aktibidad sa pan - aroaldaw na buhay, siring man sa kadikit na pagluya nin kakayahan sa pagkoordinar, pag - ina sa mga kaso nin pag - ospital, asin mas marahay na mga resulta na konektado sa pagrehabilitar.: 427 An bilang nin ibinaretang mga katood sa huring kabtang nin buhay tibaad huli sa nag - oorog na kagayonan, mas marahay na pagtaram asin pagheling, asin pagigin may agom: 53 An pagruro kan bilang nin mga katood nin sarong indibiduwal mantang sinda naggugurang ipinaliwanag kan Socioemotional Selecty ni Carstensen, na naglaladawan nin pagbabago sa motibasyon na naeeksperyensiahan kan mga nasa edad na kun sinda nag-aaraki. Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini.<ref name="enc">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgS29D0Mr4gC|title=The Encyclopedia of Aging: Fourth Edition, 2-Volume Set|last=Schulz|first=Richard|date=2006|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-8261-4844-5|access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGs5DQAAQBAJ|title=Adult Friendship|last=Blieszner|first=Rosemary|last2=Adams|first2=Rebecca G.|date=1992|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-8039-3673-7|access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref> Sinasabi kan teoriya na an pag - oswag sa edad namimidbid sa pagbalyo nin impormasyon pasiring sa emosyonal na pagbabago; Tanganing mapagdanay an positibong mga emosyon, linilimitaran kan gurang nang mga adulto an saindang sosyal na mga grupo sa mga kapareho ninda sa emosyonal na bogkos. Siring kan sinabi nin sarong repaso:<blockquote>An pagsiyasat sa laog kan nakaaging apat na dekada daing liwat - liwat na nakadiskobre ngonyan na an gurang nang mga nasa edad na kan pinakahalangkaw na grado nin kaogmahan asin pankagabsan marahay man an report na makosog, dayupot na relasyon sa dakol na katood.<ref name="brain">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwxrMe5Fo6QC|title=Brain Health and Optimal Engagement for Older Adults|last=Nussbaum|first=Jon F.|last2=Federowicz|first2=Molly|last3=Nussbaum|first3=Paul D.|publisher=Editorial Aresta S.C.|year=2010|isbn=978-84-937440-0-7|access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref></blockquote>Mantang naiinaan an mga paninimbagan sa pamilya asin pan - akit, an pagkakatood nagigin mas mahalaga. Sa tahaw kan mga may edad na, an pagkakatood puedeng magtao nin koneksion sa mas dakulang komunidad, magserbing nagpoprotehir na bagay tumang sa depresyon asin kapungawan, asin hipnoan an potensial na mga kapierdihan sa sosyal na pagsuportar na itinao kaidto kan mga miembro nin pamilya.: 32-33 nangorogna para sa mga tawo na dai puedeng lumuwas nin parate, an interaksion sa mga katood nagtotogot para sa padagos na pag - interbenir sa sosyedad.<ref name="yearbook">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8mMAgAAQBAJ|title=Communication Yearbook 19|last=Burleson|first=Brant R.|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-415-87317-8|access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref> Dugang pa, an gurang nang mga nasa edad na sa nagluluyang salud na nagdadanay na harani sa mga katood nagpapaheling nin mas marahay na sikolohiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Exploring-Lifespan-Development-3E/9780205957385.page|title=Pearson – Exploring Lifespan Development, 3/E|last=Laura E. Berk|year=2014|isbn=978-0-205-95738-5|page=696}}</ref> == Mga hapot sa pag-uswag == === Atention deficit hyperaktibidad === An mga aki na may pag - atentong diperensia sa trabaho (ADHD) tibaad nadedepisilan na magkaigwa asin magpadanay nin mga pakikikatood, huli sa limitadong abilidad na makapatalubo nin sosyal na mga abilidad paagi sa pag - adal sa obserbasyon, mga kadepisilan na nag - aasikaso sa sosyal na mga problema, asin huli sa sosyal na mga epekto nin nakakaraot na gawe - gawe asin mas makosog na tendensia na gumibo nin gawe - gawe na tibaad ibinibilang na nakararaot kan saindang mga kaedad. <ref name="hoza" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wiener|first=Judith|title=A multisource exploration of the friendship patterns of children with and without learning disabilities|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11369370|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref> Sa sarong pagrepaso kan 2007, mayong binibistong pagbulong na epektibong nakikipag-ulay sa mga kaakian sa ADHD, asin an mga pagbulong na mapanungod sa ibang aspekto kan diringkilan dai nakuang mahali an mga isyung konektado sa trabaho nin mga kapantay.<ref name="hoza">{{Cite journal|last=Hoza|first=Betsy|title=Peer Functioning in Children With ADHD}}</ref> === Autismo === An nagkapirang sintomas nin mga helang sa auto puedeng makaolang sa pagkaigwa nin relasyon sa lambang saro, arog baga kan gusto nin rutinang mga gibo, pagsayuma na magbago, mabangkag sa partikular na mga pinagkakainteresan o ritual, asin kadaihan nin abilidad sa sosyedad. autism spectrum. An autistikong mga aki nanompongan na mas posibleng magin dayupot na katood nin sarong tawo, imbes na magkaigwa nin mga grupo nin katood. Dugang pa, mas posibleng marhay na sinda magin dayupot na katood nin ibang mga aki na may pagkabaldado.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bauminger|last7=Rogers|doi=10.1007/s10802-007-9156-x|pages=135–50|issue=2|volume=36|date=3 January 2008|journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology|title=Children with Autism and Their Friends: A Multidimensional Study of Friendship in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-abnormal-child-psychology_2008-02_36_2/page/135|first7=Sally J.|first6=John|first1=Nirit|last6=Brown|first5=Lilach|last5=Gazit|first4=Kelly|last4=Heung|first3=Anat|last3=Aviezer|first2=Marjorie|last2=Solomon|pmid=18172754}}</ref> An pakamate nin dayupot na relasyon nin magurang nakatatabang sa kualidad nin pakikikatood sa mga aki na may mga problema sa auto; An pakamate nin pagkadayupot sa mga magurang nakakahipno sa kadaihan nin abilidad sa sosyedad na sa parate makararaot sa mga pakikikatood.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bauminger|first1=Nirit|last2=Solomon|first2=Marjorie|last3=Rogers|first3=Sally J.|title=Predicting Friendship Quality in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typical Development|journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders|date=29 December 2009|volume=40|issue=6|pages=751–61|doi=10.1007/s10803-009-0928-8|pmid=20039110}}</ref> Ipinaheling nin sarong pag - adal na ginibo ni Frankel et al. na an pag - interbenir asin pagtotokdo nin magurang may mahalagang kabtang sa siring na mga aki na nagpapatalubo nin pakikikatood.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frankel|first=Fred|title=A Randomized Controlled Study of Parent-assisted Children's Friendship Training with Children having Autism Spectrum Disorders|date=8 January 2010}}</ref> Kaiba kan pag - interbenir nin mga magurang, an mga propesyonal sa eskuelahan igwa nin mahalagang kabtang sa pagtotokdo nin mga abilidad sa sosyedad asin interaksion nin mga kaedad. An mga parapropressional, espisipikong saro-sarong pantabang asin tabang kan klase, parati pigbubugtak sa mga aki na may mga spectrum na diringkilan tangani na magin pasil an pagkakatood asin giyahan an aki sa paggibo asin pagpadanay nin awad - awad na pagkakatood.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rossetti|first=Zachary|title=Paraeducators' Roles in Facilitating Friendships Between Secondary Students With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders or Developmental Disabilities|date=July–August 2010}}</ref> Minsan ngani an mga leksion asin pagsasanay puedeng makatabang sa mga kaedad nin mga aki na may autismo, an pagdaogdaog mahalaga pa man giraray sa sosyal na mga situwasyon. Segun ki Anahad O'Konorno kan The New York Times, an pagdaogdaog posibleng marhay na mangyari tumang sa mga aki na may mga spectrum na helang na may pinakadakulang potensial na mamuhay nin independiente. An siring na mga aki mas namemeligro huli ta igwa sinda nin dakol na ritual asin kadaihan nin abilidad sa sosyedad bilang mga aki na mas risang marhay an pag - aati, alagad mas posibleng marhay na mas maoswag sinda sa eskuelahan. Mas dipisil para sa mga aki na mag - atender sa social cues, kaya tibaad dai pirming mabisto kun sinda takuton.<ref>{{Cite news|last=O'Connor|first=Anahad|title=School Bullies Prey on Children With Autism|url=http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/03/school-bullies-prey-on-children-with-autism/}}</ref> === Down syndrome === An mga aki na may Down syndrome orog na nadepisilan na makikatood. Down syndrome Nakakaeksperyensia sinda nin pagkaatraso sa lenguahe na nagpangyari sa sainda na magkaigwa nin mas masakit na panahon sa pagkawat sa ibang mga aki. An kadaklan na aki na may Down syndrome tibaad mas gustong magdalan sa ibang estudyante asin magkawat sa kataed nin sarong katood alagad bakong kaiba ninda, sa kadaklan huli ta mas nasasabotan ninda an labi sa kaya nindang ipahayag sa luwas. alongside.Sa mga taon bago mag - eskuela, an mga aki na may Down syndrome puedeng makinabang sa kamugtakan kan klase, na napapalibotan nin ibang aki asin dikit an pagsarig sa nasa edad nang tabang. An mga aki na igwa kan diperensiang ini nakikinabang sa laen - laen na interaksion kapwa sa mga adulto asin aki. Sa eskuelahan, an pagkaigwa nin komplikadong mga kamugtakan sa kuarto kan klase puedeng magin depisil, alagad an pagigin harani sa dayupot na mga katood puedeng magin importante para sa sosyal na pag - oswag.<ref>"Recreation & Friendship." Recreation & Friendship – National Down Syndrome Society. n.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2016.</ref><ref> "Social Development for Individuals with Down Syndrome – An Overview." Information about Down Syndrome. Down Syndrome Education International, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2016.</ref> == Salud == Nanompongan nin mga pagsiyasat na an makosog na sosyal na mga pagsuportar nagpapaoswag sa mga oportunidad nin saro para sa marahay na salud asin halawig na buhay. Sa kabaliktaran, an kapungawan asin kadaihan nin sosyal na suporta konektado sa nag - oorog na peligro nin helang sa puso, mga impeksion sa virus, asin kanser, saka an mas halangkaw na bilang nin nagagadan sa kabilogan. art disease. Duwang parasiyasat an nag - apod pa ngani nin mga network nin pakikikatood na sarong "behavioral vaccine" na nagpapakosog kapwa sa pisikal asin mental na salud. vaccine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387368986|title=Low-Cost Approaches to Promote Physical and Mental Health: Theory, Research, and Practice|last=|first=|date=2007|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-0-387-36898-6|editor-last=L'Abate|editor-first=Luciano|location=New York|pages=455–472|language=en}}</ref> Kadakol kan pagsiyasat na ikinokonektar an pagkakatood asin salud, alagad an eksaktong mga dahelan kan koneksion kaiyan nagdadanay na bakong malinaw. An kadaklan sa mga pag - adal sa lugar na ini iyo an darakulang posibilidad nin mga pag - adal na makakasunod sa mga tawo sa pag - agi nin panahon, asin mantang tibaad may pagkabanggaan sa pag - oltanan kan duwang pagkakalaen (pagkaamigo asin kamugtakan nin salud), dai pa man giraray aram kan mga parasiyasat kun igwa nin dahelan asin epekto an relasyon, arog baga kan ideya na an marahay na pagkakatood talagang nagrarahay sa salud. Dakol na teoriya an nagprobar na ipaliwanag an koneksion na ini. Kaiba sa mga teoriyang ini na an marahay na mga katood dinadagka an saindang mga katood na magkaigwa nin mas marahay na pamumuhay; An marahay na mga katood na iyan nagdadagka sa saindang mga katood na humagad nin tabang asin paglaog sa mga serbisyo kun kaipuhan; na pinapaoswag kan marahay na mga katood an kakayahan kan saindang mga katood sa pag - atubang sa helang asin iba pang problema sa salud; asin na an marahay na mga katood aktuwal na nakakaapektar sa pisyolohikong mga dalan na nagpoprotehir sa salud.<ref>Social networks and health: It's time for an intervention trial. 2005. Jorm, Anthony F. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. Vol 59(7) Jul 2005, 537–38.</ref> === Marahay na salud === An kawaran nin pagkakatood nanompongan na may kabtang sa nag - oorog na peligro nin dikit na ideya sa tahaw nin mga tin - edyer na babae, kaiba an pagkaigwa nin mas dakol na katood na bako man mismong magkatood. Minsan siring, mayo nin kaagid na epekto na naobserbaran para sa mga lalaki.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Suicide and Friendships Among American Adolescents}}</ref> An pagkaigwa nin dikit o mayo nin katood sarong mayor na senyal sa diagnosis nin laen - laen na helang sa isip.<ref name="reisman">{{Cite journal|title=Friendship and its Implications for Mental Health or Social Competence}}</ref> An mas halangkaw na kuwalidad nin pagkakatood direktang nakakokontribwir sa sadiri, kompiansa sa sadiri, asin sosyal na pagtalubo.<ref name="www2.psych.purdue.edu"/> Naaraman nin sarong pag - adal sa Bibliya na mas maugma an mga tawo na may haraning mga amigo, dawa ngani dai nagin mas maugma an eksaktong bilang nin mga amigo. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23097143|work=BBC News|title=Can we make ourselves happier?|date=1 July 2013}}</ref> An iba pang pag - adal nagsuherir na an mga aki na may halangkaw na kualidad puedeng protehiran tumang sa pagtalubo nin nagkapirang diperensia, arog baga kan kahaditan asin depresyon. Sa kabaliktaran, an pagkaigwa nin nagkapirang katood konektado sa paghale sa eskuelahan, siring man sa karingisan, asin krimen nin mga adulto.: An 500 Peer na pagsikwal kaayon man sa mas hababang pag-alaman sa trabaho, asin partisipasyon sa mga sosyal na aktibidad, mantang an mas halangkaw na lebel nin pakiki-amigo kaayon sa mas halangkaw na sa edad na eternal na sadiri.: Kinua 500-01-01. ⁇ Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini.<ref name="bremner"/><ref name="bremner" />  == Pagsuway == An pagkaraot nin pagkakatood puedeng mansayon bilang personal na pagsikwal, o tibaad resulta nin natural na mga pagbabago sa paglihis nin panahon, mantang an mga katood nagigin mas harayo kapwa sa pisikal asin emosyonal. An pagkaraot nin pagkakatood konektado sa orog pang pakamate nin kasalan, kaanggotan asin depresyon, asin tibaad nagtatao nin tension na marhay na mga pangyayari, nangorogna kan aki pa. per. Minsan siring, puedeng mainaan an posibleng negatibong mga epekto kun an pagkaraot nin pagkakatood salidahan nin saro pang dayupot na relasyon. <ref name="oxford"/>  == Mga demograpo == An mga magkatood may tendensiang magin mas kaagid kan lambang saro kun dapit sa edad, sekso, gawe - gawe, pag - abuso sa droga, personal na disposisyon, asin akademikong pasale: 248 : 426 : 55-56 Sa mga nasyon na etniko laen-laen, may mahiwas na ebidensya na an mga kaakian asin mga barobata may tendensyang magporma nin pakikikatood sa iba pa man na rasa o etniko, magpoon sa preschool, asin pinakahalangkaw sa katangaan o huring parte kan pagkaaki.Sarong klase nin pagmaltrato. <ref name="oxford" /><ref name="enc"/><ref name="brain"/><ref name="oxford"/>  === Mga pagkakalaen sa Gender === Sa pankagabsan, an relasyon nin mga babae sa mga aki may tendensiang magkonsentrar sa mga koneksion sa lambang saro asin sa pagsuportar kan lambang saro. Sa kabaliktaran, an interaksion na lalaki-male mas nakapokus sa kamugtakan sa sosyedad. Bilang resulta, tibaad aktibo nindang dinedesganar an kapahayagan nin emosyonal na mga pangangaipo.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yLl11fWXr8C|title=Developmental Psychology: A Student's Handbook|last=Harris|first=Margaret|date=2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-84169-192-3|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>  An mgatiko nagbabareta nin mas dakol na kahaditan, pag - imon, asin pagkabiktima na konektadong marhay sa saindang mga pakikikatood. Sa ibong na lado, an mga lalaki nagbabareta nin mas halangkaw na grado nin pisikal na pagkabiktima. Minsan siring, an mga lalaki asin babae may tendensiang magreport nin limitadong satispaksion sa saindang pakikikatood.<ref name="oxford"/>  An mga babae may tendensiang magin mas sayod asin dayupot sa saindang parehong mga amigo asin mas dikit an mga amigo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Culture and Gender Differences in the Perception of Friendship by Adolescents|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/002075996401089}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVerkuyten1996">Verkuyten, Maykel (1996-10-01). [[doi:10.1080/002075996401089|"Culture and Gender Differences in the Perception of Friendship by Adolescents"]]. ''International Journal of Psychology''. '''31''' (5): 207–217. [[Doi (idenifier) |doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/002075996401089|10.1080/002075996401089]]. [[ISSN (idenifier) |ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7594 0020-7594].</cite></ref> An mga lalaki mas posibleng magtao nin kahulogan sa kadayupotan kun dapit sa magkaparehong pisikal na mga eksperyensia. Sa kabaliktaran, an mga babae mas posibleng tawan nin kahulogan iyan sa pararehong emosyonal na mga babae. An mga lalaki mas dikit an posibilidad na gumibo nin emosyonal o personal na mga kapahayagan sa ibang lalaki huli ta puede nindang gamiton an impormasyon na ini tumang sa sainda. Minsan siring, ihahayag ninda an impormasyon na ini sa mga babae (na bako man sindang kakompetensia ninda), asin may tendensia an mga lalaki na ibilang an pakikikatood sa mga babae na mas makahulogan, dayupot, asin nakaoogma. An mga mag-aramigo sa pangkagabsan mas arog sa mga pag'iriba, mantang an mga relasyon na babae-babae mas marhay an relasyon igdi. Bilang resulta, ini nangangahulogan man na an katapusan kan mga pagkakatood na lalaki-male may tendensiang magin bakong gayong nakakaaburido sa emosyon kisa kan sa mga pakikikatood na babae.<ref>Campbell, Anne. A mind of her own: The evolutionary psychology of women. OUP Oxford, 2013, pp.108-110</ref><ref>David-Barrett, Tamas, Anna Rotkirch, James Carney, Isabel Behncke Izquierdo, Jaimie A. Krems, Dylan Townley, Elinor McDaniell, Anna Byrne-Smith, and Robin IM Dunbar. "Women favour dyadic relationships, but men prefer clubs: cross-cultural evidence from social networking." PLOS ONE 10, no. 3 (2015): e0118329.</ref> An mga babae may tendensiang magin mas eksperto sa sosyedad kisa mga kaedad nindang lalaki sa tahaw nin gurang nang mga adulto. Bilang resulta, an dakol na gurang na lalaki tibaad magsarig sa sarong babaeng kaibaiba, arog baga nin agom, na magbayad para sa saindang medyo kakulangan nin abilidad sa sosyedad.: Naaraman nin sarong pagsiyasat na an mga babayi sa Europa asin Amerika del Norte mas posibleng marhay kisa sa mga lalaki na magbareta na igwa sinda nin pinakadayupot na amigo. Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini.<ref name="brain"/> === Kultura === Arin na relasyon an ibinibilang na tunay na pagkakatood, imbes na sarong kamidbid o komedyante, laen - laen an kultura. Sa mga kulturang Ingles-taramon, bako pang pambihira na iiba kan mga tawo an mas maluyang relasyon bilang mga katood. Sa ibang kultura, arog kan kulturang Ruso asin Polish, an pinakamahalaga sanang relasyon ibinibilang na magkatood. Ang Ruso pwedeng magkaigwa nin saro o duwang amigo pati kadakol na mga "pal" o mga kabisto; Puedeng ibilang nin sarong taga Canada na katood an gabos na relasyon na ini.<ref name=":1" /> Sa mga kultura sa Solnopan, an pagkakatood parateng ibinibilang na mas bakong gayong mahalaga o romantikong mga kultura. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tillmann-Healy|first=Lisa M.|date=2003-10-01|title=Friendship as Method|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403254894|journal=Qualitative Inquiry|language=en|volume=9|issue=5|pages=729–749|doi=10.1177/1077800403254894|issn=1077-8004}}</ref> Kan tinotokar an mga taktika nin pagkakatood na nadiskobre na an mga hinapot na Intsik nakanompong nin labi pa sa mga kapareho ninda sa Britania. == Mga interes == [[Ladawan:CUTE_FRIENDSHIP.JPG|thumb|An sarong lalaki na may lalagan nin mga palmang Indian na kquirel, (Funambulus palbarum). Indian an palmang kquirel. Funambulus palmarum]] An pakikikatood manonompongan sa mga hayop na mas halangkaw an intelihensia, arog baga nin mas halangkaw na mga mammal asin nagkapirang gamgam. mammals. birds. Lakop an mga pag - aramigo sa pag - oltanan nin mga tawo asin magarong mga hayop. Puede man na mangyari an mga pagkakatood sa pag - oltanan nin duwang hayop na bakong tawo, arog baga nin mga ayam asin ikos. == Mga nota == {{Notelist}} == Reperensya == {{Reflist}} == Iba pang babasahon == * {{Cite book|title=The Friend|url=https://archive.org/details/friend0000bray|last=Bray, Alan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-226-07181-7|location=Chicago|author-link=Alan Bray}} * {{Cite book|title=Laelius de Amicitia|title-link=Laelius de Amicitia|last=Cicero|first=Marcus Tullius}} * {{Cite book|title=Essays: First Series|last=Emerson|first=Ralph Waldo|year=1841|chapter=Friendship|access-date=18 August 2013|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Essays:_First_Series/Friendship}} * Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods, "Sur na Pag - oswag kan Katood: An natural na pagpili para sa mga ugaleng hipersocial nagpangyari sa mga klase nin apyan sa Daga na magin pinakamarahay na Neandertal asin iba pang mga kampyon," Scientific American, vol. 323, dai. 2 (Agosto 2020), pp. 58-63. Brian Hare. Vanessa Woods. Scientific American. * {{Cite book|title=The Ways of Friendship|last=Lepp, Ignace|publisher=The Macmillan Company|year=1966|location=New York|author-link=Ignace Lepp}} * {{Cite book|title=Orientalism|last=Said, Edward|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1979|isbn=978-0-394-74067-6|location=US|author-link=Edward Said}} * {{Cite book|title=A Talent for Friendship: Rediscovery of a Remarkable Trait|url=https://archive.org/details/talentforfriends0000terr|last=Terrell|first=John Edward|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0199386451}} == Mga panluwas na mga takod == * {{Commons category-inline|Friends}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003hyd3 BBC Radio 4 na serye "Sa Satong Panahon," sa Pagkakatood, 2 Marso 2006. Friendship] * Pakikiamigo sa Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Friendship. Stanford Encyclopedia of Pilosopiya {{Saringsing}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lddjacd91ugqc1x30khm69rrn7e3lzt 0 36080 309522 288665 2026-08-23T19:37:25Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lantara Camara.jpg|thumb|Lantara Camara]] {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |''Lantana camara''<ref name="Munir1996"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMunir_A1996"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="320">Munir A (1996). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="321">"A taxonomic review of Lantana camara L. and L. montevidensis (Spreng.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="322">) Briq. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="323">(Verbenaceae) in Australia". </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="324">''Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens''. '''17''': 1–27.</span></cite></ref> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" | |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" |Flowers and leaves |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" ! colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[Conservation status]]</div> |- | colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[File:Status_TNC_G5.svg|link=|alt=|daing kwadro]]<br /><br /><br /><br />Secure <small>&nbsp;([[NatureServe conservation status|NatureServe]])<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.160880/Lantana_camara "NatureServe Explorer"].</cite></ref></small></div> |- ! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;">[[File:Red_Pencil_Icon.png|link=Template:Taxonomy/Lantana| edit ]]</span> |- |Kingdom: |[[Plant|Plantae]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Vascular plant|Tracheophytes]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Eudicots]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Asterids]] |- |Order: |[[Lamiales]] |- |Family: |[[Verbenaceae]] |- |Genus: |''[[Lantana]]'' |- |Species: |<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''L.&nbsp;camara'''''</div> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Lantana camara''</span>'''<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</div> |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" | |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" |Global distribution of ''Lantana camara'' |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left" | ''Lantana aculeata'' <small>L.</small><ref name="npgs"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=410251 "Lantana aculeta L."] U.S National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS)<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref> ''Camara vulgaris''<ref name="GISD"/> |} [[Kategorya:Articles with 'species' microformats]] [[Ladawan:Lantara Camara.jpg|thumb|''Lantana camara'']] An '''''Lantana camara''''' ('''common lantana''''')'' sarong klaseng tinanom na nagkakahoy sa laog kan pamilyang berba (Verbenaceae), tubo sa Amerikang tropics. Lansana camara. common lantana. verbena. Verbenaceae. Iyan sarong madaling makibagay na klase, na puedeng mag - istar sa laen - laen na sistema nin ekolohiya; Oras na ikaintrodusir iyan sa sarong istaran iyan marikas na naglalakop; Sa pag'oltan kan 45N asin 45os asin sobra sa 1400 sa altitud. Naglakop na iyan hale sa propiong Amerika Sentral asin del Sur sagkod sa mga 50 nasyon, kun saen iyan nagin nang abundang klase nin klase.<ref name="Day">{{Cite book|url=http://aciar.gov.au/publication/mn102|title=Lantana: current management status and future prospects|last=Day|first=M. D.|date=December 24, 2003|publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research|isbn=978-1863203753|access-date=March 24, 2014}}</ref> Enot iyan nakalakop sa Amerika kan iyan darahon sa Europa kan mga eksplorador na Holandes asin nakultibar nin dakol pa, dai nahaloy luminakop pa sa Asia asin Oceanya kun saen iyan naestablisar bilang bantog na doot, asin sa Goa iyan iinintrodusir kan mga Portugues. Europe. Asia.<ref name="Ghisalberti2000" /> An L. camara puedeng magluwas sa propiong mga klase, na nagbunga nin pagreprodusir sa biodiversidad. L. camara. biodivity Puwede man ining magkawsa nin mga problema kun ini minasakyada sa mga agrikultural na lugar bilang resulta kan pagkaburat kaini sa mga ataman na hayop, siring man an abilidad kaini na magporma nin mga mahibogon na kahi'ban na, kun dai pinapabayaan, pwedeng gayo an paghaman nin oma. == Mga ngaran == Kaiba sa iba pang komun na ngaran kan L. camara an banderang Espanyol, darakulang-sanga (Malaysia), Pupush (West Bengal), layas na ngaran, mapula-sage, puti-sage (Caribbean), korsu wiri o korsoe wiri (Suriname), tickberry (Suuth Africa), Kashi Kothan (Maldives), West Indian lantana, zanterna, asin Guholi, Thoire asin Taruire sa Pipur.<ref name="Cronk">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y60B--a5j6gC|title=Plant Invaders: The Threat to Natural Ecosystems|last=Quentin C. B. Cronk, Janice L. Fuller|publisher=Springer|year=1995|isbn=978-0-412-48380-6|location=[[Kew Gardens|Royal Botanic Gardens]], Kew}}</ref> == Deskripsiyon == [[Ladawan:Lantana_camara_05_ies.jpg| alt=Mature fruits of ''Lantana camara''|wala|thumb| Mature fruits of ''Lantana camara'']] An Lantau camara sarong perennial, tindog sprawing o scandent, srub na tipikal na nagtutubo sa mga 2 metros an langkaw asin porma nin mahibogon na mga karit sa laen - laen na palibot. Lancana camara. perennial. scandent. Pero sa tamang mga kondisyon, pwede ining magsuwi sa mga kahoy asin pwedeng magdakula abot 6 metro an langkaw.<ref>[https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/weeds-australia/profile/Lantana%20camara#:~:text=Lantana%20(Lantana%20camara)%20is%20a,grow%20to%206%20metres%20high. Lantana camara L. ] WEEDS AUSTRALIA - PROFILES. </ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=O.P.|year=1981|title=A Review of the Toxicity of Lantana camara (Linn) in Animals|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-toxicology_1981-09_18_9/page/1077|journal=Clinical Toxicology|volume=18|issue=9|pages=1077–1094|doi=10.3109/15563658108990337|pmid=7032835}}</ref> Huli sa mahiwas na mapamiling pag - ataman sa bilog na ika - 17 asin ika - 18 siglo tanganing gamiton bilang ornamental na tinanom, dakol na ngonyan an laen - laen na L. camara cultivar.<ref name="GISD"/> [[Ladawan:Lantana_camara_qtl1.jpg|too|thumb| Pink-coured L. camara]] An mga dahon halakbang an ogbos dahon, magkabaliktad, asin simple saka may makusog na obod kun rinurunot.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rosacia, W. Z.|year=2004|title=Lantana and Hagonoy: Poisonous weeds prominent in rangeland and grassland areas|journal=Research Information Series on Ecosystems|volume=16|issue=2|url=http://erdb.denr.gov.ph/publications/rise/r_v16n2.pdf|access-date=July 27, 2011|archivedate=March 23, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323155133/http://erdb.denr.gov.ph/publications/rise/r_v16n2.pdf}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Lantana_camara_2997.jpg|thumb|Orang-flower L. camara]] An L. camara may saradit na butular na burak na korteng burak, na an kada saro igwa nin apat na petals asin iniareglo sa mga cluster sa mga kapangkilan. L. camara. flowers. petls. An mga burak naabot sa dakul na iba-ibang kolor, kaiba na diyan an pula, laya, puti, rosa asin oring, na iba-iba depende sa lokasyon sa mga infraestruktura, edad, asin pagkamaygurang.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MOHAN RAM|first=H.Y.|year=1984|title=Flower Colour Changes in ''Lantana camara''|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=35|issue=11|pages=1656–1662|doi=10.1093/jxb/35.11.1656}}</ref> An burak may tutting futti parong na may kupsitan. tutti futti. Pakapolinisar, an kolor kan mga burak nahira (tipikal na hale sa kayumanggihon pasiring sa ongish, rosaw, o mapula); Ini tinutubod na sarong senyal sa mga pollinator na an kolor pre-chang igwa nin balos siring man an pagigin mabios sa sekso, sa siring nag - oorog na tibay sa polusyon. pollination. pollinadors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weiss|first=Martha. R.|year=1990|title=FLORAL COLOR CHANGES AS CUES FOR POLLINATORS}}</ref> Sa frost-free klima an tinanom pwede magburak bilog na taon, orog na kun an daga moist. soil was moist.<ref>[http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/256472/Lantana.pdf Lantana] Rod Ensbey, Regional Weed Control Coordinator, Grafton. </ref> Igwa nin limang mayor na burak an kolor variety kan L. camara sa Australia: L. camara<ref>[https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/60376/IPA-Lantana-Flowers-Id-Guide.pdf Identification Guide: Lantana flowers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408161538/https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/60376/IPA-Lantana-Flowers-Id-Guide.pdf |date=2024-04-08 }} Lantana – A Weed of National Significance (www.nrm.qld.gov.au).</ref> * Pink - Bud: pintok; Sa Tahaw na rawitdawit: Magbuka ka na may mairom na mga petal; Sa luwas na rawitdawit: oringan nin mairom o madiklom na mga petal. Pink. petls * White - Bud: An acham an kolor; Sa Tahaw na rawitdawit: Magbuka na may maliwanag na mga petal; Sa luwas na rawitdawit: oro-init o la'bas na pagbukas kan mga lilac petal. * Pinirilian na Pula - Bud: Magkagat nin pulang sili; Sa Tahaw na rawitdawit: Pangandaman nin liwanag lang sa mga oring petal; Sa luwas na rawitdawit: oring na igwa nin duwang tal na pulang petal. Pink-edged Red * Pulang - Bud: dugo na pula; Sa Tahaw na rawitdawit: Magbukas nin kayumangging petal; Sa luwas na rawitdawit: pulang kahawakan na igwang pulang petal. Red. * Orang - Bud: oring; Sa Tahaw na rawitdawit: Mag-ati sa oring pag-ibig, mga kayumangging petal; Sa luwas na rawitdawit: sa mga orange petal. === Bunga === An bunga nin L. camara sarong bunga na garo durukot na drupe na nagikan sa berde pasiring sa maitom na lila kun maygurang na. L. camara An mga prutas na daing pagtubod dai puedeng pareho nin mga tawo asin hayop. Huli sa mahibog na mga pahina nin matagas na mga rikpik sa saindang habayan, an pagtalubo kaiyan puedeng magresulta sa grabeng danyos sa nakatutunaw na pulyeto. Pareho iyan nangyayari. Naabot 12,000 na prutas an pwedeng bunga kan lambang tinanom na kinakakan kaidto kan mga gamgam asin iba pang hayop na pwedeng magpalakop kan mga pisog sa hararayong lugar, na nakakahale kan paglakop kan L. camara. == Pagdistribwir == [[Ladawan:Antillean_crested_hummingbird_feeding.jpg| alt=Hummingbird feeding from ''Lantana camara'' flower in Dominica.|wala|thumb| [[Antillean crested hummingbird]] feeding from ''L. camara'']] An katutubong syudad kan Lantau camara iyo an Sentral asin Sur Amerika; Minsan siring, iyan nagin natural sa mga 60 tropikal asin subtropikal na nasyon sa bilog na kinaban. Iyan manonompongan nin parate sa sirangan asin timog na Aprika, kun saen iyan nangyayari sa altitud na hababa pa sa 2000 metros, asin parateng lakop sa dati nariribok na mga lugar arog baga kan binalogong mga kadlagan asin lugar na hinale para sa agrikultura. Naglakop man an L. camara sa mga lugar sa Aprika, Timog Europa, arog kan España asin Portugal, asin siring man an Tahaw na Sirangan, India, tropikong Asia, Australia, New Zealand, asin US, saka dakol na isla sa Atlantiko, Pasipiko asin Dagat Indio. L. camara.<ref name="Thaman">{{Cite journal|last=Thaman|first=R. R.|year=2006|title=Lantana camara: its introduction, dispersal and impact on islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean|journal=Micronesia Journal of the University of Guam|volume=10|pages=17–39}}</ref> Iyan nagin mahalagang doot sa Sri Lanka pakadulag sa mga hardin nin Royal Botanico kan 1926. Royal Botanicong mga hardin<ref name="fao">{{Cite journal|title=Forest Invasive Species: Country Report}}</ref><ref>S. Ranwala, B. Marambe, S. Wijesundara, P. Silva, D. Weerakoon, N. Atapattu, J. Gunawardena, L. Manawadu, G. Gamage, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257964465_Post-entry_risk_assessment_of_invasive_alien_flora_of_Sri_Lanka_-_present_status_gap_analysis_and_the_most_troublesome_alien_invaders Post-entry risk assessment of invasive alien flora in Sri Lanka-present status, GAP analysis, and the most troublesome alien invaders], ''Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research'', Special Issue, October, 2012: 863-871.</ref> Pigbisto ini sa Filipinas gikan sa Hawaii bilang parte kan programa nin pagriribay kan Estados Unidos asin Filipinas; Minsan siring, iyan nakadulag asin nagin natural sa mga isla.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Forest Invasive Species: Country Report|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/ae944e/ae944e02.pdf|access-date=March 23, 2014}}</ref> Ipinabisto man iyan sa bilog na timog na US, poon California sagkod North Carolina, asin ibinibilang na masakit sa mga sona sa USDA 10 asin 11. California. North Carolina Nag - oorog pa an hiwas kan L. camara, na ipinaheheling kan bagay na nagsakyada iyan sa dakol na isla na mayo kaiyan kan 1974, kaiba an Isla nin Galapagos, Saipan asin Islas Salomon. L. camara. Galapagos Islands. Saipan. Igwa man nin ebidensia na an L. camara nagdadakol pa man giraray sa mga lugar kun saen iyan naestablisar sa laog nin dakol na taon, arog baga kan Sirangan na Aprika, Australia asin New Zealand. L. camara<ref name="Day"/> An abilidad ni L. camara pasiring sa marikas na mga lugar nin pagkolonya na nariribok an isip kaya iyan nagdakol sa mga nasyon na ordinaryo na sana an mga aktibidad na arog kan pagtroso, paglinaw sa agrikultura asin mga kalayo sa kadlagan. L. camara. Sa kabaliktaran, sa mga nasyon na may darakulang lugar nin mayor na kadlagan, limitado an ikinadistribwir na L. camara L. camara<ref name="Day" /> == Ekolohiya == === Habitat === [[Ladawan:Lantana_Camara_FR_2012.jpg|thumb|Red L. camara sa Pransia. L. camara]] Mahihiling an Lantau camara sa manlaen-laen na palibot, kaiba an: Lancana camara * Mga lugar sa agrikultura * Pinakaporong marhen asin siwang * Riprian places. Ripiriano * Groslands * Secondary▁forest, asin. Secondary kadlagan * Beach sa atubangan. Bihirang makua an L. camara sa natural o semi-natural na mga lugar sa kadlagan, huling dai ini kayang makikompetensia sa mas halangkaw na mga kahoy huli sa kakulangan kaini nin pagpabaya sa limpoy. L. camara<ref name="Cronk"/> Imbes iyan nagtatalubo sa gilid nin kadlagan. An L. camara puedeng magdanay sa laen - laen na klima, kaiba an tigmara, laen - laen na klase nin daga, init, harasahas asin asin asin. L. camara. Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini. Medyo nagtataong kalayo man ini asin madaling maestablisar an sadiri kaiyan sa dai pa sana nahahaloy na mga lugar nin kadlagan.<ref name="Gentle">{{Cite journal|last=Gentle|first=C. B.|year=1974|title=''Lantana camara'' L. invasions in dry rainforest - open forest ecotones: The role of disturbances associated with fire and cattle grazing|journal=Australian Journal of Ecology|volume=22|issue=3|pages=298–306|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00675.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The invasion of Lantana camara L. in Forty Mile Scrub National Park, north Queensland|url=https://archive.org/details/austral-ecology_1994-09_19_3/page/297|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1994.tb00493.x|volume=19|issue=3|journal=Austral Ecology|pages=297–305|year=1994|last=Fensham|first=R. J}}</ref> === Mga species na daing labot === [[Ladawan:Lantana_camara_tree.jpg|thumb|316x316px|4.5 metro an langkaw L. camara srubs sa pagsangat nin sarong lugar sa kadlagan sa Sydney.]] Pigkokonsiderar an L. camara na sarong doot sa darakulang lugar kan Paleotropics kun saen iyan nagpatindog. L. camara. Paleotropics Sa mga lugar na agrikultural o mga kadlagan na sekundarya pwede ining magin dominanteng mentoryo sa irarom, nagsusubang nin iba pang mga species na tubo asin nakakapulang biodiperya.<ref name="Cronk"/> An pagkaigwa nin mahibogon na mga alon nin L. camara puedeng makaluway na marhay sa pag - oswag kan mga kadlagan paagi sa pag - olang sa pagtalubo nin bagong mga kahoy. L. camara<ref name="GISD"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092043/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=56 "Global Invasive Species Database"]. issg.org.uk. </cite></ref> Sa US, L. camara an kinokonsiderar na invasive sa tropikal na mga lugar arog kan Florida asin Hawaii. Minsan ngani an L. camara dai nanggad nasosolo, puede kaiyan na liwaton an mga paagi nin kalayo sa sistema nin kadlagan paagi sa pagliwat sa kargang gasolina, na nagigin dahelan nin pagtogdok nin gasolina sa kadlagan, na iyo mismo an nagpapagrabe kan peligro nin kalayo na naglalakop sa bangka.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The invasive weed Lantana camara increases fire risk in dry rainforest by altering fuel beds|url=https://archive.org/details/weed-research_2011-10_51_5/page/525|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00869.x|volume=51|issue=5|journal=Weed Research|pages=525–533|year=2011|last=Berry|first=Z C}}</ref> Ini partikularmenteng mapanlaglag sa alang, marang mga lugar kun saen an kalayo puwedeng marikas na lumakop asin magresulta sa pagkawara kan darakulang lugar nin natural na ekolohiya. Pinadikit ni L. camara an pagigin mabunga sa sabsaban paagi sa pagkaporma nin mahibogon na mga tubo, na nagpapaina sa pagtubo nin mga pananom saka ginigibong mas depisil an pag - ani. L. camara Igwa man nin sekondaryong mga epekto, kaiba an nadiskobre na sa Aprika, mga mosquito na nagpapaabot nin malaria asin mga tuntok - laad na istaran sa laog kan mga kadlagan nin L. camara. Minsan ngani an L. camara ibinibilang na mahalaga sa mga Ghats sa Solnopan, an tinanom garo baga dai nakaaapektar sa biodibersidad sa rehion; Imbes iyan may tendensiang mag - istar sana sa iyo man sanang mga rehion na arog kan ibang klase. Dakol an dahelan kun taano ta nagin mapanggana na marhay si L. camara bilang daing labot na mga klase; Minsan siring, an pangenot na mga dahelan na tinogotan iyan na mag - establisar iyo ini: # An laen - laen na lugar na ginibong posible kan mga gamgam asin iba pang hayop na nagkakakan kan mga drupe kaiyan # Mayo man nin tendensia na magkakan nin mga hayop huli sa hilo # Pagpabaya sa manlaenlaen na kamugtakan sa palibot<ref name="Cronk"/> # Nag - oorog an pag - oswag sa pagpologo asin ugale, na nagin kapakipakinabang para ki L. camara mantang mas gusto kaiyan an naraot na mga istaran. ⁇ .L. camara # Pagmukna nin mga kemikal na nakakaburat na nakakaulakit sa mga klase nin tinanom # Sobra kalangkaw na produksyon nin pisog (12,000 na pisog hale sa lambang tinanom lambang taon) === Pagkaburat === Si Lantau camara midbid na burat sa ataman na mga hayop arog kan baka, karnero, kabayo, ayam asin kanding. Lantona camara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://onprinciplealone.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Medicinal-Plants-of-the-World-vol.3.pdf|title=Medicinal plants of the world|last=Ross|first=Ivan. A.|publisher=Humana Press|year=1999|pages=187|access-date=2022-04-21|archive-date=2014-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414144447/https://onprinciplealone.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Medicinal-Plants-of-the-World-vol.3.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzTaTRqJTjgC|title=Storey's Horse-Lover's Encyclopedia: an English & Western A-to-Z Guide|last=Burns|first=D.|publisher=Storey Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-1-58017-317-9|page=302}}</ref> An aktibong mga bagay na nagigin dahelan nin pagkaburat sa mga hayop na pantusok petacyclic triterpenoids, na nagreresulta sa danyos sa katoy asin phorsensitivity pentacyclic. triterpenoids<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC|title=Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals|last=Barceloux|first=D. G.|publisher=Wiley|year=2008|isbn=978-0-471-72761-3|pages=867–8}}</ref> Nagluwas man an L. camara nin mga kemikal na alelopatiko, na nagpapadikit sa pagtalubo kan nakapalibot na mga tinanom paagi sa pag - iribit nin gemination asin pagkagamot sa irarom kan daga. An pagkaburat kan L. camara sa mga tawo dai madeterminaran, na may nagkapirang pag - adal na nagsusuherir na an pagdayo sa mga bunga kan tinanom puedeng magin nakakaburat sa mga tawo, arog baga kan pag - adal ni O P Sharma na nagsasabi "Green unripe na bunga kan tanom nakakaburat sa mga tawo.." L. camara. An Extension Gardener website kan NC State nagsasabi na an pagves kan mga burak, prutas, asin dahon pwedeng magkawsa nin suka, diarrhea, problemang paghangos, asin liver fragment, mantang an mga dahon pwedeng magkawsa nin pagkadukot sa mga dermatitis. Minsan siring, may iba pang mga pag - adal na nakakua nin ebidensia na nagsusuherir na an prutas na L. camara daing peligro sa mga tawo kun nagkakakan, asin sa katunayan puedeng kakanon kun hinog na.<ref>Herzog ''et al.'' (1996), Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge & Libreros Ferla (2000), TAMREC (2000)</ref> == Pagkatawo asin pagkontrol == [[Ladawan:Lantana_camara_-_Mine_çalısı_01.jpg|too|thumb| Pink-edgred red L. camara in Adana]] An epektibong pagmanehar kan invasive L. camara sa halawig na termino mangangaipo nin pagreprodusir sa mga aktibidad na nagpapaluwas nin hababaon na istaran. L. camara An pagpadanay nin pagpunsionar (karahayan) na mga sistema nin ekolohiya mahalagang marhay tanganing malikayan an daing labot na mga klase sa pag - establisar kan saindang sadiri asin sa luwas kan sadiring fauna asin flora. === Biolohiya === An mga insekto asin iba pang ahente nin biocontrol inimplementaran nin laen - laen na sokol nin kapangganahan sa pagprobar na kontrolon si L. camara. biocontrol. L. camara Iyan an enot na doot na napairarom sa biolohikong kontrol; Minsan siring, mayo sa mga programa an nagin mapanggana sa ibong kan 36 na ahente sa pagkontrol na ginagamit sa bilog na 33 na rehion. An kadaihan nin kapangganahan na ginagamit an biolohikong pagkontrol sa kasong ini posibleng marhay na huli sa dakol na mestisong porma nin L. camara, siring man sa dakulang henetikong pagkalaenlaen kaiyan na nagpapagin depisil para sa mga ahente sa pagkontrol na mabari nin epektibo an gabos na tinanom. hybrid L. camara. An bago pa sanang pag - adal sa India nagpaheling nin nagkapirang resulta sa biolohikong pagkontrol kan tinanom na ini na naggagamit nin tingid bugs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-gets-natures-gift-to-fight-deadly-weed/articleshow/60149200.cms|title=Karnataka gets nature's gift to fight deadly weed - Times of India}}</ref> === Mekanical === Kalabot sa depinidong pagkontrol sa L. camara an paghale sa pisikal kan mga tinanom L. camara An pisikal na paghale puwedeng epektibo alagad la'bas sana asin mahal, kun siring an paghale parateng angay sana sa saradit na lugar o sa amay na mga tangga nin infestasyon.<ref name="Cronk"/> An saro pang paagi nin mekanikal na pagkontrol iyo an paggamit nin pagbolong sa kalayo, na sinusundan nin pag - aling - aling sa propiong mga klase. === Kemikal === Epektibong marhay an paggamit nin mga minana tanganing pamahalaan an L. camara alagad mahal man iyan, na ipinagbabawal an paggamit kaiyan sa dakol na mas dukhang nasyon na establisado nang marhay an L. camara. An pinakaepektibong paagi nin pagbulong sa kemikal na mga species nin tinanom iyo an enot na maglupig kan lugar, dangan ibusik an lugar na may weed-killer, maski na ngani ini pwedeng may seryosong epekto sa kapalibutan. == Mga ginagamit == [[Ladawan:Butterfly_on_Lantana_-_Flickr_-_Andrea_Westmoreland.jpg| alt=Butterfly resting on ''L. camara''|too|thumb| Butterfly resting on ''L. camara'']] An mga poon nin Lantana ginagamit na sa paggibo nin muebles, arog baga nin mga tukawan asin lamesa; Minsan siring, an pangenot na mga gamit sa kasaysayan bolong asin ornamental.<ref name="khanna">{{Cite book|title=Theory and Practice of silvicultural Systems|last=Khanna|first=L. S.|last2=Prakash, R.|publisher=International Book Distributions|year=1983}}</ref> === An halaga nin medisina === Naaraman kan mga pagsiyasat na ginibo sa India na an mga dahon nin Lantana puedeng magpaheling nin antimicrobial, funicidal asin insesibilal na mga rogaring. antificrobial. fungicidal.<ref name="GISD"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Investigation of Lantana camara Linn (Verbenaceae) leaves for larvicidal activity}}</ref> Ginagamit man an L. camara sa tradisyonal na mga bulong na herbal para sa pagbulong nin laen - laen na kamatean, kabale an kanser, mga ache sa kublit, lepra, manok na pox, meales, asthma asin ulsers.<ref name="GISD" /> Ipinaheling ni L. camara an kakulangan nin gastric ulcer pag - oswag sa ratan camara. ulcer.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sathish, R.|title=Antiulcerogenic activity of ''Lantana camara'' leaves on gastric and duodenal ulcers in experimental rats|journal=J Ethnopharmacol|volume=134|issue=1|pages=195–7|date=March 2011|pmid=21129476|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.049}}</ref> An mga extract sa tinanom nagagamit man sa Brazil sa pagbulong kan mga impeksyon respiratoryo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barreto, F.|title=Antibacterial Activity of ''Lantana camara'' Linn and ''Lantana montevidensis'' Brig extracts from Cariri-Ceará, Brazil|journal=J Young Pharm|volume=2|issue=1|pages=42–4|date=January 2010|pmid=21331189|doi=10.4103/0975-1483.62211}}</ref> === Ornamental === An Lantau camara espisipikong nagtutubo sa paggamit bilang ornamental na tinanom poon kan enot na darahon iyan kan mga eksplorador na Olandes sa Europa hale sa Bagong Kinaban. Lancana camara<ref name="GISD"/> An abilidad kaini na maghaloy sa medyo halawig na panahon na mayong tubig, asin an bagay na mayo na ining dakul na peste o helang na apektado kaini, naambag na ini magin sarong ordinaryong ornamental na tinanom. Nagganyat man an L. camara nin mga kundisyon asin mga gamgam asin parati ginagamit sa mga hardin nin kulagbaw L. camara Bilang ornamental, an L. camara parateng kinukultibar sa laog nin harong, o sa sarong konserbatoryo, sa malipot na klima, alagad puede man na mabuhay sa sarong hardin na may igong istaran. === Bilang kag-erok === Dakul na mga species na onibangbang nagkakakan kan nektar kan L. camara. An Papilio homerus, an pinakadakulang kulagbaw sa hemisperyo sa solnopan, midbid na nagkakakan sa nektar kan mga burak bilang oportunistikong parakakan nin burak. Papilio homerus An sarong nagluluksong espesye na Evarcha culicivora may kaibang L. camara. Evarcha culivivora. L. camara An iniinom ninda iyo an kapabayaan nin kakanon asin mas suno an paggamit ninda sa mga tinanom na ini bilang lugar para sa pag - ilusyonan.<ref name=":2">Cross, Fiona R., and Robert R. Jackson. </ref> == Etimolohiya == An ngaran na Lantau kinua sa Latin na ngaran kan maarteng kahoy na Viburnum lantana, na an mga burak kaiyan kaagid na marhay kan Lantau. Lansana Latin. Viburnum lantana.<ref name="Ghisalberti2000">{{Cite journal|last=Ghisalberti|first=E.L.|year=2000|title=Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae)|journal=Fitoterapia|volume=71|issue=5|pages=467–486|doi=10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00202-1|pmid=11449493}}</ref><ref name="gledhill">Gledhill, David (2008). </ref> An Camarines Sur kinua sa Griego, na an boot sabihon "arked," "chabered," o "napapakot.."<ref name="gledhill">Gledhill, David (2008). </ref> == Kataytayan nin mga ladawan == <gallery> Ladawan:ผกากรอง Lantana camara L (3).jpg|Yellow/white flowers are newly opened while the [[magenta]] flowers are older and have been triggered by pollination to produce more [[anthocyanins]] Ladawan:Lantana camara blanca.jpg|White flowers Ladawan:Yellow Lantana camara.jpg|Yellow Lantana camara Ladawan:Cethosia cyane qtl1.jpg|[[Leopard Lacewing]] on Lantana camara in the [[Wilhelma]], [[Stuttgart]], Germany. Ladawan:Black-and-white Mannikin (Lonchura bicolor).jpg|[[Red-backed mannikin]] picking flowers Ladawan:Twin lantana camara edit.jpg|Twin Lantana camara 'Patty Wankler' with [[Misumenoides|crab spider]] waiting for prey Ladawan:Lantana camara 4.jpg|Orange flowers in [[Costa Rica]] Ladawan:Lantana camara 5.jpg|Ripe fruit Ladawan:লান্টানা.jpg|In a shrubland Ladawan:ผกากรอง Lantana camara L (1).jpg| Ladawan:ผกากรอง Lantana camara L (4).jpg| Ladawan:Lantana_camara_infestation.jpg|A [[hedge]] in [[Western Sydney]] parkland that averages at a height of {{convert|6|m|ftin}} Ladawan:Tall Lantana camara.jpg|A Lantana within the Sydney hedge that reaches {{convert|7|m|ftin}} Ladawan:Lantana camara trunks.jpg|Trunk of an old, large Lantana camara </gallery> == Toltolan == {{Reflist|25em}} {{Saringsing}} 7jvj60paqk6igg1acq1qi6ubwmzdlji 0 36157 309797 306919 2026-08-23T23:49:57Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | honorific_prefix = | name = Ernst Neizvestny | honorific_suffix = | image =Vladimir Putin 6 October 2000-2.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Ernst Neizvestny | native_name = Эрнст Ио́сифович Неизве́стный | native_name_lang = Ruso | birth_name = Ernst Iosifovich Neizvestny | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1925|4|9}} | birth_place = [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|08|09|1925|04|09}} | death_place = Nweba York | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | nationality = Ruso | education = | alma_mater = [[Art Academy of Latvia]],<br/>[[Surikov Moscow Art Institute]],<br/>[[Moscow State University]] | known_for = Iskultor, pintor, graphic artist, pilosopo sa arte | notable_works = [[Mask of Sorrow]] | style = Mga iskulturang mala-monumento | movement = [[Ekspresionismo]] | spouse = | awards = [[State Prize of the Russian Federation]] (1996) | elected = [[Imperial Academy of Arts|The Russian Academy of Arts]] (2004) | patrons = | memorials = | website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} --> | module = }} Si '''Ernst Iosifovich Neizvestny''' ({{lang-ru|Эрнст Ио́сифович Неизве́стный}}; 9 Abril 1925 – 9 Agosto 2016<ref>{{cite journal|title=The unknown warrior|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economist_the-economist_2016-08-20_420_9003/page/70|journal=The Economist|date=2016-08-20|volume=420|issue=9003|page=70}}</ref>) sarong Rusong iskultor, pintor, graphic artist, asin [[Pilosopo nin arte|pilosopo sa arte]]. Siya naghubo' sa Estados Unidos kan 1976 asin nag'estar saka nagtrabaho sa Nweba York. An apelyido niya literalmente boot sabihon "dai midbid". An Amerikanong playwright [[Arthur Miller]] nagsambit ki Neizvestny na siya an "artista nin Subangan na pigmimirar kan mga Ruso komo iyo an "ekspresyon kan nasyon, kan kalag kaini, lenggwahe, asin espiritu" asin bilang "propeta kan mag'aaboton" asin nagrerepresentar kan konsyensya pilosopo kan saiyang nasyon"."<ref name="own">[http://www.enstudio.com/about_artist/ Официальный сайт Эрнста Неизвестного] {{in lang|en}}</ref> Si [[Alexander Calder]], na sarong Amerikanong artista, nagtaram man ki Neizvestny, "Bilog na buhay ko nagmumukna ako kan kinaban kan mga aki, asin ika iyo an nagmumukna kan kinaban nin katawohan."<ref>siring sa usip kan ''[[New York City Tribune]]'', 29 Marso 1988.</ref> ==Kaamayi nin buhay== Si Neizvestny namundag kan 9 Abril 1925 sa Sverdlovsk (ngonyan [[Yekaterinburg]]) sa sarong pamilyang Hudyo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bazin|first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARcWDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Art beyond Borders: Artistic Exchange in Communist Europe (1945?1989|last2=Glatigny|first2=Pascal Dubourg|last3=Piotrowski|first3=Piotr|date=2016-03-01|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-386-083-0|language=en}}</ref> Durante kan panahon niya, kan hubin pa sya, nagpasiring siya sa Sverdlovsk School № 16. Duman amigo niya sarong estudyanteng an pangaran [[Vladimir Vinnichevsky]], na ngapit nagin sarong seryeng paragadan. Kan 1942, sa edad na 17, nagbali siya sa [[Red Army]] komo sarong boluntaryo. Sa pagtapos kan [[Ikaduwang gerang pankinaban]], siya nagrabeng malugadan asin nagsapo nin sinasabing "clinical death".<ref name="own"/> Siya huli kaini nagawadan postuma nin medalya [[Order of the Red Star]] na pigresibi kan saiyang ina ta ini nakaresibi notisyang opisyal na an saiyang aki nagadan na, alagad si Neizvestny maski paro-pano nabuhay.<ref name="own"/> Kan 1947, si Neizvestny nag-enrol sa [[Art Academy of Latvia]] nin [[Riga]]. Pinadagos niya saiyang edukasyon sa [[Surikov Moscow Art Institute]] asin sa Philosophy Department nin [[Moscow State University]]. An saiyang mga iskultura, na parati binabase sa porma kan hawak nin tawo, maunambitan kan [[ekspresionismo]] kaini asin kan makusog na pagkamahunat kaini. Maski pinipili niya an materyal na bronse, an mas darakulang mga monumentong ginigibo niya an ginagamit niya paril o konkreto. Kadaklan kan saiyang mga gibo natalay sa mahiwas na paitok, na an bantog kaini iyo an ''The Tree of Life'', sarong temang napagantad niya poon kan 1956. ==Mga gawad asin dekorasyon== * [[Order of the Red Star]] (1945)<ref name="own"/><ref name="Russkiy Mir">{{cite web |title=Ernst Neizvestny dies in New York |url=https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/211419/ |website=[[Russkiy Mir Foundation]] |access-date=13 November 2019 |date=10 August 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"]], third class<ref name="Russkiy Mir" /> * [[Order of Honour (Russia)|Order of Honour]]<ref name="Russkiy Mir" /> * [[State Prize of the Russian Federation]]<ref name="Russkiy Mir" /> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya: Mga iskultor na Ruso]] gov6fyrbtmxz1jptq9bff2oelcu4euh 0 36628 309682 232164 2026-08-23T22:08:04Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Surexploitation morue surpêcheEn.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Atlantic cod]] stocks were severely overexploited in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to their [[Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery|abrupt collapse in 1992]].<ref name=Frank>{{cite journal|author1=Kenneth T. Frank |author2=Brian Petrie |author3=Jae S. Choi |author4=William C. Leggett |year=2005|title=Trophic Cascades in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-06-10_308_5728/page/1621 |journal=Science|volume=308 |pages=1621–1623|doi=10.1126/science.1113075|pmid=15947186|issue=5728|bibcode=2005Sci...308.1621F|s2cid=45088691 }}</ref>]] An '''pangana na eksploytasyon''', na inaapod man na '''pangana na pag-aani''', nanunungod sa pag-ani nin sarong nasasanglian na rekurso sagkod sa punto nin bawas na mga kabalikan. An padagos na pangana na pag-ani pwedeng magbunga nin sa pagkaraot kan rekurso. An termino minaaplikar sa mga natural na rekurso arog kan: layas na medisinal na pananom, mga sabsaban, mga hayop, mga stock nin sira, mga kadlagan, asin mga pawa nin tubig. Sa lado nin ekolohiya, ilinaladawan kan panganang pag-ani an saro sa limang panginot na mga aktibidad na isinasapeligro an pankinaban na byodibersidad.<ref>Wilcove, D. S.; Rothstein, D.; Dubow, J.; Phillips, A.; Losos, E. (1998). "Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States" (PDF). ''BioScience''. '''48''' (8): 607–615. doi:10.2307/1313420. JSTOR 1313420.</ref> Ginagamit kan mga ekolohista an termino tanganing iladawan an mga populasyon na inaani sa dai mapugulan na rikas, tumang sa natural rikas nin mortalidad asin mga kakayahan sa reproduksyon. Ini pwedeng magresulta sa pagkapara sa lebel kan populasyon asin pagkapara kan bilog na ispesye. Sa conservation biology, an termino parati na ginagamit sa konteksto kan ekonomikong aktibidad nin tawo na imbwelto an pagkua nin byolohikal na mga rekurso, o mga organismo, sa mas dakulang bilang kisa sa kayang tagalan kan saindang mga populasyon.<ref>Oxford. (1996). Oxford Dictionary of Biology. Oxford University Press.</ref> An termino man ginagamit asin medyo iba-iba an pakahulugan sa mga siraan, haydrolohiya, asin pagmanihar nin mga natural na rekurso. An pangana na pag-ani pwedeng magbunga nin permanenteng pagkaraot, kaiba an mga pagkapara. Minsan siring, posible man na masusteniran an pangana na pag-ani, arog kan ipinaliwanag sa ibaba sa kabtang dapit sa mga siraan. Sa konteksto nin pagsira, an terminong pangana na pagsira pwede gamiton imbes na pangana na pag-ani, arog kan overgrazing sa pagmanihar nin stock, pangana na pagtroso sa pagpadalagan nin kadlagan, overdrafting sa pagmanihar nin aquifier, asin namemeligrong mga ispesye sa pagmonitor nin mga ispesye. An panganan na pag-ani bakong aktibidad na limitado sana sa mga tawo. Halimbawa, an mga pinabistong mga predator asin hervibore, halimbawa, pwedeng pangana na anihon an katutubong flora asin fauna. ==Susugan== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:WikiForHumanRights]] [[Kategorya:WikiParaSaKarapatanPantawo]] [[Kategorya:WPSKP2022]] {{tamboan}} g0zrnsrqsxrtzmc4l3cbgxjupwot819 0 37426 309516 234929 2026-08-23T19:30:48Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309516 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''monosekswalidad''' iyo an romantikong atraksyon o sekswal na atraksyon sa mga miembro nin sarong sekso sana. <ref name="twsPsychologyToday">Zhana Vrangalova, Ph.D., September 27, 2014, Psychology Today, [https://archive.today/20140929062214/http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/strictly-casual/201409/are-bisexuals-less-monogamous-the-rest-us Strictly Casual: What research tells us about the whos, whys, and hows of hookups], Retrieved Oct. 2, 2014, "...or monosexuality (attraction to only one sex)...."</ref> An sarong monosekswal na tawo mapupwedeng mamidbid bilang heterosekswal o homosekswal.<ref name="twsPsychologyToday2">May 22, 2014 by Samantha Joel, M.A., Psychology Today, [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dating-decisions/201405/three-myths-about-bisexuality-debunked-science Three Myths About Bisexuality, Debunked by Science: First of all, it's not a college phase], Retrieved Oct. 2, 2014, "...better understand the ways in which bisexuality is similar to monosexual (heterosexual, gay, lesbian) identities ...."</ref> Sa mga orolay dapit sa sekswal na orientasyon, an termino pangenot na ginagamit na kabaliktaran nin bisekswalidad, o pansekswalidad asin iba pang gender-neutral na identidad.<ref name="twsJournalContemporaryEthnography">{{Cite journal|last1=Sheff|first1=Elisabeth|title=Polyamorous Women, Sexual Subjectivity and Power|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-ethnography_2005-06_34_3/page/251|journal=Journal of Contemporary Ethnography|date=2005|volume=34|issue=3|pages=251–283|doi=10.1177/0891241604274263|quote=...Dylan’s relationships with men and women each had distinct qualities that she felt a monosexual relationship could not hope to satisfy...}}</ref> Kun minsan, ibinibilang iyan na pag - olog - olog o pagkaanggot kan mga tawong monosekswal, partikularmente an mga bakla asin tomboy.<ref name="brc" /> == Toltolan == <references />{{Tamboan}} 4e534jtu7vst7q1rq8l0y7mcvz73giz 0 37427 309570 258722 2026-08-23T20:14:41Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Philippine LGBTQ+ protester during 2019 Pride March.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mga partisipante sa 2019 Metro Manila Pride March]] Sa [[Filipinas]], an '''baklâ''' ({{IPA-tl|bɐkˈlaʔ|pron}}), '''bayot''' (Cebuano) o '''agî''' (Hiligaynon) sarong tawo na inasignaran nin lalaki pagkamundag asin nag-ako nin ekspresyon na pambabae.<ref name="Tan2001">{{Cite journal|last1=Tan|first1=Michael L.|title=Survival Through Pluralism: Emerging Gay Communities in the Philippines|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-homosexuality_2001_40_3-4/page/117|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|date=2001|volume=40|issue=3/4|pages=117–42|doi=10.1300/j082v40n03_07|pmid=11386330}}</ref> Parati sindang pigkokonsiderar na ikatulong tawuha .<ref name="Aggleton">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WYZ0wNpZfIC&pg=RA3-PA246|title=Men who sell sex: international perspectives on male prostitution and HIV/AIDS|last=Aggleton|first=Peter|publisher=Temple University Press|year=1999|isbn=1-56639-669-7|page=246|access-date=June 5, 2010}}</ref> Dakul na bakla an naaakit sana sa mga lalaki.<ref name="Diaz">{{Cite journal|last=Diaz|first=Robert|title=The Limits of Bakla and Gay: Feminist Readings of My Husband's Lover, Vice Ganda, and Charice Pempengco}}</ref> An polar na kabaliktaran kan termino sa kultura kan Filipinas iyo an tomboy (sa ngunyan an apod lalakinhon o binalaki), na minapanungod sa mga babayi na may ekspresyong maskulinong tawuha (parati, alagad bako man pirmi, lesbyana).<ref name="Ceperiano">{{Cite journal|last1=Ceperiano|first1=Arjohn M.|last2=Santos|first2=Emmanuel C., Jr.|last3=Alonzo|first3=Danielle Celine P.|last4=Ofreneo|first4=Mira Alexis|title="Girl, Bi, Bakla, Tomboy": The Intersectionality of Sexuality, Gender, and Class in Urban Poor Contexts|journal=Philippine Journal of Psychology|date=2016|volume=49|issue=2|pages=5–34|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323613635}}</ref> An termino sa parate bakong tama na iaplikar sa mga transbabae .<ref name="Tamayo">{{Cite book|url=https://www.undp.org/content/dam/philippines/docs/Others/rbap-hhd-2018-legal-gender-recognition-in-the-philippines.pdf|title=Legal Gender Recognition in the Philippines: A Legal and Policy Review|last=Tamayo|first=Kristine Jazz|date=2018|publisher=UNDP, Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines|access-date=2022-08-31|archive-date=2021-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101183949/https://www1.undp.org/content/dam/philippines/docs/Others/rbap-hhd-2018-legal-gender-recognition-in-the-philippines.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> An Bakla sosyal asin ekonomikong pigpisan-pisan sa sosyedad nin Filipino, mala ta inako na kan sosyedad bago an pagkolonyang Solnopan, na an dakul kaini ibinilang na halangkaw an paghiling asin ginibo an papel kan mga espiritwal na lider na inaapod na babaylan, katalonan, asin iba pang mga shaman sa pre-kolonyal na Filipinas. Minsan siring, an sarong minoryang grupo nin mga Pilipino dai inooyonan o sinasayumahan an mga bakla, sa parate huli sa relihiosong mga dahelan. An stereopiko nin baklâ sarong parlorista - sarong nagsusulot nin badong kakaiba na nagtatrabaho sa sarong magayon na salon; An totoo, an bakla nagtatalubo sa kadakol na sektor kan sosyedad, poon sa ibaba sagkod sa itaas na libel. <ref name="Benedicto">{{Cite journal|last1=Benedicto|first1=Bobby|title=The Haunting of Gay Manila: Global Space-Time and the specter of Kabaklaan}}</ref><ref name="Patiag">{{Cite news|last1=Patiag|first1=Vonne|title=In the Philippines they think about gender differently. We could too|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/03/in-the-philippines-they-think-about-gender-differently-we-could-too|date=March 3, 2019}}</ref> == Legal na kamugtakan == Magpoon kan independensia, homosekswal na relasyon sa pag - oltanan nin duwang adulto sa pribado nungkang ginibong kriminal sa Pilipinas, minsan ngani an sekswal na gawe o kapadangatan na nangyayari sa publiko mapupwedeng sakop kan "grabeng iskandalo" na ibinabawal sa Artikulo 200 kan Revised Penal Code (minsan ngani ini aplikado sa gabos, bako sanang sa mga tawo kan LGBTQ).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Revised Penal Code|year=1930}}</ref> Kan Disyembre 2004, pinagbareta na an Syudad nin Marawi nagpaluwas nin ordinansang pagbabawal sa mga bakla na magluwas sa publiko na nakasulot nin pambabaeng gubing, makeup, mga hikaw "o ibang mga samno sa pagpahayag kan saindang mga tendensiya para sa feminidad." An ordinansa na pinasar kan Konseho kan Syudad nin Marawi pinagbawal man an skintight blue jean, tube tops asin iba pang badong skimpy. Saro pa, an mga babae (sana) dai dapat "magpadara nin mga kaisipan na bakong dalisay o malaswang mga kamawotan." Sabi kan Mayor an mga lakdang ini parte kan sarong "paglinig asin paglilinig" na motibasyon. An pag - agoman nin kaparehong tawuha dai narekonoser sa Pilipinas, na inoolang an dakol na homosekswal na lalaki na mag - agom. An legalisasyon na pagprobar na legalisaron an iyo man sanang pag - agoman sa Pilipinas iprinesentar sa Kongreso, alagad mayo nin naipasar sagkod ngonyan. == <span class="mw-headline" id="Toltolan">Toltolan</span> == <references />{{Poon}} dxbos3a85tlws0pg3ihq9ijsqthl9di 0 37446 309693 265833 2026-08-23T22:17:49Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Payo-payo | synonyms = Glans | pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|g|l|æ||n|z|}}<ref>''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989.</ref> | Latin = glans penis | Image = Glans Penis of A Human.jpg | Caption = Human glans penis (dorsal view) | Width = 190 | Image2 = Anat09IMG 0034.jpg | Caption2 = Glans penis (ventral view) | Precursor = [[Genital tubercle]] | System = [[Genitourinary system|Urogenital system]] | Artery = [[Dorsal artery of the penis]] | Vein = [[Dorsal veins of the penis]] | Nerve = [[Dorsal nerve of the penis]] | Lymph = }} [[File:Anatomy of the human glans penis.png|thumb|242x242px|Panlaog na anatomiya nin payo-payo nin tawo:<br>1. Fascia penis<br>2. Corpus cavernosum<br>3. Coronal sulcus<br>4. Corona kan glans<br>5. Panluwas na kublit<br>6. Glans penis<br>7. Meatus kan urethra<br>8. Navicular fossa kan panlalaking urethra<br>9. Tunica albuginea kan putoy<br>10. Corpus spongiosum<br>11. Urethra]] An '''payo-payo''', na sa tataramon na Ingles inaapod na '''glans penis''', sarong maluyang estruktura sa may distal na poro kan mga putoy nin tawo na iyo an pinakamaintrigang sona asin pinakasensitibong anatomikong gikanan nin sekswal na kaogmahan nin mga lalaki.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Affective Touch and the Neurophysiology of CT Afferents|last=Olausson|first=Håkan|last2=Wessberg|first2=Johan|last3=Morrison|first3=India|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|year=2016|isbn=9781493964185|pages=305|quote=...the most pleasurable of all body parts when stimulated sexually: the glans (or tip) of the penis.}}</ref> Mga anatomikal na homologo ini sa mga klitora glans. An payo kan putoy iyo an kabtang kan [[sistemang reproduktibo]] kan lalaki sa mga tawo asin iba pang mamalya na kun saen iyan garo baga mahalnas, maspanas, pahalaba, o baak.<ref name="Renfree1987">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C|title=Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials|last=Renfree|first=Marilyn|last2=Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe|date=1987-01-30|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521337922|access-date=5 May 2013}}</ref> Iyan nasa luwas na konektado sa tisyu nin mucosal, na nagbubunga nin sarong mahalnas na tela asin glossia. Sa tipikong mga kamugtakan, an mga glans biyong natatahoban kan kublit sa mga tawo, apwera sa nagkapira, kaiba an pagturi. An kublit sa poro, sa pankagabsan mapupwedeng lusluson, asin puedeng automatikong maluslos kapag naglala'tog. An glans na mas inaapod na "payo" o an "poro" kan mga putoy, asin kolokyal na inaapod sa British English na "bellend". == Sa mga tawo == === Estruktura === An payo kan putoy iyo an pinaunat na kopya kan corpus spongiosum. Nahurma ini sa matalimon na poro kan corpora cavernosa penis, asin unat pasiring sa saiyang itaas na parte kisa sa ibabang parte. Sa alitoktok kan mga glans igwa nin labot na agihan kan ihi. An serkumperensya kan poro kan payo kan putoy iyo nagbibilog nin matalimon poro asin inaapod na corona glandis na nagkakalaykalay sa hararom na retroglandular groove na inaapod na corona sulcus, asin sa likod namomogtak an liog kan putoy. Mapupwedeng manlaen - laen an sokol kan payo kan putoy. Sa ibang putoy mas mahiwas an sirkumperensya, na nagtatao sa mga putoy nin garo mushroom na hitsura, asin sa iba mas hayakpit ini asin mas katakin sa probe na korte. An malomhok na payopayo kan mga putoy napupudpod mantang nakikipagkitoan.<ref>HSU, G‐L., et al. "The distribution of elastic fibrous elements within the human penis." BJU International 73.5 (1994): 566-571.</ref> Pigmamantener kan kublit kan putoy an mucosa na magin basa an palibot.<ref>Cold, C. J.; Taylor, J. R. (1999). "The prepuce". BJU International. 83 (S1): 34–44. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x. ISSN 1464-410X.</ref> An mga putoy na turi igwang glans na permanenteng balad asin alang. Magkapirang pag'adal an nagsuherir na an mga glans iyo haros sensitibo man sa mga tinuri sagkod sa mga dai tinuring mga putoy.<ref>Bleustein, Clifford B.; James D. Fogarty; Haftan Eckholdt; Joseph C. Arezzo; Arnold Melman (April 2005). "Effect of neonatal circumcision on penile neurologic sensation". Urology. 65 (4): 773–7. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2004.11.007. PMID 15833526.</ref><ref>Bleustein, Clifford B.; Haftan Eckholdt; Joseph C. Arezzo; Arnold Melman (April 26 – May 1, 2003). "Effects of Circumcision on Male Penile Sensitivity". American Urological Association 98th Annual Meeting. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from the original on February 7, 2005.</ref><ref>Payne, Kimberley; Thaler, Lea; Kukkonen, Tuuli; Carrier, Serge; Binik, Yitzchak (May 2007). "Sensation and Sexual Arousal in Circumcised and Uncircumcised Men". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 4 (3): 667–674. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00471.x. PMID 17419812.</ref> Pigreport ni Hala & Munger (1986) na pinakadakula an densidad nin genital corpuscles sa corona glandis, mantang si Yang & Bradley's (1998) nagbabareta na "mayong ibang lugar sa kina'ban na mas mahibog an laog kisa iba."<ref name="halata1">{{Cite journal|last=Halata|first=Zdenek|author2=Bryce L. Munger|date=April 1986|title=The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research_1986-04-23_371_2/page/205|journal=Brain Research|volume=371|issue=2|pages=205–30|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(86)90357-4|pmid=3697758}}</ref><ref name="yangcc">{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=C. C.|author2=W.E. Bradley|date=July 1998|title=Neuroanatomy of the penile portion of the human dorsal nerve of the penis|journal=British Journal of Urology|volume=82|issue=1|pages=109–13|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00669.x|pmid=9698671}}</ref> Halata & Spathe (1997) an nagbareta; " An mga payo kan putoy igwa nin nerve endings , kadakul na genital end bulbs asin pambihirang Pancinian asin Ruffinian corpuscles. Mayo diyan an Merkel nerve endnings asin an Meisner's corpuscles.<ref name="halata2">{{Cite book|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/halata2/|title=Sensory innervation of the human penis|last=Halata|first=Zdenek|last2=A. Spaethe|year=1997|isbn=978-0-306-45696-1|series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology|volume=424|pages=265–6|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-5913-9_48|pmid=9361804|access-date=2006-07-07}}</ref> Nagsarason si Yang & Bradley; "An naiibang dalagan nin panglaog na importansya kan mga glans nagdodoon kan papel kan mga glans bilang sarong esensyaryong estruktura."<ref name="yangcc">{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=C. C.|author2=W.E. Bradley|date=July 1998|title=Neuroanatomy of the penile portion of the human dorsal nerve of the penis|journal=British Journal of Urology|volume=82|issue=1|pages=109–13|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00669.x|pmid=9698671}}</ref> Pigsuherir kan ibang mga parasiyasat na an mga glans nag-evlove na magin acorn-mushroom o korteng balisungsong tangani na sa panahon nin pagkikitoan ini nagtatrabaho tangani mahali an arin man na kasit duman sa mga dating kasosyo sa sex, alagad ini dai suportado kun naghihiling sa mga pirimate na mga paryentes na igwa nin iba-ibang gawi.<ref>Gallup, Gordon G., et al. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rebecca_Burch2/publication/225573839_Semen_displacement_as_a_sperm_competition_strategy/links/560c1d6508aea68653d354bd.pdf The human penis as a semen displacement device]." Evolution and Human Behavior 24.4 (2003): 277-289</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRTniKE2liYC&pg=PA68|title=Sexual Selection and the Origins of Human Mating Systems|last=Dixson|first=Alan F.|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780191569739|page=68|language=en}}</ref> == <span class="mw-headline" id="Toltolan">Toltolan</span> == <references />{{Poon}} sk8qe2qvvii3ehe3ts0rn8tt98f3zji 0 37555 309670 275103 2026-08-23T21:51:03Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Abdominoplasty skin and fat removal.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Pig-ooperahan na kublit nin tawo sa paagi kan ''abdominoplasty'']] An '''kublit''' ([[Ingles]]: ''skin'') iyo an organong parateng malomoy, tisyu na nakatatahob sa hawak nin hayop na bertebrado, na may tolong pangenot na trabaho: proteksyon, regulasyon, asin pagmati . An iba pang mga pantahob kan hayop, arog kan artropod exoskeleton, may laen - laen na ginikanan nin pagtalubo, estruktura asin kemikal na komposisyon. An katagang panladawan na cutaneous na may buot sabihon na "kan kublit" (hale sa katagang Latin na cutis 'kublit'). Sa mga mammal, an kublit sarong organo kan sistema integumentaryo na binibilog nin dakol na suon nin tisyung ektodermal asin binabantayan an mga kalamnan sa irarom, tolang, lit, ligament, asin mga organo sa laog. An kublit na laen - laen an naturalesa yaon sa ampibian, mga reptilya, asin mga gamgam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alibardi|first1=Lorenzo|title=Adaptation to the land: The skin of reptiles in comparison to that of amphibians and endotherm amniotes|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology|date=15 August 2003|volume=298B|issue=1|pages=12–41|doi=10.1002/jez.b.24|pmid=12949767}}</ref> An kublit (kaiba an mga cutaneous asin subcutaneous tissues) may importanteng mga papel sa pagporma, estruktura, asin pagpunsionar kan ekstraskeletal aparatus arog baga kan mga sungay nin mga bovid (e.g., baka) asin rhino, cervids's antlers, giraffids' ossicones, armadillo 's oteoderm, asin os penis/clitoris.)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Formation, structure, and function of extra‐skeletal bones in mammals}}</ref> An gabos na mammal may buhok sa saindang kublit, pati sa marinong mga mammal arog kan mga balyena, lumod, asin porpoise na garo baga daing buhok. An kublit naoltanan sa palibot asin iyo an enot na linya nin depensa gikan sa panluwas na mga bagay. Halimbawa, an kublit igwa nin mahalagang marhay na kabtang sa pagprotehir sa hawak tumang sa mga pathogens asin labi - labing pagkawara nin tubig.<ref name="Proksch">{{Cite journal|title=The skin: an indispensable barrier}}</ref><ref name="Madison">{{Cite journal|title=Barrier Function of the Skin: 'La Raison d'Être' of the Epidermis}}</ref> An iba pang mga trabaho kaini iyo an insulasyon, pagregla nin temperatura, sensasyon, asin an pagprodusir nin bitamina D folates. An nagkapirang raot na kublit mapupwedeng maomayan sa paagi kan paggibo nin pinilaan na tisyu. Kun minsan nagigin iba an kolor. An kahibogan man nin kublit iba-iba depende sa lokasyon kan sarong organismo. Halimbawa, sa mga tawo, an kublit na yaon sa irarom kan mga mata asin palibot kan mga mata iyo an pinakasadit na kublit sa hawak sa 0.5 m na mahibog asin iyo ini an saro sa enot na mga lugar na nagpapahiling nin mga tanda nin paggurang arog kan "mga manok" asin mga kurubot. An kublit sa mga palad asin mga takogong kan bitis iyo an pinakamahibog na kublit sa hawak mga 4 na mm na mahibog. An rikas asin kalidad nin pagpaomay sa paagi kan lugad sa kublit pinalalakop kan pag - ako nin mga estrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thornton|first1=M. J.|title=The biological actions of estrogens on skin: Estrogens and skin|journal=Experimental Dermatology|date=December 2002|volume=11|issue=6|pages=487–502|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0625.2002.110601.x|pmid=12473056}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ashcroft|first1=Gillian S.|title=Topical Estrogen Accelerates Cutaneous Wound Healing in Aged Humans Associated with an Altered Inflammatory Response|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-pathology_1999-10_155_4/page/1137|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|date=October 1999|volume=155|issue=4|pages=1137–1146|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65217-0|pmid=10514397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Desiree May Oh, MD, Tania J. Phillips, MD|title=Sex Hormones and Wound Healing|journal=Wounds}}</ref> An barahibo iyo an mahibog na buhok. Sa pangenot, pinapagrabe kan barahibo an laog kan kublit alagad puede man na magserbing sekondaryong sekswal na karakteristiko o kamoflage. Sa ibang hayop, an kublit matagason asin mahibog asin pwedeng iproseso sa paghaman nin anit. An mga reptilya asin sira igwa nin magabat na kublit na nagpoprotehir sainda, asin an mga gamgam igwa nin matagas na balukag, na gabos gibo sa matagas na mga beta-keratin. An anit kan amphibian bakong sarong makosog na olang, nangorogna mapadapit sa pag - agi nin mga kemikal sa paagi kan kublit, asin parateng nasa osmosis asin diffusive forces. Halimbawa, an sarong talapang na nakatukaw sa anestitikong solusyon tolos - tolos na sinasasapinan mantang an kemikal na nag-difyus sa kublit kaiyan. ' An kublit kan ampibiano may mayor na mga papel sa pangaroaldaw na pagkabuhay asin sa saindang abilidad na aprobetsaran an laen - laen na istaran asin kamugtakan sa ekolohiya.<ref name="clarke">{{Cite journal|last1=Clarke|first1=B. T.|title=The natural history of amphibian skin secretions, their normal functioning and potential medical applications|journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society|date=August 1997|volume=72|issue=3|pages=365–379|doi=10.1017/s0006323197005045|pmid=9336100}}</ref> == Toltolan == <references />{{Poon}} snoyoebgziayki4df246lx5452bylqp 0 37850 309725 235698 2026-08-23T22:49:06Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fighting impalas edit2.jpg|thumb|240px|Mga lalaking ''impala'' na naglalaban durante sa panahon nin pag-aki na inaapod na paghahabagat]] [[File:Red deer rut.webm|right|thumb|240px|Mga usa nagsusuruag-suagan]] An '''paghahabagat''' ([[Tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]]: ''rut'') iyo an panahon na inaabot an mga hayop sa mga magkakapirang mga mammal, na kairiba diyan an mga [[usa]], [[obeho]], [[kamelyo]], [[kanding]], [[bison]], [[giraffe]], [[antelope]] asin iba pa man nganing hayop arog kan [[elepante]], [[ayam]], [[ikos]] na mangirag. Sa lalaking mammal, an sarong pangyari igdi nadugang an inaapod na [[testosterone]], pasobrang [[dismorpismo sekswal]], asin pangana' na interes sa babae kapwa asin agresibo sa hiro'-hiro'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Poole|first=Joyce|date=September 1987|title=Rutting Behaviour in African Elephants: The Phenomenon of Musth|journal=Behaviour|volume=102|issue=3|pages=283–316|doi=10.1163/156853986x00171}}</ref> An kaglalaki sa species pwedeng minamarkahan ninda sadiri nin laboy, nagkakaigwa nin mga paghira sa pisikal, asin nagpapahiling nin mga pasale makaapod atensyon sa kagbabae sa species..<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lincoln|first=G.A|date=1971|title=The seasonal reproductive changes in red deer stags|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-zoology_1971-01_163/page/105|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=163|pages=105–123|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1971.tb04527.x}}</ref> An mga lalaki man igdi nagpapakuprit nin pamarong makadagka sa mga babae makipagsagbatan na minsan nag'iirihi ngani kumusog kan parong niya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geist|first=Valerius|date=1964|title=On the Rutting Behavior of the Mountain Goat|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1964-11_45_4/page/551|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=45|issue=4|pages=551–568|doi=10.2307/1377327|jstor=1377327}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Durante sa peryodo nin paghahabagat, an mga lalaki parati iginogosgos ninda an saindang mga sungoy sa mga kahoy o kagobgoban, nagraralaban-laban an mga lalaki sa species, naglitong-litong sa laboy o alpog, o an iba ngani, arog kan mga ayam, nagdidila pa sa [[ikinabuhay]] kan babaeng dayo', asin ta an mga gibong ini nakakapadagka sa mga babae asin nakakatabang na gayo sa pagpamili kan kasagbatan. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Reproduksyon sa mga mammal]] m6honzh93b8t0e6n0m3r3hxi9mfstv8 0 38277 309561 236917 2026-08-23T20:09:25Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mapanas na espesyal na ngipon}} [[Ladawan:Fangs 01 rfc1036.jpg|thumb|An apat na ''canines'', o tingo, kan sarong domestikadong [[ikos]]. (An pinakadakulang duwang ngipon sa taas asin ibabang hilera nin ngipon.)]] An '''tingo''' ([[Tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]]: ''fang'') iyo an sarong halaba asin mapanas na [[ngipon]]. Sa mga mamalya, an tingo iyo an binagong maxillary na ngipon, na ginagamit sa pagkagat asin pagbaak kan laman. Sa mga halas, saro ining espesyal na ngipon na kaayon sa glandula nin kamandag (hilingon an kamandag kan halas).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vonk|first1=Freek J.|last2=Admiraal|first2=Jeroen F.|last3=Jackson|first3=Kate|last4=Reshef|first4=Ram|last5=de Bakker|first5=Merijn A. G.|last6=Vanderschoot|first6=Kim|last7=van den Berge|first7=Iris|last8=van Atten|first8=Marit|last9=Burgerhout|first9=Erik|date=July 2008|title=Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-07-31_454_7204/page/630|journal=Nature|volume=454|issue=7204|pages=630–633|doi=10.1038/nature07178|pmid=18668106|bibcode=2008Natur.454..630V|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> An mga lawa igwa man nin panluwas na mga tingo, na kabtang kan chelicerae. An mga tingo komun na gayo sa mga karnivores o omnivores, alagad an ibang herbivores, arog kan mga paniking nagkakakan nin prutas, igwa man kaini. An kadaklan na iyan ginagamit sa pagkapot o sa marikas na paggadan sa biktima, arog baga nin sa mga darakulang ikos. An mga hayop na omnivores, arog baga kan mga oso, ginagamit an saindang mga tingo kun naghahanap nin sira o iba pang biktima, alagad dai iyan kaipuhan para sa pagkakan nin prutas. May mga kabalang man na igwang mga tingo, na gamit ninda sa mga peligro asin paglalaban. Minsan siring, an medyo halipot na mga canine nin mga tawo dai ibinibilang na mga tingo. == Toltolan == {{reflist}}{{Tamboan}} n4ydcfcpx2j3zbqkc2pwqb855dv3ksd 0 38390 309658 308416 2026-08-23T21:37:51Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{automatic taxobox | name = Lawa | image = Spiders Diversity.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Manlainlain na mga lawa | fossil_range = [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]] – [[Holocene]], {{Fossil range|319|0}} | taxon = Araneae | authority = [[Carl Alexander Clerck|Clerck]], 1757 | diversity_link = Araneae families | diversity = 132 families, c. 50,000 species | diversity_ref = <ref name=WSC_stats>{{cite web |title=Currently valid spider genera and species |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ |access-date=2022-08-08 }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Suborders | subdivision = *[[Mesothelae]]<br /> *[[Opisthothelae]] **[[Mygalomorphae]] **[[Araneomorphae]] &nbsp;''Hilingon man sa [[Taksonomiya nin lawa]]''. }} An mga '''lawa''' (oder '''Arneae''') iyo an mga naghahangos nin duros na arthropod na igwang walong tabay, chelicerae na may mga tingo sa pankagabsan kayang mag - ineksion nin kamandag, asin mga spinnerets na nagkukupsit nin sapot.<ref>Cushing P.E. (2008) Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae). </ref><ref name="SeldenAndShear2009">{{Cite journal|author1=Selden, P.A.|author2=Shear, W.A.|title=Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2008-12-30_105_52/page/20781|journal=PNAS|doi=10.1073/pnas.0809174106|pmid=19104044|pmc=2634869|volume=105|issue=52|date=December 2008|pages=20781–85|bibcode=2008PNAS..10520781S}}</ref> Sinda an pinakadakulang orden nin mga arachnid asin ikapito sa total na klase nin dibersidad sa gabos na orden nin organismo.<ref name="sebastin">Sebastin, P.A. & Peter, K.V. (eds.) (2009). </ref><ref name="Dimitrov">{{Cite journal|last1=Dimitrov|first1=Dimitar|last2=Hormiga|first2=Gustavo|title=Spider Diversification Through Space and Time|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|date=7 January 2021|volume=66|issue=1|pages=225–241|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-061520-083414|pmid=32822555|url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-061520-083414|access-date=10 December 2021|issn=0066-4170}}</ref> An mga lawa yaon sa bilog na kinaban sa lambang kontinente apwera sa Antarctica, asin naestablisar na sa haros gabos na erokan nin daga. Poon kan Agosto 2022, igwa nin 50,356 na [[espesye]] nin lawa sa 132 families an narekord kan [[Taksonomiya|taxonomists]]. Alagad, nagkaigwa nin debate sa mga sientista manongod sa kun paano klasipikaron an mga pamilya, na may labing 20 laen - laen na klasipikasyon na nagproponer poon pa kan 1900.<ref name="Bioofspiders">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofspiders00foel_0|title=Biology of Spiders|last=Foelix|first=Rainer F.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-509593-7|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofspiders00foel_0/page/3 3]|url-access=registration}}</ref> [[File:Gasteracantha mammosa spiderlings next to their eggs capsule.jpg|right|260px|thumb| Mga ugbon lawa nahirimsa' pa sana]] An mga lawa (arog kan gabos na arachnid) lain sa iba pang arthropod sa bagay na an parating mga sangâ kan hawak pinagsalak sa duwang tagmata, an cephalothorax o prosoma, asin an opristhosoma, o abdomen, asin sinugpon nin sadit, cylindrical pedicel, alagad, arog kan sa presente mayo man nin palyontolohikal ni embriyolohikal na ebidensiya na igwa nin suhay na garo thorax na dibisyon, igwa nin eksistido na argumento tumang sa validity kan katagang cephalothorax, na an boot sabihon iyo an magkasugpon na cephalon (payo) asin thorax. Kaagid kaiyan, an mga argumento pwedeng gibohon tumang sa paggamit kan terminong abdomen, ta an oposista kan gabos na espesye igwa nin puso asin mga organo sa respiratoryo, mga organong bakong tipikal para sa sarong abdomen.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Tarantula Keeper's Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/tarantulakeepers0000schu|last=Shultz|first=Stanley|last2=Shultz|first2=Marguerite|date=2009|publisher=Barron's|isbn=978-0-7641-3885-0|location=Hauppauge, New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/tarantulakeepers0000schu/page/23 23]}}</ref> Bakong arog nin mga insekto, an mga lawa mayo nin antennae. Sa gabos apwera sa pinakasuanoy na grupo, an Mesothelae, an mga lawa igwa kan pinakapangenot na mga sistema nin nerbyos sa gabos na arthropod, mantang an gabos na ganglia na nakasugpon sa palibot kan Mesothelae. Bakong arog kan kadaklan na artropod, an mga lawa mayo nin extensor na kalamnan sa saindang mga takyag asin imbes lugod pig-uunat iyan sa paagi kan hydraulic pressure. An saindang mga tulak igwa nin mga appendages na an apod iyo an spinnerets na nagkukupsit nin sapot poon sa anom na glandula. Manlaenlaen na marhay an sukol kan mga sapot nin lawa, korte, asin an kadakolan nin mapulot na torsido na ginagamit. Minalataw ngonyan na an spiral ob web pwedeng saro sa kaenot - enoteng porma, asin an mga lawa na nagpoprodusir nin gurubot na mga cobweb iyo an mas abunda asin laen - laen kisa sa mga espesye nin ob-weaver. Pakalihis nin mga 386 milyones na taon, minalataw na an mga hayop na ini sa panahon nin Devonian alagad sinda mayo nin spinnerets. An tunay na mga espesye nin lawa nanuparan sa mga gabos kan Carboniferous poon 318 sagkod 299 milyon na taon na an nakaagi, asin kaagid na marhay kan pinaka-enot na nakaligtas na suborder, an Mesothelae. An pangenot na mga grupo nin modernong mga espesye, Mygalomorphae asin Araneomorphae, inot na nagluwas kan panahon nin Triassic, bago kaidtong 200 milyon na taon an nakaagi. An species na Bagheera kiplingi sinasabing herbivorous kan 2008, alagad an gabos na iba pang midbid na species naniniba, kadaklan nanibiktima nin mga insekto asin sa ibang espesye, maski ngane pirang darakulang species man an nagkukua nin mga gamgam asin mga lizard.<ref name="CBio2009">{{Cite journal|last1=Meehan|first1=Christopher J.|last2=Olson|first2=Eric J.|last3=Reudink|first3=Matthew W.|last4=Kyser|first4=T. Kurt|last5=Curry|first5=Robert L.|title=Herbivory in a spider through exploitation of an ant–plant mutualism|journal=Current Biology|volume=19|issue=19|pages=R892–93|year=2009|pmid=19825348|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.049}}</ref> Tinatanya na an 25 milyon na tonelada nin lawa kan kinaban guminadan nin 400-800 milyon na tonelada nin biktima kada taon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nyffeler|first1=Martin|last2=Birkhofer|first2=Klaus|date=14 March 2017|title=An estimated 400–800 million tons of prey are annually killed by the global spider community|journal=The Science of Nature|volume=104|issue=30|pages=30|doi=10.1007/s00114-017-1440-1|pmid=28289774|pmc=5348567|bibcode=2017SciNa.104...30N}}</ref> An mga lawa naggagamit nin dakol na estratehiya tanganing madakop an biktima: Sa pag - luom kaiyan sa mapuloton na mga sapot, na ginigibo iyan sa paagi kan mapuloton na mga bola, linalampi an biktima tanganing malikayan an pakarisa, o pagmanehar kaiyan. An kadaklan na naririparong biktima sa pangenot sa paagi kan sensitibong mga bibrasyon, alagad an aktibong mga paraayam igwa nin naheheling na bisyon, asin an mga paraayam sa genus na Portia nagpapaheling nin mga tanda nin intelihensia sa saindang pagpili nin mga taktika asin abilidad na makagibo nin iba pa. == Toltolan == {{reflist}}{{Poon}} [[Kategorya:Mga hayop]] nc2uja23wcaln31xvotiv72nez78lq8 0 38459 309609 309198 2026-08-23T20:49:33Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309609 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Wrist pain.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Sarong ilustrasyon nin pagkulog sa kamot]] An '''kulog''' ([[Ingles]]: ''pain'') iyo sarong nakapupurisaw na pagmate na parateng kawsa nin grabe o nakadadanyar na stimuli. An ''International Association for the Study of Pain'' tinatawan nin kahulogan an kulog bilang "sarong dai nakakaogmang pagmate asin emosyonal na eksperyensia na konektado sa, o pagkakaagid na konektado sa, aktwal o potensial na danyos sa tisyu." Sa medikal na diagnosis, an kolog ibinibilang na sintomas nin malaen na kamugtakan. An kulog nagmomotibar sa indibidwal na likayan an nakadadanyar na mga sitwasyon, protehiran an naraot na kabtang kan hawak mantang iyan nararahay, asin likayan an kaagid na mga eksperyensia sa ngapit.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Understanding Pain : Exploring the Perception of Pain|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingpai0000cerv|vauthors=Cervero F|date=2012|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262305433|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=Chapter 1|oclc=809043366}}</ref> An kadaklan na kolog nararahay kapag an noxious stimulus iyo nahale asin maomayan an hawak, alagad tibaad magpadagos iyan sa ibong kan paghale kan stimulus asin garo baga pagkaomay kan hawak. Kun beses minalataw an kulog kun mayo nin ano man na maririsang stimulus, danyos o helang.<ref name="Raj_2007">{{Cite book|title=In: The Handbook of Chronic Pain|vauthors=Raj PP|publisher=Nova Biomedical Books|year=2007|isbn=9781600210440|chapter=Taxonomy and classification of pain|access-date=3 February 2016|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG4Svh_UL3UC&pg=PA41|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330014627/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG4Svh_UL3UC&pg=PA41|archive-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> An kulog iyo an pinakakomun na dahelan kan pagkonsulta sa doktor sa kadaklan na mauswag nang nasyon.<ref name="painreview">{{Cite journal|title=Caring for patients with chronic pain: pearls and pitfalls|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jaoa-the-journal-of-the-american-osteopathic-association_2013-08_113_8/page/620|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=113|issue=8|pages=620–7|date=August 2013|pmid=23918913|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2013.023}}</ref><ref name="Turk & Dennis 2004">{{Cite journal|title=What should be the core outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials?|journal=Arthritis Research & Therapy|volume=6|issue=4|pages=151–4|pmid=15225358|doi=10.1186/ar1196}}</ref> Iyan sarong mayor na sintomas sa dakol na medikal na kamugtakan, asin pwedeng makaolang sa kwalidad nin buhay asin sa pankagabsan na pagpunsionar.<ref name="Breivik2008">{{Cite journal|title=Assessment of pain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-anaesthesia_2008-07_101_1/page/17|journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia|volume=101|issue=1|pages=17–24|date=July 2008|pmid=18487245|doi=10.1093/bja/aen103}}</ref> An simpleng bulong sa kulog magagamit sa 20% sundo sa 70% nin mga kaso.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Non-prescription (OTC) oral analgesics for acute pain – an overview of Cochrane reviews|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=11|issue=11|pages=CD010794|date=November 2015|pmid=26544675|pmc=6485506|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010794.pub2}}</ref> An mga salik na sikolohikal arog baga kan sosyal na pagsuportar, cognitive behavioral therapy, kaogmahan, o pagkadisturbo puedeng makaapektar sa intensidad kan kulog o makuring marhay.<ref name="Eisenberger_2005">{{Cite book|title=The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, & Bullying (Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology)|vauthors=Eisenberger NI, Lieberman M|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2005|isbn=9781841694245|veditors=Williams KD|location=East Sussex|pages=210|chapter=Why it hurts to be left out: The neurocognitive overlap between physical and social pain|chapter-url=https://webscript.princeton.edu/psych/psychology/related/socneuconf/pdf/eisenberger-lieberman2.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Mind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Trea">{{Cite journal|title=Mind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Treated Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|volume=180|issue=1|pages=91–105|date=January 2020|pmid=31682676|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4917}}</ref> Sa nagkapirang debate mapadapit sa paghugot na may doktor o euthanasia, an kolog ginamit bilang argumento tanganing togotan an mga tawo na may helang na ikagagadan na taposon an saindang buhay.<ref name="Explaining the emergence of euthana">{{Cite journal|title=Explaining the emergence of euthanasia law in the Netherlands: how the sociology of law can help the sociology of bioethics|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology-of-health-illness_2006-09_28_6/page/802|journal=Sociology of Health & Illness|volume=28|issue=6|pages=802–16|date=September 2006|pmid=17184419|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9566.2006.00543.x}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} 5g7j9eoax0gk83l9hrmeuo851if71gz 0 38526 309707 306459 2026-08-23T22:29:36Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Halas | fossil_range = <br/>[[Late Cretaceous]] – [[Holocene|Present]],<ref name=snake_origin_ecology/> {{Fossil range|94|0|earliest=112|latest=|PS=}} <imagemap> File:Snakes Diversity.jpg|250px rect 0 0 325 225 [[Horned rattlesnake]] rect 0 120 325 450 [[Southern hognose snake]] rect 0 240 325 700 [[Blue krait]] rect 0 380 325 900 [[Emerald tree boa]] rect 0 500 325 1100 [[Sri Lanka cat snake]] rect 0 760 325 1400 [[Ringneck snake]] rect 143 0 660 225 [[Striped house snake]] rect 143 100 660 460 [[Blunthead tree snake]] rect 143 200 660 700 [[Corn snake]] rect 143 300 660 920 [[Indian cobra]] rect 143 400 660 1150 [[Grass snake]] rect 143 500 660 1500 [[Pacific gopher snake]] rect 286 0 1100 225 [[Green vine snake]] rect 286 100 1100 470 [[Coral snake]] rect 286 200 1100 690 [[Green tree python]] rect 286 300 1100 930 [[Spiny bush viper]] rect 286 400 1100 1150 [[False coral snake]] rect 286 500 1100 1500 [[Puffing snake]] </imagemap> | taxon = Serpentes | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] | range_map = World distribution of snakes.svg | range_map_caption = <small>Approximate world distribution of snakes, all species</small> | subdivision_ranks = Infraorders | subdivision = * [[Alethinophidia]] <small>Nopcsa, 1923</small> * [[Scolecophidia]] <small>Cope, 1864</small> }} An mga '''halas''' ([[Ingles]]: ''snake'') igwa nin [[haralaba]], daing tabay, mga [[reptilyang]] nagkakakan nin karne kan suborder na '''Serpentes'''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Integrated analyses resolve conflicts over squamate reptile phylogeny and reveal unexpected placements for fossil taxa|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=3|pages=e0118199|year=2015|pmid=25803280|pmc=4372529|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118199|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018199R}}</ref> Arog kan gabos na iba pang isquamates, an halas ectothermic, amniote vertebrates napapatos sa suruon na mga kiskis. An dakol na [[espesye]] nin halas igwa nin bungo na may nagkapirang sokmolan na mas dakol kisa sa saindang mga apoon na [[lizard]], na nagpangyari sa sainda na halonon an biktima nin mas dakula kisa saindang payo (cranial kinesis). Tanganing matawan nin lugar an saindang hayakpit na hawak, an mga organo kan halas na may kapadis (arog kan bato) manunuparan an saro sa atubangan kan ibong imbes na [[manig]]-[[ibong]], asin an kadaklan may saro sanang nagpupunsionar na pulmon. May mga species na nagmamantener nin pelvic girdle na may kapadis na vestigial claws sa man-ibang gilid kan cloaca. An mga Lizard nag-ebolusyon igwa nin haralabang hawak asin mayo nin mga kalamias o nainaan nang marhay an mga kalamias nin mga duwang polo may limang beses na independiente sa paagi kan convergent na ebolusyon, na nagresulta sa dakol na linya nin daing tabay na mga [[lizard]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snakelike body form in squamate reptiles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_2006-01_60_1/page/123|journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution|volume=60|issue=1|pages=123–41|date=January 2006|pmid=16568638|doi=10.1554/05-328.1}}</ref> An mga ini nakakaagid sa mga halas, alagad an nagkapirang komon na grupo nin daing tabay na mga lizard igwa nin mga matalid asin panluwas na talinga, na mayo an mga halas, maski ngani an reglamentong ini bakong unibersal (hilingon an [[Amphisbaenia]], Dibamidae, asin [[Pygopodidae]]). n nabubuhay na mga halas yaon sa lambang kontinente apwera sa Antarctica, asin sa mas saradit na daga; Dai kaiba an nagkapirang darakulang isla, arog kan Irlandia, Iceland, Greenland, arkipelago nin Hawaii, asin mga isla nin New Zealand, siring man an dakol na saradit na isla kan kadagatan Atlantiko asin sentral Pasipiko.<ref name="Bauchot">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/snakesnaturalhis0000bauc|title=Snakes: A Natural History|publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.|year=1994|isbn=978-1-4027-3181-5|editor-last=Roland Bauchot|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/snakesnaturalhis0000bauc/page/220 220]|url-access=registration}}</ref> Saro pa, lakop an mga halas sa dagat sa bilog na kadagatan nin India asin Pasipiko. Mga apat na polong pamilya an rinerekonoser, na kompwesto nin mga 520 genera asin mga 3,900 na species. Nagkakalaen sinda sa sokol poon sa saditon, 10.4 sentimetro an laba (4.1 pulgada) Barbados threadsnake sagkod sa reticulated python na igwa nin 6.95 na metro (22.8 pye) an laba.<ref name="zootaxa">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01841p030.pdf|title=At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles|first=S. Blair|last=Hedges|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1841|pages=1–30|date=August 4, 2008|access-date=2008-08-04|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1841.1.1}}</ref><ref name="SunBear">{{Cite journal|last=Fredriksson, G. M.|title=Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo|journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology|volume=53|pages=165–168|url=http://dare.uva.nl/document/161117}}</ref> An fossil species na Titanoboa cerrejonensis igwa nin 12.8 metro (42 piye) an laba.<ref name="head">{{Cite journal|title=Giant boid snake from the Palaeocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-02-05_457_7230/page/715|journal=Nature|volume=457|issue=7230|pages=715–7|date=February 2009|pmid=19194448|doi=10.1038/nature07671|bibcode=2009Natur.457..715H}}</ref> Pighuhunang an mga Snake nag-evolve hale sa posibleng nagdudukay o aquatic lizards, tibaad durante kan peryodo nin Jurassic, na may pinakaenot na midbid na fossil na kaidto pang 143 asin 167 Ma. an nakaagi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution|date=January 2015}}</ref> An pagkakaiba-iba kan modernong mga halas nagluwas sa panahon kan Paleocene epoch (mga 66 sagkod 56 milyon anyos, matapos na an Cretaceous-Paleogene na pagkapuho). An pinakadaan na napreserbar na mga paglaladawan sa mga halas makukua sa Papiro sa Brooklyn. An kadaklan na klase nin halas bakong makamandag asin an mga may kamandag ginagamit iyan sa pangenot tanganing gadanon asin daogon an biktima imbes na protehiran an sadiri. An nagkapira igwa nin kamandag na igo na tanganing magkaigwa nin makolog na danyos o kagadanan sa mga tawo. An bakong makamandag na mga halas posibleng hinahalon an biktima nin buhay o ginagadan sa paagi kan pagpurupot. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga hayop]] aphdbfq3zvr5nun1v7s1q9ecy0n81l6 0 38894 309637 242302 2026-08-23T21:14:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309637 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Testosteron.svg|right|thumb|Kimikal na istruktura kan Testosterona|286x286px]] An '''testosterona''' ([[Ingles]]: ''testosterone'') an pangenot na [[hormona]] asin ''anabolic steroid'' sa mga [[lalaki]]. Sa mga tawo, an testosterona igwa nin mahalagang kabtang sa pagtalubo nin mga tisyu panreproduktulibo sa pangangaki na arog baga nin mga testes asin prostate, siring man an pagpalakop nin sekondaryong sekswal na mga karakteristiko na arog baga nin nag - oorog na kalamnan asin tolang, asin an pagdakula nin buhok sa hawak.<ref name="Mooradian_ 1987">{{Cite journal|title=Biological actions of androgens|journal=Endocrine Reviews|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–28|date=Feb 1987|pmid=3549275|doi=10.1210/edrv-8-1-1}}</ref> Dugang pa, an testosterona sa mga seksong iyan parehong imbwelto sa salud asin sa marahay na kamugtakan, kaiba an mga mood, gawe, asin sa prebension nin osteoporosis.<ref name="pmid19011293">{{Cite book|title=Advances in the Management of Testosterone Deficiency|vauthors=Tuck SP, Francis RM|year=2009|isbn=978-3-8055-8622-1|series=Frontiers of Hormone Research|volume=37|pages=123–32|chapter=Testosterone, bone and osteoporosis|doi=10.1159/000176049|pmid=19011293}}</ref> An maluyang grado nin testosterona sa mga lalaki pwedeng magbunga nin bakong normal na mga kamugtakan kaiba an pagigin maluya asin daing tolang. An Testosterona sarong steroid na gikan sa grupong androstane na igwa nin ketone asin sarong grupo nin mga hidroxyl sa mga katongdan na tolo asin kagpito. Iyan biosynthesized sa nagkapirang lakdang hale sa kolesterol asin ginigibo sa katoy pasiring sa mga inaktibong metabolitas.<ref name="Luetjens_2012" /> Ginigibo kaiyan an aksyon sa paagi kan paggakod asin pag - aktibar androgen receptor.<ref name="Luetjens_2012">{{Cite book|title=Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution|vauthors=Luetjens CM, Weinbauer GF|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01290-5|veditors=Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S|edition=4th|location=Cambridge|pages=15–32|chapter=Chapter 2: Testosterone: Biosynthesis, transport, metabolism and (non-genomic) actions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkrAPaQ4wJkC&pg=PA15}}</ref> Sa mga tawo asin kadaklan na iba pang bertebrante, an testosterona sa pangenot linuluwas kan mga testicles kan mga lalaki (seee Biosynthesis) asin, sa mas dikit na sokol, kan mga obarya nin mga babae. Sa promedyo, sa adultong mga lalaki, an grado nin testosterone mga pito sagkod walong beses na kapareho kadakula kan sa adultong mga babae.<ref name="pmid14981046">{{Cite journal|title=Serum testosterone in women as measured by an automated immunoassay and a RIA|journal=Clinical Chemistry|volume=50|issue=3|pages=678; author reply 678–9|date=Mar 2004|pmid=14981046|doi=10.1373/clinchem.2003.027565}}</ref> Mantang mas risa an metabolismo nin testosterona nin mga lalaki, an aro-aldaw na produksyon mga 20 beses na mas dakula sa kalalakihan.<ref name="pmid6025472">{{Cite journal|title=Mean plasma concentration, metabolic clearance and basal plasma production rates of testosterone in normal young men and women using a constant infusion procedure: effect of time of day and plasma concentration on the metabolic clearance rate of testosterone|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-endocrinology-and-metabolism_1967-05_27_5/page/686|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=27|issue=5|pages=686–94|date=May 1967|pmid=6025472|doi=10.1210/jcem-27-5-686}}</ref><ref name="pmid5843701">{{Cite journal|title=Plasma production rates of testosterone in normal adult men and women and in patients with the syndrome of feminizing testes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-endocrinology-and-metabolism_1965-11_25_11/page/1441|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=25|issue=11|pages=1441–50|date=Nov 1965|pmid=5843701|doi=10.1210/jcem-25-11-1441}}</ref> An mga babae mas sensitibo man sa hormone.<ref name="isbn0-07-135739-4">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/heroesrogueslove00jame|title=Heroes, rogues, and lovers: testosterone and behavior|vauthors=Dabbs M, Dabbs JM|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2000|isbn=978-0-07-135739-5|location=New York|url-access=registration}}</ref> Dugang pa sa papel kaiyan bilang natural na hormone, an testosterona ginagamit bilang bolong sa pagbolong nin hypolonadismo sa mga lalaki asin kanser sa suso sa mga babae. Huli ta an grado kan testosterona nag - iina mantang an edad nin mga lalaki naglalangkaw, kun beses ginagamit an testosterona sa kamagurangan na lalaki tanganing kontrahon an kakulangan na ini. Ginagamit man ining bawal sa pagdugang nin physique asin performamance, halimbawa sa mga atleta. Piglista ini kan World Anti-Doping Agency bilang S1 Anabolikong substance na "bawal sa gabos na panahon". == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} m6w4dom3168k94h3zewdl93ym8mwe4k 0 39130 309594 240446 2026-08-23T20:34:37Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309594 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Sépulcre Arc-en-Barrois 111008 12.jpg|thumb|Sarong detalye nin iskultura kan 1672 ''Entombment of Christ'', nagpapahiling ki [[Maria Magdalena]] na naghihibi]] An '''kamunduan''' sarong emosyonal na [[kulog]] na konektado sa, o midbid sa, pakamate nin pagigin dehado, kawaran, pagkadesesperar, kawaran nin maginibo. An sarong indibidwal na nakakamate nin kamunduan posibleng magin toninong o pabaya, asin irinarayo an saindang sadiri sa iba. An sarong halimbawa nin grabeng kamundoan iyo an makuring kamunduan, sarong kamugtakan na pwedeng darahon nin grabeng makuring helang o daing ontok na grabeng karibarawan. An paghibi pwedeng magin tanda nin kamunduan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jellesma|first1=F.C.|last2=Vingerhoets|first2=Ad J.J.M.|date=1 January 2012|title=Crying in Middle Childhood: A Report on Gender Differences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sex-roles_2012-10_67_7-8/page/412|journal=[[Sex Roles (journal)|Sex Roles]]|volume=67|issue=7|pages=412–21|doi=10.1007/s11199-012-0136-4|pmid=22962516|pmc=3432210}}</ref> An kamunduan saro sa anom na pundamental na emosyon na ilinadawan ni Pablo Ekman, kaiba an [[kaugmahan]], [[kaanggotan]], [[pagkabigla]], [[takot]], asin [[pagkabalde]].<ref name="gol-emo-intel">{{Cite book|url=http://www.danielgoleman.info/purchase|title=Emotional Intelligence|last=Goleman|first=Daniel|date=1996|location=London, United Kingdom|author-link=Daniel Goleman|access-date=2018-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194258/http://www.danielgoleman.info/purchase/|archive-date=2018-06-21}}</ref>  == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} iv4o2dtlmag45e64by1chpoit4jhafa 0 39229 309648 258728 2026-08-23T21:24:25Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Types de plumes. - Larousse pour tous, -1907-1910-.jpg|thumb|Manlaenlaen na balukag]] An mga '''balukag''' iyo an epidermal na nagtatalubo na minabilog nin napapalaen na pantahob sa mga avian (gamgam) asin sa nagkapirang bakong avian na dinosaurs asin iba pang archosaurs. Iyan an pinakakomplikadong estrukturang integumentaryo na yaon sa mga bertebrates asin sarong halimbawa nin sarong komplikadong ebolusyon.<ref name="Prum2002">{{Cite journal|authors=[[Richard Prum|Prum, Richard O]]. & AH Brush|year=2002|title=The evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers|journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]]|volume=77|issue=3|url=http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pdf/Prum_n_Brush_2002.pdf|pages=261–295|doi=10.1086/341993|pmid=12365352|access-date=7 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="Prum2003">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0303-84|authors=Prum, R.O.|title=Which Came First, the Feather or the Bird?|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=288|issue=3|pages=84–93|url=http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pdf/Prum_n_Brush_2003.pdf|access-date=7 July 2010|pmid=12616863}}</ref><ref name="Prum1999">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4<291::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-9|year=1999|authors=Prum, Richard O|title=Development and Evolutionary Origin of Feathers|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution|volume=285|issue=4|pages=291–306|pmid=10578107|url=http://www.ncsce.org/PDF_files/feathers/Prum%20feather.pdf|access-date=7 July 2010|archivedate=9 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409103417/http://ncsce.org/PDF_files/feathers/Prum%20feather.pdf}}</ref> Kabilang sinda sa mga karakteristiko na nagpapamidbid sa nag-eeksister na mga gamgam sa ibang nabubuhay na grupo.<ref name="iridescence">{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Quanguo|title=Reconstruction of ''Microraptor'' and the Evolution of Iridescent Plumage|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-03-09_335_6073/page/1215|journal=Science|volume=335|issue=6073|pages=1215–1219|date=9 March 2012|doi=10.1126/science.1213780|pmid=22403389|bibcode=2012Sci...335.1215L}}</ref> Maski ngani an balukag nakatatahob sa kadaklan kan hawak kan gamgam, an mga ini nabutwa sana hale sa nagkapirang magagayon na tract sa kublit. Nagtatabang sinda sa paglayog, insulasyon sa init, asin nganing dai mabasa nin tubig. Dugang pa, an kolor nakakatabang sa komunikasyon asin proteksyon.<ref name="pettingill">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ornithologyinlab0000pett/page/29|title=Ornithology in Laboratory and Field. Fourth edition|last=Pettingill, OS Jr.|publisher=Burgess Publishing Company|year=1970|isbn=0808716093|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ornithologyinlab0000pett/page/29 29–58]|url-access=registration}}</ref> Plumolohiya (o plumage science) an ngaran kan siyensiya na konektado sa pag-adal nin mga balukag.<ref name="LangsFWPlumology">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRJfNmHhIpUC&q=Plumology&pg=PA537|title=Langenscheidt Fachwörterbuch Biologie Englisch : englisch – deutsch, deutsch – englisch|last=Eichhorn|first=hrsg. von Manfred|date=2005|publisher=Langenscheidt|isbn=3861172283|edition=1. Aufl.|location=Berlin [u.a.]|page=537|access-date=24 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217235721/https://books.google.com/books?id=KRJfNmHhIpUC&pg=PA537&lpg=PA537&dq=Plumology&source=bl&ots=2pOkPvbmtz&sig=k-Z7u5Kx289CH0jH_iE9y77oWpE&hl=de&sa=X&ei=dP05VducMMjcaK6WgeAB&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Plumology&f=false|archive-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> An mga balukag may nagkapirang bilang nin gamit kultural, asin relihiyoso. An mga balukag kapwa malomoy asin ekselente sa pag-olang nin init; Sa siring, kun beses ginagamit iyan sa halangkaw na klase nin gamit sa katurogan, nangorogna sa mga ulunan, tamong, asin mattress. Ginagamit man iyan na panlaag sa gubing para sa tiglipot asin sa katurogan na panluwas, arog baga nin quilted coats asin sleeping bags.. An mga gansa asin eider igwa nin dakulang loft, an kakayahan na pahiwason hale sa sarong compressed, nasasaray na estado tanganing siloon an dakol na komplikadong kompartmentalisado asin nag-iinsular na doros.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Journal of Materials Science Letters|title=The structural mechanical properties of down feathers and biomimicking natural insulation materials|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-materials-science-letters_1999-11-01_18_21/page/1769|volume=18|issue=21|pages=1769–1770|year=1999|author1=Bonser, R.H.C.|author2=Dawson, C.|doi=10.1023/A:1006631328233}}</ref> An mga balukag nin darakulang gamgam (sa parati gansa) iyo na asin ginagamit sa paggibo nin saradit na quill pens. Sa kasaysayan, an pagdadakop nin mga gamgam para sa mga balukag na may dekorasyon asin samno nagsapeligro sa nagkapirang klase asin nakatabang na makakontribwir sa pagkapara nin iba. Ngonyan, an mga balukag na ginagamit sa moda asin sa militar na mga headdress asin gubing nakukua bilang basurang produkto nin pag - oma na poultry, kabale an mga manok, gansa, panbo, pheasant, asin ostriches. An mga balukag na ini ginagakot asin pinaghihimo sa pagpagayon kan saindang hitsura, ta an mga balukag sa poultry natural nang malaman an hitsura kun ibabaing sa balukag kan mga gamgam na layas. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} 5fbzq741dqk44cs9k5sylf9ik7oc3lo 0 39743 309683 260362 2026-08-23T22:11:52Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Tuhod | Latin = Articulatio genus | Image = | Caption = Too na tuhod kan lalaki | Image2 = Blausen 0597 KneeAnatomy Side.png | Caption2 = Too na tuhod na mahihiling sa too na gilid | Precursor = | System = Sistemang Musculoskeletal | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = [[femoral nerve|femoral]], [[obturator nerve|obturator]], [[sciatic nerve|sciatic]] | Lymph = }} Sa mga tawo asin iba pang primates, an '''tuhod''' nagtatakod sa paa asin sa tabay asin kompwesto nin duwang pagsokmolan: An saro sa femur asin tibia (tibiofemoral), asin an saro sa pag - oltanan kan femur asin patella (patellofemoral joint).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Knee Pain|last=Chhajer|first=Bimal|publisher=Fusion Books|year=2006|isbn=978-81-8419-181-3|pages=10–11|chapter=Anatomy of Knee|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KquYyFiVHtIC&pg=PA10}}</ref> Ini an pinakadakulang sokmolan sa hawak nin tawo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kulowski|first1=Jacob|date=July 1932|title=Flexion contracture of the knee|journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery|volume=14|issue=3|pages=618–63|url=http://jbjs.org/content/14/3/618|access-date=2015-05-08|archivedate=2016-08-03|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160803181853/http://jbjs.org/content/14/3/618}} Republished as: {{Cite journal|last1=Kulowski|first1=J|title=Flexion contracture of the knee: The mechanics of the muscular contracture and the turnbuckle cast method of treatment; with a review of fifty-five cases. 1932|journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research|volume=464|pages=4–10}}</ref> An tuhod sarong grupo nin mga hinge joint, na kun saen minatogot na an flexion asin extension siring man an dikit na pag-itok sa laog asin sa luwas. An tuhod madaling maerido asin magkaigwa nin osteoarthritis. Sa parate inaapod iyan na compound joint na may tibiofemoral asin patellofemoral na mga components.<ref name="pmid19594940">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1186/1745-6673-4-19|pmid=19594940|pmc=2726153|title=Occupational kneeling and radiographic tibiofemoral and patellofemoral osteoarthritis|journal=Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology|volume=4|pages=19|year=2009|last1=Rytter|first1=Søren|last2=Egund|first2=Niels|last3=Jensen|first3=Lilli|last4=Bonde|first4=Jens}}</ref><ref name="pmid19726621">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/0363546509341829|pmid=19726621|pmc=3832057|title=Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Kinematics After Reconstruction of an Isolated Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: In Vivo Analysis During Lunge|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-sports-medicine_2009-12_37_12/page/2377|journal=The American Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=37|pages=2377–85|year=2009}}</ref> (An fibular collateral ligament parateng kinokonsiderar na may tibiofemoral components.)<ref name="pmid17764523">{{Cite journal|title=The effect of tibiofemoral loading on proximal tibiofibular joint motion|pages=647–53|year=2007|last=Scott|first=Jacob}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} eqybvqrw5kb3niqc7nivvl8zg0xvqlu 0 39833 309755 242211 2026-08-23T23:15:46Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309755 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Podkowiński-Szał uniesień-MNK.jpg|thumb|370x370px|''[[Frenzy of Exultations]]'' (1894) ni [[Władysław Podkowiński]]]] An '''orgasmo''' (hale sa Griego ⁇ ⁇ ; orgasmos; " excitement, paghubag") o '''''sexual climax''''' iyo an biglang pagluwas nin sekswal na kaogmahan durante kan sexual response cycle nin reaksyon, na nagresulta sa ritmiko, bakong kontrolado na muscular na mga contractions sa pelvic na rehiyon na igwa nin sekswal na kaogmahan.<ref name="dictbiopsych">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEMSWCeeSPYC&pg=PA1189|title=Dictionary of Biological Psychology|last=Winn|first=Philip|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134778157|page=1189|language=en}}</ref> Sa eksperyensya kan mga lalaki asin babae, an mga orgasmo kontrolado kan inboluntaryo o autonomic nervous system. An mga iyan parateng asosyado sa inboluntaryo na paghiro, kaiba an muscular spasms sa dakol na kabtang kan hawak, pankagabsan na pakamate nin euphoric asin, parate, mga hiro nin hawak asin vocalisasyon.<ref name="Rosenthal" /> An peryodo pakatapos nin orgasmo (na inaapod na refractory period) parateng sarong nakarererelaks na eksperyensya, na iinaatribwir sa pagluwas kan mga neurohormones oxytocin asin prolactin saka mga endorphin (o "endogenous morphine").<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Coitus-induced orgasm stimulates prolactin secretion in healthy subjects|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychoneuroendocrinology_2001-04_26_3/page/287|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=26|issue=3|pages=287–94|date=April 2001|pmid=11166491|doi=10.1016/S0306-4530(00)00053-6}}</ref> An mga orgasmo nin tawo sa parate minaresulta sa pisikal na sekswal na istimulasyon sa putoy sa mga lalaki (na sa parate kadungan nin pagtupga nin kasit) asin kan itil sa mga babae.<ref name="Weiten">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGu96TeAZo0C&pg=PT423|title=Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century|last=Wayne Weiten|last2=Dana S. Dunn|last3=Elizabeth Yost Hammer|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2011|isbn=978-1-111-18663-0|page=386|access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> An sekswal na istimulasyon pwedeng sa paagi kan personal na kaugalian (masturbasyon) o sa paagi kan sekswal na kapadis (sekswal na penetrasyon, pagdurog na mayong penetrasyon, o iba pang sekswal na aktibidad). Manlaenlaen an epekto sa salud na nakapalibot sa orgasmo nin tawo. Dakol an pisyolohikong reaksyon durante kan sekswal na aktibidad, kaiba an relaks na kamugtakan na ginibo kan prolactin, siring man an mga pagbabago sa sentral na sistema nin nerbyos arog kan temporaryong pag - ina sa metabolic na aktibidad kan dakulang mga kabtang kan cerebral cortex mantang mayo nin pagbabago o nadugangan na aktibidad nin metabolic sa kalamias (i.e., "bordering") na mga lugar kan hotok.<ref name="Georgiadis">{{Cite journal|title=Men versus women on sexual brain function: prominent differences during tactile genital stimulation, but not during orgasm|journal=Human Brain Mapping|volume=30|issue=10|pages=3089–101|date=October 2009|pmid=19219848|doi=10.1002/hbm.20733|pmc=6871190}}</ref> Igwa man nin dakol na sekswal na dysfunctions, arog baga nin anorgasmia. An mga epektong ini nakaaapektar sa kultural na mga punto de vista dapit sa orgasmo, arog baga kan mga pagtubod na an orgasmo asin an pagkaparate o pagkaoroyon kaiyan kun bakong importante o dai nagdadanay para sa satispaksion sa sekswal na relasyon, asin mga teoriya manongod sa biolohiko asin ebolusyonaryong mga pagpunsionar kan orgasmo.<ref name="Geoffrey Miller">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QG-8PbZb4csC&q=The+human+clitoris+shows+no+apparent+signs+of+having+evolved+directly+through+male+mate+choice.&pg=PA238|title=The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature|last=Geoffrey Miller|publisher=[[Random House|Random House Digital]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0307813749|pages=238–239|author-link=Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)|access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Wallen K, Lloyd EA">{{Cite journal|title=Female sexual arousal: genital anatomy and orgasm in intercourse|journal=Hormones and Behavior|date=May 2011|pmid=21195073|pmc=3894744|doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.12.004|volume=59|issue=5|pages=780–92}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} javivuft2s8m51ftsgu8kk3gb2aryq3 0 39927 309775 242299 2026-08-23T23:31:29Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309775 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Estradiol.svg|right|thumb|[[Estradiol]], an mayor na estroheno sex hormona sa mga tawo asin lakop na ginagamit bilang sarong bulong.|262x262px]] An '''estroheno''' ([[Ingles]]: ''estrogen'' o ''oestrogen'') iyo an sarong kategoriya nin sekswal na [[hormona]] na responsable sa pagtalubo asin regulasyon kan pambabaeng sistema nin reproduksyon asin sekondaryong mga karakteristiko sa sekso.<ref name="Huether">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oF2yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA767|title=Understanding Pathophysiology|vauthors=Huether SE, McCance KL|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-32-367281-8|page=767|quote=Estrogen is a generic term for any of three similar hormones derived from cholesterol: estradiol, estrone, and estriol.}}</ref><ref name="Satoskar">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9LQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA943|title=Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics|vauthors=Satoskar RS, Rege N, Bhandarkar SD|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-8-13-124941-3|page=943|quote=The natural estrogens are steroids. However, typical estrogenic activity is also shown by chemicals which are not steroids. Hence, the term 'estrogen' is used as a generic term to describe all the compounds having estrogenic activity.}}</ref> Igwang tolong mayor na endogenous estrogens na igwang estrogenic hormonal na aktibidad: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), asin estriol (E3).<ref name="Huether" /><ref name="Delgado">{{Cite journal|title=Estrogen|journal=StatPearls [Internet]|date=December 20, 2021|pmid=30855848|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|quote=Estrogen is a steroid hormone associated with the female reproductive organs and is responsible for the development of female sexual characteristics. Estrogen is often referred to as estrone, estradiol, and estriol. ... Synthetic estrogen is also available for clinical use, designed to increase absorption and effectiveness by altering the estrogen chemical structure for topical or oral administration. Synthetic steroid estrogens include ethinyl estradiol, estradiol valerate, estropipate, conjugate esterified estrogen, and quinestrol.|last1=Delgado|first1=B. J.|last2=Lopez-Ojeda|first2=W.}}</ref> An Estradiol, sarong estrane, an pinakamakosog asin lakop.<ref name="Huether" /> An saro pang estrogen na inaapod na estetrol (E4) pinoprodusir sana sa panahon nin pagbabados. An mga Estrogens synthesized sa gabos na vertebrate asin sa nagkapirang insekto.<ref name="pmid7083198">{{Cite journal|title=Biochemistry of aromatase: significance to female reproductive physiology|date=August 1982}}</ref><ref name="Mechoulam_2005">{{Cite journal|title=Estrogens in insects|date=September 2005}}</ref> An saindang presensya kapwa sa mga vertebrates asin sa insekto nagsusuherir na an mga hormona sa sekso may suanoy na kasaysayan nin ebolusyon. Sa kantidad, an mga estrogens minasirkular sa mas hababang lebel kisa sa mga androgen sa mga lalaki sagkod mga babayi.<ref name="Burger2002">{{Cite journal|title=Androgen production in women|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=77|issue=Suppl 4|pages=S3–S5|date=April 2002|pmid=12007895|doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(02)02985-0}}</ref> Mantang mas hababa an lebel sa mga lalaki kisa sa mga babae, igwa man giraray ini nin importanteng physiological na papel sa mga lalaki.<ref name="pmid11403894">{{Cite journal|title=Estrogens and health in males|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-and-cellular-endocrinology_2001-06-10_178_1-2/page/51|journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|volume=178|issue=1–2|pages=51–55|date=June 2001|pmid=11403894|doi=10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00420-8}}</ref> Arog kan gabos na steroid hormones, an mga estrogens madaling mag-lakbo sa ibong kan cell membrane. Oras na nasa laog kan selula, sinda nagtatarakudan asin nag-aaktibar nin mga estrogen receptors (ERs) na iyo man an nagpapakusog sa ekspresyon nin dakol na genes.<ref name="isbn978-1-85996-252-7">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=endocrin.TOC&depth=10|title=Endocrinology: an integrated approach|vauthors=Whitehead SA, Nussey S|publisher=BIOS: Taylor & Francis|year=2001|isbn=978-1-85996-252-7|location=Oxford|pmid=20821847}}</ref> Saro pa, an mga estrogens nakatakod sa asin nagtatakod asin nag-aaktibar nin marikas na signal na membrane estrogen receptors (mERs), siring kan GPER (GPR30).<ref name="pmid23756388">{{Cite journal|title=Membrane estrogen receptors - is it an alternative way of estrogen action?|date=April 2013}}</ref><ref name="pmid22538318">{{Cite journal|title=Membrane estrogen receptor regulation of hypothalamic function}}</ref><ref name="pmid17222505">{{Cite journal|title=GPR30: A G protein-coupled receptor for estrogen|date=February 2007}}</ref> Apwera sa saindang papel bilang natural na hormones, ginagamit an mga estrogen bilang mga bulong, halimbawa sa pag - menopausal hormone therapy, hormonal na pagkontrol sa pangangaki asin ''feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women'' asin ''nonbinary people''. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} m1kibl1lwzemv64kpcz41yncziggdnt 0 39928 309677 259278 2026-08-23T21:59:36Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands | name = Miangas | native_name = Pulau Miangas | sobriquet = <!-- or nickname --> | image_name =Wolo Beach, Miangas - panoramio.jpg | image_size = | image_caption =Wolo Beach sa Miangas | image_alt = | map = Indonesia | map_width = 270 | map_caption = Lokasyon kan Miangas sa Indonesya | location =[[Sur-subangang Asya]] | coordinates = {{coord|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = [[Talaud Islands]] | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 3.15 | area_footnotes = | rank = | length_km = 3 | length_footnotes =23 | width_km = 1.2 | width_footnotes =23 | coastline_km = <!-- or coastline m --> | coastline_footnotes = | elevation_m =111 | elevation_footnotes = | highest_mount = Gunung Batu | country = Indonesya | country_admin_divisions_title =Probinsya | country_admin_divisions =[[North Sulawesi]] | country_admin_divisions_title_1 =Rehensya | country_admin_divisions_1 =[[Talaud Islands Regency|Talaud Islands]] | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = | country_admin_divisions_2 = | country_capital = | country_largest_city = | country_largest_city_population = | country_leader_title = | country_leader_name = | country_1 = | country_1_admin_divisions_title = | country_1_admin_divisions = | country_1_admin_divisions_title_1 = | country_1_admin_divisions_1 = | country_1_admin_divisions_title_2 = | country_1_admin_divisions_2 = | country_1_capital_city = | country_1_largest_city = | country_1_largest_city_population = | country_1_leader_title = | country_1_leader_name = | demonym = | population =728 | population_as_of =2010 | density_km2 = | density_footnotes = | ethnic_groups = | website = | additional_info = |timezone1=[[Time in Indonesia|ICST]]|utc_offset1=+8|native_name_link=Indonesian language}} An '''Miangas''' o '''Palmas''' iyo an pinakaamihanan na isla kan [[Amihanan na Sulawesi]], asin saro sa 92 na opisyal na nalista na pinakapurohon na mga isla sa [[Indonesya]]. ==Etimolohiya== An boot sabihon kan ngaran na ''Miangas'' iyo an "''exposed to piracy''", nin huli sa mga pirata gikan sa [[Mindanao]] na dating nagbisita sa isla.<ref name=ga297>{{harvnb|Ganesan|Amer|2010|p=297}}</ref> Kaidtong ika-16 na siglo, an isla nginaranan sa Espanyol na ''Isla de las Palmas'', asin sa Portuges iyo an ''Ilha de Palmeiras''.<ref>{{harvnb|Ulaen|Wulandari|Tangkilisan|2012|pp=10–11}}</ref> Sa tataramon na Sasahara, an isla inaapod na ''Tinonda'' o ''Poilaten'' sa [[Minahasan]] na an boot sabihon iyo an "people who live separated from the main archipelago" asin "our island" respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Ulaen|Wulandari|Tangkilisan|2012|pp=14–15}}</ref> ==Uusipon== [[File:Tanjung Bora - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|200px|An Tanjung Bora sa Miangas]] Segun sa lokal na tradisyon, igwa nin nagkapirang mga kahadean sa lugar na ini. [[Sangir Island|Sangir]], [[Talaud Islands|Talaud]] asin [[Sitaro Islands Regency|Sitaro]] kabilang sa duwang kahadean, Tabukan asin Kalongan. Nganing ma-justify an saindang soberanya sa Miangas, an mga Dutch nakigsuhay na an isla napasairarom kan dominasyon kan prinsesa kan Sangir.<ref>M. P. H. Roessingh, "Dutch relations with the Philippines:a survey of sources in the General States Archives, The Hague, Netherlands", ''[[Asian Studies]]'' 5, No. 2, pp. 377-407</ref> ===Amay na modernong era=== Kaidtong Oktobre 1526, [[Loaísa expedition|Garcia Jofre de Loaísa]], an Kastilang paradagat asin parasaligsig, iyo an enot na European na nagbisita sa isla.<ref>{{harvnb|Ulaen|Wulandari|Tangkilisan|2012|p=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title =European Voyaging towards Australia | first =Jorge | last =Berguno | chapter=The South and Mid-Pacific Voyages|editor1=Hardy, John | editor2=Frost, Alan | year =1990 | publisher =Australian Academy of the Humanities | isbn =0909897190}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last =Kelsey | first =Harry | title =Finding the Way Home: Spanish Exploration of the Round-Trip Route across the Pacific Ocean | url =https://archive.org/details/western-historical-quarterly_1986-04_17_2/page/145 | journal =The Western Historical Quarterly | volume =17 | issue =2 | publisher =Utah State University | location =United States | date =April 1986 | pages =145–164 | doi =10.2307/969278 | jstor =969278 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last =Nowell | first =Charles E. | title =The Loaisa Expedition and the Ownership of the Moluccas | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_pacific-historical-review_1936_5_4/page/325 | journal =Pacific Historical Review | volume =5 | issue =4 | publisher =University of California Press | location =United States | date =December 1936 | pages =325–336 | doi =10.2307/3632888 | jstor =3632888 }}</ref> An isla dating ginamit bilang depensa sa lugar kan mga tawong [[Talaud]] kan inatake kan [[Sulu Sultanate]].<ref name=lipi>{{cite web |url=http://www.politik.lipi.go.id/index.php/in/kolom/politik-internasional/592-menilik-perbatasan-indonesia-filipina-pulau-miangas |title=Menilik Perbatasan Indonesia-Filipina: Pulau Miangas |first=Sandy Nur Ikfal |last=Raharjo |publisher=LIPI |date=17 January 2012 |access-date=16 June 2012 |archive-date=28 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828154451/http://www.politik.lipi.go.id/index.php/in/kolom/politik-internasional/592-menilik-perbatasan-indonesia-filipina-pulau-miangas |dead-url=yes }}</ref> An isla apektado kan outbreak kan cholera kaidtong 1885, nagkawsa sa ginatos na nakaistar na mag-ebekwar sa isla nin Karakelang. Kaidtong 1895, si E. J. Jellesma, Oud-resident kan [[Manado]], nagbisita sa Miangas nganing omawon an residente asin ''kapiten laut'' para sa pagsayuma sa bandera kan [[Spanish East Indies|Spanish]]. Tinawan sinda ni Jellesma nin medalya asin kan bandera kan [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch]]. Kaiba ni Jellesma iyo si Pastor Kroll, na binunyagan an 254 residente bilang mga Protestante. Pagkatapos kan pagbisita ni Jellesma, sarong Tahuna assistant resident asin Pastor Pannings binisita an isla kan Abril asin Oktobre 1909.<ref>{{harvnb|Ulaen|Wulandari|Tangkilisan|2012|pp=61–62}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{poon}} brv4vonxcmxj3lg4rgocil1w258au48 0 39929 309824 308851 2026-08-24T00:12:13Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309824 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Amanda Françozo At The Runner Sports Fragment.jpg|right|thumb|Mga tagdo kan ga'not sa kublit]] An '''ga'not''', na inaapod man na '''hinang''' asin '''daplos''', iyo an pagprodusir nin mga [[pluwido]] na linuluwas kan mga glandula nin ga'not sa [[kublit]] nin mga [[mamalya]].<ref name="perspiration">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/99/3/781.pdf|title=Simultaneous Study of Constituents of Urine and Perspiration|author=Mosher HH|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|year=1933|volume=99|pages=781–790|issue=3|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)76026-2|access-date=2022-11-22|archivedate=2019-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918161728/http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/99/3/781.pdf}}</ref> Duwang klase nin glandula nin ganot an manunumpongan sa mga tawo: eccrine glands asin apocrine glands.<ref name="2017-Hanukoglu">{{Cite journal|title=Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages|journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology|volume=147|issue=6|pages=733–748|doi=10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3|url=https://zenodo.org/record/890756}}</ref> An mga glandula nin eccrine idinistribuwir sa kadaklan na parte kan hawak asin responsable sa pagpaluwas kan matubig, brackish sweat sa parte huli sa sobrang temperatura sa hawak. An apocrine sweat glands na nalilimitaran sa mga takyag asin mga pirang iba pang lugar kan hawak asin nakakagibo nin mayong parong, malana, opaque secretion na kun siring nakukua an karakteristikong parong kaini sa dekomposisyon nin bacteria. Sa mga tawo, an pagluwas nin ga'not sa pang-inot sarong paagi nin pag-thermoregulation, na nagigibo sa paagi nin pagluwas nin secretion na mayaman sa tubig na eccrine glands. An mga bilang nin sweat rates kan mga adulto na nasa edad na puwedeng maabot sa 2-4 litro kada oras o 10-14 litro kada aldaw (10-15 g/min·mo2), alagad mas dikit sa mga aki bago magin tinedyer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Temperature Regulation in Humans and Other Mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/temperatureregul0000jess|last=Jessen|first=C.|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=978-3-540-41234-2|location=Berlin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Physiology. Section 4: Environmental Physiology|last=Mack|first=G. W.|last2=Nadel|first2=E. R.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-507492-5|editor-last=Fregly|editor-first=M. J.|location=New York|pages=187–214|chapter=Body fluid balance during heat stress in humans|editor-last2=Blatteis|editor-first2=C. M.|editor-link2=Clark M. Blatteis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Physiology. Section 4: Environmental Physiology|last=Sawka|first=M. L.|last2=Wenger|first2=C. B.|last3=Pandolf|first3=K. B.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-507492-5|editor-last=Fregly|editor-first=M. J.|location=New York|chapter=Thermoregulatory responses to acute exercise-heat stress and heat acclimation|editor-last2=Blatteis|editor-first2=C. M.}}</ref> An ebaporasyon nin ganot hale sa ibabaw kan kublit igwa nin nagpapalipot na epekto huli sa evaporative cooking. Huli kaini, sa mainit na panahon, o kun nagpapainit an kalamnan kan sarong indibiduwal huli sa exertion, mas dakol an ga'not na napoprudusir. An mga hayop na dikit an ganot na glandula, arog baga nin mga ayam, naggigibo nin kaagid na temperatura regulation resulta nin paghingal, na nag - aalintoto nin tubig hale sa alumaad na palibot kan nguso sa oral cavity asin pharynx. Minsan ngani an pagluwas nin ga'not manunumpongan sa kadakol na manlain-lain na klase nin mamalya, pipira sana (an mga pagsiyasat kaiba an mga tawo asin kabayo) iyo an nagpapaluwas nin dakol na ganot tanganing maglipot.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goglia G|title=[Further research on the branched sweat glands in some mammals (Cavia cobaya, Sus scrofa, Equus caballus).]|journal=Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale|volume=29|issue=1|pages=58–60|date=January 1953|pmid=13066656}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sweat gland function of the donkey (Equus asinus)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-physiology_1969-11_205_1/page/79|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=205|issue=1|pages=79–89|date=November 1969|pmid=5347721}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Latherin: A Surfactant Protein of Horse Sweat and Saliva|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=4|issue=5|pages=e5726|pmid=19478940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jenkinson|title=Comparative Physiology of Sweating|journal=British Journal of Dermatology|date=April 1973|volume=88|issue=4|pages=397–406|pmid=4582049}}</ref> == Toltolan == <references />{{Tamboan}} sod41wzfjzqunk6n01bj0uh5v82g2q6 0 40061 309590 309345 2026-08-23T20:31:04Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309590 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''sosyalismo''' sarong walaistang pilosopiya asin kahiroan na sakop an manlaenlaen na sistemang ekonomiko na midbid sa pagkaigwa nin rogaring sa sosyedad na kontra sa pribadong pagsasadiri.<ref>{{Harvp|Busky|2000}}: "Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism."; {{Harvp|Sinclair|1918}}: "Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism."; {{Harvp|Arnold|1994}}: "What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system."; {{Harvp|Horvat|Michie|2000}}: "Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an aliquot part of the total social dividend… Second, in order to eliminate social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are run by those employed, and not by the representatives of private or state capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the divorce between ownership and management is brought to an end. The society—i.e. every individual equally—owns capital and those who work are entitled to manage their own economic affairs."</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Horvat|Michie|2000}}: "Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an aliquot part of the total social dividend… Second, in order to eliminate social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are run by those employed, and not by the representatives of private or state capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the divorce between ownership and management is brought to an end. The society—i.e. every individual equally—owns capital and those who work are entitled to manage their own economic affairs."; {{Harvp|Rosser|Barkley|2003}}: "Socialism is an economic system characterised by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital."; {{Harvp|Badie|Berg-Schlosser|Morlino|2011}}: "Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources."; {{Harvp|Zimbalist|Sherman|Brown|1988}}: "Pure socialism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production are owned and run by the government and/or cooperative, nonprofit groups."; {{Harvp|Brus|2015}}: "This alteration in the relationship between economy and politics is evident in the very definition of a socialist economic system. The basic characteristic of such a system is generally reckoned to be the predominance of the social ownership of the means of production."; {{Harvp|Arnold|1994}}: "This term is harder to define, since socialists disagree among themselves about what socialism 'really is.' It would seem that everyone (socialists and nonsocialists alike) could at least agree that it is not a system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…To be a socialist is not just to believe in certain ends, goals, values, or ideals. It also requires a belief in a certain institutional means to achieve those ends; whatever that may mean in positive terms, it certainly presupposes, at a minimum, the belief that these ends and values cannot be achieved in an economic system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system."</ref><ref name="oxfordcomp" /><ref name="oxfordcomp" /> An sosyal na pagsadiri pwedeng magin estado/publiko, komunidad, grupo, kooperatiba, o empleyado.<ref name="Horvat_Page_1516">{{Cite book|title=Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences, Volume 1|last=Horvat|first=Branko|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135932268|editor-last=Michie|editor-first=Jonathan|editor-link=Jonathan Michie|location=London and New York|pages=1515–1516|chapter=Social ownership|quote=Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an aliquot part of the total social dividend…Second, in order to eliminate social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are run by those employed, and not by the representatives of private or state capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the divorce between ownership and management is brought to an end. The society—i.e. every individual equally—owns capital and those who work are entitled to manage their own economic affairs.|author-link=Branko Horvat|access-date=15 October 2021|chapter-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Reader_s_Guide_to_the_Social_Sciences/ip_IAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1516&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Political Economy|last=O'Hara|first=Phillip|date=2003|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415241878|volume=2|page=71|quote=In order of increasing decentralisation (at least) three forms of socialised ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity.}}</ref> Minsan ngani mayo nin sarong pakahulogan na nakakadagdag sa dakol na klase nin sosyalismo, an sosyal na rogaring iyo an sarong komun na elemento. An manlaenlaenaen na klase nin sosyalismo nagkakalaenlaen sa kabtang nin mga merkado asin pagplano para sa kayamanan, sa estruktura nin pagpadalagan sa mga organisasyon, asin hale sa mas hababa o hale sa itaas na mga approaches, na may nagkapirang sosyalista na pinapaboran na partido, estado, o teknokratikong approach.<ref name="oxfordcomp">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/677|title=The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought|last=Hastings|first=Adrian|last2=Mason|first2=Alistair|last3=Pyper|first3=Hugh|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0198600244|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/677 677]|quote=Socialists have always recognized that there are many possible forms of social ownership of which co-operative ownership is one...Nevertheless, socialism has throughout its history been inseparable from some form of common ownership. By its very nature it involves the abolition of private ownership of capital; bringing the means of production, distribution, and exchange into public ownership and control is central to its philosophy. It is difficult to see how it can survive, in theory or practice, without this central idea.}}</ref> An mga Sosyalista dai nagkakaoroyon kun baga an gobyerno, partikularmente an nag - eeksister na gobyerno, iyo an tamang lunadan para sa pagbabago.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Socialism|date=2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810855601|editor-last=Docherty|editor-first=James C.|edition=2nd|series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements|volume=73|location=Lanham, Maryland|pages=1–3|editor-last2=Lamb|editor-first2=Peter}}</ref> An mga sistema na sosyalista nababanga sa mga pormang bakong merkado asin merkado.<ref name="Kolb">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, First Edition|last=Kolb|first=Robert|date=2007|publisher=[[Sage Publications]], Inc|isbn=978-1412916523|page=1345|quote=There are many forms of socialism, all of which eliminate private ownership of capital and replace it with collective ownership. These many forms, all focused on advancing distributive justice for long-term social welfare, can be divided into two broad types of socialism: nonmarket and market.}}</ref> An bakong merkado na sosyalismo nagriribay-ribay sa mga paktor nin merkado asin parati an kuwarta gamit an pinagpisan-pisan na mga leyes sa ekonomikong pagplano asin sa inhenyeriya o teknikal criteria base sa calculation performed in-kind, sa siring nagbunga nin ibang mekanismong pang-ekonimiya na nagseserbi segun sa manlaenlaen na mga leyes asin mga dinamiko kisa sa kapitalismo.<ref>{{Harvp|Bockman|2011}}: "socialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money."; {{Harvp|Steele|1999}}: "Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization, ... the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration."; {{Harvp|Arneson|1992}}: "Marxian socialism is often identified with the call to organize economic activity on a nonmarket basis."; {{Harvp|Schweickart|Lawler|Ticktin|Ollman|1998}}: "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs. ... Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... . It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality."</ref> An sarong bakong merkado na sistema nin mga sosyalista naghihingoang haleon an hinohonang mga kadaihan nin kakayahan, kawàran nin rason , kadaihan nin kasyertohan, asin mga krisis na pinagkatodan nang iasosyar kan mga sosyalista sa kwartang kapital asin sa sistema nin ganansya sa kapitalismo.<ref>{{Harvp|Nove|1991}}: "Under socialism, by definition, it (private property and factor markets) would be eliminated. There would then be something like 'scientific management', 'the science of socially organized production', but it would not be economics."; {{Harvp|Kotz|2006}}: "This understanding of socialism was held not just by revolutionary Marxist socialists but also by evolutionary socialists, Christian socialists, and even anarchists. At that time, there was also wide agreement about the basic institutions of the future socialist system: public ownership instead of private ownership of the means of production, economic planning instead of market forces, production for use instead of for profit."; {{Harvp|Weisskopf|1992}}: "Socialism has historically been committed to the improvement of people's material standards of living. Indeed, in earlier days many socialists saw the promotion of improving material living standards as the primary basis for socialism's claim to superiority over capitalism, for socialism was to overcome the irrationality and inefficiency seen as endemic to a capitalist system of economic organization."; {{Harvp|Prychitko|2002}}: "Socialism is a system based upon de facto public or social ownership of the means of production, the abolition of a hierarchical division of labor in the enterprise, a consciously organized social division of labor. Under socialism, money, competitive pricing, and profit-loss accounting would be destroyed."</ref> Sa kabaliktaran, pinapagdadanay kan sosyalismo sa komersyo an paggamit nin kwartang mga presyo, mga paktor na merkado asin sa nagkapirang kaso an motibo sa ganansya, mapadapit sa pagpunsionar kan mga negosyong sadiri kan sosyedad asin an alokasyon nin kapital na produkto sa pag-oltanan ninda. An mga ganansya na bunga kan mga kompanyang ini direktang kontrolado kan mga trabahador kan kada sarong kompanya o itatao sa sosyedad an kabtang sa porma nin sarong sosyal na dibidendo.<ref name="Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, 2004">{{Cite journal|last=Marangos|first=John|date=2004|title=Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-political-economy_fall-2004_34_3/page/20|journal=[[International Journal of Political Economy]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=34|issue=3|pages=20–40|doi=10.1080/08911916.2004.11042930}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Political Economy|last=O'Hara|first=Phillip|date=2000|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415241878|volume=2|page=71|quote=Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Socialism After Communism: The New Market Socialism|url=https://archive.org/details/socialismafterco0000pier|last=Pierson|first=Christopher|date=1995|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]]|isbn=978-0271-014784|page=[https://archive.org/details/socialismafterco0000pier/page/96 96]|quote=At the heart of the market socialist model is the abolition of the large-scale private ownership of capital and its replacement by some form of 'social ownership'. Even the most conservative accounts of market socialism insist that this abolition of large-scale holdings of private capital is essential. This requirement is fully consistent with the market socialists' general claim that the vices of market capitalism lie not with the institutions of the market but with (the consequences of) the private ownership of capital ... .}}</ref> An anarkismo asin librtaryanong sosyalismo kontra sa paggamit kan estado bilang sarong paagi tanganing makaestablisar nin sosyalismo, na pinapaboran an desentralisasyon urog sa gabos, baga man maestablisar an bakong merkadong sosyalismo o merkadong sosyalismo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique|url=https://archive.org/details/againstmarketpol0000mcna|last=McNally|first=David|publisher=[[Verso Books]]|year=1993|isbn=978-0860916062}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red|url=https://archive.org/details/libertariansocia0000unse|last=Kinna|first=Ruth|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0230280373|editor-last=Kinna|editor-first=Rith|editor-link=Ruth Kinna|location=Basingstoke|pages=[https://archive.org/details/libertariansocia0000unse/page/1 1]–16|chapter=Introduction|author-link=Ruth Kinna|editor-last2=Pinta|editor-first2=Saku|editor-last3=Prichard|editor-first3=Alex}}</ref> An politikang sosyalista nagin kapwa internasyonalista asin nasyonalista; inorganisar sa paagi kan politikal na mga partido asin kontra sa politikal na partido; kun beses nagsusuknongan an kaburunyogan nin mga kalakal asin kun minsan indipendente asin kritikal sainda, asin presente sa industriyalisado saka nagpoprogresong mga nasyon.<ref>{{Harvp|Newman|2005|p=2}}: "In fact, socialism has been both centralist and local; organized from above and built from below; visionary and pragmatic; revolutionary and reformist; anti-state and statist; internationalist and nationalist; harnessed to political parties and shunning them; an outgrowth of trade unionism and independent of it; a feature of rich industrialized countries and poor peasant-based communities."</ref> An demokrasya sosyal naggikan sa laog kan sosyalistang kahiroan, na sinusuportaran an mga pakikiaram sa ekonomiya asin sosyedad tanganing paoswagon an sosyal na hustisya. <ref>{{Cite book|title=French and German Socialism in Modern Times|url=https://archive.org/details/frenchandgerman00elygoog|last=Ely|first=Richard T.|date=1883|publisher=Harper and Brothers|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/frenchandgerman00elygoog/page/n216 204]–205|quote=Social democrats forms the extreme wing of the socialists ... inclined to lay so much stress on equality of enjoyment, regardless of the value of one's labor, that they might, perhaps, more properly be called communists. ... They have two distinguishing characteristics. The vast majority of them are laborers, and, as a rule, they expect the violent overthrow of existing institutions by revolution to precede the introduction of the socialistic state. I would not, by any means, say that they are all revolutionists, but the most of them undoubtedly are. ... The most general demands of the social democrats are the following: The state should exist exclusively for the laborers; land and capital must become collective property, and production be carried on unitedly. Private competition, in the ordinary sense of the term, is to cease.|author-link=Richard T. Ely}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Social Democracy in Power: The Capacity to Reform|last=Merkel|first=Wolfgang|last2=Petring|first2=Alexander|last3=Henkes|first3=Christian|last4=Egle|first4=Christoph|date=2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415438209|series=Routledge Research in Comparative Politics|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000heyw_r1d6|last=Heywood|first=Andrew|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0230367258|edition=5th|location=Basingstoke, England|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000heyw_r1d6/page/128 128]|quote=Social democracy is an ideological stance that supports a broad balance between market capitalism, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other hand. Being based on a compromise between the market and the state, social democracy lacks a systematic underlying theory and is, arguably, inherently vague. It is nevertheless associated with the following views: (1) capitalism is the only reliable means of generating wealth, but it is a morally defective means of distributing wealth because of its tendency towards poverty and inequality; (2) the defects of the capitalist system can be rectified through economic and social intervention, the state being the custodian of the public interest ... .}}</ref> Minsan ngani pinapagdadanay an sosyalismo bilang panghaloyan nang katuyohan, mantang an peryodo pakatapos kan guerra inako an sarong ekonomiya na kompwesto nin mga Keynesianong saralak na ekonomiya sa laog nin predominanteng mauswag na kapitalistang ekonomiyang merkado asin liberal na demokratikong mga rogaring na nagpapahiwas kan pakikiaram kan estado na kabali an income redistribution, regulation, asin an welfare state.<ref>{{Harvp|Roemer|1994}}: "The long term and the short term."; {{Harvp|Bermann|1998|p=57}}: "Over the long term, however, democratizing Sweden's political system was seen to be important not merely as a means but also as an end in itself. Achieving democracy was crucial not only because it would increase the power of the SAP in the Swedish political system but also because it was the form socialism would take once it arrived. Political, economic, and social equality went hand in hand, according to the SAP, and were all equally important characteristics of the future socialist society."; {{Harvp|Busky|2000}}; {{Harvp|Bailey|2009|p=77}}: "... Giorgio Napolitano launched a medium-term programme, 'which tended to justify the governmental deflationary policies, and asked for the understanding of the workers, since any economic recovery would be linked with the ''long-term'' goal of an advance towards democratic socialism'"; {{Harvp|Lamb|2015|p=415}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Badie|Berg-Schlosser|Morlino|2011|p=2423}}: "Social democracy refers to a political tendency resting on three fundamental features: (1) democracy (e.g., equal rights to vote and form parties), (2) an economy partly regulated by the state (e.g., through Keynesianism), and (3) a welfare state offering social support to those in need (e.g., equal rights to education, health service, employment and pensions)."</ref> An ekonomikong demokrasya nag - aalok nin sarong klase nin sosyalismong merkado, na may mas demokratikong kontrol sa mga kompanya, kurhensia, pangangapital asin natural na mapapagkuanan nin kayamanan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Economic Democracy: The Political Struggle for the 21st century|last=Smith|first=J. W.|date=2005|publisher=[[Institute for Economic Democracy Press]]|isbn=1933567-015|location=Radford}}</ref> Kabale sa sosyalistang politikal na kahiroan an sarong grupo nin politikal na mga pilosopiya na naggikan sa mga kahiroan na rebolusyonaryo kan kabangaan kan ika - 18 siglo asin huli sa pagmakolog sa sosyal na mga problema na konektado sa kapitalismo. Kan huring kabtang kan ika - 19 siglo, pakatapos kan trabaho ni Karl Marx asin kan saiyang katabang na si Friedrich Engels, an sosyalismo nagkaigwa nin tanda nin pagtumang sa kapitalismo asin pagsamba sa sarong sistema sa post-capitalist na basado sa sarong klase nin sosyal na pagsadiri nin mga bagay.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Communist Manifesto: A Road Map to History's Most Important Political Document|url=https://archive.org/details/communistmanifes0000marx_s7l0|last=Gasper|first=Phillip|publisher=[[Haymarket Books]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1931859257|page=[https://archive.org/details/communistmanifes0000marx_s7l0/page/24 24]|quote=As the nineteenth century progressed, "socialist" came to signify not only concern with the social question, but opposition to capitalism and support for some form of social ownership.}}</ref><ref name="Anthony Giddens 1994, p. 71">{{Cite book|title=Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics|last=Giddens|first=Anthony|date=1998|publisher=[[Polity Press]]|edition=1998|location=Cambridge, England, UK|pages=71|author-link=Anthony Giddens}}</ref> Sa kapinonan kan 1920, an komunismo asin demokrasya sosyal nagin nang an duwang nangingibabaw na politikal na tendensiya sa laog kan internasyonal na kahiroan sosyalista, na an sosyalismo mismo an nagin pinakamaimpluwensiyang sekular na kahiroan kan ika - 20 siglo.<ref>{{Harvp|Newman|2005}}: "Chapter 1 looks at the foundations of the doctrine by examining the contribution made by various traditions of socialism in the period between the early 19th century and the aftermath of the First World War. The two forms that emerged as dominant by the early 1920s were social democracy and communism."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Political Science|date=2011|publisher=CQ Press|editor-last=Kurian|editor-first=George Thomas|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=1554}}</ref> An Sosyalistang mga partido asin ideya nagdadanay na sarong politikal na pwersa na may laen - laen na sokol nin kapangyarihan asin impluwensiya sa gabos na kontinente, na pasiring sa mga gobyerno nasyonal sa dakol na nasyon sa bilog na kinaban. Ngonyan, inarog man kan dakol na sosyalista an mga causa nin ibang sosyal na kahiroan arog baga kan feminismo, environmentalism, asin progressivism.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Political Thought|last=Sheldon|first=Garrett Ward|date=2001|publisher=Fact on File. Inc.|pages=280}}</ref> Minsan ngani an paglataw kan Unyon Sobyet bilang enot na sosyalista sa kinaban nagbunga kan lakop na pakikiasosyar kan sosyalismo sa modelo nin ekonomiya kan Sobyet, nagkapirang iskolar an nag - aasikaso na, an modelo nagpupunsionar bilang porma nin kapitalismong estado. An nagkapirang akademiko, komentarista sa politika, asin iskolar napalaen sa pag - oltanan nin awtoritaryan socialist asin demokratikong socialist na mga estado, na an enot na nagrerepresentar sa pan - Sirangan na Bloc asin an huri nagrerepresentar sa mga nasyon sa Solnopan na Holocaust na kontrolado kan sosyalistang mga partido na arog baga kan Britanya, Pransya, Sweden, asin Solnopan na mga nasyon sa pankagabsan, kaiba an iba pa.<ref>{{Harvp|Barrett|1978}}: "If we were to extend the definition of socialism to include Labor Britain or socialist Sweden, there would be no difficulty in refuting the connection between capitalism and democracy."; {{Harvp|Heilbroner|1991}}; {{Harvp|Kendall|2011}}: "Sweden, Great Britain, and France have mixed economies, sometimes referred to as democratic socialism—an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections. For example, government ownership in Sweden is limited primarily to railroads, mineral resources, a public bank, and liquor and tobacco operations."; {{Harvp|Li|2015}}: "The scholars in camp of democratic socialism believe that China should draw on the Sweden experience, which is suitable not only for the West but also for China. In the post-Mao China, the Chinese intellectuals are confronted with a variety of models. The liberals favor the American model and share the view that the Soviet model has become archaic and should be totally abandoned. Meanwhile, democratic socialism in Sweden provided an alternative model. Its sustained economic development and extensive welfare programs fascinated many. Numerous scholars within the democratic socialist camp argue that China should model itself politically and economically on Sweden, which is viewed as more genuinely socialist than China. There is a growing consensus among them that in the Nordic countries the welfare state has been extraordinarily successful in eliminating poverty."</ref> Minsan siring, pagkatapos kan Malipot na Guerra, dakol sa mga nasyon na ini an huminale sa sosyalismo bilang konsesiyonista sa gobyerno an suminalida sa sosyal na demokratikong konsekusion sa halangkaw na kapitalistang kinaban.<ref>{{Harvp|Sanandaji|2021}}; {{Harvp|Caulcutt|2022}}; {{Harvp|Krause-Jackson|2019}}; {{Harvp|Best|Kahn|Nocella II|McLaren|2011|page=xviii}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} dtskseyjpd7xy4xcjenb1wg0pus6rxm 0 40279 309813 243093 2026-08-24T00:02:42Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{automatic taxobox |image = Vehnäpelto 6.jpg |display_parents = 3 |taxon = Triticum |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |type_species = ''[[Triticum aestivum]]'' |type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>lectotype designated by Duistermaat, Blumea 32: 174 (1987)</ref> |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = {{colbegin}}{{ubl|''[[Triticum aestivum|T. aestivum]]''|''[[Triticum aethiopicum|T. aethiopicum]]''|''[[Triticum araraticum|T. araraticum]]''|''[[Triticum boeoticum|T. boeoticum]]''|''[[Triticum carthlicum|T. carthlicum]]''|''[[Triticum compactum|T. compactum]]''|''[[Emmer|T. dicoccoides]]''|''[[Triticum dicoccon|T. dicoccon]]''|''[[Triticum durum|T. durum]]''|''[[Triticum ispahanicum|T. ispahanicum]]''|''[[Triticum karamyschevii|T. karamyschevii]]''|''[[Triticum macha|T. macha]]''|''[[Triticum militinae|T. militinae]]''|''[[Triticum monococcum|T. monococcum]]''|''[[Triticum polonicum|T. polonicum]]''|''[[Triticum spelta|T. spelta]]''|''[[Triticum sphaerococcum|T. sphaerococcum]]''|''[[Triticum timopheevii|T. timopheevii]]''|''[[Triticum turanicum|T. turanicum]]''|''[[Triticum turgidum|T. turgidum]]''|''[[Triticum urartu|T. urartu]]''|''[[Triticum vavilovii|T. vavilovii]]''|''[[Triticum zhukovskyi|T. zhukovskyi]]''}}{{colend}} <small>References:<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;Serial No. 42236 [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]] 2002-09-22</small> }} An '''trigo''' sarong [[Poaceae|doot]] na pigkukultibar na gayo para sa [[pisog]] kaini, sarong [[tipasi]]ng cereal na kakanon na pangbilog na kinaban.<ref name="Mauseth2014">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BGEs95p5EsC&pg=PA223|title=Botany|last=James D. Mauseth|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4496-4884-8|page=223|quote=Perhaps the simplest of fruits are those of grasses (all cereals such as corn and wheat)...These fruits are caryopses.}}</ref> An dakol na espesye nin trigo minakompwesto sa genus na Triticum; an pinakamahiwas na nagtutubo iyo an komun na trigo (T. aestivum). An arkeolohikong rekord nagsusuherir na an trigo enot na kinultibar sa mga rehiyon kan ''Fertile Crescent'' kaidtong mga 9600 BCE. Sa Botanical na pagtaram, an tipasi nin trigo sarong klase nin prutas na inaapod ''caryopsis''. An trigo nagtutubo sa mas dakol na lugar sa daga kisa sa arin pa man na ibang pananom na kakanon (220.4 milyon hectares o 545 milyon na ektarya, 2014). An pankinaban na negosyo sa trigo orog na dakula kisa gabos na iba pang pananom. Kaidtong 2020, an pankinaban na pagprodusir nin trigo 761 milyones na tonelada (39 milyones na tonelada; 1.7 trilyon na libra), kaya iyan an ikaduwang pinakapinoprodusir na seryal kisa mais. Poon kan 1960, an pankinaban na pagprodusir nin trigo asin iba pang pananom na tipasi natriple asin linalaoman na dumakula pa sa kabangaan kan ika - 21 siglo.<ref name="godfray">{{Cite journal|last2=Beddington|first2=J. R.|last3=Crute|first3=I. R.|last4=Haddad|first4=L|last5=Lawrence|first5=D|last6=Muir|first6=J. F.|last7=Pretty|first7=J|last8=Robinson|first8=S|last9=Thomas|first9=S. M.|year=2010|title=Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-02-12_327_5967/page/812|journal=Science|volume=327|issue=5967|pages=812–8|bibcode=2010Sci...327..812G|doi=10.1126/science.1185383|pmid=20110467|last1=Godfray|first1=H.C.}}</ref> An lakop sa globong pangangaipo para sa trigo nag-oorog huli sa daing kaagid na viscoelastic asin mas mahal na mga rogaring nin mga protina na gluten, na nagpapadali sa produksyon nin pigproseso na mga kakanon, na an pagkonsumo naglalangkaw bilang resulta sa pankinaban na proseso nin iindustriyalisasyon asin kan westernisasyon kan pagkakan.<ref name="shewry15">{{Cite journal|title=Review: The contribution of wheat to human diet and health|journal=Food and Energy Security|year=2015|volume=4|issue=3|pages=178–202|last1=Shewry PR, Hey SJ|doi=10.1002/fes3.64|pmid=27610232}}</ref><ref name="DayAugustin2006">{{Cite journal|title=Wheat-gluten uses and industry needs|journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology|volume=17|issue=2|pages=82–90|doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2005.10.003}}</ref> An trigo sarong mahalagang gikanan nin carbohydrates.<ref name="shewry15">{{Cite journal|title=Review: The contribution of wheat to human diet and health|journal=Food and Energy Security|year=2015|volume=4|issue=3|pages=178–202|authors=Shewry PR, Hey SJ|doi=10.1002/fes3.64|pmid=27610232|pmc=4998136}}</ref> Sa bilog na globo, iyan an pangenot na gikanan nin mga protina kan gulay sa kakanon nin tawo, na igwa nin laog na protina na mga 13%, na medyo halangkaw kun ikokomparar sa iba pang mayor na mga seryal alagad medyo hababa sa kwalidad nin protina para sa pagtao nin kinakaipuhan na mga amino acid.<ref name="FAOproteinquality">{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/humannutrition/35978-02317b979a686a57aa4593304ffc17f06.pdf|title=Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition|date=2013|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|isbn=978-92-5-107417-6|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fao.org/ag/humannutrition/35978-02317b979a686a57aa4593304ffc17f06.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Kun kinakakan bilang bilog na tipasi, an trigo sarong gikanan nin dakol na sustansya asin dietary fiber.<ref name="shewry15" /> Sa sadit na kabtang kan pankagabsan na populasyon, an gluten – an mayor na kabtang kan protina sa trigo – pwedeng magin gikanan nin coeliac disease, noncoeliac gluten sensitivity, gluten ataxia, asin dermatitis herpetiformis.<ref name=LudvigssonLeffler /> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} h6dc5ei7rv9q5khz6mx6gwy1h689x8a 0 40393 309660 243511 2026-08-23T21:39:31Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309660 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Jyotisha''' o '''Jyotishya''' (gikan sa [[Sanskrito]] ''{{IAST|jyotiṣa}}'', gikan sa ''{{IAST|jyót}}'' “liwanag, hawak na langitnon" asin ''ish'' - gikan sa [[Ishvara|Isvara]] o Diyos) iyo an tradisyunal na sistemang [[Hindu]] nin [[astrolohiya]], midbid man bilang '''astrolohiyang Hindu''', '''astrolohiyang Indyano''' asin sa haraning panahon iyo '''astrolohiyang Vedic'''. Saro ini sa anom na auxiliary na mga disiplina sa [[Hinduismo]], na konektado sa pag-aadal sa [[Veda]]. An ''[[Vedanga Jyotisha]]'' iyo an saro sa pinakaamay na mga teksto manongod sa astronomiya sa laog kan [[Veda]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy|last=Thompson|first=Richard L.|date=2004|pages=9–240}}<!--page range too wide--></ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Āryabhaṭa I and his contributions to mathematics|last=Jha|first=Parmeshwar|date=1988|page=282}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mathematical Achievements of Pre-Modern Indian Mathematicians|last=Puttaswamy|first=T.K.|date=2012|page=1}}</ref>{{sfn|Witzel|2001}} An ibang mga iskolar nagtutubod na an [[astrolohiyang horoskopiko]] isinasagibo sa [[subkontinenteng Indian]] gikan sa [[Hellenistic religion|Hellenistic]] na mga impluwensya,{{sfn|Pingree|1981|pp=67ff, 81ff, 101ff}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=81}} minsan siring, ini an sarong punto nin intense na debate asin ibang iskolar nagtutubod na an '''Jyotisha''' nag-develop nin independiente minsan siring ini posibleng interacted sa [[astrolohiyang Griyego]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Tripathi|first=Vijaya Narayan|title=Astrology in India|date=2008|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9749|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|pages=264–267|editor-last=Selin|editor-first=Helaine|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9749|isbn=978-1-4020-4425-0|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref> An pagsunod sa judgement kan [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] kaidtong 2001 na pinapaboran an astrolohiyang, an ibang mga unibersidad sa Indian ngunyan nag-oopresir nin advanced degrees sa astrolohiyang Hindu. An [[scientific consensus]] na an [[Astrolohiya asin siyensya|astrolohiya]] iyo an [[pseudosiyensya]].<ref name="Thagard">{{cite journal|last=Thagard|first=Paul R.|title=Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience|journal=Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association|year=1978|volume=1|pages=223–234|doi=10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1978.1.192639|s2cid=147050929|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/teoreettinenfilosofia/oppimateriaali/Sintonen/Paul_R._Thagard_-_Why_Astrology_Is_A_Pseudoscience.pdf}}</ref><ref name="SandPSandAstroSoc">{{cite encyclopedia|author1=Sven Ove Hansson|author2=Edward N. Zalta|title=Science and Pseudo-Science|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=6 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="astrosociety.org">{{cite web|title=Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List|publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific|url=http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/pseudobib.html}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last=Hartmann|first=P.|last2=Reuter|first2=M.|last3=Nyborga|first3=H.|title=The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2006-05_40_7/page/1349|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|date=May 2006|volume=40|issue=7|pages=1349–1362|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017|quote=To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book ''Astrology: Science or superstition?'' by Eysenck and Nias (1982).}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} np7pd3gmwi0d85aomy0vnmdpb6q9pla 0 40571 309674 276506 2026-08-23T21:55:50Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Metabolism-en.svg|thumb|Pinasimpleng pagsirip sa metabolismong selular]] [[File:ATP-3D-vdW.png|thumb|right|Estruktura kan [[adenosine triphosphate]] (ATP), sarong sentral t intermediate sa metabolismong enerhiya]] An '''metabolismo''' iyo an set nin nagsusutenir nin buhay na kemikal na mga reaksyon sa mga organismo. An tolong pangenot na trabaho nin metabolismo: An pagkakombertir kan enerhiya sa kakanon na makukua sa pagdalagan nin mga proseso sa cellular; An pagkakombertir nin kakanon sa pagtogdok nin mga bloke para sa mga protina, lipids, nukleyikong asido, asin nagkapirang carbohydrates; asin an paghale sa metabolic wastes. An sibot - sibot na mga reaksyon na ini minatogot sa mga organismo na tumalubo asin magreprodusir, papagdanayon an saindang mga estruktura, asin humiro oyon sa saindang palibot. An terminong meabolismo pwede man na ipanongod sa halaga nin gabos na kemikal na reaksyon na nangyayari sa nabubuhay na mga organismo, kaiba an pagtunaw asin transportasyon nin mga bagay na nagin asin sa pag - oltanan nin laen - laen na selula, na dian an nasambitan sa enotan na mga reaksion sa laog kan mga selula inaapod na intermediary (o intermediate) metabolismo. An mga reaksyon na Metaboliko pwedeng ipareho bilang catabolic - an pagkaraot kan mga elemento (halimbawa, glucose sagkod pyruvate sa paagi kan respirasyon kan selula); o anaboliko - an pagpapakusog (synthesis) kan mga elemento (arog kan mga protina, carbohydrates, lipids, asin nucleic acid). Sa parate, an katabolismo nagpapaluwas nin enerhiya, asin an anabolismo nakakaubos nin enerhiya. An sistema metabolika nin sarong partikular na organismo an nagdedeterminar kun arin na mga bagay an magigin dahelan kun taano ta makanompong iyan nin masustansya asin arin na hilo. Halimbawa, may mga prokaryotes na naggagamit nin hydrogen sulfide bilang nutrient, pero an gas na ini marara sa mga hayop.<ref name="Physiology1">{{Cite book|title=Physiology and genetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria|last=Friedrich C|work=Adv Microb Physiol|year=1998|isbn=978-0-12-027739-1|series=Advances in Microbial Physiology|volume=39|pages=235–89|doi=10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60018-1|pmid=9328649}}</ref> An basal metabolic rate nin organismo iyo an sokol nin enerhiya na kinokosumo kan gabos na kemikal na reaksyon na ini. An sarong risang marhay na kabtang nin metabolismo iyo an pagkakaagid kan pundamental na mga dalan sa metaboliko sa tahaw nin manlaenlaen na espesye.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The universal nature of biochemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2001-01-30_98_3/page/805|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=98|issue=3|pages=805–8|date=January 2001|pmid=11158550|pmc=33372|doi=10.1073/pnas.98.3.805|bibcode=2001PNAS...98..805P}}</ref> Halimbawa, yaon an set nin carboxylic acid na midbid na marhay bilang mga intermediates sa siklo nin citric acid sa gabos na midbid na organismo, na manonompongan sa mga klase na arog kan bakong espesipikong mga bacterium Escherichia coli asin darakulang multicelular na organismo na arog kan elepante.<ref name="SmithE">{{Cite journal|title=Universality in intermediary metabolism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2004-09-07_101_36/page/13168|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=101|issue=36|pages=13168–73|date=September 2004|pmid=15340153|pmc=516543|doi=10.1073/pnas.0404922101|bibcode=2004PNAS..10113168S}}</ref> An mga pagkakaagid na ini sa metabolikong mga dalan posibleng huli sa saindang amay na paglataw sa kasaysayan nin ebolusyon, asin posibleng marhay na huli sa pagigin palaen kaiyan.<ref name="Ebenhoh">{{Cite journal|title=Evolutionary optimization of metabolic pathways. Theoretical reconstruction of the stoichiometry of ATP and NADH producing systems|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-mathematical-biology_2001-01_63_1/page/21|journal=Bulletin of Mathematical Biology|volume=63|issue=1|pages=21–55|date=January 2001|pmid=11146883|doi=10.1006/bulm.2000.0197}}</ref><ref name="Cascante">{{Cite journal|title=The puzzle of the Krebs citric acid cycle: assembling the pieces of chemically feasible reactions, and opportunism in the design of metabolic pathways during evolution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1996-09_43_3/page/293|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=43|issue=3|pages=293–303|date=September 1996|pmid=8703096|doi=10.1007/BF02338838}}</ref> Sa manlaenlaen na helang, arog baga kan klase II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, asin kanser, naraot an normal na metabolismo.<ref name="Smith2018">{{Cite journal|title=Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease|journal=Endocrine Reviews|volume=39|issue=4|pages=489–517|date=August 2018|pmid=29697773|pmc=6093334|doi=10.1210/er.2017-00211}}</ref> An metabolismo kan mga selula nin kanser iba man sa metabolismo kan normal na mga selula, asin an mga pagkakaiba na ini pwedeng gamiton tanganing hanapon an mga target para sa therapeutic na interbensyon sa kanser.<ref name="Vander_Heiden_2017">{{Cite journal|title=Understanding the Intersections between Metabolism and Cancer Biology|journal=Cell|volume=168|issue=4|pages=657–669|date=February 2017|pmid=28187287|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.039}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} pblf509kn1d7sx8ktemifbtpmvso8yl 0 40573 309573 277316 2026-08-23T20:18:02Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox award |name = Premyo Akutagawa |subheader = 芥川龍之介賞 (Akutagawa Ryūnosuke Shō) |image = |imagesize = |alt = |caption = |awarded_for = Pinakamahusay na osipon napublikar nin sarong pasubang na autor |presenter = [[Society for the Promotion of Japanese Literature]] |country = Hapon |date = {{start date|1935|08|10}} |reward = ¥1,000,000, [[pocket watch]] |year = {{start date and age|1935}} |year2 = |website = {{url|http://www.bunshun.co.jp/shinkoukai/award/akutagawa/}} }} An {{Nihongo|'''Premyo Akutagawa'''|芥川龍之介賞|Akutagawa Ryūnosuke Shō}} sarong [[LIteraturang Hapon|Hapones]] na [[literaryong gawad]] itinatao lambang duwang taon. Huli sa pagkaprestihiyoso kaini asin amot na atensyon an kagresibi kaini nahahakot sa medya, ini sinasabi, kadungan kan [[Premyo Naoki]], saro sa minama'wot na gayong premyo literaryo.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/art/Akutagawa-Prize. Kinua 2022-12-16.</ref><ref name=mack>{{cite journal|title=Accounting for Taste: The Creation of the Akutagawa and Naoki Prizes for Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_2004-12_64_2/page/291|last=Mack|first=Edward|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|date=2004|volume=64|number=2|pages=291–340|doi=10.2307/25066744|jstor=25066744}}</ref> ==Mga nanggarana== An [[Bungeishunjū]] nagmamantener nin opisyal na sarayan kan presente asin nakaaging mga nanggarana para sa kasararoan na inapod ''Society for the Promotion of Japanese Literature''.<ref name=official>{{cite web|url=http://www.bunshun.co.jp/shinkoukai/award/akutagawa/list.html|language=ja|title=芥川賞受賞者一覧|publisher=日本文学振興会 ([[Society for the Promotion of Japanese Literature]]|access-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |+Key | 上 | Tanda' para sa enot na kabanga' kan taon. |- | 下 | Tanda' para sa sunod na kabanga' kan taon. |} {| class="wikitable" ! # || Taon || Kagsurat || Trabaho || Napalagda' sa |- | {{0}}{{0}}1 || 1935上 || [[Tatsuzō Ishikawa]]|| {{Nihongo||蒼氓|Sōbō}} || {{Nihongo||星座|Seiza}} |- | {{0}}{{0}}2 || 1935下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}{{0}}3 || rowspan="2" | 1936上 || {{ill|Takeo Oda|ja|小田嶽夫}} || {{Nihongo||城外|Jōgai}} || {{Nihongo||文學生活|Bungaku Seikatsu}} |- | {{ill|Tomoya Tsuruta|ja|鶴田知也}} || {{Nihongo||コシャマイン記|Koshamain-Ki}} || {{Nihongo||小説|Shōsetsu}} |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}{{0}}4 || rowspan="2" | 1936下 || [[Jun Ishikawa]]|| {{Nihongo|''The Bodhisattva, or, Samantabhadra''|普賢|Fugen}} || {{Nihongo||作品|Sakuhin}} |- | {{ill|Uio Tomisawa|ja|冨澤有爲男}} || {{Nihongo||地中海|Chichūkai}} || {{Nihongo||東陽|Tōyō}} |- | {{0}}{{0}}5 || 1937上 || {{ill|Kazuo Ozaki (writer)|lt=Kazuo Ozaki|ja|尾崎一雄}} || {{Nihongo|''Rosy Glasses''|暢氣眼鏡 他|Nonki Megane}} || {{Nihongo||人物評論|Jinbutsu Hyōron}} |- | {{0}}{{0}}6 || 1937下 || [[Ashihei Hino]]|| {{Nihongo||糞尿譚|Fun'nyōtan}} || {{Nihongo||文學会議|Bungaku Kaigi}} |- | {{0}}{{0}}7 || 1938上 || [[Gishū Nakayama]]|| {{Nihongo||厚物咲|Atsumonozaki}} || rowspan="2" | ''[[Bungakukai]]'' |- | {{0}}{{0}}8 || 1938下 || [[Tsuneko Nakazato]]|| {{Nihongo||乗合馬車 他|Noriaibasha, ta}} |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}{{0}}9 || rowspan="2" | 1939上 || {{ill|Yoshiyuki Handa|ja|半田義之}} || {{Nihongo||鶏騒動|Niwatori Sōdō}} || {{Nihongo||文藝首都|Bungei Shuto}} |- | {{ill|Ken Hase|ja|長谷健}} || {{Nihongo||あさくさの子供|Asakusa no Kodomo}} || {{Nihongo||虚實|}} |- | {{0}}10 || 1939下 || {{ill|Kōtarō Samukawa|ja|寒川光太郎}} || {{Nihongo||密獵者|Mitsuryōsha}} || {{Nihongo||創作|Sōsaku}} |- | {{0}}11 || 1940上 || {{ill|Takagi Taku|ja|高木 卓}}<nowiki/>refused by the author || {{Nihongo||歌と門の盾|Uta to mon no tate}} || |- | {{0}}12 || 1940下 || {{ill|Tsunehisa Sakurada|ja|櫻田常久}} || {{Nihongo||平賀源内|Hiraga Gen'nai}} || {{Nihongo||作家精神|Sakka Seishin}} |- | {{0}}13 || 1941上 || {{ill|Yūkei Tada|ja|多田裕計}} || {{Nihongo||長江デルタ|Chōkō Deruta}} || {{Nihongo||大陸往来|Tairiku Ōrai}} |- | {{0}}14 || 1941下 || [[Yoshiko Shibaki]]|| {{Nihongo||青果の市|Seika no Ichi}} || {{Nihongo||文芸首都|Bungei Shuto}} |- | {{0}}15 || 1942上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}16 || 1942下 || {{ill|Toshio Kuramitsu|ja|倉光俊夫}} || {{Nihongo||連絡員|Renrakuin}} || {{Nihongo||正統|Seitō}} |- | {{0}}17 || 1943上 || {{ill|Kikuzō Ishizuka|ja|石塚喜久三}} || {{Nihongo||纏足の頃|Tensoku no Koro}} || {{Nihongo||蒙疆文學|Mōkyō Bungaku}} |- | {{0}}18 || 1943下 || {{ill|Kaoru Tōnobe|ja|東野邊薫}} || {{Nihongo||和紙|Washi}} || {{Nihongo||東北文學|Tōhoku Bungaku}} |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}19 || rowspan="2" | 1944上 || [[Yoshinori Yagi]]|| {{Nihongo||劉廣福|Ryū Kanfū}} || {{Nihongo||日本文學者|Nihon Bungakusha}} |- | {{ill|Jūzō Obi|ja|小尾十三}} || {{Nihongo||登攀|Tōhan}} || {{Nihongo||國民文學|Kokumin Bungaku}} |- | {{0}}20 || 1944下 || [[Motoyoshi Shimizu]]|| {{Nihongo||雁立|Karitachi}} || {{Nihongo||日本文學者|Nihon Bungakusha}} |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}21 || rowspan="2" | 1949上 || {{ill|Tsuyoshi Kotani|ja|小谷剛}} || {{Nihongo||確証|Kakushō}} || {{Nihongo||作家|Sakka}} |- | [[Shigeko Yuki]]|| {{Nihongo||本の話|Hon no Hanashi}} || {{Nihongo||作品|Sakuhin}} |- | {{0}}22 || 1949下 || [[Yasushi Inoue]]|| {{Nihongo|''Bullfight''|闘牛|Tōgyū}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}23 || 1950上 || {{ill|Ryōichi Tsuji|ja|辻亮一}} || {{Nihongo||異邦人|Ihōjin}} || {{Nihongo||新小説|Shin Shōsetsu}} |- | {{0}}24 || 1950下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}25 || rowspan="2" | 1951上 || [[Kōbō Abe]]|| {{Nihongo|''The Wall — The Crime of S. Karma''|壁—S・カルマ氏の犯罪|Kabe—S. Karuma shi no Hanzai}} || {{ill|Kindai Bungaku|ja|近代文学 (雑誌)|italic=y}} |- | {{ill|Toshimitsu Ishikawa|ja|石川利光 (作家)}} || {{Nihongo||春の草 他|Haru no Kusa}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}26 || 1951下 || [[Yoshie Hotta]]|| {{Nihongo||広場の孤独・漢奸その他|Hiroba no Kodoku, Kankan, sono ta}} || ''[[Chūō Kōron|Chūōkōron]]'' |- | {{0}}27 || 1952上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}28 || rowspan="2" | 1952下 || [[Kosuke Gomi|Kōsuke Gomi]]|| {{Nihongo||喪神|Sōshin}} || ''[[Shinchō]]'' |- | [[Seichō Matsumoto]]|| {{Nihongo||或る「小倉日記」伝|Aru "Kokura Nikki" Den}} || ''[[Mita Bungaku]]'' |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}29 || rowspan="2" | 1953上 || rowspan="2" | [[Shōtarō Yasuoka]]|| {{Nihongo|''Bad Company''|悪い仲間|Warui Nakama}} || ''[[Gunzo (magazine)|Gunzō]]'' |- | {{Nihongo||陰気な愉しみ|Inki na Tanoshimi}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | {{0}}30 || 1953下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}31 || 1954上 || [[Junnosuke Yoshiyuki]]|| {{Nihongo|''Sudden Shower'' and others|驟雨・その他|Shūu, sono ta}} || rowspan="2" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}32 || rowspan="2" | 1954下 || [[Nobuo Kojima]]|| {{Nihongo|''The American School''|アメリカン・スクール|Amerikan Sukūru}} |- | [[Junzo Shono|Junzō Shōno]]|| {{Nihongo|''Evenings at the Pool''|プールサイド小景|Pūrusaido Shōkei}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | {{0}}33 || 1955上 || [[Shūsaku Endō]]|| {{Nihongo|''White Man''|白い人|Shiroi Hito}} || {{ill|Kindai Bungaku|ja|近代文学 (雑誌)|italic=y}} |- | {{0}}34 || 1955下 || [[Shintaro Ishihara|Shintarō Ishihara]]|| {{Nihongo|''[[Season of Violence]]''|太陽の季節|Taiyō no Kisetsu}} || rowspan="2" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}35 || 1956上 || {{ill|Keitarō Kondō|ja|近藤啓太郎}} || {{Nihongo||海人舟|Amabune}} |- | {{0}}36 || 1956下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}37 || 1957上 || {{ill|Itaru Kikumura|ja|菊村到}} || {{Nihongo||硫黄島|Iōjima}} || rowspan="3" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}38 || 1957下 || [[Takeshi Kaikō]]|| {{Nihongo||裸の王様|Hadaka no Ōsama}} |- | {{0}}39 || 1958上 || [[Kenzaburō Ōe]]|| {{Nihongo|''Prize Stock''|飼育|Shiiku}} |- | {{0}}40 || 1958下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}41 || 1959上 || {{ill|Shirō Shiba|ja|斯波四郎}} || {{Nihongo||山塔|Santō}} || {{ill|Waseda Bungaku|ja|早稲田文学|italic=y}} |- | {{0}}42 || 1959下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}43 || 1960上 || [[Morio Kita]]|| {{Nihongo||夜と霧の隅で|Yoru to Kiri no Sumi de}} || rowspan="2" | ''Shinchō'' |- | {{0}}44 || 1960下 || {{ill|Tetsuo Miura|ja|三浦哲郎}} || {{Nihongo||忍ぶ川|Shinobukawa}} |- | {{0}}45 || 1961上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}46 || 1961下 || [[Kōichirō Uno]]|| {{Nihongo||鯨神|Kujiragami}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}47 || 1962上 || {{ill|Akira Kawamura|ja|川村晃}} || {{Nihongo||美談の出発|Bidan no Shuppatsu}} || {{Nihongo||文学街|Bungakugai}} |- | {{0}}48 || 1962下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}49 || rowspan="2" | 1963上 || {{ill|Kiichi Gotō|ja|後藤紀一}} || {{Nihongo||少年の橋|Shōnen no Hashi}} || {{Nihongo||山形文学|Yamagata Bungaku}} |- | [[Kōno Taeko]]|| {{Nihongo|''Crabs''|蟹|Kani}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}50 || 1963下 || [[Seiko Tanabe]]|| {{Nihongo||感傷旅行 センチメンタル・ジャーニィ|Kanshō Ryokō (Senchimentaru Jāni)}} || {{Nihongo||航路|Kōro}} |- | {{0}}51 || 1964上 || {{ill|Shō Shibata|ja|柴田翔}} || {{Nihongo||されどわれらが日々──|Saredo Wareraga Hibi}} || {{Nihongo||象|Zō}} |- | {{0}}52 || 1964下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}53 || 1965上 || [[Setsuko Tsumura]]|| {{Nihongo||玩具|Gangu}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}54 || 1965下 || [[Yuichi Takai|Yūichi Takai]]|| {{Nihongo||北の河|Kita no Kawa}} || {{Nihongo||犀|Sai}} |- | {{0}}55 || 1966上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}56 || 1966下 || [[Kenji Maruyama]]|| {{Nihongo||夏の流れ|Natsu no Nagare}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}57 || 1967上 || [[Tatsuhiro Ōshiro]]|| {{Nihongo|''The Cocktail Party''|カクテル・パーティー|Kakuteru Pātī}} || {{Nihongo||新沖縄文学|Shin Okinawa Bungaku}} |- | {{0}}58 || 1967下 || {{ill|Hyōzō Kashiwabara|ja|柏原兵三}} || {{Nihongo||徳山道助の帰郷|Tokuyama Dōsuke no Kikyō}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}59 || rowspan="2" | 1968上 || [[Saiichi Maruya]]|| {{Nihongo||年の残り|Toshi no Nokori}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | [[Minako Oba|Minako Ōba]]|| {{Nihongo|''The Three Crabs''|三匹の蟹|Sanbiki no Kani}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | {{0}}60 || 1968下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}61 || rowspan="2" | 1969上 || {{ill|Kaoru Shōji|ja|庄司薫}} || {{Nihongo||赤頭巾ちゃん気をつけて|Akazukin-chan Ki o Tsukete}} || ''Chūōkōron'' |- | [[Hideo Takubo]]|| {{Nihongo||深い河|Fukai Kawa}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | {{0}}62 || 1969下 || [[Takayuki Kiyooka]]|| {{Nihongo||アカシヤの大連|Akashiya no Dairen}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}63 || rowspan="2" | 1970上 || [[Tomoko Yoshida]]|| {{Nihongo||無明長夜|Mumyōjōya}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | {{ill|Komao Furuyama|ja|古山高麗雄}} || {{Nihongo||プレオー8の夜明け|Pureō 8 no Yoake}} || rowspan="2" | ''[[Bungei (magazine)|Bungei]]'' |- | {{0}}64 || 1970下 || [[Yoshikichi Furui]]|| {{Nihongo|''Yoko''|杳子|Yōko}} |- | {{0}}65 || 1971上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}66 || rowspan="2" | 1971下 || [[Lee Hoesung|Kaisei Ri]]|| {{Nihongo||砧をうつ女|Kinuta o Utsu Onna}} || {{Nihongo||季刊芸術|Kikan Geijutsu}} |- | [[Mineo Higashi]]|| {{Nihongo|''Child of Okinawa''|オキナワの少年|Okinawa no Shōnen}} || rowspan="2" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}67 || rowspan="2" | 1972上 || {{ill|Hiroshi Hatayama|ja|畑山博}} || {{Nihongo||いつか汽笛を鳴らして|Itsuka Kiteki o Narashite}} |- | {{ill|Akio Miyahara|ja|宮原昭夫}} || {{Nihongo||誰かが触った|Dareka ga Sawatta}} || ''Bungei'' |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}68 || rowspan="2" | 1972下 || [[Michiko Yamamoto]] || {{Nihongo|''Betty's Garden''|ベティさんの庭|Betei-san no Niwa}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | [[Shizuko Gō]]|| [[Requiem (Gō novel)]]{{Nihongo|''Requiem''|れくいえむ|Rekuiemu}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}69 || 1973上 || [[Taku Miki]]|| {{Nihongo||鶸|Hiwa}} || {{ill|Subaru (Shueisha magazine)|lt=Subaru|ja|すばる (雑誌)|italic=y}} |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}70 || rowspan="2" | 1973下 || {{ill|Kuninobu Noro|ja|野呂邦暢}} || {{Nihongo||草のつるぎ|Kusa no Tsurugi}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{ill|Atsushi Mori|ja|森敦}} || {{Nihongo||月山|Gassan}} || {{Nihongo||季刊芸術|Kikan Geijutsu}} |- | {{0}}71 || 1974上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}72 || rowspan="2" | 1974下 || [[Keizo Hino|Keizō Hino]]|| {{Nihongo||あの夕陽|Ano Yūhi}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | {{ill|Hiro Sakata|ja|阪田寛夫}} || {{Nihongo||土の器|Tsuchi no Utsuwa}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}73 || 1975上 || [[Kyoko Hayashi|Kyōko Hayashi]]|| {{Nihongo|''Ritual of Death''|祭りの場|Matsuri no Ba}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}74 || rowspan="2" | 1975下 || [[Kenji Nakagami]]|| {{Nihongo|''The Cape''|岬|Misaki}} || rowspan="2" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | [[Kazuo Okamatsu]]|| {{Nihongo||志賀島|Shikanoshima}} |- | {{0}}75 || 1976上 || [[Ryū Murakami]]|| {{Nihongo|''[[Almost Transparent Blue]]''|限りなく透明に近いブルー|Kagirinaku Tōmei ni Chikai Burū}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | {{0}}76 || 1976下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}77 || rowspan="2" | 1977上 || {{ill|Masahiro Mita|ja|三田誠広}} || {{Nihongo||僕って何|Bokutte Nani}} || ''Bungei'' |- | [[Masuo Ikeda]]|| {{Nihongo||エーゲ海に捧ぐ|Ēgekai ni Sasagu}} || {{ill|Shōsetsu Yasei Jidai|ja|野性時代|italic=y}} |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}78 || rowspan="2" | 1977下 || [[Teru Miyamoto]]|| {{Nihongo|''River of Fireflies''|螢川|Hotarugawa}} || {{Nihongo||文芸展望|Bungei Tenbō}} |- | {{ill|Shūzō Taki|ja|高城修三}} || {{Nihongo||榧の木祭り|Kaya no Ki Matsuri}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}79 || rowspan="2" | 1978上 || {{ill|Kiichirō Takahashi|ja|高橋揆一郎}} || {{Nihongo||伸予|Nobuyo}} || rowspan="2" | ''Bungei'' |- | {{ill|Michitsuna Takahashi|ja|高橋三千綱}} || {{Nihongo||九月の空|Kugatsu no Sora}} |- | {{0}}80 || 1978下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}81 || rowspan="2" | 1979上 || [[Yoshiko Shigekane]]|| {{Nihongo|''The Smoke in the Mountain Valley''|やまあいの煙|Yamaai no Kemuri}} || rowspan="2" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | [[So Aono|Sō Aono]]|| {{Nihongo||愚者の夜|Gusha no Yoru}} |- | {{0}}82 || 1979下 || [[Reiko Mori (novelist)|Reiko Mori]]|| {{Nihongo||モッキングバードのいる町|Mokkingubādo no Iru Machi}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | {{0}}83 || 1980上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}84 || 1980下 || [[Genpei Akasegawa|Katsuhiko Otsuji]]|| {{Nihongo||父が消えた|Chichi ga Kieta}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}85 || 1981上 || [[Rie Yoshiyuki]]|| {{Nihongo||小さな貴婦人|Chisana Kifujin}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | {{0}}86 || 1981下 || colspan="3" rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}87 || 1982上 |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}88 || rowspan="2" | 1982下 || [[Yukiko Katō]]|| {{Nihongo||夢の壁|Yume no Kabe}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | [[Jūrō Kara]]|| {{Nihongo||佐川君からの手紙|Sagawa-kun Kara no Tegami}} || ''Bungei'' |- | {{0}}89 || 1983上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}90 || rowspan="2" | 1983下 || {{ill|Jun Kasahara|ja|笠原淳}} || {{Nihongo||杢二の世界|Mokuji no Sekai}} || {{ill|Kaien (magazine)|lt=Kaien|ja|海燕|italic=y}} |- | [[Nobuko Takagi]]|| {{Nihongo||光抱く友よ|Hikari Idaku Tomo yo}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | {{0}}91 || 1984上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}92 || 1984下 || [[Satoko Kizaki]]|| {{Nihongo|''[[The Phoenix Tree and Other Stories|The Phoenix Tree]]''|青桐|Aogiri}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{0}}93 || 1985上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}94 || 1985下 || [[Fumiko Kometani]]|| {{Nihongo|''Passover''|過越しの祭|Sugikoshi no matsuri}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | {{0}}95 || 1986上 || colspan="3" rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | {{0}}96 || 1986下 |- | {{0}}97 || 1987上 || [[Kiyoko Murata]]|| {{Nihongo||鍋の中|Nabe no Naka}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | rowspan="2" | {{0}}98 || rowspan="2" | 1987下 || [[Natsuki Ikezawa]]|| {{Nihongo|''Still Life''|スティル・ライフ|Sutiru Raifu}} || ''Chūōkōron'' |- | [[Kiyohiro Miura]]|| {{Nihongo|''He's Leaving Home: My Young Son Becomes a Zen Monk''|長男の出家|Chōnan no Shukke}} || {{ill|Kaien (magazine)|lt=Kaien|ja|海燕|italic=y}} |- | {{0}}99 || 1988上 || [[Man Arai]]|| {{Nihongo||尋ね人の時間|Tazunebito no Jikan}} || rowspan="2" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | rowspan="2" | 100 || rowspan="2" | 1988下 || {{ill|Keishi Nagi|ja|南木佳士}} || {{Nihongo||ダイヤモンドダスト|Daiyamondo Dasuto}} |- | [[Lee Yangji]]|| {{Nihongo||由煕|Yuhi}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | 101 || 1989上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | 102 || rowspan="2" | 1989下 || {{ill|Akira Ōoka|ja|大岡玲}} || {{Nihongo||表層生活|Hyōsō Seikatsu}} || rowspan="6" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | [[Mieko Takizawa]]|| {{Nihongo||ネコババのいる町で|Nekobaba no Iru Machi de}} |- | 103 || 1990上 || [[Noboru Tsujihara]]|| {{Nihongo||村の名前|Mura no Namae}} |- | 104 || 1990下 || [[Yōko Ogawa]]|| {{Nihongo|''[[The Diving Pool|Pregnancy Diary]]''|妊娠カレンダー|Ninshin Karendā}} |- | rowspan="2" | 105 || rowspan="2" | 1991上 || {{ill|Yō Henmi|ja|辺見庸}} || {{Nihongo||自動起床装置|Jidō Kishō Sōchi}} |- | [[Anna Ogino]]|| {{Nihongo||背負い水|Seoimizu}} |- | 106 || 1991下 || [[Eiko Matsumura]]|| {{Nihongo||至高聖所 アバトーン|Shikō Seisho Apatōn}} || {{ill|Kaien (magazine)|lt=Kaien|ja|海燕|italic=y}} |- | 107 || 1992上 || {{ill|Tomomi Fujiwara|ja|藤原智美}} || {{Nihongo||運転士|Untenshi}} || rowspan="3" | ''Gunzō'' |- | 108 || 1992下 || [[Yoko Tawada|Yōko Tawada]]|| {{Nihongo|''The Bridegroom Was a Dog''|犬婿入り|Inu mukoiri}} |- | 109 || 1993上 || {{ill|Haruhiko Yoshimeki|ja|吉目木晴彦}} || {{Nihongo||寂寥郊野|Sekiryō Kōya}} |- | 110 || 1993下 || [[Hikaru Okuizumi]]|| {{Nihongo|''The Stones Cry Out''|石の来歴|Ishi no Raireki}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | rowspan="2" | 111 || rowspan="2" | 1994上 || {{ill|Mitsuhiro Muroi|ja|室井光広}} || {{Nihongo||おどるでく|Odorudeku}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | [[Yoriko Shono|Yoriko Shōno]]|| {{Nihongo||タイムスリップ・コンビナート|Taimu Surippu Konbināto}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | 112 || 1994下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | 113 || 1995上 || [[Kazushi Hosaka]]|| {{Nihongo||この人の閾|Kono Hito no Iki}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | 114 || 1995下 || [[Eiki Matayoshi]]|| {{Nihongo||豚の報い|Buta no Mukui}} || rowspan="2" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | 115 || 1996上 || [[Hiromi Kawakami]]|| {{Nihongo||蛇を踏む|Hebi o Fumu}} |- | rowspan="2" | 116 || rowspan="2" | 1996下 || [[Hitonari Tsuji]]|| {{Nihongo||海峡の光|Kaikyō no Hikari}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | [[Miri Yu|Yū Miri]]|| {{Nihongo||家族シネマ|Kazoku Shinema}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | 117 || 1997上 || [[Shun Medoruma]]|| {{Nihongo|''Droplets''|水滴|Suiteki}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | 118 || 1997下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | 119 || rowspan="2" | 1998上 || {{ill|Mangetsu Hanamura|ja|花村萬月}} || {{Nihongo||ゲルマニウムの夜|Gerumaniamu no Yoru}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | [[Shu Fujisawa|Shū Fujisawa]]|| {{Nihongo||ブエノスアイレス午前零時|Buenosu Airesu Gozen Reiji}} || ''Bungei'' |- | 120 || 1998下 || [[Keiichiro Hirano|Keiichirō Hirano]]|| {{Nihongo||日蝕|Nisshoku}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | 121 || 1999上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | 122 || rowspan="2" | 1999下 || {{ill|Gen Getsu|ja|玄月}} || {{Nihongo||蔭の棲みか|Kage no Sumika}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | [[Chiya Fujino]]|| {{Nihongo||夏の約束|Natsu no Yakusoku}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | rowspan="2" | 123 || rowspan="2" | 2000上 || [[Kō Machida]]|| {{Nihongo|<i>Rip It Up</i>|きれぎれ|Kiregire}}|| ''Bungakukai'' |- | [[Hisaki Matsuura]]|| {{Nihongo||花腐し|Hana Kutashi}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | rowspan="2" | 124 || rowspan="2" | 2000下 || {{ill|Yūichi Seirai|ja|青来有一}} || {{Nihongo||聖水|Seisui}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | [[Toshiyuki Horie]]|| {{Nihongo|''The Bear and the Paving Stone''|熊の敷石|Kuma no Shikiishi}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | 125 || 2001上 || {{ill|Sōkyū Gen'yū|ja|玄侑宗久}} || {{Nihongo||中陰の花|Chūin no Hana}} || rowspan="5" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | 126 || 2001下 || {{ill|Yū Nagashima|ja|長嶋有}} || {{Nihongo||猛スピードで母は|Mō-Supīdo de Haha wa}} |- | 127 || 2002上 || [[Shuichi Yoshida|Shūichi Yoshida]]|| {{Nihongo||パーク・ライフ|Pāku Raifu}} |- | 128 || 2002下 || [[Tamaki Daido|Tamaki Daidō]]|| {{Nihongo||しょっぱいドライブ|Shoppai Doraibu}} |- | 129 || 2003上 || {{ill|Man'ichi Yoshimura|ja|吉村萬壱}} || {{Nihongo||ハリガネムシ|Hariganemushi}} |- | rowspan="2" | 130 || rowspan="2" | 2003下 || [[Hitomi Kanehara]]|| {{Nihongo|''[[Snakes and Earrings]]''|蛇にピアス|Hebi ni Piasu}} || {{ill|Subaru (Shueisha magazine)|lt=Subaru|ja|すばる (雑誌)|italic=y}} |- | [[Risa Wataya]]|| {{Nihongo|''I Want to Kick You in the Back''|蹴りたい背中|Keritai Senaka}} || ''Bungei'' |- | 131 || 2004上 || {{ill|Norio Mobu|ja|モブ・ノリオ}} || {{Nihongo||介護入門|Kaigo Nyūmon}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | 132 || 2004下 || [[Kazushige Abe]]|| {{Nihongo||グランド･フィナーレ|Gurando Fināre}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | 133 || 2005上 || [[Fuminori Nakamura]]|| {{Nihongo|''The Boy in the Earth''|土の中の子供|Tsuchi no Naka no Kodomo}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | 134 || 2005下 || [[Akiko Itoyama]]|| {{Nihongo|''Waiting in the Offing''|沖で待つ|Oki de Matsu}} || rowspan="2" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | 135 || 2006上 || [[Takami Itō]]|| {{Nihongo||八月の路上に捨てる|Hachigatsu no Rojō ni Suteru}} |- | 136 || 2006下 || [[Nanae Aoyama]]|| {{Nihongo||ひとり日和|Hitori Biyori}} || ''Bungei'' |- | 137 || 2007上 || [[Tetsushi Suwa]]|| {{Nihongo||アサッテの人|Asatte no Hito}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | 138 || 2007下 || [[Mieko Kawakami]]|| {{Nihongo|''[[Breasts and Eggs]]''|乳と卵|Chichi to Ran}} || rowspan="2" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | 139 || 2008上 || [[Yang Yi (author)|Yang Yi]]|| {{Nihongo||時が滲む朝|Toki ga Nijimu Asa}} |- | 140 || 2008下 || [[Kikuko Tsumura]]|| {{Nihongo||ポトスライムの舟|Potosu Raimu no Fune}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | 141 || 2009上 || {{ill|Ken'ichirō Isozaki|ja|磯崎憲一郎}} || {{Nihongo||終の住処|Tsui no Sumika}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | 142 || 2009下 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | 143 || 2010上 || [[Akiko Akazome]]|| {{Nihongo||乙女の密告|Otome no Mikkoku}} || rowspan="3" | ''Shinchō'' |- | rowspan="2" | 144 || rowspan="2" | 2010下 || [[Mariko Asabuki]]|| {{Nihongo||きことわ|Kikotowa}} |- | [[Kenta Nishimura]]|| {{Nihongo||苦役列車|Kueki Ressha}} |- | 145 || 2011上 || colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#EEEEEE| Mayong premyo iginawad. |- | rowspan="2" | 146 || rowspan="2" | 2011下 || [[Toh EnJoe]]|| {{Nihongo|''Harlequin's Butterfly''|道化師の蝶|Dōkeshi no Chō}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | {{ill|Shinya Tanaka|ja|田中慎弥}} || {{Nihongo||共喰い|Tomogui}} || {{ill|Subaru (Shueisha magazine)|lt=Subaru|ja|すばる (雑誌)|italic=y}} |- | 147 || 2012上 || [[Maki Kashimada]]|| {{Nihongo|''Touring the Land of the Dead''|冥土めぐり|Meido Meguri}} || ''Bungei'' |- | 148 || 2012下 || [[Natsuko Kuroda]]|| {{Nihongo||abさんご|ab Sango}} || {{ill|Waseda Bungaku|ja|早稲田文学|italic=y}} |- | 149 || 2013上 || [[Kaori Fujino]]|| {{Nihongo||爪と目|Tsume to Me}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/07/17/national/fujino-wins-akutagawa-award-sakuragi-gets-naoki-prize |title=Fujino wins Akutagawa award; Sakuragi gets Naoki prize |work=Japan Times |date=July 17, 2013 |access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | ''Shinchō'' |- | 150 || 2013下 || [[Hiroko Oyamada]]|| {{Nihongo|''[[The Hole (novel)|The Hole]]''|穴|Ana}}<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Japan Times]]|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/01/25/editorials/literature-prizes-elevate-women/#.UyHMbYXRyrA|date=January 25, 2014|title=Literature prizes elevate women|access-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref> |- | 151 || 2014上 || [[Tomoka Shibasaki]]|| {{Nihongo|''Spring Garden''|春の庭|Haru no Niwa}}<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/07/17/national/akutagawa-naoki-literary-awards-go-shibasaki-kurokawa/#.U8i4-VZguns|date=July 17, 2014|title=Akutagawa, Naoki literary awards go to Shibasaki, Kurokawa|access-date=July 18, 2014}}</ref> || ''Bungakukai'' |- | 152 || 2014下 || [[Masatsugu Ono]]|| {{Nihongo||九年前の祈り|Kyūnenmae no Inori}}<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/16/national/ono-wins-akutagawa-literary-award-nishi-wins-naoki-prize#.VLjcESusWHA|title=Ono wins Akutagawa literary award; Nishi wins Naoki Prize|date=January 16, 2015}}</ref> || ''Gunzō'' |- | rowspan="2" | 153 || rowspan="2" | 2015上 || {{ill|Keisuke Hada (writer)|lt=Keisuke Hada|ja|羽田圭介}} || {{Nihongo||スクラップ・アンド・ビルド|Sukurappu Ando Birudo}} || rowspan="3" | ''Bungakukai'' |- | [[Naoki Matayoshi]]|| {{Nihongo|''Spark''|火花|Hibana}} |- | rowspan="2" | 154 || rowspan="2" | 2015下 || {{ill|Yūshō Takiguchi|ja|滝口悠生}} || {{Nihongo||死んでいない者|Shinde Inai Mono}} |- | [[Yukiko Motoya]]|| {{Nihongo||異類婚姻譚|Irui Konin Tan}} || ''Gunzō'' |- | 155 || 2016上 || [[Sayaka Murata]]|| {{Nihongo|''[[Convenience Store Woman]]''|コンビニ人間|Konbini Ningen}} || ''Bungakukai'' |- | 156 || 2016下 || [[Sumito Yamashita]]|| {{Nihongo||しんせかい|Shinsekai}}<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2017/01/20/books/sumito-yamashita-claims-156th-akutagawa-prize/#.WgXviFu0OUk|title=Sumito Yamashita claims 156th Akutagawa Prize|date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> || ''Shinchō'' |- | 157 || 2017上 || [[Shinsuke Numata]]|| {{Nihongo||影裏|Eiri}}<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2017/07/19/books/shinsuke-numata-awarded-prestigious-akutagawa-prize-naoki-prize-goes-to-shogo-sato/#.WgXu1lu0OUk|title=First-time writer Shinsuke Numata wins prestigious Akutagawa Prize|date=July 19, 2017}}</ref> || ''Bungakukai'' |- | rowspan="2" | 158 || rowspan="2" | 2017下 || [[Chisako Wakatake]]|| {{Nihongo||おらおらでひとりいぐも|Ora Ora de Hitori Igumo}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/01/17/national/chisako-wakatake-yuka-ishii-win-akutagawa-literary-award-yoshinobu-kadoi-bags-naoki-prize/ |title=Chisako Wakatake and Yuka Ishii win Akutagawa literary award; Yoshinobu Kadoi bags Naoki Prize |work=Japan Times |date=January 17, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2018 |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226062705/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/01/17/national/chisako-wakatake-yuka-ishii-win-akutagawa-literary-award-yoshinobu-kadoi-bags-naoki-prize/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> || ''Bungei'' |- | [[Yuka Ishii|Yūka Ishii]]|| {{Nihongo||百年泥|Hyakunen Doro}} || ''Shinchō'' |- | 159 || 2018上 || {{ill|Hiroki Takahashi (writer)|lt=Hiroki Takahashi|ja|高橋弘希}} || {{Nihongo||送り火|Okuribi}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASL7D5699L7DUCVL00T.html|language=ja|title=第159回芥川賞に高橋弘希さん、直木賞は島本理生さん|work=[[Asahi Shimbun]]|date=July 18, 2018|access-date=July 27, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || ''Bungakukai'' |- | rowspan="2" | 160 || rowspan="2" | 2018下 || [[Ryōhei Machiya]]|| {{Nihongo||1R1分34秒|1R 1-Pun 34-Byō}}<ref name=160ns /> || ''Shinchō'' |- | [[Takahiro Ueda]]|| {{Nihongo||ニムロッド|Nimuroddo}}<ref name=160ns>{{cite news|url=https://www.nikkansports.com/general/nikkan/news/201901160000638.html|language=ja|title=古市氏は受賞逃す、芥川賞に上田岳弘氏と町屋良平氏|work=Nikkan Sports|date=January 16, 2019|access-date=January 16, 2019}}</ref> || ''Gunzō'' |- | 161 || 2019上 || [[Natsuko Imamura]]|| {{Nihongo||むらさきのスカートの女|Murasaki no Sukāto no Onna}}<ref name=jtakutagawa>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/07/17/national/two-women-named-japans-akutagawa-naoki-literary-awards/|title=Two women named for Japan's Akutagawa, Naoki literary awards|work=Kyodo News|via=[[The Japan Times]]|date=July 17, 2019|access-date=July 17, 2019|accessdate=December 15, 2022|archivedate=July 17, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717154019/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/07/17/national/two-women-named-japans-akutagawa-naoki-literary-awards/}}</ref> || {{ill|Shōsetsu Tripper|ja|小説トリッパー|italic=y}} |- | 162 || 2019下 || [[Makoto Furukawa (writer)|Makoto Furukawa]]|| {{Nihongo||背高泡立草|Seitaka Awadachisō}}<ref name=kyodo2019shita>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/01/16/entertainment-news/novelists-makoto-furukawa-soichi-kawagoe-receive-japans-akutagawa-naoki-literary-prizes/|title=Novelists Makoto Furukawa and Soichi Kawagoe to receive Japan's Akutagawa and Naoki literary prizes|publisher=Kyodo News|via=[[The Japan Times]]|date=January 16, 2020|access-date=January 16, 2020|accessdate=December 15, 2022|archivedate=January 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117161053/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/01/16/entertainment-news/novelists-makoto-furukawa-soichi-kawagoe-receive-japans-akutagawa-naoki-literary-prizes/}}</ref> || {{ill|Subaru (Shueisha magazine)|lt=Subaru|ja|すばる (雑誌)|italic=y}} |- | rowspan="2" | 163 || rowspan="2" | 2020上 || [[Haruka Tono]]|| {{Nihongo||破局|Hakyoku}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2020 |title=Novelists Takayama and Tono win Akutagawa awards; Hase wins Naoki Prize |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/16/national/novelists-takayama-tono-win-akutagawa-awards-hase-wins-naoki-prize/ |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]] |language=en-US |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124001829/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/16/national/novelists-takayama-tono-win-akutagawa-awards-hase-wins-naoki-prize/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> || ''Bungei'' |- | [[Haneko Takayama]]|| {{Nihongo||首里の馬|Shuri no Uma}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2020 |title=第163回芥川賞 高山羽根子さん『首里の馬』と遠野遥『破局』がダブル受賞 |url=https://bunshun.jp/articles/-/38994 |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=bunshun.jp |language=ja}}</ref> || ''Shinchō'' |- | 164 || 2020下 || {{ill|Rin Usami|ja|宇佐見りん}} || {{Nihongo||推し、燃ゆ|Oshi, Moyu}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2021 |title=Two women win Japan's Akutagawa and Naoki literary awards |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2021/01/21/books/akutagawa-naoki-literary-awards/ |access-date=12 March 2021 |website=[[The Japan Times]] |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302111032/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2021/01/21/books/akutagawa-naoki-literary-awards/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> || ''Bungei'' |- | rowspan="2" | 165 || rowspan="2" | 2021上 || [[Li Kotomi]]|| {{Nihongo||彼岸花が咲く島|Higanbana ga saku shima}}<ref name="165ns">{{Cite news |date=14 July 2021 |title=第165回芥川賞と直木賞 それぞれ2作品が決まる |language=ja |work=[[NHK]] |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20210714/k10013139451000.html |access-date=August 25, 2021}}</ref> || ''Bungakukai'' |- | {{ill|Mai Ishizawa|ja|石沢麻依}} || {{Nihongo||貝に続く場所にて|Kai ni tsudzuku basho nite}}<ref name="165ns" /> || ''Gunzō'' |- | 166 || 2021下 || {{ill|Bunji Sunakawa|ja|砂川文次}} || {{Nihongo||ブラックボックス|Black Box}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2221601/full/|title= 第166回「芥川賞」発表 元自衛官の作家・砂川文次氏の『ブラックボックス』 三度目候補で受賞|access-date= January 20, 2022|work= Oricon}}</ref> || ''Gunzō'' |- | 167 || 2022上 || {{ill|Junko Takase|ja|高瀬隼子}} || {{Nihongo||おいしいごはんが食べられますように|Oishii Gohan ga Taberaremasuyōni}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2242797/full/|title= 第167回「芥川賞・直木賞」決定 芥川賞は高瀬隼子氏『おいしいごはんが食べられますように』、直木賞は窪美澄氏『夜に星を放つ』|access-date= July 26, 2022|work= Oricon}}</ref> || ''Gunzō'' |- |} ==Toltolan== {{reflist}}{{Poon}} [[Kategorya:Mga Gawad literaryo sa Hapon]] 4ncnr6j9t3i9bx36n8pgj437nbigasq 0 40577 309607 277317 2026-08-23T20:47:14Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox award |name = Premyo Naoki |subheader = 直木三十五賞 (Naoki Sanjūgo Shō) |image = |imagesize = |alt = |caption = |awarded_for = Pinakamaray-rahay na literaturang popular nin sisayman na pasubang na autor |presenter = [[Society for the Promotion of Japanese Literature]] |country = Hapon |date = {{start date|1935|08|10}} |reward = |year = 1935 |website = {{url|https://www.bunshun.co.jp/shinkoukai/award/naoki/}} }} An '''Premyo Naoki''', opisyalmente {{nihongo|'''Premyo Naoki Sanjugo'''|直木三十五賞|Naoki Sanjūgo Shō}}, sarong [[Literaturang Hapones|Hapones]] na [[literaryong premyo]] na iwinawaras duwang beses sa taon. Ini namukna kan 1935 ni [[Kikuchi Kan]], na sya dating editor kan [[Bungeishunjū (magasin)|''Bungeishunjū'']] na magasin, asin ipinangaran sa pagromdom kan nobelistang si [[Naoki Sanjugo]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Accounting for Taste: The Creation of the Akutagawa and Naoki Prizes for Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_2004-12_64_2/page/291|last=Mack|first=Edward|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|date=2004|volume=64|number=2|pages=291–340|doi=10.2307/25066744|jstor=25066744}}</ref> Pig'amaan kan [[Society for the Promotion of Japanese Literature]], an gawad nagmimidbid sa "pinakamaray-rahay na literaturang popular sa anoman na format nin bagohan, nagsusubang o hubin pa alagad pusog nang autor."<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121132314/http://www.jlit.net/reference/awards/awards_n_to_z.html|archive-date=November 21, 2008|url=http://www.jlit.net/reference/awards/awards_n_to_z.html#naoki_sanjugo|title=Literary Awards, N-Z|work=JLit|access-date=August 8, 2018}}</ref> An ganador makakaresibe nin relo asin 1 milyon [[yen]].<ref name=jtfukue>{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/02/14/reference/literary-awards-run-spectrum/|title=Literary awards run spectrum|work=[[The Japan Times]]|last=Fukue|first=Natsuko|date=February 14, 2012|access-date=August 8, 2018}}</ref> ==Mga Nanggarana== An [[Bungeishunjū]] nagsasaray kan opisyal na lista kan presente asin nakaaging nanggarana kan Premyo Naoki.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bunshun.co.jp/shinkoukai/award/naoki/list.html|language=ja|title=直木賞受賞者一覧|trans-title=Naoki Prize Winners List|publisher=[[Bungeishunjū]]|access-date=August 30, 2018}}</ref> === Enot – Ika-100 === {|class='wikitable' |- | rowspan=2|1935 |1 |[[Matsutarō Kawaguchi]] |{{nihongo|''Tsuruhachi Tsurujirō''|鶴八鶴次郎}},<br/>{{nihongo|''Fūryū Fukagawa Uta''|風流深川唄||lit. ''Song of the Refined Fuka River''}},<br/>{{nihongo|''Meiji Ichidai Onna''|明治一代女||lit. ''Meiji Era Woman''}} |- |2 |[[Uko Washio]] |{{nihongo|''Yoshinochō Taiheiki''|吉野朝太平記||lit. ''Chronicles of the Yoshino Era of Peace''}}, etc. |- | rowspan=2|1936 |3 |[[Chōgorō Kaionji]] |{{nihongo|''Tenshō Onna Gassen''|天正女合戦||lit. ''[[Tenshō (Momoyama period)|Tenshō]] Women's Battle''}},<br/>{{nihongo|''Budō Denraiki''|武道傳來記}} |- |4 |[[Takatarō Kigi]] |{{nihongo|''Jinsei no Ahō''|人生の阿呆||lit. ''A Fool's Life''}} |- | rowspan=2|1937 |5 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |6 |[[Masuji Ibuse]] |{{nihongo|''John Manjirō Hyōryūki''|ジョン萬次郎漂流記||lit. ''The Drifting Chronicles of John Manjirō''}}, etc. |- | rowspan=2|1938 |7 |[[Sotoo Tachibana]] |{{nihongo|''Narin-denka e no Kaisō''|ナリン殿下への回想||lit. ''Recollections of His Highness Narin''}} |- |8 |[[Tadao Ooike]] |{{nihongo|''Kabuto''|兜首||lit. ''Helmet''}},<br/>{{nihongo|''Akitaguchi no Kyōdai''|秋田口の兄弟||lit. ''The Akitaguchi Siblings''}} |- | rowspan=2|1939 |9 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |10 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1940 |11 |[[Chiyo Tsutsumi]]<br/>[[Sensuke Kawachi]] |{{nihongo|''Koyubi''|小指||lit. ''Pinky Finger''}}, etc.<br/>{{nihongo|''Gunji Yuubin''|軍事郵便||lit. ''Military Postal Service''}} |- |12 |[[Genzō Murakami]] |{{nihongo|''Kazusa Fudoki''|上総風土記}}, etc. |- | rowspan=2|1941 |13 |[[Sōjū Kimura]] |{{nihongo|''Unnan Shubihei''|雲南守備兵||lit. ''Guards of the Southern Clouds''}} |- |14 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1942 |15 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |16 |[[Norio Taoka]]<br/>[[Takio Kanzaki]] |{{nihongo|''Gōjō Ichigo''|強情いちご||lit. ''Stubborn Ichigo''}}, etc.<br/>{{nihongo|''Kanyō''|寛容||lit. ''Generosity''}}, etc. |- | rowspan=2|1943 |17 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' |([[Shūgorō Yamamoto]]'s {{nihongo|''Nihon Fudōki''|日本婦道記||lit. ''Chronicles of a Japanese Woman's Duties''}} was chosen, but he declined the prize.) |- |18 |[[Sōichi Mori]] |{{nihongo|''Yamahata''|山畠}},<br/>{{nihongo|''Ga to Sasabune''|蛾と笹舟||lit. ''The Moth and the Toy Boat''}} |- | rowspan=2|1944 |19 |[[Seizō Okada]] |{{nihongo|''Nyū Giniya Sangakusen''|ニューギニヤ山岳戦||lit. ''New Guinea Mountain War''}} |- |20 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1949 |21 |[[Tsuneo Tomita]] |{{nihongo|''Omote''|面||lit. ''Face''}},<br/>{{nihongo|''Irezumi''|刺青||lit. ''Tattoo''}} |- |22 |[[Katsurō Yamada]] |{{nihongo|''Umi no Haien''|海の廃園||lit. ''Abandoned Garden of the Sea''}} |- | rowspan=2|1950 |23 |[[Hidemi Kon]]<br/>[[Itoko Koyama]] |{{nihongo|''Tennō no Bōshi''|天皇の帽子||lit. ''The Emperor's Hat''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Shikkō Yūyo''|執行猶予||lit. ''Stay of Execution''}} |- |24 |[[Kazuo Dan]] |{{nihongo|''Chōgonka''|長恨歌||lit. ''Chōgon Song''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Shinsetsu Ishikawa Goemon''|真説石川五右衛門||lit. ''True Theory [[Ishikawa Goemon]]''}} |- | rowspan=2|1951 |25 |[[Keita Genji]] |{{nihongo|''Eigoya-san''|英語屋さん||lit. ''Mr. English Shop''}},<br/>{{nihongo|''Taifū-san''|颱風さん||lit. ''Mr. Typhoon''}},<br/>{{nihongo|''Gokurōsan''|御苦労さん||lit. ''I Appreciate Your Hard Work''}} |- |26 |[[Juran Hisao]]<br/>[[Renzaburō Shibata]] |{{nihongo|''Suzuki Mondo''|鈴木主水}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Iesu no Ei''|イエスの裔||lit. ''Descendant of Jesus''}} |- | rowspan=2|1952 |27 |[[Shinji Fujiwara]] |{{nihongo|''Tsumina Onna''|罪な女||lit. ''Sinful Woman''}}, etc. |- |28 |[[Nobuyuki Tateno]] |{{nihongo|''Hanran''|叛乱||lit. ''Insurrection''}} |- | rowspan=2|1953 |29 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |30 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1954 |31 |[[Yorichika Arima]] |{{nihongo|''Shūshin Miketsushū''|終身未決囚||lit. ''Unconvicted Prisoner For Life''}} |- |32 |[[Haruo Umezaki]]<br/>[[Yukio Togawa]] |{{nihongo|''Boroya no Shunjū''|ボロ家の春秋||lit. ''Spring and Autumn of the Scrap Merchant''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Takayasu Inu Monogatari''|高安犬物語||lit. ''Takayasu Dog Story''}} |- | rowspan=2|1955 |33 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |34 |[[Jirō Nitta]]<br/>[[Eikan Kyū]] |{{nihongo|''Gōrikiden''|強力伝||lit. ''The Life of A Mountain Carrier''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Honkon''|香港||lit. ''Hong Kong''}} |- | rowspan=2|1956 |35 |[[Norio Nanjō]]<br/>[[Kanichi Kon]] |{{nihongo|''Tōdaiki''|燈台鬼||lit. ''Lighthouse Demon''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Kabe no Hana''|壁の花||lit. ''Wallflower''}} |- |36 |[[Tōkō Kon]]<br/>[[Miharu Hozumi]] |{{nihongo|''[[Ogin-sama]]''|お吟さま}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Kachigarasu''|勝烏||lit. ''Victory Crows''}} |- | rowspan=2|1957 |37 |[[Masanori Esaki]] |{{nihongo|''Ruson no Tanima''|ルソンの谷間||lit. ''Valley of the Luzon''}} |- |38 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1958 |39 |[[Toyoko Yamasaki]]<br/>[[Eiji Shinba]] |{{nihongo|''Hana Noren''|花のれん||lit. ''Flower Shop Sign''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Akai Yuki''|赤い雪||lit. ''Red Snow''}} |- |40 |[[Saburō Shiroyama]]<br/>[[Kyō Takigawa]] |{{nihongo|Sōkaiya Kinjō|総会屋錦城||lit. ''Extortionist Kinjō''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Ochiru''|落ちる||lit. ''Fall Down''}} |- | rowspan=2|1959 |41 |[[Kieko Watanabe]]<br/>[[Yumie Hiraiwa]] |{{nihongo|''Mabechigawa''|馬淵川}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Taganeshi''|鏨師||lit. ''Master Engraver''}} |- |42 |[[Ryōtarō Shiba]]<br/>[[Yasuji Toita]] |{{nihongo|''[[Fukurō no Shiro]]''|梟の城||''Owls' Castle''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Danjūrō Seppuku Jiken''|團十郎切腹事件||lit. ''The Danjūrō Seppuku Incident''}} |- | rowspan=2|1960 |43 |[[Shōtarō Ikenami]] |{{nihongo|''Sakuran''|錯乱||lit. ''Confusion''}} |- |44 |[[Daikichi Terauchi]]<br/>[[Jūgo Kuroiwa]] |{{nihongo|''Hagure Nenbutsu''|はぐれ念仏}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Haitoku no Mesu''|背徳のメス||lit. ''Invitation to Corruption''}} |- | rowspan=2|1961 |45 |[[Tsutomu Minakami]] |{{nihongo|''[[The Temple of the Wild Geese]]''|雁の寺|''Gan no tera''}} |- |46 |[[Keiichi Itō]] |{{nihongo|''Hotaru no Kawa''|螢の河||lit. ''River of Fireflies''}} |- | rowspan=2|1962 |47 |[[Hisahide Sugimori]] |{{nihongo|''Tensai to Kyōjin no Aida''|天才と狂人の間||lit. ''Between a Genius and a Madman''}} |- |48 |[[Yamaguchi Hitomi|Hitomi Yamaguchi]]<br/>[[Sonoko Sugimoto]] |{{nihongo|''Eburiman-shi no Yūgana Seikatsu''|江分利満氏の優雅な生活||lit. ''The Elegant Lives of the Everyman Family''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Koshū no Kishi''|孤愁の岸||lit. ''Lonely Contemplation on the Shore''}} |- | rowspan=2|1963 |49 |[[Tokuji Satō]] |{{nihongo|''Onna no Ikusa''|女のいくさ||lit. ''The Women's War''}} |- |50 |[[Tsuruo Andō]]<br/>[[Yoshie Wada]] |{{nihongo|''Kōdan Honmokutei''|巷談本牧亭}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Chiri no Naka''|塵の中||lit. ''In the Dust''}} |- | rowspan=2|1964 |51 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |52 |[[Michiko Nagai]]<br/>[[Atsuko Anzai]] |{{nihongo|''Enkan''|炎環||lit. ''Ring of Fire''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Chanshaoshu no Hanashi''|張少子の話}} |- | rowspan=2|1965 |53 |[[Shigeo Fujii]] |{{nihongo|''Niji''|虹||lit. ''Rainbow''}} |- |54 |[[Yūkichi Shinbashi]]<br/>[[Jihei Chiba]] |{{nihongo|''Yaochō''|八百長||lit. ''Rigged Game''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Toriko Shū-ki''|虜愁記||lit. ''Sad Tale of a Prisoner''}} |- | rowspan=2|1966 |55 |[[Tachihara Masaaki|Masaaki Tachihara]] |{{nihongo|''Shiroi Keshi''|白い罌粟||lit. ''White Poppy''}} |- |56 |[[Hiroyuki Itsuki]] |{{nihongo|''Aozameta Uma wo Miyo''|蒼ざめた馬を見よ||lit. ''See the Pale Horse''}} |- | rowspan=2|1967 |57 |[[Jirō Ikushima]] |{{nihongo|''Oitsumeru''|追いつめる||lit. ''Cornered''}} |- |58 |[[Akiyuki Nosaka]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animecornerstore.com/groffi.html |title=AnimeCornerStore.com: Grave of the Fireflies|access-date=2012-07-26}}</ref><br/>[[Tooru Miyoshi]] |{{nihongo|''Amerika Hijiki''|アメリカひじき}}, {{nihongo|''[[Grave of the Fireflies (novel)|Grave of the Fireflies]]''|火垂るの墓|''Hotaru no Haka''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Hijiri Shōjo''|聖少女||lit. ''Holy Girl''}} |- | rowspan=2|1968 |59 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |60 |[[Chin Shunshin|Shunshin Chin]]<br/>[[Mitsugu Saotome]] |{{nihongo|''Seigyoku Shishi Kōro''|青玉獅子香炉||lit. ''Sapphire [[Chinese guardian lions|Shishi]] Incense Burner''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Kyōjin no Ori''|僑人の檻}} |- | rowspan=2|1969 |61 |[[Aiko Satō (novelist)|Aiko Satō]] |{{nihongo|''Tatakai Sunde Hi ga Kurete''|戦いすんで日が暮れて||lit. ''The Day of Battle's End Draws to a Close''}} |- |62 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1970 |63 |[[Junichi Watanabe (writer)|Junichi Watanabe]]<ref name="jlpp">{{cite web|url=http://www.jlpp.jp/en/authors/detail.html?w_id=112 |title=Jun'ichi Watanabe|work=[[Japanese Literature Publishing Project]] website|publisher=[[Japanese Literature Publishing and Promotion Center]]|access-date=2009-05-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110035107/http://www.jlpp.jp/en/authors/detail.html?w_id=112 |archive-date = 2008-01-10}}</ref><br/>[[Yūki Shōji]] |{{nihongo|''Hikari to Kage''|光と影||lit. ''Light and Shadow''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Gunki Hatameku Shita ni''|軍旗はためく下に||lit. ''Beneath the Fluttering Battle Flag''}} |- |64 |[[Jō Toyoda]] |{{nihongo|''Nagaragawa''|長良川||lit. ''Nagara River''}} |- | rowspan=2|1971 |65 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |66 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1972 |67 |[[Hisashi Inoue]]<br/>[[Kenjō Tsunabuchi]] |{{nihongo|''Tegusari Shinjū''|手鎖心中||lit. ''Shackled Double Suicide''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Zan''|斬||lit. ''Beheading''}} |- |68 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1973 |69 |[[Shuhei Fujisawa]]<ref>[http://www.uk.emb-japan.go.jp/en/news/jicc/060426_newbooks.html Embassy of Japan in the UK]</ref><br/>[[Hideo Osabe]] |{{nihongo|''Ansatsu no Nenrin''|暗殺の年輪||lit. ''Annals of Assassination''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Tsugaru Yosare Bushi''|津軽世去れ節}}, {{nihongo|''Tsugaru Jonkara Bushi''|津軽じょんから節}} |- |70 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1974 |71 |[[Giichi Fujimoto]] |{{nihongo|''Oni no Uta''|鬼の詩||lit. ''Song of Demons''}} |- |72 |[[Ryō Hanmura]]<br/>[[Magoroku Ide]] |{{nihongo|''Ame Yadori''|雨やどり||lit. ''Shelter From the Rain''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Atorasu Densetsu''|アトラス伝説||lit. ''The Legend of Atlas''}} |- | rowspan=2|1975 |73 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |74 |[[Ryuzo Saki]] |{{nihongo|''Vengeance is Mine''|復讐するは我にあり|''Fukushū suru wa Ware ni ari''}} |- | rowspan=2|1976 |75 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |76 |[[Kyōzō Miyoshi]] |{{nihongo|''Kosodate Gokko''|子育てごっこ||lit. ''Playing at Raising Children''}} |- | rowspan=2|1977 |77 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |78 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1978 |79 |[[Yō Tsumoto]]<br/>[[Takehiro Irokawa]] |{{nihongo|''Jinjū no Umi''|深重の海||lit. ''Jinjū's Sea''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Rikon''|離婚||lit. ''Divorce''}} |- |80 |[[Tomiko Miyao]]<br/>[[Natsuo Ariake]] |{{nihongo|''Ichigen no Koto''|一絃の琴||lit. ''One-Stringed Harp''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Dai Naniwa Morobito Ourai''|大浪花諸人往来||lit. ''The Comings and Goings of the Many People of Great Naniwa''}} |- | rowspan=2|1979 |81 |[[Takashi Atōda]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212710/http://moodle.kyoto-su.ac.jp/wiki/index.php/Atoda_Takashi – Kyoto SU]</ref><br/>[[Komimasa Tanaka]] |{{nihongo|''[[Napoleon Crazy]]''|ナポレオン狂|''Naporeon Kyō''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Rōkyoku-shi Asahimaru no Hanashi''|浪曲師朝日丸の話||lit. ''The Tales of Master Storyteller Asahimaru''}}, {{nihongo|''Mimi no Koto''|ミミのこと||lit. ''Matters of the Ear''}} |- |82 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |rowspan=2|1980 |83 |[[Kuniko Mukōda]]<br/>[[Kageki Shimoda]] |{{nihongo|''Hana no Namae''|花の名前||lit. ''Name of the Flower''}}, {{nihongo|''Kawauso''|かわうそ||lit. ''Otter''}}, {{nihongo|''Inugoya''|犬小屋||lit. ''Dog House''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Kiiroi Kiba''|黄色い牙||lit. ''Yellow Fang''}} |- |84 |[[Masanori Nakamura]] |{{nihongo|''Genshu no Muhon''|元首の謀叛||lit. ''Sovereign's Rebellion''}} |- | rowspan=2|1981 |85 |[[Yukio Aoshima]] |{{nihongo|''Ningen Banji Saiō ga Hinoeuma''|人間万事塞翁が丙午}} |- |86 |[[Kôhei Tsuka]]<br/>[[Akira Mitsuoka]] |{{nihongo|''Kamata Kōshinkyoku''|蒲田行進曲||lit. ''[[Kamata, Ōta, Tokyo|Kamata]] March''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Kirai''|機雷||lit. ''Sea Mine''}} |- | rowspan=2|1982 |87 |[[Yūsuke Fukada]]<br/>[[Tomomi Muramatsu]] |{{nihongo|''En'netsu Shōnin''|炎熱商人||lit. ''Unbearable Heat Merchant''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Jidai-ya no Nyōbō''|時代屋の女房||lit. ''Wife of the Shop Era''}} |- |88 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1983 |89 |[[Kurumizawa Koshi|Kōshi Kurumizawa]] |{{nihongo|''Kuropan Furyo-ki''|黒パン俘虜記||lit. ''Chronicle of the Brown Bread Prisoners''}} |- |90 |[[Takurō Kanki]]<br/>[[Osamu Takahashi]] |{{nihongo|''Shiseikatsu''|私生活||lit. ''Private Life''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Hiden''|秘伝||lit. ''Mystery''}} |- | rowspan=2|1984 |91 |[[Mikihiko Renjō]]<br/>[[Toshizō Nanba]] |{{nihongo|''Koibumi''|恋文||lit. ''Love Letter''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Tennojimura''|てんのじ村}} |- |92 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- | rowspan=2|1985 |93 |[[Yōko Yamaguchi]] |{{nihongo|''Enka no Mushi''|演歌の虫||lit. ''[[Enka]] Insects''}},<br/>{{nihongo|''Rōbai''|老梅||lit. ''Old Plum''}} |- |94 |[[Seigo Morita]]<br/>[[Mariko Hayashi]] |{{nihongo|''Uogashi Monogatari''|魚河岸ものがたり||lit. ''Fish Market Story''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Saishuu-bin ni Maniaeba''|最終便に間に合えば||lit. ''If I'm in Time for the Last Trip''}}, {{nihongo|''Kyoto Made''|京都まで||lit. ''Until Kyōto''}} |- | rowspan=2|1986<ref name="Museion" /> |95 |[[Hiroko Minagawa]] |{{nihongo|''Koi Kurenai''|恋紅||lit. ''Crimson Love''}} |- |96 |[[Gō Ōsaka]]<br/>[[Shinpei Tokiwa]] |{{nihongo|''The Red Star of Cadiz''|カディスの赤い星|''Kadisu no Akai Hoshi''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Tooi Amerika''|遠いアメリカ||lit. ''Far Off America''}} |- | rowspan=2|1987<ref name="Museion">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060507023027/http://eizou.web.infoseek.co.jp/m2/naokiaward_e.html Museion site – winners to 2005]</ref> |97 |[[Amy Yamada]]<br/>[[Ichirō Shiraishi]] |{{nihongo|''Soul Music Lovers Only''|ソウル・ミュージック・ラバーズ・オンリー|''Sōru Myūjikku Rabāzu Onrī''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Kairōden''|海狼伝}} |- |98 |[[Makio Abe]] |{{nihongo|''Sorezore no Tsuigakushō''|それぞれの終楽章||lit. ''The End of Each Musical Movement''}} |- |rowspan=2|1988 |99 |[[Tamio Kageyama]]<br/>[[Masaaki Nishiki]] |{{nihongo|''[[Tōi Umi kara Kita Coo]]''|遠い海から来たCOO||lit. ''From a Distant Ocean Came Coo''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Kooreru Hitomi''|凍れる瞳||lit. ''An Eye Freezing Over''}}, {{nihongo|''Hashima no Onna''|端島の女||lit. ''The [[Hashima Island|Hashima]] Woman''}} |- |100 |[[Akiko Sugimoto]]<br/>[[Shizuko Tōdō]] |{{nihongo|''Tōkyō Shin Ōhashi Uchūzu''|東京新大橋雨中図||lit. ''Tokyo New Big Bridge Path Plan''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Urete Yuku Natsu''|熟れてゆく夏||lit. ''Ripening Summer''}} |- |} === Ika-101 abot presente === {|class='wikitable' |- |rowspan=2|1989 |101 |[[Nejime Shōichi]]<br/>[[Akira Sasakura]] |{{nihongo|''Kōenji Junjō Shōtengai''|高円寺純情商店街||lit. ''Kōenji Purehearted Shopping District''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Tooi Kuni kara no Satsujinsha''|遠い国からの殺人者||lit. ''Murderer from a Distant Land''}} |- |102 |[[Seiji Hashikawa]]<br/>[[Ryō Hara]] |{{nihongo|''Kodenshō''|小伝抄||lit. ''Precise Biographical Sketch''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Watashi ga Koroshita Shōjo''|私が殺した少女||lit. ''The Girl I Killed''}} |- |rowspan=2|1990 |103 |[[Tsumao Awasaka]] |{{nihongo|''Kage Kikyō''|蔭桔梗||lit. ''Shadow Bellflower''}} |- |104 |[[Kaoru Furukawa]] |{{nihongo|''Hyōhakusha no Aria''|漂泊者のアリア||lit. ''A Vagabond's Aria''}} |- |rowspan=2|1991 |105 |[[Masamitsu Miyagitani]]<br/>[[Sunao Ashihara]] |{{nihongo|''Kaki Shunjyū''|夏姫春秋}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Seishun Dendekedekedeke''|青春デンデケデケデケ}} |- |106 |[[Yoshio Takahashi]]<br/>[[Katsuhiko Takahashi]] |{{nihongo|''Ōkami Bugyō''|狼奉行||lit. ''Wolf Magistrate''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Akai Kioku''|緋い記憶||lit. ''Red Memory''}} |- |rowspan=2|1992 |107 |[[Shizuka Ijūin]] |{{nihongo|''Uke Tsuki''|受け月}} |- |108 |[[Tatsurō Dekune]] |{{nihongo|''Tsukudashima Futari Shobō''|佃島ふたり書房||lit. ''Tsukuda Island Two Bookstores''}} |- |rowspan=2|1993 |109 |[[Kaoru Takamura]]<br/>[[Aiko Kitahara (novelist)|Aiko Kitahara]] |{{nihongo|''[[Marks no Yama]]''|マークスの山|''Mākusu no Yama''|lit. ''Marks' Mountain''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Koi Wasuregusa''|恋忘れ草||lit. ''Love Tobacco''}} |- |110 |[[Arimasa Osawa]]<br/>[[Masayoshi Satō]] |{{nihongo|''Shinjuku Zame – Mugen Ningyō''|新宿鮫 無間人形||lit. ''Shinjuku Sharks: Infinite Puppets''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Ebisu-ya Kihei Tebikae''|恵比寿屋喜兵衛手控え||lit. ''Ebisu Shop Kihei Memorandum''}} |- |rowspan=2|1994 |111 |[[Akihiko Nakamura (novelist)|Akihiko Nakamura]]<br/>[[Yasuhisa Ebisawa]] |{{nihongo|''Futatsu no Sanga''|二つの山河||lit. ''Two Mountains and Rivers''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Kikyō''|帰郷||lit. ''Homecoming''}} |- |112 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |rowspan=2|1995 |113 |[[Shun Akasegawa]] |{{nihongo|''Hakkyū Zan'ei''|白球残映}} |- |114 |[[Mariko Koike]]<br/>[[Iori Fujiwara]] |{{nihongo|''Koi''|恋||lit. ''Love''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Terorisuto no Parasoru''|テロリストのパラソル||lit. ''The Terrorist's Parasol''}} |- |rowspan=2|1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodansha |url=http://www.kodansha-intl.com/books/html/en/9784770030252.html |access-date=2022-12-16 |archive-date=2007-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107194813/http://www.kodansha-intl.com/books/html/en/9784770030252.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |115 |[[Asa Nonami]] |{{nihongo|''The Hunter''|凍える牙|''Kogoeru Kiba''|lit. ''Freezing Fang''}} |- |116 |[[Masako Bandō]] |{{nihongo|''Yamahaha''|山妣||lit. ''Mountain Mother''}} |- |rowspan=2|1997 |117 |[[Setsuko Shinoda]]<br/>[[Jirō Asada]] |{{nihongo|''Onnatachi no Jihaado''|女たちのジハード||lit. ''The Women's Jihad''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''[[The Stationmaster (book)|The Stationmaster]] and other stories''|鉄道員|''[[Poppoya]]''}} |- |118 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |rowspan=2|1998 |119 |[[Chōkitsu Kurumatani]] |{{nihongo|''Akame Shijūya-taki Shinjū Misui''|赤目四十八瀧心中未遂||lit. ''Attempted Suicide at the Forty-eight Falls of Akame''}} |- |120 |[[Miyuki Miyabe]] |{{nihongo|''Riyū''|理由||lit. ''The Reason''}} |- |rowspan=2|1999 |121 |[[Kenichi Satō]]<br/>[[Natsuo Kirino]] |{{nihongo|''Ōhi no Rikon''|王妃の離婚||lit. ''The Queen's Divorce''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Yawaraka na Hoho''|柔らかな頬||lit. ''Soft Cheeks''}} |- |122 |[[Rei Nakanishi]] |{{nihongo|''Nagasaki Burabura Bushi''|長崎ぶらぶら節||lit. ''Ballad of a Nagasaki Stroll''}} |- |rowspan='2'|2000 |123 |[[Yoichi Funado]]<br/>[[Kazuki Kaneshiro]] |{{nihongo|''Niji no Tani no Gogatsu''|虹の谷の五月||lit. ''May in the Valley of the Rainbow''}}<br/>''[[Go (Kaneshiro novel)|GO]]'' |- |124 |[[Kiyoshi Shigematsu]]<br/>[[Fumio Yamamoto]] |{{nihongo|''Bitamin F''|ビタミンF||lit. ''Vitamin F''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Puranaria''|プラナリア||lit. ''Planaria''}} |- |rowspan='2'|2001 |125 |[[Yoshinaga Fujita]]<ref>Announced July 18th 2001 Japan Weekly Monitor, Kyodo News International, Tokyo, Japan July 23rd 2001</ref> |{{nihongo|''Ai no Ryōbun''|愛の領分||lit. ''Territory of Love''}} |- |126 |[[Ichiriki Yamamoto]]<br/>[[Kei Yuikawa]] |{{nihongo|''Akanezora''|あかね空||lit. ''A Deep-Red Sky''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''[[Katagoshi no Koibito]]''|肩ごしの恋人||lit. ''Over-the-Shoulder Lover''}} |- |rowspan='2'|2002 |127 |[[Yuzaburō Otokawa]] |{{nihongo|''Ikiru''|生きる||lit. ''To Live''}} |- |128 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |rowspan=2|2003 |129 |[[Ira Ishida]]<br/>[[Yuka Murayama]] |{{nihongo|''4-Teen''|4TEEN フォーティーン|Fōtīn}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Voyage to the Stars''|星々の舟|''Hoshiboshi no Fune''|lit. ''Ship of Stars''}} |- |130 |[[Kaori Ekuni]]<br/>[[Natsuhiko Kyogoku]] |{{nihongo|''Gokyu suru Junbi wa Dekiteita''|号泣する準備はできていた||lit. ''Preparations for Crying Have Been Made''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''[[Requiem from the Darkness]]''|後巷説百物語|''Nochino Kōsetsu Hyaku Monogatari''|lit. ''Further Gossip [[Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai|Hundred Tales]]''}} |- |rowspan=2|2004 |131 |[[Hideo Okuda]]<br/>[[Tatsuya Kumagai (writer)|Tatsuya Kumagai]] |{{nihongo|''[[Psychiatrist Irabu series|Trapeze]]''|空中ブランコ|''Kūchū Buranko''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Kaikō no Mori''|邂逅の森||lit. ''Forest of the Chance Meeting''}} |- |132 |[[Mitsuyo Kakuta]] |{{nihongo|''Taigan no Kanojo''|対岸の彼女||lit. ''The Woman on the Opposite Shore''}} |- |rowspan=2|2005 |133 |[[Minato Shukawa]] |{{nihongo|''Hana Manma''|花まんま||lit. ''As a Flower''}} |- |134 |[[Keigo Higashino]] |{{nihongo|''[[The Devotion of Suspect X]]''|容疑者Xの献身|''Yōgisha X no Kenshin''}} |- |rowspan=2|2006 |135 |[[Shion Miura]]<br/>[[Eto Mori]] |{{nihongo|''Mahoro Ekimae Tada Benri-ken''|まほろ駅前多田便利軒||lit. ''The Convenience Shop Just Before Mahoro Station''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Kaze ni Maiagaru Binīru Shīto''|風に舞いあがるビニールシート||lit. ''A Vinyl Sheet Dancing in the Wind''}} |- |136 |''Mayong premyo iginawad'' | |- |rowspan=2|2007 |137 |[[Kesako Matsui]] |{{nihongo|''Yoshiwara Tebikigusa''|吉原手引草}} |- |138<ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119015209/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/culture/news/20080116i315.htm|archive-date=January 19, 2008|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/culture/news/20080116i315.htm|language=ja|title=芥川賞に川上未映子さん、直木賞は桜庭一樹さん|work=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]|date=January 16, 2008|access-date=August 30, 2018}}</ref> |[[Kazuki Sakuraba]] |{{nihongo|''Watashi no Otoko''|私の男||lit. ''My Man''}} |- |rowspan=2|2008 |139 |[[Areno Inoue]] |{{nihongo|''Kiriha e''|切羽へ}} |- |140 |[[Arata Tendo]]<br/>[[Ken'ichi Yamamoto]] |{{nihongo|''Itamu Hito''|悼む人||lit. ''Mourned Person''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Rikyū ni Tazune yo''|利休にたずねよ||lit. ''Go Ask Rikyū''}} |- |rowspan=2|2009 |141 |[[Kaoru Kitamura]] |{{nihongo|''Sagi to Yuki''|鷺と雪||lit. ''Herons and Snow''}} |- |142 |[[Joh Sasaki|Jō Sasaki]] <br/> [[Kazufumi Shiraishi]] |{{nihongo|''Haikyo ni Kō''|廃墟に乞う||lit. ''An Invitation to the Ruins''}}<br/>{{nihongo|''Hokanaranu Hito e''|ほかならぬ人へ}} |- |rowspan=2|2010 |143 |[[Kyoko Nakajima|Kyōko Nakajima]] |{{nihongo|''Chiisai O'uchi''|小さいおうち||lit. ''A Small House''}} |- |144 |[[Nobori Kiuchi]]<br>[[Shūsuke Michio]] |{{nihongo|''Hyōsa no Utau''|漂砂のうたう||lit. ''The Singing of the Sands''}}<br>{{nihongo|''Tsuki to Kani''|月と蟹||lit. ''The Moon and Crabs''}} |- |rowspan=2|2011 |145<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/07/16/national/writer-ikeido-wins-naoki-prize/|title=Writer Ikeido wins Naoki Prize|work=[[The Japan Times]]|date=July 16, 2011|access-date=August 30, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |[[Jun Ikeido]] |{{nihongo|''Shitamachi Rocket''|下町ロケット|''Shitamachi Roketto''}} |- |146<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/01/19/national/tanaka-enjo-win-akutagawa-award-hamuro-gets-naoki/|title=Tanaka, Enjo win Akutagawa award; Hamuro gets Naoki|work=[[The Japan Times]]|date=January 19, 2012|access-date=August 30, 2018|accessdate=December 16, 2022|archivedate=December 16, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216072142/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/01/19/national/tanaka-enjo-win-akutagawa-award-hamuro-gets-naoki/}}</ref> |[[Rin Hamuro]] |{{nihongo|''Higurashi no Ki''|蜩ノ記||lit. ''Cicada Chronicles''}} |- |rowspan=2|2012 |147 |[[Mizuki Tsujimura]] |{{nihongo|''Kagi no nai Yume wo Miru''|鍵のない夢を見る||lit. ''I Saw a Dream Without a Key''}} |- |148<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/01/18/entertainment-news/top-literature-awards-split-by-oldest-youngest-novelists/ |title=Top literature awards split by oldest, youngest novelists |work=[[The Japan Times]] |date=January 18, 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |[[Asai Ryo]]<br>[[Abe Ryutaro]] |{{nihongo|''Nanimono''|何者||}}<br>{{nihongo|''Tohaku''|等伯||}} |- |rowspan=2|2013 |149<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/07/17/national/fujino-wins-akutagawa-award-sakuragi-gets-naoki-prize |title=Fujino wins Akutagawa award; Sakuragi gets Naoki prize |work=[[The Japan Times]] |date=July 17, 2013 |access-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref> |[[Shino Sakuragi]] |{{nihongo|''Hotel Royal''|ホテルローヤル|lit. Hotel Royal}} |- |150<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/01/25/editorials/literature-prizes-elevate-women/ |title=Literature prizes elevate women |work=The Japan Times |date=January 25, 2014 |access-date=July 18, 2014}}</ref> |[[Makate Asai]]<br>[[Kaoruko Himeno]] |{{nihongo|恋歌|lit. Love Song}}<br>{{nihongo|昭和の犬|lit. Dog of Showa}} |- |rowspan=2|2014 |151<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/07/17/national/akutagawa-naoki-literary-awards-go-shibasaki-kurokawa/ |title=Akutagawa, Naoki literary awards go to Shibasaki, Kurokawa |work=The Japan Times |date=July 17, 2014 |access-date=July 18, 2014}}</ref> |[[Hiroyuki Kurokawa]] |{{nihongo|破門|lit. Expulsion}} |- |152<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/16/national/ono-wins-akutagawa-literary-award-nishi-wins-naoki-prize#.VLjcESusWHA|title=Ono wins Akutagawa literary award; Nishi wins Naoki Prize|date=January 16, 2015}}</ref> |[[Kanako Nishi (author)|Kanako Nishi]] |{{nihongo|サラバ!|lit. Farewell!}} |- |rowspan=2|2015 |153 |[[Akira Higashiyama]] |{{nihongo|''Ryu''|流||}} |- |154 |[[Bunpei Aoyama]] |{{nihongo|''Tsuma wo Metorava''|つまをめとらば||}} |- |rowspan=2|2016 |155 |[[Hiroshi Ogiwara]] |{{nihongo|''Umi no Mieru Rihatsuten''|海の見える理髪店||}} |- |156<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2017/01/20/books/sumito-yamashita-claims-156th-akutagawa-prize/#.WgXviFu0OUk|title=Sumito Yamashita claims 156th Akutagawa Prize|date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> |[[Riku Onda]] |{{nihongo|''Mitsubachi to Enrai''|蜜蜂と遠雷||lit. ''Honey Bee and Distant Thunder''}} |- |rowspan=2|2017 |157<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2017/07/19/books/shinsuke-numata-awarded-prestigious-akutagawa-prize-naoki-prize-goes-to-shogo-sato/#.WgXu1lu0OUk|title=First-time writer Shinsuke Numata wins prestigious Akutagawa Prize|date=July 19, 2017}}</ref> |[[Shogo Sato]] |{{nihongo|''Tsuki no Michikake''|月の満ち欠け||lit. ''The Waxing and Waning of the Moon''}} |- |158<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/01/17/national/chisako-wakatake-yuka-ishii-win-akutagawa-literary-award-yoshinobu-kadoi-bags-naoki-prize/ |title=Chisako Wakatake and Yuka Ishii win Akutagawa literary award; Yoshinobu Kadoi bags Naoki Prize |work=[[The Japan Times]] |date=January 17, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2018 |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226062705/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/01/17/national/chisako-wakatake-yuka-ishii-win-akutagawa-literary-award-yoshinobu-kadoi-bags-naoki-prize/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |[[Yoshinobu Kadoi]] |{{nihongo|''Gingatetsudo no Chichi''|銀河鉄道の父||lit. ''Father of the Galaxy Railroad''}} |- |rowspan=2|2018 |159<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/07/18/books/hiroki-takahashi-wins-akutagawa-literary-award-rio-shimamoto-bags-naoki-prize/|title=Hiroki Takahashi wins Akutagawa literary award, while Rio Shimamoto bags Naoki Prize|work=[[The Japan Times]]|date=July 18, 2018|access-date=July 20, 2018|accessdate=December 16, 2022|archivedate=December 16, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216072145/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/07/18/books/hiroki-takahashi-wins-akutagawa-literary-award-rio-shimamoto-bags-naoki-prize/}}</ref> |[[Rio Shimamoto]] |{{nihongo|''Fāsuto Rabu''|First Love}} |- |160<ref name=160ns>{{cite news|url=https://www.nikkansports.com/general/nikkan/news/201901160000638.html|language=ja|title=古市氏は受賞逃す、芥川賞に上田岳弘氏と町屋良平氏|work=Nikkan Sports|date=January 16, 2019|access-date=January 16, 2019}}</ref> |[[Junjō Shindō]] |''{{nihongo3|Treasure Island|宝島|Takarajima}}'' |- |rowspan=2|2019 |161<ref name=jtakutagawa>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/07/17/national/two-women-named-japans-akutagawa-naoki-literary-awards/|title=Two women named for Japan's Akutagawa, Naoki literary awards|work=Kyodo News|via=[[The Japan Times]]|date=July 17, 2019|access-date=July 17, 2019|accessdate=December 16, 2022|archivedate=July 17, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717154019/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/07/17/national/two-women-named-japans-akutagawa-naoki-literary-awards/}}</ref> |[[Masumi Oshima]] |''{{nihongo3|Whirlpool, Husband and Wife Mountains: A Mirror of Virtuous Women, Requiem|渦　妹背山婦女庭訓魂結び|Uzu Imoseyama Onna Teikin Tamamusubi}}'' |- |162<ref name=kyodo2019shita>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/01/16/entertainment-news/novelists-makoto-furukawa-soichi-kawagoe-receive-japans-akutagawa-naoki-literary-prizes/|title=Novelists Makoto Furukawa and Soichi Kawagoe to receive Japan's Akutagawa and Naoki literary prizes|work=Kyodo News|via=[[The Japan Times]]|date=January 16, 2020|access-date=January 16, 2020|accessdate=December 16, 2022|archivedate=January 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117161053/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/01/16/entertainment-news/novelists-makoto-furukawa-soichi-kawagoe-receive-japans-akutagawa-naoki-literary-prizes/}}</ref> |[[Soichi Kawagoe]] |{{nihongo|''Netsu Gen''|熱源|''Heat Source''}} |- |rowspan=2|2020 |163<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2020 |title=Novelists Takayama and Tono win Akutagawa awards; Hase wins Naoki Prize |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/16/national/novelists-takayama-tono-win-akutagawa-awards-hase-wins-naoki-prize/ |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]] |language=en-US |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124001829/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/16/national/novelists-takayama-tono-win-akutagawa-awards-hase-wins-naoki-prize/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |[[Hase Seishū]] |{{nihongo|''Shonen to Inu''|少年と犬|''A Boy and Dog''}} |- |164<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2021 |title=第164回直木賞　西條奈加さん『心淋し川』の受賞が決まる |url=https://bunshun.jp/articles/-/42955 |access-date=August 25, 2021 |website=bunshun.jp |language=ja}}</ref> |{{ill|Naka Saijo|ja|西條奈加}} |{{Nihongo||心（うら）淋し川|Kokoro(ura) sabishi kawa}} |- |rowspan=2|2021 |165<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2021 |title=第165回芥川賞と直木賞 それぞれ2作品が決まる |language=ja |work=[[NHK]] |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20210714/k10013139451000.html |access-date=August 25, 2021}}</ref> |{{ill|Toko Sawada|ja|澤田瞳子}}<br>{{ill|Norikazu Sato|ja|佐藤究}} |{{Nihongo||星落ちて、なお|Hoshi ochite, nao}}<br> {{Nihongo||テスカトリポカ|Tezcatlipoca}} |- |166<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2022 |title=第166回「直木賞」"時代もの"W受賞 『氷菓』原作者・米澤穂信氏『黒牢城』 今村翔吾氏『塞王の楯』 |language=ja |work=[[Oricon]] |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2221602/full/ |access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref> |{{ill|Shōgo Imamura|ja|今村翔吾}}<br>[[Honobu Yonezawa]] |{{Nihongo||塞王の楯|Saiō no Tate}}<br> {{Nihongo||黒牢城|Kokurō-jō}} |- |2022 |167<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2242797/full/|title= 第167回「芥川賞・直木賞」決定 芥川賞は高瀬隼子氏『おいしいごはんが食べられますように』、直木賞は窪美澄氏『夜に星を放つ』|access-date= July 26, 2022|work= Oricon}}</ref> |[[Misumi Kubo]] |{{Nihongo||夜に星を放つ|Yoru ni Hoshi wo Hanatsu}} |- |} ==Toltolan== {{reflist}}{{Poon}} [[Kategorya:Mga literaryong premyo para sa mga Hapones na parasurat]] [[Kategorya:Mga gawad literaryo tinugdas kan 1935]] cbsduoy6fqifitbhgzvhj0f4okt2nag 0 40663 309635 244041 2026-08-23T21:11:51Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 445595278 | IUPAC_name = Sodium aurothiopropanolsulfonate | image = Aurotioprol.svg <!--Clinical data--> | tradename = | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|international|aurotioprol}} | pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --> | pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X --> | pregnancy_category = | legal_AU = <!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S3 / S4 / S5 / S6 / S7 / S8 / S9 --> | legal_CA = <!-- / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --> | legal_UK = <!-- GSL / P / POM / CD / Class A, B, C --> | legal_US = <!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V --> | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = [[Intramuscular injection]] <!--Pharmacokinetic data--> | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = | elimination_half-life = | excretion = <!--Identifiers--> | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CAS_number = 27279-43-2 | ATC_prefix = M01 | ATC_suffix = CB05 | PubChem = 44144564 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = G7097J63E9 | ChemSpiderID = 8628381 <!--Chemical data--> | chemical_formula = | C=3 | H=6 | Au=1 | Na=1 | O=4 | S=2 | molecular_weight = 390.16 | smiles = C(C(CS(=O)(=O)[O-])O)[S-].[Na+].[Au+] | StdInChI = 1S/C3H8O4S2.Au.Na/c4-3(1-8)2-9(5,6)7;;/h3-4,8H,1-2H2,(H,5,6,7);;/q;2*+1/p-2 | StdInChIKey = KBWWFTIQBJUOQR-UHFFFAOYSA-L }} An '''Aurotioprol''' sarong [[bulawan na asin]] na piggagamit sa ahenteng [[antirumatiko]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Perrier P, Raffoux C, Thomas P, Tamisier JN, Busson M, Gaucher A, Streiff F | title = HLA antigens and toxic reactions to sodium aurothiopropanol sulphonate and D-penicillamine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-the-rheumatic-diseases_1985-09_44_9/page/621 | journal = Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases | volume = 44 | issue = 9 | pages = 621–4 | date = September 1985 | pmid = 3876081 | pmc = 1001721 | doi = 10.1136/ard.44.9.621 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Veys EM, Mielants H, Verbruggen G | title = Goldsalts, levamisole and D-penicillamine as first choice slow-acting antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis--a long-term follow-up study | journal = Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–6 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3608266 }}</ref> == Toltolan == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Gold(I) compounds]] [[Category:Mga produktong antirumatiko]] [[Category:Mga Metal na naglalaog nin droga]] {{stub}} 0h46z7rvkmen4pwxujs9618336zq958 0 40768 309701 277151 2026-08-23T22:23:34Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Tuldo | Latin = Digitus II manus, digitus secundus manus, [[wikt:index#Latin|index]] | Image = Wijsvinger.jpg | Caption = Walang [[kamot]] na an tuldo nakaunat | Image2 = | Caption2 = | Precursor = | System = | Artery = [[Radial artery of index finger]], <br />[[proper palmar digital arteries]], <br />[[dorsal digital arteries of hand|dorsal digital arteries]] | Vein = [[Palmar digital veins]], [[dorsal digital veins of the hand|dorsal digital veins]] | Nerve = [[Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve]], [[proper palmar digital nerves of median nerve]] | Lymph = }} [[File:Anger during a protest by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|250px|Sarong tawo na nakatukdo sa sarong babayi durante kan sarong dai pagkaoroyon]] An '''tuldo''' iyo an ikaduwang digit nin [[kamot]] nin tawo. Yaon ini sa pag'oltan kan [[tangan]] asin [[tindarakul]]. Sa parate iyan an pinaka-dextrous asin sensitibong digit kan kamot, minsan ngani bakong iyo an pinakahalaba. Mas halipot iyan sa tindarakul, asin posibleng mas halipot o mas halaba kisa sa [[singsingan]] (hilingon an [[digit ratio]]). == Pagtukdo == An pagtukdo gamit an tuldo posibleng mag-indikar o mag-indentipikar nin sarong bagay, tawo, o lugar.<ref name=Imai>{{cite web|url=http://www.comm.ohio-state.edu/pdavid/preparedness/docs/Crosscultural/gestures.pdf |title=Gestures: Body Language and Nonverbal Communication |author=Gary Imai |access-date=12 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331212736/http://www.comm.ohio-state.edu/pdavid/preparedness/docs/Crosscultural/gestures.pdf |archive-date=March 31, 2010 }}</ref> Mga edad sarong taon, an mga umboy nagpopoon na magtukdo nganing magkomunikar nin haros mga komplikadong kaisipan, kabali an mga interes, kamawotan, asin impormasyon. An pagtukdo kan mga umboy nin tawo pwedeng magdemonstrar kan [[teorya kan isip]], o abilidad nganing masabotan kun ano an iniisip kan ibang tawo. An gesture na ini posibleng magporma nin sarong basehan para sa pagrambong kan tataramon kan mga tawo. An mga bakong tawong primates, na kulang sa abilidad na magpormular nin mga ideya dapit sa kun ano an iniisip kan ibang tawo, ginagamit an pagtukdo sa bakong urog kakomplikadong mga paagi.<ref name="Day">{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/how_babies_work/2013/03/26/research_on_babies_and_pointing_reveals_the_action_s_importance.html |title=Research on babies and pointing reveals the action's importance |last=Day |first=Nicholas |date=26 March 2013 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> Alagad, an mga [[corvid]], [[ayam]]<ref name=pmid22347411>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030913 |pmid=22347411 |pmc=3275610 |title=Dogs (''Canis familiaris''), but Not Chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes''), Understand Imperative Pointing |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e30913 |year=2012 |last1=Kirchhofer |first1=Katharina C. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Felizitas |last3=Kaminski |first3=Juliane |last4=Tomasello |first4=Michael |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730913K |doi-access=free}} *{{cite press release |date=February 8, 2012 |title=Dogs succeed while chimps fail at following finger pointing: Chimpanzees have difficulty identifying object of interest based on gestures |website=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120208180251.htm}}</ref> asin mga [[elepante]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0911239106 |pmid=19926857 |pmc=2791620 |jstor=40536081 |title=Phylogenomic analyses reveal convergent patterns of adaptive evolution in elephant and human ancestries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2009-12-08_106_49/page/20824 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=49 |pages=20824–9 |year=2009 |last1=Goodman |first1=M. |last2=Sterner |first2=K. N. |last3=Islam |first3=M. |last4=Uddin |first4=M. |last5=Sherwood |first5=C. C. |last6=Hof |first6=P. R. |last7=Hou |first7=Z. C. |last8=Lipovich |first8=L. |last9=Jia |first9=H. |last10=Grossman |first10=L. I. |last11=Wildman |first11=D. E. |bibcode=2009PNAS..10620824G |doi-access=free}} *{{cite news |author=Katie Collins |date=October 10, 2013 |title=Elephants found to understand human pointing without training |work=Wired UK |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-10/10/elephant-pointing }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> nakakasabot dapit sa pagtukdo gamit an muro. Sa ibang kultura, partikularmente an mga [[Malay people|Malays]] asin [[Javanese people|Javanese]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1990/0412/dindo4.html|title=A Thumb Points the Way in Java|last=Scott|first=David Clark|date=12 April 1990|newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor|quote=...figures in some reliefs can be seen pointing - with their thumbs. "Pointing with the index finger is a terrible thing to do. It means death or violence. People used their thumb for polite pointing and it's still the same today,'' notes Jan Fontein, curator of the exhibition of ancient Indonesian sculpture sponsored by Mobil Indonesia...}}</ref> sa [[Habagatan-Subangan na Asya]], an pagtukdo gamit an tuldo konsiderado bilang sarong tanda nin daing galang, mantang an [[tangan]] iyo lugod an ginagamit. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} kenfwkj9vszsvoqbghc7eujxvo68tru 0 41090 309781 308505 2026-08-23T23:37:16Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Coronation of the Hero of Virtue.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero'' ni [[Peter Paul Rubens]]]] An '''machismo''' (Gikan sa Espanyol na macho 'lalaki", asin -ismo) an sentido nin pagigin "lalaki" asin an pagsarig sa sadiring buhay, sarong konsepto na konektado sa "makosog na sentido nin pagrokyaw sa pagkalalaki: sarong eksaheradong pagkalalaki. An Machismo sarong termino na ginikanan kan kaamayi nin 1930 asin 1940s na pinakapinakahulugan na igwa nin orgulyo sa pagigin lalaki nin sarong tawo. Kairiba sa "katungdan nin lalaki an pagsusustento, pagprotehir, asin pagsurog sa saiyang pamilya."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lesbians and Gays in Couples and Families: A Handbook for Therapists|url=https://archive.org/details/lesbiansgaysinco0000unse|last=Morales|first=Edward. S.|date=1996|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-7879-0222-3|editor-last=Laird|editor-first=Joan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lesbiansgaysinco0000unse/page/272 272]–297|chapter=Gender roles among Latino gay and bisexual men: Implications for family and couple relationships|editor-last2=Green|editor-first2=Robert-Jay}}</ref> An Machismo makusog asin pirming kaayon sa pagigin dominante, agrensya, eksibisyon, asin pag'ataman. An korelasyon sa machismo nakukuang hararom na nakagamot sa mga dinamikong pamilya asin kultura.<ref>{{Cite journal|id={{ProQuest|1300556081}}|last1=Zinn|first1=Maxine Baca|title=Chicano Men and Masculinity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ethnic-studies_summer-1982_10_2/page/n32|journal=Journal of Ethnic Studies|date=Summer 1982|volume=10|issue=2|pages=29–44}}</ref> An tataramon na macho igwang halawig na historiya kapwa sa Espanya asin Portugal, kaiba an mga tataramon na Espanyol asin Portuges. {{Lang|es|Macho}} sa Portuges asin Spanish sarong istriktong [[Maskulinidad|masculine]] term, na ginuno gikan sa [[Tataramon na Latin|Latin]] ''mascŭlus'', na an boot sabihon iyo an "lalaki". Ini orihinal na kaayon sa pinakamarahay na papel na pansosyedad na piglalaoman na igwa nin papel an mga kalalakihan sa saindang mga komunidad, kadaklan partikular na mga lenggwahe kan mga Iberyano sa mga sosyedad asin mga nasyon. Dugang pa, huli sa kasaysayan nin pagsakop sa Mejico, mga ralaban asin daing ontok na iriwal nin mga burokratiko, inaasahan sa mga tawo na magkaigwa asin magpaheling nin kapusoan, kosog, kadonongan asin pamomoon. Para sa ser macho (sa literal, "an pagigin macho") sarong kamawotan para sa gabos na aking lalaki. Siring sa ipinaheheling kan kasaysayan, an mga tawo parateng nasa makapangyarihan asin dominanteng mga katongdan sa siring ilinaladawan an halaga nin madahas na tawong macho. Kaya an ginikanan kan machismo nagseserbing ilustrasyon kan nakaaging kasaysayan, an mga pakikipagtusay na inatubang kan kolonyal na Mejico asin an ebolusyon nin mga estereo sa panahon. An Machismo sarong bagay na kinuestion sa tahaw kan laen - laen na grupo huli sa kun paano linalaoman na ikaladawan an sarong sangkap na tawo, na nagpapatalubo nin pangigipit. Sa isip, tibaad namamatean nin mga lalaki an pangangaipo na gumibo nin mas dakol na oportunidad na maotob an mga linalaoman, arog baga kan pagsuportar sa harong, o pagmantener nin trabaho, na nagbubunga nin orog na tension. Ini pwede man may kinaaraman na gayo sa pisikal ngane magin makusog asin masobrahan an pag'ubos kan hawak, o an kabaliktaran kan pagbugtak nin timbang sa paagi kan dai pagkaigwa kan minamawot na physique asin pagmateng mas maluya. Dugang pa, isinusuherir nin mga parasiyasat na an machismo pwedeng magladawan kan pagigin supremo o pagdominar na namamatean nin sarong lalaki na siya may labot sa sarong babae huli sa mga bagay dapit sa kultura asin sosyedad. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} s9uiy6raaxr9l484qk56vlnum1qgcph 0 41176 309778 308761 2026-08-23T23:33:44Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309778 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Adult cholera patient.jpg|right|280px|thumb|Pasyenteng may kolera]] [[File:Cholera feces.jpg|right|280px|thumb|Bugris na udo nanubig-tubig]] [[File:Cholera bacteria SEM.jpg|right|280px|thumb|Hitsura kan bakteryang Vibrio cholerae]] [[File:It doesn't hurt, but it tickles. A U.S. Navy hospital corpsman, member of a USAID military health team, inoculates a flo - NARA - 541855.jpg|300px|thumb|280px|Pigbabakunahan, kampanya anti-kolera, 1966]] An '''kolera''' sarong nakakaulakit na helang asin pwedeng ikagadan. Ini impeksyon sa bitukang sadit dara kan bakteryang ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]''.<ref name=Fink2016>{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Richard A. |chapter=Cholera, ''Vibrio cholerae'' O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios |pmid=21413330 |id={{NCBIBook2|NBK8407}} |editor1-last=Baron |editor1-first=Samuel |title=Medical Microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalmicrobiol0000unse_d4e1 |date=1996 |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2 |edition=4th }}</ref> an mga sintomas kaini pwedeng garo mayo sana, pwedeng maluya sana o talagang makuri.<ref name=CDC2015Pro>{{cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> An klasikong sintomas kaini iyo an pag'aariya (sobrang pagbugris) nin pirang aldaw.<ref name=WHO2010 /> [[Pagsusuka]] asin [[paghihigot kan masel]] pwede man mangyari.<ref name=CDC2015Pro /> An pag'aariya pwedeng sobrang makuri na sa laog nin pirang oras sana magresulta sa grabeng [[dehydration]] asin [[bakong balanseng electrolyte]].<ref name=WHO2010 /> Ini maresulta sa sinasabing [[Enophthalmia|lubog na mata]], panlilipot kublit, pagkawara nin logyat kan kublit o paghihignit kan kublit, asin pagkurubot kan mga kamot asin mga bitis.<ref name=Lancet2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB | title = Cholera | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-30-july-6-2012_379_9835/page/2466 | journal = Lancet | volume = 379 | issue = 9835 | pages = 2466–2476 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22748592 | pmc = 3761070 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x }}</ref> Gibo kan ''Dehydration'' an kublit pwedeng mangitom o mangasul [[cyanosis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bailey|first1=Diane | name-list-style = vanc |title=Cholera|date=2011|publisher=Rosen Pub.|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2|page=7|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|archive-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> An sintomas nabutwa' pakalihis nin duwang oras abot limang aldaw nin pagkatambara sa pag'uulakit.<ref name=CDC2015Pro /> An helang nakukua parati sa maating tubig na naiinom. Ngani mapondo an paglakop kan helang dapat pagsaraon an tubig asin i-agi sa pagpakala-kaga' bago ini inomon. An kolera kinakawsa nin magkapirang bilang nin [[serotipo|tipo]] kan ''Vibrio cholerae'', na an ibang tipo naprodyusir nin makuring helang kumpara sa ibang klase.<ref name=WHO2010 /> Ini nalakop parati huli sa [[helang dara nin tubig|maating tubig]] asin siring man sa [[helang dara nin kakanon|maating pagkakan]] na nakontaminado orog na kan [[udo nin tawo]] na may dara kan sinasabing bakterya.<ref name=WHO2010 /> An dai toltol na pakaluto kan mga may tibulakang sira ([[shellfish]]) pwede man gikanan kan helang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sources of Infection & Risk Factors|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|archive-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> An tawo daa iyo mansana an paradara kan siring na [[bakterya]]].<ref name=WHO2010 /> An mga [[kawsa peligro]] para sa sinabing helang iyo an kabarali na diyan, daing toltol na [[sanitasyon]], daing bastanteng malinig na [[tubig inomon]], asin [[katiosan]].<ref name=WHO2010 /> An kolera nada-diagnose paagi kan paghiling kan udo o [[stool test]].<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite journal | title = Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 85 | issue = 13 | pages = 117–28 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20349546 | url =https://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf | archive-date = April 13, 2015 }}</ref> Igwang marikas na inaapod na [[Dipstick#Testing dipstick|dipstick test]] alagad ini dai masasarigan na gayo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diagnosis and Detection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=February 10, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041832/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|archive-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> ==Mga likidong tomaron== Kun an komersyal na pinapabakal na mga oral rehydration solution mahal na gayo o dipisil makua, tinimplang solusyon pwedeng gibohon ta ini an remedyo sa pangana na dehydration. Sarong resipe iyo an pagtimpla nin 1 litrong gina'gang tubig, 1/2 kutsaritang asin, 6 na kutsaritang asukar, asin ini salakan nin pigrunot na [[batag]] para sa potassium makukua igdi asin ngarig magsiram an namit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rehydrate.org/solutions/homemade.htm|title=Oral Rehydration Solutions: Made at Home|year=2010|access-date=2010-10-29|publisher=The Mother and Child Health and Education Trust|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124130823/http://rehydrate.org/solutions/homemade.htm|archive-date=2010-11-24}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}}{{Poon}} [[Kategorya:Kolera]] [[Kategorya:Diarrhea]] [[Kategorya:Mga helang dara nin pagkakan]] [[Kategorya:Gastrointestinal tract disorders]] [[Kategorya:Intestinal infectious diseases]] [[Kategorya:Tropical diseases]] [[Kategorya:Mga epidemya]] [[Kategorya:Mga pandemya]] [[Kategorya:Sanitasyon]] [[Kategorya:Mga helang dara nin tubig]] [[Kategorya:Mga helang na masusumpo nin bakuna]] ebqm82f5da56ch1gz6l4jfjhsrxac37 0 41238 309559 275961 2026-08-23T20:08:28Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309559 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg|right|thumb|300px|Wagayway kan Demokratikong Kampuchea]] [[File:Choeungek2.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Mga bungo kan mga biktima kan Khmer Rouge]] [[File:Thảm sát.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Mga retrato kan nangyaring [[Ba Chúc masaker]] kagibohan kan Khmer Rouge, bagay na iyo an rason sinakyada an Kambodya kan Byetnam kan 1978 asin pinatalsik sa poder an Demokratikong Kampuchea]] An '''Khmer Rouge''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˌ|m|ɛər|_|ˈ|r|uː|ʒ}}; {{IPA-fr|kmɛʁ ʁuʒ|lang}}; {{lang-km|ខ្មែរក្រហម}}, {{transl|km|Khmêr Krâhâm}} {{IPA-km|kʰmae krɑːhɑːm|}}; {{Literal translation|[[Red (political adjective)|Red]] [[Khmer people|Khmer]]}}) iyo an popular na pangaran ibinansag sa mga myembro kan [[Partido Komunista nin Kampuchea]] (PKK) asin sa paghunat kan bansag, sa [[Demokratikong Kampuchea|rehimen]] na paagi igdi an PKK pigpadalagan asin pig'administrar an [[Kambodya]] pag'ultan nin 1975 asin 1979. An pangaran pigmukna kan mga 1960 kan si dating [[Hepe nin Estado nin Kambodya|Hepe nin Estado]] na si [[Norodom Sihanouk]] sa pagladawan kan nasyon niya bilang sarong manlaen-laen na pwersang nagkasararo na pinamayohan kan komunista, kun saen sya nagkampi pakatapos kan [[1970 coup d'état nin Kambodya|siya pinatalsik sa poder kan 1970]] kan [[Lon Nol]], pro-Amerikanong grupo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khmer Rouge |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/southeast-asia-history/khmer-rouge |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> An Khmer Rouge na hokbo luway-luway pinagpatalubo sa mga kakadlaganan nin subangan nin Kambodya durante kan mga 1960, suportado kan [[People's Army of Vietnam|North Vietnamese army]], kan [[Viet Cong]], kan [[Pathet Lao]], asin kan [[Partido Komunista nin Tsina]] (PKT).<ref name=Chandler2018>{{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=David P.|title=Brother Number One: A Political Biography Of Pol Pot|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTlMDwAAQBAJ&q=Maha+lout+ploh&pg=PT77|isbn=978-0-429-98161-6}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite web |url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/chinas-aid-emboldens-cambodia |last=Strangio |first=Sebastian |title=China's Aid Emboldens Cambodia |website=Yale Global Online |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217133253/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/chinas-aid-emboldens-cambodia |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=":32">{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-chinese-communist-partys-relationship-the-khmer-rouge-the-1970s-ideological-victory|title=The Chinese Communist Party's Relationship with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s: An Ideological Victory and a Strategic Failure|date=13 December 2018|website=Wilson Center|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Hood|first=Steven J.|date=1990|title=Beijing's Cambodia Gamble and the Prospects for Peace in Indochina: The Khmer Rouge or Sihanouk?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-survey_1990-10_30_10/page/977|journal=Asian Survey|volume=30|issue=10|pages=977–991|doi=10.2307/2644784|issn=0004-4687|jstor=2644784}}</ref> Totoo orihinalmente luminaban ini kontra ki Sihanouk, an Khmer Rouge naghirang posisyon asin inampoyonan si Sihanouk sa pagsonson kan Komunistang Partido nin Tsina (KPK) kan an huri napatalsik sa sarong [[1970 coup d'état sa Kambodya|1970 coup]] kan [[Lon Nol]] na nagtugdas kan pro-Amerikanong [[Republika nin Khmer]].<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/chinacambodia/relation.html|title=China-Cambodia Relations|website=Radio Free Asia|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> Apesar kan mahiwas asin lakopan na pagbomba kan pwersang amerikano na inapod ([[Operation Freedom Deal]]) kontra sa mga komunista, an Khmer Rouge ginana mansana giraray an [[Gera Sibil nin Kambodya]] kan ini [[Paglagpak kan Phnom Penh|nasikop an kabisera nin Kambodya]] asin nabungkal kaini an Republika nin Khmer kan 1975. Sunod kan saindang kapangganahan, an Khmer Rouge, na pinamayohan ni [[Pol Pot]], [[Nuon Chea]], [[Ieng Sary]], [[Son Sen]], asin ni [[Khieu Samphan]], tolostolos pinaralayas mga residente sa mga mayor asin darakulang mga siyudad ta pirit pinapatrabaho sa mga pwera asin mga baryo sa pag'uuma asin pagtanom. Kan 1976, pigngaranan ninda an nasyon na [[Demokratikong Kampuchea]]. An Rehimen Khmer Rouge panganang [[autokratiko]], [[totalitarian]], asin sobrang [[Pang'aapi politikal|mang'aapi]]. Kadakul an nagkagaradan resulta kan mga programa sosyal na inapod na "Moha Lout Plaoh", sarong programa inarog mansana sa [[Great Leap Forward]] kan Tsina na nagpuli sa inapod na [[Great Chinese Famine]].<ref name=Chandler2018/><ref name="Janet McLellan">{{cite book|title=Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto|last=McLellan|first=Janet|date=1 April 1999|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8225-1|edition=1st|page=137|chapter=5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMm024458s4C&q=Khmer+Roug+social+engineering&pg=PA137}}</ref><ref name=Chandler2007>{{cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|title=A History of Cambodia|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZSpDwAAQBAJ&q=Maha+lout+ploh&pg=PA334|isbn=978-1578566969}}</ref> An mga pagngata' kan Khmer Rouge sa reporma agrikultural paagi nin [[collectivisation]] siring man nagkawsa nin makuring kagutoman, asin saindang pagpirit na makatindog sa sadiri (dawa dai kaya), pati na an an suplay nin medisina, nagpuli' sa pirang ribong nagkagaradan sa mga helang na pwede man ngani mabulong arog kan [[malaria]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} An Khmer Rouge na rehimen tinirigbak ginatos na ribong mga hinuhuna kaining kaiwal sa politika, asin an puristang pana'naw sa rasa nagresulta man sa ''genocide'' kan mga minoriya sa Kambodya. An [[Summary execution]]s asin pagkastigong daing hono-hono piggigibo kan mga kabwan kaini sa mga hinuhuna nindang mga elementong subersibo, kabali na diyan an pagpuho kan mga kakamping dinududahan na subersibo, na ini nangyari sa pag'ultan nin taon 1975 asin 1978.<ref name="Steven R. Ratner">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oEix673qakC&q=The+Khmer+Rouge&pg=PA268|title=Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy|last1=Ratner|first1=Steven R.|last2=Abrams|first2=Jason S.|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-829871-7|edition=2nd|page=272}}</ref> Katapos-taposi, an inapod na [[Cambodian genocide]] nagkawsa nin kagadanan nin mga 1.5 abot 2&nbsp;million katawo, mga 25% kan populasyon nin Kambodya. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}}{{Poon}} [[Kategorya: Khmer Rouge]] 5hdavcpfdbh7mbz3dz4go3rbkiwx1qy 0 41264 309794 245367 2026-08-23T23:48:22Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309794 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''''Nirvana''''' iyo an sarong konsepto sa mga relihiyon na Indyano ([[Budhismo]], [[Hinduismo]], [[Jainismo]], asin [[Sikhismo]]) na nagrerepresentar sa ultimadong kamugtakan kan soteryolohikal na pagbuhi, liberasyon gikan sa ''[[duḥkha]]'' and ''[[saṃsāra (Budismo)|saṃsāra]]''. Sa [[mga relihiyon na Indyano]], an nirvana kasingkahulogan kan ''[[moksha]]'' asin ''mukti''.<ref name="vimoksha">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id=2602 |title=The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, ''vimoksha'' |access-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011614/http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id=2602 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Gabos na mga relihiyon na Indyano inasigurar iyan na magin kamugtakan kan perpektong quietude, katalingkasan, pinakahalangkaw na kaugmahan siring man an liberasyon sa pagkakatakod asin kinabanon na pagdusa asin an katapusan kan ''samsara'', an bilog na eksistensya.<ref name="Flood">Gavin Flood, ''Nirvana''. In: John Bowker (ed.), '' Oxford Dictionary of World Religions''</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1clDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|title=On World Religions: Diversity, Not Dissension|author=Anindita N. Balslev|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2014|isbn=978-93-5150-405-4|pages=28–29}}</ref> Alagad, an mga tradisyon na Buddhist asin bakong-Budhist naglaladawan kan mga terminong ini para sa katalingkasan na iba man.<ref name="Loy 1982 pp. 65–74">{{Cite journal|last=Loy|first=David|title=Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-philosophical-quarterly_1982-03_22_1/page/65|journal=International Philosophical Quarterly|publisher=Philosophy Documentation Center|volume=22|issue=1|year=1982|pages=65–74|doi=10.5840/ipq19822217|quote=What most distinguishes Indian from Western philosophy is that all the important Indian systems point to the same phenomenon: Enlightenment or Liberation. Enlightenment has different names in the various systems – kaivalya, nirvana, moksha, etc. – and is described in different ways...}}</ref> Sa Hindung pilosopiya, an pagkasararo o an pakarealisar kun siisay si [[Atman]] kaiba si [[Brahman]], depende sa tradisyon na Hindu. Sa Jainismo, an nirvana man an soteryolohikal na katuyohan, na nagrerepresentar sa pagpaluwas nin kalag sa karmikong kaoripnan asin samsara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PP1|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|last=Brian Morris|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|page=51|quote=There has been some dispute as to the exact meaning of nirvana, but clearly the Buddhist theory of no soul seems to imply quite a different perspective from that of Vedantist philosophy, in which the individual soul or self [atman] is seen as identical with the world soul or Brahman [god] (on the doctrine of anatta [no soul] ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIhKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|title=The Great Being|last=Gwinyai H. Muzorewa|publisher=Wipf|year=2000|isbn=978-1-57910-453-5|pages=52–54|quote=Even the Atman depends on the Brahman. In fact, the two are essentially the same. [...] Hindu theology believes that the Atman ultimately becomes one with the Brahman. One's true identity lies in realizing that the Atman in me and the Brahman - the ground of all existence - are similar. [...] The closest kin of Atman is the Atman of all living things, which is grounded in the Brahman. When the Atman strives to be like Brahman it is only because it realizes that that is its origin - God. [...] Separation between the Atman and the Brahman is proved to be impermanent. What is ultimately permanent is the union between the Atman and the Brahman. [...] Thus, life's struggle is for the Atman to be released from the body, which is impermanent, to unite with Brahman, which is permanent - this doctrine is known as Moksha.}}</ref><ref>John E. Cort (1990), MODELS OF AND FOR THE STUDY OF THE JAINS, Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, Vol. 2, No. 1, Brill Academic, pages 42-71</ref> Sa kontekstong Budhista, an nirvana nanonongod sa pakarealisar kan bakong sadiri asin emptiness, na tanda kan katapusan nin pagkamundag liwat sa paagi kan pagpadanay pa giraray kan mga kalayo na nagpapadanay kan proseso nin pagkamundag liwat.<ref name="Loy 1982 pp. 65–74" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCvAwAAQBAJ|title=Buddhism|last=Peter Harvey|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2001|isbn=978-1-4411-4726-4|pages=98–99|quote=[Nirvana is] beyond the processes involved in dying and reborn. [...] Nirvana is emptiness in being void of any grounds for the delusion of a permanent, substantial Self, and because it cannot be conceptualized in any view which links it to 'I' or 'mine' or 'Self'. It is known in this respect by one with deep insight into everything as not-Self (anatta), empty of Self.}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} iy0t6p8yssy7lehvcrjg0rupvu393ca 0 41542 309655 309002 2026-08-23T21:32:46Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309655 wikitext text/x-wiki Si {{Nihongo|'''Ōgetsu-hime'''|大宜都比売神/ 大気都比売神/ 大宜津比売神/ 大気津比売神|Ōgetsu-hime/ Ohogetsu-hime-no-kami}}, komun na midbid bilang {{Nihongo|'''Ukemochi'''|[[:ja:保食神|保食神]]|Ukemochi-no-kami|English: "Goddess Who Protects Food"|lead=yes}}, an aking babayi kan mga diedad kan Shinto na sinda [[Izanagi|Izanagi]] asin [[Izanami|Izanami]], iyo an [[Diosa|diosa]] nin [[Pagkakan|pagkakan]] sa [[Rehiyon|relihiyon]] na [[Shinto|Shinto]] nin [[Hapon]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OturV0aQa-IC&pg=RA3-PA2|title=Goddesses for Every Day: Exploring the Wisdom and Power of the Divine Feminine around the World|last=Loar|first=Julie|publisher=New World Library|year=2010|isbn=978-1-57731-950-4|pages=269}}</ref> Sa ibang napapalaen na interpretasyon, si Ukemochi nanonongod bilang kapwa lalaki asin babayi. Kapag ipinapahiling sa ibang mga porma, si Ukemochi kinukua an korte kan soro.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Myth: myths & legends of the world explored|last=McLeish|first=Kenneth|date=1996|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-2502-1|location=London|oclc=233541565|author-link=Kenneth McLeish}}</ref> Si Ōgetsu-hime iyo an agom na babaye ni Hayamato (羽山戸神, Hayamato-no-kami), na iyo an aking lalaki ni [[Toshigami]] sa paagi kan saiyang agom na babaye na si Amechikarumizu-hime (天知迦流美豆比売) sa ''[[Kojiki]],'' ginigibo na si Hayamao bilang saiyang great-grand nephew sa paagi kan saiyang tugang na lalake [[Ōyamatsumi]]. Sa ibang leyenda, si Ukemochi iyo man an agom na babayi ni [[Inari Ōkami|Inari]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8vLnOPFDS4C&pg=PT129|title=The Friendly Guide to Mythology: A Mortal's Companion to the Fantastical Realm of Gods, Goddesses, Monsters, and Heroes|last=Hathaway|first=Nancy|publisher=Penguin Group|year=2003|isbn=978-0-140-24087-0|pages=129}}</ref> asin sa iba, siya si Inari. Segun sa ''[[Kojiki]],'' pagkatapos ni [[Susanoo]] was banished from heaven, he asked Ōgetsu-hime to give him food, and she did so by producing various food items from her nose, mouth and rectum. Pighohona na kinaagan nin hilo an mga pagkakan sa paagi kan paggibo kaan, ginadan siya ni Susanoo. Pagkatapos niyang magadan, an mga [[Silkworms|silkworms]] nagtalubo gikan sa saiyang payo, an mga pisog kan paroy nagtambo gikan sa saiyang mga mata, an [[Millet|millet]] nagtubo gikan sa saiyang talinga, mga pulang beans nagtambo gikan sa saiyang dungo, an [[Trigo|trigo]] nagtubo gikan sa saiyang henitalya, asin [[Soybean|soy beans]] nagtambo gikan sa saiyang lubot. Pagkatapos kan saiyang kagadanan, si [[Kamimusubi]] nagkua nin mga pisog gikan sa saiyang hawak asin tinanom sinda sa daga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Kojiki|url=https://archive.org/details/kojiki0000dona|date=1969|publisher=Princeton University Press|others=Philippi, Donald L.|isbn=978-1-4008-7800-0|location=[Princeton, N.J.]|oclc=557011276}}</ref> Saro pang bersyon kan mito nagtatampok ki Ōgetsu-hime gamit an saiyang komun na ngaran, Ukemochi, asin sa bersyon na ini, an dios kan bulan na si [[Tsukuyomi]] nagbisita saiya sa ngaran kan saiyang tugang na babayi asin agom, an dios kan saldang na si [[Amaterasu]]. Subuot inaling siya ni Ukemochi asin nag-andam nin pyesta. Enot, siya nag-atubang sa daga asin ibinuka an saiyang ngimot, asin an maluto nagluwas. Dangan, siya nag-atubang sa [[kadagatan]] asin ilinuwa an mga sira asin mga doot sa dagat, dangan siya nag-atubang sa [[kadlagan]] asin an pahingorag na hayop nagruluwas sa saiyang ngimot.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Obayashi|first=Taryo|date=September 1, 1977|title=The Structure of the Pantheon and the Concept of Sin in Ancient Japan|journal=Diogenes|language=en-US|volume=25|issue=98|pages=117–132|doi=10.1177/039219217702509806|s2cid=144561509|issn=0392-1921}}</ref> Siya nag-andam nin pagkakan asin isinerbi ki [[Tsukuyomi]], alagad dai niya nauyonan kun pàno an mga ini prinodusir an mga pagkakan asin pinaghuna na dai siya iginalang asin ginibong bakong dalisay an mga pagkakan. Nakulugan an boot nin huli sa ginibo kan sadit na diosa, ginadan niya siya asin buminalik sa langit. An saiyang gadan na hawak nagproprodusir nin kapwa pagkakan asin mga hayop: mga baka asin mga kabayo nagluwas gikan sa saiyang payo, an silkworms nagluwas gikan sa saiyang kiray, millet nagluwas gikan sa saiyang angog asin an paroy nagtambo gikan sa saiyang tulak.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Q8F2-pnBsC&pg=PA96|title=World-Famous Mythologies|last=Mittal|first=Nemi|publisher=Pustak Mahal|year=1993|isbn=81-223-0548-2|pages=96–97}}</ref> Mantang an ibang gunuan nagsambit nin kaagid na mga bagay na naggikan sa hawak ni Ukemochi, kun saen man na kabtang kan hawak naggikan an mga bagay na ini dai nanggad inuuyonan.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heine|first=Steven|date=1991|title=From Rice Cultivation to Mind Contemplation: The Meaning of Impermanence in Japanese Religion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-religions_1991-05_30_4/page/373|journal=History of Religions|volume=30|issue=4|pages=373–403|issn=0018-2710|jstor=1062774|doi=10.1086/463247|s2cid=170092061}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nicolae|first=Raluca|date=June 1, 2011|title=The Japanese legend as an interdisciplinary narrative|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A267422330/AONE?u=marriottlibrary&sid=AONE&xid=9518ccbd|journal=Economics, Management, and Financial Markets|volume=6|issue=2}}</ref> Pigtutubodan na an bersyon na ini kan kagadanan ni Ukemochi ipinaliwanag kun tano an saldang asin an bulan dai nahihiling na magkaibahan bilang sarong diosa nin saldang, si [[Amaterasu]], na nadangog an pagkagadan ni Ukemochi, dai na nanggad mawot pang mahiling an kaggadan saiya, na iyo an dios kan bulan, na si [[Tsukuyomi]], sa giraray, o nin huli ta si Tsukuyomi nagtatago tuyong aldaw por sobre sa kahandalan sa anggot ni Amaterasu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukemochi-no-Kami|title=Ukemochi no Kami {{!}} Shintō goddess|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> Dugang pa, sa sarong leyenda na ipinasa sa distrito kan [[Iwami Shimane|Iwami]] (石見地方) sa [[Prepektura kan Shimane|Shimane Prefecture]] (島根県), an saiyang aking babayi asin diosa na si Otogosa-hime (乙子狭姫) naglunad sa pulang gansa asin naghilig tanganing isibya an mga pisog kan mga tinanom sa daga. Si Otogosa-hime igwa nin kakayahan na magkua nin pagkakan gikan sa maski saen sa saiyang hawak. Sinda Ukemochi, [[Inari Ōkami|Inari]], asin [[Toyoukebime|Toyouke]] iyo an suboot konektado sa lambang saro.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of goddesses and heroines|last=Monaghan, Patricia.|date=2010|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-34990-4|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=606742611}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} nmol0nd57v660vw40cfx0c0mv0szdg7 0 41984 309599 308488 2026-08-23T20:38:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Alimbubuyog | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Oligocene|Presente}} | image = The Lone Pollinator.jpg | image_caption = [[Western honey bee]] sa bars kan sarong [[horizontal top-bar hive]] | parent_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802 | taxon = Apis | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]] | display_parents = 2 | type_species = ''[[Apis mellifera]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] | subdivision_ranks = Mga espesye | subdivision = *†''[[Apis lithohermaea]]'' *†''[[Apis nearctica]]'' * Subgenus ''Micrapis'': :*''[[Apis andreniformis]]'' :*''[[Apis florea]]'' * Subgenus ''Megapis'': :*''[[Apis dorsata]]'' :*''[[Apis laboriosa]]'' * Subgenus ''Apis'': :*''[[Apis cerana]]'' :*''[[Apis koschevnikovi]]'' :*''[[Apis mellifera]]'' :*''[[Apis nigrocincta]]'' }} An '''alimbubuyog''' o '''Honey bee''' sa Inglis, iyo an sarong eusocial na naglalayog na insekto sa laog kan genus na Apis of the bee clade, gabos tubo sa kontinenteng Afro-Eurasya.<ref name="Thrice">{{Cite journal|last1=Whitfield|first1=Charles W.|last2=Behura|first2=Susanta K.|last3=Berlocher|first3=Stewart H.|last4=Clark|first4=Andrew G.|last5=Johnston|first5=J. Spencer|last6=Sheppard|first6=Walter S.|last7=Smith|first7=Deborah R.|last8=Suarez|first8=Andrew V.|last9=Weaver|first9=Daniel|title=Thrice Out of Africa: Ancient and Recent Expansions of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-10-27_314_5799/page/642|journal=Science|pmid=17068261|date=27 October 2006|volume=314|issue=5799|pages=642–645|doi=10.1126/science.1132772|bibcode=2006Sci...314..642W}}</ref><ref name="han">{{Cite journal|last1=Han|first1=Fan|last2=Wallberg|first2=Andreas|last3=Webster|first3=Matthew T.|title=From where did the Western honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') originate?|journal=Ecology and Evolution|date=August 2012|volume=2|issue=8|pages=1949–1957|doi=10.1002/ece3.312|pmid=22957195}}</ref> Pakalakop nin mga alimbubuyog sa bilog na Aprika asin Eurasia, an mga tawo nagin responsable sa presenteng cosmopolitan na distribusyon kan alimbubuyog, pag-introdusir nin dakol na subspesye sa Amerika del Sur (sa presenteng ika - 16 na siglo), North America (ika - 17 siglo), asin Australia (ika - 19 siglo).<ref name="Thrice" /> An mga alimbubuyog midbid sa saindang pagtogdok nin perennial kolonyal na mga salagan hale sa taro, sa kadakulaan kan saindang mga kolonya, asin sa sobrang pagprodusir asin saray na tangguli, na nagpapamidbid sa saindang mga hive bilang mahal na gayong punteriya nin dakol na hayop, kaiba an mga honey badgers, oso asin mangangayam na tawo. Walo sanang natadang species nin alimbubuyog an minimidbid, na may total na 43 na subspecies, minsan ngani an mga pangyayari sa kasaysayan 7 sagkod 11 klase an midbid. An mga alimbubuyog nagrerepresentar sa sadit sanang parte kan dai mababa sa 20,000 na midbid na klase nin alimbubuyog. An pinakabistong anira iyo an sa solnopan na anirang alimbubuyog, (Apis mellifera), na inaataman sa produksyon nin tangguli asin polinasyon kani. An solamenteng ibang inaataman na alimbubuyog iyo an sirangan na tangguling alimbubuyog (Apis cerana), na nangyayari sa Sur, Sur-subangan, asin Sirangan na Asya. Mga miembro sana kan genus na Apis an totoong alimbubuyog, alagad an iba pang klase nin alimbubuyog na produkto asin anira, asin nasaray kan mga tawo para sa katuyohan na iyan, kaiba na an mga mayong sugod na alimbubuyog na kabilang sa genus na Melipona asin sa Indyanong mayong sugod o dammar bee Tetragonula iridipennis.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Honey Bees: Letters from the Hive|url=https://archive.org/details/honeybeesletters0000buch|last=Buchmann|first=Stephen L.|date=8 June 2010|publisher=Random House Children's Books|isbn=9780375895579|edition=1st|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/honeybeesletters0000buch/page/157 157]}}</ref> Ginagamit man kan modernong mga tawo an beeswax sa paggibo nin mga kandila, sabon, lip balms asin manlaenlaen na kosmetiko, bilang sarong pampahalnas asin sa mga paggibo nin molelde na ginagamit an lost wax process. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} ==Panluwas na takod== {{Commons category|Apis (insect)}} {{Wiktionary}} {{Wikispecies|Apis|''Apis''}} * ''[http://watch.opb.org/video/2365583178/ Could a Mushroom Save a Honeybee?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407145124/http://watch.opb.org/video/2365583178/ |date=2016-04-07 }}'' Documentary produced by [[Oregon Field Guide]], 14 October 2015 8nkvvjzjc9y8zce96zc5z14nykcgqsz 0 42091 309706 308660 2026-08-23T22:27:34Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | image = Chinua Achebe, 1966.jpg | alt = Achebe in blue cap at lectern | caption = Achebe sa [[Lagos]], 1966 | birth_name = Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1930|11|16}} | birth_place = [[Ogidi, Anambra|Ogidi]], [[Kolonyal na Nigeria]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2013|03|21|1930|11|16}} | death_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], US | resting_place = Ogidi, Nigeria | notable_works = {{Plainlist| * "The African Trilogy": *— ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' (1958) *— ''[[No Longer at Ease]]'' (1960) *— ''[[Arrow of God]]'' (1964) * ''[[A Man of the People]]'' (1966) * ''[[Anthills of the Savannah]]'' (1987) * [[#Writings|List of works]] }} | language = English | movement = {{cslist|[[Aprikanong literatura]]|[[post-kolonyal na literatura]]}} | children = 4, kaiba si [[Chidi Chike Achebe|Chidi]] asin [[Nwando Achebe]] }} Si '''Chinua Achebe''' (/ˈtʃɪnwɑː əˈtʃɛbeɪ/ namondag '''Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe'''; 16 Nobyembre 1930 – 21 Marso 2013) sarong Nigeryanong nobelista, pararawit, asin kritiko na hinihiling siya bilang pigurang sentral sa modernong literaturang Aprikano. An enot niyang nobela na ''magnum opus'', Things Fall Apart (1958), nakakaag sa lugar na sentral na gayo sa Aprikanong literatura asin iyo an mahiwas na obrang inaadalan, ipinapalis, asin binabasang nobelang Aprikano. Kaiba kan Things Fall Apart, an No Longer at Ease (1960) asin Arrow of God (1964) sinasangkap kan inapod na "Aprikanong Trilohiya"; dangan nagsurunod pa an mga nobelang A Man of the People (1966) asin Anthills of the Savannah (1987). Si Achebe parati binabansagan na "Ama nin Aprikanong literatura", dawa ngani dai niya inaako an siring na bansag.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chinua-Achebe. Kinua 2023-03-22 </ref> Namundag sa Ogidi, Kolonyal Nigeria, an pagkaaki ni Achebe impluwensiyadong gayo kan Igbong kulturang tradisyonal asin kan postkolonyal na Kristyanidad. Siya nagpahiling nin husay komo estudyante asin nagklase sa ngonyan inapod nang University of Ibadan, kun saen siya makuring kritikal asin tinutuyaw na gayo kun pano linaladawan kan literaturang Solnopan an Aprika. Paghubo' sa Lagos pakagradwar, siya nagtrabaho sa Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) asin naghakot nin pagreparo internasyonal kan saiyang 1958 na nobelang Things Fall Apart. Sa laog nin 10 taon, siya nakapalagda pa nin apat na nobela paagi ki taga-publikar na si Heinemann, kun saen saiyang pinu'nan an Heinemann African Writers Series na nagpukaw asin nagbusol sa mga karera kan mga parasurat na Aprikano, siring ki Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o asin Flora Nwapa.<ref>https://www.bing.com/search?q=chinua+achebe&filters=ufn%3a%22Chinua+Achebe%22+sid%3a%22195a1074-e8d6-14c5-6007-Kinua 2023-03-22.</ref> Si Achebe pighingowa na makalungkas sa perspektibong kolonyal na iyo an nagtataong sukol sa literaturang Aprikano kaidtong panahon na idto, asin imbes siya nagguguno sa tradisyon, kinaugalean kan banwang Igbo, mga impluwensyang Kristyano, asin sa siplingan kan kaugdan na Solnopan asin Aprikano ngani makamukna' nin tunay na boses Aprikano. Siya nagsurat asin sinurog an pag'usar nin Ingles, ta ini an makakaabot sa mas mahiwas na mga parabasa, orog na sa mga parabasa sa mga nasyon na kolonyal. Kan 1975 siya nagtao nin lekturang kontrobersyal, "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness", na nagin tandaan sa diskursong postkolonyal. Napublikar sa The Massachusetts Review, ini nagtampok kan kritisismo ki Albert Schweitzer asin Joseph Conrad, na sabi ni Achebe makuri asin "labis na rasista." Kan an rona' nin Biafra naglitik sa Nigeria kan 1967, si Achebe nag'anduyog sa independensya nin Biafra asin nagpapel bilang embahador para sa mga kagtulod kan hiron na idto. An mga suminunod na Gera Sibil nin Nigeria nagratak na biyo' sa populasyon asin ta siya nag'awod sa mga taga-Europa asin Amerika na magpadarang tabang. Kan an gobyerno Nigeryano sinakop an rona' giraray kan 1970, siya nag'imbwelto sa mga partido politika alagad biyo' siyang nawaran-gana kan nahiling niya an korupsyon asin elitismo sa mga politiko. Siya nagdakit sa Estados Unidos asin nag'estar duman nin pirang taon kan mga 1970, asin nagpuli na kuta alagad kan 1990 nagbalik sa Amerika kan siya naaksidente sa auto na nagpabyadi sa hawak niya. Siya nagtener sa Amerika nin siyam na polong taon partikular sa Bard College bilang propesor sa mga lenggwahe asin literatura. Pakagana niya kan 2007 Man Booker International Prize, poon 2009 sagkod kan saiyang pagkagadan, siya Professor of African Studies sa Brown University. An trabaho ni Achebe mahiwasan na pinag'uugid asin pinag'aadalan mala ta nagbutwa an mala-iskolar na mga trabaho dapit kan saiyang mga sinurat. Kadugangan kan saiyang mga nobela, an mga obra ni Achebe nagbibilang pa an dakul na mga halipot na osipon, rawitdawit, mga saysay asin mga librong pan-aki. An estilo niya sarig na gayo sa Igbo'ng tradisyon oral, asin pinagsaro an tanos na pag'uusipon na pigramasan nin mga istoryang-banwaan, mga ariwaga' asin platika. Sa mga tema kan saiyang sinurat kabali an kultura asin kolonyalismo, maskulinidad, asin pemenidad, politika asin historya. An saiyang pamana asin legasiya pig'oonra sa taonan na Chinua Achebe Literary Festival. ==Mga Sinurat== {{div col}} '''Mga Nobela'''{{sfn|Evalds|1977|p=83}}{{sfn|Lindfors|1978|p=103}} * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1958 |title=[[Things Fall Apart]] |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |location=London }} New York: [[Astor-Honor]], 1959. * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1960 |title=[[No Longer at Ease]] |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |location=London |author-mask=2 }} New York: Obolensky, 1961. * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1964 |title=[[Arrow of God]] |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |location=London |author-mask=2 }} New York: [[John Day Company|John Day]], 1967. * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1966 |title=[[A Man of the People]] |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |location=London |author-mask=2 }} New York: [[John Day Company|John Day]], 1966. * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1987 |title=[[Anthills of the Savannah]] |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |location=London |author-mask=2 }} New York: [[Anchor Press]]/[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1987 '''Mga Halipot na Osipon'''{{sfn|Evalds|1977|p=83}}{{sfn|Lindfors|1978|p=103}} * {{cite news |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1951 |title=In a Village Church }}{{sfn|Purcell|2020|p=108}} * {{cite journal |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1952a |title=The Old Order in Conflict with the New |journal=University Herald |author-mask=2 }} (Revised as {{harvnb|Achebe|1962b}} and {{harvnb|Achebe|1972b}}) * {{cite news |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1953 |title=[[Dead Men's Path]] |author-mask=2 }} (Republished in {{harvnb|Achebe|1962a}}{{sfn|Booker|2003|p=233}}) * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1960 |title=Chike's School Days |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_rotarian_1960-04_96_4/page/19 |journal=Rotarian |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=19–20 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite book |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1962a |title=The Sacrificial Egg and Other Stories |publisher=Etudo Ltd. |location=Onitsha |author-mask=2 }} ** {{cite book |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1962b |chapter=Beginning of the End |title=The Sacrificial Egg and Other Stories |author-mask=2 }} (A revision of {{harvnb|Achebe|1952a}}; revised in {{harvnb|Achebe|1972b}}) * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1965 |title=The Voter |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1971 |title=[[Civil Peace]] |journal=Okike |volume=2 |author-mask=2 }}{{sfn|Booker|2003|p=11}} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1972 |title=Sugar Baby |journal=Okike |volume=3 |pages=8–16 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1972a |title=Girls at War and Other Stories |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |location=London |author-mask=2 }} Garden City: [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1973. ** {{cite book |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1972b |chapter=Marriage Is a Private Affair |title=Girls at War and Other Stories |author-mask=2 }}{{sfn|Purcell|2013|p=81}} (A revision of {{harvnb|Achebe|1962b}} and {{harvnb|Achebe|1972b}}){{sfn|Booker|2003|p=207}} ** {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1972c |chapter=[[Vengeful Creditor]] |title=Girls at War and Other Stories |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite book |ref=none |editor-last1=Achebe |editor-first1=Chinua |editor-last2=Innes |editor-first2=C. L. |year=1985 |title=African Short Stories: Twenty Stories from Across the Continent |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |location=Portsmouth |editor-mask=2 }}{{sfn|Booker|2003|p=11}} * {{cite book |ref=none |editor-last1=Achebe |editor-first1=Chinua |editor-last2=Innes |editor-first2=C. L. |year=1992 |title=The Heineman Book of Contemporary African Short Stories |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |location=Portsmouth |editor-mask=2 }}{{sfn|Booker|2003|p=101}} '''Rawitdawit'''{{sfn|Evalds|1977|p=84}}{{sfn|Lindfors|1978|p=104}} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1951–1952 |title=There was a Young Man in Our Hall |journal=University Herald |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=19 }} * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1971 |title=Beware Soul Brother and Other Poems |publisher=Nwankwo-Ifejika |location=Enugu |author-mask=2 }} London: [[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]], 1972. * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1973 |title=Christmas in Biafra and Other Poems |url=https://archive.org/details/christmasinbiafr00ache |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |location=Garden City |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1973 |title=Flying |journal=Okike |volume=4 |pages=47–48 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1974 |title=The Old Man and the Census |journal=Okike |volume=6 |pages=41–42 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite book |ref=none |editor-last1=Achebe |editor-first1=Chinua |editor-last2=Okafor |editor-first2=Dubem |year=1978 |title=Don't Let Him Die: An Anthology of Memorial Poems for Christopher Okigbo |publisher=Fourth Dimension Publishers |location=Enugu |editor-mask=2 }} * {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Achebe |first1=Chinua |last2=Lyons |first2=Robert |year=1998 |title=Another Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/anotherafrica0000lyon |publisher=[[Anchor Books]] |location=New York |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=2004 |title=Collected Poems |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |author-mask=2 }} '''Mga Saysay, kritisismo asin mga artikulo'''{{sfn|Lindfors|1978|pp=104–105}} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=21 February 1951 |title=Philosophy |journal=The Bug |page=5 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1951 |title=An Argument Against the Existence of Faculties |journal=University Herald |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=12–13 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1951–1952 |title=Editorial |journal=University Herald |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=5 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1952 |title=Editorial |journal=University Herald |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=5 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=29 November 1952 |title=Mr. Okafor Versus Arts Students |journal=The Bug |page=3 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=29 November 1952 |title=Hiawatha |journal=The Bug |page=3 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite news |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=January 1958 |title=Eminent Nigerians of the 19th Century |work=Radio Times |page=3 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite news |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=January 1959 |title=Listening in the East |work=Radio Times |page=17 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite news |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=6 May 1961 |title=Two West African Library Journals |work=The Service |page=15 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite news |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=23–29 July 1961 |title=Amos Tutuola |work=Radio Times |page=2 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite news |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=7 July 1962 |title=Writers' Conference: A Milestone in Africa's Profress |work=[[Daily Times (Nigeria)|Daily Times]] |page=7 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite news |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=15 July 1962 |title=Conference of African Writers |work=Radio Times |page=6 |author-mask=2 }} * —— (1962). "Introduction" to {{cite book |ref=none |last=King |first=Delphine |year=1962 |title=Dreams of Twilight: A Book of Poems |publisher=Nigerian National Press |location=Apapa |page=5 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=December 1962 |title=Review of Christopher Okigbo's ''Heavensgate'' |journal=Spear |page=41 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=January 1963 |title=Review of Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo's ''Twenty-Four Poems'' |journal=Spear |page=41 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=June 1963 |title=A Look at West African Writing |journal=Spear |page=26 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=1963 |title=Voice of Nigeria–How it Began |journal=[[Voice of Nigeria]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=5–6 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=December 1963 |title=Are We Men of Two Worlds? |journal=Spear |page=13 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=1963 |title=On Janheinz Jahn and Ezekiel Mphahlele |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_transition_1963-03_3_8/page/9 |journal=Transition |volume=8 |page=9 |doi=10.2307/2934524 |jstor=2934524 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1964 |title=The Role of the Writer in a New Nation |journal=Nigerian Libraries |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=113–119 |author-mask=2 }} Nigeria Magazine. '''81''': 157–160. * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |editor-last=Whiteley |editor-first=W. H. |year=1964 |title=A Selection of African Prose |url=https://archive.org/details/selectionofafric0002whwh |chapter=Foreword |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |location=Oxford |pages=vii–x |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1965 |title=English and the African Writer |journal=[[Transition Magazine|Transition]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |issue=18 |pages=27–30 |jstor=2934835 |doi=10.2307/2934835 |issn=0041-1191 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=1966 |title=The Black Writer's Burden |journal=[[Présence Africaine]] |volume=31 |issue=59 |pages=135–140 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=1971 |title=Editorial |journal=Nsukkascope |volume=1 |pages=1–4 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=1971 |title=Editorial |journal=Nsukkascope |volume=2 |pages=1–5 |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=1971 |title=Editorial |journal=Nsukkascope |volume=3 |pages=4–5 |author-mask=2 }} * —— (1962). "Introduction" to {{cite book |ref=none |last=Awoonor |first=Kofi |author-link=Kofi Awoonor |title=This Earth, My Brother... |year=1971 |url=https://archive.org/details/thisearthmybroth00awoo |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |location=Garden City |pages=vii–xii }} * —— (1962). "Introduction" to {{cite book |ref=none |last=Kgositsile |first=Keorapetse |author-link=Keorapetse Kgositsile |year=1975 |title=Places and Bloodstains [Notes for Ipeleng] |publisher=Achebe Publications |location=Oakland |page=7 }} * {{cite journal |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |date=1975 |title=[[An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness|An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's ''Heart of Darkness'']] |journal=The Chancellor's Lecture Series |publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] |location=Amherst |pages=31–43 |author-mask=2 }} also in ''[[Hopes and Impediments]]'' * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1975 |title=Morning Yet on Creation Day: Essays |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |location=London |author-mask=2 }}{{sfn|Booker|2003|p=289}} * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1983 |title=The Trouble With Nigeria |publisher=Fourth Dimension Publishers |location=Enugu |author-mask=2 }}{{sfn|Booker|2003|p=289}} London: [[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]], 1984. * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1988 |title=[[Hopes and Impediments|Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays]] |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |location=London |author-mask=2 }}{{sfn|Booker|2003|p=289}} * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=2000 |title=Home and Exile |url=https://archive.org/details/homeexile00ache |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |author-mask=2 }}{{sfn|Booker|2003|p=289}} * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=2009 |title=The Education of a British-Protected Child |publisher=[[Penguin Classics]] |location=London |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=2012 |title=[[There Was A Country|There Was A Country: A Personal History of Biafra]] |publisher=[[Penguin Classics]] |location=London |author-mask=2 }} * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=2018 |title=Africa's Tarnished Name |url=https://archive.org/details/africastarnished0000ache |publisher=[[Penguin Classics]] |location=London |author-mask=2 }} '''Mga Librong Pan-aki'''{{sfn|Evalds|1977|p=83}}{{sfn|Lindfors|1978|p=103}} * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1966 |title=[[Chike and the River]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge }} * {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Achebe |first1=Chinua |last2=Iroaganachi |first2=John |year=1972 |title=How the Leopard Got His Claws |publisher=Nwamife |location=Enugu |author-mask=2 }} New York: [[Third World Press]], 1973. * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1977 |title=The Drum |publisher=Fourth Dimension Publishers |location=Enugu |author-mask=2 }}{{sfn|Booker|2003|p=74}} * {{cite book |ref=none |last=Achebe |first=Chinua |year=1977 |title=The Flute |publisher=Fourth Dimension Publishers |location=Enugu |author-mask=2 }}{{sfn|Booker|2003|p=86}} {{div col end}} ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{poon}} [[Kategorya: Mga parasurat na Aprikano]] [[Kategorya:Mga tawong kaapil sa etnikong grupong Igbo]] [[Kategorya:Mga parasurat na Nigeryano]] sskhoaxv2zndynwyhf8a45px8svtkii 0 42838 309556 308653 2026-08-23T20:07:09Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event |title=Insidente sa Tunguska |image= |caption= Mga kakahoyan napukan huli sa Pagboag nangyari sa Tunguska. Retrato haleng Soviet Academy of Science 1927 ekspidisyon pinangenotan ni [[Leonid Kulik]]. |date={{Start date and age|1908|6|30}} |time=07:17 |place=[[Salog nin Podkamennaya Tunguska]], [[Siberia]], Imperyong Ruso |coordinates = {{Coord|60|54|11|N|101|54|35|E|region:RU-KYA_type:event_scale:300000|display=inline,title}}<ref name=Farinella-2001/> |cause=Probable [[meteor air burst]] of small [[asteroid]] or [[comet]] |outcome= Flattening {{convert|2150|sqkm|abbr=on}} of forest<br />Devastation to local plants and animals |reported property damage=A few damaged buildings |reported deaths=0 confirmed, 3 possible }} An '''1908 na Insidente sa Tunguska''' sinasabing mga 12-[[TNT equivalent|megaton]]<ref name=jenniskens>{{cite journal|last1=Jenniskens|first1=P|year=2019|title=Tunguska eyewitness accounts, injuries and casualties|journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]]|volume=327|pages=4–18|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2019.01.001|bibcode=2019Icar..327....4J|s2cid=127618395}}</ref> na [[pagboag]] nangyari sa [[Salog Podkamennaya Tunguska]] sa [[Yeniseysk Governorate]] (ngonyan [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]), [[Imperyong Ruso|Rusya]], kan aga nin Hunyo 30, 1908.<ref name=Farinella-2001/><ref name=trayner>{{cite journal|last1=Trayner|first1=C|year=1994|title=Perplexities of the Tunguska meteorite|bibcode=1994Obs...114..227T|journal=[[The Observatory (journal)|The Observatory]]|volume=114|pages=227–231}}</ref> An pagboag sa taway na lugar na mahimpis an populasyon na iyo an [[Eastern Siberian Taiga]] pigrunot an tinatantyang 80&nbsp;million kakahoyan sa hiwas na {{convert|2150|km2||abbr=on}} nin kadlagan, asin mga usipon nin mga testigo na sikyera tolo katawo an nagkagaradan sa insidente.<ref name="SAO/NASA - ADS">{{Cite journal|last1=Gritzner|first1=C|title=Human Casualties in Impact Events|journal=WGN|volume=25|pages=222|bibcode=1997JIMO...25..222G|year=1997}}</ref><ref name="CBC">{{cite web|last1=Jay|first1=Paul|title=The Tunguska event|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/the-tunguska-event-1.742329|publisher=CBC News|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301020151/https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/the-tunguska-event-1.742329|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Coppins|first1=Philip|title=The Tunguska explosion: an unexpected loud bang and explosion|url=http://philipcoppens.com/tunguska.html|website=philipcoppins.com|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214071358/http://philipcoppens.com/tunguska.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="delong.typepad.com">{{cite web|title=Reported Deaths and Injuries from Meteorite Impact|url=http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2008/06/reported-deaths.html|website=delong.typepad.com|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224083055/https://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2008/06/reported-deaths.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=jenniskens/> An pagputok na daing siring pig'atribuir sa sarong [[pagwasak nin meteor]]: an atmosperikong eksplosyon nin mala'gapong [[asteroid]] na may sukol {{convert|50-60|m|abbr=off}} sa pagkadakula.<ref name=jenniskens/><ref name="de Pater">{{cite book |last1=de Pater |first1=Imke |last2=Lissauer |first2=Jack |title=Planetary Sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/planetaryscience0000depa |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521482194 }}</ref>{{rp|p. 178}} An inaapod na asteriod naghale sa bandang subangan-sur'subangan, asin may darang rikas {{convert|27|km/s|mph|-3|abbr=on}} (~[[Mach number|Ma]] 80).<ref name=jenniskens/> Ini klasipikadong sarong [[insidenteng paghugmak]], dawa totoo mayo man nakuang pilwak na nakalabot; an bagay hinuhuna na nagputok sa altitud na {{convert|5|to|10|km|0|abbr=off}} imbes na naglagpak sa ibabaw kan daga.<ref>{{cite APOD|date=14 November 2007|title=Tunguska: The Largest Recent Impact Event|access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> An Tunguska'ng insidente iyo na an konsideradong pinakadakulang insidente nin paghugmak sa Kinaban sa [[historyang nakarekord]], dawa totoo igwa man nin [[Lista nin mga crater na puminulwak sa Kinaban|mas darakulang paghugmak]] sa Kinaban kan mga pre-historyang anoy. An arog kaining pagboag sa siring na magnitud kayang runoton an dakulang [[metropolitan na kahiwasan]].<ref name="Longo 2007 303–330">{{cite book|last=Longo|first=Giuseppe|editor-last=Bobrowsky|editor-first=Peter T.|editor2-last=Rickman|editor2-first=Hans|title=Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society, An Interdisciplinary Approach|chapter=18: The Tunguska event|pages=303–330|publisher=Springer-Verlag|place=Berlin; Heidelberg; New York|publication-date=2007|chapter-url=http://www-th.bo.infn.it/tunguska/Asteroids-Chapter-18.pdf|isbn=978-3-540-32709-7|year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014200044/http://www-th.bo.infn.it/tunguska/Asteroids-Chapter-18.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead|bibcode=2007caih.book.....B}}</ref> An pangyari sa Tunguska [[Insidenteng Tunguska sa popular na kultura |nasambit]] pira nang beses sa kultura popular, asin nagtolod sa tunay na diskusyon sa kinaban kan [[paglikay sa hugmak nin asteroid]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} [[File:Tunguska Ereignis-1.jpg|right|thumb|300px| Retrato kan lugar sa may Salog Tunguska na biyong harapla' an mga kakahoyan]] ==Deskripsyon== [[File:Russia-CIA WFB Map--Tunguska.png|thumb|Lokasyon kan insidente sa [[Siberia]] (modernong mapa)]] Kan 30 Hunyo 1908 ([[pag'adoptar kan Gregoryanong kalendaryo Gregorian#Pag'adoptar sa Europang Sirangan|N. S.]]) (natumoyan sa Rusya kan 17 Hunyo 1908, [[Julian Calendar|O. S.]], an implementasyon kan [[kalendaryo Sobyet]] kan 1918), mga 07:17 lokal na oras, Mga [[Evenkis|Evenki]] katutubo asin mga dayong Ruso sa bulod norte-sulnopan kan [[Danaw Baikal]] nakamasid nin mala-asul na ilaw, siring haros kan masulang silyab nin [[Saldang]], na nagsumpit sa kalangitan na nagwawalat nin gira. Harani sa katugkaran, igwang kurab na nagbunga nin tambook na aso, na nasundan nin nagtitindog na kalayo nagtaong pulang liwanag sa kapalibotan. An posteng kalayo nagbaak sa duwa dangan nagwara na nagin nang itom. Pakalihis mga 10 minuto, igwang tanog nakaagid sa putok nin artileriya. Mga testigo harani sa ginikanan kan ta nog nagsabi na ini nagbyahe nhaleng subangan pasiring norte. An mga tanog nasundan nin [[shock wave]] na nagpukan sa mga tawo asin nagpasa nin mga saalming mga pirang gatos na kilometro an rayo.<ref name=jenniskens/> An pagboag nagrehistro sa mga [[seismology|seismikong estasyon]] sa kahiwasan in Eurasia, asin an huyop na makusog resulta kan putok narisa pa sa Alemanya, Denmark, Croatia, asin sa Reyno Unido—asin sa mga taway pang [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies]], asin Washington, D.C.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Whipple|first=F. J. W.|year=1934|title=On Phenomena related to the great Siberian meteor|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society|volume=60|issue=257|pages=505–522|doi=10.1002/qj.49706025709|issn=0035-9009|bibcode=1934QJRMS..60..505W}}</ref> Pigtatanya na, sa ibang mga lugar, an nagresultang shock wave katumbas sa linog may darang 5.0 sa [[Richter magnitude scale]].<ref name=Traynor2>{{cite journal|last=Traynor|first=Chris|title=The Tunguska Event |journal= [[Journal of the British Astronomical Association]]|volume=107|issue=3|year=1997}}</ref> Mga pirang aldaw, an bangging panganoron sa Asya asin Europa nagbabanaag na gayo sa liwanag.<ref name=Watson>Watson, Nigel. "The Tunguska Event". ''History Today'' 58.1 (July 2008): 7. MAS Ultra-School Edition. EBSCO. 10 February 2009</ref> Mga kamera sinarabi sa mga report pwede gamiton na dai na kaipohan an flashbulbs maski matanga na sa Sweden asin sa Scotland.<ref name=":0" /> May teoriya na ining sustenidong banaag na epekto huli sa liwanag nag'aagi sa mga yelong baraak-baak sa altitud na halangkaw asin ini huli naporma sa temperaturang sobra kababa' resulta kan pagboag— sarong penomeno na naprodyusir mga pirang dekada kan mga [[Space Shuttle]].<ref>Cornell University (24 June 2009). <!-- I don't know how to add this but I thought this might be helpful to add to the above section https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud --> [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090624152941.htm Space Shuttle Science Shows How 1908 Tunguska Explosion Was Caused By A Comet.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421035433/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090624152941.htm |date=21 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=M. C.|last2=Seyler|first2=C. E.|last3=Larsen|first3= M. F.|year=2009|title=Two-dimensional Turbulence, Space Shuttle Plume Transport in the Thermosphere, and a Possible Relation to the Great Siberian Impact Event|journal=Geophys. Res. Lett.|volume=36|issue=14|pages=L14103|doi=10.1029/2009GL038362|bibcode=2009GeoRL..3614103K|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, an programa kan [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]] sa [[Mount Wilson Observatory]] sa California namasdan an binulan na pag'ina kan [[atmosperiko|atmosperiko]]ng pagkasilag na nagsususog sa pagdagdag kan mga suspendidong mga alpog na partikul.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turco |first1=R.P. |last2=et. |first2=al. |title=An Analysis of the Physical, Chemical, Optical and Historical Impacts of the 1908 Tunguska Meteor Fall |url=https://archive.org/details/icarus_1982-04_50_1/page/1 |journal=Icarus |date=April 1982 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1–52 |doi=10.1016/0019-1035(82)90096-3 |bibcode=1982Icar...50....1T }}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Poon}} [[Kategorya:Mga Asteroid na Nabagsak]] [[Kategorya:Mga 1908 na insidente sa Imperyong Rusya]] [[Kategorya:Mga disaster natural]] [[Kategorya:Mga Pagboag sa Rusya]] [[Kategorya:Geograpiya nin Krasnoyarsk Krai]] [[Kategorya:Mga Sulo sa Rusya]] 8jrdjsii20gzgxnz49wg3dbztc6xrwq 0 42893 309780 249817 2026-08-23T23:36:40Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Abo | image = pertussis.jpg | caption = Sarong aking lalaki na nag-aabo huli sa [[Whooping cough|pertussis]] kawsa kan [[whooping cough]].<br />{{Listen|filename=Husten-abf-.ogg|title=Pag-abo|description=Tanog kan tawong nag-aabo.|format=[[Ogg]]}} | specialty = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce = {{audio|En-us-cough.ogg|pronunciation}} [[Latin]]: '''tussis''' }} An '''abo''' iyo an biglang pagluwas nin aire sa paagi kan darakulang agihan nin paghangos na pwedeng makatabang na mahale kaini an mga pluwido, irritants, iba pang partikula asin mikrobyo. Bilang nagpoprotehir na reflex, an pag-abo pwedeng magin paorootro na may kaibang cough reflex kasunod nin tolong kabtang: an pwersahan na paghangos paluwas kontra sa saradong glottis, asin an pwersahan na bayolenteng pagrelihir nin aire gikan sa baga sunod sa pagbukas kan glottis, na sa parate may kaibang napapalaen na tanog.<ref name="Lancet-causes">{{Cite journal|title=Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-19-25-2008_371_9621/page/1364|journal=Lancet|volume=371|issue=9621|pages=1364–1374|date=April 2008|pmid=18424325|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60595-4}}</ref> An parateng pag-abo nagpaparisa nin pagkaigwa nin helang. An dakol na virus asin bakterya nakikinabang, sa ebolusyonaryong punto de vista, sa paagi kan pagkawsa sa host na mag-abo, na nakatatabang na ikalakop an helang sa bagong mga host. Kadaklan kan panahon na iyan, an iregular na pag-abo bunga nin helang sa respiratoryo alagad pwede man na matriger huli sa pagkahakog, pagsigarilyo, polusyon sa aire, asthma, gastroesophageal refllux, helang na post-nasal drip, pabalikbalik na bronchitis, mga tumor sa baga, pagluya nin puso asin mga bolong na arog kan angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) asin mga beta blockers.<ref name="Lancet-causes">{{Cite journal|title=Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Cough|last=Guidelines|first=Therapeutic|publisher=Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd|year=2021|language=English}}</ref> An pagbolong maninigong magin punteriya an causa; halimbawa, sa pagpondo kan pagsigarilyo o sa dai pagpadagos sa ACE inhibitors. An mga cough suppressants na arog baga nin codeine o dextromethorphan parateng irinereseta, alagad ipinaheheling na daing gayong epekto. An iba pang opsyon sa pagbolong posibleng magin punteriya an paghubag sa agihan kan aire o magpalakop kan mucus. Mantang iyan natural na nagpoprotehir na reflex, an pagpugol sa cough reflex pwedeng magkaigwa nin nakadadanyar na mga epekto, nangorogna kun produktibo an abo.<ref name="pmid18424326">{{Cite journal|title=Management of chronic cough|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-19-25-2008_371_9621/page/1375|journal=Lancet|volume=371|issue=9621|pages=1375–1384|date=April 2008|pmid=18424326|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60596-6}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} oy5an9u0uxb7sl4ba63tl9y81u9kkdd 0 42934 309651 296908 2026-08-23T21:28:27Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Joseph Ducreux (French - Self-Portrait, Yawning - Google Art Project.jpg|right|thumb|Si [[Joseph Ducreux]] nag-''pandiculate'' (kapwa paghagab asin pag-unat); self-portrait c. 1783]] An '''hagab''' o '''paghagab''' ( o, hakay, hakab) <ref> '''hakay, hakab'''. Adrados, Jerry Escoto. Daratangan Na Olay. Common Language of the Bikolnon. Other Option Promotions. Tabaco City. 2012. p. 129. [[ISBN 978-971-95468-0-1]]</ref><ref> '''hakay'''. Mintz, Malcolm W. Bikol Dictionary. Volume II. Bikol-English Dictionary. Uniprint. Perth, Western Australia. 2004. p. 583 ISBN 0 9580383 5 X</ref> iyo an sarong reflex na karakterisado kan sarong halawig na kabtang nin inspiratoryo na igwang luwayluway na pagbuka kan nguso, na sinusundan nin halipot na climax (o acme) na may pag-unat sa kalamnan, asin kabtang kan marikas na ekspiratoryo na may pagrelaks sa kalamnan, na sa tipiko minalawig nin pirang segundo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barbizet|first1=J|title=Yawning|journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry|date=1958|volume=21|issue=3|pages=203–209|doi=10.1136/jnnp.21.3.203|pmid=13576171|pmc=497319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Provine|first1=RR|title=Yawning as a stereotyped action pattern and releasing stimulus|journal=Ethology|date=1986|volume=72|issue=2|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00611.x}}</ref> Para sa mga sira asin gamgam, ini sinasabing luway-luway na pagbuka sa nguso, na nagdadanay na bukas para sa kisuerra 3 segundo asin pagkatapos marikas na pagsera kan nguso.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baenninger|first1=R|title=Some comparative aspects of yawning in Betta splendens, Homo sapiens, Panthera leo, and Papio sphinx|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-comparative-psychology_1987-12_101_4/page/349|journal=J Comp Psychol|date=1987|volume=101|issue=4|page=349|doi=10.1037/0735-7036.101.4.349}}</ref> Haros gabos na mga hayop na vertebrate, kaiba na an mga mamalya, gamgam, reptilya, ampibian, asin pati sira, makakaeksperyensya nin paghagab. An pag'adal nin paghagab inaapod na tsasmolohiya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mystery of Yawning in Physiology and Disease|last=Seuntjens|first=Wolter|year=2010|isbn=978-3-8055-9404-2|series=Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience|volume=28|pages=55–62|chapter=The Hidden Sexuality of the Yawn and the Future of Chasmology|doi=10.1159/000307081|pmid=20357463}}</ref> An paghagab (ositasyon) kadaklan parateng nangyayari sa mga adulto bago asin pakatapos magtorog, durante nin mapagal na mga aktibidad asin bilang resulta kan nakaoolakit na kalidad kaiyan.<ref name="Anderson">{{Cite journal|first1=James R.|last1=Anderson|first2=Pauline|last2=Meno|year=2003|title=Psychological Influences on Yawning in Children|url=http://cpl.revues.org/index390.html|journal=Current Psychology Letters|volume=2|issue=11|access-date=2012-05-15}}</ref> Iyan parateng konektado sa kapagalan, tensyon, pagtorog, pagkalangkag, o gutom pa ngani. Sa mga tawo, an paghagab parati nagpupuon sa persepsyon na an iba naghahagab (halimbawa, nahihiling an sarong tawo na naghahagab, o nakikipag-ulay sa sarong tawo sa telepono na naghahagab). Saro ining tipikong halimbawa nin positibong feedback. An "nakakaolakit" na paghagab na ini namasdan man sa mga chimpanzee, ayam, ikos, gamgam, asin mga reptilya asin pwedeng mangyari sa pag'oltan kan mga myembro kan iba-ibang species.<ref name="Carpenter">{{Cite journal|year=2008|last1=Shepherd|first1=Alex J.|last2=Senju|first2=Atsushi|title=Dogs catch human yawns|journal=Biology Letters|volume=4|issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=|title=Chimpanzees Show a Developmental Increase in Susceptibility to Contagious Yawning: A Test of the Effect of Ontogeny and Emotional Closeness on Yawn Contagion|last1=Madsen|first1=Elanie E.|last2=Persson|first2=Tomas|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10}}</ref> Mga duwang polong psychological na rason sa paghagab an pinoproponir kan mga iskolar alagad mayong gayong pag'ooyon sa primacy kan siisay man.<ref name="Anderson" /> Durante nin sarong paghagab, an mga kalamnan sa palibot kan airway biyong naka-unat, kaiba an kalamnan sa pagsapa asin paghalon.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Doelman|first1=Christiaan Jacob|last2=Rijken|first2=Johannes Adriaan|title=Yawning and airway physiology: a scoping review and novel hypothesis|journal=Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung|volume=26|issue=4}}</ref> Huli daa sa makusog na repositioning muscle movements, an airway (mga baga asin halunan) minasadit sa tolo o apat na beses kan orihinal na kadakulaan kaini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baenninger|first=R.|date=1997-06-01|title=On yawning and its functions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychonomic-bulletin-review_1997-06_4_2/page/198|journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review|volume=4|issue=2|pages=198–207|doi=10.3758/BF03209394|pmid=21331826}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barbizet|first=J.|date=1958-08-01|title=Yawning|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=21|issue=3|pages=203–209|doi=10.1136/jnnp.21.3.203|pmid=13576171}}</ref> An tensor tympani muscle sa tahaw kan talinga minapiot, na nagbubunga nin nagraraway na ribok na naririsa gikan sa laog kan payo; minsan siring, an ribok huli sa mekanikal na disturbance kan aparato sa pandangog asin bakong gibo huli kan paghiro nin aire. Kun beses an paghagab may kaiba, sa mga tawo asin iba pang hayop, sa paagi kan natural na akto nin pag-unat kan nagkapirang kabtang kan hawak kaiba an mga takyag, liog, abaga asin likod. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} fxsp23s5hcligw9qqiagvbvlku7evlq 0 42936 309787 252091 2026-08-23T23:43:10Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Crying-girl.jpg|alt=a young child in a pink sweater crying and looking sad|thumb|Sarong aking naghihibi]] [[Ladawan:Crying boy.jpg|thumb|Nag-hihibi na aki]] An '''paghibi''' iyo an pagbulos nin [[luha]] (o pagpabulos nin mga luha sa mata) bilang reaksyon sa emosyonal na kamugtakan o [[Kulog|kolog]]. An mga emosyon na pwedeng magbunga nin paghibi kabali an [[kamunduan]], [[kaanggotan]], asin [[kaugmahan]] pa ngani. An akto nin paghibi tinawan kahulogan na "sarong komplikadong sekretomotor na penomena na karakterisado sa pagpabulos nin luha gikan sa [[aparatong lakrimal]], mayong anoman na pagkairita kan mga estrukturang ocular", imbes, pagtao nin kaginhawahan na nagpoprotehir sa mga conjunctivitis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Crying behavior and psychiatric disorder in adults: a review|url=https://archive.org/details/comprehensive-psychiatry_may-june-1993_34_3/page/206|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=34|issue=3|pages=206–11|year=1993|pmid=8339540|doi=10.1016/0010-440X(93)90049-A}} Quoted by Michelle C.P. Hendriks, A.J.J.M. Vingerhoets in ''Crying: is it beneficial for one's well-being?''</ref> An sarong konektadong termino sa medisina iyo an lakrimasyon, na minapanungod man sa bakong emosyonal na pagluha. An manlaenlaen na porma nin paghibi inaapod na ''sobbing'', pagtangis, paghaya, ''whimpering'', ''bawling'', asin ''blubbering''. Sinasabing linaladawan an paghibi bilang ''sobbing'', parating may kaiba ining ibang sintomas, arog kan luwayluway alagad eratikong paghangos, okasyonan na mga pangyayari nin pagpugol sa hinangos asin tremor sa kalamnan. Sarong neuronal koneksyon sa pag-oltan kan glandulang lakrimal asin kan mga lugar kan hotok nin tawo na may kinaaraman sa emosyon naestablisar. An mga luha na prinodusir durante nin emosyonal na paghibi igwa nin kemikal na komposisyon na laen sa iba pang klase nin pagluha. Kompwesto sinda nin mas dakol na karakteristiko kan mga hormona prolatctin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, asin Leu-enkephalin, saka an mga elementong potassium asin manganese.<ref name="Cry p44">{{Cite journal|title=Why do we cry?}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} h4acn7jfhv3jrrpdpv3udwbga7v87pz 0 43005 309669 273329 2026-08-23T21:49:25Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency |agency_name = Ministriya para sa Seguridad nin Estado |nativename = {{lang|de|Ministerium für Staatssicherheit}} |seal = Emblem Stasi.svg |seal_width = 85 |seal_caption = Seal |image = Stasi-Museum front view.png |image_size = |image_caption = [[Museo nin Stasi]] sa [[East Berlin]] |formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1950|02|08}} |dissolved = {{End date|df=yes|1990|01|13}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIRGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT124 |title=The History of the Stasi|first=Antonella Colonna|last=Vilasi|date=9 March 2015|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781504937054}}</ref>  |agency_type = [[Secret police]] |headquarters = [[Lichtenberg (locality)|Lichtenberg]], [[East Berlin]] |motto = {{lang|de|Schild und Schwert der Partei}} |employees = {{plainlist| * 91,105 regular * 174,000 informal<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Ellen |last=Hinsey | title = Eternal Return: Berlin Journal, 1989–2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-review_2010_31_1/page/124 |journal=New England Review |year=2010 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=124–134 |jstor=25699473}}</ref>}} |chief1_name = [[Wilhelm Zaisser]] |chief2_name = [[Ernst Wollweber]] |chief3_name = [[Erich Mielke]] |chief4_name = [[Wolfgang Schwanitz]] }} An '''Ministriya para Seguridad nin Estado''',<ref group="n">{{lang-de|Ministerium für Staatssicherheit}}, {{IPA-de|minɪsˈteːʁiʊm fyːɐ̯ ˈʃtaːtsˌzɪçɐhaɪ̯t|pron}}</ref> komun na midbid bilang '''{{lang|de|Stasi|italics=unset}}''' ({{IPA-de|ˈʃtaːziː|lang|De-Stasi.ogg|}}),<ref group="n">An abbreviation of {{lang|de|'''Sta'''ats'''si'''cherheit}}.</ref> iyo an dating [[Intelligence agency|state security service]] kan [[East Germany]] poon 1950 sundo' 1990. An trabaho kan Stasi nakakaagid sa [[KGB]], nagseserbi bilang awtoridad nin estado, na iyo an baga "Kalasag asin Espada nin Partido" ({{lang|de|Schild und Schwert der Partei}}). Ini nahihimo paagi primeramente sa ikinaag na network nin mga sibilyan na mga impormante. An organisasyon na nagresulta sa pag'aresto nin tinatanyang mga 250,000 katawo sa Alemanyang Subangan (East Germany).<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-42890464.amp Germans campaign for memorial to victims of communism], ''[[BBC News]]'', 31 January 2018</ref> An Stasi nagkondukta man nin espiyonahe asin iba pang hilom na mga operasyon sa luwas nin Alemany paagi kaining mga sangang serbisyong intelenhensya, [[Main Directorate for Reconnaissance|Office of Reconnaissance, or Head Office A]] ({{lang-de|Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung}}).Igwa man ining kakomplot na mga terorista sa Alemanyang Solnopan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Blumenau |first=Bernhard |date=2018 |title=Unholy Alliance: The Connection between the East German Stasi and the Right-Wing Terrorist Odfried Hepp |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=43 |pages=47–68 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2018.1471969 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An Stasi nagkakwartel sa [[East Berlin]], na may mahiwas na mga sanga-sanga sa [[Lichtenberg (lokalidad)|Berlin-Lichtenberg]] asin mga saradit na pasilidad sa enterong siyudad. Si [[Erich Mielke]] an pinakahalawig na nagtukaw bilang pamayo kan Stasi, yaon sa poder nin 32 sa 40 taon kan eksistensya nin GDR. An [[Main Directorate for Reconnaissance|HVA]] ({{lang|de|Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung}}), sa irarom ni [[Markus Wolf]], naghakot nin reputasyon bilang iyo an pinakepektibong ahensya nin intelenhensya kan [[Cold War]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The United Nations and Terrorism: Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s.|last=Blumenau|first=Bernhard|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2014|isbn=978-1-137-39196-4|location=Basingstoke|pages=29–32}}</ref> Kan magkaigwang [[Pagkasararo nin Alemanya]], dakul na mga opisyales kan Stasi an pigpersiger asin kinasuhan huli sa mga krimen {{Citation needed|reason=This isn't mentioned in the article.|date=May 2023}} asin an surveillance files na mantenido kan sa minilyon na mga Aleman-Solnopan binuksan ngani gabos na syudadano mamaanan an saindang mga personal na file kun saindang hagaron. An mga files pigmantener sa [[Stasi Records Agency]] hanggan Hunyo 2021, asin ini nagin nang parte kan [[German Federal Archives]]. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Mga Ministriya nin Gobyernong Alemanya Subangan]] 7x52q58gd6ew13jpjvzt9cwb5r1wu7d 0 43089 309537 287697 2026-08-23T19:51:23Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309537 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pahoehoe_toe.jpg|too|thumb|300x300px|Pagbulos nin lava sa Hawaii. An lava iyo an ekatrusibong katumbas nin magma.]] An '''magma''' iyo an tunaw o medyo tunaw na natural na materyal na kun saen an gabos na igneous na gapo napoporma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bowen|first=Norman L.|year=1947|title=Magmas|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geological-society-of-america-bulletin_1947-04_58_4/page/263|journal=[[Geological Society of America Bulletin]]|volume=58|issue=4|page=263|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[263:M]2.0.CO;2|issn=0016-7606}}</ref> Mahihiling an magma sa irarom kan [[Kinaban]], asin nadiskubre man an ebidensiya nin [[magmatismo]] sa iba pang mga planetang terestreal asin nagkapirang natural na satelayt.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Greeley|first1=Ronald|last2=Schneid|first2=Byron D.|date=1991-11-15|title=Magma Generation on Mars: Amounts, Rates, and Comparisons with Earth, Moon, and Venus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1991-11-15_254_5034/page/996|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=254|issue=5034|pages=996–98|doi=10.1126/science.254.5034.996|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17731523|bibcode=1991Sci...254..996G}}</ref> Apwera sa tunaw na gapo, an magma posibleng igwa man nin suspendidong kristal asin mga gas bubbles. Nagpoprodusir an magma kan pagtunaw sa mantle o an karukrukan sa manlaen-laen na tektonikang kamugtakan, na digdi sa Daga kaiba an mga subduksyon na rona, continental rift, mid-ocean ridges asin hotspots.<ref name="Foulger">{{Cite book|url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405161485.html|title=Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy|last=Foulger|first=G. R.|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-6148-0|access-date=2023-06-15|archive-date=2017-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125195240/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405161485.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> An mga tunaw na mantle asin crust pinasakat paitaas sa paagi kan crust kun saen sinda hinuhuna' na nakasaray sa magma chambers o trans-crustal na rona na mayaman sa kristal..<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Detrick|first1=R. S.|last2=Buhl|first2=P.|last3=Vera|first3=E.|last4=Mutter|first4=J.|last5=Orcutt|first5=J.|last6=Madsen|first6=J.|last7=Brocher|first7=T.|date=1987|title=Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=326|issue=6108|pages=35–41|doi=10.1038/326035a0|bibcode=1987Natur.326...35D|issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref name="Sparks 2017 35–40">{{Cite journal|last1=Sparks|first1=R. Stephen J.|last2=Cashman|first2=Katharine V.|date=2017|title=Dynamic Magma Systems: Implications for Forecasting Volcanic Activity|journal=Elements|volume=13|issue=1|pages=35–40|doi=10.2113/gselements.13.1.35|issn=1811-5209}}</ref> Durante kan sarayan nin magma sa crust, an komposisyon kaiyan pwedeng liwaton sa paagi kan fractionalize crystallization, kontaminasyom kaiba an tunaw na kristal, pagsaralak nin magma, asin degassing. Sunod kan pagbaba kaini sa pinaka-ibabaw, pwedeng pakakanon kan magma an bulkan asin iluwas na bilang lava, o ini pwedeng magin solido sa irarom nin daga tanganing makabilog nin intrusyon, arog baga nin dike, sill, sarong laccolith, pluton, o batholith.<ref name="Marshak">{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Geology|last=Marshak, Stephen|publisher=W.W. Norton|year=2016|isbn=978-0-393-26339-8|edition=5th|page=115}}</ref> Mantang an pag-adal sa magma nagsasarig sa pagmasid kan transisyon kaini pasiring sa pagbulos kan lava, nanompongan an magma nin tolóng beses durante kan mga proyektong heotermal na pagdukay, duwang beses sa Iceland (hilingon an Paggamit sa produksyon nin enerhiya) asin sarong beses sa Hawaii.<ref>[https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/scientists-drill-hits-magma-only-third-time-record/ Scientists' Drill Hits Magma: Only Third Time on Record], UC Davis News and Information, June 26, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.physorg.com/news148664988.html Magma Discovered in Situ for First Time]. Physorg (December 16, 2008)</ref><ref name="hawaii-wellfield-dacite">{{Cite journal|last1=Teplow|first1=William|last2=Marsh|first2=Bruce|last3=Hulen|first3=Jeff|last4=Spielman|first4=Paul|last5=Kaleikini|first5=Mike|last6=Fitch|first6=David|last7=Rickard|first7=William|title=Dacite Melt at the Puna Geothermal Venture Wellfield, Big Island of Hawaii|journal=GRC Transactions|date=2009|volume=33|pages=989–994|url=http://geothermalresourcegroup.com/site/assets/files/1263/2009_dacite_melt_at_the_puna_geothermal_venture_wellfield.pdf|access-date=8 February 2021|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123220543/https://www.geothermalresourcegroup.com/site/assets/files/1263/2009_dacite_melt_at_the_puna_geothermal_venture_wellfield.pdf}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} 925ua203qfnlp99ykxyz6aj8qaa1jei 0 43128 309692 261333 2026-08-23T22:17:20Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:World_Map_(political).svg|thumb|An mga markadong teritoryo sa mapang ini nin globo kadaklan sa mga banwa na soberanong estado na may lubos na internasyonal na pagmidbid (mga brackets tanda kan nasyon nin sarong markadong teritoryo na bakong lehitimong estado). An ibang teritoryo mga nasyon sa saindang sadiring deretso alagad dai binibistong siring (e.g. Taiwan), asin may mga pirang lugar na pig-aaragawan kun arin na nasyon an kinabibilangan ninda (e.g. [[Kashmir]]) o kun sinda mga nasyon sa saindang sadiring deretso (e.g. [[Sulnupan na Sahara|Solnopan na Sahara]] (teritoryo) o an [[Demokratikong Republika nin Arabong Sahrawi|estado na]] bisto sa parehong pangaran).]] An sarong '''banwa''' o '''nasyon''' iyo an daing-siring na kabtang kan kinaban, arog nin estado, bansa, o iba pang politikal na entidad. Pwede ining magin sarong soberanong estado o kompwesto nin sarong kabtang na mas dakulang estado.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=J|date=1964|title=What Makes a Country?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-events_1964-08-01_24_31/page/14|journal=Human Events|volume=24|issue=31|page=14}}</ref> Halimbawa, an nasyon nin [[Hapon]] sarong independiente, soberanong estado, mantang an nasyon nin [[Wales]] kompwesto nin dakol na miembro kan soberaniya sa bilog na kinaban, an United Kingdom. An sarong nasyon pwedeng magin historikal na soberanong lugar (arog kan [[Korea]]), sa presente an soberaniang teritoryo na may nagkakasararong gobyerno (siring baga kan [[Senegal]]), o bakong-soberanong heograpikong rehiyon na asosyado sa nagkapirang naiibang mga karakteristiko politikal, [[etniko]], o kultural (siring kan [[Basque Country]]). An pakahulogan asin paggamit kan terminong "nasyon" nagin flexible asin naliwat sa paglihis nin panahon. Nagsurat kan 2010 an ''[[The Economist]]'' na "an siisay man na pagprobar na makakua kan malinaw na pakahulogan sa sarong nasyon maabot an panahon na madalagan pasiring sa thicket nin mga eksepsyon asin anomalya."<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 April 2010|title=In quite a state|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2010/04/08/in-quite-a-state|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> An kadaklan na soberanong estado, alagad bakong gabos na nasyon, miembro kan [[Nagkakasararong Nasyon]]. An pinakadakulang nasyon iyo an Rusya, mantang an pinakasadit iyo an mikroestadong Vatican City. An pinakamatawo iyo an Indya, mantang an Syudad nin Vaticano iyo man an pinakasadit na populasyon. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{poon}} bt5qrg4dmvajvo71zhd3tz3qqgxak4u 0 43208 309819 250706 2026-08-24T00:08:04Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309819 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:TrafficJamFrustration.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Sarong desganadong lalaki na nagtutukaw sa sarong lugar nin trapiko]] Sa [[sikolohiya]], an '''pagkadesganar''' sarong komun na emosyonal na reaksyon sa oposisyon, may koneksyon sa [[kaanggotan]], pagkauyam asin pagkasudya. Nagbutwa an pagkadesganar sa pinaghohonang pagsayuma na maotob an kabotan o katuyohan nin sarong indibidwal asin posibleng marhay na madagdagan kun dai o olangon an kamawotan.<ref name="The Consolations of Philosophy">{{Cite book|title=The Consolations of Philosophy|last=De Botton|first=Alain|date=April 2011|publisher=Vintage Books, a division of Random House Inc.|isbn=978-0-679-77917-9|location=New York|page=80}}</ref> Igwa nin duwang klase nin pagkadesganar: panlaog asin panluwas. An panlaog na pagkadesganar posibleng maglataw gikan sa mga agyat sa pag-otob kan personal na mga katuyohan, kamawotan, natural na pagmawot asin pangangaipo, o instinctual drives asin mga pangangaipo, arog baga nin kadaihan, kawàran nin kompyansa o takot sa sosyal na mga situwasyon. An conflict, arog baga kun an sarong tawo igwa nin magkakakontrang mga katuyohan na nakaoolang sa lambang saro, pwede man na magin panlaog na gikanan nin pagkadesganar o pagkauyam asin pwedeng magbunga nin ''cognitive dissonance''. An mga panluwas na mga causa nin pagkadesganar kabali an mga kamugtakan na dai kontrolado kan indibidwal, arog baga nin pisikal na kaolangan, depisil na trabaho, o pagsayang nin panahon. Igwa nin nagkapirang paagi na inaatubang nin mga indibidwal na nakakaranas nin pagkadesganar arog baga nin pagigin passive - agresibong gawe, kaanggotan, o kadahasan, minsan ngani posibleng magin dahelan man iyan nin pagkadiskontento tanganing orog pang maghingoa asin magmaigot.<ref name="FrustrationIndivDiff">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences|last=Jeronimus|date=Jan 2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-28099-8|editor-last=Zeigler-Hill, V.|location=New York|pages=1–8|chapter=Frustration|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_815-1|display-authors=etal|editor-last2=Shackelford, T.K.|chapter-url=https://psyarxiv.com/evy53/}}</ref> Sa mahiwas na potensyal na kaluluwasan na resulta kaini, nagigin depisil para sa sato na maaraman an orihinal na dahelan nin pagkadesganar pagkasudya kan mawot, huli ta posibleng bakong direkta an mga simbag. Minsan siring, an mas direkta asin komun na reaksyon sarong posibilidad sa karingisan.<ref>{{Citation|title=The frustration–aggression hypothesis}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=A.H.|first=Buss|date=1966|title=Instrumentality of aggression, feedback, and frustration as determinants of physical aggression|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1966-02_3_2/page/153|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=3|issue=2|pages=153–162|doi=10.1037/h0022826}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} gu0jtqnpkx44vurzd0i3g20p6j94g61 0 43211 309729 309100 2026-08-23T22:52:32Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Laughing_boy_at_golden_hour.jpg|thumb|Sarong aking nag-uulok]] [[File:Laughter_and_clearing_voice.ogg|too|thumb|Sampol nin sarong babaeng nag-uulok]] An '''pag-ulok''' iyo an marhay na pisikal na reaksyon asin emosyon na kompwesto parati nin ritmiko, parating pwedeng nadadangog na kontraksyon kan diaphragm asin iba pang parte kan sistemang respiratoryo. Iyo ini an simbag sa syertong panluwas o panlaog na stimuli. An pag-ulok pwedeng maglataw gikan sa siring na aktibidad siring kan pagkutok,<ref>{{cite book |title= Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development |first= Frederic Rudolph |last= Stearns |year= 1972 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoch00some/page/59 59–65] |isbn= 978-0398024208 |url= https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoch00some/page/59 |publisher= Springfield, Ill., Thomas }}</ref> o gikan sa makaulok na mga istorya o kaisipan.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shultz | first1 = T. R. | last2 = Horibe | first2 = F. | year = 1974 | title = Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-psychology_1974-01_10_1/page/13 | journal = Developmental Psychology | volume = 10 | pages = 13–20 | doi=10.1037/h0035549}}</ref> An pinakakomun, iyan konsiderado bilang sarong oditoryong ekspresyon nin bilang nin positibong kamugtakan sa emosyon, siring kan [[kagayagayahan]], ''mirth'', [[kaugmahan]], o ''relief''. Sa nagkapirang okasyon, minsan siring, posibleng magkawsa ini huli sa kontraryong kamugtakan sa emosyon siring kan pagkapasupog, pagkabigla, o pagkaribong siring kan nervous laughter or courtesy laugh. An [[edad]], gender, [[edukasyon]], [[tataramon]], asin kultura gabos sinda mga ''indicators''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Olmwake | first1 = Louise | year = 1937| title = A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics | journal = Journal of Applied Psychology | volume = 45 | issue = 6| pages = 688–704 | doi=10.1037/h0055199}}</ref> na kun baga an sarong tawo makakaranas nin pag-ulok sa sarong itinaong sitwasyon. Apwera sa mga tawo, an ibang mga espesye nin primate (chimpanzees, gorillas asin orangutans) nagpapahiling nin garo pag-ulok na bokalisasyon bilang simbag sa pisikal na kontak siring kan wrestling, burukodan o kurutukan. Sarong kabtang kan gawe nin tawo an pag-ulok na kontrolado kan hutok, nagtatabang sa mga tawo na linawon an saindang intensyon sa sosyal na interaksyon asin magtao nin kontekstong emosyonal sa pakikipag-olay. Ginagamit an pag-ukok bilang sarong signal para sa pagigin kabtang kan sarong grupo—sinisignal kaini an pag-ako asin positibong interaksyon sa iba. Kun minsan nakakaulakit an pag-ulok, asin an pag-ulok nin sarong tawo pwedeng makapagpa-ulok sa iba bilang positibong feedback.<ref>Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, ''Self-Organization in Biological Systems'', ''[[Princeton University Press]]'', 2003. {{ISBN|0-691-11624-5}} – {{ISBN|0-691-01211-3}} (pbk.) p. 18.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Blumer |first=Herbert |date=1998 |orig-year=1969 |chapter=Society as Symbolic Interaction |title=Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method |url=https://archive.org/details/symbolicinteract0000blum |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/symbolicinteract0000blum/page/84 84] |isbn=978-0-520-05676-3 |quote=group action is the collective action of such individuals ['who fit their respective lines of action to one another through the process of interpretation']...the individuals composing...the group become 'carriers,' or media for the expression of such forces; and the interpretative behavior by means of which people form their actions is merely a coerced link in the play of such forces.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Durkheim |first=Émile |translator-last1=Spaulding |translator-first1=John A. |translator-last2=Simpson |translator-first2=George |date=1979 |orig-year=1951 |chapter=Imitation |title=[[Suicide (Durkheim book)|Suicide: A Study in Sociology]] |trans-title=Étude de sociologie |location=New York, NY |publisher=THE FREE PRESS |pages= 125, 129 |isbn=978-0-684-83632-4 |quote=Thus we yawn, laugh, weep, because we see someone yawn, laugh or weep...The name of imitation must then be reserved solely for such facts if it is to have clear meaning, and we shall say: ''Imitation exists when the immediate antecedent of an act is the representation of a like act, previously performed by someone else; with no explicit or implicit mental operation which bears upon the intrinsic nature of the act reproduced intervening between representation and execution.''}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bergson |first=Henri |translator-last1=Brereton L. ES L., M.A. |translator-first1=Cloudesley |translator-last2=Rothwell B.A. |translator-first2=Fred |date=26 July 2009 |orig-year=1900 |chapter=The Comic in General—The Comic Element in Forms and Movements—Expansive Force of the Comic |title= Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4352/4352-h/4352-h.htm |publisher=Project Gutenberg |quote= Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, Listen to it carefully: it is not an articulate, clear, well-defined sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder in a mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on for ever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one.}}</ref> An pag-aadal sa humor asin pag-ulok an saiyang sikolohikal asin pisyolohikal na mga epekto sa hawak nin tawo, inaapod na [[helotolohiya]]. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} eaua8r6rg90u2gl9hj8xr68c2jqa6dg 0 43241 309644 250797 2026-08-23T21:21:06Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309644 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zuber_Buhler_Fritz_Tickling_The_Baby.jpg|thumb|Tickling The Baby ni Fritz Zuber-Buhler, ika-19 siglo pagpipinta]] An '''pagkutok''' iyo an akto nin pagduduta sa sarong parte kan hawak sa paagi na nagigin kawsa nin mga inboluntaryong hiro o [[ulok|pag-ulok]]. Kaidtong 1897, an mga sikologong si G. Stanley Hall asin [[Arthur Allin]] ilinadawan an sarong "pagkutok" bilang duwang magkalaen na klase nin penomena.<ref name="hallallin">{{Cite journal|last1=Hall|first1=G. Stanley|last2=Allin|first2=Arthur|date=October 1897|title=The psychology of tickling, laughing and the comic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychology_1897-10_9_1/page/1|journal=[[The American Journal of Psychology]]|volume=9|issue=1|pages=1–42|doi=10.2307/1411471}}</ref> An sarong klase kawsa nin simpleng marhay na paghiro sa ibabaw kan kublit. An arog kaining pagkutok, na inaapod na knismesis, sa pankagabsan dai nagbubunga nin pag-ulok asin kun beses may kaibang magatol na pagmate. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} 7393f49vb3wkgcctx1xsjavo8tiz5sv 0 43330 309526 251105 2026-08-23T19:41:33Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Buggiano_e_di_Pagno_di_Lapo,_lavabo_della_sagrestia_dei_canonici,_1445,_03.jpg|thumb|Duwang pueri mingentes sa sacristy lavabo, Florence Cathedral]] An '''puer mingēns''' ([[Latin]]: darakulan, '''puerī mingentēs''')<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Piepenbring |first1=Dan |title=A secret history of the pissing figure in art |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-secret-history-of-the-pissing-figure-in-art |accessdate=February 2, 2020 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=September 20, 2017}}</ref> iyo an pigura sa gibo nin arte na naglaladawan bilang bago pa maghinolterong [[aki]]ng [[lalaki]] sa aktong nag-iihi, kapwa aktwal o simulated. An puer mingens pwedeng nagrepresentar sa dawa ano poon sa whimsy asin lalakinhon na kainosentehan pasiring sa erotikong simbolo nin pagkalalake asin maskulinong bravado.<ref name="Simons">{{cite journal |last1=Simons |first1=Patricia |title=Manliness and the Visual Semiotics of Bodily Fluids in Early Modern Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medieval-and-early-modern-studies_spring-2009_39_2/page/331 |journal=Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies |date=2009 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=331–373 |doi=10.1215/10829636-2008-025}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} 2cldi3zzwx6l2qv2wcmxemwhaeszda3 0 43430 309563 308945 2026-08-23T20:10:18Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309563 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dollarnote siegel hq.jpg|thumb|An [[Eye of Providence]], bilang nahihiling sa US $1 kwartang papel, pig-iisip kan iba na sarong ebidensya kan sabwatan na nakatakod sa [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] pasiring sa [[Illuminati]].<ref name=Barkun2003/>{{rp|58}}<ref>{{cite book|first1=Micah|last1=Issitt|first2=Carlyn|last2=Main|title=Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2014|isbn=978-1-61069-478-0}}</ref>{{rp|47–49}}]] An '''teorya nin sabwatan''' iyo an paliwanag para sa pangyayari o sitwasyon na nagbubusol sa pag-eksister kan sarong [[sabwatan]] kan mga poderoso asin mararaot na grupo, parating politikal sa motibasyon,<ref name="Harambam-Aupers 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Harambam |first1=Jaron |last2=Aupers |first2=Stef |date=August 2021 |title=From the unbelievable to the undeniable: Epistemological pluralism, or how conspiracy theorists legitimate their extraordinary truth claims |journal=[[European Journal of Cultural Studies]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=990–1008 |doi=10.1177/1367549419886045 |doi-access=free |issn=1460-3551}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Ted |last=Goertzel |date=December 1994 |title=Belief in conspiracy theories |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-psychology_1994-12_15_4/page/731 |journal=[[Political Psychology]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] on behalf of the [[International Society of Political Psychology]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=731–742 |doi=10.2307/3791630 |issn=1467-9221 |jstor=3791630 |quote=''"explanations for important events that involve secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups"''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED |conspiracy theory}} ''"the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties; ''spec''. a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event"''</ref> kapag an ibang paliwanag iyo an urog na posible.<ref name="Harambam-Aupers 2021"/><ref name="BrothertonFrench2013">{{cite journal|last1=Brotherton|first1=Robert|last2=French|first2=Christopher C.|last3=Pickering|first3=Alan D.|title=Measuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=4|year=2013|page=279|issn=1664-1078|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279|pmid=23734136|pmc=3659314|s2cid=16685781| quote=A conspiracist belief can be described as 'the unnecessary assumption of conspiracy when other explanations are more probable'.|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="probability">Additional sources: *{{cite book |last1=Aaronovitch |first1=David |title=Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History |date=2009 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=9780224074704 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icxkMJK-WmgC |access-date=17 August 2019 |language=en |quote=It is a contention of this book that conspiracy theorists fail to apply the principle of Occam's razor to their arguments. }} *{{cite journal|last1=Brotherton|first1=Robert|last2=French|first2=Christopher C.|title=Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy|journal=Applied Cognitive Psychology|volume=28|issue=2|year=2014|pages=238–248|issn=0888-4080|doi=10.1002/acp.2995| quote=A conspiracy theory can be defined as an unverified and relatively implausible allegation of conspiracy, claiming that significant events are the result of a secret plot carried out by a preternaturally sinister and powerful group of people.|doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal |last1=Jonason |first1=Peter Karl |last2=March |first2=Evita |last3=Springer |first3=Jordan |title=Belief in conspiracy theories: The predictive role of schizotypy, Machiavellianism, and primary psychopathy |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=12 |year=2019 |pages=e0225964 |issn=1932-6203 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0225964 |pmid=31794581 |pmc=6890261 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1425964M |quote=Conspiracy theories are a subset of false beliefs, and generally implicate a malevolent force (e.g., a government body or secret society) involved in orchestrating major events or providing misinformation regarding the details of events to an unwitting public, in part of a plot towards achieving a sinister goal.|doi-access=free }} *{{cite journal |last1=Thresher-Andrews |first1=Christopher |title=An introduction into the world of conspiracy |journal=PsyPAG Quarterly |volume=1 |year=2013 |issue=88 |pages=5–8 |doi=10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.5 |s2cid=255932379 |url=http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf |quote=Conspiracy theories are unsubstantiated, less plausible alternatives to the mainstream explanation of the event; they assume everything is intended, with malignity. Crucially, they are also epistemically self-insulating in their construction and arguments. |access-date=2023-07-07 |archivedate=2015-08-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813062541/http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf }}</ref> An termino sa pangkagabsan igwa nin negatibong konotasyon, na nagtatao nin kahulugan na an appeal kan teorya nin sabwatan iyo an nakabase sa paghusga, emosyonal na konbiksyon, o bakong supisyenteng ebidensya.<ref name=Byford>{{Cite book |title=Conspiracy theories : a critical introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/conspiracytheori0000byfo |last=Byford |first=Jovan |date=2011 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=9780230349216 |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire |oclc=802867724}}</ref> Daing-siring an teorya nin sabwatan kompara sa mismong sabwatan; iyan nanonongod sa hypothesized conspiracy na igwa nin mga karateristiko, kabali alagad bakong limitado sa oposisyon sa mainstream consensus sa tahaw kan mga kwalipikado na mag-ebalwar kan saiyang accuracy, siring kan mga [[siyentipiko]] asin mga [[historyador]].<ref name="Andrade2020">{{cite journal |last=Andrade |first=Gabriel |date=April 2020 |title=Medical conspiracy theories: Cognitive science and implications for ethics |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] on behalf of the [[European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare]] |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=505–518 |doi=10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6 |doi-access=free |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=7161434 |pmid=32301040 |s2cid=215787658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508193924/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2020 |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Barkun2016"/><ref name="Brotherton2013-q"/> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} ryzbf5r2hocgfki69ulqvbo8spjnx9b 0 43490 309776 251610 2026-08-23T23:33:01Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309776 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:40._Schwimmzonen-_und_Mastersmeeting_Enns_2017_100m_Brust_Herren_USC_Traun-9897.jpg|too|thumb|Sarong maurag na paralangoy nagsasagibo nin breaststroke]] An '''paglangoy''' iyo an ''self-propulsion'' nin sarong tawo sa paagi kan [[tubig]], o iba pang likido, parating para sa rekreasyon, isports, ehersisyo, o survival. Makakamtan an lokomosyon sa paagi kan koordinadong paghiro kan mga kalamias asin kan hawak tanganing makamtan an hidrodinamikong thrust na nagresulta sa direksyonal na mosyon. Kaya kan mga tawo na pugolon an saindang hinangos sa irarom kan tubig asin magsairarom nin ''rudimentary locomotive'' na paglangoy sa laog kan nagkapirang semana kan pagkamundag, bilang sarong kasimbagan sa survival.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Swimming behavior of the human infant|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pediatrics_1939-10_15_4/page/485|last1=McGraw|first1=Myrtle B|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|volume=15|issue=4|year=1939|pages=485–490|doi=10.1016/s0022-3476(39)80003-8 }}</ref> An paglangoy konsistent na yaon sa pinakataas na mga pampublikong rekreasyonal na aktibidad,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZrV1XazCnEC&q=swimming+participation+worldwide&pg=PA11|title=Worldwide Experiences and Trends in Sport for All|first1=Lamartine|last1=Pereira da Costa|first2=Ana|last2=Miragaya|publisher=Meyer & Meyer Verlag|year=2002|isbn=9781841260853}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/research/tp-adult-participation-sport-analysis.pdf|publisher=Department for Culture, Media and Sport|title=Adult participation in sport|date=August 2011|first1=Helen|last1=Jones|first2=Peter|last2=Millward|first3=Babtunde|last3=Buraimo|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610060444/http://culture.gov.uk/images/research/tp-adult-participation-sport-analysis.pdf|archive-date=2012-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/swimming/7838072/Swimming-remains-Englands-most-popular-sport-despite-free-scheme-setback.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/swimming/7838072/Swimming-remains-Englands-most-popular-sport-despite-free-scheme-setback.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Swimming remains England's most popular sport despite free scheme setback|date=2010-06-18}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=USA Swimming|url=http://usaswimming.org/partners/file.pdf|title=America's Swim Team|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619104321/http://usaswimming.org/partners/file.pdf|archive-date=2010-06-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> asin sa ibang nasyon, an mga leksyon sa paglangoy kompulsaryong kabtang kan ''educational curriculum''.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Aquamobile|url=http://aquamobileswim.com/swimming-lessons-educational-curriculum-across-world/|title=Swimming Lessons in Educational Curriculum Across the World|date=2015-04-04}}</ref> Bilang sarong formalized na isports, an swimming pigtatampok sa mga lokal, nasyonal, asin internasyonal na kompetisyon, kabali an lambang modernong Summer Olympics. == Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} nrdhrllsx2sx3nadnav2jbc7cyy6p5r 0 43581 309579 309127 2026-08-23T20:21:02Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309579 wikitext text/x-wiki An pag-'''imprenta''' sarong proseso para sa lagdoan na paggibo nin mga teksto asin [[- imprenta|retrato]] na naggagamit nin ekspertong porma o templat. kaenot-enotan na mga produktong bakong pang'asir may labot sa pag - imprenta kaiba an cylinder stamnan asin mga bagay arog kan Cyrus Cylicder and the Cylidus. kaenot - enoteng midbid na klase nin pag [[- imprenta nin kahoy|- imprenta]] sono sa papel iyo an imprentahan na kahoy, na nagluwas sa Tsina bago magresibi nin 220 AD para sa mga tela. siring, dai iyan iaaplikar sa papel sagkod kan ikapitong siglo.<ref name="cave">Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed), "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", 1990, British Museum publications, {{ISBN|0-7141-1447-2}}</ref> sa mga huring pangyayari sa teknolohiya nin pag - imprenta an hale - haleng tipo na inimbento ni Bi [[Sheng]] kan mga 1040 AD asin an imprentahan na inimprenta ni Johannes [[Gutenberg]] kan ika-15 siglo.<ref name="Great Chinese Inventions">{{Cite web}}</ref> teknolohiya kan pag'imprenta nagkaigwa nin mayor na papel sa pagtalubo kan Renaissance asin kan Rebolusyon Scientifiko asin ikinaag an materyal na basehan para sa modernong kaaraman-based ekonomiya asin paglakop kan adal sa masa.<ref>Rees, Fran. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&q=gutenberg+printing+press Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press] {{Webarchive}}''</ref> == Kasaysayan == === imprenta sa Woodblock === pag [[- imprenta sa Woodblock]] sarong paagi para mag - print nin mga teksto, ladawan o disenyo na ginagamit nin lakop sa bilog na Sirangan na Asia. poon ini sa Tsina kan antigong panahon bilang sarong paagi nin pag'imprenta sa mga tela asin ngapit sa papel. paagi nin pag - imprenta sa tela, an kaenot - enoteng natadang mga halimbawa hale sa Tsina may petsa bago kan 220 A.D. === Sirangan na Asia === <gallery> Ladawan:Jingangjing.jpg|intricate na atubangan kan Diamadong Sutra hale sa Tang-dynasty China, 868 AD (Bikol Library), nadiskubre sa Libreria nin Mogao Caves sa Dunhuan, alagad posibleng nakaimprenta sa Sichung. </gallery>kaenot - enoteng nawalat na mga kapidaso nin kahoy na inimprenta hale sa Tsina. gikan sa silkitang na pinaimprenta gamit an mga burak sa tolong kolor poon pa kan Dinastiyang Han (bago 220 A.D.). kaenot-enotang mga halimbawa nin pag'imprenta kan kahoy sa papel nagluwas kan katahawan nin ika-19ng siglo sa Tsina. laog kan ikasiyam na siglo, an pag'imprenta sa papel nagbista na, asin an enot na extanong kompletong imprentadong libro na igwa kan petsang ini iyo an Diammond Sutra (Bikol Library) nin 868.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> - abot kan ikasampulong siglo, 400,000 na kopya nin nagkapirang sutra asin retrato an inimprenta, asin iniimprenta an mga klasiko sa Confucianismo. sarong ekspertong paraimprenta kayang mag - imprenta nin sagkod sa 2,000 na doble-pahinang papel kada aldaw. lakop an pag'imprenta amay pa sa Korea asin Hapon, na naggamit man nin mga logograph na Intsik, alagad nagagamit man an pamamaagi sa Turpan asin Vietnam gamit an magkapira pang ibang iskritura. an pamamaaging ini nakalakop sa Persia asin Rusya.<ref name="Carter">[[Thomas Franklin Carter]], ''The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward'', The Ronald Press, NY 2nd ed. 1955, pp. 176–78</ref> pamamaaging ini ipinaabot sa Europa kan mga 1400 asin ginamit sa papel para sa daan na mga master prints asin pagkawat card. === Tahaw na Sirangan === pag - imprenta nin Block, na inaapod na tarsh sa [[kan Egipto Arabe|Arabeng]] Egipto durante kan ikasiyam asin ikasampulong siglo, kadaklan para sa mga pamibi asin agimat. mga ebidensiya na nagsasabi na an mga printing blokeng ini gibo sa bakong-kahoy na materyales, posibleng tingo, giyaw, o dalipay. ng kasegurohan an mga pamamaagi na ginagamit. huri, dai na nagagamit an pag - imprenta sa Block durante kan Renaissance nin Timurid.<ref>Richard W. Bulliet (1987), "[http://www.ghazali.org/articles/jaos107-3-1987-rwb.pdf Medieval Arabic Tarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing] {{Webarchive}}". ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''107''' (3), pp. 427–38.</ref> pamamaagi nin pag - imprenta sa Egipto inako paagi sa pagtao liwat kan mga teksto sa bugtakan nin papel asin suplay kaiyan sa laen - laen na kopya tanganing mapanigoan an kahagadan. === Europa === <gallery> Ladawan:Saint Christopher 001.jpg|pinakaenot [[na pinapalod|na]] bistong kahoy igdi, 1423, Buxheim, may kapot na pag'arte </gallery>na nag - imprenta nin Block an Europa bilang paagi sa pag - imprenta kan tela, kun saen iyan ordinaryo na sana kan 1300. mga imahen na inimprenta sa tela para sa relihiosong katuyohan puedeng dakula asin detalyado nanggad. madaling makakua nin papel, kan mga 1400, an pamamaagi marikas na ibinalyo sa saradit [[na pinapalod|na]] relihiosong imahen asin nagpapatugtog nin kard na inimprenta sa peryodiko. mga imprentahan na ini nagprodusir nin kadakulan poon kan mga 1425 padagos. enterong kinàban sa katahawan kan ika-limang siglo, mga bloke-libro, mga librong kahoy na may teksto sagkod imahen, parati pinaukit sa parehong block, nagluluwas bilang mas baratong alternatibo sa mga manuskrito asin libro na iniimprenta gamit an tipong makamuro. gabos mga halipoton an pagkailustrar na gibo, an Mga bestseller kan panahon, pig'otro sa dakul na iba-ibang bersyon nin bloke-libro: an Arsamendi asin an pauperum kan Bikol iyo an pinakakomun. pa nin kontrobersia sa tahaw kan mga iskolar kun baga an saindang introduksion naenot o, an mayoriyang punto de vista, kasunod kan pagpoon nin tipo na hale sa mobable, na may kinakarkulong petsa na yaon sa pag - oltanan nin mga 1440 asin 140. == Verableng pag-imprenta == <gallery> Ladawan:五贯宝卷.jpg|1215-1216 5000 na kuartang papel an may sampulong tipo nin bronse Ladawan:Korean book-Jikji-Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters-1377.jpg|ji[[kji]], "Mga Pinaleng Katokdoan kan mga Bohedang Budhista asin Aking Kagurangnan" hale sa Korea, an kaenot - enoteng midbid na libro na inimprenta paagi sa tipo nin metal na mobable, 1377. [[othèque Nationale de France]], Paris </gallery>vitable type an sistema nin pag-imprenta asin tipograpiya na gamit mga movable plays kan metal tipo, gibo sa pagkakabuo hali sa matries na pig'aayos kan mga letrang funche. madaling makibagay na tipo an nagtotogot sa mas marikas nanggad na mga proseso kisa pag - imprenta nin kopya o bloke. enterong 1040, an pinakaenot na bistong sistema nin tipo kan moblemash iyo an namukna sa Tsina ni Bi [[Sheng]] hale sa porcerain.<ref name="Great Chinese Inventions2">{{Cite web}}</ref> Bi Sheng naggamit nin tipong dalipay, na madaling magputok, alagad si Wang Zhen kan 1298 nag - imbento nin mas matagal na klase hale sa kahoy. nagmukna man nin sarong komplikadong sistema nin pag-iayos kan mga lamesa asin numero ngane may nakasurat na karakter sa Tsino na orog na nagin matrayumpo an estruktura asin pagpa'imprenta. , an mayor na metodo sa paggamit duman nagdanay na imprentahan (xylograpiya), na "nagin mas barato asin mas mahusay sa pag'imprenta nin Intsik, kaiba an rinibong karakter kaini". mas baratong pag - imprenta nin tipo naggikan sa Tsina kan kapinonan kan ika - 12 siglo. inagamit ini sa darakulang pag'imprenta nin kuwartang papel mas hababang klase nakalakop sa Korea durante kan dinastiyang Gerryo. bilog na 1230, an mga Koreano nag - imbento nin sarong tipong metal na hale sa bronse. Jikji, na ipinublikar kan 1377, iyo an kaenot - enoteng midbid na librong inimprenta sa metal. gamit an Tipo-casting, pigbabaybay sa paagi nin pagbuo kan mga sinsilyo. putol an karakter sa beech tree, na kaidto inipit sa malomhok na dalipay tanganing makaporma nin mold, asin nagbuo nin bronse sa momentong de motor, dangan ultimo pinakarhay an tipo.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Tsien|1985}}</ref> tipo nin metal na hale sa kahoy nakalakop sa Europa sa pag - oltanan kan huring kabtang kan ika - 14 asin kapinonan kan mga siglo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit.|last=Polenz, Peter von.|publisher=New York/Berlin: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH|year=1991|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75292n/f2.image|title=Historia de las cosas más notables, ritos y costumbres del gran reyno de la China|last=[[Juan González de Mendoza]]|year=1585|language=es}}</ref><ref>[[Thomas Franklin Carter]], ''The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward'', The Ronald Press, NY 2nd ed. 1955, pp. 176–178</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Global History: From Prehistory to the 21st Century|url=https://archive.org/details/globalhistoryfro0000stav|last=[[L. S. Stavrianos]]|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-13-923897-0|edition=7th|location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey|orig-year=1970}}</ref> Koreanong porma nin tipong metal na pigladawan kan Pranses na iskolar na si Henri-Jean Martin bilang "extremely kaagid sa ki Gutenberg'".<ref>Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) However, more correctly it should be described as the other way around. Gutenberg's form of metal movable type was extremely similar to the Korean Jikji's, which was printed 78 years prior to the Gutenberg Bible. A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73.</ref> autoring historyador na si [[Frances Gies Asin si Joseph Gies|Frances Gies asin]] Joseph Gies nagsabi na "An konprisyonal kan Asya sa pagimbento nin tipong hale igdi ngonyan marigon na itinindog, asin ta an pamamaaging Intsik-Koreano, o report kaini nagpabiyahe pasolnopan haros segurado."<gallery> Ladawan:Metal movable type.jpg|sarong kaso nin mga pidaso nin metal na tipo asin typeet bagay sa kumpuestong bala </gallery>'''imprentahan'''<gallery> Ladawan:De uitvinding van de boekdrukkunst, anoniem, Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK OPB 0186 005.jpg|imbensyon kan pag'imprenta, anonimo, disenyo ni Stradanus, koleksyon na si [[Plantin-Moretus]] Museum </gallery>bilog na 1450, iinintrodusir ni Johannes [[Gutenberg]] an kaenot - enoteng de kalidad na sistema nin pag - imprenta sa Europa. 'imprenta siya nin mga innovasyon sa pagtimplang tipo base sa matrix asin manooltad, pakibagay sa sinilot-presyon, paggamit kan sarong lana-bagas na tinta, asin paggibo nin mas malomoy asin mas malagong na papel.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Five Hundred Years of Printing|url=https://archive.org/details/fivehundredyears0000stei_k9o6|last=Steinberg|first=S. H.|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin]]|year=1974|isbn=978-0-14-020343-1|edition=3rd|location=Harmondsworth, Middlesex|author-link=S. H. Steinberg}}</ref> Gutenberg an enot na naggibo kan saiyang mga tipong pidaso hale sa sarong aloy, lata, Antimoniya, tanso asin bimuth - iyo man sanang elemento na ginagamit pa ngonyan.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 27, 2006, from [[Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD]] – entry "printing"</ref> Johannes Gutenberg nagpoon na magtrabaho sa saiyang imprentahan kaidtong 1436, kaiba si Andreas Dritzehen - na dati niang tinokdoan sa mutya- asin nikahlitang Heilmann, an kagsadiri nin sarong gilingan na papel.<ref name="meggs58-69">{{Cite book|title=Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit.|last=Polenz|first=Peter von.|publisher=New York/Berlin: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH|year=1991|language=de}}</ref> ikokomparar sa pag [[- imprenta nin kahoy]], mas marikas asin mas matagal an mga letrang type pahina na pabugtakon saka iniimprenta gamit an makinang pang - imprenta. man, an mga pidaso nin metal na gibo sa tipong strardier asin an pagsusurat mas parareho, na minagiya pasiring sa tipograpiya asin [[yente|fonts]]. halangkaw na kuwalidad asin medyo hababang presyo kan Bibliang Gutenberg (1455) iyo an nagpatindog sa pagigin nakakalabi nin hale - haleng tipo para sa mga lenguahe sa Solnopan. na naglakop imprentahan sa [[lakop kan imprentahan|bilog na]] Europa, sagkod sa Renaissance, asin kan huri sa palibot nin kinaban.<gallery> Ladawan:Miklós Andor in the page-setting room of Athenaeum Printing House - cca. 1920 (1).tiff|Page-setting room – {{Circa|1920}} </gallery>magasin na Time Life inapod an mga innovation ni Gutenberg sa hale - haleng tipong pag - imprenta kan pinakamahalagang imbension kaidtong ikaduwang milenyo.<ref>In 1997, [[-Life|Time–Life]] magazine picked Gutenberg's invention to be the most important of the second millennium. In 1999, the A&E Network voted Johannes Gutenberg "Man of the Millennium". See also [http://pirate.shu.edu/~gottlitr/mil_site/lista.html 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium] {{Webarchive}} which was composed by four prominent US journalists in 1998.</ref> == Rotary printing press == imprentahan '''na de''' rostaryong pig'imbento ni [[Richard March Hoe]] kan 1843. inagamit kaiyan an mga impresyon na nakaukit sa sarong sirkilya tanganing imprentahon nin haloy asin dagos - dagos na rolyo nin papel o iba pang substrana. huri, an pag - imprenta ni Rotary drum dakula an nairahay ni William [[Bullock (inventor)|Bullock]]. na klase nin rotary printing technologies ginagamit pa ngonyan: pinakarhay na paluwas, rotovure, asin flaxograpikong pag [[- ungal|-]] imprenta. === kakayahan sa pag - imprenta === lista sa lamesa an pinakadakol na pahina na laen - laen na disenyo nin imprentahan na kayang imprentahon kada ''oras''. {| class="wikitable" | ! colspan="2" |ga imprentahan na Handa - mano ! colspan="4" |ga imprentahan na may dakulang kapangyarihan |- ! width="10%" | ! width="10%" |-style c. 1600 ! width="10%" |[[Stanhope, ika - 3 Enot na Pakalihis nin Estaphe|anholpe]] press c. 1800 ! width="10%" |[[Koenig|enig]] press 1812 ! width="10%" |enig press 1813 ! width="10%" |enig press 1814 ! width="10%" |enig press 1818 |- |ga Impresyon kada oras |<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pollak|first1=Michael|title=The performance of the wooden printing press|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_library-quarterly_1972-04_42_2/page/218|journal=The Library Quarterly|date=1972|volume=42|issue=2|pages=218–64|doi=10.1086/620028}}</ref> |80<ref name="Bolza 1967, 80">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bolza|1967}}</ref> |<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bolza|1967}}</ref> |<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bolza|1967}}</ref> |<ref name="Bolza 1967, 88">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bolza|1967}}</ref> |,400<ref name="Bolza 1967, 88" /> |} === Teknolohiya sa pag - imprenta kan Kombension === gabos na proseso nin pag - imprenta interesado sa duwang klase nin lugar sa ultimong obra: # nin ladawan (mga lugar na iimprenta) # -mainabang lugar (bakong paimprentang mga lugar) kan impormasyon na inandam para sa pagprodusir (an prepresyon feps), an lambang proseso nin pag - imprenta may pangultimong paagi tanganing isuway an imahen sa mga lugar na mayo nin trabaho. pag - imprenta manongod sa kombension igwa nin apat na klase nin proseso: # Plantilya, na kun saen yaon sa parehong ibabaw nin eroplano an pag'imprenta asin mga lugar na dai man nakakapaimprenta asin an pagkakaiba kaini pigmamantener na kemikal o kan pisikal na kakayahan, an mga halimbawa iyo ini: italaag an lithograpiya, kolokyal, asin daing-kaarog na pagpaadal. # ayuda, na dian yaon sa ibabaw nin eroplano an mga imprentahan asin mayo pa man giraray nin nag [[- imprenta|-]] iimprentang lugar, halimbawa: flaxography and history. # [[taglio (pag - imprenta)|taglio]], na kun saen yaon sa ibabaw nin eroplano an mga lugar na mayong nakaimprenta asin an mapaimprenta na lugar pig'aandar o napapasa-panis sa ibaba, halimbawa: An asero nagagadan pagguruga, panhingilay, abpling, kolraf. # pous o Stecnil, na kun saen an mga lugar kan pag'imprenta yaon sa pinong mesh screens paagi kaini pwedeng makalaog an tinta, asin an mga bakong-print na lugar sarong estratihiya sa tirok tanganing mautas an bulos nin intak sa mga bagay na idto, halimbawa: pagkapaimprenta sa Internet, stenciil duplicator, rigrafo. === Markang Crop === pagpaimprenta nin ladawan na mayong lugar sa palibot kan imahen, an mga daing-imprentang lugar dapat iisog palibhasa imprentahan. ga markahan nin Crop pwedeng gamiton sa pagpahiling kan imprentahan kun saen natapos an pinag'imprenta na lugar, asin napoonan an dai-paimprenta na lugar.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> na bakô an parte kan imahen na triname. === Letterpress === <gallery> Ladawan:Commercial. Le Samedi BAnQ P48S1P03551.jpg|Padagos na nag - iimprenta nin mga imprentahan si Le Samdi. , 1939. </gallery>pag '''- imprenta nin mga surat''' sa pagpaadal paagi sa ayuda. sarong trabahador nag - aimpake asin nakaduong sa kama nin makinang pangkargamento, tiniksa iyan, asin pinipirit na gamiton an [[k|tinta]] hale sa klase na nagtatao nin impresyon sa papel. iba-ibang papel para sa manlaen'laen na gibo an kalidad kan papeles nagpapahiling nin naiibang tinta na gagamiton. pag [[- imprenta na mayo nin mga bagay|- imprenta]] nin mga surat na dalipay iyo an normal na klase nin inimprentang teksto poon sa imbensyon kaiyan ni Johannes [[Gutenberg]] kan kabangaan nin ika-15 siglo asin nagdanay na ginagamit nin dakol para sa mga libro saka iba pang gamit sagkod sa ikaduwang kabanga kan ika-20 siglo, kun kasuarin nabilog an pagpaimprenta. bago pa sana, an pag - imprenta nin mga surat na nag - iimprenta nagkaigwa nin pagkabuhay liwat sa pormang artsal. === pag - '''imprenta''' === pag - '''imprenta''' nin mga subasta ginagamit na marhay sa modernong proseso nin pag - imprenta. teknolohiyang ini sinasabing gayo kun positibo (mahusay-basahon) na imahen sa sarong imprentahan plate nakasaksik asin nababali (o "office") hale sa plato pasiring sa gomang tamong. ladawan na tamong nagigin salming na imahen kan metal. pagbalyo sa offset pinahiro an imahen na mag-imprenta nin substrate (tropikal na papel), kaya nagigin tama naman an ladawan. pag - imprenta sa luwas naggagamit nin prosesong ihotograpikong basado sa pagpadakul giraray nin lana asin tubig. proseso kan pagsubasta naggagamit nin lukot (pillanog) na carrier (plate) na ilinalaog sa sarong kurpyas sa prensa. imahen na ipaimprenta kinua paatubang sa mga paralikero, mantang an lugar na mayong-imprenta nagganyat nin sarong (acidic) pelikula nin tubig, pigmamantener an mga bakong dusok na lugar ink-libre. kadaklan na imprentahan naggagamit nin tolong sillinders: Plate, tamong, impresyon. presente, an kadaklan na libro asin peryodiko iniimprenta gamit an suwestyon na lithograpiya. === pag'imprenta nin Gawad === pag '''- imprenta nin''' libro sarong komplikadong paagi sa pagpaimprenta, kun saen an imahen na iniimprenta kompuesto nin saradit na depresyon sa ibabaw kan platong pangglipot. mga selula pano nin tinta, asin an sobra pinapatos sa ibabaw paagi sa dahon nin doktor. may narang mga kurpiyon sa ibabaw kan plato asin nakadukot sa tinta sa laog kan selula. mga nag - imprenta parateng gibo sa asero na may tanso, dangan kinakabig nin alimyo, asin puedeng produsiran kan inukit na brilyante; pandukot, o laser alblation. pag'imprenta nin Gawad midbid sa kakayahan kaini na makapaluwas nin halangkaw-na-pantay, haralangkaw na imahen na may tamang kolor reproduksyon asin gamit an kagamitan sa viscensity ontrole durante kan produksyon. pagkontrol sa pag - ebakwit may epekto sa pagbabago sa kolor kan inimprentang imahen. inagamit an pag'imprenta nin Gawad sa halawig, halangkaw na klaseng imprentahan arog kan mga magasin, mga katagang koreo-order, papakaray asin pagpapaimprenta gamit an tela asin pitaka. inagamit man ini sa pag'imprenta nin mga selyong postage asin dekoratibong plastic lantes, arog kan mga patongtongan sa kusina. === [[:en:Flexography|Flexography]] === Flexography sarong klase nin pag - imprenta sa ayuda. mga platong pan - ayuda parateng gibo sa phopolymers. proseso ginagamit sa pag'uuma nin pamato, diit-diit na kosa, mga lalake, peryodiko asin sobra pa. saodan na ini nag'aplay nin grabing pag-imprenta paagi sa pagkapot kan 80% kan saod sa USA, 50% sa Europa alagad 20% sana sa Asya.<ref name="IzdebskaThomas2015">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjROBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=Printing on Polymers: Fundamentals and Applications|last=Joanna Izdebska|last2=Sabu Thomas|date=24 September 2015|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-323-37500-9|page=199}}</ref> === Pang pamamaagi nin pag - imprenta === e sa iba pang mahalagang mga pamamaagi nin pag - imprenta an: * D[[ye-subliming paraimprenta]] * Inkjet, na ginagamit sa tipikong paagi tanganing mag - imprenta nin pirang libro o pagpatos, asin siring man makaimprenta nin laen - laen na materyales: hale sa halangkaw an kalidad na mga papel na nagsisinumarsa sa saradit na imprentahan, pasiring sa salog. inagamit man an Inkjet sa pag - aplikar kan mga adres na koreo tanganing magpadara nin surat * ser printing (toner press) mayormente gamit sa mga opisina asin para sa transakational pag'imprenta (bills, dokumentong pampang). pag - imprenta nin mas dikit parateng ginagamit kan direktang mga kompanya sa koreo tanganing makagibo nin saradit na surat o kupon. * dprint, popular sa kakayahan kaining mag-imprenta nin komplikadong tulong-dimensyonal na ibabaw * imprentang pan [[- ayuda]], na sa pangenot ginagamit para sa mga kataga * pag [[- imprenta nin mga tindahan|- imprenta]] para sa laen - laen na aplikasyon poon sa T-shirt sagkod sa mga tablet, asin sa bakong timbang na ibabaw * [[taglio (pag - imprenta)|taglio]], pangenot na ginagamit para sa halangkaw na halaga kan mga dokumento arog baga nin curreas. * [[pag - imprenta kan mga Termal|pag - imprenta]] nin mga astroma, na popular kan dekada 1990 para sa fax printing. inagamit ngonyan para sa mga imprentang lalake arog kan bagog nin eroplano asin indibiduwal na de presyo sa supermarket desli kontra. === kan hale sa Aleman na makinang pang - imprenta === ==== Kalidad na mga Kabtang ==== <gallery> Ladawan:European Output of Printed Books ca. 1450–1800.svg|alt=Europeong paghaman nin mga libro na inimprenta paagi sa hale - haleng ka. 1450 sagkod 1800[26]|Europeong paghaman nin mga libro na inimprenta paagi sa hale - haleng ka. 1450 sagkod 1800<ref name="Buringh & van Zanden 2009">Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", ''The Journal of Economic History'', Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp.&nbsp;409–45 (417, table 2)</ref> </gallery>na pagkatapos kan pag - imprenta ni Gutenberg, an libro sa Europa luminangkaw poon sa pirang milyon sagkod sa mga sarong bilyon kopya sa laog nin mayo pang apat na siglo.<ref name="Buringh & van Zanden 20092">Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", ''The Journal of Economic History'', Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp.&nbsp;409–45 (417, table 2)</ref> === Epektong Relihiyon === Samuel [[Hartlib]], na nadistiero sa Britanya asin entusiastiko manongod sa sosyal asin kultural na mga reporma, nagsurat kan 1641 na "an arte nin pag - imprenta malakop nanggad sa kaaraman na an ordinaryong mga tawo, na nakakaaram kan sadiri nindang deretso asin libertad, dai pamamahalaan paagi nin panapi".<ref name="Briggs-Burke">Ref: Briggs, Asa and [[Peter Burke (historian)|Burke, Peter]] (2002) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73.</ref><gallery> Ladawan:PrintMus 038.jpg|replica kan imprentahan sa Gutenberg na Internasyonal [[na Museo sa Pag - imprenta|na Museo]] nin Pag - imprenta sa Carson, California </gallery>kinaban nin Muslim, an pag'imprenta, orog na sa mga iskriturang Arabe, makuring kontra sa bilog na amay [[na modernong panahon]], partipniyon huli sa halangkaw na artistikong reknidad kan arte nin tradisyonal na arapodan. siring, parateng itinotogot an pag - imprenta sa tekstong Hebreo o Armeniano. siring, an enot na hale sa mga letrang mobable na inimprenta sa Imperyo nin [[Imperyong Ottoman|Ottoman]] nasa Hebreo kan 1493, na pakatapos kaiyan kapwa ikinaimprenta sa lenguaheng relihioso asin bakong relihiyoso.<ref>or soon after; Naim A. Güleryüz, ''Bizans'tan 20. Yüzyıla – Türk Yahudileri'', Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., İstanbul, January 2012, p. 90 {{ISBN|978-9944-994-54-5}}</ref> sa sarong imperyal na embahador ki Istanbul kan kabangaan nin ikadesisaisng siglo, iyan kasalan para sa mga Turko, partikularmente an Turkis Muslim, tanganing mag - imprenta nin relihiosong mga libro. 1515, si Sultan Selim I nagpaluwas nin dekreto na dian an pag - imprenta papadusahan nin kagadanan. katapusan kan ika-anom na siglo, si Sultan Murad III tinugutan an pagbebenta nin mga bakong relihiyosong imprentadong libro sa mga karakter na Arabiko, pero mayoriya inimportar hale sa Italya. Ibrahim Miteferrika an nagpatindog kan enot na imprentahan para sa pag - imprenta sa Arabeng tataramon sa Imperyo nin Otomano, tumang sa pagtumang hale sa mga pangapudan asin kabtang kan Ulama. -operar ini sagkod 1742, na nakagibo nin halos setentang gibo, gabos kaini para sa mga bagay na bakong relihiyoso, utilita. pag'imprenta dai nagin uso sa kinaban na Islam sagkod kan ika-19ng siglo.<ref>Watson, William J., "İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa and Turkish Incunabula", ''[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]'', 1968, volume 88, issue 3, p. 436</ref> mga paraimprenta sa lenguaheng Hebreo ipinagprohibir sa pag - imprenta nin guild sa nagkapirang estado na Aleman; bilang resulta, an Hebreong pag - imprenta nag - oswag sa Italia, poon kan 1470 sa Roma, dangan naglakop pasiring sa ibang siudad kaiba an Bari, Pisa, Livorno, asin Mantua. lokal na mga namamahala may autoridad na magtao o magrekomendar nin lisensia sa pagpublikar kan Hebreong mga libro, asin an dakol sa inimprenta durante kan peryodong ini dinadara an licenza de superiori' (na ipinarisa an saindang iniimprenta bilang opisyal na lisensya) sa titulo ninda.<ref name="nyt2009">"[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/books/12hebr.html?_r=1 A Lifetime's Collection of Texts in Hebrew, at Sotheby's] {{Webarchive}}", [[Rothstein|Edward Rothstein]], ''[[Ga Panahon nin Nueva York|New York Times]]'', February 11, 2009</ref> huna na an pag'oltan kan imprentahan 'mapakusog sa relihiyon asin mapaorog an kapangyarihan kan mga monarkiya.<ref name="Meyrowitz41">Meyrowitz: "Mediating Communication: What Happens?" in "Questioning the Media", p. 41.</ref> mayoriya kan mga libro relihioso, na an iglesia asin korona iyo an nagkokontrol sa laog. an ibinunga kan materyal na pag - imprenta. Meyer ginamit an halimbawa ni William [[Carter (agomer)|Carter]] na kan 1584 nag'imprenta nin pro-Catolic pambphlet sa Protestanteng nacion.<ref name="Meyrowitz41" /> [[bitay]] an resulta kan saiyang ginibo. == Epekto kan panlipunan == Print nagtao nin mas mahiwas na kaaraman sa mga parabasa asin nagpangyari sa suminunod na mga henerasyon na direktang magtogdok sa intelektuwal na mga nagibo kan naenot na dai nagbabago an nasa laog kan berbal na mga tradisyon. Print, susog sa Acton niya kan 1895 lektura Sa Pag'adal nin Historya, nagtaong "suraan na an gibo kan Renaissance ultimo pa, na dai lamang maroromdoman an sinurat ngane mapara na gabos, mala ta noarin man makuri an siring na pagsirbe sa kaaraman asin mga ideya arog kan mundo sa Middle Ages, na bakong konseptong mawara".<ref name="Briggs-Burke2">Ref: Briggs, Asa and [[Peter Burke (historian)|Burke, Peter]] (2002) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73.</ref><gallery> Ladawan:Press1520.png|- imprenta nin mga libro kan ika - 16 na siglo </gallery>[[Eisenstein]] binibisto an duwang panghaloyan na epekto kan imbensyon nin pag'imprenta. nia na an imprentahan nagbunga nin masusteniran asin pararehong pagsambit para sa kaaraman saka tinogotan an mga pagkokomparar kan bakong mapagpaparehong mga punto de vista.<ref>Eisenstein in Briggs and Burke, 2002: p. 21</ref> Asa Briggs asin Peter [[Burke (historian)|Burke]] nagpapamidbid nin limang klaseng pagbasa na nagtalubo may koneksion sa pag - introdusir kan inimprenta: # parate, an pagbasa nin kritiko: Huli ta sa katapustapusi nagin madaling makua kan kadaklan na tawo, naglataw an kritikal na mga babasahon mantang nagigibong pormahon nin mga tawo an sadiri nindang opinyon dapit sa mga teksto. # ng pagbasa: An pagbabasa ibinibilang na peligrosong paglapag huli ta ibinilang iyan na rebelde asin dai puedeng akoon, nangorogna sa kamugtakan nin mga babae, huling an pagbasa puwedeng pukawon an peligrosong emosyon arog kan pagkamoot, asin kun tataong magbasa an mga babae, nakakabasa sinda nin namomotan. # ng basahon: Huli sa pag - imprenta, an mga tawo nagbabasa nin teksto asin nakapaginterpretar kaiyan na may pakarorop, parateng laen nanggad kisa intension kan autor. # kapukaw sa boot na pagbasa: Oras na mabasa kan inimprenta an dakol na teksto, nagpoon na liwaton an mga ugale nin sigidong pagbasa nin mga teksto poon sa kapinonan sagkod sa katapusan, asin pinonan kan mga tawo na magbasa nin piling mga kabtang, na tinotogotan an mas mahiwas nanggad na babasahon sa mas kadakol na tema. # na pagbasa: An Pagbasa konektado sa paglataw nin indibiduwalismo huli ta, bago mag - imprenta, an pagbasa parateng sarong okasyon nin grupo kun saen babasahon nin saro an sarong tawo sa sarong grupo. sa inimprenta, an pagbasa asin pagigin tataong magbasa saka kan mga teksto pareho nag - oswag, asin nagin uso na sana iyan. pag - imbento nin imprentahan nakapabago man sa estruktura kan mga siudad sa Europa na may okupasyon. butwa an mga paraimprenta bilang bagong grupo nin mga artikano na para saiya kaipuhan an pagbasa asin pagsurat, mantang natural sanang naghabo sa mas dakol pang desinyo kan eskriba. lataw an pag-alay bilang bagong okupasyon, mantang naglangkaw sa mga numero nin tindahan nin libro asin litrato natural sanang sinundan an pagputok kan dakol na libro. == Epekto sa Edukasyon == imprentahan ni Gutenberg nagkaigwa man nin hararom na epekto sa mga unibersidad. mga Universidad naimpluensya sa saindang "tataramon nin scholarship, libraryo, kurikulum, [asin] pedagogyo"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal}}</ref> === lenguahe nin scholarship === an pag - imbento kan imprentahan, kadaklan na sinurat na materyal nasa Latin. siring, pakatapos na maimbento an pag - imprenta kan kabilangan nin mga libro na inimprenta orog pang pinahiwas saka sa lokal na tataramon. man biyong naribayan an Latin, alagad nagdanay na internasyonal na tataramon sagkod kan ika-19 siglo.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal}}</ref> === libreriya sa Unibersidad === panahon na ini, an mga unibersidad nagpoon na mag - establisar nin kaibang libreriya. Si Mambridge ginibong responsable an katampad na responsibilidad sa library kan ika-kaglimang siglo alagad an posisyon na ini ipigbwelta kadtong 1570 asin kan 1577 Camarines Sur itinindog an bagong opisina nin librario sa unibersidad. siring, dai naheling kan Unibersidad nin Leuven an pangangaipo para sa libreriya sa unibersidad basado sa ideya na yaon sa propesor an library. mga libreriya nagpoon man na mag - ako nin kadakolon na libro hale sa mga regalo asin pagbakal kaya an mga iyan nagpoon na humale sa kuarto. siring, naresolberan an isyu kan 1589 nin sarong lalaking may ngaran na Merton na nagdesisyon na magsaray nin mga libro sa laog imbes na mga leksyon.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal}}</ref> === Curriculum === inimprentang imprentahan binago an mga libreriya sa unibersidad sa dakol na paagi. katapustapusi ikinakomparar nin mga propesor an opinyon kan laen - laen na autor imbes na piriton na helingon saro o duwang espesipikong awtor sana. mga libro mismo iniimprenta man sa laen - laen na grado nin kadepisilan, imbes na saro sanang pambukas na teksto an makukua.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal}}</ref> === imprenta nin Digital === <gallery> Ladawan:Digital Printer.jpg|Digital Printers ngonyan bako sanang mga pulyeto asin dokumentong inimprenta, kundi puede man na mag - lescano, fax, kopyahon asin gumibo nin mga buklet patin dagdag pa. </gallery>2005, an digital na pag'imprenta igdi nagsige nin halos 9% kan 45 trillion na pahinang pinapaimprenta taon-taon sa bilog na kinaban.<ref name="vj_ipg2-0_keynote">"[http://h20325.www2.hp.com/blogs/scaglia/archive/2007/08/30/4314.html When 2% Leads to a Major Industry Shift] {{Webarchive}}" Patrick Scaglia, August 30, 2007.</ref> pag - imprenta sa harong, opisina, o kamugtakan nin inhenyeriya pinoprosiyon: * na format (na an ginagamit mga papel - arog kan paggamit sa opisina nin negosyo asin libreriya * hiwas na format (sagkod 3' o 914m mahiwas na rolyo nin papel), siring kan ginagamit sa pagarte asin mga pagdisenyo. nagkapira sa mas ordinaryong mga teknolohiya nin pag - imprenta iyo an: * print - asin konektadong mga teknolohiya sa kemikal * [[ng paglaom na rueda|ng]] gayo risa kun saen pig'aaplikar an mga pre-pormadong karakter bilang indibidwal * t-matrix - na nagbubunga nin arbitraryong mga dalagan nin basura na may kadakol na imprentang panurat * pag [[paraimprenta|- imprenta]] kun saen may mga karakter na ginagamit sa papel paagi sa linya * init minabalyo sa mga makina na arog kan enot na fax o modernong resibor na nag - aaplikar [[prinsipal na paraimprenta|nin]] saldang sa espesyal na papel, na nagigin itom tanganing magin siring sa imprentadong ladawan * [[kjet]] - kaiba an buradol-bagas, kun saen pig'iis sa papel ngane makamukna kan minamawot na ladawan * [[rophotograpiya]] - kun saen an toner naaakit sa sarong pigsisindeng imahen dangan minukna * [[- imprenta nin Laser|ser]] - sarong klase nin xerograpiya kun sain nakasurat an pig-agapong imahen ni pixel gamit an lasr * tutunaw an solidong tinta - kun saen [[na tinta|na]]<nowiki/>tunaw an matagas na mga bala nin tinidor tanganing gibohon na likidong ink o torner mga paratinda parateng idinodoon an total na gastos sa pagpadalagan kan kasangkapan, may kalabot na komplikadong pagkuenta na kaiba an gabos na bagay na kalabot sa operasyon saka an darakulang kantidad nin kagamitan para sa paggamit kaiyan, pagkainmortal, asin iba pa. kadaklan, an mga sistema nin toner mas dakol na ekonomiko kisa sa inkopyo sa kahaloyan, dawa ngani bakong gayong mahal an mga tinta sa enot na pagbakal. propessional [[na pag - imprenta|na]] digital printing (pagsapinis torner) pangenot na naggagamit nin sarong akusasyon elektrikal tanganing ibalyo sa pagtobol o likidong tinta an irarom kan retrato na pinag-imprenta. kalidad nin Intelihikang de edad dagos na nagpakarhay poon pa sa amay na kolor asin itom saka puting mga kaapil sagkod sohikal na kolor digital na imprentahan arog kan Xerox iGen3, Kodik Nexpress, HP Inidigo Digital Press series, asin an Infocrent 500. iGen3 asin Nexpress naggagamit nin mga pader na particle asin an Indigo minagamit nin likidong tinta. InfoPrint 5400 sarong pano-kolor, dagos na porma nin inkjet paghulog-on-dedemand system sa pagpa'imprenta. gabos nag - aasikaso nin dai maliliwat na impormasyon, asin an karibal may kualidad. mga imprentahan na ini inaapod man na direktang imbita, minsan ngani an mga makinang ini kayang mag - ako nin file sa komputer asin automatikong gibohon iyan na inimprentang materyales, dai ninda maaatian an saraditon na impormasyon. pangkagabsan, an saradit na imprentahan asin engkantada naggagamit nin digital [[na pag - imprenta]]. an pag - introdusir nin baratong photoriya, lakop an paggamit nin mga makina arog kan akeplicador sa espiritu, hectrapo, asin mimeoggrapo.<gallery> Ladawan:Kiosk self service payment.jpg|- imprenta nin bayad sa paglilingkod sa sadiri </gallery> == 3D na pag - imprenta == 3D na imprenta sarong porma nin teknolohiya sa pagmamanupaktura kun sain an mga pisikal na bagay pigmukna gikan sa tulong-dimensional na digital model gamit an 3% printers. mga bagay napomukna paagi sa pagpatong o pagparigon sa dakol na mahimpis na suon nin materyales. pamamaagi inaapod man na pamdugang na pagmamaguso, marikas na prototyping, o pang-arok.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> === Gang run sa pag imprenta === Gang sa pagpadalagan nin imprentahan sarong paagi na dian an dakol na proyekto sa pag - imprenta ibinubugtak sa ordinaryong papel na steet sa paghihingoang inaan an gastos sa pag - imprenta asin pagkatahi kan mga papeles. mga padalaganan na Gang iyo an heneralmente ginagamit gamit an hit-fited printes asin pangproseso trabaho, na kaipohan nin apat o walong suway na plato na batay sa plakang silid kan prensa. inagamit kan mga paraimprenta an terminong "gang na pinapadalagan" o "sangahan" tanganing iladawan an praktis sa pagkaag nin dakul na proyektong imprentahan sa parehong obra nasyunal. pundamental, imbes na magdalagan nin sarong postcard na 4 x 6 bilang indibiduwal na trabaho an paraimprenta mabugtak nin 15 laen - laen na pwesto sa 20 x 18 sheet, kun siring ginagamit an parehong kantidad kan makinang pang'imprenta makua nin 15 trabaho na ginigibo haros parareho kadakol na oras. == Mga pinaimprentang elektroniko == mga pinaimprentang elektroniko iyo an paggibo nin mga instrumento electron gamit an estandarteng mga proseso sa pag-aprint. pinaimprentang mga teknolohiya sa elektroniko pwedeng iprodusir sa baratong materyales arog kan papel o flaxable film, na iyo ini an nagpapagagrabe nanggad na paagi nin produksyon. pa kan kaamayi nin 2010, an industriya nin mga printing elektroniko nagkakua na nin pwersa asin magkapirang darakulang kompanya, kabali na diyan an Bemis Company and Illinois Tool Works naggibo na nin mga investment [[sa elektroniko|sa]] imprentadong mga elektronesika asin pang'iiriba sa industriya nin OE-A saka FlexTec.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Mga eksionasyon sa pag - imprenta == mga eksionasyon sa pag - imprenta iyo an espesipikong ginamit na termino sa industriya nin pag - imprenta. == Toltolan == <references />{{Poon}} q5k6xipkwqxg1elrmilnty5hib0bmyl 0 43708 309586 308839 2026-08-23T20:25:48Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Genus nin mamal}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ''Crocidura''<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Soricomorpha | id = 13700023 | pages = 224–255 | heading = Genus ''Crocidura''}}</ref> | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Miocene|recent}} | image = Crocidura russula (Huisspitsmuis).jpg | image_caption = [[Greater white-toothed shrew]], ''C. russula'' | taxon = Crocidura | authority = [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1832 | type_species = ''[[Bicolored shrew|Sorex leucodon]]'' <ref>{{MSW3|id=13700023}}</ref> | type_species_authority = ([[Johann Hermann|Hermann]], 1780) | subdivision_ranks = Mga espesyes | subdivision = hilnga an artikulo. }} An genus na '''''Crocidura''''' saro sa siyam na genera kan subpamilya kan mga shrew na ''Crocidurinae''. An mga miyembro kan genus komun na inaapod na '''ngingipnan-puti na mga shrew''' o '''musk shrew''', maski ngani pareho man minaaplikar sa gabos na espesyes sa subpamilya. Huli sa lampas na 180 na espesyes, an ''Crocidura'' iyo an may pinakadakul na klase sa arin man na genus na mamal. An pangaran na ''Crocidura'' boot sabihon "mabarbon an ikog", huli ta an ikog kan mga espesyes nin ''Crocidura'' natatahoban nin haralipot na buhok na napapag-ultan ning nangagkapirang hara-haralaba.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Index generum mammalium : a list of the genera and families of mammals|last=Palmer|first=T.S.|pages=204|language=en}}</ref> Mahihiling sinda sa bilog na tropikal asin maiinit na mga rehiyon kan [[Lumang Kinaban]], poon [[Sur Aprika]] pa-amihanan hanggan [[Europa]], asin pa-subangan sa kabilugan kan [[Asya]], sagkod pa-sirangan abot sa rayo kan [[Arkipelagong Malay]]. An sarong espesyes, an posibleng puho na na [[shrew kan Isla nin Pasko]] (''C. trichura''), na nag-istar man sa [[Isla nin Pasko|isla nin Pasko]]. An mga shrew na ini posibleng guminikan sa [[Aprika]] o [[Asia Minor]] durante kan [[Miocene]], naglakop sa Europa paagi kan enot na [[Pliocene]], asin nakalakop sa sirangan na Asya asin [[Mediteraneo]] kan [[Pleistocene]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evolutionary history and biogeography of the genus Crocidura (Mammalia, Soricidae) in Europe, with emphasis on Crocidura kornfeldi|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1616504709001827|language=en}}</ref> == Listahan nin mga espesye == === Yaraon pang espesye === {{div col|colwidth=300px}} *[[Javan hidden shrew]] (''C. abscondita'') *[[Sanetti shrew]] (''C. afeworkbekelei'') *[[Cyrenaica shrew]] (''C. aleksandrisi'') *[[East African highland shrew]] (''C. allex'') *[[Andaman shrew]] (''C. andamanensis'') *[[Anhui white-toothed shrew]] (''C. anhuiensis'') *[[Crocidura annamitensis|Annamite shrew]] (''C. annamitensis'')<ref name="Jenkinsetal2009"/> *[[Ansell's shrew]] (''C. ansellorum'') *[[Arabian shrew]] (''C. arabica'') *[[Jackass shrew]] (''C. arispa'') *[[Armenian shrew]] (''C. armenica'') *[[Asian gray shrew]] (''C. attenuata'') *[[Hun shrew]] (''C. attila'') *[[Southwest Peninsula white-toothed shrew]] (''C. australis'')* *[[Bailey's shrew]] (''C. baileyi'') *[[Balete's white-toothed shrew]] (''C. baletei'')* *[[Kinabalu shrew]] (''C. baluensis'') *[[Batak shrew]] (''C. batakorum'') *[[Bates's shrew]] (''C. batesi'')<!-- no longer recognized --> *[[Mindanao shrew]] (''C. beatus'') *[[Beccari's shrew]] (''C. beccarii'') *[[Bottego's shrew]] (''C. bottegi'') *[[Bale shrew]] (''C. bottegoides'') *[[Short-tailed white-toothed shrew]] (''C. brevicauda'')* *[[Thick-tailed shrew]] (''C. brunnea'') *[[Buettikofer's shrew]] (''C. buettikoferi'') *[[African dusky shrew]] (''C. caliginea'') *[[Canarian shrew]] (''C. canariensis'') *[[Caspian shrew]] (''C. caspica'') *[[Thick-tailed Sulawesi white-toothed shrew]] (''C. caudicrassa'')* *[[Sulawesi hairy-tailed shrew]] (''C. caudipilosa'') *[[Cinderella shrew]] (''C. cinderella'') *[[Congo white-toothed shrew]] (''C. congobelgica'') *[[Cranbrook's shrew]] (''C. cranbooki'')<ref name="Jenkinsetal2009"/> *[[Long-footed shrew]] (''C. crenata'') *[[Crosse's shrew]] (''C. crossei'') *[[Reddish-gray musk shrew]] (''C. cyanea'') *[[Dent's shrew]] (''C. denti'') *[[Desperate shrew]] (''C. desperata'') *[[Dhofar shrew]] (''C. dhofarensis'') *[[Long-tailed musk shrew]] (''C. dolichura'') *[[Dongjiangyuan white-toothed shrew]] (''C. dongyangjiangensis'') *[[Doucet's musk shrew]] (''C. douceti'') *[[Dracula shrew]] (''C. dracula'') *[[Dsinezumi shrew]] (''C. dsinezumi'') *[[Ivory Coast white-toothed shrew]] (''C. eburnea'') *[[Eisentraut's shrew]] (''C. eisentrauti'') *[[Elgon shrew]] (''C. elgonius'') *[[Elongated shrew]] (''C. elongata'') *[[Heather shrew]] (''C. erica'') *[[Fingui white-toothed shrew]] (''C. fingui'') *[[Fischer's shrew]] (''C. fischeri'') *[[Greater red musk shrew]] (''C. flavescens'') *[[Flower's shrew]] (''C. floweri'') *[[Bornean shrew]] (''C. foetida'') *[[Fox's shrew]] (''C. foxi'') *[[Southeast Asian shrew]] (''C. fuliginosa'') *[[Savanna shrew]] (''C. fulvastra'') *[[Smoky white-toothed shrew]] (''C. fumosa'') *[[Bicolored musk shrew]] (''C. fuscomurina'') *[[Gathorne's shrew]] (''C. gathornei'') *[[Glass's shrew]] (''C. glassi'') *[[Gmelin's white-toothed shrew]] (''C. gmelini'')<!-- no longer recognized --> *[[Goliath shrew]] (''C. goliath'') *[[Peters's musk shrew]] (''C. gracilipes'') *[[Crocidura grandiceps|Large-headed shrew]] (''C. grandiceps'') *[[Greater Mindanao shrew]] (''C. grandis'') *[[Grasse's shrew]] (''C. grassei'') *[[Luzon shrew]] (''C. grayi'') *[[Greenwood's shrew]] (''C. greenwoodi'') *[[Güldenstädt's shrew]] (''C. gueldenstaedtii'') *[[Crocidura guy|Guy's shrew]] (''C. guy'')<ref name="Jenkinsetal2009"/> *[[Harenna shrew]] (''C. harenna'') *[[Crocidura hikmiya|Sinharaja shrew]] (''Crocidura hikmiya'')* *[[Hildegarde's shrew]] (''C. hildegardeae'') *[[Hill's shrew]] (''C. hilliana'') *[[Lesser red musk shrew]] (''C. hirta'') *[[Andaman spiny shrew]] (''C. hispida'') *[[Horsfield's shrew]] (''C. horsfieldii'') *[[Hutan shrew]] (''C. hutanis'') *[[Indochinese shrew]] (''C. indochinensis'') *[[Jackson's shrew]] (''C. jacksoni'') *[[Jenkins' shrew]] (''C. jenkinsi'') *[[Jouvenet's shrew]] (''C. jouvenetae'') *[[Katinka's shrew]] (''C. katinka'') *[[Crocidura kegoensis|Kego shrew]] (''Crocidura kegoensis'') *[[Kivu shrew]] (''C. kivuana'') *[[Lamotte's shrew]] (''C. lamottei'') *[[Kivu long-haired shrew]] (''C. lanosa'') *[[Ussuri white-toothed shrew]] (''C. lasiura'') *[[Latona's shrew]] (''C. latona'') *[[Sulawesi shrew]] (''C. lea'') *[[Sumatran giant shrew]] (''C. lepidura'') *[[Bicolored shrew]] (''C. leucodon'') *[[Sulawesi tiny shrew]] (''C. levicula'') *[[Naked-tail shrew]] (''C. littoralis'') *[[Savanna swamp shrew]] (''C. longipes'') *[[Lucina's shrew]] (''C. lucina'') *[[Ludia's shrew]] (''C. ludia'') *[[Moonshine shrew]](''C. luna'') *[[Mauritanian shrew]] (''C. lusitania'') *[[Lwiro shrew]] (''C. lwiroensis'') *[[MacArthur's shrew]] (''C. macarthuri'') *[[MacMillan's shrew]] (''C. macmillani'') *[[Nyiro shrew]] (''C. macowi'') *[[Malayan shrew]] (''C. malayana'') *[[Manenguba shrew]] (''C. manengubae'') *[[Makwassie musk shrew]] (''C. maquassiensis'') *[[Swamp musk shrew]] (''C. mariquensis'') *[[Gracile naked-tailed shrew]] (''C. maurisca'') *[[Javanese shrew]] (''C. maxi'') *[[Mduma's shrew]] (''C. mdumai'') *[[Central Sulawesi white-toothed shrew]] (''C. mediocris'')* *[[Small elongated white-toothed shrew]] (''C. microelongata'')* *[[Mindoro shrew]] (''C. mindorus'') *[[Sri Lankan long-tailed shrew]] (''C. miya'') *[[Kilimanjaro shrew]] (''C. monax'') *[[Sunda shrew]] (''C. monticola'') *[[Montane white-toothed shrew]] (''C. montis'') *[[Munissi’s shrew]] (''C. munissii'') *[[West African long-tailed shrew]] (''C. muricauda'') *[[Mossy forest shrew]] (''C. musseri'') *[[Ugandan musk shrew]] (''C. mutesae'') *[[Somali dwarf shrew]] (''C. nana'') *[[Savanna dwarf shrew]] (''C. nanilla'') *[[Narcondam shrew]] (''C. narcondamica'')<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pskhun|date=2021-05-03|title=Species New to Science: [Mammalogy • 2021] Crocidura narcondamica • A New Mammal Species (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) from Narcondam Volcanic Island, India|url=http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2021/05/crocidura-narcondamica.html|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Species New to Science}}</ref> *[[Sumatran white-toothed shrew]] (''C. neglecta'') *[[Peninsular shrew]] (''C. negligens'') *[[Negros shrew]] (''C. negrina'') *[[Newmark's shrew]] (''C. newmarki'') *[[Nicobar shrew]] (''C. nicobarica'') *[[Nigerian shrew]] (''C. nigeriae'') *[[Blackish white-toothed shrew]] (''C. nigricans'') *[[Black-footed shrew]] (''C. nigripes'') *[[African black shrew]] (''C. nigrofusca'') *[[Nimba shrew]] (''C. nimbae'') *[[Mount Nimba giant forest shrew]] (''C. nimbasilvanus'') *[[Sibuyan shrew]] (''C. ninoyi'')<ref name=Esselstyn2010>{{cite journal|author1=Esselstyn, J.A. |author2=Goodman, S.M. |year=2010 |title=New species of shrew (Soricidae: ''Crocidura'') from Sibuyan Island, Philippines |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2010-12_91_6/page/1467 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=1467–1472 |doi=10.1644/10-MAMM-A-002.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> *[[Niobe's shrew]] (''C. niobe'') *[[Typical Sulawesi white-toothed shrew]] (''C. normalis'')* *[[West African pygmy shrew]] (''C. obscurior'') *[[African giant shrew]] (''C. olivieri'') *[[West Sulawesi white-toothed shrew]] (''C. ordinaria'')* *[[Oriental shrew]] (''C. orientalis'') *[[Ryukyu shrew]] (''C. orii'') *[[North African white-toothed shrew]] (''C. pachyura'')<!-- change species name from ichnusae to pachyura --> *[[Palawan shrew]] (''C. palawanensis'') *[[Pallid-footed white-toothed shrew]] (''C. pallida')* *[[Panay shrew]] (''C. panayensis'') *[[Sumatran long-tailed shrew]] (''C. paradoxura'') *[[Tiny Sulawesi white-toothed shrew]] (''C. parva'')* *[[Small-footed shrew]] (''C. parvipes'') *[[Sahelian tiny shrew]] (''C. pasha'') *[[Pale gray shrew]] (''C. pergrisea'') *[[Guramba shrew]] (''C. phaeura'') *[[Crocidura phanluongi|Dr. Phan Luong shrew]] (''C. phanluongi'')) *[[Phu Hoc shrew]] (''C. phuquocensis'') *[[Cameroonian shrew]] (''C. picea'') *[[Pitman's shrew]] (''C. pitmani'') *[[Flat-headed shrew]] (''C. planiceps'') *[[Fraser's musk shrew]] (''C. poensis'') *[[Polia's shrew]] (''C. polia'') *[[North Peninsula white-toothed shrew]] (''C. pseudorhoditis'')* *[[Kashmir white-toothed shrew]] (''C. pullata'') *[[Southern elongated white-toothed shrew]] (''C. quasielongata'')* *[[Rainey's shrew]] (''C. raineyi'') *[[Negev shrew]] (''C. ramona'') *[[Chinese white-toothed shrew]] (''C. rapax'') *[[Egyptian pygmy shrew]] (''C. religiosa'') *[[Sulawesi white-handed shrew]] (''C. rhoditis'') *[[Roosevelt's shrew]] (''C. roosevelti'') *[[Greater white-toothed shrew]] (''C. russula'') *[[Crocidura sapaensis|Sa Pa shrew]] (''C. sapaensis'')<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Jenkins | first1 = P. | last2 = Abramov | first2 = A. | last3 = Bannikova | first3 = А. | last4 = Rozhnov | first4 = V. | title = Bones and genes: Resolution problems in three Vietnamese species of Crocidura (Mammalia, Soricomorpha, Soricidae) and the description of an additional new species | url = https://archive.org/details/pubmed-PMC3701231 | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.313.4823 | journal = ZooKeys | issue = 313 | pages = 61–79 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23840165| pmc =3701231 | doi-access = free }}</ref> *[[Ugandan lowland shrew]] (''C. selina'') *[[Lesser rock shrew]] (''C. serezkyensis'') *[[Asian lesser white-toothed shrew]] (''C. shantungensis'') *[[Siberian shrew]] (''C. sibirica'') *[[Sicilian shrew]] (''C. sicula'') *[[Lesser gray-brown musk shrew]] (''C. silacea'') *[[Mebado white-toothed shrew]] (''C. similturba'') *[[Desert musk shrew]] (''C. smithii'') *[[Sokolov's shrew]] (''C. sokolovi'')* *[[Somali shrew]] (''C. somalica'') *[[West-Central Sulawesi white-toothed shrew]] (''C. solita'')* *[[Narrow-headed shrew]] (''C. stenocephala'') *[[Lesser white-toothed shrew]] (''C. suaveolens'') *[[Iranian shrew]] (''C. susiana'') *[[Taiwanese gray shrew]] (''C. tanakae'') *[[Tanzanian shrew]] (''C. tansaniana'') *[[Tarella shrew]] (''C. tarella'') *[[Saharan shrew]] (''C. tarfayensis'') *[[Telford's shrew]] (''C. telfordi'') *[[Dark white-toothed shrew]] (''C. tenebrosa'')* *[[Timor shrew]] (''C. tenuis'') *[[Thalia's shrew]] (''C. thalia'') *[[Therese's shrew]] (''C. theresae'') *[[São Tomé shrew]] (''C. thomensis'') *[[Christmas Island shrew]] (''C. trichura'') (possibly extinct) *[[Turbo shrew]] (''C. turba'') *[[Ultimate shrew]] (''C. ultima'') *[[Javan ghost shrew]] (''C. umbra'')<ref name=Demos2016>{{cite journal |author1=Demos, T.C. |author2=Achmadi, A.S. | author3=Handika, H. |author4= Maharadatunkamsi |author5=Rowe, K.C. |author6=Esselstyn, J.A. | year = 2016 | title = A new species of shrew (Soricomorpha: Crocidura) from Java, Indonesia: possible character displacement despite interspecific gene flow | journal = Journal of Mammalogy|pages=gyw183 | doi = 10.1093/jmammal/gyw183 |doi-access=free }}</ref> *[[Usambara shrew]] (''C. usambarae'') *[[Savanna path shrew]] (''C. viaria'') *[[Mamfe shrew]] (''C. virgata'') *[[Voi shrew]] (''C. voi'') *[[Voracious shrew]] (''C. vorax'') *[[Banka shrew]] (''C. vosmaeri'') *[[Lesser Ryukyu shrew]] (''C. watasei'') *[[Whitaker's shrew]] (''C. whitakeri'') *[[Wimmer's shrew]] (''C. wimmeri'') *[[Hainan Island shrew]] (''C. wuchihensis'') *[[Xanthippe's shrew]] (''C. xantippe'') *[[Beletta shrew]] (''C. yaldeni'') *[[Yankari shrew]] (''C. yankariensis'') *[[Mikhail Zaitsev’s shrew]] (''C. zaitsevi'')* *[[Zaphir's shrew]] (''C. zaphiri'') *[[Zarudny's rock shrew]] (''C. zarudnyi'') *[[Upemba shrew]] (''C. zimmeri'') *[[Cretan shrew]] (''C. zimmermanni'') {{div col end}} <nowiki>*</nowiki>mga bagong espesye.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jenkins, P. D. |author2=Abramov, A. V. |author3=Rozhnov, V. V. |author4=Makarova, O. V. | title = Description of two new species of white-toothed shrews belonging to the genus ''Crocidura'' (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from Ngoc Linh Mountain, Vietnam | date = 2007-09-19 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 1589 |pages = 57–68 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1589.1.5 | url = http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/z01589p068f.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Lunde, D.P. | author2 = Musser, G.G. | author3 = Ziegler, T. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2004 | title = Description of a new species of ''Crocidura'' (Soricomorpha: Soricidae, Crocidurinae) from Ke Go Nature Reserve, Vietnam | journal = Mammal Study | volume = 29 | pages = 27–36 | doi = 10.3106/mammalstudy.29.27|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mammalstudy/29/1/29_1_27/_pdf| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Meegaskumbura | title = ''Crocidura hikmiya'', a new shrew (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from Sri Lanka | date = 2007-12-19 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 1665 | pages = 19–30 | url = http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/z01665p030f.pdf | display-authors = etal | access-date = 2007-12-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172806/http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/z01665p030f.pdf | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kamalakannan|first1=Manokaran|last2=Sivaperuman|first2=Chandrakasan|last3=Kundu|first3=Shantanu|last4=Gokulakrishnan|first4=Govindarasu|last5=Venkatraman|first5=Chinnadurai|last6=Chandra|first6=Kailash|date=2021-05-03|title=Discovery of a new mammal species (Soricidae: Eulipotyphla) from Narcondam volcanic island, India|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=9416|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-88859-4|pmid=33941819|pmc=8093265|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.9416K|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jacob A.|first1=Esselstyn|last2=Anang S.|first2=Achmadi|last3=Heru|first3=Handika|last4=Mark T.|first4=Swanson|last5=Thomas C.|first5=Giarla|last6=Kevin C.|first6=Rowe|date=2021-12-15|title=Fourteen New, Endemic Species of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) from Sulawesi Reveal a Spectacular Island Radiation|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|language=en|volume=454|issue=1|pages=1–108|doi=10.1206/0003-0090.454.1.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Puho ng mga espesye === * {{extinct}}''[[Crocidura balsamifera]]'' (na midbid sana sa inembalsadong Crocidura mummies hale sa Suanoy na Egipto)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Woodman |first1=Neal |last2=Ikram |first2=Salima |last3=Rowland |first3=Joanne |date=2021-04-07 |title=A new addition to the embalmed fauna of ancient Egypt: Güldenstaedt's White-toothed Shrew, Crocidura gueldenstaedtii (Pallas, 1811) (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=e0249377 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0249377 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8026016 |pmid=33826664|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1649377W |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Fossil na mga espesye === * {{extinct}}''[[Crocidura abdallahi]]'' ([[Pleistocene]] kan [[Morocco]])<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Cornette |first1=Raphaël |last2=Stoetzel |first2=Emmanuelle |last3=Baylac |first3=Michel |last4=Moulin |first4=Sibyle |last5=Hutterer |first5=Rainer |last6=Nespoulet |first6=Roland |last7=El Hajraoui |first7=Mohammed Abdeljalil |last8=Denys |first8=Christiane |last9=Herrel |first9=Anthony |date=2015-10-15 |title=Shrews of the genus Crocidura from El Harhoura 2 (Témara, Morocco): The contribution of broken specimens to the understanding of Late Pleistocene–Holocene palaeoenvironments in North Africa |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003101821500317X |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=436 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.020 |bibcode=2015PPP...436....1C |issn=0031-0182}}</ref> * {{extinct}}''[[Crocidura darelbeidae]]'' (Pleistocene kan Morocco)<ref name=":1" /> * {{extinct}}''[[Crocidura jaegeri]]'' (Pleistocene kan Morocco)<ref name=":1" /> * {{extinct}}''[[Crocidura kornfeldi]]'' ([[Pliocene]] hanggan Pleistocene kan Europa)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rofes |first1=Juan |last2=Cuenca-Bescós |first2=Gloria |date=2011-01-01 |title=Evolutionary history and biogeography of the genus Crocidura (Mammalia, Soricidae) in Europe, with emphasis on Crocidura kornfeldi |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1616504709001827 |journal=Mammalian Biology |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=64–78 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2009.12.001 |issn=1616-5047}}</ref> * {{extinct}}''[[Crocidura kapsominensis]]'' (Miocene kan [[Kenya]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mein |first1=Pierre |last2=Pickford |first2=Martin |date=2006 |title=Late Miocene micromammals from the Lukeino Formation (6.1 to 5.8 Ma), Kenya |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/linly_0366-1326_2006_num_75_4_13628 |journal=Publications de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=183–223 |doi=10.3406/linly.2006.13628}}</ref> * {{extinct}}''[[Crocidura maghrebiana]]'' (Pleistocene kan Morocco)<ref name=":1" /> * {{extinct}}''[[Crocidura marocana]]'' (Pleistocene kan Morocco)<ref name=":1" /> * {{extinct}}''[[Crocidura tadjerensis]]'' (Pleistocene kan Morocco)<ref name=":1" /> * {{extinct}}''[[Crocidura thomasi]]'' (Pleistocene kan Morocco)<ref name=":1" /> An signifikanteng pagkakalaenlaen kan puho ng mga species nin Crocidura an bisto sa amay na Pleistocene kan Morocco, alagad kan mayoriya kaining espesye nawara sa giruronan kan Katahawan pasiring Huring Pleistocene, asin niribayan nin modernong mga espesye.<ref name=":1" /> Igwa pang mga dai madeterminar na mga labi nin Crocidura an midbid sa edad-Miocene na mga gapo sa [[Potwar Plateau]] kan [[Pakistan]], katampad kan mga fossil gikan sa [[Shivalik Fossil Beds]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Flynn, Jacobs, Kimura, Taylor & Tomida|date=March 2020|title=SIWALIK FOSSIL SORICIDAE: A CALIBRATION POINT FOR THE MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF SUNCUS|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344285683|journal=Paludicola|volume=12|pages=247–258}}</ref> == Kultural na kahalagahan == An mga embalsamadong Crocidura shrew sa [[Suanoy na Egipto]], huling asosyado sa madiklom na aspekto kan dios na si [[Horus]]. Dakol sa mga mummies na ini nadiskobre durante kan pagkotkot sa [[Falcon Necropolis]], na nagtatao nin importanteng impormasyon manongod sa dating pagkalaenlaen nin mga shrew sa lugar na ini.{{r|:0|}} == Toltolan == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Jenkinsetal2009">{{cite journal|author=Jenkins, Paulina D.|author2=Darrin P. Lunde|author3=Clive B. Moncrieff|name-list-style=amp|year=2009|title=Descriptions of New Species of ''Crocidura'' (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from Mainland Southeast Asia, with Synopses of Previously Described Species and Remarks on Biogeography| journal= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume= 331|pages= 356–405|doi=10.1206/582-10.1|s2cid=84803490|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/6035/331-10-jenkins.pdf?sequence=11&origin=publication_detail}}</ref> }} {{Soricomorpha|C1.}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q935495}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorya:Crocidura| ]] [[Kategorya:Mamal genera]] [[Kategorya:Taxa na nginaranan ni Johann Georg Wagler]] {{poon}} 77wgjtmkex5lkx0mk3536rxf63ksjrk 0 43732 309654 252560 2026-08-23T21:32:22Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sickle33.jpg|thumb|Modernong asyab na pang-ani]] An '''asyab''' iyo an pansarong kamot na kagamitan agrikultural na dinisenyo na may manlaenlaen na kurbadang tarom asin tipikal na piggagamit para sa pag-ani nin tipasi o pagputol nin ''succulent forage'' na sa pangenot para sa pagbahog nin mga livestock, kun bakong labas na pinutol o pinaalang siring kan dagami. Poon pa sa kapinonan kan Iron Age labi sa sanggatos nin mga baryant na espesipiko sa rehiyon kan asyab an nag-evolve, na sa poon iyo an Iron asin sa huri nagin steel. == Kasaysayan == === Pre-Neolitiko === [[File:The Oldest Sickle, Flint & Resin, Tahunian Culture, c. 7000 BC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A very early sickle, c. 7000 BC, flint and resin, [[Tahunian culture]], [[Nahal Hemar]] cave, ngunyan sa [[Israel Museum]].]] An development kan asyab sa Mesopotamia pwedeng masusog sa panahon na bago kan Neolithic Era. Darakulang kantidad nin tarom kan asyab an nadukayan sa mga sityo na nakapalibot sa Israel na igwa nin petsa na kaidto pang [[Epipaleolithic]] era (18000-8000 BC).<ref name="Unger-Hamilton">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955 |last=Unger-Hamilton |first=Romana |title=Microscopic Striations on Flint Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant Cultivation: Preliminary Results |journal=World Archaeology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=121–6 |date=July 1985}}</ref> An pormal na pagdukay sa Wadi Ziqlab, Jordan nakapagdukay nin manlainlain na porma kan amay na tarom kan asyab. An mga artifacts na-recover ranged poon sa 10 to 20&nbsp;cm an laba asin igwa nin ''jagged edge''. An intricate ‘garo ngipon’ na desenyo nagpapahiling nin darakulang digri nin desenyo asin ''manufacturing credence'' kisa sa kadaklan kan mga artifacts na nadiskubre. An mga tarom kan asyab na nahanap durante kan panahon na ini iyo an gibo sa [[flint]], unat asin piggamit na mas garo lagadi kisa sa mas modernong kurbadang desenyo. An mga ''flints'' na gikan sa mga asyab na ini iyo an nadiskubre harani sa Mt. Carmel, na kun saen ini nagsusuherir na an pag-ani nin mga tipasi gikan sa rona na iyan na haros 10,000 na taon an nakaagi.<ref name="Banning-E.B.">{{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/3210656 |last=Banning|first=E.B.|title=The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture, and Art |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_near-eastern-archaeology_1998-12_61_4/page/188 |jstor=3210656|journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=188–237 |year=1998|s2cid=164006022}}</ref> === Neolitiko === [[Image:Museum Quintana - Neolithische Sichel.jpg|thumb|left|upright|250px|Neolithic sickle]] == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} n94o8kb7rf24ityouetrz1vt7v2fv9v 0 43855 309666 308611 2026-08-23T21:46:52Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sixteen_faces_expressing_the_human_passions._Wellcome_L0068375_(cropped).jpg|thumb|371x371px|Kag-anom na lalawgon na nagpapahayag kan mga pasyon nin tawo – kinukoran na pinta ni J. Pasas, 1821, pagkatapos ni Charles Le Brun]] An mga '''emosyon''' iyo an kamugtakan kan pag-iisip na dara kan mga pagbabago sa neuropisyolihikal, manlaenlaen na asosyado sa kaisipan, namamatian, simbag na gawe, asin an digri nin pleasure o displeasure.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panksepp|first1=Jaak|title=Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions|url=https://archive.org/details/affectiveneurosc0000pank|date=2005|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=978-0195096736|pages=[https://archive.org/details/affectiveneurosc0000pank/page/9 9]|edition=[Reprint]|quote=Our emotional feelings reflect our ability to subjectively experience certain states of the nervous system. Although conscious feeling states are universally accepted as major distinguishing characteristics of human emotions, in animal research the issue of whether other organisms feel emotions is little more than a conceptual embarrassment}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Damasio AR|s2cid=8504450|title=Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research-reviews_1998-05_26_2-3/page/83|journal=Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews|volume=26|issue=2–3|pages=83–86|date=May 1998|pmid=9651488|doi=10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00064-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last2=Davidson|first1=Paul|last1=Ekman|first2=Richard J.|title=The Nature of emotion: fundamental questions|date=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0195089448|pages=291–293|quote=Emotional processing, but not emotions, can occur unconsciously.}}</ref><ref name="Schacter">{{cite book |last1=Schacter |first1=Daniel L. |url=https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310 |title=Psychology |last2=Gilbert |first2=Daniel T. |last3=Wegner |first3=Daniel M. |publisher=Worth Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=978-1429237192 |edition=2nd |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310 310] |author-link1=Daniel Schacter |author-link2=Daniel Gilbert (psychologist) |author-link3=Daniel Wegner}}</ref> Mayo sa ngunyan nin [[siyentipikong konsensus]] pag-abot sa kahulugan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cabanac |first=Michel |year=2002 |title=What is emotion? |journal=Behavioural Processes |volume=60 |number=2 |pages=69–83 |doi=10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00078-5 |pmid=12426062 |s2cid=24365776 |quote=There is no consensus in the literature on a definition of emotion. The term is taken for granted in itself and, most often, emotion is defined with reference to a list: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. [...] I propose here that emotion is any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook of emotions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781462525348 |date=2016 |editor=Lisa Feldman Barrett |editor2=Michael Lewis |editor3=Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones |isbn=978-1462525348 |edition=Fourth |location=New York |oclc=950202673}}</ref> An emosyon parating intertwined sa mood, temperament, [[personalidad]], [[disposisyon]], o [[pagkamalinalang]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Averill|first=James R.|date=February 1999|title=Individual Differences in Emotional Creativity: Structure and Correlates|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality_1999-04_67_2/page/331|journal=Journal of Personality|language=en|volume=67|issue=2|pages=331–371|doi=10.1111/1467-6494.00058|issn=0022-3506|pmid=10202807}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{poon}} 43y2zvr4f8lk85hev3bk7hdnb7acz5p 0 43884 309704 259216 2026-08-23T22:25:29Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Hypersexuality | synonyms = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | pronounce = | field = [[Psychiatry]] | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} An '''hipersekswalidad''' iyo an ngana na parati o bigla sanang naglalangkaw an [[libido]]. Kontrobersyal iyan kun dapat daw iyan na i-ayon bilang sarong clinical diagnosis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/conditions/hypersexuality-sex-addiction|title=hypersexuality}}</ref> na piggagamit kan mga propesyonal sa mental healthcare. An mga dating terminong piggagamit iyo an '''nimpomanya''' asin '''satiryasis''' para sa mga kondisyon sa mga babayi asin lalaki. An hipersekswalidad posibleng sarong pangenot na kondisyon, o sintomas nin saro pang medikal na helang o kamugtakan; por ehemplo, an [[Klüver–Bucy syndrome]] o [[bipolar disorder]]. An hipersekswalidad posible man na presente bilang sarong side effect nin medikasyon siring kan droga na piggamit tanganing bulongon an [[Parkinson's disease]]. An mga kliniko nangangaipo pang maabot an consensus sa kun pàno an marhay na pagladawan sa hiperseksawalidad bilang sarong pangenot na kondisyon,<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2008.06.007|title=Classifying Hypersexual Disorders: Compulsive, Impulsive, and Addictive Models |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-clinics-of-north-america_2008-12_31_4/page/587|year=2008 |last1=Stein |first1=Dan J. |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=587–591 |pmid=18996299 |s2cid=9083474 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://66.199.228.237/boundary/Sexual_Addiction/sexual_addiction_sexual_compulsivity_sexual_impulsivity_or_what_toward_a_theoretical_model.pdf |doi=10.1080/00224490409552230 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205020328/http://66.199.228.237/boundary/Sexual_Addiction/sexual_addiction_sexual_compulsivity_sexual_impulsivity_or_what_toward_a_theoretical_model.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-05 |title=Sexual addiction, sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, or what? Toward a theoretical model |year=2004 |last1=Bancroft |first1=John |last2=Vukadinovic |first2=Zoran |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=225–234 |pmid=15497051 |s2cid=3493468 |access-date=2023-07-30 |archivedate=2014-12-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205020328/http://66.199.228.237/boundary/Sexual_Addiction/sexual_addiction_sexual_compulsivity_sexual_impulsivity_or_what_toward_a_theoretical_model.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Coleman, E. | author-link = Eli Coleman | date = July 1986 | title = Sexual Compulsion vs. Sexual Addiction: The Debate Continues | journal = [[SIECUS Report]] | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 7–11 | access-date = 2012-10-15 | url = https://ahcaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/14-6.pdf }}</ref> o tanganing madeterminaran an tamang pagladawan sa siring na mga gawe asin impulses bilang sarong suhay na pathology. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} pfuy7wjrbabgu1hfdp44q1tmg0u2ob9 0 44060 309722 289961 2026-08-23T22:44:28Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309722 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''ehersisyong Kegel''' imbwelto an pauru-otrong pag-contract asin pagrelaks kan mga kalamnan na nagbibilog sa parte kan pelvic floor, ngunyan pagminsan pig-aapod sa kolokyal bilang "Kegel muscles". Pigsasagibo an ehersisyo dakol na beses an aldaw, para sa nagkapirang minuto sa sarong beses alagad aabuton nin saro sagkod na tulong bulan tanganing makapagpoon na magkaigwa nin epekto.<ref>{{cite web | title = Pelvic floor muscle training exercises | publisher = MedlinePlus | date = 10 October 2018 | url = https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm | access-date = 14 May 2020}}</ref> An katuyohan kan ehersisyong Kegel iyo an pakusugon an pelvic floor muscles.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm |title= Pelvic floor muscle training exercises: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website= medlineplus.gov|language= en |access-date= 2019-02-26|quote = Pelvic floor muscle training exercises are a series of exercises designed to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor.}}</ref> An mga kalamnan na ini igwa nin dakol na gibo sa laog kan hawak nin tawo. Sa mga babayi, responsible sinda para sa: pagpugol kan [[urinary bladder|bladder]], makalikay sa [[Stress incontinence|urinary stress incontinence]] (urog na pagkapangaki ), vaginal asin uterine prolapse.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/kegel-exercises|title= Kegel Exercises {{!}} NIDDK|work= National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date= 2017-12-02}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url= https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003975.htm|title= Pelvic floor muscle training exercises: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website= medlineplus.gov|access-date= 2017-12-02}}</ref> Sa mga lalaki, responsible an mga kalamnan na ini para sa: urinary continence, fecal continence, asin [[pagluwas nin kasit|pagpaluwas nin kasit]].<ref name="autogenerated22">{{cite journal|last1=La Pera|first1=G|last2=Nicastro|first2=A|year=1996|title=A new treatment for premature ejaculation: the rehabilitation of the pelvic floor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-and-marital-therapy_spring-1996_22_1/page/22|journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy|volume=22|issue=1|pages=22–6|doi=10.1080/00926239608405302|pmid=8699493}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Nagkapirang kasangkapan an nag-eeksistir tanganing matabangan kan ehersisyong ini, minsan ngani manlaenlaen na pag-aadal an nagdedebate sa relatibong pagigin epektibo kan manlaenlaen na kasangkapan versus tradisyonal na mga ehersisyo.<ref name="bjui.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4 |title= A randomised controlled trial of the PelvicToner Device in female stress urinary incontinence |publisher= BJUI.org |access-date= 2011-09-02 |archive-date= 2011-09-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120712/http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4 |dead-url= yes }}</ref> An Amerikanong gynecologist na si [[Arnold Kegel]] iyo an enot na nagpublikar kan pagladawan kan siring na ehersisyo kaidtong 1948. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} cd89j5f9xusq2ekp0ymi8fgl0hik5nh 0 44067 309691 253736 2026-08-23T22:16:52Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Almirante kan Dagat Kadagatan | image = Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus.jpg | caption = Posthumous portrait by [[Sebastiano del Piombo]], 1519<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lester |first1=Paul M. |title=Looks are deceiving: The portraits of Christopher Columbus |url=https://archive.org/details/visual-anthropology_1993_5_3-4/page/211 |journal=Visual Anthropology |date=January 1993 |volume=5 |issue=3–4 |pages=211–227 |doi=10.1080/08949468.1993.9966590 }}</ref> | order = 1st | office = Governor of the Indies | term_start = 1492 | term_end = 1499 | appointed = [[Isabella I of Castile]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Francisco de Bobadilla]] | birth_date = between 25&nbsp;August and 31&nbsp;October 1451 | birth_place = [[Genoa]], [[Republic of Genoa]] | death_date = {{death date|1506|05|20|df=y}} (aged 54) | death_place = [[Valladolid]], [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] | resting_place = [[Seville Cathedral]], Seville, Spain | spouse = {{marriage|[[Filipa Moniz Perestrelo]]|1479|1484|end=died}} | partner = [[Beatriz Enríquez de Arana]] | children = {{hlist|[[Diego Columbus|Diego]]|[[Ferdinand Columbus|Ferdinand]]}} | mother = [[Susanna Fontanarossa]] | father = [[Domenico Colombo]] | relatives = [[Bartholomew Columbus]] (brother) | profession = [[List of maritime explorers|Maritime explorer]] | signature = Columbus Signature.svg }} Si '''Christopher Columbus''' iyo an sarong Italyanong eksplorador asin nabigador na gikan sa [[Republika kan Genoa]] na nagkompleto kan apat na basado sa Espanya na mga voyages sa palibot kan [[Kadagatan Atlantiko]] na inisponsor kan Katolikong Monarka, nagbukas kan dalan para sa paglakop kan Europeo na eksplorasyon asin Europeong kolonisasyon kan Amerika. An saiyang ekspedisyon iyo an midbid na enot kontak kan mga Europeo sa Karibe asin Sentral asin Habagatan na Amerika. An ngaran na Christopher Columbus iyo an anglisasyon kan Latin na ''Christophorus Columbus''. Nagdakula sa subangan na baybayon kan Liguria, siya nagpasiring sa dagat sa amay na edad asin nagbyahe nin mahiwas, kasing-rayo kan amihanan kan British Isles asin kasing-rayo kan habagatan kan pig-aapod sa ngunyan na [[Ghana]]. Pinakasalan niya an sarong Portugesang maharlika na si [[Filipa Moniz Perestrelo]], na nangaki nin aking lalaki na si [[Diego Columbus|Diego]], asin nakabase sa [[Lisbon]] sa laog nin nagkapirang mga taon. Sa huri kinua niya an sarong sambay na Kastila na si [[Beatriz Enríquez de Arana]], na nangaki nin aking lalaki, na si [[Ferdinand Columbus|Ferdinand]].<ref name="Fernández-Armesto2010">{{cite book |last1=Fernández-Armesto |first1=Felipe |title=Columbus on Himself |year=2010 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-1-60384-317-1 |page=270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZmOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270 |quote=The date of Fernando's birth, November 1488, gives a terminus ante quem early in that year for the start of Columbus's liaison with Beatriz Enríquez. She was of peasant parentage, but, when Columbus met her, was the ward of a well-to-do relative in Cordoba. A meat business gave her income of her own, mentioned in the only other record of Columbus's solicitude for her: a letter to Diego, written in 1502, just before departure on the fourth Atlantic crossing, in which the explorer enjoins his son to 'take Beatriz Enriquez in your care for love of me, as you your own mother'. Varela, Cristóbal Colón, p. 309.}}</ref><ref name="Taviani201624">{{cite book |last1=Taviani |first1=Paolo Emilio |editor1-last=Bedini |editor1-first=Silvio A. |title=The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-12573-9 |pages=24–25 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |chapter=Beatriz de Arana |quote=Columbus never married Beatriz. When he returned from the first voyage, he was given the greatest of honors and elevated to the highest position in Spain. Because of his discovery, he became one of the most illustrious persons at the Spanish court and had to submit, like all the great persons of the time, to customary legal restrictions on matters of marriage and extramarital relations. The Alphonsine laws forbade extramarital relations of concubinage for "illustrious people" (king, princes, dukes, counts, marquis) with plebeian women, if they themselves were or their forefathers had been of inferior social condition.}}</ref>{{sfn|Phillips|Phillips|1992|p=126}} == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} k6kfyygm774iogfql2apipsfcgt89xq 0 44136 309638 275951 2026-08-23T21:14:53Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ingemar Ståhl | image = <!-- just the name, without the File: or Image: prefix or enclosing [[brackets]] --> | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = Ingemar Oskar Lennart Ståhl | birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|06|02}} | birth_place = [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|02|06|1938|06|02}}<ref name="Death date">{{cite web | url=http://ragnarsoderbergsstiftelse.se/nyheter/ingemar-stahl-avliden | title=Ingemar Ståhl avliden | publisher=[[:sv:Ragnar Söderbergs stiftelse|Ragnar Söderberg Foundation]] | date=February 26, 2014 | accessdate=June 6, 2014 | language=Swedish | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032018/http://ragnarsoderbergsstiftelse.se/nyheter/ingemar-stahl-avliden | dead-url=yes }}</ref> | death_place = [[Lund]], Sweden | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | monuments = | nationality = [[Swedes|Swedish]] | other_names = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[University of Stockholm]] * [[Lund University]] }} | occupation = [[Economist]], [[professor]] | years_active = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = | notable_works = | style = | net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | height = <!-- {{height|m=}} --> | television = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = Ragnar Söderberg Foundation | spouse = Solveig Ståhl | partner = <!-- unmarried life partner; use ''Name (1950–present)'' --> | children = 3 | parents = | relatives = | callsign = | awards = | signature = | signature_size = | website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} Si '''Ingemar Ståhl''' (Hunyo 2, 1938 – Pebrero 6, 2014) sarong [[Mga Sweko|Sweko]]ng [[ekonomista]] asin propesor sa ekonomiks sa [[Lund University]].<ref name="Sydsvenskan 1">{{cite news | url=http://www.sydsvenskan.se/familj/minnesord/ingemar-stahl/ | title=Ingemar Ståhl | newspaper=[[Sydsvenskan]] | date=February 26, 2014 | accessdate=June 6, 2014 | language=Swedish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/ingemar-st%C3%A5hl-a-market-liberal-in-the-swedish-welfare-state |title=Ingemar Ståhl. A Market Liberal in the Swedish Welfare State |date=2020 |publisher=Dialogos |isbn=978-91-7504-371-5}}</ref> ==Buhay== Si Ståhl namundag kan Huny 2, 1938, sa [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]. Siya naggradwar, na may bachelor degree kan 1958 sa [[University of Stockholm]]. Siya nakamit an [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate of Philosophy]] kan 1965 sa [[Lund University]]. Si Ståhl naagom si Solveig Ståhl, asin sinda may aking tolo: Nils Ståhl, Pernilla Ståhl, asin Ingela Ståhl.<ref name="Sydsvenskan 1"/> Siya nagadan kan Pebrero 6, 2014, sa [[Lund]], Sweden sa edad na 75.<ref name="Sydsvenskan 1"/> ==Karera== Sa lawig nin 25 taon, si Ståhl myembro kan [[:sv:Ragnar Söderbergs stiftelse|Ragnar Söderberg Foundation]],<ref name="Death date"/> sarong organisasyon na sinisibotan an mga adal syantipiko.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ragnarsoderbergsstiftelse.se/stiftelsen | title=Frågor och svar om stiftelsen | publisher=[[:sv:Ragnar Söderbergs stiftelse|Ragnar Söderberg Foundation]] | accessdate=June 6, 2014 | language=Swedish | archive-date=April 19, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015822/http://ragnarsoderbergsstiftelse.se/stiftelsen | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Si Ståhl nagin man Advisor sa Opisina nin Gabinite kan [[Gobyerno nin Sweden]] asin kan [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD). Poon 1982, siya myembro man kan [[Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences]]. ===Premyo Nobel=== {{see also|Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel}} Si Ståhl parte kan [[Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel]] poon 1969 abot 1984.<ref name="Lindbeck-1985">{{cite journal | title=The Prize in Economic Science in Memory of Alfred Nobel | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-literature_1985-03_23_1/page/37 | date=March 1985 | last=Lindbeck | first=Assar | authorlink=Assar Lindbeck | journal=Journal of Economic Literature | volume=23 | issue=1 | jstor=2725543 | pages=37–56}}<!--| accessdate=June 6, 2014 --></ref> An komite niya kaiba an katongdan sa pagendorsar nin mga kandidato para sa Premyo.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/prize_awarder/ | title=Prize Awarder for the Prize in Economic Sciences | publisher=[[Nobel Prize]] | accessdate=June 6, 2014}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{Reflist}}{{Poon}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Stahl, Ingemar}} [[Kategorya:Mga Swekong ekonomista]] [[Kategorya:Mga 1938 na kamundagan]] [[Kategorya:Mga 2014 na kagadanan]] [[Kategorya:Mga akademikong personahe nin Lund University]] [[Kategorya:Mga Sayantista haleng Stockholm]] [[Kategorya:Mga nagtapos sa Stockholm University]] [[Kategorya:Mga Myembro nin Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] 001oqvfehts011mjdd8r2uruya71qfi 0 44259 309812 254244 2026-08-24T00:02:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg|right|thumb]] An terminong '''Gobyerno kan Republika kan Indonesya''' (Indonesia: ''Pemerintah Republik Indonesia'', minsan pigsusurat bilang '''Pemerintah''', '''RI''', '''Pemri''', o simpleng '''Pemerintah''') pwede magkaigwa nin nagkapirang manlaenlaen na kahulugan.Sa saiyang pinakamahiwas na sentido, pwede iyan magpanongod nin kolektibo sa tulong tradisyonal na sangay kan gobyerno — an ehekutibong sangay, an lehislatibong sangay asin hudikatura. An termino piggagamit man sa kolokyal tanganing mangahulogan na an ehekutibo asin lehislatura na pinagsabay, huli ta an mga sangay na ini kan gobyerno responsable para sa aro-aldaw na paggogobyerno kan nasyon asin sa paggigibo nin ley. Sa saiyang pinakahayakpit na sentido, an termino piggamit tanganing magpanongod sa ehikotibong sangay sa porma kan [[Gabinete kan Indonesya]] huli ta ini an sangay kan gobyerno na responsable sa aro-aldaw na paggogobyerno. == Kasaysayan== ===Transisyon sa Bàgong Orden=== {{further|Transition to the New Order}} An '''transisyon sa "[[Bàgong Orden (Indonesya)|Bàgong Orden]]"''' kan [[Indonesya]] kaidtong katahawan kan dekada 1960, pinatalsik an pinakaenot na presidente kan nasyon na si [[Sukarno]], pagkatapos kan 22 na taon sa posisyon. Saro sa pinaka-''tumultuous'' na panahon sa [[Kasaysayan kan Indonesya|an modernong kasaysayan kan nasyon]], iyo an kapinonan kan ika-31 na taon kan pagigin presidente ni [[Suharto]]. Ilinadawan bilang iyo an great ''[[dhalang]]'' ("puppet master"), nagkua nin poder si Sukarno sa pagbalanse kan nagkokontra asin nagdudugang na antagonistikong mga pwersa kan hukbo kan [[Communist Party of Indonesia|Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI). Pag-abot kan 1965, an PKI nakapenetrar sa gabos na lebel kan gobyerno asin nagganar nin impluwensya at the expense of the army.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 271-283</ref> Kaidtong September 30, 1965, anom sa mga pinakasenyor kan hukbo an ginadan sa aksyon (tinàwan nin ngaran sa pangkagabsan na iyo an "attempted coup") kan pig-aapod na [[30 September Movement]], sarong grupo gikan sa laog kan pwersas armadas. Sa laog kan kadikit na oras, si [[Suharto|Major General Suharto]] pinahiro an mga pwersa sa irarom kan saiyang sugo asin kinua an kontrol kan Jakarta. Anti-communists, initially following the army's lead, went on [[Indonesian killings of 1965–66|a violent purge of communists throughout the country]], ginaradan an pigtantya na kabangang milyon katawo asin rinaot an PKI, na iyo an sinahot huli sa krisis.<ref>{{cite video | people =Chris Hilton (writer and director) | title =Shadowplay | medium =Television documentary | publisher =Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions |date = 2001 }}; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-survey_july-august-2002_42_4/page/550 |author=Robert Cribb |journal=Asian Survey |volume=42 |issue=4 |year=2002 |pages=550–563 |doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550}}; Friend (2003), page 107-109, 113.</ref> An pinaluya sa politika na si Sukarno pinwersa na maglipat sa politikal asin militar na mga poder ki Heneral Suharto, na nagin pamayo kan pwersas armadas. Kaidtong Marso 1967, an parlamento kan Indonesya (MPRS) nginaranan si Heneral Suharto na acting president. Pormal siyang in-appoint na presidente pagkalihis nin sarong taon. Nakaistar si Sukarno sa irarom kan virtual house arrest sagkod sa saiyang kagadanan kaidtong 1970. Sa kabaliktaran kan stormy nationalism, revolutionary rhetoric, asin economic failure na karakterisado an kaamayi kan dekada 1960 sa irarom kan left-leaning Sukarno, an "Bàgong Orden" na pabor sa Solnopan ni Suharto ini-''stabilise'' an ekonomiya alagad nagpadagos sa mga polisiya kan [[Pancasila]]. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} cqcmgmwlll7ot7wakgvve9oxl3l430j 0 44291 309667 254371 2026-08-23T21:47:19Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anastasia_and_Sofia.webp|thumb|307x307px|Anastasia asin Sophia Mannerheim, mga aking babayi ni Marshal Mannerheim]] An '''aking babayi''' iyo an [[babayi]]ng [[aki]] o babaying [[ugbon]]; sarong aking babayi (''girl'') o adultong babayi sa relasyon sa saiyang mga [[magurang]]. Sa mga patriarka na sosyedad, an mga aking babayi parating igwa nin laen o dikit na karapatan sa pamilya kisa sa mga [[aking lalaki]]. An sarong pamilya mas gugustuhon na magkaigwa nin mga aking lalaki imbes nang mga aking babayi asin ibinubugtak an mga aking babayi sa female infanticide.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 2760461|doi = 10.2307/2760461|title = Burning Widows, Burning Brides: The Perils of Daughterhood in India|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_pacific-affairs_fall-1988_61_3/page/465|year = 1988|last1 = Stein|first1 = Dorothy|journal = Pacific Affairs|volume = 61|issue = 3|pages = 465–485}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} po838v61a0mj3q939kzwrxemowh9ynb 0 44357 309665 254856 2026-08-23T21:45:39Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Karl Landsteiner | image = Karl Landsteiner nobel.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1868|6|14|}} | birth_place = [[Baden bei Wien]], [[Austria-Hungary]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1943|6|26|1868|6|14}} | death_place = New York City, US | citizenship = {{plainlist| * Austria * United States (from 1929)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dorner|first1=Friedrich|last2=Schwarz|first2=Hans Peter|date=2003|title=Karl Landsteiner and his major contributions to haematology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-haematology_2003-05_121_4/page/556|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=121|issue=4 |pages=556–565|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04295.x |pmid=12752096 |s2cid=36393411 }}</ref>}} | fields = {{hlist|Medicine|virology}} | alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]] ([[M. D.|MD]], 1891) | workplaces = {{indented plainlist| * University of Vienna * [[Rockefeller University|Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research]]}} | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = Research of blood group system, discovery of [[Rh factor]], discovery of [[poliovirus]] | awards = {{indented plainlist| * [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1930) * [[National Academy of Sciences, USA]] (1932) * [[Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh]] (1938) * [[Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award]] ([[Posthumous award|posthumous]], 1946) * [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] (1941)<ref name="frs" />}} | footnotes = | signature = Karl Landsteiner signature.png }} Si '''Karl Landsteiner''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Foreign Member of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]]}}<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rous | first1 = P.| title = Karl Landsteiner. 1868–1943 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002 | journal = Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 5 | issue = 15 | pages = 294–324| year = 1947 |jstor=769085| s2cid = 161789667}}</ref> (Hunyo 14, 1868 — Hunyo 26, 1943<ref name="Nobel">{{cite book |title=Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922–1941 |publisher=Elsevier Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |date=1965 |chapter=Karl Landsteiner |chapter-url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/landsteiner-bio.html |access-date=12 June 2018 }}</ref>) iyo an sarong ipinangaki sa Awstriya na Amerikanong biologo, physician, asin immunologist.<ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Landsteiner.html "Karl Landsteiner", Jewish Virtual Library]</ref> Siya nag-emigrate sa [[Nueva York]] kaiba an saiyang pamilya kaidtong 1923 para sa propesyonal na oportunidad, nagtatrabaho para sa Rockefeller Institute. Nadistinguish niya an pangenot na grupo nin dugo kaidtong 1900, napa-urog niya an modernong sistema kan klasipikasyon kan mga grupo nin dugo gikan sa saiyang pagkamidbid sa presensya nin agglutinins sa dugo. Kaidtong 1937, kaiba si [[Alexander S. Weiner]], mamidbidan ninda an [[Rhesus factor]], na nakaya kan mga physician na magpalis nin dugo na mayo nin danyos sa buhay nin pasyente. Kaiba si [[Constantin Levaditi]] asin [[Erwin Popper]], nadiskubre niya an [[polio birus]] kaidtong 1909. Naresibi niya an [[Premyo Aronson]] kaidtong 1926. Kaidtong 1930, naresibe niya an [[Premyo Nobel para sa Pisyolohiya asin Medisina]]. Siya posthumous na ginawadan nin [[Lasker Award]] kaidtong 1946, asin linadawan bilang iyo an ama kan medisina sa pagpalis nin dugo.<ref>{{cite book | last=Shurin | first=Michael R. | last2=Shurin | first2=Galina V. | last3=Shurin | first3=Ken M. | title=Basic and Clinical Immunology by Names | publisher=Springer Nature | date=2022 | isbn=978-3-031-14528-5 | page=83}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Wiener | first=A. S. | title=Karl Landsteiner: Father of Blood Grouping and Immunochemistry | journal=Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae | volume=17 | issue=4 | year=1968 | doi=10.1017/s112096230001249x | pmid=4895093| pages=641–646}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} ngasmqnnjjswlcafhugmyo7yydulpq4 0 44423 309662 255140 2026-08-23T21:41:15Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:WPA-Rumor-Poster.jpg|too|thumb|255x255px|An dekada 1930 Works Progress Admimistration poster na naglaladawan sa sarong lalaki na may WPA na pala nag-aatake nin sarong lobo na nginaranan na 'rumor'.]] An '''huringhuding''' iyo an "sarong palabaw na istorya kan mga pangyayaring naglilibot gikan sa sarong tawo pasiring sa saro pang tawo asin nanonongod sa sarong bagay, pangyayari, o isyu na boot maaraman kan publiko."<ref name="definition">{{Cite journal|last1=Peterson|first1=Warren|last2=Gist|first2=Noel|title=Rumor and Public Opinion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-sociology_1951-09_57_2/page/159|journal=The American Journal of Sociology|volume=57|issue=2|pages=159–167|date=September 1951|doi=10.1086/220916|jstor=2772077|s2cid=144746516}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} gpewyb11ipl2ku9lppzi6n1abw5e5o3 0 44611 309626 259108 2026-08-23T21:02:39Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox academic | honorific_prefix = | name = Francesca Stavrakopoulou | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Francesca Stavrakopoulou 4 2015 (cropped).png | alt = | caption = Stavrakopoulou in [[Conway Hall]] in 2015 | birth_name = <!-- Use only if different from full/othernames --> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|10|03|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bromley]], [[Greater London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] | death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | death_cause = | region = | nationality = British, Greek | period = | occupation = | title = Professor of [[Hebrew Bible]] and Ancient Religion | boards = <!-- Board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation --> | known_for = | spouse = | children = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | era = | language = | discipline = [[Biblical studies]] | education = | alma_mater = [[Oxford University]] | thesis_title = King [[Manasseh of Judah|Manasseh]] and Child Sacrifice: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities | thesis_url = | thesis_year = 2002 | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = <!--Only those with WP articles--> | main_interests = History of ancient Israel and Judah | workplaces = [[University of Exeter]]<!--full-time positions only, not student positions--> | notable_works = | notable_ideas = | influences = <!--Must be referenced from a third party source--> | influenced = <!--Must be referenced from a third party source--> | awards = <!--Notable national level awards only--> | website = | footnotes = }} Si '''Francesca Stavrakopoulou''' ({{IPAc-en|f|r|æ|n|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|s|k|ə|_|ˌ|s|t|æ|v|r|æ|k|ə|ˈ|p|uː|l|uː}}; namundag: Oktobre 3, 1975) iyo an Briton na iskolar sa Bibliya asin brodkaster. Sa ngunyan, siya sarong propesor sa Bibliyang Hebreo asin Suanoy na Relihiyon sa [[University of Exeter]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/theology/staff/stavrakopoulou/|title=Professor Francesca Stavrakopoulou {{!}} Theology and Religion {{!}} University of Exeter|website=humanities.exeter.ac.uk|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> An pangenot na pokus kan saiyang mga pagsaligsig sa Bibliyang Hebreo,<ref name=SinghTelegraph_8Mar11/> asin sa [[Kasaysayan kan suanoy na Israel asin Judah|kasaysayan asin relihiyon kan mga Israelita asin Judahite]].<ref name=bloomsburybio>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bloomsbury.com/author/francesca-stavrakopoulou/|title = Francesca Stavrakopoulou: Bloomsbury Publishing (US)}}</ref> Pinabantog niya man an mga biblical historical subject bilang sarong TV presenter sa [[BBC2]] asin [[Channel 4]].<ref name=SinghTelegraph_8Mar11/> Nagkomento siya sa historicity kan Bibliya asin Bibliyang Hebreo ([[Daan na Tipan]]) na naratibo, an papel kan mga babayi sa mga [[Abrahamikong relihiyon]] asin an pag-urog kan mga tekstong Biblikal.<ref name=SinghTelegraph_8Mar11/> ==Kaamayi kan buhay asin edukasyon== Namundag si Francesca Stavrakopoulou kaidtong October 3, 1975<ref>{{cite web|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr2003023468.html|work=Library of Congress Name Authority File|title=Stavrakopoulou, Francesca|quote=(Francesca Stavrakopoulou, Worcester Coll.; Dr.Phil. thesis in theology, Univ. of Oxford) thesis cat. inf. form (b. Oct. 3, 1975; author's preferred form of name entry: Stavrakopoulou, Francesca)}}</ref> sa sarong [[England|English]] na ina asin sarong [[Greek people|Griyegong]] ama.<ref name=SinghTelegraph_8Mar11/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://biblio.ebaf.info/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=433269|title=Bibliothèque St Étienne de Jérusalem – École Biblique et Archéologique Française|access-date=2023-09-03|archive-date=2016-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701155445/http://biblio.ebaf.info/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=433269|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pinadakula si Stavrakopoulou sa mayo nin partikular na relihiyon asin piglaladawan niya an saiyang sadiri bilang [[atheist]].<ref name=SinghTelegraph_8Mar11/> Nag-adal siya sa [[Godolphin and Latymer School]] asin nanggana sa [[exhibition (scholarship)|exhibition]] sa [[Worcester College, Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gazette.web.ox.ac.uk/31-october-1996-no-4415|title=31 October 1996 - No 4415|access-date=3 September 2023|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521031533/https://gazette.web.ox.ac.uk/31-october-1996-no-4415|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>Worcester College Magazine, Trinity 2019, issue 24, ed. Coleen Day, Oxford University Press, p. 12</ref> ==Karera== Ginawadan si Stavrakopoulou nin [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil.]] sa teolohiya kan [[University of Oxford]].<ref name=SinghTelegraph_8Mar11>{{cite journal | author = Singh, Anita | date = 2011-03-08 | title=Profile of the BBC's new face of religion | journal = [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8366984/Profile-of-the-BBCs-new-face-of-religion.html | access-date=17 March 2011 }}</ref> An saiyang dissertation, na pig-examin an pagtogdas kan imagined na nakaagi sa laog kan Bibliyang Hebreo, dangan ipinublikar bilang ''King [[Manasseh of Judah|Manasseh]] asin Child Sacrifice: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities''.<ref name="Stavrakopoulou2004">{{cite book|author=Francesca Stavrakopoulou|title=King Manasseh and Child Sacrifice: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Af1E5i62nSEC|year=2004|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-017994-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Wyatt, N. | year = 2008 | title = ''King Manasseh and Child Sacrifice: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities'' [by Francesca Stavrakopoulou] | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-theological-studies_2008-04_59_1/page/222 | journal = J. Theol. Studies | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 222–223 | doi = 10.1093/jts/flm050 }}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} fdzccawbmw9irc7p7b18djpt8btzhni 0 44659 309766 289344 2026-08-23T23:23:05Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox |image = Paroy.JPG |image_caption=An tinanom na paroy |image2=Koeh-232.jpg |image2_caption=An bunga kan paroy na kun saen mahihiling an tipasi kaini |display_parents =6 |genus = Oryza |species = sativa |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} An '''paroy''' (''Oryza sativa'') pagkakan na gayo kan dakulang parte kan populasyon nin kinaban. Ini sarong tinanom na natubo sa parteng tropikal kan [[kinaban|kinàban]] orog na sa [[Latin America]], sa [[Subangan]], [[Habagatan]] asin [[Habagatan-subangan na Asya]], [[Aprika]], norteng [[Italya]], asin sa Sulnopan na Baybayon kan [[Amihanan na Amerika]]. Masabi na an [[bagas]] (na paroy) iyo an ikaduwang tipasi na ''cereal'' na kinukunsomong gayo digdi sa kinaban, sunod sa [[mais]]. Iyo iyan an [[List of rice cultivars|klase nin pig-oomang paroy na an mga cultivars]] iyo an komun sa bilog na kinaban, asin [[History of rice cultivation|enot na nagin domestikado]] sa [[Yangtze|Salog Yangtze]] basin sa Tsina 13,500 sagkod kan 8,200 na taon an nakaagi.<ref name="Normile">{{cite journal|last=Normile|first=Dennis|year=1997|title=Yangtze seen as earliest rice site|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-01-17_275_5298/page/309|journal=Science|volume=275|issue=5298|pages=309–310|doi=10.1126/science.275.5298.309|s2cid=140691699}}</ref><ref name="Vaughanetal2008">{{cite journal|last1=Vaughan|first1=DA|last2=Lu|first2=B|last3=Tomooka|first3=N|year=2008|title=The evolving story of rice evolution|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222526251|journal=Plant Science|volume=174|issue=4|pages=394–408|doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016}}</ref><ref name="harris">{{cite book|author=Harris, David R.|title=The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1996|isbn=978-1-85728-538-3|page=565}}</ref><ref name="Zhang2012">{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Jianping|last2=Lu|first2=Houyuan|last3=Gu|first3=Wanfa|last4=Wu|first4=Naiqin|last5=Zhou|first5=Kunshu|last6=Hu|first6=Yayi|last7=Xin|first7=Yingjun|last8=Wang|first8=Can|last9=Kashkush|first9=Khalil|date=December 17, 2012|title=Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=12|pages=e52146|bibcode=2012PLoSO...752146Z|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0052146|pmc=3524165|pmid=23284907|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sarong tradisyonal na pagkakan sa [[Aprika]], an bagas may potensyal sa pagpakaray kan nutrisyon, igantad an seguridad sa pagkakan, magtolod kan pag'asenso sa mga rural na lugar asin magsuporta sa pagaataman sa karahayan kan kadagaan. An bagas natao kan saro kalimahan kan calorie nakokonsumo sa bilog na kinaban. An kahalagahan kan bagas dakulang gayo mala ta kan taon 2008, magkapirang gobyerno asin mga paratingi nin bagas nagpoon magrasyon kan suplay kan tipasing ini huli sa katakotan na magigin maipo an bagas sa merkado kan kinaban. Inaapod na '''paroy''' ini kun tinanom o an bunga an tinotomoy, '''bagas''' kun namolino na, asin '''[[maluto]]''' kun sinapna' na alagad, an saro-sarong maluto inaapod na '''hima''' (o, nima). '''Binsâ''' man an apod kan kinakapaw na sabaw sa pigsasapna' na bagas. Sarong klaseng bagas na pansalak mansana sa mga luto na koro-kakanon iyo an [[palagadan]], bagas na lila sa kolor asin mahamyo. Sa Bikol, an bagas na mapulot kun sinasapna' inaapod na '''pulotan''' asin an bakong mapulot, inaapod na '''baranay'''. An saro-sarong bunga kan paroy inaapod na '''tipasi''', kun ini tuyong pananom inaapod na '''banhi'''. Sa pre-Hispanikong panahon sa Kabikolan, dakulon na species nin paroy an tinatanom pa alagad sa lawig asin lakaw nin panahon ini nagkapuruho' asin nagkawarara na. Kun mamaanan an [[Vocabulario de la Lengua Bicol|Vocabulario]] na binilog ni [[Marcos de Lisboa]] kan mga taon 1600, uya an magkapirang mga paroy na lakop na pananom kaidto: malictay, guimpad, tinoon, tinogos, maloon, tinoma, tangong, hinipon, dongdong, hangbas, cabong, batangon, binachao, barawa, dala, dalosamat, daras, dibaclon, boracnaga, cadosog, lagoti, cocondato, guinapas, carangcang, manloay, manocnon, manonglay, paraya, sumagyad, sablay, bulao, yumocyoc, tipocol, dinamulag, banglag. == Kataytayan nin mga ladawan == <gallery> Insect on a rice grain.jpg|"Tayangaw" na nakatugdon sa Paroy Flower of Rice.jpg|Burak kan paroy Ladawan:Green rice sheaves planted in a paddy field with long shadows at golden hour in Don Det Laos.jpg|Ba'gong tanom na paroy Ladawan:Rice planting in Bhutan 01.jpg|Pag tanom kan paroy sa Bhutan File:Rice Smut Tagbong Pili Camarines Sur.jpg|Rice Smut sa Tagbong, Pili, Camarines Sur (Paroy na may helang na smut) </gallery> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{poon}} kox5hxvh5g707yru2fsvlkc4wcj654g 0 44684 309547 256403 2026-08-23T20:01:16Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309547 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Kilusang Mayo Uno''' ({{lang-en|May First Movement|i=yes|link=yes}}), midbid man sa saiyang mga inisyal na '''KMU''' iyo an independienteng [[National trade union center|labor center]] sa [[Filipinas]]. Pigbubusol kaiyan an "genuine, [[Activist|militant]] asin patriotikong [[Trade union|trade unionism]]. An KMU inistabilisar kaidtong Mayo 1, 1980 tanganing panoon an malinaw na pangangaipo para sa organisasyon nin mga trabahador na matindog para sa mga deretso kan mga trabahador asin kontra sa [[Imperyalismo|dominasyon kan mga banyaga]].<ref name="ScipesNewLabor">{{cite journal|last1=Scipes|first1=Kim|title=Understanding the New Labor Movements in the "Third World": The Emergence of Social Movement Unionism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-sociology_1992_19_2/page/81|journal=Critical Sociology|date=July 1992|volume=19|issue=2|pages=81–101|doi=10.1177/089692059201900204|s2cid=145169257}}</ref> An KMU iyo an saro sa duwang pangenot na labor centers kaiba an [[Trade Union Congress of the Philippines]].<ref name="KuruvillaTU">{{cite journal|last1=Kuruvilla|first1=Sarosh|last2=Das|first2=Subesh|last3=Kwon|first3=Hyunji|last4=Kwon|first4=Soonwon|title=Trade Union Growth and Decline in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-industrial-relations_2002-09_40_3/page/431|journal=British Journal of Industrial Relations|date=September 2002|volume=40|issue=3|pages=431–461|doi=10.1111/1467-8543.00242|hdl=1813/75130|s2cid=55896275|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iyan iyo an [[Social movement unionism|social movement union]] pigtatakod sa urog na mahiwas na [[National Democracy (Philippines)|national democratic movement]] sa Filipinas. An organisasyon pigba-brand an saiyang unionism bilang "genuine, militante, asin nasyunalista."<ref name="ScipesNewLabor" /> Nagpoon an pederasyon na igwa nin pitong founding union federations asin 50,000 myembro. Kaidtong 1990, rineport na an KMU reported igwa nin kasingdakul sa 750,000 na kaapil na myembro sa irarom kan saiyang unions.<ref name="ScipesNewLabor" /> Kaidtong dekada 1990 an hiroan nagsiriblagan pasiring sa nagkapirang saradit na organisasyon huli sa pagkakalaen na ideolohikal, pulitikal, asin organisasyonal.<ref name="West">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcaOhzm8gAQC|title=Militant Labor in the Philippines|last1=West|first1=Lois A.|date=1997|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-56639-491-8|page=3|language=en|access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> Ngunyan, an KMU organisado sa kagsarong<ref name="ScipesGlobal">{{cite journal|last1=Scipes|first1=Kim|title=Building Global Labor Solidarity Today: Learning from the KMU of the Philippines|journal=Class, Race, and Corporate Power|date=30 June 2014|volume=2|issue=2|doi=10.25148/CRCP.2.2.16092115|doi-access=free}}</ref> nasyunal na mga pederasyon asin sarong rehiyonal na pederasyon na igwa nin haros 125,000 affiliate members.<ref name="ScipesAnotherType">{{cite journal|last1=Scipes|first1=Kim|title=Another type of trade unionism IS possible: The KMU Labor Center of the Philippines and social movement unionism|journal=Journal of Labor and Society|date=September 2018|volume=21|issue=3|pages=349–367|doi=10.1111/wusa.12348|s2cid=158950249}}</ref> Igwa man an KMU na duwang affiliate [[National Democratic Mass Organization|mass organizations]], an ''[[PISTON (transport group)|Pagkakaisa ng mga Samahan ng Tsuper at Operator Nationwide]]'' (PISTON, Solidarity of Drivers' and Operators' Organizations Nationwide) asin ''Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap'' (KADAMAY, Federation of Mutual Aid for the Poor). == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} rdqk5pyqkbq3mtxrd9be91vndwpohpg 0 44882 309592 290892 2026-08-23T20:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:1GZX Haemoglobin.png|thumb|An estruktura kan haemoglobin]] An '''hemoglobin''', pigpapahalipot bilang '''Hb''' o '''Hgb'''), iyo an [[iron]]-containing [[oxygen]]-transport [[protein]] na presente sa [[pulang selula kan dugo]] (erythrocytes) kan haros gabos na [[Vertebrate|vertebrates]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho|title=Human Biology and Health|last=Maton|first=Anthea|author2=Jean Hopkins|author3=Charles William McLaughlin|author4=Susan Johnson|author5=Maryanna Quon Warner|author6=David LaHart|author7=Jill D. Wright|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1993|isbn=978-0-13-981176-0|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, US}}</ref> (an exception iyo an pamilya kan sira na [[Channichthyidae]])<ref name="Sidell2006">{{cite journal|last=Sidell|first=Bruce|author2=Kristin O'Brien|year=2006|title=When bad things happen to good fish: the loss of hemoglobin and myoglobin expression in Antarctic icefishes|periodical=[[The Journal of Experimental Biology]]|volume=209|issue=Pt 10|pages=1791–802|pmid=16651546|doi=10.1242/jeb.02091|doi-access=free}}</ref> siring man an mga tsuyu kan ibang hayop na [[invertebrate]]. An hemoglobin sa [[dugo]] nagdadara nin oksiheno gikan sa respiratory organs ([[baga]] o [[hasang]]) pasiring sa ibang mga tisyu kan hawak, kun saen iyan nagluluwas nin oksiheno tanganing mapangyari an [[aerobic respiration]] na pigtatàwan nin kusog an [[metabolismo]] kan mga hayop. An mabaskog na tawo igwa nin 12 sagkod sa 20 gramo nin hemoglobin sa kada 100 mL nin dugo. An hemoglobin iyo an [[metalloprotein]] asin [[chromoprotein]]. Sa [[Mammal|mammals]], an hemoglobin kompwesto nin haros 96% kan gabát kan pulang selula kan dugo dai kabali an tubig, asin haros 35% kan kabilugan kan gabát kabali an tubig.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Weed, Robert I.|author2=Reed, Claude F.|author3=Berg, George|title=Is hemoglobin an essential structural component of human erythrocyte membranes?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-investigation_1963-04_42_4/page/581|pmc=289318|journal=J Clin Invest|pmid=13999462|volume=42|issue=4|pages=581–88|year=1963|doi=10.1172/JCI104747}}</ref> An hemoglobin igwa nin kakayahan na magbugkos nin 1.34 mL O₂ per gram,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Dominguez de Villota ED, Ruiz Carmona MT, Rubio JJ, de Andrés S|title=Equality of the in vivo and in vitro oxygen-binding capacity of hemoglobin in patients with severe respiratory disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-anaesthesia_1981-12_53_12/page/1325|journal=Br J Anaesth|volume=53|issue=12|pages=1325–28|year=1981|pmid=7317251|doi=10.1093/bja/53.12.1325|s2cid=10029560|doi-access=free}}</ref> na nagdudugang nin kabilugan kan [[blood oxygen capacity]] seventy-fold kompara sa natunaw na blood plasma saná.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Rhodes|first1=Carl E.|title=Physiology, Oxygen Transport|date=2023|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538336/|work=StatPearls|access-date=2023-04-15|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=30855920|last2=Denault|first2=Deanna|last3=Varacallo|first3=Matthew}}</ref> The mammalian hemoglobin molecule can bind and transport up to four oxygen molecules.<ref name="brsphys">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/physiology00cost_0|title=Physiology|author=Costanzo, Linda S.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7817-7311-9|location=Hagerstwon, MD}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} 9xt7h9ilomrlgg5wqa1hnj4t5tkia0n 0 44988 309513 289037 2026-08-23T19:27:23Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309513 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Hopetoun_falls.jpg|too|thumb|[[Land management]] priniserbar an natural na katangian kan [[Hopetoun Falls]], [[Australia]] mantang nagtotogot sa ample access para sa mga bisita.]] [[Ladawan:Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg|thumb|Sarong imahen kan [[Sahara|Sahara Desert]] gikan sa satelayt. Iyo iyan an pinakadakulang mainit na desyerto sa kinaban asin an ikatulong pinakadakulang desyerto pagkatapos kan [[Polar desert|polar deserts]].]] An '''natural na kapalibotan''' o '''natural na kinaban''' nasasakopan an gabos na [[buhay|nabubuhay]] asin bakong buhay na mga bagay na nangyayari nin [[Naturalesa|natural]], nangangahulugan na sa kasong iyan bakong [[Artificiality|artipisyal]]. An termino parating pig-aaplay sa [[Kinaban]] o ibang parte kan Kinaban. An kapalibotan na iyan nasasakopan an interaksyon kan gabos na nabubuhay na [[espesye]], [[klima]], panahon asin natural na gunuan na nakakaapekto sa human survival asin ekonomikong aktibidad.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=D. L.|first2=S. H.|last2=Ambrose|first3=T. J.|last3=Bassett|first4=M. L.|last4=Bowen|first5=D. E.|last5=Crummey|first6=J. S.|last6=Isaacson|first7=D. N.|last7=Johnson|first8=P.|last8=Lamb|first9=M.|last9=Saul|first10=A. E.|last10=Winter-Nelson|year=1997|title=Meanings of Environmental Terms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-environmental-quality_may-june-1997_26_3/page/n12|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|volume=26|issue=3|pages=581–589|doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 6mb6trkk4kj13xu155gou4ejo4edn8m 0 45011 309557 261076 2026-08-23T20:07:33Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309557 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Memory.gif|too|thumb|Overview kan mga porma asin punsyon kan memorya.]] An '''memorya''' iyo an pakuldad kan [[isip]] na kun saen an [[data]] o [[impormasyon]] [[Encoding (memory)|naka-''encode'']], nakasaray, asin naibabalik kapag kinakaipohan. Iyo iyan an retensyon kan impormasyon sa paglihis nin panahon para sa katuyohan na pag-impluwensya kan mga maaboton na aksyon.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_i5BBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT189|title=Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems|vauthors=Sherwood L|date=1 January 2015|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-44551-2|pages=157–162}}</ref> Kun an mga [[Foresight (psychology)|nakaaging pangyayari]] dai na magirumduman, iyan magigin imposible para sa tataramon, relasyon, o [[personal identity]] tanganing mapauswag.<ref name="Eysenck 2012">{{cite book|title=Attention and Arousal : Cognition and Performance|vauthors=Eysenck M|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|year=2012|isbn=978-3-642-68390-9|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|oclc=858929786}}</ref> An kawàran nin memorya parating piglaladawan bilang [[Paglingaw|malingawon]] o [[amnesia]].<ref name="Staniloiu Markowitsch 2012 p.">{{cite journal|vauthors=Staniloiu A, Markowitsch HJ|title=Towards solving the riddle of forgetting in functional amnesia: recent advances and current opinions|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=3|pages=403|date=2012-11-01|pmid=23125838|pmc=3485580|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00403|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Smith 2014 pp. 959–972">{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith CN|title=Retrograde memory for public events in mild cognitive impairment and its relationship to anterograde memory and neuroanatomy|journal=Neuropsychology|volume=28|issue=6|pages=959–72|date=November 2014|pmid=25068664|pmc=4227913|doi=10.1037/neu0000117|publisher=American Psychological Association (APA)}}</ref><ref name="Ortega-de San Luis Ryan p=dmm035055">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ortega-de San Luis C, Ryan TJ|title=United states of amnesia: rescuing memory loss from diverse conditions|journal=Disease Models & Mechanisms|volume=11|issue=5|page=dmm035055|date=May 2018|pmid=29784659|pmc=5992608|doi=10.1242/dmm.035055|publisher=The Company of Biologists}}</ref><ref name="Staniloiu Markowitsch pp. 101–129">{{cite journal|vauthors=Staniloiu A, Markowitsch HJ|title=The remains of the day in dissociative amnesia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-and-brain-sciences_2012-04_35_2/page/n44|journal=Brain Sciences|volume=2|issue=2|pages=101–29|date=April 2012|pmid=24962768|pmc=4061789|doi=10.3390/brainsci2020101|publisher=MDPI AG|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel Smith Wade Cherukuru 2017 pp. 2691–2703">{{cite journal|vauthors=Spiegel DR, Smith J, Wade RR, Cherukuru N, Ursani A, Dobruskina Y, Crist T, Busch RF, Dhanani RM, Dreyer N|display-authors=6|title=Transient global amnesia: current perspectives|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|volume=13|pages=2691–2703|date=2017-10-24|pmid=29123402|pmc=5661450|doi=10.2147/ndt.s130710|publisher=Dove Medical Press Ltd.|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bauer Larkina pp. 907–924">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bauer PJ, Larkina M|title=The onset of childhood amnesia in childhood: a prospective investigation of the course and determinants of forgetting of early-life events|journal=Memory|volume=22|issue=8|pages=907–24|date=2013-11-18|pmid=24236647|pmc=4025992|doi=10.1080/09658211.2013.854806|publisher=Informa UK Limited}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{poon}} a4zf4iqgxilouce1uvo4b2g80iuyzzd 0 45012 309765 257785 2026-08-23T23:22:21Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name = |synonym = |image = Garten des Vergessens.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption = The garden of oblivion, illustration for by [[Ephraim Moses Lilr the l]] |symptoms = Difficulty in remembering recent events, problems with language, disorientation, mood swings |complications = [[Dementia]] |onset = |duration = |types = |causes = |risks = |diagnosis = |differential = |prevention = |treatment = |medication = |prognosis = |frequency = |deaths = }} An '''paglingaw''' iyo an biglang pagkawara o modipikasyon kan impormasyon na dati nang naka-''encode'' asin nakasaray sa halipot o sa [[long-term memory]] kan sarong indibidwal. Iyan sarong spontaneous o gradual na proseso na kun saen an dating mga [[memorya]] dai na magirumduman sa sarayan nin memorya. An mga problema sa pagrumdom, pagkanood asin pag-''retain'' nin bàgong impormasyon iyo an dikit sa pinakakomun na reklamo kan mga gurang nang adulto.<ref name="role of forgetting">{{cite journal|author1=Maddox, G. B.|author2=Balota, D. A.|author3=Coane, J. H.|author4=Duchek, J. M.|name-list-style=amp|year=2011|title=The role of forgetting rate in producing a benefit of expanded over equal spaced retrieval in young and older adults|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychology-and-aging_2011-09_26_3/page/661|journal=Psychology and Aging|volume=26|issue=3|pages=661–670|pmid=21463056|doi=10.1037/a0022942|pmc=3168729}}</ref> Pigpapahiling kan mga pag-aadal na an retention minauswag kaiba an pagdugang nin rehearsal. An pag-uswag na iyan nangyayari huli ta an rehearsal nakakatabang sa pagbalyo kan impormasyon pasiring sa long-term memory.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/psychologythemes0002weit|title=Psychology: Themes & Variety 2nd Canadian ed|author1=Wayne, W.|author2=McCann, D.|publisher=Nelson Education Ltd: Thompson Wadsworth Publisher|year=2007|isbn=978-0-17-647273-3|url-access=registration|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} ptzs9ppn93rvkd31it8mvfxkhqxtdky 0 45017 309696 308819 2026-08-23T22:19:40Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Poltergeist-Therese_Selles.jpg|too|thumb|Artist conception of spontaneous telekinesis from 1810 French magazine ''La Vie Mysterieuse'']] An '''telekinesis''' (Etimolohiya Griyego: τηλε, ''harayo''; κίνησις, ''hiro'')<ref name="oxford1">{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/telekinesis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922194024/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/telekinesis|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 22, 2017|title=telekinesis|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=2014-07-18}}</ref> (alternatibong inapod na '''sikokinesis''') iyo an hypothetical na [[psychic ability]] na nagtotogot sa sarong tawo na mag-impluwensya sa [[sistemang pisikal]] na mayo nin pisikal na interaksyon.<ref name="Xiong">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhzvq3NjWFcC&q=psychokinesis&pg=PA141|title=The Outline of Parapsychology|last=Xiong|first=Jesse Hong|publisher=University Press of America|year=2010|isbn=978-0761849452|edition=Revised|location=Lanham|page=141|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="introduction">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3EzxyOufbgC&q=psychokinesis&pg=PA94|title=An Introduction to Parapsychology|last=Irwin|first=Harvey J.|publisher=McFarland|year=2007|isbn=9780786451388|pages=94–112|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> An mga eksperimento tanganing porbaran an eksistensya kan telekinesis igwa nin ave historikal na pag-kritiko huli sa kawàran nin tamang [[Scientific control|kontrol]] asin [[pag-uro-otro]].<ref name="skepdic1">{{cite web|url=http://www.skepdic.com/psychokinesis.html|title=Psychokinesis (PK)|publisher=The Skeptic's Dictionary|date=2014-01-15|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Girden|first1=Edward|title=A review of psychokinesis (PK).|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1962-09_59_5/page/353|journal=Psychological Bulletin|date=1962|volume=59|issue=5|pages=353–388|doi=10.1037/h0048209|pmid=13898904}}</ref><ref name="Girden">{{cite book|title=A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology|url=https://archive.org/details/skepticshandbook0000unse_x7w3|last1=Kurtz|first1=Paul|date=1985|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-0879753009|location=Buffalo, New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/skepticshandbook0000unse_x7w3/page/129 129]–146}}</ref><ref name="Humphrey">{{cite book|title=Soul Searching: Human Nature and Supernatural Belief|url=https://archive.org/details/soulsearchinghum0000hump|last=Humphrey|first=Nicholas K.|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1995|isbn=9780701159634|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulsearchinghum0000hump/page/160 160]–217}}</ref> Mayo nin reliable na ebidensya na an telekinesis sarong tunay na penomena, asin an tema sa pangkagabsan pighihiling bilang [[seudosiyensya]].<ref name="skepdic1" /><ref>[[Mario Bunge|Bunge, Mario]] (1983). ''Treatise on Basic Philosophy: Volume 6: Epistemology & Methodology II: Understanding the World''. Springer. p. 226. "Despite being several thousand years old, and having attracted a large number of researchers over the past hundred years, we owe no single firm finding to parapsychology: no hard data on telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, or psychokinesis."</ref><ref name="Vyse">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGysXzdTxo0C|title=Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition|last1=Vyse|first1=Stuart|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195136340|edition=1st|location=Oxford|page=129|quote=[M]ost scientists, both psychologists and physicists, agree that it has yet to be convincingly demonstrated.|access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hyman">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mA9NPAgWR0C|title=Critical Thinking in Psychology|last1=Sternberg|first1=Robert J.|last2=Roediger III|first2=Henry J.|last3=Halpern|first3=Diane F.|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521608343|edition=1st|location=Cambridge|pages=216–231|access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} m10zmngad5y89nfl71x3tpan85t4cp4 0 45045 309527 291459 2026-08-23T19:42:09Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309527 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg|thumb|An pag-scan nin electron micrograph kan HIV-1 (sa berde) na namumuko gikan sa kulturang lymphocyte. An kadakulan na mga bilog na bumps sa ibabaw kan selyo minarepresentar sa mga lugar nin paghihirilingan asin pag-uswag kan mga virion]] An '''human immunodeficiency viruses''' ('''HIV''') iyo an duwang espesye kan ''[[Lentivirus]]'' (sarong subgrupo kan [[retrovirus]]) na nang-iinfect sa mga tawo. Sa paglihis kan panahon, sinda an nagigin kawsa kan [[AIDS|acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] (AIDS),<ref name="pmid8493571">{{cite journal|vauthors=Weiss RA|title=How does HIV cause AIDS?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1993-05-28_260_5112/page/1273|journal=Science|volume=260|issue=5112|pages=1273–9|date=May 1993|pmid=8493571|doi=10.1126/science.8493571|bibcode=1993Sci...260.1273W}}</ref><ref name="pmid18947296">{{cite journal|vauthors=Douek DC, Roederer M, Koup RA|title=Emerging Concepts in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS|journal=Annual Review of Medicine|volume=60|pages=471–84|year=2009|pmid=18947296|pmc=2716400|doi=10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549}}</ref> sarong kondisyon na kun saen an progressive failure kan [[immune system]] nagtotogot nin life-threatening [[Opportunistic infection|opportunistic infections]] asin [[kanser]] na maglakop.<ref name="pmid27611681">{{cite journal|vauthors=Powell MK, Benková K, Selinger P, Dogoši M, Kinkorová Luňáčková I, Koutníková H, Laštíková J, Roubíčková A, Špůrková Z, Laclová L, Eis V, Šach J, Heneberg P|title=Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients Differ Strongly in Frequencies and Spectra between Patients with Low CD4+ Cell Counts Examined Postmortem and Compensated Patients Examined Antemortem Irrespective of the HAART Era|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=9|pages=e0162704|year=2016|pmid=27611681|pmc=5017746|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162704|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1162704P|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kun mayo nin pagbulong, an promedyong panahon nin pagkasalbar pagkatapos kan infection sa HIV pigtantya na magigin 9 sagkod na sa 11 na taon, depende sa HIV subtype.<ref name="UNAIDS2007">{{cite web|date=December 2007|title=2007 AIDS epidemic update|url=https://data.unaids.org/pub/epislides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf#page16|author1=UNAIDS|author2=WHO|page=16}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 0oxog20iedxsroeg26se59vgrjdjqqd 0 45055 309773 257986 2026-08-23T23:27:53Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Chicken_egg01_monovular.jpg|thumb|Sarong hilaw na sugok na may matalimon na giyaw na ''yolk'' sa tahaw na napapalibotan kan silag na puti kan sugok.]] An '''puti kan sugok''' iyo an malinaw na likido na yaon sa laog kan [[sugok]]. Sa mga [[manok]] iyan nabibilog gikan sa suon nin mga secretions kan anterior section [[oviduct]] kan guna durante kan pag-agi kan sugok.<ref>Ornithology, Volume 1994 By Frank B. Gill p. 361</ref> Nabibilog iyan sa palibot kan [[Fertilisation|fertilized]] o bakong pertilisadong [[Yolk|egg yolks]]. An pangenot na natural na katuyohan kan puti kan sugok iyo an protektahan an yolk asin magtao nin dugang na sustansya para sa pagtalubo kan [[embryo]] (kapag pertilisado). An puti kan sugok kompwesto nin haros 90% tubig na sa haros 10% [[protina]] (kabali an [[Albumin|albumins]], [[Mucoprotein|mucoproteins]], asin [[Globulin|globulins]]) an dissolved. Bakong siring kan yolk, na halangkaw an [[Lipid|lipids]] (taba), an puti kan sugok kompwesto nin haros mayong taba, asin an laog na [[carbohydrate]] dikit sa 1%. An puti kan sugok kompwesto nin haros 56% kan protina sa sugok. An puti kan sugok dakol nin mga [[Sugok bilang kakanon|gamit sa kakanon]] (e.g. [[merengge]], [[mousse]]) siring man an dakol na iba pang mga gamit (e.g. sa preparasyon kan [[bakuna]] siring kan [[Influenza vaccine|sa mga influenza]]<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70101-5|pmid=9821418|title=Safe administration of influenza vaccine to patients with egg allergy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pediatrics_1998-11_133_5/page/624|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|volume=133|issue=5|pages=624–8|year=1998|last1=James|first1=John M.|last2=Zeiger|first2=Robert S.|last3=Lester|first3=Mitchell R.|last4=Fasano|first4=Mary Beth|last5=Gern|first5=James E.|last6=Mansfield|first6=Lyndon E.|last7=Schwartz|first7=Howard J.|last8=Sampson|first8=Hugh A.|last9=Windom|first9=Hugh H.|last10=Machtinger|first10=Steven B.|last11=Lensing|first11=Shelly}}</ref>). ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} nwjbdd564fxkl0dr21quozlo2p56qoz 0 45327 309795 262659 2026-08-23T23:49:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309795 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Umboy na yaon sa saiyang stroller -Baby Eduleona.jpg|thumb|Umboy na yaon sa saiyang stroller -Baby Eduleona]] Manlaenlaen na paagi nin pagdara sa mga aki an ginamit sa manlaenlaen na kultura asin panahon. tukawan para sa omboy, aroalsang pasas (carrycots), strollers (pushchaires), siling, ispack, basket asin carriers. mga tolang nakalaag sa laog nin kotse kan omboy darakula, magabat na ram (halipot para sa perambulador), na nagin popular durante kan panahon nin Victorian, sinalidahan nin mas magian na mga disenyo durante kan huring kabangaan kan 1900. nin Victorian == Basket, mga siling asin likod == <gallery> Ladawan:Crazy horse travois.jpg|travois na ginagamit sa pagdara nin mga omboy na de rueda </gallery>biglang pagdara nin mga omboy na posibleng marhay na naglataw sa kapinonan kan ebolusyon nin tawo bilang paglataw nin biopridalismo kinaipuhan kutana an nagkapirang paagi tanganing magkaigwa nin helang na dai na makapangapot sa saindang ina asin makatutukaw sana sa ibabaw kan likod kan saindang ina.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wall-Scheffler|first1=C.M.|last2=Geiger|first2=K.|last3=Steudel-Numbers|first3=K.|title=Infant carrying: The role of increased locomotory costs in early development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_2007-06_133_2/page/841|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=2007|volume=133|issue=2|pages=841–846|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20603|pmid=17427923}}</ref> mga-muruho na karapatan dinisenyo sa manlaen-laen na porma arog kan omboy na siling, paralikang karrier, asin malomhok na atubangan o hipa cariler, na may iba'ibang materyales asin degrees nin estriktohon, dekorasyon, suporta asin pagkumpara sa aki. ngaki mga ayam, malomhok na atubangan nin kargo, asin "babyeros" tipikal na ginagamit para sa mga omboy na kulang kan kakayahan na tumukaw o magkapot kan saindang payo. mga kartel na pan likod (sarong paghira kan katagang baliktad), hip cariler, singing, mei tais asin manlaen-laen pang malomhok na karapatan an ginagamit para sa matuang mga aki. balik na mei tai<gallery> Ladawan:Cradleboard.jpg|vajo aki sa sarong krudleboard, Window Rock, Arizona, 1936 Navajo Dodogong Gapo, Arizona </gallery><gallery> Ladawan:Ergobabycarrier.jpg|parakarera na pano nin armas an nakauldot sa likod </gallery>aking babaye na dinadara nagpoon nabisto sa mga nasyon sulnupan kan 1960, na igwang adbokasiya kan istrukturang malomhok na pakadlagan sa katahawan nin-1960s. an kaiyan, an kinirik na bahick nagin popular na paagi tanganing madara an gurang nang mga omboy asin tinders. amay na mga 1970, an patos pinakarhay liwat sa Alemania. duwang rawitdawit na singkamas inimbento ni Rayner asin Fonda Garner kan 1981 asin binansagan ni Dr William Seders poon mga 1985. William Sears<ref>Maria Blois MD. Babywearing - The Benefits and Beauty of This Ancient Tradition. pp 32-35. Hale Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|0972958339}}</ref> amay nin 1990s, pigmukna an modernong polich carrier sa Hawaii. an mga koi nin Intsik na libot sa manlaenlaen na porma o iba pang siglo, dai nagin popular ini sa solnopan sagkod na modernong magamit ining palis asin ibang pagliliwat. i tai nagin ining popular asin bistong gayo sa katangaan kan-2003. Paroalsang mga bunganga, kaiba an cradleboards, basket, asin basinets, ginagamit nin dakol na kultura tanganing darahon an hoben pang mga omboy. na basinets == Pag paagi nin transportasyon na pano - pano == mga kasangkapan na may besselya sa pankagabsan nababanga sa pram, na ginagamit para sa bagong mamundag na omboy kun saen an aki normal na minahigda sa pag - atubang kan kagtulod, asin sa subero, na ginamit tanganing maabot nin mga tolong taon an sadit pang aki sa posisyon na nakatukaw. == Kasaysayan == William Kent nagmukna nin amay na paratogtog kan 1733. Kent<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gUk_wmrciMC&q=William+Kent+baby+carriage&pg=PA311|title=On foot: a history of walking - Google Book Search|last=Amato|first=Joseph|date=November 2004|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9780814705025|access-date=2009-03-24}}</ref> 1733, an Duke nin Devonshire nakiolay ki Kent na magtogdok nin paagi tanganing darahon an saiyang mga aki. nin Devonshire obligar an mga magurang paagi sa pagtogdok nin bala na korteng basket sa rueda na puedeng tukawanan kan mga aki. hustong nadekora asin tuyong hinahabas nin kanding o sadit na pony. Benjamin Potter Crandal nakapabakal nin mga karapatan kan omboy sa US kan 1830s na sinasabing iyo an "enot na bagong ardilyang naghaman sa US" Saro pang amay na pangyayari iyo si F.A. Whitney Carriage Company. .A. Whitney Carriage Company<ref>.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130329063813/http://www.moah.org/exhibits/archives/toysnmore/toys.html Museum of American Heritage], retrieved 6 Sep 2010</ref> saiyang aki, si Jesse Arpor Crandal nagpaluwas nin nagkapirang patenta para sa mga pagpakarhay asin dagdag pa sa estandarteng modelo. Arpor Crandall digdi an pagdagdag nin sarong bágo sa mga karapatan, modelo na nagtiklop, disenyo para sa mga pasolya asin may ubrella batay. 1840, an kargo kan omboy nagin popular na marhay. Reyna Victoria nagbakal nin tolong kargo hale sa Hitchings Baby Store. Victoria mga kartel kan panahon na idto gibo sa kahoy o paragiling asin iniibanan nin mamahalon na mga pankarga. helang mga ini kun minsan nagigin man pigsamnohan na gayong gibo-gibo nin arte. an Models ipinangaran man sa paghahamón: Mga Prinsesa asin Duches komo popular na pangaran, siring man kan Balmoral asin Windsor. Hunyo 1889, sarong Aprikano Amerikanong lalaki na an pangaran William H. Richardson pinaghira an saiyang ideya kan enot na rebersion nasyunal na paratogtog. pasas pigdesenyo tanganing ini makaatubang o sa pag'onra sa magurang. sinet gibo man sia nin mga pagbabago sa estruktura pasiring sa pagkaagago. kan panahon na idto an patok dai tinogotan an lambang rueda na gumawe nin separado. disenyo ni Richardson nagtao kaini, na nagdugang nin pagkamaniobra kan mga karapatan. pagpoon kan 1920, an mga lalaking karnero makukua na ngonyan sa gabos na pamilya asin nagigin mas ligtas, may darakulang ruweda, brake, mas hararom na ram, asin mas hababa, makosog na posisyon. 1965, si Owen Maclaren, sarong aeronautical engineer, nagtrabaho sa mga reklamo kan saiyang aking babae manongod sa pagbiahe hale sa Inglaterra pasiring sa Amerika kaiba an magabat niang lalaki. Maclaren inagamit an saiyang kaaraman sa mga aeropwerto, si Maclaren nagdesenyo nin sarong stroller na may aluminium igdi asin nagmukna kan enot na tunay na payong event. siya nagpadagos sa paghanap ki Maclaren, na iyo an naggibo asin nagbenta kan saiyang bagong desenyo. claren disenyo nahale asin dai nahaloy an mga "stroll" mas pasil na darahon saka gamiton sa gabos na lugar. kan mga 1970 mas dakul na an dalagan pasiring sa sarong orog na pundamental na bersyon, bakong lubos na parasugok, asin may malagong na hawak na inaapod na "carrycot".<ref group="notes">The modern equivalent&#x2014;for babies that cannot walk&#x2014;is a pram with a body that can be detached for carrying or for attaching to a frame to become a car seat (a "travel system").</ref> , bihira nang marhay gamiton an mga pirakram, komo darakula asin mahal kun ikokomparar sa "mga bungag" (hilingon sa ibaba). sa mas halawig an buhay asin bistong bansag sa UK iyo an Silver Cross, enot na piggibo sa Hunslet, Leeds, kan 1877, asin huri Guiseley poon 1936 sagkod 2002 kun kasuarin nagsarale an pabrika. Silver Cross Hunslet Leeds Guiseley si Silver Cross binakal kan kompanyang kawatan na David Halsall asin Sons na nagbalyo sa Skipton nin pamayong opisina asin pinahiwas pasiring sa sarong lugar na bago, an mga produktong bagong omboy ngonyan kaiba an pagtulod sa mga chiefair asin "mga sistema nintravel". Padagos nindang ipinabenta an tradisyonal na mga coach sa Silver Cross na pirams na piggigibo sa sarong pabrika sa Bingley sa Yorkshire. kan 1980s, an industriya nin stroller nagkaigwa na nin bagong mga kabtang, mas ligtas na pagtogdok asin dakol pang makukuang labot. == Pram == <gallery> Ladawan:Doris Turnbull in a pram, Nowgong, Assam 1902.jpg|pira sa mga pram sa Assam, India, kan mga 1902 na Assam India </gallery>mas dakula asin magabat na mga karram, o perambulador, ginamit poon kan panahon nin pag - introdusir ninda sa Victorian; ginagamit man an mga pram para sa mga omboy, na parateng minatukaw. nin Victorian terminong darahan nagin mas lakop sa UK pakatapos kan pag'oltan kan light unit kaiba an mga detemated ard carriers kan dekada 1970. saindang pagtalubo sa nag-aging mga taon na pasige, na gibuhon na mas pasil an pagsakay kapwa kan omboy asin kan tawong nagputulod kaini. pensia tataramon na pram saróng paghahalian kan ngunyang bakong gayong arog kaining komun na perambulador. ram perambulado == Strollers == <gallery> Ladawan:Mor og datter i Gamla Stan i Stockholm.JPG|sarong aki na ipigtutulod sa stroller </gallery>'Strollers' o 'pushchaires/bugies' (Bikol Bicol), ginagamit para sa saradit na aki naabot mga tolong taon an edad sa sarong nakatukaw na posisyon na napapaatubang igdi. "Pushchair" iyo an popular na ginamit na termino sa UK sa pag'oltan kan imbensyon kaini asin kan kaamayi nin 1980 [nangangaipo nin toltolan], kun kasuarin mas kakompos na desenyo na inaapod na "bugery" nagin uso, binabantog kan kombenyenteng kolpsiible aluminium-famed Maclaren buggy na pigdesenyo asin pinagsan kan Bikolanong adonautical designer na si Owen kan 1965. Nota sa Ibaba] Maclaren Owen Maclaren "Buggay" iyo an parating termino sa UK (mga panahon na "pushira; sa Amerikanong Ingles, bugkon parati inaapod na sarong apat-na'dakulang behikulo na inapod na kyod o puderang bike sa lenggwaheng UK. Stroller" an parating terminong ginagamit sa USA. mga bersion na mas bagong siglo puedeng liwaton tanganing darahon an omboy na nakahigda siring sa hababang lalaki dangan irekonspelisar giraray tanganing ikadara an aki sa posisyon na nasa enotan. gibo nin laen - laen na reasteryo an mga kakambal, may nagkapirang dinisenyo para sa omboy na kapareho kan edad (arog baga nin kambal) asin iba pa para sa mga sadit an edad. mga barkong pantulod kan Tsalip saro sanang dai pa sana nahahaloy na dagdag, huli sa bilang nin dakol na pagkamundag. na pagkamundag an mga giya sa pagigin ligtas para sa pamantayan nin pagtulod. kadaklan na mga grupong biahe igwa nin limitasyon sa timbang na 50 kg asin irinekomendar an paggamit para sa mga aki sagkod sa edad na 4 na taon. sistema nin pagbiyahe tipikal na sarong set nin kasisihan na igwang mala-maurag buda omboy. siring an sistema nin pagbiahe puedeng ilaog sa tahaw kan sarong kram na may crosing asin pram. pang pakinabang kan sistema nin pagbiyahe iyo na an demalas na casinsis (kataong sarong payong pantapos na katas) kun tiklopon parati mas sadit kisa ibang klase, sa pagdara kaini sa poon o bota. poon nin kotse o bota man, an tukawan kan omboy malugbas sa sarong sirong na nangangahulogan magdanay sa auto, na nagigin tukawan nin kotse. kaini, an dai nadidisturbong paghiro kan omboy nagigin o paluwas sa kotse asin iniinaan na posibilidad na makatorog nin sarong natotorog na aki. saro pang modernong disenyo nag - iindikar nin sarong paratahob na kaiba an posibilidad na mapalawig an hawak, sa siring ginigibong parikpiko an kalan. ikit nin buaya paghabon nangyayari paagi sa pag - olang na magkampi. epende sa modelo, pwede ining masangkapan nin bitis-sa-ko/o handbrake. ga pig-eebeyko abot 15 km/h (10 miph) an makukua. (10 ph) pinakainot na stroller kan arog kaining paagi iyo an inaapod na "Roler Buggy", na namukna kan industrial designer na si Valentin Vodev kan 2005. 2012 nagin interesado an kagmuknang si Quinny sa konsepto asin nag-arte nin sarong studio Belgian tangani na makapagdisenyo nin saro pang modelo. modernong tukawan de omboy sarong relatibong kahurihan. sa kotse nin omboy inagamit iyan tanganing darahon an aki sa laog nin kotse. siring na mga tukawan sa kotse hinahagad kan ley sa dakol na nasyon tanganing ligtas na darahon an saradit pang aki. kontemporaryong kultura na may apat-na-figereng sistema o selek na mga para'orog na ordinaryo sa ibang ciudad, parati an mga strolliy nagseserbi bilang bako sanang sarong aparato nin transportasyon kan omboy kundi saro man na nahihiling na simbolo nin gabos poon pa sa klase pasiring sa magurang na pilosopiya. == Iba Pa == mga bisikleta puedeng isabay sa sarong harong na de rueda o tukawan nin bisikleta kan aki tanganing magdara nin saradit na aki. bisikleta nin mga aki sarong matuang aki pwede magsakay sa saro-saro na de rueda nin bike na may tungkol na tukawan asin pagkapot nin mga bar. veriler bike sa "travel system" an sarong base nin awto, tukawan para sa mga omboy, asin pambukas na gatak. bugtak nin awto an tukawan na de kotse. tukawan sa kotse kan omboy minasapin sa pinakabasehan nin auto kun nagbibiahe na may darang aki. sa kotse, an tukawan de awto kan omboy puedeng darahon asin ilaog sa strolller. == Gallery == <gallery> Ladawan:Docile-husband-corrected.jpg|1847 stroller ni John Leech Archives Ladawan:Kimball BostonDirectory 1868.png|An advertisement for an early perambulator in the 1868 [[:en:Boston_Directory|Boston Directory]] Ladawan:Barnvagnar - Nordiska museet - NMA.0097403.jpg|Baby carriages for sale in Stockholm, Sweden in 1931. Ladawan:Boy in baby buggy, 1935.JPG|A baby in a buggy, USA, 1935 Ladawan:Odessastepsbaby.jpg|A pram in the 'Odessa Steps scene' from the 1926 film, ''[[:en:Battleship_Potemkin|Battleship Potemkin]]'' Ladawan:Green Travel Day 22 September 2010 Jersey 8.jpg|A child in a bicycle carrier Ladawan:Babycarseat.jpg|A car seat for infants Ladawan:Carrinho.JPG|A [[:en:Shopping_cart|shopping cart]] with space for a small child Ladawan:Pram.JPG|A 3-in-1 travel system Ladawan:Tezaswinee Saikia.jpg|A baby sitting in a stroller with a doll above her head Ladawan:Baby on stroller safely held by belt.jpg|A baby in a stroller with belts holding her in place Ladawan:Daddy baby trike Park Av 30 jeh.jpg|A jogging stroller on [[:en:Park_Avenue|Park Avenue]], New York City, 2010 Ladawan:Roller Buggy.jpg|A roller buggy, 2005 Ladawan:East Berlin childminders, with children and strollers, seated on a wall, 1984.jpg|[[:en:East_Berlin|East Berlin]] [[:en:Child_minder|child minders]], with multiple-seat prams in 1984 Ladawan:Barnevogn2.jpg|A perambulator Ladawan:Anna Rihacek with mother Magdelena - DPLA - f0ea2df8be817d8578e65b6d4045b6e6 (cropped).jpg|Wicker baby buggy from 1908 Ladawan:Portrait of Mildred Bailey, daughter of Morton Bailey in 1894 - DPLA - 9f1117c9cfbed673f3b12b14c41dc71f.jpg|Portrait of child in wicker stroller, 1894. </gallery> <references /> 9yrx295331spps09w5r3aklb2luc48k 0 45379 309710 308362 2026-08-23T22:31:49Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | native_name = حزب الله<br />{{transl|ar|DIN|Ḥizbu 'llāh}} | native_name_lang = ar | logo = | logo_size = 150px | leader1_title = | leader1_name = | foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1985}} (official) | founder = [[Abbas al-Musawi|Sayyed Abbas Al-Musawi]] | wing1_title = [[Parliamentary group]] | wing1 = [[Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/37247 |title=Fadlallah Hits Back at March 14 over Karam Release, Marouni Slams "Treason Accusations" |publisher=Naharnet |date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> | wing2_title = Paramilitary wing | wing2 = Islamic Resistance in Lebanon<br/>[[Lebanese Resistance Brigades]] | ideology = {{Unbulleted list|class=nowrap | [[Islamism|Islamic]] [[Religious nationalism|nationalism]]<ref name="Dalacoura 2012">{{Cite book |author-last=Dalacoura |author-first=Katerina |year=2012 |chapter=Islamist Terrorism and National Liberation: Hamas and Hizbullah |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlTKrMFyawoC&pg=PA66 |title=Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=66–96 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977367.004 |isbn=978-0-511-97736-7 |lccn=2010047275 |s2cid=150958046}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Ekaterina|last=Stepanova|url=http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf|title=Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143530/http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-10|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2008|page=113}}</ref> | [[Pan-Islamism]]<ref name="Dalacoura 2012"/> | [[Political thought and legacy of Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeinism]]<ref name="Shiite_jihad"/> | [[Jihad#Shia|Shi'a]] [[Jihadism]]<ref name="Shiite_jihad">{{cite report |author=Philip Smyth |date=February 2015 |title=The Shiite Jihad in Syria and Its Regional Effects |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Studies |pages=7–8 |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150705/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf }}</ref> | [[Sectarianism]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hezbollah, the Lebanese Sectarian State, and Sectarianism |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollah-lebanese-sectarian-state-and-sectarianism |publisher=Middle East Institute |access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bassel F |first1=Salloukh |title=The Sectarian Image Reversed: The Role of Geopolitics in Hezbollah's Domestic Politics |url=https://pomeps.org/the-sectarian-image-reversed-the-role-of-geopolitics-in-hezbollahs-domestic-politics |publisher=Middle East political science |date=2015}}</ref> | [[Anti-imperialism]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Elie Alagha |first=Joseph |title=Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto |year=2011 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8555-037-2 |pages=15, 20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0ntL1fUi8kC&pg=PA15}}<br />{{cite book |last=Shehata |first=Samer |title=Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-78361-3 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhl_E-XAeLYC&pg=PA176}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Husseinia |first=Rola El |title=Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2010_31_5/page/803 |journal=Third World Quarterly |year=2010 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=803–15 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2010.502695|s2cid=219628295 }}</ref> | [[Anti-Western sentiment|Anti-West]]<ref name="Dalacoura 2012"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Levitt |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Levitt |year=2013 |title=Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God |page=356 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTJeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA356 |quote="Hezbollah's anti-Western militancy began with attacks against Western targets in Lebanon, then expanded to attacks abroad intended to exact revenge for actions threatening its or Iran's interests, or to press foreign governments to release captured operatives." |isbn=978-1-84904-333-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9QycqW1qogC&pg=PA267 |title=An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences |page=267 |quote=Based upon these beliefs, Hezbollah became vehemently anti-West and anti-Israel. |isbn=978-0-415-63540-0 |last1=Hanhimäki |first1=Jussi M. |last2=Blumenau |first2=Bernhard |year=2013|publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MkxxSUSTuEC&pg=PT421 |title=Criminology: Theories, Patterns & Typology |page=396 |quote=Hezbollah is anti-West and anti-Israel and has engaged in a series of terrorist actions including kidnappings, car bombings, and airline hijackings. |isbn=978-1-133-04964-7 |last1=Siegel |first1=Larry J. |date=3 February 2012|publisher=Cengage Learning }}</ref><ref name="bbc-hi-me"/> | [[Antisemitism]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Julius|first=Anthony|author-link=Anthony Julius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGkSLxDBNTgC&pg=PA529|title=Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England|via=[[Google Books]]|date=1 May 2015|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-929705-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Michael|first1=Robert|first2=Philip|last2=Rosen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5927rY-UgoC&pg=PA231|title=Dictionary of Antisemitism from the Earliest Times to the Present|via=Google Books|date=1 May 2015|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5868-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Perry|first=Mark|url=https://archive.org/details/talkingtoterrori00perr/page/n175|page=158|title=Talking to Terrorists: Why America Must Engage with Its Enemies|date=1 May 2015|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01117-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Analysis-Hezbollahs-lethal-anti-Semitism |title=Analysis: Hezbollah's lethal anti-Semitism |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=12 November 2012 }}</ref> | [[Anti-Zionism]] }} | headquarters = [[Beirut]], Lebanon | slogan = {{native phrase|ar|فَإِنَّ حِزْبَ ٱللَّهِ هُمُ ٱلْغَالِبُونَ}}<br />"Verily the Party of God are they that shall be triumphant" {{qref|5|56|b=y|s=y}} | website = {{URL|http://www.moqawama.org/}} | colours = Yellow and green | colorcode = {{party color|Hezbollah}} | religion = [[Shia Islam]] | national = [[March 8 Alliance]] | international = [[Axis of Resistance]] | seats1_title = Seats in the<br />[[Parliament of Lebanon|Parliament]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-Elections/2018/May-09/448707-interior-ministry-releases-numbers-of-votes-for-new-mp.ashx |title=Interior Ministry releases numbers of votes for new MPs |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=9 May 2018 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308112628/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-Elections/2018/May-09/448707-interior-ministry-releases-numbers-of-votes-for-new-mp.ashx }}</ref> | seats1 = {{Composition bar|15|128|hex=#F7DF19|per=1}} | country = Lebanon | flag = Flag of Hezbollah.svg{{!}}200px <!--?: | war = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Lebanese Civil War]] |[[2006 Lebanon War]] |[[2008 Lebanon Conflict]] |[[Syrian Civil War]]}}-->}} {{Infobox War Faction| | war = the [[Lebanese Civil War]], [[Israeli–Lebanese conflict]], [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)]], [[2006 Lebanon War]], [[2008 Lebanon Conflict]], [[Syrian Civil War]] and the [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)]] ---- Primary target in [[War on Terror]] | name = | active = 1982–present | ideology = | clans = * Unit 3800<ref name="iq">{{cite web |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/11/hezbollah-fighters-train-iraqi-shiite-militants-near-mosul.php |title=Hezbollah fighters train Iraqi Shiite militants near Mosul |date=5 November 2016 |website=longwarjournal.org – FDD's Long War Journal}}</ref> | headquarters = Lebanon | size = 100,000 {{small|(according to [[Hassan Nasrallah]])}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanons-hezbollah-chief-nasrallah-says-group-has-never-been-stronger-2021-10-18/|title = Lebanon's Hezbollah chief Nasrallah says group has never been stronger|publisher = Reuters|date = 18 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/hassan-nasrallah-says-hezbollah-has-100000-fighters|title=Hassan Nasrallah says Hezbollah has 100,000 fighters|first=The New Arab Staff &|last=Agencies|date=18 October 2021|website=english.alaraby.co.uk/|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716022530/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/hassan-nasrallah-says-hezbollah-has-100000-fighters|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211018-lebanon-hezbollah-chief-says-movement-has-100-000-fighters|title=Lebanon Hezbollah chief says movement has 100,000 fighters|date=18 October 2021|website=France 24}}</ref> | partof = | predecessor = | successor = | allies = '''State allies:''' * {{flag|Iran}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ajc.org/news/hezbollah-is-the-long-arm-of-iran-factsheet-5|title=Hezbollah is the Long Arm of Iran - Factsheet 5|date=20 September 2019 |access-date=February 8, 2023}}</ref> * {{flag|Syria}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/why-assads-alliance-iran-and-hezbollah-will-endure|title=Why Assad's alliance with Iran and Hezbollah will endure|date=February 8, 2019|access-date=February 8, 2023}}</ref> * {{flag|Iraq}}<ref name="iq2">{{cite web |url=http://www.iraqinews.com/arab-world-news/funeral-2-hezbollah-elements-killed-jurf-al-sakhar-baiji/ |title=Iraq admits Lebanese Hezbollah and Iranian RG fight alongside Iraqi security forces |date=9 November 2014 |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191324/https://www.iraqinews.com/arab-world-news/funeral-2-hezbollah-elements-killed-jurf-al-sakhar-baiji/ |archive-date=15 June 2018 }}</ref> (former: in the war against IS) * {{flag|Lebanon}} (partial)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thetower.org/5354-hezbollah-fights-alongside-laf-demonstrating-its-continuing-control-over-lebanon/ |title=Hezbollah Fights Alongside LAF Demonstrating its Continuing Control over Lebanon |date=21 August 2017 |website=The Tower |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202024824/http://www.thetower.org/5354-hezbollah-fights-alongside-laf-demonstrating-its-continuing-control-over-lebanon/ |archive-date=2 February 2020 }}</ref> * {{flag|Nicaragua}} (alleged)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/whats-behind-nicaraguas-rumored-links-hezbollah | title=What's Behind Nicaragua's Rumored Links to Hezbollah? }}</ref> * {{flag|North Korea}} (alleged, denied by North Korea)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10998755/North-Korea-denies-reports-of-missile-deal-with-Hamas.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10998755/North-Korea-denies-reports-of-missile-deal-with-Hamas.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=North Korea denies reports of missile deal with Hamas |first=Damien |last=McElroy |date=29 July 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * {{flag|Qatar}} (alleged)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/qatar-finances-hezbollah-terrorism-declares-jews-are-enemies-report-635509 | title=Qatar finances Hezbollah terrorism, declares 'Jews are enemies' - report | date=18 July 2020 }}</ref> * {{flag|Russia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alwaght.com/en/News/41746/New-Experience-of-Hezbollah-with-Russian-Military |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728190943/http://alwaght.com/en/News/41746/New-Experience-of-Hezbollah-with-Russian-Military |archive-date=28 July 2018 |title=New Experience of Hezbollah with Russian Military |date=2 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/russia-is-arming-hezbollah-say-two-of-the-groups-field-commanders |title=Russia is Arming Hezbollah, Say Two of the Group's Field Commanders |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=11 January 2016 |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Jesse}}</ref> '''Non-state allies:''' * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg}} [[Amal Movement]] *{{flagicon image|Liwa Zainebiyoun infobox flag.png}} [[Liwa Zainebiyoun]] * {{flag|Houthis}} (claimed by Yemeni Hadi government and allies, denied by Hezbollah)<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Jul-11/456144-yemeni-fm-slams-hezbollahs-houthi-support-report.ashx|title=Yemeni FM slams Hezbollah's Houthi support: report|journal=The Daily Star|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728190925/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Jul-11/456144-yemeni-fm-slams-hezbollahs-houthi-support-report.ashx}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-nasrallah-idUSKBN1DK22D|title=Lebanon's Hezbollah denies sending weapons to Yemen|date=20 November 2017|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> * {{flag|Hamas}} * {{Flagicon image|}} [[Popular Mobilization Forces]] <br />''[[Hezbollah foreign relations|See more]]'' | opponents = '''State opponents:''' * {{flag|Israel}}<ref name="Hezbollah – International terrorist organization">{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Hizbullah/Pages/Hezbollah-International-terrorist-organization.aspx|title=Hezbollah – International terrorist organization|date=22 July 2013|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> * {{flag|Turkey}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/israel-impressed-how-turkish-army-crushed-hezbollah-in-idlib-syria/|title=Israel Impressed How Turkish Army Crushed Hezbollah In Idlib, Syria|first=Xavier|last=Francis|date=21 May 2020|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/israel-learned-from-hezbollahs-defeat-at-the-hands-of-turkey-628836/amp|title=Israel learned from Hezbollah's defeat at the hands of Turkey|work=The Jerusalem Post|accessdate=2023-10-10|archivedate=2023-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126203214/https://m.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/israel-learned-from-hezbollahs-defeat-at-the-hands-of-turkey-628836/amp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/turkish-strike-in-syria-kills-nine-hezbollah-members-according-to-source-1.8599581|title=Turkish strike in Syria kills nine Hezbollah members, according to source|newspaper=Haaretz|accessdate=2023-10-10|archivedate=2022-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516100203/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/turkish-strike-in-syria-kills-nine-hezbollah-members-according-to-source-1.8599581}}</ref> '''Non-state opponents:''' * {{flagicon image|Former Flag of the Lebanese Army.svg}} [[South Lebanon Army]] * {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Jihad.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda]] * {{flag|Islamic State}} * {{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} [[Free Syrian Army]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg}} [[Al-Nusra Front]] * [[File:Flag of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.svg|25px]] [[Tahrir al-Sham|Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran.svg|size=20px}} [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mojahedin.org/newsen/61627/Beware-Iran%27s-%27Axis-of-Resistance%27|title=Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' &#124; People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)|access-date=2020-01-16|archive-date=2021-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031201920/https://english.mojahedin.org/newsen/61627/Beware-Iran%27s-%27Axis-of-Resistance%27|url-status=dead}}</ref> | designated_as_terror_group_by = ''[[Hezbollah foreign relations#Designation as a terrorist organization|See here]]'' | battles = {{plainlist| * [[Lebanese Civil War]] * [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)|South Lebanon conflict]] * [[Iran–Iraq War]]<ref name="archive.org5">{{cite web|url=http://memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=IA44808|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103949/http://memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=IA44808 |archive-date=11 February 2009|title= The Iranian Roots of Hizbullah|author=Nimrod Raphaeli|date=11 February 2009|publisher=MEMRI}}</ref> * [[Bosnian War]] * [[2006 Lebanon War]] * [[2008 Lebanon Conflict]] * [[Syrian Civil War]] * [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)]]<ref name="iq"/><ref name="iq2"/>}} ''[[:Category:Battles involving Hezbollah|See details]]'' }} {{Hezbollah}} [[File:Hezbollah guys.jpg|thumb|Mga suldados kan Hezbollah]] An '''Hezbollah''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɛ|z|b|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː}};<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Hezbollah|title=The Collins English Dictionary|chapter-url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hezbollah|access-date=7 May 2013|year=2013|publisher=HarperCollins|location=Glasgow}}<br />{{cite book |chapter=Hezbollah |title=Webster's New World College Dictionary|chapter-url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/hezbollah|access-date=7 May 2013|year=2012|publisher=Wiley Publishing, Inc.|location=Cleveland}}</ref> {{lang-ar|حزب الله|Ḥizbu 'llāh}}, {{Literal translation|Party of Allah|Party of God}})<ref>Other [[Romanization of Arabic|transliterations]] include '''Hizbullah''', '''Hizballah''', ''Hizbollah'', ''Hezbolla'', ''Hezballah'', ''Hisbollah'', ''Hizbu'llah'' and ''Hizb [[Allah]]''.</ref>sarong [[Lebanes Shia]] [[Islamista]]ng partido politika asin [[militante]]ng grupo,<ref name="HG20Ak02">{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720154531/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=20 July 2006 |title=Hezbollah's transformation |first=Dahr |last=Jamail |work=Asia Times |date=20 July 2006 |access-date=23 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="CFR">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F |title=Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah) |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |date=13 September 2008 |access-date=15 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913091527/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F |archive-date=13 September 2008}}</ref> na pinapamayohan poon pa kan 1992 kanining [[Sekretaryo Heneral nin Hezbollah|Sekretaryo Heneral]] na si [[Hassan Nasrallah]]. An sangang paramilitar kan Hezbollah iyo an Jihad Council,<ref name="LevittP15">{{cite book |last=Levitt |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Levitt |year=2013 |title=Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God |page=15 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTJeAQAAQBAJ&q=jihad+council+hezbollah&pg=PA14 |quote=... the Jihad Council coordinates 'resistance activity'. |isbn=978-1-84904-333-5}}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/May-15/256484-hezbollah-cutting-costs-as-iranian-aid-dries-up.ashx |title=Hezbollah cutting costs as Iranian aid dries up |first=Antoine |last=Ghattas Saab |work=The Daily Star |quote=...&nbsp;Hezbollah's military wing ... Known as the 'Jihad Council' |date=15 May 2014 |access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> asin an sangang politikal kaini iyo an [[Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc]] na partido sa [[Parlamento nin Lebanon|Parlamento Lebanes]]. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya: Hezbollah]] [[Kategorya:Mga Paksyon sa Lebanon na Gera Sibil]] [[Kategorya:Mga Organisasyon sa Asya na designadong terorista]] [[Kategorya:Antisemitismo sa Tangang Subangan]] [[Kategorya:Anti-Zionismo sa Lebanon]] g2hiy9axws5olrgvlsg2n3qdjnfhy5i 0 45396 309551 308712 2026-08-23T20:03:01Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy |Name = Lusi |Latin = Praeputium |Image = Foreskin2.jpg |Caption = Kayumamis nin tawo na biyong natatahoban an [[payo-payo]] |Image2 = |Caption2 = |Width = 190 |Precursor = [[Genital tubercle]], [[urogenital folds]] |System = [[Male reproductive system]] |Artery = [[Dorsal artery of the penis]] |Vein = [[Dorsal veins of the penis]] |Nerve = [[Dorsal nerve of the penis]] |Lymph = }} An '''lusi''', '''kayumamis''' o '''prepusyo''' iyan an sarong nalulusing duwang-patong na tiklop nin [[kublit]] asin [[mukosa]]ng [[lamad]] (membranong mukosa) na nagtatakop sa [[payo-payo]] o [[putoy]]<ref name=Gabby>{{cite-Gabby|''Foreskin'', nagpapatos sa '''putoy'''}},</ref> asin kan [[urinary meatus]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Men's Health|url=https://archive.org/details/menshealth0000unse|vauthors=Kirby R, Carson C, Kirby M|publisher=Informa Healthcare|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4398-0807-8|edition=3rd|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/menshealth0000unse/page/283 283]|oclc=314774041}}</ref> Nakatakod an prespusyo sa payo-payo huli sa elastikong band nin tisyu, midbid bilang [[Frenulum of prepuce of penis|frenulum]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/425961131|title=Male circumcision : global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety, and acceptability.|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organization|others=Helen Weiss, World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine|isbn=978-92-4-159616-9|location=Geneva|oclc=425961131|quote="The foreskin is attached to the glans by the frenulum"}}</ref> An panluwas na kublit kan prespusyo nagsasabat sa panlaog na [[preputial mucosa]] sa area kan [[mucocutaneous junction]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Raynor|first=Stephen C.|title=chapter 61 - CIRCUMCISION|date=2010-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416061274000616|work=Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery (Fifth Edition)|pages=791–795|editor-last=Holcomb|editor-first=George Whitfield|place=Philadelphia|publisher=W.B. Saunders|language=en|isbn=978-1-4160-6127-4|access-date=2022-10-24|editor2-last=Murphy|editor2-first=J. Patrick|editor3-last=Ostlie|editor3-first=Daniel J.|quote=The prepuce is a specialized junctional mucocutaneous tissue that provides adequate skin and mucosa}}</ref> An prespusyo nahihiro, nauunat asin pigmamantenir an payo-payo sa maalumahad na kapalibotan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Collier|first=Roger|date=2011-11-22|title=Vital or vestigial? The foreskin has its fans and foes|url=https://archive.org/details/canadian-medical-association-journal_2011-11-22_183_17/page/1963|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=183|issue=17|pages=1963–1964|doi=10.1503/cmaj.109-4014|issn=0820-3946|pmc=3225416|pmid=22025652|quote="It is also a warm, moist environment that may allow viral particles to linger longer on the penis"}}</ref> Apwera sa mga tawo, an kaagid na estruktura na midbid bilang [[penile sheath]] naglalataw sa [[Panlalaking sistemang reproduktibo|panlalaking organong sekswal]] sa gabos na [[Primate|primates]] asin an mahiwas na mayorya kan mga [[mamalya]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Fahmy|first=Mohamed A. Baky|title=Prepuce|date=2015|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43680-6_3|work=Rare Congenital Genitourinary Anomalies: An Illustrated Reference Guide|pages=33–41|editor-last=Fahmy|editor-first=Mohamed A. Baky|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-43680-6_3|isbn=978-3-662-43680-6|access-date=2022-12-01}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} doh0nslqpkjzgrihec73540y4ol8hv0 0 45444 309619 263103 2026-08-23T20:56:54Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309619 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''construction worker''' iyo an trabahador na nagtatrabaho sa pisikal na [[pagtogdok]] kan [[built environment]] asin an saiyang [[impraestruktura]]. [[Ladawan:Construction_Workers_in_Punta_Cana.jpg|thumb|Construction Workers sa [[Punta Cana]], [[Dominican Republic]]]] == Kaligtasan == {{main|Construction site safety}} An kaligtasan sa construction intended tanganing maasigurar an ligtas na kapalibotan para sa mga trabahador, na required na magin edukado sa kaligtasan sa lambang sityo.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Tool to Design for Construction Worker Safety|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-architectural-engineering_1997-03_3_1/page/n63|journal = Journal of Architectural Engineering|date = 1997-01-01|issn = 1076-0431|pages = 32–41|volume = 3|issue = 1|doi = 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(1997)3:1(32)|last1 = Gambatese|first1 = John A.|last2 = Hinze|first2 = Jimmie W.|last3 = Haas|first3 = Carl T.}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 8a1styr1347r6xrw1ttad77mzvyrbt4 0 45554 309582 308445 2026-08-23T20:23:15Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Subfamily of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae}} {{Other uses}} {{Use American English|date=October 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Bamboo | fossil_range = {{fossil range|55|0|earliest=99}} [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]] – [[Present]] | image = Bamboo forest.jpg | image_caption = Bamboo forest in [[Hunan, China]] | taxon = Bambusoideae | authority = Luerss. | synonyms = * Olyroideae [[Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger|Pilg.]] (1956) * Parianoideae [[Butzin]] (1965) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="SorengPeterson2015">{{Cite journal |last=Soreng |first=Robert J. |last2=Peterson |first2=Paul M. |last3=Romaschenko |first3=Konstantin |last4=Davidse |first4=Gerrit |last5=Zuloaga |first5=Fernando O. |last6=Judziewicz |first6=Emmet J. |last7=Filgueiras |first7=Tarciso S. |last8=Davis |first8=Jerrold I. |last9=Morrone |first9=Osvaldo |year=2015 |title=A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=117–137 |bibcode=2015JSyEv..53..117S |doi=10.1111/jse.12150 |hdl=11336/25248 |issn=1674-4918 |s2cid=84052108 |hdl-access=free}} {{open access}}</ref> | diversity = >1,462 ([http://resource.inbar.int/download/showdownload.php?lang=cn&id=167759 known species]) species in 115 genera | diversity_ref = <ref name="Kelchner2013" /> | subdivision_ranks = Tribes | subdivision = * [[Arundinarieae]] * [[Bambuseae]] * [[Olyreae]] }} An '''Kawayan''' sarong naiibang grupo nin kadaklan na [[evergreen]] [[mga tinanom na Perennial|ennial]] nagbuburak na mga tinanom kompuwesto kan subpamilya '''Bambusoideae''' kan pamilyang doot [[Poaceae]]. <ref>{{Citation|title=The Bamboos: A Fresh Perspective}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-12-23|title=The global distribution of bamboos: assessing correlates of introduction and invasion|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw078}}</ref><ref name="Ayer 100027">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=Bamboo forests in Nepal: Status, distribution, research trends and contribution to local livelihoods|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773139123000137}}</ref>Higante na mga kawayan iyo an pinakadakulang miembro kan pamilyang doot, sa kaso ni ''[[:en:Dendrocalamus_sinicus|Dendrocalamus sinicus]]'' indibiduwal na culms naabot sa laba na 46 metro, abot 36 sentimo sa kahibog asin may timbang na maabot sa 450 kilogram. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>mga pag'oltan kan kawayan pwede man na dakula an laba. Kin''[[abaluchloa]] wrayi'' internodes maabot sa 2.5 metro an laba. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>si Arthrostylidium schomgkii na may mas hababang pag'oltan naabot sa 5 metro an laba, sobrang lawig sana kan papiro. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=1841|title=Some Accounts of the Curata....etc}}</ref>kabaliktaran, an mga kulago kan sadit na kawayan na si Rad[[diella|''diella vanessiae'']] kan savannas nin French [[Guyanang Pranses|Guiiana]] 10-20 milimetro sana an laba huli sa mga duwang miles sa lakbang. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2007|title=The World's Smallest Bamboo: Raddiella Vanessiae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Olyreae), a New Species from French Guiana|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34395112#page/9/mode/1up}}</ref>segurado an ginikanan kan tataramon na "bamboo", alagad ini posibleng gikan sa lenggwaheng Olandes o Portuges, na orihinalmenteng sinublian kaini hale sa Malay o Kanada.<ref name="Ayer 100027" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2013-05-01|title=Higher level phylogenetic relationships within the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on five plastid markers|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790313000626}}</ref><ref name="oed">{{Cite OED|bamboo}}</ref> kawayan, arog [[Mga tataramon na Austronesyo|kan]] ibang doot, an mga rehiyon internodal kan kataga parati malingaw asin an va[[iskular na buntolan|scular bundles]] sa balyong-duros warak sa gabos na lanob kan kulakot imbes na sa sarong silindrical cambium nakasapaw sa pag'oltan kan ubak (phloem) asin kahoy ([[:en:Xylem|xylem]]) siring kan yaon sa dicots asin conifers. man igdi an ma'alang na kahoy na x[[ylem]]. mayo nin segunda manodakulang kahoy na pigkawsa an mga paklang kan monocot, kaiba na diyan an m[[Arecaceae|ga palma]] asin darakulang kawayan, na magin kamatnongan imbes na taglipot.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Botany|year=1971|url=https://archive.org/details/botany0000wils_v3u8|last=Wilson|first=C.L.|last2=Loomis|first2=W.E.|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|edition=3rd}}</ref> sa mga kawayan an pira sa pinakamarikas na-gulay na tanom sa kinaban, huli kan sarong kakaibang sistema nin panurát. <ref name="Farrelly">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofbamboo00farr|title=The Book of Bamboo|last=Farrelly|first=David|publisher=Sierra Club Books|year=1984|isbn=978-0-87156-825-0|url-access=registration}}</ref>ibang species nin kawayan pwedeng tumubo 91 cientimeres (36 pulgada sa laog kan 24-oras na panahon, sa rikas na haros {{convert|40|mm|in|frac=4|sp=us}} an lawig (equident abot 1 mm kada 90 segundo). {{Convert|40|mm|in}}&nbsp;<ref name="Guinness">{{Cite web}}</ref>abot 47.6 pulgada (1565 sentimetro) sa 24 oras an namasdan sa kamugtakan kan higanteng bumber kawayan nin Hapon (''[[:en:Phyllostachys_bambusoides|Phyllostachys bambusoides]]''). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Bamboo|url=https://archive.org/details/bamboo0000aust|last=Austin|first=Robert|last2=Ueda|first2=Koishiro|date=1970|publisher=Walker/Weatherhill|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/bamboo0000aust/page/193 193]}}</ref>marikas na pagtalubo asin pagpahunod na ini sa dagang kagilidan, ginigibo an kawayan na marayrahay na kandidato para afforestation, carbon sequestration asin klima minabago nin pagka'arit.<ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref><ref name="Masisi 100009">{{Cite journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> Kawayan patindog asin igwang lataw na kahulogan sa ekonomiya asin kultura sa Sur-subangan [[Subangan na Asya|na Asia]] asin Sirangang Asia, ginagamit sa m[[totogdok|ga materyales sa pagtogdok]], bilang pinagkukuanan [[trabaho|init]] kakanon, asin siring kan hilaw na produkto, asin naglaladawan parati sa mga arte, arog baga sa mga pinturang kawayan asin paggibo nin kawayan. Bamboo, siring sa kahoy, natural na materyal na binibilog nin halangkaw na kusog-to'welight ratio na nagagamit para sa mga estruktura. <ref name="Lakkad">{{Cite journal|title=Mechanical properties of bamboo, a natural composite|last1=Lakkad|last2=Patel|journal=Fibre Science and Technology|volume=14|issue=4|date=June 1981|pages=319–322|doi=10.1016/0015-0568(81)90023-3}}</ref>kusog-kusog na ratio ni Bamboo nakakaagid sa kahoy, asin an kahawakan kaini parati agid sa makusog na malomhok [[dwood|na matagas]] na pagkakahoy. <ref name="Kaminski1">{{Cite journal|title=Structural use of bamboo. Part 1: Introduction to bamboo|last1=Kaminski|last2=Lawrence|journal=The Structural Engineer|volume=94|issue=8|date=2016|pages=40–43}}</ref><ref name="Kaminski2">{{Cite journal|title=Structural use of bamboo. Part 3: Design values|last1=Kaminski|last2=Lawrence|journal=The Structural Engineer|volume=94|issue=12|date=2016|pages=42–45}}</ref>nagkapirang klase nin kawayan nagpaheling nin pambihirang kosog sa irarom nin pagbalo. Bu''mbusa tulda'' nin Bangladesh asin adjoining India bistado na an langkaw sa 60,000 kilo (27,000 kg o 27 tonelada) lambang plasa sa kusog tennis. &nbsp;<ref>{{Cite book|title=1948 Yearbook of Agriculture - Grasses|last=McClure|first=Floyd A.|date=1948|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|location=Washington, D.C.|page=738}}</ref>ibang species nin kawayan naggigibong ekstra kaigot na materyal. Ba''mbusa tabacaria'' kan Tsina igwa nin kadakol na silingica mala ta ini magibong silyab kun tamaan nin patok.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Book of Bamboo|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofbamboo00farr|last=Farrelly|first=David|date=1984|publisher=Sierra Club Books|location=San Francisco|page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofbamboo00farr/page/143 143]}}</ref> == Taksonomiya == mga kawayan haloy nang pinagkonsidera na pinakamabasal na genera, kadaklan huli sa presensiya kan bracteate, indeterminado nin imploresnces, "pseudospikelets", asin burak na igwang tolong lodicales, anom na estamen, asin tulong stigmata. <ref name="Clark, LG 1995">{{Cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=LG|last2=Zhang|first2=W|last3=Wendel|first3=JF|year=1995|title=A Phylogeny of the Grass Family (Poaceae) Based on ndhF Sequence Data|url=https://archive.org/details/systematic-botany_october-december-1995_20_4/page/436|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=20|issue=4|pages=436–460|doi=10.2307/2419803}}</ref>sunod kan mas dai pa sana nahahaloy na pag - eksamin sa mo[[olecular phylogenetic|lecular phylogenetic]], dakol na tribo asin genera nin mga doot an dating kabali sa Bambusoideae ngonyan klasipikado sa iba pang subfamilies, e.g. the A[[nomochlooideae]],[[:en:Puelioideae|Puelioideae]], asin sa [[:en:Ehrhartoideae|Ehrhartoideae]]. subpamilya sa presenteng kahulugan kaini kabilang an B[[OP clade]] kan mga guestes, kun sain tugang ini kan [[:en:Pooideae|Pooideae]] (bluegresss asin paryente). mga kawayan binibilog nin tolong clades na klasipikadong tribo, asin an mga ini makusog na kaano-ano sa heograpikong barangay na pigrepresentar an New World herbaceous species (Olyreeae), tropikal na kahoy na kawayan ([[:en:Bambuseae|Bambuseae]]), asin templadong gibo sa kahoy na mga kawayan ([[:en:Arundinarieae|Arundinarieae]]). <ref>{{Citation|title=Bamboo: Origin, Habitat, Distributions and Global Prospective}}</ref><ref name="Ayer 1000272">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=Bamboo forests in Nepal: Status, distribution, research trends and contribution to local livelihoods|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773139123000137}}</ref>mga kahoy na kawayan dai minabilog nin sarong grupong monophyletic; imbes, an tropikal na kakahoyan asin pam'alang mga kawayan tugang sa mga mainit na makahoy na kawayan. -gabos, labing 1,400 na species an ikinakaag sa 115 genera. == Pagdistributir == <gallery> Ladawan:Bambusoideae World map.png|bilog na kinaban na pagdistribwir nin mga kawayan (Bambusiooideae) </gallery>sa mga species na kawayan tubong tal sa maimbong asin mostant tropikal asin sa maiinit na klima. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>saindang kabukidan nakakaabot man sa malipot na mabukid na mga rehion asin kalangkawan nin panganoron. rehiyon [[-Pacific|Asia-Pacific]] na nangyayari sinda sa balyo kan Sirangan Asya, poon norte hanggan 50°N latitud sa Sakalin, sagkod sur pasiring norteng parte nin Australia, asin sulnupan pasubangan paduman sa Indya asin sa Hiligaynon. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Russian Far East: A Reference Guide for Conservation and Development|last=Newell|first=J|date=2004|publisher=Daniel & Daniel|location=McKinleyville, California|pages=376, 384–386, 392, 404|chapter=Chapter 11: Sakhalin Oblast|access-date=18 June 2014|chapter-url=http://urbansustainability.snre.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/RFE.11.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703070054/http://urbansustainability.snre.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/RFE.11.pdf|archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref>Tsina, Hapon, Korea, India asin Australia, gabos igwa nin magkapirang populasyon na deposemiko. <ref name="Bystriakova et al">{{Cite journal}}</ref>man sinda sa saradit na bilang sa sub-Saharang Aprika, maliban sa mga tropikal na lugar, poon habagatan kan Senegal sa amihanan sagkod sur an Mozambique asin Madagascar sa timog. <ref name="gorilla">{{Cite web}}</ref>Amerikas, [[Andes|das]] kawayan igwang tubong sokol poon 47°S sa sur na Argentina asin mga kadlagan nin beech kan sentral Chile, abot Sur Amerikanong tropikal na tauhan, pasiring sa Andes sa Ecuador harani sa {{Convert|14000|ft|m}} m piye, na may maririsang gawad paagi sa Arakama Desert. species nin kawayan, gabos sa genus na Arundinaria, tubo man paagi Sentral Amerika asin Mexico, paamihanan sa Sur-subangan na Estados Unidos. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>mga canebrake na inaapod kan amboo sarong beses nagbilog nin nangingibabaw na sistema sa ekolohiya sa nagkapirang parte kan Timog - sirangan nin Estados Unidos, alagad ngonyan ibinibilang sinda na peligroso nanggad. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shoemaker|title=Environmental and landscape factors affecting the continued suppression of canebrakes (Arundinaria gigantea, Poaceae) within restorations of bottomland hardwood forests|journal=The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society|date=2018|volume=145|issue=2|pages=156–152|doi=10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00011.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>Canada asin Europa sa kontinente dai midbid na igwa nin ano man na propiong klase nin kawayan. <ref name="rhs">{{Cite book|title=New RHS Dictionary of Gardening|publisher=Macmillan|year=1992|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|editor-last=Huxley|editor-first=Anthony|editor-link=Anthony Huxley|editor-last2=Griffiths|editor-first2=Mark|editor-last3=Levy|editor-first3=Margot}}</ref>man na species an pigkukultibar bilang mga tinanom na hardin sa luwas kan syudad na ini, kabali na diyan sa Europa asin mga lugar kan Norte Amerika kun saen mayo pang tubong layas na kawayan nag'eestar. Sa ngunyan may mga pagprobar na magpainit sa sarong komersial na basehan sa rehion nin Great Lakes kan sirangan -sentral Aprika, nangorogna sa Rwanda. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>Estados Unidos, nagkapirang kompaniya an nagdadakula, nag - aani, asin nagdistribwir nin mga klase arog kan Phyltostachys nigra (Hon) saka Phyllostocys edulis (Moso). <ref>{{Cite news|last1=McDill|first1=Stephen|title=MS Business Journal|journal=MS Business Journal}}</ref> == Ekolohiya == <gallery> Ladawan:Bamboo Feb09.jpg|salak kan poon nin kawayan </gallery><gallery> Ladawan:Bamboo Canopy.jpg|kawayan na canopy </gallery>duwang pankagabsan na patterhan sa pagtalubo kan kawayan iyo an "pagkululubog", asin "nagdadanay", na may halipot asin halawig na mga riterong patago, sosog igdi. pagtagas nin mga species na kawayan may tendensiang maglakop sa luway - luway, ta an pagtalubo kan rhizome iyo an pagpahiwas sana kan gamot kaiyan nin progresibo, arog kan ornamental na mga doot. mga pagarong kawayan kaipuhan na kontrolon durante nin pagtanom huli sa potensial ninda para sa agresibong gawe - gawe. prinsipal na naglalakop paagi sa saindang mga [[hizome|hizomes]] na kayang magpalakop nin patago asin magsugo nin bagong mga grupo tanganing lumakop. mga klase nin pagbobolong sa kawayan dai nanggad kayang palakopon an saindang tendensia; ini konektado sa mga species, daga asin klima. nagkapira nagpapasyar sa nagkapirang metro kada taon, mantang an iba nagdadanay sa iyo man sanang pangkagabsan na lugar para sa halawig na mga panahon. mapabayaan, sa paglihis nin panahon, puede sindang magin dahelan nin mga problema paagi sa pagbalyo sa ibang lugar. sa mga Kawayanan nagkapirang pinakaamay na tanom digdi sa Daga, na may ibinaretang rikas nin pagtalubo na minaabot sa {{Convert|910|mm|in}} m pul sa 24 oras. <ref name="Guinness2">{{Cite web}}</ref>mga ini nagdedepende sa lokal na daga asin klima, saka species, asin mas tipikong bilang nin pagtalubo para sa dakol na parateng kinukultibar na kawayan sa temperadong klima yaon sa sokol na {{Convert|30|–|100|mm|in}} m pul kada aldaw durante kan panahon na nagdadakula. pangenot, nagtutubo sa mga rehion nin mas mainit na klima durante kan huring panahon nin Cretacecusa, nag - eeksister an mahiwason na kaomahan sa kun ano ngonyan an Asia. iba sa pinakadakulang tabla nin kahoy nalangkaw sobra sa {{Convert|30|m|ft}} metros piye an langkaw, asin magin dakula sagkod {{Convert|250|–|300|mm|in|0}} pul). kadakulaan na hiwas para sa maygurang na kawayan species-dependiente, na an pinakasadit na mga kawayan naabot sanang pirang pulgada an langkaw pataas sa pagkamaygurang. sarong tipikal na langkaw na sakop an dakul sa mga ordinaryong kawayan na nagtutubo sa Estados Unidos iyo an {{Convert|4.5|-|12|m|ft|0}} m ft, depende sa species. Anji County kan Tsina, na inaapod na "Tambobong nin Bamboo", iyo an nagtataong opensibong klima asin mga kamugtakan sa daga tanganing magtubo, mag'aani, asin makaproseso ibang pinakahalagang palong kawayan na makukua sa bilog na kinaban. arog kan gabos na kahoy, an indibiduwal na mga karukaruwang kawayan minabutwa sa daga nin bilog nindang diametro asin nagta[[talubo nin Panahon|talubo]] sagkod sa saindang langkaw sa tigsararong panahon nin pagtalubo na tolo abot apat na bulan. e kan panahon na ini, an kada bagong saringsing nagigin garo karurok na mayong sanga sagkod na maabot an mayoriya kan maygurang na langkaw. , an mga sanga nalaba hale sa dongo asin pagdahon nangyayari. sunod na taon, an pulbos na lanob kan kada uldot luway - tolos na minatagas. e kan ikatolong taon, an kulago natagas pa. sa badil ngonyan biyo nang maygurang. laog kan sunod na 2-5 taon (depende sa species), an mga fungus napoon maporma sa luwas kan kulto, na pag'abot nin panahon nakakalaog asin napadadaog-daog an kwartel.   bilog na 5-8 taon nakalihis (mga padalan-buhay asin klima ngane), an mga pagtalubo kan fungal iyo an nagkawsa kan pagkarusok sa pagrumpag asin pagkalapa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[: Kinaipuhan an Pag-init|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>halipot na buhay na ini nangangahulogan nin mga kuhol andam para sa pag - ani asin angay na gamiton sa pagtogdok sa laog nin mga tolo sagkod pitong taon. indibiduwal na mga karukaruwa nin kawayan dai nakakakua nin ano man na mas halangkaw o orog pa sa diametro kan nagsurunod na taon kisa sainda sa enot nindang pagkataon, asin mayo sindang karibay sa arin man na pagtalubong nawawara sa pagtapas o natural na pagsuruwayan. Bamboo igwang mahiwas na klase nin matagas na trabaho depende sa species asin lokal. saradit o hoben na mga specie nin indibiduwal na species nagbubunga nin sadit na culms enot. nagdadakula an rakdag asin an sistema nin rihzome kaiyan, mas halangkaw saka mas darakulang kulom an pinoprodusir kada taon sagkod na makaabot sa partikular na mga klase nin langkaw asin diametro kan tinanom. may mga klase nin hayop sa tropikong kawayan an nagagadan o harani sa malipoton na temperatura, mantang an nagkapira sa mas mainit na mga bamboo nagdadanay na hababa an temperatura arog kan {{Convert|-29|°C|°F}} °C (~20 . iba sa pinakamatagas na species nin kawayan nagtutubo sa USTDA planta patabaon an sona 5, maski totoo normal ining nagdelelido asin pwede ngani mawara an gabos na mas halangkaw pang pagtalubo, pero buhay an mga rhizome asin nagpapando naman kan sunod na burabod.  mas mahoyong klima, arog kan USTDA sona 7 asin sa itaas, an kadaklan na kawayan nagdadanay na lubos na nagluluwas asin berdeng taon-taon. == Pamumurak nin dakol == <gallery> Ladawan:PICT0079 bambus-i-blomst 13apr2007 1200-81.jpg|Pagburak nin kawayan Ladawan:Phyllostachys Glauca 'Yunzhu' in flower.jpg|burak kan Yunzhu na kawayan Ladawan:Bamboo seeds bunch 03.jpg|Bunches kan tulang kan kawayan </gallery>asin dai masabing burak an mgaKawayan saka kasyahan kan nagbuburak na pagkakaiba nanggad sa species pasiring species. na maburakan, an sarong tinanom minadikit asin sa parate nagagadan nin entero. katunayan, dakol na klase an burak sana sa pag - oltanan kaiyan sagkod sa 65 o 120 taon. mga taxa na ini naka-eksibit nin lagdoan na nagbuburak (o grigulay [[ng namumurak|na namumurak]]), na an gabos na tinanom sa partikular na 'kohort' nagburak sa laog kan pirang taon. anoman na tinanom na pigkukuan nin salonal na proporsyon hale sa kohotortong ini maburak man maski baga pigtanoman sa ibang lokasyon. pinakahalawig na masang namumurak igdi aram 120 taon, asin ini sa species na Phylostamys bumboides (Sieb. & Zucc.). <ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 2015|title=Extended flowering intervals of bamboos evolved by discrete multiplication|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ccdavis/pdfs/Veller_et_al_Ecology_Letters_2015.pdf|access-date=2023-10-16|archivedate=2015-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911202926/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ccdavis/pdfs/Veller_et_al_Ecology_Letters_2015.pdf}}</ref>species na ini, gabos na tinanom na parareho an burak sa merkado dungan, anoman na pagkakaiba-iba sa mga geograpikong lokasyon o climatikong kamugtakan, dangan nagagadan an kawayan. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlKneBvfDyEC|title=The Bamboos - A Fresh Perspective|last=McClure|first=Floyd A.|date=1966|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674061507|location=Cambridge, MA|page=274}}</ref>mga pankombentibong kawayan Guadua, o Cana brava (Gagua angustifolia) natuhaw sa enot na pagkakataon sa nakatalang historya kan 1971, nagpapahiling nin pagpapaburak nanggad sa pag-oltan sa sobrang 130 taon.   kakulangan nin epekto sa palibot kan panahon nin pagburak nagpaparisa kan pagkaigwa nin sarong klase nin "alarm relo" sa lambang selula kan tinanom na minapukaw sa pagka diversion kan gabos na enerhiya pasiring sa produksyon nin burak asin an pagkua nin halonan efitlineang pagtalubo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[: Kinaipuhan an Pag-init|<span title="Previous source was published in 1966 and could not have reported a 1971 event. (January 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup><ref name="Soderstrom, TR 1979">{{Cite journal|title=A Commentary on the Bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)}}</ref>mekanikal na ini, saka an ebolusyonaryong causa sa likod kaiyan, saro pa man giraray na misteryo. == Pagkakan kan hayop == <gallery> Ladawan:Giant panda eating bamboo.jpg|Kawayan an mayor na kakanon kan higanteng kampanan, na binibilog nin mga 99% kaining pagkakan sa vegaterian. </gallery>Kawayan hababaon na gayong kagibohan nin carbohydrates na tinutugot an tinanom na ini iyo an ginigikanan nin kakanon para sa dakol na hayop. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bamboo Is Basically 'Fake Meat' for Giant Pandas|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/bamboo-fake-meat-giant-pandas-180972101/}}</ref>ft bamboo, mga palumpong asin dahon an mayor na pigkukuanan nin kakanon kan higanteng pandahan nin Tsina, pulang [[pada]] nin Nepal, asin kan tasang kawayan na lemurus kan Madagascar. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="Suresh-2023">{{Cite web}}</ref>pulang panoda pwedeng magkakan naabot 9 libra (4.1 k sarong aldaw na manongod man sa bilog na hawak timbang kan hayop. <ref name="Suresh-2023" />hilaw na kawayan na igwang mga gira nin nakakadanyar na sipid sa mas halangkaw na konsentrasyon sa mga gaha na kawayan, an bulawan na balang kawayan dakul na beses isilyas an kadakulan kan taxiphyllin-containing bamboo na matalantay sa tawo.<ref name="Suresh-2023" /> mga gorilya kan Aprika [[Sentral]] nagkakakan man nin kawayan, asin nadokumento na pigkonsumohan nin kawayan sap na pinapaalsoman asin alkoholiko; an chimponzees asin elepante kan rehiyon kinakakan man an mga poon. <ref name="gorilla2">{{Cite web}}</ref>larba kan kawayan na parahâ (an ika-kamhisa fuscidentalis) kan Laos, Myanmar, Tailandya asin Yun[[nan, Tsina]] pigkakakan an pulbos nin buhay na kawayan. mga katepilya [[Caterpillar|kaw]] na ini konsideradong sarong lokal na delicacy. inagamit man an amboo para sa mga ataman na hayop na nagkakakan nin pagsiyasat na nagpapaheling nin nagkapirang klase nin kawayan na mas halangkaw an laog kan protina kisa iba pang klaseng kawayan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Andriarimalala|first1=José Herilalao|last2=Kpomasse|first2=Claude Cocou|last3=Salgado|first3=Paulo|last4=Ralisoa|first4=Noroseheno|last5=Durai|first5=Jayraman|title=Nutritional potential of bamboo leaves for feeding dairy cattle|journal=Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical|date=2019|volume=Special Supplement: Bamboo|doi=10.1590/1983-40632019v4954370}}</ref> === Pag-ani === <gallery> Ladawan:Bamboo Harvesting - Mahimapur - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6129.JPG|pag - ani kan kawayan sa Murshibadad </gallery><gallery> Ladawan:Local farmer nearby the park.jpg|Pag ani nin kawayan na dinadara sa salog harani sa Ramsai, Jalpaiguri </gallery>Kawayan na ginagamit sa mga katuyohan [[p|bon]] pagtogdok dapat anihon kun an kulbasok makaabot na sa pinakadakulang kosog kaiyan asin kun mas hababa an grado nin asukar, mantang orog pang nagigin pasil asin marikas an pagdakol kan peste. ikokomparar sa mga kadlagan, an klase nin kawayan nagigin marikas. mga tanoman nin Bamboo pwedeng madaling anihon sa mas halipot na panahon kisa pagtanom nin kahoy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Non-Wood Forest Products of the Philippines|last=Razal|first=Ramon|last2=Palijon|first2=Armando|publisher=El Guapo Printing Press, Calamba Printing Press|year=2009|isbn=978-971-579-058-1|location=Calamba City, Laguna|pages=145}}</ref> pag - ani nin kawayan sa parate ginigibo sono sa mga siklong ini: * -'''buhay kan tangkay:''' Sa lambang indibidwal na nag'aagi sa limang sagkod pitong taon na lifecycle, sinda tamang gayong tinutugotan na makaabot sa sukol nin pagkamaygurang na ini bago lubos an pag'ani. paglinaw o pagpasadit nin mga kulago, partikularmente an mas daan na pagkalapa kan ulms, nakatatabang na seguradohon an igong liwanag asin rekurso para sa bagong pagtalubo. mga kable na marhay puwedeng may pagkaprodukto tolo abot apat na beses an sa daing untok na layas na ampas. uyon kan sinasabing lifecycle sa itaas, an kawayan pig'aanimar poon duwa sagkod tolong taon abot lima hanggan pitong taon, depende sa species.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bamboo Plantation and Utilization Handbook|last=Panda|first=H.|date=Oct 6, 2011|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press, Inc.|page=168}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Marie|first1=Joanne|title=Bamboo Harvesting and Growing|publisher=Hearst Newspapers}}</ref> * '''Taonan na siklo''': An kadaklan sa gabos na pagtalubo nin bagong kawayan nangyayari durante kan panahon nin pag - oran asin pagkaraot kan rakdag durante kan kabtang na ini posibleng makaraot sa nagdadangadang na pananom, mantang an tolos - tolos na inani bago an basa/kag na tigmata puede man na makadanyar sa mga bagong supang, kun siring an pag - aani dakol nanggad na bulan antes magpoon an kapanahonan. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>panahon man na ini nin halangkaw-langkaw, yaon an mga saplong lebel sa saindang pinakahalangkaw, dangan nagdikit pasiring sa tig'init.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hasan|first1=S.M.|title=STUDIES ON GROWTH AND MATURITY OF BAMBOO CULMS|date=June 1975}}</ref> * '''Araaldaw na siklo''': Sa kasagsagan kan aldaw, an [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]] nasa alitoktok kaini, naggigibo nin pinakahalangkaw na lebel nin asukar sasap, mala ta ini an pinakasadit na tamang panahon nin pag-ani asin dakul na tradisyonal na prikssion nagtutubod na pinakamarahay na oras sa pagpatapas iyo an tig'aldaw o dunong sa nagwasak na bulan.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> === Pagpawalat === pagpawalat iyo an paghale nin sabon pag'ani. dakul na lugar sa kinaban, an mga siwang sangko' nin inaning kawayan pigbababa magsalang paagi nin pagsubli o post-harvest photosynthesis.: * Pagputol kan kawayan binubuhay ngona sa daga asin natutong laban sa ibang parte kan ludog nin saro abot duwang semana sagkod na an mga dahon palaman ngane matawan lubos na mag'uusar nin asukar kan tinanom. * an kaagid na paagi, alagad sa irarom kan ampas na nagtitindog sa tubig na presko, magsalang sa dakulang bombo o sapa tanganing makalukso. * mga kulago ilaladop sa sarong gripo asin binabalanse nin tolo sagkod apat na semana. * tubig nakupsit sa paagi kan bagong putolon na mga kulago, nagsusuwestyon kan sangkayaw (an metodong ini parati ginagamit igdi sa pag'usar nin sarong klaseng pagbulong). proseso nin paglubo sa tubig, an kawayan luwayluway na inaalang asin maski ngane yaon sa lindong malilikayan an ratak sa luwas na kublit kan kawayan, kun siring nag'uaayog sa mga oportunidad para sa pesteng pang-estimasyon. kakulangan nin kawayan sa konstruksyon direkta konektadong gayo sa kun gurano kahusay ini kan oras nin pagtanom paagi nin pag'ani, transportasyon, sarayan, desenyo, pagtogdok, asin mantener. Bamboo nag'ani sa tamang panahon nin taon dangan nakalantadan sa dagang pagkadukot o uran mabagsak kun madali sana bilang dai-salang pigaadalan na materyal.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Toksisidad == mga taga-Tigah na nagtatrabaho kaiba an mga tanom na kawayan minsan nagbareta nin reaksyong alerhiya nagkakalaenlaen hale sa mayo man ibang epekto durante kan nakaaging mga pagbalad, pasiring tulos ini asin daing ramas na nagtatalubo sa pulang tangyon matapos an pirang oras kun saen nakatutok an kublit sa tinanom (contektec alergy), asin sa nagkapirang kaso nagin gatok na mataliya asin problema sa paghangos (dyspnoea). sarong pinita sa kublit na ginagamit an kawayan na kinua positibo para sa i[[munoglobulin E|munoglobulin E (IgE)]] sa makukuang pag - adal. <ref name="Kitajima1986">{{Cite journal|last1=Kitajima|first1=T.|year=1986|title=Contact allergy caused by bamboo shoots|pages=100–102}}</ref><ref name="Hipler2005">{{Cite journal|last1=Hipler U.-C.|year=1986|title=Typ IV-Allergie gegen Bambusblätter - ein Fallbereicht|pages=45}}</ref><ref name="Garneners2012">{{Cite web}}</ref>mga saba (bagong nagbutwang ulms) nin kawayan yaon an toxin taxiphylin (sarong sitiogenic glycoside), na nagbubunga nin k[[yanide]] sa gutâ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ding|first1=Ming|last2=Wang|first2=Kailiang|title=Determination of cyanide in bamboo shoots by microdiffusion combined with ion chromatography–pulsed amperometric detection|pages=172128}}</ref> == Mga Ginagamitan == === Kulinaryo === <gallery> Ladawan:TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg|babadil nin daing pakundangan na kawayan sa sarong saod kan Hapon Ladawan:Bamboo tea.jpg|tsa na kawayan sa Korea </gallery>mga supang kan kadaklan na species pwede kakanon hilaw o lutoon, may matagas na himsa'. pagluto hinahale an kadikit na kapaitan. <ref name="Skyhorse Publishing-2009">{{Cite book|title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants / Department of the Army|url=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoe0000unse_h5r2|publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-60239-692-0|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoe0000unse_h5r2/page/24 24]|oclc=277203364}}</ref>mga supang ginagamit sa kadakul na Asyanong dishes asin broth, asin makukua sa mga supermarket sa manlaen-laen na pormang sili, sa presko sagkod makalagay na bersyon. kawayan na salak sa maalsom kaining estado nagigin importanteng sangkap sa mga ciudad sa balyo kan Hiligaynon. , sa As[[Assam|sam]], India, iyan inaapod na ''khorisa''. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>Nepal, an sarong p[[na Nepali|i]] popular sa ibong nin etnikong mga linderos kompuesto nin mga supang na kawayan nag - ialsom paagi sa turmeriko asin lana, saka linulutoan nin patatas pasiring sa plato na parateng kaiba an bagas (alu tama ({{Lang|ne|आलु तामा}}) sa Nepali).<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Indonesya, sinda si''ntan'' na mahimpis dangan ginagaga nin sangtan (kulang gatas kan niyog) asin mga espesye tanganing gibohon an sarong putahe na inaapod guroi rebuyung. iba pang rekado gamit mga kawayan na sa'bang iyo an S''[[rabi lodeh|our lode]]'' (mga gulay-gulay sa gatas kan niyog) asin lun ''[[Lumpia|pia]]'' (papanahon nasusurat lukban: rinamaan na pinapatos nin kawayan siyo paagi nin gulayon). mga supang nin ibang species igwa nin mga toxin na kaipuhan ta'wan o binabalad bago ini kakanon na ligtas. sinalak na kawayan, na ginagamit bilang kordido, puwede man gibo sa pipa kan mga ogbon na badil. sabon kan mga ogbon na poon nin niyog puedeng ialsom tanganing gibohon an u''lanzi'' (sarong mahamis na arak) o magin sanang inomon. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>mga dahon kan Bamboo ginagamit man na patos sa mga tinomping dumpel na parati igwang glutinang bagas asin iba pang sangkap, arog kan [[ngzi|ongzi]] haleng Tsina.<gallery> Ladawan:Khao lam87.jpg|K''hao lam'' (Thai ) maasagom na bagas na may asukar asin pananom sa niyog na linuto sa espesyal an pagkagibong mga kabtang nin kawayan na laen - laen an diametro asin laba </gallery>{{Lang-ne|तामा}} sa mga baril na kawayan (Nepal: ta{{Transl|ne|tama}}) an linuluto gamit an itom-yestang beans bilang delicacy sa Nepal. dakol na restawran sa Nepales sa bilog na kinaban nagseserbing tama kan putahe na ini bilang alo boddi. mga sahang kawayan sinasalod asin pinipisan nin pisog na mustasa saka turmeriko asin nakasaray sa tapayan na salming an direktang liwanag kan saldang para sa pinakamarahay na namit. inagamit ini kasarabay an dakul na inalang na mga banilya sa pagluto kun tiglipot. by slocks (Nepal: tu''sa'') n[[na Nepali|i]] iba-ibang gayong manlaen-laen na kawayan (Nipul{{Lang-ne|निगालो}} Ni{{Transl|ne|Nigalo}}) na tubong Nepal linuluto bilang ciudad sa mga rehiyon kan kabulodan. [[:en:Sambalpur|Sambalpur]] Indya, an mga malu'nok na supang ginogògô sa m[[hokom|ga kadlagan]] asin ngane mag-andam nin piridi. pangaran hale sa tataramon na Sanskrit para sa kawayan na pinabadil, ka''rira''. pinasaromsom na kawayan na ini ginagamit sa manlaenlaen na preparasyon culinary, notableng am''il'', pampasumong gulay. man ining pancurake na ginagamit an harinang paroy bilang panggakot na ahente. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>''dua'' supang na nagtangro nin dikit na awat maalsom, inaalang, asin daga sa mga mabaybay na particle para mag'andam nin sarong garna na inaapod na henda. linuluto man na may mga dahon nin lumbod pang buntog sa paggibong la'bas na berdeng dahon. ciudad nin Kon[[ga tawong Konkani|kani]], an mga giniris na sangil (ki''rlu'') piggugusi asin linuluto gamit an rinunot na bungang jacks tanganing mag'andam nin kiray sukke.<gallery> Ladawan:Tukir (a way of cooking using bamboo as recipient to cook in the fire).jpg|Subangan [[Subangan na Timor|na Timor]], an pagluto nin kakanon sa kawayan inaapod na tu''kir''. </gallery>sur na Indya asin pirang rehiyon sa Sur-subangan kan Tsina, an mga pisog kan nagagadan na tinanom na kawayan iniinom bilang sarong tipasi na inaapod na "bamboo bagas". namit kan mga pisog na lutong kawayan sinasabing nakakaagid sa trigo asin an hitsura kaagid nin bagas, alagad ta an mga pisog sa kawayan nakuang mas dikit-diit na nutrient level kisa pareho. <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref>mga pisog pwedeng i-ulat na magin harina na an paggibo nin cake.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing-20092">{{Cite book|title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants / Department of the Army|url=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoe0000unse_h5r2|publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-60239-692-0|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoe0000unse_h5r2/page/24 24]|oclc=277203364}}</ref> estado nin Indya na Si[[Sikkim|kkim]] nagpalakop nin mga bote nin tubig kawayan ngane dai malungkas an estadong sa plastik na mga bote<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> daing laog na ogbos dahon sa mga poon nin mas dakulang kawayan parati ginagamit sa pagluto kakanon sa dakul na kulturang Asyano. mga sabaw ginaga'ga asin bagas linuluto sa mga banwit kan preskong mga poon nin kawayan direktamente naagi sa laad. man, an tsa na sa parate ginagamitan nin mga bala nin kawayan tanganing makagibo nin kompuwesto nang porma nin tsa. pagluto nin kakanon sa kawayan sinasabing nagtatao kan pagkakan na tuso alagad napapalaen an namit. === Mangnohon an pagsurat === Kawayan lakop na ginagamit kan amay na Tsina komo sarong kasyahan sa mga nasusurat na dokumento. pinakaenot na mga nawalat na halimbawa kan siring na mga dokumento, na sinurat tinta dapit sa magugsing-buga nin kawayan (o "silis"), petsa poon ikalimang siglo BC durante kan panahon nin Warang Unidos. mga pagreperensya sa mas amay na mga teksto[[Dinastiyang Shang|ng]] nawawalat pa sa ibang media nagpapahiling nin pirang prekuryente kaining panahon nin Mga Gerang Estados Unidos ginamit an kawayan kadto pang huring peryodo kan Shang (poon kaidtong mga 1250 BC). mga ubak na kawayan o kahoy ginamit bilang estandarteng pagsurat sa panahon kan amay na dinastiya[[ng Han]], asin nakua an eksperensiyang halimbawa. <ref>{{Cite book|title=New Sources of Early Chinese History|last=Loewe|first=Michael|publisher=Society for the Study of Early China|year=1997|isbn=978-1-55729-058-8|editor-last=Edward L. Shaughnessy|pages=161–192|chapter=Wood and bamboo administrative documents of the Han period}}</ref>kaini, nagpoon nang magrayo an papel sa kawayan asin mga ubak nin kahoy hale sa mayor na mga gamit, asin pag'abot kan ikaapat na siglo AD, kadaklan binayaan na an mga kaleanyong gibo sa pagsurat sa Tsina. fiber awat kan Kawayan ginagamit sa paggibong papel sa Tsina poon pa kaidtong mga enot na panahon. halangkaw na pagkapantay, gibo sa kahoy na kawayan ginigibo pa man giraray sa saradit na quinidad. inagamit pa man an papel sa Coarse bamboo tanganing makapagkakua nin kuarta[[papel na Jos|ng espiritu]] sa dakol na komunidad nin Intsik.<ref name="spiritpaper">{{Cite journal|title=Bamboo Mechanical Pulp for Manufacture of Chinese Ceremonial Paper|pages=161–164}}</ref> m[[ulp (paper)|ga pulbos]] na kawayan mayormente ginigibo sa Tsina, Myanmar, Tailandya, asin Indya, asin ginagamit sa pag'imprenta saka pagsurat nin mga papel. <ref name="Market pulp">{{Cite book|title=The World of Market Pulp|last=Nanko|first=Hirko|last2=Button, Allan|last3=Hillman, Dave|publisher=WOMP, LLC|year=2005|isbn=978-0-615-13013-2|location=Appleton, WI, US|page=256}}</ref>ng industriya sa papel an natagal sa mga kadlagan nin kawayan. Ballarpur (Chandarapur, Maharlika) mga papel na gilingan ginagamit kawayan para sa produksyon nin papeles. pinakakomun na species nin kawayan na ginagamit sa papel iyo an ''[[Dendrocalamus asper]]'' asin Bumbusa blumlana. man gibohon na bulto sa kawayan an pag'aalap. promedyong fiber laba nakakaagid sa matagas na mga kahoy, alagad an mga rogaring kan ipot nin kawayan mas harani sa softwood pulles huli kaini may halakbangon nanggad na awat na halawig na distribusyon. <ref name="Market pulp" />tabang kan mga kasangkapan na molecular, pwedeng ngonyan maaraman kun ano an superior fiber-yelding species/varieies dawa sa joven na tangga kan saindang pagtalubo, na makakatabang sa daing kasalak na produksyon nin paninda.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tropical Bamboo: Molecular profiling and genetic diversity study|last=Bhattacharya|first=S.|publisher=Lambert Academic Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-3-8383-7422-2}}</ref> Central India, igwa nin regular na kawayan na nagtatrabaho sa mga ciudad nin kadlagan kan Maharashtra, Maduradesh, Odisha asin Chhattisgarh. kan kawayan pig'aani huli sa paggibong papel. Bamboo napahuros pakalihis nin tolong taon sa pagreminasyon kaini. pagpu'yaw an ginigibo sa panahon nin tig-uran (Hulyo-Septyembre); binaak asin piglulubog na mga uubak an enot na inaani.<ref name="Working Plan">{{Cite book|url=https://mahaforest.gov.in/managementpdf/1440739682Chandrapur%20Vol-I.pdf.pdf|title=Working Plan for Chandrapur Forest Division|last=Shrivastav|first=S.S.|date=3 December 2002|publisher=Govt. of Maharashtra|location=Nagpur|access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> === Pluma na pang surat === mga lumang panahon, an mga tawo sa Indya naggagamit nin kapot-manoy na peke (bisto bilang Kalam o boru gibo hale sa mahimpis na bala nin kawayan (may diametrong 5-10 m asin labas na 100-150 mm) paagi sana kan pagpeste kaini sa sarong gilid asin paggibo nin garo niko'taryong pattern sa poro. &nbsp;&nbsp;an panurat ipigpanagboan sa pagsurat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sengupta|first1=Rajarshi|date=2019-01-02|title=An Artisanal History of Kalam?}}</ref> === Textil === an mga fiber nin kawayan halipoton (dai mababa sa ⁇ 8 pul), sinda dai parati nagigibong yaun kan natural na proseso. {{Convert|3|mm|in}}parating proseso kan mga tela na inaapod gibo sa kawayan nagigibong ra[[yon]] sana hale sa mga fiber na may magabat na trabaho nin mga kemikal. ng magibo ini, an mga awat binabaak nin mga kemikal asin pinaaagi sa mekanikal na gulod; kaiba sa mga kemikal an liya, disulpido nin karbon, asin makosog na asido. <ref name="Scientific American">{{Cite journal|date=June 2009|title=Bamboo Boom: Is This Material for You?}}</ref>mga paratahot nakapabakal nin duwang porong produkto bilang "bamboo tela" sa pagsangle kan presenteng ekopyutor sa lubang. Komisyon sa Pag-iinit kan Canaman Bureau asin an US Federal Trade, kadtong katahawan nin-2009, nagpipiriot na sa pagpraktis nin pag'aapod na bulay kawayan siring sa natural na tela sa kawayan. <ref name="ccb">{{Cite news|date=27 January 2010|title=\"Competition Bureau Takes Action to Ensure Accuracy for Textile Articles Labelled and Advertised as Bamboo\"|url=http://www.competitionbureau.gc.ca/eic/site/cb-bc.nsf/eng/03193.html}}</ref><ref name="FTC">{{Cite news|date=11 August 2009|title=Four Companies Charged with Labeling Rayon Clothing As Bamboo|url=http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/08/11/companies-label-rayon-clothing-bamboo|accessdate=16 October 2023|archivedate=13 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813084741/http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/08/11/companies-label-rayon-clothing-bamboo}}</ref>irarom kan mga giya kan duwang ahensya, an mga produktong ini dapat na iapod bilang rayon sa opsial qualifier "hale sa kawayan".<ref name="FTC" /> === Togdok === <gallery> Ladawan:Lin An Tai Historical House 05.jpg|gibo sa kawayan baralang bintana sa Lin Ang Tai Historical House, Taipei </gallery>Kawayan, siring sa tunay na kahoy, sarong natural na materyal sa pag[[totogdok|togdok]] na may halangkaw na kusog-boot an rata na nagagamit para sa mga estruktura. <ref name="Lakkad2">{{Cite journal|title=Mechanical properties of bamboo, a natural composite|last1=Lakkad|last2=Patel|journal=Fibre Science and Technology|volume=14|issue=4|date=June 1981|pages=319–322|doi=10.1016/0015-0568(81)90023-3}}</ref>natural na porma kaini, an kawayan bilang sarong materyal sa konstruksyon tradisyonal na kaayon sa mga kultura kan Sur-Subangan na Asya, Subangan na Asia, asin sa Timog Pasipiko, sagkod pirang parte sa Sentral asin Amerika nin Sur, asin pagpalawig sa aestitiko kan kulturang Tiwi. Tsina asin Indya, an kawayan ginamit na pampapusog nin mga simpleng su'lot na tulay, pwede paagi sa paggibong kwarta kan barangang kawayan o pagramas bilog na kwarto nin hustong pirikon na hayop igdi. saro sa siring na tulay sa lugar kan Qian-Xian iyo an nasasambit sa mga kasuratan na nagpeperensia kaidtong 960 AD asin tibaad nagtindog poon pa kaidto pang ikatolong siglo BC, huli kadaklan sa dagosdagos na pagmantener.<gallery> Ladawan:Usage of Bamboo.JPG|ginagamit an kawayan bilang materyal na pang-seglado sa Hong [[Hong Kong|Kong]] huli kan pagberso kaini </gallery>ginagamit an Kawayan bilang pagsurát; ipinagbawal sa Tsina an praktis para sa mga edipisyo sobra sa anom na istorya, alagad dagos-dagos pa giraray gamit an langit kan mga tagapasik sa Hong Kong.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news|title=Hong Kong Journal; For Raising Skyscrapers, Bamboo Does Nicely|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/27/world/hong-kong-journal-for-raising-skyscrapers-bamboo-does-nicely.html|date=27 March 2002}}</ref><gallery> Ladawan:Sangat Resort in Busuanga.jpg|modernong dagosan nin bisita sa Palawan, Filipinas, na may tradisyonal na mga lanob na gibo sa hinabol (sa[[Sawali|wali]]) </gallery>Pilipinas, an ni[[Harong na payag|pa]] na kubong pantambal sarong halimbawa sana kan pinakapundamental na klase nin istaran kun saen ginagamit an kawayan; binabaak asin hinabolan na kawayan, saka mga tako' sarkil asin palo'ng kawayan an gamiton bilang suporta kaini. arkitektura[[ng Hapon]], an kawayan pangenot na ginagamit bilang kadagdagan o dekoratibong elemento sa mga edipisyo arog kan pagduldo, patong, gutog, asin guros, kadaklan huli sa andam na abundang kalidad na tibulaka.<ref name="BambooJapan">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UukQ2LaaP0wC&pg=PA101|title=Bamboo in Japan|last=Nancy Moore Bess|last2=Bibi Wein|publisher=Kodansha International|year=1987|isbn=978-4-7700-2510-4|page=101}}</ref> na mga etnikong grupo sa hararayong lugar na igwang tubig igdi sa Asya naggagamit nin kawayan na 3-5 taon an edad tanganing makagibo nin mga barsa. inagamit ninda an 8 abot {{Convert|1|m|ft|0}} palo, {{Convert|6|–|7|m|ft|0}} m piye kalawig, nakatarakod sa gilid pasiring sa lakbang na mga 1 metros ft). an mga palo pinaglilinya, binaak ninda an sarong labot na minalagbas sa mga poste sa kada poro asin ginagamit an sadit na talera nin kawayan na ilinalaog sa may bobon na iyan siring sa straw tanganing magkaigo an gabos na halabang hariging kawayan. inagamit kan mga harong na naglalayog an bilog na mga poon nin kawayan na binubugkosan sa dakulang grupo tanganing suportaran an harong na naglalatawlataw sa tubig. === Pagsisira asin pagkua === <gallery> Ladawan:Abucay,Bataanjf3721 06.JPG|kawayan na piggagamit sa pag-ooma nin (Abucay[[Abucay|, Bataan]], Filipinas) </gallery> === Paputok === Kawayan tradisyonal nang ginagamit sa Malaysia bilang sarong paputok na inapod meriam bunh o tane' nin kawayan. ga apat-apat na mga seksyon nin kawayan an pinapalbag, asin pansalak sa tubig asin kwartang calcium an binibisto. resultang gas na pinaiinbes an aceylene rinamaan nin bala, na nagbubunga nin makusog na panggakot. === Armas === Kawayan parati nang ginagamit sa pagtogdok nin mga armas asin siya pa ngane nag'iba sa magkapirang arte militar kan Asya. === Desalinasyon === Kawayan pwedeng gamiton sa tubig desalinasyon. misa sa kawayan an ginagamit tanganing mahale an asin sa tubig dagat.   === tradusir nin pagbabago sa klima === dinastiyang kanta (960-1279 AD) Tsinong siyentista asin poly[[math]] She[[n Kuo]] 1031–1095) ginamit an ebidensiya kan patagong pet[[erperadong Pagmaturo|rado]] kawayan na nakua sa maray [[Pagbabago nin klima|sa klima]] sa norteng parte kan Y[[an'an]], rehiyon Shan[[bei]], probinsya nin Sha[[anxi]] tanganing suportaran an saiyang heograpiya sa gradual na kamugtakan.<ref name="chan 15">Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002).</ref><ref name="needham volume 3 614">Needham, Joseph (1986).</ref> === Gamit sa kusina === <gallery> Ladawan:Wooden kitchen utensils.JPG|kawayan nin mga kasangkapan sa pagluto </gallery>Kawayan parati ginagamit sa pagluto nin mga gamit sa laog kan dakul na kultura, asin ginagamit sa paghaman nin chopstick. modernong panahon, an iba hinihiling an mga kagamitan na kawayan bilang sarong eco-puting alternatibo sa ibang gibohang ugbos. inagamit man an Bamboo sa paggibo nin mga uhot sa pagkakan arog kan copsticks, tray, asin tsa. nagkapirang paragibo nin produkto nag - aalok nin mga bisikleta na kawayan, surfboard, snowboard, asin sate lunad.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Kawayan tradisyonal nang ginagamit sa paggibo nin mahiwas na mga uusar asin pagpakupos nin mga kosa, partikularmente sa Hapon, kun saen an arkeolohikong mga padukot nagbubuyagyag kan mga basket nin kawayan na kaidto pang panahon nin Late Jōmon (2000–1000 BC). <ref>Brauen, M. Bamboo in Old Japan: Art and Culture on the Threshold to Modernity.</ref><ref>McCallum, T. M. Containing Beauty: Japanese Bamboo Flower Baskets.</ref>Bamboo igwa man nin halawig na historya nin paggamit sa mga muebles na Asyano. muebles na kawayan kan Tsina naiibang istilo base sa tradisyon na millennium-labahan, asin an kawayan ginagamit man para sa mga salog huli sa halangkaw na ka[[Janka masakit na pagbalo|tagasan]] kaini.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c2fcadb5447b4ff728bef12bdb5e61c2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=25222|title=Selected physical properties of commercial bamboo flooring|last1=Lee|first1=Andy W.C.|last2=Liu|first2=Yihai|journal=Forest Products Journal|location=Madison|volume=53|issue=6|date=June 2003|pages=23–26|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref> == Kultura == dakol na kultura sa Asya, kabali na diyan an dapit kan Andaman Islands, nagtutubod na an mga katawohan nagbutwa sa sarong kataga na kawayan. === Tsina === <gallery> Ladawan:Hsü Wei 001.jpg|kawayan ni Xu Wei, Dinastiya[[ng Ming]]. </gallery>halawig na buhay nin Kawayan ginigibo ining simbolong Intsik nin pagigin tanos asin sarong empleyado sa India. pagigin maogma kan [[burakan si Bamboo|burak]] kaiyan nagbunga nin pagheling sa mga burak bilang tanda nin nagdadangadang na tiggutom. tibaad huli sa ratan nakakakan sa profusion nin mga burak, dangan nagdadakol asin nagkararaot sa dakulang parte kan lokal na suplay nin kakanon. pinaka-enot na nagbuburak nagpoon kan Mayo 2006 (hilingon an Mautasm). anlaenlaen na species nin kawayan an nagbuburak sa paaging ini manongod lambang 28-60 taon.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/x5390e/x5390e05.htm|author=M. A. Huberman|title=Bamboo silviculture|at=(gregarious flowering species table)|journal=Unasylva|date=1959|volume=13|issue=1|access-date=2023-10-16|archivedate=2006-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629042246/http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=%2Fdocrep%2Fx5390e%2Fx5390e05.htm}}</ref> kultura sa Intsik, an kawayan, p[[runus mume|luma]] na namumurak, orkid, asin chrysantheum (sa Ingles ''éi lán zhú jún'' {{Lang|zh|梅蘭竹菊}} sa Tsino) kolektibong inaapod na Four Gentlen. apat na tinanom na ini pigrerepresentar man an apat na panahon asin, sa ideolohiyang Conf[[Confucianismo|uciano]], apat na aspekto kan''[[zi|junzi]]'' ("prince" o "mayong pili"). pinya (s''ōng'' {{Lang|zh|松}}), kawayan (''zhú'' {{lang|zh|竹}}), asin an pulbos na burak (''méi'' {{lang|zh|梅}}) hinahangaan man huli sa saindang pagmamaigot sa irarom nin masakit na mga kamugtakan, asin magkaiba inaapod na "[[:en:Three_Friends_of_Winter|Three Friends of Winter]]" ({{Lang-zh|c=歲寒三友|p=suìhán sānyǒu|labels=no}}) sa kulturang Intsik. === Kualidad nin karakter === <gallery> Ladawan:Freer 022.jpg|silindrical kawayan na binarika an may kapot o pagkapot nin mga tula sa mga balumbon, na minukna ni Zhang Xihuang kan ika-17 siglo, huring Mga tataramong Bikol asin amay na Dinastiyang Qing - sa estilo ni Zandang, an bersong Pagbalik sa My Farm sa Panganiban kan ikaapat na siglong poetang Tao [[Yuanming]] inakò sa pagkakapot. </gallery><gallery> Ladawan:S03 03 02 016 image 63.jpg|kan inukit na lanob nin kawayan sa Intsik. 1918. Brooklyn Archives, Good year Archival Collection. </gallery>Kawayan, saro sa "Four Gentlen" (bamboo, orkid, plum na namumurak asin chrysantheum), may importanteng gayong papel sa tradisyonal na kulturang Intsik kaya hinihiling ngani ining sarong gawe-gawe kan maboot. an kawayan igwa nin mga kabtang na arog kan pagigin tanos, pagkadaing buhay, asin kabinian, an mga tawo tinatapos an kawayan sa integridad, pageleglado, asin linaw, minsan ngani iyan bakong makosog sa pisikal. dai mabilang na bersong nag - oomaw sa kawayan na isinurat nin suanoy na mga poetang Intsik aktuwal na metapalhorical manongod sa mga tawo na nagpaheling kan mga karakteristikong ini. suanoy na poeta, si Bai Judi (772-846), naghuna na an sarong tawo dai man kaipuhan magin makusog sa pisikal, alagad dapat matagas sa isip, matanos, asin mahigos. paanong an kawayan malaad-pusohon, dapat na buksan niya an saiyang puso sa pag'ako nin anoman na pakinabang asin nungkang magkaigwa nin mapaabaw-abaw o daing binabasaran na pagkaanggot. Kawayan bako sanang simbolo nin sarong maboot, kundi igwa man nin importanteng papel sa Budhismo, na ipinabisto sa Tsina kan enot na siglo. sa mga kanon nin Budismo na ipinangangalad an karingisan sa mga hayop, dai itinotogot an laman asin sogok sa pagkakan. siring, an bbod na sapa nin kawayan ''sǔn'' {{lang|zh|筍}} in Chinese) nagin garo baga daing kasingkulatibong alternatibo. mga paagi nin pag - andam na nangyari labing rinibong taon na an nagin kabtang kan mga ciudad sa Asia, nangorogna para sa mga monghe. mongheng Budhista, si Zan Nin, an nagsurat nin manwal kan saringsing nin kawayan na inaapod ''Sǔn Pǔ'' ({{lang|zh|筍譜}}) na nagtatao nin mga paglaladawan asin resipe para sa dakol na klase nin pagbadil nin kawayan. <ref>Laws, B. 2010.</ref>Bamboo shoot dati nang tradisyonal na putahe sa lamesa nin pamanggihan kan Tsina, nangorogna sa timog na parte kan Tsina.suanoy na mga panahon, an mga kayang bumakal nin dakulang harong na may natad matanom nin kawayan sa saindang hardin. === Mitolohiya === sarong estoryang Intsik, itinao kan [[Emperador Yao]] si Yao an duwa sa saiyang mga aking babae ki Emperador [[Shun]] bilang pagbalo para sa potensial niang mamahala. agihan ni Shun an pagbalo na makadalagan sia sa saiyang harong kaiba kan mga aking babae kan duwang emperador bilang agom, asin huli kaini ginibo ni Yao si Suna na kasalihid nia, paagi sa paglampas sa dai maninigo niang aki. ni Shun, an mga luha kan duwa niang nagadanan na agom naholog sa mga kawayan na nagtutubo duman nagpapaliwanag kan ginikanan nin tinatakan na bamboo. duwang babae ngapit nagin mga diyos-diyosan na si X[[iangshuishen]] pakaalamosa ninda mismo sa Salog Xia. === Hapon === <gallery> Ladawan:SANY0032 (3158073374).jpg|Kawayan kadolatsu para sa Bago[[ng Taon nin Hapon]] </gallery>Kawayan simbolo nin prosperidad sa Hapon, asin ginagamit sa paggibo kan mga dekorasyon na Bago[[ng Taon nin Hapon|ng Taon]] na inaapod na kadomatsu. beses an mga kadlagan nin Bamamboo nakapalibot sa sagradong kaolangan tumang sa karatan. soanoy na Tal''[[e kan Bamboo Cutter]]'' (Itori Monogaria), pwedeng magbutwa an prinsesang Kagunya sa sarong nagsisirang na lugar nin kawayan. H''apon'' Intsik na "Three Friends of Winter" (kansai sanyū) konsepto tradisyonal na ginagamit bilang sarong may ranggong sistema, kun saen si pine ({{lang|ja|松}} ''matsu'') iyo an enot na ranggo, kawayan ({{lang|ja|竹}} ''take'') an ikaduwang ranggo, asin pulbos ({{lang|ja|梅}} ''ume'') an ikatolong ranggo. sistemang ini ginagamit sa dakul na tradisyonal na arte arog kan mga su[[Sushi|shi]] set, embroide kimono o tiers nin accounting sa mga tabernamentong tradisyonal. === Malaysia === Malaysia, may kaagid na istorya kabali an sarong lalaking nangangarap sa magayon na babae mantang nagtuturog sa irarom nin kawayan; saiyang hinahampadan asin binabari an katagang kawayan, nadiskubre an babayi sa laog. === Filipinas === mitolohiyang Pilipino, saro sa mas bantog na istorya nin paglalang an nagsasabi dapit sa enot na tawong sinda Malakás ("Stolong") asin iyo an pinakaenot na babaeng Mag''anda'' ("Buamagon"), lambang pag'estar hale sa sarong kabanga kan nababangang kawayan na nakaeropot sa isla pakatapos kan laban ninda Sky asin Ocean. === Vietnam === <gallery> Ladawan:Cây nêu 2.jpg|Vietnamese New Year tree gibo sa kawayan </gallery> === Kualidad nin karakter === parte an Kawayan kan kultura [[nin Vietnam]]. Kawayan simbolo kan espiritu nin Vo[[vinam]] (sarong Vietnamese martial arts): ''cương nhu phối triển'' (coordinasyon sa pag - oltanan nin matagas asin malomhok (martial arts)). Kawayan man an nagsisimbolisar sa kalag na Vietnamese asin Vietnamese: an maboot, prangka, mahigos na pagtrabaho, optimismo, pagkasararo, asin pagigin madaling makibagay. sarong talinhagang Vietnamese nagsasabi, "Tre già, măng mọc" (Kun gurang na an kawayan, minakutâ an mga pagbobolos nin kawayan), na nangangahulogan iyo an Vietnam dai noarin man mapapara; kun magadan an nakaaging henerasyon, mangyayari an mga aki. siring, an nasyon na Vietnam asin Vietnamese imamantener asin mapatatalubo nin daing sagkod. mga baryo nin Vietnamese napapalibotan nin mahibog na bath hedges (''lũy tre''). kan pagigin presidente ni [[:en:Ngô_Đình_Diệm|Ngô Đình Diệm]]'s an kawayan iyo an nasyonal na simbolo nin [[Vietnam]], itinampok iyan sa panbilog na nasyon na gubing na armas, pamantayan sa pagkaibolista, asin South Vietnamese /ng mga sinsilyo kan panahon na idto. === Mitolohiya === Kawayan man an armas kan heroeng [[ga tawo na Vietnamese|Vietnamese]], si [[:en:Thánh_Gióng|Thánh Gióng]], na tolos-tolos nagdakula asin malaytik poon pa kan edad tolo huli sa kamawotan niya na makalungkas an saiyang daga sa mga mananakop na Ön. suanoy na leyendang Vietnamese ''Cây tre trăm đốt'' ([[:en:The_Hundred-knot_Bamboo_Tree|The Hundred-knot Bamboo Tree]]) nagsasaysay manongod sa sarong pobre, hoben na paraoma na namoot sa magayon na aki kan saiyang katukal. paraoma hinapot an kagsadiri kan daga na ipakasal sa saiyang aking babae, alagad dai sia totogotan kan mapalangkaw na paralanding na mabogkos bilang agom nin sarong dukhang parauma. townverd nagdesisyon na mag'agom nin imposibleng maatubang; an paraoma dapat siyang magdara nin "kawayan na kahoy na 100 nodes". si But [[:en:Gautama_Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] (''Bụt'') nagpaheling sa paraoma asin sinabihan sia na an siring na kahoy puedeng gibohon hale sa 100 na dungo hale sa nagkapirang laen - laen na poon nin kahoy. an nagtao saiya nin apat na mga lenggwaheng mahikong itakod sa dakol na ribok nin kawayan: ''Khắc nhập, khắc xuất'', na nangangahulogan "nakinakasararo tolos, nagkasuruwayan tulos". mapangganang paraoma nagbalik sa landsur asin hinagad an saiyang aking babae. isog mahiling an siring na halabang kawayan, an kaserong ramasan may mahikang nag'iba sa kawayan kan ini matudok kaini, arog kan sabi kan sadit na paraoma sa enot na duwang tataramong pang-alaman. estorya nagtatapos sa maogmang pag - agom kan paraoma asin an aking babae kan kagsadiri kan daga uminoyon sa kasal asin hinagad na isuway sinda sa kawayan. === Africa === === Tanzania === Tanzania igwa nin kadakol na klase nin species na kawayan.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="Masisi 1000092">{{Cite journal}}</ref> === Bozo === grupong etniko kan Bo[[mga tawo sa Bozo|zo]] sa West Africa kinua an saindang pangaran sa taramon na Ba[[tataramon na Bambara|mbara]] na bo''-so'', na boot sabihon "bamboo house". === Santo Lucia === Kawayan iyo man an nasyonal na tinanom kan St[[Santa Lucia|. Lucia]]. === Hawaiian === n kawayan sa Hawaiian (''<nowiki/>'ohe)'' sarong kingoro-urulay o porma nin hawak kan Polinesyanong kaglalang na diyos K[[āne]]. 75wv1aau6khrva0rsb0aq1dfp101fmn 0 45560 309540 263799 2026-08-23T19:54:47Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} An '''{{transliteration|sa|Achourya}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|अचौर्यः}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Acauryaḥ}}) o '''{{transliteration|sa|Asteya}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|अस्तेय}}; [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Asteya}}) iyo an terminong [[Sanskrito]] para sa "dai-paghabon". Iyo iyan an [[birtud]] sa [[Hinduismo]]. An praktis kan {{transliteration|sa|asteya}} naghahagad na an sarong tawo dai dapat naghabon, o magkaigwa nin intensyon na maghabon, pagrogaring kan iba, pagtaram, asin isip.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Patricia|last=Corner|year=2009|title=Workplace spirituality and business ethics: Insights from an Eastern spiritual tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-business-ethics_2009-03_85_3/page/377|journal=Journal of Business Ethics|volume=85|number=3|pages=377–389|doi=10.1007/s10551-008-9776-2|s2cid=144273760}}</ref><ref name="kntiwari87">{{cite book|title=Classical Indian Ethical Thought|last=Tiwari|first=Kedar Nath|date=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe|isbn=978-81-208-1607-7|page=87}}</ref> An {{transliteration|sa|Asteya}} iyo an saro sa limang mayor na panuga kan [[Hinduismo]] asin [[Etiko kan Hainismo|Jainism]].<ref name="jw" /> Iyo man iyan an saro sa sampolong porma kan [[Temperance (virtue)|temperance]] (virtuous self-restraint) sa [[pilosopiyang Indyano]].<ref name="knaiyar">{{cite book|title=Thirty Minor Upanishads|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=1914|isbn=978-1164026419|location=Madras|pages=173–176|translator-last=Aiyar|translator-first=K. Narayanasvami|chapter=Śāṇdilya-Upanishad of Atharvaṇaveḍa}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} fohtt9dghz8utltcvn72b4fy4201d3t 0 45607 309531 277975 2026-08-23T19:45:31Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Roman Empire | common_name = Roman Empire | native_name = {{unbulleted list |item3_style=font-size:80%;padding-top:0.15em;line-height:1.15em | {{native phrase|la|[[SPQR|Senatus Populusque Romanus]]}} | {{native phrase|la|Imperium Romanum{{efn|name=fnother}}}} | {{native phrase|grc|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων|italics=off}}<br/>{{nobold|{{transliteration|grc|Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn}}}} }} | status = Empire | life_span = {{line-height|1.3em|{{nowrap|27 BC–AD 395 {{nobold|(unified)}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morley |first=Neville |title=The Roman Empire: Roots of Imperialism |date=2010 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0-7453-2870-6}}; {{Cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed|edition= Revised |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-101-50200-6 |page=13 |publisher=Penguin |author-link=Jared Diamond}}</ref><br/>{{nowrap|AD 395–476/480 {{nobold|([[Western Roman Empire|Western]])}}}}<br/>{{nowrap|AD 395–1453}} {{nobold|([[Byzantine Empire|Eastern]])}}}} | p1 = Roman Republic | s1 = Western Roman Empire | s2 = Byzantine Empire{{!}}Eastern Roman Empire | image_flag = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg | flag_border = no | flag_size = 100px | flag_type = ''[[Vexillum]]''<br/>with the imperial ''[[Aquila (Roman)|aquila]]'' | image_coat = Better Imperial Aquila.png | coa_size = 100 px | symbol_type = Imperial [[Aquila (Roman)|''aquila'']] | image_map = Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png | image_map_caption = {{legend|#b23938|Roman Empire in AD 117 at its greatest extent, at the time of [[Trajan]]'s death}} {{legend|#d28989|[[Vassal state]]s{{Sfnp|Bennett|1997}}{{Efn|Fig. 1. Regions east of the [[Euphrates]] river were held only in the years 116–117.}}}} | image_map2 = Animated map of the Roman territorial evolution from the rise of the city-state of Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire.gif | map_caption2 = Roman territorial evolution from the rise of the city-state of Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire | capital = {{plainlist}} * [[Rome]]<br/>(27 BC–AD 330){{Efn|In 286, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two administrative units–[[Eastern Roman Empire|East]] and [[Western Roman Empire|West]]–an arrangement that periodically returned until the two halves were permanently divided in 395.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrKTEAAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Rome: The Definitive Visual History |date=2023 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-0-241-63575-9 |page=276 |language=en}}</ref> Although the halves were independent in practice, the Romans continued to consider the Roman Empire to be a single undivided state with two co-equal emperors until the fall of the western half in 476/480.<ref name=":1" /> Although emperors at times governed from other cities (notably [[Mediolanum]] and [[Ravenna]] in the West and [[Nicomedia]] in the East), Rome remained the ''[[de jure]]'' capital of the entire Roman Empire until Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] transferred the capital to Constantinople ("New Rome") in 330, henceforth the new capital of the entire empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Classen |first=Albrecht |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ez_edSWAQGAC |title=Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms – Methods – Trends |date=2010 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-021558-8 |language=en |chapter=The changing shape of Europe |quote=Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Price |first1=Jonathan J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4lmEAAAQBAJ |title=Rome: An Empire of Many Nations |last2=Finkelberg |first2=Margalit |last3=Shahar |first3=Yuval |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-25622-3 |page=19 |language=en |quote=the capital of the Empire was transferred from Rome to Constantinople in the fourth century}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Erdkamp |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaM0AAAAQBAJ |title=The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89629-0 |page=202 |language=en |quote=Constantine sounded the death knell for Rome as a vital political centre with the dedication of his new imperial capital at Constantinople}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bjornlie |first=M. Shane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VI3ebybOl0oC |title=Politics and Tradition Between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople: A Study of Cassiodorus and the Variae, 527–554 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-02840-1 |page=41 |language=en |quote=As a new capital, Constantinople provided a stage for imperial prestige that did not depend on association with the traditions of the senatorial establishment at Rome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Coffler |first=Gail H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_GoZpiIpAEC |title=Melville's Allusions to Religion: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-07270-3 |page=181 |language=en |quote=It became Constantinople, capital of the entire Roman Empire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Kathleen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0uoDQAAQBAJ |title=Between Constantinople and Rome: An Illuminated Byzantine Gospel Book (Paris gr. 54) and the Union of Churches |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-95584-3 |language=en |chapter=Art and Diplomacy in Late Thirteenth-century Constantinople: Paris 54 and the Union of Churches |quote=Constantine the Great, the emperor who moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople}}</ref> For a time, mostly over the course of the later decades of the fourth century, Rome continued to hold greater symbolic status on account of its greater antiquity as imperial capital.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grig |first1=Lucy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHlpAgAAQBAJ |title=Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity |last2=Kelly |first2=Gavin |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-992118-8 |page=237 |language=en}}</ref> From at least 361 onwards, senators belonging to the [[Byzantine senate|new senate]] in Constantinople enjoyed the same status and privileges as senators of the [[Roman Senate]], to which the new senate was largely identical.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Loewenstein |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uMRBwAAQBAJ |title=The Governance of ROME |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-010-2400-6 |page=443 |language=en}}</ref> By 450, Constantinople was much grander in size and adornment than Rome and unquestionably senior in status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTjUAwAAQBAJ |title=Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium |date=2009 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-3086-1 |page=31 |language=en}}</ref>}} * [[Constantinople]]<br/>(330–1453)<!--De jure capital of the entire empire (not just the east), see the note above-->{{Efn|In 1204, the crusaders of the [[Fourth Crusade]] captured Constantinople and established the [[Latin Empire]]. The city remained under foreign rule until 1261, when it was captured by the [[Empire of Nicaea]] (a Byzantine/Roman successor state). Nicaea is usually considered the "legitimate" continuation of the Roman Empire during the "interregnum" 1204–1261 (over its rivals in [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]] and [[Empire of Thessalonica|Thessalonica]]) since it managed to retake Constantinople.{{Sfnp|Treadgold|1997|page=734}} Whether there was an interregnum at all is debatable given that the crusaders envisioned the Latin Empire to be the same empire as its predecessor (and not a new state).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tricht |first=Filip Van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlnPm2riK1UC&q=imperator+constantinopolitanus&pg=PA68 |title=The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228) |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004203235 |pages=61–82 |language=en}}</ref>}} {{Endplainlist}} | common_languages = {{plainlist}} * [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] * [[Languages of the Roman Empire|Regional languages]] | religion = {{plainlist}} * [[Roman imperial cult|Imperial cult]]-driven [[Religion in ancient Rome|polytheism]]<br/>(until AD 380) * [[Nicene Christianity]]<br/>([[State church of the Roman Empire|officially]] from AD 380) {{Endplainlist}} | government_type = [[Elective monarchy|Semi-elective absolute monarchy]] (''de facto'') |leader_title1 = '''[[Roman emperor#Titles|Emperor]]''' |leader_name1 =([[List of Roman emperors|List]]) | era = [[Classical era]] to [[Late Middle Ages]]<br/>([[Timeline of Roman history|Timeline]]) | stat_year1 = 25 BC | stat_area1 = 2750000 | stat_pop1 = 56,800,000 | stat_year2 = AD 117 | stat_area2 = 5000000 | stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = AD 390 | stat_area3 = 3400000 | stat_pop3 = | currency = [[Sestertius]],{{Efn|Abbreviated "HS". Prices and values are usually expressed in sesterces.}} [[aureus]], [[Solidus (coin)|solidus]], [[Solidus (coin)|nomisma]] | demonym = [[Roman people|Roman]] | area_km2 = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | ref_area1 = <ref name="size">{{Cite journal |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |author-link=Rein Taagepera |date=1979 |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D |journal=Social Science History |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |doi=10.2307/1170959 |page=125|jstor=1170959 }}</ref> | ref_area2 = <ref name="size"/><ref name="East-West">{{Cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Turchin |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D. |date=2006 |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=222 |access-date=2023-10-20 |archivedate=2016-05-17 |archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf }}</ref> | ref_area3 = <ref name="size"/> | ref_pop1 = <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Durand |first=John D. |date=1977 |title=Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation |url=http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=psc_penn_papers |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=3 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/1971891 |pages=253–296|jstor=1971891 }}</ref> }} An '''Imperyong Romano'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolff |first=Robert Lee |author-link=Robert Lee Wolff |date=1948 |title=Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1948-01_23_1/page/1 |volume=23 |pages=1–34, especially 2–3 |journal=Speculum|issue=1 |doi=10.2307/2853672 |jstor=2853672 |s2cid=162802725 }}</ref> iyo an post-[[Roman Republic|Republican]] na estado kan [[suanoy na Roma]] asin iyo an pangkagabsan na nasasabotan tanganing mangahulogan na an peryodo asin teritoryo na pigpamayuhan kan [[Roman people|Romans]] suminunod sa asumpsyon ni [[Octavian]] kan solong pagpamayo sa irarom kan [[Prinsipato]] kaidtong 31 BC. Kabali diyan an teritoryo sa [[Europa]], [[Amihanan na Aprika]], asin [[Solnopan na Asya]], asin pigpamayuhan kan mga [[Romanong emperador|emperador]]. An [[pagbagsak kan Imperyong Solnopan na Romano]] kaidtong 476 conventionally minarkahan an katapusan kan [[classical antiquity]] asin an kapinonan kan [[Middle Ages]]. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} m6soqshsf4p6s3oxrff18afmj8igfie 0 45944 309574 308529 2026-08-23T20:18:40Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Dr._Jean_Moule_(10313849243).jpg|thumb|Pagtaram]] An '''pagtaram''' iyo an sarong [[Tingog|naka-tingog]] na porma nin [[komunikasyon]] nin tawo. Piggagamit sa parati an pagtaram sa aro-aldaw na pamumuhay. Huli sa pagtaram natatawan nin mga posibilidad an mga pangyayari o an mga mawot na ipasabot o ipahayag sa iba. Nakakatabang man ini sa paagi kan pakikipag-ugnayan sa kapwa. ==Ebolusyon== Minsan ngani may kinaaraman sa urog na pangkagabsan na problema kan [[ginikanan kan tataramon]], an [[ebolusyon]] kan daing-siring na kakayahan sa pagtaram nin tawo nagin nalalaen asin sa dakol na paagi na suhay na rona kan siyentipikong pagsaligsig.<ref name="Hockett 1960">{{Cite journal |last=Hockett |first=Charles F. |author-link=Charles F. Hockett |year=1960 |title=The Origin of Speech |url=http://www.gifted.ucalgary.ca/dflynn/files/dflynn/Hockett60.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=203 |issue=3 |pages=88–96 |bibcode=1960SciAm.203c..88H |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0960-88 |pmid=14402211 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106173517/http://www.gifted.ucalgary.ca/dflynn/files/dflynn/Hockett60.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-06 |access-date=2014-01-06 |archivedate=2014-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106173517/http://www.gifted.ucalgary.ca/dflynn/files/dflynn/Hockett60.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Corballis 2002">{{Cite book |last=Corballis |first=Michael C. |url=https://archive.org/details/fromhandtomoutho0000corb |title=From hand to mouth : the origins of language |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-691-08803-7 |location=Princeton |oclc=469431753 |author-link=Michael Corballis |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Lieberman 1984">{{Cite book |last=Lieberman |first=Philip |title=The biology and evolution of language |url=https://archive.org/details/biologyevolution00lieb |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1984 |isbn=9780674074132 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |oclc=10071298}}</ref><ref name="Lieberman, P 2000">{{Cite book |last=Lieberman |first=Philip |title=Human language and our reptilian brain : the subcortical bases of speech, syntax, and thought |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780674002265 |volume=44 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=32–51 |doi=10.1353/pbm.2001.0011 |oclc=43207451 |pmid=11253303 |author-link=Philip Lieberman |issue=1 |s2cid=38780927}}</ref><ref name="Abry Boë 1998">{{Cite journal |last1=Abry |first1=Christian |last2=Boë |first2=Louis-Jean |last3=Laboissière |first3=Rafael |last4=Schwartz |first4=Jean-Luc |year=1998 |title=A new puzzle for the evolution of speech? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-and-brain-sciences_1998-08_21_4/page/512 |journal=[[Behavioral and Brain Sciences]] |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=512–513 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X98231268 |s2cid=145180611}}</ref> An tema sarong suhay na tema huli ta an sarong tataramon dai kinakaipuhan na itaram: pwede iyan na [[Nakasurat na tataramon|isurat]] o [[palba|isenyas]]. An pagtaram sa sentidong ini sarong opsyonal, minsan ngani iyo iyan an default modality para sa tataramon. [[Image:Places of articulation.svg|thumb|Mga lugar nin artikulasyon (passive asin active):<br />1. Exo-labial, 2. Endo-labial, 3. Dental, 4. Alveolar, 5. Post-alveolar, 6. Pre-palatal, 7. Palatal, 8. Velar, 9. Uvular, 10. Pharyngeal, 11. Glottal, 12. Epiglottal, 13. Radical, 14. Postero-dorsal, 15. Antero-dorsal, 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18. Sub-apical]] ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} q6ay28omsjc31053h7z2x7fv1pai416 0 45999 309759 277174 2026-08-23T23:18:52Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Mikropenis | image = Male micro.jpg | caption = Sarong lungtoy na mikropenis | field = [[Urolohiya]] | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = Permanente (habambuhay) | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = {{circa}} 0.6% kan mga lalaki | deaths = | alt = | Average Size = }} An '''mikropenis''' iyo an sarong bakong ordinaryo kasadit na [[buto nin tawo|putoy]]. An komun criterion iyo an dorsal (sinukol sa itaas) An [[sukol kan buto nin tawo|laba kan putoy]] nin kisera 2.5 [[Standard deviation|standard deviations]] mas sadit kisa [[mean]] na [[sukol kan buto nin tawo]].<ref name="pmid7366061">{{cite journal|author=Lee PA|title=Micropenis. I. Criteria, etiologies and classification|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_johns-hopkins-medical-journal_1980-04_146_4/page/156|journal=The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal|volume=146|issue=4|pages=156–63|year=1980|pmid=7366061|name-list-style=vanc|author2=Mazur T|author3=Danish R|display-authors=3|last4=Amrhein|first4=J|last5=Blizzard|first5=RM|last6=Money|first6=J|last7=Migeon|first7=CJ}}</ref> An mikropenis iyo an nakaunat na laba kan putoy na kulang sa 2.5 [[Sentimetro|cm]] (0.98 [[Pulgada|in]]) sa terminong [[umboy|infants]], 2.6 cm (1.02 in) sa edad santaon, 3.5 cm (1.38 in) sa edad na limang taon, 3.8 cm (1.5 in) sa edad na sampulong taon, asin 9.3 cm (3.66 in) sa adulto. An kondisyon parating pigmimidbid tulos pagkatapos kan [[pangangaki|pagkamundag]]. An termino is parating piggagamit sa medikal kapag an natatadang kabtang kan buto, [[scrotum]], asin an [[perineum]] mayo nin [[Ambiguous genitalia|ambiguity]], siring sa [[hypospadias]]. An '''microphallus''' piglaladawan an terminong medikal kun saen an ibang seksyon kan henitalya napapalaen, siring kan hypospadias o [[cryptorchidism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/923178-overview|title=Microphallus: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology|date=29 December 2022|via=eMedicine}}</ref> An insidente nin mikropenis haros 1.5 sa 10,000 na lalaki na [[bàgong mundag]] sa [[Amihanan na Amerika]].<ref name="ScienceDaily04">ScienceDaily.com (2004). "[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041206205001.htm Surgeons Pinch More Than An Inch From The Arm To Rebuild A Micropenis]," 6 Dec. 2004, retrieved 2 April 2012.</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} p2ofzpn1gl0fzqshodkv820l9lyma7f 0 46260 309578 303432 2026-08-23T20:20:36Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Pinakadakulang danaw sa Hapon}} {{about|danaw sa Hapon|album ni Wadada Leo Smith|Lake Biwa (album)}} {{Infobox body of water |name=Danaw nin Biwa |native_name= 琵琶湖 |image=Lake biwa.jpg |caption=An danaw nin Biwa sa kalawakan |image_bathymetry= |caption_bathymetry= |coords={{coord|35|15|18|N|136|04|48|E|region:JP_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} |pushpin_map=Hapon#Hapon Prepekturang Shiga |location= [[Prepekturang Shiga]], [[Hapon]] |type=[[Suanoy na danaw]], [[Danaw|tektoniko]], [[tubig-tabang]] |inflow=118 na mga salog |outflow=[[Salog nin Yodo|Salog nin Seta]] |catchment={{cvt|3174|km2}} |basin_countries=Hapon |length={{cvt|63.49|km}} |width={{cvt|22.8|km}} |area={{cvt|670.3|km2}}<ref name=Tabata2016/> |depth={{cvt|41|m|ft}} |max-depth={{cvt|104|m|ft}}<ref name=Tabata2016/> |volume={{cvt|27.5|km3}}<ref name=Tabata2016/> |residence_time=5.5 na taon |shore={{cvt|235.2|km}} |elevation={{cvt|85.6|m|ft}} |frozen= |islands=[[Isla nin Chikubu|Chikubu]], [[Takeshima (Shiga)|Takeshima]], [[Okishima (Shiga)|Okishima]] (nairukan) |cities=[[Higashiōmi]], [[Hikone, Shiga|Hikone]], [[Kusatsu, Shiga|Kusatsu]], [[Maibara, Shiga|Maibara]], [[Moriyama, Shiga|Moriyama]], [[Nagahama, Shiga|Nagahama]], [[Ōmihachiman]], [[Ōtsu]], [[Takashima, Shiga|Takashima]], [[Yasu, Shiga|Yasu]] |extra={{Designation list |embed=yes |designation1=Ramsar |designation1_offname=Biwa-ko |designation1_date=June 10, 1993 |designation1_number=617<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biwa-ko |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/617 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> }} }} [[File:20091015琵琶湖.jpg|thumb|240px|right|pang-ereng tanawon kan Danaw nin Biwa]] An {{nihongo|'''Danaw nin Biwa'''|琵琶湖|Biwa-ko}} iyo an pinakadakulang [[tubig-tabang]] na [[danaw]] sa Hapon. Interong mahihiling ini sa [[Prepekturang Shiga]] (sulnopan-katahawan na [[Honshu]]), amihanan-subangan kan dating kapitolyo syudad na [[Kyoto]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://universalium.academic.ru/236944/Biwa,_Lake |title=Biwa, Lake |encyclopedia=Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias}}</ref> Sarong [[suanoy na danaw]] an Danaw nin Biwa, lapas sa 4 na milyong taong gulang.<ref name=Tabata2016/> Pigtatanya ining ika-13 pinakagurang na danaw sa kinaban.<ref name="marine-rutgers">{{cite web |title=Ancient lakes of the world |format=website |url=https://marine.rutgers.edu/~cfree/ancient-lakes-of-the-world/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209063201/https://marine.rutgers.edu/~cfree/ancient-lakes-of-the-world/ |archive-date=February 9, 2020 |publisher=Christopher M. Free |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> Huli ta sa karanihan kaini sa [[Kyoto]], parating nabutwa an mga pagtukdo sa Danaw nin Biwa sa literaturang Hapones, partikular sa mga rawit asin sa mga makasaysayan na salaysay kan mga labanan. ==Pangaran== Naitugdas an pangaran na ''Biwako'' kan [[panahon nin Edo]]. Igwang manlainlain na mga teorya manungod sa ginikanan kan pangaran na ''Biwako'', alagad sa pangkagabasan, tinutubudan na pinagaranan ini ta sa pagkakahawig kan korte kaini sa instrumentong may kuwerdas na inaapod na ''[[biwa]]''. Nagtao si Kōsō na sarong nakanuod na monghe kan [[Enryaku-ji]] kan ika-14 na siglo nin senyales sa pinaghalian kan pangaran na ''Biwako'' sa saiyang pagsurat: "An danaw iyo an [[Purong kadagaan]] kan diyosang si [[Benzaiten]] huli ta nag-iirok siya sa [[Isla nin Chikubu]] asin kaarog sa ''biwa'' an korte kan danaw, na saiyang paboritong instrumento."<ref>Yoshihiro Kimura (2001). ''Biwako -sono koshō no yurai-'' [Lake Biwa, the origin of its name]. Hikone: Sunrise Publishing. {{ISBN|4-88325-129-2}}</ref> Midbid kaidto an danaw sa {{nihongo3|Dagat nin tubig-tabang|淡海|Awaumi}} o an {{nihongo3|Dagat nin tubig-tabang na harani [sa Kapitolyo]|近淡海|Chikatsu Awaumi}}. Kan dai naghaloy, nabago an pagsayod kan ''Awaumi'' sa makabagong ''Ōmi'' arog kan sa pangaran nin [[Probinsya nin Ōmi]]. Inaapod man an danaw na {{nihongo3|Danaw nin "[[Sadit na grebe|Sadit na Grebe]]"|鳰の海|Nio no Umi}} sa literatura. ==Hiwas asin paggamit== Maabot sa {{convert|670|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} an hiwas kan danaw.<ref name="seasonal">{{cite journal |last1=Kunimune |first1=Yoshio |last2=Mitsunaga |first2=Yasushi |last3=Komeyama |first3=Kazuyoshi |last4=Matsuda |first4=Masanari |last5=Kobayashi |first5=Toru |last6=Takagi |first6=Tsutomu |last7=Yamane |first7=Takeshi |title=Seasonal distribution of adult crucian carp nigorobuna Carassius auratus grandoculis and gengoroubuna Carassius cuvieri in Lake Biwa, Japan |url=https://archive.org/details/fisheries-science_2011-07_77_4/page/521 |journal=Fisheries Science |date=2011 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=521–532 |doi=10.1007/s12562-011-0354-7 |s2cid=44186839}}</ref> An sararadit na salog, minasulog hali sa nakapalibot na mga bukid pasiring sa Danaw nin Biwa, asin an panginot na luwasan kaini iyo an [[Salog nin Seta]], na dai nahaloy, naging Salog Uji, na pinagsaro sa Katsura asin Kizu tanganing maging [[Salog nin Yodo]] asin minasulog sa [[Dagat Panlaog nin Seta]] sa [[Suba nin Osaka]]. Ini an nagsisirbing reservoir para sa mga syudad kan [[Kyoto]] asin [[Otsu, Shiga|Ōtsu]] asin sarong importanteng mapagkukuanan para sa mga karani na industriya nin tela. Nagtatao ini nin inumon na tubig para sa mga 15 milyong tawo sa [[rehiyon nin Kansai]]. Sarong lugar an Danaw nin Biwa nin pangakian kan mga sirang tubig-tabang, kabali na an [[trout]], asin para sa industriya nin [[marikultura|kulturang hiyas ]]. Itinindog an [[Kanal kan Danaw nin Biwa ]] kan huring parte kan 1890s asin dai nahaloy, pinalawig sa panahon kan [[panahon nin Taishō]] na may dakulaon na papel na ginampanan sa pagpapasigla giraray kan industriyal na buhay kan Kyoto, pagkatapos kan matarik na pagbaba kasunod sa paglipat kan kabisera sa Tokyo. An Danaw nin Biwa, irukan kan kadakol na sikat na baybayon sa kalabaan kan amihanan-sulnopan na baybayon, urog na an halimbawa, Baybayon nin [[Shiga, Shiga|Shiga]] asin [[Istasyon nin Ōmi-Maiko|Omi-Maiko]]. Interesado man an [[Mizunomori Water Botanical Garden]] asin an [[Museo kan Danaw nin Biwa]] sa [[Kusatsu, Shiga|Kusatsu]]. Nangyayari an Daralaganan sa Danaw nin Biwa sa Ōtsu, an syudad sa kahabagatan na puro kan danaw, taun-taon poon pa kan 1962. ==Natural na kasaysayan== [[File:Silurus biwaensis1.jpg|thumb|An [[Silurus biwaensis|higanteng hito sa Danaw nin Biwa]] iyo an pinakadakulang mandaragit na sira sa danaw asin dai mahahanap sainman.]] An Lake Biwa sarong [[tektoniko]] an pinaghaliam asin saro sa [[Suanoy na danaw|gurangon na marhay na danaw]] sa kinaban, napetsahan ini haros 4 milyon taon na an nakakaagi.<ref name=Tabata2016>Tabata, R.; Kakioka, R.; Tominaga, K.; Komiya, T.; Watanabe, K. (2016). ''[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.2070/full Phylogeny and historical demography of endemic fishes in Lake Biwa: the ancient lake as a promoter of evolution and diversification of freshwater fishes in western Japan.]'' Ecology and Evolution 6(8): 2601–2623.</ref> An halabang daing patod na edad na ini an nagtaong dalan para sa sarong kamangnomangno na magkakalain na [[ekosistema]] na nag-uswag sa danaw. Nakadokumento an mga naturalista nin lagpas sa 1000 espesye asin [[pang-irarom na espesye]] sa danaw, kabali an haros 60 na mga [[endemismo|endemiko]].<ref name=Tabata2016/> Importanteng lugar an Danaw nin Biwa sa [[Anatidae|mga gamgam na pantubig]]. Haros 5,000 na mga gamgam na pantubig an nadayo sa Biwa kada taon. Igwang 46 na subong nin espesye asin pang-irarom na espesye nin sira sa danaw,<ref name=fish>Kawanabe, H.; Nishino, M.; and Maehata, M., editors (2012). ''Lake Biwa: Interactions between Nature and People.'' pp 119-120. {{ISBN|978-94-007-1783-1}}</ref> kabali an 11 na espesye asin 5 pang-irarom na espesye na endemiko o haraning-endemiko.<ref name=Tabata2016/> An mga endemiko na espesye iyo an limang [[cyprinids]] (''[[Carassius cuvieri]]'', ''[[Gnathopogon caerulescens]]'', ''[[Ischikauia steenackeri]]'', ''[[Opsariichthys uncirostris]]'' asin ''[[Sarcocheilichthys biwaensis]]''), sarong [[Cobitidae|true loach]] (''[[Cobitis magnostriata]]''), duwang [[gobies]] (''[[Gymnogobius isaza]]'' asin ''[[Rhinogobius biwaensis]]''), duwang [[Siluridae|silurid catfish]] (''[[Silurus biwaensis]]'' asin ''[[Silurus lithophilus|S. lithophilus]]'') asin sarong [[Cottidae|cottid]] (''[[Cottus reinii]]'').<ref name=Tabata2016/><ref name=fish/> Endemiko man an [[Biwa trout]] sa danaw, alagad pinaninindugan kan pipira na ini sarong pang-irarom na espesye nin laganap na [[masu salmon]] imbes na sarong suway na espesye.<ref name=Tabata2016/><ref name=fish/> An natatadang endemiko na sira iyo an mga pang-irarom na espesye kan ''[[Nigorobuna|Carassius auratus]]'', ''[[Cobitis minamorii]]'', ''[[Sarcocheilichthys variegatus]]'' asin ''[[Squalidus chankaensis|Squalidus (chankaensis) biwae]]''.{{Efn|Maninigo na dai mamidbidan an pagkakalain kan mga pang-irarom na espesye, halimbawa kan sa ngunyan na [[FishBase]].}}<ref name=Tabata2016/><ref name=fish/> Harong man an Danaw nin Biwa kan dakulang bilang nin [[molluscs]], kaiba an 38 na mga [[susong tubig-tabang]] (19 endemiko) asin 16 na mga [[bivalve]] (9 endemiko).<ref>Segers, H.; and Martens, K; editors (2005). ''The Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystems.'' p. 46. Developments in Hydrobiology. Aquatic Biodiversity. {{ISBN|1-4020-3745-7}}</ref> Dai pa man nahaloy, sobrang nagdusa an [[biodibersidad]] kan danaw nin huli ta sa [[Mga nagsasakyada na espesye|pagsakyada kan mga wakang na sira]], an [[itom na bass]] asin an [[bluegill]]. Prinisentar an Bluegill sa [[Imperador kan Hapon|Imperador]] dangan pinabutas sa danaw bilang pinagkukuanan nin pagkakan kan lain pang sira. Pinamidbid man an itom na bass na sarong [[Pagsisirang libangan|sirang isport]]. Kan Hulyo 2009, sarong [[largemouth bass]] na may gabat na {{convert|10.12|kg|lboz|abbr=on}} an [[Pagsisira|nadakop]] sa danaw ni Manabu Kurita. Ini opisyal na nasertipika kan [[International Game Fish Association]] (IGFA) tanganing ibugkos an largemouth bass [[world record]] na kaso sana ni George Perry sa laog kan ako 77 taon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igfa.org/igfa-world-records-search/?search_type=CommonNameSummary&search_term_1=Bass%2C+largemouth |title=IGFA World Records |access-date=April 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gameandfishmag.com/editorial/10-biggest-largemouth-bass-world-records-ever/193273 |title=Game & Fish |date=May 12, 2015 |access-date=April 3, 2019}}</ref> ==Arkeolohiya== An lugar nin Awazu na sarong nakalubog na [[Shell midden]], sarong importante na [[lugar nin arkeolohikal]] kan [[panahon nin Jōmon]]. Nagbalik ini sa kapinunan kan Initial na panahon nin Jōmon]] (ca. 9300 [[Before Present|BP]]). Mahihiling ini harani sa kahabagatan na puro kan danaw nin Biwa, harnai sa [[Ōtsu|Kahokoman nin Otsu]], sa irarom na 2 sagkod 3 metro hali sa ibaba.<ref name="books.google.ca">Francesco Menotti, Aidan O'Sullivan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hGS5PkLz0oYC&pg=PA181 The Oxford Handbook of Wetland Archaeology.] OUP Oxford, 2013. {{ISBN|0199573492}} p.181</ref> Ipinapahiling kan lugar an paggamit kan mga mapagkukuanan nin pagkakan nin tinanom asin hayop kan [[Mga tawong Jōmon]]. Ipinapahiling man na inio an importante kan pagkonsumo nin nut sa panahon na ini. An Shell Midden No. 3, napetsahan sa [[Panahon nin Jōmon#Katahawan na Jōmon (3520–2470 BKE)|panahon nin katahawan na Jōmon]]. Sarong kasaganaan nin mga [[horse chestnut]] an nadiskubre digdi (mga 40% kan saindang kabilugan na pigtatanyang diyeta). Ipinahihiwatig kaini na, sa huring yugtong kaini, pinagkaekpertuhan an sarong sopistikadong teknolohiya sa pagproseso tanganing mahali an mapanraot na [[asidong taniko]], asin gibuhon ining ligtas para sa pagkakan.<ref name="HabuMatsui2011">{{cite journal |last1=Habu |first1=Junko |last2=Matsui |first2=Akira |last3=Yamamoto |first3=Naoto |last4=Kanno |first4=Tomonori |title=Shell midden archaeology in Japan: Aquatic food acquisition and long-term change in the Jomon culture |journal=Quaternary International |volume=239 |issue=1–2 |year=2011 |pages=19–27 |url=http://scholar.berkeley.edu/junkohabu/files/jqi-shellmidden-habu_et_al._2011.pdf |issn=1040-6182 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.014|bibcode=2011QuInt.239...19H }}</ref> An Ishiyama, saro pang arog kaitong lugar kan [[Panahon nin Jōmon#Amay na Jōmon (5000–3520 BKE)|panahon nin amay na Jōmon]] sa Danaw nin Biwa.<ref name="books.google.ca"/> ==Batas sa kapalibutan== Minasakop sa Danaw nin Biwa an manlainlain na batas: ===Pag-iwas sa yutropikasyon=== Sa nibel nin prepektural, pinagpusog an Eutrophication Control Ordinance kadtong 1979. Tinutulod kaining kontrolon an paggamit kan mga sintetikong deterhento kan mga kumpanya asin residente asin masunod sa matagumpay na kampanya kan mga namamanwaan na midbid sa Soap Movement, na nagbutwa hali sa mga pugro nin mga parabakal nin kababayehan kadtong 1970s.<ref>Kira, T., Ide, S., Fukada, F., Nakamura, M. (2005) [https://www.ilec.or.jp/wp-content/uploads/pub/05_Lake_Biwa_27February2006.pdf Lake Biwa: Experience and Lessons Learned Brief.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414125041/https://www.ilec.or.jp/wp-content/uploads/pub/05_Lake_Biwa_27February2006.pdf |date=2024-04-14 }} International Lake Environment Committee Foundation, Shiga, Japan.</ref> Pinapusog an batas tanganing malikayan an [[yutropikasyon]] kadtong 1981 asin inot na inimplenta kadtong Hulyo 1, 1982; Kun baga, inaapod an aldaw na ini na "{{nihongo|Aldaw kan Danaw nin Biwa|びわ湖の日|Biwako no Hi}}". Nagtugdas an batas nin mga panuytuyan para sa mga nibel nin [[nitroheno]] asin [[posporus]] para sa agrikultura, pang-industriya, asin mga pinaghahalian nin tubig sa bahay na minahali sa danaw. Pinangaladan man ninda an mga tawo na maggamit asin magpabakal nin mga sintetikong [[detergent]] na naglalaog nin posporus. ===Proteksyon sa basang daga === Ipigdisegnar an danaw bilang [[UNESCO]] Ramsar Wetland (1993) susog sa [[Konbensyon nin Ramsar]]. An mawuton kan tretato na ini iyo an protektahan asin makahustong gamiton an importasyon nin internasyonal na [[marsh|basang daga]]. Sa ngunyan, yaon sa irarom kan tretato na ini an Kushiro marsh ([[:ja:Kushiro Marsh | Kushiro Marsh]], Kushiro Shitsugen) kan Hapon. ===Konserbasyon kan Reed Vegetation Zone=== An mga kolonya nin [[Phragmites|Tambo]] sa baybayon an nagtatao sa Danaw nin Biwa nin katangian kaining tanawon. Igwang importanteng papel an mga tambo sa paglilinig kan tubig iyo man an pagtatao nin istaran para sa mga gamgam asin sira. Kadtong inot na panahon, may darakulang lugar nin mga tambo sa baybayon kan Danaw nin Biwa, na nadayag, dai pa man nahaloy kan mga survey nin lokal na gobyerno na nagpundo sa kabanga an pagdakula ta sa paglaog kan pag-uswag. Igwang bisa poon pa kan 1992 an Shiga Ordinance na ini para sa Konserbasyon kan Reed Vegetation Zones tanganing protektahan, palaguon, asin gamiton an mga katre nin tambo. ==Galerya== <gallery> File:Biwako Quasi-National Park Omihachiman06n3200.jpg|An danaw nin Biwa sa Chomeiji-cho, [[Ōmihachiman]] File:三井寺疎水 - panoramio.jpg|Lake Biwa Canal File:Mangetsuji Otsu Shiga02n4500.jpg|An templo nin [[Mangetsu-ji]], saro sa walong mga tanawon kan Omi File:Michigan - Lake Biwa, Japan - DSC07330.JPG|Sarong baroto nin kaugmahan gikan sa daungan nin [[Ōtsu]] File:Chikubujima.jpg|[[Isla nin Chikubu]] File:Biwa Lake.jpg|Pagsirang kan saldang sa Danaw nin Biwa File:Port_of_imazu01s3200.jpg|An daungan nin [[Imazu, Shiga|Imazu]], [[Takashima, Shiga|Takashima]] File:Nagahama_port01s3872.jpg|Daungan nin [[Nagahama, Shiga|Nagahama]] File:Two Views of Lake Biwa 2022 Jan 2.webm| Sarong maniyebe na Danaw nin Biwa na mahihiling gikan sa bintana kan eroplano asin sarong bakong maniyebe na Danaw nin Biwa na mahihiling hali sa sarong lantsa, 2022 File:Kusatsu Reisho Tokaido.jpg|[[Hiroshige]] File:Biwako-from-Kitahira-Toge-Pass-2014-Luka-Peternel.jpg|An Danaw nin Biwa gikan sa Kitahira-Tōge Pass </gallery> ==Hilingon man== * [[Walong mga tanawon kan Omi]] * [[Linyang Biwako]] * [[Biwako Quasi-National Park]] * [[Biwa, Shiga|Biwa town]], sarong banwaan sa amihanan na baybayon kan Danaw nin Biwa asin ipinangaran sa Danaw nin Biwa an pangaran kaini. * [[Danaw nin Hamana]], sarong danaw sa [[Prepekturang Shizuoka]], an lumang pangaran kaini iyo an "harayong dagat na tubig-tabang". * [[Takeshima (Shiga)|Isla nin Takeshima]] ==Mga tala nin pagpapaliwanag== {{notelist}} ==Mga toltolan== {{Reflist}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== {{commons category|Lake Biwa}} {{Wikivoyage|Lake Biwa}} {{NIE Poster|year=1905|Biwa}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041205015048/http://www.pref.shiga.jp/biwako/koai/english/eng_top.htm Departamento kan Danas nin Biwa asin Kapalibutan, Prepekturang Shiga] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112154/http://www.lberi.jp/root/en/ Institusyon nin Pagsaligsig sa Kapalibutan kan Danaw nin Biwa] * [http://www.biwahaku.jp/english/ Museo kan Danaw nin Biwa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092157/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/spec.cfm?site_id=210 sityo nin deytabeys kan Ramsar] * [http://en.biwako-visitors.jp/ go.biwako - Pangurang na pagbaklay sa Prepekturang Shiga, Hapon] * [http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/lake_biwa.cfm Danaw nin Biwa (World Wildlife Fund)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227184438/http://opuscula.elte.hu/OF/Review%20of%20Criodrilidae_proof.pdf Pagsusuri kan Criodrilidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta) kaiba an Biwadrilus hali sa Hapon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060423035951/http://home.biwa.ne.jp/live-biwako.html Live Webcam kan Biwako] * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/satoyama/ Japan's Secret Garden NOVA / PBS] *[http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Silurus%20biwaensis/show Fishing World Records] {{Lakes of Japan}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mga suanoy na danaw]] [[Category:Mga ekorehiyon kan Tubig-tabang|Biwa]] [[Category:Mga danaw kan Hapon|Biwa]] [[Category:Mga lugar nin Ramsar sa Hapon|Biwa]] [[Category:Mga pormang daga kan Prepekturang Shiga]] [[Category:Panahon nin Jōmon]] [[Category:Ōmihachiman, Shiga]] sbjzezvgscr4uc177of0ai3ea3uj5z4 0 46276 309577 304052 2026-08-23T20:20:18Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Édouard-Henri_Avril_anal_sex_detail.jpg|thumb|ika-19 na siglong erotikong interpretasyon ni [[Hadrian]] asin [[Antinous]], ni [[Édouard-Henri Avril|Paul Avril]].]] An '''sekswal na kaugalian sa pag-ultanan nin mga lalaki''' iyo an mga [[sekswal na aktibidad nin tawo|sekswal na aktibidad]] na imbwelto an mga [[lalaking nakikidurog sa kapwa lalaki]], regardless kan saindang [[sekswal na orientasyon]] o [[sekswal na identidad]]. Pwedeng kabali sa mga kaugalian na ini an [[anal sex]], [[non-penetrative sex]], asin [[pagdurog na pangngoso|oral sex]]. Nagpapahiling an mga ebidensya na an pagdurog sa pag-ultanan kan mga lalaki signipikanteng dai masyadong narereport sa mga surveys.<ref name="Adolescent sexual behavior, drug us">{{cite journal|vauthors=Turner CF, Ku L, Rogers SM, Lindberg LD, Pleck JH, Sonenstein FL|title=Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: increased reporting with computer survey technology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-05-08_280_5365/page/867|journal=Science|volume=280|issue=5365|pages=867–73|date=May 1998|pmid=9572724|doi=10.1126/science.280.5365.867|bibcode=1998Sci...280..867T|s2cid=20035266}}</ref><ref name="nber.org">{{cite journal |title=The Size of the LGBT Population and the Magnitude of Anti-Gay Sentiment are Substantially Underestimated |journal=Management Science |volume=63 |issue=10 |pages=3168–3186 |year=2013 |first1=Katherine B. |last1=Coffman |first2=Lucas C. |last2=Coffman |first3=Keith M. Marzilli |last3=Ericson |doi=10.1287/mnsc.2016.2503 |s2cid=35207796 |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:34403526 }}</ref> [[File:Somov - The Lovers.jpg|thumb|''The Lovers'' ni [[Konstantin Somov]]]] ==Mga gawe== An manlaenlaen na [[sekswal na posisyon]] posibleng isagibo durante kan sekswal na aktibidad sa pag-ultanan kan mga lalaki. Nagpapahiling an mga ebidensya na an pagkitoan sa pag-ultanan kan mga lalaki signipikante na dai masyadong narereport sa mga surveys huli sa [[social desirability bias]].<ref name="Adolescent sexual behavior, drug us"/><ref name="nber.org"/> ===Pagdurog na panlubot=== [[File:Wiki-anal cowboy.jpg|right|thumb|250px|An pigpepenetrar na lalaki na nakahigda iyo an "top" asin an nagreresibi na lalaki iyo an "bottom" sa bakerong posisyon.]] Sa kasaysayan, an [[pagdurog na panlubot]] nagin bantog na pig-asosyar sa [[sekswalidad nin lalaking tawo|homosekswalidad na panlalaki]]. Dakol na MSM, minsan ngani, dai nakikisumaro sa pagdurog na panlubot, asin posibleng nakisumaro sa [[pagdurog na pangngoso]], [[Non-penetrative sex#Frottage|frottage]] o [[frot]], asin/o [[mutual masturbation]] lugod.<ref name="Wellings">{{cite book|author1=Kaye Wellings|author2=Kirstin Mitchell|author3= Martine Collumbien|title=Sexual Health: A Public Health Perspective|isbn = 978-0335244812|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill International]]|year=2012|page=91|access-date=August 29, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91}}</ref><ref name="Goldstone">{{cite journal | last1 = Goldstone| first1 =Stephen E. | last2 = Welton| first2 = Mark L.| year = 2004 | title = Sexually Transmitted Diseases of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus| journal = Clin Colon Rectal Surg | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 235–239| doi = 10.1055/s-2004-836944| pmc=2780055 | pmid=20011265}}</ref><ref name="Johnson and Johnson">{{cite book|title=Gay Perspective: Things Our Homosexuality Tells Us about the Nature of God & the Universe|isbn = 978-1-59021-015-4 |publisher=[[Lethe Press]]|year=2008|page=139|access-date=February 12, 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPyhsuVbUlAC&q=en&pg=PA139|author =Edwin Clark Johnson, [[Toby Johnson]]}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 6qr6llkrhj0qcfqsl7yxcjptuuikn30 0 46279 309549 266723 2026-08-23T20:02:18Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309549 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''sekswal na identidad''' nagpapanongod sa self-perception kan sarong tawo in terms of romantiko o [[pagkadagkang sekswal]] pasiring sa iba,<ref name="Reiter">{{cite journal|author=Reiter L|year=1989|title=Sexual orientation, sexual identity, and the question of choice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-social-work-journal_summer-1989_17_2/page/138|journal=Clinical Social Work Journal|volume=17|issue=2|pages=138–50|doi=10.1007/BF00756141|s2cid=144530462}}[https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00756141] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310101501/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00756141|date=March 10, 2022}}</ref> minsan ngani bakong mutually exclusive, asin pwedeng magin laen sa [[Romantikong orientasyon|romantikong identidad]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Diamond|first=Lisa M.|date=January 2003|title=What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529061/|journal=Psychological Review|volume=110|issue=1|pages=173–192|doi=10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.173|issn=0033-295X|pmid=12529061}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} lfys3s9z94lowivm2kdsq024t8w7pkc 0 46281 309774 266730 2026-08-23T23:30:40Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309774 wikitext text/x-wiki Sa social psychology, an sarong '''interpersonal na relasyon''' (o '''interpersonal relationship''') naglaladawan sa sarong social association, [[Social connection|connection]], o affiliation sa pag-ultanan kan duwa o dakol pang tawo. Signipikante iyan na nag-ooverlap sa konsepto kan [[sosyal na relasyon]], na iyo an mga fundamental unit kan analysis sa laog kan [[social sciences]]. Nagkakalaen an mga relasyon sa degrees kan intimacy, self-disclosure, duration, reciprocity, asin power distribution. An pangenot na themes o trends kan interpersonal relations iyo an: [[pamilya]], [[kinship]], [[pagkakatood]], [[pagkamoot]], [[kasal]], [[komersyo|negosyo]], [[pag-empleyo]], [[Club (organization)|clubs]], [[Neighborhood|neighborhoods]], [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|ethical values]], support asin [[solidaridad]]. An mga interpersonal relations posibleng kontrolado kan [[ley]], [[Norm (sociology)|custom]], o mutual agreement, asin pigbibilog an basehan kan [[Social group|social groups]] asin [[Sosyedad|societies]]. Minalataw sinda kapag an mga tawo nagkokomunikar o nag-aakto sa lambang saro sa laog kan espesipikong [[Social context|social contexts]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ye|first1=Jinhui|last2=Ye|first2=Xiaoting|title=Adolescents' interpersonal relationships, self-consistency, and congruence: Life meaning as a mediator|journal=Social Behavior and Personality|date=4 November 2020|volume=48|issue=11|pages=1–11|doi=10.2224/sbp.9428|s2cid=226526839}}</ref> asin sinda nabubuhay sa equitable asin reciprocal na [[Compromise|compromises]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Molm|first1=Linda D.|last2=Schaefer|first2=David R.|last3=Collett|first3=Jessica L.|title=The Value of Reciprocity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-psychology-quarterly_2007-06_70_2/page/199|journal=Social Psychology Quarterly|date=2007|volume=70|issue=2|pages=199–217|doi=10.1177/019027250707000208|jstor=20141780|s2cid=146252068}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 66568zsudd03gy53dimg3ldw1nae5ig 0 46558 309615 308948 2026-08-23T20:53:42Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox iwal nin militar | conflict = Labanan sa Iwo Jima | partof = [[Kampanya sa Bulkan asin mga isla nin Ryukyu]] kan [[Gubat sa Pasipiko|Pacific Theater]] ([[World War II]]) | image = [[File:37mm Gun fires against cave positions at Iwo Jima.jpg|border|295px]] | caption = Sarong U.S. {{cvt|37|mm|in}} [[37 mm gun M3|M3]] [[anti-tank gun]] an nagpapaputok kontra sa Japanese cave na nakaposisyon sa amihanan na hampang kan [[Bukid Suribachi]]. | date = ika-19 nin Pebrero – ika-26 nin Marso 1945<br />({{Age in weeks and days|month1=02|day1=19|year1=1945|month2=03|day2=26|year2=1945}}) | place = [[Iwo Jima]], [[Mga isla nin Bulkan]], [[Imperyong Hapon|Hapon]] | coordinates = {{coord|24.78|N|141.32|E|type:event_region:JP-13|display=inline,title}} | map_size = 290 | result = Gana an amerikano * Maninigong mag-eskort an lunadan na pang-ere kan USAAF nin mga B-29 sa mga misyon sa Hapon. * Nakaguno an mga Amerikano nin emergency landing strip para sa mga lunadan na pang-ere na nagbalik hali sa mga misyon sa Hapon. | combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1912}} | combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Imperyong Hapon}} | commander1 = '''U.S. Navy:'''<br />{{Indented plainlist| * [[Chester W. Nimitz]] * [[Raymond A. Spruance]] * [[Marc Mitscher]] * [[William H. P. Blandy]] }} '''U.S. Marine Corps:'''<br />{{Indented plainlist| * [[Holland Smith|Holland M. Smith]] * [[Harry Schmidt (USMC)|Harry Schmidt]] * [[Graves B. Erskine]] * [[Clifton B. Cates]] * [[Keller E. Rockey]] }} | commander2 = '''Hokbo kan Imperyal na Hapon:'''{{Indented plainlist| * [[Tadamichi Kuribayashi]]{{KIA}} * [[Takeichi Nishi]]{{KIA}} * [[Sadasue Senda]]{{KIA}} }} '''Navy kan Imperyal na Hapon:'''<br />[[Rinosuke Ichimaru]]{{KIA}} | units1 = ''Mga yunit sa daga'':<br />{{Indented plainlist| * [[File:USMC V Amphib Corps.png|18px]] '''[[V Amphibious Corps]]''' * [[3rd Marine Division (United States)|3rd Marine Division]] * [[4th Marine Division (United States)|4th Marine Division]] * [[5th Marine Division (United States)|5th Marine Division]] * [[147th Infantry Regiment (United States)|147th Infantry Regiment (suway)]]{{sfn|Morison|1960|p=68}} }} ''Mga yunit kan hukbong-pang-ere'':<br />{{Indented plainlist| * [[File:Seventh Air Force - Emblem (World War II).svg|20px]] '''[[Seventh Air Force]]''' }} ''Mga yunit kan hukbong-dagat'':<br />{{Indented plainlist| * [[File:United States Fifth Fleet insignia 2006.png|20px]] '''[[United States Fifth Fleet|U.S. 5th Fleet]]''' * Joint Expeditionary Force (TF 51) * Amphibious Support Force (TF 52) * Attack Force (TF 53) * Expeditionary Troops (TF 56) * [[Fast Carrier Task Force|Fast Carrier Force (TF 58)]] * 31st Naval Construction Battalion * 62nd Naval Construction Battalion * [[Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 133|133rd Naval Construction Battalion]] * [[Underwater Demolition Team|UDT]]s 12, 13, 14, and 15 }} <!--{{Infobox military unit |unit_name=Armada sa Pasipiko kan Briton |dates=1944–45 |country={{UK}} |allegiance= |branch= [[Royal Navy]]; iyo man an [[Royal Australian Navy]]; [[Royal Canadian Navy]]; [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] |type=[[Naval fleet|Fleet]] }}--> ''Kadugangan na mga elemento nin suporta sa hukbong-dagat, ere asin daga'' | units2 = ''Mga yunit sa daga'':<br />{{Indented plainlist| * {{Flagicon|Imperyo kan Hapon|army}} '''[[109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|109th IJA Division]]''' * Pugro nin pamayong-akuan * [[2nd Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)|2nd Mixed Brigade]] * 3rd Battalion, 17th Mixed Regiment * 26th Tank Regiment * 145th Infantry Regiment * Brigade Artillery Group }} ''Naval'':<br />{{Indented plainlist| * {{Flagicon|Imperyong kan Hapon|naval}} '''[[Imperial Japanese Navy|Imperial Navy]]''' * Naval Guard Force (mainly AA and Art.) }} ''Mga kadugangan na yunit nin suporta asin [[Kamikaze]]'' | strength1 = {{Indented plainlist| * 110,000 [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]], [[United States Army|U.S. Soldiers]], [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[Hospital Corpsman|hospital corpsmen]], [[Seabees]], [[U.S. Army Air Forces|USAAF]] personnel, asin lain pa * 500+ na mga barko }} | strength2 = {{Indented plainlist| * 20,530–21,060 na hoyohoy/troops<ref name=Burrell83/> * 23 tanks<ref>Taki, [http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/history2.htm "The History of Battles of Imperial Japanese Tanks"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122440/http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/history2.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> * 438 artillery pieces * 33 naval guns * 69 anti-tank guns * ~300 anti-aircraft guns{{sfn|Crumley|2012|p=148}}{{efn|Nababanga an kabilugan arog kan minasunod: 361 artillery pieces kan 75 mm caliber o larger, 12 spigot mortars (320 mm), 65 medium asin light mortars, 33 naval guns, 94 anti-aircraft guns kan 75 mm o larger, 200+ anti-aircraft guns kan 20 mm o 25 mm, asin 69 anti-tank guns kan 37 mm o 47 mm caliber.}} }} | casualties1 = {{Indented plainlist| * 23,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Robert E. |title=The First Battalion of the 28th Marines on Iwo Jima: A Day-by-Day History from Personal Accounts and Official Reports, with Complete Muster Rolls |date=31 August 2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0750-4 |page=226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BOBCgAAQBAJ |access-date=25 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>–26,571 kabilugan na nagadan * 5,875<ref>{{cite web |title=HyperWar: Iwo Jima: Amphibious Epic [Appendix III] |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-IwoJima/USMC-M-IwoJima-III.html |website=www.ibiblio.org |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>–6,102 mga Marino an nagadan {{sfn|Morison|1960}}{{efn|Pigtatan. 614 an nagadan nin huli ta sa nakuang lugad.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/w/world-war-ii-casualties.html | title=World War II Casualties }}</ref>}} [[Ralph Ignatowski|1 an nadakop asin ginadan]] * 719{{sfn|Morison|1960}}-881<ref>{{cite web |title=HyperWar: Iwo Jima: Amphibious Epic [Appendix III] |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-IwoJima/USMC-M-IwoJima-III.html |website=www.ibiblio.org |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref> Nagadan an mga mandaragat nin Navy{{efn|539 na mga tripulante kan Navy an nagadan asin 492 an nalugadan sa mga pag-atake sa ere kan Hapon sa mga barkong panggubat. Kaiba man sa pigura na ini an Navy Corpsmen na naka-attach sa mga outfit kan Marine Corps.}} * 41 na mga batalan kan hukbo an nagadan o nawawara {{efn|Kadaklan sa mga kaswalti na ini, nangyari sa mga "mop-up" na operasyon matapos an bulto nin bakbakan na natapos kadtong Marso. Kaiba sa pigura na ini an 20 na batalan kan ika-147 na nagadan o nawawara pati na man an 21 airmen kan USAAF na nagadab sa labanan.}} * Malangkaw sa 19,709 an nalugadan<ref name=Burrell83/> * [[USS Bismarck Sea (CVE-95)|1 escort carrier]] an naglubog * [[USS Saratoga (CV-3)|1 fleet carrier]] an grabeng naraot l * [[USS Lunga Point|1 escort carrier]] an dai man gayo naraot * 137 na tangke an naraot o narapak{{sfn|Coox|Naisawald|1954|loc=Table 1}} * 153 na mga eroplano an narapak<ref name="LLFeb45"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/USN/LLMar45.htm |title=USN Overseas Aircraft Loss List March 1945 |website=www.aviationarchaeology.com |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064219/http://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/USN/LLMar45.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> }} | casualties2 = {{Indented plainlist| * 17,845–18,375 an gadan asin nawawara<ref name=Burrell83/> * 216 an priniso<ref name=Burrell83/> * ~3,000 an nagtatago{{sfn|Toland|2003|p=669}} }}{{efn|Nagsuko sa saindang mga lugad an kadaklan sa mga ini, nagadan sa hilang, nagadan sa mga "mop-up" na operasyon, o nagsuko sa ibang aldaw. Ginibo ini kan huring pugro nin mga batalan na Hapones na nagsuko sa Iwo Jima kadtong 1949.}} }} An '''Labanan sa Iwo Jima''' (19 nin Pebrero– 26 nin Marso 1945), sarong dakulaon na labanan kung sain nagdaong an [[United States Marine Corps]] (USMC) asin [[United States Navy]] (USN) dangan dai nahaloy nakua an isla nin [[Iwo Jima]] hali sa [[Imperyal na Hokbo kan Hapon]] (IJA) sa kasagsagi kan [[Ikaduwang Gera Pankinaban]]. An pagsakyada kan mga Amerikano, na pigdisegnar na '''Operation Detachment''', may mawuton na makua an isla kaiba an duwang palayugan na ini: [[South Field (Iwo Jima)|South Field]] asin [[Central Field (Iwo Jima)|Central Field]]. An mga posisyon kan Hukbong Hapones sa isla, magabat na [[portipikasyon|pinapusog]], na may siksik na network nin mga [[bunker]], nakatagong mga nakaposisyon na [[artillery]], asin {{cvt|18|km|mi}} nin mga tanel.{{efn|"...&nbsp;literal na minukna kan mga tagapagtanggol kan Iwo an [pagpapamarhay kan mga natural na lungib] sa sarong siyensya. Huli ta sa importansya kan mga posisyon sa irarom kan daga, detalyado an 25 porsiyento nin garison sa pagtatanel. May sukol an itinindog an mga posisyon sa irarom kan daga poon sa sararadit na lungib para sa pirang lalaki sagkod sa pirang kwarto sa irarom kan daga na may kakayahan na magkapot nin 300 o 400 na lalaki. Tanganing malikayan an mga tawuhan na ma-trap sa arinman na pagkakalot, an mga instalasyon sa irarom kan daga an nagtao nin kadakol na laugan asin luwasan, pati na man an mga hagyanan asin magkatakod na mga agihan.&nbsp;... An amihanan na barisbisan kan Bukid Suribachi pa sana, nakakulong nin pirang ribong yarda nin mga tanel. Sa oras na naglapag an mga Marino sa Iwo Jima, lagpas sa 11 milya nin mga tanel an natapos na."{{sfn|Garand|Strobridge|1971|pp=455–456}}}} An American ground forces, suportado kan halawig na [[naval artillery]] asin may kumpletong [[air supremacy]] na itinao kan U.S. Navy asin Marine Corps aviators sa bilog na labanan.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=19 March 1945 |title=Carriers Hit Tokyo! |url=https://archive.org/details/1945-03-19_Carriers_Hit_Tokyo |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=22 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103132054/http://archive.org/details/1945-03-19_Carriers_Hit_Tokyo |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nahiling sa limang semana nin labanan an pira sa pinakamabangis asin pinakamadugong labanan kan [[Gubat sa Pasipiko]]. An mga nagadan sa labanan sa Hapon, igwang bilang na tolo ka honga sa bilang kan mga nagadan sa mga Amerikano, alagad lainon sa mga labanan sa Pandagat na Gubat sa Pasipiko, sobra an kabilugan na bilang kan mga kaswalti (nagadan asin nalugadan) kan mga Amerikano sa mga kaswalti sa Hapon.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite web |first=Cyril J. |last=O'Brien |title=Iwo Jima Retrospective |url=http://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,NI_Iwo_Jima2,00.html |access-date=21 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607061101/http://www.military.com/NewContent/0%2C13190%2CNI_Iwo_Jima2%2C00.html |archive-date=7 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sa 21,000 na batalan na Hapon sa Iwo Jima sa kapinunan kan labanan, 216 sana an napriso, nadakop sana an pira sa sainda huli ta sila nawaran nin malay.{{efn|name="note Burrell2006p83"}} Kadaklan sa natatada, nagadan sa paghiro, alagad pigtatanyang maabot sa 3,000 an padagos na naglalaban sa laog kan manlainlain na sistema nin lungib sa laog kan dakol na aldaw pagkaagi sagkod sa dai nahaloy, nagsuko sinda sa saindang mga pinsala o huri na nagsuko makalihis an pirang semana.<ref name=Burrell83/>{{sfn|Toland|2003|p=669}} Sa balyo kan labanan asin grabeng kaswalti sa magkabalyuhan na lado , nasigurado an trayumpo kannmga Amerikano sa poon pa sana. Kadakulaon na marhay an kalamangan kan Amerikano sa mga numero asin armas, air supremacy, an imposibilidad nin pag-atras o pagpapakusog kan mga Hapones, asin warak-warak na pagkakan dangan mga panustos para sa mga Hapones, dai tinugutan an sarong katubod-tubod na pangyayari kun sain an mga Hapon, pwede manggana sa labanan.{{sfn|Lewis|2007|p=59}} Nagin bantog na ladawan sa labanan asin an paghihinguwa kan gerang Amerikano sa Pasipiko an ladawan ni [[Joe Rosenthal]] kan [[Associated Press]] na [[Pagtaas kan Wawayay sa Iwo Jima|pagtaas kan wayaway nin U.S.]] sa taas kan {{cvt|169|m|ft}} na [[Bukid Suribachi]] kan anom na U.S. Marines.<ref name="ap">{{cite news |url=http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pulitzer/rosenthal.html |title=Fifty Years Later, Iwo Jima Photographer Fights His Own Battle |first=Mitchell |last=Landsberg |year=1995 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905115709/http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pulitzer/rosenthal.html |archive-date=5 September 2007 <!--DASHBot--> |url-status=live |accessdate=29 November 2023 |archivedate=12 April 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040412081346/http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pulitzer/rosenthal.html }} {{cite news |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19950217&slug=2105566 |title=Photographer FiGhts Life-Long Battle Over Famous Flag- Raising Photo |first=Mitchell |last=Landsberg |year=1995 |agency=The Seattle Times |access-date=6 October 2022 <!--DASHBot--> }}</ref> == Panlikod na impormasyon == [[File:Iwo jima location mapSagredo.png|thumb|left|Kinamumugtakan kan Iwo Jima]] Pagkatapos kan [[Kampanya sa mga isla nin Gilbert asin Marshall|makua kan mga Amerikano an mga isla nin Marshall]] asin kan [[Operation Hailstone|mga atake sa ere]] kontra sa kuta kan Hapon na isla nin [[Chuuk Lagoon|Truk Atoll]] sa [[Islas Karolinas|Karolinas]] kadtong Enero 1944, ininspeksyon giraray kan mga lider nin militar kan Hapon an saindang kamugtakan. An gabos na mga indikasyon, minatukdo sa sarong Amerikanong biyahe pasiring sa [[mga isla nin Mariana]] asin sa Karolinas. Para kontrahon an arog kaining opensiba, nagtugdas an IJA asin an [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] (IJN) nin panlaog na linya nin depensa na minaabot sa pangkagabsan na paamihanan hali sa Karolinas sagkod sa Marianas asin pagkatapos, sa Hapon sa paagi kan [[mga isla nin Bulkan]] dangan pasulnopan hali sa Marianas sa paagi kan Karolinas asin an [[mga isla nin Palau]] sagkod sa [[Filipinas]]. Kan Marso 1944, an [[Thirty-First Army (Japan)|Japanese 31st Army]] na pinamamayuhan ni Heneral [[Hideyoshi Obata]], isinaaktibo sa garison sa panlaog na linyang ini. (Girumdumon na an sarong hokbong Hapon, haros kasing dakula kan sarong Amerikano, [[Hokbong Briton]], o [[Hokbong Kanadyano]] na [[corps]]. Kadakol an Hokbong Hapon nin [[Mga hokbo kan Imperyal na Hapon#Mga hokbo|mga hokbo]], alagad igwa sanang [[formations of the United States Army during World War II#Field Armies|sampulo]] sa tuktok kaini an [[Hokbong U.S.]], kaiba an 4th Army, an 6th Army, an 8th Army, asin an 10th Army na nasa [[Gubat sa Pasipiko|Pacific Theater]]. Iyo man, an 10th Army na nakipaglaban sana sa [[Labanan sa Okinawa|Okinawa]] sa tagsibol kan 1945.) Ibinugtak kan kumander nin garison kan Hapon sa [[Chichi Jima]] sa nominal na pamamayo kan mga yunit nin IJA asin IJN sa mga isla nin Bulkan.{{sfn|Morison|1960|p=14}} Matapos an pagsakop kan mga Amerikano sa Marianas, araaldaw na pagsalakay kan mga parabomba hali sa Marianas an natama sa mainland bilang parte kan [[Operation Scavenger]]. Nagsirbi an Iwo Jima bilang sarong istasyon nin amay na paisi na nag-radyo kan mga barita nin mga palaog na parabomba pabalik sa kadagaan nin Hapon. Nagtaong-dalan ini sa mga panlaban sa ere kan Hapon na mag-andam para sa pagdatong kan mga Amerikanong parabomba.{{sfn|Morison|1960}} Matapos maagaw kan U.S. an mga base sa mga isla nin Marshall sa mga Labanan sa [[Labanan sa Kwajalein|Kwajalein]] asin [[Labanan sa Eniwetok|Eniwetok]] kan Pebrero 1944, Ipinadara an mga Japanese reinforcements sa Iwo Jima: nakaabot an 500 lalaki gikan sa naval base sa [[Yokosuka]] asin 500 gikan sa Chichi Jima sa Iwo Jima kadtong Marso asin Abril 1944. Kasabay kaini, kaiba an mga reinforcement na minadatong hali sa Chichi Jima asin sa [[kapuruan kan Hapon|mga puro sa irukan kan Hapon]], nag-abot an garrison nin hukbo sa Iwo Jima sa kusog na lagpas 5,000 katawo.{{sfn|Morison|1960|p=14}} An pagkawara kan Marianas kadtong tag-aldaw kan 1944 an nagpapalangkaw nin grabe kan importansya kan mga isla nin Bulkan para sa mga Hapon, na natatakot na an pagkawara kan mga islang idto an magpapasil sa mga pagsakyada sa ere kan Amerika kontra sa mga puro nin irukan, na makaistorbo sa paggibo nin gera, dangan sobrang makapanraot sa moral kan sibilyan.{{sfn|Morison|1960}} Natalbungan an mga huring plano kan Hapon para sa pagdepensa sa mga isla ni Bulkan kan pirang mga karasunan: # Nawaran na an hukbong-dagat nin haros gabos kan kapangyarihan kaini, asin dai kaini mapugulan an paglapag kan mga Amerikano. # Nagpagabat an mga pagkalugi sa lunadan na pang-ere kadtong 1944 na dawa na an produksyon kan Gera, dai naapektuhan kan mga pag-atake sa ere kan Amerika, dai na nilalauman an pinagsarong kusog nin ere kan Hapon na malangkaw sa 3,000 na mga [[eroplanong panggera]] sagkod Marso o Abril 1945. # An mga lunadan na pang-ere na idto, dai pwedeng gamiton gikan sa mga base sa mga isla nin irukan kontra sa Iwo Jima huli ta an saindang sakop, dai malagpas sa {{cvt|900|km|mi}}. # Kinakaipuhan na itago an mga magagamit na eroplanong panggera tanganing madepensahan an [[An Taywan sa irarom kan pamamayo kan Hapon|Taywan]] asin an mga isla nin irukan gikan sa anuman na pag-atake.{{sfn|Morison|1960}}{{page needed|date=July 2021}} # Nagkaigwa nin grabeng kakulangan nin tamang pinatood asin bihasang mga piloto kan Hapon huli ta kadakol na mga piloto asin tripulante an nagadan sa pakikipaglaban sa [[mga isla nin Solomon]] asin sa kasagsagi kan [[Labanan sa Dagat Filipinas]] sa katahawan kan 1944. Sa sarong pag-aadal pagkatapos kan gubat, iniladawan kan mga opisyal na kawani kan Hapon an diskarte na ginamit sa pagdepensa sa Iwo Jima sa mga minasunod na termino: {{blockquote|Sa liwanag kan sitwasyon sa itaas, nahihiling na imposibleng isagibo an samuyang mga operasyon sa ere, dagat, asin daga sa Isla nin Iwo [Jima] pasiring sa katrayumpuhan, napagdesisyunan na tanganing makakua nin oras na kinakaipuhan para sa pag-andam nin pagdepensa sa ginikanan na daga, dapat maglaom sana an satuyang mga pwersa sa itinugdas na kagamitan sa pagdepensa sa lugar na idto, pagsuri sa kalaban sa paagi kan mga taktika sa pagpapaluway. Dawa an [[kamikaze|mga pag-atake kan pagpapakagadan]] kan sararadit na pugro kan satuyang mga eroplano nin Hokbo asin hukbong-dagat, an mga sorpresang pag-atake kan satuyang [[submarino]], asin an mga aksyon kan mga yunit nin parasyut, dawa na epektibo, maninigo sana na i-konsiderar na sarong estratehikong panlilinlang sa satuyang parte. Saro ining pinaka-nakapanlulumong pag-iisip na mayo na kitang magagamit na paagi para sa pagsasamantala sa mga estratehikong pagkakataon na pwede mangyari panugad-nugad sa kurso kan mga operasyon na ini.<ref>{{harvnb|Japanese Monograph No. 48|p=62}}, sinambit sa {{harvnb|Garand|Strobridge|1971|p=450}}.</ref>||Japanese Monograph No. 48}} Sa puro kan [[Labanan sa Leyte]] sa [[Filipinas]], nawalat nin duwang bulan nin katunungan an [[Mga kaalyado kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban|Alyansa]] sa saindang mga opensibong operasyon bago an plano kan [[Labanan sa Okinawa|pagsakyada sa Okinawa]]. Kinokonsederar an Iwo Jima na estratehikong importansya huli ta ini an nagtatao nin [[air base]] para sa mga [[fighter aircraft|fighter planes]] kan Hapon tanganing bagatan an panghaluyan na mga parabomba nin [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29 Superfortress]]. Sa kadugangan, ginamit ini kan mga Hapon tanganing magsagibo nin istorbong [[Mga pag-atake sa ere kan Hapon sa mga isla nin Mariana|mga pag-atake sa ere sa mga isla nin Mariana]] poon Nobyembre 1944 sagkod Enero 1945. An pagkua kan Iwo Jima an makakapahali sa mga problemang idto. Magagamit an base para sa [[North American P-51 Mustang|P-51 Mustang]] fighters tanganing maibahan asin protektaran an mga parabomba.{{sfn|Morison|1960}}{{page needed|date=July 2021}} Kumpiyansa an mga gunuan kan Intel kan Amerika na mabagsak an Iwo Jima sa laog kan sarong semana. Sa liwanag kan mga optimistikong bareta nin katalian, ginibo an desisyon para sakyadahon an Iwo Jima, asin pinangaranan an operasyon na Operation Detachment.{{sfn|Morison|1960}}{{page needed|date=July 2021}} Nadaog an mga pwersang Amerikano na mainot na an mga Hapones, maandam nin sarong masalimuot asin hararom na depensa, arog kan [[Labanan sa Peleliu|sa Peleliu]] sa tagrakdag kan 1944.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Kaya matagumpay an pag-andam kan mga Hapon na nadayag pagkatapos kan labanan na an ginatos na toneladang bomba kan Alyansa asin rinibong mga bilog kan heavy naval gunfire na binayaanan an mga tagapagdepensa kan Hapon na haros dai naraot asin andam na magkawsa nin mga pagkalugi sa U.S. Marines.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} == Pagpaplano asin pag-andam== {{Main|Pagpaplano para sa Labanan sa Iwo Jima}} ===Pag-andam kan Hapon=== [[File:Tadamichi Kuribayashi.jpg|upright|thumb|Si Tenyente Heneral Tadamichi Kuribayashi]] Pag-abot kan Hunyo 1944, Naitalaga si Tenyente Heneral [[Tadamichi Kuribayashi]] para mamayo sa pagdepensa sa Iwo Jima. Isi ni Kuribayashi na dai mangagana an Hapon sa labanan, alagad naglalaom siyang magkawsa nin kadakulaon na marhay kaswalti sa mga pwersang Amerikano para an Estados Unidos, asin an mga kaalyado kaining Australyano asin Briton, na i-konsiderar giraray an pagsasagibo ninda kan [[Operation Downfall|pagsakyada sa mga isla nin irukan kan Hapon]]. Mantang nagkukua nin kusog-boot hali sa depensa sa [[Labanan sa Peleliu]], nagdisenyo si Kuribayashi nin sarong depensa na magkontra sa doktrinang militar kan Hapon. Imbes na itugdas an saiyang mga depensa sa baybayon tanganing direktang hampangon an mga landing, nagmukna siya nin makusog na magkatabang na minasuportang [[Depensa sa hararom|depensa sa irarom]] sa paagi kan paggamit nin estatiko asin magagabat na mga armadas arog kan magabat na machine gun asin artilerya. An mga armored tank ni [[Takeichi Nishi]], gagamiton bilang mga naka-camouflaged na posisyon nin artilerya. Huli ta dai natapos an tanel na nagtatakod sa bukid sa panginot na pwersa, Pinakaray ni Kuribayashi an kahabagatan na parte kan isla sa laog asin palibot kan [[Bukid Suribachi]] bilang sarong semi-independent na sektor, kaiba an saiyang panginot na sona nin depensiba na binilog sa amihanan. An nilalauman na hukbong pandagat asin ere kan [[bombardment]] kan Amerika iyo an urog pang nagtulod sa pagmukna kan sarong halawig na sistema nin mga tanel na nagtatakod sa mga ipig-andam na posisyon kaya pwede giraray sakupon an [[pillbox (military)|pillbox]] na nalinig. Nagpabor an network na ini kan mga [[bunker]] asin pillboxes sa depensa. Halimbawa, nagkaigwa an Nanpo Bunker (Southern Area Islands Naval Air HQ), na nasa subangan kan Airfield Number 2, nin sakto na pagkakan, tubig, asin mga bala para sa mga Hapones na makatagal sa laog nin tolong bulan. Nasa 90 pye an rarom kan bunker asin may mga tanel na minadalagan sa manlainlain na direksyon. Dai maabot sa limang gatos na 55-gallon drum na pano nin tubig, kerosena, asin fuel oil para sa mga generator an yaon sa laog kan complex. Tinutugutan an mga generator na pinapagana nin gasolina para sa mga radyo asin ilaw na paandaron sa irarom kan daga.{{sfn|King|2014|pp=58–59}} Kadtong ika-19 nin Pebrero 1945 kan nagsalakay an mga Amerikano, kinalot an {{cvt|18|km|mi}} sarong nakaplanong {{cvt|27|km|mi}} kan tunnel network. Suway sa Nanpo Bunker, kadakol nin command center asin mga baraks na 75 pye an rarom. Nagpapatugot an mga tanel para sa paghiro kan mga hoyohoy (troops) na dai matukdo sa manlainlain na mga posisyon kan depensa.{{sfn|Hammel|2006|p=36}} Ginatos na mga nakatagong posisyon nin artilerya asin mortar kaiba kan mga [[land mine]] an ibinugtak sa bilog na isla. Kabali sa mga armas kan Hapon iyo an [[320 mm Type 98 mortar|320 mm spigot mortars]] asin manlainlain na mga paputok na raket.{{sfn|King|2014|p=80}} Arog pa man kaito, bakong sapat an suplay kan Hapon. Tinawanan an mga troop nin 60% kan komon na isyu nin mga bala na sapat para sa sarong pakikipagtakudan sa sarong dibisyon asin pagkain dangan pagkakan sa laog kan apat na bulan.{{sfn|Japanese Monograph No. 45|p=257}} Kadakol na sniper kan Hapon asin naka-camouflaged na posisyon nin machine gun an naibugtak. Espesyal na inhinyero ni Kuribayashi an mga depensa tanganing mapasairarom an lambang parte kan Iwo Jima sa depensibong tira kan Hapon. Nakaako man siya nin pirang mga piloto na ''[[kamikaze]]'' na gagamiton kontra sa armada kan kaiwal;{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} nakagadan an saindang mga pag-atake sa panahon kan labanan nin 318 Amerikanong mandaragat. Arog pa man kaito, kontra sa saiyang kamuyahan, sinugo siya kan mga superyor ni Kuribayashi sa [[Honshu]] na magtindog nin pirang mga panlaban sa baybayon.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} Poon kadtong Hunyo 15, 1944, nagpoon na an [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] asin [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] nin mga pambobomba nin hukbong-dagat asin [[pambobomba sa ere|mga air raid]] kontra sa Iwo Jima, na iyo an nagin pinakahalaba asin pinakamalala sa Pacific Theater.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronology of the Battle of Iwo Jima |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/pactheatercamp/iwo/chronology.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707082542/http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/pactheatercamp/iwo/chronology.htm |archive-date=7 July 2010}}</ref> Igwa an mga ini nin laog nin kumbinasyon kan [[naval artillery]] shellings asin [[strategic bombing|mga pambobomba sa ere]] na nagpadagos sa laog kan siyam na bulan. Dai isi an sistema nin depensa sa tanel ni Kuribayashi, kadakol sa mga Amerikano an naghuna na nagadan an kadaklan sa mga garison kan Hapon sa padagos na pagsakyada nin pambobomba. Kadtong ika-17 nin Pebrero 1945, nagpadara an [[destroyer escort]] {{USS|Blessman|DE-69|6}} nin [[Underwater Demolition Team]] 15 (UDT-15) pasiring sa Blue Beach para sa reconnaissance. Pinaputukan sinda kan infantry kan Hapon, na ikinagadan kan sarong Amerikanong pararirop. Kadtong banggi kan Pebrero 18, tinamaan an ''Blessman'' nin bomba hali sa sarong lunadan na pang-ere kan Hapon, na ikinagadan kan 40 na paradagat, kabali an 15 miyembro kan UDT. ===Pre-landing na pambobomba=== [[File:USS New York (BB-34) bombarding Japanese defenses on Iwo Jima, 16 February 1945 (80-G-308952).jpg|thumb|Pinapaputok kan barkong panggubat na {{USS|New York|BB-34|6}} an saiyang {{cvt|14|in|mm}} main guns sa isla, ika-16 nin Pebrero 1945 (D minus 3)]] Si Major General [[Harry Schmidt (USMC)|Harry Schmidt]], kumander kan Marine landing force, naghagad nin 10-aldaw na magabat na paghihimay sa isla bago an [[pag-atake nin amphibious]] sa katahawan kan Pebrero. Arog pa man kaito, si Rear Admiral [[William H. P. Blandy]], kumander kan Amphibious Support Force (Task Force 52), dai nagtutubod na an arog kaitong pambobomba, matao saiya nin panahon tanganing mapanuan giraray an mga bala kan saiyang mga barko bago an paglapag; kaya dai niya inako an kahagadan ni Schmidt. Pagkatapos, naghagad si Schmidt nin siyam na aldaw nin paghihimay (shelling); Dai giraray nag-uyon si Blandy asin nag-uyon sa sarong tolong aldaw na pambobomba. An desisyon na ini, nagwalat nin grabeng pagmati sa mga Marino. Pagkatapos kan gera, si Tenyente Heneral [[Holland Smith|Holland M. "Howlin' Mad" Smith]], commander Expeditionary Troops (Task Force 56, na binubuo ng Schmidt's Fifth Amphibious Corps), makulog na nagreklamo na an kakulangan kan naval gunfire an nagkawsa kan pagkua nin buhay kan Marino sa bilog na kampanya sa isla kan Alyansa.{{sfn|Wright|2004|p=22}} Tinawanan an lambang magagabat na barkong panggera nin sarong lugar kun sain magpapaputok, kaiba kan gabos na mga barko, an minasakop sa bilog na isla. Nagpaputok an lambang barkong panggera nin dai malagpas sa anom na oras bago magpundo sa sarong sakto na haloy kan oras. An maraot na panahon sa D minus 3, an nagkawsa sa dai sigurado na mga resulta para sa pambobomba sa aldaw na idto. Sa D minus 2, nagin malinaw an oras asin pangangataman na ginibo kan mga Hapones sa pag-andam kan saindang mga posisyon sa artilerya. Kan an [[heavy cruiser]] {{USS|Pensacola|CA-24|6}} nakua sa laog kan saklaw nin mga baterya sa baybayon, marikas na natamaan an barko nin 6 ka honga asin nagkawsa nin 17 pagkagadan kan mga tripulante. Kan nagligis an aldaw, natamaan gabos kan pag-itok kan Hapon an 12 sararadit na lunadan-dagat na nagbabalo na maglapag sa UDT asin marikas na nagbalik. Mantang tinatabangan an mga lunadan na ini, tinamaan man an [[destroyer]] {{USS|Leutze|DD-481|6}} asin nagsapo nin 7 pagkagadan kan tawuhan. Sa D minus 1, binagatan giraray an mga gunner ni Blandy kan uran asin panginoron. Sinumaryo ni Schmidt an saiyang pagmati sa pagsasabing, "Nakakua sana kami nin dai-malagpas sa 13 oras na halaga nin suporta sa pagpapaputok sa laog kan 34 na oras nin liwanag kan aldaw."{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=22–23}} An limitadong pambobomba, igwang kasupetsupetsya na epekto sa kailaw huli ta an mga Hapones, sobra na magkalot asin pinapusog. {{Original research inline|date=April 2021}} Nagtao man an mga crater na nawalat kan barrage nin kadugangan na takop para sa mga nagdedepensa, mantang igwang pinupugulan an pagtulod kan mga nag-aatake.{{Original research inline|date=April 2021}} Arog pa man kaito, kadakol na mga bunker asin lungob an naragba sa panahon kan pambobomba, na nagtatao ini nin pirang limitado pagkagana. Nag-adam an mga Hapon para sa labanan na ini poon pa kadtong Marso 1944, na nagtao sa sainda nin dakulaon na kalamangan.{{sfn|Navy Department, ''Amphibious Operations, Iwo Jima''|1945|loc=Chapter II: Naval Gunfire}} Sa oras kan paglapag, dai-malaglas sa 450 na barkong Amerikano an mahihiling sa luwas kan Iwo Jima, asin kinasasangkutan an labanan kan dai malagpas sa 60,000 U.S. Marines asin pirang libo nin U.S. Navy [[Seabee|Seabees]]<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Marine Corps War Memorial |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~memory/issues/museums/IwoJima.html |publisher=The George Washington University |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629000010/http://www.gwu.edu/~memory/issues/museums/IwoJima.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Suhi na pwersa== {{further|Pagkakasunud-sunod kan labanan nin Labanan sa Iwo Jima}} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | width = 135 | header = Mga kumander kan hukbong-dagat para sa Operasyon nin ''Detachment'' | image1 = Ray Spruance (cropped).jpg | caption1 = Admiral Raymond A. Spruance | image2 = Richmond_K._Turner.jpg | caption2 = Bise Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | width = 135 | header = Mga kumander kan puwersa sa daga | image1 = Holland_Smith.jpg | caption1 = Tenyente Heneral Holland M. Smith | image2 = Harry Schmidt;USMC-C-Marshalls-p3.jpg | caption2 = Major General Harry Schmidt }} {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | width = 135 | header = Mga komander kan dibisyon nin Marino sa Iwo Jima | image1 = Rockey, Keller E..jpg | caption1 = [[File:US 5th Marine Division SSI.svg|20px]] Major General Keller Rockey | image2 = Clifton B. Cates.jpg | caption2 = [[File:USMC - 4th Division.png|24px]] Major General Clifton Cates | image3 = Graves_B_Erskine_USMC.jpg | caption3 = [[File:US 3d Marine Division SSI.svg|20px]] Major General Graves Erskine }} ===Amerikano=== '''[[United States Fifth Fleet]]'''<br /> Admiral [[Raymond A. Spruance]] sa magabat na cruiser na [[USS Indianapolis (CA-35)|''Indianapolis'']] : Pinagsarong Kusog nin Ekspedisyon (Task Force 51) :: Bise Admiral [[R. Kelly Turner|Richmond Kelly Turner]] sa amphibious command ship na [[USS Eldorado|''Eldorado'']] : Mga tropa sa ekspedisyon (Task Force 56) :: Tenyente Heneral [[Holland M. Smith]], USMC '''[[V Amphibious Corps]]'''<br /> Major General [[Harry Schmidt (USMC)|Harry Schmidt]], USMC ''Habagatan na sektor (Berde asin Pulang mga baybayon):'' : [[File:US 5th Marine Division SSI.svg|20px]] '''[[5th Marine Division]]''' (25,884 mga opisyal asin nakatala) : Major General '''[[Keller E. Rockey]]''' :: [[26th Marine Regiment (United States)|26th Marine Regiment]] (Koronel Chester B. Graham) :: [[27th Marine Regiment (United States)|27th Marine Regiment]] (Koronel [[Thomas A. Wornham]]) :: [[28th Marine Regiment (United States)|28th Marine Regiment]] (Koronel [[Harry B. Liversedge]]) :: [[13th Marine Regiment (United States)|13th Marine Regiment (Artillery)]] (Koronel James D. Waller) ''Amihanan na sektor (Giyaw asin Asul na mga baybayon):'' : [[File:USMC - 4th Division.png|24px]] '''[[4th Marine Division]]''' (24,452 opisyal asin nakatala) : Major General '''[[Clifton B. Cates]]'''{{efn|Nagsirbi na [[Commandant of the United States Marine Corps|Commandant of the Marine Corps]] poon 1948 sagkod 1951.}} :: [[23rd Marine Regiment (United States)|23rd Marine Regiment]] (Koronel [[Walter W. Wensinger]]) :: [[24th Marine Regiment (United States)|24th Marine Regiment]] (Koronel [[Walter Irvine Jordan|Walter I. Jordan]]) :: [[25th Marine Regiment (United States)|25th Marine Regiment]] (Koronel [[John R. Lanigan]]) :: [[14th Marine Regiment (United States)|14th Marine Regiment (Artillery)]] (Koronel Louis G. DeHaven) ''Reserba sa Paglutang:'' : [[File:US 3d Marine Division SSI.svg|20px]] '''[[3rd Marine Division]]''' (19,597 opisyal asin nakatala) : Major General '''[[Graves B. Erskine]]''' :: [[3rd Marine Regiment (United States)|3rd Marine Regiment]]{{efn|Dai nagdugpa sa Iwo Jima}} (Koronel James A. Stuart) :: [[9th Marine Regiment (United States)|9th Marine Regiment]] (Koronel Howard N. Kenyon) :: [[21st Marine Regiment (United States)|21st Marine Regiment]] (Koronel Hartnoll J. Withers) :: [[12th Marine Regiment (United States)|12th Marine Regiment (Artillery)]] (Tenyente Koronel Raymond F. Crist Jr.) : [[File:147RegimentCOA.jpg|12px]] [[147th Regiment (United States)|147th Infantry Regiment (Ohio Army National Guard)]] (2,952 mga opisyal asib nakatala) ===Hapon=== 21,060 kabilugan na mga lalaki sa irarom kan mga armas<br /> Tenyente Heneral '''[[Tadamichi Kuribayashi]]''', nagsusugo<br /> Koronel Tadashi Takaishi, chief of staff<br /> : '''Hukbo''' :: [[109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|109th Division]] : '''Hukbong-dagat''' :: 4 mga yunit nin pagdepensa kontra sa lunadan na pang-ere ==Inot na aldaw – ika-19 nin Pebrero 1945== [[File:Tracked landing vehicles (LVTs) approach Iwo Jima;fig14.jpg|thumb|paparani an LVTs sa Iwo Jima.]] [[File:80-G-304970 (29428528301).jpg|thumb|Sarong pang-ereng tanawon kadtong ika-19 nin Pebrero 1945 kan habagatan na parte kan Iwo Jima]] [[File:80-G-304972 (29474492816).jpg|thumb|Sarong pang-ere na tanawon kan pagdaong kan mga Marino sa baybayon kadtong Ika-19 nin Pebrero 1945]] [[File:80-G-307196 (29219205340).jpg|thumb|Sarong pang-ere na tanawon kan pagdaong kan mga Marino sa baybayon kadtong Ika-19 nin Pebrero 1945]] [[File:USMC-17446.jpg|thumb|Sarong pang-ere na tanawon kan pagdaong kan mga Marino sa baybayon]] [[File:147th-inf-regt-in-combat-iwo-jima-bazooka-and-bar-team-040845-1-of-1.jpg|thumb|Mga batalan kannHukbong U.S. na nakikiheras sa magabat na pinapusog na mga posisyon kan Hapon]] [[File:Marines with LVT(A)-5 in Iwo Jima 1945.jpg|thumb|An mga Marino kan U.S sa Ikaduwang Batalyon, Ikaduwampolo may Pitong Rehimente, an naghahalat na maglipat sa laog kan nasyon sa Iwo Jima, sa lalong madaling panahon pagkatapos magpasiring sa baybayon kadtong ika-19 nin Pebrero 1945. Sarong LVT(A)-5 amphibious tractor ang nasa background. Red Beach One.]] [[File:Marines burrow in the volcanic sand on the beach of Iwo Jima.jpg|thumb|Mga kaapil kan [[1st Battalion 23rd Marines]] burrow sa baybay kan bulkan sa Giyaw na Baybayon 1. Mahihiling an naka-beach na LCI sa walang itaas na yaon an Bukid Suribachi sa tuong itaas.]] [[File:Captured Japanese flag on Iwo Jima.jpg|thumb|Nagposte an U.S. Marines na may nakua na wayaway kan Hapon sa ibabaw nin pillbox kan kaaway.]] [[File:Marine Corps photo 15-20.jpg|thumb|An Culvert iyo an nagsisirbing poste nin pagsugo para sa 23rd Marine Regiment sa Iwo Jima]] ===Pagdaong kan Amphibious=== Pagkabanggi, nag-abot an dakulaon na puwersa kan carrier ni Bise Admiral [[Marc Mitscher]] na [[Fast Carrier Task Force|Task Force 58]] sa Iwo Jima. Kaiba man sa flotilla na ini si Admiral [[Raymond A. Spruance]], an pangkagabsan na kumander para sa pagsakyada, sa saiyang pamayong barko na {{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35|6}}. Grabe an pagkadismaya giraray kan "Howlin' Mad" Smith huli ta binomba kan makusog na pugro nin carrier ni Mitscher an Mga isla nin irukan kan Hapon imbes na maglumoy an mga depensa sa Iwo Jima. Arog pa man kaito, nagtabang an mga paralupad ni Mitscher sa kadugangan na pagbomba sa ibabaw kan barko na inibanan kan pagbilog kan amphibious craft.{{sfn|Wright|2004|p=23}} Bakong arog kan mga aldaw nin pambobomba bago an landing, malinaw na nagliwanag asin nagkinang an D-Day.{{sfn|Wright|2004|p=23}} Sa 08:59, sarong minuto bago an iskedyul, an inot na bugso kan mga Marino, nagdaong sa mga baybayon kan Habagatan-subangan na baybayon kan Iwo Jima. Sa irarom no Major Howard Connor, [[5th Marine Division (United States)|5th Marine Division]] signal officer, anom na [[Navajo code talkers]] an nagtrabaho sa bilog na orasan sa inot na duwang aldaw kan labanan. An anom na ini, nagpadara asin nakaako nin lagpas na 800 mensahe, gabos na mayong kasalaan. Dai nahaloy, sinabi ni Connor, "Kun bako huli sa mga Navajo, dai ta kuta kukunon kan mga Marino an Iwo Jima."{{sfn|Navy Department Library, "Navajo Code Talkers"}} ===Sitwasyon sa mga baybayon=== Sa karatan nin boot para sa landing force, napapala nin grabe an mga tagaplano sa Pearl Harbor sa sitwasyon na hahampangon kan mga Marino ni Schmidt. Iniladawan an mga baybayon na "ekselentw," asin an pagtulod sa laog kan nasyon, nilalauman na "madali." An kawaran nin masiglang simbag, an nagtulod sa Navy na magkonklud kan saindang pambobomba, napugulan an mga depensa kan. Hapon, asin nagpuon na magdeploy sa baybayon nin Iwo Jima an mga Marino sa marhay na orden.{{sfn|Wright|2004|p=26}} Matapos tugutan an mga Amerikano na ipokus an mga lalaki asin makinarya sa baybayon sa laog kan lagpas sarong oras sana, nakiheras si Kuribayashi sa saiyang mga lakdang. E-naghaloy pagkatapos kan 10:00, nagpoon na mag-uran an mga machine gun, mortar, asin magagabat na artilerya sa piot na baybayon {{sfn|Wright|2004|p=26–27}} {{blockquote|Sa inot, dumatong ini na sarong pasa-pasa na kalansing nin mga bala kan machine-gun, padiitdiit minababa asin mas mabangis sagkod sa wakas an gabos na nakakulong na anggot kan sarong gatos na bagyo, garo mabagsak sa payo kan mga Amerikano. Nagkuragrit asin nagbagsak an mga impiyerno kan mga shell, an lambang hummock, nagbubuga nin awtomatikong kalayo asin nagsabog an malumuyon na marhay na daga sa irarom kan bitis sa irarom kan bitis na may ginatos-gatos na nagsasabog na mga land mine&nbsp;... An mga marino na naglakaw nin patindog, gumos lukot asin nahulog. Binuhat sinda kan pagkakalog asin pinabagsak, o pinagsuruwaysuway ...{{sfn|Leckie|1967|p=28}}}}Sobra pa digdi, pagkatapos makabalyo sa baybayon, naaatubang an mga Marino sa {{cvt|15|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} na mga barisbisan kan malumoy na itom na abo kan bulkan.{{sfn|Wright|2004|p=26}} An abo na ini dai tinutugutan para sa arinman sa ligtas na katindugan o pagtindog kan [[Defensive fighting position|mga foxhole]] tanganing protektahan an mga Marino hali sa paanggot na kalayo. Arog pa man kaito, nakatabang an abo sa pagsupsop kan pira sa [[Pagkapira-piraso (armas)|pidaso]] gikan sa artilery kan Hapon.<ref name="Allen" />{{blockquote|Tinuod an mga marino tanganing marikas na magsulong; digdi sana sinda makakapagplano. Sarong kadakula na bagat an gabat asin dakol na kagamitan asin marikas na itinatapok an manlainlain na bagay. Inot na nguna iyo an gas mask&nbsp;...{{sfn|Wright|2004|p=26}}}} Binukasan kan magagabat na artilerya kan Hapon sa Bukid Suribachi an saindang mga reinforced steel door para magpaputok asin pagkatapos ipigsara tulos an mga ini tanganing malikayan an counterfire gikan sa mga Marino asin mga parabadil na hukbong-dagat. Nagin masakit para sa mga yunit kan Amerikano na rauton an sarong artilerya kan Hapon.<ref name="Allen" /> Para maglala an mga bagay para sa mga Amerikano, konektado sa detalyadong sistema nin tanel an mga bunker kaya ta nakua giraray an mga bunker na nahali kan mga [[flamethrower]] asin mga granada sa pirang momento pagkatapos kan mga tropang Hapones na minahiro sa mga tanel. An taktika na ini, nagkawsa nin kadakol na kaswalti sa mga Marino, mantang nilalagpasan ninda an mga inookupahan giraray na mga bunker kan dai nilalauman na biglang makua kan la'bas na kalayo gikan sa sainda.<ref name="Allen" /> ''Iniladawan kan Time-Life'' koresponden na si [[Robert Sherrod]] an pagtugpa bilang "sarong bangungot sa impiyerno."{{sfn|Wright|2004|p=27}} ===Paglipat sa mga baybayon=== Dai nakakua nin traksyon sa itom na abo an [[Landing Vehicle Tracked|Amtracs]], mayong pag-uswag sa mga barisbisan; an saindang mga pasaherong Marino, kinaipuhan na magbaba asin maghampas sa paglakaw.{{sfn|Leckie|1967|p=25}} An mga kalalakihan kan [[Seabee|Naval Construction Battalions]] 31 asin 133 an maisog na hinampang an putok kan kaiwal, dai nahaloy nagibong naibuldoser an mga tinampo sa baybayon. Tinugutan kaini an mga Marino asin kagamitan na sa wakas, makagibo nin pirang pag-uswag sa laog kan nasyon asin makahali sa mga piot na baybayon. "Arog pa man kaito, sa haros lambang labot kan shell duman, nakahimlay nin dawa sarong gadan na Marino&nbsp;..."{{sfn|Wright|2004|p=32}} Pag-abot kan 11:30, nakaabot an pirang mga Marino sa kahabagatan na puro kan Airfield No, na an kagsadiri, saro sa mga orihinal na mawuton kan Amerika sa inot na aldaw. Tinios kan mga Marino an sarong panatikong 100-tawo na pagsingil kan mga Hapones alagad nagibong mantiniron an saindang pagkakakapot sa Airfield No. 1 kan pag-abot kan gabi.{{sfn|Wright|2004|p=32}} ===Pagbalyo sa isla=== Sa pinakawalang sektor, nagibo kan mga Amerikano na maabot an saro sa saindang mga mawuton para sa labanan sa aldaw na idto. Pinanginutan ni Koronel [[Harry B. Liversedge|Harry B. "Harry the Horse" Liversedge]], nagmaneho an 28th Marines sa bilog na isla sa mapituron na lapad kaini, haros {{cvt|800|m|yd}}, arog kaito na pagsuwayon an kinalot kan Hapon sa Bukid Suribachi. ===Aksyon sa toong gilid=== An pinakatoong lugar sa pagtugpa iyo an pinanginginutan kan mga posisyon kan Hapon sa Quarry. Nagsagibo an 25th Marine Regiment nin duwang sunud-sunod na pag-atake tanganing patrangkiluhon an mga badil na ini. Iniladawan ni Ika2ng Tenyente Benjamin Roselle, parte kan sarong pugro sa daga na nagdidirekta nin naval gunfire, an minasunod na kabatiran: {{blockquote|Sa laog kan sarong minuto sarong mortal shell an nasabog sa pugro&nbsp;... an saiyang walang bitis asin bukung-bukong, nakasabit sa saiyang tabay, kapot an sarong laso kan kublit&nbsp;... Sa laog kan pirang minuto sarong ikaduwang tira an nagtugpa harani sa saiya asin napu'kit an mga pidaso sa balyong tabay niya. Haros sarong oras niyang iniisip kung sain mapasiring an masunod na shell. Harani na niyang maisihan ning may nagputok na shell sa ibabaw niya, nalugadan siya sa ikatolong pagkakataon sa abaga. Haros sabay-sabay na saro pang pagsabog an nagpatalbog sa saiya nin pirang pye sa duros asin napu'kit an mga mainit na pidaso sa magkabalyuhan na [[hita|paa]].&nbsp;... mantang itinataas niya an saiyang braso para hilingon an saiyang relo sarong mortar shell an nagsabog na pirang pye sana an rayo asin pinasabog an relo hali sa saiyang pulso asin napu'kit an sarong dakulang garáng-gasáng na labot sa saiyang bisig: "Nagpupuon na akong maisihan kung ano an pagmati kan ipako sa krus," dai pa nahaloy kan sinabi niya.{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=30–31}}}} Nakaabot an 25th Marines' 3rd Battalion nin dai malagpas sa 900 lalaki pagkaaga. Matindihon na an paglaban kan mga Hapones sa Quarry pagkaabot kan banggi, 150 Marino an natatada sa kondisyon nin pakikipaglaban, sarong 83.3% na bilang kan nagadan.{{sfn|Wright|2004|p=31}} Pag-abot kan banggi, 30,000 na mga Marino an nakaabot. Mga 40,000 pa an nagsunod.<ref name=Allen/> Sakay kan command ship na ''Eldorado'', nahiling ni "Howlin' Mad" Smith an halabang bareta kan kaswalti asin nadangog niya an mabagal na pag-uswag kan mga pwersang pangdaga. Ipigtuga niya sa mga koresponden sa gubat na minasakop sa operasyon, "'E ko isi kun siisay siya, alagad sarong madunong na bastardo an heneral kan Hapon na nagpapadalagan kan padalan na ini."{{sfn|Wright|2004|p=33}} ==Kasunod na labanan== Sa mga aldaw pagkatapos kan mga pagtugpa, nilalauman kan mga Marino an komon na [[karga nin Banzai|karga nin ''banzai'']] kan Hapon sa banggi. Ini an naging panusugan nin panghuring diskarte sa pagdepensa kan Hapon sa mga nakaaging labanan kontra sa mga pwersang pangdaga kan kaiwal sa Pasipiko, arog kaitong [[Labanan sa Saipan]]. Sa mga pag-atakeng idto, kun sain ipig-andam an mga Marino, an kadaklan sa mga nag-aatakeng Hapones, nagadan asin grabeng nabawasan an kusog kan mga Hapones. However, Mahigpit na ipigpangalad ni Heneral Kuribayashi an mga pag-atake kan "bahod kan tawo" na ini kan mga batalan na Hapones huli ta kinokonsiderar niyang daing saysay an mga ini.<ref name= Allen/> Matindihon an labanan sa [[beachhead]]. Ang pags-usad kan mga Marino, napugulan kan kadakol na depensibong posisyon na dinugangan kan mga artilerya. Duman, tinambangan an mga Marino kan mga tropang Hapones na nugad-nugad minaluwas sa mga tanel. Pagkabanggi, binayaan kan mga Hapones an saindang mga depensa sa irarom kan kadikluman tanganing sakyadahon an mga foxhole kan Amerika, alagad nagpaputok an mga barko kan Hukbong pandagat kan U.S. nin mga star shell tanganing maghabo sa sainda an takop kan kadikluman. Sa Iwo Jima (asin iba pang mga isla na kapot kan Hapon), ginamit an mga batalan na Hapones na tarataong mag-ingles tanganing mangharas asin o manlinlang sa mga Marino tanganing gadanon sinda kun magigibo ninda; nagkurahaw sinda nin "corpsman" na nagpapanggap na sarong lugadan na Marino, tanganing maakit an mga corpsmen nin ospital kan hukbong-dagat kan U.S. na nakadukot sa mga kumpanya kan inpantriya nin Marino.<ref name=Allen/> Naaraman kan mga Marino na medyo dai epektibo an mga badik kontra sa mga tagapagdepensa kan Hapon asin epektibong naggamit nin mga flamethrower asin granada tanganing magluwas an mga tropang Hapones sa mga tanel. Saro sa mga makabagong teknolohiya kan labanan, an walo midyum na tangke nin [[M4 Sherman|Sherman M4A3R3]] [[Flame tank|na binugtakan nin flamethrower]] (mga tangke na "Ronson" o "Zippo"), napatotoohan na napakaepektibo sa paghali nin mga posisyon kan Hapon. Masakit na dai paganahon an mga Sherman, kaya baga parating napipiritan an mga tagapagdepensa na sakyadahon sinda sa bukas, kung sain sinda, magigin biktima kan sobrang halangkaw na bilang nin mga Marino.<ref name=Allen/> Inot na tinao an [[Pangranihan na suporta sa duros]] kan mga paragubat gikan sa mga [[escort carrier]] sa baybayon. Naglipat ini sa [[15th Fighter Group]], na nagpapalayog nin P-51 Mustangs, pagkaabot ninda sa isla kadtong ika- 6 Marso. Sa kaarog na paagi, inot na itinao kan mga barko an mga illumination round (flares) na ginagamit tanganing laadan an lado kan gera sa banggi, na minalipat sa ibang pagkakataon sa landing force artilerya. An mga Navajo code talker, parte kan mga pandagang komunikasyon kan Amerikan, kaiba kan mga [[walkie-talkie]] asin mga SCR-610 backpack radio set.<ref name=Allen/> Matapos maubos an tubig, pagkakan asin kadaklan sa mga suplay, nagin desperado an mga hukbong Hapones sa pagtatapos kan labanan. Napaghurophurop ni Kuribayashi, na nakipagbangayan kontra sa mga pag-atake kan banzai sa poon kan labanan, na nararani na an pagkadaog. Nagpuon na hampangon kan mga Marino an nagdadakol na mga pag-atake sa banggi; naitaboy sana an mga ini nin kumbinasyon kan mga depensibong posisyon nin machine-gun asin suporta sa artilerya. Kun nugad, nakikiheras an mga Marino sa karamutan na pakikipaglaban tanganing itaboy an mga pag-atake ng Hapon.<ref name=Allen/> Dahil ligtas an landing area, mas kadkaol na tropa asin mga kagamitan na mabibigat an dumatong sa baybay, nagpadagos an pagsakyada sa amihanan para makua an mga palayugan asin an natatadang parte kan isla. Kadaklan sa mga batalan na Hapones, nakipaglaban kontra sa kagadanan.<ref name=Allen/> ==Pagtataas kan Wayaway sa Bukid Suribachi== [[File:Stars and Stripes on Mount Suribachi (Iwo Jima).jpg|thumb|upright|An wayaway kan U.S. sa ibabaw kan Bukid Suribachi]] [[File:3c-Iwo Jima.jpg|thumb|upright|selyong postahe kan U.S. , 1945 na isyu, paggirumdon sa Labanan sa Iwo Jima]] An ''[[Pagtataas kan Wayaway sa Iwo Jima]]'', sarong itom asin puti na ladawan na kinuanan ni [[Joe Rosenthal]] na naglaladawan kan anom na Marino hali sa E Company, [[2nd Battalion, 28th Marines]], tinataas an [[Bandera kan Estados Unidos|wayaway kan U.S.]] sa ibabaw kan Bukid Suribachi kadtong ika23 nin Pebrero 1945,<ref name="ap"/> na pangaduwa sa duwang pagtataas nin wayaway sa lugar kadtong aldaw na idto. Bantugon an retrato, na ipinublikar giraray sa niribong publikasyon. Kan dai nahaloy, ini sana an ladawan na nanggana sa [[Pulitzer Prize para sa Photography]] sa parehas na taon kan pagpupublikar kaini, asin kinokonsederar ini sa huri na saro sa importantihon na marhay asin namimidbidan na mga ladawan kan gera, asin posibleng an gibihuhon na marhay na ladawan sa gabos nin panahon.<ref name="ap"/> Ginamit an ladawan nin nagtataas kan wayaway ni [[Felix de Weldon]] sa paglilok kan [[Marine Corps War Memorial]] na mahihiling sa kataid kan [[Nasyunal na lulubngan kan Arlington]] poon pa kadtong 1954.<ref name="ap"/> Tolo sa anom na mga Marino na inilaladawan sa ladawan, sinda Sarhento [[Michael Strank]], Korporal [[Harlon Block]], asin Pribadong Inot na Klase na si [[Franklin Sousley]], ginadan sa aksyon pirang aldaw pagkatapos kan pagtataas nin wayaway. An nakaligtas na parataas nin wayaway na si Pribadong Inot na Klase na si [[Ira Hayes]], kaiba si Pribadong Inot na Klase na si [[Rene Gagnon]] asin [[Korpsman kan ospital|Navy hospital corpsman]] Pangaduwang Klase nin Mate kan Parmasista na si [[John Bradley (United States Navy)|John Bradley]], nagin mga bantog na tawo sa saindang pagbali sa sarong pagbebente nin tour sa [[bono nin gera]] pagkatapos kan labanan. Tolong kasunod na pag-iimbestiga kan Marine Corps sa identidad kan anom na lalaki sa ladawan an nahanap: kadtong 1946 asin 1947, salang namidbidan si Harlon Block bilang Henry Hansen (parehas na ginadan anom na aldaw pagkatapos makua an ladawan); kan Mayo asin Hunyo 2016, mayo sa ladawan si John Bradley asin an Pribadong Inot na Klase na si [[Harold Schultz]] an nasa ladawan;<ref>[http://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/810457/usmc-statement-on-iwo-jima-flagraisers/ USMC Statement on Marine Corps Flag Raisers] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624115022/http://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/810457/usmc-statement-on-iwo-jima-flagraisers/|date=24 June 2016 }}, Office of U.S. Marine Corps Communication, 23 June 2016</ref> asin kadtong 2019, mayo si Rene Gagnon sa ritrato asin si Pribadong Inot na Klase na si [[Harold Keller]] an yaon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Warrior in iconic Iwo Jima flag-raising photo was misidentified, Marines Corps acknowledges |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/warrior-iconic-iwo-jima-flag-raising-photo-was-misidentified-marines-n1064766 |work=NBC News |date=2019-10-16 |access-date=2020-03-02 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219165628/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/warrior-iconic-iwo-jima-flag-raising-photo-was-misidentified-marines-n1064766 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pagkaaga kan Pebrero 23, epektibong naputol an Bukid Suribachi sa ibabaw kan daga hali sa natatadang parte kan isla. Isi kan mga Marino na igwang mahiwas na network nin mga panlaban sa irarom kan daga, asin sa balyo kan pagsuway kaini sa ibabaw kan daga, konektado pa nanggad an bulkan sa paagi kan tunnel network. Nilalauman ninda an grabeng laban sa tuktok. Duwang sararadit na patrol hali sa duwang kumpanya nin rifle gikan sa 2/28 Marines an ipinadara sa bulkan tanganing surion an mga ruta sa amihanan na parte kan bukid. Nakaabot an mga recon patrol sa tuktok asin nagbaba giraray, binabareta an anuman na kontak ki 2/28 na komander kan mga Marino, Tenyente Koronel [[Chandler W. Johnson]].<ref name=Allen>{{harvnb|Allen|2004}}</ref> An mga bantog na account na burdado kan press pagkatapos kan pagluwas kan ladawan nin pagtataas kan wayaway, nakipag-iwal an mga Marino sagkod sa tuktok. Dawa na nilalauman kan mga Marine riflemen an sarong ambus, nakasabat pagkatapos an mas dakulang patrol na nagsasakat nin pirang tagapagdepensa nugad sa itaas asin pagkatapos na itaas an wayaway. Nagmantinir an kadaklan kan mga tropang Hapones sa network kan tanel sa panahon nin paghihimay, nugad-nugad sanang minaatake sa sararadit na pugro, asin sa pangkagabsan, ginagadan gabos. Nangapudan si Johnson para sa sarong reinforced platoon size patrol gikan sa E Company tanganing magsakat sa Suribachi asin sakupon dangan okupahon an tuktok. An patrol commander, si Inot na Tenyente [[Harold G. Schrier|Harold Schrier]], itinao an wayaway nin Amerika kan batalyon na itataas sa itaas tanganing iyo an hudyat an pagkua kan Suribachi, kun maabot ninda an tuktok. Nilalauman ni Johnson asin kan mga Marino an grabeng labanan, alagad nakasabat sana an patrol nin kadikit na putok kan sniper sa pagsakat kan bukid. Pag nasigurado ni Schrier asin kan saiyang mga tawuhan an tuktok, sarong laba kan tubo nin tubig kan Hapon an nahiling duman sa mga naraot, asin ikinabit an wayaway kan Amerika sa tubo asin pagkatapos, itinaas asin itinanom sa tuktok kan Bukid Suribachi na nagin inot na wakang na wayaway na naglupad sa kadagaan kan Hapon.<ref name="LAT_20070626">{{cite news |access-date=30 November 2008 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/26/local/me-lindberg26 |title=Charles Lindberg, 86; Marine helped raise first U.S. flag over Iwo Jima |date=26 June 2007 |page=B8 |work=Los Angeles Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022152425/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/26/local/me-lindberg26 |archive-date=22 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kua an mga ladawan kan wayaway asin pira sa mga kaapil kan patrol sa palibot kaini kan Parakuang-ladawan kan Marino na si [[Louis R. Lowery]], an solong parakuang-ladawan na nag-iba sa pagpapatrolya ni Schrier sa bukid. Mantang itinataas an wayaway, nakaabot pa sana sa baybayon an Kahilom kan Hukbong Dagat na si [[James Forrestal]] sa pamitisan kan Bukid Suribachi asin nagdesisyon na gusto niya an wayaway bilang souvenir. Nagtutubod si Johnson na pagsasadiri an wayaway kan 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines, na nakakua kan parteng idto kan isla. Kan inot na parte kan hapon, ipinadara ni Johnson si Gagnon, sarong paradalagan (mensahero) gikan sa saiyang batalyon para sa E Company, na magkua nin mas dakulang wayaway sa bulkan tanganing ribayan an mas sadit asin dai masyadong nahihiling na wayaway. An karibay na wayaway, nakakabit sa sarong urog na magabat na seksyon kan tubo nin tubig, asin anom na mga Marino an nagpadagos na itinaas ini sa lugar mantang ibinaba an mas sadit na wayaway asin inihatod sa pamayong akuan kan batalyon sa ibaba. Ini sa panahon kan "ikaduwang" pagtataas nin wayaway na kinua ni Rosenthal an midbid na ladawan na "''Pagtaas kan Wayaway sa Iwo Jima"''. Nagwayaway an ikaduwang wayaway sa Bukid Suribachi sagkod sa ibinaba ini kan ika-14 nin Marso, kan kasabay kaini, an opisyal na itinaas an wayaway kan Amerika sa sarong seremonya sa [[V Amphibious Corps]] command post harani sa Bukid Suribachi. An opisyal na pagtataas kan wayaway, sinugo ni Holland Smith asin dinaluhan ni Erskine asin kan pirang kaapil kan 3rd Marine Division. ==Kaamihanan na Iwo Jima== [[File:Iwo Jima Tunnels.JPG|thumb|left|An iskets kan Hill 362A, na ginibo kan 31st U.S. Naval Construction Battalion. An mga tuldok na linya, nagpapahiling nin sistema nin tanel kan Hapon.]] Sa balyo kan pagkawara kan Hapon sa Bukid Suribachi sa habagatan na puro kan isla, kapot pa nanggad kan mga Hapones an pusog na posisyon sa amihanan na puro. Sobrang pinaburan an depensa kan magapong kadagaan, sobra pa ikan sa Bukid Suribachi, na mas madaling tamaan kan naval artillery fire. Kaakibat kaini, urog ka makangalason an mga kuta na itinindog ni Kuribayashi ikan sa kahabagatan na puro kan isla.<ref name="Wheeler 1979">{{harvnb|Wheeler|1979|p=[https://archive.org/details/roadtotokyo0000whee/page/50 50]}}</ref> An natatada sa irarom kan sugo ni Kuribayashi, kaagimba kan walong batalyon nin infantry, sarong tank regiment, asin duwang artillery asin tolong magabat na mga batalyon nin mortar. Igwa man ining dai malagpas sa 5,000 gunner asin naval infantry. An masakiton na marhay na natatada na gibuhon sa Marino iyo an pagkua kan Talampas nin Motoyama kaiba an nagsosolosolong Hill 382 asin Turkey knob asin an lugar sa tanga na tinutukdo bilang Amphitheater. Ini an nagin susugan kan inaapod na "meatgrinder". Mantang ginigibo ini sa toong parte, nililimas kan wala an Hill 362 na may kasing sakit. An pangkagabsan na obheto sa punto na ini iyo an kontrolon an Airfield No. 2 sa tahaw kan isla. Arog pa man kaito, an lambang "paglaog garo nagin sarong peligro" mantang "kinukua kan mga yunit hali sa mga gilid, nginuya, asin napara kun nugad. Narapak an mga tangke sa paagi kan magkatakod na kalayo o itinaas sa paros sa mga minabulusok na bola nin kalayo kan mga nakatalbong na mina".{{sfn|Leckie|1988|p=[https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromevi00leck/page/870 870]}} Huli digdi, naputol an labanan, asin nagtambak an mga kaswalti kan Amerikano. Dawa na an pagkua kan mga puntong ini, bakong sarong solusyon sa problema huli ta an sarong dating ligtas na posisyon, pwedeng atakehon hali sa likudan sa paagi kan paggamit nin mga tanel asin mga nakatagong pillbox. Huli digdi, sinabi na "maninigo nindang kuanon an mga taas na ini sa kabootan, dangan pagkatapos, pagsusulsulan ini".{{sfn|Leckie|1988|p=[https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromevi00leck/page/871 871]}} [[File:Browning M1917 Marine Iwo Jima fixed.jpg|thumb|Sarong U.S. Marine an nagpaputok kan saiyang de-makinang badil na [[M1917 Browning machine gun|Browning M1917]] sa mga Hapones]] [[File:"Hotch Kiss" From Japs, 1945 (16989117215).jpg|thumb|Duwang mga Marino na naggagamit nin "[[Type 3 heavy machine gun|Hotch Kiss]]" hali sa Hapon, 1945]] Arog pa man kaito, nakahanap an mga Marino nin mga paagi tanganing manggana sa irarom kan mga pangyayari. Napagmaan na sa panahon kan pambobomba, itatago kan mga Hapones an saindang mga badil asin an saindang mga sadiri sa mga lungib tanganing magbutwa giraray pag nag-abante an mga tropa asin magpapaputok sa sainda kan mapanraot na kalayo. Sa paghilis kan panahon, nanudan kan mga Hapones an mga panginot na taktika kan Amerikano, na kung sain, mabugtak nin magabat na pambobomba bago an pag-atake kan infantry. Huli digdi, sinugo ni Erskine an [[9th Marine Regiment (United States)|9th Marine Regiment]] na mag-atake sa irarom kan takop nin kadikluman na mayong panginot na barrage. Nagin ining sarong matanog na kapangganahan na kadakol na batalan na Hapon an nagadan mantang natuturog pa. Saro ining importante na momento sa pagkua kan Hill 362.{{sfn|Leckie|1988|p=[https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromevi00leck/page/872 872]}} Napakahalaga kaini na nag-organisa an mga Hapones nin sarong balos nin pag-atake kan nagsunod na banggi. Dawa na ipinagngalad ni Kuribayashi an mga kaso kan pagpapakagadan na pamilyar sa lain pang mga labanan sa Pasipiko, nagdesisyon an komandante kan lugar sa sarong 'banzai'' na karga na may positibong obheto na makua giraray an Bukid Suribachi. Pagkabanggi kan ika-8 nin Marso, sinakyada ni Kapitan Samaji Inouye asin kan saiyang 1,000 tawuhan an mga linyang Amerikano, na nagkawsa nin 347 na mga kaswalti (90 an nagadan). Nabilang kan mga Marino kinaagahan an 784 na gadan na mga batalan na Hapones.<ref name="Wheeler 1979" /> Sa parehas na aldaw, nakaabot an mga elemento kan 3rd Marine Division sa amihanan na baybayon kan isla, na binanga an mga depensa ni Kuribayashi sa duwa.{{sfn|Antill|2001}} Nagkaigwa man nin "kamikaze" na pag-atake sa ere (an solo sana sa labanan) sa mga barkong nakaangkla sa dagat kadtong ika-21 nin Pebrero, na nagresulta sa paglubog kan escort carrier na {{USS|Bismarck Sea|CVE-95|6}}, grabeng raot sa {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}}, asin medyong raot sa escort carrier na {{USS|Lunga Point||6}}, sarong LST, asin sarong transportasyon.{{sfn|Leckie|1988|p=[https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromevi00leck/page/872 872]}} Dawa na idineklara na ligtas an isla kadtong 18:00 kan ika-16 nin Marso (25 aldaw pagkatapos kan mga pagtugpa), nakaatubang pa nanggad an 5th Marine Division sa kuta ni Kuribayashi sa sarong bangin na {{cvt|640|m|yd}} an laba sa Amihanan-sulnopan na puro kan isla. Kan Marso 21, niraot kan mga Marino an command post sa bangin na may apat na toneladang pampasabog, asin kan ika-24 kan Marso, Tinatakan kan mga marino an natatadang mga lungib sa amihanan na puro kan isla.<ref>{{harvnb|Moskin|1992|pp=372–373}}</ref> Arog pa man kaito, kan banggi kan ika-25 nin Marso, sarong 300-kataong puwersa nin Hapon an nagtulod nin pangwakas na [[balos nin atake]] sa palibot kan Airfield No. 2. An mga piloto kan hukbo, Seabees, asin mga Marino kan 5th Pioneer Battalion asin 28th Marines, nakipaglaban sa puwersa kan Hapon ning sagkod 90 minuto, nagsapo nin magagabat na kaswalti (53 nagadan, 120 nalugadan).{{citation needed|date=January 2009}} Dawa na saro pa nanggad ining ispekulasyon huli ta sa magkasibwagan na mga account gikan sa mga nakaligtas na beterano kan Hapon, sinasabing pinanginutan ni Kuribayashi an huring pag-atakeng ito,{{efn|"Pwedeng nagadan si Heneral Kuribayashi sa pandarambong na ini; alagad dai namidbidan an saiyang lawas, asin garo mas malamang na nagsagibo an maisog asin mapainagi na opisyal na ini nin ''hara-kiri'' sa saiyang poste nin command sa irarom kan daga."{{sfn|Morison|1960|p=68}}}} na bakong arog kan makusog na "banzai" na sakyada kan mga nakaaging labanan, iyo an nailaladawan bilang sarong daing ribok na pag-atake. Kung mapatotoohan na tunay, si Kuribayashi an pinakahalangkaw na opisyal nin Hapon na personal na nanginot sa pag-atake kadtong Ikaduwang Gubat Pangkinaban.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Suway pa digdi, ini man an magigin huring paghiro ni Kuribayashi, sarong paghali hali sa komon na gibuhon kan mga namamayong opisyal kan Hapon na minagibo nin [[seppuku]] sa likod kan mga linya mantang nagadan an iba sa atake na ''banzai'', arog kan nangyari kadtong mga labanan sa Saipan asin Okinawa. An isla, opisyal na idineklara na ligtas sa 09:00 kadtong ika-26 nin Marso.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Sa pagkakataon na an isla, opisyal na idineklara na ligtas, an Army [[147th Regiment (Estados Unidos)|147th Infantry Regiment]] garo yaon duman tanganing maghiro bilang sarong kusog nin garison, alagad sa lalong madaling panahon nahanap ninda an saidang mga sadiri na nakakulong sa sarong mapait na pakikibaka kontra sa niribong mapupusog na tagapagdepensa na nakikiheras sa sarong huring-kanal nin [[gerilya na pakikidigma|gerilya]] na kampanya tanganing guluhon an mga Amerikano.<ref name="theamericanwarrior.com">{{cite web |url=https://theamericanwarrior.com/2015/12/06/the-curious-case-of-the-ohio-national-guards-147th-infantry/ |title=The Curious Case of the Ohio National Guard's 147th Infantry |date=6 December 2015 |access-date=26 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003162404/https://theamericanwarrior.com/2015/12/06/the-curious-case-of-the-ohio-national-guards-147th-infantry/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Morison|1960|pp=68–70}} Gamit an mga lungib asin mga sistema nin tanel, nilabanan kan mga Hapon an pag-abante kan mga Amerikano. Sa laog nin tolong buwan, nagbagsak an ika-147 sa bilog na isla, gamit an mga flamethrower, granada, asin mga [[satchel charge]] tanganing kaluton an kalaban, ginadan an dai malagpas 1,602 na batalan na Hapones sa sararadit na paghiro kan yunit (kaiba an kadakol pang iba na nagadab sa mga selyadong lungib) mantang nagdudusa an kaglimang lalaking nagadan sa paghiro asin saro pang 144 an nalugadan. Inunrahan man an mga Ohionon sa pagdakop kan 867 Hapones; kaiba an bilang kan mga batalan na kaiwal na nagadan, an bilang kan nagadan na ini, minarepresentar sa lagpas sa 10% kan orihinal na garison kan Hapon.{{sfn|Robertson|Neimeyer|Nash|2019|p=39}} ==Mga flamethrower== [[File:Flamethrower-iwo-jima-194502.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sarong flamethrower operator kan E Company, [[2nd Battalion 9th Marines]], [[3rd Marine Division]], nagdadalagan sa kalayo sa Iwo Jima.]] Sobrang ginamit an [[M2 flamethrower]] kan Estados Unidos sa Pasipiko . Nagtatampok ini nin duwang tangke na naglalaog nin gasolina asin nakasuksok na gas susog sa pagkakasambit, na pinagsaro asin nagkakalayo tanganing makamukna nin sarong sangaw nin nagniningas na likido gikan sa puro.<ref>{{cite web |author=Division of Military History and Diplomacy, National Museum of American History |title=Flamethrower |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/collection/object.asp?ID=246 |access-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628182414/http://americanhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/collection/object.asp?ID=246 |archive-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> An mga flamethrower na ini, ginamit tanganing gadanon an mga Hapones na labot sa mga pillbox, mga establisyemento asin mga lungib. Magdidisignar an sarong batalyon nin sarong flamethrower kada platun na may sarong reserbang flamethrower sa lambang pugro. Karaniwan sa mga flamethrower operator, yaon sa urog na delikado ikan sa mga regular na tropa huli ta an maikling linyada kan saindang armas, nangangaipuhan nin harani na labanan, asin an kakayahan na mahiling kan mga kalayo sa ladon kan gera, ginibo sindang sarong midbid na target para sa mga sniper. Arog pa man kaito, mahalaga an mga ini para maraot an kalaban, asin inapod nin sarong komandante kan batalyon an mga flamethrowing tank na "pinakamaurag na solong armas kan operasyon.."<ref name="USAFlame"/> Bago an Saipan binayaan kan Marine Corps an pagpapauswag kan flamethrowing tank sa Hukbo. Nagbugtak sinda nin order sa Hukbo para sa siyam na tangke kada dibisyon. Sa [[Schofield Barracks]] sa Haway, An [[top secret]] na "Flame Thrower Group" ni Colonel Unmacht, madudugangan an walong [[M4 Sherman|M4A3 Sherman]] medium na tangke tanganing ibalyo para sa Operation Detachment. Nagtatrabaho an saiyang mga Seabees, hali sa 117th CB tanganing pagsaroon an pinakamaurag na mga elemento gikan sa tolong magkakalain na yunit kan kalayo: an [[Ronson flamethrower|Ronson]], an Navy model I asin an Navy Mk-1.{{sfn|Quinlan|1948|p=51}} An Ronson, marikas na naribayan nin mas marhay na CB-H2.{{sfn|Quinlan|1948|p=52}} Manlainlain na tinukdo kan U.S. Army [[Chemical Corps]] an mga tangke na ini bilang POA-CWS-H1,{{sfn|Unmacht|1948}} (Pacific Ocean Area-Chemical Warfare Section-Hawaii) CWS-POA-H2, CWS-POA-H1 H2, OR CWS-"75"-H1 H2 na mekanisadong flamethrower. An mga dokumento kan tagaobserba kan US Marine asin U.S. Army gikan sa Iwo Jima, tinutukdo sa sainda bilang CB-Mk-1 o CB-H1.<ref name=Chicago/> Inaapod sana sinda kan mga Marino sa mga linya na Mark I.<ref name="Chicago"/> Ang opisyal na pagdedesignar kan USMC iyo an "M4 A3R5".<ref name="Chicago"/> Tinukdo sinda kan mga Hapones na mga M1 tank, asin pinagduduwaduwahan na ginibo ninda ini huli ta sa bakong magayon na pagpapalis kan "MH-1".<ref name="Chicago">{{citation |title=History Friday: Technological Surprise & the Defeat of the 193rd Tank Battalion at Kakuza Ridge |first=Trent |last=Telenko |date=30 August 2013 |work=Chicago Boyz Blog archive |url=https://chicagoboyz.net/archives/38455.html |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030135734/https://chicagoboyz.net/archives/38455.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sa Iwo Jima, nagtugpa gabos an mga tangke nin kalayo kadtong D-day asin naghiro sa D+2, matipid sa poon. Sa pag-usad kan labanan, nagpamantinir an mga portable flame unit nin mga rate kan nagadan sagkod sa 92%, na nagwalat nin pirang mga tropa na pinatuod na maggamit nin armas. Padakol nin padakol an mga apod para sa Mark-1 sagkod sa punto na naglalaom an mga Marino sa mga tangke asin kakaputan an saindang pag-atake sagkod sa magkaigwa nin tangke nin kalayo.<ref name="USAFlame"/> Huli ta apat sana an kada batalyon nin tangke, dai sinda ipigdisegnar; imbes, "pinagsararo" sinda asin ipapadara hali sa sarasaraindang mga kinamumugtakan kan pagbugtak nin gasolina sagkod mag-usad an labanan. Sa pagtatapos kan labanan, naggugol an 5th Marine tank sa tanga nin {{cvt|5000|to|10,000|usgal|L}} kan [[napalm]] kada aldaw.<ref name="USAFlame">{{harvnb|Kelber|Birdsell|1990|pp=558–583, 586}}</ref> ==Pagkatapos == An [[Japanese holdout|mga holdout kan Hapon sa isla]], kabali an duwa sa mga tawuhan ni Tenyente Toshihiko Ohno, {{nihongo|Yamakage Kufuku{{sic}}|山蔭光福|Yamakage Kōfuku}} asin {{nihongo|Matsudo Linsoki{{sic}}|松戸利喜夫|Matsudo Rikio}}, naghaloy nin apat na taon ning dai madakop, asin sa wakas, nagsuko kadtong ika-6 nin Enero 1949.<ref>{{cite news |title=Japanese Surrender After Four Year Hiding |date=10 January 1949 |work=Pacific Stars and Stripes |page=5 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/pacific-stars-and-stripes/1949-01-10/page-5?tag=kufuku&rtserp=tags/kufuku?ndt=by&py=1949&pey=1951 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130717075553/http://newspaperarchive.com/pacific-stars-and-stripes/1949-01-10/page-5?tag=kufuku&rtserp=tags/kufuku%3Fndt=by&py=1949&pey=1951 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=Cook>{{cite web |url=http://www.wanpela.com/holdouts/profiles/kufuku.html |first=Donald |last=Cook |title=Capture of Two Holdouts January 6, 1949 |work=No Surrender: Japanese Holdouts |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009185024/http://www.wanpela.com/holdouts/profiles/kufuku.html |archive-date=9 October 2007 <!--DASHBot--> |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=山蔭光福 |author2=松戸利喜夫 |date=1968 |script-title=ja:硫黄島最後の二人|trans-title=The Last Two of Iwo Jima |publisher=読売新聞社 |language=ja}}</ref> Dawa man na nanggana sa huri, nag-abot an trayumpo kan mga Amerikano sa Iwo Jima sa isang makangiribo na presyo. Susog sa [[Navy Department Library]], "nagresulta an 36-araw na pag-atake sa lagpas sa 26,000 Amerikanong kaswalti, kabali an 6,800 gadan."{{sfn|Navy Department Library, "Battle for Iwo Jima"}} Sa pagkukumpara, an urog na kadakulang sukol na 82-aldaw na [[Labanan sa Okinawa]] na naghaloy poon inot na parte kan Abril sagkod sa katahawan kan Hunyo 1945 (na kinasasangkutan kan limang U.S. Army asin duwang dibisyon kan Marine Corps), nagresulta sa lagpas 62,000 na kaswalti kan U.S., kun sain malagpas sa 12,000 an nagadan o nawawara. An Iwo Jima man an nagsosolosolong labanan sa US Marine kun sain nalagpasan kan mga Amerikano an mga nagadan sa mga Hapon,<ref name="O'Brien"/> dawa na an bilang kan mga pagkagadan sa labanan sa mga Hapon, tolo ka honga na mas kadakol kaysa sa mga pagkagadan kan mga Amerikano. Duwang U.S. Marines an nadakop sa labanan, ni saro sa sainda, dai nakaligtas sa saindang pagkabihag. Nawara an {{USS|Bismarck Sea}}, an huring lunadan pang-ere kan U.S., naglubog kadtong Ikaduwang Gubat Pankinaban. 20 [[Grumman F4F Wildcat|Grumman FM-2 Wildcat]] fighters at 11 [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Grumman TBM Avenger]] torpedo bombers an nagbagsak kaiba kan ''Bismarck Sea''. Iyo man, grabeng naraot an {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}} kaya dai na siya nakiheras sa arinman sa mga katungdanan sa pakikipaglaban o transportasyon para sa natatadang parte kan gera. Nagin siyang sarong barko nin pagpapatuod. 31 [[Grumman F6F Hellcat]] na fighters asin 9 Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers an narapak kan atake nin kamikaze sa ''Saratoga''.<ref name="LLFeb45">{{cite web |url=https://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/USN/LLFeb45.htm |title=USN Overseas Aircraft Loss List February 1945 |work=Aviation Archaeological Investigation & Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309173809/https://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/USN/LLFeb45.htm |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Morison|1960}}{{page needed|date=July 2021}} Huli ta nailikas an gabos na mga sibilyan, mayong mga sibilyan na nagadan sa Iwo Jima, bakong arog sa Saipan asin Okinawa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/This_Month_History/03_March.htm |title=This Month in History: Selected March Dates of Marine Corps Historical Significance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128105745/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/This_Month_History/03_March.htm |archive-date=28 November 2010 |publisher=[[United States Marine Corps History Division]] |access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2021}} <gallery mode="packed"> File:3rd Marine Corps Iwo Jima Cemetery Entrance.jpg|Mga laugan sa kamposanto sa Iwo Jima na itinindog kan 133rd Seabees, kun sain an 3rd Marine Division sa inotan asin an 4th Marine Division sa hampang. File:127-GW-305-142760 (24467231344).jpg|An Intermento kan 4th Marine Division. File:4th Marine Division cemetery, Iwo Jima, 1945 (5600761284).jpg|4th USMC Division sa kamposanto kan Iwo Jima File:127-GW-305-145467 (24730253279).jpg|An laugan sa kamposanto kan 5th USMC Division na itinindog kan 31st CB sa may sentro kan Mt. Suribachi. </gallery> ==Estratehikong kahalagahan== {{more citations needed|section|date=June 2021}} [[File:Lieutenant Wade discusses overall importance of target at pre-invasion briefing HD-SN-99-02874.jpg|thumb|Dinidiskusyon ni Lieutenant Wade an pangkagabsan na kahalagahan kan target sa sarong pre-invasion briefing.]] [[File:American supplies being landed at Iwo Jima.JPEG|thumb|Naglapag an mga suplay kan Amerikano sa Iwo Jima]] Sa pagbabalik-tanaw, huli ta sa dakol na nagadan, an pangangaipuhan asin panghaluyan na kahalagahan kan pagkua kan isla sa resulta kan gera iyo an saro sa pinag-iiwalan na isyu asin namamantinir na pinag-iiwalan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/LUTZ/iwo.html |title=The Battle of Iwo Jima |publisher=History Department at the University of San Diego |access-date=10 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720132646/https://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/LUTZ/iwo.html |archive-date=20 July 2009}}</ref> An mga Marino, na nagdusa nin aktwal na mga kaswalti, dainkinonsulta sa pagpaplano kan operasyon.{{sfn|Burrell|2004}} Kan Abril 1945, an retiradong Chief kan Naval Operations na si [[William V. Pratt]], nagsabi sa ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine na kun pigkokonsoderar an "paggasta kan kusog-tawo tanganing makakua nin sadit, Isla na pinabayaan kan Diyos, mayong sirbi sa Hukbo bilang sarong staging base asin mayong sirbi sa Hukbong-dagat bilang sarong fleet base&nbsp;... [saro] nagngangalas kun an parehas na klase nin airbase, dai pwedeng maabot sa paagi kan pagkua kan iba pang mga estratehikong lokalidad sa urog na hababang halaga."<ref name= Newsweek_Pratt_19450402>{{cite news |first=William V. |last=Pratt |author-link=William Veazie Pratt |title=What Makes Iwo Jima Worth the Price |work=Newsweek |date=2 April 1945 |page=36}}</ref> An mga adal na nanudan sa Iwo Jima iyo an nagsirbing mga ngurang para sa masunod na Labanan sa Okinawa asin an pagplano na pagsakyada sa dagang kinamuklatan kan Hapon. Halimbawa, "huli sa mga nagadan sa Iwo Jima kadtong inot na aldaw, napagdesisyunan na gibuhon an paghahandang pambobomba an pinakamagabat na naihatod pa sa sarong isla sa Pasipiko".{{sfn|Keegan|1990|p=566}} Iyo man, sa pagpaplano para sa sarong potensyal na pag-atake sa mga isla nin irukan kan Hapon, kinokonsiderar ini na dai malagpas sa sarong katlo kan mga tropa na nakapukos sa Iwo Jima asin sa Okinawa man an nagadan o nalugadan.{{sfn|Keegan|1990|p=575}} An hurisdiksyon para sa estratehikong kahalagahan kan Iwo Jima sa paghihinguwa sa gera kan Estados Unidos, an pagtatao kaini nin lugar nin pagtugpa asin asin butakan giraray nin gatong para sa mga long-range fighter escort. Napatotoohan an mga escort na ini na bakong praktikal asin dai kaipuhan, asin sampulong arog sana kaito na misyon sana an inilayog hali sa Iwo Jima.<ref>{{cite news |author=Assistant Chief of Air Staff |title=Iwo, B-29 Haven and Fighter Springboard |work=Impact |date=September–October 1945 |pages=69–71}}</ref> Sa oras na nakua an Iwo Jima, naglipat an kampanya nin pambobomba kontra sa Hapon poon sa pambobomba ng katumpakan sa liwanag kan aldaw sa mga pag-atake sa banggi, kaya an mga fighter escort, igwang limitadong gamit.<ref name="navytimes19feb20">[https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2020/02/20/what-if-the-navy-and-marine-corps-had-bypassed-iwo-jima/ What if the Navy and Marine Corps had bypassed Iwo Jima?] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113132317/https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2020/02/20/what-if-the-navy-and-marine-corps-had-bypassed-iwo-jima/ |date=13 January 2022 }}. ''[[Navy Times]]''. 19 February 2020.</ref> Nugad minaataki an Japanese fighter aircraft na nakasusog sa Iwo Jima sa mga eroplano kan AAF, na nagpaluya sa sainda na makaduman sa Hapon huli ta kargado sinda nin mga bomba asin gasolina. Arog pa man kaito, dawa na an pirang mga interceptor kan Hapon, nakabase sa Iwo Jima, an saindang epekto sa paghihinguwa nin pambobomba kan mga Amerikano, marginal; sa tolong bulan bago an pagsakyada, nawara an 11 B-29 bilang resulta.{{sfn|Cate|Olson|1983a|pp=581–582}} Nadugangan kan mga Superfortress na dai kinakaipuhan na maggibo nin anuman na panginot na liko sa palibot kan isla.{{sfn|Cate|Olson|1983b|p=559}} An pagkua sa isla, neutralisado an mga pag-atake sa duros kan Hapon susog digdi sa Marianas, alagad mangsadit ninda para mag-usad nin signipikanteng pag-atake.<ref name="navytimes19feb20"/> [[File:24th marines wwii iwo jima.jpg|thumb|Mga Marino halu sa 24th Marine Regiment kadtong Labanan sa Iwo Jima]] An mga Hapon sa Iwo Jima, igwang [[radar]]{{sfn|Newcomb|1982|pp=50–51}} asin sa arog kaito nagibo nindang ipaisi sa saindang mga kairiba sa harong an mga papadatong na B-29 Superfortresses na naglalayog gikan sa [[Mariana Islands]]. Arog pa man kaito, dai nakaapekto an pagkua kan Iwo Jima sa sistema nin radar kan amay na paisi kan Hapon, na padagos na nakaaako nin impormasyon sa mga palaog na B-29 gikan sa isla nin [[Rota (isla)|Rota]] (na dai pa nanggad nasasakyada).<ref name=Rota>Joint War Planning Committee 306/1, "Plan for the Seizure of Rota Island," 25 January 1945.</ref> Kan Marso 4, 1945, mantang nangyayari pa an labanan, binareta ini kan B-29 '' Dinah Might'' kan USAAF [[9th Bomb Group]] na ubos na an gasolina harani sa isla asin naghagad nin emergency landing. Sa balyo kan putok kan kaiwal, nagtugpa an eroplano sa [[South Field (Iwo Jima)|seksyon kan isla na kontrolado kan alyansa (South Field)]] nin daing insidente asin naserbisyuhan, binugtakan nin gatong asin naghali. Sa kabilugab, 2,251 B-29 an nagtugpa sa Iwo Jima ang naitala kadtong panahon nin gera.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.506thfightergroup.org/iwotojapan.asp |title=Iwo To Japan |publisher=506th Fighter Group |access-date=10 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208225826/http://www.506thfightergroup.org/iwotojapan.asp |archive-date=8 February 2010}}</ref> Itinala kan awtor na si J. Robert Moskin na 1,191 fighter escort asin 3,081 strike sorties an naglayog hali sa Iwo Jima kontra sa Hapon.{{sfn|Moskin|1992|p=373}} An sarong urog na dai pa nahaloy na pag-aadal kan Air Force, nadungawan an kontribusyon kan VII Fighter Command na kasobrahan. An saro pang rasyonaryo para sa pagkua ng isla, iyo an magsirbing base para sa urog na haralipot na raya kan [[B-24 Liberator]] na mga parabomba kontra sa Hapon, alagad daing signipikanteng kampanyang pambobomba kan B-24 an nangyari.<ref name="navytimes19feb20"/> Pirang mga tripulante kan B-29 an naligtas kan air-sea rescue aircraft asin mga lunadan-dagat na nagdadalagan hali sa isla, alagad saro an Iwo Jima sa kadakol na isla na pwedeng gamiton para sa arog kaitong obheto. Kun manungod sa kaimportansyahan kan isla bilang sarong lugar nin tugpaan asin pagpapagatong giraray para sa mga parabomba, sinuhestyon ni Kapitan kan Marino na si Robert Burrell, na kadto sarong instruktor nin kasaysayan sa [[United States Naval Academy]], na sadit na parte sana kan 2,251 na tugpaan an para sa mga tunay na emerhensiya, an kadaklan, posibleng para sa minorya na teknikal na pagsusuri, pagpapatuod, o pagbubugtak nin gasolina. Susog ki Burrell, {{blockquote|text=Ang hurisdiksyon na ini, nagin prominente sana pagkatapos na sakupon kan mga Marino an isla asin nagkaigwa nin halangkaw na kaswalti. An kamundo-mundo na halaga kan Operation Detachment, nagduon sa mga beterano, parapahayag, asin kumander na magpakaray sa pinakahiling na rasyonalisasyon para sa labanan. An tanawon kan kadakulaon, magastos, asin teknolohikal na sopistikadong B-29 na paglapag sa sararadit na palayugan kan isla na pinakamalinaw na nagtatakod sa Iwo Jima sa estratehikong kampanya nin pambobomba. Mantang an mga mito manungod sa pagtataas nin wayaway sa Bukid Suribachi, nag-abot sa maalamat na sukol, iyo man an teyorya nin emerhensiya na pagtugpa tanganing pangatwiranan an pangangaipuhan na itaas an wayaway na idto.{{sfn|Burrell|2004}}}} An teyorya nin "emerhensiya nin pagtugpa", binibilang an lambang pagtugpa kan B-29 sa Iwo Jima bilang sarong emerhensiya asin nanindugan na nagligtas an pagkua sa isla sa buhay kan haros 25,000 crewmen kan gabos nin 2,251 na eroplano (2,148 B-29 crewmen an nagadan sa labanan sa bilog na digmaan sa gabos nin mga teatro). Arog pa man kaito, sa haros 2,000 B-29 na nagtugpa poon Mayo–Hulyo 1945, lagpas sa 80% an para sa regular na pagbubugtak nin gasolina. Pirang gatos na pagtugpa an ginibo para sa mga obheto nin pagpapatuod, asin kadaklan sa natatada, para sa medyo sadit na pagmamantinir kan makina. Kadtong Hunyo 1945 na nakahiling nin pinakadakulang bilang nin mga pagtugpa, mayo sa lagpas na 800 B-29 na nagbaba sa isla an nakagibo kaini huli ta sa danyos sa labanan. Kan nawara sanang mga lunadan pang-ere nin dai nakaabot, an mga numero nin pagliligtas sa paros-dagat, nagpapahiwatig na 50% kan mga tripulante na naglukso sa dagat an nakaligtas, kaya dawa na dai kinua an Iwo Jima an pagtatantya kan diumano'y potensyal na 25,000 gadan na crewmen hali sa mga eroplanong nagbagsak sa kadagatan, dapat na nagbawas sagkod 12,500.<ref name="navytimes19feb20"/> Sa pagpupublikar kan ''The Ghosts of Iwo Jima'', nagsabi an Texas A&M University Press na an mismong mga pagkalugi, naging susugan para sa sarong "paggalang sa Marine Corps" na bako sanang minasalming sa "pangnasyon na espiritu kan Amerika" alagad sinigurado an "institusyonal na kaligtasan" kan Marine Corps.<ref name="tamu">{{cite web |date=2006 |url=http://www.tamupress.com/product/Ghosts-of-Iwo-Jima,3173.aspx |title=The Ghosts of Iwo Jima |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |access-date=14 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101092631/http://www.tamupress.com/product/Ghosts-of-Iwo-Jima,3173.aspx |archive-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sobrang naraot na mga lunadan pandagat == An minasunod na talarayahan, naglilista para sa lambang barkong naraot ning grabe sa Labanan sa Iwo Jima, an mga petsa na naako ninda an mga tama, an rason, an tipo kan barko, asin an mga nagadan kadtong ika-17–28 nin Pebrero. An carrier na {{USS|Lunga Point}}, na nakaako nin kadikit na danyos, nakalista huli ta sa kaimportansyahan kan mga escort carrier sa labanan. {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 95%;" style="text-align:right;" |+ An mga lunadan pandagat na sobrang naraot asin nilubog kan mga puwersa nin Hapon sa Iwo Jima, panginot an mga kamikaze, ika-17–28 nin Pebrero 1945{{efn|Pampublikong domeyn an gabos na impormasyon hali sa United States Navy, na may mga nagadan na kinua hali sa mga indibidwal na bareta kan aksyon; sobrang sinubli an pormat asin istraktura kan talarayahan {{harvnb|Morison|1960|p=388|loc=Appendix II}}.}}{{sfn|Navy Department Library, "Battle for Iwo Jima"}} |- ! scope="col" style="width:6em;"|Barko ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"|Aldaw ! scope="col" style="width:13em;"|Tipo ! scope="col"|Kawsa ! scope="col" style="max-width:4em;"|Nagadan ! scope="col" style="max-width:4em;"|Nalugadan |- ! scope="row"|''LCI(G)-438'' |17 Peb 1945 |rowspan="9" style="text-align:left;"|Landing craft infantry{{thinsp}}/{{thinsp}}gunboat |rowspan="9" style="text-align:left;"|Baterya sa baybayon |0 |4 |- ! scope="row"|''LCI(G)-441'' |17 Peb 1945 |7 |21 |- ! scope="row"|{{USS|LCI(G)-449||2}} |17 Peb 1945 |21 |18 |- ! scope="row"|''LCI(G)-450'' |17 Peb 1945 |0 |6 |- ! scope="row"|''LCI(G)-457'' |17 Peb 1945 |1 |20 |- ! scope="row"|''LCI(G)-466'' |17 Peb 1945 |5 |19 |- ! scope="row"|''LCI(G)-469'' |17 Peb 1945 |0 |7 |- ! scope="row"|''LCI(G)-473'' |17 Peb 1945 |3 |18 |- ! scope="row" style="background:pink;"|''LCI(G)-474'' * |17 Peb 1945 |3 |18 |- ! scope="row"|{{USS|Blessman||2}} |18 Peb 1945 |style="text-align:left;"|Destroyer |style="text-align:left;"|Pambobomba sa ere sa ibabaw kan kwarto nin makina |42 |29 |- ! scope="row"|{{USS|Gamble||2}} |18 Peb 1945 |style="text-align:left;"|Destroyer{{thinsp}}/{{thinsp}}minesweeper |style="text-align:left;"|2 mga pagbobomba sa ere |5 |9 |- ! scope="row"|{{USS|LSM-216||2}} |20 Peb 1945 |style="text-align:left;"|Landing ship, medium built |style="text-align:left;"|Baterya sa baybayon/pag-atake sa ere |0 |0 |- ! scope="row" style="background:pink;"|{{USS|Bismarck Sea||2}} * |21 Peb 1945 |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Escort carrier |style="text-align:left;"|5 pagtama nin bomba asin pagtama kan kamikaze, saro sa low angle dive, nagtama sa elevator, sagkod sa hangar deck, naglubog |318<ref>{{cite DANFS |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bismarck-sea-cve-95.html |title=Bismarck Sea (CVE-95) 1944–1945 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915160600/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bismarck-sea-cve-95.html |archive-date=15 September 2021 |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref> |99 |- ! scope="row"|{{USS|Lunga Point||2}} |21 Peb 1945 |style="text-align:left;"|napahalnas an kamikaze Nakajima B6N saiya, medyo naraot |0 |6 |- ! scope="row"|{{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}} |21 Peb 1945 |style="text-align:left;"|Carrier |style="text-align:left;"|pagbulasok an kamikaze na may penetrasyon nin bomba |123 |192 |- ! scope="row"|{{USS|LCI(G)-760||2}} |25 Peb 1945 |style="text-align:left;"|Landing craft infantry, mortar |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Baterya ni n baybayon |0 |2 |- ! scope="row"|{{USS|Terry|DD-513|2}} |28 Peb 1945 |style="text-align:left;"|Destroyer |11 |19 |- ! scope="row"|{{USS|Whitley|AKA-91|2}} |28 Peb 1945 |style="text-align:left;"|Dakulang barko nin kargo |style="text-align:left;"|Pag-atake sa ere |0 |5 |- class="sortbottom" ! style="border-right: 0;" |Total ! colspan="3" style="border-left: 0;" | |539 |492 |} '''Pananda''': {{legend-inline|pink|An barko, naglubog o nagsabog|text={{asterisk}} |outline=#A2A9B1}} ==Mga nakaako nin Medalya nin kagalangan== {{Main|Listahan kan mga nakaako nin Medalya nin Kagalangan para sa Labanan sa Iwo Jima}} [[File:Harry Truman congratulates Hershel Williams on being awarded the Medal of Honor.jpg|thumb|Binabati ni Harry Truman si Korporal kan Marino na si Hershel Williams kan Third Marine Division sa pagkakaonra nin Medalya nin Kagalangan, 5 Oktubre 1945.]] An [[Medal of Honor]] iyo an halangkawon na marhay na [[Mga onra asin dekorasyon nin militar kan Estados Unidos|dekorasyon nin militar]] na inoonra kan [[Pederal na gobyerno kan Estados Unidos|gobyerno kan Estados Unidos]]. Itinatao ini sa sarong kaapil kan United States Armed Forces na nagpapamidbid sa saiyang sadiri sa paagi kan"...&nbsp;kamangnomangno na kaisugan asin kawarang-galang sa peligro kan saiyang buhay nin lagpas asin lagpas pa sa katungudan mantang nakikiheras sa sarong aksyon laban sa sarong kaiwal kan Estados Unidos&nbsp;..." Huli ta sa likas na katangian kaini, an medalya, karaniwan na inioonra sa posthumously. Inionra an Medalya nin kagalangan sa 22 Marines (12 posthumously), asin 5 na iniatubang sa mga mandaragat, 4 sa sainda, mga hospital corpsmen (2 posthumously) na nakadestino sa mga yunit nin Marine infantry. An mga medalyang inionra para sa labanan, nagkakahalaga nin 28% kan 82 na inionra sa mga Marino kadtong Ikaduwang Gubat Pangkinaban.<ref name=MOHSTAT>{{cite web |access-date=6 March 2008 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/mohstats.html |title=United States Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive |work=Medal of Honor Statistics |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |date=16 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809030651/http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/mohstats.html |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sa oras kan saiyang kagadanan kadtong ika-29 nin Hunyo 2022, an Marinong si [[Hershel W. Williams]] an huring buhay na nag-ako nin Medalya nin Kagalangan hali sa Ikaduwang Gubat Pangkinaban.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=David |title=Local World War II veteran & Medal of Honor recipient Charles H. Coolidge dies at 99 |url=https://www.wrcbtv.com/story/43622304/local-world-war-ii-veteran-and-medal-of-honor-recipient-charles-h-coolidge-dies-at-99 |website=WRCB |date=7 April 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407182346/https://www.wrcbtv.com/story/43622304/local-world-war-ii-veteran-and-medal-of-honor-recipient-charles-h-coolidge-dies-at-99 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nakua niya an saiyang medalya para sa mga aksyon sa Labanan sa Iwo Jima. ==Legasiya== [[File:Marine Corp Memorial Iwo Jima.jpg|thumb|An [[Marine Corps War Memorial|U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial]] sa [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]] kaiba an [[Monumento nin Washington]] asin an [[Kapitolyo kan Estados Unidos]] sa dai karayuan.]] An [[Marine Corps War Memorial|Marine Corps Iwo Jima Memorial]], inalokar kadtong ika-10 nin Nobyembre 1954 sa [[Nasyunal na Lulubngan kan Arlington]]. Nagkomisyon an [[United States Navy]] nin duwang barko na may pangaran na {{USS|Iwo Jima|LPH-2}} (1961–1993) asin {{USS|Iwo Jima|LHD-7}} (2001–sa ngunyan) . Kadtong ika-19 nin Pebrero 1985, an ika-40 anibersaryo kan mga pagtugpa sa Iwo Jima, pigsagibo an sarong pangyayari na inaapod na "Reunion of Honor" (an selebrasyon ginigibo taun-taon poon pa kadtong 2002).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/Mar/13/iwojima-veteran-visit-reunionofhonor/ |title=Iwo Jima: A veteran returns |author=Jeanette Steele |publisher=UT San Diego |date=13 March 2014 |access-date=6 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140406050537/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/Mar/13/iwojima-veteran-visit-reunionofhonor/ |archive-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> Nagdalo sa selebrasyon an mga beterano ng magkabalyuhan na lado na naglaban sa labanan. An lugar iyo an invasion beach kun sain nagdaong an mga pwersa kan U.S. Sarong girumdumon an itindog kun sain nakaukit an magkabalyuhan na lado nin mga inskripsiyon sa tahaw kan tagpuan. Nagdalo an mga Hapones sa gilid kan bukid, kun sain inukit an inskripsiyon kan Hapon, asin nagdalo an mga Amerikano sa baybayon, kun sain inukit an inskripsiyon na Ingles.<ref>[http://en.tracesofwar.com/article/8286/Reunion-of-Honor-Memorial.htm Reunion of Honor Memorial] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319013517/http://en.tracesofwar.com/article/8286/Reunion-of-Honor-Memorial.htm|date=19 March 2014 }} Retrieved 14 July 2013.</ref> Matapos maipaluwas an belo asin magdulot nin mga burak, nagrani an mga representante kan duwang nasyon sa girumduman; sa paghilingan, nakipagkamutan sinda. An pinagsarong serbisyong panggirundom kan Hapon-E.U. kan ika-50 anibersaryo nin labanan, ginibo sa hampang kan monumento kadtong Pebrero 1995.<ref>[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/03/11/Iwo-Jima-50th-anniversary-US-Japanese-vets-to-meet-on-Iwo-Jima/6794794898000/ Iwo Jima 50th anniversary U.S., Japanese vets to meet on Iwo Jima] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119234947/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/03/11/Iwo-Jima-50th-anniversary-US-Japanese-vets-to-meet-on-Iwo-Jima/6794794898000/|date=19 January 2018 }}. UPI</ref> An mga kadugangan na serbisyo nin panggirumdom, ginibo sa mga nagsunod na anibersaryo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7166241 |title=Veterans mark 60th anniversary on Iwo Jima |publisher=Nbcnews.com |date= 12 March 2005|accessdate=2022-01-13 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106002223/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7166241 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ang kaimportansyahan kan labanan sa mga Marino ngunyan, ipinahiling sa mga mga pilgrimage na ginibo sa isla, asin partikular na an tuktok kan Suribachi.<ref name="MarinesMag">{{cite news |url=http://www.mcnews.info/mcnewsinfo/marines/2007/20072nd/onliberty/Suribachi.shtml |title=From Black Sands to Suribachi's Summit: Marines Reflect on Historic Battle |last=Blumenstein |first=LCpl Richard |author2=Sgt. Ethan E. Rocke |date=October–December 2007 |work=Marines Magazine |publisher=[[United States Marine Corps]] |access-date=18 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211215607/http://www.mcnews.info/mcnewsinfo/marines/2007/20072nd/onliberty/Suribachi.shtml |archive-date=11 February 2009 |accessdate=8 December 2023 |archivedate=11 February 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211215607/http://www.mcnews.info/mcnewsinfo/marines/2007/20072nd/onliberty/Suribachi.shtml }}</ref> An mga marino, parati na nagbaya nin mga [[dog tag]], [[United States Marine Corps rank insignia|insignia nin ranggo]], o iba pang mga token sa mga monumento bilang pagpupugay.<ref>See: [[:File:IwoJima Homage Insignia Devices.jpg]]</ref> Pigsisilibrar an Iwo Jima Day taun-taon kada ika-19 nin Pebrero sa [[Massachusetts|Komonwelt kan Massachusetts]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/6/6-12aa.htm |title=The General Laws of Massachusetts – Declaration of Iwo Jima Day |publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts |access-date=9 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305062926/http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/6/6-12aa.htm |archive-date=5 March 2010 <!--DASHBot--> |url-status=live}}</ref> na may seremonya sa State House. Padagos na hinahanap asin kinukua kan gobyerno kan Hapon an mga bangkay kan mga tawuhan kan militar nin Hapon na nagadan sa labanan.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120505b2.html Map of Iwo Jima's underground bunkers found in U.S.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519084120/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120505b2.html|date=19 May 2012 }}", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 6 May 2012, p. 2.</ref> <gallery> File:MemorialonMtSuribachi.jpg|An girumduman sa itaas kan Suribachi File:60th Anniversary reunion at Iwo Jima.jpg|An 60th anniversary reunion sa Hapones na parte kan girumduman File:120314-M-PY060-127 (6838510218).jpg|An seremonya ng ika-67 anibersaryo na itinutulod kan U.S. Marine Corps, kan gobyerno nin Hapon, asin kan Mga Iribanan kan Iwo Jima sa Amerika asin Hapon File:Iwo Jima 71st Reunion of Honor 160319-M-JD520-158.jpg|Pagpoon kan ika-71 pagrumdom nin anibersaryo File:WWII Veterans, guests remember the battle of Iwo Jima 170325-M-MV819-299.jpg|Nakapokus an U.S. asin Japanese color guard teams sa panahon kan 72nd Reunion of Honor ceremony. </gallery> == Paglaladawan sa midya== Ipigtampok an Labanan sa Iwo Jima sa kadakol na pelikula asin dokumentaryo. Naggibo an militar kan U.S. kadtong 1945 nin mga dokumentaryo ''[[To the Shores of Iwo Jima]]''{{sfn|''To the Shores of Iwo Jima''|1945}} asin ''[[Glamour Gal]]'',{{sfn|''Glamour Gal''|1945}} sarong pelikula manungod sa sarong artilerya kan Marino asin mga tawuhan nito. Pinapanginutan ni [[John Wayne]] sa tampok na pelikula kadtong 1949 na ''[[Sands of Iwo Jima]]''. An "Iwo Jima", ika-walong parte kan 2010 HBO miniseryo kan ''[[The Pacific (TV miniseries)|The Pacific]]'' na ginibo ninda [[Tom Hanks]] asin [[Steven Spielberg]], kabali an parte kam Labanan sa Iwo Jima gikan sa pananaw ni [[John Basilone]], poon sa poon kan pagsakyada sagkod sa saiyang kagadanan sa bandang huri kan aldaw. Si Basilone an tanging enlisted Marine na nakaako nin Medalya nin Kagalangan asin [[Navy Cross]] kadtong World War II. Si Ira Hayes, saro sa mga Marino na nagluwas sa litrato ni Joe Rosenthal na ''Pagtataas kan Wayaway sa Iwo Jima'', an tema kan 1961 na pelikulang ''[[The Outsider (pelikula kan 1961)|The Outsider]]'', na pinanginginutan ni [[Tony Curtis]] bilang nagkokontra na tagapagtaas kan wayaway. Itinanghal ni Hayes, Gagnon, Bradley kan 2006 an pelikula ''[[Flags of Our Fathers (pelikula)|Flags of Our Fathers]]'', dinirek ni [[Clint Eastwood]]. An ''Flags of Our Fathers'', ginuno gikan sa pananaw kan mga Amerikano asin susog sa 2000 na aklat ni [[James Bradley (Amerikanong awtor)|James Bradley]] asin Ron Powers, ''[[Flags of Our Fathers]]''.{{sfn|Bradley|Powers|2001}} An 2006 na pelikulang ''[[Letters from Iwo Jima]]'', na idinirek man ni Clint Eastwood, naglaladawan nin labanan gikan sa pananaw kan Hapon. ==Hilingon man == {{Library resources box}} * [[Lista kan mga nakasusog sa hukbong-dagat asin daga na operasyon sa Pacific Theater kadtong World War II]] *[[Naval Base Iwo Jima]] {{Clear}} ==Mga toltolan== ===Mga tala=== {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name="note Burrell2006p83"|Pinag-ulayan ni Burrell kung gurano kadakol na mga parasalaysay an nag-overestimated sa bilang kan mga tagapagdepensa kan Hapon, na igwang 20,000 asin dawa 25,000 na nakalista. Ibinugtak ni Burrell an linyada sa tanga kan 18,060 asin 18,600, na may eksaktong 216 sa mga ini na napreso sa panahon kan labanan. Saro pang 867 na preso an dinara kan Hokbo kan U.S. sa tanga kan Abril asin Hunyo, pagkatapos maghali an mga Marino.<ref name=Burrell83>{{harvnb|Burrell|2006|p= [{{GBurl|id=K8J4wkgcqCIC|p=83}} 83]}}.</ref>}} }} ===Mga pagsambit=== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Robert E. |date=2004 |title=The First Battalion of the 28th Marines on Iwo Jima: A Day-by-Day History from Personal Accounts and Official Reports, with Complete Muster Rolls |url=https://archive.org/details/firstbattalionof0000alle |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=0-7864-0560-0}} * {{cite web |last=Antill |first=P. |date=6 April 2001 |title=Operation Detachment: The Battle for Iwo Jima, February – March 1945 |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_iwojima.html |website=HistoryOfWar.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612121459/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_iwojima.html |archive-date=12 June 2021 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=James |last2=Powers |first2=Ron |date=2001 |orig-year=2000 |title=Flags of Our Fathers |url=https://archive.org/details/flagsofourfather00brad |url-access=registration |publisher=Bantam |isbn=0-553-38029-X |location=New York |author-link1=James Bradley (American author) |author-link2=Ron Powers}} * {{cite journal |last=Burrell |first=Robert S. |date=2004 |title=Breaking the Cycle of Iwo Jima Mythology: A Strategic Study of Operation Detachment |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_2004-10_68_4/page/1143 |journal=[[Journal of Military History]] |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=1143–1186 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2004.0175 |s2cid=159781449}} * {{cite book |last=Burrell |first=Robert S. |date=2006 |title=The Ghosts of Iwo Jima |url=https://archive.org/details/ghostsofiwojima0000burr |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |location=College Station, Texas |isbn=1-58544-483-9}} * {{cite report |last1=Coox |first1=Alvin D. |last2=Naisawald |first2=L. Van Loan |date=1954 |title=Survey of Allied Tank Casualties of World War II |id=Technical Memorandum ORO-T-117 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Operations Research Office |location=Baltimore |oclc=21347186 |url=http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16635coll14/id/56035 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717223049/http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16635coll14/id/56035 |archive-date=17 July 2019}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Craven |editor-first1=Wesley Frank |editor-last2=Cate |editor-first2=James Lea |date=1983 |title=The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945 |volume=V |series=The Army Air Forces in World War II |url=https://archive.org/details/Vol5ThePacificMatterhornToNagasaki/ |orig-year=1953 |edition=New Imprint |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=091279903X}} ** {{harvc|last1=Cate|first1=James Lea|last2=Olson|first2=James C.|anchor-year=1983a|contribution=Precision Bombardment Campaign|in=Craven|in2=Cate|year=1983|nb=yes}} ** {{harvc|last1=Cate|first1=James Lea|last2=Olson|first2=James C.|anchor-year=1983b|contribution=Iwo Jima|in=Craven|in2=Cate|year=1983|nb=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Crumley |first=B. L. |date=18 December 2012 |title=The Marine Corps: Three Centuries of Glory |publisher=Amber Books |isbn=9781908273963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X97OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT148 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318203551/https://books.google.com/books?id=X97OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT148 |archive-date=18 March 2020}} * {{cite book |last1=Garand |first1=George W. |last2=Strobridge |first2=Truman R. |date=1971 |chapter=Part VI: Iwo Jima |title=Western Pacific Operations |volume=IV |series=History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II |publisher=Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps |isbn=0-89839-198-9 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/|chapter-url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/USMC-IV-VI-1.html |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929202140/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/ |url-status=live}} * {{cite AV media |ref={{sfnRef|''Glamour Gal''|1945}} |title=Glamour Gal|date=1945 |publisher=Marine Corps Photographic Service |url=https://archive.org/details/25642GlamourGal|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite book |last=Hammel |first=Eric |date=2006 |title=Iwo Jima: Portrait of a Battle: United States Marines at War in the Pacific |publisher=Zenith Press |isbn=978-0760325209 |location=St. Paul, Minnesota |oclc=69104268 |author-link=Eric M. Hammel}} * {{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |date=1990 |orig-year=1989 |title=The Second World War |publisher=Viking Penguin |location=New York |isbn=9780670823598 |url=https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00keeg |url-access=registration |access-date=4 July 2021}} * {{cite book |last1=Kelber |first1=Brookes E. |last2=Birdsell |first2=Dale |editor-last=Conn |editor-first=Stetson |date=1990 |orig-year=First printed 1966 |chapter=Chapter XV, The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa |title=The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat |series=U.S. Army in World War II: The Technical Services |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=558–583, 586 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/USA-in-WWII/Set-4-of-7/Disk-1/Combat.pdf |id=CMH Pub 10-3 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030526/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/USA-in-WWII/Set-4-of-7/Disk-1/Combat.pdf |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=King |first=Dan |date=2014 |title=A Tomb Called Iwo Jima |url=https://archive.org/details/tombcallediwojim0000dank |publisher=Pacific Press |isbn=978-1500343385}} * {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert |date=1967 |title=The Battle for Iwo Jima |url=https://archive.org/details/battleforiwojima00leck |url-access=registration |access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |oclc=56015751}} * {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert |date=1988 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=Delivered from Evil: The Saga of World War II |edition=First Perennial Library |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromevi00leck/page/870 870] |isbn=0-06-091535-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromevi00leck |url-access=registration |access-date=4 July 2021}} * {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Adrian R. |date=2007 |orig-year=2006 |edition=Ebook reprint |title=The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203944523 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanculturew00lewi/ |url-access=limited}} * {{cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel Eliot |date=1960 |author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison |title=Victory in the Pacific: 1945 |series=[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] |volume=XIV |publisher=Little, Brown, & Co. |location=Boston, Massachusetts |url=https://archive.org/details/victoryinpacific00mori |url-access=registration |access-date=4 July 2021}} * {{cite book |last=Moskin |first=J. Robert |date=1992 |edition=3rd Revised |title=The U.S. Marine Corps Story |url=https://archive.org/details/usmarinecorpssto0003mosk |url-access=registration |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/usmarinecorpssto0003mosk/page/373 373] |isbn=0-448-22688-X}} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Navy Department Library, "Battle for Iwo Jima"}} |author=Navy Department Library |author-link=Navy Department Library|date=25 September 2020 |title=Battle for Iwo Jima, 1945 |publisher=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]]|location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/battle-for-iwo-jima.html |access-date=9 July 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708181918/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/battle-for-iwo-jima.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Navy Department Library, "Navajo Code Talkers"}} |author=Navy Department Library |author-link=Navy Department Library|date=16 April 2020 |title=Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet |publisher=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]]|location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/code-talkers.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514052920/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/code-talkers.html |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=9 July 2021 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Newcomb |first1=Richard F. |date=1982 |orig-year=First published 1965 |title=Iwo Jima |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn=0-553-22622-3 |location=New York |author-link=Richard Newcomb |url=https://archive.org/details/iwojima0000newc/ |url-access=registration}} * {{cite magazine |last=Quinlan |first=O'Neill P. |date=February 1948 |title=New Tanks for Old! |periodical=U.S. Navy Civil Engineer Corps Bulletin |volume=2 |issue=15 |pages=51–53 |publisher=BuDocks, Deptarment of the Navy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_dUAAAAYAAJ&q=Seabee+CWS+Hawaii&pg=RA3-PA51 |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410223135/https://books.google.com/books?id=x_dUAAAAYAAJ&q=Seabee+CWS+Hawaii&pg=RA3-PA51 |url-status=live}} *{{source attribution| {{cite book |last1=Robertson |first1=Breanne |last2=Neimeyer |first2=Charles |last3=Nash |first3=Douglas |date=2019 |title=Investigating Iwo: The Flag Raisings in Myth, Memory & Esprit de Corps |publisher=Marine Corps History Division |url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Investigating%20Iwo_WEB3.pdf?ver=2019-10-22-085649-137 |isbn=978-1732003071 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122030038/https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Investigating%20Iwo_WEB3.pdf?ver=2019-10-22-085649-137 |url-status=live}}}} * {{cite AV media |ref={{sfnRef|''To the Shores of Iwo Jima''|1945}} |title=To the Shores of Iwo Jima|date=1945 |publisher=U.S. Government Office of War Information |url=https://archive.org/details/iwojima|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite book |last=Toland |first=John |author-link=John Toland (author) |date=2003 |orig-year=1970 |title=The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945 |publisher=Random House |url=https://archive.org/details/risingsundecline00john_1 |isbn=978-0-8129-6858-3 |url-access=registration |access-date=4 July 2021}} * {{cite report |ref={{sfnRef|Japanese Monograph No. 45}} |author=U.S. Army Japan, HQ G3 |title=History of Imperial General Headquarters, Army Section (Japanese Monograph No. 45)|page=257 |publisher=U.S. Army Japan, Foreign Histories Division |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/JM-45/ |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406174019/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/JM-45/ |archive-date=6 April 2016 |url-status=live|via=HyperWar Foundation }} * {{cite report |ref={{sfnRef|Japanese Monograph No. 48}} |author=U.S. Army, Far East Command|date=n.d. |title=Operations in the Central Pacific (Japanese Monograph No. 48)|series=Japanese Studies in World War II |publisher=Office of the Chief of Military History|location=Washington, D.C.|via=HyperWar Foundation |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/pdfs/JM-48/JM-48.pdf |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011122900/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/pdfs/JM-48/JM-48.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite report |ref={{sfnRef|Navy Department, ''Amphibious Operations, Iwo Jima''|1945}} |author=United States Fleet, Headquarters of the Commander in Chief|date=17 July 1945 |title=Amphibious Operations – Capture of Iwo Jima – 16 February to 16 March 1945 |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/a/amphibious-operations-capture-iwo-jima.html|location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Navy Department|via=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]] |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605081132/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/a/amphibious-operations-capture-iwo-jima.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Unmacht |first=George F. |date=April 1948 |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1948/april/flame-throwing-seabees |url-access=subscription |title=Flame Throwing Seabees |magazine=Proceedings |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |location=Annapolis, Maryland |volume=74 |number=342 |pages=425–427 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218153906/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1948/april/flame-throwing-seabees |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Keith |date=1979 |title=The Road to Tokyo |series=World War II |volume=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/roadtotokyo0000whee |url-access=limited |publisher=Time-Life Books |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0-8094-2540-8}} * {{cite book |last=Wright |first=Derrick |date=2004 |orig-year=2001 |title=Iwo Jima 1945: The Marines Raise the Flag On Mount Suribachi |url=https://archive.org/details/iwojima1945marin0000wrig_l8u6 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=0-275-98273-4 |location=Oxford}} {{Refend}} == <span class="mw-headline" id="Toltolan">Toltolan</span> == <references />{{rambong}}''' qlnfujoc5i7hxw5j4kjb9mhc3uutfns 0 46627 309745 308509 2026-08-23T23:06:27Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nasyon|native_name={{native name|zh-Hant|大清|italic=no}}<br />{{native name|mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ|style=text-align:left}} |italics=no}}|conventional_long_name=Great Qing|common_name=Qing dynasty or Manchu dynasty|life_span=1636<ref name="StartYear">"Ritual Music in the Court and Rulership of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)" (p. 136): "This (1636) was the start of the Qing dynasty, although historians usually date the Qing dynasty started in 1644 when the Manchus conquered Beijing and north China"</ref>–1912|era=[[History of Asia#Late modern|Late modern]]|demonym=[[Chinese people|Chinese]]|ethnic_groups=[[Han Chinese|Han]], [[Manchu people|Manchus]], [[Mongols]], [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]], [[Uyghurs]], and [[Ethnic groups in Chinese history|others]]|event_pre=[[History of the Qing dynasty#Hong Taiji|Foundation]]|date_pre=1636|event_start=[[Transition from Ming to Qing|Consolidation of China proper]]|year_start=1644–1662|event1={{nowrap|[[Dzungar–Qing Wars|Conquest of Tibet,<br>Mongolia, Xinjiang]]}}|date_event1=1687–1757|event2=[[Ten Great Campaigns]]|date_event2=1755–1792|event3=[[First Opium War|1st Opium War]]|date_event3=1839–1842|event4=[[Taiping Rebellion]]|date_event4=1850–1864|event5=[[Second Opium War|2nd Opium War]]|date_event5=1856–1860|event6={{nowrap|[[Self-Strengthening Movement]]}}|date_event6=1861–1895|event7=[[First Sino-Japanese War|1st Sino-Japanese War]]|date_event7=1894–1895|event8=[[Hundred Days' Reform|100 Days Reform]]|date_event8=1898|event9=[[Boxer Rebellion]]|date_event9=1900–1901|event10=[[Late Qing reforms]]|date_event10=1901–1911|event_end=[[Xinhai Revolution]]|year_end=1911–1912|event_post=[[Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor|End of monarchy]]|date_post={{nowrap|12 February 1912}}|p1=Later Jin (1616–1636){{!}}'''1636:'''<br />Later Jīn|p2=Ming dynasty{{!}}'''1644:'''<br />Ming dynasty|p3=Shun dynasty{{!}}'''1646:'''<br />Shun dynasty|p4=Southern Ming{{!}}'''1662:'''<br />Southern Ming|p5=Dzungar Khanate{{!}}'''1755:'''<br />Dzungar Khanate|p6=Kingdom of Tungning{{!}}'''1683:'''<br />Kingdom of Tungning|s1=Republic of China (1912–1949){{!}}'''1912:'''<br />Republic of China|flag_s1=Flag of China (1912–1928).svg|s2=Republic of Formosa{{!}}'''1895:'''<br />Republic of Formosa|flag_s2=Flag of Formosa 1895.svg|s3=Bogd Khanate of Mongolia{{!}}'''1911:'''<br />Bogd Khanate|flag_s3=Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg|s4=Uryankhay Republic|flag_s5=Flag of Tibet.svg|s5=Tibet (1912–1951){{!}}'''1912:'''<br />Tibet|image_flag=Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|flag_type=[[Flag of the Qing dynasty|Flag]]<br />(1889–1912)|flag_border=no|other_symbol='''Imperial seal:'''<br />{{lang|zh-Hant|大清帝國之璽}}<br />[[File:Seal of Qing dynasty.svg|85px]]|image_map=Qing dynasty in 1760.svg|image_map_caption=The Qing dynasty at its greatest extent in 1760, superimposed on a present-day world map. Claimed territory that was not under its control is shown in light green.|anthem=<br />{{lang|zh-hant|鞏金甌}}<br />{{transliteration|zh|Gǒng Jīn'ōu}}<br />"[[Cup of Solid Gold]]"<br />(1911–1912){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Gǒng Jīn'ōu.ogg]]}}|capital=[[Shenyang|Mukden]] (Shenyang)<br />(1636–1644){{efn|{{zh|c=盛京|p=Shèng Jīng|links=no}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠨ}} |v=Mukden|a=Mukden}}; capital after 1625 for Later Jin, secondary capital after 1644.}}<br />[[Beijing|Peking]] (Beijing)<br />(1644–1912){{efn|{{zh|c=北京|p=Běijīng|links=no}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ}} |v=Beging|a=Beging}}; primary capital afterwards}}|largest_city=Peking (Beijing)|official_languages=[[Manchu language|Manchu]],{{sfnb|Söderblom Saarela|2021}} [[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|Mandarin Chinese]]{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wOPArZVCk-wC&q=official%20language 133–134]}}|government_type={{nowrap|[[Absolute monarchy]]<br/>(1636–1911)<br/>[[Constitutional monarchy]]<br/>(1911–1912)}}|title_leader=[[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty|Emperor]]|leader1=[[Hong Taiji|Chongde Emperor]]|year_leader1=1636–1643 (founder)|leader2=[[Shunzhi Emperor]]|year_leader2=1643–1661 (first in Beijing)|leader3=[[Puyi|Xuantong Emperor]]|year_leader3=1908–1912 (last)|title_representative=[[Regent]]|representative1=[[Dorgon]], Prince Rui|representative2={{nowrap|[[Zaifeng]], Prince Chun}}|year_representative1=1643–1650|year_representative2=1908–1911|deputy1={{nowrap|[[Yikuang]], Prince Qing}}|deputy2=[[Yuan Shikai]]|year_deputy1=1911|year_deputy2=1911–1912|title_deputy=[[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet|Prime Minister]]|legislature={{nowrap|[[Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers|Deliberative Council]]<br>(1636–1733)<br>None ([[rule by decree]])<br>(1733–1910)<br>[[Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)|Advisory Council]]<br>(1910–1912)}}|religion={{nowrap|'''State religion:'''<br>[[Confucianism]]<ref>{{citation |chapter=Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late Imperial China (1644–1911) |publisher=Columbia University |chapter-url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/prb/whatis.htm |title=What is Popular Religion |year= |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119060922/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/prb/whatis.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br>'''Majority:''' [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese<br>folk religion]], [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese<br>Buddhism]], and [[Taoism]]<br>'''Minority:''' [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan<br>Buddhism]], [[Heaven worship|Heaven<br>worship]], [[Islam]],<br>[[Shamanism]],<br>[[Christianity]],<br>[[Religion in China#Qing dynasty|and others]]}}|stat_year1=1700|stat_area1=8800000|ref_area1=<ref name="Taagepera1997p500">{{cite journal |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |author-link = Rein Taagepera |date=September 1997 |title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf |url-status = live |journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=500 |doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053 |jstor=2600793 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200707203055/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf |archive-date = 2020-07-07 |access-date = 2020-07-24}}</ref>|stat_year2=1790|stat_area2=14700000|ref_area2=<ref name="Taagepera1997p500" />|stat_year3=1860|stat_area3=13400000|ref_area3=<ref name="Taagepera1997p500" />|currency=[[Qing dynasty coinage|Cash]] (wén)<br />[[Tael]] (liǎng)<br />[[Paper money of the Qing dynasty|Paper money]]}}<!--templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"--><!--/templatestyles-->{{Contains special characters|Manchu}}{{Infobox Intsik|title=Qing dynasty|pic=|piccap=|picsize=125px|pictooltip=|c=清朝|p=Qīng cháo|w={{Tone superscript|Ch'ing1 ch'ao2}}|mi={{IPAc-cmn|q|ing|1|-|ch|ao|2}}|suz=Tshin záu|y={{Tone superscript|Ching1 Chiu4}}|ci={{IPAc-yue|c|ing|1|-|c|iu|4}}|j=Cing¹ ciu⁴|poj=Chheng tiâu|tl=Tshing tiâu|altname=Dynastic name|t2=|s2=|poj2=Tāi-chheng|tl2=Tāi-tshing|l2=|p2=Dà Qīng|w2=Ta⁴ Ch'ing¹|y2=Daai⁶ Ching¹|ci2={{IPAc-yue|d|aai|6|-|c|ing|1}}|j2=daai⁶ cing¹|mnc=ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ|mnc_rom=|mnc_a=Daiqing gurun|mnc_v=Daicing gurun|mong=ᠳᠠᠢᠢᠴᠢᠩ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ|mon=Дайчин Улс|monr=Daiqing ulus|c2={{linktext|大|清}}|t=|s=}}{{History of Manchuria}} An '''dinastiyang Qing''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|tʃ|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|ching}}), opisyalmente Dakulang Qing,{{Efn|{{bulleted list|{{lang-zh|c=大清|p=Dà Qīng}}; {{small|IPA:}} {{IPAc-cmn|d|a|4|.|q|ing|1}} |{{lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ}} |v=Daicing gurun|a=Daiqing gurun}}, {{literally|Great Qing State}}}}}} sarong pinangengenotan-Manchu na [[imperyal na dinastiya kan Tsina]] asin an huring nasyunal na dinastiya sa kasaysayan nin Intsik.{{efn|Although there were several attempts to restore the dynastic [[Monarchy of China|Chinese monarchy]] after the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912, such as the [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]] (1915–1916), the [[Manchu Restoration]] (1917), and the [[Manchukuo]] (1932–1945), these are usually not recognized as politically legitimate regimes in Chinese historiography.}} Nagbutwa ini sa [[huring dinastiyang Jin]] na pinundar nin sarong grupong etniko na nagtataram nin Tungusiko na inapod na mga Manchus. An dinastiya opisyal na idineklarar kan 1636 sa [[Mukden]] (sa ngunyan na aldaw na [[Shenyang]]),<ref>{{cite book|title=Manchuria – A Concise History|last=Gamsa|first=Mark|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2020|isbn=978-1788317894|page=155}}</ref> asin kasunod kan [[Ralaban sa Pasong Shanhai]] nakua kaini an kontrol kan [[Beijing]] kadtong 1644, na parating pinagkonsiderang kapinunan kan pamamahala kan dinastiya sa Tsina.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manchuria – A Concise History|last=Gamsa|first=Mark|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2020|isbn=978-1788317894|page=155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/blue-frontier/emperors-of-the-qing-dynasty-16441912/BC184988B943FED9846BAF0970225A99|title=Emperors of the Qing Dynasty, 1644–1912|last=Po|first=Ronald C.|date=23 August 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108424615|access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Sa laog nin mga dekada an Qing tiniripon an kontrol kaini sa bilog na kadagaan Tsina asin Taiwan, asin pag'oltan kan katahawan nin ika-18ng siglo pinahiwas na kaini an pamamahala kaini pasiring sa [[Panlaog na Asya]]. An dinastiya naghaloy sagkod 1912 kan ini ibagsak sa [[Rebolusyon Xinhai]]. Sa [[istoriograpiya kan mga Intsik]], an dinastiyang Qing sinundan an [[Dinastiyang Ming]] asin sinalidahan kan [[Republika nin Tsina (1912-1949)|Republika nin Tsina]]. An dakol-etniko na dinastiyang Qing an nagtiripon kan teritoryal na base para sa modernong Tsina. Ini an pinakadakulang dinastiya kan imperyo sa kasaysayan nin Tsina asin kan 1790 iyo an [[Lista nin pinakadarakulang mga imperyo#Mga Imperyo sa saindang pinakadakulang sakop|ikaapat na pinaka dakulang imperyo]] sa kasaysayan nin kinaban tongod sa sakop na teritoryo. Sa abot [[kasaysayan nin populasyon kan Tsina|419,264,000 na namamanwaan kan 1907]], ini an pinakamatawong nasyon sa kinaban kan panahon na idto. Si [[Nurhaci]], sarong namamayo kan [[Jianzhou Jurchens]] asin Harong nin Aisin-Gioro, na orihinal na sarong vasalyo kan Ming,<ref name="chv9">The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part 1, by Willard J. Peterson, p. 29</ref>{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|pp=14–15}} nagpoon pag'organisar nin "[[Walong mga Banner|mga Banner]]" kan kaamayan kan ika-17 siglo, na anas yunit militar-sosyal na kabali an Manchu, [[Han na Tsino|Han]], asin [[Mongol]]. Pinagsararo niya an iba pang mga kwartong Jerchen tanganing makamukna nin bagong Manchu etnikong identidad asin pormal na nagtogdas kan si [[Huring Jin (1616-1636)|Huring dinastiyang Jin]] kan 1616 asin hayag na pigtalikod an Ming sobrang kasurog sa Pitong Grievances. saiyang aki na si Hong [[Taiji]] pigngaran sa dinastiyang "Dakulang Qing" asin ilinangkaw an rona sa sarong imperyo kan 1636. kan pagdistroso ni Ming, pigbukasan kan mga rebeldeng prayle na pinangenotan ni Li [[Zicheng]] an Ming kabisera Beijing kan 1644 asin natogdas niya an halipot na dinastiya[[ng Shun]], alagad sikopa kan Katang Pangtugmawan iyo an kabeserang Shan[[hai Pass]] sa hukbo kan magregensiang Prinsipe Dor[[gon]], na nadao[[an nin Shanhai Pass|g an mga rebelde]], pinagagaw an kapitolyo, asin sinakop an gobyerno. paglaban sa mga Maimbod na Ming sa sur asin Kapolto kan Tolong Pag-aboroto nag'atraso sa lubos na pagsakop sagkod 1683. An Emperador Kangxi (1661-1722) nagugom nya an kontrol, pigmantener an identidad na Manchu, inihira an papel bilang sarong tagapadalagan Confuciano, asin patrona an Budhismo (kaiba an Tibetano Budismo). Han opisyales nagtrabaho sa irarom o kaagid kan mga opisyal nin Manchu. Pinag-angay man kan dinastiya na an mga pamantayan kan sistemang tributaryo sa pag-iinsistir na superyor ini ki kan mga nasyon sa linderos arog kan Korea asin Vietnam, mantang pinapalawig an kontrol sa Tibet, Mongolia, asin [[Xinjiang sakop kan pamamahala nin Qing|Xinjiang]]. An kasagsagan kan kamurawayan asin kapangyarihan sa Qing naabot sa pamamahala kan Emperador Qianlong (1735-1796). an Siya an nagpapoon kan Sampolong Darakulang Kampanya na nagpalawig kan kontrol kan Qing sa Panlaog na Asya asin personal niyang pigmanehar an mga proyektong kultural nin Confuciano. Pagkagadan nya, an dinastiya napaatubang sa pagsakop nin ibang nasyon, mga rebelyon sa laog, pagdakol kan populasyon, pagkaraot nin ekonomiya, karatan nin mga opisyal, asin pagrebokar kan piling mga Confuciano tanganing bagohon an saindang isip. Huli kan katoninongan asin pag-uswag, an populasyon luminangkaw sagkod sa 400 milyones, alagad naitalaan an mga buhis asin reveno nin gobyerno paagi sa hababang bilang, na sa dai paghaloy nagbunga nin krisis sa fiskal. Kasunod kan pagkadaog kan Tsina sa mga Gerang Opyo, an mga Solnopanon na mga kapangyarihan-kolonyal nagpirit sa gobyernong Qing na magpirma nin "bakong pantay na mga tratado", na tinatawan sinda nin panggakot na mga pribilehyo, extrateritoryalidad asin mga tratadong doongan sa irarom kan saindang kontrol. An [[Rebelyon Taiping]] (1850–1864) asin an [[Dungan Revolt]] (1862–1877) sa solnopan na Tsina nagbunga kan pagkagadan nin sobra sa 20 milyon katawo, huli sa tiggutom, helang, asin gera. An [[Pagpanunumbalik sa Tongzhi]] kan mga taon 1860 nagbunga nin maigot na mga reporma asin an pagpamidbid kan teknolohiya militar kan dayuhan sa [[Paghiro Pampakusog-Pansadiri]]. An pagkadaog sa Enot [[na Gerang Sino-Japanese|na Gerang Sino-Hapones]] kan 1895 nagresulta sa pagkawara nin suzerainty sa Korea asin pagkakatao kan Taiwan sa Hapon. An ambisyosong Reforma sa Ginatos na Aldaw kan 1898 nagpropuesto nin pundamental na pagbabago, alagad an Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) iyo an nagliskad kaini paagi sa sarong [[- agom na Wauxu|kudeta]]. Kan 1900 an kontra-dayuhan na "Boxers" guminadan nin dakol na Tsinong Kristiyano asin dayuhan na mga misyonero; sa pagbalos, sinakyada kan ibang dayuhan na kapangyarihan an Tsina asin nag'imponer nin sarong mapinadusang Boxer Indemnity. Sa pagsimbag, pinonan kan gobyerno an dai pang kaagid na mga reporma sa piskal asin [[Mga reporma kan Huring Qing|administratibo]], kaiba an mga eleksyon, bagong legal na kodigo, asin an paghale kan sistema nin pagsiyasat. Pinagdebatehan ninda [[Sun Yat-Sen]] asin kan mga rebolusyunaryong Subangan an mga opisyales nin reporma asin kostitusiyonal na mga monarkista arog ni [[Kang Youwei]] asin [[Liang Qichao]] sa kun paano liliwaton an pinangengenotan-Manchu na imperyo na magin modernong estado nin Han. Pagkagadan kan [[Emperador Guangxu]] asin Cixi kan 1908, pig-olang kan mga konserbatibong Manchu sa korte an mga reporma asin pinagsiriblag an mga dayohan na mga repormista patin lokal na elitista. An [[Pag-arisgang Wuchang]] kan 10 Oktubre 1911 nagbunga kan Rebolusyon [[Rebolusyon|Xinhai]]. An pagbantolin kan [[Emperador Xuantong]], an huring emperador, kan 12 Pebrero 1912, iyo an nagdara sa dinastiyang iní nin sa sagkodan. Kan 1917, ini halipot na ibinalik sa sarong pangyayaring inaapod na Manchu Restoration, alagad dai man ini binibisto kan gobyerno [[nin Beiyang]] (1912-1928) kan Republika [[nin Tsina (1912-1949)|nin Tsina]] ni kan komunidad internasyonal. == Mga Ngaran == {{Authority control}} Ipinagproklamar ni Hong Taiji an ''Great Qing'' na dinastiya kan 1636.<ref name="GreatQing">{{Cite book|title=Manchuria Under Japanese Domination|url=https://archive.org/details/manchuriaunderja0000yama|last=Yamamuro|first=Shin'ichi|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0812239126|page=[https://archive.org/details/manchuriaunderja0000yama/page/246 246]|translator-last=J. A. Fogel}}</ref> Igwa nin nagkokompetensyang mga paliwanag dapit sa eksaktong kahulugan kan [[mga karakter na Intsik|karakter na Intsik]] na {{zhi|c=清|p=qīng|l=clear', 'dalisay}} siring sa pinili. An sarong teorya nagpoposisyon nin sarong may katuyuhan na pagkakaiba sa Ming: an karakter na {{zhi|c=明|p=Míng}} binibilog nin [[mga radikal na Intsik|an mga radikal]] para sa 'saldaw' ({{zhi|c=日}}) asin 'bulan' ({{zhi|c=月}}), parehong konektado sa kalayo sa laog kan sistemang zodiacal kan Tsina. Sa kabaliktaran, an karakter na {{zhi|c=清}} sarong [[phono-semantic compound]], kompuesto kan semantikong radikal na {{zhi|c=氵|l=tubig}}, asin an fonetikong {{zhi|c=青|p=qīng}}—an asosasyon kan Ming sa kalayo tibaad magserbing katanosan kan saindang pagsakop kan Qing bilang an pagkadaog kan kalayo sa paagi nin tubig. An pangaran posibleng igwa man nin mga implikasyon sa Budismo nin pagkamapagmansay asin kaliwanagan, siring man koneksyon sa bodhisattva [[Manjusri]].{{Sfnp|Crossley|1997}} An mga amay parasurat sa Europa ginamit an terminong "Tartar" na mayong kalaenan para sa gabos na banwaan kan Norteng Eurasia alagad kan ika-17 siglo Katolikong kasuratan nin misyonero pinag-establisa an "Tartlar" tanganing ipanongod sana sa mga Manchu asin "[[Tartaryo]]" para sa kadagaan na saindang pinagpapamahalaan - iyo ini, Manchuria asin kadtong mga parte kan [[Panlaog na Asya]],<ref>{{Citation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Foreign Devils and Philosophers Cultural Encounters between the Chinese, the Dutch, and Other Europeans, 1590–1800|last=Dong|first=Shaoxin|publisher=Brill|year=2020|isbn=978-9004418929|editor-last=Weststeijn|editor-first=Thijs|location=Leiden|pages=82–83|chapter=The Tartars in European Missionary Writings of the Seventeenth Century|access-date=14 March 2021|chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508232543/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml|archive-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> siring kan pamahala kan Qing bago pa man [[transisyon kan Ming-Qing]]. Pagkatapos na masakop an [[Tsina proper]], an mga Manchu pigbisto an saindang estado bilang "Tsina", katumbas na 中國; Zhōngguó; 'middle kingdom' sa Intsik asin {{Transl|mnc|Dulimbai Gurun}} sa Manchu.{{Efn|{{transl|mnc|Dulimbai}} boot sabihon 'tahaw', {{transl|mnc|gurun}} boot sabihon 'nasyon' o 'estado'}} An mga emperador pigtumbas an mga kadagaan kan estadong Qing (kaiba, kaiba an iba pang mga lugar, an presenteng Amihanan-subangan na Tsina, Xinjiang, Mongolia, asin Tibet) bilang "Tsina" sa parehong mga tataramon na Intsik asin Manchu, na tinatawan nin kahulugan an Tsina bilang sarong multi-etnikong estado, asin isinikwal an ideya na an mga lugar na Han sana an tamang parte kan "Tsina". Ginamit kan gobyerno an "China" asin "Qing" na magkakapareho tanganing apodon an saindang estado sa mga opisyal na dokumento, {{Sfnp|Zhao|2006}} kaiba an mga bersyon sa tataramon na Intsik kan mga tratado asin mapa kan kinaban. <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> An terminong 'mga Intsik' (中國人; Zhōngguórén; Manchu:  {{Transl|mnc|Dulimbai gurun-i niyalma}}) nanonongod sa gabos na Han, Manchu, asin Mongol na mga sakop kan Imperyo nin Qing.{{Sfnp|Zhao|2006}} Kan an Qing [[Ten Great Campaigns#The Zunghars and pacification of Xinjiang (1755–1759)|conkistar an Dzungaria kan 1759]], ini nagproklamar na may bagong tataramon na Manchu nasuyop sa "Tsina".<ref name="dunnelletal">{{Cite book|url={{Google books|6qFH-53_VnEC|plainurl=yes}}|title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde|last=Dunnell|first=Ruth W.|last2=Elliott|first2=Mark C.|last3=Foret|first3=Philippe|last4=Millward|first4=James A|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-1134362226}}</ref>: 77 An gobyerno kan Qing nagpaliwanag nin sarong ideolohiya na ini nagdadara kan "panluwas" na mga tawong bakong Han—arog kan manlaen-laen na populasyon nin mga Mongol, siring man kan mga Tibetan—kaiba an "panlaog" na mga Intsik na Han pasiring sa "sarong pamilya", na nagkakasararo sa laog kan estadong Qing. Fraseolohiya arog kan 中外一家; Zhōngwài yījiā asin 內外一家; an nèiwài yījiā—parehong maitradusir bilang 'harong asin sa luwas kan nasyon bilang sarong pamilya'—ginamit tanganing ipaabot an ideyang ini nin pagkasararo sa transkultura na pinamamahalaan ni Qing .<ref name="dunnelletal" /> Sa Ingles, an dinastiyang Qing kun minsan inaapod na "dinastiyang Manchu".<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == {{Main|Kasaysayan kan dinastiyang Qing}} === Pakikisaro === {{Main|Kasaysayan kan dinastiyang Qing}}An dinastiyang Qing natogdas bako kan mga Han, na iyo an mayoriya sa populasyon nin Tsina, kundi kan mga Manchu, ginikanan kan sarong nagturonong na mga tawong paratanom na inaapod na Jurchens, mga Tungusiko na nakaistar sa palibot kan rehiyon ngonyan binibilog kan mga Intsik na probinsya nin Jilin asin Heilongjiang{{sfnp|Ebrey|2010|p=220}}. An mga Manchu binibilang kun minsan na mga tawong [[Lagaw|lagaw (nomadic)]]{{Sfnp|Crossley|1997}} alagad sinda bako man.{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|2013|p=271}} === Nurhaci === An rehiyon na sa kahurihurihi nagin estado nin Manchu minukna ni [[Nurhaci]], an namamayo kan sarong minor na tribong Jurchen - an Aisin-Gioro - sa [[Jianzhou Jurchens|Jianzhou]] kan kaamayi kan ika-17ng siglo.     Nakaibanan garo si Nurhaci sa laog nin sarong pamilyang Han kan siya hoben pa, asin nagin matibay magtaram nin Intsik saka lengguwaheng Mongolyano, asin binasa niya an mga nobelang Intsik na [[Romansa kan Tulong Kahadean|Romansa kan Tulong Kahadean (Romance of the Three Kingdoms)]] asin [[Giruronan-Tubig|Giruronan-Tubig (Water Margin)]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agI7CwAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PT159|title=Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization|last=Mair|first=Victor H.|last2=Chen|first2=Sanping|last3=Wood|first3=Frances|date=2013|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0500771471|edition=illustrated|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311042427/https://books.google.com/books?id=agI7CwAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PT159|archive-date=11 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PA16|title=The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44|last=Swope|first=Kenneth M.|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134462094|edition=illustrated|page=16|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311042242/https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PA16|archive-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> Bilang sarong basalyo kan mga emperador sa Ming na opisyal na ibinilang an saiyang sadiri na bantay sa linderos nin Ming asin representante lokal kan imperyal na kapangyarihan kan dinastiyang Ming,<ref name="chv92">The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part 1, by Willard J. Peterson, p. 29</ref> si Nurhaci pinonan an iriwal nin mga tribo kan 1582 na nagin kampanya tanganing pagsararoon an kaharaning mga tribo. Kan 1616, sia igo nang napag-oroyon an Jianzhou tanganing ikabalangibog an saiyang sadiri bilang Khan kan [[Huring dinastiyang Jin]] bilang kasalihid kan [[Dinastiyang Jin (1115-1234)|dating pinamamayong-Jurchen na dinastiyang Jin]].{{sfnp|Ebrey|2010|pp=220–224}} [[Ladawan:CEM-36-Regno-di-Nivche-2429.jpg|wala|thumb|1682 na mapang Italyano na nagpapaheling kan "Kahadean kan [[Mga tawong Jurchen|Nüzhen]]" o kan "[[Dinastiyang Jin (1115-1234)|Jin]] Tartars".]] Pakalihis duwang taon, si Nurhaci ipig'anunsyo an "Pitong Kamurangsaan" asin hayag na isinikwal an soberaniya nin sakop-paggobyerno kan Ming tangani sanang makumpleto niya an pagkasararo kan mga tribong idto nin Jurchen na kasurog pa man giraray kan emperador nin Ming. Pagkatapos nin sunod-sunod na mapangganang ralaban, ibinalyo nia an saiyang kabisera hale sa [[Hetu Ala]] pasiring sa kasunod na mas dakula pang mga siudad sa Liaodong: enot na [[Liaoyang]] kan 1621, dangan [[Mukden]] (Shenyang) kan 1625.{{Sfnp|Ebrey|2010}} Dugang pa, an Korchin nagin kapakipakinabang na kaalyado sa guerra, na ipinasubli sa mga taga Jurcheno an saindang abilidad bilang parapana nin hukbo. Tangarig magarantiya an bagong alyansang ini, pinonan ni Nurhaci an sarong palakaw nin mga pagpakarasal sa tahaw kan mga nobleng taga Jurchen asin Khorchin, mantang idtong nagtuturumang naatubangan nin aksion militar. Ini sarong tipikong halimbawa kan mga inisyatiba ni Nurhaci na sa kahurihurihi nagin opisyal na palakaw nin gobyerno sa Qing. Sa kadaklan kan lawig nin panahon nin Qing, an mga Mongol nagtao nin tabang militar sa mga Manchu.<ref name="Bernard Hung-Kay Luk p.25">Bernard Hung-Kay Luk, Amir Harrak-Contacts between cultures, Vol.</ref> [[Ladawan:Minggunbattle.jpg|wala|thumb|An mga soldados nin Manchu nag-aatake sa infantry kan Ming kan [[ralaban sa Sarhu]] kan 1619.]] === Hong Taiji === Kan magadan si Nurhaci kan 1626, sinalidahan siya kan ikawalo niang aki na lalaki, si Hong [[Taiji]]. Dawa ngani si Hong Taiji sarong eksperyensiyadong lider asin komandante nin duwang Banner, nadaog an mga Jurchen kan 1627, sa parte huli sa bago pa sanang makuang mga Kanyon na Portuges kan Ming. Tangarig mareberso kalamangan sa teknolohiya asin bilang, pigmukna ni Hong Taiji kan 1634 an sadiri niyang mga korpyo sa artilyera, na naggibo nin sadiring mga kanyon sa disenyo kan Europa sa tabang kan mga nagtiripwas na mga parabatbat(metallurgist) na Intsik. Saro sa mga nagdesignar na pangyayari kan pagreynar ni Hong Taiji iyo an opisyal na pag'ampon sa pangaran na "Manchu" para sa pinagsararong katawohan kan Jurchen kan Nobyembre 1635. Kan 1635, an mga kaalyado kan Manchu Mongol biyong ininkorporado sa sarong suway na hirarkiyang Banner sa irarom nin direktang pagboot nin Manchu. Kan 1636, an nobleng hade nin Panlaog na Mongolya, an mga nobleng Manchu asin an Han [[(bureaucrat)|mandarin]] nagrekomendar na si Hong bilang khan kan Huring Jin iyo an magin emperador kan Dakulang Qing.{{sfnp|Rawski|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA177 177]}}<ref>Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Manchu studies in honour of Giovanni Stary By Giovanni Stary, Alessandra Pozzi, Juha Antero Janhunen, Michael Weiers</ref> Kan siya pinagpresentaran kan imperyal na selyo kan dinastiyang Yuan matapos an pagkadaog kan huring [[hagan|Khagan]] kan mga Mongol, pigngaranan ni Hong Taiji an saiyang estado hale sa "Dakulang Jin" paduman sa "Dakulang Qing" asin ilinangkaw an posisyon niya haleng Khan pasiring Emperador, pigtutulod an mga ambisyon imperyal lapwas pa sa pagsararo sa teritoryo kan Manchu. Si Hong Taiji nagsakyada naman sa Korea kan 1636. [[Ladawan:Sura_han_ni_chiha._Currency_of_the_farther_East._No.850.jpg|thumb|''Sura han ni chiha'' (Barya kan[[Hong Taiji|Tiancong Khan]]) [[ng Manchu|alpabetong Manchu]]]] Laen pa, si Hong Taiji nagpatindog nin sistemang rudimentaryong burokratiko na basado sa modelong Ming. Nagtindog siya nin anom na board o ehekutibong lebel na mga ministeryo kan 1631 sa mangangataman kan pinansyal, personahe, mga rito, militar, mga pagpadusa, asin mga gibong publiko. Alagad, an mga organong ini sa administratibo kadikiton an nagigibo kan enot na kabtang, asin kaidto sanang matapos an pananakop pakalihis nin sampulong taon na naotob ninda an saindang papel sa gobyerno.{{sfnp|Li|2002|pp=60–62}} Si Hong Taiji nagkaag sa saiyang burokrasya nin dakul na Intsik na Han, kairiba man igdi an kakasuruko pa sanang mga opisyales kan Ming, alagad piggaom niya an pagdominar kan Manchu sa sarong etnikong kota para sa mga haralangkaw na kanombra. An paghade ni Hong Taiji nagkaigwa man nin pundamental na pagbabago sa palakaw para sa saiyang mga sakop na Intsik na Han. Sa atubang ni Nurhaci an Han sa Liaodong pigtratar segun sa kun gurano kadakol kan tipasi ninda: idtong mga mayo pang 5 sagkod 7 na sin maraot an nagin pagtratar, mantang orog pa nganing binalosan nin mga pagsadiri idtong igwang dakol. Huli kan rebelyon na Han kan 1623, si Nurhaci nagtumang sainda asin nagbusol nin mga mapagdiskrimanr na mga polisiya asin panggagadan tumang sa sainda. Nagboot siya na idtong Han na nag'aandorog sa Jurchen (sa Jilin) bago 1619 tratuhon man kapantay kan Jurchens, bakong arog kan nasakop na Han sa Liaodong. Pinagmidbid ni Hong Taiji {{Sfnp|Li|2002}} na kaipuhan niyang akiton an mga Intsik na Han, asin nagpaliwanag sa nag-aaralangan na mga Manchu kun tano ta kinaipuhan niyang trataron an nagtalikwas na Ming na si General [[Hong Chengchou]] nin paluway-luway. Ipig-iba man ni Hong Taiji an Han sa Jurchen "nasyon" bilang bilog (kun bakong enot-na-klase) na mga namamanwaan, inobligar na magtao nin serbisyo militar. Kaidtong 1648, mayo pang saro-kaanoman kan mga bannermen an hali sa lahi kan Manchu.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia}}</ref> == An pagsadiri kan Mandato nin Kalangitan == [[Ladawan:Dorgon,_the_Prince_Rui_(17th_century).jpg|thumb|Si Dorgon (1612-1650) ]] Si Hong Taiji nagadan bigla kan Setyembre 1643. Arog kan tradisyonal nang "pagpili" kan mga Jurchens kan saindang lider sa paagi nin konseho nin mga noble, mayo nin malinaw na sistema nin panurundanan an estado nin Qing. An nangengenot na mga naglalaban para sa poder iyo an pinakagurang na aki ni Hong Taiji na si [[Hooge (prinsipe)|Hooge]] asin tugang sa ina ni Hong Taiji na si [[Dorgon]]. Sarong pakikikompromiso an nagpatukaw sa limang-taon na aki ni Hong Taiji, si Fulin, bilang Emperador kan Shunzhi, kaiba si Dorgon bilang regent asin de factong lider kan nasyon nin Manchu. Laen pa, nagraralaban an mga opisyal nin gobyerno sa lambang saro, tumang sa piskal na pagbagsak, asin laban sa surunudan na rebelyon nin mga paratatanom. Dai sinda nagkapitalisar an pag-iiwal panundanan nin Manchu asin an pagkaigwa nin menor de edad na emperador. Kan Abril 1644, an kabesera na Beijing, inatake nin koalisyon kan pwersang rebelde na pinangengenotan ni Li [[Zicheng]], sarong dating na menorya na opisyal nin Ming, na nagpatindog nin halipot na dinastiya[[ng Shun]]. An huring lider kan Ming, an [[Emperador nin Chongzhen]], nagtubok kan magbagsak an siyudad sa mga rebelde, na iyo an tanda kan opisyal na pagkatapos kan dinastiya. Si Li Zicheng nangenot sa mga rebeldeng hukbo na may bilang na mga 200,000<ref>The exact figure of Li Zicheng's forces at the battle of [[Shanhai Pass]] is disputed.</ref> tanganing atubangon si [[Wu Sangui]], sa [[Shanhai Pass]], sarong mayor na agi kan [[Dakulang Pader kan Tsina]], na nagdepensa sa kabisera. Wu Sangui, naipit sa pag'ultan nin sarong rebeldeng hukbo kan mga Tsino na doble an kadakulaan saiya asin dayong kalaban na dakol na taon niyang piglalabanan, itinapok an saiyang apil sa pamilyar na mga Manchu. Wu Sangui pwedeng naimpluwensiyahan kan salang pag-tratar ni Li Zicheng sa mga mayaman asin kulturang opisyales, kaiba an sadiring pamilya ni Li; sinabi na kinua ni Li an kasaroan ni Wu na si [[Chen Yuanyuan]] para saiya man sana. Si Wu asin Dorgon nagkarampi sa ngaran nin pag'aayog sa kagadanan kan Emperador Chongzhen. Sinda, an duwang dating magkaiwal nagtiripon asin dinaog an rebeldeng hukbo ni Li Zicheng sa ralaban [[Ralaban nin Shanhai Pass|kan Mayo 27, 1644]].{{sfnp|Spence|2012|p=32}} An bagong magkaalyadong mga hukbo nakua an Beijing kan ika-6 nin Hunyo. An [[Emperador na Sunzhi]] pinag'ayog bilang "[[Aki nin Langit]]" kan 30 Oktubre. An mga Manchu, na iyo an nagpuwesto kan saindang sadiri bilang politikal na mga tagamana sa emperador nin Ming paagi nin pagkadaog ki Li Zicheng, nagtapos kan simbolikong transisyon paagi sa pagkapot nin pormal na lubong para sa Emperador na Chongzhen. Alagad, an pagsakop sa ibang parte kan Kadagaan Tsina nag-abot pa nin kagpitong taon na pagkikidagmang sa loyalista nin Ming, mga parasagin asin mga rebelde. An huring Ming na parasagin-sagin, si [[Zhu Youlang, Prinsipe kan Gui|Prinsipe Gui]], nagpaili sa Hade nin [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Pindale Min]], alagad inuli sa sarong ekspedisyonaryong militar kan Qing pinangenotan ni Wu Sanggui, na nagdara saiya pabalik sa probinsya kan [[Yunnan]] asin pinagadan kan kaamayi nin 1662. An Qing inaprobetsar nin alisto an isip an diskriminasyon sa gobyerno sibilyan kan Ming tumang sa mga militar asin inenkaminar an hukbo na magbaliktad paagi sa pagpalakop kan mensahe na pinahalagahan kan mga Manchu an saindang mga abilidad.{{Sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007}} An mga Banderahan na binibilog nin Intsik na Han na nagbaraliktad bago kan 1644 pinagklasipikar sa Walong Banderahan, asin tinawan sinda nin sosyal saka legal na mga pribilehiyo. An mga nagbaraligtad na Han pinabutog na maray an ranggo kan Walong Banderahan kaya an etnikong mga Manchu nagin minoriya - 16% sana kan 1648, kaiba an Banderahan na Han na nagdodominar sa 75% asin Mongol na mga Banderahan na minakompuesto sa natatada {{Sfnp|Naquin|Rawski|1987}} An mga armas na de-pulbura arog kan mga musketa asin artilyerya an ginamit kan mga Banderahan na Intsik.{{sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}} Normalmente, an mga nagtipwas na tropang Han na Intsik, an ginigibong pangenot. Mantang kadaklan ginagamit an Manchu Bannermen sa biglang pag-atake na igwa nin orog na epekto, tanganing mainaan an pagkagadan kan etnikong Manchu.{{Sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007}} This multi-ethnic force conquered Ming China for the Qing.{{sfnp|Rawski|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA175 175]}} The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played key roles in the conquest of southern China were Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde, who governed southern China autonomously as viceroys for the Qing after the conquest.{{sfnp|Di Cosmo|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 7]}} Han Chinese Bannermen made up the majority of governors in the early Qing, stabilizing Qing rule.{{sfnp|Spence|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vI1RRslLNSwC&pg=PA41 41]}} To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners, or with the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners. Later in the dynasty the policies allowing intermarriage were done away with.{{sfnp|Wakeman|1985|p=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC/page/n489 478]}} [[Ladawan:Mongolia_in_1636.svg|thumb|An Imperyo nin Qing kan 1636]] Sa enot na pitong taon kan paghade kan hoben na Shunzhi Emperador dominado nin pagigin regente ni Dorgon. Sa sadiri niyang politikal na mayong-kasigurohan, sinunod ni Dorgon an halimbawa ni Hong Taiji kan pamaagi nin pamamahala sa pangaran kan emperador sa kara'tan kan karibal na mga prinsipeng Manchu, na dakul sainda saiyang pigmo'nan o pinagpreso. An mga ehemplo asin halimbawa ni Dorgon nagtatao nin halabang anino. Enot, naglaog an mga Manchu sa "Habagatan kan Lanob" ta si Dorgon desididong nagsimbag sa apela ni Wu Sangui, kun siring, imbes na rumpagon an Beijing arog kan ginibo kan mga rebelde, si Dorgon nagpirit, huli sa mga protesta kan ibang prinsipe nin Manchu, sa paggibo kaini na kabeserang dynastiko asin paggawad giraray kan kadaklan na mga opisyal nin Ming. Mayo nin mayor na dinastiyang Intsik an direktang naglaog tulos kaining kabesera, alagad an pagpadanay kan kapital nin Ming asin burolrasya nakatabang tolos na mapapusog an rehimen asin mapasige an pagsakop kan ibang parte kan nasyon. Ininaan na marhay ni Dorgon an impluwensiya kan mga kapon asin sinabihan an mga babaying Manchu na dai magbugkos nin biti arog sa istilong Intsik.{{Sfnp|Spence|2012}} Alagad, bakong gabos na polisya ni Dorgon popular o madaling mag-implementar. An kontrobersyal na sugo kan Hulyo 1645 (an "manda nin pagpabulog") nagpirit sa mga gurang na Han Chinese na mag-ahit kan saindang payo asin sukrayon an natatada pang buhok sa estilong palaba arog kan isinusulot kan mga lalaking Manchu, sa kulog nin kagadanan.{{Sfnp|Wakeman|1985}} An popular na paglaladawan kan orden iyo ini: "Tanganing mapagdanay an buhok, ika mawaraan nin payo; Tanganing mapagdanay an saimong payo, putola an saimong bohok."{{Sfnp|Spence|2012}} Sa mga Manchu, ining polisya sarong pagbalo sa kaimbodan asin tabang sa pagpalaen kan amigo sa kalaban. Alagad, para sa Han Chinese, idto sarong makasusupog na pagirumdom kan awtoridad nin Qing na nag-angkat sa tradisyonal na mga prinsipyong Confuciano.{{Sfnp|Wakeman|1985}} An orden nakakua nin makosog na paglaban sa Jiangnan.{{Sfnp|Wakeman|1985}} Sa naging mga kariribokan, abot mga 100,000 na Han an ginadan.{{Sfnp|Wakeman|1977}} [[File:Eastern Central and Southern Asia 1760 AD.jpg|thumb|An Pagsakop sa Ming kan Qing asin an paghiwas kan imperyo]] Kan 31 Disyembre 1650, si Dorgon biglang nagadan, na iyo an kapinonan kan personal na pamamahala kan Emperador nin Shunzhi. Huli ta an emperador 12 anyos pa sana kan panahon na idto, kadaklan sa desisyon ginibo para saiya kan saiyang ina, si [[Emperatriz Dowager Xiaozhuang]], na nagin mahusay nanggad maghiro sa pulitika. Dawa ngani mahalagang marhay an saiyang suporta sa pagkataas ni Shunzhi, si Dorgon nagin pangenot na gayong makapangyarihan an kinaptan niya tanganing magin direktang huma sa trono. Na kaya kan siya magadan tinawan siyang ekstraordinaryong titulo postuma ni Emperador Yi ({{Lang|zh-hant|義皇帝}}), an solamenteng pangyayari sa historya nin Qing na kun saen tinawan gayong onra an sarong Manchu na "[[Prinsipe|prinsipe kan dugo]]" ({{lang|zh-hant|親王}}). Duwang bulan sa personal na pamamahala nin Shunzhi, an Dorgon bako sanang hinalean kan saiyang mga titulo, kundi kinutkot sa pagkalubong asin pinurutolputol an bangkay niya.{{refn|This event was recorded by Italian [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] Martin Martinius in his account ''Bellum Tartaricum'' with original text in Latin, first published in Rome 1654. First English edition, London: John Crook, 1654.}} An pagbagsak ni Dorgon hale sa grasya nagbunga man nin pagkahali kan saiyang pamilya asin kairiba sa korte. An may paglaom na pagpoon ni Shunzhi pinahalipot kan amay niyang pagkagadan kadtong 1661 sa edad na 24 gikan sa [[puko']]. Sinalidahan siya kan saiyang ikatolong aki na si Xuanye, na naghade bilang [[Emperador Kangxi]]. An mga Manchu pinadara an mga Han Bannermen tanganing makipaglaban sa loyalistang Ming ni Koxinga sa Fujian.{{sfnb|Ho|2011|p=135}} Hinarali ninda an populasyon sa mga lugar na nasa baybayon tanganing mawaran nin mga rekurso an mga loyalistang Ming ni Koxinga. Ini nagbunga nin dai pagkasinabotan na an Manchu "nagkakatarakot sa tubig". An mga Han Bannermen nakipaglaban asin nakipaggadanan, na nagsahot nin pagduda sa paghihingakong an pagkatakot sa tubig nagbunga nin pag-ebakwit kan baybayon asin pagngalad kan mga aktibidad pankadagatan.{{sfnb|Ho|2011|p=198}} Dawa pa na an sarong berso inaapod an mga soldados na naggigibo nin lagdoan na paggadan sa Fujian bilang "mga barbaro", pareho an Han Green [[Standard Army]] asin Han Bannermen naglabot saka guminibo an pinakagrabeng garadanan.{{sfnb|Ho|2011|p=206}} 400,000 Green Standard Army na mga soldados an ginamit tumang sa Tolong Pyudatoryo apuera pa kan 200,000 na Bandermen.{{sfnb|Ho|2011|p=307}} == An paghade asin pagtipon ni Emperador Kangxi == [[Ladawan:Portrait_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg|thumb|Emperador Kangxi (r. 1661-1722) ]] An anom na pulo may saro na taon na paghade kan [[Emperador Kangxi]] iyo an pinakahalawig sa anoman na emperador kan Tsina asin nagsirbeng kapinonan kan panahon nin "[[Halangkaw na Qing]]", na iyo an alitoktok kan sosyal, ekonomiko asin militar na kapangyarihan kan dinastiya. An enot na mga namamahala sa Manchu nag-establisar nin duwang pundasyon kan pagkalehimo na nakatatabang na ipaliwanag an karigonan kan saindang dinastiya. An enot iyo an mga institusyong burokratiko asin kultura nin [[neo-Confucianismo]] na inarog ninda sa mas amay na mga dinastiya.{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} An mga namamahala na Manchu asin Han Chinese na [[iskolar-opisyal]] na elitista luway-luway na nag'abot tanganing magkauruyon. An [[Imperyal na pagsiyasat|sistema sa pagsiyasat]] nag-alok nin dalan tanganing magin mga opisyal an etnikong Han. An imperyal na patronahe kan [[Diksyunaryong Kangxi]] nagpaheling nin paggalang sa adal Confuciano, mantang an [[Sagradong Sugo kan Emperador Kangxi|Sagradong Sugo]] nin 1670 epektibong inomaw an pamantayan kan pamilya nin Confucianismo. Alagad, dai nagin mapanggana an saiyang mga pagprobar na desganaron an mga babaeng Intsik sa [[paggapos sa bitis]]. An ikaduwang mayor na ginikanan nin karigonan iyo an [[ner Asia|Panlaog na Asya]] na aspekto kan saindang kamidbidan na Manchu, na nagpangyari sainda na mag-apela sa mga sakop nindang Mongol, Tibetano asin Muslim.<ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> Ginamit kan Qing an titulong Emperador (''Huangdi'' o ''hūwangdi'') sa Tsino asin Manchu (kaiba an mga titulo arog kan [[Aki nin Langit]] asin [[Ejen|E''jen'']]), asin kabilang sa Tibetano na emperador si Qin inapod na "Emperador [[kan Tsina]]" (o "Chinese Empires") asin "an Dakulang Emperyo" (o "Dakulang Emperador [[Manjusri|Manjushri]]"), siring baga kan 1856 Tratado kan Thapathali,<ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref><ref>Alexander Golikov, [https://www.ied.edu.hk/include/getrichfile.php?key=65354134b204988772a35c7e1ebdf461&secid=3779&filename=asahkconf/conference/E002-Translating%20through%20the%20Cultural%20Barriers-the%20Qing%20Imperial%20Multilingualism.pdf Translating through the Cultural Barriers: the Qing Imperial Multilingualism]{{Dead link}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diQwEAAAQBAJ|title=Tibet Past and Present|last=Bell|first=Charles|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1992|isbn=9788120810679|page=278}}</ref> mantang sa mga Mongol an monarko inaapod bilang Bogda Khan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty between Tibet and Nepal, 1856 (translation) |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/1856TreatybetweenTibetandNepal.pdf |access-date=2023-11-30 |archive-date=2023-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826224346/http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/1856TreatybetweenTibetandNepal.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> o "(Manchu) Emperador", asin sa mga Muslim na sakop sa Panlaog na Asya an pamahala kan Qing inaapod na "Khagan kan Tsina" (o "Intsik na khagan").<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC|title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde|last=Dunnell|first=Ruth|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2004|isbn=9781134362226|page=124}}</ref> An Emperador Qianlong niladawan niya an sadiri bilang maaram na Budista na tagapamahala, sarong patron nin Budismo[[ng Tibetan]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1y8qAwAAQBAJ|title=Buddhism Between Tibet and China|last=Kapstein|first=Matthew|publisher=Wisdom Publications|year=2014|isbn=9780861718061|page=185}}</ref> sa paglaom na pakalmahon an mga Mongol asin Tibetano.<ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> Pinadagos man kan Emperador Kangxi sa saiyang palasyo an mga misyonerong Heswita, na enot pang nagduman sa Tsina kaidtong Ming. An paghade ni Kangxi nagpoon kan siya siete anyos. Tanganing malikayan an arog kan pagsararo ni Dorgon sa kapangyarihan, an saiyang ama, kan madali na ining magadan, nagkompromiso nin apat na regente na bakong konektadong marhay sa pamilya nin emperador asin mayong diretso sa trono. Alagad pa kaini, sa paagi nin pagkanorongod asin makinasyon, si [[Oboi]], an pinakahoben sa apat, luway-luway na nagibo an siring na pagdominar bilang potensial na peligro. Kan 1669 si Kangxi, sa paagi nin pandadaya, nadistiero asin nabilanggo si Oboi - sarong makahulogan na kapangganahan para sa sarong kaglimang taon na emperador. An hoben na emperador napapaatubang sa mga angkat tanganing mapagdanay an kontrol kan saiyang kahadean, siring man. Tulong mga heneral na Ming an nag-ayaw para sa saindang mga kontribusyon sa pagpatindog kan dinastiya an tinawan na nin gobernadores sa Habagatan Tsina. Sinda orog na nagin autonomo, na nagresulta sa [[Rebolusyon kan Tolong Pyudatoryo]], na naglawig nin walong taon. Si Kangxi nahimong mapagsararo an saiyang pwersa para sa kontra-atake na pinangenotan nin sarong bagong henerasyon nin mga heneral kan Manchu. Kan 1681, an gobyerno nin Qing nagkapot na kan kontrol sa naraot nang habagatan Tsina, na nag-abot pirang dekada tanganing maomayan.{{Sfnp|Spence|2012}} [[Ladawan:The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg|wala|thumb|An Emperador kaiba an hukbo nin Manchu sa Khalkha kan 1688]] Sa pagpalawig asin pagromdom kan kontrol kan dinastiya sa Asya Sentral, an Emperador nin Kangxi personal na nangenot sa sunod-sunod na kampanya militar laban sa [[Mga tawong Dzungar|mga Dzungar]] sa [[Luwas Mongolya]]. Napahale kan Emperador nin Kangxi an nagsasakyadang mga puwersa ni [[Galdan]] hale sa mga rehiyon na ini, na dagos nang idinugang sa imperyo. Si Galdan nagadan kahurihurihi kan Guera Dzungar-Qing.{{Sfnp|Perdue|2005}} Kan 1683, an pwersang Qing nakaresibi kan pagsuko kan [[Formosa]] ([[Taiwan]]) hale ki [[Zheng Keshuang]], makuapo ni [[Koxinga]], na iyo an nakadaog sa Taiwan gikan sa mga kolonistang Olandes bilang base laban sa Qing. An pagkatalingkas kan Taiwan an nagpabutas sa pwersa ni Kangxi para sa sunod-sunod na ralaban sa [[Albazin]], an harayong pinakasirangan na garison nin [[Tsardomya kan Rusya]]. Sa 1689 na [[Tratado kan Nerchinsk]] iyo an enot na pormal na tratado sa Tsina na may poder sa Europa asin sinasaray na matoninong an pagdolonan sagkod sa angay na parte nin duwang siglo. Sa pagkagadan ni Galdan, an saiyang mga parasunod, bilang tagasunod sa Tibetanong Budhismo, prinobaran na kontrolon an pagpili kan masunod na [[Dalai Lama]]. Nagsugo si Kangxi nin duwang hukbo sa [[Lhasa (prepekturang-lebel na siyudad)|Lhasa]], an kabisera kan Tibet, asin nagpatukaw nin sarong Dalai Lama na nakikisimpatiya sa Qing.{{Sfnp|Spence|2012}} == Mga Paghade kan mga emperador na Yongzheng asin Qianlong == [[Ladawan:Budala5.jpg|thumb|[[Templo nin Putuo Zongcheng]], [[Chengde]], sa paghade ni Qianlong; pigtugdok sa modelo kan [[Palasyo Potala]], Lhasa]] An mga paghade kan [[Emperador na Yongzheng]] (r. 1723-1735) asin kan saiyang aki, an [[Emperador na Qianlong]] (r. 1735-1796), iyo an nagtanda sa kasagsagan kan poder nin Qing. Alagad, arog kan pagkasabi kaini kan historyador na si Jonathan Spence, an imperyo sa katapusan kan pamamahalang Qianlong "siring kan saldang kun odto". Sa tahaw nin "dakol na kaomawan", siya nagsurat, "mga tanda nin pagkalapa asin pagbagsak ngani nagigin risa".{{Sfnp|Spence|2012}} Kan magadan an Emperador [[nin Kangxi|na Kangxi]] sa tiglipot kan 1722, an saiyang ikaapat na aki, si Prinsipe Yong ({{lang|zh-hant|雍親王}}), nagin Emperador na Yongzheng. Nakamati siya nin pagkaapurado manongod sa mga problema na natipon kan huring mga taon kan saiyang ama.{{Sfnp|Spence|2012}} Sa mga tataramon kan sarong dai pa{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} sana nahahaloy na historyador, siya "maigot, makulong, asin mataripot, alagad sobrang may kakayahan asin mapamaagi",{{sfnp|Hsü|1990|p=35}} asin sa mga tataramon kan iba, nagin siyang "amay na modernong kaggibo-estado kan enot na orden".{{sfnp|Rowe|2009|p=68}} Enot, pinalakop nia an ortodoksiya sa Confucianismo asin rinaot an kontra sa sektang iyan. Kan 1723, ipinagbawal niya an Kristianismo asin pinahale sa kadaklan na Kristianong misyonero.{{sfnp|Hsü|1990|pp=35–37}} Pinahiwas niya an sistema kan [[Opisyal na Komunikasyon kan Imperyong Intsik#Memoryal|mga Palasyo Memoryal]] kan saiyang ama, na nagdara nin prangka asin detalyadong mga report dapit sa lokal na kamugtakan direkta sa trono na dai man ini pinakikiaraman kan burokrasya, asin siya nagmukna nin sadit na [[Orog na Konseho (dinastiyang Qing)|Orog na Konseho]] nin mga personal na parahatol, na pag-abot nin panahon nagin ''de'' ''facto'' na gabinete kan emperador sa sagkod kan dinastiya. May kadonongan na pinano nia an pangenot na mga posisyon nin Manchu asin Han Chinese na mga opisyal na nagsasarig sa saiyang patronahe. Kan mamongnan siya kan sagkod nin krisis sa pinansial, sinayumahan ni Yongzheng an daing pakundangan na pagdolok kan saiyang ama sa lokal na mga pili asin ipinaotob niya an pangongolekta nin buwis sa daga. An dugangan na mga kita iyo an gamiton para sa "kwarta sa pagpabasog kan pagkaonesto" sa tahaw nin lokal na opisyales asin para sa lokal na pagpapatubig, eskwelahan, tinampo, asin pagkaridad. Dawa ngane epektibo an mga repormang ini sa amihanan, sa habagatan asin ibaba kan kababan nin Yangzi igwang halawig na pighirang na saralbidan kan mga opisyales asin kagsadiri-nin-daga. Nagpasugo si Yongzheng nin eksperyensiadong mga komisyonado na Manchu tanganing laogon an mahibog na palsipikadong rehistro sa daga asin libro nin kodigong salaysay, alagad sinda nakanompong paagi sa pandadaya, daing pahiriro, patin kadahasan pa ngani. An krisis piskal orog na nagpadagos.{{Sfnp|Spence|2012}} [[Ladawan:Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg|thumb|An kampanya laban sa [[zungar Khanate|mga Dzungar]] sa pagsakop nin Qing kan Xinjiang 1755-1758]] Si Yongzheng nagmana man nin diplomatiko asin stratehiko na mga problema. .An sarong grupo na binibilog nin enterong Manchu nagsakdo kan Tratado ni Kyakhta (1727) tanganing pasarigon an diplomatikong pagsabot sa Rusya. .Karibay kan teritoryo asin derechos pangkomersyo, an Qing libreng pangaptan an sitwasyon sa Mongolia. .Dapit kaini si Yongzheng naglitik sa sitwasyon na iyan, kun saen an mga Zunghar nag'ngata' na magbaralik, asin sa habagatan-subangan, kun saen linalabanan kan lokal na mga namamayo nin [[Mga tawo nin Miao|Miao]] an paghiwas kan Qing. An mga kampanyang{{Sfnp|Spence|2012}} ini nakaubos kan kayamanan alagad inestablisar ninda an kontrol kan emperador sa militar asin kuarta militar.{{sfnp|Spence|2012|pp=83, 86}} [[Ladawan:LordMacartneyEmbassyToChina1793.jpg|wala|thumb|Lord Macartney nagsaludo sa [[Emperador Qianlong]]]] Kan magadan si Emperador Yongzheng kan 1735 an saiyang aki na si Prinsipe Bao ({{Lang|zh-hant|寶親王}}) nagin Emperador Qianlong. Si Qianlong personal na nangenot sa [[Sampolong Dakulang mga Kampanya|Sampulong Dakulang Kampanya]] tanganing pahiwason an kontrol militar pasiring sa presenteng panahon na [[Xinjiang]] asin [[Mongolya]], na naghale nin mga rebelyon asin pag'isog sa [[Sichuan]] asin habagatan Tsina mantang pinahihiwas an pagkontrol sa Tibet. Si Emperador Qianlong naglansar nin magkapirang ambisyosong proyekto dapit sa kultura, kaiba an kumposisyon kan [[An Kompletong Librerya kan Apat na Kaganan-Yaman]] (o ''Siku Quanshu''), an pinakadakulang koleksyon nin mga libro sa historya nin Intsik. Kun siring, ginamit ni Qianlong an opisyal na [[inkisisyon literaryo]] tanganing parirongon an mga nagsusuruway.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Sa irarom kan panluwas na prosperidad asin kompiansa sa emperador, an huring mga taon kan paghade ni Qianlong midbid sa lakop na korapsyon asin kapabayaan. Si [[Heshen]], an paboritong marhay kan emperador na guapong hoben, inaprobetsaran an pagpangana kan emperador tanganing magin saro sa pinakamaraot na opisyal sa kasaysayan kan dinastiya.<ref>Schoppa, R. Keith.</ref> An aki ni Qianlong, an Emperador na Jiaqing (r. 1796-1820), sa huri nagpirit ki Heshen na maghugot. [[Ladawan:Xu_Yang_-_Commerce_on_the_water.jpg|thumb|Pamamarakal sa tubig, ''Asensadong Suzhou'' ni [[Xu Yang (dinastiyang Qing)|Xu Yang]], 1759]] An populasyon na-ganyat sa enot na kabangaan kan ika-17 siglo huli sa mga gera sibil asin mga epidemya, alagad luwayluway an pag'asenso asin internal na karigonan binaliktad an tendensiang ini. An Emperador Qianlong pinag'isog an sitwasyon paagi nin pagsasabi, "An populasyon padagos na nagtalubo, alagad an daga dai." An paglaog kan mga bagong pananom haleng Amerika arog baga kan [[patatas]] asin [[mani]] nagtugot man sa pagpakarhay kan suplay nin kakanon, mala ta an total na populasyon kan Tsina durante kan ika-18ng siglo nagbutog hale sa 100 milyon abot 300 milyones katawo. &nbsp;&nbsp;Dai nahaloy an mga paraoma napiritan na magtrabaho nin mas grabe pa. An natatadang parte sana kan imperyo na igwang marang omahan iyo an [[Manchuria]], kun saen an mga probinsya nin [[Jilin]] asin [[Heilongjiang]] nakalandok bilang sarong daga kan mga Manchu. Sa ibong nin mga pagbabawal, kan ika-18 siglo an Han Chinese nagburunyog sa Manchuria, pareho ilegal asin legal na paagi, sa ibabaw kan Dakulang Pader asin Willow Palisade. Kan 1796, puminutok an hayag na rebelyon sa tahaw kan mga parasunod kan [[Sosyedad nin Puting Lotus|White Lotus Society]], na nagbasol sa opisyales nin Qing, na nagsasabi "pinirit kan mga opisyal an banwaan na magrebelde." An mga opisyal man sa ibang parte kan nasyon binasol man huli sa korapsyon, dai lubos na pagmantener kan kapanoan nin mga kamalig nin ayudang tig-gutom, maluyang pagmantener nin mga tinampo asin patubig, patin daing pakundangan na pagbaranga-banga. Dai nahaloy suminunod duman an mga pagrigay nin "bagong sekta" na mga Muslim tumang sa lokal na mga opisyales kan Muslim, asin mga tribong Miao sa habagatan-subangan nin Tsina. Nagpadagos an Rebelyon na White Lotus sa laog nin walong taon, sagkod kan 1804, kan sa maraot na pagdalagan, marigsok, asin maringis na mga kampanyang sa natapos iyan sa kahuri-hurihi.{{Sfnp|Spence|1990}} == Rebelyon, kariribokan, asin panluwas na pangigipit == [[Ladawan:Destroying_Chinese_war_junks,_by_E._Duncan_(1843).jpg|thumb|British Steamship nanglaglag sa mga [[k (ship)|junks]] nin guerra kan Tsina (E. Duncan) (1843) ]] Sa pagpoon kan dinastiya, an imperyong Intsik padagos na nagin hegemonikong kapangyarihan sa Sirangan na Asya. Dawa mayong pormal na ministeryo nin dayuhang relasyon, responsable an [[Lifan Yuan]] sa pakikipagrelasyon sa mga Mongol asin Tibetano sa Sentral Asya, mantang an sistemang tributaryo, sarong butas na tugak nin mga institusyon asin kostumbre na kinua sa Ming, sa teorya namamahala sa relasyon sa Sirangan asin Sur-sirangan na mga Asyanong nasyon. An [[Tratado nin Nerchinsk]] (1689) nagpapusog nin relasyon sa Tsarist Rusya. Alagad, durante kan ika-18 siglo an mga imperyo Europeo luway-luway na naghiwas sa bilog na kinaban, mantang an mga estadong taga Europa nagmukna nin ekonomiya na itinogdok dapit sa negosyong pandagatnon, kolonyal na pagsibnit, asin pag-uswag sa teknolohiya. An dinastiya napaatubang sa mga [[Soberanyang Westphalian|bagong uswag na mga konsepto kan internasyunal na sistema]] asin pan-estadong relasyon. An mga pwesto sa negosyo nin Europa naghiwas pasiring sa pagkontrol kan teritoryo sa haraning India asin sa mga isla na ngonyan iyo an Indonesya. Bilang simbag kan Qing, na nag-aser nin kadikit na panahon, iyo an pagpatindog kan [[Sistema Canton]] kan 1756, na naglilimitar sa negosyong pandagatnon duman sa siyudad (ngunyan na aldaw na [[Guangzhou]]) asin nagtaong monopolyong pagnegosyo deretso sa mga pribadong negosyanteng Intsik. An [[British East India Company]] asin an [[Dutch East India Company]] haloy nang tinawan nin kaparehong monopolyang deretso kan saindang mga gobyerno. Kan 1793, an British East India Company, sa suporta kan gobyernong Briton, nagpadara nin [[Misyon Maccartney|misyon diplomatiko]] sa Tsina na pinangenotan ni [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|Lord George Macartney]] tangani na magbukas nin negosyo asin magbugtak nin relasyon basado sa pagkakapantay-pantay. An korte kan emperador minansay an negosyo bilang sekondaryong interes, mantang minamansay kan mga Briton na mahalaga sa saindang ekonomiya an pandagatan na pagnegosyo. Sinabihan kan Emperador Qianlong si Macartney "an mga hade kan kadaklan na nasyon minaabot paagi sa daga asin dagat kaiba an gabos na klase nin mahalagang marhay na bagay", asin "mente mayo kaming kulang..."{{Sfnp|Têng|Fairbank|1954}}. [[Ladawan:Foreign_factory_site.jpg|wala|thumb|An tanawon sa Salog nin Canton, na ipinaheheling an Kagtolong mga Pabrika sa likod kaiyan, 1850-1855]] Since China had little demand for European goods, Europe paid in silver for Chinese goods, an imbalance that worried the [[mercantilist]] governments of Britain and France. The [[History of opium in China|growing Chinese demand for opium]] provided the remedy. The British East India Company greatly expanded its production in Bengal. The [[Emperador Daoguang|Daoguang Emperor]], concerned both over the outflow of silver and the damage that opium smoking was causing to his subjects, ordered [[Lin Zexu]] to end the opium trade. Lin confiscated the stocks of opium without compensation in 1839, leading Britain to send a military expedition the following year. The [[Enot na Gerang Opyo|First Opium War]] revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing [[Junk (ship)|junks]], was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the [[Royal Navy|British Royal Navy]]. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces in ground battles. The Qing surrender in 1842 marked a decisive, humiliating blow. The [[Treaty of Nanking|Treaty of Nanjing]], the first of the "[[Unequal treaty|unequal treaties]]", demanded war reparations, forced China to open up the [[Treaty Ports]] of [[Shamian Island|Canton]], [[Xiamen|Amoy]], [[Fuzhou]], [[Ningbo]] and [[Shanghai]] to Western trade and missionaries, and to cede [[Hong Kong Island]] to Britain. It revealed weaknesses in the Qing government and provoked rebellions against the regime. An [[Rebelyon Taiping]] sa katahawan kan ika-19 siglo iyo an enot na mayor na pangyayari manungod sa [[Anti-Manchuismo|sentimyento kontra-Manchu]]. An rebelyon nagpoon sa irarom ni [[Hong Xiuquan]] (1814-64), sarong nadesganar na kandidato sa serbisyo sibil na, impluwensyado nin mga Kristiyanong katokdoan, nagkaigwa nin serye nin mga bisyon asin tinutubod niya na siya aki nin Diyos, an nguhod na tugang ni Jesu-Cristo, nagpadara nin pagreporma sa Tsina. An sarong katood kan Hong, si Feng Yunshan, rinibayan an mga ideya nin Hong tanganing mag-organisar nin bagong relihiyosong grupo, Sosyedad nin mga Parasamba sa Dios (Bai Shangdi Hui), na inorganisar niya sa mga tikapo na paraoma kan probinsiya nin Guangxi.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Sa tahaw nin lakop na kariribokan sosyal asin naggagrabeng tiggutom, an pagrebelde bako sanang nagtao kan pinakagrabeng peligro sa mga namamahalang Qing, inapod man iyan na "pinakamadugong gera sibil kasuarin pa man"; durante kan kag-apat na taon na tinagal kaiyan poon 1850 sagkod 1864 sa pag-oltanan nin 20 asin 30 milyones katawo an nagkagaradan.{{Sfnp|Platt|2012}} Hong Xiuquan, sarong dainang kandidato sa [[Imperial na pagsiyasat|serbisyo sibil]], kan 1851 naglansar nin rebelyon sa probinsya nin [[Guizhou]], asin pinatindog an [[Langitnon na Kahadean kan Taiping]] na si Hong mismo bilang hade. Nagpaisi si Hong na siya may mga bisyon nin Dios asin na tugang siya ni Jesu-Cristo. An paglamag, pakikidorog, pag-areglo kan kasal, pagsigarilyo nin opyo, paggapos sa bitis, hudisyal na pagpasakit, asin pagsamba sa mga idolo gabos prohibido. Alagad, an mga kapangganahan nagbunga nin mga panlaog na mga iriwal, pagbaraliktad asin karatan. Dugang pa, an mga tropang Briton asin Pranses, na may modernong armas, nagtabang sa hukbo kan emperador nin Qing. Iyo sana kan 1864 na an mga hukbo sa pangengenot ni [[Zeng Guofan]] nagin mapanggana sa pagronot kan rebelyon. Matapos an pagputok kan rebelyon na ini, nagkaigwa man nin mga nagrebelde na [[Mga tawong Hui|mga Muslim]] asin [[Mga tawong Miao|taga-Miao]] kan Tsina laban sa dinastiyang Qing, orog na daa sa [[Rebelyon na Miao (1854-1873)]] sa [[Guizhou]], [[Rebelyon Panthay]] (1856-1873) sa [[Yunnan]] asin sa [[Rebelyon Dungan]] (1862-77) sa amihanan-subangan. [[Ladawan:Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg|thumb|An mga puersang Gobyerno na pinagdadaog an mga hukbo kan Taiping]] An mga kapangyarihan Solnopan, kadaklan dai kontento sa Tratado nin Nanjing, nagtaong gurogod na suporta sa gobyerno Qing durante kan mga Rebelyon nin [[Rebelyon Taiping|Taiping]] asin [[Rebelyon Nian|Nian]]. An kita kan Tsina biglang buminagsak durante kan mga guerra mantang linaglag an mahiwas na lugar nin oma, minilyon na buhay an nawara, asin dai mabilang na hukbo an pinadakula asin sinangkapan tanganing labanan an mga rebelde. Kan 1854, an Britanya pighingoa na manegosiar an Tratado kan Nanjing, sa mga pagsaknib nin mga klausa na tinutogotan an komersyal na pagkataroron kan Briton sa mga salog Tsino asin paggibo nin permanenteng embahada kan Britanya duman sa Beijing. [[Ladawan:Prince_Gong.jpg|wala|thumb|[[Gong|Yixin, Prinsipe Gong]]]] Kan 1856, an mga awtoridad Qing, sa paghanap nin pirata, nagsakay sa sarong bapor, an Ar''row'', na pigsasabi kan Briton na naglalayog kan banderang Briton, sarong insidente na nagresulta sa [[Ikaduwang Gerang Opyo]]. Kan 1858, na nag'aatubang sa mayo nang ibang pagpipilian, an [[Emperador Xianfeng]] nag-oyon sa [[Tratado nin Tientsin]], na igwang mga klausang pan-insultong gayo sa Intsik, arog baga kan paghagad na gabos na opisyal na dokumentong Intsik nasusurat sa Ingles asin sarong proviso na nagtataong nin daing sagkod na pagdaragos sa gabos naabtan na salog Tsino. An pag-adaptar kan tratado sa suminunod na taon nagbunga nin biglang pagdakol nin mga iriwal. Kan 1860, kaiba an pwersang Anglo-Pranses na nagmartsa sa Beijing, an emperador asin an saiyang korte nagdurulag sa kabesera paduman sa [[Resort sa Bukid Chengde|imperyal na dagusan-pangayam duman sa Rehe]]. Bilang yaon sa Beijing, an pwersang Anglo-Pranses nagborobo asin sinulo an Lumang Palasyo nin Tig - init patin, bilang akto nin pagbalos para sa pag'aresto, pagpasakit, asin paggadan kan misyon diplomatikong Ingles.{{Sfnp|Hevia|2003}} Si Prinsipe [[Gong (Magsaysay nin dinastiya)|Gong]], sarong nguhod na tugang sa ama kan emperador, na nawalat bilang autorisasdo kan saiyang tugang sa kabisera, napuersang pirmahan an [[Kombensyon nin Beijing]]. An napasupog na emperador nagadan kan suminunod na taon sa Rehe. == Pagpasarig pansadiri asin an pagkabuko' nin mga reporma == Alagad nag-ulakbo an dinastiya. An mga heneral na Intsik asin opisyales arog ki [[Zuo Zongtang]] iyo an nangenot sa pagpugol kan mga rebelyon asin nagtindog sa likod kan mga Manchu. Kan an [[Emperador Tongzhi]] magtukaw sa trono sa edad na lima kan 1861, ining mga opisyal nag-isog sa palibot niya sa inapod na [[Pagbabalik kan Tongzhi]]. An katuyohan ninda iyo na akoon an teknolohiya militar sa Solnopan tanganing mapagdanay an mga prinsipyo sa buhay kan Confuciano. [[Zeng Guofan]], sa pakikipag-takod ki Prinsipe Gong, nagboses kan pagtindog nin mga mas hoben na opisyales arog ni [[Li Hongzhang]], na iyo an nagbuhay liwat kan dinastiya sa pamitisan kaini sa pinansiyal asin kagtugdas kan [[Sadiring-Pagpasarig na Paghiro]]. An mga repormista nagpadagos sa institusyonal na mga reporma, kaiba an enot na sararong ministeryo kan Tsina manongod sa sumpay panluwas, an [[Zongli Yamen]]; na tinotogotan an mga diplomat na mag-istar sa kabisera; inestablisar an Pandagatan na Imperyal Serbisyo Adwana; pagporma nin modernong hukbo, arog baga kan [[Hukbo nin Beiyang]], saka sarong pandagat na hukbo; asin pagbakal hale sa mga Europeo nin mga pabrika nin armas.{{Sfnp|Wright|1957}} An dinastiya nawaran nin kontrol sa mga teritoryong nasa linderos medyo padiit-diit. Karibay kan mga pangako nin suporta kontra sa British asin Pranses, an Imperyong Ruso nagkua nin darakulang grupo nin teritoryo sa Norte-sirangan kaidtong 1860. Sa panahon nin kooperasyon kan mga repormista asin kan mga poderes Europa nagtapos sa [[Tientsin Masacre|Garadanan sa Tientsin]] kan 1870, na pinagpu'nan kan paggadan sa mga madreng Pranses na nabuyo kan pakiribok kan lokal na diplomatikong Pranses. Nagpuon sa [[Kampanya sa Cochinchina]] kan 1858, pinahiwas nin Pransya an kontrol kan Indochina. Kan 1883, an Pransya biyo nang kontrolado kan rehiyon asin nakaabot na sa linderos nin Tsina. An [[Gerang Sino-Pranses]] nagpoon sa makangalas na pag'atake kan mga Pranses sa habagatan na armada kan Tsina duman sa Fuzhou. Pagkatapos kaiyan an mga Intsik nagdeklarar nin gera sa Pranses. An [[Kampanya sa Keelung|pagsakyada kan Pranses sa Taiwan napondo]] asin nadaog an mga Pranses igdi sa duman sa daga nin Tonkin duman sa [[Ralaban kan Bang Bo]]. An Hapon naghuma na maglaog sa gera laban Tsina huli kan Kudeta nin Gapsin asin pigmarhay kan Tsina na tapuson an gera paagi nin negosasyon. Natapos an {{Sfnp|Hsü|1990}} gera kan 1885 sa [[Tratado nin Tientsin]] (1885) asin sa pagrekonoser kan Intsik sa Pranses na protektorado sa Vietnam. May ibang mga [[paraminang bulawan]] sa Rusya asin Tsina an nagpatindog man nin halipot na [[proto-estado]] na inaapod na [[Republika nin Zheltuga]] (1883-1886) sa babatyaan kan [[salog Amur]], na minsan ngani dai nahaloy kan rinumpag nin pwersa kan Qing.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Kan 1884, an Qing Tsina nagkua nin mga konsesyon sa Korea, arog kan [[konsesiyon Tsino kan Incheon]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA97|title=A New Modern History of East Asia|last=Fuchs|first=Eckhardt|publisher=V&R unipress GmbH|year=2017|isbn=9783737007085|page=97}}</ref> alagad an pro-Japanese na mga Koreano sa [[Seoul]] iyo an nangenot sa Kudeta nin Gapsin. Nagkatensyon sa pag-ultanan kan Tsina asin Hapon kan an Tsina nagsaliot tanganing mapugolan an rebelyon. Pinirmahan kan Primer Ministrong Hapon na si [[Itō Hirobumi]] asin Li Hongzhang an [[Katipunan nin Tientsin]], sarong kasunduan tanganing haralion an mga tropa durungan, alagad an [[Enot na Gerang Sino-Hapones]] kan 1895 sarong pangmilitar na kasosopgan. Minidbid nin [[Tratado kan Shimonoseki]] an pagsasadiring Koreano asin pinagtao an Taiwan asin an [[Pescadores]] sa Hapon. An mga termino tibaad mas maringis, alagad kan an sarong siudadano nin Hapon salakayon asin nalugadan si Li Hongzhang, ikinasopog nin internasyonal na pagtangis an mga Hapones sa pagrebisar kaiyan. An orihinal na kasundoan nag-introdusir kan pagbanga sa [[aodong Peninsula|Peninsula nin Liaodong]] pasiring sa Hapon, alagad an Rusya, kaiba an sadiring mga disenyo kaiyan sa teritoryo, pati an Alemanya asin Pransya, sa [[Tulohan na Pagsaliot]], mapangganang pinirit an mga Hapones na bayaan an peninsula. [[Ladawan:Empress-Dowager-Cixi1.jpg|thumb|Emperatriz Dowager Cixi (Oil painting ni [[Hubert Vos]] c. 1905) ]] An mga taon na ini nahiling an ebolusyon sa partisipasyon ni [[Emperatriz Dowager Cixi]] ([[Wade-Giles]]: Tz'u-Hsi) sa mga gibogibo kan estado. Naglaog siya sa palasyo kan imperyo kan 1850 bilang sambay sa [[Emperador Xianfeng]] (r. 1850-1861) asin nasikwit an poder kan 1861 pakatapos kan saiyang limang taon-anyos na aki, an Emperador Tongzhi nagtukaw sa trono. Siya, an [[Emperatriz Dowager Ci'an]] (na iyo na an emperatriz ni Xianfeng), asin si Prinsipe Gong (aki kan Emperador Daoguang), nagbungsod nin sarong [[in ka Mag-ikang Mausma|kudeta]] na nagpapatalsik sa magkapirang regent para sa aking emperador kan. Sa pag'oltan kan 1861 asin 1873, siya asin si Ci'an nagserbing mga regent, na pinili an titulong panreynar na "Tongzhi" (nagsararong pamahala). Sa pagkagadan kan emperador kan 1875, an sobrino ni Cixi, an [[Emperador Guangxu]], kinua an trono, bilang pagbalga sa pamantayan nin dinastiya na dapat miembro an bagong emperador kan sunod na henerasyon, asin nagpoon an saro pang regensya. Sa tigsoli kan 1881, biglang nagadan si Ci'an, na may edad sanang apat na pulo-may-tolo, kaya nawalat sa Cixi bilang solong regent.{{Sfnp|Crossley|2010}} Poon kan 1889, kan nagpoon nang magpamahala si Guangxu sa sadiri niyang deretso, abot 1898, an Empress Dowager nag-istar sa semi-retirado, na pigguno' an mayoriya kan taon sa [[Palasyo nin Tag-init]]. Kan 1 Nobyembre 1897, ginadan an duwang misyonerong Aleman na Katoliko Romano sa timog na parte kan [[Shandong|probinsya nin Shandong]] (an [[Insidente sa Juye]]). An Alemanya ginamit an mga paggadan na ini komo sarahotan para sa pagsakop kan hukbo na pandagat kan [[Jiaozhou Bay]]. An okupasyon nagtulod nin sarong "aragawan para sa mga konsesyon" kan 1898, na kaiba an [[Konsesyon sa Kiautschou Bay|upa na Aleman kan Jiazhou Bay]], an [[Pinaupa na Teritoryo kan Kwantung|pagkakua kan Rusya sa Liaodong]], asin an [[upa na Briton kan mga Bagong Teritoryo kan Hong Kong]]. [[Ladawan:China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg|wala|thumb|Britania, Alemania, Rusya, Pransia, asin Hapon nagbaranga sa Tsina]] Dawa pa kaining panluwas na mga kadaogan, an Emperador Guangxu nagpoon sa [[Repormang Ginatos na Aldaw]] kan 1898. An mas bago pa, mas radikal na mga parakonseho arog ni [[Kang Youwei]] an tinawan nin mga katongdan na may impluwensiya. Nagpaluwas an emperador nin serye nin mga sugo asin nagplano tanganing mareorganisar an burokrasya, pagrementeherar kan sistema sa eskwela, asin pagnombra nin bagong mga opisyales. An pagtumang hale sa burokrasya tolos-tolos asin makuri. Dawa ngani nadamay siya sa mga enot na reporma, an Empress Dowager [[Kudetang Wuxu|nag'isog na patanidan sinda]], inaresto asin ginaradan niya an magkapirang repormista, asin sinakop an aro-aldaw na kontrol sa polisiya. Dakul na mga plano ninda an dai nagbago, asin an obheto kan reporma nagkataralbong.{{Sfnp|Reynolds|1993}} [[Ladawan:Within_historic_grounds_of_the_Forbidden_City_in_Pekin,_China,_on_November_28_celebrated_the_victory_of_the_Allies.,_ca._-_NARA_-_532582.jpg|too|thumb|An mga dayuhan na hukbo kan [[Walong-Nasyon na Alyansa]] ipigseselebrar an saindang kapangganahan sa [[Ralaban kan Peking]], sa laog kan lanob kan [[Ngalad na Syudad]] kan 28 Nobyembre 1900]] An makuring tigmara sa Amihanan na Tsina, kaiba an imperyalistang mga disenyo kan mga kapangyarihan Europa asin an pagigin bakong marigon kan gobyerno nin Qing, nagbunga nin kamugtakan para sa mga [[Rebelyon na Boxer|Boxer]]. Kan 1900, an lokal na mga grupo nin mga Boxer nagbabalangibog nin suporta para sa dinastiyang Qing ginadan an dayong mga misyonero asin kadakol kan Tsinong Kristiano, dangan nagtiripon sa Beijing tanganing pugolan an Legasyong Pangkaapatan kan mga Dayo. An koalisyon nin mga hukbong Europeo, Hapon, asin Ruso (an Walong-Nasyon na Alyansa) dangan naglaog sa Tsina na mayo man gayong reparo diplomatiko, kulang pang permiso. Si Cixi nagdeklara nin gera sa gabos na ining nasyon, tangani sanang mawara an kontrol kan Beijing pakatapos nin halipot na panahon, alagad masakiton na kampanya. Nagdulag siya paduman sa [[Xi'an]]. An nangganang mga alyado ipinaotob an saindang kahagadan sa gobyerno nin Qing, kaiba na an paghipno kan gastos ninda sa pagsalakay sa Tsina asin paggadan sa mga opisyal kan kakomplot, paagi sa [[Boxer Protocol]].{{Sfnp|Spence|2012}} == Reporma, rebolusyon, pagbagsak == [[Ladawan:YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg|thumb|[[Yuan Shikai]]]] [[Ladawan:China_1911_en.svg|thumb|Qing sa Tsina kan 1911]] Sa pagkadaog sa Hapon kan 1895 nagbunga nin pagmate nin krisis na pinalala' sana an pagkalugi sa mga repormang 1898 asin an kalamidad kan 1900. Si Cixi kan 1901 naglipat tanganing lupigan an komunidad nin mga dayuhan, naghagad nin mga pwersa sa reporma, asin nagpoon nin sarong set na "Bagong Polisya", na inaapod man na "Reporma kan Huring Qing". Kan suminunod na pirang taon iiniba sa mga reporma an pagparahay kan nasyonal na edukasyon, hudisyal, asin piskal na sistema, na an pinakadrama kaini an paghale kan imperyal na pagsiyasat kan 1905.{{Sfnp|Reynolds|1993}} An korte nagsugo na maggibo nin konstitusyon, asin ginibo an mga eleksion sa probinsia, an enot sa kasaysayan kan Tsina.{{Sfnp|Hsü|1990}} Pinagdebatehan ninda Sun Yat-sen asin mga rebolusyunaryo an mga reporma opisyales asin monarkistang konstitusyonal arog baga ni Kang Youwei asin Liang Qichao sa kun paano liliwaton an Imperyo Manchu na magin modernong estado nin Han Chinese.{{Sfnp|Rhoads|2000}} [[Ladawan:2ndPrinceChun1.jpg|thumb|[[Zaifeng, Prinsipe Chun]]]] An Emperador Guangxu nagadan kan 14 Nobyembre 1908 asin Cixi, nagadan kan suminunod na aldaw. [[Puyi]], an pinakagurang na aki ni Zaifeng, Prinsipe Chun, asin sobrino sa mayong aking Emperador Guangxu, nanombrahan kasalihid sa edad na duwa, nagwalat ki Zaifeng nin regensya. Zaifeng pinirit si Yuan Shikai na magdimitir. An dinastiyang Qing nagin sarong monarkiya konstitusyonal kan 8 Mayo 1911, kan si Zafeng nagmukna nin "responsible gabinete" na pinangenotan ni [[Yikuang]], Prinsipe Qing. Alagad, an gabinete inapod na "royal na gabinete" huli ta sa mga hubin pang myembro kan kabinet, lima an miembro kan pamilyang imperyal o paryenteng Aisin-Gioro.<ref>Chien-nung Li, Jiannong Li, Ssŭ-yü Têng, "The political history of China, 1840–1928", p. 234</ref> An [[Wuchang Uprising|Pag-arisgang]] [[Pag-arisgang Wuchang|Wuchang]] kan 10 Oktubre 1911 nagpapuon nin serye nin mga rebelyon. Kan Nobyembre, 14 sa 15 probinsya an nagsikwal na kan pamamahala nin Qing. Nagbunga ini kan pagkamukna kan [[Republika nin Tsina (1912-1949)|Republika nin Tsina]], sa [[Nanjing]] kan 1 Enero 1912, na si [[Sun Yat-sen]] iyo an probisyonal na pamayo kaini. Kan maheling an desperadong situwasyon, ibinalik kan korte nin Qing an kapangyarihan ki Yuan Shikai. An saiyang [[Hukbong Beiyang]] nirurunot an mga rebolusyonaryo sa Wuhan sa [[Ralaban nin Yangxia]]. Pakatukaw sa katongdan nin [[Chancellor (China)|Primer Ministro]] siya nagmukna kan sadiri niyang gabinete, sa suporta nin [[Emperatriz Dowager Longyu]]. Alagad, si Yuan Shikai nagdesisyon na magkooperar sa mga rebolusyonaryo tanganing ibagsak an dinastiyang Qing. [[Ladawan:Pitched_battle_between_the_imperial_and_revolutionary_army_Wellcome_L0040013.jpg|thumb|An paglaban sa pag-ultan kan imperyal asin rebolusyonaryong hukbo kan 1911]] Kan Pebrero 1912, si Longyu nagpaluwas kan abdikasyon kan aking emperador na si Puyi na nagresulta sa pagbagsak kan dinastiyang Qing sa irarom kan presyon kan Hukbong Beiyang ni Yuan Shikai apesar sa mga pagkontra kan [[Royalist Party|mga konserbatibo]] asin royalistang mga repormista.{{Sfnp|Billingsley|1988}} Ini an nagpatapos nin labing 2,000 na taon kan Imperyal [[Historya kan Tsina|Tsina]] asin nagpoon an sarong peryodo nin kadaihan nin kasegurohan. Kan Hulyo 1917, nagkaigwa nin abisong pagprobar na ibalik an dinastiya Qing na pinangenotan ni [[Zhang Xun]]. Si Puyi tinugotan na mag-istar sa Ngalad na Syudad pakatapos kan saiyang abdikasyon sagkod 1924, kan siya naglipat sa kwartel kan Hapon sa Tianjin. An Imperyo nin Hapon sinakop an Norte-sirangan na Tsina asin pinundar duman an [[Manchukuo]] kan 1932, na si Puyi bilang emperador kaini. Pagkatapos kan pagsakyada sa Norte-sirangan na Tsina tanganing labanan kan Hapon an [[Unyon Sobyet]], buminagsak an Manchukuo kan 1945. == Gobyerno == {{S-start}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}}An enot na mga emperador sa Qing inaprobaran an garo ley asin institusyon hale sa sinundan na [[dinastiyang Ming]] alagad binaranga an pamamahala nin [[Han Chinese]] asin mga [[Manchu]], na may nagkapirang posisyon man na itinao sa m[[Mongol|ga Mongol]].{{Sfnp|Spence|2012}} Arog kan nakaaging mga dinastiya, nagkua an Qing nin mga opisyales paagi sa [[Imperyal na pagsiyasat|sistema nin pagsiyasat]], sagkod na haleon ini kan 1905. An Qing pinagbaranga-banga an mga posisyon sa sibil asin militar na mga katongdan, an lambang saro igwang siyam na grado o ranggo, an kada sarô binaranga pa sa a asin b na kategorya . An mga nombramiento sibil kabale an sarong katabang kan emperador o Sarong Dakulang Sekretaryo sa Ngalad na Syudad (pinakahalangkaw) o magin prefectural na parasingil nin buhis, diputadong warden, deputadong komisyoner kan pulis, o tagasiyasat sa buwis. An mga nombramiento sa militar naman poon sa pagigin garo sarong field marshal o kamerlengo kan mga gwardya nin emperador sagkod sa ikatolong klaseng sarhento, korporal o primero o ikaduwang klase pribado.{{Sfnp|Jackson|Hugus|1999}} [[Ladawan:Qing_Dynasty_Mandarin.jpg|thumb|Sarong mandarin kan dinastiyang Qing]] Dawa an dinastiyang Qing naghingoang magpadanay kan tradisyonal na sistema nin tributaryo sa Tsina, kan ika-19 siglo an Qing Tsina nagin kabtang na nin sarong komunidad nin mga istilo-Europeo na may [[soberanyang estado]]{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} asin nagpatindog nin opisyal na [[Diplomasya|diplomatikong relasyon]] sa [[Mga petsa nin pagkaestablisar nin mga diplomatikong relasyon sa dinastiyang Qing|labing duwang polong nasyon]] sa bilog na kinaban bago pa iyan bumagsak, asin poon kan 1870 nagkaigwa ini nin [[Legasyon|mga legasyon]] asin mga [[konsulado]] na inaapod na "Legasyon Tsino", "Imperyal na Konsulado kan Tsina", "Imperyal na Konsuladong Tsino (General)" o kaparehas na mga pangaran sa kagpitong nasyon, na iyo [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Cuba]], [[Pransya]], [[Alemanya]], [[Italya]], [[Hapon]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Panama]], [[Peru]], [[Portugal]], [[Rusya]], [[Espanya]], [[United Kingdom]](o an [[Imperyong Britaniko|Imperyong Briton]]) asin an [[Estados Unidos]]. === Mga ahensia nin gobyerno Sentral === An pormal na estruktura kan gobyerno nin Qing nakasentro sa Emperador bilang iyo an absolutong tagapamahala, na nangenot nin sobra sa anom na Boards (Ministries{{efn|{{zh|c=六部|p=lìubù|links=no}}}}, lambang saro pigpamayohan nin duwang presidente{{efn|{{zh|first=t|t=尚書|s=尚书|p=shàngshū|links=no}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠠᠯᡳᡥᠠ<br />ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ}} |v=aliha amban|a=aliha amban}}}} asin pinagtabangan nin apat na bise president. {{Efn|{{zh|p=shìláng|c=侍郎|links=no}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠠᠰᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ<br />ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ}} |v=ashan i amban|a=ashan-i amban}}}} Sa kabaliktaran sa sistemang Ming, an palakaw kan Qing etniko nadikta na nababanga an mga pagnombra sa pag'ultan nin mga nobleng Manchu asin opisyales na Han na nakapasar nin pinakahalangkaw na lebel kan mga pagsiyasat kan estado. An Grand Secretariat,{{Efn|{{zh|first=t|p=nèigé|t=內閣|s=内阁|links=no}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ<br />ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ}} |v=dorgi yamun|a=dorgi yamun}}}} na nagin importanteng tagagibong-polisya igdi sa irarom kan Ming, nawara an kahalagahan kaini durante kan Qing asin nagin sarong Imperyal na chancery. An mga institusyon na minana sa Ming iyo an nagbilog kan pinakaugat kan Qing "Outer Court", na nag'asikaso sa mga bagay asin yaon sa parteng habagatan kan Ngalad na Syudad.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} [[Ladawan:The_emperor_of_China_from_'The_Universal_Traveller'.jpg|thumb|''An emperador nin Tsina na Hale sa Unibersal na Pagbiahe'']] Tanganing dai pabayaan an rutinang administrasyon na pamahalaan an pagpadalagan kan imperyo, sinierto kan mga emperador nin Qing na desisyonan an mga importanteng bagay sa "Inner Court", na dominado kan pamilya imperyal asin nobleng nin Manchu asin yaon sa amihanan na parte kan Ngalad na Syudad. An pinakasentrong institusyon kan panlaog na korte iyo an [[Dakulang Konseho (dinastiyang Qing)|Dakulang Konseho]].{{efn|{{zh|first=t|p=jūnjī chù|t=軍機處|s=军机处|links=no}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠴᠣᡠ᠋ᡥᠠᡳ<br />ᠨᠠᠰᡥᡡᠨ ᡳ<br />ᠪᠠ}} |v=coohai nashūn i ba|a=qouhai nashvn-i ba}}}} Nagbutwa ini kan 1720 sa irarom kan pagreynar kan [[Emperador Yongzheng]] bilang sarong grupo na tinalaga sa pagkapot kan mga kampanya militar nin Qing laban sa mga Mongol, alagad dai nahaloy sinakop an ibang trabaho militar asin administratibo, na nagsentral kan awtoridad sa irarom kan korona.{{sfnp|Bartlett|1991}} An mga Grand Councilor{{Efn|{{zh|first=t|p=jūnjī dàchén|t=軍機大臣|s=军机大臣|links=no}}}} nagserbing sarong klase nin konseho sa pribilyan kan emperador. [[Ladawan:Qing_Dynasty-2000_wen-1859.jpg|thumb|2000-kwarta kan Halangkaw na Qing Treasure note banknote poon 1859]] Kaamayi kaidtong Qing, bisto sa sentral na gobyerno an sarong sistema nin mga dual na katalaanan na paagi kaini an lambang posisyon sa sentral na gobyerno igwa nin Manchu asin sarong Han Chinese na nadestinohan digdi. Kinaipuhan an Han Chinese na pignombrahan na magtrabaho asin mga Manchu naman tanganing masiguradong maimbod an Han sa pamamahala nin Qing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/imperial3.html#regain|title=The Rise of the Manchus|publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> Igwa man nin ibang institusyon sa gobyerno na inaapod na [[Imperial Household Department]] na sa dinastiyang Qing sana mnaunuparan. Naestablisar ini bago an pagbagsak kan Ming, alagad nagin sangkap sana pagkatapos kan 1661, kan magadan an Emperador Shunzhi asin magsakat an saiyang aki, an Emeprador Kangxi.{{Sfnp|Rawski|1998}} An orihinal na gibo kan departamento iyo na imanehar an mga panlaog na gibo kan imperyal na pamilya asin aktibidad kan panlaog na palasyo (kun sain an mga gigibohon nasalidahan an mga kapon), alagad nakapag-tukar man nin mga importanteng bagay sa relasyon kan Qing sa Tibet asin Mongolya, pakipagkomersyo (jade, [[ginseng]], asin, mga barahibo, etc.), pagmanehar nin mga pabrika nin yamit sa rehiyon nin [[Jiangnan]], asin nagpublika nin mga libro.{{Sfnp|Rawski|1998}} [[Salt in Chinese History#Prosperity, culture, corruption, reform in the Qing dynasty|An relasyon sa mga Superintendent kan Asin asin paratindang asin]], arog kan nasa Yangzhou, partikularmente dakula an kita, lalo kun ini direkt, asin dai nasusumok kan burokrasya. An departamento may tumatawong ''[[Booi Aha|booi]]'',{{Efn|{{zh|p=bāoyī|c=包衣|links=no}}; {{Lang-mnc|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠪᠣᡠ᠋ᡳ}} |v=booi|a=boui}}}} o "uripon", hali sa Pantaas na Three [[Eight Banners|Banners]].{{Sfnp|Torbert|1977}} Kan ika-19 siglo, nagmanehar na ini ning mga aktibidad nin dai mababa sa 56 na mga subahensya.{{Sfnp|Rawski|1998}} === Administratibong mga dibisyon === [[Ladawan:China_Proper_Map_William_Mackenzie_c1866.png|thumb|An Kagwalong mga Probinsya kan Tsina kan 1875]] [[Ladawan:Empire_Chinois,_Japon_(1832).jpg|thumb|An Qing na Tsina kan 1832]] [[File:Da qing di guo quan tu - btv1b531099163 (06 of 37).jpg|thumb|An opisyal na mapa kan Imperyo Qing ipinublikar kan 1905.]] An Qing Tsina naabot an pinakadakulang hiwas kaini durante kan ika-18 siglo, kan ini namahala na sa kadagaan Tsina (kagwalong mga probinsya) saka sa mga lugar nin presenteng Norte-sirangan na Tsina, an [[ner Mongolia|Panlaog na Mongolya]], Panluwas na Mongolya, Xinjiang asin Tibet, sa halos 13 milyon km² an kadakulaan. Igwang mga enot na 18 probinsya, an gabos kaini sa kadagaan Tsina sana, alagad kan huri an bilang na ini nadugangan sagkod 22, kan an Manchuria asin Xinjiang pinagbaranga o ginibong probinsya. An Taiw[[an]], sa orihinal na parte kan probinsiya nin Fujian, nagin probinsya kan ika-19 siglo,<ref>Davidson, James W. (1903).</ref> alagad pigsurubo sa [[Imperyo kan Hapon|Imperyo nin Hapon]] pagkatapos kan [[Enot na Gerang Sino-Hapones]] kadtong 1895.<ref>"Treaty of Peace between China and Japan (Treaty of Shimonoseki)".</ref> === Pag-administrar sa Teritoryo === An organisasyon nin Qing kan mga probinsya nakabase sa kaglimang yunit administratibo na itinugdas kan dinastiyang Ming, na sa huri ginibo ining kagwalong probinsya paagi nin pagbanga halimbawa, an Huguang binanga sa probinsya nin Hubei asin Hunan. Pinadagos kan burokrasya sa probinsya an praktis kan Yuan asin Ming nin tolong magkatarampad na linya, sibil, militar, asin censorate, o pagsaligsig. An lambang probinsya pinamamahalaan nin sarong gobernador ({{Linktext|巡撫}}, ''xunfu'') asin komandante [[l na komandante militar|militar kan probinsya]] ({{Linktext|提督}}, ''tidu''). Sa ibaba kan probinsya [[(China)|an mga prefektura]] ({{Linktext|府}}, fu) na nagpupunsionar sa irarom nin sarong prefekto ({{Linktext|知府}},''zhīfǔ''), na sinusundan nin subprefektura na sakop nin subprefekto. An pinakahababang yunit iyo an county, na pinangangatamanan nin sarong mahistrado nin county. An kagwalong mga probinsya inaapod man na "proper na Tsina". An katongdan bilang [[viceroy]] o gobernador-heneral ({{Linktext|總督}} , z''ongdu'') iyo an pinakahalangkaw na ranggo sa administrasyon kan probinsya. Igwa nin walong rehiyonal na viceroy sa proper na Tsina, an lambang saro parati pig'aataman an duwa o tolong probinsya. An [[Viceroy kan Zhili]], na responsable sa lugar na palibot kan kabiserang [[Beijing]], parati kinokonsiderar bilang iyo an pinakaonorable asin poderosong viceroy sa tahaw kan walo. Sa katahawan kan ika-18 siglo, mapangganang nailaag kan Qing an mas hararayong rehiyon arog kan [[ner Mongolia|Panlaog]] asin Panluwas na Mongolya, Tibet asin X[[injiang]] sa irarom kan kontrol kaini. Nagpadara nin mga komisyonado asin garison sa Mongolia asin Tibet tanganing pamahalaan an saindang gibo - agi. mga teritoryong ini yaon man sa irarom nin superbisyon kan sarong sentral na institusyon nin gobyerno na inapod Li[[fan Yuan]]. Qing man an pigkontrol sa direktang paagi kan korte Qinghai. Xinjiang, bisto man sa Intsik na Turkestan, pigsubbanga sa mga rehiyon norte asin sur kan kabukidan nin [[Tian Shan]], midbid man ngunyan bilang Dzonungaria and Tar[[im Basin]] kadtong dae pa lang, alagad itinindog an pwesto kan Ili General kan 1762 tanganing mag-ehersisyo nin uniquedong militar asin administratibong nacion sa duwang rehiyon. Dzungaria biyo na binuksan ki Han migrasyon kan Emperador Qing poon pa sa kapinonan. Han emigrante kan enot pinagbawalan sa permanenteng pag'estar sa Tarim Basin alagad napatalsik an pagbabawal pakatapos kan pagsakyada ni Jah[[angir Khoja]] kan mga 1820. man, an Manchu pinamahalaan man kan mga heneral militar sagkod na ini mabanga sa mga probinsya, dawa ngane ibang lugar kan Xinjiang asin Norte-subangan na Tsina an nawara' sa Imperyo [[nin Rusya]] kan katahawan nin ika-19 siglo. Manchu orihinalmente isinuway sa Tsina tama kan Panlaog na Willow Palisade, sarong ditik asin empanisyon na tinatanoman nin mga hababaw tuyong naglilimitar sa hiro kan Han Chinese, ta an lugar igdi yaon naka'estar sa sibilyan na Hans sagkod na nagpoon makolonya kan gobyerno an lugar, orog na poon pa kan 1860s. Mapadapit sa mas hararayong rehion na ini, pinapagdanay kan Qing an pamamahala kan emperador, na an emperador naghiro bilang Mongol khan, patron nin Tibetanong Budismo asin paraprotehir kan m[[Uyghur|ga Muslim]]. Alagad, an palakaw sa Qing nagbago kan pinatindog an probinsya nin Xinjiang kan 1884. Durante kan panahon nin Dakulang Karawat, na inaprobetsaran an rebelyon [[ungan Rebolto (1862-7)|kan Dungan]] sa amihanan-solnopan nin Tsina, si Ya[[qub Beg]] sinakop an Xinjiang hale sa Asya Sentral na suportado kan Imperyo Briton, asin ginibo an saiyang sadiri bilang namamahala kan kahadean nin [[Kashgar|Kashgaria]]. Nagpadara nin pwersa an korte Qing tanganing madaog si Yaqub Beg asin nakua giraray an Xinjiang, dangan pormal na pig-aplikar an sistema politikal kan Tsina sa Xinjiang. An Kh[[umul Khanate]], na isinaro sa dinastiyang Qing bilang sarong basalyo pakatapos magtabang sa Qing na madaog an mga Zunghar kan 1757, nagpadanay kan posisyon kaini pagkatogdas nin probinsya nin Xinjiang sa katapusan kan dinastiya sa Rebolusyon nin Xinhai sagkod 1930.{{Sfnp|Millward|2007}}. Sa kapinonan kan ika-20 siglo, an Britanya nagpadara nin sarong hukbo sa ekspedisyon pasiring sa Tibet asin napiritan an mga Tibetano na magpirma sa tratado. An korte kan Qing nagsimbag paagi nin pag-insistir kan soberaniya kan Tsina sa Tibet,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/01/19/101830147.pdf|title=<untitled>|date=19 January 1906}}</ref> na nagresulta sa 1906 Kombensyon na Anglo-Tsino na pinirmahan sa tahaw kan Britanya asin China. Nag-uyon an mga Briton na dai itatakod an teritoryong Tibetano o makikiaram sa administrasyon kan Tibet, mantang an Tsina nagtrato nin paagi tanganing dai pagtugutan an arin man na ibang estado na makaulang sa teritoryo o internal na pagadministrar kan Tibet.<ref>{{cite wikisource|title=Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet|year=1906}}</ref> An gobyerno nin Qing ginibo man sa tolong probinsya an Manchuria kan amay na ika-20ng siglo, opisyal na inaapod na "Tolong Probinsya sa Amihanan-sirangan", asin itinindog an pwesto komo Viceroy kan Tolong Probinsya nin Amihanan-sirangan tanganing mapangatamanan an mga probinsyang ini. == Sociedad == === Pagtalubo asin paghiro kan populasyon === An populasyon nagdakula sa bilang, hi'bog, asin paghiro. An populasyon nagdakol poon sa mga 150 milyones kan 1700, kaidtong nakaaging siglo bago kaiyan, dangan nadoble sa suminunod na siglo, asin uminabot nin langkaw na 450 milyon sa bisperas kan Rebelyon Taiping kan 1850.{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} &nbsp;&nbsp;An paglakop kan mga pananom hale sa Bagong Kinaban, arog baga nin mais, mani, kamote, asin potatas nagpadikit sa bilang nin nagkakagaradan huli sa malnutrisyon. An mga helang na arog kan utos nakontrol sa pagpaorog sa inokulasyon. &nbsp;Dugang pa, an mga pagkagadan nin omboy nagdikit huli sa pagrahay sa pamaagi nin pagpapaaki na ginigibo kan mga doktor asin partira patin pagdakol nin medikal na mga libro na makukua kan publiko.{{sfnb|Rowe|2009|pp=91–92}} An mga kampanya kan gobyerno nagpadikit sa [[paggadan nin kaakian]]. Sa populasyon nin Europa kan panahon na ini pinakadakula an bilang sa mga siudad, alagad sa Tsina hababa an pagdakol sa mga siyudad asin hibabang Yangzi. An pinakadakulang pagdakol yaon sa linderos asin kabukidan, kun saen an mga paraoma puedeng maglinaw nin darakulang tangyan asin kadlagan.{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} An populasyon riparong mahiniro, tibaad orog pa kisa kasuarin pa man sa kasaysayan nin Tsina. Asin mananggad, an gobyerno nin Qing orog pa nanggad na nag-engganyar nin paghiro kisa paluyahon iyan. Milyon na Han Chinese an naglipat sa [[Yunnan]] asin Guizhou kan ika-18 siglo, asin man sa Taiwan. Pagkatapos kan pagsakop kan 1750 asin 1760, an korte nag'organisar nin mga kolonyang agrikultural sa Xinjiang. An pagmahinirong ini kabale an organisadong paghiro kan mga sakop nin Qing sa ibang rona, na kadaklan yaon sa [[Habagatan-subangan na Asya|Habagatan-sirangan na Asya]], tanganing magkaigwa nin negosyo asin iba pang oportunidad sa ekonomiya.{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} An Manchuria kun siring, harani sa mga erokan Manchu kan Willow Palisade, apuwera an nagkapirang bannermen.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1979|title=The Willow Palisade|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2563132|accessdate=8 November 2021}}</ref> Alagad, kan 1780, an Han Chinese nagin 80% kan populasyon.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ5KbXYhEB8C&pg=PA141|title=The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World|last=Richards|first=John F.|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23075-0|pages=141, 144|language=en|access-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510073630/https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ5KbXYhEB8C&pg=PA141|archive-date=10 May 2016}}</ref> An medyo hababang tawo sa teritoryo maluya lalo kan hinahagad kan [[Imperyo nin Rusya]] an [[Amur Annexation]] na pigtatakod an [[Panluwas na Manchuria]]. Sa pagsimbag, an mga opisyales nin Qing arog ni Tepuqin ({{Lang|zh-Hant|特普欽}}), Gobernador Militar kan [[Heilongjiang]] kan 1859-1867, naggibo nin propuesto (1860) tanganing buksan an mga parte kan Guandong para sa paraomang sibilyan nin Tsina tangani sanang kontrahon pa an posibleng pag-takod.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/manchurianfronti0000leer|title=The Manchurian frontier in Chʼing history|last=Lee|first=Robert H. G.|date=1970|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-54775-9|location=Cambridge|page=103}}</ref> Kan ika-19 siglo, binuksan an Manchu para sa mga paraistar na Han na nagpaorog nin pagrilipatan,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP2EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|title=Constructing Empire: The Japanese in Changchun, 1905–45|last=Sewell|first=Bill|date=2019|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-3655-5|page=109|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108115147/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP2EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|archive-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> pig-apod man ining Chuang Guandong ({{zh|t=闖關東|s=闯关东}}) literal na "Pagbangga sa Guandong" kun sain Guandong an gurang na pangaran para sa Manchuria.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP2EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|title=Constructing Empire: The Japanese in Changchun, 1905–45|last=Sewell|first=Bill|date=2019|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-3655-5|page=109|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108115147/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP2EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|archive-date=8 November 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Sa katapusan kan ika-19 siglo asin kapinonan kan ika - 20 siglo, tanganing kontrahon an nag-oorog na impluwensia nin Rusya, hinale kan Dinastiyang Qing an presenteng sistema administratibo sa Manchuria asin ibinalyo liwat an gabos na dayo pasiring sa rehion bilang ''Han'' (Chinese) imbes na mga ''minren'' (民人, sibilyan, bakong-bannermen), mantang sinalidahan an mga heneral nin probinsia kan mga gobernador nin probinsiya. Puon 1902 abot 1911, pitong polong administrasyon sibil an namukna huli sa nagdadakol na populasyon kan Manchuria.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwW6DQAAQBAJ|title=Russia and Its Northeast Asian Neighbors: China, Japan, and Korea, 1858–1945|last=Matsuzato|first=Kimitaka|date=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4985-3705-6|pages=27–28|access-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002073858/https://books.google.com/books?id=YwW6DQAAQBAJ|archive-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> === Mga estados sa sociedad === Susog sa reglamento, an sosyedad nin Qing nababanga sa medyo sararadit na mga estado, na kun saen sa kadaklan na pankagabsan igwa nin lima. Apuera sa mga rogaring kan opisyales, an medyo saradit na aristokrasiya, asin an may-gradong mga [[Iskolar-opisyal|literati]], igwa man nin dakulang pagkabaranga sa tahaw nin ordinaryong Intsik sa pag-oltanan nin namamanwaan asin tawo na mas hababa an posisyon. Nababanga sinda sa duwang kategorya: an saro kaini, an maray na "komun" na tawo, an iba man mga tawong "mararaot" na hinihiling na marigsok asin mapang-uripon. An kadaklan kan populasyon yaon sa enot na kategorya asin sinasabing ''liangmin'', sarong legal na termino na nangangahulogan marahay na mga tawo, kontra sa ''jianmin'' na boot sabihon iyo an maraot (o ignoble) na tawo. An ley sa Qing malinaw na nagsasabi na an tradisyonal na apat na grupong kolonyal kan mga iskolar, paraoma, artesan asin negosyante "marahay", o may status nin komun. Sa ibong na lado, an mga uripon o surugoon, taga-aling (kaiba an mga pampam asin aktor), tatuan na mga kriminal, asin idtong hababang klaseng mga empleyado kan mga opisyal nin gobyerno iyo an "maraot na tawo". An mga tawong ini mas hababa nanggad kisa sa ordinaryong mga tawo asin pigmamaltrato, arog kan pagngalad sainda na kumua nin [[Imperial na pagsiyasat|pagsiyasat kan emperador]]. Dugang pa, an siring na mga tawo parate dai tinotogotan na mag-agom nin talingkas na ordinaryong tawo asin parate ngani nindang hinahagad na rekonoseron an saindang pagkasopog sa sosyedad paagi sa mga gawe-hiro arog kan pagduko. Siring man, sa bilog na dinastiyang Qing, an emperador asin an saiyang korte, saka an burokrasya, nagtrabaho tanganing bawasan an kalaenan kan mga marigsok asin talingkas alagad dai biyong nagin mapanggana dawa pagkatapos kan kapanahonan kaiyan sa pagsararo nin duwang klasipikasyon.{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} ==== Gentry nin Qing ==== {{Authority control}} Maski ngani mayo man nin makusog na pamanang aristokrasya poon pa kan [[Dinastiya Song|dinastiyang Song]], an gentry (''shenshi''), arog kan saindang mga kapareho sa Briton, nagkamit nin nasyonal na mga pribilehio asin nagmanehar nin lokal na gibo. An status kan iskolar-opisyal tinawan kahulogan paagi nin pag'agi sa kisuerra enot na lebel nin mga pagsiyasat sa serbisyo sibil asin pagkapot nin titulo, na nagkuwalipikar saiya na magkapot nin katongdan nasyunal, maski ngani dai man nya gibohon. An miembro kan gentry puedeng legal na magsulot nin maarteng gubing asin makipag-olay sa mga opisyal bilang pantay. Bako pormalmente, an mga gentry puedeng mangenot sa lokal na sosyedad dangan puedeng gamiton an koneksion kaiyan tanganing impluwensiahan an mahistrado, magkaigwa nin daga, asin papagdanayon an darakulang pamilya. Kun siring, bako sanang mga lalaki an kaiba sa gentry kundi pati man an saindang agom asin nagkapirang paryente.{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} [[Ladawan:Qing_era_brush_container.jpg|wala|thumb|An kaagan nin brush simbolo nin eleganteng kultura sa buhay]] An mga klase nin gentry nababanga sa duwang grupo. Bakong gabos na igwang opisina literati, ta an mga pamilyang negosyante pwede magbakal nin mga degrees, asin bakong gabos na nakapasar sa eksaminasyon nakakua nin trabaho bilang opisyal, huli ta mas dakol mga may grado kisa sa bilang ki ikan pagbukas nin posisyon. An klase nin gentry nagkakaralaen man sa gikanan asin kantidad kan saindang kita. An mga pamilya nin literati nagkukua nin kita sa saindang kapot na daga, siring man sa papautang. An mga opisyal nagkua man sa tangran, na, sa nag'aging mga taon, kulang-dikit asin bakong gayo igo, nagresulta sa lakopan na pagsarig sa "squeeze", iregular na bayad. Idtong mga nag-aandam kundi dai nakakapasar sa eksaminasyon, arog kan mga nakapasar pero bako man nombrado sa katongdan, pwede magin paratokdo o paratukdo, pribadong sekretaryo sa nakatukaw na mga opisyal, administrador kan mga guild o templo, o iba pang posisyon na kaipohan nin inadalan. An iba nag-aakto sa mga langtad arog baga nin inhenyeriya, medisina, o ley, na pag-abot kan ikakagsiyam na siglo naghagad nin espesyalisadong edukasyon. Pag-abot kan ikakagsiyam na siglo, dai na makasosopog an magin autor o parahayag nin eroestorya.{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} An mga gentry nin Qing midbid na marhay sa saindang kamawotan sa sarong kulturang estilo nin pamumuhay arog kan legal nindang kamugtakan. Napamarhay asin komportable an buhay ninda kisa sa ordinaryong mga tawo saka naggamit sinda nin sedan na tukawan tanganing makabiyahe dawa harayo. Parati nindang ipinapahiling an saindang kaaraman paagi sa pagtipon nin mga bagay na arog kan gapong pang-adal, porselana o pidaso nin magayon na arte, na naglalaen saind sa mga ordinaryong tawo.{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} ==== Nobleng Qing ==== {{Authority control}} === Pamilya asin paryentes === [[Ladawan:Chan_Clan_Ancestral_Hall_1930s.jpg|thumb|Chen Clan Ancestral Hall (陈家祠) natogdok kan 1894]] Huli sa Qing, an edipisyong bloke nin sosyedad iyong patrilineal, boot sabihon, an lokal na pamilya katakod igdi an naghihilig sa linya kan lalaki, parati pigpalis bilang "clan". An pagbabago sa mga kaugalian nin pag-aagom, an midbidan asin kaimbudan nagpuon nang gibuhon kan dinastiyang Song kan magpuon na salidahan kan pagsiyasat para sa serbisyo sibil an pagigin noble asin mana bilang paagi tanganing magin bantog. Imbes na mag-agom sa laog nin nobleng elitista na iyo man sanang sosyal na kamugtakan, sinda nagkaigwa nin tendensia na makipagbalae sa kataraed na pamilya na parareho o mas halangkaw an kayamanan, asin inestablisar ninda an interes kan lokal na banwaan bilang enot asin pangenot na nakatabang tanganing makaporma nin magkakaparadis na banwa.{{sfnb|Rowe|2009|pp=114–116}} An ideolohiyang neo-Confuciano, lalo na an kaisipan na Cheng-Zhu na pinagmarahay kan sosyal na pagiisip kan Qing, nagtaong doon sa mga pamilyang patrilineal asin genealogy sa sosyedad.{{Sfnp|Sneath|2007}} Sinadol kan mga emperador asin lokal na opisyal an mga pamilya na magkompuwesto nin kasaysayan sa linyahe tanganing parigonon an lokal na sosyedad. An kasaysayan nin linyahe ibinugtak sa tiriponan kan mga apoon, na nagserbing opisina prinsipal asin lugar para sa taonan na atang bilang sarong lahi. An sarong espesipikong Intsik na karakter naglataw sa itinaong ngaran kan kada lalaki sa lambang kapag-arakian, na parate nanggad nadadara sa ngapit. An mga linyang ini naghingako na basado sa biolohikong ginikanan alagad kun an sarong miembro nin linyahe magkaigwa nin katongdan o magin mayaman, tibaad gumamit sia nin awad-awad na pagkamapagmalinalangon sa pagpili nin prestihiosong persona tanganing magin "kagmukna na apoon".{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} An siring na pagsamba may katuyohan tanganing seguradohon na an mga apoon nagdadanay na kontento asin maboot (''[[shen]]'') na magdadanay na mapagbantay asin maprotehir sa pamilya. huri an mga nagmamasid naghona na an kultong apoon nakasentro sa pamilya asin linahe, imbes na sa mas dakol pang pampublikong bagay arog baga kan komunidad asin nasyon.{{Sfnp|Porter|2016}} Inner Mongols asin Khalkha Mongolsi sa Qing bihirang may bisto na saindang mga apoon lampas pa sa apat na henerasyon asin sosyedad nin tribong Mongol an dai inorganisar sa tahaw kan antrilineal na mga clan, sarongat sa paghona kan kadaklan, alagad kabale an daing interes na mga tawo sa pinakabasehan nin organisasyon.{{sfnp|Sneath|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kWMaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112 98]}} Pigpurbaran alagad dai nabantog kan Qing an ideolohiyang Intsik na Neo-Confuciano nin pag'organisar kan sosyedad sa mga patrimonial na clan sa tahaw kan mga Mongol.{{Sfnp|Sneath|2007}} === Relihiyon === {{Authority control}} An mga namamahala sa Manchu namoon nin sarong multi-etnikong imperyo asin an emperador, na pinapanimbag sa "[[Tianxia|Gabos sa Irarom nin Kalangitan]]" o [[Tianxia|Tian Xia]], nagpatrona asin kinua an responsibilidad sa gabos na relihiyon asin sistemang may pagtubod. An "espirituwal na sentro nin grabidad" kan imperyo iyo an "religio-politikal na estado".{{Sfnp|Goossaert|Palmer|2011}} Huli ta an imperyo parte kan orden kan kosmos, na nagtao sa Mandato nin Langit, an Emperador bilang "Aki nin Kalangitan" iyo kapwa an pamayo kan sistema pulitika asin an pamayong padi kan Estadong Cult. An emperador asin an saiyang mga opisyal, na personal niang representante, nag - ako nin paninimbagan sa gabos na aspekto kan imperyo, nangorogna sa espirituwal na buhay asin relihiosong mga institusyon patin kaugalean.<ref>{{Citation|title=Religion, the State, and Imperial Legitimacy}}</ref> An mahistrado sa distrito, bilang politikal asin espirituwal na representante kan emperador, nagatang nin mga dolot sa opisyal na minimidbid na mga templo. An mahistrado nagpahayag sa Sagrado[[ng Edikto]] kan Emperador tanganing suportaran an moralidad na sibiko; maingat niang binabantayan an relihiosong mga organisasyon na an gawe-gibo puedeng magsapeligro sa soberaniya asin relihiyosong prerogatibo kan estado.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Spirits of Chinese Religion|last=Teiser|first=Stephen F.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1996|isbn=|editor-last=Lopez|editor-first=Donald S. Jr.|location=Princeton, NJ|page=27|chapter=Introduction|access-date=15 June 2021|chapter-url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824055938/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf|archive-date=24 August 2015}}</ref> ==== Manchu asin an relihiyon kan imperyo ==== {{Main|Kasaysayan kan dinastiyang Qing}}An pamilya imperyal kan Manchu espesyalmenteng naganyat kan Yellow Sect o [[Gelug]] Budismo na naglakop poon Tibet hanggan sa Mongolia. An [[Ikalimang Dalai Lama|ika-5 Dalai Lama]], na nagkamit nin kapangyarihan kan 1642, bago pa nanggad nagkua kan mga Manchus nin Beijing, naghagad sa korte nin Qing para sa suporta. An mga emperador na Kangxi asin Qianlong naggibo kan arog kaining klase nin Tibetano na Budismo bilang saro sa saindang panharong na relihiyon asin nagtogdok nin mga templo na nagpangyari sa Beijing na magin saro sa sAn entro kaini, asin nakapagibo nin replika kan Palasyo Potala kan Lhasa sa saindang pailihan-tag-init sa [[Rehe]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=China|url=https://archive.org/details/chinainventingna00henr|last=Harrison|first=Henrietta|publisher=London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0340741333|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinainventingna00henr/page/36 36]–42}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Yonghe_Gong_sign.jpg|wala|thumb|An Placard (poon too pawala) sa Manchu, Intsik, Tibetano, Mongolyano sa [[Templo nin Yonghe|Yonghe Lamasery]], Beijing]] An [[Shamanismo]], iyong pinakakomun na relihiyon sa Manchus, sarong espirituwal na mana hale sa saindang mga apoon na Tungusiko na naglaen sainda sa Han Chinese.{{sfnb|Elliott|2001|pp=235, 241}} An [[Shamanismo durante kan dinastiyang Qing#Shamanismo kan Estado pakatapos 1644|shamanismo kan Estado]] importante sa pamilya imperyal pareho tanganing mapagdanay an saindang pagkatawong Manchu asin suportaran an pagigin lehitimo ninda bilang miembro kan imperyo nin mga tribo sa amihanan-sirangan. Sa mga obligasyon na Imperial kabale an mga ritual kan enot na aldaw nin Bagong Taon nin Intsik sa sarong templong shamaniko (tangse).{{Sfnp|Rawski|1998}} Sosog sa mga kaugalean sa Manchu an pag-atang sa mga apoon, asin paggamit nin mga shaman, na parateng babayi, na burid-burid sa paghihingoang makahanap nin kaomayan o mag-eksorcismo.{{Sfnp|Elliott|2001}} ==== Midbid na relihiyon ==== {{Main|Kasaysayan kan dinastiyang Qing}} [[Ladawan:清代官宦人家居家生活圖集._官人進諫.jpg|too|thumb|Patriarkal na pamilya]] An sistemang pagtubod [[(Chinese na relihiyon)|na]] pinakaprimikado sa tahaw kan Han Chinese parati inaapod na lokal, popular, o soanoy na relihiyon, asin nakasentro sa palibot kan pamilya patriarkal, pagmantener kan lalaking linya nin pamilya, asin mga [[Shen (Relihiyon Tsino)|shen]], o espiritu. Sa komun na mga kaugalean mabibilang an [[Pagsamba sa Apoon sa Tsina|pagsamba sa apoon]], [[debosyon sa magurang]], [[Relihiyon sa komunal na diyos-diyosan Tsino|lokal na mga dios asin espiritu]]. Sa mga rituwal kabale an [[Pagsamba sa apoon sa Tsina#Mga gibo-gibo|pagmondo, lamay, paglobong, gibo]].<ref>Richard J. Smith (2007).</ref> Dai sinda naghagad nin eksklusibong pagsuportar, an mga porma asin sanga kan [[Confucianismo]], [[Budismo]], asin [[Daoismo]] nagsaralbidan, arog kan sa signipikanteng [[Tolong mga katokdoan]].<ref>"Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late Imperial China (1644–1911)" (Columbia University) [http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/ort/teachings.htm Institutional Religion: The Three Teachings] {{Webarchive}}</ref> An relihiyon kan mga Intsik pinagsaro an elemento kan tolo, na may lokal na pagkakaiba.{{Sfnp|Lagerwey|2010}} An mga mahistrado nin sarong lugar, na tinawan nin grado asin napromotir sa saindang abilidad sa pagpadanay kan lokal na orden, nagkonsinte sa lokal na mga sekta asin nagpatrona pa ngani kan lokal na mga templo sagkod na husay an mga iyan, alagad ta suspetsoso sinda sa sistema nin heterodox na dai nagtutubod sa autoridad kan estado asin hinaboan an mga doktrina kan emperador. An iba kaining mga sekta tunay nanggad na may halawig na kasaysayan nin rebelyon, arog kan [[Xiantiandao|Dalan nin Dating Langit]], na naghali sa Daoismo, asin an [[Rebelyon kan Puting Lotus|Puting Lotus]] tradisyunal na sosyedad, na nagpakol sa milenyal na Budismo. An [[Rebelyon kan Puting Lotus]] (1796-1804) kinompirmar an mga opisyal na duda siring man an Rebelyon kan Taiping, na nagatu sa milenyal na Kristianismo. ==== Kristianismo, Judaismo, Asin Islam ==== {{Authority control}} An mga [[Mga relihiyon na Abrahamiko|relihiyon na Abrahamiko]] nagdatong hale sa Solnopan Asya kaidto pang dinastiyang Tang alagad an saindang pag'insistir na dapat sindang gibohon manta na ibang relihiyon ginibo sinda na bakong gayong madali ipag-adaptar kisa Budismo, na tolos inako bilang tubo. An Islam nagdominar sa mga lugar nin Sentral Asia kan imperyo, mantang an Judaismo asin Kristiyanismo ginigibo sa tugdas na maray alagad saro-sadiring komunidad.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC|title=Imperial China, 900–1800|last=Mote|first=Frederick W.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1999|isbn=0674445155|location=Cambridge, MA|author-link=Frederick W. Mote|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406113908/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC|archive-date=6 April 2017}}</ref> Ginatos na Katolikong misyonero an nag-abot poon sa huring kabtang kan Ming sagkod sa pagproponer nin Kristianismo kan 1724. An m[[Jesucristong mga misyon sa Tsina|ga Jesuita]] nakibagay sa linalaom kan mga Intsik, nag-ebanghelyo poon sa itaas pababa, inako an haralabang gubing asin estilo nin pamumuhay nin literati, nagin eksperto sa klasikong Confuciano, asin dai inangkat an moral na pamantayan kan Tsina. Nakua ninda an saindang halaga sa amay na mga emperador nin Manchu paagi sa trabahong pambadil, kartograpiya, asin astronomiya, alagad ta dai sinda uminoyon sa laog nin kadikit na panahon sagkod kan 1692 na pagboot ni Emperador Kangxi mapadapit sa pagpapahunod.{{sfnb|Bays|2012|pp=21–23}} Sa mga probinsia, an bagong abot na mga klerigong [[Dominicano]] asin [[Franciscano]] nag-establisar nin puerang mga komunidad na nakibagay sa relihiosong mga kaugalean kan lokal na mga tawo paagi sa pagdodoon sa pagpaomay, kapiestahan, asin banal na mga aldaw imbes na sakramento saka doktrina. Sa kapinonan kan ikakagwalong siglo, an sarong spectrum nin Kristianong mga nagtutubod nagpatindog na nin mga komunidad.{{Sfnp|Bays|2012}} Kan 1724, an [[Emperador Yongzheng]] (1678-1735) nag-anunsiar na an Kristianismo sarong "heterodox na katokdoan" asin huli kaini idiniklas.{{Sfnp|Reilly|2004}} Kun siring, mantang an mga misyonerong Katoliko sa Europa padagos na nagkontrol kan sadiri nindang kamot asin dai tinogotan an paggibo nin sarong propiong klero, mas marikas na matalubo an kabilangan nin mga Katoliko pakalihis kan 1724 asin an lokal na mga komunidad kaya nindang gumibo nin sadiring mga susundon saka pamantayan. Kan 1811, an Kristianong mga aktibidad sa relihion orog pang ginibong kriminal kan [[Emperador Jiaqing]] (1760- 1820).{{Sfnp|Reilly|2004}} An pagpangalad kan imperyo hinale nin Tratado kan 1846.{{Sfnp|Elliott|2001}} An kaenot-enoteng Protestanteng misyonero sa Tsina iyo si [[Robert Morrison (misyonero)|Robert Morrison]] (1782-1834) kan [[London Mission Society]] (LMS),{{Sfnp|Daily|2013}} na nagdatong sa Canton kan Septyembre 6, 1807. &nbsp;Pigtapos nia an sarong traduksion kan bilog na Biblia kan 1819.{{Sfnp|Daily|2013}} [[Liang Fa|Liang Afa]] (1789–1855 ), sarong natukdoan ni Morrison na Tsino, nagsanga sa misyon kan pag'ebanghelyo sa laog nin Tsina.{{sfnp|Daily|2013|pp=188–189}} An duwang Gerang Opyo (1839-1860) iyo an nagtanda kan pinansya nin mga misyon Kristiyano na Protestante.{{Sfnp|Reilly|2004}} An Tratado [[nin Nanjing]],{{Sfnp|Reilly|2004}} tratado sa Amerika asin an tratado kan mga Pranses na pinirmahan kan 1844,{{sfnp|Reilly|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/taipingheavenlyk00reil/page/n61 49]}} asin an 1858 Tratado kan Tianjin,{{sfnp|Reilly|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/taipingheavenlyk00reil/page/n61 49]}} pinaglaen an Kristianismo hale sa lokal na mga relihiyon asin tinawan iyan nin protehido bilang status.{{sfnp|Reilly|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/taipingheavenlyk00reil/page/n62 50]}}pAn popular na mga kultong Intsik, arog baga kan [[Puting Lotus]] asin an Walong Trigram, iprinesentar an saindang sadiri bilang Kristiano tanganing magkaigwa man kaining proteksion.{{Sfnp|Reilly|2004}} huring kabtang kan 1840s Hong [[Xiuquan]] binasa an Intsik na Biblia ni Morrison, siring man an ephletic ignorica ni Lia, asin ipinaisi sa saiyang mga parasunod na an Kristianismo sa katunayan iyo na an relihiyon nin suanoy na Tsina bago iyan pinalayas ni Confucio asin kan saiyang mga parasunod. an nagbilog kan Tai[[hale sa Karibarawan|ping Movement]], na nagbutwa sa Sur Tsina bilang sarong "kolusyon kan tradisyon nin milenaryanong rebelyon asin Kristiyanong mesiyanisyano", "apocalyptikong rebolusyon, Kristiyanismo, asin 'komunista ulotuanismo'".{{Sfnp|Goossaert|Palmer|2011}} akalihis nin 1860, an pagpaotob kan mga tratado nagtogot sa mga misyonero na palakopon an saindang paghihingoang mag - ebanghelyo sa luwas kan Tratado Ports. saindang presensia nagbunga nin kultural asin politikal na pagtumang. kan historyador na si John [[K. Fairbank]] na "t]o an intelektuwal-mady, mga misyonerong Kristiyano an dayuhan na parasakop sa ibang nasyon, na an imoral na paggawi asin pagtutukdo suportado nin mga putok".<ref>{{Citation|title=China: A New History}}.</ref> suminunod na mga dekada, igwa nin mga 800 na iriwal sa pag - oltanan kan mga Kristiano asin bakong-Kristiano (ji''ao'an'') sa kadaklan manongod sa daing relihiyon na mga isyu, arog baga kan diretso sa daga o lokal na buhis, alagad an relihiosong ralaban parateng nasa likod kan siring na mga kaso. tig - init nin 1900, siring sa inisip kan mga kapangyarihan hale sa ibang nasyon an pagkabaranga kan Tsina, mga hobenes sa baryo, na inaapod na Boxers, na naggibo nin martial arts asin espirituwal na mga gibo nin Intsik, naghimate tumang sa Solnopan na kapangyarihan asin mga iglesia, sinalakay saka ginadan an Tsinong mga Kristiano asin dayong misyonero sa Pagkriste. mga imperyalistang poderes nagsakyada naman asin nag'imponer nin awad - nganang pagkaindemonya. gobyerno kan Beijing huminiro paagi sa pagimplementar nin substansiyal asin mga reporma administratibo alagad an pagkadaog na ini nakakumbinsir sa dakol sa edukadong mga pili na an popular na relihion olang sa pagtalubo kan Tsina bilang sarong modernong nasyon, asin an nagkapira nagin espirituwal na kasangkapan tanganing magtogdok.{{Sfnp|Goossaert|Palmer|2011}} 1900, mga 1,400 na padi asin madreng Katoliko sa Tsina an naglilingkod nin haros 1 milyon na Katoliko. &nbsp;ng {{Sfnp|Mühlhahn|2019}},000 na misyonerong Protestante an aktibo sa tahaw kan 250,000 na Kristianong Protestante sa Tsina.[1] - establisar nin mga klinika asin ospital an mga misyonerong medikal sa Solnopan, asin nagdirehir sinda sa medisina sa Tsina.<ref>{{Cite book|title='Heal the Sick' was Their Motto: The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China|last=Gerald H. Choa|publisher=Chinese University Press|year=1990}}</ref> puon mag-establisar nin mga eskwelahan sa pag'adal kan nars kadtong huring parte kan 1880, alagad an nursing of akawity na kalalakihan ni women pinagsikwal kan lokal na tradisyon, kaya bilang kan estudyante sadit sagkod 1930s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaiyi Chen|title=Missionaries and the early development of nursing in China|date=1996|pages=129–149}}</ref> == Ekonomiya == {{Authority control}} [[Ladawan:Xián_Fēng_Tōng_Bǎo_(咸豐通寶)_1850–1861_Qing_Dynasty_cash_coin.png|too|thumb|Xián Fēng Tōng Bǎo (咸豐通寶) 1850-1861 Qing dinastiya tanso (tumbaga) sinsilyong kuwarta]] [[Ladawan:Yantai_(Chefoo),_Qing_Dynasty_postage_stamp.gif|thumb|Sarong postage stamp hale sa [[Yantai]] (Chefoo) kan dinastiyang Qing]] Sa paghinanapos kan ika-17 na siglo, an ekonomiya nin Tsina naomayan sa pandestrosong ibinunga kan mga gera na ikinadaog kan dinastiya[[ng Ming]].{{Sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002}} Sa suminunod na siglo, padagos na naghiwas an mga saodan, alagad mas dakol an nagin trabaho sa pag-oltanan nin mga rehiyon, sarong orog na pagsarig sa ibang nasyon asin pagdakulang marhay kan populasyon.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|p=564}} Sa katapusan kan ika-18 siglo an populasyon nag'abot nang 300 milyon hale sa garo 150 milyones durante kan huring dinastiya nin Ming. An dramatikong paglangkaw nin populasyon huli sa nagkapirang rason, kaiba an halawig na peryodo nin katoninongan asin karigonan kan ika-18 siglo asin an epekto kan bagong mga pananom na naguno kan Tsina hale sa Amerika, kabale an mani, kamote asin mais. An bagong mga species nin paroy hale sa Habagata-sirangan na Asya nagbunga nin dakulaon na pagdugang sa produksyon. An mga grupo nin parapamakal nagdakol sa gabos na syudad sa Tsina asin parateng nagkakaigwa nin dakulang sosyal saka politikal pa nganing impluwensiya. An mayayaman na mga negosyante na may opisyal na mga koneksyon naggibo nin dakulaon na kayamanan asin nagpatrona nin literatura, teatro asin arte. An produksyon nin yamit asin gibong-kamot urog na uminuswag.{{Sfnp|Murphey|2007}} Pinahiwas kan gobyerno an pagsasadiri nin daga paagi sa pagbalik kan nasyon na ipinabakal sa darakulang kagsadiri nin lote kaidtong huring panahon nin Ming kan mga pamilya na dai kayang magbayad kan buhis sa daga.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|p=593}} Tanganing mas makaengganyar sa mga tawo na magpartisipar sa saodan, pinababa ninda an pagabat sa buhis kun ikokomparar sa huring Ming, asin sinalidahan nin sarong sistema cor[[vée]] paagi sa buhis sa kada payo na ginagamit sa pag-kua nin mga paratrabaho. An pamahala kan [[Grand Canal (Tsina)|Dakulang Kanal]] ginibong mas episiente, asin an transportasyon nagbukas sa pribadong mga negosyante.{{Sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002}} An sarong sistema nin pagbantay sa presyo kan tipasi hinale an grabeng mga kakulangan, asin nagpangyari na luway-luway asin aregladong lumataw an kantidad nin bagas sagkod ika-18 siglo.{{Sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002}} Ribaraw kan kapangyarihan nin mayayaman na negosyante, linimitaran sana kan mga namamahala sa Qing an saindang lisensia sa pagnegosyo asin parateng sinasayumahan sinda nin permiso na magbukas nin bagong mga mina, apuera sa pobreng lugar.{{sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002|pp=606, 609}} An mga restriksion na ini sa pag-eksplorar sa mga lokal na pigkukuanan, siring man sa negosyo nin ibang nasyon, an piglibak kan nagkapirang intelektuwal bilang dahelan kan [[Dakulang Pagkaralaen-laen]], na paagi kaiyan an [[Solnopan na kinaban]] naenotan an ekonomiya nin Tsina.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[: Kinaipuhan an Pag-init|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> e kan peryodong Ming-Qing ({{Sfnp|Porter|2016}}-1911) an pinakadakulang paguswag sa ekonomiya nin Tsina iyo an transisyon kaini hale sa pagboot pasiring sa sarong ekonomiya, na an huri orog na nagigin lakop sa bilog na pamamahala kan Qing.[1] kadtong 1550 abot 1800 Tsina tama an pakaeksperyensia nin ikaduwang rebolusyon komersyal, na nagtatalubo natural poon sa enot na rebolusyunal kan panahong Sorsogon na nahiling an pagbutwa nin halawigan na inter-rehiyon na negosyo nin mga mabentahon. e kan ikaduwang rebolusyon komersyal, sa kaenot - enote, an dakulang porsiento nin mga pamilyang paraoma nagpoon na magprodusir nin pananom para sa pagpabakal sa lokal asin nasyonal na mga saodan imbes na para sa sadiri nindang pagkonsumo o pagkakarte sa tradisyonal na ekonomiya. ga pananom na Surplus ikinaag sa merkado nasyonal para sa pagbenta, pag'ukit kan mga paraoma sa ekonomiya komersyal hale sa daga pataas. natural na nagbunga nin pag - espesyalisar sa mga rehion sa nagkapirang csh-crops para sa eksport mantang an ekonomiya kan Tsina orog na nagigin interesado sa negosyo nin interregasyonal nin darakulang produkto arog baga nin gapas, tipasi, bansan, lana sa gulay, produktong kadlagan, produktong hayop, asin abonoriya.{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} === Pirak === An plata naglaog sa darakulang kaunusan gikan sa mga mina sa [[Bagong Kinaban]] matapos na sakopon kan mga Kastila an Filipinas kan dekada 1570. Sa pagbukas liwat kan baybayon timog-sirangan, na sinerahan sa huring kabtang kan ika-17 siglo, marikas na nagbuhay giraray nin pamamakal, na naghiwas sa 4% taonan durante kan ikaduwang parte kan ika-18 siglo.{{Sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002}} An Tsina padagos na nag'eksportar nin tsa, mga seda asin pagibohan, na naggibo nin dakula, paborableng [[balanse nin negosyo|balanse sa negosyo]] kaiba kan Solnopan.{{sfnp|Murphey|2007|p=151}} An ibinungang paghiwas kan suplay nin kuarta nagsusuportar sa kompetisyon asin marigon na mga saodan.{{Sfnp|Myers|Wang|2002}} Sa katahawan kan Ming na Tsina luwayluway na naghira sa pirak bilang estandarteng kompwesto nin darakulang transaksyon asin kan huri paghade ni Kangxi an pag'alaman asin koleksyon kan buhis sa daga ginibo sa plata. An mga kagsadiri nin daga nagpoon nang umako nin arkila sa pirak imbes na ani mismo, na pig-insentibaran an mga paraoma tanganing magprodusir nin pananom para sa pagpabakal sa lokal asin nasyonal na mga saodan imbes na huli sa saindang personal na pag-inom o barter.{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} Bakong arog kan mga sinsilyong tanso, ''qian'' o cash, na sa pangenot ginagamit para sa mas saradit na transaksion, an pirak dai puedeng ilaog sa sarong sentimo kundi imbes ipinagnegosyo sa mga yunit nin timbang: an ''liang'' o ''tael'', na katimbang nin halos 1.3 onsa nin plata. An katolong pasangahan kaipuhan darahon tanganing hilingon an timbang asin kadalisayan kan pirak, na nagresulta sa ekstrang "meltage fee" dagdag pa ngane sa presyo nin transaksyon. Dugang pa, huli ta an "meltage fee" dai regularisado komo ini an ginigikanan nin korapsyon. An [[Emperador Yongzheng]] nagta'tak sa mga marigsok na "meltage fee", pigsalegal asin pigregularisar an mga ini tanganing sinda makolekta bilang buhis. Sa bagong padakol na pampublikong kaban, an emperador nin Yongzheng orog pang pigtaasan an mga sueldo kan mga opisyal na nagkolekta kaiyan, na ibinibilang pa an pirak bilang pamantayan kan ekonomiya nin Qing.{{Sfnp|Porter|2016}} === Urbanisasyon asin an pagpapadakul nin mga bakalan-banwaan === An ikaduwang rebolusyon komersyal nagkaigwa man nin hararom na epekto sa pagkawararak kan mga namamanwaan Qing. Durante kan huring parte kan Ming igwang grabeng pagkakaiba an mga provincia asin siyudad ta pigkukuanan nin sobrang mga ani an mga banwa na tradisyonal na ginigibo kan estado. Alagad, mantang nagdadakula an komersyal sa huring-Ming asin amay na Qing, nagpoon magburutwa an mga katamtaman kadakulang mga syudad tanganing direkta an paghiro kan mga domestiko, negosyong pangkomersyo. An ibang mga banwaan na arog kaini may dakulang tomo nin negosyo asin negosyanteng nag'aagi igdi mala ta nagtalubo an mga ini nagin pano-buhay na bakalan-banwaan. An iba sa mga ini mas aktibong pamakalan asin nagin saradit na siudad ngani saka pig-istaran sinda kan bagong nagdadakol na grupong negosyante. Sa pagdakol kaining mga katamtaman na dakulang mga siyudad nagibo sana kan mga pag'uswag sa halawig na transportasyon asin komunikasyon. SA padakol nang padakol na siudadanong Intsik an nagbibiahe sa pagnegosyo sa nasyon, paorog sindang nagigin nasa harayong lugar na nangangaipo nin madagosan; huli ta naheling kan saod an pagpahiwas kan mga guold hall tanganing istaran kan mga negosyanteng ini.{{Sfnp|Porter|2016}} butwa an mga panolbong na guilder sa negosyo, na, kabilang sa iba pang bagay, nagpaluwas nin mga kodigo reglatoryo asin iskedyul sa presyo, asin nagtao nin lugar para sa mga matrayumpong negosyante tanganing magdagos asin magkondukta kan saindang negosyo. kan mga guild sa negosyong ihigauan, an gurodong mga tiriponan na idinusay sa mas espesipikong mga propesyon, go''ngsuo'', nagpoon na lumataw asin kontrolon an komersial na trabaho o industriya nin artesanal arog baga nin karpenstry, paghabol, pagbisiklilan, asin medisina. - abot kan ikadesinuebeng siglo an mga guroild na tiriponan tanganing gibohon na kosmopolitan, dakol na beses sa laen - laen na pagbiyada, naggibo nin saradit na aktibidad para sa publikong nasyon, nagkaigwa nin daga paagi sa pagtarok nin pondo na magkairibanan sa estilo nin kabuhayan, asin may nagkapira pa ngani na pinadali an pagpaoswag nin sosyal na serbisyo arog baga kan pagpapadanay nin mga tinampo, suplay nin tubig, asin pasilidad sa pagtatahi.{{Sfnp|Rowe|2009}} === Pakikipamakal sa Solnopan === {{Authority control}} {{Continental Asia in 1700 CE}} [[Ladawan:Puankhequa_oil_painting_on_a_mirror.jpg|thumb|Si [[Puankhequa]], negosyanteng Intsik asin miembro nin pamilyang [[Cohong]]]] 1685, legalmenteng ginibong negosyo kan emperador nin Kangxi an pribadong marihotime sa may baybayon, na nag - eestablisar nin sunod - laen na kostumbre sa darakulang siudad para sa mga duongan. estasyon nin mga kaugalian sa Canton nagin nanggad na aktibo sa negosyo kan dayuhan; kan huring restoran na Kangxi, labing sampolong harong na merkado an nag'aspecialyo sa pagnenegosyo sa Solnopan nagluwas na. emperador nin Yongzheng naggibo nin sarong korporasyon sa magurang na binibilog kan sampolong indibiduwal na mga harong na idto kan 1725 na inaapod na Co[[hong]] system. kusog na itinindog kan 1757, an Canton [[hong|Cohong]] sarong kasararoan nin mga hubin pang kompanya sa negosyo na nagtaong eksklusibong deretso sa pagkondukta nin pagnenegosyo sa mga negosyanteng Solnopan sa Canon. na ini matapos an Gerang Opium kan {{Sfnp|Porter|2016}}, an sistemang Canton Cohong iyo sana an tinutugot na paagi nin negosyo sa Solnopan pasiring Tsina, asin huli kaini nagin sarong nakakabuong sentro nin internasyonal na pagnenegosyo.[1] laog kan ika-19ng siglo, an pinaka-importanteng eksport na Tsina iyo na an tsa. British hagad nin tsa orog na nag'orog sa pagtapsok sagkod na saindang mamantinir kun paano ini patubohon mismo sa kabubuldan kan norteng Indya kan mga 1880. katapusan kan ika-{{Sfnp|Porter|2016}} siglo, an mga eksport na nag - aagi sa sistema nin Canton Cohong uminabot sagkod sa saro sanang parte kan entrada hale sa buhis na tinipon gikan sa Britania asin haros enterong pagkamundag liwat kan British East India Company; sa katunayan, sagkod sa pagpopoon kan ikakagsiyam na siglong tsa may siyam na polo porsientong export na naghahale sa Canon.[1] === Kita === An natalaan na kita kan gobyerno sentral nin Qing nagdugang nin kadikit durante kan ika-18 asin kapinonan kan ika-19 siglo poon 36,106,483 taels kan 1725 sagkod 43,343,978 tael kan 1812 bago magbaba sa 38,600,570 tael kan 1841, an buwis sa daga iyo an pangenot na gikanan nin prinsipal na kita kan gobyerno, an asin, aduana asin buhis bilang importanteng sekondaryo na pinagkukuanan .{{Sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978}} Kasunod kan mga gerang Opyo asin pagbukas nin Tsina sa negosyong dayuhan saka kaidtong mga rebelyon kan kabangaan kan siglo, duwa pang importanteng gikanan nin kita an nadagdag: an kita kan dayuhan na adwana pandagat asin an kita sa [[Likin (pagbubuwis)|likin]] minsan ngani 20% na sana kan likin an aktuwal na itinatao kan mga probinsia sa Hu Pu (ripon kan kita) sa Beijing na an iba natada pa sa kamot kan provincia, nahimo man kan Hu Pu na makadagdag nin mga miscellaneous na buwis asin nadugangan an pagbubuwis sa asin tanganing madoble an kita sa huring kabtang kan ika-19 siglo, alagad dai nahaloy kinulang ini para sa gobyerno sentral sa panahon nin mga krisis asin gera asin 9 na utang panluwas na nagkantidad 40 mil na tael na naguno kan gobyerno nin Qing bago an 1890.{{Sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978}} Pigkakarkulo kan mga 1850 na an sueldo sa palibot kan kabisera nin Beijing asin rehiyon sa sabang nin Yangtze para sa sarong paraoma nasa pag-oltanan nin 0.99 sagkod 1.02 tael kada bulan na pag hinuna na ini ipinagtrabaho lambang aldaw makantidad nin halos 12 tael kada taon sa labing 400,000,000 na namamanwaan kan 1890 labi kaluya an lebel nin buhis.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=The last guardian of the throne: the regional army in the late Qing dynasty|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/last-guardian-of-the-throne-the-regional-army-in-the-late-qing-dynasty/BA85E0DB84C8174D815F9DC2E59A635E}}</ref> An bureau sa Pagpakarhay Pinansyal kan Dinastiya (nabantolin kan 1909) tinatayang total na kita sa 292,000,000 na tael. Pigtantya ni H.B. Morse na sa kaamayan nin 1900s an total uminabot 284,150,000 na tael kun saen 99,062,000 na tael an piggamit kan gobyerno Sentral, 142,37434,000 na tael kan mga gobyernong probinsyal asin an natada pa sa lokal na gobyerno. Kan 1911 an Konsultatibong asamblea tinatayang total na kita asta 301,910,297 tael. Sa kabilangan na ini an labing 44,000,000 na tael hale sa Likin kun saen 13,000,000 sana kaiyan an ibinareta sa Beijing.{{Sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978}} An gobyerno nin Qing durante asin sunod sa Enot na gerang Sino-Hapones orog na nag'utang ngane maabot an mga kahagadan kaini a total na 746,220,453 tael na medyo labi 330,000,000 na takal para sa konstruksyon kan riles asin an pagbayad na mahale sa kita kan mga riles kaya mismo an mga pasubling ini dai nakapagabat sa sentral na gobyernong pinansyal. An medyo sadit sanang kantidad na labing 25,500,000 na tael an sinublian para sa mga proyektong industriyal, labi sa 5,000,000 na tael para sa Telegraph na may mayo pang 1,000,000 na tael para sa ibang katuyohan. An natatada sa pangenot para sa gastos kan gerang Sino-Hapones asin an bayad-distroso sa Tratado nin Shimonoseki na uminabot nin labing 382,000,000 na tael.{{Sfnp|Twitchett|Fairbank|1978}} Pinagtala ni Taizu na an mga numerong ini para sa pormal na pabubuwis kabanga sana kan total asin kun siring ibinabalik an kita kan gobyerno paagi sa mga surcharge na tiglalaag sa lokal na lebel nin lokal na mga opisyal na dai nanggad nagin gayong tamaan tanganing suportaran dawa an pundamental na pamamahala, apisar kan abilidad na magdugang nin surcharge na panurusadiri sana kan sentral na gobyerno.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The ideological foundations of Qing taxation:Belief systems, Politics, and institutions|last=Taizu|first=Zhang|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2023|isbn=978-1108995955|location=Cambridge|pages=46, 69, 99}}</ref> == Syensya asin teknolohiya == {{Main|Kasaysayan kan dinastiyang Qing}}mga iskolar na Intsik, akademya sa korte, asin lokal na mga opisyales pinasan an hararayong kusog kan dinastiyang Ming sa astronomiya, matematika, asin heograpiya, saka teknolohiya [[ga seramiko nin Intsik|ga seramiko]], metallurigya, transporte nin tubig, pag [[nin pag - imprenta sa Sirangan na Asia|- imprenta]]. sa mga stereotypes sa nagkapirang isinurat sa Solnopan, ika - 16 asin ika-17 siglo an opisyales kan dinastiya nin Qing saka tataong magbasarati galagang siniyasat an teknolohiya asin siensia na iinintrodusir kan mga misyonero ni Jesucristo. kan mga namomoon sa Manchu si Jesucristo tanganing gamiton an canon asin badil sagkod na madaog nin dakulang epekto an Tsina, asin inisponsor kan korte an saindang pagsiyasat bilang astronomiya. siring, an katuyohan kan mga paghihingoang ini iyo na repormahon asin paoswagon an minanang siensia saka teknolohiya, bakong salidahan iyan. - oswag an sientipikong kaaraman durante kan Qing, alagad mayo nin pagbabago sa paagi na inorganisar an kaaraman na ini o kun paano tinawan nin kahulogan an siyentipikong ebidensia o nabalo an katotoohan kaiyan. mga nag - aadal sa pisikal na uniberso ihiniras an saindang nadiskobre asin nagpamidbid bilang tawo nin siensia, alagad mayo sinda nin separado asin independienteng propesyonal na kabtang kaiba kan sadiring pagsasanay asin pag - oswag kaiyan. tatao man giraray sa pagbasa.{{Sfnp|Porter|2016}} The [[Mga Gerang Apyan|Opium Wars]], however, demonstrated the power of steam engine and military technology that had only recently been put into practice in the West. During the [[Self-Strengthening Movement]] of the 1860s and 1870s Confucian officials in several coastal provinces established an industrial base in military technology. The introduction of [[History of rail transport in China|railroads into China]] raised questions that were more political than technological. A British company built the {{Convert|12|mi|km}} Shanghai–Woosung line in 1876, obtaining the land under false pretenses, and it was soon torn up. Court officials feared local public opinion and that railways would help invaders, harm farmlands, and obstruct [[feng shui]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Confucian patriotism and the destruction of the Woosung railway, 1877}}</ref> To keep development in Chinese hands, the Qing government borrowed 34&nbsp;billion taels of silver from foreign lenders for railway construction between 1894 and 1911. As late as 1900, only {{Convert|292|mi|km}} were in operation. Finally, {{Convert|5200|mi|km}} of railway was completed. The British and French after 1905 opened lines to Burma and Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESnBiR7vLPQC&pg=PA223|title=World Railways of the Nineteenth Century|last=Jim Harter|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0801880896|page=223|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630155533/https://books.google.com/books?id=ESnBiR7vLPQC&pg=PA223|archive-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> Protestanteng mga misyonero kan 1830 trinadusir asin inimprenta an siensia sa Solnopan saka librong medikal. mga librong pinag - aadalan nanompongan an mga harong sa marikas na naghihiwas na sistema nin paadalan asin unibersidad para sa pagmimisyonero. mga librong pinag - aadalan nagbukas nin bukas na posibilidad para sa sadit na bilang kan estudyanteng Intsik na interesado sa siensia, asin kakadikit an interesado sa teknolohiya. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ontheirowntermss00elma|title=On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550–1900|last=Benjamin Elman|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0674016859|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ontheirowntermss00elma/page/n308 270]–331, 396|url-access=limited}}</ref> 1900, mas dakula an papel kan Hapon sa pagdara nin modernong siyensiya asin teknolohiya sa mga Intsik pero dawa kaidto nakaabot sinda sa panginot na paagi sa saindang kaakian. == Arte asin kultura == [[Ladawan:Pine,_Plum_and_Cranes.jpg|thumb|''Pino,Sigwelas asin Talaod'', 1759, ni Shen Quan]] Sa irarom kan Qing, uminuswag an mga minanang porma nin arte asin nagkaigwa nin mga inobasyon sa dakul na lebel asin sa dakol na klase. An haalangkaw na pagkanood, an matrayumpong industriya sa pagpublikar, asensadong mga siudad, asin an Confuciano na nagdodoon kan pagkultibar gabos nagpakakan sa sarong buhay asin malinalang na lugar nin kultura. Sa katapusan kan ika-kagsiyam na siglo, an nasyonal na mga artista asin kultural na kinaban nagpoon magduman sa pakiuyon sa kultura kosmopolitano kan Solnopan asin Hapon. An desisyon na magdanay sa laog nin daan na mga porma o maogmang akoon an Solnopan na mga modelo igwa na ngunyanin mainaram na pagpili. An natukdoan-klasikong mga iskolar na Confuciano arog ni [[Liang Qichao]] asin [[Wang Guowei]] mahiwas na nagbasa asin pigbari an estetiko saka kritikal na baskog na sa huri pigpatalubo sa New [[Culture Movement]]. === Belyas-artes === [[Ladawan:Imperial_Yellow_Peking_Glass_Vase.jpg|wala|thumb|Sarong Peking glass vase kan panahon nin [[Emperador Daoguang|Daoguang]] Natotomok sa "Imperyal na Gyawon", huli sa asosasyon kaini sa Qing.]] An mga emperador sa Qing parate eksperto sa berso asin kun beses mahusay magpinta, saka nag-aagyat kan saindang patrona sa kulturang Confuciano. Halimbawa, inako kan mga Emperador Kangxi asin Qianlong an tradisyon nin Intsik tanganing kontrolon sinda asin ibalangibog an saindang pagigin lehitimo. An Emperador Kangxi nagpadrino sa [[Peiwen Yunfu|''Peiwen Yunfu'']], sarong diksionaryo nin rima na ipinublikar kan 1711, asin an [[Diccionariong Kangxi|''Diccionariong Kangxi'']] na pinublikar kan 1716, na sagkod ngonyan saro pang may autoridad na reperensia. An Emperador Qianlong an nagpadrino kan pinakadakulang koleksyon nin mga kasuratan sa historya kan Tsina, an ''[[Kompletong Librarya kan Apat na Kayamanan]]'', nahaman kan 1782. An mga pintor sa Korte naggibo nin bagong mga bersion kan obra maestrang Song, ni [[Zhang Zeduan]] na [[Sa Salog kaidtong Kafiestahan nin Qingming|''Sa Salog kaidtong Kafiestahan nin Qingming'']], na an paglaladawan sa sarong asensado asin maogmang rona nagpapaheling kan pagkamarhayon kan emperador. An mga emperador kun nagpapasyar sa timog nagsugo nin dakulaon na mga rolyo tanganing iladawan an kadakulaan kan okasyon.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> An mga patron na Imperial inengganyar man an paggibo industriyal nin [[seramiko]] asin Tsinong eksport na porselana. An Peking glassware nagin popular pakatapos maintrodusir kan mga Jesuita an proseso nin paggibo nin salming kan mga Europeo sa Beijing.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>Boda, Yang.</ref> Durante kan peryodong ini an dalagan nin mga pangyayari sa Europa na arogon an mga artistikong tradisyon na Intsik, na inaapod na [[chinoiserie]] nagkamit man nin dakulang popularidad sa Europa huli sa paglangkaw sa negosyo sa Tsina asin mas mahiwas na sulog nin [[Orientalismo]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chinese Whispers: Chinoiserie in Britain, 1650–1930|last=Beevers|first=David|publisher=Royal Pavilion & Museums|year=2009|isbn=978-0-948723-71-1|location=Brighton|pages=19}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Landscape_by_Wang_Gai_1694.tiff|thumb|Tanawon ni Wang Gai, 1694]] Alagad, an pinakamakangangalas na mga gibong estetiko ginibo sa tahaw kan mga intelektuwal asin elitista kan syudad. An kaligrapiya asin pagpinta<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> natada pa man na pangenot na interes sa mga pintor kan korte sagkod para-adal na pinagkokonsiderar an [[apat na arte]] parte kan saindang identidad kultural asin panindog-sosyal.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> An pagpinta kan m[[ng Intsik|ga enot na]] [[tao|taon]] kan dinastiya an siring na mga pintor arog kan otodox Four Wangs asin an mga indibidwalistang si Bad[[a Shanren]] asin Shitao. ika-siyam na siglo nahiling an mga innovasyon arog kan Shanghai [[School]] asin Lrengnan School,<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> na naggamit nin teknikal na abilidad sa tradisyon tanganing maibugtak an entablado para sa modernong pagpipinta. === Tradisyonal na Pag - adal asin literatura === - oswag an tradisyonal na pakanood, nangorogna sa mga Saksing Ming arog ni Dai [[Zhen]] asin Gu [[Yanwu]], alagad an mga iskolar sa paadalan nin risang marhay na pag - adal naggibo nin bagong mga pagbabago sa mapagdudang inadalan kan teksto. mga iskolar-bureae, kaiba sinda Lin [[Zexu]] asin We[[i Yuan]], nagmukna nin sarong eskwelahan na may praktikal na statecraft na nakagamot sa repormang buroktiko asin pagreensayo sa pilosopiya klasikal. [[File:Jade_book-IMG_4433_4434_4435_4436-white.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jade_book-IMG_4433_4434_4435_4436-white.jpg|wala|thumb|Jade book of the [[:en:Qianlong_Emperor|Qianlong]] period on display at the [[:en:British_Museum|British Museum]]]] Pilosopiya<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia}}</ref> asin literatura nagdakul nin bagong langkaw sa panahong Qing. padagos si Poetry bilang sarong tanda kan kinultibar na lalaki, alagad an mga babae nagsurat nin mas dakol asin poeta hale sa gabos na klase nin pamumuhay. tula kan dinastiyang Qing sarong buhay na langtad nin pag-aadal, pinag'adalan (halì sa mga rawitdawit [[ng - awit na tula|kan dinastiyang Ming]]) para sa pakikiiba kaini sa obrang Intsik, pagmuknal na uso kan Classical Chinese poemry, an transisyon pasiring mas dakulang papel para sa panrehiyon na tataramon, asin para sa berso kan mga kababaihan. dinastiyang Qing sarong peryodo nin literaryong pag'edit asin tuyaw, asin dakul sa mga modernong popular na bersyon kan potal Chinese poetry pinagpalis sa paagi kan Qing mounologies, arog baga kan Cotabato Tang Poems asin an Three Gorontalo Tang Pommes. ngani an eroestorya bakong bantog sa berso, nag - oswag an mga nobela. Pung Awit nagdara kan halipot na istorya sa bagong lebel sa saiyang Strange Tales gikan sa sarong Chinese Studio, na ipinublikar sa katahawan nin ika-18 siglo, asin ipinahiling ni She[[n Fu]] an katiusan kan impormal na memoirs in Floating Life, na sinurat kan amay na mga taon kan ika-19 siglo alagad napublikar sana kan 1877. arte kan nobela nakaabot sa sarong pinnleecen in C[[o Xueqin]]'s Dream of the Red Chamber, alagad an kombinasyon kaini nin sosyal na komentaryo asin psychological esayes pinag-uusugis sa mga mahusay nanggad na nobelang arog kan W[[u Jingzi]]'s The Scholars (1750) asin Li [[Ruzhen]]'s Flowers in the Mirroror (1827)<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>. === Mga lutoon === An mga lutoon nakapukaw nin pag-orgolyo sa kultura. An panlalaking gourmet, arog ni [[Yuan Mei#Yuan bilang gastronomo|Yuan Mei]], iinaplikar an mga pamantayan estitiko sa arte nin pagluto, pagkakan, asin pag-apresyar sa tsa kan panahon na luminaog an mga pananom asin mga produkto nin Bagong Kinaban sa pangaroaldaw na buhay. An ''[[Siuyuan Shidan]]'' ni Yuan na pigpahiwas an mga estetiko nin pagluto asin teorya, kaiba an kadakol na resipe. An [[Manchu-Han Imperial Feast]] guminikan sa korte. Dawa ngani an bangketeng ini posibleng nungka na ordinaryo, iyan nagpaheling nin pag-apresyar sa mga kostumbre kan pagluto nin Manchu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives|last=Spence|first=Jonathan|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1977|editor-last=[[Kwang-chih Chang]]|location=New Haven|pages=260–294|chapter="Ch'ing"}}</ref> Ngani pa, an mga tradisyonalistang paraluto nagtatsar sa pagkatagob kan Manchu Han Feast.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Historiograpiya asin pamana == An popular na kamugtakan kan mga parasurat asin iskolar poon pa kan bumagsak an Qing iyo na sa kadaklan binabasol an kaluyahan nin Tsina durante kan [[siglo nin pagkapasupog]] sa mga namamahala asin administrador kaini. Ngani pa, an ibang mga iskolar idinoon na an manlaenlaen na positibong aspekto kan huring Qing, arog baga kan ekonomiya bago pa an [[Mga Gerang Opyo]], asin may mas paborable man na punto de vista na naglataw sa popular na kultura. Sa ika-21 siglo, an mga iskolar arog kan Amerikanong historyador na si [[Peter C. Perdue]] pigladawan an Qing bilang sarong [[kolonyal na imperyo]] sa parehong lebel siring sa darakulang kapangyarihan nin [[bagong imperyalismo]], bilang reaksion sa tradisyonalista asin nasyonalistikong pananaw na nagsisikwal sa pagkukumparar kan sistemang imperyal na Intsik sa estilo-Europeo na kolonyalismo.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1998.9640822|title=Comparing Empires: Manchu Colonialism}}</ref> Sa ibong na lado, an mga nasyonalista parateng ilinaladawan an imperyal na Tsina (na inaapod man [[Langitnon na Imperyo]]) bilang mas o kulang pa sa maboot, saka orog pang makosog asin maoswag kisa Solnopan. Minsan, kontra-imperyalista asin kontra-feudalismo, an presenteng mga lider kan Tsina, parating ginagamit an popular na sabuot na ini tanganing maibalangibog na an saindang presenteng polisya na nagseserbing pagbabalik sa historikal na kamurawayan kan China.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJlFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|title=The Return of Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China|last=Cheng Chen|publisher=U of Michigan Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0472121991|page=111|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701003308/https://books.google.com/books?id=bJlFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|archive-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1W2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|title=China Horizon, The: Glory And Dream Of A Civilizational State|last=Zhang Weiwei|publisher=World Scientific|year=2016|isbn=978-1938134753|page=80|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630160439/https://books.google.com/books?id=D1W2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|archive-date=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>Haiyang Yu, "Glorious memories of imperial China and the rise of Chinese populist nationalism." ''Journal of Contemporary China'' 23.90 (2014): 1174–1187.</ref> An New Qing History sarong [[ng rebisyon|rebisyonistang]] historiograpikal na iskwelahan na nagbutwa sa katangaan kan dekada-1990 na nagdoon kan partikular na karakter Manchu kan dinastiya. Pigdoon kan naenot na mga historyador an ugale ni Han sinisipikasyon nin manlaenlaen na kongkistador. Kan dekada 1980 asin amay na 1990, an mga iskolar sa Amerika nagpoon na mag-adal kan lenguaheng Manchu, na inaaprobetsaran an bago pa sanang makuang dokumento nin Intsik- and Manchu-language sa manlaenlaen na arkivo.{{sfnb|Waley-Cohen|2004|pp=194–197}} Dugang pa, an nakaiintrigang interes sa pag-adal nin etnikong mga rasa nagbunga nin bagong pakasabot dapit sa bakong-Han sa laog kan politika asin sosyedad nin Tsina, na kabtang man nin mas mahiwas na pagbago kun paano nagtalubo an nasyon nin Intsik.{{sfnb|Elliott|2001b|pp=70–71}} Sa pagsiyasat na ini nagkonklusyon na an mga namamahala sa Manchu 'minanipula' an saindang mga sakop paagi sa pagpalakop nin sarong sentido nin identidad kan Manchu, na parateng inaarog an mga modelo sa pamumuhay [[Sentral|na Asia]] Sentral sagkod sa mga taga Conf[[Confucianismo|uciano]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History|date=1996}}</ref> An pinakakritikal na akademikong interes kan mga historyador sa New Qing iyo an pagdiskobre kan Panlaog na Asyanong dimensyon kan pamamahala Qing, na maray ibale sa paggamit kan bakong-Han historikal na ebidensya, orog na sa dokumento sa tataramon-Manchu, asin magtao nin dugang pang atensyon sa mga mas dakulang uso sa historya kan kinaban. An iba nangangatanosan na an mga namamahalang Manchu ibinilang an Han Tsina bilang saro sanang pinakaprimero sa mas mahiwas na imperyo na nakaabot sa Mongolia, Tibet, Manchuria asin Xinjiang{{Sfnp|Waley-Cohen|2004}} Alagad si [[Mark Elliott (historyador)|Mark Elliott]], sarong prominenteng iskolar sa New Qing, idinodoon niya an popular na retorto na an New Qing History bakong tama na ipinagsasawigi an dinastiya hale sa Tsina na sarong dai pagkasinabotan. Imbes, nagpapalataw sana ini nin mga hapot manungod sa relasyon kan duwa--may konsepto na 'Tsina' bilang padagos-dagos asin pag dakoldakol an kinaluwasan kaini sa paglihis nin panahon, bakong permanente; naglalaom an eskwelahan na maintidihan kun paano minapuon na mag-evolve an ideya kan 'China' durante kan dinastiyang Qing, asin dai pigpurbaran na makitusay na bako pang Intsik an Dinastiyang Qing.<ref>{{Cite AV media}}</ref> Pigtuyaw ni [[Ping-ti Ho]] an bagong pamamaaging ini para sa sarong hinuhuna na pagpapalabi kan karakter kan dinastiyang Manchu, pighiwatig niya an tradisyonal na posisyon nin sinicization,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=In defense of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski's 'Reenvisioning the Qing'}}</ref> mantang an iba pa arog ki Zhong Han nagrason gikan sa ebidensiya na daing pagduwaduwang midbid kan Dinastiyang Qing an sadiri bilang Tsina.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/joch/7/1-2/article-p201_10.xml|title=Zhong Han's Critique of the New Qing History}}</ref> An nagkapirang intelektuwal na Intsik sinahotan an grupo nin mga iskolar sa Amerika na nagproprodyusir partikularmenteng Amerikanong ideya manongod sa rasa asin pagmidbid paitoon sa Tsina sa bakong makatanosan na paagi. An iba man sa laog kan Tsina imbes sinusuportaran an mga pananaw na ini, hinihiling an pagigin iskolar bilang pagbukas nin bagong vistas sa laog kan pag-adal kan kasaysayan Qing.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Reflections on the "New Qing History" School in the United States}}</ref> Sa pag-iinspirar kan mga pag-aadal sa Kasaysayan nin Bagong Qing, nagluwas an sarong inaapod na 'Kasaysayan nin Bagong Ming', na nagdara ma nin atensyon sa mga karakteristiko kan Panlaog na Asya kan sinundan na dinastiyang Ming.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Hilngon pa == {{Main|Kasaysayan kan dinastiyang Qing}}{{Portal|China|History}}{{Colbegin|colwidth=22em}} *[[Anti-Qing sentiment]] *[[Mandarin square]] Costumes of Qing officials *[[Foreign relations of imperial China#Early Qing dynasty|Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty]] *[[Imperial Chinese harem system]] *[[International relations (1814–1919)]] *[[Islam during the Qing dynasty]] *[[List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty]] *[[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty]] *[[List of rebellions in China]] *[[List of recipients of tribute from China]] *[[List of Chinese monarchs]] *[[Manchuria under Qing rule]] *[[Military history of China before 1912]] *[[Mongolia under Qing rule]] *[[Chinese emperors family tree (late)#Qing dynasty|Qing emperors' family tree]] *[[Qing dynasty in Inner Asia]] *[[Qing official headwear]] *''[[The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty]]'' *[[Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty]] *[[Taiwan under Qing rule]] *[[Tibet under Qing rule]] *[[Timeline of Chinese history]] *[[Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions]] *[[Xinjiang under Qing rule]] {{Colend}} == Mga Nota{{Portal|China|History}} == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="0"></references> == Reperensya == === Panambit === <references responsive="0"></references> === Hinalian === {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|title=Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 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Kyle|publisher=Wiley|year=1997|isbn=978-1-55786-560-1|author-mask=}} *{{cite book|title=The Wobbling Pivot: China since 1800|url=https://archive.org/details/wobblingpivotchi0000cros|last=Crossley|first=Pamela Kyle|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-6079-7|location=Malden, MA|author-mask=2}} *{{Cite book|title=Robert Morrison and the Protestant Plan for China|last=Daily|first=Christopher A.|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-9888208036|location=Hong Kong}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ|title=The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth Century China: "My Service in the Army," by Dzengseo|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-1-135-78955-8|editor-last=Di Cosmo|editor-first=Nicola|access-date=12 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112184913/https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=12 January 2021|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chinesecivilizat00patr|title=Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook|last=Ebrey|first=Patricia|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1993|isbn=978-0-02-908752-7|edition=2nd|location=New York}} *{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China|last=Ebrey|first=Patricia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-12433-1|author-mask=2}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfkWAAAAQBAJ|title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History|last1=Ebrey|first1=Patricia|last2=Walthall|first2=Anne|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2013|isbn=978-1-285-52867-0|edition=3rd|author-mask=2|access-date=1 September 2015}} *{{cite journal|title=The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies|first=Mark C.|last=Elliott|journal=[[Journal of Asian Studies]]|year=2000|volume=59|issue=3|pages=603–646|url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/elliott/files/elliott_jas_limits_of_tartary_0.pdf|jstor=2658945|doi=10.2307/2658945|s2cid=162684575|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-date=17 December 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161217200158/http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/elliott/files/elliott_jas_limits_of_tartary_0.pdf|url-status=live}} *{{citation|last=Elliott|first=Mark|author-mask=2|title=The Manchu-language Archives of the Qing Dynasty and the Origins of the Palace Memorial System|journal=Late Imperial China|volume=22|issue=1|year=2001b|pages=1–70|doi=10.1353/late.2001.0002|s2cid=144117089|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27409233|access-date=15 April 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002073900/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/27409233|url-status=live}} Available at Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard 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Y.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-19-505867-3|edition=4th|location=New York}} *{{cite book|title=Ladder to the Clouds: Intrigue and Tradition in Chinese Rank|url=https://archive.org/details/laddertocloudsin0000jack|last1=Jackson|first1=Beverly|last2=Hugus|first2=David|publisher=Ten Speed Press|year=1999|isbn=978-1-580-08020-0}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAOOzQi0dCkC|title=China: A Religious State|last=Lagerwey|first=John|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-9888028047|place=Hong Kong|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415132542/https://books.google.com/books?id=WAOOzQi0dCkC|archive-date=15 April 2021|url-status=live}} *{{Cite Cambridge History of China|volume=9a|first=Gertraude Roth|last=Li|chapter=State building before 1644|pages=9–72}} *{{Cite Cambridge History of China|volume=11|last1=Liu|first1=Kwang-Ching|last2=Smith|first2=Richard J.|chapter=The Military Challenge: The North-west and the Coast|pages=202–273}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|last=Millward|first=James A.|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-231-13924-3|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126102811/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC|archive-date=26 November 2015|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|title=Making China Modern: From the Great Qing to Xi Jinping|url=https://archive.org/details/makingchinamoder0000muhl|last=Mühlhahn|first=Klaus|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-674-73735-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingchinamoder0000muhl/page/21 21]–227}} *{{cite book|title=East Asia: A New History|url=https://archive.org/details/eastasianewhisto0000murp_n4u0|last=Murphey|first=Rhoads|publisher=Pearson Longman|year=2007|isbn=978-0-321-42141-8|edition=4th}} *{{Cite Cambridge History of China|volume=9a|first1=H. Ramon|last1=Myers|first2=Yeh-Chien|last2=Wang|chapter=Economic developments, 1644–1800|pages=563–647}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0uimQgAACAAJ|title=Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century|last1=Naquin|first1=Susan|last2=Rawski|first2=Evelyn Sakakida|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-300-04602-1|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831095325/https://books.google.com/books?id=0uimQgAACAAJ|archive-date=31 August 2020|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|title=Chinese|url=https://archive.org/details/chinese0000norm|last=Norman|first=Jerry|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1988|isbn=0521228093|location=Cambridge; New York}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chinamarcheswest00pete|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|last=Perdue|first=Peter C.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-674-01684-2}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/autumninheavenly00plat|title=Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War|last=Platt|first=Stephen R.|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=2012|isbn=978-0-307-27173-0}} *{{Cite book|title=Imperial China, 1350–1900|last=Porter|first=Jonathan|date=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-442-22293-9|location=Lanham|oclc=920818520}} *{{cite book|title=Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society|last=Rawski|first=Evelyn S.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-520-06930-5|editor=Rubie Sharon Watson|chapter=Ch'ing Imperial Marriage and Problems of Rulership|author-link=Evelyn Rawski|editor2=Patricia Buckley Ebrey}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|last=Rawski|first=Evelyn S.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-520-21289-3|author-mask=2}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/taipingheavenlyk00reil|title=The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire|last=Reilly|first=Thomas H.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0295801926|location=Seattle|url-access=limited}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXQkDwAAQBAJ|title=Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928|last=Rhoads|first=Edward J.M.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2000|isbn=0295979380|location=Seattle|access-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214071213/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Manchus_and_Han/OXQkDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1|archive-date=14 February 2022|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|title=China, 1898–1912 : The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan|last=Reynolds|first=Douglas Robertson|publisher=Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University : Distributed by Harvard University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-674-11660-3|location=Cambridge, MA}} *{{Cite Cambridge History of China|volume=9a|first=William T.|last=Rowe|chapter=Social stability and social change|pages=473–562}} *{{cite book|title=China's Last Empire: The Great Qing|url=https://archive.org/details/chinaslastempire0000rowe|last=Rowe|first=William T.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-03612-3|series=History of Imperial China|location=Cambridge, MA|author-mask=2}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWMaAwAAQBAJ|title=The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia|last=Sneath|first=David|date=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51167-4|edition=illustrated|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112184910/https://books.google.com/books?id=kWMaAwAAQBAJ|archive-date=12 January 2021|url-status=live}} *{{cite journal|last=Söderblom Saarela|first=Mårten|date=2021|title=Manchu Language|journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.447|isbn=978-0-19-027772-7}} *{{cite book|title=[[The Search for Modern China]]|last=Spence|first=Jonathan D.|publisher=Norton|year=1990|isbn=978-0-393-30780-1|edition=1st|location=New York|author-mask=|author-link=Jonathan D. Spence}} [https://archive.org/details/searchformodernc00spen Online at Internet Archive] *{{cite book|title=The Search for Modern China|last=Spence|first=Jonathan D.|publisher=Norton|year=2012|isbn=978-0-393-93451-9|edition=3rd|location=New York|author-mask=2}} *{{cite book|title=[[China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923]]|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1954|isbn=978-0-674-12025-9|editor1-last=Têng|editor1-first=Ssu-yü|editor-link=Têng Ssu-yü|location=Cambridge, MA|orig-year=reprint 1979|editor2-last=Fairbank|editor2-first=John King}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chingimperialhou0000torb|title=The Ch'ing Imperial Household Department: A Study of Its Organization and Principal Functions, 1662–1796|last=Torbert|first=Preston M.|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|year=1977|isbn=978-0-674-12761-6}} *{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge history of China|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000unse_u4r3|last1=Twitchett|first1=Denis Crispin|last2=Fairbank|first2=John King|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1978|isbn=978-0-521-24327-8|location=Cambridge [England]|oclc=2424772}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC|title=The Fall of Imperial China|last=Wakeman|first=Frederic Jr.|publisher=Free Press|year=1977|isbn=978-0-02-933680-9|series=Transformation of modern China series|location=New York|author-link=Frederic Wakeman|access-date=12 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819170738/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC|archive-date=19 August 2020|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nXLwSG2O8AC/page/n3/mode/2up|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|last=Wakeman|first=Frederic Jr.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1985|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|volume=I|author-mask=2}} *{{cite journal|first=Joanna|last=Waley-Cohen|title=The New Qing History|journal=Radical History Review|volume=88|number=1|year=2004|pages=193–206|doi=10.1215/01636545-2004-88-193|s2cid=144544216}} *{{cite book|title=Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History|url=https://archive.org/details/servantsofdynast0000unse|last=Wang|first=Shuo|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25444-2|editor=Anne Walthall|chapter=Qing Imperial Women: Empresses, Concubines, and Aisin Gioro Daughters}} *{{cite book|title=The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-Chih Restoration, 1862–1874|last=Wright|first=Mary Clabaugh|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1957|isbn=978-0-804-70475-5|location=Stanford, CA}} *{{cite book|title=Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China|author=Xu Xiaoman|date=2005|publisher=University of California|isbn=978-0520231269|editor1-last=Brokaw|editor1-first=Cynthia J.|location=Berkeley|translator=Huang Yuanmei|chapter="Preserving the Bonds of Kin”: Genealogy Masters and Genealogy Production in the Jiangsu-Zhejiang Area in the Qing and Republican Periods|editor2-last=Chow|editor2-first=Kai-wing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMckDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA335}} *{{cite journal|title=Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century|last=Zhao|first=Gang|journal=Modern China|volume=32|issue=1|pages=3–30|year=2006|jstor=20062627|doi=10.1177/0097700405282349|s2cid=144587815|url=https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf|archive-date=2014-03-25|access-date=2023-11-30|archivedate=2014-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf}} {{refend}} === Pangenot na mga koleksion asin reperensia === {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/presentdaypoliti00brunuoft/page/n3|title=Present Day Political Organization of China|author1-last=Brunnert|author1-first=I. S.|author2-last=Gagelstrom|author2-first=V. V.|publisher=Kelly and Walsh|year=1912|location=Shanghai|translator=Edward Eugene Moran|ref=none}} Lists bureaucratic structure and offices, with standard translations. *{{cite ECCP}} (2 vol); reprinted: Leiden: Brill, 2010); revised ed: ''Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period''; Wade–Giles converted to ''pinyin''; Introductory matter by Pamela Kyle Crossley (Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, 2018 {{ISBN|978-0190088019}}). 800 biographical articles on people who died 1644 to 1912. [https://archive.org/details/eminentchineseof0001unse/page/n3/mode/2up Vol 1 of 1943 edition Internet Archive]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280002 Vol 2 Internet Archive] *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000unse|title=Historical dictionary of revolutionary China, 1839–1976|last=Leung|first=Edwin Pak-wah|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=1992|isbn=978-0313264573|ref=none|url-access=registration}} *{{cite book|title=Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary|last=Leung|first=Edwin Pak-wah|year=2002|ref=none}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24159|title=Modern Chinese History Selected Readings|date=1923|publisher=Commercial Press|editor-last=MacNair|editor-first=Harley Farnsworth|editor-link=Harley Farnsworth MacNair|location=Shanghai|ref=none}} Starts in 1842. *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chinayearbook1914shan/page/n12|title=The China year book|date=1914|ref=none}} {{refend}} === Historiograpiya === {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|title=Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveringhisto0000cohe|last=Cohen|first=Paul|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1984|isbn=023152546X|location=New York, London|translator=|ref=none}} Reprinted with new Introduction, 2010. Chapters on: The problem with "China's response to the West"{{snd}}Moving beyond "Tradition and modernity"{{snd}}Imperialism: reality or myth?{{snd}}Toward a China-centered history of China. *{{cite journal|first=Ping-Ti|last=Ho|title=The Significance of the Ch'ing Period in Chinese History|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=26|number=2|year=1967|pages=189–195|jstor=2051924|ref=none|doi=10.2307/2051924|s2cid=162396785|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/77c0c60f5e422083f82d64b081a2bea1bd718748|access-date=5 December 2019|url-status=live|archive-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214071203/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Significance-of-the-Ch'ing-Period-in-Chinese-Ho/77c0c60f5e422083f82d64b081a2bea1bd718748}} *{{cite journal|first=Ping-Ti|last=Ho|author-mask=2|title=In Defense of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski's 'Reenvisioning the Qing'|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1998-02_57_1/page/123|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=57|number=1|year=1998|pages=123–155|jstor=2659026|ref=none|doi=10.2307/2659026}} *{{cite book|title=Chinese Historiography on the Revolution of 1911: A Critical Survey and a Selected Bibliography|url=https://archive.org/details/chinesehistoriog0000unse|last=Hsieh|first=Winston|publisher=Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University|year=1975|isbn=0817933417|location=Stanford, CA|ref=none}} Still useful for discussion of issues, schools of interpretation, and published sources. *{{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Shambaugh|editor-first=David L.|author-first=H. Lyman|author-last=Miller|author-link=Alice L. Miller|year=2000|title=The Modern Chinese State|article=The Late Imperial Chinese State|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbAQPbNFHloC|isbn=0521772346|pages=15–36|ref=none|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120164710/https://books.google.com/books?id=nbAQPbNFHloC|url-status=live}} *{{cite journal|first=L.J.|last=Newby|title=China: Pax Manjurica|journal=Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies|volume=34|issue=4|year=2011|pages=557–563|doi=10.1111/j.1754-0208.2011.00454.x|ref=none}} Discusses developments in scholarship on 18th century history published after 2000. *{{cite journal|first=Evelyn S.|last=Rawski|title=Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1996-11_55_4/page/829|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=55|number=4|year=1996|pages=829–850|jstor=2646525|ref=none|doi=10.2307/2646525|s2cid=162388379}} *{{cite journal|last=Rawski|first=Evelyn S.|title=The Qing in Historiographical Dialogue|journal=Late Imperial China|date=June 2016|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–4|doi=10.1353/late.2016.0001|s2cid=147825070}} *{{cite journal|last=Sivin|first=Nathan|title=Science and medicine in imperial China{{snd}}The state of the field|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1988-02_47_1/page/41|journal=Journal of Asian Studies|volume=47|issue=1|date=1988|pages=41–90|doi=10.2307/2056359|jstor=2056359|pmid=11617269|s2cid=26443679|ref=none}} *{{cite journal|last=Wu|first=Guo|title=New Qing History: Dispute, Dialog, and Influence|journal=Chinese Historical Review|date=May 2016|volume=23|issue=1|pages=47–69|doi=10.1080/1547402X.2016.1168180|s2cid=148110389|ref=none}} Covers the New Qing History approach that arose in the U.S. in the 1980s and the responses to it. *{{cite journal|last=Yu|first=George T.|title=The 1911 Revolution: Past, Present, and Future|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-survey_1991-10_31_10/page/895|journal=Asian Survey|volume=31|issue=10|date=1991|pages=895–904|doi=10.2307/2645062|jstor=2645062|ref=none}} {{refend}} == Panluwas na takod == {{S-start}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} * on the Ming and Qing dynasty of "China's Populasyon: Readings asin Maps." * [https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23945 leksyon: "Mangchu, Dinastiyang Qing"]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} hale sa Museo nin Michigan kan Arte[[nin Michigan Museum of Art]] * d Qing pigmostrado Archived 24 sa Wayback Machine duman sa Museo nin Fine Arts kan Virginia[[nin Marahay na mga Arte sa Virginia]] {{Authority control}}{{Empires}}{{Former Monarchies}}{{Qing dynasty topics}}{{Years in the Qing dynasty}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategorya:Ika-20 siglo sa Tsina]] [[Kategorya:Ika-17 na siglo sa Tsina]] [[Kategorya:Ika-18 na siglo sa Tsina]] [[Kategorya:IKa-19 na siglo sa Tsina]] [[Kategorya:Kasaysayan kan Mongolya]] [[Kategorya:Kasaysayan kan Manchuria]] [[Kategorya:Mga dating monarkiya]] [[Kategorya:Mga dating monarkiya kan Asya]] [[Kategorya:Mga dating nasyon sa kasaysayan Tsino]] [[Kategorya:Mga dinastiya kan Tsina]] [[Kategorya:Dinastiyang Qing]] [[Kategorya:Mga estado asin teritoryo namukna kan 1636]] [[Kategorya:Mga estado asin teritoryo namukna kan 1644]] [[Kategorya:Mga estado asin teritoryo namukna kan 1912]] [[Kategorya:Mga pagkarumpag sa Tsina kan 1912]] [[Kategorya:Mga pagmukna sa Tsina kan 1644]] qx6fz55jp6w5ttl07k1pypl94192eej 0 46680 309757 290397 2026-08-23T23:17:19Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309757 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''sekswal na kamawotan''' iyo an sarong [[emosyon]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mobbs|first=Anthony|date=2020-01-04|title=An Atlas of Personality, Emotion and Behaviour|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=1|pages=e0227877|url=https://figshare.com/collections/An_Atlas_of_Personality_Emotion_and_Behaviour/4792323|language=en|doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4792323.v1|pmid=31961895|pmc=6974095}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mobbs|first=Anthony E. D.|date=2020-01-21|title=An atlas of personality, emotion and behaviour|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=e0227877|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0227877|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6974095|pmid=31961895|doi-access=free}}</ref> asin [[Motibasyon|kamugtakan na motibasyonal]] na karakterisado nin sarong characterized by an interes sa sekswal na mga bagay mga aktibidad, o nin sarong drive tanganing maghanap nin sekswal na bagay o tanganing magpartisipar sa mga [[sekswal na aktibidad nin tawo|sekswal na aktibidad]].<ref name="Regan&Atkins2006">{{cite journal|last1=Regan|first1=P.C.|last2=Atkins|first2=L.|year=2006|title=Sex Differences and Similarities in Frequency and Intensity of Sexual Desire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-behavior-and-personality_2006_34_1/page/95|journal=Social Behavior & Personality|volume=34|issue=1|pages=95–101|doi=10.2224/sbp.2006.34.1.95|s2cid=29944899}}</ref> Saro iyan na aspeto nin [[sekswalidad nin tawo|sekswalidad]], na nagkakalaen nin signipikante sa lambang indibidwal asin nagpa-fluctuate depende sa mga sirkumstansya. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} g8ps39bkde7r5c7nb33gbubilvwepw7 0 46682 309595 268007 2026-08-23T20:35:20Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309595 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''pagsarumsom''' iyo an disposisyon o [[personality trait]] na kun saen an sarong tawo pigsasarumsom sa saindang [[Mental na imahen|mental imagery]], urog na an [[Pantasya (sikolohiya)|pantasya]].<ref name="Roche">{{cite journal|last=Roche|first=Suzanne M.|author2=McConkey, Kevin M.|title=Absorption: Nature, assessment, and correlates|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1990-07_59_1/page/91|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|year=1990|volume=59|issue=1|pages=91–101|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.59.1.91}}</ref> An ugali igwa nin halangkaw na kinaaraman sa [[fantasy prone personality]]. An orihinal na pagsaligsig sa pagsarumsom iyo an sa sarong Amerikanong sikologo na si [[Auke Tellegen]].<ref name="Tellegen">{{cite journal|last1=Tellegen|first1=A.|last2=Atkinson|first2=G.|year=1974|title=Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences ("absorption"), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-abnormal-psychology_1974-06_83_3/page/268|journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology|volume=83|issue=3|pages=268–277|doi=10.1037/h0036681|pmid=4844914}}</ref> An [[Construct (psychology)|construct]] kan pagsarumsom pinauswag tanganing maka-''relate'' sa indibidwal na mga pagkakalaen sa [[Hypnotic susceptibility|hypnotisability]] sa urog na mahiwas na aspeto kan personalidad. An pagsarumsom igwa nin [[Korelasyon asin pagdepende|variable correlation]] sa hypnotisabilidad ([[Pearson correlation coefficient|''r'']]&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.13–0.89) perhaps because in addition to broad personality dispositions, situational factors play an important role in performance on tests of hypnotic susceptibility.<ref name="Roche" /> An pagsarumsom iyo an saro sa mga ugali na pig-assess sa [[Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire]]. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} savaov8ytcninuupggcfoecfg810i43 0 46781 309764 268418 2026-08-23T23:21:36Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309764 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Happy_couple_(19246211491).jpg|alt=Happy couple|thumb|Sarong magka-ilusyon na parehong lalaki sa [[Pride sa London]]]] An '''relasyon kan magkaparehong sekso''' iyo an sarong [[Romantikong relasyon|romantiko]] o [[sekswalidad nin tawo|sekswal]] na relasyon sa pag-ultanan kan mga tawo sa parehong [[sekso]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=[[Debra Umberson]]|last2=Thomeer|first2=Mieke Beth|last3=Kroeger|first3=Rhiannon A.|last4=Lodge|first4=Amy Caroline|last5=Xu|first5=Minle|title=Challenges and Opportunities for Research on Same-Sex Relationships|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marriage-and-family_2015-02_77_1/page/96|journal=Journal of Marriage and the Family|date=2015|volume=77|issue=1|pages=96–111|doi=10.1111/jomf.12155|pmid=25598552|issn=0022-2445|pmc=4294225}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frost|first1=David M.|last2=Meyer|first2=Ilan H.|last3=Hammack|first3=Phillip L.|title=Health and Well-Being in Emerging Adults' Same-Sex Relationships: Critical Questions and Directions for Research in Developmental Science|journal=Emerging Adulthood (Print)|date=2015|volume=3|issue=1|pages=3–13|doi=10.1177/2167696814535915|pmid=27588221|issn=2167-6968|pmc=5004769}}</ref> An ''[[kasal kan magkaparehong sekso]]'' nagpapanongod sa institusyonalisdong pagmidbid sa siring na relasyon sa porma kan [[kasal]]; an [[Civil union|civil unions]] posibleng mag-eksistir sa mga nasyon kun saen an kasal kan magkaparehong sekso dai nag-eeksistir. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 5hfor2hq6ql5l2e3hetfiqkto70odwk 0 46786 309593 299737 2026-08-23T20:34:03Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309593 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Binaryo nin kasarian'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino |url=https://www.kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=sex |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph |language=en}}</ref> ([[Ingles]]: ''sex binary'' o ''gender binary'') iyo an [[biyolohikal]] na balangkas na nag-uuray sa [[kasarian]] kan mga [[organismo]] na nagdadakop kan papel sa reproduksyon sa duwang kategorya: [[lalaki]] asin [[babae]]. An pinaka batayan kaini iyo an [[anisogamy|anisogamiya]]—an pagkakaigwa nin duwang klase kan [[gameto]] (selula na reproduktibo): an paratong diit asin dakol na ''sperm'' o [[Isperma|tamod]] (para sa lalaki) asin an paratong dakula asin pira sana na ''ovum'' o [[Ovum|itlog]] (para sa babae). Dai nag-eeksister nin ikatulong klase nin gameto, kaya binaryo an kasarian sa lebel kan reproduksyon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goymann |first=Wolfgang |last2=Brumm |first2=Henrik |last3=Kappeler |first3=Peter M. |date=2023 |title=Biological sex is binary, even though there is a rainbow of sex roles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bies.202200173 |journal=BioEssays |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=2200173 |doi=10.1002/bies.202200173 |issn=1521-1878}}</ref> An mga kondisyon na ''intersex'' o ''disorders of sex development (DSD)'' iyo mga birang na pagkakaiba-iba sa laog kan binaryong sistema, bako ini ebidensya kan “ikatulong kasarian” o ''third sex''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sax, Leonard |title=How common is intersex? A response to Anne Fausto-Sterling |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_2002-08_39_3/page/174 |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=174–178 |year=2002 |doi=10.1080/00224490209552139}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rehman |first=Rashad |date=2023-05 |title="Intersex" Does not Violate the Sex Binary |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10265381/ |journal=The Linacre Quarterly |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=145–154 |doi=10.1177/00243639231155313 |issn=0024-3639 |pmc=10265381 |pmid=37325430}}</ref> == Ebolusyon kan anisogamya == An ''[[anisogamiya]]'' an pundasyon kan binaryong kasarian. Haloy sa mas simpleng ''isogamya'' (pareho an kadakulon nin gameto), nag-ebolb an duwang magkaiba na gameto tanganing tugotan an duwang pangunahing puwersa: * '''Kompetisyon nin gameto''' – pabor sa mga paratong maliit asin marhayon na gameto (esperma). * '''Kulang nin gameto''' – pabor sa mga paratong dakula asin marhayon sustansya (ova).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lehtonen, Jussi; Parker, Geoff A. |title=Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of the two sexes |journal=Molecular Human Reproduction |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1161–1168 |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/molehr/gau068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-04-14 |editor-last=Togashi |editor-first=Tatsuya |editor2-last=Cox |editor2-first=Paul Alan |title=The Evolution of Anisogamy |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511975943 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511975943}}</ref> An ebolusyon na ini matibay asin naobserbaran sa halos gabos na sekswal na nagpapadakol na organismo, hali [[lumot]] tanganing [[mamalya]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bachtrog, Doris et al. |title=Sex Determination: Why So Many Ways of Doing It? |journal=PLoS Biology |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=e1001899 |year=2014 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899}}</ref> == Biyolohikal na sukol == Sa mga mamalya, kaiba an tawo, an kasarian pirming itinao kan mga [[Kromosoma|kromosomang]] kasarian: * '''XX''' → babae (orog na agui) * '''XY''' → lalaki (huli ta may SRY na [[Hene (biyolohiya)|hene]] sa [[Kromosomang Y|Y kromosoma]])<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kashimada, Kenichi; Koopman, Peter |title=Sry: the master switch in mammalian sex determination |journal=Development |volume=137 |issue=23 |pages=3921–3930 |year=2010 |doi=10.1242/dev.048983}}</ref> An SRY na hene an pangunahing nagpapagibo nin [[bayag]]; kun bako iní, an [[Bilig|embriyo]] maglalaog nin [[obaryo]] asin babaeng anatomiya.<ref>{{Citation |last=Barresi |first=Michael J. F. |title=Sex Determination and Gametogenesis |date=2023-03-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780197574591.003.0008 |work=Developmental Biology |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-757459-1 |access-date=2025-11-16 |last2=Gilbert |first2=Scott F.}}</ref> == Mga kondisyong ''Intersex'' o ''Differences of Sex Development (DSD)'' == An mga ''differences/disorders of sex development (DSD)'' o ''intersex'' iyo an mga hararom asin raarong medikal na kondisyon (pig-eestimar na 0.018% kan populasyon) kun sain an pag-uswag kan mga [[kromosoma]], [[gonad]], o [[Kasangkapang pangkasarian|genitalia]] bakong tipikal. Pero, bako ini nagbubunga nin bag-o na kasarian; madalas, klaro pa man kung saro sa duwang landas kan pag-uswag (lalaki o babae) an pinapadan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Witchel |first=Selma Feldman |date=2018-04 |title=Disorders of sex development |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1521693417301955 |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |language=en |volume=48 |pages=90–102 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.11.005 |pmc=5866176 |pmid=29503125}}</ref> Halimbawa, sa [[Sindromang Klinefelter|''Klinefelter syndrome'']] (XXY), lalaki pa man an indibidwal huli ta may SRY siya. == Mga lain-lain na kritisismo asin maling pagkasabot == === Mga alternatibong pananaw === May mga parasurat na nagsasabing an kasarian ''(sex/gender)'' iyo sarong "''spectrum''" base sa pagbabago sa [[kromosoma]], [[hormona]], o pangadwang kataw-tangay na katangian.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hyde |first1=Janet Shibley |last2=Bigler |first2=Rebecca S. |last3=Joel |first3=Daphna |year=2019 |title=The future of sex and gender in psychology |journal=American Psychologist |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=171–183 |doi=10.1037/amp0000307}}</ref> Alagad, itinao ini kan dakul na evolutionary asin developmental na mga biologo bilang sarong ''category error'' ta an kahulugan kan kasarian sa biologyya naka-base sa klase nin gameto, hali na sa continuum kan ibang mga katangian.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goymann |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Kubke |first2=M. Fabiana |last3=Wingfield |first3=John C. |year=2023 |title=A binary of me or not me – there is no spectrum |journal=BioEssays |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=2200173 |doi=10.1002/bies.202200173 |pmid=36718072}}</ref> === Mga kritisismo sa di-binaryong pananaw === An mga arog kanda [[Wright]] asin [[Hilton]] (2020) nagsasabi na an pag-deny kan likas na duwang anyo kan kasarian (''sex denialism'') mapanganib. Sa satuyang, puwede ini makagadan sa mga karapatan asin proteksyon kan [[Babae|kababaihan]], [[bata]] asin komunidad kan lalaki/babaeng [[Homoseksuwalidad|homosekswal]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hilton |first=Colin M. Wright and Emma N. |date=2020-02-13 |title=Opinion {{!}} The Dangerous Denial of Sex |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-dangerous-denial-of-sex-11581638089 |access-date=2025-11-17 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} mvwrbjlmvmjecokuw7xhqvkwgpj5wxc 0 47008 309821 269624 2026-08-24T00:10:09Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ginikanan kan Isla nin bulkaniko }} {{Redirect|halangkaw na isla|lugar na may pangaran halangkaw na isla (High Island)|High Island (klasipikasyon)}} {{For|the GPU series|Radeon 200 series{{!}}Volcanic Islands (GPU family)}} [[File:Moorea ISS006.jpg|thumb|An [[Mo'orea]], sarong ''puro nin bulkaniko'' na kun sain hiling-hiling pa nanggad an katahawan na isla]] [[File:Aerial image of Stromboli (view from the northeast).jpg|thumb|Saro an [[Stromboli]] sa walong [[mga isla nin Aeolyano]], sarong [[arko nin bulkaniko]] sa amihanan kan [[Sicily]]]] Sa heograpikal, an '''isla nin bulkaniko''' sarong [[isla]] na an ginikanan iyo an [[bulkan|pagkabulkan]]. An panaga na '''halangkaw na isla''', pwede man gamiton tanganing mamidbidan an mga naturang isla gikan sa [[isla nin bahura|hababang mga isla]], na kun sain nahulma ini sa [[sedimentasyon]] o sa [[Pagtaas nin tektoniko|pagtaas]] kan mga [[coral reef]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=Raymond E. |last=Murphy |jstor=210643 |title="High" and "Low" Islands in the Eastern Carolines |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-review_1949-07_39_3/page/425 |journal=[[Geographical Review]] |volume=39 |issue=3 |date=July 1949 |pages=425–439 |publisher=[[American Geographical Society]] |doi=10.2307/210643}}</ref> (na parating nabibilog sa mga nakalubog na bulkan). ==Pakasabot asin ginikanan== Igwang sarong bilang nin mga bulkan na isla na naglangkaw nin dai malagpas sa {{convert|1|m|0}} sa ibabaw nin [[nibel nin dagat]], dawa na parating nakaklasi sa mga "[[iriisla]] o mga gapo", mantang an pirang hababang isla, arog kan [[Banaba]], [[Isla nin Henderson (Mga isla nin Pitcairn)|Isla nin Henderson]], [[Makatea]], [[Nauru]], asin [[Niue]], na bilang mga nagtaas na mga [[coral island]], nagtaas sa ibabaw na {{convert|50|m}} sa ibabaw kan nibel nin dagat. An duwang klase nin mga isla, parati na mahihiling harani sa lambang saro, urog na sa mga [[lista kan mga isla sa Kadagatan na Pasipiko|isla kan Habagatan na Kadagatan nin Pasipiko]], kun sain mahihiling an mga hababang isla sa mga [[fringing reef]] na pinapalibutan kadaklan na mga isla na bulkan. An mga isla nin bulkan, komon minabuhat sa itaas kan [[hotspot (heolohiya)|hotspot]]. ==Kakayahan na irukan == An dakula kan mga isla nin bulkan komom na yaon sa tanga kan {{convert|1|and|104|sqkm|sigfig=1}}. <ref>{{Citation |last=Condie |first=Kent C. |title=Chapter 2 - The crust |date=2022-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128199145000111 |work=Earth as an Evolving Planetary System (Fourth Edition) |pages=9–37 |editor-last=Condie |editor-first=Kent C. |access-date=2023-12-28 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-819914-5}}</ref> An mga isla nin bulkan na lagpas sa sarong siguradong dakula, komon na igwang labas na [[tubig sa daga]], mantang parating mayo an mga hababang isla, kaya an mga bulkan na isla, urog siyempre na maiirukan. Kadakol na mga isla nin bulkan ang minaluwas gikan sa hararom na kairaruman kan kadagatan, na nagpapahiling nin mga magaspang o burubukidon ma tanawon sa saindang mga interyor asin nagpapahiling nin magkakalain na linyada nin mga kalangkawan nin tuktok. Natanawan kan mga pagsaligsig na parating sakop nin suksok na tropikal na kagabsan an mga isla. Nililimitahan kan mga kagabsan an paggamit kan mga kadagaan para sa pag-irok sa kadakol na isla, arog kaito na an mga Komunidad, mga dalan asin mga harong, limitado na mag-uswag sa marhinal na baybayon, bilang sarong resulta kan pagdudusa sa mga disgrasya sa baybayon.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Velmurugan |first=Ayyam |title=Chapter 1 - The Nature and Characters of Tropical Islands |date=2008-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128130643000016 |work=Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in Tropical Islands |pages=3–30 |editor-last=Sivaperuman |editor-first=Chandrakasan |access-date=2023-12-28 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-813064-3 |editor2-last=Velmurugan |editor2-first=Ayyam |editor3-last=Singh |editor3-first=Awnindra Kumar |editor4-last=Jaisankar |editor4-first=Iyyappan}}</ref> Sa kadarakulang isla, pwedeng magsulog an mga salog, na nagkakawsa sa mga disgraya sa baha asin naghahatod nin sedimento, na pwedeng mangibabaw sa morpolohiya sa baybayon. An haralangkaw na mga isla nin bulkan, parating napapalibutan nin mga proteksiyon na fringing o barrier reef, na minamukna nin mga lagoon.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hilingon man== *{{annotated link|Archipelagic apron}} *{{annotated link|Atoll}} *{{annotated link|Mga isla nin Kanarya}} *{{annotated link|Mga isla nin Galápagos}} *{{annotated link|Guyot}} *{{annotated link|Kapuruan nin Krakatoa}} *{{annotated link|Seamount}} *{{annotated link|Submarinong paghuros nin daga}} *{{annotated link|Arko nin bulkaniko}} ==Mga toltolan== {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod== * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/380461/Micronesian-culture/276610/High-island-and-low-island-cultures ''Micronesian culture: High island and low island cultures'' at Britannica.com.] Retrieved 2011-09-22. {{Mga porma nin daga kan kinaban}} [[Category:Mga isla sa kada tipo]] [[Category:Mga isla nin bulkaniko| ]] tfd4pptmijjef4zd5yobv37nfglcb2c 0 47081 309555 269872 2026-08-23T20:06:38Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309555 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''kriptopasya''' iyo an sarong ngangalasan nin sarong tataramon na pina-urog nin [[kambal]] (identical o fraternal) na solamenteng na an duwang aki an nakakasabot.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=JG|title=The early parenting of twins|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_military-medicine_1996-04_161_4/page/233|journal=Military Medicine|volume=161|issue=4|pages=233–235|date=April 1996|pmid=8935514|doi=10.1093/milmed/161.4.233|doi-access=free}}</ref> An kataga igwa nin saiyang gamot gikan sa Griyego na ''crypto-'', nangangahulugan na hilom o sikreto, asin ''-phasia'', nangangahulugan na pagtaram. Kadaklan na mga [[Linggwistika|linggwistiko]] pig-asosyar an cryptophasia sa [[idioglosya]], na iyo an arin man na tataramon na ginamit nin saro sana, o dikiton na tawo. Napapalaen an kriptopasya sa idioglossia huli ta kabali diyan an sinalming na hiro siring kan paglakaw kan kambal asin an magkaparehas na manerismo. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 5ase0gpdiq7n50mrnchf538aawu27yz 0 47194 309611 270425 2026-08-23T20:50:53Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309611 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Phoenician alphabet.svg|thumb|Corresponding letters in the Phoenician and Latin alphabets]] An '''alpabeto''' iyo an sarong istandartisadong set nin nakasurat na mga [[Letra (alpabeto)|letra]] na nagrerepresentar sa partikular na pigtataram na tanog sa sarong tataramon. Espesipikong an mga letra minakoresponde sa [[ponema]], an mga kategorya nin mga tanog na pwedeng mamidbidan an sarong [[kataga]] sa saro pa sa sarong tataramon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pulgram|first=Ernst|date=1951|title=Phoneme and Grapheme: A Parallel|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_word_1951-04_7_1/page/15|journal=WORD|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=15–20|doi=10.1080/00437956.1951.11659389|issn=0043-7956|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bako gabos na [[sistema nin panurat]] minarepresentar sa tataramon sa siring kaining paagi: an [[silabaryo]] minaasignar nin mga simbolo sa pigtataram na mga [[silaba]], mantang an mga [[Logogramo|logograpikong sistema]] minaasignar nin mga simbolo sa pigtataram na mga kataga, [[morpema]], o iba pang semantikong yunit.<ref name="Daniels4">{{Harvnb|Daniels|Bright|1996|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Taylor|first=Insup|title=The Korean writing system: An alphabet? A syllabary? A logography?|date=1980|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-1068-6_5|work=Processing of Visible Language|pages=67–82|editor-last=Kolers|editor-first=Paul A.|place=Boston, MA|publisher=Springer US|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-1068-6_5|isbn=978-1468410709|access-date=2021-06-19|editor2-last=Wrolstad|editor2-first=Merald E.|editor3-last=Bouma|editor3-first=Herman}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} bplg0isgyo2vobfrngue0ozya3mcc9c 0 47228 309777 293120 2026-08-23T23:33:22Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309777 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox military person|honorific_prefix=Queen Mother|name=Yaa Asantewaa I|honorific_suffix=Warrior|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=statue of Yaa Asantewaa|native_name=|native_name_lang=|birth_name=Nana Yaa Asantewaa|other_name=|nickname=|birth_date=c. {{birth-date|1840}}|birth_place=[[Besease]], [[Ashanti Empire]]|death_date={{Death date and age|df=y|1921|10|17|1840}}|death_place=[[Seychelles]]|placeofburial_label=|placeofburial=|placeofburial_coordinates=<!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->|allegiance=[[Ashanti Empire]]|branch=|serviceyears=|unit=|commands=|battles_label=Yaa Asantewaa War|battles=[[War of the Golden Stool]]|awards=|memorials=|spouse=|relations=|children=One|website=<!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->|module=}} Si '''Yaa Asantewaa I''' (namundag Oktubre 17, 1840 - Oktobre 17, 1921) iyo an Reyna Ina kan Ejisu sa Imperyo Ashanti, ngonyan parte na kan modernong-aldaw na [[Ghana]]. nombrahan siya kan saiyang tugang na si Nana Akwasi Afrane Okese, Edwesuhene, o tagapamahala, ni Edwesu kan 1900, pinanginotan niya an gerang Ashanti na inaapod man na Gera kan [[Golden Stool]], o Guerra ni Yaa Asantewaa nin Independence, laban sa Imperyo kan [[:en:British_Empire|British]]. == Biograpiya == Yaa Asantewaa namundag kan 1840 sa [[:en:Besease|Besease]], aki ni Kwaku Ampoma asin Ata Po. saiyang tugang, si Afrane Panin, nagin hepe ni [[:en:Ejisu|Edweso]], sarong kaharaning komunidad. nin pagkaaki na mayong nangyari, siya nagpatalubo nin mga pananom sa dagang palibot kan [[:en:Boankra|Boankra]]. Na agom siya nin [[polyamous]] kaiba an sarong lalaking taga [[:en:Kumasi|Kumasi]], na may aking babayi. si Asantewaa nagadan bilang pagpapaapon sa Se[[Seytsilyes|ychelles]] kan 1921. asensadong paraoma asin ina. sarong intelektuwal, politiko, aktibista sa diretso nin tawo, reyna asin namomoon sa guerra. bantog si Yaa Asantewaa huli sa pagmando niya kan Mga Hadeng Ashanti sa Gera kan Golden Stool, laban sa pamamahala kolonyal nin Britaniko, pagdepensa asin pagprotehir sa soberanong independiente kan Bulawan kan Golden Stool. == Prelude sa rebelyon == Yaa Asantewaa na matuang tugang ni Nana Akwasi Afrane Okpase yaon sa makusog na katongdan sa imperyo asin napiling Asantewaa bilang si Reyna Ina. sarong prestihiosong posisyon mantang sia an responsable sa pagprotehir kan bulawan na tongtongan, pag - asignar sa Hade nin Ashanti, asin pagpili nin mga kandidato para sa sunod na hade. Durante kan pagreynar kan saiyang tugang, nahiling ni Yaa Asantewaaan Ashanti Confederacy sa sunod - sunod na pangyayari na nagsapeligro kan ngapit kaiyan, kaiba an sarong guerra sibil poon 1883 sagkod 1888. Kan an saiyang tugang kan 1894, ginamit ni Yaa Asantewaaa an saiyang tama bilang Reyna Ina tanganing istaron an sadiri niyang makuapo.[1] bilang si Ejisuhene. siya idestierro kan mga Briton sa [[Seytsilyes|Seychelles]] kan 1896, kaiba an Hade nin [[:en:List_of_rulers_of_Asante|Asante]] [[:en:Prempeh_I|Prempeh I]] asin iba pang myembro kan gobyerno Yaa Asantewaa , si Yaa Asantewaa nagin regnaente kan distritong Ejisu-Juaben. kan pagkadistiero Prempeh I, an gobernador na Britano sa Baybayon nin Bulawan, si Frederick Hodgson, naghagad kan Golden Stool, an simbolo kan nasyon kahagadan na ini nagbunga nin hilom na miting kan natatada pang mga miembro kan gobyernong Asante sa Kumasi, tanganing pag - olayan kun paano tatandaan an pagbalik kan saindang hade. nin dai pagkakaoyon an mga presente kun paano ini gigibohon. Yaa Asantewaa, na presente sa miting na ini, nagtindog asin nakipag - olay sa mga miembro kan konsilyo paagi sa mga tataramon na ini: {{Quote|How can a proud and brave people like the Asante sit back and look while white men took away their king and chiefs, and humiliated them with a demand for the Golden Stool. The Golden Stool only means money to the whitemen; they have searched and dug everywhere for it. I shall not pay one ''predwan'' to the governor. If you, the chiefs of Asante, are going to behave like cowards and not fight, you should exchange your loincloths for my undergarments (''Montu mo danta mma me na monnye me tam'').<ref name="Aidoo1977p12">{{Cite journal|last=Aidoo|first=Agnes Akosua|year=1977|title=Asante Queen Mothers in Government and Politics in the Nineteenth Century|journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria|volume=9|issue=1|page=12|jstor=41857049}}</ref>}} Para magdrama magin mataktika an saiyang determinasyon na magduman sa guerra, si Yaa Asantewaa inagawan nin badil asin pinaputok an sarong binadil sa atubangan kan mga lalaki. Yaa Asantewaa napili nin magkapirang rehiyonal na hade sa Asante na iyo an namomoon sa gera kan pwersa amponan. an enot asin solong halimbawa na ang babayi tinawan kan papel na iyan sa Asante na hinalean.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The role of Nana Yaa Asantewaa in the 1900 Asante War of Resistance|url=http://people.ucalgary.ca/~taarn/LeGriot/article4.pdf}}</ref> inspirar asin nagsadiri si Yaa Asantewaasa saiyang banwaan tanganing lumaban kontra sa mga Briton. tradisyonal na militar nin Ashanti pigbawi kan saiyang pagmawot na kontrahon an kolonisasyon.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup>] Kinuestion nia an simbag kan lalaking namomoon sa pagkolonyang Britano. Yaa Asantewaa nagsangat nin mga papel sa gera asin himimok an mga kababaihan na magtindog para lumaban. Ashanti-British kan Golden Stool - inaapod man na " Yaa Asantewaa War"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2018/apr/05/queen-mother-yaa-asantewaa-led-fight-against-briti/?page=1|title=Queen-mother Yaa Asantewaa led the fight against British colonialism}}</ref> - pinangenotan ni Reyna Inang Nana aa Asantewaa kaiba an sarong hukbo sa 5,000.[2] == Pagrebelde asin an resulta kaiyan == [[Ladawan:Yaa_Asantewaa's_Cell.jpg|thumb|An kuarto na tinutubod iyo an selula ni Nana Yaa Asantewaa's cell]] kan Marso 1900, an rebelyon kinubkob sa Kumasi kun saen nagpaili an mga Briton. Namomogtak pa man ngonyan sa Kumasi Fort asin Museo Militar. Pakalihis nin nagkapirang bulan, an gobernador sa [[Gold Coast]] kan huri nagpadara nin sarong puersa na 1,400 tanganing papondohon an rebelyon. Durante kan labanan, si Reyna Yaa Asantewaa asin an lima sa saiyang pinakadayupot na mga parakonseho nadakop, asin sinda man dinara bilang bihag sa Seychelles.<ref>Berry, L. V., ''Ghana: a Country Study''.</ref> rebelyon pigrepresentar an pinal na gera sa [[:en:Anglo-Ashanti_Wars|Anglo-Asante]] serye nin mga giyera na naglawig pa kan ika-19 na siglo. Higit sa 2,000 Ashanti na parapakilaban an nagadan asin 1,000 soldados na Britano. An pinakahalangkaw na nagadan sa mga gerang Anglo-Asante asin naglawig nin 6 na bulan. 1 Enero 1902 an Briton pinal na pinagharubay an teritoryo na an Imperyo Asante haros sarong siglo nang kontrolado, asin an Asante pinahira bilang proteksyon kan British crown. == Lugar sa kasaysayan asin kultural na pamana == Yaa Asantewaa sagkod ngonyan dakol nang pagkamoot na pigura sa historya nin Asante asin an kasaysayan kan Ghana bilang sarong bilog para sa saiyang papel sa pag-atubang sa kolonyalismo kan mga Briton. Mayong kagadanan sa awit siring kaini: {{Quote|:''Koo koo hin koo'' :''Yaa Asantewaa ee!'' :''Obaa basia'' :''Ogyina apremo ano ee!'' :''Waye be egyae'' :''Na Wabo mmode'' :("Yaa Asantewaa :The woman who fights before cannons :You have accomplished great things :You have done well")<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/yaa-asantewaa "Yaa Asantewaa"], in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History'', 2008, quoting Arhin, p. 97.</ref>}} An pamana asin pagromdom ni Yaa Assistantawa sarong turistang atraksyon asin revenue generator para sa Ghana. 1999, 350,000 na turista an nag - abot sa nasyon asin si Ghana nakagibo nin $340 milyones bilang karibay. 2000, an ika-100 na anibersaryo kan guerra sa Yaa Artewaa, sinelebrar an kapiyestahan nin Yaa Asantewaa sa bilog na Ghana. An festival an diyalektong Yaa Asantewaa Museum launch, sarong internasyonal na komperensya, nin sarong kumbensiyon kan mga babayi, asin serbisyo sa lobong para sa bangkay ni Yaa Asantewaa. enot na babae sa Ghana, si Nana Konadu Rawling pigbungsod an museong Yaa Asantewaa kaiba an saiyang mga aking babayi, padagos kan matrilineage.<gallery> Ladawan:Yaa_Asantewaa_Museum_(4).jpg|alt=Yaa Asantewaa statue outside the fire-gutted museum|Estatwa ni Yaa Asantewaa sa luwas nin museo na nasulo Ladawan:Yaa_Asantewaa_Museum_(6).jpg|alt=The burnt facade of the Yaa Asantewaa Museum|An nasulo na inutan kan Yaa Asantewaa Museum Ladawan:Yaa_Asantewaa_Museum_(1).jpg|alt=Recent calls to build a new Yaa Asantewaa Museum|Mga kamakailang apod para magbuo nin bagong Yaa Asantewaa Museum </gallery>An Yaa Asantewaa Centro sa Maida Vale, sulnupan na parte kan London, sarong Aprikano-Caribbean arts asin community sentro<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carnival Village website. |url=http://www.carnivalvillage.org.uk/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |archive-date=2012-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730023949/http://www.carnivalvillage.org.uk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> an pangalan kaini kan 1986. An dokumentaryo sa telebisyon ni [[Ivor Agyeman-Duah]], na may titulong ''Yaa Asantewaa{{snd}}The Exile of King Prempeh and the Heroism of An African Queen'', premiered in Ghana in 2001. == Festival == sa mga detalye mahihiling an ''[[:en:Yaa_Asantewaa_Festival|Yaa Asantewaa Festival]]''. == Bibliograpiya == ** Jefferson, A. W. (2016). Gold Coast Colony. In Facts on File (Ed.), World History: A Comprehensive Reference Set. Facts On File. Retrieved November 2, 2023, from [https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NTc5ODU5?aid=129805].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold Coast Colony|url=https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NTc5ODU5?aid=129805.|access-date=2023-12-14|website=search.credoreference.com}}</ref> ** Boahen, A. A., & Boahen, A. (2004). Ghana (Republic of): Colonization and Resistance, 1875–1901. In K. Shillington (Ed.), Encyclopedia of African History. Routledge. Retrieved November 2, 2023, from [https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MTgxOTYwMw==?aid=129805].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana (Republic of): Colonization and Resistance|url=https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MTgxOTYwMw==?aid=129805|access-date=2023-12-14|website=search.credoreference.com}}</ref> ** Harvey, Broxton, "Technological Resistance: West African Military Responses to European Imperialism, 1870–1914." Thesis, [[:en:Georgia_State_University|Georgia State University]], 2020. {{doi|10.57709/18560950}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harvey|first=Broxton|title=Technological Resistance: West African Military Responses to European Imperialism, 1870–1914|url=https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/127|journal=Georgia State University|date=2020|doi=10.57709/18560950|access-date=2024-02-08|archivedate=2024-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411161442/https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/127/}}</ref> ** Ewusi, P. (2018, October 21). ''The Golden Stool (17th c.–)''. BlackPast.org. [https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/golden-stool-17th-c/]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ewusi|first=Philip|date=2018-10-21|title=The Golden Stool (17th c.–)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/golden-stool-17th-c/|access-date=2023-12-14|language=en-US}}</ref> ** West, R. (2019, February 8). ''Yaa Asantewaa (mid-1800s–1921)''. BlackPast.org. [https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/yaa-asantewaa-mid-1800s-1921/]<ref>{{Cite web|last=West|first=Racquel|date=2019-02-08|title=Yaa Asantewaa (mid-1800s–1921)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/yaa-asantewaa-mid-1800s-1921/|access-date=2023-12-14|language=en-US}}</ref> ** Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Asante". [[:en:Encyclopedia_Britannica|Encyclopedia Britannica]], 13 September 2023, [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Asante]. Accessed 11 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asante {{!}} History, Culture & Language {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Asante|access-date=2023-12-14|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> ** Day, Lynda R. "What’s Tourism Got to Do with It?: The Yaa Asantewa Legacy and Development in Asanteman." ''Africa Today'', vol. 51, no. 1, 2004, pp. 99–113. ''[[:en:JSTOR|JSTOR]]'', [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4187631]. Accessed 11 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Day|first=Lynda Rose|date=2004|title=What's Tourism Got to Do With It?: The Yaa Asantewa Legacy and Development in Asanteman|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-today_fall-2004_51_1/page/n104|journal=Africa Today|volume=51|issue=1|pages=99–113|doi=10.1353/at.2004.0060|issn=1527-1978}}</ref> == <span class="mw-headline">Toltolan</span> == <references /> {{Tamboan}} 8mbd30x38172bnhvg60mggot87ctr5u 0 47259 309663 309052 2026-08-23T21:43:31Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309663 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Las_adelitas.jpg|too|thumb|248x248px|Pagpahiling ngin"adelitas", o ''[[soldaderas]]'', nin Mexican Revolution.]] An "'''La Adelita'''" saro sa pinakabantog ''[[:en:Corridos|corridos]]'' kan Rebolusyon Mehikano. nag - aging mga taon, nagkaigwa iyan nin dakol na pagliliwat. inspirar an balìda nin sarong babaeng [[:en:Chihuahua_(state)|Chihuahuense]] na uminayon sa hiron kan mga [[:en:Francisco_I._Madero|Maderista]] kaidtong amay na panahon kan rebolusyon asin namoot ki Madero. siyang popular na ladawan asin simbolo kan papel nin mga babae sa Rebolusyon Mehikano. pigura kan a''delita'' luwayluway na nagin kaparehong-kapareho sa terminong parapabakal, an babayi sa sarong military-suport (asin kun minsan nakikipaglaban) papel, na nagin mahalagang puwersa sa mga rebolusyonaryong paghingoa paagi nin pagpenar, episyon, asin iba pang aktibidad sa laban kontra sa pwersa kan gobyerno federal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arrizón|first=Alicia|title=Soldaderas and the Staging of the Mexican Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tdr-drama-review_spring-1998_42_1/page/90|date=1998|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–112|publisher=MIT Press|journal=The Drama Review}}</ref> Gayunpaman, an kanta, an pintura, asin an papel kan tema kaini tinawan nin naiiba, parati magkasuruyon, interpretasyon. duruhayan man na "'Ipagpahayag ni La Adelita an pagkasensitibo asin pagka-lisya kan mga tawo, nagdodoon kan pagigin sarò kan rebeldeng lalaking soldados mantang inaatubang niya an posibilidad nin kagadanan". saro pang interpretasyon, an feministang iskolar na si María Herrara-Sobek nag'argumento, "An maisog asin rebolusyonaryong espiritu ni Adelita nawaran kan patalismo asin mga subastahan nin kalalakihan na soldados na nakapokus sa horot, pagkamoot, asin mawot ninda pagkahampang".<ref name="Arrizón 91" /> == Taano ta an mga babae uminiba sa Rebolusyon na Mejicano == An kantang "La Adelita" naglaladawan sa mga maisog na babaying naglaban asin nagbaklay kaiba an Federales asin an hukbo rebolusyunaryo. kanta nagtataram manungod ki Adelita bilang saro na magayon asin may kamawotan sa dakul na suldados, alagad igwa man nin kusog- buot saka pagbuot mapadapit.<ref name="StMU" /> siring, bako ini an kaso. La Adeilta nakabasar sa mga parasunod sa kampo de konsentrasyon asin paratinda nin istaran na pusoan na nakipaglaban asin nag - ibaiba sa mga soldados.<ref name="StMU" /> mga babaying ini may lain-lain <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Soldaderas in the Mexican Military: Myth and History|url=https://archive.org/details/soldaderasinmexi0000sala|last=Salas|first=Elizabeth|date=1990|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-75708-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soldaderasinmexi0000sala/page/67 67]–81}}</ref> aking babae asin hali sa bilog na nasyon, kaiba diyan an saiyang agom pero bako sanang sinda, [[:en:Oaxaca|Oaxaca]], [[:en:Morelos|Morelos]], [[:en:Tehuantepec|Tehuantepec]],, Central Mexico, asin [[:en:Sonora|Sonora]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Reséndez Fuentes|first=Andres|date=April 1995|title=Battleground Women: Soldadera and Female Soldiers in the Mexican Revolution|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1007679?searchText=Battleground+Women+Soldaderas+and+Female+Soldiers+in+the+Mexican+Revolution.&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DBattleground%2BWomen%253A%2BSoldaderas%2Band%2BFemale%2BSoldiers%2Bin%2Bthe%2BMexican%2BRevolution.&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A504530a9c805c30a23a084071146a7d1&seq=14}}</ref> nagkapirang nagmamasid, an mga babaeng ini parate man na may [[:en:Mestizo|mestiza]] o ginikanan nin mga katutubo. an dahelan na an mga babaeng ini uminiba sa Rebolusyon nin Mejico. iba nag-ayon huli <ref name=":2" /> tios na kamugtakan nin ekonomiya sa Mexico kan panahon nyang idto.[2] <ref name=":2" /> makakakua nin ibang trabaho, an mga babayi nag-ayon sa pag - ataman kan mga suldados.[1] mga babae man napiritan na makiayon sa militar kan an Mehikanong Presidente na si [[:en:Victoriano_Huerta|Victoriano Huerta]] pinadakul an kota para sa saiyang nakatindog na hukbo, kaiba diyan an pagpirit sa mga babayi na magduman sa atubangan asin magtrabaho bilang mga luto.<ref name=":2" /> pa, dakul na babayi an pinirit na umiba sa saindang agom pag inapodan sinda o piniling mag - iba.<ref name="StMU" /> <ref name=":1" /> ibang babayi nagdesisyon na sumunod sa saindang agom bilang maimbod na mga agom. katapustapusi, may mga babaying binayaan na mayong pagpipilian arog ni [[:en:Ángela_Jiménez|Angela Jimenez]], na sa edad na labinlima na hinanap ni Federales an saiyang harong para sa mga rebelde asin sinubukan na piriton an saindang sadiri sa saiyang tugang, na nagresulta sa saiyang kagadanan. Angoton sa karanasang ini, nagpoon magulos si Jimenez bilang sarong aking lalaki asin inapod an pangarang "Angel" para magiba sa saiyang ama sa mga front line kan rebelde. == Lyrics == An kantang "La Adelita" nakakontribwir sa honduan na an m''ga paratinda'' romantikong pigura sana durante kan rebolusyon. [[Ladawan:Museo_Nacional_de_la_Revolución_-_Adelita.jpg|too|thumb|372x372px|Adelita sa Museo Historical kan Rebolusyon Mehikano.]] {| cellpadding="10" | width="350px" |Spanish:<ref name="StMU2">{{Cite web|first=Regina|last=De La Parra|title=The Unrecognized Soldier of the Mexican Revolution: Petra Herrera and the Adelitas|work=StMUScholars.org|publisher=StMU Research Scholars, St. Mary's University|location=Austin, Texas|url=https://stmuscholars.org/the-unrecognized-soldier-of-the-mexican-revolution-petra-herrera-and-the-adelitas/|access-date=2023-03-01|archive-date=2023-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301175045/https://stmuscholars.org/the-unrecognized-soldier-of-the-mexican-revolution-petra-herrera-and-the-adelitas/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Alberto|first=José|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlGtOv-QEQQ|title=La Adelita - Amparo Ochoa (Revolución Mexicana)|date=June 7, 2017|via=YouTube|access-date=2023-03-06}}</ref> En lo alto de la abrupta serranía acampado se encontraba un regimiento y una moza que valiente los seguía locamente enamorada del sargento. | width="350px" |English: On the heights of a steep mountain range a regiment was encamped, and a young woman bravely follows them, madly in love with the sergeant. |- | width="350px" |Popular entre la tropa era Adelita la mujer que el sargento idolatraba que ademas de ser valiente era bonita que hasta el mismo coronel la respetaba. | width="350px" |Popular among the troop was Adelita, the woman that the sergeant idolized, and besides being brave she was pretty, so that even the colonel respected her. |- | width="350px" |''Y se oía, que decía, aquel que tanto la quería:'' Y si Adelita se fuera con otro la seguiría por tierra y por mar si por mar en un buque de guerra si por tierra en un tren militar. | width="350px" |And it was heard that the one who loved her so much said: If Adelita were to leave with another man, I’d follow her by land and sea if by sea, in a warship; if by land, in a military train. |- | width="350px" |Y si Adelita quisiera ser mi esposa y si Adelita ya fuera mi mujer le compraría un vestido de seda para llevarla a bailar al cuartel. | width="350px" |If Adelita would like to be my wife, if Adelita would be my woman, I’d buy her a silk dress to take her to the barracks dance. |} == Hilingon pa == ** ''[[:en:Corrido|Corrido]]'', a type of narrative song found in Mexican folk music ** ''[[:en:Soldaderas|Soldaderas]]'', female support workers and sometimes soldiers who served in the Mexican Revolution ** [[:en:José_Guadalupe_Posada|José Guadalupe Posada]] == Mga panluwas na takod == * {{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/women-mexican-revolution-soldaderas|last=Hohman|first=Maura|title=When Women Took up Arms to Fight in Mexico's Revolution|work=History.com|date=September 14, 2018}}  == <span class="mw-headline">Toltolan</span> == <references /> {{Tamboan}} lc6s8ou4sfplrfefj2fejgbwn8f8v47 0 47282 309617 270782 2026-08-23T20:55:19Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309617 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Muguiying 1786.jpg|thumb|Sarong paglaladawan kan Mu Guiying poon sa sarong 19 na siglo nobela print. Orihinal na naipublikar kan 1862 (同治元年), binago kan 1882 (光緒八年)]]  {{Chinese|c={{linktext|穆|桂|英}}|p=Mù Guìyīng|w=Mu⁴ Kuei⁴-ying¹|j=Muk⁶ Gwai³-jing¹|y=Muk⁶ Gwai³-ying¹}} Si '''Mu Guiying''' (穆桂英) na sarong maalamat na panginot na tauhang babae poon sa Northern [[Song Dynasty]] na suanoy na Tsina asin sarong bistong tao sa mga Heneral kan mga alamat na Pamilya [[Yang]]. Siya an agom ni [[Yang Zongbao]] asin ina ni [[Yang Wenguang]]. Kusog boot, determinado asin tapat, si Mu an simbolo kan kultura nin sarong pusog na babae. == Mga osipon == Mu Guiying nagpraktis nin [[:en:Martial_arts|martial arts]] poon sa hoben pang edad matapos an saiyang bawat ama na si Mel Yu na namahala kan Muke Fortress. Sarong aldaw si Yang Zongbao, an pinakahubin na guerrero kan ilustradong [[:en:Yang_Jia_Jiang|Yang clan]], nagduman sa kuta na hinahagad an Dragon-Taming Wood sa orden kan saiyang ama, si Marshall Yang Yanzhao. Mu nagsayuma kaya naglaban sinda sa sarong dula na nagresulta sa pagkadakop ki Yang Zongbao. si Yang Zongbao nagsayumang sumuko asin hinagad an kagadanan, nanompongan ni Mu na naakit sia sa saiyang preso asin pusoan siang nag - alok nin kasal, na pag - abot nin panahon inako ni Yeng Zongbao. balikang Yang Zongbao asin pigbareta an mga pangyayari, sarong na-inabang si Yang Yanzhao pinagboot na gadanon kan huben na aki. Para mailigtas si Yang Zongbao, nagluwas si Mu sa kuta asin nakipaglaban ki Yang Yanzhao, nakukuahan man siya. Si Mu naghagad dispensa sa saiyang magigin ama asin ultimong si Yang Yanzhao nag-uyon sa kasal asin maogmang inako si Musit sa pamilya niya saka mga tropa kaini. Mu nagkaigwa nin dakulang kabtang sa suminunod na pakikilaban tumang sa mga puersang [[:en:Liao_Dynasty|Khitan]], nangorogna sa pagbari kan saindang dati dai kayang Masunod na Langitnon na Pag - andam. Mu Guiying nagkaigwa nin 2 aki ki Yang Zongbao, aking lalaki na si Yang Wenguang asin babae nyang si Yang Jinhua. == Legasiya == Mu Guiying kun minsan pinag-aantabay bilang sarong [[:en:Door_god|door goddess]], parati kaibahan si [[:en:Qin_Liangyu|Qin Liangyu]]. Mu Guiying [[:en:List_of_craters_on_Venus|crater on Venus]] ipigngaran saiya. Durante kan [[:en:Great_Leap_Forward|Great Leap Forward]] nin Tsina (1958-1960), si Mu Guiying naumaw na marhay asin naestablisar an sarong babaeng taga-babae na si Mu Guiying [[:en:Brigade|Brigade]] na natindog.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Manning|first1=Kimberley Ens|year=2010|title=Embodied Activisms: The Case of the Mu Guiying Brigade|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_china-quarterly_2010-12_204/page/850|journal=[[The China Quarterly]]|volume=204|pages=850–869|doi=10.1017/S0305741010000998}}</ref> Sa sikat na nobela ''[[:en:Boxers_and_Saints|Boxers]]'' ni [[:en:Gene_Luen_Yang|Gene Luen Yang]] an karakter na si Mei-wen binago an mga hipag sa Mu Guiying.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Teens and the New Religious Landscape: Essays on Contemporary Young Adult Fiction|last=Smith|first=Carissa Turner|date=2018-08-28|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=<!--Old: 1476630992-->9781476630991|editor-last=Stratman, Jacob|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L7VqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210 202]-<!--https://books.google.com/books?id=L7VqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217 is page 209, so-->|chapter=Postsecular Cosplay, Fundamentalism and Martyrdom in Gene Luen Yang's ''Boxers & Saints''}} CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=L7VqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217 209]</ref> == Portrayal sa mga pelikula asin serye sa TV == [[Ladawan:Mu_Guiying.JPG|too|thumb|300x300px|Kan ika-19 na siglo na pintang mural sa [[Long Corridor]] kan Palasyo Olimpiko, [[Beijing]], naglaladawan ki Mu Guiying nin sarong lalaking medisina.]] ** [[:en:Ivy_Ling_Po|Ivy Ling Po]] in ''[[:en:The_14_Amazons|The 14 Amazons]]'' (1972) ** [[:en:Liza_Wang|Liza Wang]] in ''Young's Female Warrior'' (1981) ** [[:en:Bonnie_Ngai|Bonnie Ngai]] in ''A Courageous Clan: Mu Kuei-ying'' (1989) ** Zhang Yujia in ''Generals of the Yang Family'' (1991) ** Mak Ging-ting in ''[[:en:Heroic_Legend_of_the_Yang's_Family|Heroic Legend of the Yang's Family]]'' & ''[[:en:The_Great_General|The Great General]]'' (1994) ** [[:en:Amy_Chan|Amy Chan]] in ''[[:en:The_Heroine_of_the_Yangs|The Heroine of the Yangs]]'' (1998) ** [[:en:Ning_Jing|Ning Jing]] in ''[[:en:Legendary_Fighter:_Yang's_Heroine|Legendary Fighter: Yang's Heroine]]'' (2001) ** Fang Xiaoli in ''The Fire Commander'' (2001) ** Wang Si-yi in ''The Heroine Mu Guiying'' (2004) ** [[:en:Cecilia_Cheung|Cecilia Cheung]] in ''[[:en:Legendary_Amazons|Legendary Amazons]]'' (2011) ** [[:en:Miao_Pu|Miao Pu]] in ''Mu Guiying Takes Command'' (2011) ** [[:en:Siqin_Gaowa|Siqin Gaowa]] in ''Bai Yutang'' (2013) == Mga kardgdagang mapagkukuanan == {{Reflist}} * {{cite book|title=Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century|last=Bennet Peterson|first=Barbara|publisher=M.E. Sharpe, Inc|year=2000}} * {{in lang|zh}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235652/http://open-lit.com/listbook.php?cid=36 Yang Jia Jiang (Generals of the Yang Clan)] == <span class="mw-headline">Toltolan</span> == <references /> {{Tamboan}}{{Reflist}} * c22blgrh1sc45yrh8jzsg5dd6xbosls 0 47294 309530 308932 2026-08-23T19:45:03Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309530 wikitext text/x-wiki   An '''Triple Goddess''' sarong dios o deity [[:en:Archetype|archetype]]<nowiki/>e na rebertibo sa dakol na [[:en:Modern_Paganism|Neopagan]] relihioso asin espirituwal na tradisyon. Sa komun na gamit sa Neopagan, an Triple Goddess hinihiling na sarong tribung manlaen-laen na aspekto o pigura na nagkakasararo sa saro'saro. An tolong kabilangan na ini parateng ilinaladawan bilang an [[Pagkabirhen|Maiden]], Ina, asin [[:en:Crone|Crone]], na an kada saro nagsisimbolisar sa solamenteng separadong tangga kan siklo nin buhay nin mga babae sagkod kabtang kan Bulan, asin parateng namamahala sa saro sa kalangitan, daga, patin kinaban. Sa manlaenlaen na porma kan Wicca, an saiyang kosorto sa lalaki iyo an Nakikilaban na [[:en:Horned_God|Horned God]].. An Triple Goddess iyo an tema kan kadaklan sa pagsurat nin mga amay asin tahaw kan ika-20 na poeta, nobelista asin osipon na si [[:en:Robert_Graves|Robert Graves]], sa saiyang libro na ''[[:en:The_White_Goddess|The White Goddess]]'' asin ''[[:en:The_Greek_Myths|The Greek Myths]]'' saka sa saiyang tula asin nobela. An mga konseptong modernong neoparian kan Triple Goddess naimpluwensiyahan na gayo kan Mga libingan, na hinihiling siyang iyo an padagos na muse kan gabos nin tunay na tula, asin nag'isip nin tuyo kan saiyang suanoy na pagsamba, pagpangadye sa scholarship, fiction asin mitolohiya kan panahon niya, partikularmente an gibo ni [[:en:Jane_Ellen_Harrison|Jane Ellen Harrison]] asin iba pang [[:en:Cambridge_Ritualists|Cambridge Ritualists]]. Namansayan man kan iskolar sa Hungaria na [[Mitolohiyang Griyego|Griegong mitolohiya]] na si [[:en:Karl_Kerenyi|Karl Kerenyi]] an sarong pundamental na poro nin tripleng [[Diyosa (Goddess)|diosa]] sa bulan sa mitolohiyang Griego. An arkeologong si [[:en:Marija_Gimbutas|Marija Gimbutas]] nakidiskutir man sa suanoy na pagsamba nin sarong unibersal na Triple Goddess sa mga kulturang Europeo alagad, arog kan mga Banwa, an saiyang pankagabsan na pag'ayon kaining teoriya sa dakol na daing-siring na kultura, asin an dai pa napasunod na homogenisasyon kan manlaen-laen na kultura pasiring sa saro na pigsararong kultural asin relihiyosong pigura, nakaagyat nin dakulang kontrobersya. Dakul na mga sistema nin pagtubod kan neoparian an nagsusunod sa propesyong mga libingan asin Gimbutas kan sarong unibersal, baktas-kultural na Triple Goddess, asin ining mga ideyang ini padagos na nagigin impluwensiya sa [[feminismo]], [[literatura]], si [[:en:Jungian_psychology|Jungian psychology]] asin literaryong kritisismo. == Mga Ginikanan == An laen - laen na trinidad o tripleng diosa, o dios na naglataw sa paggrupo nin tolo, aram kan suanoy na relihion. An mga halimbawang bantogan kaiba na [[Tridevi|Si Tridevi]] ([[Saraswati|Salaswati]], [[Lakshmi]], asin [[Parvati]]), [[:en:Triglav_(mythology)|Triglav]] (Slavs), an [[Charites]] (Graces), an [[:en:Horae|Horae]] (Mga panahon, kun saen igwang tolo sa suanoyna Helenistikong pagtutuos), asin an [[:en:Moirai|Moirai]] (Fates). Sa pangkagabsan, may mga dios na ilinaladawan bilang singular kaiba man an tripleikong mga aspekto. Sa [[:en:Stymphalus_(Arcadia)|Stymphalos]], si [[:en:Hera|Hera]] na sinamba bilang Babae, sa paggurang, asin Balo. === Hecate === [[Ladawan:AN00866037_001_l.jpg|too|thumb|Drowing nin sarong Hekataion, na ilinaladawan si Hetate bilang tripleng diosa sa palibot kan prinsipal na kolumna.]] Segun ki Robert Graves, si , [[:en:Hecate|Hecate]] iyo an "orihinal" asin pinakadinalaguan na suanoy na diyosa nin bulan. An , [[:en:Hecate|Hecate]] irinerepresentar sa tripleng porma poon kan enot na mga aldaw nin pagsamba saiya. Si Diana (Artemis) nabibilang man na sarong trinidad kan tolong diyosa sa saro, na hiniling na mga naiibang aspekto nin solong banal na persona: "Diana bilang paratanggla, si Diana bilang bulan, an Diana kan kinaban."<ref name="diana_religion">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Green|2007}}</ref> Mga halimbawa asin dugang kan diyos-diyos na si Hecate pinaghihiling bilang tripleng diosa na asosyado sa panraratak kaiba an saysay ni Lucan dapit sa grupo nin mga karapatan, na sinurat kan ika-1 siglo BCE. <ref>Lucan: The Civil War, Harvard University Press, 2006</ref> gibo ni Lucan (LUC. B.C. 6:700-01), an mga parabatob nagtataram dapit sa "[[:en:Persephone|Persephone]], na iyo an ikatolo asin pinakahababang aspekto kan satuyang diyosang si Hecate". Saro pang halimbawa makukua sa ''Metamorphosis'' ni Ovid (Met. 7:94-95), na kun saen si Jason nanumpa nin sumpa sa karapatang si Media, na sinasabi niyang "totoong magigin totoo siya kan sagradong mga seremonya kan tulong diyosa."<ref>Penguin Classics, Ovid Metamorphoses, 2004</ref> == Hilingon pa == * {{Annotated link|Holly King and Oak King}} * Listahan nin lunar na mga dios * {{Annotated link|Tripura Sundari}} * {{Annotated link|Tritheism}} * {{Annotated link|Worship of heavenly bodies}} === Mga gibong nasambitan ===  {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{cite book|title=The Myth and Ritual School: J.G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists|last=Ackerman|first=Robert|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-93963-8}} *{{cite book|title=[[Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today]]|last=Adler|first=Margot|date=2006|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-303819-1|edition=rev.|author-link=Margot Adler|orig-date=1979}} *{{cite web|last=Barrett|first=Ruth|date=May 7, 2004|url=http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?a=uswi&c=trads&id=8451|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051111092016/http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?a=uswi&c=trads&id=8451|archive-date=2005-11-11|title=The Dianic Wiccan Tradition|website=WitchVOX}} *{{cite book|title=Women's Rites, Women's Mysteries: Intuitive Ritual Creation|url=https://archive.org/details/womensriteswomen0000barr|last=Barrett|first=Ruth|publisher=Llewellyn|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7387-0924-6}} *{{cite book|title=Witchcraft and Magic: Contemporary North America|url=https://archive.org/details/witchcraftmagicc0000hele|last=Berger|first=Helen A.|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8122-1971-5}} *{{cite book|title=Maiden, Mother, Crone: the Myth and Reality of the Triple Goddess|url=https://archive.org/details/maidenmothercron0000conw|last=Conway|first=Deanna J.|publisher=Llewellyn|year=1995|isbn=978-0-87542-171-1}} *{{cite book|title=Moon Magick: Myth & Magick, Crafts & Recipes, Rituals & Spells|url=https://archive.org/details/moonmagickmythma0000conw|last=Conway|first=Deanna J.|publisher=Llewellyn|year=1995b|isbn=978-1-56718-167-8}} <!-- G --> *{{cite book|title=Gender and Archaeology: Contesting the Past|url=https://archive.org/details/genderarchaeolog0000gilc|last=Gilchrist|first=Roberta|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-21599-2}} *{{cite book|title=The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe, 7000-3500 B.C.: Myths, Legends and Cult Images|last=Gimbutas|first=Marija|publisher=Thames and Hudson|year=1974|isbn=978-0-500-05014-9|place=London|author-link=Marija Gimbutas}} *{{cite book|title=The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationofgo0000gimb_x0c5|last=Gimbutas|first=Marija|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|year=1991|isbn=978-0-06-250368-8}} *{{cite book|title=The Living Goddesses|url=https://archive.org/details/livinggoddesses00gimb|last=Gimbutas|first=Marija|publisher=University of California Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-520-21393-7|place=Berkeley}} *{{cite book|title=Hercules, My Shipmate: A Novel|url=https://archive.org/details/herculesmyshipma0000robe|last=Graves|first=Robert|publisher=Creative Age Press, Incorporated|year=1945|place=United States|author-link=Robert Graves}} *{{cite book|title=[[The White Goddess|The White Goddess: a Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth]]|last=Graves|first=Robert|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=1948|place=London}} *{{cite book|title=The White Goddess: a Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth|last=Graves|first=Robert|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=1961|edition=Amended & enl. [i.e. 4th]|place=London}} *{{cite book|title=The Paganism Reader|last=Graves|first=Robert|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0-415-30352-1|editor1-last=Clifton|editor1-first=Chas|pages=128–52|chapter=The Triple Muse|editor2-last=Harvey|editor2-first=Graham}} *{{cite book|title=[[The Greek Myths|The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition]]|last=Graves|first=Robert|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2017|isbn=978-0241982358}} *{{cite book|title=Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia|url=https://archive.org/details/romanreligioncul0000gree|last=Green|first=C. M. C.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0521851589|place=New York}} *{{cite book|title=The New Encyclopedia of the Occult|url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000gree|last=Greer|first=John Michael|publisher=Llewellyn|year=2003|isbn=978-1567183368|author-link=John Michael Greer}} <!-- H --> * {{cite book|title=New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought|last=Hanegraaff|first=Wouter|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1996|isbn=978-90-04-10696-3|series=Numen Book Series: Studies in the History of Religions|volume=LXXII|location=[[Leiden]]|author-link=Wouter Hanegraaff}} *{{cite book|title=Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion|url=https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harr|last=Harrison|first=Jane Ellen|publisher=University Press|year=1908|isbn=978-0524043394|edition=2nd|place=Cambridge|author-link=Jane Ellen Harrison|orig-year=1903}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/themisstudyofsoc0000harr|title=Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion|last=Harrison|first=Jane Ellen|publisher=University Press|year=1912|place=Cambridge|url-access=registration}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb4JAQAAIAAJ|title=Ancient Art and Ritual|last=Harrison|first=Jane Ellen|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|year=1913|isbn=9780837119816|place=New York}} *{{cite book|title=The Paganism Reader|last=Harvey|first=Graham|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0-415-30352-1|editor1-last=Clifton|editor1-first=Chas|pages=129ff|chapter=Introduction to "The Triple Muse"|author-link=Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)|editor2-last=Harvey|editor2-first=Graham}} *{{cite journal|last=Hutton|first=Ronald|author-link=Ronald Hutton|date=March 1997|title=The Neolithic great goddess: A study in modern tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_1997-03_71_271/page/91|journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]]|volume=71|number=271|pages=91–99|doi=10.1017/S0003598X0008457X|s2cid=153668277}} *{{cite book|title=The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft|last=Hutton|first=Ronald|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-285449-0}} <!-- J --> *{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=P.|year=2005|title=A Goddess Arrives: Nineteenth Century Sources of the New Age Triple Moon Goddess|journal=[[Culture and Cosmos]]|volume=19|number=1|pages=45–70|url=https://www.academia.edu/34350052|via=Academia.edu}} *{{cite book|title=Psychology and Religion: West and East|last=Jung|first=Carl Gustav|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1966|edition=2nd|series=Collected Works|volume=11|chapter=A Psychological Approach to the Dogma of the Trinity|orig-year=1942}} *{{cite book|title=Essays on a Science of Mythology: the Myth of the Divine Child and the Mysteries of Eleusis|last1=Jung|first1=C. G.|last2=Kerényi|first2=C.|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1949}} *{{cite book|title=Athene: Virgin and Mother in Greek Religion|last=Kerényi|first=C.|publisher=Spring Publications|year=1978|place=Zurich|translator=Murray Stein|orig-year=1952}} <!-- M --> *{{cite journal|last=Meskell|first=Lynn|author-link=Lynn Meskell|year=1995|title=Goddesses, Gimbutas and New Age archaeology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_1995-03_69_262/page/74|journal=Antiquity|volume=69|number=262|pages=74–86|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00064310|s2cid=162614650}} *{{cite book|title=Archaeology and Folklore|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415201445|last=Meskell|first=Lynn|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-20144-5|editor1-last=Gazin-Schwartz|editor1-first=Amy|chapter=Feminism, Paganism, Pluralism|editor2-last=Holtorf|editor2-first=Cornelius}} *{{cite newspaper|first=Deborah|last=Netburn|date=September 18, 2021|title=This feminist witch introduced California to Goddess worship|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-18/this-feminist-witch-introduced-california-to-goddess-worship|access-date=2023-01-08}} *{{cite book|title=The Great Mother: an Analysis of the Archetype|url=https://archive.org/details/greatmotheranal00neum|last=Neumann|first=Erich|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1955|author-link=Erich Neumann (psychologist)}} <!-- S --> *{{cite book|title=Robert Graves: Life on the Edge|last=Seymour|first=Miranda|publisher=Scribner|year=2003|isbn=978-0743232197}} *{{cite journal|last=Talalay|first=Lauren E.|year=1999|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1999/1999-10-05.html|title=(Review of) ''The Living Goddesses''|journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review|date=5 October 1999}} *{{cite book|title=The Modern Construction of Myth|last=Von Hendy|first=Andrew|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-253-33996-6|edition=2nd}} {{refend}} == Iba pang babasahon == * {{cite book|title=The Paganism Reader|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0-415-30352-1|editor1-last=Clifton|editor1-first=Chas|editor1-link=Chas Clifton|editor2-last=Harvey|editor2-first=Graham|editor2-link=Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)}} == <span class="mw-headline">Toltolan</span> == <references /> {{Tamboan}}{{Reflist}} lx31daamzabnafkvh6y1r7hb8pz4lk1 0 47450 309535 308940 2026-08-23T19:50:16Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox academic | honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] --> | name = | honorific_suffix = | image = Wick R. Miller (1932–1994).jpg | alt = | caption = Miller, {{c.|1993}} | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = Wickliffe Raper Miller | birth_date = {{birth date|1932|01|06}} | birth_place = [[San Ysidro, Sandoval County, New Mexico|San Ysidro, New Mexico]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1994|05|09|1932|01|06}} | death_place = [[Phoenix, Arizona]], E.U. | death_cause = | nationality = Amerikano | citizenship = | other_names = | occupation = | period = | known_for = | title = | boards = <!--board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation--> | spouse = Joanne Miller | partner = | children = 2 | parents = | relatives = | awards = <!--notable national-level awards only--> | website = | education = {{ubl|[[University of New Mexico]] {{small|(B.A.)}}|[[University of California, Berkeley]] {{small|(Ph.D.)}}}} | alma_mater = | thesis_title = The Acoma Language | thesis_url = | thesis_year = 1962 | school_tradition = | doctoral_advisor = [[Mary Haas]] | academic_advisors = | influences = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source--> | era = | discipline = [[Linguist]] | sub_discipline = <!--academic discipline specialist area – e.g. Sub-atomic research, 20th-century Danish specialist, Pauline research, Arcadian and Ugaritic specialist--> | workplaces = [[University of Utah]] | doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles--> | notable_students = | main_interests = {{ubl|[[Keresan languages]]|[[Uto-Aztecan languages]]}} | notable_works = | notable_ideas = | influenced = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source--> | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | footnotes = }} Si '''Wickliffe Raper Miller''' (Enero 6, 1932{{snd}}Mayo 9, 1994)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shipley|first=William|author-link=William F. Shipley|date=1995|title=Wick R. Miller|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1995-04_61_2/page/240|journal=[[International Journal of American Linguistics]]|volume=61|issue=2|pages=240–245|doi=10.1086/466252|jstor=1265729|s2cid=143556848}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mixco|first1=Mauricio|last2=Freeze|first2=Ray|date=1997|title=Memorial to Wick R. Miller|journal=[[Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology]]|volume=19|issue=2|pages=154–158|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zz1f6v6}}</ref> sarong Amerikanong [[linggwista]] na midbid na marhay kan saiyang trabaho sa lenggwaheng [[Keresan]] asin [[Uto-Aztecan]], orog na an [[Shoshoni]] asin [[Huarijio language|Guarijio]]. Siya nagtrabaho pareho sa synchronic description asin [[historical linguistics]]. An saiyang mga lakopan na mga nota sa pag'adal kan Shoshoni ginagamit na ngonyan sa pagpabagsik lenggwaheng programa. ==Publikasyon== *{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Wick R.|year=1965|title=Acoma Grammar and Texts|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press}} *{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Wick R.|year=1967|title=Uto-Aztecan Cognate Sets|url=https://archive.org/details/utoaztecancognat0000wrmi|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press}} *{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=Wick R.|date=1984|title=The Classification of the Uto-Aztecan Languages Based on Lexical Evidence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1984-01_50_1/page/n2|journal=[[International Journal of American Linguistics]]|volume=50|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1086/465813|jstor=1265195|s2cid=144398421}} ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Miller, Wick R.}} [[Kategorya:Mga 1932 na kamundagan]] [[Category:1994 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century linguists]] [[Category:Linguists from the United States]] [[Category:Linguists of Keresan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Uto-Aztecan languages]] [[Category:Academics from New Mexico]] [[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]] [[Category:University of New Mexico alumni]] [[Category:University of Utah faculty]] {{US-linguist-stub}} 13rwqxa78gp008jkomus2cvxcnjhisi 0 47495 309580 308668 2026-08-23T20:22:18Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Karna in Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|Inilaladawan kan pagguhit an labanan kan Kurukshetra kan epiko nin Mahabharata. Si Karna, an kumander kan hukbong Kaurava na mahihiling igdi. An pagguhitay ginibo sa Himachal Pradesh o Jammu asin Kashmir na estado nin India asin opaque na watercolor sa tela.]] '''Karna''' ([[Sanskrito|Sanskrit]]: कर्ण, [[:en:IAST|IAST]] ''Karṇa''), midbid man sa ngaran na '''Vasusena''', '''Anga-raja''', asin '''Radheya''', saro sa pang-inot na propagandista kan epikong Hindu na ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhāna]]''. Siya aki kan dios na saldang [[Surya]] asin prinsesa [[Kunti]] (ina kan mga Pandavas), asin sa siring sarong [[:en:Demigod|demigod]] of [[:en:Royal_birth|royal birth]]. Si Kunti na pinagkalooban nin biyaya na magkaaki nin sarong aki na may ninanais na mga banal na katangian poon sa mga diyos asin kan mayong gaanong kaaraman, inaapod ni Kunti an diyos kan saldang para kumpirmahon ini kun ini talaga totoo. Si Karna namundag sa hilom na paagi sa sarong dai pang agom na si Kunti kan sia tin - edyer, asin huli sa takot nin grabeng kaanggotan saka pagsuhay hale sa sosyedad huli sa pagbados kaini bago ikasal, mayo nang pagpipilian si Kiti kundi bayaan an bagong mamundag na Karina na nagpahunod sa basket sa Ganges, huling naglalaom ini na mas gusto niang palakopon an mga magurang. Nadiskubre basket, asin si Karna inampon saka pinadakula kan kag-ampon na mga magurang na ''Sūta'' nagngangaran Radha asin Adhiratha Nabandaanas. An propesyon sa karwahe asin poeta nagtatrabaho para ki hade Dhritarashtra. Si Karna nagdakula na matibay na parapakilaban nin ekstraordinaryong mga abilidad, sarong may balaog na espiker asin nagin maimbod na katood ni [[:en:Duryodhana|Duryodhana]]. Ninombrahan siyang hade kan Anga (Bihar-[[Bengal]]) ni Duryodhana. Nagbali si Karna sa lado ni Duryodhana sa gerang Kurikshetra. sarong panginot parapakilaban na nag-angatang gadanon an ikatulong si Pandava [[Arjuna]] pero nagadan siya sa pakikipaglaban saiya kan giyera. Siya makatristeng heroe sa ''Mahabharata'', sa paagi na kaagid kan kategoriya literaryo ni Aristotle na "may depektong marhay na tao". Nabistado niya an saiyang biyolohikal na ina sa huri sa epiko, dangan nadiskubre kaini na siya an matuang tugang sa ama kan mga linalabanan niya. Si Karna simbolo nin saro na isinikwal kan mga maninigong mamoot sa saiya alagad dai nagtatao kan kamugtakan, pero nagigin tawong may pambihirang abilidad na andam na itao an saiyang pagkamoot asin buhay bilang maimbod na katood.] karakter niya sa epiko tanganing magpadakula asin matukar nin dakulang emosyonal asin ''[[dharma]]'' (duty, etika, moral) na mga kalimmas. saiyang istorya nagpasabong nin dakul na mga sekondaryong gibo, tula asin dramatikong drama sa tradisyon kan arte Hindu, taga India sagkod sur-subangan na Asya. == Etymolohiya Asin mga epithet == Si Karna inapod man na kadakul kan pangaran.<ref>Jain, Shubham (9 January 2018). "Different names of Karna in Mahabharat | Karna is not his original name😱". ''Mythgyaan''. Retrieved 16 June 2020.</ref> An nagkapira sa sainda iyo an: * An Vasusena - Orihinal na ngaran nin Karna, nangangahulogan "namundag sa kayamanan" mantang sia namundag na may natural na mga takyag asin engkilusyon.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/Mahabharata-VOL-1.pdf|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Vol. 1 – Adi Parva|last=Pratap Chandra Roy|publisher=Oriental Publishing Co.|pages=264|access-date=February 21, 2021}}</ref> * Suryaputra - Aki nin Skaya * Radheya - aki ni Radha (Akinasal na ina nihina). * Sutaputra - aki nin parakaruwahe. * Angaraja- hade kan Anga. * Daanaveera - saro na igwa nin daing kakayahan na pag-arte o sarong pambihirang munificente (generous) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBMfCAAAQBAJ&q=Daanaveera|title=Karna The Unsung Hero of the Mahabharata|last=Kotru|first=Umesh|last2=Zutshi|first2=Ashutosh|date=March 2015|publisher=Leadstart Publishing|isbn=978-93-5201-304-3|access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini. * Vijayadhari- Maykwit nin sarong arko nagngangaran Vjaya na pigregalohan ni Lord [[Parashurama]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBMfCAAAQBAJ&q=vijaya+karna+google+book&pg=PT73|title=Karna The Unsung Hero of the Mahabharata|last=Kotru|first=Umesh|last2=Zutshi|first2=Ashutosh|date=March 2015|publisher=Leadstart Publishing|isbn=978-93-5201-304-3|access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> * Vaikartana - saro na para sa solar race (nadara sa Surya). * Si Vrisha - saro na makatotoohan sa pagtaram asin inotob an saiyang mga promesa. == Mga kaapudan == An Karna (कर्ण) sarong tataramon na yaon sa literaturang Vedic, kun saen boot sabihon "an talinga", "chaff o hukô nin tipasi" o an "helm o timon".<ref name="mmwkarna">Monier Monier-Williams (2008 update), [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0256-karkakhaNDa.jpg कर्ण, Karna], Oxford University Press (Updated, Harvard University), page 256</ref> Sa saro pang konteksto, iyan nanonongod sa sarong sponde sa Sanskrit na prosody. Sa ''Mahabharata'' asin sa Puranas, ngaran ini nin sarong guerrerong karakter. Inapod na Vasusena na aki kan saiyang kag - ampon na mga magurang, namidbid sia sa ngaran na Kara huli sa bulawan na hikawero ni Surya na dati niang isinusulot, sono sa parasurat nin Sanskrit na si David Slavitt. An tataramon na Karna, an sabi kan Indologo na si Kevin McGrath, nangangahulogan "may pagtubod, o may talingang saro"..Sa parteng 3.290.5 kan ''Mahapharata,'' si Karna sinasabing omboy na namundag dara an mga eard-ingshod asin may takyagg pangamak, arog kan saiyang ama na si Surya. [[Ladawan:Karna_Ghatotkacha_fight_sculpture,_Kota_Rajasthan_India.jpg|thumb|Si Karna sa laog kan karuwaheng naglalaban ki [[Ghatotkacha]] na nagtitindog laban sa mga kabayo, Kota, [[:en:Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]. An obrang ini - bilang ''Patung Satria Grotokaca''-na makukua man harani sa aeropuertong Denpasar, [[Bali]], Indonesya.]] == Bibliograpiya ==  {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|title=Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons|last=Adarkar|first=Aditya|publisher=Springer Netherlands|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4020-8191-0|editor1-last=Sherma|editor1-first=Rita|pages=121–150|chapter=Psychological Growth and Heroic Steadfastness in the Mahābhārata|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-8192-7_7|editor2-last=Sharma|editor2-first=Arvind}} * {{cite book|title=The Mahabharata: What Is Not Here Is Nowhere Else|last=Adarkar|first=Aditya|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=2005|isbn=978-8-1215-1130-8|editor=T. S. Rukmani|editor-link=T. S. Rukmani}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/KarnaInMahabarataAdityaAdkarThesis/page/n13|title=Karna in the Mahabharata|last=Adarkar|first=Aditya|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2001|oclc=255075356}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOdtAAAAMAAJ|title=Aryan and non-Aryan in South Asia|last=Allen|first=Nicholas|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-1-888789-04-1|editor1-last=Bronkhorst|editor1-first=Johannes|editor2-last=Deshpande|editor2-first=Madhav}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|last1=Bharne|first1=Vinayak|last2=Krusche|first2=Krupali|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHcpAAAAYAAJ|title=Dharma-Adharma and Morality in Mahābhārata|last=Bhattacharya|first=Abheda Nanda|publisher=S.S. Publishers|year=1992|isbn=978-81-85396-05-7}} * {{cite journal|title=Reviewed Work: The Sanskrit Hero: Karṇa in Epic Mahābhārata by Kevin McGrath|first=Pradip|last=Bhattacharya|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|volume=10|number=3|year=2006|publisher=Springer|jstor=20106984}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ribjy9g6NGMC|title=Mahabharata: Karna, Volume 1|last=Bowles|first=Adam|publisher=New York University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8147-9981-9}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMk_uwEACAAJ|title=Mahabharata: Karna, Volume 2|last=Bowles|first=Adam|publisher=New York University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8147-9995-6}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXvbTrzPon0C|title=Dharma, Disorder, and the Political in Ancient India: The Āpaddharmaparvan of the Mahābhārata|last=Bowles|first=Adam|publisher=BRILL Academic|year=2007|isbn=978-90-04-15815-3}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C|title=The Sanskrit Epics|last=Brockington|first=J. L.|publisher=Brill Academic|year=1998|isbn=90-04-10260-4|access-date=25 November 2013}} * {{cite journal|last1=de Bruin|first1=Hanne M.|last2=Brakel-Papenyzen|first2=Clara|title=The Death of Karna: Two Sides of a Story|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-theatre-journal-atj_spring-1992_9_1/page/38|journal=Asian Theatre Journal|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|volume=9|issue=1|year=1992|page=38|doi=10.2307/1124249|jstor=1124249}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2n4VDAAAQBAJ|title=Krishna in the Mahabharata: The death of Karna, in Krishna: A Sourcebook|last=Bryant|first=Edwin F.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-972431-4|author-link=Edwin F. Bryant}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8oe5fY5_3UC|title=The Mahabharata, Volume 1: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning|last1=van Buitenen|first1=J. A. B.|last2=Fitzgerald|first2=James L.|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-226-84663-7}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QG_ZgsM13IC|title=The Mahabharata, Volume 2: Book 2, The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest|last1=van Buitenen|first1=J. A. B.|last2=Fitzgerald|first2=James L.|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0-226-84664-4}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivQ6CwAAQBAJ|title=Penguin Companion to the Mahabharata|last=Chakravarti|first=Bishnupada|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2007|isbn=978-93-5214-170-8}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA262|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|last1=Coulter|first1=Charles Russell|last2=Turner|first2=Patricia|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-135-96390-3}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXIvUFR3P74C|title=The Difficulty of Being Good: On the Subtle Art of Dharma|last=Das|first=Gurcharan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-977960-4}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQLWAAAAMAAJ|title=Kamadeva's Pleasure Garden: Orissa|last=Donaldson|first=Thomas E.|publisher=Advent|year=1987|isbn=978-81-7018-393-8}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcIoAAAAYAAJ|title=Beyond Androcentrism: New Essays on Women and Religion|last=Falk|first=Nancy|publisher=Scholars Press|year=1977|isbn=978-0-89130-196-7|editor-last=Gross|editor-first=Rita M.|chapter=Draupadi and the Dharma}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/KarnaWithinTheNetOfMahabarataReadingTheItihasaAsLiteraturePatriciaGreerThesis/page/n9|title=Karna Within the Net of the Mahabharata|last=Greer|first=Patricia M.|publisher=University of Virginia Press|year=2002|oclc=1049048537}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jch6VZHb07QC|title=Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-226-34053-1|author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUaeAgAAQBAJ|title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-987524-5|author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=js9CAAAAIAAJ|title=An anthology of Sanskrit court poetry: Vidyākara's "Subhāsiaratnakosa"|last=Ingalls|first=Daniel H. H.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1965|isbn=9780674039506}} * {{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind00unse|last=Johnson|first=W. J.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-861025-0|chapter=Karna|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8sYSPhSBEAC|title=The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night|last=Johnson|first=W. J.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-282361-8}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVgRAQAAIAAJ|title=A concise encyclopedia of Hinduism|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus K.|publisher=Oxford Oneworld|year=1998|isbn=978-1-85168-175-4}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem|title=The Oxford Companion to World Mythology|last=Lemming|first=David|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-515669-0|chapter=Karna|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001|url-access=registration}} * {{cite journal|last=Manikutty|first=Sankaran|title=Why Should I Be Ethical? Some Answers from Mahabharata|journal=Journal of Human Values|publisher=SAGE Publications|volume=18|issue=1|year=2012|doi=10.1177/097168581101800103|pages=19–32|s2cid=145704002}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6PsAAAAIAAJ|title=Ethics and Epics: The Collected Essays of Bimal Krishna Matilal|last=Matilal|first=Bimal Krishna|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-565511-7|editor-last=Ganeri|editor-first=Janordon}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC|title=The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahābhārata|last=McGrath|first=Kevin|publisher=Brill Academic|year=2004|isbn=90-04-13729-7|access-date=25 November 2013}} * {{cite journal|title=Interpolations in the Mahabharata|first=M. A.|last=Mehendale|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=82|number=1/4|year=2001|pages=193–212|publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|jstor=41694638}} * {{cite journal|title=Karnabhara: The trial of Karna|first=Barbara Stoler|last=Miller|journal=Journal of South Asian Literature|volume=20|number=1|year=1985|pages=47–56|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University|jstor=40872709}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kEwAQAAIAAJ|title=A Very Popular Exile|last=Nandy|first=Ashis|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-569322-5}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnCxH85Vra4C|title=Essays on the Mahābhārata|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2007|isbn=978-81-208-2738-7}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOv_AwAAQBAJ|title=The King and the Clown in South Indian Myth and Poetry|last=Shulman|first=David Dean|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4008-5775-3}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/manthroughhisart02desi|title=Man Through His Art: War and Peace|last1=de Silva-Vigier|first1=Anil|last2=von Simson|first2=Otto Georg|publisher=New York Graphic Society|year=1964|chapter=The Battle of the Mahabharata: Stone reliefs from the Temple of Angkor Vat, Cambodia 1113–1150|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yHfIBgAAQBAJ|title=Mahabharata|last=Slavitt|first=David|publisher=Northwestern University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8101-3060-9}} * {{cite journal|last=Terrence|first=John Thomas|title=The Death of Karna|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_theatre-journal_1995-03_47_1/page/134|journal=Theatre Journal|volume=47|number=1|year=1995|page=134|doi=10.2307/3208814|jstor=3208814}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXylLu3qQbsC|title=Textuality and Inter-textuality in the Mahabharata: Myth, Meaning and Metamorphosis|last=Trikha|first=Pradeep|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2006|isbn=978-81-7625-691-9}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9bDwAAQBAJ|title=Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated)|last1=Valmiki|last2=Vyasa|date=2018-05-19|publisher=Delphi Classics|isbn=978-1-78656-128-2}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPOVdzZ2UIC|title=A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1|last=Winternitz|first=Maurice|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publication|year=1996|isbn=81-208-0264-0|access-date=25 November 2013}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_55QeSkb7_MC|title=Destiny and Human Initiative in the Mahabharata|last=Woods|first=Julian F.|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-7914-9058-7}} * {{cite journal|title=Reviewed Works: Kattaikkuttu: The Flexibility of a South Indian Theatre Tradition by Hanne M. de Bruin; Karna's Death: A Play by Pukalentirrulavar by Pukalentirrulavar, Hanne M. de Bruin|first=Phillip B.|last=Zarrilli|journal=Asian Theatre Journal|volume=19|number=1|year=2002|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|doi=10.1353/atj.2002.0020|jstor=1124427|s2cid=161376487}} {{refend}} == Panluwas na takod == * {{Wikisource-inline|The Mahabharata}} == Mga Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} 15fd7y8h2gj0slay932nujlrzi7i8sv 0 47523 309515 296979 2026-08-23T19:29:37Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309515 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;" |Atang |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div style="font-size: 110%;">Prinsesa nin [[Arcadia (utopia)|Arcadia]]</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |Miyembro kan [[Argonauts|Mga Argonauts]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Atalanta_Lepautre_Louvre_MR1804.jpg|daing kwadro]]<div class="infobox-caption">Atang. Marle, 1703-1705. Si Copy ni Pierre Lepautre kan sarong Romanong gibohon pagkatapos nin orihinal na Helenistiko. Ninombrahan para sa dekorasyon kan Marly Park, na ibinalyo kan 1798 sa Tuileries Gardens. © Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aboga | class="infobox-data" |[[Arcadia (regional unit)|Arcadia]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mga Simboles | class="infobox-data" |[[Golden apple|Bulawan na mansanas]], oso, leon |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;" |Personal na impormasyon |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mga Magurang | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Si Iasus o Scholastico (ama) * Clymene (ina) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Konsibort | class="infobox-data" |Meleager (posimente) Hipomenes (<span style="font-size:85%;"> (o Melanion) </span>) <br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Pagsuway | class="infobox-data" |Parteneopeae |} An '''Atalanta''' (/ˌætəˈlæntə/; Griyego: Ἀταλάντη, translit. Atalántē, lit. "katumbas ngin timbang") na sarong pangenot na tauhang babae sa [[mitolohiyang Griyego]]. Igwang duwang bersyon nin mangangaso na si Atalanta: saro poon sa [[Arcadia]],<ref>"Aelian: Various Histories. Book XIII, Ch. 1". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-08.</ref><ref>"CALLIMACHUS, HYMNS 1-3 - Theoi Classical Texts Library, HYMN 3". ''www.theoi.com''. Archived from the original on 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2021-03-08.</ref> na an mga magurang na sinda [[Iasus]] asin [[Clymene]] <ref>"APOLLODORUS, THE LIBRARY BOOK 3.9.2 - Theoi Classical Texts Library". ''www.theoi.com''. Archived from the original on 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2021-03-08.</ref>dangan na pangenot bisto poon sa mga istorya nin [[Calydonian boar hunt]] asin an [[Argonauts]];<ref>"APOLLODORUS, THE LIBRARY BOOK 1.8.2-3, Theoi Classical Texts Library". ''www.theoi.com''. Archived from the original on 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2021-03-08.</ref> asin an saro pa na poon kay [[Boeotia]], na aki ni Hadeng [[Schoeneus]]<ref>"HESIOD, CATALOGUES OF WOMEN FRAGMENTS, FRAGMENT 14 - Theoi Classical Texts Library". ''www.theoi.com''. Archived from the original on 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2021-03-08.</ref><ref>"Hyginus, Fabulae. 173-174 and 185". ''topostext.org''. Archived from the original on 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2021-03-08.</ref> asin pangenot na bisto sa saiyang husay sa footrace. Sa parehong mga bersyon, si Atalanta na sarong lokal na pigura na kaalyado sa diyosa na si [[Artemis]];<ref>Boardman, John (1983). "Atalanta". ''Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies''. '''10''': 3–19. doi:10.2307/4104327. JSTOR&nbsp;4104327.</ref> sa gayong mga oral na tradisyon, an mga menor de edad na karakter na kadalasang tinatawan nin manlain-lain na pangaran, na nagreresulta sa mga saradit na pagkakaiba-iba sa rehiyon.<ref>Howell, Reet A.; Howell, Maxwell L. (1989). "The Atalanta Legend in Art and Literature". ''Journal of Sport History''. '''16''' (2): 127–139. JSTOR&nbsp;43609443.</ref> == Mitolohiya == === Amay na Buhay === Kan mamundag, dinara si Atalanta sa Bukid nin Partena tanganing Ibinuyagyag huli ta an saiyang ama nagmawot nin sarong aking lalaki. Ang saiyang na-ayun - saro sa mga simbolo ni Artemis---na an ukay dae pa sana nahahaloy na ginadan kan mga paratangdan nag-abot sa Atalanta asin inataman siya sagkod na madiskobre ini kan parehong mga paraayam dangan maitaas ninda siya sa kabukidan. Dangan si Atang nagdakula na sarong marikas an paglakaw na daraga na nag - eermi nin mga lalaki asin idinusay an saiyang sadiri sa gampanon na Artemis. Si Atalanta nag - modelo pagkatapos ni Artemis, na nakasulot nin simpleng daing manggas na nakaluhod asin nakaistar sa kabukidan. Mantang nakaistar sa kadlagan, si Atang nagpiriga nin duwang pentaurer, Rhoecus asin Hylaios, na an saiyang pagduko pagkatapos kan gayon kaini nakua an saindang atension dangan prinobaran nindang lugoson ini. === An pagbiahe kan mga Argonaut === [[Ladawan:Atalanta_Peleus_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_596.jpg|thumb|274x274px|Black-figure pottery na nagpapahiling nin wrestling match sa pagitan nin Peleus asin Atalanta sa panahon kan funerary games ni Hadeng Pelias. Sa background, an premyo kan tunggalian: an kublit asin an payo kan Calydonian boar.]] Si Atalanta sinasambit sana minsan sa leyenda kan Argonauts;<ref name="Howell & Howell 1989">Barringer, Judith M. (1996). "Atalanta as Model: The Hunter and the Hunted". ''Classical Antiquity''. '''15''' (1): 48–76. doi:10.2307/25011031. ISSN&nbsp;0278-6656. JSTOR&nbsp;25011031.</ref> Alagad, an saiyang partisipasyon bantog sa salaysay ni [[Pseudo-Apolodorus]], na nagsasabi na durante kan paghanap kan [[Golden Fleace]], Atalanta, na inimbitaran asin inobligar kan proteksion ni Artemis, naglayag kaiba kan mga taga - Aragon bilang solong babae sa tahaw ninda.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|title=Atalanta as Model: The Hunter and the Hunted|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011031}}</ref><ref>"DIODORUS SICULUS, LIBRARY OF HISTORY BOOK 4.48.5 - Theoi Classical Texts Library". ''www.theoi.com''. Archived from the original on 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2021-03-08.</ref> Sa salaysay ni Diodoro Siculus, si Atang dai sana midbid na naglayag kaiba kan mga taga Argonautts kundi nakipaglaban sa sainda sa ralaban sa Colchis, kun sain siya, Jason, Laertes, asin an Mga aki ni [[:en:Thespius|Thesipae]] nalugadan saka pagkatapos pinaumayan sinda ni [[:en:Medea|Medea]].<ref>"APOLLONIUS RHODIUS, ARGONAUTICA BOOK 1.768 - Theoi Classical Texts Library". ''www.theoi.com''. Archived from the original on 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2021-03-08.</ref> Sa salaysay manungod sa [[:en:Apollonius_of_Rhodes|Apollonius of Rhodes]], pinugulan ni Jason si Atalanta na dai mag-ayon bako ta kulang an abilidad niya kundi huli ta bilang babayi igwa siya kan potensyal na ipagpunan nin iriwal an mga lalaking nasa barko. Pagkagadan ni Hadeng Pelias sa Iolcus, ginibo an karawat para sa lobong na dian nadaog si Atalanta ki Peleus sa sarong gumolan. Nagin popular na tema ini sa arteng Griego. == Mga Ladawan == <gallery mode="packed"> Ladawan:Jan_Fyt_and_Pieter_Thijs_-_Atalanta_and_Meleager_Hunt_the_Calydonian_Boar.jpg|alt=Oil painting of Atalanta and Meleager hunting the Calydonian boar (Jan Fyt, 1648). The Ringling, Bequest of John Ringling, 1936.|Oil painting kan Atalanta asin Meleager ng pangangaso sa boar nin Calydonian. Jan Fyt, 1648). Ang Rawit-dawit, Nagsaad Saróng tataramon na Austronesyo ng John Ringling, 1936. Ladawan:Meleager-Béierkapp--w.jpg|alt=Meleager presenting Atalante the head of the Calydonian Boar in 16th century alabaster, Bode Museum.|Sarong Meleager na nagpepresentar nin Atarante sarong pamayo kan Callydonian Boar kai-16 na silo alabaster, Bode Museum. Ladawan:Jan_Wildens_-_Landscape_with_Hunt_of_Meleager_and_Atalanta.jpg|alt=Landscape painting of the hunt. Jan Wildens, 17th century.|Landscape pagpinta kan linabaan.Si Jan Wildens,ika-17 silo. Ladawan:Giulio_Romano_-_Meleager_et_Atalanta.jpg|alt=Meleager et Atalanta, from a drawing by Giulio Romano, engraved by François Louis Lonsing. Atalanta is at far left with bow; Meleager is right of her, spearing the Calydonian boar (1773).|Meleager et Atalanta, hale sa pinu'nan kanGiulio Romano, naukit ni François Louis Loning. Si Atang yaon sa porong wata pwedeng busog; si Meleauger tama sayang, napingengenoan at Calydonian boar (1773). Ladawan:M._Maurice_Stora_-_Atalanta_and_Meleager_Present_the_Head_of_the_Caledonian_Boar_at_the_Temple_of_Artemis_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|alt=Meleager Presenting the Head of the Caledonian Boar to Atalanta at the Temple of Artemis. M. Maurice Stora (1530–1535).|Meleager Nagpepresentar kan Panay isang Caledonian Boar paduman sa Atalanta at Tempo ni Artemis. M. Maurice Stora (1530-155). Ladawan:Palumba_hunt.jpg|alt=Atalanta and Meleager hunting the Calydonian boar. Woodcut by Giovanni Battista Palumba, print in the British Museum.|Si Atalanta asin Meleager nagdadokop kan boar nin Calydonian. Woodcate niGiovanni Battista Palumba, imprentahan sa Museo Bikol. Ladawan:Jacob_Jordaens_-_Meleager_and_Atalanta,_1620-1650.jpg|alt=Meleager and Atalante. Jacob Jordaens (1620–1650), Museo Nacional del Prado.|Meleager atin Ate. Si Jacob Nag - organisar(1620-1650),Museo Nacional del Prado. Ladawan:Nicolas_Colombel_002.jpg|alt=The Race between Atalanta and Hippomenes. Nicolas Colombel (1644–1717), Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna.|Ang Race saróng tahaw ni Atang at mga Hipomene. SiNicolas Colobel (1644-177), Museo Liechtenstein, Vienna. </gallery> == Iba pang babasahon == * Bolen, Jean Shinoda. Artemis: An Espiritu nin Pagkabakong Makatanosan sa Lambang babae, an Conari Press, 2014. * {{Cite journal|last1=Faraone|first1=C. A.|title=Aphrodite's ΚΕΣΤΟΣ and Apples for Atalanta: Aphrodisiacs in Early Greek Myth and Ritual|journal=Phoenix|date=1990|volume=44|issue=3|pages=219–243|doi=10.2307/1088934}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Mathews|first1=Richard|title=Heart's Love and Heart's Division: The Quest for Unity in "Atalanta in Catydon"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_victorian-poetry_spring-summer-1971_9_1-2/page/35|journal=Victorian Poetry|date=1971|volume=9|issue=1/2|pages=35–48}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Reid|first1=Heather|title=Plato on women in sport|journal=Journal of the Philosophy of Sport|date=1 September 2020|volume=47|issue=3|pages=344–361|doi=10.1080/00948705.2020.1811713}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Salinger|first1=Margaretta|title=Rubens's Atalanta and Meleager|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_metropolitan-museum-of-art-new-york-bulletin_summer-1944_3_1/page/n9|journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|date=1944|volume=3|issue=1|pages=8–13|doi=10.2307/3257236}} == Panluwas na mga takod == ** [https://www.worldhistory.org/Atalanta/ Atalanta]—[[:en:World_History_Encyclopedia|World History Encyclopedia]] ** [https://www.theoi.com/Heroine/Atalanta.html Atalanta], a summary at the Theoi Project ** [https://artsandscience.usask.ca/antiquities/collections/items/greek-items/classical/sculpture/head-of-hygieia-or-atalanta.php Classical sculpture head of either Hygieia or Atalanta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326225913/https://artsandscience.usask.ca/antiquities/collections/items/greek-items/classical/sculpture/head-of-hygieia-or-atalanta.php |date=2023-03-26 }}, a replica from the Louvre. ** [https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/art-and-design/atalanta-and-hippomenes-overmantel/ Atalanta and Hippomenes art collection]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, National Museum of Scotland. ** [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000113 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Atalanta)] == Mga Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} n97hrxnlxd4ud281ltgtnnz8q239nb7 0 47577 309719 308695 2026-08-23T22:41:24Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309719 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Hera Campana Louvre Ma2283.jpg|thumb|An Campana Hera, sarong ika 2-siglong Romanong kopya nin sarong Helenistikong orihinal. Louvre, Paris]]   Sa suanoy na relihiyong Griyego, si '''Hera''' (/ ˈhɛrə, ˈhɪərə/; Griyego: Ἥρα, translit. Hḗrā; Ἥρη, Hḗrē sa Ionic saka Homeric Greek) siya ang diyosa kankasal, kababaihan, asin pamilya, Saka tagasurog kan mga kababaihan sa panahon kan pag aaki. Sa mitolohiyang Griyego, siya ang reyna kan ika doseng [[Olympian]] saka [[:en:Mount_Olympus|Mount Olympus]], tugang asin agom ni [[:en:Zeus|Zeus]] an mga Titan na sina [[:en:Cronus|Cronus]] asin [[:en:Rhea_(mythology)|Rhea]].Ang saro sa mga katangian niya sa mito ang pagiging mainggiton asin papagbalos sa pakikitungo sa siisay man nakakakulog sa saiya, lalo na sa dakol na mapang-asar na manliligaw saka aki ni Zeus. An saiyang iconograpiya parati pigpepresentar siya bilang sarong may dignidad, matrigang pigura, matanos o pinatukaw sa trono, kinoronahan nin ''polos'' o diadem, kun minsan nakatahob bilang babaeng may agom.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elderkin|first=G. W.|title=The Marriage of Zeus and Hera and Its Symbol|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-archaeology_july-september-1937_41_3/page/424|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|publisher=University of Chicago Press|volume=41|issue=3|date=1937-07-01|issn=0002-9114|doi=10.2307/498508|pages=424–435}}</ref> Sia an patron na diosa nin sono sa ley na pag - agoman. Sia nangengenot sa mga kasal, binebendisyonan asin ipinaootob an pagsasaro nin mag - agom, asin pinoprotehiran nia an mga babae na dai mapahamak durante kan pangangaki. Kaiba sa saiyang sagradong mga hayop an [[baka]], kurako, asin pikop. Kun beses ipinaheheling na sia may kapot na granada bilang emblema sa inmortalidad. An saiyang Romanong kapareho iyo si Juno.<ref name="Larouse">''Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia'', [[The Book People]], Haydock, 1995, p. 215.</ref> == Etymolohiya == An pangaran na Hera may magkapirang posibleng asin saro-saro na mga eksklusibong etymologies. An sarong posibilidad iyo na ikonektar iyan sa Griegong ὥρα ''hōra'', kapanahonan, asin interpretaron ini bilang hinog para sa pag - agom saka segun ki Plato ἐρατή ''eratē'', "namotan" <ref>[[LSJ]] s.v. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De)rato%2Fs ἐρατός].</ref>siring kan sinasabi ni Zeus na inagom sia huli sa pagkamoot.<ref>[[LSJ]] s.v. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De)rato%2Fs ἐρατός].</ref> Segun ki Plutarch, si Hera sarong matalinhagang ngaran asin anagrap nin aēr ((ἀήρ, "doros").[. <ref>On Isis and Osiris, 32</ref>Kaya nagpuon an porsiyon sa Hera na nasa Griegong Relihiyon ni Walter Burkert.<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert]], p. 131.</ref> Sa sarong nota, saiyang itinala an mga argumento kan ibang iskolar "para sa boot sabihon Mistres bilang lalake ki Herros, Master." John Chadwick, sarong paradukot sa Linear B, nagkomento "sa ngaran niya puwedeng konektado sa hērōs, ἥρως <ref>On Isis and Osiris, 32</ref> irovon', 'hero', alagad bako man na tabang poon pa kaiyan a etymological slubn. <ref>Chadwick, ''The Mycenaean World'' (Cambridge University Press) 1976:87.</ref>A. J. van Windeckens,[6] nag - alok nin "yo bakanger", siya na katuwang si Heantsrae-cente'sdra out (wè) "Finticdkyō [zobed], "Cirhrichbyos-jelfdandkimantskid chhoodus, "Siz. R. S. P. Beekse nagsuherir nin sarong orihinal na Pre-Griegong ginikanan.<ref>[[:en:Robert_S._P._Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 524.</ref> Pigtesiko an saiyang pangaran sa Mycenaean Greek na nakasurat sa Linear B syllabic script bilang ⁇ ''e-ra'', nagluwas sa mga tabla na yaon sa [[Pyllos]] asin [[Thebes, Grecia|Thebes]], pati man sa diyalektong Cipriotic sa den es-ra-i. An PIE... pwede sa orihinal magsalang (a) 'an babaeng nakatakod/couped' o (b) 'An babae na nagtatakod sa sadiri '... Kapwa sa sosyal asin pisikal o emosyonal."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Willi|first=Andreas|date=1 December 2010|title=Hera, Eros, Iuno Sororia|journal=[[Indogermanische Forschungen]]|volume=115|issue=2010|pages=234–267|doi=10.1515/9783110222814.1.234}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Marriage_of_Zeus_and_Hera_(detail)_Pompeian_Art.jpg|too|thumb|Si Lara sakay sa antique fresco na taga Pompeii]] Si Hera pwedeng iyo an enot na diyos kun sain nagdusay nin sarong intirong santuario sa templo an mga Griego, sa Samos kan mga 800 BCE. Nasalidahan iyan kan huri kanHaion of Samos, saro sa pinakadakula sa gabos na templong Griego (altart sa atubangan kan mga templo sa sirong nin bukas na langit). Dakol an templo na itinogdok sa lugar na ini, kaya medyo nakakaribaraw an ebidensia, asin dai segurado an arkeolohikong mga petsa. An templo na minukna kan mga iskultor sa Rhoecus asin arkitekto naraot sa pag-oltan nin 570 asin 660 BCE. Ini sinalidahan kan templo sa Policratean na 540-530 BCE. Sa saro sa mga templong ini, maheheling niato an kadlagan na 155 kolumna. Mayo man nin ebidensia kan mga gapo sa templong ini na nagsusuherir magsalang an templo dai natapos o na bukas pasiring sa langit an templo. Mas amay na mga santwaryo, na an pagdusay ki Lara bakong segurado, iyo an tipo kan Mycenae na inaapod na "mga ninunong panharong".<ref>Martin Persson Nilsson, ''The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and Its Survival in Greek Religion'' (Lund) 1950 pt. I.ii "House Sanctuaries", pp 77-116; H. W. Catling, "A Late Bronze Age House- or Sanctuary-Model from the Menelaion, Sparta," ''BSA'' '''84''' (1989) 171-175.</ref> An mga pagkotkot sa Samos naghayag nin dolot para sa pagboto, an dakol dian kan huring kabtang kan ika - 8 asin ika - 7 siglo BCE, na nagpapaheling na si Hera sa Samo bako sanang sarong lokal na Griegong diosa kan Aegean. An museo igwa nin mga pigura nin dios asin pamanggihan patin iba pang dolot na may boses hale sa [[Armenya|Armenia]], Babilonya, [[Iran]], Asiria, asin [[Ehipto|Egipto]], patotoo kan reputasyon na nakamtan kan santuaryong ini nin Hera, asin an dakulang paglaog nin mga peregrino. Kun ikokomparar sa makapangyarihan na diosang ini, na iyo man an kaenot - enoteng templo sa Olimpia asin duwa sa darakulang ikalima saka ikaanom na siglong mga templo nin Paestum, an kaputol ni [[Homero|Homer]] asin kan mga osipon "haros... pigura nin komiks," segun ki Burkert.<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert]], p. 132, including quote; Burkert: ''Orientalizing Revolution''.</ref> [[Ladawan:Temple_of_Hera_-_Agrigento_-_Italy_2015.JPG|wala|thumb|An Templo ni Herrera sa Agrigento, Magna Graecia.]] Minsan ngani an pinakadakula asin kaenot - enoteng templo na libre sa pagpatindog ki ''Heraia'' iyo an Heraion of Samos, sa Griegong kontinenteng Kara espesyalmenteng sinasamba bilang "Arhake Mira" (''Herra Argeia'') sa saiyang santuaryo na nagtitindog sa tahaw kan dating siudad nin mga Mycenae-estado nin Argos asin Mycenae,<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' 3.13.6</ref><ref>Her name appears, with Zeus and Hermes, in a [[Linear B]] inscription (Tn 316) at Mycenean [[Pylos]] (John Chadwick, ''The Mycenaean World'' [Cambridge University Press] 1976:89).</ref> kun saen sineselebrar an mga kapiestahan sa saiyang onra na inaapod Helasia. "An tolong siyudad na sakong namomorangot nin pinakamatibay," an ox-yeng Reyna kan Langit nagpapahayag sa ''[[Iliada|Iliid]]'', libro iv, "are Argos, Sparte asin Mycenae kan mga halakbang na tinampo." Igwa man templo ki Lara sa Olimpia, Corinto, Terry, Perachora asin sa sagradong isla nin Delos. Sa Magna Graecia, duwang templong Doric sa Lara an itinogdok sa Paestum, mga 550 BCE asin kan mga 450 BCE. An saro sa sainda, na haloy nang inaapod na ''Templo nin Poseidon'' namidbid kan mga 1950 bilang templo ni Hera.<ref>P.C. Sestieri, ''Paestum, the City, the Prehistoric Acropolis in Contrada Gaudo, and the Heraion at the Mouth of the Sele'' (Rome 1960), p. 11, etc. "It is odd that there was no temple dedicated to Poseidon in a city named for him (Paestum was originally called Poseidonia). Perhaps there was one at Sele, the settlement that preceded Paestum," Sarantis Symeonoglou suggested (Symeonoglou, "The Doric Temples of Paestum" ''Journal of Aesthetic Education'', '''19'''.1, Special Issue: Paestum and Classical Culture: Past and Present [Spring 1985:49-66] p. 50.</ref> An festival nin kalayo sa Dada sa Cuteaeron harani sa Plata, kaiba an istorya kan pakikipag-ulay ni Lara ki Zeus asin sa saindang pakipag - ulian.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Greek religion|last=Burkert|first=Walter|last2=Burkert|first2=Walter|date=1998|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-36281-9|location=Cambridge, Mass|page=63}}</ref> An kahalagahan kan Lara sa amay na periodo nagpapatotoo kan mga darakulang proyekto nin pagtutugdok ginigibong onra niya. An mga templo nin Lara sa duwang pangenot na sentro kan saiyang kulto, an Heraion of Samos asin Heraon nin Argolis sa Aragon, iyo an kaenot - enoteng dakulaon na Griegong mga templo na itinogdok kaidto pang ika - 8 siglo BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a77yKM26GfYC&pg=PA26|title=The Transformation of Hera: A Study of Ritual, Hero, and the Goddess in the Iliad|last=O'Brien|first=Joan V.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8476-7808-2|page=26|author-link=Joan V. O'Brien}}</ref> === Kahalagahan === Sa iyo man sanang pagsamba, an Britanong iskolar na Si Charles Francis Keary nagsusuherir na may mga "Earth Goddes" na sinasamba kan suanoy na panahon,.<ref>Keary, Charles Francis. ''Outlines of primitive belief among the Indo-European races''. New York: C. Scibner's Sons. 1882. p. 176.</ref> Konektado sa posibleng ginikanan nia bilang diosa nin Pedlasgian (arog baga ni Herodotus).<ref>Keary, Charles Francis. ''Outlines of primitive belief among the Indo-European races''. New York: C. Scibner's Sons. 1882. p. 176 (footnote nr. ii).</ref><ref>Renehan, Robert. ''HERA AS EARTH-GODDESS: A NEW PIECE OF EVIDENCE''. In: Rheinisches Museum für Philologie Neue Folge, 117. Bd., H. 3/4 (1974), pp. 193-201. </ref><ref name="sacred-texts.com">[https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/mgr/mgr05.htm Harrison, Jane Ellen. ''Myths of Greece and Rome''. 1928. pp. 12-14]</ref> Segun ki Homeric Hymn II to [[Apollo]]" id="mwuw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Delian Apollo">Delian Apollo, idinetener ni Hera si Eilethyia tanganing olangon Si Letto sa pagtrabaho kaiba ni Artemis asin Apolos, huling an ama iyo si Zeus. An ibang mga diyosa na yaon sa pagkamundag ki Delos pinadara si Iris tanganing darahon siya. Kan sia mag - tongtong sa isla, nagpoon an pagkamundag nin Dios. Sa osipon kan pagkamundag ni Heacles, mismong si Herra an nakatukaw sa may pinto, na inatraso an pangangaki ki Hercules sagkod na enot nang mamundag an saiyang protégé, Euristheus.<ref name="Hom. Il. 19.95">[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+19.95 19.95ff.]</ref> An Homeric Hymn to Piythian Apollo ginibo an moster Thyphaon na gikan ni archaic Hera sa saiyang pormang Minoan, nakagibo hale sa sadiri nia, siring sa sarong dakulaon na bersion kan Hefaestus, asin nagtabang sa sarong lungib sa Cilicia.<ref>''Iliad'', ii. 781-783)</ref> Tinawan nia an linalang na si Piython tanganing magpadakula. [[Ladawan:Hera_Barberini_Chiaramonti_Inv1210.jpg|thumb|Romanong kopya kan sarong Griegong ika-5 siglo na Hera of the "Barberini Hera" type, gikan sa Museo Chiaramonti]] Sa Templo nin Herrera, Olimpia, mas gurang an nagtutukaw na pigura ni Larang kulto kisa kan si guerrerong personahe ni Zeus na nag-iba kaiyan. Si Homer nagpahayag kan saiyang relasyon ki Zeus na delikadong marhay sa ''Iliid'', na kun saen ipinahayag niya ki Zeus, "Ako an pinakamatuang aki ni Crono, asin ta may onra bako sana digdi sa dagang ini, kundi huli man ta ako agom mo, asin ika hade kan mga dios."<ref>[[gutenberg:2199|The Iliad by Homer - Project Gutenberg]]</ref> === Matriarkiya === Nagkaigwa nin awad - diit na inadalan, na nakaaabot pabalik Si Johann Jakob Bachofen kan kabangaan nin ikatinesinuebeng siglo,<ref>Bachofen, ''Mutterrecht'' 1861, as '' Mother Right: An Investigation of the Religious and Juridical Character of Matriarchy in the Ancient World.'' Bachofen was seminal in the writings of [[Jane Ellen Harrison]] and other students of Greek myth.</ref> manongod sa posibilidad na marigon na naestablisar an nobleng marhay sa Griegong relihion, iyo an orihinal na diosa nin sarong mga tawong matriarkal, na posibleng nag - eerok sa Grecia bago pa man magkaigwa nin Helen. Sa paghiling na ini, an saiyang aktibidad bilang [[Diyosa (Goddess)|diosa]] sa pag-agom iyo an nagpatindog kan pagkakrisador kan sadiri niyang subordinasyon: an paglaban niya sa mga pagsakop ni Zeus pinagsalin bilang "paguriyo" ni Hera an mayor na tema kan literaryong mga atecdotes na minasakop sa suanoy kaining kulto.<ref>Slater 1968.</ref> Minsan siring, iyan nagdadanay na sarong kontrobersyal na paghihingako na an suanoy na matriarkiya o kulturang nakasentro sa monoteistikong Dakulang Dios nag - eeksister sa tahaw kan suanoy na mga Griego o iba pang lugar. An paghihingako kan kadaklan sinasayumahan nin modernong mga iskolar bilang dai naririsang ebidensia.<ref name="ELLER-BRITANNICA">See, for example, the following: </ref> === Pagkahoben === Si Herrera iyo an binibistong gayo na diyosang matrina, si Mira Teleia, alagad siya man ngane an nangenot sa mga kasal. Sa osipon asin kulto, an mga reperensiang kadimparan asin arkidiyosan nagdadanay sa sagradong pag - agom ni Hera asin Zeus.<ref>Farnell, I 191,</ref> Sa Plata, nagkaigwa nin iskultura nin Heswita na nakatukaw bilang nobya ni Calimachus, siring man an matrionyidong nagtindog sa Hera. == Mythology == === Pagkamundag === [[Ladawan:Hera_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2685_full.jpg|thumb|An Lara (susog sa inskripsiyon); tondo nin sarong Attic na puti-na' nakahormalx hale sa Vulci, ca. 470 BCE]] Si Hera aki kan [[:en:Titans|Titans]] [[:en:Cronus|Cronus]] asin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Rhea (mythology)" class="cx-link" data-linkid="1209">Rhea</a>, asin an pagdukot ki [[Hestia|H]][[:en:Hestia|estia]], [[:en:Demeter|Demeter]], [[:en:Hades|Hades]], [[:en:Poseidon|Poseidon]], and [[:en:Zeus|Zeus]]..<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 453&#x2013;9].</ref> Si Cronus napagal tanganing madaog kan saro sa saiyang mga aki; tanganing malikayan ini, hinalon nia an gabos niang bagong mamundag na aki sagkod na dayaon sia ni Rhea na halonon an sarong gapo imbes na an kangudhan kaining aking lalaki, si Zeus. Nagdakula si Zeus sa hilom asin kan sia magdakula dinaya nia an saiyang ama na pareglaron an mga tugang kaini, kaiba si Hera. Dangan si Zeus an nangenot sa rebelyon tumang sa mga Titan, pinalayas sinda, asin binarangabanga an pagsakop sa kinaban kaiba kan saiyang mga tugang na lalaki, si Poseidon asin Hades.<ref>{{Cite news}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cronus|title=Cronus {{!}} Greek god|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-12-04}} </ref> Minsan siring, an iba pang tradisyon garo baga nagtatao nin laen - laen na pagpadakula ki Hera. Pausanias nagsasabi na siya inataman bilang sarong omboy kan tolong aking babae sa salog Aterion: Eubia, Prosymna, asin Akraia.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.17.1 2.17.1].</ref> Dugang pa, sa Ililad, sinabi ni Hera na tinawan siya kan saiyang ina nin mga Tethy tanganing buhayon liwat: "Nagduman ako ngunyan sagkod sa katapusan kan bukas - palad na daga pag nagbibisita kami sa Kadagatan, mantang an mga diyos nagtirindog, asin si Terhys samuyang ina maboot na nagdara sako sa saindang sadiring harong, saka inataman ko sinda hali sa Rheia, kan panahon na idto kan imaneho ni Zeus sa mahiwas na bowaroses an Kronoseat asin tubig.<ref>Homer, Iliad 14. 200 ff, https://www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanisTethys.html#Creation</ref> === Pag - agom ki Zeus === [[Ladawan:Over_life-size_statue_of_Hera,_from_the_Gymnasium_of_Salamis,_2nd_century_AD,_Cyprus_Museum,_Nicosia,_Cyprus_(22497777355).jpg|too|thumb|Maradong estatuwa ni Lara, ika-2 siglo, Cyprus Museum, [[Nicosia]].]] Si Hera an diosa nin pag - agom asin pangangaki imbes na pagigin ina, asin dakol sa saiyang mitolohiya an nakasentro sa relasyon nia bilang mag - agom kaiba kan tugang niang si Zeus. Naaakit siya asin inaakit kaini; dinadaya niya ini saka dakul siyang aki na may iba pang diyosa asin mortal na mga babayi. Grabe an pagkauri kan lalaki sa saiyang mga aki pati an saindang mga ina; namemeligro siya asin madahas para saiya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Greek religion|url=https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk|last=Burkert|first=Walter|date=1985|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-36281-0|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/131 131]–135}}</ref> Sa ''[[Iliada|Iliid]]'', ipinarisa ni Zeus na masakit an saindang pag - agoman, mantang sekreto sindang nagbubugtak hale sa mga magurang ninda.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D14%3Acard%3D270 14.295&#x2013;299].</ref> Nakarekord si Pausanias nin sarong saysay kun paano sinda nagkaaragoman na diyan ginibo ni Zeus na magin kura sa waoHa. Nakua niya an gamgam asin pinagdanay iyan na ataman kaini; ini an dahilan kun taano ta nakatukaw sa saiyang lalagan an kurapto.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.17.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.17.4].</ref> Segun sa sarong pagtoon sa ''Mga Idyll'' ni Teocrito, kan si Herrera pasiring sana sa Bukid nin Thornax, si Zeus nagmukna nin makuring bagyo asin ginibo an saiyang sadiri na magin kuramento na nagbabarob-hibo asin nagtukaw sa ibabaw kan saiyang lapida. Tinakopan sia ni Mira kan saiyang tuka. Dangan nagbago si Zeus asin kina ini; huli ta habo kaining magtorog kaiba kan saindang ina dahil sa magigin agom kaini.<ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Theocritus]]' ''Idylls'' [https://sententiaeantiquae.com/2021/08/21/explaining-the-cuckoo-women-know-everything-4/ 15.64].</ref> == Hilingon pa == {{Portal-inline|Ancient Greece}}{{Portal-inline|Myths}}{{Portal-inline|Religion}} * Auðumbla, sarong primera klaseng baka sa mitolohiyang Norse * [[Parvati]].mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-{{Reflist|30em}} == Panluwas na mga takod == * Theoi Project, Lara Mira sa klasikal na literatura asin arteng Griego * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121128121229/http://www.wbenjamin.org/nc/heraion.html An Pagmana sa Samos] * [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000066 The Warburg Institute Icograph Database (mga syudad nin Lara)] * == Mga Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hvkl1dqqcn7yj01vvndtgp8a4fu9c9d 0 47847 309752 308968 2026-08-23T23:14:06Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309752 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Ladawan:Elaine_de_Kooning,_RIT_NandE_1974_Dec16_Complete.jpg|thumb|alt=Litrato ni Elaine de Kooning.|Litrato ni Elaine de Kooning.]] '''Elaine Marie Catherine de Kooning''' née Fried; Marso 12, 1918<ref name="TheArtStory">{{cite web|url=http://www.theartstory.org/artist-de-kooning-elaine.htm|title=Elaine de Kooning|publisher=TheArtStory.org}}</ref> - Pebrero 1, 1989<ref name="NY Times">{{Cite news|title=Elaine de Kooning, Artist and Teacher, Dies at 68|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/02/obituaries/elaine-de-kooning-artist-and-teacher-dies-at-68.html}}</ref> sarong Abstract Expressionist asin Fipitive Tagapagpahayagistang [[Pagpinta|pintor]] sa post-World War II era.  Nagsurat siya nin marhay sa arte kan panahon na idto.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Swain|first1=Martica|title=Review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womans-art-journal_fall-1997-winter-1998_18_2/page/n46|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=1997|volume=18|issue=2|pages=31–33|jstor=1358549}}</ref> Saro syang editoryal para sa magasin na Art News.<ref>Edvard Lieber, "Willem de Kooning: Reflections in the Studio", p.10.</ref> == Kaamayi kan buhay asin edukasyon == Si Elaine de Kooning pinangaki na Elaine Marie Catherine Fried kan 1918 sa [[:en:Flatbush,_Brooklyn|Flatbush]], [[:en:New_York_City|New York]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theartstory.org/artist-de-kooning-elaine.htm|title=Elaine de Kooning Biography, Art and Analysis of Work}}</ref> Kan huri sa buhay sinabi nia sa mga tawo na sia namundag kan 1920. An saiyang mga magurang iyo sinda Mary Ellen O'Brien, sarong Irish Catholic, asin si Charles Frank Fried, na Protestanteng ginikanan kan Judio.<ref name="Ancestry">[http://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=fried "Fried" surname]</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/why-elaine-de-kooning-sacrificed-her-own-amazing-career-her-more-famous-husbands-180955182/?no-ist.|title=Why Elaine de Kooning Sacrificed her Own Amazing Career for her More-Famous Husband's|last=Moonan|first=Wendy}}</ref> An saiyang ama na si Charles sarong manager nin tinanom para sa Binondo Bread Company. Si Elaine an pinakamatua sa apat na aki; si Marjorie (Luyckx), Conrad, asin tugang niya man si Peter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/02/obituaries/elaine-de-kooning-artist-and-teacher-dies-at-68.html|title=Elaine de Kooning, Artist and Teacher, Dies at 68|date=2 February 1989|last1=Glueck|first1=Grace}}</ref> An saiyang ina, apisar na nagigirumdoman bilang bako pang gayong mamomoton asin atento kisa sa nagkapirang magurang kan nguhod na tugang ni Elaine, sinuportaran an artistikong mga paghihingoa kan pinakamatua. An ina ni Elaine nagpoon na darahon si Elena sa mga [[museo]] sa edad na lima asin tinokdoan siya na magsakdo kan saiyang naheling. An kuwarto kan mga aki ni Elaine nadesensyo nin pagpinta. Nakomiter an saiyang ina sa <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creedmoor_Psychiatric_Center" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Creedmoor Psychiatric Center" class="cx-link" data-linkid="83">Creedmoor Psychiatric Center</a> f nin sarong taon durante kan pagkaaki ni Elaine pagkatapos na ireport siya kan kataid niya para mapabayaan an mga aki kaini. == Mga Pag - adal == Sa eskuwelahan nin grado, si Elaine nagpoon na magdrowing asin nagpapabakal nin mga retrato kan saiyang mga aki sa eskuelahan. Interesado siya asin nagin matibay sa isport saka arte.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/why-elaine-de-kooning-sacrificed-her-own-amazing-career-her-more-famous-husbands-180955182/?no-ist.|title=Why Elaine de Kooning Sacrificed her Own Amazing Career for her More-Famous Husband's|last=Moonan|first=Wendy}}</ref> Nag-adal si Elaine sa [[:en:Erasmus_Hall_High_School|Erasmus Hall High School]]<nowiki/>sa Brooklyn. Pakagradwar sa <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_(North_America)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="High school (North America)" class="cx-link" data-linkid="89">High School</a>,, siya halipot na nag'adal math sa <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Hunter College" class="cx-link" data-linkid="90">Hunter College</a> sa Syudad nin Nueva York, kun saen nakiamigo siya sa sarong grupo nin mga abstrakto asin Social Realist [[Pagpinta|Mga pintor]]. Kan 1937, nagklase siya sa[[:en:Leonardo_da_Vinci_Art_School|Leonardo da Vinci Art School]] asin nagpadagos pag'adal sa <nowiki><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Artists_School" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="American Artists School" class="cx-link" data-linkid="96">American Artists School</a></nowiki>, pareho sa Syudad nin New York. Mantang nag - eeskuela, si Elaine naggibo nin kuarta bilang modelo sa arte.[1]<ref name=":0" /> == Pag - agom ki Willem de Kooning == Kan ika-18 nin 1938, ipinabisto siya kan saiyang maestra na si Robert Jonas sa <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Willem de Kooning" class="cx-link" data-linkid="100">Willem de Kooning</a> sa sarong <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeteria" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Cafeteria" class="cx-link" data-linkid="101">cafeteria</a> ni Manhattan kan sya 20 anyos asin 34.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=A Generous Vision: The Creative Life of Elaine de Kooning|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780190498504|last=Curtis|first=Cathy|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0190498474|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780190498504/page/221 221]}}</ref> Hinangaan ni Elaine an saiyang mga obra bago sia nakamidbid. Pagkatapos kan pagtiripon, pinonan ni Willem na tokdoan sia sa pagdrowing asin pagpinta. Nagpinta sinda sa saiyang pag-arte sa 143 West[[:en:21st_Street_(Manhattan)|21st Street]],, asin bisto siya sa maisog na pagtuyaw niya sa saiyang gibo, "pero hinahagad kaini na masakdo ini nin pigura o buhay pa asin mag'insistir na may mahusay, eksakto, malinaw an linyadang kahulogan suportado kan tamang momento."<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Elaine and Bill: Portrait of a Marriage|last=Hall|first=Lee}}</ref> ngani naraot an dakul niyang sinusurat, alagad ining "ipigot si Elaine tangani na magmaigot para sa duwang precisyon asin biyaya sa saiyang trabaho". Kan sinda nagpakasal kan Disyembre 9, 1943, nagbalyo siya sa loft niya asin nagpadagos sindang mag-ayon nin mga studio camps.[2]<ref name=":4" /> An mag - agom igwa kan inapod sa huri na bukas na Pag - agoman; pareho sinda nagkasuso manongod sa sekso asin dapit sa mga aktibidad nin lambang saro. Si Elaine may mga gibo-gibo sa kalalakihan na nagtabang pa sa karera ni Willem, arog ki Harold Rosenberg, sarong bantogan na kritiko nin arte; si Thomas B. Hess, sarong parasurat manungod sa sining asin pagmamantinir kan editor para sa ARTnews; asin Charles Egan, kagsadiri kan Charles Agen Gallery. Si Willem nagkaigwa nin aking babae, si Lisa de Kooning, kan 1956, bilang resulta kan saiyang relasyon ki Joan Ward .<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Elaine and Bill: Portrait of a Marriage|last=Hall|first=Lee}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHall">Hall, Lee. ''Elaine and Bill: Portrait of a Marriage''.</cite></ref>  Si Elaine asin Willem parehong nasakitan sa [[alkoholismo,]] na pag - abot nin panahon nagresulta sa saindang pagsuwayan kan 1957.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Elaine and Bill: Portrait of a Marriage|last=Hall|first=Lee}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHall">Hall, Lee. ''Elaine and Bill: Portrait of a Marriage''.</cite></ref> Mantang nasuway, si Elaine nagdanay sa Nueva York, nasasakitan sa [[Katikapohan|kadukhaan]], asin nagbalyo sinda nin istaran sa Long Island saka nag - aging depresyon. Sa ibong kan pakipagtusayan sa alkoholismo, pareho sinda nagpadagos na magpinta. Minsan ngani nagsuwayan nin haros duwang polong taon, nungka sindang nagdiborsiyo, sa katapustapusi nagkasararo giraray kan 1976.[1]<ref name=":4" /> == Karera == Si Elaine de Kooning sarong matibay na tanawon asin artistang pintura na aktibo sa mobimientong Abstrac Expressionist kan katahawan nin ika-19ng siglo. Myembro siya kan Walong Kalye Club (an Club) sa Syudad nin New York. An mga taga - Club nagpunsionar bilang sarong lugar tanganing pag - olayan an mga ideya. Kabilang sa grupong ini nin mga pintor iyo sinda Willem de Kooning, Jimmy Rosati, Giorgio Spaventi, Milton Resnick, Pat Passlof, Earl Kerkam, Ludwig Sander, Angelo Ippolito, Franz Kente, Clyfford Fent, asin Hans Hofmann. Bihira kan panahon na idto an pagigin miembro nin sarong babae. === Serye sa Bacchus === [[File:Bacchus_-3.jpg|thumb|''Bacchus #3'' (1978), National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, D.C.]] Nagpoon kan 1976 an serye nin mga Bacchus na pintura asin parabaribi na pinapaandar ni Elaine de Kooning. Siya naputongan nin ika-19ng siglo na iskultura kan Romanong diyos na si Bacchus, na nahiling niya sa Luxemburgurg Gardens sa Paris. Partikularmenteng hinangaan nia an pag - itok, mapuersang porma kan eskultura, na naglaladawan sa pagkariribok na minukna kan burat na dios asin kan saiyang kaagid kaiyan kainobradong mga katabang. Idto an inot na pagkakataon na naggamit siya nin pintang acrylic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/works/bacchus-3|title=Bacchus #3 {{!}} National Museum of Women in the Arts|website=nmwa.org|access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/de-kooning-elaine/|title=Elaine de Kooning Artworks & Famous Paintings|website=The Art Story|access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref> == Hilingon pa == * Mga Babae sa arte * Amerikanong Makasaysayan na Kapahayaganismo * An Bagong York Nagsatalubong Expressionismo * Paadalan sa Nueva York * == Mga toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Mga pintor nin abstrakto]] lbb4avmr45nwyscs25t48ai82ojxymk 0 47901 309565 309101 2026-08-23T20:11:21Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309565 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Helen Frankenthaler</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:2001 National Medal of Arts Recipient Helen Frankenthaler (cropped).jpg|daing kwadro]]<div class="infobox-caption">An Frankenthaler kan 1956</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Namundag | class="infobox-data" | (1928-12 ⁇ 19) Disyembre 12, 1928<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Siudad nin Nueva York, E.U.</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nagadan | class="infobox-data" |Disyembre 27, 2011 <span style="display:none">(2011-12-27)</span> (naabot 83).&nbsp;<br /><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">Darien, Connecticut, E.U.</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Pagtutukdo | class="infobox-data" |[[Dalton School]]<br />[[Bennington College|Kolehiyo sa Bennington]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Midbidan&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Abstract painting|Husay na pagpintura]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Dai Mahihiling na trabaho</span> | class="infobox-data" |''[[Mountains and Sea|Kabukidan Asin Dagat]]'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Movimiento | class="infobox-data category" |An salang pananaramismo, kolor pintura sa langtad, slikal na abstasyon[[Lyrical abstraction|Intelikol na ideya]] |} '''Helen Frankenthaler''' (Desyembre 12, 1928 - Disyembre 27, 2011) sarong Amerikanong [[abstract expressionist]] artist. Siya mayor na tagaambag sa historya nin pintura pakagerang Amerikano. Matapos maipahiling an saiyang trabaho sa laog nin labing anom na dekada (amay kan 1950s sagkod 2011), pirang henerasyon siya nin mga abstract artist mantang padagos na naggigibo nin mahalagang marhay asin pirming bagon.<ref>[http://www.nga.gov/press/2005/releases/acquisitions/franken.shtm National Gallery of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406211043/https://www.nga.gov/404status.html |date=2020-04-06 }} Retrieved August 17, 2010</ref> Si Frankenthaler nagpoon mag'eksibit kan saiyang mga darakulang buhay-scale abstract expressionist sa kontemporaryong museo asin gallery kan kaamayi nin 1950. Siya nakabali sa 1964 ''[[:en:Post-Painterly_Abstraction|Post-Painterly Abstraction]]'' exhibition ni [[Clement Greenberg]] na nagpabisto nin sarong mas bagong henerasyon nin mga abstract painting na inapod na commercial room. Namundag sa [[:en:Manhattan|Manhattan]], siya naimpluwensiyahan ni Greenberg, [[:en:Hans_Hofmann|Hans Hofmann]] asin kan mga pinta ni [[Jackson Pollock]]. An saiyang gibo iyo an tema kan nagkakapirang retrospektong eksibisyon, kabali na diyan an sarong 1989 respyusyon sa [[Museum of Modern Art|Museo nin Modernong Arte]] sa Syudad nin New York, asin inieksibit sa bilog na kinaban poon pa kan mga taon 1950. Kan 2001, siya nagawadan kan [[:en:National_Medal_of_Arts|National Medal of Arts]]. Si Frankenthaler may harong asin studio sa [[:en:National_Medal_of_Arts|National Medal of Arts]]. == Kaamayi kan buhay asin edukasyon == Helen Frankenthaler namundag kan Disyembre 12, 1928 sa [[Syudad nin Nueva York|Siudad nin Nueva York]].<ref name="Britannica">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/217234/Helen-Frankenthaler "Helen Frankenthaler"], Britannica, Retrieved 24 December 2014.</ref> An saiyang ama iyo si [[:en:Alfred_Frankenthaler|Alfred Frankenthaler]], sarong [[huwes sa Korte Suprema]] kan New York.[1] An saiyang ina, si Martha (Lowenstein), nag - istar kaiba kan saiyang pamilya haling [[Alemanya|Alemania]] pasiring sa Estados Unidos bilang sarong umboy.<ref name="Glueck-obit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/28/arts/helen-frankenthaler-abstract-painter-dies-at-83.html|date=December 27, 2011}}</ref> An duwang tugang na babae ni Helen, si Marjorie asin [[:en:Gloria_Ross|Gloria]], anom asin limang taon na an edad, haros magkasunudan. Nagdakula sa Paratudok nin [[Sirangan na parti]] nin Manhattan, si Frankenthaler bangkag sa pribilehiong pinaghalean kan sarong kultura asin progresibong Judiong intelektuwal na pamilya na nag - enkaminar sa gabos na tolong aking babae na andamon an saindang sadiri para sa propesyonal na mga karera. An saiyang pamangkin iyo an pintor/photograpo na si Clifford Ross.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/23/arts/gloria-f-ross-tapestry-designer-dies-at-74.html Grace Glueck, NY Times, 1998] Retrieved August 17, 2010</ref> Si Frankenthaler nag-adal sa [[Dalton School]] sa irarom kan muralista na si[[:en:Rufino_Tamayo|Rufino Tamayo]]<nowiki/>asin man sa [[:en:Bennington_College|Bennington College]]<nowiki/>sa Vermont.<ref name="Britannica"/> Mantang nasa Bennington, si Frankenthaler nag-adal sa direksyon ni Paul Fumkey, na nabibisto sa pagtabang saiya sa saiyang nagpasabot nin pitchibilidad, siring man iniimpluwensiyahan an saiyang amay na istilong chustista.<ref name="Woodcuts2">{{cite journal|last1=Babington|first1=Jacklyn|title=Against the grain: the woodcuts of Helen Frankenthaler|journal=Artonview|date=2005|volume=44|pages=22–27}}</ref> Kan siya maggradwar kan 1949, nakipag-adal sya nin pribado sa Australyanong pintor na si Wallace Harrison, asin ki [[Hans Hofmann]] kan 1950.<ref name="Oxford Art, Helen F.2">{{cite web|first1=Christopher|last1=Brookeman|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com|title=Frankenthaler, Helen|publisher=Oxford University Press|website=Oxford Art Online}}</ref><ref name="Credo2">{{cite book|title=Frankenthaler, Helen, 1928-2011|last1=Tolley-Stokes|first1=Rebecca|website=Credo Reference|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture}}</ref> Nabisto niya si Clemente Greenberg kan 1950 asin nagkaigwa siya nin limang taon na relasyon sa saiya.<ref name="Glueck-obit2">{{cite news|author=Glueck, Grace|title=Helen Frankenthaler, Abstract Painter Who Shaped a Movement, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/28/arts/helen-frankenthaler-abstract-painter-dies-at-83.html|date=December 27, 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 27, 2011}}</ref> Nagpakasal siya sa pintor na si Robert Nanay kan 1958; an mag - agom nagdiborsio kan 1971.<ref name="jwa2">{{cite web|author=Belz, Carl|title=Helen Frankenthaler|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/frankenthaler-helen|work=Jewish Women's Archive|access-date=December 27, 2011}}</ref> Pareho sinda pinangaki kan mayaman na mga magurang, midbid bilang "an mag-agom na bulawan" asin para sa saindang labis na pag-aling.[6] Nagkaigwa siya nin duwang aking babai hali saiya, si Jeannie Inangwell asin Lise Motherw.[6] Nag-adal si Jeannie Inawell nin pagpipinta sa Bard College asin kan Art Students League sa Nueva York asin nagkaigwa nin magkakapirang exhibit. == Estilo asin pamamaagi == Aktibo bilang parapinta sa laog nin haros anom na dekada, an Frankfurt nag - agi paagi sa dakol na kabtang asin estadistikang pagbabago.<ref name="On Five Paintings2">{{cite journal|last1=Carmean|first1=E.A. Jr.|title=On Five Paintings by Helen Frankenthaler|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-international_1978-03_22_3/page/9|journal=Art International|date=1978|volume=22|pages=28–32}}</ref> Sa primero, konektado sa stical expressism. Huli ta nakapokus siya sa mga porma na dai pa tapos asin an Frankenthaler midbid paagi sa paggamit nin malutak na korte, abstium numments, asin delyrical wpas.<ref name="Women, Art, and Society">{{Cite book|title=Women, Art, and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/womenartsociety0000chad_q3w4|last=Chadwick|first=Whitney|date=2007|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500--20393-4|edition=Fourth|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenartsociety0000chad_q3w4/page/328 328]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ArtistWorks?cgroupid=999999961&artistid=1114&page=1&sole=y&collab=y&attr=y&sort=default&tabview=bio Tate bio] Retrieved August 17, 2010</ref><ref name="Oxford Art, Helen F.3">{{cite web|first1=Christopher|last1=Brookeman|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com|title=Frankenthaler, Helen|publisher=Oxford University Press|website=Oxford Art Online}}</ref> Naggamit siya nin darakulang format na pigpinta niya, sa pangkagabsan, pinasimple an mga isinurat.<ref name="Oxford Art Online, Colour2">{{cite web|first1=David|last1=Anfam|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com|title=Colour field painting|publisher=Oxford University Press|website=Oxford Art Online}}</ref> Bisto an saiyang istilo sa doon kaini sa espesye, siring kan sinabi mismo ni Frankfurt, "An talagang maray na paghiling sa ladawan garo baga ini nangyari tulos."<ref name="Woodcuts3">{{cite journal|last1=Babington|first1=Jacklyn|title=Against the grain: the woodcuts of Helen Frankenthaler|journal=Artonview|date=2005|volume=44|pages=22–27}}</ref> === Color field painting === Kan 1960, ginamit an terminong de kolor na pintura sa langtad tanganing iladawan an libro nin Frankenthaler.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=87871332 'Color Field' Artists Found a Different Way] Retrieved 3 August 2010</ref> Sa pangkagabsan, an terminong ini nanonongod sa aplikasyon kan darakulang lugar, o kaomahan, na kolor nin mga kana. An istilong ini nabibisto sa paggamit nin mga hues na kaagid kan tono o kusog, siring man an darakulang format asin pinasimpleng komposisyon, na gabos iyan deskripsyon kan gibo ni Frankenthaler poon pa kadtong 1960 hanggan 2016. An mga artista sa kolor kan kublit laen man sa teoretikong pananaram na ini an paorootrong paggrabe nin emosyonal, mitolohiya, asin relihiosong laog.<ref>"[http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/c/colour-field-painting Colour Field Painting]". [[Tate]]. Retrieved August 17, 2010</ref> == Mga Koleksion == * Art Gallery kan Ontario, Toronto * Art Institute of Chicago * Centro Pumpidou, Paris * An Gobernador Nelson A. Rockefeller Imperyo State Plaza Art Collection * Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, Kalamancao, MI * Los Angeles County Museum of Art * [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], Nueva York * Museo nin Marahay na Artes, Boston * [[Museum of Modern Art|Museo nin Modernong Arte]], Nueva York * National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. * Nasyonal na Gallery sa Australia * Pérez Art Museum Miami, FL * Portland Art Museum, Oregon * San Francisco Museum of Modern Art * Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City * Speed Art Museum, Louisville, KY * Museo kan Esencer of Art, Lawrence, KS * Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT * Unibersidad nin Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, MI * Walker Art Center, Minneapolis * Whitney Museum of American Art, Nueva York == Hilingon pa == * == Mga toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} * Librikal na Indeposisyon * Wash (mga arte saviswal) * ''Sunset Corner'' [[Kategorya:Mga pintor nin abstrakto]] [[Kategorya:1928 nagkamurundag]] 7gvwvc9fhyt8ygqa6bfq6ng0740gr3z 0 47965 309610 309334 2026-08-23T20:50:30Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309610 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Hecate Chiaramonti Inv1922.jpg|thumb|Hecate Chiaramonti Inv1922.jpg]] Hekote{{Efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|k|ə|t|i}} {{respell|HEK|ə|tee}}; older form ''Hecat'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|k|ɪ|t}} {{respell|HEK|it}}; {{lang-grc|Ἑκάτη|Hekátē}}, {{IPA|grc-x-attic|hekátɛː|link=yes}}, {{IPA|grc-x-koine|heˈkati|link=yes}}; {{lang-grc-dor|Ἑκάτᾱ|Hekátā}}, {{IPA-grc|hekátaː|pron}}; {{lang-la|Hecatē}} {{IPA-la|ˈhɛkateː|}} or {{lang|la|Hecata}} {{IPA-la|ˈhɛkata|}}.}} sarong diyosa sa [[suanoy na relihiyon]] asin [[Mitolohiyang Griyego|mitolohiya]] Griego, parati ipinapahiling an pagkapot nin padis nin karabas, liyabe, o halas, o may kaibang mga ayam,<ref name="Charles M 1986 pp. 307–3182">{{cite journal|first=Charles M.|last=Edwards|title=The Running Maiden from Eleusis and the Early Classical Image of Hekate|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-archaeology_1986-07_90_3/page/307|journal=[[American Journal of Archaeology]]|publisher=[[Archaeological Institute of America]]|location=Boston, Massachusetts|volume=90|issue=3|date=July 1986|pages=307–318|doi=10.2307/505689|jstor=505689|s2cid=193054943}}</ref> asin kan huring panahon sinasabing tolo ang nag'eedad o triple-boy. Siya manlain-lain na kaayon sa Mga krus, banggi, ilaw, mahika, proteksyon sa pagkukulam, Bulan, lulubngan, asin mga multo.<ref name=":seyf">Seyffert, s.v. [https://archive.org/details/b3135841x/page/270/mode/2up?view=theater Hecate]</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">d'Este, Sorita & Rankine, David, Hekate Liminal Rites, Avalonia, 2009.</ref> An pinakainot niyang pagluwas sa literatura iyo an Theogory ni Hesiod kan ika-8 siglo BCE<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hesiod Theogony and Works and Days|url=https://archive.org/details/theogonyandworks0000hesi|last=trans. M.L. West|publisher=Oxforx World's Classics|year=1988|isbn=978-0-19-953831-7|location=New York|pages=vii}}</ref> bilang sarong diyosa nin dakulang onra na may mga sakop sa langit, daga, asin dagat. An saiyang lugar na ginikanan pinagdebatehan kan mga iskolar, alagad igwa sia nin popular na mga pagsunod sa tahaw kan mga pararatak ni Thessaly<ref name="Burkert">{{Cite book|title=Greek Religion: Archaic and classical|last=Burkert|first=Walter|publisher=Blackwell|year=1987|isbn=0-631-15624-0|location=Oxford, UK|page=171}}</ref> sarong importanteng santuaryo sa tahaw kan mga Griegong Carian sa Asia Minor sa Lagina. An pinakagurang niyang bistong representasyon nakua sa Selinunte, sa Sirya. Si Hecate saro sa pirang mga diyos na sinasamba sa sinaunang Athens bilang tagapagtanggol kan ''[[:en:Oikos|oikos]]'' (sambahayan), kaiba sinda[[:en:Zeus|Zeus]], [[:en:Hestia|Hestia]], [[:en:Hermes|Hermes]], and [[:en:Apollo|Apollo]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|last=Panopoulos|first=Christos Pandion|title=Hellenic Household Worship|url=http://www.labrys.gr/en/text_houseworship.html|website=LABRYS}}</ref>Sa post-Christian writings kan Chaldean Oracles (2nd–3rd century CE) siya ang itinuring man na (ilang) pamumuno sa daga, dagat, asin langit, kaiba sa sarong mas unibersal na kstungdan bilang Tagapagligtas (Soteira), Ina kan mga Anghel at ang Cosmic [[:en:Anima_mundi|World Soul]] ([[:en:Anima_Mundi|Anima Mundi]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1991/02.06.11.html|title=Bryn Mawr Classical Review 02.06.11|publisher=Bmcr.brynmawr.edu|access-date=24 September 2012|archive-date=22 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022101212/http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1991/02.06.11.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sarah Iles Johnston 19902">Sarah Iles Johnston, ''Hekate Soteira'', Scholars Press, 1990.</ref> Tungkol sa likas na katangian kan saiyang kulto, ini ang nabanggit, "siya ang mas higit na nasa harong sa mga gilid kaysa sa tahaw kan Greek polytheism. Intrinsically ambivalent at polymorphous, she straddles conventional boundaries and eludes definition."<ref name="OCD6712">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198661726/page/671|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1996|isbn=0-19-866172-X|editor1-last=Hornblower|editor1-first=Simon|edition=Third|location=New York City|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198661726/page/671 671]|editor2-last=Spawforth|editor2-first=Antony}}</ref> Parati siyang midbid kan mga Romano sa epithet '''''Si Trivia''''', sarong espeteto na hinihirasan niya ki Diana, an lambang saro yaon sa puwesto ninda bilang tagaprotektar sa pagbiyahe asin sa mga krus (trivia, "tolong dalan"). Si Heate midbid na marhay ki Diana asin [[Artemis]] kan panahon nin Roma.<ref>Green, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3GL6XjgU0HoC&pg=PA133 133]</ref> == Ngaran asin ginikanan == An ginikanan kan ngaran na Heate (Ἑκάτη ''Hekátē'') asin an orihinal na nasyon nin saiyang pagsamba pareho dai aram, minsan ngani nagkapirang teoriya an iprinoponer. == Iconograpiya == [[Ladawan:Hekate_Kharites_Glyptothek_Munich_60.jpg|wala|thumb|An Hekataion kaiba an mga Charites, Attic, ika-19ng siglo BCE (Glypthek, Munich) ]] [[Ladawan:Relief_triplicate_Hekate_marble,_Hadrian_clasicism,_Prague_Kinsky,_NM-H10_4742,_140995.jpg|too|thumb|Maribang ayudang Heate.]] [[Ladawan:T16.5Hekate.jpg|too|thumb|Sarong diyosa, seguro Hecat (posible [[Artemis]]), an ilinaladawan na may busog, ayam asin kambal na karabas.]] Sa Athens, sinasabi na igwa duman nin estatuwa ni Hecate Triglada, na iyo an inatang kan pulang mullet bilang atang.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Topography of Athens|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_yolJAAAAMAAJ|last=Leake|first=William Martin|year=1841|place=London, UK|page=492}}</ref> Pakasambita na sagrado an sirang ini ki Heate, si Alan Davidson nagsurat, == Mga historiko asin literaryong gikanan == === Makasaysayan na Panahon === [[Ladawan:Hécate_-_Mallarmé.png|too|thumb|Heate, [[Suanoy na Gresya|Griego]] diosa kan mga krus; na si Stéphane Malarmé sa Les Dieux Antiques, novelle osipon ilustreée sa Paris, 1880]] An Heswita binibistong sarong pre-Olympuanong diyosa. An enot na literaturang nasambit sa Heswita iyo an Teogony (mga 700 BCE) ni Hesiod: == Hilingon pa == * {{Annotated link|Hecate (journal)|''Hecate'' (journal)}} * {{Annotated link|Janus}} * {{Annotated link|Lampad}} * {{Annotated link|Diana (mythology)}} * == Mga toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} 0c1un8ij3uapxwpeetei5sk799638oj 0 47978 309656 308793 2026-08-23T21:34:25Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Valkyries_with_swan_skins.jpg|too|thumb|Sa ''Völundarkviða'', si Wayland Smith asin an saiyang mga tugang nag-agom nin mga valkyries na nakasulot nin bado sa mga kublit nin swan.]] An "'''swan maiden'''" istoryang ini pangaran sa soanoy na panahon ginagamit pagpanongod sa tolong klaseng estorya: idtong kun saen an saro sa karakter sarong [[gamgam]]- na daraga, na kung sain siya pwede magluwas magsalang bilang gamgam o komo babae; idtong yaon sa laog kan mga elemento kan kasaysayan iyo an pangdudukay kan balukag-hiro kabilang sa sarong gamgam-hayop, dawa bako ining pinakaimportanteng tema sa istorya; asin ultimo an pinakakomun na pinapanungdan an motif,at ang pinakaluma na pinanggalingan: an mga istorya ito kun sain an pangenot na tema, kabilang sa manlain-lain na motif, na an tungkol sa sarong lalaki na nahiling an daragang [[gamgam]] na nagkakarigos asin naghabon kan saiyang balahibong balabal, na humantong sa saiyang pagpapakasal sa daragang gamgam. . Kan kahaluyan, nakua kan daraga an damit asi n naglipad, nagbalik sa langit, asin pwedeng hanapon utro siya kan lalaki.<ref name=":022">{{Cite journal|last=Hatto|first=A. T.|date=1961|title=The Swan Maiden: A Folk-Tale of North Eurasian Origin?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/610171|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=24|issue=2|pages=326–352|issn=0041-977X}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=d’Huy|first=Julien|date=2023-04-10|title=Compte de faits : ou comment les statistiques peuvent venir en aide à la mythologie comparée|url=https://journals.openedition.org/rlr/5479|journal=Revue des langues romanes|volume=1|issue=1|issn=0223-3711}}</ref> Saro ini sa mga may pinakamahiwas na sirkulasyon na motifs, kadaklan posibleng marhay na suanoy nang millennium, asin an pinakamidbid na [[Sobrenatural|lihis sa natural]] na [[Agom na babayi|agom na babae]] sa mga istorya.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=Berezkin|first=Yuri|title=Sky-Maiden and World Mythology|url=https://publications-prairial.fr/iris/index.php?id=3149&file=1|journal=Iris|issue=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=-3S7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=Stealing Helen: The Myth of the Abducted Wife in Comparative Perspective|last=Edmunds|first=Lowell|date=2020-04-28|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-20233-4|language=en}}</ref> Kabali man ini sa mas dakulang motipikasyon kan "Magical Wife",<ref name=":162">{{Cite journal|last=Berezkin|first=Yuri|year=2010|title=Sky-Maiden and World Mythology|url=https://publications-prairial.fr/iris/index.php?id=3149&file=1|journal=Iris|issue=31}}</ref> mapanungod sa kategoryangindex na ATU 400, "The Man on a Quest for His Lost Wife", kun sain an lalaki naggibo nin paksyon sa sarong lihis sa natural na babaying linalang, na kung saen naghali. An kategoryang ini saro sa pinaka-kontemporanyong nailista asin sentral na pinapanungdan kan gabos na iba pang mga istorya, halimbawa kaiba an Motivyer nin [[:en:Dragonslayer|Dragonslayer]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=d'Huy|first=Julien|title=Folk-Tale Networks: A Statistical Approach to Combinations of Tale Types|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334291555_2019_Folk-Tale_Networks_A_Statistical_Approach_to_Combinations_of_Tale_Types_-_Journal_of_Ethnology_and_Folkloristics_131_29-49|journal=Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics|issue=1}}</ref> Mas dakul pa an, inaapod man ining gamgam na daraga o langit na daraga motif, ta bako pirmi sindang mga sahangan: an angay na apodon na daraga minatunga sa mga istorya kan pinakamatugdok na rehiyon, na kun saen parte sinda nin sarong grupo kun sain an mga gamgam na daraga migrasyon na mga gamgam, kaiba an ibang bansa, arog baga kan ganso, [[itik]], crane asin tagak. An langit na daraga puwede man na magluwas sa ibang istorya bilang [[Salampati|Mga salampati]], bakong mainítang gamgam, asin siring man kan [[Bitoon|mga bitoon]] o [[nymphs]] sa kalangitan.<ref name=":163">{{Cite journal|last=Berezkin|first=Yuri|year=2010|title=Sky-Maiden and World Mythology|url=https://publications-prairial.fr/iris/index.php?id=3149&file=1|journal=Iris|issue=31}}</ref> An literal na karakter kan swan an partikularmente sarong osipon na linalang na nag - aasul hale sa pormang tawo pasiring sa porma nin swan.<ref>Bäcker, Jörg. "Schwanjungfrau". In: ''[[Enzyklopädie des Màrchens|Enzyklopädie des Märchens]]'' Band 12: Schinden, Schinder – Sublimierung. Edited by Rudolf Wilhelm Brednich; Hermann Bausinger; Wolfgang Brückner; Daniel Drascek; Helge Gerndt; Ines Köhler-Zülch; Lutz Röhrich; Klaus Roth. De Gruyter, 2016 [2007]. p. 311. {{ISBN|978-3-11-019936-9}}.</ref> An liabe sa pagbabago parateng sarong halabang gubing, o bado na may mga balukag nin orig. Kan mga panahon kan arog kaining klase, an lalaking espiya sa karakter na babae, na tipiko nin sarong hawak nin tubig (sa parate nagkakarigos), dangan inaagaw an gubing na balukag (o iba pang artikulo nin bado), na minaolang saiya sa paglayog (o paglangoy, o ginigibo siang daing maginibo sa ibang paagi), kaya sia nagin agom nia.{{Sfnp|Thompson|1977}} May mga pagkakaagid sa bilog na kinaban, notable an ''Völundarkviða''{{Sfnp|Thompson|1977}} asin''[[:en:Grimms'_Fairy_Tales|Grimms' Fairy Tales]]'' KHM 193 "[[The Drumme|The Drummer]]".{{Sfnp|Thompson|1977}} Dakol man nin parallel na kinasasangkutan kan mga nilalang apuera sa nga swan. == Hilingon pa == * Selkie (Mga daragang Suelyo) * Prinsipe bilang gamgam (an gamgam prinsipe asin kagot an daraga) * Si Jorinde asin Joringel (an daraga ginibong gamgam kan pararatak) * An Pagkamoot sa Tolong Orang (mga osipon na gibo sa burak) (an interes nin pagkamoot nagigin gamgam kan falsong nobya) * An Siyam na Peahen Asin an Bulawan na mga Aprotiba * An Puting Duck (sarong pararatak nagsusumpa sa reyna pasiring sa sarong pormang lalake) * An Raven (Brothers Grim) (sarong prinsipe an nagin uwak) * Si Eusebio (sarong agom na babae na may kapot na mga mermaid) * Si Undine (sarong marmadong agom na babae) * Kata'tan kan Swan (alternatibong pinangaranan na Helias o Lohengrin) * Dai Ko Na Aram an Sigto Asin Pagmate na Mayo Akong Naaraman * Si Manoa, sarong [[Kinnara|Kinnari]] na namoot ki Prinsipe Sudhana * Tennin * An Langitnon na Maiden Asin an Woodcuter == Bibliograpiya ==   == Iba pang babasahon ==  {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|title=In Search of the Swan Maiden|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofswanma0000barb|last1=Leavy|first1=Barbara Fass|publisher=NYU Press|year=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofswanma0000barb/page/33 33]–63|chapter=Urvaśī and the Swan Maidens|jstor=j.ctt9qg995.5}} *{{cite book|title=In Search of the Swan Maiden|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofswanma0000barb|last1=Leavy|first1=Barbara Fass|publisher=NYU Press|year=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofswanma0000barb/page/156 156]–195|chapter=Swan Maiden and Incubus|jstor=j.ctt9qg995.8}} *{{cite book|title=In Search of the Swan Maiden|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofswanma0000barb|last1=Leavy|first1=Barbara Fass|date=1994|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-5268-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofswanma0000barb/page/196 196]–244|chapter=The Animal Bride|jstor=j.ctt9qg995.9}} *{{cite journal|jstor=40918267|title=Swan Maidens and Smiths: A Structural Study of "Völundarkviða"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scandinavian-studies_winter-1983_55_1/page/1|last1=Burson|first1=Anne|journal=Scandinavian Studies|year=1983|volume=55|issue=1|pages=1–19}} *{{cite journal|jstor=40988761|title=Métamorphoses chrétiennes des femmes-cygnes: Du folklore à l'hagiographie|last1=Grange|first1=Isabelle|journal=Ethnologie Française|year=1983|volume=13|issue=2|pages=139–150}} * Hartland, E. Sidney. ''The science of fairy tales: An inquiry into fairy mythology''. London: W. Scott. pp.&nbsp;255–332. * Holmström, H. (1919). ''Studier över svanjungfrumotivet i Volundarkvida och annorstädes'' (A study on the motif of the swan maiden in Volundarkvida, with annotations). Malmö: Maiander. * Kleivan, Inge. ''The Swan Maiden Myth Among the Eskimo''. København: Ejnar Munksgaard. 1962. *{{cite journal|doi=10.7592/FEJF2007.36.kobayashi|title=The Forbidden Love in Nature. Analysis of the "Animal Wife" Folktale in Terms of Content Level, Structural Level, and Semantic Level|year=2007|last1=Kobayashi|first1=Fumihiko|journal=Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore|volume=36|pages=141–152|doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal|doi=10.15405/epsbs.2018.04.02.10|title=Conceptual Integration of Swan Maiden Image in Russian and English Fairytales|series=The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences|year=2018|last1=Kovalchuk|first1=Lidia|pages=68–74}} *{{cite journal|jstor=4527075|title=Das Märchen von der Schwanenjungfrau in Japan|last1=Mänchen-Helfen|first1=Otto|journal=T'oung Pao|year=1936|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1163/156853236X00010}} *{{cite journal|last1=Newell|first1=W. W.|title=Lady Featherflight. An English Folk-Tale|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-folklore_january-march-1893_6_20/page/54|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|date=January 1893|volume=6|issue=20|pages=54–62|doi=10.2307/534281|jstor=534281}} *{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/533373|jstor=533373|title=Sources of Shakespeare's Tempest|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-folklore_october-december-1903_16_63/page/234|year=1903|last1=Newell|first1=W. W.|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|volume=16|issue=63|pages=234–257}} *{{cite journal|jstor=40915312|last1=Peterson|first1=Martin Severin|title=Some Scandinavian Elements in a Micmac Swan Maiden Story|journal=Scandinavian Studies and Notes|year=1930|volume=11|issue=4|pages=135–138}} * {{cite journal|last1=Petkova|first1=G.|title=Propp and the Japanese folklore: applying morphological parsing to answer questions concerning the specifics of the Japanese fairy tale|journal=Asiatische Studien/Études Asiatiques|date=2009|volume=63|issue=March 2009|pages=597–618|doi=10.5167/uzh-23802}} * Tawney, Charles Henry. ''The ocean of story, being C.H. Tawney's translation of Somadeva's Katha sarit sagara (or Ocean of streams of story)''. Book 8. London, Priv. print. for subscribers only by C.J. Sawyer. 1924–1928. Appendix I. pp.&nbsp;213–234. * Thomson, Stith. ''Tales of the North American Indians''. 1929. pp.&nbsp;150–174. * Tuzin, Donald F. ''The Cassowary's Revenge: The life and death of masculinity in a New Guinea society''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1997. pp.&nbsp;68–89. *{{cite journal|jstor=2740874|last1=Utley|first1=Francis Lee|last2=Austerlitz|first2=Robert|last3=Bauman|first3=Richard|last4=Bolton|first4=Ralph|last5=Count|first5=Earl W.|last6=Dundes|first6=Alan|last7=Erickson|first7=Vincent|last8=Farmer|first8=Malcolm F.|last9=Fischer|first9=J. L.|last10=Hultkrantz|first10=Åke|last11=Kelley|first11=David H.|last12=Peek|first12=Philip M.|last13=Pretty|first13=Graeme|last14=Rachlin|first14=C. K.|last15=Tepper|first15=J.|title=The Migration of Folktales: Four Channels to the Americas &#91;and Comments and Reply&#93;|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1974-03_15_1/page/5|journal=Current Anthropology|year=1974|volume=15|issue=1|pages=5–27|doi=10.1086/201428|s2cid=144105176}} * Wrigglesworth, Hazel J. ''The Maiden of Many Nations: the Skymaiden Who Married a Man From Earth''. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines, 1991. * Young, Serinity. ''Women who fly: goddesses, witches, mystics, and other airborne females''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2018. {{ISBN|978-0195307887}} * Agundes Garcia, J. Luis. "Cuentos de tradición oral (Parte I)". In: ''Revista Folklore'', nº 212, pp.&nbsp;39–47, 1998. * {{cite journal|last1=Hong|first1=Seong-yong|last2=Lee|first2=Si-jun|title=Diachronic Consideration on Japanese〈A Heavenly being wife〉Tale type - Focus on comparison with Korean 〈A fairy and a woodman〉|journal=외국문학연구|date=2016|issue=61|pages=527–548|url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002084266|language=ko}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bao|first1=Hasi|title=The Comparative Study of Mongolian and Manchu Swan Maiden Myth|journal=Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University|date=2012|volume=41|issue=4|pages=63–70|url=https://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/30451734/The_Comparative_Study_of_Mongolian_and_Manchu_Swan.htm}} * {{cite journal|last=Chang|first=Dusik|title=A Study on the transformation pattern of Mongolian 'Swan Maiden' type folktales|journal=Mongolian Studies|date=2003|volume=15|pages=7–156|url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART000924678|language=ko}} * {{cite journal|last=Lee|first=Ji-hee|title=On a heavenly mother of Manchu primogenitor and 'a heavenly maiden's son' type myth|journal=중국문학연구|date=2011|issue=44|pages=1–26|url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001584483|language=ko}} * Fu, Xiuyan. "The Creation of Crane-Fairy Tales". In: Chinese Narratologies. Springer, Singapore, 2021. pp.&nbsp;235–251. {{doi|10.1007/978-981-15-7507-5_12}}. {{refend}} == Panluwas na mga takod == ** [http://www.primitivism.com/swan-maidens.htm Icelandic tale.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128235013/http://www.primitivism.com/swan-maidens.htm|date=28 January 2011}} ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218193754/http://www.advancedpoetx.com/STUDIO/maidene.html Various tales.] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060110012700/http://www.maerchenlexikon.de/etexte/400/te400-006.htm A Swedish swan maiden tale translated into English.] ** [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/authors/jacobs/european/swanmaidens.html ''The Swan Maidens''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205023339/http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/authors/jacobs/european/swanmaidens.html|date=5 February 2012}} as reconstructed by [[:en:Joseph_Jacobs|Joseph Jacobs]] ** [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/swan.html Folktales of type Aarne-Thompson 400*, "The Swan Maiden"] by [[:en:D._L._Ashliman|D. L. Ashliman]] ** [[iarchive:TheSwanMaiden|Archived audio recording of "The Swan Maiden" folktale]] [[Kategorya:Female characters in fairy tales]] q6x96a4ky6ufpuzgu0ipbuqzomadpki 0 48189 309763 307023 2026-08-23T23:21:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands | name = Rakahanga | native_name = | image_name = ISS002-E-10047rakahanga.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = [[NASA]] picture of Rakahanga | image_alt = | area_km2 = 4 | location = [[Pacific Ocean|Central-Southern Pacific Ocean]] | coordinates = {{coord|10|02|S|161|05|W|region:ID_type:isle}} | archipelago = [[Cook Islands]] | total_islands = 11 | major_islands = Rakahanga | country = [[Cook Islands]] | country_admin_divisions_title = | country_admin_divisions = | country_largest_city = Rakahanga | demonym = | population = 83 | density_km2 = 32 | ethnic_groups = Nu-matua, Tia-ngaro-tonga }} [[File:Rakahanga.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Mapa kan Rakahanga Atoll]] An '''Rakahanga''' parte kan [[Cook Islands]], namumugtak sa sentral-habagatan kan [[Dagat Pasipiko]]. An pasig na [[atoll]] {{convert|1,248|km|mi|abbr=off}} na rayo sa [[Capital city|kabesera]]ng [[Rarotonga]] nin Cook Islands, asin nakalugar nin {{convert|1,111|km|mi|abbr=off}} sa habagtatan nin [[equator]]. An pinakaharaning kataid, iyo an [[Manihiki]] na may dist5ansya sanang which is just {{convert|44|km|mi|abbr=off}} igdi. An hiwas kan Rakahanga naabot {{convert|4|km2|sqmi|abbr=out}}. An pinakahalangkaw na punto kaini mga 5 metro sna taas sa legbel nin dagat. An populasyon 83 sana sa senso kan 2016 na Census of Population & Dwellings, na may densidad na ratio na 32 katawo sa lambang kilometro kwadrado. Poon pa kan 2014 an elektrisidad kan Rakahanga kinukua na 100% sa enerhiya solar. An [[Lenggwaheng Rakahanga-Manihiki]] naiiba man sa Cook Islands na tataramon na Maori. == Geograpiya == Igwang apat na mayor na [[isla]]s as9in pitong mga [[uru-isla]] sa Rakahanga [[lagoon]]. An sa norteng isla nababanga sa tolo: [[Tetukono]] in an sa bandang norte asin norte-solnopan, [[Tetaha Kiraro]] an sa sulnopan, asin [[Paerangi]] an sa habagatan-sulnopann; manta an sa habagatan na isla iyo an [[Rakahanga Island|Rakahanga]]. An mga uru-isla: sa subangan, [[Te Motu o Umurua]], [[Akaro]], Motu [[Ngangie]], [[Huananui]], Motu [[Mahuta]] asin Motu [[Okakara]]; mantang an sa habagatan-sulnopan iyo an islet nin [[Te Kainga]] na iyo an kwenta bantay palaog sa lagoon. An norte-subangan na kosa mabaybayon na mga pampang. An sa bandang sulnopan na kosa maaati kan mga ragpa asin kagagapoan (katiriponan nin mga gasang asin mga buskay) na nasapawan kan mga lumang gasang.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=B.L.|date=1967|title=Geology of the Cook Islands |url=https://archive.org/details/new-zealand-journal-of-geology-and-geophysics_1967-12_10_6/page/1431|journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics |volume=10 |issue=6|pages=1429–1445|doi=10.1080/00288306.1967.10423227|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/5fb36abb-d42a-4704-bbd8-a0fa014a4a93|title=Cook Islands National Report|last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|first=Report prepared by Island Friends Ltd|date=2002|access-date=2024-04-01|archive-date=2019-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926071315/http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/5fb36abb-d42a-4704-bbd8-a0fa014a4a93|dead-url=yes}}</ref> An atoll tadtad sa kakaniyogan. An Rakahanga sobra sana sa apat na kilometro kwadrado sa tamanyo. An pinakahalangkaw na punto kaini mga 5 metro (17 pye) asin arog kan ibang mga atoll sa [[Northern Cook Islands|Northern Cook Island]], an Rakahanga namimiligro sa naglalangkaw na lebel kan dagat.<ref name=":9" /> An dakulang lagoon hababaw na mmaluya igdi an sirkulasyon kan tubig-dagat na bakong marayrahay sa pagtalubo kan mga coral.<ref name=":5" /> An mga natural na laogan sa lagoon harayapit asin harababaw, na maagihan sana nin saradit na baroto.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|title=South Seas Paradise|author-link1=Julian Dashwood|last=Hillas|first=Julian|publisher=Doubleday & Co.|year=1965|location=United Kingdom|pages=64–66}}</ref> Igwa kutang pagpararom kan channel kan 2015 sa irarom kan Harbour Improvement program. An Rakahanga na estaran yaon sa norte-sulnopan na banda kan mga habagatan na uru-isla asin binibilog ini nin limang mga taraid na baryo:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-CroLan-c6-1.html|title=New patterns of settlement – NZETC|website=www.nzetc.org|access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>) #[[Purapoto]] #[[Niteiri]] #[[Numahanga]] #[[Teruakiore]] #[[Matara (Rakahanga)|Matara]] (mayor na binabanwa asin sentro kan [[Rakahanga Island Council]]) [[File:Rakahanga lagoon.jpg|alt=|thumb|Looking across the lagoon from the south east. An sa nangangatubangan nahihiling mga ragpa kan mga palapa.]] ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Rakahanga]] [[Kategorya:Mga Atoll sa Cook Islands]] [[Kategorya:Mga mIsla Pasipi9ko Poighihinako sa irarom kan Guano Islands Act]] [[Kategorya:Dating mga rona' asin mga teriotoryo kan Estados Unidos]] [[Kategorya:Mga Diringkilan sa teritoryo sa Cook Islands]] [[Kategorya:Mga Pig'iiwalan na mga isla sa Oceania]] [[Kategorya:Relasyon Cook Islands–Estados Unidos]] [[Kategorya:Dating mga pig'iiwalan na mga isla]] [[Kategorya:Northern Cook Islands]] 8savgum6xngkgb708j0fw5tqxfhd8vz 0 48486 309572 308733 2026-08-23T20:17:34Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309572 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''tukang daing kamandag''' o sa Ingles, '''dry bite''' (literal na boot sabihon, alang na tuka) sarong pagtuka nin halas na makamandag alagad daing kinukupsit na kamandag.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Silveira|first=PV|author2=Nishioka Sde A|year=1995|title=Venomous snake bite without clinical envenoming ('dry-bite'). A neglected problem in Brazil.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tropical-and-geographical-medicine_1995_47_2/page/n35|journal=Trop Geogr Med.|volume=47|issue=2|pages=82–85|pmid=8592769}}</ref> An tukang daing kamandag nin halas makulog man giraray, na igwang pagdugo sa natusok, paggatok, o [[erythema]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Pucca|first1=Manuela B.|last2=Knudsen|first2=Cecilie|last3=S Oliveira|first3=Isadora|last4=Rimbault|first4=Charlotte|last5=A Cerni|first5=Felipe|last6=Wen|first6=Fan Hui|last7=Sachett|first7=Jacqueline|last8=Sartim|first8=Marco A.|last9=Laustsen|first9=Andreas H.|last10=Monteiro|first10=Wuelton M.|date=2020-10-22|title=Current Knowledge on Snake Dry Bites|journal=Toxins|volume=12|issue=11|page=668|doi=10.3390/toxins12110668|issn=2072-6651|pmc=7690386|pmid=33105644|doi-access=free}}</ref> Alagad pwede man ining magdagos sa impeksyon siring kan [[tetanus]].<ref name=":0" /> An "tukang daing kamandag" pwede mangyari sa gabos na species nin halas alagad depende sa species. Halimbawa, an [[Australyano]]ng [[eastern brown snake]] ''(Pseudonaja textilis)'' pwedeng manuka' 80% na mayong kinukupsit na kamandag, alagad an [[taipan]] nanunukwag na mayong kamandag 5% sana.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dart|first=Richard C.|title=Medical Toxicology|url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltoxicolog0000unse|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7817-2845-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltoxicolog0000unse/page/1553 1551]}}</ref> About 50% of snakebite cases can be dry bites.<ref name=":0" /> They are characterized by fang and tooth marks and the absence of injected venom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thygerson|first=Alton L.|url=https://archive.org/details/firstaidcpraedst0000thyg/page/120|title=First Aid, CPR, and AED|author2=American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Care and Safety Institute|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7637-4225-6|edition=5th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/firstaidcpraedst0000thyg/page/120 120]}}</ref> An pinakaenot na namasdan na "tukang mayong kamandag" sa laog nin klinika nangyari kan 1892 sa London, kan pagtuka nin [[Crotalus durissus|South American rattlesnake]].<ref name=":0" /> An terminong "dry bite" uso sa paggamit poon pa kan kaamayi nin 1980.<ref name=":0" /> == Mga rason kun ano ta may tukang daing kamandag == An "tukang daing kamandag" pwedeng tinutuyo kan halas ta magsirbe sanang 'patanid' o pagpatakot, o nangyari aksidente sana o resulta kan sa kondisyon kan halas o kan natuka. Mga adal nabisto an pitong kawsa na mayong kamandag an pagtuka:<ref name=":0" /> * Impeksyon sa glandula * Pagkatrauma pakatapos makipagtusay * Trauma pakahigop kan kamandag * Pagpipiot kan agihan o dalaydayan * [[Venom optimization hypothesis|Venom metering]] * Mayong laog na gandula * Salang pagtantya kan distansya kan tinutuka, na naresulta sa hababaw an tadom o dai pa sa tama pagpakupsit kamandag Dakul pang rason kun ano ta iba-iba an pagtuka kan hubin asin gurang na mga halas. Mga hubin na halas maluya pa sa pagkontrol kan kupsit o pagtantya kan distansya kaya nauubos tolos ninda an kamandag. Mga gurang man na halas madali kuta pagbawi sa saray nin kamandag alagad pwede man piot na an agihan kan kamandag huli sa kagurangan.<ref name=":0" /> An biktima pwede man alisto mag'atras kan matuka o sulot kaya mahibog na gubing kaya hababaw an tadom kan pantusok.<ref name=":0" /> == Pagbubulong == Sa praktis, bakong madali an pagmidbid kan "tukang mayong kmandag" sa "tukang may kamandag". Sa kaso nin tukang mayong kamandag, an lugad linigan man na marhay, asin anti-tetanus itso sa natuka, asin obserbahan sa laog nin 12 oras ta tibaad an tuka' tunay namakamandag asin pantambal kaipohan itao sa biktima.<ref name=":0" /> An "tukang mayong kamandag" pwedeng ikaribong sa mga nag'aasikasong doktor o kan biktima, na hunaon na an sarong pantambal na remedyo saro nang milagrosong nakakaumay na totoo panlaban sa tuka na makamandag.<ref name=":0" /> Sa totoong an tuka sarong mayong darang kamandag, an pantambal dai na dapat itao o tomaron ta an ineksyon igwang mga epektong malaen man ngani. == Sa iba-ibang klase nin hayop == Kan 2020, mga akademiko [ogtiripon gabos na 31 adal manongod sa kun napano ta dakul na tuka' 'na mayong kamandag'. An mga adal nadiskubre na dakul ma klase kan 'mayong kamandag na tuka' sa manlaen-laen na species, dawa totoo iba-ibngs panongtongan an ginamit sa diagnosis. An mga madal nakadukay na an 'tuka na mayong kamandag na insidente pwedeng yaon sa ultan nin 4% asin 50%.<ref name=":0" /> Dipisil an pagsukol kan pangyayari nin tukang mayong kamandag ta an iba man nganing "basang tuka" (kinamandagan) dai man irini-report o naresulta sa menor o mayong sintomas, o an species kan halas sala an pagkamidbidan (halimbawa, an tuka mnin daing-0kamandag na halas soboot tuka nin makamadag na halas).<ref name=":0" /> An mga kagat o tuka man kan mga lawa' komun na gayo asin ta ini simpleng lahid nin mga antiseptic iyo an maninigo na ilahid. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga Makamandag na mga hayop]] [[Kategorya:Mga Kamugtakan kan kublit resulta kan pagkalugad kaini]] 64kvufehffhtwt4wrbrx0m5zu8dxncg 0 48858 309783 308493 2026-08-23T23:40:39Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer|honorific_prefix=|name=Jon Pineda|honorific_suffix=|image=Jon Pineda 110404.jpg|image_size=|alt=|caption=|native_name=|native_name_lang=|pseudonym=|birth_name=|birth_date=<!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->|birth_place=Charleston, South Carolina|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->|death_place=|resting_place=|occupation=|nationality=Amerikano|citizenship=|education=|alma_mater=James Madison University, <br /> Virginia Commonwealth University|period=|genre=Nobela, memoirs, rawitdawit|subject=<!-- or: | subjects = -->|movement=|notableworks=|spouse=<!-- or: | spouses = -->|partner=<!-- or: | partners = -->|children=|relatives=|awards=|signature=|signature_alt=|years_active=|module=|website=<!-- {{URL|example.org}} -->|portaldisp=<!-- "on", "yes", "true", etc; or omit -->}} Si '''Jon Pineda''' (namundag sa [[Charleston, South Carolina]]) sarong Amerikanong parasurat nin mga rawitdawit, memoirs, asin sarong [[Novelist|nobelista]]. == Buhay == Sa [[Chesapeak, Virginia]] nagdakula si Jon Pineda, sya man naggradwar sa Unibersidad nin James Madison asin Virginia Commonwealth University. An saiyang mga gibo luminuwas na sa Poetry N''orthwest'', ''The Literary Review'', ''Sou'wester'', ''Prairie Schooner'', ''Many Mountains Moving'', ''Asian Pacific American Journal'', ''Puerto del Sol'', asin sa iba pa mang mga lugar. Ginawadan sa 2013 Milkweed National Fiction Award an saiyang isinurat na nobelang Apology. An saiyang isinurat man na memoir ''Sleep In Me'' saro sa napili sa Barnes & Nobele Discover Great New Writers. Kabali sa saiyang koleksyon kan mga rawitdawit ang ''Little Anodynes'' na ginawadan sa 2016 Library of Virginia Literary Award for Poetry, an saiya mang isinurat na ''The Translator’s Diary, ­''ginawadan man sa 2007 Green Rose Prize for Poetry hali sa New Issues Press, an panhuri ang ''Birthmark,'' na nakaresibe nin inot na pagganap sa 2003 Crab Orchard Series sa Poetry Open Competition Awards. Sa presente sya sarong paratukdo sa programang hababang-residente MFA sa [[Queens University of Charlotte]] asin Direktor kan programang Creative Writing sa Kolehiyo nin William & Maria. Kan sya yaon pa sa JMU, si Jon an nangenot na parakanta para sa Pamana ni Johnny. == Gawad == * 2016 [[:en:Library_of_Virginia|Library of Virginia]] Literary Award for Poetry<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/litawards/winners.htm|title=Finalists and Winners of the Library of Virginia Annual Literary Awards}}</ref> * 2013 [[:en:Milkweed_National_Fiction_Prize|Milkweed National Fiction Prize]] * 2010 [[:en:Barnes_&_Noble|Barnes & Noble]] "Discover Great New Writers" Selection * 2007 Green Rose Prize from [[:en:New_Issues_Press|New Issues Press]] * 2003 [[:en:Crab_Orchard_Series_in_Poetry_Open_Competition_Awards|Crab Orchard Series in Poetry Open Competition Awards]] * Fellowship, Virginia Commission for the Arts Individual Artist<blockquote></blockquote> == Mga Libro == * {{cite book|title=Let's No One Get Hurt|url=https://archive.org/details/letsnoonegethurt0000pine|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2018|isbn=978-0-37418-524-4}} * {{cite book|url=https://www.sc.edu/uscpress/books/2015/7525.html|title=Little Anodynes|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-61117-525-7}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/apologynovel0000pine|title=Apology|publisher=Milkweed Editions|year=2013|isbn=978-1571311047|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|url=http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/product/Sleep-in-Me,674628.aspx|title=Sleep in Me|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8032-2535-0|access-date=2024-04-16|archive-date=2017-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316030554/http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/product/Sleep-in-Me,674628.aspx|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|url=https://newissuespress.com/the-translators-diary-by-jon-pineda/|title=The Translator's Diary|publisher=New Issues Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-930974-75-3|access-date=2024-04-16|archive-date=2020-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329192817/https://newissuespress.com/the-translators-diary-by-jon-pineda/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFecyw32qq8C&q=Jon+Pineda|title=Birthmark|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8093-2570-2}} == Mga Gibong Indibidwal == * [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poems/detail/57770 "My Sister, Who Died Young, Takes Up the Task", ''Poetry Foundation''] * [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poems/detail/57668 "The Muse, or Stars Out on Interstate 81 South", ''Poetry Foundation''] * [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poems/detail/57771 "Cinque Terre", ''Poetry Foundation''] == Mga Antolohiya == * {{Cite book|title=Asian American poetry: the next generation|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-252-07174-4|editor-last=Victoria M. Chang|chapter=Shelter|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dBzsGCNYM0C&q=Jon+Pineda&pg=PA119}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Npb1_VJCaAcC&q=Jon+Pineda&pg=PT1|title=Screaming monkeys: critiques of Asian American images|publisher=Coffee House Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-56689-141-7|editor-last=M. Evelina Galang|editor-link=M. Evelina Galang|editor-last2=Eileen Tabios}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Toltolan == # {{cite journal|last1=Pineda|first1=Jon|title=Brunelleschi|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_prairie-schooner_summer-2005_79_2/page/158|journal=Prairie Schooner|date=2005|volume=79|issue=2|pages=158|doi=10.1353/psg.2005.0083|id={{Project MUSE|187068}}}} 187068 # {{cite web|url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/litawards/winners.htm|title=Finalists and Winners of the Library of Virginia Annual Literary Awards}} # "Poet's Spotlight for May 2008: Jon Pineda" ''www.carolynforonda.com.'' Archived from the orginal on 2008-12-13. # {{cite web|url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/litawards/winners.htm|title=Finalists and Winners of the Library of Virginia Annual Literary Awards}} == Panluwas na mga link == * [http://www.jonpineda.com/index.html "Author's website"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106035734/http://www.fishousepoems.org/archives/jon_pineda/jon_pineda_qa_on_his_favorite_writing_time.shtml "Jon Pineda Q&A on his favorite writing time", ''Fishouse''] * [http://firstbookinterviews.blogspot.com/2008/11/8-jon-pineda_26.html "Jon Pineda", Kate Greenstreet, ''First Book Interviews''] 3jwftnwp6uyhzz9fh70q7xrmosowxof 0 49078 309803 275140 2026-08-23T23:54:57Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox award |name=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education |image=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education Medal.png |alt=Obverse of a golden medal with the image of José Vasconcelos facing right, the name José Vasconcelos placed to lower left, and the phrase ´Por mi raza hablará el espíritu´ at the bottom. |awarded_for=Acknowledgment for exceptional teaching, which is the underlying basis of our present civilization. |presenter= [[World Cultural Council]] |reward=Diploma, Commemorative Medal, and US$10,000 |country= [[Mexico]] |year= 1985 |website= [http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/awards/world-award-of-education/ consejoculturalmundial.org] }} An '''José Vasconcelos na Premyong Pankinaban sa Edukasyon''' iwinawaras kan [[World Cultural Council]] komo pagmidbid sa mga bantogan na edukador, sa mga eksperto sa lantad nin pagtukdo, asin sa mga lehislador nin mga polisya sa edukasyon na nagbunga nin matagom na impluwensya sa kultura nin sangkatawhan. An gawad na ini itinatao nin duwang beses sa taon poon pa kan 1988. An pinagpiling hurado binibilog kan magkapirang kaapil sa Interdisciplinary Committee of the [[World Cultural Council]] asin grupo nin mga distingidong mga edukador. An World Award of Education nawaras nin Diploma, medalya komemoratibo, asin US$10,000. An premyo ipig-ngaran ki [[José Vasconcelos]]. == Mga Kagresibe kan Gawad == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="background:#efefef;"|Taon ! style="background:#efefef;"|Kagresibi ! style="background:#efefef;"|Konstitusyon kan Kagresibi ! style="background:#efefef;"|Lantad nin Pagsaligsig ! style="background:#efefef;"|Tagamato sa Seremonya ! style="background:#efefef;"|Lugar kan Seremnoya ! style="background:#efefef;"|Nasyon na Nag'ama kan Seremonya ! style="background:#efefef;"|Petsa kan Seremonya ! style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable"|Ref. |- | style="text-align:center;"|2018 | [[Malik Mâaza]] | [[University of South Africa]] | [[Nanoscience]], [[Nanotechnology]] | [[City University of Hong Kong]] | [[City University of Hong Kong]] | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[China]] | 8 November 2018 | <ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. Malik Mâaza|date=June 2018 |url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/news/prof-malik-maaza/|publisher=[[World Cultural Council]]|accessdate=3 July 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Son of the African continent honoured by world body|url=http://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/News-&-Media/Articles/Son-of-the-African-continent-honoured-by-world-body|publisher=[[University of South Africa]]|author=Sharon Farrell|accessdate=3 July 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Selfless Unisa physics professor receives World Award of Education|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1945427/selfless-unisa-physics-professor-receives-world-award-of-education/|publisher=[[The Citizen (South Africa)|The Citizen]]|date=5 June 2018|accessdate=3 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704011320/https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1945427/selfless-unisa-physics-professor-receives-world-award-of-education/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|2016 | Kalevi Ekman | [[Aalto University]] | [[Design Factory]] | [[Riga Technical University]] | [[National Library of Latvia]], [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] | {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Latvia]] | 14 October 2016 | <ref>{{cite web|title=33rd World Cultural Council Award Ceremony|publisher=[[World Cultural Council]]|date=18 November 2015|url=http://consejoculturalmundial.org/letonia-2016/|accessdate=30 May 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322145022/http://consejoculturalmundial.org/letonia-2016/|archivedate=22 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Announcement of 2016 Winners |url=http://consejoculturalmundial.org/announcement-of-2016-winners/ |publisher=World Cultural Council |date=6 June 2016 |accessdate=6 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607043423/http://consejoculturalmundial.org/announcement-of-2016-winners/ |archivedate= 7 June 2016 }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|2014 | [[Federico Rosei]] | [[INRS]], [[University of Quebec]] | | [[Aalto University]] | Otakaari 1 Building, [[Aalto University]], [[Espoo]] | {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Finland]] | 17 November 2014 | <ref>{{cite web|title=The World Cultural Council granted scientific awards|url=http://www.aalto.fi/en/current/news/2014-06-10-004/|publisher=[[Aalto University]]|date=10 June 2014|accessdate=12 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Le professeur Federico Rosei est le lauréat du prix José Vasconcelos 2014|language=French|url=http://www.emt.inrs.ca/actualites/le-professeur-federico-rosei-est-le-laureat-du-prix-jose-vasconcelos-2014|publisher=INRS|date=10 June 2014|last=Bolduc|first=Gisèle|accessdate=12 June 2014|archive-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625110805/http://www.emt.inrs.ca/actualites/le-professeur-federico-rosei-est-le-laureat-du-prix-jose-vasconcelos-2014|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|2012 | [[Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht]] | [[Stanford University]] | [[Literature]], [[Philosophy]] | [[Aarhus University]] | The Main Hall, [[Aarhus University]], [[Aarhus]] | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Denmark]] | 18 April 2012 | <ref>{{cite web|title=Excellence 2012|url=http://www.excellence2012.dk/wcc-award-2012/|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906205435/http://www.excellence2012.dk/wcc-award-2012/|archivedate=6 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 2012 |url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-HansUlrichGumbrecht.php |accessdate=14 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505043314/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-HansUlrichGumbrecht.php |archivedate= 5 May 2014 }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|2010 | [[Christian Azar]] | [[Chalmers University of Technology]] | [[Environmental education]] | [[Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México]] | Aula Magna Adolfo López Mateos, [[Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|UAEM]], [[Toluca]] | {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico]] | 8 December 2010 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 2010|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-ChristianAzar.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523035035/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-ChristianAzar.php|archivedate=23 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International award for climate expert Azar|url=http://www.chalmers.se/en/news/Pages/International-award-for-climate-expert-Azar.aspx|publisher=[[Chalmers University of Technology]]|date=30 November 2010|accessdate=27 September 2013}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|2008 | [[William G. Bowen]] | [[Princeton University]] | Higher education | [[Princeton University]] | Richardson Auditorium, [[Alexander Hall (Princeton University)|Alexander Hall]], [[Princeton University]], [[Princeton, New Jersey]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] | 11 November 2008 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 2008|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-williamgbowen.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505035851/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-williamgbowen.php|archivedate=5 May 2014}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|2006 | [[Marlene Scardamalia]] | [[University of Toronto]] | Social Education | [[Instituto Politécnico Nacional]] | Sala Manuel M. Ponce, [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]], [[Mexico City]] | {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico]] | 28 October 2006 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 2006|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-marlenescardamalia.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505044309/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-marlenescardamalia.php|archivedate=5 May 2014}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|2004 | [[David Attenborough]] | [[BBC]] | Educational Broadcasting | [[University of Liège]] | Amphithéâtres de l’Europe, [[University of Liège]], [[Liège]] | {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belgium]] | 8 November 2004 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 2004|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-davidattenborough.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202032/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-davidattenborough.php|archivedate=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Cultural Council : Presentation of the 2004 "José Vasconcelos" World Award of Education to Sir David Attenborough delivered by Prof. Michel Born|url=http://www.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_27397/en/world-cultural-council-presentation-of-the-2004-jose-vasconcelos-world-award-of-education-to-sir-david-attenborough-delivered-by-prof-michel-born|publisher=[[University of Liège]]|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|2002 | [[Jeannie Oakes]] | [[University of California, Los Angeles]] | [[Science Education]] | [[Trinity College, Dublin]] | Examination Hall, [[Trinity College, Dublin]], [[Dublin]] | {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Ireland]] | 14 November 2002 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 2002|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-jeannieoakes.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505044830/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-jeannieoakes.php|archivedate=5 May 2014}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|2000 | [[Zafra M. Lerman]] | [[Columbia College Chicago]] | [[Science Education]] | [[University of the Witwatersrand]] | Great Hall, [[University of the Witwatersrand]], [[Johannesburg]] | {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[South Africa]] | 1 November 2000 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 2000 |url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-zaframlerman.php |accessdate=14 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505044836/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-zaframlerman.php |archivedate= 5 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=José Vasconcelos World Award|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2000-12_77_12/page/1552|journal=[[Journal of Chemical Education]]|volume=77|issue=12|date=December 2000|pages=1552|doi=10.1021/ed077p1552|last1=Jce Staff|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|1998 | [[Robert Yager]] | [[University of Iowa]] | [[Science Education]] | [[Victoria University of Wellington]] | [[Hunter Building]], [[Wellington]] | {{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand]] | 19 November 1998 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 1998|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-robertyager.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505035953/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-robertyager.php|archivedate=5 May 2014}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|1996 | [[Roger Gaudry]] | [[University of Montreal]] | Education Administration | [[University of Oxford]] | Voltaire Room, [[Taylor Institution]], [[Oxford]] | {{flagicon|GBR}} [[United Kingdom]] | 23 November 1996 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 1996|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-rogergaudry.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505034613/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-rogergaudry.php|archivedate=5 May 2014}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|1994 | [[Joseph O´Halloran]] | [[Canberra University]] | Mathematical Pedagogy | [[Committee on Data for Science and Technology|CODATA]], [[International Council for Science|ICSU]], [[UNESCO]] | Le Manège Convention Center, [[Chambéry]] | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[France]] | 19 September 1994 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 1994|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-josephohalloran.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505044518/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-josephohalloran.php|archivedate=5 May 2014}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|1992 | [[Elliot Eisner]] | [[Stanford University]] | [[Art Education]] | [[National Research Council (Canada)]] | [[Lester B. Pearson Building]], [[Ottawa]] | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada]] | 1992 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 1992|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-ellioteisner.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111190540/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-ellioteisner.php|archivedate=11 January 2014}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|1990 | [[Lev Shevrin]] | [[Ural State University]] | [[Pedagogy]], Children's [[Mathematics Education]] | [[ETH Zurich|Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich]] | Cupola Room, [[ETH Zürich]], [[Zürich]] | {{flagicon|SWI}} [[Switzerland]] | 1990 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 1990|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-levshevrin.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505044715/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-levshevrin.php|archivedate=5 May 2014}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|1988 | [[Gilbert De Landsheere]] | [[University of Liège]] | Empirical Education, Teacher Education | [[Instituto Politécnico Nacional]] | [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]], [[Mexico City]] | {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico]] | 19 November 1988 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 1988|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-gilbertdelandsheere.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405224622/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-gilbertdelandsheere.php|archivedate=5 April 2013}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|1985 | Dolores Hernandez | [[University of the Philippines Diliman]] | [[Mathematics education]] and [[Science education]] | [[Royal Institute of Technology]] | Kollegiesalen, [[Stockholm]] | {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sweden]] | 21 November 1985 | <ref>{{cite web|title=José Vasconcelos World Award of Education 1985|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-doloreshernandez.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505040536/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-education-doloreshernandez.php|archivedate=5 May 2014}}</ref><ref>The first award of education issued by the [[World Cultural Council]] had the name of Jean Jacques Rousseau World Award of Education, and 1985 was the only year that was awarded.</ref> |} == Hilnga man == * [[World Cultural Council]] * [[Albert Einstein World Award of Science]] * [[Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts]] * [[José Vasconcelos]] * [[Prizes named after people]] * [[List of education awards]] ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == *[<!-- http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/awards/texto_science.php -->https://web.archive.org/web/20130318063536/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/awards.php Official site] {{José Vasconcelos World Award of Education Laureates}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vasconcelos, Jose, World Award Of Education}} [[Kategorya:Mga Premyo sa Edukasyon]] ab78xm9i8341cqw33hc83jb00njm9kq 0 49557 309732 277125 2026-08-23T22:53:54Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309732 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''rehiyonalismo''' iyo an sarong [[ideolohiyang politikal]] na nagtutulod tanganing madugangan an [[Power (social and political)|political power]], impluwensyahan an pansadiring determinasyon kan mga tawo kan saro o dakol na [[Administratibong dibisyon|subnasyonal na mga rehiyon]]. Nakapokus iyan sa "pagpaurog kan sarong political o social system na basado sa saro o dakol pang mga" [[region#Political regions|regions]],<ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/regionalism |title=Definition of REGIONALISM |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=422257|title=A Rational Choice Approach to Political Regionalism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-politics_1991-07_23_4/page/401|journal=Comparative Politics |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=401–421 |last1=Meadwell |first1=Hudson |year=1991 |doi=10.2307/422257}}</ref> asin/o kan nasyonal, normatibo, o ekonomikong interes kan sarong espesipikong rehiyon, grupo nin mga rehiyon o iba pang subnational entity,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/regionalism-in-politics-definition-characteristics-types.html |title=Regionalism in Politics: Definition, Characteristics & Types - Video & Lesson Transcript |website=Study.com}}</ref> naggaganar nin kusog gikan sa o nagbubusol nin katuyohan tanganing pakusugon an "agimadmad kan asin kaimbodan sa sarong daing-siring na rehiyon na igwa nin homogeneous population",<ref name="Merriam-Webster"/> na nakaagid sa [[nasyonalismo]]. Urog na espesipiko, "an rehiyonalismo nagpapanungod sa tulong daing-siring na mga elemento: mga hiroan na naghahagad nin territorial autonomy sa laog kan unitaryong mga estado; an organisasyon kan central state sa regional basis para sa delivery kan saiyang mga polisiya kabali an regional development policies; political decentralization asin regional autonomy".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node/264 |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination |website=pesd.princeton.edu}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} fnk0o9crk189up3o1gpwk43srffe514 0 49734 309589 278146 2026-08-23T20:30:27Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309589 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Albert William Herre.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Si Albert Herre]] Si '''Albert William Christian Theodore Herre''' (Septyembre 16, 1868 – Eneroi 16, 1962) sarong amerikanong [[ichthyologist]] asin [[lichenologist]].<ref name="WigginsBryo">{{cite journal | last =Wiggins | first =Ira L. | author-link =Ira Wiggins | title =Albert William Christian Theodore Herre (1868-1962) | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_bryologist_winter-1962_65_4/page/268 | journal =The Bryologist | volume =65 | issue =4 | pages =268–277 | publisher =American Bryological and Lichenological Society | doi = 10.1639/0007-2745(1962)65[268:AWCTH]2.0.CO;2| year =1962 | jstor=3240725}}</ref> Si Herre namundag kan 1868 sa [[Toledo, Ohio]]. Siya alumnus kan [[Stanford University]], kun saen siya nagresibe nin Bachelor of Science degree sa botany kan 1903. Si Herre nagkamit man nin master's degree asin Ph.D. sa Stanford, pareho sa ichthyology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biographynotmine.blogspot.com/2012/12/dr-albert-herre-pioneer-in-philippine.html |title=Dr. Albert Herre: A Pioneer in Philippine Fisheries Science|publisher=Otolith, October–December 1986, pp. 11-12|author=Melchor F. Cichon|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> He died in [[Santa Cruz, California]] in 1962.<ref name="HerreBioCAS">{{cite web |last=Abdoun |first=Hany |author-link=Hany Abdoun |title=Albert William Christian Theodore Herre |work=Special Collections - Biographical Sketch |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |url=http://www.calacademy.org/research/library/special/bios/Herre.htm |access-date=2007-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614092434/http://www.calacademy.org/research/library/special/bios/Herre.htm |archive-date=2007-06-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Trabaho sa Filipinas== Si Albert W. Herre bantog na gayo kan saiyang trabaho sa [[Taxonomy (biology)|taksonomi] sa Filipinas, kun saen siya an Chief of Fisheries sa [[Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources|Bureau of Science]] sa [[Manila]] poon 1919 abot 1928. Manta kan yaon siya sa Bureau of Science of the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands]] (na administrado kan Estados U&nidos kan panahon na idto), si Herre responsable sa pagkadiskubre asin pagladawan kan mga bagong species nin sira.<ref name="HerreBiblio">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Pietsch |editor1-first=T. W. |editor2-last=Anderson |editor2-first=W. D. Jr. |title=Albert William Christian Theodore Herre (1868–1962): A brief autobiography and a bibliography of his ichthyological and fishery science publications, with a foreword by George S. Myers (1905–1985); Collection Building in Ichthyology and Herpetology |journal=American Society of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Special Publications |volume=3 |pages=351–366 |year=1997}}</ref> ==Legasya== Si Herre natawan opnra sa pagtaong pagromdom sa mga scientific name kan specie nin gecko, ''[[Lepidodactylus herrei]]'', na [[Endemism|endemiko]] sa Filipinas.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johnson University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Herre", p. 122).</ref> An sira ''[[Mesonoemacheilus herrei]]'' <small>[[Teodor T. Nalbant|Nalbant]] & [[Petre Mihai Bănărescu|Bănărescu]], 1982</small> ipigp[angaran man saiya.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes4/ | title = Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family NEMACHEILIDAE (a-p) | access-date = 17 March 2021 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 22 September 2018 | archive-date = 21 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211121195035/http://etyfish.org/cypriniformes4/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> ==Mga Piling Trabaho== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal | last =Herre| first =A. W. | title = Gobies of the Philippines and the China sea| journal = The Philippine Bureau of Science, Monographic Publications on Fishes| volume = 23| pages = 78| publisher = Manila:Bureau of Printing| year = 1927}} * {{cite journal | last =Herre| first =A. W. | title = Notes on Philippine Sharks, II. The great white shark, the whale shark, and the cat sharks and their allies in the Philippines| journal = Philippine Journal of Fisheries| volume = 26| issue = 1| pages = 113–129| publisher = Manila:Bureau of Printing| year = 1925}} * {{cite journal | last =Herre| first =A. W. | title = Distribution of the true fresh-water fishes in Philippines I: The Philippine Cyprinidae| journal = Philippine Journal of Science| volume = 24| issue = 3| pages = 249–307| publisher = Manila:Bureau of Printing| year = 1924}} {{refend}} {{Botanist|Herre}} ==Hilnga man== *[[:Category:Taxa named by Albert William Herre|Taxa named by Albert William Herre]] ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Herre, Albert William}} [[Kategorya:Mga 1868 na kamundagan]] [[Kategorya:Mga 1962 na kagadanan]] [[Kategorya:Mga taga Toledo, Ohio]] [[Kategorya:Mga Nagtapos sa Stanford University]] [[Kategorya:Mga Amerikanong zoologists]] [[Kategorya:Mga Amerikano sa Insular Philippines]] [[Kategorya:Mga Amerikanong ichthyologists]] [[Kategorya:Mga Amerikanong lichenologists]] 6eulqmsid2a8h26q4hv9h4l6ixfff88 0 49763 309514 278294 2026-08-23T19:28:49Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Peripartum cardiomyopathy | synonyms = Post-partum cardiomyopathy<ref>{{cite web |last1=RESERVED |first1=INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS |title=Orphanet: Peripartum cardiomyopathy |url=https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=563 |website=www.orpha.net |access-date=28 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> | image = Peripartum cardiomyopathy.png | caption = | pronounce = | field = Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cardiology | symptoms = orthopnea, hubagon na bukong-bukong o bitis, abo, pagkulog kan daghan, palpitations, fatigue | complications = Thromboembolic events, Cardiogenic Shock | onset = Sa huring bulan kan pagbados o sagkod sa 5 bulan na postpartum | duration = Manlaenlaen | types = | causes = | risks = Edad para magin sarong ina 35+; halangkaw na presyon kan dugo; dakol na beses na pagbados | diagnosis = | differential = Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, Familial Cardiomyopathy, Pre-existing Cardiomyopathy, Valvular Heart Disease, Congenital Heart Disease | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = | alt = Ilustrasyon kan sarong normal na puso heart kompara sa saro sa igwa nin peripartum cardiomyopathy }} An '''Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM)''' iyo an sarong porma nin [[dilated cardiomyopathy]] na ilinadawan bilang sarong deterioration sa cardiac function nagpepresentar nin tipikal na sa pag-ultanan kan huring bulan nin [[pagbados]] asin sagkod sa anom na bulan nin [[postpartum]]. Pag-abot sa ibang mga porma kan dilated cardiomyopathy, an PPCM imbwelto an systolic dysfunction kan puso na igwa nin pagluya kan [[left ventricular ejection fraction]] (EF) na asosyado an [[congestive heart failure]] asin an pag-urog kan peligro kan [[atrial]] asin [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricular]] [[arrhythmias]], [[thromboembolism]] (pag-ulang kan blood vessel sa paagi kan sarong blood clot), asin pati an [[sudden cardiac death]]. Sa esensya, an kalamnan kan puso dai maka-''contract'' nin makusog tanganing makabomba nin maninigong dugo para sa pangangaipo kan mga vital organs kan hawak.<ref name="Pearson">{{cite journal|doi=10.1001/jama.283.9.1183|vauthors=Pearson GD, Veille JC, Rahimtoola S, etal|title=Peripartum cardiomyopathy: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases (National Institutes of Health) workshop recommendations and review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2000-03-01_283_9/page/1183|journal=JAMA|volume=283|issue=9|pages=1183–8|date=March 2000|pmid=10703781|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Elkayam2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Elkayam U, Akhter MW, Singh H, etal|title=Pregnancy-associated cardiomyopathy: clinical characteristics and a comparison between early and late presentation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2005-04-26_111_16/page/2050|journal=Circulation|volume=111|issue=16|pages=2050–5|date=April 2005|pmid=15851613|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000162478.36652.7E|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SliwaFett">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sliwa K, Fett J, Elkayam U|title=Peripartum cardiomyopathy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-19-25-2006_368_9536/page/687|journal=Lancet|volume=368|issue=9536|pages=687–93|date=August 2006|pmid=16920474|pmc=4989733|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69253-2}}</ref><ref name="Murali">{{cite journal|vauthors=Murali S, Baldisseri MR|title=Peripartum cardiomyopathy|journal=Crit. Care Med.|volume=33|issue=10 Suppl|pages=S340–6|date=October 2005|pmid=16215357|doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000183500.47273.8E|s2cid=19631250}}</ref><ref name="Phillips">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s11936-004-0005-8|vauthors=Phillips SD, Warnes CA|title=Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: Current Therapeutic Perspectives|journal=Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med|volume=6|issue=6|pages=481–488|year=2004|pmid=15496265|s2cid=24835977}}</ref> An PPCM iyo an sarong diagnosis kan exclusion, kun saen an mga pasyente mayo nin dating kasaysayan nin helang sa puso asin mayo nin ibang midbid na posibleng kawsa kan pagpalya kan puso. Piggagamit an [[Echocardiogram]] sa pag-''diagnose'' asin pagmonitor kan pagigin epektibo kan pagbulong sa PPCM.<ref name="Pearson" /><ref name="Elkayam2005" /><ref name="SliwaFett" /><ref name="Murali" /><ref name="Phillips" /> Mayong nakakaaram sa kawsa kan PPCM. Sa ngunyan, an mga parasaligsig nag-iimbestigar manongod sa cardiotropic viruses, [[autoimmunity]] o [[immune system]] dysfunction, ibang mga toxins na nagsisirbi bilang triggers sa immune system dysfunction, [[micronutrient]] o trace mineral deficiencies, asin genetics bilang mga posibleng components na minakontribwir sa o kawsa kan pag-urog kan PPCM. Igwa nin relasyon sa [[eclampsia]] asin hypertension durante kan pagbados.<ref name="Pearson" /><ref name=":0">{{Citation|last1=Rodriguez Ziccardi|first1=Mary|title=Peripartum Cardiomyopathy|date=2023|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482185/|work=StatPearls|access-date=2023-09-17|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=29489231|last2=Siddique|first2=Momin S.}}</ref><ref name="SliwaFett" /><ref name="Ansari">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ansari AA, Fett JD, Carraway RE, Mayne AE, Onlamoon N, Sundstrom JB|title=Autoimmune mechanisms as the basis for human peripartum cardiomyopathy|journal=Clin Rev Allergy Immunol|volume=23|issue=3|pages=301–24|date=December 2002|pmid=12402414|doi=10.1385/CRIAI:23:3:301|s2cid=27906165}}</ref> Nagpopoon an proseso kan PPCM sa sarong dai naaraman na trigger (posibleng sarong cardiotropic virus o iba pang dai pa maidentipikar na catalyst) na nag-inisyar nin sarong prosesong paghubag sa puso. Bilang resulta, nadadanyaran an mga selula kan kalamnan kan puso; nagagadan an iba o nagigin tisyu nin peklat. Mayong abilidad na mag-''contract'' an tisyu nin peklat; kaya baga, an pagigin epektibo kan aksyon nin pagbomba kan puso naiinaan. Siring man, an danyos sa cytoskeletal framework kan puso minakawsa nin pagdakula, nauunat o minaliwat an korte, siring man minaina an systolic function o output kan puso. An inisyal na prosesong paghubag minalataw tanganing magkawsa nin autoimmune o prosesong immune dysfunctional, na bilang balik pigpapadalagan an inisyal na prosesong paghubag. An padagos na pagkawara kan mga selula kan kalamnan kan puso minagiya sa piglalaoman na pagpalya kan puso.<ref name="Fett2008">{{cite journal|author=Fett JD|title=Understanding peripartum cardiomyopathy, 2008|journal=Int. J. Cardiol.|volume=130|issue=1|pages=1–2|date=October 2008|pmid=18590935|doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.03.076}}</ref> Nagkaigwa nin dugang na pagsaligsig sa "toxic hormonal environment" na nangyayari sa huring kabtang kan pagbados bilang tagaambag sa pag-urog kan PPCM. An mga lebel nin [[Prolactin]] naglalangkaw durante kan huring kabtang kan pagbados asin sa 6 na semana sunod kan pagpangaki. An 16 kilodalton N-terminal fragment nin prolactin hormone nagkaigwa nin implikasyon na magkaigwa nin papel na magkawsa sa ''genetically susceptible'' mga indibidwal. Kaya baga, an therapeutic interventions na nag-uulang sa aagihan kan prolactin asin pig-iibitaran an pag-urog kan fragment na ini iyo an pig-iimbestigaran bilang potensyal na pagbulong tanganing pauntokon an pag-urog kan helang na PPCM.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Amudha|last2=Ravi|first2=Ramya|last3=Sivakumar|first3=Ranjith K.|last4=Chidambaram|first4=Vignesh|last5=Majella|first5=Marie G.|last6=Sinha|first6=Shashank|last7=Adamo|first7=Luigi|last8=Lau|first8=Emily S.|last9=Al'Aref|first9=Subhi J.|last10=Asnani|first10=Aarti|last11=Sharma|first11=Garima|last12=Mehta|first12=Jawahar L.|date=2023-02-01|title=Prolactin Inhibition in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=Current Problems in Cardiology|volume=48|issue=2|pages=101461|doi=10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101461|issn=1535-6280|pmc=9805509|pmid=36261102}}</ref> An mga espesyal na konsiderasyon dapat na gibohon para sa delivery kapag an PPCM diagnosis ginibo bago mangaki. An koponan sa multi-disiplinaryo dapat na nagkatiripon kabali an mga eksperto sa obstetrics, cardiology, maternal fetal medicine, asin anesthesiology. An mga stable patients pwedeng mangaki ''vaginally'' basta igwa nin mga obstetrikong rason para sa [[Caesarean section|cesarean section.]] An mga pagbalo tanganing iistabilisar an ina tanganing ma-''delay'' an pangangaki asin ma-''minimize'' an potensyal na mga komplikasyon kan [[Preterm birth|premature birth]] iyo an sarong rasonableng estratehiya. Kasunod kan delivery, huli sa dugang sa venous return, nangangaipo an mga pasyente na igot na mamonitor para sa pagsupay kan pluwido asin [[pulmonary edema]].<ref name=":2" /> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 2t0y1owa86r5ke86bh7t9nsc92ydc5u 0 49802 309659 278496 2026-08-23T21:38:54Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Addiction | synonyms = Addictive behaviour (e.g. substance-use addiction, sexual addiction), dependence, addictive disorder, addiction disorder (e.g. severe substance-use disorder, gambling disorder) | image = Brain metabolism and drug addiction.jpg | caption = [[Brain positron emission tomography]] images that compare [[Human brain#Metabolism|brain metabolism]] in a healthy individual and an individual with a cocaine addiction | alt = PET images showing brain metabolism in drug addicts vs controls | field = [[Psychiatry]], [[clinical psychology]], [[toxicology]], [[addiction medicine]] | width = | pronounce = | specialty = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} An '''adiksyon''' iyo an sarong [[Neurosikolohiya|neurosikolohiko]]ng disorder na karakterisado kan sarong persistent asin makuring urge na gumamit nin sarong [[droga]] o makisumaro sa sarong gawe na nagpoprodusir nin natural reward, sa ibong kan substantial na danyos asin iba pang negatibong consequences. An pauru-utrong paggamit nin droga parating pigliliwat an [[Hutok|punksyon kan hutok]] sa mga paagi na nagpapadagos kan [[Craving (withdrawal)|craving]], asin pigpapaluya an (alagad ''does not completely negate'') [[self-control]].<ref name="Heilig-et-al-2021">{{cite journal|vauthors=Heilig M, MacKillop J, Martinez D, Rehm J, Leggio L, Vanderschuren LJ|title=Addiction as a brain disease revised: why it still matters, and the need for consilience|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology|volume=46|issue=10|pages=1715–1723|date=September 2021|pmid=33619327|pmc=8357831|doi=10.1038/s41386-020-00950-y|quote=pre-existing vulnerabilities and persistent drug use lead to a vicious circle of substantive disruptions in the brain that impair and undermine choice capacities for adaptive behavior, but do not annihilate them.|issn=0893-133X}}</ref> An ngangalasan na ini – mga drogang [[Neuroplasticity|pigliliwat an korte]] punksyon kan [[Hutok nin tawo|hutok]] – naggiya pasiring sa pagkasabot kan adiksyon bilang sarong [[brain disorder]] na igwa nin komplikadong variety nin [[Social psychology|psychosocial]] siring man sa [[Neuroscience|neurobiological]] (asin kun kaya inboluntaryo) factors na pigpapasabot kan pag-urog kan adiksyon.<ref name="Cellular basis" /><ref name="NIDA2020">{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=13 July 2020|title=Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction – Drug Misuse and Addiction|url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drug-misuse-addiction|website=www.drugabuse.gov|location=[[North Bethesda, Maryland]]|publisher=[[National Institute on Drug Abuse]]|access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Addiction and Choice: Rethinking the Relationship|vauthors=Henden E|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|veditors=Heather N, Gabriel S|location=Oxford, UK|pages=116–132|chapter=Addiction, Compulsion, and Weakness of the Will: A Dual-Process Perspective.}}</ref> Kabali sa klasikong senyales kan adiksyon iyo an [[Compulsive behavior|compulsive]] engagement sa [[Reward system|rewarding]] stimuli, ''preoccupation'' na igwa nin substances o gawe, asin pinadagos an paggamit sa ibong kan negatibong consequences. An mga [[Habit|Habits]] asin patterns na asosyado sa adiksyon tipikal na karakterisado kan immediate [[gratification]] (short-term reward),<ref name="pmid18790142">{{cite journal|vauthors=Angres DH, Bettinardi-Angres K|title=The disease of addiction: origins, treatment, and recovery|journal=Disease-a-Month|volume=54|issue=10|pages=696–721|date=October 2008|pmid=18790142|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.07.002}}</ref><ref name="NHM addiction-reward-reinforcement" /> inubayan nin delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs).<ref name="NIDA2020" /><ref name="pmid3278676">{{cite journal|vauthors=Marlatt GA, Baer JS, Donovan DM, Kivlahan DR|title=Addictive behaviors: etiology and treatment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1988_39/page/223|journal=Annu Rev Psychol|volume=39|pages=223–52|year=1988|pmid=3278676|doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.001255}}</ref><!-- addiction examples and classifications --> Kabali sa mga halimbawa kan substance addiction iyo an [[alcoholism]], [[Cannabis use disorder|cannabis addiction]], [[amphetamine addiction]], [[cocaine addiction]], [[Nicotine|nicotine addiction]], [[Opioid use disorder|opioid addiction]], asin sa pagkakan o [[food addiction]]. An mga behavioral addictions mapupwedeng kabali an [[gambling addiction]], [[shopping addiction]], [[stalking]], [[Internet addiction disorder|internet addiction]], [[social media addiction]], [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]], [[video game addiction]] asin [[sexual addiction]]. An [[DSM-5]] asin [[ICD-10]] pigmimidbid sana an adiksyon sa pagsugal bilang behavioral addictions, alagad an [[ICD-11]] pigmimidbid man an ''gaming addictions''.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/article/gaming-addiction-icd-11-issues-and-implications|title=Gaming Addiction in ICD-11: Issues and Implications|vauthors=ME|date=12 September 2019|journal=Psychiatric Times|series=Psychiatric Times Vol 36, Issue 9|volume=36|issue=9|language=en|access-date=3 March 2020|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303134538/https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/article/gaming-addiction-icd-11-issues-and-implications|url-status=dead|archivedate=3 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303134538/https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/article/gaming-addiction-icd-11-issues-and-implications}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} hwaw0wbejoqch0dbud63twg3qk7lwtz 0 49805 309728 309341 2026-08-23T22:51:58Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309728 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''neuropsikolohiya''' iyo an sarong sangay kan [[sikolohiya]] na nag-aadal sa kun pàno an [[cognition]] asin [[behavior]] kan sarong tawo igwa nin kinaaraman sa [[hutok]] asin sa ibang kabtang kan [[nervous system]]. An mga propesyonal sa sangay na ini kan sikolohiya nakapokus sa kun pàno an mga injuries o kahelangan kan hutok nakakaapekto sa cognitive asin behavioral functions.<ref name="GluckMercadoMyers2016,p57">{{cite book|title=Learning and Memory: From Brain to Behavior|url=https://archive.org/details/learningmemoryfr0000gluc_e4w0|vauthors=Gluck MA, Mercado E, Myers CE|publisher=Worth Publishers|year=2016|isbn=978-1-319-15405-9|location=New York/NY, US|pages=[https://archive.org/details/learningmemoryfr0000gluc_e4w0/page/57 57]}}</ref> Kapwa iyan ladong experimental asin kliniko na nakapokus sa pasyente na sikolohiya. Kaya baga igwa iyan nin katuyohan na saboton kun pàno an behavior asin cognition naimpluwensyahan an punksyon kan hutok. Igwa man iyan nin kinaaraman sa [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosis]] asin [[Therapy|treatment]] kan behavioral asin cognitive effects kan [[Neurological disorder|neurological disorders]]. Na kun saen an klasikong [[neurolohiya]] nakapokus sa [[pathology]] kan [[nervous system]] asin an klasikong sikolohiya dakulang suhay sa saiya, pighihidaw kan neuropsychology an pagdiskobre sa kun pàno an hutok [[neural correlates of consciousness|correlates with]] sa [[isip]] sa paagi kan pag-aadal sa mga neurolohikong pasyente. Pighihiras kaiyan an mga konsepto asin pagmakulog sa [[neuropsychiatry]] asin sa [[behavioral neurology]] sa pangkagabsan. An terminong ''neuropsychology'' inaplikar sa [[Lesion|lesion studies]] sa mga tawo asin sa mga hayop . Inaplikar man iyan sa pag-espwerso tanganing irekord an mga electrical activity gikan sa mga indibidwal na selula (o grupo nin mga selula) sa haralangkaw na [[Primate|primates]] (kabali an ibang pag-aadal sa mga tawong pasyente).<ref name="Posner 2000">{{cite journal|vauthors=Posner MI, DiGirolamo GJ|title=Cognitive neuroscience: origins and promise|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_2000-11_126_6/page/873|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=126|issue=6|pages=873–889|date=November 2000|pmid=11107880|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.873}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} bf0qtp7gz3kzl8h0bq87qn3afpmcsw6 0 50061 309602 308953 2026-08-23T20:42:45Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sultanatong muslim sa Indonesya}} {{about|pangkasaysayan na kahadean nin Malay|banwaan sa Burma|Pasai, Burma|nag-iirok sa Brunei|Kampong Pasai|syudad sa Filipinas |Pasay}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sultanatong Samudera Pasai | common_name = Samudera Pasai | native_name = {{Script/Arabic|كسلطانن سامودرا ڤاساي}} | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | p1 = Sultanatong Peureulak | s1 = Sultanatong Aceh | s2 = | year_start = 1267 | year_end = 1524 | date_start = | date_end = | event_start = Pagtugdas | event6 = Pagsakyada kan [[Imperyong Portuges|Portuges]] | date_event6 = 1521 | event_end = [[pananakyada kan Aceh sa Pasai|Sinakyada]] kan [[Sultanatong Aceh]] | image_flag = | image_coat = | symbol_type = | image_map = Pasai.jpg | image_map_caption = Mapa kan Pasai, sa ngunyan na [[Lhokseumawe]] kan Sumatra, probinsya nin Aceh. | capital = Pasai | common_languages = [[Suanoy na Malay]] | government_type = Monarkiya | title_leader = Sultan | leader1 = [[Malik ul Salih]] <small>''(founder)''</small> | year_leader1 = 1267–1297 | leader2 = Zainal Abidin IV <small>''(last)''</small> | year_leader2 = 1514–1517 | currency = mga pirak na [[Dirham]] | today = [[Indonesya]] }} An '''Kasultanan nin Samudera Pasai''' ({{Lang-ms| {{Script/Arabiko|كسلطانن سامودرا ڤاساي}}}}), midbid man sa '''Samudera''' o '''Pasai''' o '''Samudera Darussalam''' o '''Pacem''', sarong kahadean nin Muslim sa amihanan na gilid-baybayon kan [[Sumatra]] poon kan ika-13 sagkod ika-16 na mga siglo. Sadit na kapusugan an nawalat tanganing magtao nin dalan an makasaysayan na pag-aadal kan kahadean.<ref>Ricklefs, M.C. 1991. ''A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300''. 2nd ed., Stanford: Stanford University Press, p. 15. {{ISBN|0-333-57690-X}}</ref> pigtutubudan na pigtugdas an kahadean ni Merah Silu, na dai naghaloy, nagsa-Islam ini asin naribayan nin pangaran na [[Malik ul Salih]], sa taon na 1267 CE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/en/travelling-2/17/03/24/ona4he414-samudra-pasai-worthy-to-be-world-historical-site|title=Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site|date=2017-03-24|website=Republika Online|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> Matapos an pagsakyada kan Portuges kadtong 1521, inilikas kan garison an Pasai kan 1524 asin an inot na Sultan kan Aceh na si [[Ali Mughayat Syah]], [[Pagsakyada kan Aceh sa Pasai|pigsagom an teritoryo]]. == Ginikanan na ngaran == Susog sa talaan kan ika-kag-apat na siglo na [[Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai]], pwedeng minatukdo an 'Samudera' can na gikan sa katagang "Semudera" ({{IPA|[səmudəra]}}), na an boot sabihon 'sarong kadaradakulang sirum'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mead|first=J. P.|date=1914-01-01|title=A Romanized Version of the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai|url=https://archive.org/details/biostor-283431|jstor=41561000|journal=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|issue=66|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biostor-283431/page/9 9]}}</ref> An pangaran, itinao ni Merah Silu kan madayag niya an sarong sirum na kasibgdakula kan ikos mantang nangangayam sa sarong 'halangkaw na daga'.<ref name=":0" /> Dai nahaloy, nalinig an lugar para sa pagtugdas kan sarong bagong estado asin an pinapusog an 'Semudera' bilan pangaran kaini.<ref name=":0" /> Iniisip man na an 'Samudera' hali sa tagang [[Sanskrit]] na Samudra, na an boot ipasabot "kadagatan." Ipinahihiwatig man kan literatura na an ginikanan kan pangaran na 'Pasai', na hali sa ''Si-Pasai'', an pangayam na ayam ni [[Malik ul Salih|Sultan Malik al Salleh]], na si Merah Silu pagkatapos kan saiyang pagsasa-Islam.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Mead|first=J. P.|date=1914-01-01|title=A Romanized Version of the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai|url=https://archive.org/details/biostor-283431|jstor=41561000|journal=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|issue=66|page=[https://archive.org/details/biostor-283431/page/17 17]}}</ref> Isinalaysay kan alamat na si Malik, mantang nangangayam kaiba an saiyang ayam, nakasabatan sinda nin sarong usa na dai natatakot sa batok kan ayam alagad imbes na, nagbatok pabalik. Nataranta siya digdi asin naisip na ini, pwedeng sarong magayon na senyales para sa lugar na itugdas bilan sarong bagong estado para sa saiyang aki, si Malik Al Tahir.<ref name=":1" /> Natigbak an aso, dai kahaluyan na panahon pagkatapos na maitugdas an kahadean, asin pinili ni Malik na ilubong siya duman, pinangaranan an kahadean na Pasai susog saiya.<ref name=":1" /> Kadtong ika-14 na siglo, ginamit kan eksplorador na Italyano si [[Odoriko kan Pordenone]] an pangaran na Sumoltra para sa Samudra, asin an mga nagsunod na parasurat na Europeo, maggamit man nin mga kaarog na porma nin pangaran tanganing tukduon an isla mismo nin Sumatra.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lYJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA86 |title=Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Issue 36 |year=1866 |editor= Sir Henry Yule |pages=86–87 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx5MAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10|title=History of Sumatra, containing an account of the government (etc.) |author= William Marsden |pages=4–10 |date=1811 }}</ref> ==Kasaysayan== Ini-export kan Pasai an kultura kaini, asin urog pa sa gabos an tataramon kaini — an amay na porma nin [[Tataramon na Malayo|Malayo]] na nakasurat sa alpabetong [[Iskriturang Jawi|Jawi]] — sa sarong numero nin mga isla. Kang dai naghaloy, nagin [[lingua franca]] an tataramon na ini sa mga mangangalakal sa ngunyan na [[Indonesya]] asin [[Malaysya]]. Pirang mga siglo na nakikipagkalakalan an mga [[Muslim]] na [[Arabo]] asin [[India|Indyano]] sa Indonesya asin [[Tsina]]. Napetsahan an sarong lapidang Muslim sa subangan na [[Haba (isla)|Haba]] na may petsang katumbas kan 1082. Alagad an dakulang ebidensya nin [[Islam]] sa Indonesya, nagpopopoon sana sa amihanan na [[Sumatra]] sa pagtatapos kan ika-13 siglo. Duwang sararadit na kahadean nin kalakalan kan Muslim an nag-eksistido kaidtong panahon na idto sa Pasai asin [[Peureulak]] o Perlak. Sarong 1297 maharlikang lubungan sa Samudra, yari na nakasurat sa [[Tataramon na Arabiko|Arabiko]]. Pag-abot kan ika-15 siglo, namukna an pirang kahadean na puerto, pinamamayuhan gabos kan mga lokal na prinsipeng Muslim, poon sa amihanan na baybayon kan Haba asin sa ibang lugar sagkod sa harayong subangan kan [[Ternate]] asin [[Tidore]] sa [[mga isla nin Maluku|Maluku]]. Limang buwan an pigguno ni [[Marco Polo]] digdi, sinambit niya sinda Ferlec, Basma, asin Samara (Samudera) sa saiyang istorya sa pag-ekplorasyon. Saro pang bantog na eksplorador na si [[Ibn Battuta]] na pasiring sa [[Tsina]] an nagtunong nin 15 aldaw sa Samudera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kemlu.go.id/istanbul/en|title=Consulate General of the Republic of Indonesia Istanbul Turley|website=Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> An pagtugdas kan mga inot na sentro kan Muslim sa Indonesia, malamang na resulta kan mga komersyal na pangyayari. Pag-abot kan ika-13 siglo, an pagbagsak kan kapangyarihan nin [[Srivijaya]], an nag-akay sa mga dayuhan na parakalakal sa mga puerto sa amihanan na baybayon nin Sumatrano kan [[Sola nin Bengal]], ligtas hali sa mga salag kan pirata sa kahabagatan na puro kan [[Itiot nin Malacca]]. An amihanan na Sumatra, igwang hinterland na mayaman sa [[bulawan]] asin mga ani kan kadlagan, asin nililinang an [[Black pepper|paminta]] sa poon kan ika-15 siglo. Madudumanan ini kan gabos na parakalakal kan kaiislahan na muyang makahampang nin mga barko gikan sa [[Kadagatan Indyano]]. [[File:Cakra Donya.JPG|thumbnail|left|300px|An bagtingan nin Cakra Donya na sarong regalo<ref name="Vaisutis2007">{{cite book|author=Justine Vaisutis|title=Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC&pg=PA419|date= 2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-435-5|pages=419–}}</ref> ki [[Zheng He]] sa kasagsagi kan [[Mga paglawod sa kayamanan|saiyang paglawod]] sa Pasai.]] Sa taon na 1345, si [[Ibn Battuta]], na sarong paraladag na [[Morocco|Morokano]], nagbisita sa Samudra Pasai kun sain itinala niya sa saiyang tala sa pagladag na an lider kan Samudera Pasai, sarong banal na Muslim, na ginampanan an saiyang mga katungdan sa relihiyon nin bilog na entusiasmo. An [[madh'hab]] na saiyang naobserbahan iyo si Imam [[Al-Shafi'i]]. Sa oras na idto, yaon na sa katapusan kan [[Mga pagkakabaranga-banga kan kinaban sa Islam#Dar al-Islam|Dar al-Islam]] an Samudera Pasai ta mayong teritoryo sa subangan kaini an pinamamayuhan kan sarong lider na Muslim. Inumaw niya an kabuotan asin marhay na pag-atubang na ipinahiling kan sultan kan Samudera Pasai. Digdi siya nagtunong nin haros duwang semana sa banwaan na kahoy na nalalanuban bilan bisita kan sultan, pagkatapos, tinawanan siya kan sultan nin mga panustos asin dinara siya sa saiyang pagladag sa [[Junk (ship)|mga junk]] na sadiri kan Sultan sa Tsina.<ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |url = http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/9china.html |title = Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 9 Through the Straits of Malacca to China 1345 – 1346 |work = The Travels of Ibn Battuta A Virtual Tour with the 14th Century Traveler |publisher = Berkeley.edu |access-date = 14 June 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130317035650/http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/9china.html |archive-date = 17 March 2013 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Nilista ni [[Imprerador Hongwu]] kan [[dinastiyang Ming]] sa Tsina na an Samudera sa kanyang paalala ang ''[[Huang-Ming Zuxun]]'' bilan saro sa 14 na nasyon na dai dapat ilansar kan Ming an kontrang kampanyang militar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Farmer |first1=Edward L. |title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule |year=1995 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-10391-7 |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C |language=en}}</ref> Sa pagtatapos kan ika-14 na siglo, nagin sarong mayaman na sentro nin komersyo an Samudra-Pasai, na nagtaong dalan sa inot na parte kan ika-15 siglo sa urog na marhayon na protektadong puerto nin [[Malacca]] sa habagatan-sulnopan na baybayon kan [[Rawis nin Malay]]. Sinakyada asin hinabunan kan [[Majapahit]] an lugar kadtong katahawan kan ika-14 na siglo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Borschberg|first=Peter|date=2003|title=Review of O Domínio do Norte Samatra. A história dos sultanatos de Samudera-Pacém e de Achém e das suas relações com os Portugueses (1500–1580) the Dominion of North Sumatra. A History of the Sultanates of Samudera-Pasai and Aceh and Their Relations with the Portuguese (1500–1580)|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies_2003-06_34_2/page/361|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=34|issue=2|pages=361–363|doi=10.1017/S0022463403210304|jstor=20072512|issn=0022-4634}}</ref> [[File:Makam Sultan Malik As-Shalih (Malikussaleh).jpg|thumb|350px|An lapida ni Malik al-Salih]] An kapangyarihan nin pang-ekonomiya asin pampulitika kan Pasai, haros nakadepende sa mga dayuhan. An mga parakalakal asin paratukdong Muslim, malamang na nagpartisipar sa pangungurang kaini poon pa sa poon asin sigurado na ipamidbid an mga gibuhon nin pangrelihiyon na nagpapamati sa sainda nin irukan. An inot na mga beachhead na Muslim sa Indonesya, urog na an Pasai, sa sarong dakulang hiwas na tunay na mga muknang Muslim na nagsugo sa kaimbudan kan lokal na populasyon asin inaagda an mga gibuhon nin pangsiyensya. An mga kaarog na bagong kahadean nin puerto, namukna sa amihanan na baybayon kan Haba. Si [[Tomé Pires]], kagmukna kan ''Suma Oriental'', naisurat dai nahaloy pagkatapos kan 1511, idinuon an malibog na etnikong pinaghalian kan mga nagtugdas kan [[Cheribon|Cirebon]], [[Demak, Indonesya|Demak]], [[Jepara|Japara]], asin [[Gresik]]. An mga estadong pangbaybayon kan Habanon na ini an nagsirbi nin komersyo sa Indya asin Tsina dangan urog na sa Malacca, sarong importer kan [[maluto|malutong]] Habanon. An mga lider kan Malacca, sa balyo kan saindang prestihiyosong ginikanan na Srivijayan, inako an Islam tanganing maakit an mga parakalakal na Muslim asin Habanon sa saindang pantalan. Inokupa kan [[Portugal|Portuges]] an Pasai kan 1521, 10 taon pagkatapos kan saindang pagsakop sa Malacca. Sa paagi kan Portuges, namidbidan an lugar sa [[Europa]] na '''Pacem'''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fjFiAAAAMAAJ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 33, Parts 1–4]. Quote: "Midbid kan Pprtuges an Pasai sa Pacem."</ref> Inilikas nin garison kan Portuges an Pasai kadtong 1524 asin an inot na [[Sultan kan Aceh|Sultan kan Aceh]], [[Ali Mughayat Syah]], [[an pagsakyada kan mga Aceh sa Pasai|sinagom an teritoryo]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=D. K. |date=September 1963 |title=European Influence in South-East Asia, c. 1500–1630 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southeast-asian-history_1963-09_4_2/page/134 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=134–165 |doi=10.1017/S0217781100002866 }}</ref> ==Lista kan mga namayo== Ini an listahan kan mga pamayong namayo sa Kasultanan nin Samudera Pasai:<ref>{{cite book|author=Taqiyuddin Muhammad|title=Daulah Shalihiyyah Di Sumatera|year=2011|publisher=CISAH|pages=115–186}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Nu. !! Panahon !! Ngaran kan Sultan o Gelar !! Mga tala asin mga importanteng pangyayari sa kasaysayan |- | 1 || 1267–1297 || [[Malikussaleh|Sultan Malikussaleh]] (Meurah Silu) || Kagtugdas kan Kahadean nin Samudra Pasai |- | 2 || 1297–1326 || Sultan Al-Malik azh-Zhahir I / Muhammad I || Ipinabisto an mga bulawan na barya |- | 3 || 1326–133? || Sultan Ahmad I || Inatake an kahadean nin [[Karang Baru]], Tamiang |- | 4 || 133?–1349 || Sultan Al-Malik azh-Zhahir II || Binisita ni [[Ibnu Batutah]] |- | 5 || 1349–1406 || Sultan Zainal Abidin I || Inatake kan [[Majapahit]] |- | 6 || 1406–1428 || {{Ill|Ratu Nahrasyiyah|id|Malikah Nahrasiyah}} || Panahon nin kamurawayan kan Samudra Pasai |- | 7 || 1428–1438 || Sultan Zainal Abidin II || |- | 8 || 1438–1462 || Sultan Shalahuddin || |- | 9 || 1462–1464 || Sultan Ahmad II || |- | 10 || 1464–1466 || Sultan Abu Zaid Ahmad III || |- | 11 || 1466–1466 || Sultan Ahmad IV || |- | 12 || 1466–1468 || Sultan Mahmud || |- | 13 || 1468–1474 || Sultan Zainal Abidin III || Ibinagsak kan saiyang tugang |- | 14 || 1474–1495 || Sultan Muhammad Syah II || |- | 15 || 1495–1495 || Sultan Al-Kamil || |- | 16 || 1495–1506 || Sultan Adlullah || |- | 17 || 1506–1507 || Sultan Muhammad Syah III || Igwang duwang lapida |- | 18 || 1507–1509 || Sultan Abdullah || |- | 19 || 1509–1514 || Sultan Ahmad V || [[Pagkua kan Malacca (1511)]] |- | 20 || 1514–1517 || Sultan Zainal Abidin IV || |} == Poon nin Pamilya == {{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Poon nin Pamilya kan mga monarkang Samudera Pasai<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sultan Al-Malik Ash-Shalih, wafat dalam bulan Ramandhan tahun 696 Hijriah, dimakamkan di pusat pemerintahan Kota Sumatra |url=https://www.mapesaaceh.com/2019/05/sultan-al-malik-ash-shalih-wafat-dalam.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-31 |title=Makam Sultan Pasai, Kesultanan Islam Terbesar di Asia Tenggara, Dibiarkan Hancur Berkeping |url=https://www.indozone.id/news/9DsAy6Y/makam-sultan-pasai-kesultanan-islam-terbesar-di-asia-tenggara-dibiarkan-hancur-berkeping |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=indozone.id |language=id-ID }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}} {{Tree chart|border=1| |}} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | |001 | 001='''[[Malikussaleh|Al-Malik<br>Al-Salih]]'''<br>⁽¹⁾<br>{{r.|1267|1297}}|boxstyle_001=background-color:#DCDCDC}} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| |}} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |001 | |002 |y|003 | 001='''Al-Malik<br>Al-Zahir I<br>Muhammad I'''<br>⁽²⁾<br>{{r.|1297|1326}}|boxstyle_001=background-color:#DCDCDC| 002=♀ prinsesa| 003=Raja Kadah}} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| |`|-|.| |}} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |001 | |002 |y|003 | 001='''Ahmad I'''<br><sup>(3)</sup><br>{{r.|1326|1330}}|boxstyle_001=background-color:#DCDCDC| 002=♀ prinsesa| 003=Raja Khan}} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| |`|-|.| |}} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |001 | |002 | |003 | 001=Ahmad| 002='''Zainal<br>Abidin I'''<br>⁽⁵⁾<br>{{r.|1349|1406}}|boxstyle_002=background-color:#DCDCDC| 003='''Al-Malik<br>Al-Zahir II'''<br>⁽⁴⁾<br>{{r.|1330|1349}}|boxstyle_003=background-color:#DCDCDC}} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| |}} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |001 | |002 | 001='''Zainal<br>Abidin II'''<br>⁽⁷⁾<br>{{r.|1428|1438}}|boxstyle_001=background-color:#DCDCDC| 002=♀<br>'''Nahrasyiyah'''<br>⁽⁶⁾<br>{{r.|1406|1428}}|boxstyle_002=background-color:#DCDCDC}} {{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}} {{Tree chart|border=1|001 | |002 | |003 | |004 | |005 | |006 | 001='''Salahuddin'''<br>⁽⁸⁾<br>{{r.|1438|1462}}|boxstyle_001=background-color:#DCDCDC| 002=Mansur| 003='''Ahmad II'''<br>⁽⁹⁾<br>{{r.|1462|1464}}|boxstyle_003=background-color:#DCDCDC| 004='''Ahmad III'''<br>⁽¹⁰⁾<br>{{r.|1464|1466}}|boxstyle_004=background-color:#DCDCDC| 005='''Ahmad IV'''<br>⁽¹¹⁾<br>{{r.|1466|1466}}|boxstyle_005=background-color:#DCDCDC| 006='''Mahmud'''<br>⁽¹²⁾<br>{{r.|1466|1468}}|boxstyle_006=background-color:#DCDCDC}} {{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |}} {{Tree chart|border=1|001 | |002 | |003 | |004 | |005 | |006 | |007 | 001='''Al-Kamil'''<br>⁽¹⁵⁾<br>{{r.|1495|1495}}|boxstyle_001=background-color:#DCDCDC| 002='''Adlullah'''<br>⁽¹⁶⁾<br>{{r.|1495|1506}}|boxstyle_002=background-color:#DCDCDC| 003='''Zainal<br>Abidin III'''<br>⁽¹³⁾<br>{{r.|1468|1474}}|boxstyle_003=background-color:#DCDCDC| 004='''Muhammad<br>Syah II'''<br>⁽¹⁴⁾<br>{{r.|1474|1495}}|boxstyle_004=background-color:#DCDCDC| 005='''Muhammad<br>Syah III'''<br>⁽¹⁷⁾<br>{{r.|1506|1507}}|boxstyle_005=background-color:#DCDCDC| 006='''Abdullah'''<br>⁽¹⁸⁾<br>{{r.|1507|1509}}|boxstyle_006=background-color:#DCDCDC| 007='''Zainal<br>Abidin IV'''<br>⁽²⁰⁾<br>{{r.|1514|1517}}|boxstyle_007=background-color:#DCDCDC}} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| |}} {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |001 | 001='''Ahmad V'''<br>⁽¹⁹⁾<br>{{r.|1509|1514}}|boxstyle_001=background-color:#DCDCDC}} {{Tree chart|border=1| |}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} ==Makasaysayan na pamana== Tinukdo an pagkadayag sa lubungan ni Sultan Malik as-Saleh (696 H o 1267 AD) kan mga parasalaysay bilan simbolo na nakalaog an Islam sa Kaislahan kadtong ika-13 siglo. Bagaman igwang sarong opinyon na nag-abot an posibilidad kan Islam ning mas amay ikan duman. An istorya kan mga Hade sa Pasai, panong-pano nin mito asin alamat alagad an paglaladawan kan istorya, nakatabang sa paghali kan madiklom na parte kan kasaysayan nin pagkakaigwa kan kahadean na ini. An nakaaging kamurawayan kan kahadian na ini an nagtaong inspirasyon sa mga tawo kaini na gamiton giraray an pangaran kan nagtugdas kan kahadean na ini para sa Unibersidad nin Malikussaleh sa Lhokseumawe. ==Hilingon man== * [[Malikussaleh]] * [[Lista kan mga dinastiyang Muslim na Sunni]] ==Mga toltolan== {{Reflist}} ==Urog pang mababasa== * {{cite journal | last=Hall | first=Kenneth R. | year=1981 | title=Trade and statecraft in the Western Archipelago at the dawn of the European age | journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume=54 | issue=1 | pages=21–47 | jstor=41492897 }} * {{cite book | last=Hall | first=Kenneth R.| year=2010 | title=A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500 | place=Plymouth, UK | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | isbn=978-0-7425-6761-0 }} * {{cite journal | last=Hill | first=A.H. | year=1963 | title=The coming of Islam to North Sumatra | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southeast-asian-history_1963-03_4_1/page/6 | journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History | volume=4 | issue=1 | pages=6–21 | doi=10.1017/S0217781100000739 | jstor=20067418 }} {{coord missing|Indonesia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sultanatong Samudera Pasai}} [[Category:Uusipon kan Sumatra]] 0equdd2a4t0czwx7y6szhgdsckzks0s 0 50177 309534 280248 2026-08-23T19:48:37Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309534 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Onager Asiatischer Wildesel Equus hemionus onager Zoo Augsburg-12.jpg|thumb|Onager Asiatischer]] An '''onager''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|n|ə|dʒ|ər}})('''''Equus hemionus'''''), na inaapod man na '''hemione''' o '''Asiatic wild ass''', sarong klase kan pamilyang Equidae na tubong tal sa Asya. Sarong miyembro kan subgino na ''[[:en:Asinus|Asinus]]'', an sarô pigladawan asin tinawan nin bágong pangaran kaini an Aleman na suguilo na si [[:en:Peter_Simon_Pallas|Peter Simon Pallas]] kan 1775. Anom na subspecies an nabisto, na duwa kaini eksistido. An Onager nagtimbang mga 200-260 kl (4-570 asin naabot mga {{Cvt|2.1|m|ft}} na payo-na laba. An mga ini mapula-pula o kayumanggihon an kolor asin may halakbang na yerbawarak sa tahaw kan likod. An parabugutan dai pa lamang naataman. Sarô ini sa pinakamarikas na mga mammal, ta pwede sindang magdalagan bilang 64-70 km/h (40-43 mph). An sarô dati mas mahiwas an hiwas poon sa sur-subangan asin sentral sagkod norteng Asya kabali na diyan an rehiyong Levant, Arabian Peninsula, [[:en:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] asin Siberia; an prehistorikong Europa na layas hasta subspectes nag'aabot pa sa Europa sagkod sa syudad nin Bronse. Durante kan kapinonan nin ika - 20 siglo, an mga klase nawaran kan kadaklan na sokol kaiyan sa [[Tahaw na Sirangan]] asin Asia Oriental. Ngonyan, an mga parasagwan nag - iistar sa mga disyerto asin iba pang marang rehion nin [[Iran]], [[Kasahistan|Kazakstan]], [[Usbekistan|Uzbekistan]], Turkmenistan, [[Indya|India]], [[Mongolya|Mongolia]] asin [[Tsina]]. Apuwera sa mga disyerto, nabubuhay iyan sa lugar nin duot, kapatagan, kaawagan, asin kanvanna. Arog kan dakul pang darakulang hayop na nagrarataranta, an syudad kan parapana nagkaigwa nin grabeng mga sakit sa pagpahiling nin gulong asin pagkatingot. Pigklasipikar an sarô pan mga tataramon na Austronesyo bilan Harani sa IUCN Red List kan 2015. Sa limang subspecies, an saro eksistido na, duwa namimiligrong mapuho, asin duwang haraning magasiya; daing gayo aram an status kaini sa Tsina. == Etymolohiya == An espisipikong pangaran gikan sa [[Suanoy na Griyego|Suanoy na Griego]] ἡμίονος, hēmíonos, mula sa ἡμι-, hēmi-, 'kalahati', at ὄνος, ónos, 'donkey'; kaya, 'kalahating asno' o mule. Ang terminong onager ay nagmula sa sinaunang Griyegong ὄναγρος, muli mula sa ὄνος, ónos, 'donkey', at ἄγριος, ágrios, 'wild'. An species komun na inaapod na Asyanong layas na ass, na kun saen an terminong inage pigpreserba sa mga subspecies E. h. ''onager'',<ref name="SSC2">{{cite web|url=http://data.iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/equid/ASWAss.html|title=Asiatic Wild Ass &nbsp; ''Equus hemionus''|work=IUCN|location=Gland, Switzerland|publisher=IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220184116/http://data.iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/equid/ASWAss.html|archive-date=20 December 2012}}</ref> mas espesipikong inapod na Persyanong sarô pa. Sagkod sa aldaw na ini, an species kapareho kan ngaran man sanang iyan. == Taxonomy asin ebolusyon == An saglay sarong miyembro kan [[Genus (biology)|genus]] Asinus, kabilang an [[:en:Genus_(biology)|genus]] ''[[:en:Equus_(genus)|Equus]]'' asin pigklasipikar sa irarom kan pamilya Equidae. An [[Espesye|species]] sinasabing asin natawan kan byomial na pangaran kaini Equus hemeonius kan Aleman na sulogong si Peter Simon Pallas kan 1775. An mga Asiatic wild ass, sa tahaw kan Daan na Kinaban, nag - eksister nin labing 4 milyones na taon. An pinakagurang na divergence ''Si Equus'' iyo an nag'aabang sinundan kan mga sebra asin padagos.<ref name="WeinstockMolecularPerspective2">{{cite journal|last=Weinstock|first=J.|year=2005|title=Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of Pleistocene horses in the New World: a molecular perspective|journal=[[PLOS Biology]]|volume=3|issue=8|pages=e241|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030241|pmid=15974804|pmc=1159165|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> An sarong bagong species na inapod [[:en:Kiang|kiang]] (E. [[:en:Kiang|kiang]]), sarong paryenteng [[Tibet|Tibetan]], dati pinagkokonsiderang subspecies kan nag'iiral igdi bilang E. hemionus kaking, alagad an mga dai pa sana nahaloy na pag-adal sa molecular nagpapahiling ini nin naiibang espesye, mala ta nagrayo gikan sa pinakaharaning relatibo kan Mongolan na layas na persona arog kan apoon kan mas hababa pang 500,000 taon nakaagi.<ref name="Ryder19902">{{cite journal|author1=Ryder, O.A.|author2=Chemnick, L.G.|name-list-style=amp|year=1990|title=Chromosomal and molecular evolution in Asiatic wild asses|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_genetica_1990-12-30_83_1/page/67|journal=Genetica|volume=83|issue=1|pages=67–72|doi=10.1007/BF00774690|pmid=2090563|s2cid=12351710}}</ref>{{Clade|{{clade |1=[[Syrian wild ass]] (''E. h. hemippus'') |2={{clade |1=[[Persian onager]] (''E. h. onager'') |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Indian wild ass]] (''E. h. khur'') |2=[[Turkmenian kulan]] (''E. h. kulan'') }} |2=[[Mongolian wild ass]] (''E. h. hemionus'') }} }} }}|style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%}} == Mga katangian == [[Ladawan:Kulan_Equus_hemionus_kulan_Tiergarten-Nuernberg-9.jpg|thumb|Sarong Turkmenian kulan]] [[Ladawan:Asian_Wild_Ass_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg|thumb|An skeleton]] An onager parati mapula-pula an kolor durante kan tig'init, nagigin malalagong-bulaw o abohon kun tiglipot. Ini may itom na ubak na sakop sa puti na minasagkod sa tahaw kan likod. An tulak, an rimas, asin an muzzle maputi na, apuera sa Mongolyong layas na asno na igwang halakbang na itom na ubak nin salampating magkakurua na may kaibang puti. Mga 200 abot 260 kilos (400 sagkod 570 an hiwas asin 2.1 m (6 por 8 ft 2 pul.) sa payo-sarong laba. An mga lalaking parasagwan sa parate mas dakula kisa sa mga babae. == Biolohiya asin gawe - gawe == Ang mga mabangis na asno sa Asia na halos aktibo sa madaling araw asin dapit-hapon, dawa na sa panahon nin matinding init. == Toltolan == <references /> {{Poon}} s79u1jbk1i3706f85mjibuc1nm6bdvg 0 50180 309529 280326 2026-08-23T19:43:58Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|name=Binturong|status=VU|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Arctictis binturong'' |author=Willcox, D.H.A. |author2=Chutipong, W. |author3=Gray, T.N.E. |author4=Cheyne, S. |author5=Semiadi, G. |author6=Rahman, H. |author7=Coudrat, C.N.Z. |author8=Jennings, A. |author9=Ghimirey, Y. |author10=Ross, J. |author11=Fredriksson, G. |author12=Tilker, A. |date=2016 |page=e.T41690A45217088 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41690A45217088.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>|image=Binturong in Overloon.jpg|image_caption=In the Zoo Parc [[Overloon]], the [[Netherlands]]|display_parents=2|genus=Arctictis|parent_authority=[[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1824|species=binturong<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |pages=549 |id=14000273 |heading=Species ''Arctictis binturong''}}</ref>|authority=([[Thomas Stamford Raffles|Raffles]], 1822)|range_map=Binturong area.png|range_map_caption=Binturong range}} An '''binturong''' (Arctictis bintulang) (/bɪnˈtjʊərɒŋ, ˈbɪntjʊrɒŋ/, bin-TURE-ong, BIN-ture-ong), na inaapod man na '''bearcat''', sarong viverrid tubong [[Habagatan na Asya|Sur]] asin Timog Asya. Bakong pambihira ini sa kadaklan kan hiwas kaini, asin pigtatantyang Vulnerable sa [[IUCN Red List]] huli ta sa sarong dentiyang populasyon. Kinakarkulo na sya buminaba nin kisuerra 30% poon kan kabangaan kan ika-1980s.<ref name="iucn2"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWillcox,_D.H.A.Chutipong,_W.Gray,_T.N.E.Cheyne,_S.2016"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="381">Willcox, D.H.A.; Chutipong, W.; Gray, T.N.E.; Cheyne, S.; Semiadi, G.; Rahman, H.; Coudrat, C.N.Z.; Jennings, A.; Ghimirey, Y.; Ross, J.; Fredriksson, G.; Tilker, A. (2016). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="382">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41690/45217088 "''Arctictis binturong''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="383">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="385">'''2016''': e.T41690A45217088. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="386">[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41690A45217088.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41690A45217088.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="388">UK.2016-1.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="389">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="390"><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41690A45217088.en|T41690A45217088.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="391"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</span></cite></ref> An binturong iyo sana an [[Espesye|species]] sa [[genus]] '''''Arctictis'''''. == Etymolohiya == An "Binturong" an komun na pangaran kaini sa Borneo, asin konektado ini sa Sulnupang [[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polynesian]] gamot na "ma-tun".<ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> Sa [[Riau]], inaapod ining "benturong" asin "enturun".<ref name="dict">{{Cite book|title=A Malay-English dictionary|last=Wilkinson|first=R.J.|publisher=Kelly & Walsh Limited|year=1901|location=Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama|page=192|chapter=tenturun|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu#page/192/mode/2up}}</ref> An siyentipikong ngaran na ''Arctictis'' boot sabihon 'bear-weasel', gikan sa Griegong ''[[wiktionary:ἄρκτος|arkt-]]'' "bear" + ''[[wiktionary:ἴκτις|iktis]]'' "weasel"..<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopædic Dictionary|last=Scherren|first=H.|publisher=Cassell and Company|year=1902|location=London|page=54|chapter=arc-tic-tis|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedicdic00lond/page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> == Taxonomy == ''Viverra bintutong'' an [[Nomenklaturang binomyal|sientipikong ngaran]] na minukna [[Stamford Raffles|Si Thomas Stamford Raffles]] kan 1822 para sa sarong specie gikan sa [[Malacca]].<ref name="Raffles">{{Cite journal}}</ref> An ngaran na generaic Arctictis iprinoponer [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Si Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] kan 1824.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Monographies de mammalogie|last=Temminck|first=C. J.|publisher=Dufour & d'Ocagne|year=1824|location=Paris|page=xxi|chapter=XVII Genre ''Arctictis''|access-date=2019-10-12|chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5800774n/f26.item|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012103322/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5800774n/f26.item|archive-date=2019-10-12}}</ref> An Arctictis sarong monotyic taxon; an morpology kaini kaagid kan sa mga miyembro kan genera na Paradoxuruus asin ''[[Masked palm civet|Pagma]]''.<ref name="Pocock1939">{{Cite book|title=The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma|last=Pocock|first=R. I.|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1939|volume=((Mammalia. – Volume 1))|location=London|pages=431–439|chapter=Genus ''Arctictis'' Temminck|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n519/mode/2up}}</ref> Kan ika - 19 asin ika - 20 siglo, ilinadawan an minasunod na mga specie sa zolohikong paagi:<ref name="ems66">{{Cite book|title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946|last=Ellerman|first=J. R.|last2=Morrison-Scott|first2=T. C. S.|publisher=British Museum of Natural History|year=1966|edition=Second|location=London|page=290|chapter=Genus Arctictis. Temminck, 1824|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/290/mode/2up}}</ref> * An ''Paradoxurus albifrons'' na nagproponer ni [[Frédéric Cuvier]] kan 1822 basado sa pagguyod nin sarong binturong gikan ki Bhutan na inandam ni [[Alfred Duvaucel|Alfred Duvauel]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères : avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans|last=Cuvier, F.|publisher=A. Belin|year=1822|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|volume=5|location=Paris|chapter=Benturong|editor-last2=Cuvier, F.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/L}}</ref> * An mga peicillata ni Temminck kan 1835 iyo an specie gikan sa [[Sumatra]] asin [[Isla nin Haba|Java]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Monographies de Mammalogie|last=Temminck, C. J.|publisher=Dufour, Van der Hoek|year=1835|volume=II|location=Paris, Leiden|pages=308–311|chapter=Arcticte Binturong – ''Arctictis binturong''|access-date=2023-01-17|chapter-url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10231975?page=364|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401180751/https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10231975?page=364|archive-date=2023-04-01}}</ref> * An mga Arctictis puti na minukna ni [[Joel Asaph Allen|Joel Asaf Allen]] kan 1910 iyo an kublit nin duwang babaeng boundros na tinipon sa [[Palawan (isla)|Isla nin Palawan]] sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> * An pahina kan Arctictis na minukna ni [[Ernst Schwarz (zoologist)|Ernst Schwarz]] kan 1911 sarong kublit asin bungo nin babae na tinipon sa amihanan na [[Borneo]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Schwarz, E.|year=1911|title=Seven new Asiatic mammals with Note on the ''Viverra fasciata'' of Gmelin|journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology|series=8|volume=7|issue=37|pages=634–640|url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof871911lond/page/636|doi=10.1080/00222931108692986}}</ref> * An ''Arctictis'' gardneri na nagproponer ni Oldfield Thomas kan 1916 sarong bungo nin lalaking bughaw na natipon sa timog-subangan nin Tailandya.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Thomas, O.|year=1916|title=A new Binturong from Siam|journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology|series=8|volume=17|issue=99|pages=270–271|url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof8171916lond/page/270|doi=10.1080/00222931508693780}}</ref> * An ''Artikotis niasensis'' na minukna ni Marcus Ward Lyon Jr. kan 1916 sarong bungkol na kublit gikan sa [[Nias Island|Isla nin Nias]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lyon, M. W. Jr.|year=1916|title=Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on the chain of islands lying off the western coast of Sumatra, with descriptions of twenty-eight new species and subspecies|journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum|volume=52|issue=2188|pages=437–462|url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofuni521917unit/page/443|doi=10.5479/si.00963801.52-2188.437}}</ref> * An ''A. b. kerkhovni'' ni Henri Jacob Sody kan 1936 basado sa mga specie gikan sa [[Bangka Island|Isla nin Bangka]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the mammals of Banka|last=Sody, H. J. V.|publisher=Brill|year=1937|location=Leiden}}</ref> * An ''A. b. menglaensis'' ni Wang asin Li kan 1987 basado sa mga specie gikan sa [[Yunnan Province|Probinsya nin Yunnan]] sa [[Tsina]].<ref name="Cosson20073">{{cite journal|last1=Cosson.|first1=L.|last2=Grassman|first2=L. L.|last3=Zubaid|first3=A.|last4=Vellayan First4=S.|last5=Tillier|first5=A.|last6=Veron|first6=G.|year=2007|title=Genetic diversity of captive binturongs (''Arctictis binturong'', Viverridae, Carnivora): implications for conservation|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=271|issue=4|pages=386–395|url=http://www.aseanbiodiversity.info/Abstract/51011947.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512190437/http://www.aseanbiodiversity.info/Abstract/51011947.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-05-12|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00209.x}}</ref> Siyam na subspecies an binibistong nagbilog nin duwang [[Clade|clades]]. Pigsusuway an norteng clade sa kontinenteng Asya gikan sa Eskwelahang [[Kaislahan kan Sunda|Sundaco]] kan mga Isthmus nin Kra.<ref name="Cosson20072">{{cite journal|last1=Cosson.|first1=L.|last2=Grassman|first2=L. L.|last3=Zubaid|first3=A.|last4=Vellayan First4=S.|last5=Tillier|first5=A.|last6=Veron|first6=G.|year=2007|title=Genetic diversity of captive binturongs (''Arctictis binturong'', Viverridae, Carnivora): implications for conservation|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=271|issue=4|pages=386–395|url=http://www.aseanbiodiversity.info/Abstract/51011947.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512190437/http://www.aseanbiodiversity.info/Abstract/51011947.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-05-12|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00209.x}}</ref> == Mga katangian == [[Ladawan:Binturongskull.png|thumb|Bungo asin dentisyon kan binturong, siring sa iinilustrar sa Historia [[Paul Gervais|Si Paul Gerais]] {{Lang|fr|Histoire naturelle des mammifères}}]] [[Ladawan:Description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossiles (Arctictis binturong).jpg|thumb|Binturong skekeleton sa pag - eksibir sa [[Museum of Osteology|Museo nin Osteolohiya]]]] An binturong matilaba asin magabat, may halipot na, nakakulot na mga tabay. Igwa ining mahibog na ibabaw nin kawit itom an buhok. An bus asin prehensiyosong ikog mahibog sa gamot, luwayluway tapet, asin mga kurkas na nasa poro. An [[Snout|muzzle]] halipot asin direkta, medyo naitok sa dungo, asin may mga buwits na buhok, buru-buayahan an mga punto, nalaba mantang sinda nag'eestar, asin pormang pambihirang talidong na palibot kan lalawgon. An mga mata darakula, itom asin prominente. An talinga halipot, bilogon, may tarom na puti, asin tinakodan nin mga tu'lang kan itom na buhok. Igwang anom na halipot an palibot na incis sa lambang salang, duwang kansyon, na matilaba asin mapanas, asin anom na mga molar sa kada gilid. Halipot an buhok sa mga tabay asin may layang tina'wan nin lawa. An mga bitis limang polo an pagkahunat, may darakulang pusog na lawog. An mga langkoy yaon, asin an [[Plantigrade|tinanom]] - uppa' sa daga sa bilog nindang kalabaan - asin mas halawig an hinobod kaini kisa kan mga pararehas.<ref name="Raffles2">{{cite journal|last=Raffles|first=T. S.|year=1822|title=XVII. Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity, under the Direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough, with additional Notices illustrative of the Natural History of those Countries|url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002433594#page/253/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XIII|pages=239–274}}</ref> == Ekolohiya asin gawe - gawe == <gallery> Ladawan:Binturong (Arctictis binturong) camera trapped at a feeding platform on a fruiting Ficus at Pakke tiger reserve.JPG|Binturong retrato nin sarong kamera na nakalaag sa plataporma para sa pagpakakan sa prutas na ''[[Ficus]]'' </gallery>Aktibo an binturong sa aldaw asin kun banggi.<ref name="Nettlebeck2">{{Cite journal|last=Nettlebeck|first=A. R.|year=1997|title=Sightings of Binturongs ''Arctictis binturong'' in the Khao Yai National Park, Thailand|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|issue=16|pages=21–24|url=http://www.smallcarnivoreconservation.org/sccwiki/images/2/23/Number_16_%28Apr_1997%29.PDF}}</ref><ref name="Duckworth19972">{{Cite journal|last=Duckwort|first=J. W.|year=1997|title=Small carnivores in Laos: a status review with notes on ecology, behaviour and conservation|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|issue=16|pages=1–21|url=http://www.smallcarnivoreconservation.org/sccwiki/images/2/23/Number_16_%28Apr_1997%29.PDF}}</ref> Tulong paghiling sa [[:en:Pakke_Tiger_Reserve|Pakke Tiger Reserve]] an naagi nin aldaw.<ref name="Datta199922">Datta, A. (1999).</ref> An [[:en:Camera_trap|Camera traps]] igdi sa Myanmar nakadakop nin mga hayop na hubin, saro palibot kan duyan, pito kun banggi asin lima sa halakbang an aldaw. An gabos na retrato mga [[hayop]] sana, asin an gabos dinara sa daga. Huling bakong gayong simple an mga dalnak, tibaad kaipuhan nindang maghilig sa daga na medyo parate kun naghihiro sa pag - oltanan nin kahoy.<ref name="Than2">{{Cite journal|last=Than Zaw|year=2008|title=Status and distribution of small carnivores in Myanmar|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|issue=38|pages=2–28|url=http://smallcarnivoreconservation.org/sccwiki/images/0/0c/SCC38_ThanZaw_et_al.pdf|access-date=2024-11-25|archivedate=2015-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428015546/http://smallcarnivoreconservation.org/sccwiki/images/0/0c/SCC38_ThanZaw_et_al.pdf}}</ref> === Pagprodusir === An promedyong edad na seksuwal na pag'uuro iyo an 30.4 bulan para sa mga babae asin 27.7 bulan para sa mga lalaki. An sityo kan binturong nag'ayaw nin 18 abot 187 na aldaw, na may promedyong 82.5 aldaw. An [[Gestation|Gestasyon]] nag'ayaw nin 84 sagkod 99 aldaw. An mas marahay na kadakulaan sa pagkabihag nagkakalaenlaen poon saro sagkod anom na hoben, na may promedyong duwang ogbon kada mamundag. An mga Neontes nagtimbang nin 280 asin 340 g (9.9 sagkod 12.0 , asin parati inaapod nang sakrugles.   [ An halimbawa kaipuhan] an pagigin mainaki sagkod sa 15 anyos.<ref name="wemmer">{{Cite journal|author=Wemmer, C.|author2=Murtaugh, J.|title=Copulatory behavior and reproduction in the Binturong, ''Arctictis binturong''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1981-05_62_2/page/342|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=62|issue=2|pages=342–352|year=1981|doi=10.2307/1380710}}</ref> == Mga Peligro == <gallery> Ladawan:Young pet bear cat in Taman Negara Malaysia.jpg|Nag-atendir an mga hoben na inoturong bilang sarong atamanan ni [[Orang Asli]] [[Taman Negara|Si Taman Negara]], Malaysia </gallery>Mayor na peligro sa binturong iyo an pagdaraman asin pagkaraot kan mga kadlagan paagi nin [[:en:Logging|logging]] asin pagmamaguso kan mga kadlagan pasiring sa bakong pang-ibabaw na daga-dagat sa bilog na hiwas kan boundra. An pagkawara nin Habagatan grabe na sa habagatan kan parteng [[:en:Sunda_Islands|Sundaic]] kan hiwas kaini, asin mayong ebidensya na an binturong paggamit kan mga tanoman na kadaklan pigbabata' an natural na kadlagan. Sa Tsina, an lakop na [[Deforestation|Pagpalod]] sa kadlagan asin oportunistikong mga gibo nin pagbiahe nagkabanga kan angay na istaran o biyong hinale an dati nang lugar. Sa Filipinas, ini nasikop para sa negosyo kan mga layas na hayop, asin sa sur kan hiwas kaini dinadara man an pag'usar nin tawo. Sa Laos, saro ini sa parating naka-eksibir nin mga mabuhay na carnivores asin kublit na parati yaon sa kisiera [[Vientiane]]. Sa mga parte nin Laos, ibinibilang ining sarong delicacy asin pignegosyo man bilang kakanon na ipetable sa Vietnam.<ref name="iucn"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWillcox,_D.H.A.Chutipong,_W.Gray,_T.N.E.Cheyne,_S.2016"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="381">Willcox, D.H.A.; Chutipong, W.; Gray, T.N.E.; Cheyne, S.; Semiadi, G.; Rahman, H.; Coudrat, C.N.Z.; Jennings, A.; Ghimirey, Y.; Ross, J.; Fredriksson, G.; Tilker, A. (2016). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="382">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41690/45217088 "''Arctictis binturong''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="383">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="385">'''2016''': e.T41690A45217088. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="386">[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41690A45217088.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41690A45217088.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="388">UK.2016-1.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="389">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="390"><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41690A45217088.en|T41690A45217088.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="391"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</span></cite></ref> An binturong man minsan ngane sige an pagkabihag sa produksyon nin koping luwak.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-13|title=What is a binturong?|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2016/10/its-a-bear-its-a-cat-no-its-a-binturong-and-its-threatened/|access-date=2024-04-12|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Milman|first1=Oliver|title=World's most expensive coffee tainted by 'horrific' civet abuse}}</ref> == Toltolan == <references /> {{Poon}} 1mzv7rpdb5mtrxdnfp5b41zdw2w3k31 0 50182 309543 295828 2026-08-23T19:57:20Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Gir lion.jpg|thumb|Indian lion male (Panthera leo persica) sa Gir National Park]] An [[leon]] sa Asiatic sarong populasyon nin mga leon kan subspectes na Panthera leo. Sagkod kan ika-19 siglo, nangyari ini sa [[Saudi Arabya|Saudi Arabia]], subangan na [[Turkiya]], [[Iran]], [[Mesopotamya|Mesopotamia]], asin poon sirangan kan Salog Indus sa [[Pakistan]] sagkod sa rehiyong [[Bengal]] asin sa Salog Narmada sa [[Central India]]. Poon kan kaamayan kan ika-20ng siglo, an syudad kaini nalimitaran na sa [[Gir National Park]] asin sa mga palibot na lugar sa estado nin [[Indya|Indian]] kan [[Gujarat]].An enot na [[Scientific description|sientipikong paglaladawan]] kan Asiatikong leon ipinublikar kan 1826 kan Kastilang zologo sa [[Austriya|Austria]] na si Johann N. Meyer, na nginaranan ''Felis leo persicus''. == Mga katangian == <gallery> Ladawan:Asiatic Lion Cub.jpg|Asiatikong Leon Cub Ladawan:Asiatic Lioness with around 30 days old cub.jpg|Asiatic Lioness with around 30 days old cub. </gallery>An mga Asiatikong leon kan Asiatic nag'eestar sa kolor hale sa mamula-taw, grabe an lutaban nin itom, pasiring baybay o malagong na gihoy, kun minsan may kaibang pirak na papel na henare sa sarong ilaw. An mga lalaki tama sana an pagtalubo sa ibabaw kan payo, kaya pirme sindang naheheling. An mangga' igdi pwedeng saray asin haro-hiho, kun saen10 pye sana (4 pul) an laba. Mga kabanga kan mga bungo nin Asiatic leon hale sa kadlagan nin Gorontalo an nagbarangabanga sa bakong makatanosan na pan - ibabaw, mantang an Aprikanong mga leon saro sana an paramas. An sagid na kredo mas makusog an pagtalubo, asin an lugar nin post-orbital mas halipot kisa sa mga Aprikanong leon. An nin Sikule sa mga nasa edad nang lalaki minaabot poon {{cvt|330|-|340|mm|frac=4}}, and in females, from {{cvt|292|-|302|mm|frac=8}} Kakaiba ini sa leon nin Aprika kan mas dakulang tu'lang sa ikog asin bakong gayong katakod na bulyon.<ref name="Pocock1939">{{Cite book|title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma|last=Pocock, R. I.|publisher=Taylor and Francis Ltd.|year=1939|volume=((Mammalia. – Volume 1))|location=London|pages=212–222|chapter=''Panthera leo''|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n261/mode/2up}}</ref>An pinaka-amay na morpolohikal na karakter kan Asiatic leon sarong halabang pankinàban nin kublit na nagdadalagan sa may tulak kaini.<ref name="OBrien1987">{{Cite journal|author=O’Brien, S. J.|year=1987|title=Evidence for African origins of founders of the Asiatic lion Species Survival Plan|volume=6|pages=99–116}}</ref> == Pagdistribwir asin istaran == <gallery> Ladawan:The Gir forest.jpg|istaran sa Gir Kadlagan </gallery>Sa Gir Forest ng Saurashtra, sarong lugar na 1,412.1 km2 (545.2 sq mi) an idineklara bilang sarong santuwaryo para sa konserbasyon nin leon sa Asia kan 1965. Ang santuwaryo na ini asin an mga nakapaligid na lugar na an tanging mga istaran na sumusuporta sa Asiatic lion.<ref name="Singh20112">{{cite journal|author1=Singh, H. S.|author2=Gibson, L.|name-list-style=amp|title=A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir forest|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2011-05_144_5/page/1753|year=2011|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=144|issue=5|pages=1753–1757|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009|bibcode=2011BCons.144.1753S|citeseerx=10.1.1.707.1382}}</ref> Pagkatapos kan 1965, sarong pambansang parke an pinonan na sumasaklaw sa sarong lugar na 258.71 km2 (99.89 sq mi) kun saen dae tinitugutan an aktibidad kan tao. Sa nakapalibot na santuwaryo, tanging an mga Maldharis an may karapatan kuanon an saindang mga ataman na hayop para pastulan.<ref name="Varma2">{{cite journal|url=http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Lion.pdf|doi=10.1177/1070496508329352|title=The Asiatic Lion and the Maldharis of Gir Forest|journal=The Journal of Environment & Development|volume=18|issue=2|pages=154–176|year=2009|last1=Varma|first1=K.|s2cid=155086420|access-date=2012-12-30|archive-date=2014-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813213331/http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Lion.pdf|url-status=live|archivedate=2014-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813213331/http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Lion.pdf}}</ref> === Dating hanay === Durante kan Holocaust, poon kaidtong mga 6,500 na taon na an nakaagi asin posibleng kaidto pang 8,000 na taon na an nakalihis, ikolonisar nin modernong mga leon an bilog na Europa (kaiba an presenteng Bulgaria asin Grecia sa [[Balkans|Balkanes]]), saka an mga parte kan Sentral na Europa siring sa Hungaria asin Ucrania sa [[Southeast Europe|Sirangan na Europa]]. An pag - analisar sa mga tada kan mga leon na ini sa Europa nagsusuherir na dai iyan napapalaen sa modernong Asiatikong mga leon, asin maninigo sindang iasignar sa populasyon na ini.<ref name="Marciszak2022">{{Cite journal|last1=Marciszak|first1=A.|last2=Ivanoff|first2=D. V.|last3=Semenov|first3=Y. A.|last4=Talamo|first4=S.|last5=Ridush|first5=B.|last6=Stupak|first6=A.|last7=Yanish|first7=Y.|last8=Kovalchuk|first8=O.|date=2022|title=The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in ''Panthera spelaea''|journal=[[Journal of Mammalian Evolution]]|volume=30|issue=1|pages=109–135|doi=10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3}}</ref> An mga rekord sa kasaysayan nagsusuherir na an leon nawara sa Europa durante kan klasikal na suanoy na panahon, minsan ngani isinuherir na iyan tibaad nagdanay sagkod sa Edad Media sa Ukraine.<ref name="Marciszak2022" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Schnitzler, A.E.|title=Past and present distribution of the North African-Asian lion subgroup: a review|journal=Mammal Review|volume=41|issue=3|pages=220–243|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00181.x}}</ref> == Ekolohiya asin paggawe == <gallery> Ladawan:Asiatic Male Lion in Gir Forest National Park.jpg|Asiatic Male Lion in Gir Forest National Park Ladawan:Receive Great honour MUFASA, my Love & the King of our Kingdom.jpg|Receive Great honour MUFASA, my Love & the King of our Kingdom Ladawan:Panthera leo persica(Asiatic Lion) Gir.jpg|Panthera leo persica(Asiatic Lion) Gir </gallery>An mga leon na arog sa Asia an ginagamit kan hawak, o kairiba nin tolong lalaki, na nagigin malaswang kapalangkawan. An mga bunga nin pahingalo sa lalaki, pagdadakop asin pagpakakan magkaibanan, asin pagpaheling nin tanda na kamo nag - aaplay sa iyo man sanang lugar. An mga babae nakiaasosyar sa kagduwa pang babae, na mas mapuersa an kapalangkawan kaiba kan saindang pirb. Nagsasaro sinda nin darakulang bangkay, alagad bihirang makaibanan an mga lalaki. An mga leon na panlabal asin lalaki sa parati pirang aldaw sana an kaibanan pag nagpapasamaan, pero bihira sindang mag - istar saka magkakan nin [[Mating|Pagnaman]].<ref name="Joslin1973">{{Cite book|title=The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour|last=Joslin, P.|publisher=Department of Forestry and Natural Resources|year=1973|location=University of Edinburgh, UK}}</ref><ref name="Meena2008">{{Cite book|title=Reproductive strategy and behaviour of male Asiatic Lions|last=Meena V.|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|year=2008|location=Dehra Dun}}</ref> == Toltolan == <references /> {{Poon}} 8568npddomaoe7ntc7wz3b0nmr1ms08 0 50219 309581 280454 2026-08-23T20:22:47Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309581 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''kawaran nin sosyal na interaksyon''' o '''social isolation''' iyo an sarong kamugtakan nin kompleto o haros kompletong kawaran nin contact sa pag-ultanan nin sarong indibidwal asin [[sosyedad]]. Nalalaen iyan sa [[kapungawan]], na minapabanaag sa temporaryo asin inboluntaryong kawaran nin contact sa ibang tawo sa kinaban.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|last1=York Cornwell|first1=Erin|last2=Waite|first2=Linda|date=2009|title=Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-health-and-social-behavior_2009-03_50_1/page/31|journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior|language=en|volume=50|issue=1|pages=31–48|doi=10.1177/002214650905000103|pmid=19413133|pmc=2756979|doi-access=free}}</ref> An social isolation pwedeng maging sarong isyu para sa mga indibidwal na yaon sa maski arin na edad, minsan ngani an mga sintomas posibleng nagkakalaen susog sa grupo nin edad.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/22/upshot/how-social-isolation-is-killing-us.html|title=How Social Isolation Is Killing Us|vauthors=Khullar B|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2016-12-22|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> An social isolation igwa nin kaagid na karakteristiko sa temporaryong pagkakataon asin para sa mga igwa nin historikal na panghabambuhay na siklo nin isolation. An gabos na klase nin social isolation pwedeng kabali an pagtinir sa harong sa laog nin halawigon na panahon, pagigin mayo nin komunikasyon sa pamilya, kamidbid o katood, asin/o kagustuhan na mag-iwas sa maski arin na contact sa ibang tawo kapag an mga siring na oportunidad minalataw. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} cpk3jychayfigez4lfhk1c5b1jm967k 0 50314 309767 280828 2026-08-23T23:23:23Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309767 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Pigmented_melanoma_-_cytology.jpg|thumb|Micrograph of Melanin pigment (light refracting granular material—center of image) in a pigmented [[melanoma]].]] [[Ladawan:Micrograph_of_keratinocytes,_basal_cells_and_melanocytes_in_the_epidermis.jpg|thumb|Micrograph of the epidermis, with melanin labeled at left.]] An '''Melanina''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|ə|n|ɪ|n|audio=melanin-pronunciation.ogg}}; Suanoy na Griyego: ''μέλας'' (boot sabihon: ''itom, madiklom'') iyo an sarong pamilya nin [[Biomolecule|biomolecules]] organisado bilang [[Oligomer|oligomers]] o [[Polymer|polymers]], na sa iba pang punksyon nagtatao nin [[Biological pigment|pigments]] sa dakol na [[Organism|organisms]].<ref name="Casadevall 2018 pp. 319–320">{{Cite journal|last=Casadevall|first=Arturo|date=2018|title=Melanin triggers antifungal defences|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2018-03-15_555_7696/page/319|journal=Nature|volume=555|issue=7696|pages=319–320|bibcode=2018Natur.555..319C|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-02370-x|issn=0028-0836|pmid=29542711|s2cid=3832753}}</ref> An melanin pigments pigprodusir sa sarong espesyalisadong grupo nin mga selula na midbid bilang [[melanocytes]]. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} bgb4i8zoojkmklhgg0ftjfy1n7y1ep1 0 50322 309717 307137 2026-08-23T22:39:09Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309717 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''pagdurog sa dai aram an pagkatawo''' o '''anonymous sex''' iyo an sarong porma nin [[one-night stand]] o [[kaswal na pagkitoan]] sa pag-ultanan nin mga tawo na igwa nin dikit o mayong kasaysayan sa lambang saro, parating nagpapartisipar sa [[Sekswal na aktibidad nin tawo|sekswal na aktibidad]] sa parehong aldaw kan saindang pagtuparan asin parating dai na ninda nahihiling an lambang saro pagkatapos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebody.com/content/art32205.html|title=Anonymous Sex|access-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530060827/http://www.thebody.com/content/art32205.html|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> An terminong ''[[cruising for sex]]'' iyo an ginamit tanganing panungdan an paghidaw nin sarong tawo para sa sekswal na aktibidad na parating anonimo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://illinoisreview.typepad.com/illinoisreview/2007/07/fort-lauderdale.html|title=Cruising in Ft. Lauderdale and Chicago|access-date=4 July 2016|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611015415/http://illinoisreview.typepad.com/illinoisreview/2007/07/fort-lauderdale.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> An internet iyo man an pangenot na plataporma para sa mga tawong na nagpaplano nin anonymous sex. An pagdurog sa dai aram an pagkatawo kun minsan kinonsiderar na sarong porma nin [[prostitusyon]] kun imbwelto diyan an pagpalitan nin kwarta o droga para sa pagkitoan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cruising on the Internet Highway|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-acquired-immune-deficiency-syndromes_2001-09-01_28_1/page/89|journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes|volume=28|issue=1|pages=89–93|date=September 2001|last1=Kim|first1=Andrea A.|last2=Kent|first2=Charlotte|last3=McFarland|first3=Willi|last4=Klausner|first4=Jeffrey D.|doi=10.1097/00042560-200109010-00013|pmid=11579282|s2cid=1891160|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Crack, crack house sex, and HIV risk|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1995-06_24_3/page/249|first=James A.|last=Inciardi|s2cid=30088505|date=1 June 1995|journal=Arch Sex Behav|volume=24|issue=3|pages=249–269|doi=10.1007/BF01541599|pmid=7611845}}</ref> An ibang tawo nagpapartisipar sa anonymous sex huli sa thrill kan akto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/savage/documents/04717950.asp|title=News & Features - Are you positive?|first=DAN|last=SAVAGE|access-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042624/http://thebostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/savage/documents/04717950.asp|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} fx5nqw792vtcsvwai7xrizmf61tp57i 0 50465 309647 309430 2026-08-23T21:22:59Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:African swine fever ears.jpg|thumb|An pagpula kan talinga sarong komun na senyales kan African swine fever sa mga orig.]] '''''An virus kan African swine fever''''' ( '''ASFV''' ) sarong dakula, doble-hibla [[DNA virus|na virus na DNA]] sa pamilyang ''[[Asfarviridae]]'' . <ref name="sobrino102">{{cite book|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|author=Dixon|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|chapter=African Swine Fever Virus|display-authors=etal|chapter-url=https://www.caister.com/avir}}</ref> Ini an dahelan kan '''African swine fever''' (ASF). An virus nagigin dahelan nin [[Haemorrhagic fever|hemorrhagic fever]] na may halangkaw na mortality rate sa [[Urig|mga ataman na orig]] ; an ibang mga isolate pwedeng magcausa nin kagadanan nin mga hayop sa laog nin sarong semana pagkatapos kan impeksyon. Ini padagos na nakakaulakit sa natural na mga host kaini, [[Warthog|mga warthog]], [[bushpig]], asin [[Soft tick|mga soft ticks]] kan genus ''[[Ornithodoros]]'', na posibleng nagseserbing [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]], na mayong mga senyales nin helang. <ref name="ASFV982">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Immunology|last1=Denyer|first1=M. S.|last2=Wilkinson|first2=P. J.|year=1998|isbn=9780122267659|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofim00delv/page/54 54]|chapter=African Swine Fever|doi=10.1006/rwei.1999.0015|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofim00delv/page/54|s2cid=69033207|chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref> Dai ini nagigin dahelan nin helang sa mga tawo. <ref name="EFSA2">{{cite web|url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/african-swine-fever|title=African swine fever|publisher=[[European Food Safety Authority]]|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Nature_news_25_April_20192">{{cite journal|title=Spread of deadly pig virus in China hastens vaccine research|author=Smriti Mallapaty|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=569|issue=7754|pages=13–14|date=25 April 2019|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01269-5|pmid=31040406|bibcode=2019Natur.569...13M|doi-access=free}}</ref> An ASFV endemik sa [[sub-Saharan Africa]] asin yaon sa layas sa paagi nin siklo nin impeksyon sa pag-ultanan kan mga garapata asin mga layas na orig, bushpig, asin warthog. An helang enot na ilinadawan pagkatapos na an mga taga-Europa nagdara nin mga orig sa mga lugar na lakop sa ASFV, asin bilang siring, sarong halimbawa nin sarong [[Emerging infectious disease|nagtutubong nakakaulakit na helang]] . An ASFV nagkokopya sa [[cytoplasm]] kan mga naulakitan na selula. <ref name="sobrino1022">{{cite book|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|author=Dixon|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|chapter=African Swine Fever Virus|display-authors=etal|chapter-url=https://www.caister.com/avir}}</ref> Ini an solamenteng virus na may double-stranded [[DNA]] genome na aram na ipinapasa kan [[Arthropod|mga arthropod]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.3389/fvets.2020.00215|doi-access=free|title=African Swine Fever Virus: An Emerging DNA Arbovirus|year=2020|last1=Gaudreault|first1=Natasha N.|last2=Madden|first2=Daniel W.|last3=Wilson|first3=William C.|last4=Trujillo|first4=Jessie D.|last5=Richt|first5=Juergen A.|journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science|volume=7|page=215|pmid=32478103|pmc=7237725}}</ref> == Virolohiya == <gallery> Ladawan:Asfarviridae virion.jpg|Diagram kan ASFV [[virion]] </gallery>An ASFV sarong dakulang (175–215&nbsp;nm), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/african-swine-fever-virus|title=African Swine Fever Virus - an overview &#124; ScienceDirect Topics}}</ref> [[Icosohedron|icosahedral]], double-stranded [[DNA virus]] na may linear [[genome]] na 189 [[Kilobase|kilobases]] na igwa nin labing 180 genes. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mazur-Panasiuk|first1=Natalia|last2=Woźniakowski|first2=Grzegorz|last3=Niemczuk|first3=Krzysztof|date=14 March 2019|title=The first complete genomic sequences of African swine fever virus isolated in Poland|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=9|issue=1|pages=4556|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-36823-0|issn=2045-2322|pmc=6418159|pmid=30872594|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.4556M}}</ref> An bilang kan mga gene magkaiba nin dikit sa manlaen-laen na isolate kan virus. <ref name="genomics2">{{cite journal|last1=Dixon|first1=L.K.|last2=Chapman|first2=D.A.G.|last3=Netherton|first3=C.L.|last4=Upton|first4=C.|year=2013|title=African swine fever virus replication and genomics|journal=Virus Research|volume=173|issue=1|pages=3–14|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.020|pmid=23142553}}</ref> An ASFV igwa nin pagkakaagid sa ibang darakulang DNA virus, halimbawa, [[poxvirus]], [[iridovirus]], asin [[mimivirus]] . Kapareho kan ibang [[Viral hemorrhagic fever|viral hemorrhagic fevers]], an mga mayor na target na selula para sa replikasyon iyo idtong mga [[monocyte]], [[macrophage]] lineage. An paglaog kan virus sa host cell pigpapaagi kan receptor, alagad an eksaktong mekanismo kan endocytosis dai pa malinaw sa presente. <ref name="Netherton20132">{{cite journal|last1=Netherton|first1=C.L.|last2=Wileman|first2=T.E.|year=2013|title=African swine fever virus organelle rearrangements|journal=Virus Research|volume=173|issue=1|pages=76–86|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.014|pmid=23291273}}</ref> An virus nag-eencode nin mga enzyme na kaipuhan para sa replikasyon asin transkripsyon kan saiyang genome, kabali an mga elemento kan sistema nin paghirahay nin base excision, mga protina sa estruktura, asin kadakol na mga protina na bakong mahalaga para sa replikasyon sa mga selula, alagad imbes igwa nin mga papel sa survival asin transmisyon kan virus sa mga host kaini. An pagkopya kan virus nangyayari sa mga lugar nin pabrika nin perinuclear. Ini sarong proseso na may halangkaw na orkestrasyon na may dai mababa sa apat na yugto nin transkripsyon—tulos-amay, amay, nasa tahaw, asin huri. An mayoriya kan replikasyon asin pag-asembliya nangyayari sa mga diskreto, perinuclear na mga rehiyon kan selula na inaapod na mga pabrika nin virus, asin sa katapustapusi an mga progeny [[Virion|virions]] dinadara sa plasma membrane sa mga microtubule kun saen sinda nagbuburak o pigtutulod palayo sa mga projection [[Actin|nin actin]] tanganing makaulakit nin mga bagong selula. Mantang an virus nag-uuswag sa siklo nin buhay kaini, kadaklan kun bako man gabos kan mga organel kan host cell pigbabago, pig-adaptar, o sa nagkapirang kaso pigdedestroso.<gallery> Ladawan:African swine fever infected macrophage.jpg|[[Macrophage]] cell sa amay na yugto kan impeksyon sa ASFV </gallery>An pag-asembliya kan icosahedral [[capsid]] nangyayari sa mga binagong lamad gikan sa [[endoplasmic reticulum]] . An mga produkto gikan sa mga poliprotein na pigproseso sa paagi nin proteolitiko minaporma kan core shell sa pag-ultanan kan panlaog na lamad asin kan core [[Nucleoprotein|kan nucleoprotein]] . An dagdag na panluwas na lamad nakukua mantang an mga partikulo nagbuburak gikan sa [[Plasma membrane|lamad kan plasma]] . An virus nag-eencode nin mga protina na nag-iingat sa mga agihan nin pagsenyas sa mga naulakitan na macrophage asin sa siring nagmo-modulate kan transcriptional activation kan mga gene [[Immune response|na nagtutugon sa resistensya]] . Dugang pa, an virus nag-eencode nin mga protina na [[Inhibitor of apoptosis|nag-iingat sa apoptosis]] kan mga naulakitan na selula tanganing mapadali an produksyon kan mga virion na progeny. An mga protina kan membrana kan virus na may pagkakaagid sa [[Adhesion protein|mga protina nin pagdikit]] kan selula nagmo-modulate kan interaksiyon kan mga selula na naulakitan nin virus asin mga virion sa luwas kan selula sa mga sangkap kan host. <ref name="sobrino1023">{{cite book|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|author=Dixon|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|chapter=African Swine Fever Virus|display-authors=etal|chapter-url=https://www.caister.com/avir}}</ref> === Mga Genotype === Base sa pagkakaiba-iba kan pagkasunod-sunod sa C-terminal na rehiyon kan ''B646L'' gene na nag-eencode kan mayor na protina kan capsid p72, 22 ASFV [[genotypes]] (I–XXIII) an namidbid. <ref name="Leblanc20122">{{cite journal|last1=Leblanc|first1=N.|last2=Cortey|first2=M.|last3=Fernandez Pinero|first3=J.|last4=Gallardo|first4=C.|last5=Masembe|first5=C.|last6=Okurut|first6=A. R.|last7=Heath|first7=L.|last8=Van Heerden|first8=J.|last9=Sánchez-Vizcaino|first9=J. M.|last10=Ståhl|first10=K.|last11=Belák|first11=S.|title=Development of a Suspension Microarray for the Genotyping of African Swine Fever Virus Targeting the SNPs in the C-Terminal End of the p72 Gene Region of the Genome|doi=10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01359.x|journal=Transboundary and Emerging Diseases|volume=60|issue=4|pages=378–383|year=2012|pmid=22776009|doi-access=free}}</ref> An gabos na ASFV p72 genotypes naglilibot sa sirangan asin timog na Aprika. An Genotype I naglilibot sa Europa, Amerika del Sur, Caribbean, asin sulnupan na Aprika. An Genotype VIII nakakulong sa apat na nasyon sa Sirangan na Aprika. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ebolusyon === An virus pighuhuna na hale sa sarong virus kan soft tick (genus ''[[Ornithodoros]]'' ) na nakakaulakit sa mga layas na baboy, kabali [[Giant forest hog|an mga higanteng baboy sa kagurangan]] ( ''Hylochoerus meinertzhageni'' ), mga warthog ( ''[[Phacochoerus africanus]]'' ), asin mga bushpig ( ''[[Potamochoerus porcus]]'' ). <ref name="Michaud20132">{{cite journal|last1=Michaud|first1=V|last2=Randriamparany|first2=T|last3=Albina|first3=E|year=2013|title=Comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions of African swine fever virus: proposal for a new classification and molecular dating of the virus|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=7|page=e69662|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0069662|pmid=23936068|pmc=3723844|bibcode=2013PLoSO...869662M|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sa mga layas na host na ini, an impeksyon sa pankagabsan asymptomatic. An virus na ini minalataw na nag-evolve kan mga 1700 AD. An petsang ini pinatutunayan kan rekord kan kasaysayan. An mga orig enot na inataman sa Norteng Aprika asin Eurasia. <ref name="Gifford-Gonzalez20112">{{cite journal|last1=Gifford-Gonzalez|first1=D|last2=Hanotte|first2=O|year=2011|title=Domesticating Animals in Africa: Implications of Genetic and Archaeological Findings|journal=J World Prehist|volume=24|pages=1–23|doi=10.1007/s10963-010-9042-2|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sinda ipinamidbid sa timog Aprika hale sa Europa asin sa Harayong Sirangan kan mga Portuges (300 na taon na an nakaagi) asin Intsik (600 na taon na an nakaagi), sunod-sunod. <ref name="Levathes2">Levathes LE (1994) When China ruled the seas: The treasure fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433. New York: Oxford University Press</ref> Sa katapusan kan ika-19 siglo, an mahiwas na industriya nin orig sa katutubong rehiyon kan ASFV ( [[Kenya]] ) nagpoon pagkatapos kan dakulang pagkawara nin mga baka huli sa pagputok kan [[rinderpest]] . An mga orig pig-importar sa dakulang eskala para sa pag-ataman kan mga parakolonya hale sa [[Seytsilyes|Seychelles]] kan 1904 asin hale sa [[Inglatera|Inglaterra]] kan 1905. An pag-ataman nin orig libreng pag-ataman kan panahon na idto. An enot na pagputok kan ASF ibinareta kan 1907. === Taksonomiya === An ASFV mayo nin midbid na haraning mga paryentes. Ini an solamenteng species sa genus ''Asfivirus'', pamilya ''Asfarviridae'', asin orden ''Asfuvirales'' . An lambang saro sa tolong taxa na ini pigngaranan sa ASFV. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release|website=talk.ictvonline.org|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> == Mga senyales asin sintomas == <gallery> Ladawan:African swine fever necropsy.jpg|An paghubag sa palibot kan mga bato asin an mga pagdugo sa kalamnan na nahihiling digdi tipikal sa mga orig na may kalintura sa baboy sa Aprika. </gallery>Sa grabeng porma kan helang na kawsa kan mga strain na grabe an helang, an mga orig pwedeng magkaigwa nin halangkaw na kalintura, alagad dai nagpapahiling nin ibang naririsa na mga sintomas sa enot na pirang aldaw. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Howey|title=Pathogenesis of highly virulent African swine fever virus in domestic pigs exposed via intraoropharyngeal, intranasopharyngeal, and intramuscular inoculation, and by direct contact with infected pigs|journal=Virus Research|date=2013|url=https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/59455/PDF|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.024|pmid=24076499|volume=178|issue=2|pages=328–339|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726093740/https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/59455/PDF|url-status=dead|archivedate=17 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021602/https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/59455/PDF}}</ref> Dangan sinda luway-luway na nawawaran nin gana sa pagkakan asin nagigin depresyon. Sa mga orig na puti an kublit, an mga tabay nagigin asul-lila asin an mga pagdugo nagigin malinaw sa mga talinga asin tulak. An mga grupo nin mga orig na may helang nakahigda na magkasararo na nagkukubogkubog, abnormal an paghangos, asin minsan nag-uubo. Kun pinipirit na tumindog, sinda minalataw na bakong marigon sa saindang mga bitis; inaapod ining congenital tremor type AI sa mga omboy na orig. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harding|first1=J. D.|last2=Done|first2=J. T.|last3=Darbyshire|first3=J. H.|date=1966-10-01|title=Congenital tremors in piglets and their relation to swine fever|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_veterinary-record_1966-10-01_79_14/page/n23|journal=The Veterinary Record|volume=79|issue=14|pages=388–390|issn=0042-4900|pmid=6008428|doi=10.1136/vr.79.14.388|doi-broken-date=2 November 2024|s2cid=7834708}}</ref> Sa laog nin pirang aldaw nin impeksyon, sinda minalaog sa estado nin comatose dangan nagagadan. Sa mga bados na baboy, an mga kusang aborsyon pwedeng mangyari. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Cuéllar Sáenz|first1=Jerson Andrés|title=Abortion in sows: causes and prevention strategies|url=https://www.veterinariadigital.com/en/articulos/abortion-in-sows-causes-and-prevention-strategies/|website=Veterinaria Digital|access-date=22 February 2023|date=28 Jan 2022}}</ref> Sa mas maluyang impeksyon, an mga apektadong orig nagluluya an timbang, nagigin maniwang, asin nagkakaigwa nin mga senyales nin pulmonya, mga ulser sa kublit, asin mga hubag na kasukasuan. <ref name="pigsite2">{{cite web|title=African Swine Fever (ASF)|url=http://www.thepigsite.com/pighealth/article/441/african-swine-fever-asf|publisher=PigSite|access-date=2010-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614025103/http://www.thepigsite.com/pighealth/article/441/african-swine-fever-asf/|archive-date=2018-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Diagnosis === An mga sintomas sa klinika kan impeksyon kan ASFV kapareho nanggad kan [[Classical swine fever|klasikal na kalintura sa baboy]], asin an duwang helang normal na kaipuhan na mamidbid sa paagi nin pag-diagnose sa laboratoryo. An pag-diagnose na ini parati ginigibo sa paagi nin [[ELISA]], real time PCR, o pag-isolate kan virus gikan sa dugo, lymph nodes, spleen, o serum kan sarong naulakitan na orig. <ref name="pigsite22">{{cite web|title=African Swine Fever (ASF)|url=http://www.thepigsite.com/pighealth/article/441/african-swine-fever-asf|publisher=PigSite|access-date=2010-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614025103/http://www.thepigsite.com/pighealth/article/441/african-swine-fever-asf/|archive-date=2018-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ikalat == <gallery> Ladawan:Warnschild an einem Autobahnparkplatz in Baden-Württemberg bei Bickelberg 02.jpg|Sarong karatula sa Alemania na may dakol na tataramon na nagsasabi sa mga tawo na iapon an basurang kakanon sa saradong basurahan tanganing dai iyan kakanon nin mga baboy </gallery>An virus pwedeng maiulakit sa paagi nin mga garapata, alagad pati na sa paagi kan mga baboy na nagkakakan nin mga produktong orig na igwa kan virus. An mga lakdang sa biosecurity mahalagang marhay para sa pag-iingat asin pagkontrol kan African swine fever. An mga prosedimiento sa pagdisinpekta sarong importanteng asset kan yugto nin pag-iingat. An mga pag-eksamin sa laboratoryo ginibo tanganing ma-assess an pagkaepektibo kan mga produktong kemikal asin komersyal na mga disinfectant laban sa African swine fever. <ref name="Beato_etal2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Beato MS, ((D’Errico F)), Iscaro C, Petrini S, Giammarioli M, Feliziani F|title=Disinfectants against African Swine Fever: An Updated Review|journal=Viruses|publisher=MDPI AG|volume=14|issue=7|date=2022-06-24|issn=1999-4915|doi=10.3390/v14071384|page=1384|pmid=35891365|pmc=9315964|doi-access=free}}</ref> An National Pig Association, sarong organisasyon nin industriya sa UK, nagsasabi <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.npa-uk.org.uk/African_Swine_Fever1.html|title=African Swine Fever|access-date=2025-01-10|archive-date=2023-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907081607/http://www.npa-uk.org.uk/African_Swine_Fever1.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> na an virus pwede man na maipasa sa paagi nin direkta o bakong direktang pakikipag-ulay sa mga naulakitan na orig, mga ati o mga pluwido sa hawak. Nin huli ta an virus pwedeng mabuhay nin 11 aldaw sa mga ati nin orig, asin mga bulan o taon sa mga produktong orig, an asosasyon nag-aabisuhan nin estriktong mga lakdang sa biosecurity para sa mga oma nin orig kabali an tolong aldaw [[Quarantine|na kuwarentina]] sa paglaog sa UK, asin paglikay sa mga orig asin mga lugar kun saen makukua an mga layas na baboy . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Pagsiyasat sa bakuna == An Vietnam mapangganang nakaprodusir kan pinakaenot na bakuna laban sa African swine fever kan Hunyo 1, 2022. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Vietnam successfully produces vaccine against African swine fever|journal=Vietnam Plus|date=June 1, 2022|access-date=June 2, 2022|url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/vietnam-successfully-produces-vaccine-against-african-swine-fever/229505.vnp}}</ref> Laban sa Eurasian "Georgia07" isolate, sarong eksperimental na bakuna na pinaluya kan paghale kan viral ''I177L'' gene yaon sa paggibo sa Estados Unidos poon pa kan Enero 22, 2020. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Development of a highly effective African swine fever virus vaccine by deletion of the I177L gene results in sterile immunity against the current epidemic Eurasia strain|author1=Manuel V. Borca|author2=Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina|author3=Ediane Silva|author4=Elizabeth Vuono|author5=Ayushi Rai|author6=Sarah Pruitt|author7=Lauren G. Holinka|author8=Lauro Velazquez-Salinas|author9=James Zhu|author10=Douglas P. Gladue|display-authors=3|journal=[[Journal of Virology]]|volume=94|year=2020|issue=7|doi=10.1128/JVI.02017-19|pmid=31969432|pmc=7081903}}</ref> An eksperimentong bakunang ini lisensyado bilang sarong kandidato sa bakuna poon kan Enero 3, 2023. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Taking a Promising Vaccine Candidate Further: Efficacy of ASFV-G-ΔMGF after Intramuscular Vaccination of Domestic Pigs and Oral Vaccination of Wild Boar|author1=Deutschmann, Paul|author2=Tessa Carrau|author3=Julia Sehl-Ewer|author4=Jan Hendrik Forth|author5=Elisenda Viaplana|author6=Jose Carlos Mancera|author7=Alicia Urniza|author8=Martin Beer|author9=Sandra Blome|display-authors=3|journal=Pathogens|volume=11|year=2022|issue=9|page=996|doi=10.3390/pathogens11090996|pmid=36145428|pmc=9504512|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|title=Asf vaccine candidate developed by UConn in collaboration with USDA licensed by Zoetis|journal=Feed Navigator|date=January 4, 2023|access-date=January 4, 2023|url=https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2023/01/03/asf-vaccine-candidate-developed-by-uconn-in-collaboration-with-usda-licensed-by-zoetis|archive-date=4 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104163132/https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2023/01/03/asf-vaccine-candidate-developed-by-uconn-in-collaboration-with-usda-licensed-by-zoetis|url-status=bot: unknown|archivedate=January 4, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104163132/https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2023/01/03/asf-vaccine-candidate-developed-by-uconn-in-collaboration-with-usda-licensed-by-zoetis}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == An enot na pagputok nin helang pigmidbid na nangyari kan 1907 pagkatapos na an ASF enot na ilinadawan kan 1921 sa Kenya. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Arzt|display-authors=etal|title=Agricultural diseases on the move early in the third millennium|journal=Veterinary Pathology|date=2010|doi=10.1177/0300985809354350|volume=47|issue=1|pages=15–27|pmid=20080480|s2cid=31753926}}</ref> An helang nagdanay na limitado sa Aprika sagkod 1957, kan ini ibinareta sa [[Lisboa, Portugal|Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] . An saro pang pagputok nangyari sa Portugal kan 1960. Kasunod kan mga enot na introduksiyon na ini, an helang nagin establisado sa peninsula kan Iberia, asin an mga paminsan-minsan na pagputok nangyari sa [[Pransya]], [[Belhika]], asin iba pang mga nasyon sa Europa kan mga taon 1980. Parehong nahimo kan [[Espanya]] asin Portugal na mahale an helang kan kabangaan kan dekada 1990 sa paagi nin sarong polisiya sa paggadan. <ref name="epidem2">{{cite journal|last1=Costard|first1=S.|last2=Mur|first2=L.|last3=Lubroth|first3=J.|last4=Sanchez-Vizcaino|first4=J.M.|last5=Pfeiffer|first5=D.U.|year=2013|title=Epidemiology of African swine fever virus|journal=Virus Research|volume=173|issue=1|pages=191–197|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.030|pmid=23123296|url=http://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7338/}}</ref> An ASFV nagbalyo sa [[Kadagatan Atlantiko|Kadagatang Atlantiko]], asin an mga pagputok naireport sa nagkapirang isla sa Caribbean, kabali an [[Hispaniola]] (Republikang Dominikan asin Haiti). <ref name="Carib2">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Bridget|title=CBP Ag Specialists on Alert for African Swine Fever After Disease Confirmed in Caribbean|website=HS Today|date=2022-04-14|url=http://www.hstoday.us/featured/cbp-ag-specialists-on-alert-for-african-swine-fever-after-disease-confirmed-in-caribbean/|access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref> Huli kaini, [[US Customs and Border Protection|an US Customs and Border Protection]] nasa halangkaw na alerto tanganing malikayan an anuman na paglakop sa US, na magdadara nin bilyones na dolyar na danyos sa industriya [[Karneng urig|nin karneng orig]] sa nasyon. <ref name="Carib2" /> An mga mayor na pagputok kan ASF sa Aprika regular na ibinareta sa World Organization for Animal Health (na dati inaapod na [[OIE|''L'office international des épizooties'']] ). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Kan 2018, an virus naglakop sa Asya, na nakaapektar sa labing 10 porsyento kan total na populasyon nin orig sa nagkapirang nasyon, na nagdara nin grabeng pagkalugi sa ekonomiya sa sektor nin orig. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1204563/icode/|title=FAO - News Article: One year on, close to 5 million pigs lost to Asia's swine fever outbreak|website=www.fao.org|date=9 August 2019|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929205621/https://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1204563/icode/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Cuba === Kan 1971, nangyari an pagputok kan helang sa Cuba, na nagresulta sa paggadan nin 500,000 na orig tanganing malikayan an epidemya nin hayop sa bilog na nasyon. An pagputok pigmarkahan na "pinaka-alarmadong pangyayari" kan 1971 kan United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anom na taon pagkatapos kan pangyayari, an peryodikong ''Newsday'', na nagsambit nin mga dai nasususog na mga pinagkukuanan, <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zilinskas|first1=R. A.|title=Cuban Allegations of Biological Warfare by the United States: Assessing the Evidence|url=https://archive.org/details/critical-reviews-in-microbiology_1999_25_3/page/173|doi=10.1080/10408419991299202|journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology|volume=25|issue=3|pages=173–227|year=1999|pmid=10524329}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|title=The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention|last1=Wheelis|first1=M.|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4020-2096-4|series=NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry|volume=150|pages=15–68|chapter=A Short History of Biological Warfare and Weapons|doi=10.1007/1-4020-2098-8_3}}</ref> naghingako na an mga anti-Castro [[Sabotage|saboteurs]], na may dai mababa sa tacit na suporta kan mga opisyales kan US [[Central Intelligence Agency]], soboot nag-introdusir kan virus nin African swine fever sa [[Kuba|Cuba]] sa laog nin anom na semana bago an pagputok kan 1971, tanganing raoton an ekonomiya kan Cuba asin dagkahon an oposisyon sa laog kan nasyon ki [[Fidel Castro]] . An virus suboot pighatod sa mga operatiba gikan sa sarong base kan hukbo sa Panama Canal Zone kan dae pinangaranan na US intelligence source. <ref>{{cite news|title=CIA Link to Cuban Pig Virus Reported|url=http://www.maebrussell.com/Health/CIA%20Pig%20Virus.html|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=January 10, 1977}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnseven20.html|title=A People's History of the United States|last=Zinn|first=Howard|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1980|isbn=978-0-06-014803-4|location=United States}}</ref> === Europa === <gallery> Ladawan:U.S. Air Force Master Sgt. Kristopher Worcester takes blood sample of a wild boar he killed outside Kaiserslautern to test for African Swine Fever, Germany, 2018-10-02.png|Sarong paraayam an nagkua nin sample nin dugo para sa ASP testing kan sarong layas na baboy na saiyang ginadan sa luwas kan Kaiserslautern, Alemania, Oktubre 2, 2018. </gallery>An ASFV enot na nangyari sa Europa kan 1957, kan ini pig-introdusir sa Portugal. Hale duman, ini naglakop sa Espanya asin Pransia. Dawa ngani an mga pinagsararong paghihingoa na mahale an ASFV ginibo, arog kan lakop na paggadan asin pagtogdok nin mga modernong pasilidad sa pag-oma, an helang napuho sana kan mga taon 1990. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/03/its-not-if-its-when-the-deadly-pig-disease-spreading-around-the-world|title='It's not if, it's when': the deadly pig disease spreading around the world|last1=Devlin|first1=Hannah|last2=Davies|first2=Christian|date=2018-09-03|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref> Sarong pagputok an nangyari sa kapinunan kan 2007 sa [[Georgia (nasyon)|Georgia]], asin sunod na naglakop sa [[Armenya|Armenia]], [[Aserbayhan|Azerbaijan]], [[Iran]], [[Rusya]], asin [[Belarus]], na nagpapalataw nin mga kahaditan na an ASFV pwedeng maglakop pa sa heograpiya asin magkaigwa nin negatibong epekto sa ekonomiya sa industriya nin baboy. <ref name="epidem3">{{cite journal|last1=Costard|first1=S.|last2=Mur|first2=L.|last3=Lubroth|first3=J.|last4=Sanchez-Vizcaino|first4=J.M.|last5=Pfeiffer|first5=D.U.|year=2013|title=Epidemiology of African swine fever virus|journal=Virus Research|volume=173|issue=1|pages=191–197|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.030|pmid=23123296|url=http://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7338/}}</ref> <ref name="epidem22">{{cite journal|last1=Costard|first1=S.|last2=Mur|first2=L.|last3=Lubroth|first3=J.|last4=Sanchez-Vizcaino|first4=J.M.|last5=Pfeiffer|first5=D.U.|year=2013|title=Epidemiology of African swine fever virus|journal=Virus Research|volume=173|issue=1|pages=191–197|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.030|pmid=23123296|url=http://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7338/}}</ref> <ref name="epidem4">{{cite journal|last1=Costard|first1=S.|last2=Mur|first2=L.|last3=Lubroth|first3=J.|last4=Sanchez-Vizcaino|first4=J.M.|last5=Pfeiffer|first5=D.U.|year=2013|title=Epidemiology of African swine fever virus|journal=Virus Research|volume=173|issue=1|pages=191–197|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.030|pmid=23123296|url=http://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7338/}}</ref><gallery> Ladawan:African Swine Fever from 1.01.2018 to 22.09.2018.png|African swine fever sa bilog na kinaban poon 1 Enero 2018 sagkod 22 Setyembre 2018 sa mga ataman na baboy (mga bilog) asin layas na baboy (mga trianggulo) </gallery>An African swine fever nagin nang endemic sa Russian Federation poon kan maglakop ini sa North Caucasus kan Nobyembre 2007, posibleng marhay sa paagi kan mga hiro kan mga naulakitan na layas na baboy hale sa Georgia pasiring sa [[Chechnya]], sabi kan sarong report kan 2013 kan Food and Agriculture Organization, sarong ahensya kan [[Nagkakasararong Nasyon|Naciones Unidas]] . <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/aq240e/aq240e.pdf African swine fever in the Russian Federation: risk factors for Europe and beyond, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, May 2013]. Retrieved: 12 August 2015.</ref> Ipinaheling kan report kun pano an helang naglakop sa amihanan gikan sa Caucasus pasiring sa ibang parte kan nasyon kun saen an produksyon nin orig mas konsentrado sa [[Central Federal District]] (na istaran kan 28.8% kan mga orig kan Rusya) asin sa [[Volga Federal District]] (na may 25.4% kan nasyonal na aripompon ) asin amihanan-sulnupan pasiring sa Ukraine, Belarus, Poland asin an mga nasyon sa Baltic. Sa Rusya, an report nagdagdag, an helang 'nasa dalan na pasiring sa pagigin endemic sa [[Tver Oblast|Tver oblast]] ' (mga 106&nbsp;km sa amihanan kan Moscow—asin mga 500&nbsp;km sa sidlakan sa mga silingan sa baybayon sa Rusya sa Baltiko. Kabali sa mga vector para sa paglakop sa Rusya kan ''virus kan African swine fever'' iyo an 'distribusyon' kan 'mga produktong orig na may impeksyon' sa luwas kan mga apektadong (na-quarantine asin pigbabawal sa komersyo) na mga lugar, na nagbibiyahe nin halawig na distansya (rinibong kilometro) sa laog kan nasyon. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> "An mga parabakal nin pakyawan, partikularmente an sistema nin suplay nin kakanon kan militar, na dakol na beses na imbuelto sa ilegal na distribusyon nin kontaminadong karne" iyo an mga vector para sa paglakop kan virus, sabi kan report kan Food and Agriculture Organization—asin an ebidensya kaiyan iyo an "paorootrong mga pagputok sa [[Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad oblast]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2018/08/17/77519-uberech-zhivotnyh-vy-ne-smozhete|title=Уберечь животных вы не сможете|work=Novayagazeta.ru|access-date=2018-09-05|language=ru-RU}}</ref> An report nagpatanid na "an mga nasyon na tulos na nasa linderos kan Russian Federation, partikularmente [[Ukranya|an Ukraine]], [[Moldoba|Moldova]], [[Kasahistan|Kazakhstan]], asin [[Latbya|Latvia]], iyo an pinakadaling mabiktima sa pag'introdusir kan [African swine fever] asin pag-establisar nin endemiko, sa kadaklan huli ta an biosecurity kan saindang sektor nin orig sa kadaklan hababa. Pag-iingat sa an paglakop kan [African swine fever] sa Ukraine partikularmenteng kritikal para sa bilog na sektor nin produksyon nin orig sa Europa. Huli sa mga nakakahadit na pangyayari sa Pederasyon nin Rusya, an mga nasyon sa Europa dapat na magin alerto na sinda dapat na magin andam na malikayan asin magresponde nin epektibo sa mga paglaog kan [African swine fever] sa saindang mga teritoryo sa maabot na dakol na taon. .". Tanganing mapundo an paglakop kan virus, "an presenteng senaryo sa Russian Federation nagsusuherir na [an pag-iingat] dapat na partikularmenteng i-stress sa parating impormal na lebel kan likod-harong asin dapat na imbuelto bako sana an mga paraataman nin orig, kundi an gabos na aktor sa bilog na value chain—mga parabuno, mga tagapag-ultanan, mga bunoan, asin iba pa ... Kaipuhan nindang magin mapagrisa kun pano malilikayan asin mamimidbid an helang, asin dapat na masabutan an importansya kan pagreport nin mga pagputok sa mga nasyonal na awtoridad ... Ini partikularmenteng mahalaga na an mga lugar na mayong [African swine fever] magdanay na libre sa paagi nin pag-iingat sa [re]introduksiyon kan helang asin sa paagi nin marikas na pagresponde kaini kun ini mangyari". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Poon kan mga 2007 sagkod Agosto 31, 2018, 1367 na kaso nin ASF kan [[Urig|mga ataman na orig]] o layas na orig an ibinareta kan departamento nin beterinaryo kan Rosselkhoznadzor, a Russian federal agency that supervises over agriculture, a Russian federal agency that supervises over agriculture sarong ahensya pederal kan Rusya na namamahala sa agrikultura, asin media kan estado. <ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=http://www.fsvps.ru/fsvps-docs/ru/iac/asf/2018/08-31/03.pdf|title=Эпизоотическая ситуация в Российской Федерации 2007-2018: 1367 случаев|website=www.fsvps.ru}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://rg.ru/2017/12/18/reg-ufo/vspyshki-achs-zaregistrirovali-v-chetyreh-regionah-rossii.html|title=Вспышки АЧС зарегистрированы в четырех регионах России|date=2017-12-18|work=Российская газета|access-date=2018-09-05|language=ru}}</ref> Susog sa opisyal na report an [[Central Federal District|sentral]] asin [[Southern Federal District|sur na]] [[Federal districts of Russia|distrito]] kabali sa mga pinakaapektado kan helang (na may nagkapirang okasyon sa sirangan). <ref name=":02" /> Dakul na mga rehiyon an epektibong nag-establisar nin mga lokal na kuwarentina na an iba kaini tinapos kan huri. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://tass.ru/sibir-news/4718371|title=В Омской области снят карантин по африканской чуме свиней|work=ТАСС|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.nashbryansk.ru/2016/09/15/routine/snyali-karantin/|title=В Брянской области сняли карантин по АЧС {{!}} Наш Брянск·Ru|website=news.nashbryansk.ru|date=15 September 2016|language=ru|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.nashbryansk.ru/2016/09/15/routine/snyali-karantin/|title=В Брянской области сняли карантин по АЧС {{!}} Наш Брянск·Ru|website=news.nashbryansk.ru|date=15 September 2016|language=ru|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3447902|title=Карантин по АЧС в Воронежской области отменен досрочно|date=2017-10-23|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref> Kan Agosto 2012, sarong pagputok nin African swine fever an ibinareta sa [[Ukranya|Ukraine]] . <ref>{{cite news|title=Ukraine reports its first outbreak of African swine fever|publisher=Bloomberg|date=2012-08-02|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-02/ukraine-reports-its-first-outbreak-of-african-swine-fever-1-.html|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref> Kan Hunyo 2013, sarong pagputok an naireport sa [[Belarus]] . <ref>{{cite news|title=Russia bans hogs and pork from Belarus on African swine fever|publisher=Bloomberg|date=2013-07-08|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-08/russia-bans-hogs-and-pork-from-belarus-on-african-swine-fever.html|access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref> Kan Enero 2014, an mga awtoridad nag-anunsyo kan presensya kan African swine fever sa [[Lituanya|Lithuania]] asin [[Polonya|Poland]], <ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Россельхознадзор запретит ввоз свинины из Литвы из-за АЧС в ближайшее время|language=ru|trans-title=Rosselkhoznadzor bans the import of pigs from Lithuania immediately on account of ASF|agency=ITAR-TASS|location=Russia|date=2014-01-24|url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/911952|access-date=2014-01-26|quote=[...] глава ветеринарно-пищевой службы Литвы Йонас Милюс представил российской стороне факты о том, что у двух диких кабанов на территории страны был выявлен вирус АЧС, который стал причиной их гибели [...]}}</ref> kan Hunyo 2014 sa [[Latbya|Latvia]], asin kan Hulyo 2015 sa [[Estonya|Estonia]] . <ref>{{cite news|title=Latvia extends emergency zone for African swine fever|agency=AFP|publisher=terradaily.com|date=2014-07-22|url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Latvia_extends_emergency_zone_for_African_swine_fever_999.html|access-date=2014-07-28|quote=[...] Latvia on Tuesday declared a state of emergency in a second area of this Baltic EU state as efforts continued to contain an outbreak of deadly African swine fever in its pig population.[...] Straujuma blamed wild boar crossing in from Russia for Latvia's first-ever outbreak of the disease, detected on June 26. In July, 3 farms discovered African swine fever in Estonia. [...]}}</ref> An Estonia kan Hulyo 2015 nakarekord kan enot na kaso nin African swine fever sa mga inataman na orig sa [[Valga County|Valgamaa]] sa linderos kan nasyon sa Latvia. Saro pang kaso an naireport kan parehong aldaw sa [[Viljandi County]], na nasa linderos man kan Latvia. An gabos na orig ginadan asin an saindang mga bangkay sinulo. <ref>[https://news.err.ee/116340/african-swine-fever-spreads-to-farmed-pigs-500-animals-to-be-exterminated ''African swine fever spreads to farmed pigs, 500 animals to be exterminated'', Estonian Public Broadcasting, Tallinn, 21 July 2015]. Retrieved: 12 August 2015.</ref> Mayo pang sarong bulan, haros 15,000 na inataman na orig an nagadan asin an nasyon "nakikipaglaban na mahale an ginatos na tonelada nin mga bangkay". An bilang kan mga nagadan "piglalaoman na maglangkaw". <ref>[https://news.err.ee/116481/close-to-15-000-pigs-killed-as-african-swine-fever-ravages-estonian-farms Close to 23,000 pigs killed as African swine fever ravages Estonian farms, Estonian Public Broadcasting, Tallinn, 21 July 2015]. Retrieved: 12 August 2015.</ref> An Latvia kan Enero 2017 nagdeklara nin emerhensya kan African swine fever sa relasyon sa mga pagputok sa tolong rehiyon, kabali an sarong oma nin orig sa [[Krimulda Municipality|rehiyon nin Krimulda]], na nagresulta sa paggadan nin mga 5,000 na babaeng baboy asin mga ogbon na orig gamit an gas. <ref>[http://www.porknetwork.com/news/industry/african-swine-fever-causes-emergency-latvia ''Farms in three regions have all reported outbreaks.'', Pork Network, 20 January 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112454/http://www.porknetwork.com/news/industry/african-swine-fever-causes-emergency-latvia|date=22 March 2017}}. Retrieved: 21 March 2017.</ref> <ref>[http://www.wattagnet.com/articles/29558-latvia-declares-african-swine-fever-emergency ''Latvia declares African swine fever emergency'', Watt Ag Net, 23 January 2017]. Retrieved: 21 March 2017.</ref> Kan Pebrero, saro pang dakulang paggadan nin orig an kinaipuhan, pagkatapos na an sarong industriyal na oma kan parehong kompanya sa rehiyon nin [[Salaspils Municipality|Salaspils]] nakuang naulakitan, na nagin dahelan kan paggadan nin mga 10,000 na orig. <ref>[https://eng.lsm.lv/article/economy/economy/another-massive-pig-cull-required.a222801/ ''Another massive pig cull required'', Public broadcasting of Latvia, 8 February 2017]. Retrieved: 21 March 2017.</ref> Kan Hunyo 2017, an Czech Republic nakarekord kan saiyang pinakaenot na kaso nin African swine fever. <ref>[https://www.svscr.cz/zdravi-zvirat/africky-mor-prasat-amp/ ASF first time recorded in Czech republic - official report in Czech]. [https://www.svscr.cz/zdravi-zvirat/africky-mor-prasat-amp ASF first time recorded in Czech republic - machine translation]. [https://www.svscr.cz/africky-mor-prasat-aktualni-informace The most recent information about the ASF in Czech republic - Czech]</ref> An administrasyon kan beterinaryo ni Zlin nakalikay sa paglakop kan impeksyon kan ASF sa paagi nin pagkulong kan kontaminadong sona sa paagi nin [[Odor fence|mga kudal na may hamot]] . Mga kudal na may hamot na may total na laba na 44.5&nbsp;an km epektibo sa pagpapadanay kan mga layas na baboy sa laog kan sona nin salud. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Kan 2018, an Romania nakaeksperyensya nin sarong nasyonal na pandemya nin African swine fever, na nagtulod sa pagbuno kan kadaklan na mga orig sa oma. <ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/romania-battles-african-swine-fever-outbreak/a-45285083 ''Romania battles African swine fever outbreak'', DW, 29 August 2018]. Retrieved: 3 September 2018</ref> Kan Agosto 2018, pig-anunsyo kan mga awtoridad an pinakaenot na pagputok kan African swine fever sa [[Bulgarya|Bulgaria]] . <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bulgaria-swineflu-pigs/bulgaria-reports-its-first-outbreak-of-african-swine-fever-idUSKCN1LG2HF ''Bulgaria reports its first outbreak of African swine fever'', Reuters, 31 August 2018]</ref> Kan Hulyo 2019 limang Bulgarian pig farm an nagkaigwa nin mga pagputok kan African swine fever. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/europe/2019/0731/1066229-swine-fever/|title=Fifth Bulgarian pig farm hit by African swine fever|journal=RTÉ News|date=2019-07-31}}</ref> Kan Setyembre 2018, sarong pagputok an nangyari sa [[Wild boar|mga layas na baboy]] sa timog na [[Belhika|Belgium]] . <ref>Daily newspaper "''L'Avenir du Luxembourg''", 15 September 2018.</ref> <ref>Daily newspaper "''L'Avenir du Luxembourg''", 15 September 2018.</ref> An mga propesyonal na paramasid nagdududa na an pag-importar nin mga layas na baboy hale sa Sirangan na Europa  mga nasyon kan mga paraayam nin hayop iyo an ginikanan kan virus. <ref>Different testimonies on [[RTBF]] TV channel, end September 2018.</ref> Kan ika-4 nin Oktubre, 32 na mga layas na baboy an nagpositibo sa virus. <ref>Radio channel RTBF "La Première", 4 October 2018.</ref> Para sa pagkontrol kan pagputok, 4,000 na mga ataman na orig an ginadan nin prebentibo sa rehiyon [[Gaume|nin Gaume]], asin an kagubatan pigdeklarar na bawal para sa pag-aling-aling. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Kan Hulyo 2019, pig-anunsyo kan mga awtoridad an pinakaenot na pagputok kan African swine fever sa [[Slobakya|Slovakia]] . <ref>[African swine fever diagnosed in Slovakia, ''The Slovak Spectator'', 7 August 2019]</ref> Kan Pebrero 2020, pig-anunsyo kan mga awtoridad an pinakaenot na pagputok kan African swine fever sa sarong limitadong lugar sa Norteng Gresya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-swinefever-idUSKBN2001MA|title=Greece reports first case of African swine fever|date=2020-02-06|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-02-06|language=en}}</ref> Kan Setyembre 2020, an ministro nin agrikultura kan Alemania nagkumpirma sa sarong press conference na an virus kan African swine fever nakaabot sa Alemania. An virus nadiskobre sa sarong bangkay nin layas na baboy, na an mga resulta kan pag-eksamin nagkumpirma na gabos positibo. An gadan na baboy yaon sa distrito nin [[Spree-Neisse]], [[Brandenburg]], pirang kilometro sana an rayo sa linderos kan Poland. An gadan na hayop haloy nang yaon duman susog sa Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, na iyo an ahensya na pigkua para sa pag-eksamin. Kasunod kan mga pangyayaring ini, an gobyerno kan Alemania nagprobar na mag-lobby sa Tsina asin iba pang mga nasyon sa Asya na togotan an mga estado kan Solnopan na Alemania na padagos na mag-eksportar pasiring sa Asya, mantang pigbabawal an saindang sadiring mga estado sa sirangan na gibohon ini; an mga nasyon sa Asya sa kahurihurihi nagsayuma sa mga propuestong ini. <ref>{{cite web|title=ASF confirmed in wild boar in Germany|date=10 September 2020|url=https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2020/9/ASF-confirmed-in-Germany-638926E/|access-date=14 September 2020}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=ASF confirmed in wild boar in Germany|date=10 September 2020|url=https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2020/9/ASF-confirmed-in-Germany-638926E/|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918171639/https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2020/9/ASF-confirmed-in-Germany-638926E/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kan Enero 2021, an Romania nagtios giraray nin sarong bagong pagputok kan ASFV na nagpoon sa [[Brăila County]] . <ref>{{cite news|url=http://obiectivbr.ro/content/un-nou-focar-de-pest%C4%83-porcin%C4%83-african%C4%83-%C3%AEn-jude%C8%9Bul-br%C4%83ila-la-%C3%AEnceputul-anului|title=Un nou focar de pesta porcină africană în județul Brăila, la începutul anului|first=Florentin|last=Coman|newspaper=Obiectiv Vocea Brăilei|date=6 January 2021|language=ro|accessdate=10 January 2025|archivedate=23 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123125017/https://obiectivbr.ro/content/un-nou-focar-de-pest%C4%83-porcin%C4%83-african%C4%83-%C3%AEn-jude%C8%9Bul-br%C4%83ila-la-%C3%AEnceputul-anului}}</ref> Kan Enero 2022, sarong pagputok an nangyari sa amihanan na Italya, na nadiskubre sa nagkapirang gadan na layas na baboy sa [[Liguria]] asin sa [[Piedmont]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20220108/case-of-african-swine-fever-confirmed-in-northern-italy|title=Case of African swine fever confirmed in northern Italy|date=8 January 2022}}</ref> Kan Enero 2022, an mga kaso nin ASF naireport sa norteng Italya, Latvia, asin Hungary. <ref>{{Cite web|title=African Swine Fever detected in two more European countries {{!}} Pig World|date=13 January 2022|url=https://www.pig-world.co.uk/news/african-swine-fever-detected-in-two-more-european-countries.html|access-date=2022-01-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=African Swine Fever detected in two more European countries {{!}} Pig World|date=13 January 2022|url=https://www.pig-world.co.uk/news/african-swine-fever-detected-in-two-more-european-countries.html|access-date=2022-01-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-13|title=Italy bans hunting, other activities in regions hit by swine fever|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italy-bans-hunting-other-activities-regions-hit-by-swine-fever-2022-01-13/|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref> Kan Setyembre 2023, sarong kaso an naireport hale sa Sweden. <ref name="SVA2">[[National Veterinary Institute (Sweden)]] ''[https://www.sva.se/amnesomraden/djursjukdomar-a-o/afrikansk-svinpest/#VetContentx0 Afrikansk svinpest]''. Retrieved: 2023-09-07.</ref> === 2018–2020 African swine fever panzootic === ==== Tsina asin Sirangan na Asya ==== Kan Agosto 2018, [[Tsina|an Tsina]] nagbareta kan pinakaenot na pagputok kan African swine fever sa probinsya [[Liaoning|nin Liaoning]], na iyo man an pinakaenot na naireport na kaso sa Sirangan na Asya. <ref>[https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2158213/china-culls-pigs-after-reports-first-african-swine-fever-outbreak China culls 900 pigs after reports of first African swine fever outbreak in country].</ref> Kan Setyembre 1, 2018, an nasyon nakagadan nin labing 38,000 na mga orig. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/china-says-has-culled-over-38-000-hogs-due-to-african-swine-fever-10676844|title=China says has culled over 38,000 hogs due to African swine fever|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en-US|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904182318/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/china-says-has-culled-over-38-000-hogs-due-to-african-swine-fever-10676844|url-status=dead|accessdate=2025-01-10|archivedate=2018-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904182318/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/china-says-has-culled-over-38-000-hogs-due-to-african-swine-fever-10676844}}</ref> Poon kan semana kan Setyembre 10, 2018, pigbara kan Tsina an transportasyon kan mga buhay na orig asin mga produkto kan orig sa dakulang parte kan nasyon <ref>[https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/asf-china-all-outbreaks-and-transport-bans/ Pig Progress, overview of ASF outbreaks and transport bans in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914165748/https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/asf-china-all-outbreaks-and-transport-bans/|date=14 September 2018}}.</ref> tanganing maibitaran an paglakop sa luwas kan 6 na probinsya kun saen nakumpirma an virus. Sa katapusan kan 2018, an mga pagputok naireport na sa 23 na probinsya asin munisipyo sa bilog na Tsina. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-swinefever-idUSKCN1OW0RB|title=African swine fever hits huge, foreign-invested Chinese farm|date=2019-01-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-01-03|language=en}}</ref> Kan Abril 25, 2019, an virus ibinareta na naglakop sa lambang rehiyon kan Tsina, siring man sa mga parte kan [[Habagatan-subangan na Asya|Sur-subangan na Asya]], kabali an [[Kambodya|Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Tailandya|Thailand]], asin [[Bietnam|Vietnam]] . <ref name="BBC_Santorelli2">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-47956960|title=Is China losing the battle against an incurable pig virus?|author=Leisha Santorelli|publisher=BBC|date=25 April 2019|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> An populasyon kan orig na Intsik ibinareta na nagbaba nin haros 100 milyon kumpara sa nakaaging taon, na nagtulod sa presyo kan orig sa Europa na umabot sa anom na taon na pinakahalangkaw. <ref name="Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/31/quarter-of-worlds-pig-population-to-die-of-african-swine-fever|title=Quarter of world's pig population 'to die due to African swine fever'|publisher=Guardian|date=31 October 2019|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> Si Ze Chen, Shan Gao asin mga katrabaho gikan sa [[Nankai University]] nakadetektar nin ASFV sa ''[[Dermacentor]]'' (matagas na mga garapata) gikan sa mga karnero asin baka gamit an sadit [[RNA-Seq|na RNA sequencing]] . An 235-bp na segment na ini igwa nin pagkakakilanlan na 99% sa 235-bp na segment kan DNA kan ASFV asin igwa nin tolong single nucleotide mutations (C38T, C76T asin A108C). An C38T, na nagreresulta sa sarong amino-acid mutation G66D, nagsusuherir kan pag-eksister nin sarong bagong strain kan ASFV, na iba sa gabos na ibinareta na strain kan ASFV sa database kan [[GenBank|NCBI Genbank]] asin an strain kan ASFV (GenBank: MH713612.1) na ibinareta sa Tsina kan 2018 . <ref name="ChenXu20182">{{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Ze|last2=Xu|first2=Xiaofeng|last3=Yang|first3=Xiaojun|last4=Dou|first4=Weihao|last5=Jin|first5=Xiufeng|last6=Ji|first6=Haishuo|last7=Liu|first7=Guangyuan|last8=Luo|first8=Jianxun|last9=Yin|first9=Hong|last10=Shan|first10=Gao|year=2018|title=DNA segment of African Swine Fever Virus first detected in hard ticks from sheep and bovine|journal=Systematic & Applied Acarology|volume=24|issue=1|pages=180–184|doi=10.11158/saa.24.1.13|biorxiv=10.1101/485060|s2cid=91492025}}</ref> Kan Disyembre 2019, ipinagbawal kan Tsina an pag-importar nin mga orig asin layas na baboy hale sa Indonesia huli sa mga pagputok kan African swine fever na uminabot sa 392 kan 17 Disyembre. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-swinefever-imports-idUSKBN1YY0K7|title=China bans imports of pigs from Indonesia due to African swine fever|date=2019-12-30|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-12-30|language=en}}</ref> Kan Setyembre 2019, [[Habagatan na Korea|an South Korea]] nagkumpirma nin ikaduwang kaso nin ASF sa sarong oma nin orig sa Yeoncheon, kun saen 4,700 na orig an inataman, sarong aldaw pagkatapos na ireport an pinakaenot na pagputok kan virus. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-swinefever-idUSKBN1W22R7|title=South Korea confirms second case of deadly African swine fever,...|date=2019-09-18|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-09-18|language=en}}</ref> Kan 31 Oktubre 2019, an virus nadiskubre na sa mga ataman na orig sa siyam na lugar sa Gyeonggi-do asin limang lugar sa Siyudad nin Incheon. Nakumpirma man ini sa 18 na layas na baboy hale sa Gangwon-do asin Gyeonggi-do, sa laog o harani sa [[Korean Demilitarized Zone#Civilian Control Line|Civilian Control Zone]] . <ref name="FAO2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/ASF/situation_update.html|title=FAO ASF situation update - African Swine Fever (ASF) - FAO Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH)|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref> An gobyerno kan South Korea nagbugtak nin sarong buffer zone tanganing iseparar an mga apektadong lugar sa iba pang parte kan nasyon asin nagbugtak nin sarong iskema nin bayad para sa mga oma sa laog nin {{Convert|10|km|mi}} kan mga naulakitan na oma. <ref name="FAO22">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/ASF/situation_update.html|title=FAO ASF situation update - African Swine Fever (ASF) - FAO Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH)|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref> Sa [[Taiwan]], sa pag'oltan kan Disyembre 2018 asin Hunyo 2019, sampulong bangkay nin orig na naulakitan nin ASF an inanod sa baybayon sa [[Kinmen]] (Quemoy) County. Kan Hunyo 2019, an gobyerno kan Taiwan temporaryong pinundo an pagluwas nin mga orig asin mga produktong orig hale sa Kinmen County pagkatapos na madiskobre an duwang naulakitan na bangkay nin orig sa baybayon. An mga haraning oma pig-inspeksyon kan mga beterinaryo asin mayo nin buhay na orig na nagpositibo sa ASF. <ref name="taipeitimesjune20192">{{cite web|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/06/09/2003716601|title=Taiwan halts exports of Kinmen pork products|date=9 June 2019|access-date=17 May 2020|website=[[Taipei Times]]}}</ref> Kan Pebrero 3, 2020, saro pang naulakitan na bangkay nin orig an nadiskobre sa baybayon kan [[Lieyu]] (Lesser Kinmen), na nagdara kan total na bilang kan mga naulakitan na bangkay nin orig na nakua sa mga baybayon kan Kinmen county sa 11. <ref name="focustaiwan2">{{cite web|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202004180017|title=Pig carcass found in Kinmen tests positive for ASF|date=18 April 2020|access-date=17 May 2020|website=[[Focus Taiwan]]|author1=Wu Hsin-yun|author2=Huang Huei-min|author3=Ko Lin|quote=To date, Kinmen has confirmed ASF in 12 pig carcasses that washed ashore.}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://nspp.mofa.gov.tw/nsppe/news.php?post=170766&unit=&postname=ASF-prevention-measures-strengthened-in-Kinmen|title=ASF prevention measures strengthened in Kinmen|date=6 February 2020|access-date=17 May 2020|website=[[New Southbound Policy]]}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kan Abril 2020, an ika-doseng bangkay nin orig na nakumpirma na may darang virus kan African swine fever an inanod sa baybayon kan Lieyu (Lesser Kinmen). Makalihis an testing, mayo nin nadetektar na outbreak kan helang sa pitong aktibong hog farm sa isla. <ref name="focustaiwan2" /> <ref name="tapeitimesapril20202">{{cite web|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/04/20/2003734957|title=Taiwan News Quick Take|date=20 April 2020|access-date=17 May 2020|website=[[Taipei Times]]|quote=To date, 12 pig carcasses that washed ashore in Kinmen have tested positive for swine fever.}}</ref> Kan Mayo 29, an Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs kan Tsina nagsabi na nakanompong ini nin bagong pagputok kan ASF harani sa syudad nin Lanzhou sa norte-sulnupan na Probinsya nin Gansu. <ref>{{Cite news|first=Dominique|last=Patton|date=2020-05-29|title=China reports African swine fever outbreak in Gansu province|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-swinefever-idUSKBN2351GM|access-date=2021-06-01}}</ref> Kan Abril 9, 2019, sarong bangkay nin orig na may ASF an nadiskubre sa baybayon kan [[Nangan, Lienchiang|Nangan]] sa [[Matsu Islands]] (Lienchiang County) na nagresulta sa sarong semanang pagbabawal sa pagdara nin mga orig hale sa kondado. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3676658|title=Dead pig floating off Taiwan island of Matsu diagnosed with African swine fever|date=9 April 2019|access-date=17 May 2020|website=[[Taiwan News]]|author=Matthew Strong}}</ref> ==== Sur-subangan na Asya ==== An [[Department of Agriculture (Philippines)|Department of Agriculture]] kan [[Filipinas|Pilipinas]] nagpoon nin imbestigasyon kan Agosto 2019 manungod sa mga insidente nin pagkagadan nin orig sa mga banwaan sa [[Rizal]] asin [[Bulacan]] para sa mga pigtutubudang kaso nin ASF. An departamento nagboot kan paggadan kan mga orig sa laog nin {{Convert|1|km|mi}} radius kan mga apektadong oma. <ref name="phconfirms2">{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=Cecilia|last2=Jiao|first2=Claire|title=Philippines Confirms African Swine Fever Caused Pig Deaths|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-09/philippines-confirms-african-swine-fever-caused-pig-deaths?srnd=markets-vp|access-date=9 September 2019|work=Bloomberg|date=9 September 2019}}</ref> An enot na kaso nin African swine fever sa Pilipinas kinumpirmar kan 9 Setyembre 2019 kan departamento nin agrikultura kan nasyon. <ref>{{cite news|title=Philippines confirms 1st case of African swine fever|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/09/c_138377258.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003045437/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/09/c_138377258.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 3, 2019|access-date=9 September 2019|agency=Xinhua|date=9 September 2019|accessdate=10 January 2025|archivedate=3 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003045437/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/09/c_138377258.htm}}</ref> An departamento nagpadara nin 20 sample nin dugo sa United Kingdom para sa pag-eksamin, na may 14 sample na nagpositibo sa African swine fever virus. Sa panahon kan kumpirmasyon, alagad, an departamento nagsabi na an helang dai pa nakaabot sa lebel nin epidemya asin pig-aases pa an grabe kaini. <ref name="phconfirms22">{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=Cecilia|last2=Jiao|first2=Claire|title=Philippines Confirms African Swine Fever Caused Pig Deaths|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-09/philippines-confirms-african-swine-fever-caused-pig-deaths?srnd=markets-vp|access-date=9 September 2019|work=Bloomberg|date=9 September 2019}}</ref> Kan 16 Setyembre 2019, an direktor kan Bureau of Animal Industry, si Ronnie Domingo, nagkumpirma na an estado kan virus sa nasyon nasa lebel nin pagputok sa Rizal, Bulacan, asin [[Syudad nin Quezon|Quezon City]], asin nagkumpirma man sa bilog na probinsya nin [[Pampanga]] asin [[Pangasinan]] kan an katapusan kan Setyembre. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Kinumpirmar kan Vietnam an pinakaenot na kaso kan African swine fever kan 19 Pebrero 2019. Poon kan 31 Oktubre 2019, an gabos na 63 na probinsya / munisipalidad nagreport nin mga outbreak, asin labing 5,700,000 na orig an nagadan. <ref name="FAO23">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/ASF/situation_update.html|title=FAO ASF situation update - African Swine Fever (ASF) - FAO Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH)|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref> An gobyerno kan Vietnam naghiro tanganing limitaran an hiro kan mga orig asin mga produkto kan orig asin nag-implementar nin mga lakdang tanganing malikayan, tulos na madetektaran, asin estriktong maasikaso an mga kaso nin pag-ismagol, ilegal na transportasyon, asin pagnegosyo nin mga hayop asin mga produktong hayop—lalo na kan mga orig asin mga produktong orig—sa laog kan nasyon. <ref name="FAO24">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/ASF/situation_update.html|title=FAO ASF situation update - African Swine Fever (ASF) - FAO Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH)|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref> An ASF naireport sa mga oma harani sa kabiserang siyudad, [[Dili|an Dili]], sa [[Subangan na Timor|Sirangan na Timor]] poon kan 9 Setyembre 2019. Kan 30 Setyembre 2019, sarong ibinareta na 405 na hayop an ginadan o ginadan. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2019/9/ASF-Asia-Pork-prices-rise-as-virus-reaches-East-Timor-478816E/|title=Pork prices rise as virus reaches East Timor|website=pigprogress.net|date=30 September 2019|access-date=10 January 2025|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208213511/https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2019/9/ASF-Asia-Pork-prices-rise-as-virus-reaches-East-Timor-478816E/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sa katapusan kan Oktubre 2019, may total na 100 na pagputok sa [[Smallholding|mga saradit]] na orig na naitala sa Dili. <ref name="FAO25">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/ASF/situation_update.html|title=FAO ASF situation update - African Swine Fever (ASF) - FAO Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH)|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref> Sa [[Sabah]], [[Malasya|Malaysia]], an mga pagputok kan ASF nadiskubre sa mga ataman na orig kan Pebrero 2021. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/18325/sabah-dead-pigs-linked-to-african-swine-fever|title=Sabah dead pigs linked to African swine fever|last=|first=|date=20 February 2021|website=The Vibes|publisher=|access-date=20 August 2021|quote=}}</ref> Alagad, kadakol na gadan na mga layas na orig an naibareta na gadan poon pa kan Enero, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/16510/wild-boars-die-mysteriously-en-masse-in-eastern-sabah|title=Mass wild boar deaths in eastern Sabah puzzle authorities|last=|first=|date=4 February 2021|website=The Vibes|publisher=|access-date=20 August 2021|quote=}}</ref> asin labing sanggatos [[Bornean bearded pig|na mga orig na may balbas sa Borneo]] an nakuang gadan kan Marso 2021; an Sabah Wildlife Department kan huri nagsabi na posibleng huli ini sa ASF. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://juiceonline.com/100-borneo-bearded-pigs-found-dead-in-sabah-due-to-spread-of-african-swine-fever/|title=100 Borneo Bearded Pigs Found Dead in Sabah Due to Spread of African Swine Fever|last=Ammar Haziq|date=18 March 2021|website=Juice Online|publisher=|access-date=20 August 2021|quote=}}</ref> An ibang mga klase nin orig sa Sur-subangan na Asya pighuhuna na madaling mabiktima kabali an (Sulawesi) [[Celebes warty pig]] . <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ewers|first1=Robert M.|last2=Nathan|first2=Senthilvel K. S. S.|last3=Lee|first3=Peter A. K.|title=African swine fever ravaging Borneo's wild pigs|journal=Nature|date=4 May 2021|volume=593|issue=7857|pages=37|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01189-3|pmid=33947991|bibcode=2021Natur.593...37E|s2cid=233744384}}</ref> ==== India ==== Kan 29 Abril 2020, [[Indya|an India]] nagbareta kan pinakaenot na pagputok kan helang na ASF sa mga estado nin [[Assam]] asin [[Arunachal Pradesh]] . An helang pigbabareta na naglalakop sa paagi nin transboundary transmission hale sa Tsina. Susog sa datos na makukua sa departamento nin beterinaryo, labing 15,000 na mga orig an naitala na gadan gikan sa 9 na apektadong distrito sagkod ngonyan sa Assam, viz. [[Golaghat]], [[Majuli]], [[Dibrugarh]], [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]], [[Dhemaji]], [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[North Lakhimpur]], [[Sivasagar]], asin [[Jorhat]] . An pagpabakal asin pagkonsumo nin karneng orig ipinagbawal sa mga apektadong distrito kan Assam. Kan ika-4 nin Hulyo, an mga resulta kan pag-eksamin kan nagkapirang sample nin bangkay nin orig nag-abot bilang kumpirmasyon para sa ASF sa [[Bokakhat]] subdivision kan Golaghat. An pagkagadan kan mga orig uminabot sa mga 800 sa bilang sa Bokakhat. An impeksyon pigdududahan na nag-abot sa rehiyon gikan sa [[Kamargaon]], na namumugtak harani sa Bokakhat. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Mga teorya sa kasaysayan == An paglataw kan ASF sa luwas kan Aprika sa parehong panahon kan pagluwas kan [[AIDS]] nagdara nin nagkapirang interes kun baga an duwa magkapareho, asin sarong report an nagluwas sa ''[[The Lancet]]'' na nagsusuportar kaini kan 1986. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Feorino|first1=P.|last2=Schable|first2=G.|last3=Schochetman|first3=G.|last4=Jaffe|first4=H.|last5=Curran|first5=J.|last6=Witte|first6=J.|last7=Hess|first7=W.|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90339-9|title=Aids and African Swine Fever Virus|journal=The Lancet|volume=328|issue=8510|pages=815|year=1986|pmid=2876270|s2cid=43207722}}</ref> Alagad, an pakasabot na an human immunodeficiency virus ( [[HIV]] ) an nagigin dahelan kan AIDS nagdiskredit kan anuman na potensyal na koneksyon sa ASF. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Hilingon man == [[:en:Veterinary_virology|Veterinary virology]] == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} l60vr77uvyycblnee8k8q9w8la3cfym 0 50552 309740 308487 2026-08-23T23:01:28Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Dani Rodrik | school_tradition = <!--school of economic thought (only if supported by reliable sources)--> | image = Dani Rodrik AB 02.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Rodrik | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|08|14}} | birth_place = [[Istanbul]], Turkey | death_date = | death_place = | citizenship = Turkish | institution = [[Institute for Advanced Study]] | field = [[International economics]], [[economic development]], [[political economy]] | alma_mater = [[Robert College]]<br>[[Princeton University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]], [[Master of Public Administration|MPA]])<br>[[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]]) | doctoral_advisor = [[Avinash Dixit]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Medium.com|title=A Conversation with Dani Rodrik|url=https://medium.com/conversations-with-tyler/a-conversation-with-dani-rodrik-e02cf8784b9d|date=October 2015}}</ref> | academic_advisors= | doctoral_students= | notable_students = | influenced = | contributions = | awards = [[Global Development And Environment Institute|Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought]] (2002) | signature = <!-- file name only --> | repec_prefix = e | repec_id = pro60 }} Si '''Dani Rodrik''' (namundag Agost 14, 1957) sarong sarong Turkong [[ekonomista]] asin Ford Foundation Professor kan [[International political economy|International Political Economy]] sa [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]]<ref>https://inomics.com/institution/john-f-kennedy-school-of-government-harvard-university-1133546</ref> sa [[Harvard University]]<ref>https://www.harvard.edu</ref>. Sya dati propesor sa [[Albert O. Hirschman]] sa Social Sciences sa [[Institute for Advanced Study]] kan [[Princeton, New Jersey]]. Sya mahiwas na nagpublikar sa lantad nin [[ekonomiks internadsyonal]], [[economic development]], asin [[ekonomiya politikal]]. An hapot na kun ano an marayrahay na polisya ekonomiko asin kun tano an ibang gobyerno mas orog kadali maimplementar ini kompara sa iba iyo an sentro kan saiyang hararom na pag-aadal. An mga trabaho nya kabarali an ''Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science'' asin ''The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy''. Sya katuwang man na editor kan akademikong journal ''[[Global Policy]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Staff writer | title = Editorial Board | journal = Global Policy | doi = <!-- not for this page --> | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/17585899/homepage/editorialboard.html }}</ref> ==Biograpiya== Si Rodrik gikan sa pamilyang [[Sephardic Jews]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Economist Wants Business and Social Aims to Be in Sync (Published 2007) |work=The New York Times |date=30 January 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/30/business/worldbusiness/30trade.html?ex=1327813200&en=b09c1256f811eb09&ei=5088 |last1=Uchitelle |first1=Louis }}</ref> Pakagradwar sa [[Robert College]]<ref>https://website.robcol.k12.tr/en/home-page</ref> sa [[Istanbul]],<ref name="EE">[http://www.cosgel.uconn.edu/Publications/Turkishtime(5MB).pdf Turkishtime Article (in Turkish)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070719235032/http://www.cosgel.uconn.edu/Publications/Turkishtime%285MB%29.pdf |date=2007-07-19 }}</ref> nakamit niya an [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] degree ([[summa cum laude]]) sa kursong Government and Economics sa [[Harvard College]] kan 1979. Dangan sya nakua an [[Master of Public Administration|M.P.A.]] degree ([[Latin honors|maym distinksyon]]) sa [[Princeton School of Public and International Affairs]] kan 1981 asin man an [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree sa Ekonomiks sa [[Princeton University]] kan 1985, na may tesis tituladong ''Studies on the Welfare Theory of Trade and Exchange-rate Policy''.<ref>[https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/dani_rodrik_resume.pdf Curriculum Vitae Dani Rodrik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120045027/https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/dani_rodrik_resume.pdf |date=2021-01-20 }} - website Hardard University</ref> Sya man makusog mag-ambag nin mga artikulo sa ngonyan nagsara nang diyaryong Turko ''[[Radikal]]'' 2009–2016. Sya man nagsali sa bagong mukna na [[World Economics Association]] komo sarong myembro sa komite ehekutibo kan 2011. Sya an naagom ni Pınar Doğan, sarong lektor sa Public Policy sa [[Harvard Kennedy School]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty/pinar-dogan | title=Pinar Dogan}}</ref> Sya man aki nin sarong retiradong heneral na Turko [[Çetin Doğan]] na napawa'ran sala sa kuta lawig-buhay na pagkapreso ta soboot imbwelto sa [[Sledgehammer (coup plan)|Sledgehammer coup plan]]. Bilang iskolar, sya kaapil sa [[National Bureau of Economic Research]], [[Centre for Economic Policy Research]] (London), [[Center for Global Development]], [[Institute for International Economics]], asin sa [[Council on Foreign Relations]], saka pa man katuwang-editor sa ''Review of Economics and Statistics''. Sya man kagresibe nin mga research grants haleng [[Carnegie Corporation]], [[Ford Foundation]], asin [[Rockefeller Foundation]]. Sa mga onrang iwinaras saiya, , sya nata'wan kan [[Leontief]] Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought kan 2002 na hale sa [[Global Development and Environment Institute]]. Kan 8 Nobyembre 2019, siya nakaresibe kan [[honorary doctorate]] sa [[Erasmus University Rotterdam]].<ref>[https://www.eur.nl/en/about-eur/organisation-administration/tradition-and-history/honorary-doctorates Honorary Doctorates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023095201/https://www.eur.nl/en/about-eur/organisation-administration/tradition-and-history/honorary-doctorates |date=2020-10-23 }} - website of the Erasmus University Rotterdam</ref><ref>[https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/links/professor-dani-rodrik-receive-honorary-doctorate-erasmus-university-rotterdam Professor Dani Rodrik to Receive Honorary Doctorate from Erasmus University Rotterdam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418094113/https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/links/professor-dani-rodrik-receive-honorary-doctorate-erasmus-university-rotterdam |date=2021-04-18 }} - website Hardard University</ref> Kan 21 Enero 2020, si [[Pope Francis]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/biography/documents/papa-francesco-biografia-bergoglio.html</ref> pignombrahan siyang myembro kan [[Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences]].<ref>{{cite press release | access-date = January 21, 2020 | date= January 21, 2020|url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2020/01/21/0042/00087.html | publisher = Holy See Press Office | title = Rinunce e nomine (continuazione), 21.01.2020 }}</ref> ==Trabaho== {{BLP sources section|date=December 2017}} An saiyang 1997 na libro, an ''Has Globalization Gone Too Far?'' nasambitan na "saro sa pinakaimportanteng libro sa ekonomiks nin dekada" susog sa Bloomberg Businessweek. Sa saiyang artikulo, siya nagturohok sa tolong pigkakadiringkilan sa ultan nin pangkinaban na merkado asin sosyal na estabilidad. Saiyang pigpapareparo na an sinasabing "globalization" igwang dilemma na sarong banda nagpapa-urog sa internasyonal na pagpaparantay mantang natatambara an mga barana' sa pag'ultan nin mga nasyon kan mga skills asin puhonan na makalaog sa mga merkadong global asin kumpara duman sa mayong siring na mga bentahe, asin saiyang nahihiling na an inaapod na 'free market system' sarong huma' asin nagtataong peligro sa estabilidad sosyal asin sa mga domestikong kamugtakan.<ref>{{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work | publisher=Overseas Development Council | year=1999 | isbn=978-1-56517-027-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565170278 }}</ref> In 2000, Rodrick coined the [[political trilemma of the world economy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rodrik|first=Dani|date=2000|title=How Far Will International Economic Integration Go?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-perspectives_winter-2000_14_1/page/177|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=177–186|doi=10.1257/jep.14.1.177|issn=0895-3309|doi-access=free}}</ref> Si Dani Rodrik sarong regular na taga-ambag sa Project Syndicate poon pa 1998. Saiya man na tinugdas an Economics for Inclusive Prosperity (EfIP) katuwang sinda [[Suresh Naidu]], Gabriel Zucman, asin 11 psang mga myembro kagmukna', kan Pebrero 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://econfip.org/#|title=Home}}</ref> ==Mga piling publikasyon== * {{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane Economy | url=https://archive.org/details/straighttalkontr0000rodr | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2017 | isbn=978-0691177847}} * {{cite journal |author1=Rodrik, Dani | title=Premature Deindustrialization | journal=Journal of Economic Growth | year=2016 | pages=1-33}} * {{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science| url=https://archive.org/details/economicsrulesri0000rodr | publisher=Norton & Company, Inc| year=2015 | isbn=978-0-393-24641-4 }} * {{cite journal |author1=Rodrik, Dani | title=Unconditional Convergence in Manufacturing | journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics | year=2013 | pages=165-204}} * {{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=The Globalization Paradox | publisher=Norton & Company, Inc | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-393-07161-0 | url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationpar00rodr_0 }} * {{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=One Economics, Many Recipes | url=https://archive.org/details/oneeconomicsmany0000rodr | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-691-12951-8 }} * {{cite journal |author1=McMillan, Margaret |author2=Horn, Karen |author3=Rodrik, Dani | title=When Economic Reform Goes Wrong: Cashews in Mozambique | journal=Brookings Trade Forum 2003 | year=2004 | pages=97–165}} * {{cite book | editor=Rodrik, Dani | title=In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691092690 | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-691-09268-3 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rodrik |first=Dani |title=The Global Governance of Trade As If Development Really Mattered |journal=[[UNDP]] |year=2001 |url=http://system2.net/ukpgh/wp-content/uploads/rodrikgovernance.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226060629/http://system2.net/ukpgh/wp-content/uploads/rodrikgovernance.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-12-26 |access-date=2025-01-26 |archivedate=2019-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226060629/http://system2.net/ukpgh/wp-content/uploads/rodrikgovernance.PDF }} * {{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work | publisher=Overseas Development Council | year=1999 | isbn=978-1-56517-027-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565170278 }} * {{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=Has Globalization Gone Too Far? | publisher=Institute for International Economics | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-88132-241-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/hasglobalization00rodr }} ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== {{sisterlinks|d=Q559838|c=Category:Dani Rodrik|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/ Dani Rodrik's home page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126150704/http://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/ |date=2017-01-26 }} * [https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/research-papers Dani Rodrik's latest research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110095049/https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/research-papers |date=2024-11-10 }} * [http://rodrik.typepad.com/ Dani Rodrik's weblog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219012516/https://rodrik.typepad.com/ |date=2019-12-19 }} * [http://www.project-syndicate.org/series/roads_to_prosperity/description "Roads to Prosperity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011073613/http://www.project-syndicate.org/series/roads_to_prosperity/description |date=2011-10-11 }} Dani Rodrik's op-ed column for [[Project Syndicate]] * {{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Russ |title=Rodrik on Globalization, Development, and Employment |url=http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/dani_rodrik/ |work=[[EconTalk]] |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |author-link=Russ Roberts |date=April 11, 2011}} {{John von Neumann Award recipients}} {{Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences}} {{Globalization}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrik, Dani}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Anti-globalization writers]] [[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]] [[Category:Harvard College alumni]] [[Category:Princeton University alumni]] [[Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty]] [[Category:Robert College alumni]] [[Category:Harvard Kennedy School faculty]] [[Category:Trade economists]] [[Category:Academics from Istanbul]] [[Category:Turkish expatriates in the United States]] [[Category:Turkish Jews]] [[Category:20th-century Turkish economists]] [[Category:21st-century Turkish economists]] [[Category:Social Science Research Council]] [[Category:Peterson Institute for International Economics]] [[Category:American academics of Turkish descent]] [[Category:Academics of the London School of Economics]] ry4g2fmcszpq985u0ther9175na7pun 0 50626 309761 309016 2026-08-23T23:20:19Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309761 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Chela Sandoval''' (namundag kan Hulyo 31, 1956), associate professor kan Chicana Studies sa Unibersidad kan California, Santa Barbara, <ref>{{cite web|title=Chela Sandoval, Ph.D.: Faculty Page, UCSB|url=http://www.chicst.ucsb.edu/faculty/staff/sandoval.shtml|publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara|access-date=9 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223174944/http://www.chicst.ucsb.edu/faculty/staff/sandoval.shtml|archive-date=23 December 2012}}</ref> sarong midbid na teorista kan [[Postcolonial feminism|postkolonyal na feminismo]] asin ikatolong kinaban [[Feminismo|na feminismo]] . Magpoon sa saiyang 1991 na pioneering na essay na 'US Third World Feminism: An Teorya asin Paagi nin Pagkontra sa Pag-aram sa Postmodernong Kinaban', <ref>{{cite journal|last=Sandoval|first=Chela|title=U.S. Third World Feminism: The Theory and Method of Oppositional Consciousness in the Postmodern World|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_genders_spring-1991_10/page/1|journal=Genders|date=1991|volume=10|pages=1–24}}</ref> si Sandoval nagbutwa bilang sarong mahalagang boses  para sa mga babaeng kolor asin dekolonyal na peminismo. <ref name="Davis">Angela Y. Davis, ''Foreword'', in {{Cite book|title=Methodology of the oppressed|url=https://archive.org/details/methodologyofopp0000sand|last=Sandoval|first=Chela|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2000|isbn=0816627371|edition=[Online-Ausg.]|location=Minneapolis, Minn.|author-link=Chela Sandoval}}</ref> == Personal na buhay == Si Sandoval namundag asin nagdakula sa San Jose, California . Ilinadawan niya an saiyang mga magurang na nagtatrabaho bilang sarong "ama na makinista/pilosopo", si Jose Machlavio Lucero-Sandoval asin sarong "ina na drayber nin fork-lift sa bodega/espirituwal na aktibista", si Pearl Antonia Doria-Sandoval. Igwa siyang apat na tugang na babae, si Janet, Robin, Sandy asin Julie. == Edukasyon == Si Sandoval nag-ako nin bachelor of arts asin bachelor of science hale sa UC Santa Cruz. Nagin interesado siya sa feminismo kan 1971 kan mag-enrol siya sa sarong kursong "Babae sa Literatura". Bilang resulta kan kursong ini, siya nagin imbuelto sa Santa Cruz Women's Media Collective, sarong grupo na naggigibo nin mga programa sa telebisyon para sa sarong lokal na pampublikong access channel. Kan 1978, si Sandoval nagbalyo sa New York tanganing mag-intern sa ABC News, sarong posisyon na inareglo para saiya ni Barbara Walters . Alagad, sa kahurihurihi nagdesisyon si Sandoval na magkua nin doktorado imbes na karera sa dokumentaryong pelikula. Sa sarong interbyu kan 2005, ipinaliwanag ni Sandoval an saiyang desisyon na motibado kan kamawotan na gibohon na mas epektibo an aktibismo. "Namatean ko na an aktibismo...nakakadisganar; paorootrong inuutro mi an parehong mga gawi. Kaipuhan ko talagang isipon kun ano an samong pigkokomiter sa samong buhay, tanganing mahiling kun igwa pang ibang paagi tanganing makagibo nin positibong pagbabago sa sosyedad. Iyan kan ako nag-aplay sa HistCon tanganing makanuod sa mga aktibista-teoretiko asin pilosopo, sa mga enot na yugto na idto." An saiyang mga propesor sa programa nin History of Consciousness kabali si Stephen Heath, Teresa de Lauretis, Vivian Sobchack asin [[Janey Place]] . Sinambit niya si Hayden White, Donna Haraway, James Clifford asin Teresa de Lauretis bilang saiyang mga mentor sa Santa Cruz. Dawa ngani sa inot nagtuyo siyang magsurat nin disertasyon manungod sa mga kababaihan asin video, an pagbasa ni Sandoval an nagdara saiya sa pilosopiya. An saiyang disertasyon iyo an nagdevelop kan saiyang enot na mayor na teoretikal na kontribusyon, an ideya nin oposisyonal na pag-aram. Dawa bilang sarong estudyante sa graduate, si Sandoval nagkaigwa nin importanteng papel sa feminismo kan Estados Unidos. Nagsurat siya nin sarong report sa ngaran kan Third World Women's Alliance kasunod kan sarong nakakabarangang pagkabaranga sa palibot kan 1981 National Women's Studies Association conference kan tema kan mga babae asin rasismo. <ref name="Kanellos">{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the United States: Sociology|last=Teresa Cordova|date=January 1994|publisher=Arte Publico Press|isbn=978-1-61192-165-6|editor-last=Nicolás Kanellos|pages=186–|chapter=Roots and Resistance: The Emergent Writing of Twenty Years of Chicana Feminist Struggle|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-iZai2uv_sC&pg=PA186}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the United States: Sociology|last=Cordova|first=Teresa|date=1994|publisher=Arte Publico Press|editor-last=Nicolás Kanellos|location=Houston, TX|page=186|chapter=Roots and Resistance: The Emergent Writing of Twenty Years of Chicana Feminist Struggle}}</ref> == Mga teorya == An saiyang pinaka-importanteng obra, ''an Methodology of the Oppressed'', lubos na nagpatalubo kan saiyang ideya nin sarong differential oppositional consciousness, sarong paagi nin "ideology-praxis" na nakagamot sa mga eksperyensya kan US Third World na nagtutumang sa mga binary na kategorya nin identidad pabor sa sarong fluidity na naghihiro sa pag-ultanan kan sinda. <ref name="Hewitt2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTmtpxEGu00C&pg=PA384|title=No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism|last=Nancy A. Hewitt|date=January 2010|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-4724-4|pages=384–}}</ref> Pigtatawan niya nin kredito si Frederic Jameson sa pagmidbid kan ideya nin oposisyonal na pag-aram sa saiyang trabaho asin pag-engganyar saiya na pataluboon ini, dawa ngani an saiyang trabaho parehong sarong kritisismo asin pagpahiwas kan sadiring trabaho ni Jameson. <ref name="Saldivar1997">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bordermattersrem0000sald_l8i0|title=Border Matters: Remapping American Cultural Studies|last=Jose David Saldivar|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-520-20682-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bordermattersrem0000sald_l8i0/page/209 209]–|url-access=registration}}</ref> An obra ni Sandoval nagin mahiwas na maimpluwensya sa laog kan ikaduwang alon na feminismo asin an saiyang nosyon nin oposisyonal na pag-aram iyo an sentro kan cyborg feminism ni Donna Haraway . Alagad an konsepto inadaptar kan mga iskolar na nagtatrabaho sa kadakol na larangan. <ref name="Corber1997">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_STAaXUyeEC|title=Homosexuality in Cold War America: Resistance and the Crisis of Masculinity|last=Robert J. Corber|date=1997-05-22|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-8244-X|page=199}}</ref> Sa mga nakaaging taon, si Sandoval nag-iba sa saiyang mga naenot na interes sa kultura sa saiyang trabaho sa oposisyonal na pag-aram tanganing magtutok sa inaapod niyang artivism, sarong neologismo na saiyang pigdevelop kaiba si Guisella LaTorre tanganing iladawan an aktibistang arte. Si Sandoval nagproponer nin ''anti-gender feminism'' bilang sarong klase nin feminismo na pighihiling an gender bilang sarong nakakadanyar na sosyal na konstruksyon base sa modelo nin anti-rasismo na diskurso. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sandoval|first=Chéla|title=Re-entering cyberspace: Sciences of resistance|date=1994}}</ref> Si Sandoval kabali sa Feminist Theory Archives kan Brown University. == Mga gibo == * "Komento sa" Lesbian Identity and Community ni Krieger: Bagong Literatura sa Siyensya Sosyal"." ''Mga Senyales'' (1984): 725-729. ''JSTOR.'' Web. * "Peminismo asin rasismo: Sarong report sa 1981 National Women's Studies Association Conference." ''Paggibo nin Lalawgon, Paggibo nin Kalag: Mga Pananaw sa Pagmukna asin Kritikal kan mga Feministang Kolor.'' Ed. Gloria Anzaldúa. San Francisco: Tiya Lute (1990): 55–71. Imprenta * "Peminismo kan ikatolong kinaban kan Estados Unidos: An teorya asin paagi nin oposisyonal na pag-aram sa postmodernong kinaban." ''Mga Gender'' 10 (1991): 1-24. * "Paglaog giraray sa cyberspace: mga siyensya nin pagtumang." ''Dispositio'' (1994): 75–93. ''JSTOR'' . Web. * "Bagong Siyensya: Cyborg Feminism asin an Metodolohiya kan mga Inaapi", sa ''The Cyborg Handbook'', ed. Chris Hables Gray. New York: Routledge, 1995. I-print. * "Pagteorya kan puting kaisipan para sa sarong kinaban pagkatapos kan imperyo: Barthes, Fanon, asin an retorika nin pagkamoot." ''Pagbalyo kan kaputian: Mga Essay sa Sosyal asin Kultural na Kritisismo.'' Ed. Ruth Frankenberg. Duke UP,1997. 86-107. I-print. * "Mestizaje bilang paagi: An mga peminista-nin-kolor naghahagad kan kanon." ''Living Chicana theory'' (1998): 352–370. * Pamaagi kan mga Inaapi. Ni Chela Sandoval. Pauna ni Angela Y. Davis. Minneapolis asin London: Unibersidad kan Minnesota Press, 2000. * "Bagong Siyensya: Cyborg Feminism", CyberSexualities: Sarong Parabasa sa Feministang Teorya, Cyborgs asin Cyberspace, Ed. Jenny Wolmark. Unibersidad kan Edinburgh Press, Britanya, 2000. * An Parabasa nin mga Pag-aadal sa Chicano: Sarong Antolohiya kan Aztlán, 1970–2000. Pinag-edit kaiba si Chon Noriega, KarenMary Davelos, asin Rafael Perez-Torres. Sentro kan Unibersidad kan California para sa Publikasyon kan Sentro nin Pagsiyasat sa Chicano, 2001. * "Pauna: AfterBridge/Mga Teknolohiya nin Pagbalyo", Sa Tulay na Ini na Inaapod Niatong Harong: Mga Radikal na Bisyon para sa Pagbabago, Eds. , Gloria Anzaldúa asin AnaLouise Keating. Routledge UP, 2002. I-print. * "Mga Globalisasyon na Dissident, Mga Paagi nin Pagpatalingkas, Sosyal na Erotika." Ni Chela Sandoval. ''Sa Queer Globalizations: Citizenship and the Afterlife of Colonialism.'' Pig-edit ni Arnaldo Cruz-Malave asin Martin F. Manalansan. New York: New York University Press, 2002. I-print. * Sandoval, Chela, asin Guisela Latorre. "Chicana/o artivism: an digital na gibo ni Judy Baca sa mga hobenes na kolor." ''Pag-adal nin rasa asin etnisidad: Hobenes asin digital media'' (2008): 81-108. Web. == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * [http://www.chicst.ucsb.edu/people/chela-sandoval Chela Sandoval, Ph.D. Pahina kan mga Paratukdo, UCSB] [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1av8ro0vkgq44pi8kqq3p8pbu3ur08h 0 50639 309588 308853 2026-08-23T20:29:35Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309588 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Roswitha_Duerer.jpg|thumb|439x439px| Si Hrotsvitha kan Gandersheim nagpresentar nin sarong gurang nang emperador na si Otto the Great kaiba an saiyang ''Gesta Oddonis'', sa irarom kan mga mata ni Abbess Gerberga . 1501 na inukit sa kahoy ni Albrecht Dürer .]] Si '''Hrotsvitha''' ( {{Circa|935}} –973) sarong sekular na canoness na nagsurat nin drama asin Kristiyanong rawitdawit sa irarom kan dinastiyang Ottonian . Namundag siya sa Bad Gandersheim sa mga nobleng Saxon asin naglaog sa Gandersheim Abbey bilang sarong canoness. <ref name=":082">{{Cite web|url=http://scihi.org/hrotsvitha-gandersheim/|title=Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim – The Most Remarkable Women of her Time|last=Sack|first=Harald|date=2019-02-06|website=SciHi Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-23|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174212/http://scihi.org/hrotsvitha-gandersheim/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Siya pigkonsiderar na pinakaenot na babaeng parasurat gikan sa Germanosphere, an pinakaenot na babaeng historyador, an pinakaenot na persona poon kan Pagbagsak kan Imperyo Romano na nagsurat nin mga drama sa Latin Solnopan, <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42004382|title=A history of women's writing in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland|last=Ives, Margaret|last2=Suerbaum, Almut|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Catling, Jo.|isbn=0-521-44482-9|location=Cambridge|oclc=42004382}}</ref> asin an pinakaenot na babaeng pararawitdawit na Aleman. <ref name=":722">{{Cite journal|last=Bayerschmidt|first=Carl F.|date=1966-11-01|title=Hroswitha of Gandersheim. Her Life, Times and Works, and a Comprehensive Bibliography. Edited by Anne Lyon Haight|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_germanic-review_1966-11_41_4/page/302|journal=The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory|volume=41|issue=4|pages=302–303|doi=10.1080/19306962.1966.11754646|issn=0016-8890}}</ref> An anom na halipot na drama ni Hrotsvitha pigkokonsiderar na pinaka-importanteng mga obra niya. <ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|title=Hroswitha of Gandersheim. Her Life, Times and Works, and a Comprehensive Bibliography. Edited by Anne Lyon Haight}}</ref> Saro siya sa nagkapirang babae na nagsurat manungod sa saiyang buhay kan amay na Edad Media, na iyo an saro sa mga tawong nagrekord nin kasaysayan kan mga babae kan panahon na idto gikan sa pananaw nin sarong babae. <ref name=":28">{{Cite journal|title=Hroswitha of Gandersheim and the Destiny of Women}}</ref> Inapod siyang "an pinakapambihirang babae kan saiyang panahon", <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lentmadness.org/2019/03/hrotsvitha-vs-gobnait/|author=Emily McFarlan Miller|title=Hrotsvitha vs. Gobnait|date=2019-03-20|website=Lent Madness|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref> asin sarong importanteng pigura sa historya kan mga babae. Kakadikit an aram manongod sa personal na buhay ni Hrotsvitha. An gabos niyang sinurat yaon sa Latin kan Edad Media . <ref name="name-doctor.com2">{{Cite web|title=Hrotsvitha - Name's Meaning of Hrotsvitha|url=http://www.name-doctor.com/name-hrotsvitha-meaning-of-hrotsvitha-50282.html|access-date=2019-12-03|website=Name-Doctor.com}}</ref> An saiyang mga obra nadiskobre giraray kan 1501 kan humanistang si Conrad Celtes asin itrinadusir sa Ingles kan mga taon 1600. An pangaran ni Hrotsvitha ( [[Tataramon na Latin|Latin]] : ''Hrotsvitha Gandeshemensis'' ) minalataw sa manlaen-laen na porma kabali an: '''Hrotsvit''', '''Hrosvite''', '''Hroswitha''', '''Hroswithe''', '''Rhotswitha''', '''Roswit''', '''Roswindis''' asin '''Roswitha''' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hrosvitha|title=Hrosvitha {{!}} German poet|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> Nangangahulugan ini nin "sarong makusog na kurahaw", asin nagtataram sa paagi na gusto niyang pamurawayon an mga bayani asin alamat na Kristiyano, siring man an mga halaga na saindang pigrerepresentar. <ref name=":1272">{{Cite book|title=Hrotsvit Of Gandersheim|last=Wilson|first=Katharina|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2004|location=Toronto|pages=3–10}}</ref> May mga nagkomento kun pano ini nagrerepresentar o nagkokontra sa personalidad na iprinesentar sa saiyang pagsurat. Mantang kadakol an nagkwestyon kan pagkatotoo kan obra ni Hrotsvitha, <ref name=":102">{{Cite journal|title=Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim}}</ref> an mga pagsiyasat asin koleksyon kan saiyang mga obra, kaiba an kadakol na mga obrang makasaysayan asin kontemporaryo na nagtataram manongod saiya, nagpapahiling na an obra ni Hrotsvitha tunay. <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Zeydel|first=Edwin|date=Jul 1947|title=A Chronological Hrotsvitha Bibliography through 1700 with Annotations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jegp-journal-of-english-and-germanic-philology_1947-07_46_3/page/290|journal=The Journal of English and Germanic Philology|volume=46|issue=3|pages=290–294|jstor=27712888}}</ref> An mga iskolar [[Feminismo|na peministang]] nagrason na an paghapot na ini sa pagkatotoo kan gibo ni Hrotsvitha nagpapahiling nin sarong sexist na naratibo imbes na magbuyagyag nin sarong depekto sa saiyang gibo o na siya dai nag-eksister, ta an mga indibidwal nakikipag-ulay sa saiyang gibo sa laog nin ginatos na taon, asin may mas dakulang intensidad poon pa kan an saiyang pagdiskubre giraray durante kan Renaissance kan Alemania . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=A Chronological Hrotsvitha Bibliography through 1700 with Annotations}}</ref> == Buhay asin pinaghalean == [[Ladawan:Bad_Gandersheim_-_Stiftskirche_-_Westwerk.JPG|wala|thumb| Simbahan kan Gandersheim abbey]] An gabos na impormasyon manungod ki Hrotsvitha gikan sa mga preface kan saiyang obra, asin mga huring interpretasyon kan saiyang mga sinurat. Sa pankagabsan inaako na si Hrotsvitha namundag kan mga 935 asin nagadan kan 973. Dikit an aram manungod sa saiyang linyada, o kun tano ta kinua niya an belo. An Gandersheim Abbey sarong harong nin mga sekular na canonesses. Igwa nin nagkapirang debate kun nuarin siya naglaog. Si Hrotsvitha nagsumpa nin kalinigan asin pagkuyog alagad bakong kadukhaan. Puede siang mamuhay nin medyo komportableng buhay asin maghale sa monasteryo ano man na oras, mantang protektado, nag-aadal sa sarong dakulang libreriya, asin nag-aadal sa dakol na paratokdo. Ini nagtataram kan saiyang posisyon sa ekonomiya bilang gikan sa sarong nobleng pamilya. Si Hrotsvitha nagpoon kan saiyang pag-adal sa irarom kan madre na si Rikkardis, na mas hoben saiya. Nag-adal man siya sa irarom kan Abadesa Gerberga, makoapo ni Hadeng Henry the Fowler . Si Abbess Gerberga nagin katood asin tagapayo ni Hrotsvit. Siya sarong marhay na estudyante na nagbasa nin kadakol na mga obra na popular kan panahon na idto na may partikular na pokus sa mga osipon manungod sa mga santo asin ginamit niya an kadaklan kan saiyang oras sa pag-adal kun pano magsurat nin berso. Si Hrotsvitha mismo nagin sarong paratukdo kan siya 20 anyos. Mantang an saiyang mga sinurat nagpapahiling nin medyo maygurang na pananaw, tibaad isinurat ini kan siya mas gurang na. Igwa siyang marhay na pakasabot sa sistema legal, an kasaysayan kan dinastiyang Ottonian asin an saindang linya nin pagsusundan. Si Hrotsvitha iyo an pinakaenot na taga-Norteng Europa na nagsurat manungod sa [[Islam]] asin sa imperyo kan Islam. Siya parehong edukado asin may marahay na kaaraman. An saiyang paggamit nin mga mito nagpapahiling nin sarong espesipikong pananaw mantang siya nagsusurat manungod sa importansya kan Kristiyanismo—na may pokus sa pagkabirhen, pagkamartir, asin an kusog kan mga pamantayan na Kristiyano—sa atubangan kan banta na dara kan Islam. <ref name=":127">{{Cite book|title=Hrotsvit Of Gandersheim|last=Wilson|first=Katharina|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2004|location=Toronto|pages=3–10}}</ref> Sa primero, si Hrotsvitha nagsurat nin patago sagkod na siya naenkaminar na basahon nin makosog an saiyang mga obra asin i-edit sinda. Inenkaminar siya kan Abadesa na magpadagos sa pagsurat. <ref name=":84">{{Cite journal|last=Coulter|first=Cornelia C.|date=1929|title=The "Terentian" Comedies of a Tenth-Century Nun}}</ref> Si Hrotsvitha nagsurat nin mga alamat, komedya, asin mga dula. An saiyang mga Libro nin mga Alamat o ''Carmina liber primus'' isinurat kan mga taon 950 o 960 asin isinurat bilang pag-onra ki Abadesa Gerberga. Igwa ini nin walong alamat na nakasurat sa dactylic hexameter. An saiyang pinakapopular na obra iyo ''an The Book of Drama'', o ''Liber Secundus'', na nagtao nin alternatibong Kristiyano sa obra kan Romanong dramaturgo na si Terence. Kabaliktaran ki Terence, na nag-estorya manongod sa mga babae na maluya asin maraot an moral, an mga estorya ni Hrothsvitha manongod sa birtuosong mga birhen na may makosog na koneksion sa Dios asin nagtagal sa kasakitan. An ikatolong libro ni Hrotsvitha igwa kan ''Gesta Ottonis'', na nagdedetalye kan kasaysayan kan mga Ottonian poon 919 sagkod 965; asin an ''Primordia coenobii Gandeshemensis'', an kasaysayan kan Gandersheim Abbey. == Mga gibo == [[Ladawan:Roswitha_of_Gandersheim.jpg|thumb| Roswitha kan Gandersheim]] An mga obra ni Hrothsvitha kabali sa mga kategorya nin mga alamat, komedya, asin mga dula. Sinabi ni Cardinal Gasquet na an saiyang mga obra igwa nin "paghahagad nin sarong eminenteng lugar sa literatura kan edad media, asin nagtatao nin onra sa saiyang sekso, sa edad na saiyang nabuhayan, asin sa bokasyon na saiyang sinunod." <ref name=":153">{{Cite book|title=Hroswitha of Gandersheim|url=https://archive.org/details/hroswithaofgande0000anne|last=Haight|first=Anne Lynn|publisher=The Hroswitha Club|year=1965|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hroswithaofgande0000anne/page/n20 3]}}</ref> An mga obra pinag-organisar sa kronolohiya asin nagtataram kun pano pinahalagahan ni Hrotsvitha an Kristiyanong paagi nin buhay. Sa ibong kan importansya ni Hrothsvitha bilang pinakaenot na midbid na babaeng parasurat nin drama, an saiyang obra dai nahihiling na importante asin dai naitradusir sa Ingles sagkod kan mga taon 1600. Parati siyang dai piglalaog sa mga teksto manungod sa kasaysayan kan mga dula asin literatura. <ref name=":542">{{Cite journal|last=Case|first=Sue-Ellen|date=December 1983|title=Re-Viewing Hrotsvit|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_theatre-journal_1983-12_35_4/page/533|journal=Theatre Journal|volume=35|issue=4|pages=533–542|doi=10.2307/3207334|jstor=3207334}}</ref> An pinaka-importanteng manuskrito kan saiyang mga gibo, na igwa kan gabos na teksto apwera sa ''Primordia'', iyo an Codex Bayerische Staatsbibliothek ( Bavarian State Library ) Clm 14485, sarong manuskrito na isinurat nin nagkapirang manlaen-laen na kamot sa Gandersheim sa katapusan kan ika-10 o kapinunan kan ika-11 siglo . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/13458/|title=Hrotsvitha's Poems|date=1000|website=www.wdl.org|access-date=2019-12-06}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ini nadiskobre kan humanistang si Conrad Celtis kan 1493/94 sa Cloister of St. Emmeram sa Regensburg asin nagbilog kan enot na edisyon (ilustrado ni Albrecht Dürer ). == Pamana == === Peminismo === An gibo ni Hrothsvitha dai inintindi sagkod na nadiskubre giraray asin na-edit ni Conrad Celtis an saiyang gibo kan mga taon 1500. Kan mga taon 1970, an mga peminista nagpoon kan saindang sadiring pagdiskubre giraray kan saiyang trabaho sa irarom nin sarong gendered lens tanganing i-re-contextualize ini <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Homans|first=Margaret|date=1994|title=Feminist Fictions and Feminist Theories of Narrative|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_narrative_1994-01_2_1/page/n8|journal=Narrative|volume=2|issue=1|pages=3–16|issn=1063-3685|jstor=20107020}}</ref> tanganing ipaheling na an mga babae kan nakaagi igwa nin importanteng mga papel sa saindang mga sosyedad, alagad an saindang trabaho nawara o dai nahiling bilang mahalaga. An mga peminista ginibo an re-kontekstuwalisasyon na ini tanganing makanuod manungod sa kasaysayan kan mga kababaihan, mantang dai nagsasabi na an mga babaeng ini mga peminista, tanganing idoon an importansya kan mga kababaihan sa bilog na kasaysayan dawa ngani sinda nalingawan na. Huli kaini, si Hrotsvitha padagos na nakakua nin dakulang atensyon sa larangan nin mga pag-aadal sa feminismo, na nagtatabang na magtao nin mas marahay na pagmati nin pagmidbid sa kasaysayan, naginibohan, asin kahulugan sa mga kababaihan sa paagi kan trabaho kan Canoness. == Hilingon man == * Canoness == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sjsl7xya44fgeqttfwlip7hdqq9d0gh 0 50645 309636 308877 2026-08-23T21:13:04Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher|region=[[Western philosophy]]|era=[[Contemporary philosophy]]|image=Susan_Haack.JPG|caption=Haack in 2005|name=Susan Haack|birth_date={{birth year and age|1945}}|birth_place=England|alma_mater=[[St Hilda's College, Oxford]]|school_tradition=[[Analytic philosophy|Analytic]]<br/>[[Neopragmatism]]<ref>[https://www.iep.utm.edu/pragmati/ Pragmatism – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]</ref><br/>[[Foundherentism]]|main_interests=[[Philosophy of science]]<br/>[[Philosophy of logic]]<br/>[[Epistemology]]<br />[[Pragmatism]]|notable_ideas=[[Foundherentism]]|influences=[[Francis Bacon]], [[Willard Van Orman Quine|W. V. O. Quine]], [[Charles Sanders Peirce|C. S. Peirce]], [[Frank P. Ramsey]]|influenced=[[Luciano Floridi]], John Zeis|institutions=[[University of Cambridge]]<br/>[[University of Warwick]]<br/>[[University of Miami]]}}Si '''Susan Haack''' ( /h æ k / ; namundag kan 1945) sarong midbid na propesor sa humanidades, Cooper Senior Scholar sa Arte asin Siyensya, propesor sa pilosopiya, asin propesor sa abogasiya sa Unibersidad kan Miami sa Coral Gables, Florida . Si Haack nagsurat manungod sa [[lohika]], an pilosopiya kan tataramon, epistemolohiya, asin metapisika . An saiyang pragmatismo minasunod ki Charles Sanders Peirce . == Karera == === Edukasyon === Si Haack sarong gradwado kan Unibersidad kan Oxford asin kan Unibersidad kan Cambridge (BA, B.Phil., Oxford; Ph.D., Cambridge). Napili siya sa Phi Beta Kappa bilang sarong honorary member. Sa Oxford, nag-adal siya sa St. Hilda's College, kun saen an saiyang enot na paratukdo sa pilosopiya iyo si Jean Austin, an balo ni JL Austin . Bilang sarong undergraduate, nagkua siya nin Politika, Pilosopiya asin Ekonomiya asin nagsabi manungod sa saiyang pagmawot sa pilosopiya: "ini, sa primero, an parteng 'politika' na pinakanakakaakit sako. Alagad sa sarong lugar sa linya, sa ibong kan pag-engganyar kan sakuyang paratukdo sa politika na magpadagos an temang iyan, an pilosopiya an nagsakop." <ref name="Carrier2">{{Cite web|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/carrier/archives/1207|title=Interview with Susan Haack|publisher=Richard Carrier Blogs|date=6 May 2012|access-date=11 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509022732/http://freethoughtblogs.com/carrier/archives/1207|archive-date=9 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nag-adal siya nin [[Platón|Plato]] ki Gilbert Ryle asin lohika ki Michael Dummett . Si David Pears an nagsupervise kan saiyang B.Phil. disertasyon sa ambiguity . Sa Cambridge, isinurat niya an saiyang PhD sa irarom kan superbisyon ni Timothy Smiley . Nagkapot siya nin mga posisyon bilang Fellow kan New Hall, Cambridge asin propesor nin pilosopiya sa Unibersidad kan Warwick bago niya kinua an saiyang presenteng posisyon sa Unibersidad kan Miami. Sinabi ni Haack manungod sa saiyang karera na siya "independente nanggad":  {{blockquote|rather than follow philosophical fads and fashions, I pursue questions I believe are important, and tackle them in the ways that seem most likely to yield results; I am beholden to no clique or citation cartel; I put no stock in the ranking of philosophy graduate programs over which my colleagues obsess; I accept no research or travel funds from my university; I avoid publishing in journals that insist on taking all the rights to my work; etc., etc. Naturally, this independence comes at a price; but it also earns me the freedom to do the best work I can, without self-censorship, and to communicate with a much wider audience than the usual "niche literature" does<ref name="Carrier" />}} == Pilosopikal na trabaho == An mayor na kontribusyon ni Haack sa pilosopiya, sa librong ''Evidence and Inquiry'' kan 1993 iyo an saiyang epistemolohikal na teorya na inaapod foundherentism, <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aune|first1=B.|title=Haack's ''Evidence and Inquiry''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophy-and-phenomenological-research_1996-09_56_3/page/627|journal=[[Philosophy and Phenomenological Research]]|volume=56|issue=3|pages=627–632|doi=10.2307/2108389|year=1996|jstor=2108389}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Flage|first1=D. E.|title=Evidence and Inquiry: Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-metaphysics_1995-09_49_1/page/136|journal=[[The Review of Metaphysics]]|volume=49|issue=1|pages=136–138|year=1995|jstor=20129822}}</ref> na iyo an saiyang pagprobar na likayan an mga lohikal na problema kan parehong purong pundasyonalismo (na madaling mabiktima nin daing sagkod na pag-atras) asin purong koherentismo (na madaling mabiktima nin sirkularidad). Ipinapahiling niya an ideyang ini sa paagi kan metapora kan crossword puzzle. An pinasimpleng marhay na bersyon kaini minasunod: An paghanap nin simbag gamit an sarong paisi kaagid kan sarong pundamental na pinagkukuanan (na nakabasar sa empirikal na ebidensya ). An pagsierto na an mga tataramon na magkakasurugpon magkapareho an kahulugan kaagid kan katanosan sa paagi nin pagkakasundo. Parehong kinakaipuhan na mga sangkap sa pagtao nin katanosan kan kaaraman. Si Haack sarong maringis na kritiko ni Richard Rorty . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Evidence and Inquiry|url=https://archive.org/details/evidenceinquiryt0000haac|last=Haack|first=Susan|publisher=Blackwell|year=1993|isbn=0-631-11851-9|location=Oxford UK|chapter=Ch. 9: Vulgar Pragmatism: an Unedifying Prospect|ol=1398949M}}</ref> <ref>{{cite SEP|url-id=rorty|title=Richard Rorty}}</ref> Nagsurat siya nin sarong dula, ''We Pragmatists ...'' '': Peirce asin Rorty sa Pag-oolay'', na igwa nin mga kotasyon gikan sa duwang pilosopo. Siya an nagganap kan papel ni Peirce. Si Haack nagpublikar nin sarong mapuersang essay <ref>{{cite web|last=Haack|first=Susan|title=Vulgar Rortyism|date=November 1997|publisher=The New Criterion|url=http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/rortyism-haack-3261}}</ref> sa ''New Criterion'', na nagkukua nin makusog na eksepsyon sa kadaklan sa mga pananaw ni Rorty, orog na an saiyang paghihingako na sarong klase nin pragmatista. Sa ''Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate'', si Haack kritikal na gayo sa punto de vista na igwa nin partikularmenteng babaeng pananaw sa lohika asin siyentipikong katotoohan asin kritikal sa peministang epistemolohiya . Siya nagtutubod na kadakol na mga peministang kritisismo sa siyensya asin pilosopiya an sobrang nagmamakulog sa pagigin tama sa politika . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ezeTXOlQngC|title=Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate: Unfashionable Essays|last=Haack|first=Susan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-226-31137-1|orig-year=1998}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Very Idea of Feminist Epistemology|pages=31–49}}</ref> Ilinaladawan ni Haack an saiyang libro kan 2003 ''na Defending Science – Within Reason: Between Scientism and Cynicism'', bilang sarong depensa kan siyentipikong pagsiyasat gikan sa katamtaman na punto de vista. Sa sarong interbyu ki DJ Grothe, kaidto kan Center for Inquiry, si Haack nag-atubang kan proposisyon na an mga nasa pinakawala pigkokonsiderar an siyensya na sarong retorika na motibado nin kapangyarihan o politika, asin dangan siya nagpapadagos sa pagpahiling kun pano an siyensya makakatao, asin parati nagtatao tunay na mga pakinabang asin ganansya, ano man an pwedeng sabihon kan wala. An libro nagtatao nin mas marigon asin mas solidong depensa kan siyentipikong pagsiyasat bilang simbag sa mahiwas na lohikal na mga modelo nin rasyonalidad na iprinoponer kan nagkapirang pilosopo nin siyensya. An opinyon ni Haack sa tema nin pagsiyasat, siisay man an tibaad naggigibo kaini, iyo na an marhay na ebidensya, marahay na mga paagi, malinaw na pagrepaso asin pag-angay nin bagong pagdiskubre sa kolektibong rona kan kaaraman nin tawo mga senyales nin marigon na pagsiyasat. Sinasabi ni Haack na an kalidad na pagsiyasat pwedeng gibohon kan kadaklan, alagad an komunidad siyentipiko igwa nin kadakol na mga kasangkapan o tabang na nagdara nin kadakol na mga pakinabang sa katawohan, asin na nakakatabang na mapakusog an kredibilidad kan siyensya. An mga kasangkapan asin tabang na ini tibaad dai makukua kan mga nakikikabtang sa indibidwal na paghapot. Kan hinapot kun pano siya minasimbag sa mga paranormal o supernatural na mga paghihingako, ipinaparisa ni Haack na an mga tagasuporta kan siring na mga paghihingako igwa nin magabat na pasan nin patunay. Imbes na apodon an siring na mga paghihingako bilang pseudo-siyensya, inaadmitir nia na an mga bagay na ini puedeng "medyo maraot na bagay" asin kun sinda dapat na konsideraron nin seryoso, kaipuhan ninda an pambihirang ebidensya, asin na an siring na ebidensya dapat na magkabagay sa pinakamarahay na garantisado na siyentipikong teorya kun pano an mga bagay iyo. Sa interbyung ini, si Haack nagsimbag man sa hapot kan pagkakatugma kan relihiyon sa siyensya. Minaoyon siya na igwa nin dakulang tensyon sa pag-ultanan kan duwa. Mantang sinasabi an saiyang dai pagkakaoyon sa Briton na pilosopo nin relihiyon na si Richard G. Swinburne asin Stephen Jay Gould, pigsambit niya an may kinaaraman na kapitulo kan saiyang libro para sa komprehensibong pakasabot kan saiyang mga pananaw sa bagay na ini. <ref>{{cite web|last=Susan|first=Haack|title=Interview with D.J Groeth|url=http://www.pointofinquiry.org/susan_haack_defending_science_within_reason/|publisher=Center for Inquiry|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201192523/http://www.pointofinquiry.org/susan_haack_defending_science_within_reason/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa kaugnay na kapitulo sampulong kan ''Defending Science'', si Haack dai minaoyon sa paghihingako ni Gould na an siyensya asin relihiyon igwa nin sadiring magkalaen na domain na dai nag-oorolay. (Hilingon an NOMA ). Si Haack dai man minaoyon ki Swinburne. Nagtutubod si Haack na mantang an mga siyentipiko, historyador asin detektib igwa nin kapaki-pakinabang na papel sa siyentipikong pagsiyasat, an mga teologo dai. Ipinapahiling ni Haack kun pano an relihiyon asin siyensya naggigibo nin mga paghihingako manungod sa kun pano an kinaban. Ipinapahiling niya kun pano an siyensya asin relihiyon naggigibo man nin mga pahayag kun ano an pwedeng magdara sa mas marahay na kamugtakan nin tawo. Sa mga pahayag na ini, ipinapahiling ni Haack na an relihiyon asin siyensya dai nagkakamit kan saindang sadiring separadong espasyo. Ipinapahiling niya an mga lugar kun saen an mga naenot asin presenteng relihiyosong mga paghihingako manungod sa natural na uniberso makusog na pinapahimutikan kan pinakamarahay na mga nakua kan siyensya. Sinasabi man nia na an kontrobersiya asin dai nasisimbag na mga hapot kadakol sa modernong siensia. Sinumaryo niya an saiyang depensa para sa siyentipikong pagsiyasat sa paagi nin pagsabi na dai siya naghahagad nin dispensa sa pagreserba kan saiyang "pinakadakulang paghanga para sa mga naoogmang mag-ehersisyo kan isip, dawa saen na paagi ini magdara sainda...idtong mga para sa sainda naggigibo kan saindang pinakamasakit sa isip, dai nagkakapot nin bawal, sarong punto nin onra". <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/defendingscience00susa|title=Defending Science – Within Reason: between Scientisim and Cynicism|last=Haack|first=Susan|publisher=[[Prometheus Books]]|year=2003|isbn=1-59102-117-0|location=Chapter 10, "And, in Conclusion"|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RhXxaPTc_EYC&pg=PA175 175]}}</ref> Nagsurat siya para sa magasin ''na Free Inquiry'' asin sa Council for Secular Humanism . An obra ni Haack narepaso asin sinitar sa popular na prensa, arog kan ''The Times Literary Supplement'' siring man sa mga akademikong journal. == Mga Miyembro == Si Haack sarong onoraryong miyembro kan Phi Beta Kappa asin Phi Kappa Phi, sarong nakaaging Presidente kan Charles S. Peirce Society, <ref>{{cite web|title=The Charles S. Peirce Society|url=http://www.peircesociety.org/|access-date=2025-02-04|archive-date=2011-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514093951/http://www.peircesociety.org/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> asin sarong nakaaging miyembro kan US/UK Educational Commission. == Mga piniling sinurat == * ''Deviant Logic'' . Cambridge University Press, 1974. * ( [[Charles Sanders Peirce|Si Charles Sanders Peirce]] asin [[Karl Popper]] igwa nin nakakabiglang magkaparehong mga pananaw sa [[Propensity probability|teorya nin propensity kan probabilidad]] asin [[Philosophy of science|pilosopiya nin siyensya]] .) * ''Pilosopiya nin mga Lohika'' . Cambridge University Press, 1978. * ''Ebidensya asin Pag-usisa'' . Blackwell, 1993. Ikaduwang edisyon, Prometheus Books 2009. * ''Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Lampas sa Pormalismo'' . An Unibersidad kan Chicago Press, 1996. (Pinalawig an 1974 ''Deviant Logic'', na may nagkapirang dagdag na mga essay na ipinublikar sa pag'oltan kan 1973 asin 1980, partikularmente sa fuzzy logic, cf ''The Philosophical Review'', 107:3, 468–471 [http://www.columbia.edu/~av72/papers/PhilReview(Review)_1998.pdf] ) * " [http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/rortyism-haack-3261 Vulgar Rortyism] ," ''An Bagong Kriterya 16'', 1997. * ''Manifesto nin sarong Mahilig na Katamtaman: Mga Bakong Uso na Essay'' . An Unibersidad kan Chicago Press, 1997. * ''Pagdepensa sa Siyensya – Sa Laog nin Rason: Sa Pag-ultanan kan Siyensya asin Sinismo'' . Prometheus Books, 2003.{{ISBN|1-59102-117-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-59102-117-0|1-59102-117-0]] . * " [https://web.archive.org/web/20060628074443/http://www.defendingscience.org/loader.cfm?url=%2Fcommonspot%2Fsecurity%2Fgetfile.cfm&PageID=2408 Pagprobar asin Sala: An Pilosopiya kan Siyensya kan Korte Suprema] ". ''American Journal of Public Health'', 2005. * ''Pragmatismo, Luma asin Bago'' (Robert Lane, associate editor). Prometheus Books, 2006. * ''Pagbugtak nin Pilosopiya sa Pagtrabaho: Pag-usisa asin an Lugar Kaini sa Kultura'' . Prometheus Books, 2008. * ''An Ebidensya Mahalaga: Siyensya, Patunay asin Katotoohan sa Ley'' . Cambridge University Press, 2014. == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga pinagkukuanan == * {{Cite journal|title=Restricting the Scope of the Ethics of Belief: Haack's Alternative to Clifford and James|url=http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/content/77/3/461.short}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * [http://www.law.miami.edu/faculty/susan-haack Web Page ni Susan Haack] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630041621/https://www.law.miami.edu/faculty/susan-haack |date=2022-06-30 }} sa Unibersidad kan Miami . * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120509022732/http://freethoughtblogs.com/carrier/archives/1207 Interbyu ki Susan Haack] ni Richard Carrier [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hry7769bymdnyabeyqg57qf3z1cod4e 0 50647 309721 308986 2026-08-23T22:44:04Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|American sexologist}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2022}}{{Infobox scientist|name=Anne Fausto-Sterling|image=Anne Fausto-Sterling-IMG 9101.JPG|caption=Fausto-Sterling in 2019|birth_name=Anne Sterling|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1944|7|30}}|birth_place=New York City, U.S.|fields=[[Biology]]<br />[[Women's studies]]|workplaces=[[Brown University]]|education={{plainlist| * [[University of Wisconsin]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) * [[Brown University]] (PhD) }}|occupation=|doctoral_advisor=|academic_advisors=|doctoral_students=|notable_students=|author_abbrev_bot=|author_abbrev_zoo=|spouse={{Marriage|[[Paula Vogel]]|2004}}|influences=|influenced=|awards=|module={{Infobox writer|embed=yes | notable_works = ''[[Sexing the Body]]'' (2000) }}|signature=<!--(filename only)-->|signature_alt=|footnotes=}}Si '''Anne Fausto-Sterling''' ( née '''Sterling''' ; namundag kan Hulyo 30, 1944) sarong Amerikanong [[Seksolohiya|seksologo]] na nagsurat nin mahiwas manungod sa sosyal na konstruksyon kan kasarian, [[Sekswal na identidad|sekswal na pagkakakilanlan]], pagkamidbid sa kasarian, mga papel sa kasarian, asin [[Buraybuto|intersekswalidad]] . Siya an Nancy Duke Lewis Professor Emerita kan Biology asin Gender Studies sa Brown University . <ref>{{cite web|title=Anne Fausto-Sterling|url=https://vivo.brown.edu/display/afaustos|website=vivo.brown.edu|publisher=Brown University|access-date=5 May 2022}}</ref> == Buhay asin karera == An ina ni Fausto-Sterling, si Dorothy Sterling, sarong bantog na parasurat asin historyador mantang an saiyang ama sarong ipinublikar man na parasurat. <ref name="NYT Wedding2">{{cite web|title=Paula Vogel, Anne Fausto-Sterling|work=The New York Times|date=2004-09-26|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/26/fashion/weddings/26VOGE.html?ex=1185163200&en=74206651722ac22b&ei=5070|access-date=2007-07-21|url-access=limited}}</ref> Si Fausto-Sterling nag-ako kan saiyang Bachelor of Arts degree sa [[Solohiya|zoology]] gikan sa Unibersidad kan Wisconsin kan 1965 asin an saiyang Ph.D. sa developmental genetics gikan sa Brown University kan 1970. Pagkatapos na makua an saiyang Ph.D. naglaog siya sa faculty kan Brown, kun saen siya ninombrahan na Nancy Duke Lewis Professor of Biology and Gender Studies. Sa sarong papel kan 1993 na may titulong "  ", si Fausto-Sterling nagbugtak nin sarong eksperimento sa pag-isip na pigkokonsiderar an sarong alternatibong modelo nin kasarian na igwa nin limang sekso: [[Lalaki (tawuha)|lalaki]], [[Babayi (tawuha)|babae]], merm, ferm, asin herm . <ref name="Fausto-Sterling 1993">{{Cite journal|title=The Five Sexes: Why male and female are not enough|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239657377|pages=20–24}}</ref> Sa huri sinabi niya na an papel "nagtuyo na magin probokatibo, alagad ako man nagsurat na may dila na marigon sa pisngi". Si Fausto-Sterling nagsurat nin duwang libro na para sa sarong pangkagabsan na mga paradalan. An enot sa mga librong idto, ''an Myths of Gender'', enot na ipinublikar kan 1985. <ref name="Fausto-Sterling 1985">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsofgenderbio00faus/page/n8/mode/1up|title=Myths of Gender: Biological Theories About Women and Men|last=Fausto-Sterling, Anne|publisher=Basic Books|year=1985|isbn=0-4650-4790-4|edition=1st|location=New York|url-access=registration}}</ref> An saiyang ikaduwang libro para sa publiko iyo an ''Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality'', na ipinublikar kan 2000. <ref name="Stanley 20002">{{cite journal|last=Stanley|first=William B.|title=Deconstructing the discourse of sexual dimorphism: rethinking, bending, and crossing sexual boundaries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_2001-02_38_1/page/83|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|volume=38|issue=1|pages=83–86|date=2001|doi=10.1080/00224490109552072|s2cid=216090456|jstor=3813268|issn=0022-4499}}</ref> <ref name="Tiefer 20002">{{cite journal|last1=Tiefer|first1=Leonore|title=Review: Hormone Mistreatment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womens-review-of-books_2000-04_17_7/page/6|journal=The Women's Review of Books|date=April 2000|volume=17|issue=7|pages=8–9|doi=10.2307/4023398|jstor=4023398|issn=0738-1433}}</ref> Sa libro, pigmamawot niyang "kumbinsiron an mga parabasa kan pangangaipo para sa mga teorya na nagtutugot para sa dakulang pagkakaiba-iba nin tawo asin na nag-iintegrar kan mga kapangyarihan sa pag-analisar kan biyolohikal asin sosyal sa sistematikong pag-analisar kan pag-uswag kan tawo." <ref name="Fausto=Sterling 2000 px">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465077137/page/n12/mode/1up|title=Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality|last=Fausto-Sterling, Anne|publisher=Basic Books|year=2000|isbn=0-465-07714-5|location=New York|page=ix|url-access=registration}}</ref> Si Fausto-Sterling nagpakasal ki Paula Vogel, sarong propesor sa Yale asin parasurat nin drama na nanggana nin Pulitzer, kan 2004. Nagserbi siya sa editorial board kan journal ''na Perspectives in Biology and Medicine'' asin sa advisory board kan peministang akademikong journal ''na Signs'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives-biology-and-medicine/editorial-board|title=Editorial Board {{!}} JHU Press|website=www.press.jhu.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://signsjournal.org/about-signs/masthead/|title=Masthead}}</ref> Nagretiro siya sa Brown University kan 2014, pagkatapos nin 44 taon sa faculty. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Riley|date=2014-04-23|title=Fausto-Sterling retires, leaving legacy across disciplines|url=https://www.browndailyherald.com/2014/04/23/fausto-sterling-retires-leaving-legacy-across-disciplines/|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Brown Daily Herald|language=en-US}}</ref> == Resepsyon == An historyador nin siyensya na si Evelynn M. Hammonds naglaladawan ki Fausto-Sterling bilang saro sa mga pinaka-impluwensyal [[Feminismo|na peministang]] siyentipiko kan saiyang henerasyon. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Fifty-One Key Feminist Thinkers|last=Hammonds|first=Evelynn M.|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-19275-6|editor-last=Marso|editor-first=Lori J.|language=en|chapter=Anne Fausto-Sterling}}</ref> Sa pagrepaso ''kan mga Mito nin Gender'' sa ''Los Angeles Times'', si Elaine Kendall nagsurat na "An saiyang pinakadramatiko asin mahalagang mga kapitulo nakasentro sa mga nagdadanay na mga salang pakasabot sa edukasyon na nag-ooperar tanganing irayo an mga babae sa 'matagas' na mga siyensya asin sa mga larangan na may ganansya arog kan inhenyeriya, na piglilikay sinda imbes sa mga karera na mas hababa an sweldo sa humanities o sa mga propesyon na 'nurturant'." <ref name="Kendall 1985">{{Cite news|last=Kendall|first=Elaine|title=Book Review: Biologist Trashes Some Gender Myths|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-24-vw-21006-story.html}}</ref> Ilinaladawan ''kan Publishers Weekly'' an trabaho ni Fausto-Sterling bilang "mapag-isip", na nagsasabi na an ''Sexing the Body'' "nagtatao nin hararom na mga angat sa siyentipikong pagsiyasat, an pagmukna nin polisiya sosyal asin an ngapit kan teorya nin peministang asin kasarian." <ref name="PW 20002">{{cite web|title=Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality|date=31 January 2000|website=Publishers Weekly|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-07713-7}}</ref> An argumento ni Fausto-Sterling sa sexual continuum dai nakakua nin parehong prominencia sa mga siyensya biyolohikal siring sa mga pag-aadal sa kasarian . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Brill's Companion to the Philosophy of Biology: Entities, Processes, Implications|last=Borghini|first=Andrea|last2=Casetta|first2=Elena|date=2019|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-40016-0|page=181|language=en}}</ref> An antropologong Pranses na si Priscille Touraille inapod si Fausto-Sterling na sarong isoladong kaso na dai nakagibo nin pagkakaoroyon o kontrobersiya sa mga biologo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Touraille|first=Priscille|date=2011|title=Déplacer les frontières conceptuelles du genre|journal=Journal des Anthropologues|issue=124–125|pages=49–69|doi=10.4000/jda.5267|s2cid=118087079|url=https://journals.openedition.org/jda/5267|language=fr|doi-access=free}}</ref> An doktor asin sikologo na si Leonard Sax tinatsaran an teoriya ni Fausto-Sterling manongod sa seksuwal na continuum. Nagrason man siya na an saiyang paghihingako na mga 1.7% kan mga pagkamundag mga intersex bakong tama, huli ta kadaklan sa mga kondisyon na saiyang pigkonsiderar na intersex dai pigkokonsiderar na intersex gikan sa sarong klinikal na pananaw. <ref name="sax2">{{cite journal|last1=Sax|first1=Leonard|author-link=Leonard Sax|date=August 2002|title=How common is intersex? a response to Anne Fausto-Sterling|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12476264/|journal=Journal of Sex Research|volume=39|issue=3|pages=174–178|doi=10.1080/00224490209552139|issn=0022-4499|pmid=12476264|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618100621/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12476264/|archive-date=June 18, 2021|s2cid=33795209|access-date=June 11, 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> An pilosopo nin siyensya na si David N. Stamos nagrason na an teorya ni Fausto-Sterling nin sarong sekswal na continuum problematiko huli ta an sekso, para ki Stamos, tinatawan nin kahulugan kan klase nin gamete. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morgan|first1=Gregory J.|last2=Singh|first2=Tina|last3=Donovan|first3=Sean|last4=Watson|first4=David J.|last5=Boos|first5=Jonathan|last6=Hu|first6=John|last7=DeSchryver|first7=Cassidy L.|last8=Crosby|first8=Brittany K.|last9=Vilkeliskis|first9=Tadas|last10=Worthmann|first10=Brian|last11=Sagona|first11=Steven|date=2011|title=Does Evolutionary Theory Offer Insight into Epistemology, Consciousness, Sex, Race, Religion, Ethics, and the Meaning of Life?|journal=Evolution: Education and Outreach|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=701–705|doi=10.1007/s12052-011-0378-6|issn=1936-6434|doi-access=free}}</ref> An sikologo na si Suzanne Kessler, sa saiyang librong ''Lessons from the Intersexed'', pigkritika an pag-analisar ni Fausto-Sterling sa "The Five Sexes" huli ta ini "nagtatao pa man giraray nin mga kinatawo...pangenot na nagpapahiling nin estado asin binabaliwala an katotoohan na sa aroaldaw na kinaban an mga atribusyon sa kasarian ginigibo na mayong access sa inspeksyon sa kinatawo." Si Kessler nagkomento pa na "An may pangenot sa aroaldaw na buhay iyo an kasarian na ginigibo, ano man an pagkabilog kan laman sa irarom kan mga gubing." <ref>{{Cite book|title=Lessons from the Intersexed|url=https://archive.org/details/lessonsfrominter0000kess|last=Kessler|first=Suzanne J.|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8135-2529-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/lessonsfrominter0000kess/page/90 90]}}</ref> Sa sarong huring papel na may titulong "The Five Sexes, Reviewed", si Fausto-Sterling nagsurat na siya ngonyan minaoyon sa mga pagtumang ni Kessler sa teorya nin limang sekso. == Mga Publikasyon == === Mga libro === * {{Cite book|title=Myths of Gender: Biological Theories About Women and Men|last=<!--Fausto-Sterling, Anne-->|publisher=Basic Books|year=1992|isbn=0-465-04792-0|edition=2nd|location=New York}} * {{Cite book|title=Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality|title-link=Sexing the Body|last=<!--Fausto-Sterling, Anne-->|publisher=Basic Books|year=2000|isbn=0-465-07714-5|location=New York}} * {{Cite book|title=Sex/Gender: Biology in a Social World|url=https://archive.org/details/sexgenderbiology0000faus|last=<!--Fausto-Sterling, Anne-->|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-0-415-88145-6|location=New York}} === Mga kapitulo kan libro === * {{Cite book|title=Critical Terms for the Study of Gender|last=Fausto-Sterling|first=Anne|date=2014|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-2260-1021-2|editor-last=Stimpson|editor-first=Catherine R.|pages=294–315|language=en|chapter=Nature|doi=10.13140/2.1.3621.3129|editor-last2=Herdt|editor-first2=Gilbert|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265641239|via=ResearchGate|doi-access=free}} == Hilingon man == [[:en:Feminist_sexology|Feminist sexology]] == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} gsgj4u0phhspt3rnq1972pmcdluefjq 0 50675 309684 309019 2026-08-23T22:12:18Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist|name=Arlie Russell Hochschild|image=Arlie_Russell_Hochschild (crop).jpeg|caption=Hochschild in 2017|birth_name=Arlie Russell|birth_date={{birth date and age|1940|1|15}}|birth_place=[[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.|death_date=|death_place=|residence=|field=[[Sociology|Social Psychology]], Sociology of Emotions, Gender and Politics|work_institutions=[[University of California-Berkeley]]|alma_mater=[[Swarthmore College]]<small>([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])(1962)</small><br>[[University of California-Berkeley]] <small>([[Masters of Arts|MA]](1965), PhD(1969))</small>|doctoral_advisor=|doctoral_students=|known_for=''[[The Second Shift]]'', ''[[The Managed Heart]]'', ''[[Strangers in Their Own Land]]'', ''[[The Time Bind]]'', ''[[Emotional labor]]'', ''[[Family economics#Division of labor within the family|Gender division of labor in the household]]''|prizes=|footnotes=|spouse=[[Adam Hochschild]]|children=David Russell and Gabriel Russell|signature=}}Si '''Arlie Russell Hochschild''' ( /ˈ h oʊ k ʃ ɪ l d / ; namundag kan Enero 15, 1940) sarong Amerikanong propesor [[wiktionary:emeritus|emeritus]] nin sosyolohiya sa Unibersidad kan California, Berkeley <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sociology.berkeley.edu/people/emeritus-faculty|title=Emeritus Faculty &#124; UC Berkeley Sociology Department|website=sociology.berkeley.edu}}</ref> asin parasurat. Si Hochschild haloy nang nagtututok sa mga emosyon nin tawo na nakatago sa mga moral na pagtubod, gawi, asin sosyal na buhay sa pankagabsan. Siya an kagsurat kan sampulong libro, kabali ''an Stolen Pride: Loss, Shame, and the Rise of the Right'' (The New Press, Setyembre 10, 2024), na nag-eeksplorar kan buhay sa sarong nagtitios na banwaan sa Appalachian, asin nagtututok sa politikal na apelasyon sa mga dai maninigo nawara an kapalangkawan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stolen Pride|url=https://thenewpress.com/books/stolen-pride|access-date=2024-05-20|website=The New Press|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hochschild|first=Arlie|date=August 2, 2024|title=For JD Vance’s Kentucky, Politics Is About Pride and Jobs|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/for-jd-vances-kentucky-politics-is-about-pride-and-jobs-a1496bb9?st=58nzmwi31w2adew&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink|website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> An libro pinili ni Barack Obama bilang saro sa saiyang sampulong "paboritong libro kan 2024." Ini sarong kasunod kan saiyang huring libro, ''Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right'', sarong ''New York Times'' Bestseller asin pinalista para sa National Book Award. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Strangers in Their Own Land|url=https://thenewpress.com/books/strangers-their-own-land|access-date=2024-05-20|website=The New Press|language=en|archive-date=2019-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525021653/https://thenewpress.com/books/strangers-their-own-land|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ilinadawan ini kan peryodistang si Derek Thompson bilang "sarong Rosetta stone" para sa pagsabot kan pag-itaas ni Donald Trump. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Thompson|first=Derek|date=2020-12-29|title=The Deep Story of Trumpism|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/deep-story-trumpism/617498/|access-date=2024-05-20|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> Sa mga librong ini asin iba pang mga libro, ipinapadagos niya an sosyolohikong tradisyon ni C. Wright Mills sa paagi nin pagdrowing nin mga koneksyon sa pag-ultanan kan mga pribadong problema asin mga pampublikong isyu. <ref name="Nadasen-2017">{{Cite journal|title=Rethinking Care: Arlie Hochschild and the Global Care Chain|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/674333/pdf|journal=WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=45}}</ref> Sa pagdrowing kan sumpay na ini, hiningoa niyang iliwanag an mga paagi na kita namimidbid, inaasikaso, inaapresyar, pinupukaw, asin pinupugulan—an boot sabihon, pinamamahalaan —an emosyon. Inaplikar niya an pokus na ini sa pamilya, sa trabaho, asin sa buhay politikal. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Sociology of Arlie Hochschild|journal=Work and Occupations|volume=38}}</ref> An saiyang mga obra naitradusir na sa 17 tataramon. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Arlie R. Hochschild|url=https://sociology.berkeley.edu/professor-emeritus/arlie-r-hochschild|access-date=2024-05-20|website=sociology.berkeley.edu|language=en}}</ref> Siya man an kagsurat kan sarong librong pang-aki na may titulong ''Coleen The Question Girl,'' na pig-ilustrar ni Gail Ashby. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Coleen The Question Girl|last=Hochschild|first=Arlie|publisher=Feminist Press|year=1974|isbn=9780912670126}}</ref> == Biograpiya == === Amay na buhay asin pinaghalean kan pamilya === Si Arlie Hochschild namundag sa Boston, Massachusetts, an aking babae ni Ruth Alene (Libbey) asin Francis Henry Russell, sarong diplomatiko na nagserbi sa Israel, New Zealand, Ghana, asin Tunisia. Sa saiyang libro kan 2016, ''Strangers in Their Own Land'', sinabi ni Hochschild na an saiyang enot na mga eksperyensya sa pag-abot asin pagmidbid sa mga tawong iba saiya naggikan sa saiyang sadiring ideya kan siya aki pa na siya "katabang ni tatay" - ( posibleng bakong ideya na saiyang ipinaabot, siya sa huri nagpapabanaag). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right|url=https://archive.org/details/strangersintheir0000hoch_u3y5|last=Hochshild|first=Arlie|year=2016}}</ref> Inagom niya si Adam Hochschild kan 1965 asin igwa sindang duwang aking lalaki, si David asin Gabriel. Kan 1964, siya asin si Adam mga trabahador sa deretso sibil sa Vicksburg, Mississippi . <ref name="swarthmore.edu2">{{Cite web|title=A Playful Spirit – Swarthmore College Bulletin|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/bulletin/archive/wp/april-2013_a-playful-spirit.html|access-date=March 3, 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> === Edukasyon asin karera sa akademya === Si Hochschild naggradwar sa Swarthmore College kan 1962 na may mayor na International Relations. <ref name="swarthmore.edu3">{{Cite web|title=A Playful Spirit – Swarthmore College Bulletin|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/bulletin/archive/wp/april-2013_a-playful-spirit.html|access-date=March 3, 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> Nakua niya an saiyang MA (1965) asin PhD (1969) sa Unibersidad kan California, Berkeley, na an faculty kaini saiyang pig-ayon pagkatapos na magtukdo sa Unibersidad kan California, Santa Cruz poon 1969 sagkod 1971. == Mga lugar nin pagsiyasat == Gamit an hararom na mga interbyu asin obserbasyon, an pagsiyasat ni Hochschild nagdara saiya sa manlaen-laen na sosyal na kinaban. Nagsurat siya manungod sa mga residente sa sarong proyekto sa pabahay na hababa an kita para sa mga gurang ( ''The Unexpected Community'' ), mga flight attendant asin mga parasingil nin bill na naggigibo nin "emosyonal na trabaho" ( ''The Managed Heart )'', mga nagtatrabahong magurang na nasasakitan na bangaon an trabaho sa harong asin pag-ataman sa aki ( ''The Second Shift'' ), mga empleyado nin korporasyon na nakikipag-olay sa kultura nin workaholism ( ''The Time Bind'' ). Ininterbyu man niya an mga trabahador sa pag-ataman nin mga aki asin mga gurang, mga katabang sa internet-dating, mga paraplano nin kasal ( ''The Outsourced Self )'' asin mga yaya na Pilipina na binayaan an saindang mga aki tanganing atamanon an mga pamilyang Amerikano ( ''Global Woman'' ). An saiyang 2013 ''So How's the Family and Other Essays'' sarong koleksyon na kabali an mga essay manungod sa emosyonal na pagtrabaho—nuarin ta ini naoogma asin nuarin dai? —empatiya, asin personal na mga estratehiya para sa pagprobar na mag-ogma asin “magkaigwa nin kahulugan” sa buhay na may kadikit na oras sa pamilya. An saiyang huring duwang proyekto sa pagsiyasat nakasentro sa pag-itaas kan politikal na deretso. ''An Strangers in Their Own Land'' nakabasar sa limang taon na pagsiyasat sa paglubog sa mga tagasuporta kan Louisiana kan Tea Party . Tano, an hapot nia, ta an mga residente kan ikaduwang pinakadukhang estado kan nasyon nagboboto para sa mga kandidato na nagtutumang sa tabang kan gobyerno? Tano ta, sa sarong estado na grabe an polusyon, mas gusto kan mga botante an mga pulitiko na nagduduwa-duwa na i-regulate an mga industriya na nakakapolusyon? An saiyang paghanap nin mga kasimbagan an nagdara saiya sa konsepto kan "hararom na istorya." ” An libro sarong finalist kan National Book Award, siring man saro sa sampulong pinakamarahay na librong bakong fiction kan dekada kan Boston Public Library. Sa saiyang maabot na ''Stolen Pride: Loss, Shame, and the Rise of the Right'', namumugtak niya an saiyang sadiri sa pinakaputi asin ikaduwang pinakadukhang distrito kan kongreso kan nasyon, kun saen nahihiling niya an mga residente na napapaatubang sa sarong "perpektong bagyo." Nawara na an mga trabaho sa karbon. Sarong makaturotristeng krisis sa droga an nag-abot. Asin kan 2017, sarong martsa nin nasyonalistang puti an nagdadangadang sa banwaan—sarong pag-ensayo, siring sa nangyari, para sa nakagagadan na martsa kan Unite the Right na madali nang mangyari sa Charlottesville, Virginia. Kan yaon na sa sentro kan pulitika kan nasyon, an distrito nagboto nin 80% para ki Donald Trump kan 2016 asin 2020. Si Hochschild nag-eeksplorar kan makusog na kultura nin sarong banwaan nin pag-orgulyo asin pakikipaglaban sa dai maninigong kasusupgan, asin nakanompong digdi nin sarong lente na sa paagi kaini mahihiling an politika sa Amerika ngunyan, asin sa kadakol pang ibang panahon asin lugar. === Emosyon sa sosyal na buhay: Mga susundon sa pagmati asin emosyonal na trabaho === Ipigproponer ni Hochschild na an mga emosyon nin tawo—kaogmahan, kamunduan, kaanggotan, kaogmahan, pag-imon, pag-imon, pagkadesesperar—sarong parte sosyal. An lambang kultura, sabi niya, nagtatao sa mga miyembro kaini nin mga prototipo nin pagmati na, arog kan manlaen-laen na mga susi sa sarong piano, nagtutugtog sato sa manlaen-laen na panlaog na nota. Nagtatao siya nin halimbawa kan mga taga-Tahiti, na igwa nin sarong tataramon, "may helang," para sa kun ano sa ibang kultura an pwedeng katumbas kan pag-imon, depresyon, kamunduan, o kamunduan. An kultura naggigiya sa akto nin pagmidbid sa sarong pagmati sa paagi nin pagproponer kun ano an posibleng mamatian ta. Sa ''The Managed Heart'', sinitar ni Hochschild an nobelista na Czech [[Milan Kundera|na si Milan Kundera]], na nagsurat na an tataramon na Czech na "litost" nanonongod sa sarong dai maipaliwanag na paghimuyawot, na may halo na pagbasol asin kamunduan—sarong konstelasyon nin mga pagmati na mayong katumbas sa arin man na ibang tataramon. Bako man na an mga bakong Czech dai nanggad nakakamati nin litost, an sabi nia; ini iyo na sinda dai, sa parehong paagi, iniimbitaran na iluwas asin patunayan an pagmati. Dai ta basta-basta namamatian an satong namamatian, an suhestiyon ni Hochschild. Kita "naghihingoa" na mamatian an paagi na gusto ta o iniisip na dapat tang mamatian base sa mga susundon sa pagmati na hale sa sosyedad. Asin ginigibo ta ini sa paagi nin emosyonal na pagtrabaho . Halimbawa, sa <nowiki><i id="mwdA">The Managed Heart</i></nowiki>, si Hochschild nagsurat kun pano an mga flight attendant sinanay na kontrolon an mga namamatian kan mga pasahero sa mga panahon nin kariribokan asin peligrosong mga sitwasyon mantang pigpopogolan an saindang sadiring takot o kahaditan. An mga parasingil nin bill, man, parateng sinanay na imahinaron an mga may utang bilang hugakon o bakong onesto, kaya sinda puedeng makamate nin pagduda asin pagkatakot. Mantang nagdadakula an bilang kan mga trabaho sa serbisyo, nagdadakula man an manlaen-laen na klase nin emosyonal na trabaho. Sa panahon kan COVID-19, an argumento niya, kadakol na mga trabahador sa enotan an naggigibo kan emosyonal na trabaho sa pagpugol kan mga halangkaw na kahaditan manungod sa saindang sadiring salud asin sa saindang mga pamilya mantang inaatubang an takot, kahaditan asin minsan an pagkaongis kan publiko. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Stix|first=Gary|date=2020-11-01|title=Emotional Labor Is a Store Clerk Confronting a Maskless Customer|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/emotional-labor-is-a-store-clerk-confronting-a-maskless-customer/|access-date=2024-05-20|website=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref> An emosyonal na pagtrabaho nagin pankinaban, an argumento nia. Sa saiyang essay, "Love and Gold," sa ''Global Woman'' ilinaladawan niya an mga imigrante na nag-aataman na mga trabahador na binabayaan an saindang mga aki asin gurang sa Pilipinas, Mehiko o saen man sa global na Sur, tanganing magkua nin mga trabahong may bayad na nag-aataman sa mga hoben asin gurang sa mga pamilya sa an mayaman na Norte. An siring na mga trabaho nangangaipo sa mga trabahador na pamahalaan an kamondoan asin kamondoan sa saindang sadiring haloy nang dai naheheling na mga aki, agom, asin gurang nang mga magurang, dawa ngani sinda naghihingoang makamate—asin tunay na namamatean—an mainit na pagkakabit sa mga aki asin kamagurangan na aroaldaw nindang inaataman para sa Norte. Ilinaladawan ni Hochschild an siring na halimbawa bilang sarong pankinaban na kadena nin pag-ataman . === Trabaho asin pamilya === Sa ibang mga libro, pig-aaplikar ni Hochschild an saiyang pananaw sa emosyon sa pamilyang Amerikano. Sa ''The Second Shift'', siya nagtutulod na an pamilya naipit sa sarong "napundo na rebolusyon." Kadaklan sa mga ina nagtatrabaho para sa sweldo sa luwas kan harong; iyan an rebolusyon. Alagad an mga trabaho na igwa sinda asin an mga lalaking saindang pig-uulian dai nagbago nin marikas o hararom arog kan saiyang ginibo; iyan an kuwadra. Si Hochschild nagsusubaybay nin mga koneksyon sa pag-ultanan kan dibisyon kan trabaho kan mag-agom asin an saindang nakatagong "ekonomiya nin pagpasalamat." Siisay, an hapot nia, an nagpapasalamat kiisay, asin para sa ano? Sa ''The Time Bind'', pinag-adalan ni Hochschild an mga nagtatrabahong magurang sa sarong Fortune 500 na kompanya na nakikipag-olay sa sarong importanteng kontradiksyon. Sa sarong lado, haros gabos na saiyang nakaulay nagsabi saiya na "an sakuyang pamilya an enot." Alagad, kan hinapot niya an mga impormante "Saen ka nagkukua nin tabang kun kaipuhan mo ini?" o "Saen ka pinakanababalosan sa saimong ginigibo, trabaho o harong?" para sa mga 20 porsyento an simbag iyo an "sa trabaho." Para sa sainda, "an pamilya nagigin garo trabaho asin an trabaho nagkukua kan pagmati asin tono kan pamilya." <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/0730888411418921|title=The Sociology of Arlie Hochschild|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_work-and-occupations_2011-11_38_4/page/459|journal=Work and Occupations|volume=38|issue=4|pages=459–464|year=2011|last1=Wharton|first1=Amy S.|s2cid=145525401}}</ref> Sa sarong interbyu sa ''Journal of Consumer Culture'', ilinaladawan ni Hochschild kun pano an kapitalismo igwa nin papel sa "imahinasyon na sadiri" nin saro—an sadiri na magigin kita kun igwa sana kita nin panahon. === Teorya nin pagdis-engage === Sa saiyang naenot na gibo, pigkritika ni Hochschild an teorya nin pag-urong-sulong sa paggurang. Susog sa teoryang iyan, dai malilikayan asin unibersal, sa paagi nin pagsuhay, an indibidwal nakakaeksperyensya nin sarong sosyal na kagadanan bago sinda makaeksperyensya nin pisikal na kagadanan. Alagad sa proyekto sa pabahay na hababa an kita na saiyang pinag-adalan para sa saiyang PhD Dissertation asin kan huri ipinublikar bilang ''The Unexpected Community,'' nadiskobre niya sa tahaw kan buhay na grupo nin mga gurang na residente an sarong kultura nin padagos na pakikipag-ulay. Kan sinda nagadan, garo baga, "na nakasulot kan saindang mga botas." Sa bilog na kinaban, isinusuherir nia, an mga indibidwal magkakalaen sa saindang mga ideyal nin paggurang, sa mga susundon sa pagmate na saindang iinaaplikar sa buhay, asin tibaad magkaiba pa ngani sa mismong eksperyensya nin kagadanan. <ref name="Hochschild 553">{{Cite journal|date=October 1975|title=Disengagement Theory: A Critique and Proposal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2094195|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=40}}</ref> == Mga Onra == Si Hochschild nag-ako nin mga honorary degree gikan sa Harvard University (2021), an Unibersidad kan Lausanne, Switzerland (2018), Westminster College, Pennsylvania (2018), Mount St. Vincent University, Canada (2013), an Unibersidad kan Lapland, Finland (2012), Aalborg University, Denmark (2004), an Unibersidad kan Oslo, Norway (2000), asin Swarthmore College (1993). Naresibe man niya an Ulysses Medal gikan sa University College Dublin, Ireland (2015) asin an Helmholtz Medal gikan sa Berlin Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities kan 2024. Siya man pig-indukto sa California Hall of Fame (2022). == Bibliograpiya == === Mga libro === * {{Cite book|title=The unexpected community|last=Hochschild, Arlie Russell|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1973|isbn=978-0-13-936385-6}} * {{Cite book|title=The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling|title-link=The Managed Heart: the Commercialization of Human Feeling|publisher=University of California Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-520-05454-7}} * {{Cite book|title=The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home|title-link=The Second Shift|publisher=Viking|year=1989|isbn=978-0-670-82463-2}} * {{Cite book|title=The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work|url=https://archive.org/details/timebindwhenwork0000hoch_l9f7|publisher=Metropolitan Books|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8050-4471-3}} * {{Cite book|title=The Commercialization of Intimate Life: Notes from Home and Work|url=https://archive.org/details/commercializatio0000hoch|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-520-21488-0}} * {{Cite book|title=Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy|url=https://archive.org/details/globalwomannanni00barb|publisher=Metropolitan Books|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8050-7509-0|editor-last=Hochschild|editor-first=Arlie Russell|editor-mask=1|editor-last2=Ehrenreich|editor-first2=Barbara}} * {{Cite book|title=The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times|title-link=The Outsourced Self|publisher=Metropolitan Books|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8050-8889-2}} * {{Cite book|title=So How's the Family? and Other Essays|publisher=University of California Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-520-27228-6}} * {{Cite book|title=Contre l'Indifférence Des Privilégiés: à Quoi Sert le Care|last=Hochschild|first=Arlie Russell|last2=Tronto|first2=Joan|last3=Gilligan|first3=Carol|publisher=Payot|year=2013|isbn=978-2-228-90877-1|location=Paris|language=French|author-mask=1|author-link2=Joan Tronto|author-link3=Carol Gilligan}} * {{Cite book|title=Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right|title-link=Strangers in Their Own Land|publisher=The New Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-62097-225-0}} * {{Cite book|title=Coleen - The Question Girl|last=Hochschild|first=Arlie|date=July 15, 2016|publisher=Blurb|isbn=978-1-367-45897-0|page=}} * {{Cite book|title=Coleen the Question Girl|publisher=Invisible Spaces of Parenthood|year=2016|isbn=978-1-367-45897-0|location=London, UK|oclc=1090643724}} * {{Cite book|title=Stolen Pride: Loss, Shame, and the Rise of the Right|url=https://archive.org/details/stolenpridelosss0000hoch|publisher=The New Press|year=2024|isbn=978-1-62097-646-3}} <ref name="g1462">{{cite web|last=Clark|first=Doug Bock|title=Book Review: ‘Stolen Pride,’ by Arlie Russell Hochschild|website=The New York Times|date=2024-09-10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/10/books/review/stolen-pride-arlie-russell-hochschild.html|access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref><ref name="g1463">{{cite web|last=Clark|first=Doug Bock|title=Book Review: ‘Stolen Pride,’ by Arlie Russell Hochschild|website=The New York Times|date=2024-09-10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/10/books/review/stolen-pride-arlie-russell-hochschild.html|access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref><ref name="i0132">{{cite web|title=Stolen Pride by Arlie Russell Hochschild|website=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/382223fb-0a92-435e-951c-4cbe9035554c|access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref> == Hilingon man == * Komersyalisasyon kan pagkamoot * Emosyon na trabaho * Emosyonal na trabaho * Pagbugkos nin oras * Mga susundon sa pagmati == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * [http://sociology.berkeley.edu/professor-emeritus/arlie-r-hochschild Pahina ni Arlie Russell Hochschild] sa UC Berkeley * [http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/DocumentToolsPortletWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&jsid=6301591fad23d39539480c83a6109946&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CH1000046077&u=stan90222&zid=40fd99c55d2c3c7c2d905da7416ce747 Biograpiya sa Konteksto] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/opinion/sunday/the-outsourced-life.html?_r=1&emc=eta1 An Outsourced Life (NYTimes.com: Mayo 5, 2012)] * [http://www.beds.ac.uk/jpd/volume-5-issue-1-march-2015 ''Mga Pangenot na Paraisip sa Pedagohiya''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181112034944/http://isa-global-dialogue.net/emotional-labor-around-the-world-an-interview-with-arlie-hochschild ''Emosyonal na Pagtrabaho sa Bilog na Kinaban: Sarong Interbyu ki Arlie Hochschild''] * [http://www.democracynow.org/2016/9/28/what_drives_trump_supporters_sociologist_arlie Ano an Nagtutulod sa mga Parasuporta ni Trump?] [http://www.democracynow.org/2016/9/28/what_drives_trump_supporters_sociologist_arlie : Sosyologo na si Arlie Russell Hochschild sa Kaanggotan asin Pagmondo kan Tama] * [http://www.democracynow.org/2016/9/28/arlie_russell_hochschild_on_strangers_in Arlie Russell Hochschild sa "Mga Estranghero sa Sadiring Sadiring Daga: Kaanggotan asin Pagmondo sa Amerika" Parte 2] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/04/books/review/gilbert-gaul-the-geography-of-risk.html "An mga Harong sa Dalan ni Dorian yaon sa sarong Lugar na Halangkaw an Peligro. Taano ta Mahalaga an Gasto?" ( ''The New York Times'', Setyembre 4, 2019)] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/books/review/deaths-of-despair-and-the-future-of-capitalism-anne-case-angus-deaton.html?searchResultPosition=1 "Kun Paano an Puting Klaseng Trabahador Nadedestroso" ( ''The New York Times'', Marso 17, 2020)] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/opinion/coronavirus-poverty-homelessness.html?searchResultPosition=1 Kun an Sarong Pandemya Nag-abot sa mga Amerikano na Nagtitios Na ( ''The New York Times'', Marso 20, 2020)] [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9qtn0pze8t3qwn6cugpuq3xlla63m8k 0 50682 309733 282424 2026-08-23T22:55:05Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309733 wikitext text/x-wiki   Si '''Yenlin Ku''' ( Chinese ; namundag kan 1948) (minsan pigbabaybay na '''Yenling Ku''' ) sarong prominenteng [[Feminismo|peministang]] imbuelto sa hiron kan mga kababaihan sa Taiwan. <ref name="Guide">{{Cite book|title=Guide to Women's Studies in China|last=Hershatter|first=Gail|publisher=Institute of East Asian Studies|year=1998|isbn=978-1-55729-063-2|location=Berkeley, California|page=x}}</ref> == Edukasyon == Si Ku igwa nin Bachelor of Arts gikan sa National Taiwan University, sarong Master of Arts gikan sa Claremont Graduate University asin sarong Ed. S. gikan sa Indiana University Bloomington . == Karera == Siya sarong paratukdo sa Graduate Institute for Gender Studies asin sarong parahatol sa Gobyerno kan Siyudad nin Taipei . Dakul sa saiyang mga eksperyensya asin obserbasyon an nakolekta sa saiyang blog na "feminist-original". Si Ku aktibo sa hiro poon pa kan kabangaan kan dekada 1970. Kan 1982 si Ku asin an sarong grupo nin mga katrabaho na nagsuporta sa pagkapantay-pantay kan mga lalaki asin babae nagmukna kan magasin ''na Awakening'' tanganing dagkahon an pag-aram kan mga kababaihan sa sadiri asin tanganing pataluboon an paghadit kan publiko manungod sa mga isyu kan mga kababaihan. An proyektong ini sinundan kan 1987 kan Awakening Foundation sa katuyuhan na makatipon nin mas dakol na kababaihan, mapakarhay an saindang mga kamugtakan sosyal asin maghingoa para sa saindang mga deretso. Pagkatapos magbalik gikan sa kumperensya sa Nairobi kan 1985, si Ku asin iba pang mga iskolar sa pag-aadal nin mga babae nagbilog kan Women's Research Programme sa National Taiwan University. Nagserbi siyang pamayo kan Awakening Foundation poon 1997-1998 asin nagin pinakaenot na femocrat sa Taiwan kan katapusan kan 1998. == Mga piniling obra == * {{Cite journal|last=Ku|first=Yenlin|title=The changing status of women in Taiwan: A conscious and collective struggle toward equality|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womens-studies-international-forum_1988_11_3/page/179|journal=[[Women's Studies International Forum]]|volume=11|issue=3|pages=179–186|doi=10.1016/0277-5395(88)90133-1|date=1988}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ku|first=Yenlin|title=The feminist movement in Taiwan, 1972-87|journal=Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars|volume=21|issue=1|publisher=[[Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars]]|date=January–March 1989|url=http://criticalasianstudies.org/bcas/index-by-date.html?page=5#v21n01|access-date=2025-02-05|archivedate=2015-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071500/http://criticalasianstudies.org/bcas/index-by-date.html?page=5#v21n01}} * {{Citation|last=Ku|first=Yenlin|contribution=Selling a feminist agenda on a conservative market: The awakening experience in Taiwan|editor-last1=Bell|editor-first1=Diane|editor-last2=Klein|editor-first2=Renate|title=Radically speaking: feminism reclaimed|pages=423–428|publisher=Spinifex Press|location=North Melbourne, Victoria|year=1996|isbn=9781875559381|postscript=.}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ku|first=Yenlin|title=Feminist activism within bureaucracy: Process of formulating and implementing regulations governing the protection of women's rights in Taipei|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womens-studies-international-forum_may-june-2008_31_3/page/176|journal=[[Women's Studies International Forum]]|volume=31|issue=3|pages=176–185|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2008.04.004|date=May–June 2008}} == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} a959230n8x82hmse526pu4l9r89bgd8 0 50737 309528 308777 2026-08-23T19:43:25Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tawo|honorific_prefix=|name=Pandita Ramabai|image=Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati 1858-1922 front-page-portrait.jpg|caption=|birth_name=Rama Dongre|birth_date={{birth date|1858|4|23|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Mangalore]], [[Madras Presidency]], British&nbsp;India|death_date={{death date and age|1922|4|5|1858|4|23|df=y}}|death_place=[[Kedgaon, Pune district|Kedgaon]], [[Bombay Presidency]], British&nbsp;India|nationality=<!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->|spouse={{marriage|Bipin Behari Medhvi|1880|1882|reason=his death}}|occupation=Social reformer|years_active=1885–1922|organization=Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission, Kedgaon|known_for=Ministry among destitute and orphan girls|notable_works=''The High Caste Hindu Woman'' (1887)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Aisha |date=14 November 2018 |title=Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/obituaries/pandita-ramabai-overlooked.html |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>|children=1}} Si '''Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati''' (23 Abril 1858 – 5 Abril 1922) sarong repormador sosyal na Indian asin misyonerong Kristiyano. Siya an pinakaenot na babae na tinawan kan mga titulong ''Pandita'' bilang sarong iskolar [[Sanskrito|sa Sanskrit]] asin ''[[Saraswati|Sarasvati]]'' pagkatapos na siyasaton kan mga paratukdo kan Unibersidad kan Calcutta . <ref name="WHN2">{{cite web|title=Women's History Month: Pandita Ramabai|url=https://womenshistorynetwork.org/womens-history-month-pandita-ramabai/|website=Women's History Network|date=11 March 2011}}</ref> Saro siya sa sampulong babaeng delegado kan sesyon kan Kongreso kan 1889. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4481937|title=Indian Christianity and National Movements|last1=Kollanoor|first1=Greger}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.importantindia.com/15397/short-biography-of-pandita-ramabai/|title=Short Biography of Ramabai|date=25 May 2015|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207235117/https://www.importantindia.com/15397/short-biography-of-pandita-ramabai/|url-status=}}</ref> Durante kan saiyang pag-istar sa Inglaterra kan amay na mga taon nin 1880, siya nagkombertir sa Kristiyanismo. Pagkatapos kaiyan, naglibot siya nin mahiwas sa Estados Unidos tanganing magkolekta nin mga pondo para sa mga dukha na babaeng Indian. Sa mga natipon na pondo, pinunan niya an Sharada Sadan para sa mga aki na balo. Kan huring parte kan dekada 1890, pigmukna niya an Mukti Mission, sarong Kristiyanong charity sa baryo nin Kedgaon, kwarentang milya sa sirangan kan siyudad nin Pune . <ref name="(Pandita)Ramabai2003">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJGKf0efsRMC&pg=PP1|title=Pandita Ramabai's American Encounter: The Peoples of the United States (1889)|last=Ramabai Sarasvati (Pandita)|last2=Pandita Ramabai|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2003|isbn=|pages=29–30}}</ref> <ref name="Feldhaus1998">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FobxiflfVQC&pg=PA192|title=Images of Women in Maharashtrian Society|last=Anne Feldhaus|date=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=|page=205}}</ref> An misyon kan huri nginaranan na Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission. == Amay na buhay asin edukasyon == Si Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati namundag bilang Ramabai {{Efn|Some sources state Rama}} Dongre kan 23 Abril 1858 sa sarong pamilyang Chitpavan Brahmin na nagtataram nin Marathi. <ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|title=Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator|last=Khan|first=Aisha|date=14 November 2018|url=https://nyti.ms/2DnDI6P}}</ref> An saiyang ama, si Anant Shastri Dongre, sarong iskolar sa Sanskrit, an nagtukdo saiya nin Sanskrit sa harong. An pambihirang pagkasadiosan ni Dongre an nagdara saiya na magbiyahe nin mahiwas sa bilog na India kaiba an saiyang pamilya. An saiyang ina, si Lakshmi, inagom an mas gurang na si Anant Shastri sa edad na siyam. Si Anant Shastri pabor sa edukasyon kan mga babae asin nagpoon na magtukdo nin Sanskrit ki Lakshmi. Kabaliktaran nanggad ini sa lakop na mga kostumbre. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Vikal Vidrohini Pandita Ramabai|last=Sujata|publisher=Rajkamal|year=2023|isbn=|edition=1st|location=New Delhi|pages=11–12}}</ref> Si Ramabai nagkaigwa nin pagkabantad sa pagtaram sa publiko sa paagi nin pagpartisipar sa pampublikong pag-awit kan pamilya kan Purana sa mga lugar nin pag-pilgrimage sa palibot kan India, na iyo an paagi kun pano sinda nagkaigwa nin kadikit na pagbuhay. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kosambi|first=Meera|date=24–31 October 1992|title=Indian Response to Christianity, Church and Colonialism: The Case of Pandita Ramabai|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399059}}</ref> Si Lakshmi nagin mahusay sa Sanskrit na siya man nagtutukdo sa mga hoben na aking lalaki, alagad ini kinontra nin grabe kan mga ortodoksong Brahmin. Ini an mga sirkumstansya na nagpirit ki Anant Shastri na magbalyo kaiba an saiyang pamilya sa sarong medyo mapungaw na lugar. <ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=Pandita Ramabai: Life and landmark writings|url=https://www.routledge.com/Pandita-Ramabai-Life-and-landmark-writings/Kosambi/p/book/9781138488588|access-date=31 March 2023|website=Routledge & CRC Press|language=en}}</ref> == Impluwensya sa amay na Pentecostalismo == An mga iskolar kan Pentecostalismo nagpoon nang mag-eksplorar kan posibilidad na imbes na nagpoon sa sarong pangyayari sa bantog na Azusa Street Church sa Los Angeles kan 1906, an mga ginikanan kan Pentecostalismo pwedeng masubaybayan sa mga relihiyosong pagbangon sa bilog na kinaban, na pig-interpretar kan mga partisipante bilang mga senyales nin sarong bagong panahon sa kasaysayan kan mga Kristiyano. An pambihirang mga estado nin isip-pisikal na kaiba kan mga emosyonal na grabeng pagbuhay liwat nagkaigwa nin manlaen-laen na porma sa manlaen-laen na lugar. Si Minnie Abrams, an Amerikanong katabang ni Ramabai asin sarong beteranong misyonero na may haraning asosasyon sa mobimiento nin Kabanalan, nagbareta na kan Hunyo 1905, sampulong bulan bago an pagbuhay liwat sa Azusa Street, sarong matron an nakaabot sa sarong dormitoryo nin mga daragita na nagtatangis, namimibi, asin nagkukumpisal kan saindang mga kasalan. Dangan, sarong daragita an nagpatotoo na siya nabigla sa pagturog huli sa pagmati na siya kinarigos sa kalayo. <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=McGee|first=Gary B.|date=1999|title="Latter Rain" Falling in the East: Early-Twentieth-Century Pentecostalism in India and the Debate over Speaking in Tongues|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_church-history_1999-09_68_3/page/648|journal=Church History|volume=68|issue=3|pages=648–665|doi=|jstor=3170042|s2cid=162798722}}</ref> Siring sa sinabi ni Michael Bergunder, an Mukti Mission parte kan sarong network nin mga institusyon nin misyonero na Protestante na kan amay na ika-beinte siglo naglakop sa bilog na kinaban. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/southindianpente0000berg|last=Bergunder|first=Michael|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2008}}</ref> An network na ini pinagbilog nin sarong mahiwas na sistema nin mga newsletter, pamphlets, mga libro asin iba pang klase nin print media, kaiba an mga kumperensya na nagdara nin mga misyonero sa orolay sa lambang saro, asin pagbiyahe na nagdara nin mga misyonero asin mga tagasuporta gikan sa sarong istasyon nin misyon pasiring sa sunod. Kaya, an bareta manungod sa "banal na kalayo" sa Mukti Mission, kaiba an mga pagbuhay liwat na nangyayari na may garo baga kasabay sa bilog na kinaban nagdara sa kadaklan na magtubod na an sarong pankinaban na "pagbubo kan Espiritu Santo" nangyayari. Dakul na mga misyonero an personal na nagduman sa Kedgaon tanganing magbisita asin magboluntaryo, bilang simbag sa bareta kan pagputok kan Espiritu Santo sa mga estudyante. <ref name=":33">{{Cite journal|last=McGee|first=Gary B.|date=1999|title="Latter Rain" Falling in the East: Early-Twentieth-Century Pentecostalism in India and the Debate over Speaking in Tongues|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_church-history_1999-09_68_3/page/648|journal=Church History|volume=68|issue=3|pages=648–665|doi=|jstor=3170042|s2cid=162798722}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Pandita_Ramabai,_Manoramabai,_and_European_workers_and_friends.jpg|thumb| Pandita Ramabai, Manorama, mga tagasuporta kan mga Misyonero sa Europa asin Amerika]] == Personal na buhay == Sa kadakol na paagi, an buhay pampamilya ni Pandita Ramabai naghale sa mga pamantayan na piglalaoman sa mga babae kan saiyang panahon. An saiyang pagkaaki pano nin mga kasakitan asin amay siyang nawara an saiyang mga magurang. An saiyang kasal ki Bipin Bihari Medhvi naglampas sa mga linya nin kasta. Dugang pa, kan magadan an saiyang agom pakalihis sana nin duwang taon na pag-agoman, sia nawalat na balo. Sa irarom nin ordinaryong mga sirkumstansya, an siring na trahedya nagbugtak sa mga babaeng Indian kan ika-19 siglo sa sarong madaling mabiktima na kamugtakan, na nagsasarig sa pamilya kan saindang nagadan na agom para sa suporta. Si Pandita Ramabai, alagad, nagtagal bilang sarong independienteng babae, asin sarong nagsosolong ina ki Manorama Bai. Sinigurado niya na si Manorama Bai na-edukar, pareho sa Wantage kan mga tugang na babae kan CSMV, asin kan huri sa Bombay University, kun saen nakua ni Manorama an saiyang BA. Pagkatapos magduman sa Estados Unidos para sa mas halangkaw na pag-adal, nagbalik siya sa India kun saen siya nagtrabaho na magkaibanan ki Ramabai. Nagserbing enot bilang Prinsipal kan Sharada Sadan, tinabangan man niya an saiyang ina sa pagmukna kan Christian High School sa Gulbarga (ngonyan nasa Karnataka), sarong atrasado na distrito kan timog na Indya, kan 1912. Kan 1920 an salud ni Ramabai nagpoon na magluya asin itinalaga niya an saiyang aking babae bilang an saro na masakop kan ministeryo kan Mukti Mission. Alagad, nagadan si Manorama kan 1921. An saiyang kagadanan sarong pagkabigla ki Ramabai. Pakalihis nin siyam na bulan, kan 5 Abril 1922, si Ramabai mismo nagadan huli sa septic bronchitis, sa edad na 63. == Mga premyo asin onra == [[Ladawan:Pandita_Ramabai_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb| Ramabai sa sarong selyo kan 1989 kan India]] * "Pandita" asin "Sarasvati" sa Bengal (bago magduman sa Britanya), na minimidbid an saiyang mga kakayahan sa Sanskrit. * <nowiki><i id="mw9A">Kaisari-i-Hind</i></nowiki> Medal para sa serbisyo sa komunidad kan 1919, na itinao kan Gobyerno Kolonyal kan Britanya kan India. <ref>Butler (1922), [[iarchive:panditaramabais00butlgoog/page/n98|p. 83]]</ref> * Siya ginigirumdom sa [[Simbahan kan Inglatera|Simbahan kan Inglaterra]] sa paagi nin sarong paggirumdom kan ika-30 nin Abril. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref> * Kan 26 Oktubre 1989, bilang pagmidbid sa saiyang kontribusyon sa pag-uswag kan mga babaeng Indian, an Gobyerno kan India nagluwas nin sarong selyo nin paggirumdom. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx|title=Indian Postage Stamps 1947–2000|publisher=Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Government of India|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210123/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Hilingon man == [[:en:Kartini|Kartini]] == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} g75yprcz7s3ru0xed1csiwgjjz7t376 0 50738 309802 295221 2026-08-23T23:54:26Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Puran Reading in a Temple.jpg|thumb|Puran Reading in a Temple]] '''Mga Hindu''' (  ; /ˈ h ɪ n d uː z / ; midbid man sa apod na Sanātanīs ) mga tawong relihiyosong nagsusunod sa [[Hinduismo]], midbid man sa endonym kaini na Sanātana Dharma . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zavos|date=April 2001|title=Defending Hindu Tradition: Sanatana Dharma as a Symbol of Orthodoxy in Colonial India}}</ref> <ref name="jefferylong">[[Jeffery D. Long]] (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFKBAgAAQBAJ|title=Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present|last=Lloyd Ridgeon|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=|pages=10–11}}</ref> Sa kasaysayan, an termino ginagamit man bilang sarong heograpiko, kultural, asin sa huri relihiyosong pamidbid para sa mga tawong nag-eerok sa [[Subkontinenteng Indio|subkontinente kan India]] . <ref name="brian111">{{Citation|title=Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion}}</ref> Pighuhuna na an terminong ''"Hindu"'' minabalik sa kasuratan kan Avestan na Vendidad na nagtutukoy sa daga nin pitong salog bilang Hapta Hendu na iyo mismo an kapareho kan terminong [[Sanskrito|Sanskrit]] ''na Sapta Sindhuḥ'' . (An terminong ''Sapta Sindhuḥ'' nasambit sa [[Rigveda|Rig Veda]] asin nanonongod sa sarong rehiyon kan Norte-sulnupan na Indya na may pitong salog asin sa India sa kabilogan.) An mga [[Tataramon na Griego|Griyegong]] kapareho kan parehong mga termino iyo an " ''Indus'' " (para sa salog) asin " ''India'' " (para sa daga kan salog). <ref name="Bose2006">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gyAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|title=The Magic of Indian Cricket: Cricket and Society in India|last=Mihir Bose|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=|pages=1–3}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/india|title=India|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=13 January 2022|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113063857/https://www.etymonline.com/word/india|url-status=}}</ref> [ 70 ] Siring man an [[Hebreo|Hebreong]] cognate ''na hōd-dū'' nanonongod sa India na nasambit sa Hebreong Biblia ( [https://biblehub.com/text/esther/1-1.htm Ester 1:1] ). An terminong " ''Hindu'' " nagpaparisa man nin sarong heograpiko, etniko o kultural na identifier para sa mga tawong nag-eerok sa subkontinente kan India sa palibot o sa ibong kan [[Salog Indus|Salog Sindhu (Indus)]] . <ref name="hawleynarayanan">{{Citation|title=The Life of Hinduism}}</ref> Pag-abot kan ika-16 na siglo C.E., an termino nagpoon na nanonongod sa mga residente kan subkontinente na bakong Turko o [[Muslim]] . {{Efn|{{harvtxt|Flood|1996|p=6}} adds: "(...) 'Hindu', or 'Hindoo', was used towards the end of the eighteenth century by the British to refer to the people of 'Hindustan', the people of northwest India. Eventually 'Hindu' became virtually equivalent to an 'Indian' who was not a Muslim, Sikh, Jain or Christian, thereby encompassing a range of religious beliefs and practices. The '-ism' was added to Hindu in around 1830 to denote the culture and religion of the high-caste [[Brahman]]s in contrast to other religions, and the term was soon appropriated by Indians themselves in the context of building a national identity opposed to colonialism, though the term 'Hindu' was used in Sanskrit and Bengali hagiographic texts in contrast to 'Yavana' or Muslim as early as the sixteenth century".}} {{Efn|{{harvtxt|von Stietencron|2005|p=229}}: For more than 100 years the word Hindu (plural) continued to denote the Indians in general. But when, from AD 712 onwards, Muslims began to settle permanently in the [[Indus valley]] and to make converts among low-caste Hindus, Persian authors distinguished between Hindus and Muslims in India: Hindus were Indians other than Muslim. We know that Persian scholars were able to distinguish a number of religions among the Hindus. But when Europeans started to use the term Hindoo, they applied it to the non-Muslim masses of India without those scholarly differentiations.}} An makasaysayan na pag-uswag kan Hindu na pagkamidbid sa sadiri sa laog kan lokal na populasyon na Indian, sa relihiyoso o kultural na kahulugan, bakong malinaw. <ref name="lorenzenhidentity2">{{harvnb|Lorenzen|2006|pp=24–33}}</ref> An mga nagkokompetensya na teorya nagsasabi na an identidad na Hindu nagtalubo kan panahon kolonyal kan Britanya, o na ini pwedeng nagtalubo pagkatapos kan ika-8 siglo CE pagkatapos kan mga pagsalakay kan mga Muslim asin mga giyera kan Hindu-Muslim kan edad media. <ref name="lorenzenhidentity">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lorenzen|2006}}</ref> <ref name="pollockdevagiri">Sheldon Pollock (1993), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648 Rāmāyaṇa and political imgination in India] , Journal of Asian studies, Vol. </ref> An pagmati nin identidad na Hindu asin an terminong ''Hindu'' minalataw sa nagkapirang teksto na may petsa sa pag'oltan kan ika-13 asin ika-18 siglo sa Sanskrit asin Bengali . <ref name="OConnell19732">{{cite journal|title=The Word 'Hindu' in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Texts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1973_93_3/page/n87|author=O'Connell, Joseph T.|date=July–September 1973|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=93|issue=3|pages=340–344|doi=|jstor=599467}}</ref> An mga pararawitdawit na Indian kan ika-14 asin ika-18 siglo arog ni Vidyapati, Kabir, Tulsidas asin Eknath ginamit an fraseng ''Hindu dharma'' (Hinduismo) asin pigkumpara ini sa ''Turaka dharma'' ( [[Islam]] ). [ 76 ] An [[Kristiyano|Kristiyanong]] [[prayle]] na si Sebastiao Manrique naggamit kan terminong 'Hindu' sa sarong relihiyosong konteksto kan 1649. [ 77 ] Kan ika-18 siglo, an mga negosyante asin kolonista sa Europa nagpoon na apodon an mga parasunod kan mga relihiyon na Indian bilang ''mga Hindu'', na iba sa ''mga Mohamedano'' para sa mga grupo arog kan mga Turko, [[Imperyong Mughal|Mughal]] asin Arabo, na mga parasunod kan Islam. Kan kabangaan kan ika-19 siglo, an mga tekstong kolonyal na orientalista orog pang namidbid an mga Hindu sa [[Budismo|mga Budista]], [[Sikh]] asin [[Hainismo|Jain]], alagad an mga ley kolonyal padagos na pigkokonsiderar na sinda gabos nasa laog kan sakop kan terminong ''Hindu'' sagkod sa mga kabangaan kan ika-20 siglo. <ref name="rachel">Rachel Sturman (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Timothy Lubin et al), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-71626-0}}, pag 90</ref> Sinasabi kan mga iskolar na an kaugalean na pagmidbid sa mga Hindu, Budista, Jain asin Sikh sarong modernong pangyayari. <ref name="lipner17">Julius J. Lipner (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, , pages 17–18</ref> <ref name="leslie">Leslie Orr (2014), Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-535672-4}}, pages 25–26, 204</ref> {{Efn|Despite the commonplace use of the term "Hindu" for the followers of the Hindu religion, the term also continues to designate a cultural identity, the ownership of India's millennia-old cultural heritage. [[Arvind Sharma]] notes that the exclusivist conception of religion was foreign to India, and Indians did not yield to it during the centuries of Muslim rule but only under the British colonial rule. Resistance to the exclusivist conception led to [[Savarkar]]'s ''Hindutva'', where Hinduism was seen both as a religion and a culture.{{sfn|Sharma|2008|pp=25–26}} ''Hindutva'' is a national Hindu-ness, by which a Hindu is one born in India and behaves like a Hindu. [[M. S. Golwalkar]] even spoke of "Hindu Muslims", meaning "Hindu by culture, Muslim by religion".{{sfn|Sridharan|2000|pp=13–14}}}} == Etimolohiya == An tataramon na ''Hindu'' sarong exonym . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2sEL7Kj6lcC|title=Nietzsche, Power and Politics: Rethinking Nietzsche's Legacy for Political Thought|last=Herman Siemens, Vasti Roodt|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2009|isbn=|page=546|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131328/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2sEL7Kj6lcC|archive-date=31 March 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRavAwAAQBAJ|title=The Anthropology of Eastern Religions: Ideas, Organizations, and Constituencies|last=|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2014|isbn=|page=36|author-link=Murray Leaf|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131350/https://books.google.com/books?id=NRavAwAAQBAJ|archive-date=31 March 2024}}</ref> An tataramon na ini na ''Hindu'' gikan sa [[Tataramon na Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]] asin [[Sanskrito|Sanskrit]] na tataramon na ''Sindhu'', na boot sabihon "sarong dakulang hawak nin tubig", na minasakop kan "salog, kadagatan". <ref name="TakacsCline20152">{{citation|last1=Takacs|first1=Sarolta Anna|last2=Cline|first2=Eric H.|title=The Ancient World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA377|date=17 July 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=|pages=377–}}</ref> {{Efn|{{harvtxt|Flood|2008|p=3}}: The Indo-Aryan word ''Sindhu'' means "river", "ocean".}} Ginamit ini bilang pangaran kan [[Salog Indus]] asin pigtutukoy man an mga sanga kaini. An aktuwal na terminong ' hindu ' enot na nangyari, sabi ni Gavin Flood, bilang "sarong terminong heograpikong [[Tataramon na Persa|Persiano]] para sa mga tawong nag-eerok sa ibong kan salog Indus (Sanskrit: ''Sindhu'' )", mas partikularmente sa ika-5 siglo BCE, an inskripsyon kan DNa ni Darius I . An rehiyon kan Punjab, na inaapod na Sapta Sindhu sa Vedas, inaapod na ''Hapta Hindu'' sa Zend Avesta . Nasambitan kan ika-6 na siglo B.C.E. na inskripsion ni Dario I an probinsia nin ''Hi[n]dush'', na nanonongod sa amihanan-solnopan na India. An mga tawo sa India inaapod na ''Hinduvān'' asin ''an hindavī'' ginamit bilang adhetibo para sa tataramon na Indian sa teksto kan ika-8 siglo ''na Chachnama'' . Susog ki DN Jha, an terminong 'Hindu' sa mga suanoy na rekord na ini sarong etno-heograpikong termino asin dai nanonongod sa sarong relihiyon.  {{multiple image|direction=vertical|width=235|footer=Hindu culture in Bali, [[Indonesia]]. The Krishna-Arjuna sculpture inspired by the [[Bhagavad Gita]] in [[Denpasar]] (top), and Hindu dancers in traditional dress.|image1=Krishna and Arjuna - panoramio.jpg|image2=Balinese Hindus dressed for traditional dance Indonesia.jpg|align=left}} == Terminolohiya == [[Ladawan:Malviya_dwipa_island_across_Har_ki_Pauri_during_Kavad_mela,_Haridwar.jpg|thumb| Mga Hindu sa Har Ki Pauri, Haridwar harani sa salog [[Ganges]] sa estado nin Uttarakhand kan India.]] === Paggamit kan panahon nin Edad Medya (ika-8 sagkod ika-18 siglo) === An iskolar na si Arvind Sharma nagsabi na an terminong "Hindu" ginamit sa 'Brahmanabad settlement' na ginibo ni Muhammad ibn Qasim sa mga bakong Muslim pagkatapos kan pagsalakay kan mga Arabo sa amihanan-sulnupan na rehiyon nin Sindh kan India, kan 712 CE. An terminong 'Hindu' nangangahulugan nin mga tawong bakong Muslim, asin kabali digdi an mga Budista kan rehiyon. <ref name="arvindsharmahhhh2">Arvind Sharma (2002), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470 On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva] Numen, Vol. </ref> Sa ika-11 siglong teksto kan Al Biruni, an mga Hindu inaapod na "relihiyosong mga kalaban" sa Islam, bilang idtong mga nagtutubod sa pagkamundag liwat, nagpepresentar sainda na magkapot nin manlaen-laen na pagtubod, asin garo baga nag-ooscillate sa pag-ultanan kan mga Hindu na nagkakapot nin sentralista asin pluralista na mga pananaw sa relihiyon. Sa mga teksto kan panahon kan Delhi Sultanate, sabi ni Sharma, an terminong Hindu nagdadanay na bakong malinaw kun baga ini nangangahulugan nin mga tawo sa sarong rehiyon o relihiyon, na nagtatao nin halimbawa kan paliwanag ni Ibn Battuta kan pangaran na "Hindu Kush" para sa sarong kabukidan sa [[Apganistan|Afghanistan]] . Inapod iyan, an isinurat ni Ibn Battuta, huli ta dakol na oripon na Indian an nagadan duman sa nagyeyelong lipot, mantang sinda pigmamartsa sa kabukidan. An terminong ''Hindu'' duman ambivalent asin pwedeng mangahulugan na heograpikong rehiyon o relihiyon. <ref>Arvind Sharma (2002), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470 On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism, and Hindutva] Numen, Vol. </ref> An terminong Hindu minalataw man sa mga teksto gikan sa panahon kan Imperyo Mughal. [[Jahangir|Si Jahangir]], halimbawa, inapod an Sikh Guru Arjan na sarong Hindu: <ref>Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume12/no1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118094357/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume12/no1/3_singh.pdf |date=2017-01-18 }} , Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pages 29–31</ref>  {{Blockquote|text=There was a Hindu named Arjan in Gobindwal on the banks of the Beas River. Pretending to be a spiritual guide, he had won over as devotees many simple-minded Indians and even some ignorant, stupid Muslims by broadcasting his claims to be a saint. [...] When Khusraw stopped at his residence, [Arjan] came out and had an interview with [Khusraw]. Giving him some elementary spiritual precepts picked up here and there, he made a mark with saffron on his forehead, which is called qashqa in the idiom of the Hindus and which they consider lucky. When this was reported to me, I realized how perfectly false he was and ordered him brought to me. I awarded his houses and dwellings and those of his children to Murtaza Khan, and I ordered his possessions and goods confiscated and him executed.|author=Emperor Jahangir|title=Jahangirnama|source=27b-28a (Translated by [[Wheeler Thackston]])<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Wheeler Thackston]]|year=1999|title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8|page=59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131327/https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Prince [[Khusrau Mirza|Khusrau]], Jahangir son, mounted a challenge to the emperor within the first year of his reign. The rebellion was put down and all the collaborators executed. (Pashaura Singh, 2005, pp. 31–34)}}}} An iskolar na Sikh na si Pashaura Singh nagsasabi, "sa mga sinurat na Persiano, [[Sikh|an mga Sikh]] pighihiling na Hindu sa kahulugan kan mga bakong Muslim na mga Indian". Alagad, an mga iskolar arog ni Robert Fraser asin Mary Hammond nagsasabi na an Sikhismo nagpoon sa primero bilang sarong militanteng sekta nin Hinduismo asin ini pormal na nasuhay sa Hinduismo kan ika-20 siglo sana. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9p8DAAAQBAJ&dq=sikhism+hindu+sect+during+mughal+rule&pg=PA21|title=Books Without Borders, Volume 2: Perspectives from South Asia|last=R. Fraser, M. Hammond|date=10 July 2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=|page=21|language=English|quote=The Sikhs arose initially as a militant sect of Hinduism in opposition and resistance to Muslim and especially Mughal rule and its discriminatory and oppressive policies and practices. It was only in the twentieth century that they legally and formally separated from Hinduism to constitute a distinct religion followed by about 1 per cent of the current population of India|access-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918024134/https://books.google.com/books?id=C9p8DAAAQBAJ&dq=sikhism+hindu+sect+during+mughal+rule&pg=PA21|archive-date=18 September 2023}}</ref> == Kultura == An kulturang Hindu sarong termino na ginagamit sa paglaladawan kan kultura asin identidad kan mga Hindu asin [[Hinduismo]], kabali an makasaysayan na mga tawong Vedic . An kulturang Hindu mahihiling na gayo sa porma nin arte, arkitektura, kasaysayan, pagkakan, gubing, [[Jyotisha|astrolohiya]] asin iba pang porma. An kultura kan India asin Hinduismo hararom na naimpluwensiyahan asin na-asimila sa lambang saro. Sa Indianisasyon kan sur-subangan na Asya asin Greater India, an kultura nakaimpluwensya man sa sarong halawig na rehiyon asin iba pang mga relihiyon na mga tawo sa lugar na idto. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Jayshree|title=India's cultural and civilisational influence on Southeast Asia|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-cultural-and-civilizational-influence-on-southeast-asia/|access-date=11 October 2021|website=ORF|language=en-US|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011102538/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-cultural-and-civilizational-influence-on-southeast-asia/|url-status=}}</ref> An gabos na relihiyon sa India, kabali an Budismo, Jainismo asin Sikhismo hararom na naimpluwensiyahan asin malumoy an kapangyarihan kan [[Hinduismo]] . <ref>{{Cite web|date=6 March 2014|title=Religion and Indian Philosophy|url=https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/asian_indian/introduction/religion.html|access-date=11 October 2021|website=Geriatrics|language=en-US|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011102540/https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/asian_indian/introduction/religion.html|url-status=}}</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[:en:History_of_Hinduism|History of Hinduism]] * [[:en:List_of_Hindu_empires_and_dynasties|List of Hindu empires and dynasties]] * [[:en:Hinduism_by_country|Hinduism by country]] * [[:en:Hindu_eschatology|Hindu eschatology]] * [[:en:List_of_Hindu_festivals|List of Hindu festivals]] * [[:en:Hindu_calendar|Hindu calendar]] * [[:en:Suratrana|Suratrana]] * [[:en:Samskaram|Samskaram]] * [[:en:Diksha|Diksha]] * [[:en:Sanātanī|Sanātanī]] == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} byhpbaw1a7b2c7itd0xuxy3pyntek5x 0 50739 309800 299282 2026-08-23T23:53:11Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Kamini Roy|native_name=কামিনী রায়|image=Kamini Roy.jpg|caption=|birth_date={{birth date|1864|10|12|df=y}}|birth_place=Basanda, [[Jhalokati]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]|death_date={{death date and age|1933|09|27|1864|10|12|df=y}}|death_place=[[Hazaribagh]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]|occupation=[[Poet]], scholar|years_active=|notable_works=Alo O Chhaya|spouse=Kedarnath Roy|relatives=[[Ipsita Roy Chakraverti]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ipsita R. Chakraverti Biography |url=https://www.thewiccanbrigade.com/Biography.html#:~:text=My%20other%20great%20aunt%2C%20Jamini,I%20did%20my%20early%20education. |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=thewiccanbrigade.com}}</ref> (grand-niece)|family=[[Jamini Sen]] (sister)|nationality=Indian|alma_mater=[[Bethune College]]<br />[[University of Calcutta]]}}Si '''Kamini Roy''' (12 Oktubre 1864 – 27 Setyembre 1933) sarong Bengali na pararawitdawit, social worker asin peminista sa British India . Siya an pinakaenot na babaeng naggradwar sa onra sa British India. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/07/07/kamini-roy-essay/|title=Kamini Roy: Poet, Teacher And The First Woman Honours Graduate In British India|last=Sarna|first=Jasveen Kaur|date=7 July 2017|website=Feminist India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924131145/https://feminisminindia.com/2017/07/07/kamini-roy-essay/|archive-date=24 September 2018|url-status=|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Bose83">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, , p83, </ref> == Amay na buhay == Namundag kan 12 Oktubre 1864 sa baryo nin Basunda, kaidto sa Bakerganj District kan Bengal Presidency asin ngonyan sa Jhalokati District kan [[Banglades|Bangladesh]], si Roy naglaog sa Bethune School kan 1883. Saro sa mga enot na daragita na nag-eskwela sa British India, nakakua siya nin Bachelor of Arts degree na may onra [[Sanskrito|sa Sanskrit]] gikan sa Bethune College kan Unibersidad kan Calcutta kan 1886 asin nagpoon na magtukdo duman kan parehong taon. Si Kadambini Ganguly, an ikaduwang babaeng gradwado sa onra kan nasyon, nag-adal sa parehong institusyon sa sarong klase na tolong taon na mas halangkaw ki Roy. Si Nisith Chandra Sen, an saiyang tugang na lalaki, sarong bantog na abogado sa Calcutta High Court, asin kan huri an Alkalde kan [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] mantang an saiyang tugang na babae na si Jamini Sen iyo an doktor sa harong kan pamilyang hade kan Nepal asin an pinakaenot na babaeng Fellow kan Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=Sharmita|date=2014|title=Women Doctors' Masterful Manoeuverings: Colonial Bengal, Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24372948|journal=Social Scientist|volume=42|issue=3/4|pages=59–76|issn=}}</ref> Kan 1894 siya nagpakasal ki Kedarnath Roy. Nakua niya an senyales para sa feminismo gikan sa sarong kapwa estudyante kan Bethune School, si Abala Bose . Sa pagtaram sa sarong eskwelahan nin mga babae sa Calcutta, sinabi ni Roy na, siring sa pag-paraphrase ni Bharati Ray kan huri, "an katuyuhan kan edukasyon kan mga kababaihan iyo an makatabang sa saindang pankagabsan na pag-uswag asin pag-otob kan saindang potensyal". Sa sarong essay sa Bengali na may titulong ''An Bunga kan Kahoy nin Kaaraman'', isinurat niya,  {{blockquote|text=The male desire to rule is the primary, if not the only, stumbling block to women's enlightenment ... They are extremely suspicious of women’s emancipation. Why? The same old fear – 'Lest they become like us'.<ref>This has been included in an English book ''Talking of Power - Early Writings of Bengali Women from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century'' edited by Malini Bhattacharya and Abhijit Sen.</ref>}} Kan 1921, saro siya sa mga lider, kaiba si Kumudini Mitra (Basu) asin si Mrinalini Sen, kan Bangiya Nari Samaj, sarong organisasyon na pigbilog tanganing makipaglaban para sa deretso nin pagboto kan mga babae. An Konseho Lehislatibo kan Bengal nagtao nin limitadong deretso sa pagboto sa mga babae kan 1925, na nagtutugot sa mga babaeng Bengali na gamiton an saindang deretso sa kaenot-enote sa 1926 na pangkagabsan na eleksyon sa India . Siya sarong miyembro kan Female Labor Investigation Commission (1922-23). == Mga onra asin mga laurel == Si Roy nagsuporta sa mga hoben na parasurat asin pararawitdawit, kaiba si Sufia Kamal, na saiyang binisita kan 1923. Siya an presidente kan Bengali Literary Conference kan 1930 asin bise-presidente kan Bangiya Sahitya Parishad kan 1932–33. Naimpluwensiyahan siya kan pararawitdawit [[Rabindranath Tagore|na si Rabindranath Tagore]] asin kan literaturang Sanskrit . An Unibersidad kan Calcutta tinawan siya nin onra kan Jagattarini Gold Medal. Kan 12 Oktubre 2019, piggirumdom [[Google|kan Google]] si Roy sa paagi nin Google Doodle sa saiyang ika-155 na anibersaryo nin pagkamundag. An kaibang pagsurat nagpoon sa saiyang kotasyon, "Taano ta an sarong babae dapat na ibugtak sa harong asin dai tawan kan saiyang maninigong lugar sa sosyedad?" <ref name="Kamini Roy's Google Doodle2">{{cite web|title=Kamini Roy's 155th Birthday|website=Google|date=12 October 2019|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/kamini-roys-155th-birthday/|access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref> == Mga gibo == An mga piniling obra kabali an: * ''Mahasweta'', ''Pundorik'' * ''Pouraniki'' * ''Dwip O Dhup'' * ''Jibon Pathey'' * ''Nirmalya'' * ''Malya O Nirmalya'' * ''Ashok Sangeet'' * ''Gunjan (Libro para sa mga aki)'' * ''Balika Sikkhar Adarsha (Mga Essay)'' == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Dugang na pagbasa == * {{cite journal|last=Southard|first=Barbara|date=May 1993|title=Colonial Politics and Women's Rights: Woman Suffrage Campaigns in Bengal, British India in the 1920s|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-asian-studies_1993-05_27_2/page/397|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=27|issue=2|pages=397–439|jstor=312775|doi=|doi-access=free}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * {{Cite book|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|last=Kahaly|first=Anirudha|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|year=2012|editor-last=Islam|editor-first=Sirajul|editor-link=Sirajul Islam|edition=Second|chapter=Roy, Kamini|editor-last2=Jamal|editor-first2=Ahmed A.|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Roy,_Kamini|access-date=2025-02-09|archive-date=2025-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211041457/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Roy%2C_Kamini|dead-url=yes}} * [https://www.poemist.com/kamini-roy/poems Kamini Roy poems in Bengali] 0u2f8e5zn5gxp2gkm3xwu0pnie3jhrl 0 50760 309779 308413 2026-08-23T23:35:31Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309779 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Antoinette Fouque''' ( [[Kangaranan|née]] '''Antoinette Grugnardi''' ; 1 Oktubre 1936 – 20 Pebrero 2014) sarong Pranses na sikoanalista na imbuelto sa mobimientong liberasyon kan mga kababaihan na Pranses. Siya an lider kan saro sa mga grupo na orihinal na nagbilog kan French Women's Liberation (MLF), asin kan huri pigrehistro niya an trademark na MLF partikularmente sa saiyang pangaran. Nakatabang siya sa pagmukna kan publishing house ''na Éditions des Femmes'' (Ingles: ''Women's Editions'' ) siring man an pinakaenot na koleksyon nin mga audio-book sa Pransya, "Bibliothèque des voix" (Librarya nin mga boses). An saiyang posisyon sa teorya nin mga peminista sa pangenot esensyalista, asin nakabasar na gayo sa psychoanalysis. <ref name="Martel2000">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nnz57zheGWcC&pg=PA39|title=The Pink and the Black: Homosexuals in France Since 1968|last=Martel|first=Frédéric|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780804732741|page=39}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2014/02/21/mort-d-antoinette-fouque-pionniere-du-mouvement-feministe_4371490_3382.html|title=Mort d'Antoinette Fouque, pionnière du mouvement féministe|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=21 February 2014|publisher=Lemonde.fr|accessdate=2014-02-23|language=French}}</ref> Nagtabang siya sa kagsurat ''kan Le Dictionnaire universel des créatrices'' (2013), sarong biograpikong diksyunaryo manungod sa mga babaeng malikhaon. == Buhay == Si Antoinette Fouque namundag sa sarong pobreng pagtaraid kan Marseille ki Alexis Grugnardi, sarong sindikalista [[Corsica|na taga-Corsic]] . An saiyang ina, na gikan sa Italya, nag-emigrar hale sa Calabria pasiring sa Pransia huli sa mga rason ekonomiko asin nag-erok sa sarong popular na distrito nin Marseille. Sa amay na buhay, si Fouque naghinanyog sa mga diskurso kan lider [[Komunismo|komunista]] na si Maurice Thorez . Nagin siyang paratukdo, naagom si René Fouque, asin nagkaigwa nin interes sa kulturang [[Tataramon na Latin|Latin]] asin literaturang Italyano . Kaiba si René Fouque, si Antoinette Fouque nagpartisipar sa literary journal ''na Cahiers du Sud'' . Nangaki siya nin sarong aking babae, si Vincente, kan 1964. An pangyayaring ini nakatabang saiya na marealisar an mga kadepisilan na inaatubang kan mga babae kun sinda mga ina asin may agom, orog na sa sarong intelektuwal na kapalibutan. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/voix-nue/antoinette-fouque-25|title=Antoinette Fouque (2/5)|work=France Culture|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Sa pag-oltanan nin 1965 asin 1969, nagbasa sia nin mga manuskritong Italiano para sa Éditions du Seuil. Binasa ni Fouque si Jacques Lacan bago binasa [[Sigmund Freud|si Sigmund Freud]] . <ref name="Roudinesco">{{Cite book|title=Jacques Lacan & Co: A History of Psychoanalysis in France, 1925-1985|url=https://archive.org/details/jacqueslacancohi0000roud|last=Roudinesco|first=Elisabeth.|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=1990|isbn=0-226-72997-4|location=Chicago}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=La bataille de cent ans: 1925-1985|last=Roudinesco|first=Elisabeth|publisher=Editions du Seuil|year=1986|language=French}}</ref> Pakatapos na magpakasal ki René Fouque, si Antoinette Fouque nagbalyo sa Paris tanganing mag-adal nin literatura sa Sorbonne. Kan mga taon 1960, siya nag-enrol sa EPHE para sa sarong tesis sa mga avant-garde sa literatura, na saiyang binayaan na mas gusto an saiyang aktibismo kaiba an mga babae, alagad nakapasar sa sarong "DEA kaiba si Roland Barthes". <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Entretiens avec Christophe Bourseiller|last=Bourseiller|first=Christophe|publisher=Bourin éditeur|year=2009|language=French}}</ref> Durante kan sarong seminar ni Barthes, kan Enero 1968, na namidbid niya si Monique Wittig. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Femmes et Livres|last=Bajomé|first=Danielle|last2=Dor|first2=Juliette|last3=Montulet-Henneau|first3=Marie-Elisabeth|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2007|language=French}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Génération MLF 1968-2008|last=Fouque|first=Antoinette|publisher=Editions des femmes|year=2008|language=French}}</ref> Napangalas sa seksismo na nakapalibot sa mga intelektuwal asin aktibistang kapalibutan kan panahon kan Mayo 1968, Si Fouque nagin aktibo kaiba si Wittig asin Josiane Chanel sa saro sa mga enot na grupo nin mga babae na nagtiripon kan 1970 tanganing mabilog an ''mouvement de libération des femmes'' (MLF), na kompuesto nin manlaen-laen na grupo sa bilog [[Pransya|na Pransia]] na mayong pormal na liderato. Si Fouque mismo nagnegar na siya [[Feminismo|peminista]], asin isinikwal an eksistensyalismo ni [[Simone de Beauvoir]] pabor sa estrukturalismo asin libertarian na Marxismo . An saiyang grupo inaapod na ''Psychanalyse et politique'' (Psych et po). Nagkaigwa nin mga iriwal sa laog kan hiro sa pag-ultanan ni Fouque asin Wittig, nin huli ta an enot naimpluwensiyahan ni Lacan asin an huri ni Herbert Marcuse . Kan Abril 1971, pinirmahan ni Antoinette Fouque an Manifesto kan 343 para sa deretso sa aborsyon. Kan 1974, nagtabang siya sa pagtogdas kan "Éditions des femmes", na pinondohan ni Sylvina Boissonnas, "sarong paramana kan pamilyang Schlumberger", na nag-imprenta nin mga obra para sa hiro-hirong peministang. Kan Oktubre 1979, pigrehistro niya an pangaran na MLF bilang pagsasadiri kan saiyang grupo, na nagmukna nin kontrobersiya. Si Beauvoir nagsurat laban sa pag-aprobar na ini kan MLF kan sarong grupo. == Pagsasanay asin mga pananaw sa psychoanalytic == Si Fouque nagpraktis bilang sarong psychoanalyst poon kan 1971, alagad an saiyang mga kredensyal dai malinaw na naestablisar. Sa pag-oltanan kan 1969 asin 1975, si Fouque nag-agi nin psychoanalysis kaiba si Lacan; sinabi niya na ini nakatabang saiya na "dai magpadara sa ilusyon na peministang. Pinalikayan niya ako sa ideya na an sarong babae pwede sanang magin sarong palpak na lalaki. Tinugutan niya akong kritikaron si Sartre asin Beauvoir." Sa parehong panahon na idto, si Fouque nag-agi man nin psychoanalysis kaiba si Luce Irigaray . Kan 1974, namidbid ni Fouque si Serge Leclaire asin pinag-olayan an pag-analisar saiya, alagad dai nangyari an pag-analisar. Si Leclaire nagin amigo ni Fouque, asin nagtrabaho sa Psych et po. Nagtutubod siya na an Psych et po nabuhay liwat kan psychoanalytic movement sa paagi kan pag-introdusir kan "hawak asin pagkaiba". <ref>{{Cite book|title=Rompre les charmes|last=Leclaire|first=Serge|year=1979|pages=233–234|language=French}}</ref> Kan 1977, nagproponer si Leclaire ki Lacan na magkaigwa nin seminar sa laog kan balangkas kan Freudian School of Paris kaiba si Fouque, alagad nagsayuma si Lacan. <ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last=Menès|first=Martine|year=2004|title=Petits caillous semés pour une lecture de "Propos directifs pour un congrès sur la sexualité féminine" de Jacques Lacan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_origins-of-life-and-evolution-of-biospheres_2004-02_34_1-2/page/9|journal=ERES|volume=2|page=9}}</ref> <ref>François Dosse, ''History of Structuralism: The Sign Sets, 1967 - Present'', U of Minnesota Press, 1997, {{P.|382}}</ref> Sa pag'oltan kan 1978 asin 1982, si Fouque nag-agi nin psychoanalysis kaiba si Bela Grunberger . Sinabi ni Fouque na nanompongan nia si Grunberger na misogynistic. Iprinoponer ni Fouque an pag-eksister nin sarong espesipikong pambabaeng libido "na namumugtak sa sarong post-phallic genital stage", nin oral-genital na klase: sarong "uterine libido" o "female libido". <ref>Alain Touraine, Charles Juliet et Roger Dadoun (éditeurs), ''Penser avec Antoinette Fouque'', éditions Des femmes, 2008, {{P.|42}}</ref> Nagtutubod siya na, sa ugat kan misogyny, yaon an primordial na pag-imon sa kapasidad nin pag-aki kan mga babae, na inaapod niyang "an pag-imon kan matris", <ref>{{Cite book|title=Il y a deux sexes|last=Fouque|first=Antoinette|publisher=Gallimard|year=2004}}</ref> na mas mapuersa kisa sa "pag-imon sa ari" na pigkonsepto ni Freud manungod sa mga daragita. Susog sa sikoanalista na si Martine Ménès, si Lacan interesado sa mga debate kan MLF alagad isinikwal an nosyon ni Fouque manongod sa libido. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Menès|title=Petits caillous semés pour une lecture de "Propos directifs pour un congrès sur la sexualité féminine" de Jacques Lacan}}</ref> Si Fouque nagkontra man sa ideya na an mga babae mga dai pa tapos na mga lalaki <ref>{{Cite journal|last=David|first=Catherine|year=2007|title=Antoinette Fouque|journal=Le Nouvel Observateur}}</ref> na saiyang pigkonsiderar na iyo an pinaghahalean kan misogyny, na nag-iinduce "sa gabos na larangan, an tunay asin simbolikong kadahasan na ipinapaabot sa mga babae". <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yl6rl1sjzvIC|title=Les éditions des femmes: histoire de premières années 1972-1979|last=Pavard|first=Bibia|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=9782747585255|language=fr}}</ref> Dugang pa, pinanindugan niya na an produksyon nin mga nabubuhay na bagay "sarong pundamental na kontribusyon kan mga kababaihan sa katawohan". <ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Corps comme miroir du monde|last=Chasseguet-Smirgel|first=Janine|publisher=Presse universitaire de France|pages=96|language=French}}</ref> == Pagpublikar == Parabasa kan Seuil publishing house, siya mismo nagin sarong publisher sa paagi kan pagmukna ''kan Editions des femmes'', an pinakaenot na babaeng publishing house sa Europa, kan 1972. An saiyang mga pangako para sa katalingkasan kan mga kababaihan an nagdara saiya na magsagibo nin kadakol na mga aktibidad sa larangan nin pagpublikar. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Joste|first=Juliette|year=2009|title=La Prêtresse Femme: enquête sur Antoinette Fouque|journal=Revue XXI|language=French|volume=7|pages=142–153}}</ref> Kun iisipon na an intelektuwal na kapalibutan kan Pransia macho asin na an mga babae kulang an representasyon, orog na sa mga parasurat, asin kun iisipon an mga babae bilang sarong "mga tawong mayong pagsurat", <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dubesset|first=Mathilde|year=2009|title=Bibia Pavard, Les Editions des femmes. Histoire des premières années, 1972-1979|journal=Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire|language=French|volume=29|pages=259–261}}</ref> siya nagtatrabaho tanganing buksan an kinaban nin mga libro asin pagsurat sa mga babae. Poon sa kapinunan, an publishing house na ini igwa nin duwang pananaw: politikal na pangako asin literaryong pangako. An katuyuhan kaini iyo na ipalakop an literatura alagad man sa pankagabsan an mga pakikipaglaban kan mga kababaihan. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Femmes, Politique et Culture: Les Premières Années des éditions des femmes (1972-1979)|last=Pavard|first=Bibia|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2005|language=French}}</ref> An mga tindahan nin libro na may parehong pangaran nagbubukas sa Paris (1974), Marseille (1976) asin Lyon (1977). Siya an nagmukna kan pinakaenot na koleksyon nin mga librong audio sa Pransya na " ''La Bibliothèque des voix'' " (1980). Imbuelto man siya sa mga peryodiko, ''Le Quotidien des femmes'' (poon 1974 sagkod Hunyo 1976) [ 22 ] asin ''Des femmes en mouvement'', sarong bulanan na magasin (13 isyu poon Disyembre 1977 sagkod Enero 1979) asin dangan semanal (poon 1979 sagkod 1982). <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 166">&#x3A;&#x200A;166&#x200A;</span></sup> == Pagsiyasat asin mga organisasyon == Nagmukna siya nin manlaen-laen na organisasyon arog kan Women's Science Research Institute kan 1980, an College of Women's Studies kan 1978, an Women's Alliance for Democracy (AFD) asin an Misogyny Observatory kan 1989, siring man an Parity Club 2000 kan 1990. An mga aktibidad sa tindahan nin libro namundag giraray sa sarong "Espace des femmes" na sentro na nakadusay sa mga linalang kan mga kababaihan, sa sarong galeriya asin an organisasyon nin mga pagtiripon asin mga debate sa Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.desfemmes.fr|title=Les éditions des femmes}}</ref> Sarong doktor sa siyensya pulitikal, si Antoinette Fouque iyo an direktor kan pagsiyasat sa Paris 8 University poon 1994, asin sarong miyembro kan Observatory of Gender Equality poon 2002. == Karera sa politika == Si Antoinette Fouque nagdalagan para sa eleksyon sa Europa kan 1994 sa listahan na ''Énergie radicale'' (Radikal na Enerhiya) na pinangenotan ni Bernard Tapie. Sarong radikal na wala na miyembro kan Parlamento kan Europa poon 1994 sagkod 1999, siya nag'ayon sa PES Group asin nagtutukaw sa mga Komite sa mga Gibo sa Ibang Nasyon, mga Katalingkasan Sibil asin mga Karapatan kan mga Babae (Bise-Presidente) Kan 2007, nangapudan siya nin pagboto para ki Ségolène Royal, sa sarong teksto na ipinublikar sa ''Le Nouvel Observateur'', "laban sa sarong tuong pakpak nin arogante", para sa "sarong wala nin paglaom". == Kagadanan == Si Antoinette Fouque nagadan kan 20 Pebrero 2014 sa Paris, asin an mga politiko sa too asin wala nagtao saiya nin pag-omaw. Kan Pebrero 26, siya ilinubong sa sementeryo kan Montparnasse, sa presensya kan kadakol na tawo kabali an mga pulitiko asin mga paratugtog. == Bibliograpiya == * {{Cite book|title=[[Le Dictionnaire universel des créatrices]]|last=Fouque|first=Antoinette|last2=Didier|first2=Beatrice|last3=Calle-Gruber|first3=Mireille|date=November 2013|publisher=[[Éditions des Femmes]]|isbn=978-2-7210-0631-8|location=France|author-link=Antoinette Fouque|author-link2=Béatrice Didier|author-link3=Mireille Calle-Gruber}} == Hilingon man == * Feminismo sa Pransya == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3twi7vfdku0s8idmnjns1rkq1yj7o2r 0 50762 309715 308969 2026-08-23T22:37:27Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309715 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Luce Irigaray</div> |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ipinangaki | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1930-05-03</span> )</span> 3 Mayo 1930 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(edad&nbsp;94)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Blaton]], [[Bernissart]], [[Wallonia]], Belhika</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Alma&nbsp;bagay | class="infobox-data" | [[Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)|Unibersidad Katoliko kan Louvain]] | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |} Si '''Luce Irigaray''' (namundag kan 3 Mayo 1930) sarong [[Belhika]] na namundag na Pranses na peminista, pilosopo, [[Linggwistika|linggwista]], sikolinggwista, sikoanalista, asin teorista kultural na nagsisiyasat kan mga gamit asin salang paggamit kan tataramon sa relasyon sa mga kababaihan. <ref name=":02">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luce-Irigaray|title=Luce Irigaray: French linguist, psychoanalyst, and philosopher|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref> An pinakaenot asin pinakamidbid na libro ni Irigaray, na ipinublikar kan 1974, iyo an ''Speculum of the Other Woman'' (1974), na nag-aanalisar kan mga teksto ni [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]], Hegel, [[Platón|Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[René Descartes|Descartes]], asin [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] sa paagi kan lente nin phallocentrism . Si Irigaray iyo an kagsurat kan mga obra na nag-aanalisar kan kadakol na mga paraisip, kabali an ''This Sex Which Is Not One'' (1977), <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgeinterna0000unse/page/309|title=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=0-415-30651-5|editor-last=Gerstner|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/routledgeinterna0000unse/page/309 309]}}</ref> na nagtutukar kan obra ni Lacan siring man kan ekonomiya politikal; ''An Elemental Passions'' (1982) pwedeng basahon bilang simbag sa artikulo ni Merleau‐Ponty na “The Intertwining—The Chiasm” sa ''The Visible and the Invisible'', <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Sjöholm|first=Cecilia|date=2000|title=Crossing Lovers: Luce Irigaray's Elemental Passions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypatia_summer-2000_15_3/page/92|journal=Hypatia|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=92–112|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.2000.tb00332.x|s2cid=143882714|issn=1527-2001}}</ref> asin sa ''The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger'' (1999), pigtutuyaw ni Irigaray an pagduon ni Heidegger sa elemento kan daga bilang basehan kan saiyang buhay asin pagtaram pagkalingaw sa hangin. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/IRITFO|title=The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|date=1999|publisher=University of Texas Press}}</ref> Si Irigaray naggagamit nin tolong manlaen-laen na paagi <ref>{{Cite book|title=Cixous, Irigaray, Kristeva: The Jouissance of French Feminism (European Writers)|last=Ives|first=Kelly|publisher=Crescent Moon Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-1861715470|location=Maidstone, Kent|pages=28}}</ref> sa saiyang mga pagsiyasat sa naturalesa kan kasarian, tataramon, asin identidad : an analitikal, an essayistic, asin an liriko na poetiko . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Elemental passions|last=Irigaray, Luce.|date=1992|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415906911|location=New York|oclc=27376081}}</ref> Poon kan Oktubre 2021, siya aktibo sa Women's Movements sa parehong [[Pransya]] asin [[Italya]] . <ref name="iep.utm.edu2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/irigaray/|title=Luce Irigaray (1932?—)|encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> == Edukasyon == Si Luce Irigaray nakaresibe nin bachelor's degree sa Unibersidad kan Louvain kan 1954, sarong master's degree sa parehong unibersidad kan 1956, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages|last=Commire|first=Anne|last2=Klezmer|first2=Deborah|publisher=Yorkin Publications|year=2007|volume=1}}</ref> asin nagtukdo sa sarong high school sa Brussels poon 1956 abot 1959. Kan 1960, nagbalyo siya sa [[Paris]] tanganing magkua nin master's degree sa Psychology sa Unibersidad kan Paris, na saiyang nakua kan 1961. Nag-ako man siya nin espesyalistang diploma sa Psychopathology gikan sa eskwelahan kan 1962. Kan 1968, nakaresibe siya nin doktorado sa Lingguwistika hale sa Paris X Nanterre . An saiyang tesis may titulong {{Lang|fr|Approche psycholinguistique du langage des déments}} . Natapos niya an sarong PhD sa linggwistika kan 1968 gikan sa Unibersidad kan Vincennes sa Saint-Denis (Unibersidad kan Paris VIII). An saiyang disertasyon sa mga pattern nin pagtaram kan mga subject na nagtitios nin demensya iyo an nagin saiyang enot na libro, {{Lang|fr|Le langage des déments}}, na ipinublikar kan 1973. Kan 1974, nakakua siya nin ikaduwang PhD sa Pilosopiya. Kan mga taon 1960, si Irigaray nagpoon na mag-atender sa mga seminar sa psychoanalytic ni Jacques Lacan asin naglaog sa École Freudienne de Paris (Freudian School of Paris), na pigdirehir ni Lacan. Siya pinahale sa eskwelahan na ini kan 1974, pagkatapos kan publikasyon kan saiyang ikaduwang tesis sa doktorado ( doctorat d'État ), ''Speculum of the Other Woman'' ( {{Lang|fr|Speculum: La fonction de la femme dans le discours philosophique}}, na kan huri tinawan nin titulong {{Lang|fr|Speculum: De l'autre femme}} ), na nag-ako nin dakulang kritisismo gikan sa parehong Lacanian asin Freudian na mga eskwelahan nin psychoanalysis. An kritisismong ini nagdara saiya nin pagmidbid, alagad siya hinale sa saiyang posisyon bilang sarong instruktor sa Unibersidad kan Vincennes siring man siya hinale sa komunidad nin mga Lacanian. Nagkapot siya nin sarong post sa pagsiyasat sa Center national de la recherche scientifique poon pa kan 1964, kun saen siya ngonyan sarong Direktor nin Pagsiyasat sa Pilosopiya. An saiyang enot na pagsiyasat nakasentro sa mga pasyenteng may demensya, na manungod sainda siya nagprodusir nin sarong pag-aadal kan mga pagkakaiba kan tataramon kan mga pasyenteng lalaki asin babae. Narisa man na sa saiyang mga sinurat, si Irigaray nagpahayag nin sarong kahaditan na an interes sa saiyang biograpiya makakaapektar sa interpretasyon kan saiyang mga ideya, nin huli ta an paglaog kan mga kababaihan sa mga intelektuwal na diskusyon parati man na kabali an pag-agyat kan punto de vista kan mga kababaihan base sa materyal na biograpiya. An saiyang pinakamahiwas na mga pahayag na autobiograpiko sagkod ngonyan natipon sa ''Through Vegetal Being'' (co-author ni Michael Marder ). Sa kabilogan, pinapagdadanay niya an pagtubod na an mga detalye kan biograpiya manungod sa saiyang personal na buhay igwa nin posibilidad na gamiton laban saiya sa laog kan establisimiento pang-edukasyon na dominado kan mga lalaki bilang sarong kasangkapan tanganing madiskredito an saiyang trabaho. <ref name=":03">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luce-Irigaray|title=Luce Irigaray: French linguist, psychoanalyst, and philosopher|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref> Alagad, sa edad na 91, ipinublikar niya ''an A New Culture of Energy: Beyond East and West'' (2021) kun saen pinag-oolayan niya an saiyang mga dekada nang mga gawi nin yoga asanas (mga postura) asin pranayama (paghangos) asin pinapagdadanay na an yoga nagtutugdok nin tulay sa pag-ultanan kan hawak asin espiritu. == Mga mayor na obra == === ''Speculum of the Other Woman (Speculum de l'autre femme)'' === An saiyang enot na mayor na libro, ''an Speculum of the Other Woman,'' base sa saiyang ikaduwang disertasyon, ipinublikar kan 1974. Sa ''Speculum,'' si Irigaray nakikikabtang sa haraning pag-analisar kan phallocentrism sa pilosopiya kan Solnopan asin teorya nin psychoanalytic, na pig-aanalisar an mga teksto ni Freud, Hegel, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, asin Kant. An pinaka-sitar na essay kan libro, "The Blind Spot of an Old Dream," pigtutuyaw an lektura ni Freud manungod sa pagkababae. === ''An Sex na Bakong Saro'' ( ''Ce sex qui n'en est pas un'' ) === Kan 1977, ipinublikar kan Irigaray ''an This Sex Which is'' {{Lang|fr|Ce sexe qui n'en est pas un}} pas un ) na sunod na itrinadusir sa Ingles na may titulong iyan asin ipinublikar kan 1985, kaiba an ''Speculum'' . Dugang pa sa mas dakol na komentaryo sa psychoanalysis, kaiba an mga diskusyon sa obra ni Lacan, ''an This Sex Which is Not One'' nagkokomento man sa ekonomiya politikal, na nagkukua sa mga parasurat na estrukturalista arog ni Lévi-Strauss . Halimbawa, si Irigaray nagtutulod na an phallic economy nagbubugtak sa mga babae sa kataid kan mga senyales asin kuwarta, nin huli ta an gabos na klase nin pagbalyo ginigibo sana sa pag-ultanan kan mga lalaki. <ref name="Market">{{Cite book|title=Literary theory, an anthology|last=Irigaray|first=L.|publisher=Blackwell|year=1998|isbn=9780631200291|editor-last=Rivkin|editor-first=J.|location=Malden, Mass|pages=799–811|chapter=Women on the Market|editor-last2=Ryan|editor-first2=M.}}</ref> ==== "Mga Babae sa Merkado" (Kapitulo Otso kan ''Seksong Ini na Bakong Saro)'' ==== Si Irigaray nagkukua sa teorya ni [[Karl Marx]] manungod sa kapital asin mga barakalon tanganing sabihon na an mga babae pigbabalyo sa pag-ultanan kan mga lalaki sa parehong paagi kan arin man na ibang barakalon. Siya nagtutulod na an satong bilog na sosyedad nakabasar sa pagbalyong ini nin mga babae. An saiyang halaga sa pagbalyo pigdedeterminaran kan sosyedad, mantang an saiyang halaga sa paggamit iyo an saiyang natural na mga kualidad. Kaya, an sadiri kan sarong babae nababanga sa pag-ultanan kan saiyang mga halaga sa paggamit asin pagbalyo, asin siya minamawot sana para sa halaga nin pagbalyo. An sistemang ini naggigibo nin tolong klase nin mga babae: an ina, na iyo an gabos na halaga; an birhen, na iyo an gabos na halaga nin pagbalyo; asin an patotot, na naglalaman kan parehong halaga nin paggamit asin pagbalyo. Naggamit pa siya nin dagdag na mga pundasyon na Marxista tanganing makipagdiskutiran na an mga babae hinahagad huli sa saindang pighihiling na kakulangan asin bilang resulta, an mga lalaki naghahanap nin "pagkaigwa kan gabos," o naghahanap nin sobra arog kan sobrang kapangyarihan sa pagbakal nin barakalon, kapital, na danay na hinahanap kan mga kapitalista. Si Irigaray nag-iisip na tibaad, "an paagi nin paggamit sa mga babae mas hababa an halaga kisa sa saindang bilang." Sa dugang pang analohiyang ini kan mga babae "sa merkado," na nasasabotan sa paagi nin mga terminong Marxista, pigtutukdo ni Irigaray na an mga babae, arog kan mga barakalon, pigbabalyo sa pag-ultanan kan mga lalaki base sa saindang halaga sa pagbalyo imbes na sa saindang halaga sa paggamit sana, asin an kamawotan pirming magigin sobra – na ginigibo an mga babae na haros garo baga kapital, sa kasong ini, na matipon. "Bilang mga barakalon, an mga babae kaya duwang bagay na sarabay: mga bagay na utilitarian asin mga paradara nin halaga." === ''Mga Elemental na Hilig'' === ''An Elemental Passions'' (1982) ni Luce Irigaray pwedeng basahon bilang simbag sa artikulo ni Merleau‐Ponty na “The Intertwining—The Chiasm” sa ''The Visible and the Invisible'' . Arog ni Merleau‐Ponty, an Irigaray naglaladawan kan pag-iribahan kan hawak o paghiling asin pagduot. Sa pagkontra sa narcissistic strain sa chiasm ni Merleau‐Ponty, pig-aasume niya na an pagkakaiba sa sekswal dapat na enotan an pag-iribahan. An subject minarkahan kan alterity o kan "more than one" asin naka-encode bilang sarong historikal na contingent gendered conflict. == Mga Tema == === Pilosopiya === An nagkapira sa mga libro ni Irigaray na isinurat sa saiyang liriko na paagi mga imahinasyon na diyalogo na may mga mahalagang kontribusyon sa pilosopiya kan Solnopan, arog ni Nietzsche asin Heidegger . Alagad, si Irigaray nagsurat man nin sarong mahalagang hawak nin mga obra manungod ki Hegel, [[René Descartes|Descartes]], [[Platón|Plato]], [[Aristotle]] asin Levinas, Spinoza, siring man ki Merleau-Ponty . An saiyang akademikong trabaho kadaklan naimpluwensiyahan kan mahiwas na hanay nin mga pilosopo asin dai pwedeng limitaran sa sarong paagi. === Lenggwahe === Padagos siyang nagkondukta nin mga empirikal na pag-aadal manungod sa tataramon sa manlaen-laen na kamugtakan, na nag-aadal kan mga pagkakaiba kan paagi nin pagtaram kan mga lalaki asin babae. An pagtutok na ini sa sekswal na pagkakaiba iyo an pangenot na karakteristiko kan obra ni Irigaray, nin huli ta siya naghahanap na magtao nin sarong lugar na kun saen an sarong pambabaeng tataramon pwedeng mangyari. Sa paagi kan saiyang pagsiyasat, nadiskubre ni Irigaray an sarong korelasyon sa pag-ultanan kan pagpugol kan kaisipan kan mga babae sa kinaban kan Solnopan asin kan tataramon kan mga lalaki asin babae. Nagkonklusyon siya na igwa nin mga pattern nin tataramon na may gender na nagpapahiling nin dominasyon sa mga lalaki asin subjectivity sa mga babae. === Pagkakakilanlan sa kasarian === Poon kan 1990, an trabaho ni Irigaray orog na nagbirik pasiring sa mga babae asin lalaki na magkairibahan. Sa ''Between East and West, From Singularity to Community'' (1999) asin sa ''The Way of Love'' (2002), iniimahinar niya an mga bagong porma nin pagkamoot para sa sarong pankinaban na demokratikong komunidad. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3447000476/GVRL?u=psucic&sid=GVRL&xid=3b9c7978|title=Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction|last=Merriman|first=John|last2=Winter|first2=Jay|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|year=2006|volume=3|location=Detroit}}</ref> Sa ''An Ethics of Sexual Difference'', ipinamidbid niya an ideya nin mga relasyon sa pag-ultanan kan mga lalaki asin babae na nakasentro sa sarong bogkos na iba sa reproduksyon. Minimidbid niya an mga tema kabali an pagigin may katapusan asin intersubjectivity, an pagka-Dios na may hawak, asin an emosyonal na pagkakaiba kan duwang sekso. Nagkonklusyon siya na an kultura kan Solnopan bakong etikal huli sa diskriminasyon sa kasarian. === Politika === Si Irigaray aktibo sa sarong peministang hiro sa Italya, alagad nagsayuma siyang mag-ayon sa arin man na sarong hiro huli ta habo niya an dinamikong kompetisyon sa pag-ultanan kan mga hiro-hirong peministang. == Kritisismo == Pigtutuyaw kan ibang mga peminista an pighihiling na esensyalistang paninindugan ni Irigaray. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alcoff|first=Linda|date=April 1988|title=Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/494426|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=405–436|doi=10.1086/494426|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity|url=https://archive.org/details/gendertrouble00judi|last=Butler|first=Judith|date=1990|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-38955-6|series=|location=New York}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alcoff|first=Linda|date=April 1988|title=Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/494426|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=405–436|doi=10.1086/494426|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gambaudo|first=Sylvie A.|date=May 2007|title=French Feminism vs Anglo-American Feminism: A Reconstruction|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1350506807075816|journal=European Journal of Women's Studies|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=93–108|doi=10.1177/1350506807075816|issn=1350-5068}}</ref> Alagad, igwa nin dakulang debate sa mga iskolar kun baga an teorya ni Irigaray manungod sa pagkakaiba sa sekso, totoo, sarong esensyalista o bako. An pagmansay na an saiyang trabaho esensyalista nakasentro sa saiyang atensyon sa sekswal na pagkakaiba, na pigkukua ini bilang sarong pag-ensayo kan heteronormatibong sekswalidad. Siring sa sinabi ni Helen Fielding, an pagkadisganar kan mga peminista manungod sa diskusyon ni Irigaray manungod sa pagkalalaki asin pagkababae dai gayong nagpapahiling kan heteronormative bias ni Irigaray nin huli ta ini "nagbubutwa gikan sa sarong minanang pakasabot sa kultura [sa parte kan saiyang mga kritiko] na nagpoposisyon sa naturalesa bilang dai nagbabagong organismo o pwedeng i-orden, imaniobra sa ibabaw. Kaya an paghadit sa esensyalismo mismo nakabasar sa binaryong pag-iisip na nagpopreserbar nin sarong hirarkiya nin...kultura sa naturalesa." <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fielding|first1=H.|journal=Continental Philosophy Review|volume=36|pages=1–26|doi=10.1023/A:1025144306606|year=2003|title=Questioning nature: Irigaray, Heidegger and the potentiality of matter|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_continental-philosophy-review_2003-03_36_1/page/n89|s2cid=170564589}}</ref> Pigtuyaw ni WA Borody an phallogocentric na argumento ni Irigaray bilang salang pagrepresentar kan kasaysayan kan mga pilosopiya nin "indeterminateness" sa Solnopan. An "itom asin puti" ni Irigaray nagsasabi na an panlalaki katumbas kan pagkadeterminado asin na an pambabae katumbas kan pagkadaing determinasyon na igwa nin sarong grado nin kultural asin historikal na balido, alagad bako kun sinda ipinapadara tanganing mag-arog sa sadiri nin kaparehong porma kan pag-iba sa kasarian na orihinal nindang hiningoa na malampasan. Sa ''Fashionable Nonsense'', pigtuyaw ni Alan Sokal asin Jean Bricmont an paggamit ni Irigaray nin terminolohiyang hard-science sa saiyang mga sinurat. Kabali sa mga kritisismo, pigkukuwestiyon ninda an pigtutubodan na interes ni Einstein sa "mga akselerasyon na mayong mga reequilibration kan elektromagnetiko"; nakakalibog sa espesyal na relatibidad asin pankagabsan na relatibidad ; asin an saiyang paghihingako <ref>{{Citation|title=Introduction}}</ref> na E = mc 2 sarong "ekwasyon na may sekso" huli ta "ini nagtatao nin pribilehiyo sa rikas kan liwanag sa ibang mga rikas na kaipuhan na marhay sa sato". <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fashionablenonse00soka|title=Fashionable nonsense: postmodern intellectuals' abuse of science|last=Sokal|first=Alan|last2=Bricmont|first2=Jean|publisher=Picador|year=1998|isbn=0-312-19545-1|location=New York|oclc=39605994|url-access=registration}}</ref> Sa pagrepaso kan libro ni Sokal asin Bricmont, isinurat ni Richard Dawkins na an pag-aser ni Irigaray na an mekaniko kan pluwido bakong makatanosan na napabayaan sa pisika huli sa asosasyon kaini sa mga "babae" na pluwido (sa kabaliktaran sa "lalaki" na mga solido ) sarong "daffy absurdity". <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dawkins|first1=Richard|title=Postmodernism disrobed|pages=141–143}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-05-14|title=Jane Clare Jones on Luce Irigaray: The murder of the mother|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2014/05/jane-clare-jones-luce-irigaray-murder-mother|access-date=2021-12-01|website=New Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref> == Piniling bibliograpiya == === Mga libro === * {{Cite book|title=Speculum of the Other Woman|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1974}} (Eng. trans. 1985 by [[Gillian Gill|Gillian C. Gill]]), {{ISBN|9780801493300}}. * {{Cite book|title=This Sex Which Is Not One|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1977}} (Eng. trans. 1985), {{ISBN|9780801493317}}. * {{Cite book|title=Marine Lover: Of Friedrich Nietzsche|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1980}} (Eng. trans. 1991 by Gillian C. Gill), {{ISBN|9780231070829}}. * {{Cite book|title=Elemental Passions|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1982}} (Eng. trans. 1992), {{ISBN|9780415906920}}. * {{Cite book|title=The Forgetting of Air: In Martin Heidegger|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1983}} (Eng. trans. 1999), {{ISBN|9780292738720}}. * {{Cite book|title=An Ethics of Sexual Difference|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1984}} (Eng. trans. 1993 by Gillian C. Gill), {{ISBN|9780801481451}}. * {{Cite book|title=To Speak is Never Neutral|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1985}} (Eng. trans. 2002), {{ISBN|9780826459046}}. * {{Cite book|title=Sexes and Genealogies|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1987}} (Eng. trans. 1993 by Gillian C. Gill), {{ISBN|9780231070331}}. * {{Cite book|title=Thinking the Difference: For a Peaceful Revolution|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1989}} (Eng. trans. 1993), {{ISBN|9780485114263}}. * {{Cite book|title=Je, tu, nous: Towards a Culture of Difference|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1990}} (Eng. trans. 1993), {{ISBN|9780415905824}}. * {{Cite book|title=I Love to You: Sketch for a Felicity Within History|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1990}} (Eng. trans. 1993), {{ISBN|9780415907323}}. * {{Cite book|title=Democracy Begins Between Two|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1994}} (Eng. trans. 2000), {{ISBN|9780415918169}}. * {{Cite book|title=To Be Two|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1997}} (Eng. trans. 2001), {{ISBN|9780415918145}}. * {{Cite book|title=Between East and West: From Singularity to Community|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=1999}} (Eng. trans. 2001), {{ISBN|9780231119351}}. * Irigaray, Luce (2000). Why Different?, {{ISBN|9780801493300}}. * {{Cite book|title=The Way of Love|url=https://archive.org/details/wayoflove0000irig|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=2002}}{{ISBN|9780826473271}}. * {{Cite book|title=Sharing the World|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=2008}} (Eng. trans. 2008), {{ISBN|9781847060341}}. * Irigaray, Luce (2008). Conversations, {{ISBN|9781847060365}}. * {{Cite book|title=In the Beginning, She Was|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=2013}} {{ISBN|9781441106377}} * {{Cite book|title=Through Vegetal Being: Two Philosophical Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/throughvegetalbe0000irig|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|last2=Marder|first2=Michael|year=2016}} {{ISBN|9780231173865}}. * {{Cite book|title=To Be Born: Genesis of a New Human Being|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=2017}} {{ISBN|9783319392219}}. * {{Cite book|title=Sharing the Fire: Outline of a Dialectics of Sensitivity|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=2019}} {{ISBN|9783030283292}}. * {{Cite book|title=A New Culture of Energy: Beyond East and West|last=Irigaray|first=Luce|year=2021}} (Eng. trans. 2021), {{ISBN|9780231177139}} === Mga papel === * {{Citation|title=Feminism and sexuality: a reader|year=1996|postscript=.}} * {{Citation|title=The second wave: a reader in feminist theory|year=1997|postscript=.}} * Luce Irigaray (1999), "Philosophy in the Feminine", Feminist Review, Volume 42, Issue 1, pp 111–114, ISSN 1466-4380. * {{Citation|title=Continental philosophy of science|year=2005|postscript=.}} * Irigaray, Luce (1981), "And the One Doesn't Stir Without the Other", Signs, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;60–67. * Irigaray, Luce (1980), "When Our Lips Speak Together", Signs, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;69–79. == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pck3ei3f51eo7qowjnkjyftc5dveim8 0 50770 309532 309081 2026-08-23T19:46:29Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Věnceslav Černý – Příchod věrozvěstů Cyrila a Metoděje na Moravu (Staré pověsti české, 1921).jpg|too|thumb|300x300px| An magtugang na si Cirilo asin Metodio dinara an Kristianismo sa mga banwaan na Eslavo .]] '''An Kristiyanismo kan Edad Media''' minasakop kan kasaysayan kan Kristiyanismo poon kan pagbagsak kan Solnopan na Imperyo nin Roma ( {{Circa|476}} ). An katapusan kan panahon igwa nin manlaen-laen na kahulugan - depende sa konteksto, an mga pangyayari arog kan pagsakop kan Constantinople kan [[Imperyong Ottoman|Imperyo Ottoman]] kan 1453, an enot na paglayag ni [[Christopher Columbus]] pasiring sa [[Amerika]] kan 1492, o an Reporma Protestante kan 1517 minsan ginagamit. Sa suanoy na Pentarkiya kan Kristiyanismo, limang patriarka an igwa nin espesyal na importansya: an mga sees kan Roma, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioquia, asin Alexandria . An prestihiyo kan kadaklan sa mga sees na ini nakadepende sa parte sa saindang mga apostolikong kagmukna, o sa kaso kan Byzantium/Constantinople, na ini an bagong tukawan kan nagpapadagos [[Subangan na Imperyong Romano|na Eastern Roman]], o Byzantine Empire. Ibinilang kan mga obispong ini an saindang sadiri na [[Apostolikong kasanglian|kasalihid]] kan mga apostol na idto. Dugang pa, an gabos na limang syudad iyo an mga enot na sentro kan Kristiyanismo, nawara an saindang importansya pagkatapos na an Levant nasakop kan [[Kalipato|Sunni Caliphate]] . == Amay na Edad Media (476–799) == [[Ladawan:Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_004.jpg|too|thumb|244x244px| Mosaiko ni Justiniano I sa simbahan sa San Vitale, Ravenna, Italya]] An Amay na Edad Media nagpoon kan an huring sulnupan na emperador kan Roma pinahale sa pwesto kan 476, na sinundan kan hadeng barbaro, si Odoacer, sa pagkorona ki Carlomagno bilang "Emperador kan mga Romano" ni Papa Leo III sa Roma kan Aldaw nin Pasko, 800. An taon 476, alagad, sarong medyo artipisyal na pagkabaranga. Sa Sirangan, an pamamahala kan imperyo nin Roma nagpadagos sagkod sa panahon na inaapod ngonyan kan mga historyador na [[Subangan na Imperyong Romano|Imperyo nin Bizantino]] . Dawa sa Solnopan, kun saen an imperyal na kontrol politikal luway-luway na nagluya, an malinaw na kulturang Romano nagpadagos nin halawig pagkatapos; kaya an mga historyador ngonyan mas gustong magtaram manongod sa sarong "pagbabago kan kinaban nin Roma" imbes na sarong "pagbagsak kan Imperyo nin Roma." An pag-abot kan Amay na Edad Media sarong luway-luway asin parating lokalisadong proseso kun saen, sa Solnopan, an mga lugar sa bukid nagin mga sentro nin kapangyarihan mantang an mga lugar sa syudad nagluya. Sa mga pagsalakay kan mga Muslim kan ikapitong siglo, an mga lugar sa Solnopan (Latin) asin Sirangan (Griego) kan Kristiyanismo nagpoon na magkaigwa nin mga laen-laen na porma. Mantang sa Sirangan pinapagdanay kan Iglesia an kosog kaiyan, sa Solnopan an mga obispo kan Roma (an boot sabihon, an mga Papa) napiritan na makibagay nin mas marikas asin madaling makibagay sa grabeng pagbabago nin mga kamugtakan. Partikularmente mantang an mga obispo kan Sirangan nagmantinir nin malinaw na kaimbodan sa Sirangan na Romanong Emperador, an obispo kan Roma, mantang nagmantenir nin nominal na lealtad sa Sirangan na Emperador, napiritan na makipag-olay nin delikadong mga balanse sa mga "barbarong namamahala" kan mga dating probinsya sa Solnopan. Minsan ngani an mas dakulang kabilangan nin mga Kristiano nagdanay sa Sirangan, an mga pangyayari sa Solnopan iyo an magigin basehan para sa mayor na mga pangyayari sa Kristianong kinaban durante kan huring mga siglo. <ref name="Alick2">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishagency.org/jerusalem-day/content/38146|title=Christianity and Islam: Jerusalem in the Middle Ages - 1. Jerusalem in Christianity|publisher=The Jewish Agency|date=14 June 2015|author=Alick Isaacs|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602201503/http://www.jewishagency.org/jerusalem-day/content/38146|url-status=}}</ref> === Amay na Papado kan Edad Medya === Pagkatapos na an peninsula kan Italya mahulog sa gera asin kariribokan huli sa mga tribong barbaro, an Emperador Justiniano I nagprobar na ibalik an imperyal na dominasyon sa Italya gikan sa Sirangan, laban sa aristokrasya na Gotiko. An mga suminunod na kampanya mas o menos nagin mapanggana, asin sarong Imperial Exarchate an naestablisar para sa Italya, alagad limitado an impluwensya kan imperyo. Dangan sinalakay kan mga Lombard an nagluyang peninsula, asin an Roma sa pundamental pinabayaan na magdepensa para sa sadiri. An pagkabigo kan Sirangan na magpadara nin tabang nagresulta sa pagpakakan mismo kan mga papa sa siudad nin tipasi hale sa mga rogaring kan papa, nakikipag-olay sa mga tratado, nagbabayad nin proteksion na kuwarta sa mga Lombard warlord, asin, kun dai iyan, nagkukua nin mga soldados tanganing idepensa an siudad. Sa katapustapusi an mga papa nagdolok sa iba para sa suporta, nangorogna sa mga Frank. === Naglakop sa Lampas kan Imperyo nin Roma === [[File:Ivanov_pagans.jpg|too|thumb|200x200px| ''Mga Kristiyano asin Pagano'', sarong pintura ni Sergei Ivanov]] Mantang an politikal na mga linderos kan [[Imperyong Romano|Imperyo nin Roma]] nagdidikit dangan buminagsak sa Solnopan, an Kristianismo luminakop sa luwas kan daan na mga linderos kan Imperyo asin sa mga kadagaan na dai pa noarin man sakop kan Roma. ==== Mga Misyonerong Irlandes ==== Poon kan ikalimang siglo, sarong pambihirang kultura an nagtalubo sa palibot kan Dagat Irlandes na binibilog kan inaapod ngonyan na Wales asin Irlandia. Sa kapalibutan na ini, an Kristiyanismo naglakop gikan sa Romanong Britanya pasiring sa Irlandia, orog na tinabangan kan misyonaryong aktibidad ni San Patricio kaiba an saiyang enot na orden nin 'patrisikong klero', mga aktibong [[Misyonero|misyonerong]] padi na nag-iiba o nagsusunod saiya, tipikal na mga Briton o Irlandes na inordenan niya asin kan saiyang mga kasalihid. Si Patrick nabihag sa kaoripnan sa Irlandia asin, kasunod kan saiyang pagdulag asin kan huri na pagkonsagra bilang obispo, nagbalik siya sa isla na nag-oripon saiya tanganing darahon niya sainda an Ebanghelyo. Dai nahaloy, an mga misyonerong Irlandes arog ni Columba asin Columbanus nagpalakop kan Kristiyanismong ini, na may mga tampok na Irlandes, sa Scotland asin sa Kontinente. An saro sa siring na kabtang iyo an sistema nin pribadong pagsolsol, na suminalida sa dating kaugalean nin pagpenitensia bilang pampublikong rito. ==== Mga Anglo-Saxon, Ingles ==== Minsan ngani an timog na Britania dating probinsia nin Roma, kan 407 an mga lehiyon kan imperyo naghale sa isla, asin nagsunod an mga elite nin Roma. Pakalihis nin pirang panahon kan siglong idto, an manlaen-laen na tribong barbaro nagpoon sa pagsalakay asin pagsamsam sa isla pasiring sa pag-erok asin pagsalakay. An mga tribu na ini inaapod na mga "Anglo-Saxon", mga naenot sa mga Ingles. Sinda bilog na pagano, na dai pa nanggad nagin parte kan Imperyo, asin dawa ngani nakaeksperyensya sinda nin Kristiyanong impluwensya gikan sa mga tawo sa palibot, sinda nakombertir kan misyon ni San Agustin na ipinadara ni [[Papa Gregorio I|Papa Gregorio an Dakula]] . An mayoriya kan natatadang populasyon kan Britanya nakombertir gikan sa Kristiyanismo pabalik sa saindang Paganong mga ginikanan. Kabaliktaran sa popular na paniniwala, an pagkakombertir kan mga Anglo-Saxon sa Kristianismo luway-luway na marhay. An mga Anglo-Saxon igwa nin kadikit na interes na baguhon an saindang relihiyon asin dawa sa primero pighihiling an Kristiyanismo huli sa pagsakop sa mga tawong Kristiyanong Briton mga dekada bago kaini. Inabot nin haros sarong siglo tanganing makombertir sana an mga aristokrasya kan mga Anglo-Saxon sa Kristiyanismo na kadakol pa an nagkokombertir pabalik sa Paganismo. Pagkatapos kaini, an mga ordinaryong tawo nagkua nin pirang gatos pang taon tanganing makombertir sa Kristiyanismo asin an saindang pangangatanosan sa pagkombertir sa kadaklan huli sa mga noble. Sa orihinal, an mga lider kan Anglo-Saxon naghingako nin banal na ginikanan mantang nagpartisipar sa kadakol na mga ritwal asin gawi para sa Paganismo alagad pagkatapos kan saindang pagkakombertir sinda man nagin mga espirituwal na lider para sa Kristiyanismo sa Britanya. Dai nahaloy an mga Anglo-Saxon nagpoon na isalak an saindang mga lumang Paganong istorya asin mga pigura sa Kristiyanismo, arog kan Paganong diyos na si Woden na nagin ika-16 sa ginikanan gikan ki 'Sceaf, an aki ni Noe sa Bibliya. Kan huri, sa irarom ni Arsobispo Theodore, an mga Anglo-Saxon nagkaigwa nin bulawan na panahon nin kultura asin iskolar. Dai nahaloy, an importanteng mga misyonerong Ingles arog ni SS. Si Wilfrid, Willibrord, Lullus asin Boniface magpoon na mag-ebanghelyo kan saindang mga paryentes na Saxon sa Alemania. <ref name="peasant2">{{cite journal|title=Peasant Religion in Medieval Europe|journal=Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie|volume=12|pages=185–209|publisher=Persée|author=Patrick J. Geary|doi=10.3406/asie.2001.1170|year=2001}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Chlodwigs_taufe.jpg|thumb|269x269px| Si San Remigio binunyagan si Clovis.]] An kadaklan na Kristiyanong Gallo-Romanong mga nag-eerok sa Gaul (modernong Pransya) sinakop kan mga Aleman na Frank kan amay na ika-5 siglo. An mga katutubong nag-eerok pinaglamag sagkod na an Frankish Hade, si Clovis I nakombertir gikan sa paganismo pasiring sa [[Simbahan Katoliko|Romano Katolisismo]] kan 496. Nag-insistir si Clovis na sumunod man an kapwa nia noble, na pinakokosog an saiyang bago pa sanang establisaron na kahadean paagi sa pagsararo kan pagtubod kan mga namamahala sa mga pinamamahalaan. ==== Mga Frisian kan mga Hababang Nasyon ==== Kan 698, an mongheng Benedictino kan Northumbria, si Willibrord, pinagbotan ni Papa Sergio I bilang obispo kan mga Frisian sa inaapod ngonyan na [[Nederlands|Netherlands]] . Si Willibrord nagmukna nin sarong simbahan sa Utrecht . An kadaklan sa mga gibo ni Willibrord napara kan an paganong Radbod, hade kan mga Frisian rinaot an kadakol na mga sentro nin mga Kristiyano sa pag'oltan kan 716 asin 719. Kan 717, an Ingles na misyonerong si Bonifacio isinugo tanganing tabangan si Willibrord, na inestablisar liwat an mga iglesya sa Frisia asin padagos na naghulit sa bilog na paganong kadagaan nin Alemania. Si Bonifacio ginadan kan mga pagano kan 754. === Iconoclasm === [[Ladawan:Andrej_Rublëv_001.jpg|wala|thumb| [[Trinidad (Kristiyanismo)|An Trinidad]] ni Andrei Rublev]] An Iconoclasm bilang sarong hiro nagpoon sa laog kan Sirangan na Kristiyanong Byzantine na simbahan kan amay na ika-8 siglo, kasunod kan serye nin magabat na mga pagbaliktad militar laban sa mga [[Islam|Muslim]] . Igwa nin sarong mobimientong Kristiyano kan ikawalo asin ikasiyam na siglo tumang sa pagsamba sa mga imahen, na dara kan paghadit na an arte tibaad [[Idolatriya|idolatroso]] . Sa pag-oltanan kan 726 asin 730 an Byzantine Emperador na si Leo III an Isaurian nagboot na haleon an sarong imahen ni Jesus na prominenteng ibinugtak sa ibabaw kan trangkahan kan Chalke, an seremonyal na entrada sa Dakulang Palasyo nin Constantinople, asin an pagsalida kaini nin sarong krus. Sinundan ini nin mga pagboot na nagbabawal sa pictorial na representasyon kan pamilya ni Cristo, kan suminunod na mga santo na Kristiano, asin kan mga eksena sa Biblia. Sa Solnopan, si Papa Gregorio III nagkaigwa nin duwang sinodo sa Roma asin kinondenar an ginibo ni Leo. Sa mga kahadean ni Leo, an Iconoclast Council sa Hieria, 754 nagdesisyon na an kultura nin banal na mga retrato (hilingon an icon ) bakong gikan sa sarong Kristiyanong ginikanan asin kun kaya erehes. An mobimiento nagdestroso kan kadaklan kan amay na historya nin arte kan simbahan Kristiyano, sa dakulang pagkawara kan mga suminunod na historyador nin arte asin relihiyon. An mobimientong iconoclastic mismo kan huri tinawan nin kahulugan bilang erehes kan 787 sa irarom kan [[Ikaduwang Konsilyo kan Nicea|Ikapitong Ecumenical council]], alagad nagkaigwa nin halipot na pagbangon sa pag'oltan kan 815 asin 842. == Halangkaw na Edad Media (800–1300) == === Carolingian Renaissance === An Carolingian Renaissance sarong panahon nin intelektwal asin kultural na pagbangon sa huring parte kan ika-8 siglo asin ika-9 siglo, kadaklan sa panahon kan paghade ni [[Carlomagno]] asin [[Ludovico Pio|Louis the Pious]] . Nagkaigwa nin paglangkaw kan [[literatura]], an [[arte]], [[arkitektura]], hurisprudensia, [[Liturhiya|liturhiko]] asin pag-aadal sa kasuratan . An panahon man nahiling an pag'uswag kan Carolingian minuscule, an ginikanan kan modernong lower-case script, asin an standardisasyon kan Latin na sagkod ngonyan nagin manlaen-laen asin iregular (hilingon an Medieval Latin ). An reporma iyo an kredo kan Kristianismo ni Carlomagno. Igwa nin pagdodoon sa mga pagkakaiba kan Kristiyanismo para sa mga laiko asin Kristiyanismo para sa mga noble. Kan panahon na ini, an relihiyon asin politika konektadong marhay sa lambang saro. An paniniwala ni Carlomagno sa pagtatanos kan sistema nin edukasyon kan mga noble sarong halimbawa kan relasyon na ini sa pag-oltanan kan iglesia asin estado. An dai pakabasa asin pakasurat sarong komun na problema man sa mga noble. Tanganing masimbagan an mga problema sa dai pakabasa asin pakasurat sa tahaw kan mga klero asin mga eskriba sa korte, si Carlomagno nagtogdas nin mga eskuelahan asin nakaakit sa saiyang korte an pinakamadunong na mga tawo hale sa bilog na Europa, arog ni Theodulf, Paul the Deacon, Angilbert, Paulinus of Aquileia . Importante man na rekonoseron na sa panahon na ini, an paggibo nin manuskrito makakakumpara sa modernong gastos sa pagbakal nin laptop. Kaya an mga mayaman, maimpluwensyang mga indibidwal sana arog ni Carlomagno an may kakayahan na magtulod kan pagpahiwas kan edukasyon sa klerikal. === Nagdadakulang tensyon sa pag-ultanan kan Sirangan asin Solnopan === An mga liki asin mga banga sa pagkasararo kan mga Kristiyano na nagdara sa Sirangan-Solnopan na Pagbaranga nagpoon na magin malinaw kan ikaapat na siglo pa sana. An mga pagkakalaen sa kultura, politika, asin lenguahe parateng sinasalak sa teolohiko, na nagbubunga nin pagkabaranga. An pagbalyo kan kabisera kan Roma pasiring sa Constantinople dai malilikayan na nagdara nin kawaran nin tiwala, iriwal, asin pag-imon pa ngani sa relasyon kan duwang dakulang sees, an Roma asin Constantinople. Pasil para sa Roma na mauri sa Constantinople sa panahon na iyan marikas na nawawaran nin politikal na pagkaprominente. An pagrayo natabangan man kan mga pagsalakay kan mga Aleman sa Solnopan, na epektibong nagpaluya sa mga kontak. An pag-itaas kan Islam sa pagsakop kaini sa kadaklan kan baybayon kan Mediteraneo (dai na baga sabihon an pag-abot kan mga paganong Slav sa Balkan sa parehong panahon) orog pang nagpakusog kan pagbubulag na ini sa paagi nin pagdara nin pisikal na pag-iriba sa pag-ultanan kan duwang kinaban. An dating magkaparehong pinagsararong kinaban kan Mediteraneo marikas na nawawara. An komunikasyon sa pag-oltanan kan Sirangan na Griyego asin Solnopan na Latin kan mga taon 600 nagin peligroso asin haros napondo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orthodoxinfo.com/general/greatschism.aspx|title=The Great Schism: The Estrangement of Eastern and Western Christendom|website=orthodoxinfo.com}}</ref> Duwang pundamental na problema – an naturalesa kan primacy kan obispo kan Roma asin an teolohikong implikasyon kan pagdagdag nin sarong clause sa Nicene Creed, na midbid bilang <nowiki><i id="mw3A">filioque</i></nowiki> clause – an imbuelto. An mga isyung ini sa doktrina enot na hayag na pinag-olayan sa patriarka ni Fotio. [[Ladawan:Church_of_the_East_in_the_Middle_Ages.svg|too|thumb|250x250px| An kadaklan napuho nang Simbahan kan Sirangan asin an pinakadakulang lakbang kaini durante kan Edad Media.]] Pag-abot kan ikalimang siglo, an Kakristianohan nababanga sa sarong pentarkiya nin limang sees na an Roma tinawan nin pangenot na lugar. An apat na Eastern sees kan pentarchy, pigkonsiderar na ini nadeterminaran kan kanonikal na desisyon asin dai nagdara nin hegemonya kan arin man na sarong lokal na simbahan o patriarka sa iba. Minsan siring, an Roma nagpoon na interpretaron an saiyang pagkaenot sa mga termino nin soberaniya, bilang sarong itinao nin Dios na deretso na imbuelto an unibersal na hurisdiksyon sa Simbahan. An kolehiyo asin konsiliar na naturalesa kan Simbahan, sa epekto, luway-luway na binayaan pabor sa supremasiya kan daing limitasyon na kapangyarihan kan papa sa bilog na Simbahan. An mga ideyang ini sa katapustapusi tinawan nin sistematikong kapahayagan sa Solnopan durante kan mobimientong Repormang Gregoriano kan ika-onseng siglo. An mga simbahan sa Sirangan pighihiling an pagsabot kan Roma sa naturalesa kan kapangyarihan kan episkopal bilang direktang kontra sa esensyal na konsiliar na estruktura kan Simbahan asin kun kaya nahihiling an duwang eklesiolohiya bilang magkakontrahan. Para sa sainda, partikularmente, an pagkaenot ni Simon Pedro dai nanggad puedeng magin eksklusibong prerogatibo nin arin man na sarong obispo. An gabos na obispo dapat, siring ki San Pedro, magkumpisal ki Jesus bilang Cristo asin, bilang siring, an gabos mga kasalihid ni Pedro. An mga iglesya sa Sirangan nagtao sa Sede Romana, nin pangenot alagad bakong pangenot. An Papa na iyo an pinakaenot sa mga kapantay, alagad bakong daing sala asin bakong may absolutong awtoridad. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/orthodoxway0000ware|title=The Orthodox Church London|last=Ware|first=Kallistos|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-913836-58-3|url-access=registration}}</ref> An saro pang mayor na nakakairitar sa Kakristianohan sa Sirangan iyo an paggamit kan Solnopan kan ''filioque'' clause—na an boot sabihon "asin an Aki"—sa Nicene Creed . Ini man luway-luway na nagtalubo asin naglaog sa Kredo sa pag'agi nin panahon. An isyu iyo an pagdagdag kan Solnopan kan Latin na clause ''filioque'' sa Kredo, arog kan "an Espiritu Santo... na gikan sa Ama ''asin sa Aki'' ," kun saen an orihinal na Kredo, na inaprobaran kan mga konsilyo asin ginagamit pa sagkod ngonyan, kan Ortodokso sa Sirangan nagsasabi sana na "an Espiritu Santo, an Kagurangnan asin Paratao nin Buhay, na gikan sa Ama." An Simbahan sa Sirangan nagrason na an frase idinagdag nin unilateral asin, kun siring, ilehitimo, nin huli ta an Sirangan dai pa noarin man nakonsulta. Sa huring pag-analisar, saro pang ekumenikal na konsilyo sana an makakapag-introdusir nin siring na pagbabago. Tunay nanggad, an mga konsilyo, na naggibo kan orihinal na Kredo, malinaw na ipinagbawal an ano man na pagbawas o pagdagdag sa teksto. Dugang pa sa eklesiolohikong isyung ini, an Simbahan sa Sirangan nagkonsiderar man na an filioque clause dai maaako huli sa dogmatikong mga basehan. Sa teolohiya, an Latin na interpolasyon dai inaako nin huli ta ini nagpaparisa na an Espiritu igwa na ngonyan nin duwang pinagkukuanan nin ginikanan asin prusisyon, an Ama asin an Aki, imbes na an Ama sana. === Photian Schism === Kan ika-9 siglo AD, sarong kontrobersiya an nagbutwa sa pag-oltanan kan Sirangan (Byzantine, kan huri Ortodokso) asin Solnopan (Latino, kan huri Romano Katoliko) na Kristiyanismo na pinunan kan pagtumang kan Romanong Papa Juan VIII sa pagnombrar kan Byzantine emperador na si Miguel III kan Photius I sa posisyon nin patriarka ni Constantinople. Si Photios sinayumahan kan papa na maghagad nin dispensasyon huli sa mga nakaaging punto nin iriwal sa pag-oltanan kan Sirangan asin Solnopan. Si Photius nagsayuma na akoon an supremasiya kan papa sa mga bagay sa Sirangan o akoon an filioque clause. An Latin na delegasyon sa konsilyo kan saiyang pagkonsagra nagpirit saiya na akoon an clause tanganing maseguro an saindang suporta. An kontrobersiya imbuelto man an mga deretso hurisdiksyonal kan eklesiastiko sa Sirangan asin Solnopan sa simbahan kan Bulgaria, siring man an sarong doktrinal na iriwal sa Filioque ("asin gikan sa Aki") na clause. Iyan idinagdag sa Nicene Creed kan Latin na simbahan, na kan huri iyo an teolohikong punto nin pagkaraot sa ultimong Great East-West Schism kan ika-onseng siglo. Si Photius nagtao nin konsesyon sa isyu kan mga deretso sa hurisdiksyon manungod sa Bulgaria asin an mga legado kan papa naggibo kan saiyang pagbalik kan Bulgaria sa Roma. An konsesyon na ini, alagad, purong nominal, nin huli ta an pagbalik kan Bulgaria sa rito kan Byzantine kan 870 nakaseguro na para kaini nin sarong autocephalous na simbahan. Kun mayo nin pagtogot ni Boris I nin Bulgaria, an papado dai nakapagpaotob kan arin man sa mga paghihingako kaiyan. === Sirangan-Solnopan na Pagbaranga === An East-West Schism, o Dakulang Schism, pinagsuhay an Simbahan sa Sulnupan (Latin) asin Sirangan (Griego) na mga sanga, arin na baga, Sulnupan na Katolisismo asin Sirangan na Ortodoksiya. Ini an pinakaenot na mayor na dibisyon poon kan an nagkapirang grupo sa Sirangan nagsikwal sa mga dekreto kan Konsilyo kan Chalcedon (hilingon an Ortodoksiya sa Sirangan ), asin mas mahalaga nanggad. Dawa ngani normal na pigpetsahan kan 1054, an East-West Schism iyo an resulta kan halawig na panahon nin pag-iba sa pag-ultanan kan Latin asin Griegong Kakristianohan sa naturalesa kan papal primacy asin nagkapirang doktrinal na bagay arog kan ''filioque'', alagad pinakusog kan mga pagkakaiba sa kultura asin linggwistika. An "opisyal" na pagkabaranga kan 1054 iyo an ekskomunikasyon ni Patriarka Michael Cerularius kan Constantinople, na sinundan kan saiyang ekskomunikasyon sa mga legado kan papa. An mga pagprobar sa pakikipag-ulian ginibo kan 1274 (kan Ikaduwang Konsilyo kan Lyon ) asin kan 1439 (kan Konsilyo kan Basel ), alagad sa lambang kaso an mga hirarkiya sa sirangan na nagtugot sa mga unyon isinikwal kan mga Ortodokso sa kabilogan, dawa ngani an pakikipag-ulian nakamit sa pag-oltanan kan Solnopan asin kan inaapod ngonyan na " Mga Simbahan Katolikong Sirangan ." Mas bago pa sana, kan 1965 an mga pag-ekskomunikar sa lambang saro binawi kan Papa asin kan Patriarka kan Constantinople, dawa ngani an pagkabaranga nagdadanay. An duwang grupo naggigikan sa Enot na Simbahan, parehong minaako kan [[Apostolikong kasanglian|apostolikong pagsusundan]] kan mga obispo kan lambang saro, asin an pagigin balido kan mga sakramento kan lambang saro. Dawa ngani parehong minimidbid an pagka-enot kan Obispo kan Roma, an Sirangan na Ortodoksiya nakakasabot kaini bilang sarong pagka-enot nin onra na may limitado o mayong eklesiastikong awtoridad sa ibang mga diosesis. An Ortodoksong Sirangan nagmansay sa Papado bilang nagkukua nin mga karakteristikong monarkiya na bakong kaoyon kan tradisyonal na relasyon kan iglesia sa emperador. An huring pagbalga parati pigkokonsiderar na nagbutwa pakatapos kan pagsakop asin pagsamsam kan Constantinople kan Ikaapat na Krusada kan 1204. An mga krusada laban sa mga Kristiyano sa Sirangan kan mga krusado na Romano Katoliko bako sanang sa [[Dagat Mediterraneo|Mediteraneo]] (hilingon man an mga Krusada sa Norte asin an Labanan sa Yelo ). An pagsamsam kan Constantinople, orog na an Simbahan kan Banal na Kadonongan asin an Simbahan kan Banal na mga Apostoles, asin an pagmukna kan Imperyo Latino bilang garo baga pagprobar na salidahan an Ortodoksong [[Subangan na Imperyong Romano|Imperyong Bizantino]] kan 1204 pighihiling na may kadikit na pagkaanggot sagkod sa presenteng aldaw. Dakol sa Sirangan an naheling an mga aksion kan Solnopan bilang pangenot na nagdedeterminar na dahelan sa pagluya kan Bizancio. Ini an nagin dalan kan pagsakop kan Imperyo asin pagkahulog sa Islam. Kan 2004, [[Papa Juan Pablo II|si Papa Juan Pablo II]] nagtao nin pormal na paghagad nin dispensasyon sa pagsamsam kan Constantinople kan 1204; an paghagad nin dispensasyon pormal na inako ni Patriarkang Bartolome kan Constantinople . Dakul na mga bagay na hinabon kan panahon na ini: mga banal na relikya, mga kayamanan, asin kadakol pang ibang mga bagay, an yaon pa sa manlaen-laen na mga syudad sa Solnopan na Europa, partikularmente [[Venice|an Venice]] . === Repormang Monastiko === [[Ladawan:Clocher_abbaye_cluny_2.JPG|wala|thumb|171x171px| Sarong tanawon kan Abbey kan Cluny.]] ==== Cluny ==== Poon kan ika-6 na siglo padagos an kadaklan sa mga monasteryo sa Solnopan iyo an Orden Benedictino . Huli sa mas estriktong pagsunod sa sarong repormadong pamamahala kan mga Benedictino, an abbey kan Cluny nagin an midbid na lider kan sulnupan na monastisismo poon kan huring parte kan ika-10 siglo. Si Cluny nagmukna nin sarong dakula, pederasyon na orden kun saen an mga administrador kan mga subsidiary na harong nagseserbing mga deputado kan abade kan Cluny asin nagsisimbag saiya. An espiritung Cluniac sarong nakakapakosog na impluwensya sa simbahan kan Norman, sa pinakahalangkaw kaini poon kan ikaduwang kabanga kan ika-10 siglo sagkod sa amay na ika-12 . ==== Cîteaux ==== [[Ladawan:Bernhard_von_Clairvaux_(Initiale-B).jpg|too|thumb| Bernard of Clairvaux, sa sarong manuskritong may liwanag kan edad media.]] An sunod na alon nin repormang monastiko nag-abot sa Cistercian Movement . An pinakaenot na Cistercian abbey pigtogdas kan 1098, sa Cîteaux Abbey . An pangenot na punto kan buhay kan mga Cisterciano iyo an pagbalik sa literal na pag-otob kan pamamahala kan mga Benedictino, na isinikwal an mga pangyayari kan mga Benedictino . An pinakanakakabiglang tampok sa reporma iyo an pagbalik sa manwal na trabaho, asin orog na sa trabaho sa langtad. Huli sa inspirasyon ni Bernard of Clairvaux, an pangenot na kagtogdok kan mga Cistercians, sinda an nagin mayor na pwersa kan paglakop kan teknolohiya sa Europa kan edad media. Sa katapusan kan ika-12 siglo an mga harong kan mga Cisterciano nag-abot sa 500, asin sa pinakahalangkaw kaini kan ika-15 siglo an orden naghingako na igwa nin haros 750 na harong. Kadaklan kaini itinogdok sa mga lugar na may kaawagan, asin nagkaigwa nin mayor na papel sa pagdara kan siring na mga suhay na parte kan Europa sa ekonomikong pagkultibar. ==== Mga Orden nin mga Parapakilimos ==== An ikatolong lebel nin repormang monastiko itinao kan pagmukna kan [[Orden mendikante|mga orden kan Mendicant]] . Komun na midbid bilang mga prayle, an mga parapakilimos nabubuhay sa irarom nin sarong monastikong pamamahala na may tradisyonal na mga panuga nin kadukhaan, kalinigan asin pagkuyog, alagad sinda nagduduon sa paghuhulit, aktibidad nin misyonero, asin edukasyon, sa sarong suhay na monasteryo. Poon kan ika-12 siglo, an orden Franciscano pinonan kan mga parasunod ni [[Francisco de Assisi]], asin pakatapos kaiyan an Orden Dominicano pinonan ni San Domingo . === Kontrobersiya sa Investiture === [[Ladawan:Canossa-gate.jpg|wala|thumb|200x200px| Si Henry IV sa trangkahan kan Canossa, ni August von Heyden]] An Investiture Controversy, o kontrobersiya sa Lay investiture, iyo an pinaka-signipikanteng iriwal sa pag-ultanan kan sekular asin relihiyosong mga kapangyarihan sa Edad Medya na Europa . Nagpoon ini bilang sarong iriwal kan ika-11 siglo sa pag-ultanan kan Banal na Romanong Emperador na si Henry IV, asin ni Papa Gregorio VII manungod sa kun siisay an manombra nin mga obispo ( investiture ). An katapusan kan mga laykong pamumuhunan naghuma na paluyahon an kapangyarihan kan Imperyo asin an mga ambisyon kan mga noble para sa kapakinabangan kan reporma kan Simbahan. An mga obispo nagkokolekta nin mga ingreso gikan sa mga estada na nakadukot sa saindang obispado. An mga noble na nagkakapot nin mga daga (mga fiefdom) minamana na ipinasa an mga dagang iyan sa laog kan saindang pamilya. Alagad, nin huli ta an mga obispo mayo nin lehitimong mga aki, kun an sarong obispo nagadan ini deretso kan hade na magnombra nin sarong kasalihid. Kaya, mantang an sarong hade igwa nin kadikit na paagi sa pag-olang sa mga noble na magkaigwa nin mga poderosong dominyo sa paagi nin pamana asin dinastikong mga pag-agom, an sarong hade puedeng magdanay na maingat na kontrol sa mga kadagaan na nasa irarom kan dominyo kan saiyang mga obispo. An mga hade nagtatao nin mga obispado sa mga miyembro kan mga nobleng pamilya na an pakikikatood gusto niyang maseguro. Dugang pa, kun an sarong hade binabayaan na bakante an sarong obispado, dangan kinokolekta niya an mga kita kan mga estado sagkod na an sarong obispo nombrahan, mantang sa teorya siya an mababayad kan mga kita. An pambihirang pagbayad na ini sarong malinaw na gikanan nin iriwal. Gusto kan Simbahan na tapuson an lay investiture na ini huli sa posibleng korapsyon, bako sanang gikan sa mga bakanteng sees kundi pati na gikan sa ibang mga gawi arog kan simoniya . Kaya, an Investiture Contest parte kan pagprobar kan Simbahan na repormahon an episcopate asin magtao nin mas marahay na pastoral na pag-ataman . Si Papa Gregorio VII nagpaluwas kan ''Dictatus Papae'', na nagdeklara na an papa sana an pwedeng magnombra o magpahale nin mga obispo, o magtradusir sainda sa ibang mga sees. An pagsikwal ni Henry IV sa dekreto nagdara sa saiyang ekskomunikasyon asin sarong rebelyon ducal; sa kahurihurihi si Henry nag-ako nin absolusyon pagkatapos kan dramatikong pampublikong penitensya na daing sapin sa niyebe kan Alpine asin nakasulot nin hairshirt (hilingon an Walk to Canossa ), dawa ngani an pagrebelde asin iriwal nin investiture nagpadagos. Siring man, sarong kaparehong kontrobersiya an nangyari sa Inglaterra sa pag-ultanan ni Hadeng Henry I asin San Anselmo, Arsobispo kan Canterbury, manungod sa investiture asin mga kita kan simbahan na nakolekta kan hade sa panahon nin sarong bakante sa episkopal. An iriwal kan mga Ingles naresolberan kan Concordat of London, 1107, kun saen an hade nagsikwal kan saiyang paghihingako na mag-invest nin mga obispo alagad padagos na naghahagad nin sumpa nin kaimbodan gikan sa sainda sa saindang pagpili. Ini sarong parsial na modelo para sa Concordat of Worms ( ''Pactum Calixtinum'' ), na nagresolber kan kontrobersiya sa Imperial investiture sa paagi nin sarong pagkompromiso na nagtugot sa mga sekular na awtoridad nin nagkapirang sukol nin kontrol alagad nagtao nin pagpili nin mga obispo sa saindang mga kanon sa katedral . Bilang simbolo kan pakikipagkompromiso, an mga awtoridad na layko nagtao sa mga obispo kan saindang sekular na awtoridad na isinisimbolisar kan lansa, asin an mga awtoridad eklesiastiko nagtao sa mga obispo kan saindang espirituwal na awtoridad na isinisimbolisar kan singsing asin kan sugkod . === Mga Krusada === An mga Krusada sarong serye nin mga labanan militar na ginibo kan mga Kristiyanong kabalyero para sa pagdepensa kan mga Kristiyano asin para sa pagpahiwas kan mga domain na Kristiyano. Sa pangkagabsan, an mga Krusada nanonongod sa mga kampanya sa Banal na Daga na pig-isponsor kan papado laban sa mga nagsasalakay na mga pwersang Muslim. Igwa pang ibang mga krusada laban sa mga pwersang Islamiko sa timog na Espanya, timog na Italya, asin Sicily, siring man an mga kampanya kan mga kabalyerong Teutonic laban sa mga paganong kuta sa Sirangan na Europa (hilingon an Mga Krusada sa Amihanan ). An nagkapirang krusada arog kan Ikaapat na Krusada ginibo sa laog kan Kakristianohan laban sa mga grupo na pigkonsiderar na mga erehes asin skismatiko (hilingon man an Labanan kan Yelo asin an Krusada kan Albigensia ). [[Ladawan:Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg|thumb| An Krak des Chevaliers itinogdok sa Kondado nin Tripoli kan mga Knights Hospitaller durante kan mga Krusada.]] An Banal na Daga nagin parte kan Imperyo Romano, asin kun siring kan Imperyo Bizantino, sagkod sa mga pananakop kan Islam kan ikapito asin ikawalong siglo. Pakatapos kaiyan, an mga Kristiyano sa pangkagabsan tinogotan na magbisita sa mga sagradong lugar sa Banal na Daga sagkod 1071, kan an mga Seljuk Turko isinara an mga Kristiyanong pilgrimage asin sinalakay an mga Byzantine, na dinaog sinda sa Labanan sa Manzikert . Si Emperador Alexius I naghagad nin tabang ki Papa Urbano II (1088-1099) para sa tabang laban sa agresyon kan Islam. Inapod ni Urbano II an mga kabalyero nin Kakristianohan sa sarong diskurso na ginibo sa Konsilyo nin Clermont kan 27 Nobyembre 1095, na pinagsasaro an ideya nin peregrinasyon pasiring sa Banal na Daga sa paggibo nin banal na guerra tumang sa nananakop na mga puersa. Sa Enot na Krusada, pagkatapos nin siyam na bulan nin giyera nin pag'agaw, sarong traydor na an pangaran Firuz an nangenot sa mga Frank pasiring sa siyudad nin Antioquia kan 1098. Minsan siring, pakalihis nin mayo pang sarong semana, nag-abot an kosog nin sarong hukbo na ginatos na ribo na pinangenotan ni Kerbogah asin sinalikopan an siudad. An mga krusada igwa sana nin 30,000 na tawohan asin an mga Turko mas dakul sainda nin tolo sa saro; napapaatubang sa pagdulag asin gutom, si Bohemond opisyal na napili na mangenot sa hukbong krusada kan Hunyo 1098. Kan aga kan 28 Hunyo, an hukbo kan mga krusada, na binibilog nin kadaklan na mga nakababa na kabalyero asin mga soldados na naglalakaw huli ta an kadaklan na mga kabayo nagadan na kan panahon na idto, nagluwas tanganing salakayon an mga Turko, asin binari an linya kan hukbo ni Kerbogah, na nagtugot sa mga krusada na makua an kumpletong kontrol sa Antioch asin sa palibot kaini. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/victoryineast00john|title=Victory in the East : a military history of the First Crusade|last=France, John.|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=0-521-41969-7|oclc=258294189|url-access=registration}}</ref> An Ikaduwang Krusada nangyari kan 1145 kan an Edessa sinakop giraray kan mga pwersang Islamiko. An Jerusalem gigibohon sagkod 1187 asin an Ikatolong Krusada, na bantog sa mga ralaban sa pag-ultanan ni Richard the Lionheart asin Saladin . An Ikaapat na Krusada, na pinonan ni Inocentes III kan 1202, may katuyuhan na sakopon giraray an Banal na Daga alagad dai nahaloy nabagsak kan mga Venetian na naggamit kan mga pwersa tanganing sakupon an Kristiyanong siyudad nin Zara . Ipinahale ni Inosente an mga taga-Venecia asin mga krusado. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sa kahurihurihi an mga krusada nag-abot sa Constantinople, alagad huli sa iriwal na nagbutwa sa pag-oltanan ninda asin kan mga [[Subangan na Imperyong Romano|Bizantino]] ,  an mga krusado sinakop an Constantinople asin iba pang parte kan Asya Minor, imbes na magduman sa Banal na Daga, na epektibong nagmukna kan Imperyo Latin kan Constantinople sa Gresya asin Asya Minor. Ini an epektibong huring krusada na suportado kan papado; an mga krusada sa huri pig-isponsoran nin mga indibidwal. Kaya, minsan ngani an Jerusalem kinapotan sa laog nin haros sarong siglo asin an ibang mga kuta sa Haraning Sirangan magdadanay sa pagsasadiri nin mga Kristiano nin mas halawig na panahon, an mga krusada sa Banal na Daga sa katapustapusi dai nakaestablisar nin permanenteng mga kahadean nin Kristiano. An pagkadaog kan mga Europeo dai nanggad maiaatribwir sa marahayon na kakayahan sa pakikipaglaban kan mga Mameluke asin Turko, na parehong naggamit nin mga liksi na nakasakay na mga parapana sa bukas na ralaban asin putok kan mga Griyego sa pagdepensa sa pagsalikop. Alagad, sa kahurihurihi an kawaran nin kakayahan kan mga lider kan mga Krusada na magboot nin magkakasundo iyo an nagdestroso kan kampanya militar. Dugang pa, an pagkabigo kan mga misyonero na makombertir an mga Mongol sa Kristianismo nakaolang sa paglaom para sa sarong alyansa kan mga Tartar asin Franco. An mga Mongol kan huri nagkombertir sa Islam. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beaumont|first1=A. A.|last2=Atiya|first2=Aziz Suryal|date=April 1939|title=The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1939-04_44_3/page/600|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=44|issue=3|pages=600|doi=10.2307/1839922|issn=0002-8762|jstor=1839922}}</ref> An pagpahiwas kan Islam sa Europa mabago asin magdadanay na sarong banta sa laog nin mga siglo, na nagtapos sa mga kampanya ni Suleiman an Magnificent kan ika-16 na siglo. Sa ibong na lado, an mga krusada sa timog na Espanya, timog na Italya, asin Sicily sa kahurihurihi nagdara sa pagkawara kan kapangyarihan kan Islam sa mga rehiyon; pinahiwas kan mga kabalyerong Teutonic an mga rona nin Kristiano sa Sirangan na Europa, asin an bakong gayong parateng mga krusada sa laog kan Kakristianohan, arog baga kan Krusada nin Albigensia, nakamit an saindang pasohan na papagdanayon an pagkasararo sa doktrina. === Inkisisyon kan Edad Medya === An Inkisisyon kan Edad Media opisyal na nagpoon kan 1231, kan ninombrahan ni Papa Gregorio IX an enot na mga inkisidor na maglingkod bilang mga ahente kan papa tanganing haleon an erehiya . An mga erehes nahihiling bilang sarong peligro sa Simbahan asin an enot na grupo na inatubang kan mga inkisidor iyo an mga Cathar kan timog na Pransya . An erehiya nahihiling bilang sarong pabalik-balik na problema para sa Simbahan kan edad media poon kan pagsulo kan mga erehe sa Orlèans kan 1022. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rice|first=Joshua|date=2022-06-01|title=Burn in Hell}}</ref> An pangenot na kasangkapan na ginagamit kan mga inkisidor iyo an pag-usisa na sa parate nagtatampok nin paggamit nin pagpasakit na sinusundan nin pagpasolo sa mga erehe sa harigi . Pakalihis nin mga sarong siglo an enot na inkisisyon na ini kan edad media natapos. Sarong bagong inkisisyon na inaapod na Inkisisyon Espanyol an ginibo ni Hadeng Fernando asin [[Isabella I kan Castile|Reyna Isabella]] tanganing pakosogon an saindang pamamahala. An bagong inkisisyon na ini isinuhay sa Iglesia Romana asin sa inkisisyon na naenot dian. Sa primero iyan sa pangenot ipinanongod sa mga Judio na nakombertir sa Kristianismo huli ta dakol an nagdududa na sinda dai man talaga nagkombertir sa Kristianismo. Kan huri naglakop ini sa pagpuntirya sa mga Muslim asin sa manlaen-laen na mga tawo sa Amerika asin Asya. An mga inkisisyon kaiba an Krusada kan Albigensia medyo nagin mapanggana sa pagpogol sa erehiya. === Paglangkaw kan mga unibersidad === An mga modernong unibersidad sa sulnupan direktang nagpoon sa Simbahan kan Edad Media. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Christian Education|last=A. Lamport|first=Mark|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2015|isbn=9780810884939|page=484|quote=All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|last=B M. Leonard|first=Thomas|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781135205157|page=1369|quote=Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Sciences in the Universities of Europe, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Academic Landscapes|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencesinuniver0000anas|last=Gavroglu|first=Kostas|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=9789401796361|page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencesinuniver0000anas/page/302 302]|quote=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=First Peoples of the Americas and the European Age of Exploration|last=GA. Dawson|first=Patricia|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing|year=2015|isbn=9781502606853|page=103|quote=}}</ref> Nagpoon sinda bilang mga eskwelahan sa katedral, asin an gabos na estudyante pigkonsiderar na mga klerigo. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions|last=Den Heijer|first=Alexandra|publisher=Academische Uitgeverij Eburon|year=2011|isbn=9789059724877|quote=Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.}}</ref> Ini sarong pakinabang huli ta ini nagbugtak sa mga estudyante sa irarom kan eklesiastikong hurisdiksyon asin sa siring nagtao nin nagkapirang legal na inmunidad asin proteksyon. An mga eskwelahan sa katedral sa kahurihurihi nagin parsyal na nasuhay sa mga katedral asin nagbilog kan saindang sadiring mga institusyon, an pinakaenot iyo an Unibersidad kan Paris ( ''c'' . 1150), an Unibersidad kan Bologna (1088), asin an Unibersidad kan Oxford (1096). === Paglakop kan Kristiyanismo === ==== Pagkombertir kan mga Eslavo ==== [[Ladawan:Cyril_Metodej.jpg|wala|thumb| Monumento ni San Cirilo asin San Metodio sa Mt. Radhošť]] Dawa ngani kan 800 an sulnupan na Europa pinamamahalaan nin mga hadeng Kristiyano, an sentral asin sirangan na Europa nagdanay na mga lugar nin aktibidad nin misyonero. Sa ikasiyam nga siglo SS. Si Cirilo asin Metodio nagkaigwa nin mahiwas na mga aktibidad sa pagmimisyonero sa tahaw kan mga banwaan na Eslavo, na tinatradusir an Biblia asin liturhiya sa Eslavoniko . Kan ikasiyam asin ikasampulong siglo an Kristianismo nakagibo nin dakulang paglaog sa sentral asin sirangan na Europa. An pag-ebanghelyo, o Kristiyanisasyon, kan mga Eslavo makusog na suportado kan saro sa mga pinaka-adunong na mga taga-iglesya kan [[Subangan na Imperyong Romano|Sirangan na Imperyo nin Roma]] (na inaapod man na Imperyo nin Bizantino) Patriarkang Photius . An emperador na Byzantine na si Miguel III pinili si Cyril asin Methodius bilang simbag sa kahagadan ni Rastislav, an hade kan Moravia na gusto nin mga misyonero na makakapaglingkod sa mga Moraviano sa saindang sadiring tataramon. An duwang tugang nagtataram kan bernakular na Eslavonikong lokal para sa rehion nin Tesalonica, na harani pa man giraray sa orihinal na Proto-Eslavo, asin itrinadusir an [[Bibliya|Biblia]] asin an dakol sa mga libro nin pamibi. Siring sa mga huring siglo an mga traduksiyon na inandam ninda kinopya kan mga parataram kan ibang mga enot na diyalektong Eslavo, an manlaen-laen na lokal na mga variant nag-ebolusyon bilang mga pag-urong kan huring tataramon na literaryo asin liturhiko kan Eslavo kan Simbahan . An nagkapira sa mga disipulo, na iyo si Naum kan Preslav, Clement kan Ohrid, San Angelar, asin Sava, nagbalik sa [[Bulgarya|Bulgaria]] kun saen sinda inako kan Bulgarian Tsar na si Boris I na pighihiling an liturhiyang Eslavoniko bilang sarong paagi tanganing kontrahon an impluwensya kan mga Griyego sa nasyon. Sa halipot na panahon an mga disipulo ni Cirilo asin Metodio nakapag-andam asin nakapagtukdo sa maabot na klero kan mga Eslavo sa alpabetong Glagolitiko asin sa mga teksto sa bibliya, kun saen man an Amay na alpabetong Siriliko pigdevelop kan huring parte kan ika-9 siglo. An Bulgaria opisyal na pigkristiyanisa kan 864 asin pigmidbid bilang sarong patriarka kan Constantinople kan 927, <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Zlatarski|1972}}</ref> <ref name="BGpatriarchate2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bg-patriarshia.bg/index.php?file=preslav_patriarchs.xml|title=Patriarchs of Preslav|website=Official site of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church|language=bg|access-date=3 March 2016|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307002801/http://www.bg-patriarshia.bg/index.php?file=preslav_patriarchs.xml|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> an pinakaenot pagkatapos kan limang orihinal na Patriarka na nagbilog kan Pentarkiya gikan sa huring parte [[Imperyong Romano|kan Imperyo Romano]] . An mga Serb pigkonsiderar na Kristiyano kan mga 870. <ref name="IUN2">{{cite web|url=http://www.iun.edu/~hisdcl/h113_2001/byzantium.htm|title=From Eastern Roman to Byzantine: transformation of Roman culture (500-800)|publisher=Indiana University Northwest|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916164425/http://www.iun.edu/~hisdcl/h113_2001/byzantium.htm|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> An patriarka kan Serbia pigmidbid kan Constantinople kan 1346. An Bautismo kan Kiev kan 988 nagpalakop kan Kristiyanismo sa bilog na Kievan Rus', na nagmukna kan Kristiyanismo sa naenot na estado kan [[Belarus]], [[Rusya]] asin [[Ukranya|Ukraine]] . An mas huring marhay na patriarkado kan Rusya pigmidbid kan Constantinople kan 1589. An mga misyonero sa mga Eslavo nagkaigwa nin suminunod na kapangganahan sa sarong kabtang huli ta ginamit ninda an katutubong tataramon kan banwaan imbes na [[Tataramon na Latin|Latin]] arog kan ginibo kan mga saserdoteng Romano, o [[Tataramon na Griego|Griego]] . == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7jdcm4hc3dxqrkggq3r6l14oznyb3go 0 50771 309751 301826 2026-08-23T23:13:30Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Si Laura Cereta''' (Setyembre 1469 – 1499) saro sa mga pinakabantog na humanista asin [[Feminismo|peministang]] parasurat kan ika-kinseng siglong Italya. Si Cereta an pinakaenot na nagbugtak kan mga isyu kan mga babae asin an saiyang pakikipag-amigo sa mga babae sa enotan asin sentro kan saiyang trabaho. Si Cereta nagsurat sa [[Brescia]], Verona, asin [[Venice]] kan 1488–92, midbid sa saiyang pagsurat sa porma nin mga surat sa ibang mga intelektwal. An saiyang mga surat igwa kan saiyang personal na mga bagay asin mga memorya kan siya aki pa, asin pinag-oolayan an mga tema arog kan edukasyon kan mga babae, gera, asin kasal. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Cereta|first1=Laura|title=Letter to Augustinus Aemilius, Curse against the Ornamentation of Women|url=https://www.sjsu.edu/people/andrew.fleck/courses/Hum1bSpr15/Lecture_22%20Laura%20Cereta.pdf}}</ref> Arog kan enot na dakulang humanistang si Petrarch, si Cereta naghingako na naghahanap nin kabantogan asin inmortalidad sa paagi kan saiyang pagsurat. Minalataw na an saiyang mga surat para sa sarong pankagabsan na mga nagdadangog. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=King|first1=Margaret L.|author1-link=Margaret L. King|title=Petrarch, the Self-Conscious Self, and the First Women Humanists|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medieval-and-early-modern-studies_fall-2005_35_3/page/537|journal=Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies|date=1 September 2005|volume=35|issue=3|pages=537–558|doi=10.1215/10829636-35-3-537}}</ref> == Buhay asin karera == Si Cereta namundag kan Setyembre 1469 sa Brescia sa sarong pamilyang halangkaw an klase. Siya sarong may helang na aki na nagtitios nin dai pagturog. Siya an panganay sa anom na aki. Igwa siyang tolong tugang na lalaki, si Ippolito, Daniel asin Basilio asin duwang tugang na babae, si Deodata, asin Diana. An saiyang pamilya popular na gayo sa Italya huli sa estado kan saiyang ama. [[Silvestro Cereta|Si Silvestro Cereta]] sarong abogado asin sarong mahistrado kan hade asin an saiyang ina, [[Veronica di Leno|si Veronica di Leno]], sarong bantog na negosyante. Nin huli ta an saiyang ama asin si Cereta nagtutubod sa edukasyon, sa edad na siete an saiyang ama pinadara siya sa kumbento . Duman niya idinusay an saiyang buhay sa mga intelektuwal na paghihingoa asin pinonan an saiyang mga akademiko; nakanuod siya nin mga prinsipyo relihiyoso, pagbasa, pagsurat, asin Latin kaiba kan prioress . Dakula an impluwensya kan prioress sa buhay ni Cereta bilang saiyang paratukdo, asin mentor. An prioress nagtukdo ki Cereta na gamiton an mga oras nin banggi sagkod bago mag-aga mantang an gabos na iba pa nagtuturog tanganing magburda, magsurat, asin mag-adal. Sa edad na siete, giniyahan kan saiyang maestro an saiyang mga kurso sa gramatika nin Latin. Tinukduan man niya ini kun pano magdrowing nin mga ritrato gamit an sarong dagom, na saiyang pig-eensayo aldaw asin banggi. Pakalihis nin duwang taon sa kumbento, an saiyang ama naghagad na magpuli si Cereta tanganing atamanon an saiyang mga tugang sa edad na siyam. Pakalihis nin pirang bulan sa harong, nagbalik siya sa kumbento para sa dugang pang pag-eskwela. Sa edad na dose, ipinaapod giraray siya kan saiyang ama tanganing mag-uli tanganing mag-ako nin manlaen-laen na mga responsibilidad sa harong, kabali an pag-asikaso sa edukasyon kan saiyang mga tugang asin pagserbing sekretaryo kan saiyang ama. Posibleng an saiyang ama an naggiya sa saiyang mga pag-adal pagkatapos kan elementarya. Kan panahon na ini, si Cereta nagpahiling nin dakulang interes sa [[matematika]], [[astrolohiya]], [[agrikultura]], asin sa saiyang paboritong asignatura, an moral na pilosopiya . Kan 1484, si Cereta naagom sa edad na kinse ki [[Pietro Serina]] . Si Serina sarong negosyante gikan sa [[Venice]], alagad igwa man nin parehong interes sa akademya. Nagbutwa an mga kadepisilan sa pag-oltanan kan duwa sa saindang pag-agom. Sa saiyang mga surat saiya, nagsurat siya “Inaakusar mo ako nin katamaran asin inaatake mo ako huli sa sakuyang halawig na pagsilensio na garo baga ako sarong akusado sa korte. Minagawe ka na garo baga ako an klase nin tawo na masurat sa mga estranghero asin papabayaan ka sana, na garo baga ako nalilingawan ka mantang sa katunayan tinatawan taka nin onra na mas halangkaw kisa sa ibang mga tawong may inadalan.” <ref name="McCue Gill 2009">{{Cite journal|last1=McCue Gill|first1=Amyrose|title=Fraught Relations in the Letters of Laura Cereta: Marriage, Friendship, and Humanist Epistolarity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_renaissance-quarterly_winter-2009_62_4/page/1098|journal=Renaissance Quarterly|date=2009|volume=62|issue=4|pages=1098–1129|doi=10.1086/650024|pmid=20099400}}</ref> Sa ibong kan mga argumento, para ki Cereta, ini an saro sa pinakamaogmang mga momento sa saiyang buhay. Sa saiyang mga surat, iniimahinar nia an sarong ideyal na pag-agoman bilang sarong pakikipagtabangan na pinamamahalaan nin onra, paggalang, pagkaonesto, asin pagkamoot sa lambang saro. Dai nanggad ibinilang ni Cereta an pag-agom nin saro bilang sarong klase nin pakikikatood, ni direktang inapod nia an saiyang agom na katood. Dawa siring, sa saiyang mga surat, an mga tataramon kan pag-agom asin pakikikatood malinaw na pigladawan, na pigtututok an atensyon kan mga parabasa sa mga relasyon na magkapareho arog kan pagkamoot sa lambang saro, komunikasyon. Parati niyang pigtututok an atensyon kan mga parabasa sa mga relasyon sa lambang saro arog kan pagkamoot, komunikasyon asin responsibilidad na namamahala sa agom asin pakikikatood. Pakalihis nin labing walong bulan na pag-agoman, nagadan an saiyang agom huli sa peste . An duwa mayo nin mga aki asin dai na siya nag-agom giraray. Sa katapustapusi nakabawi si Cereta kan saiyang espiritu duwang taon pagkatapos kan pagkagadan kan saiyang agom asin nagpoon na maglubog nin mas hararom sa saiyang mga pag-adal asin mga obra sa literatura. Padagos siyang nagsurat kan saiyang mga surat sa sarong haraning grupo nin pamilya asin mga amigo, na pinag-oolayan an mga personal na kahaditan arog kan saiyang masakit na relasyon sa saiyang ina asin sa saiyang agom. An mga surat na ini nagtao man nin detalyadong paglaladawan kan pribadong mga eksperyensia nin sarong amay na modernong babae. Kun susumahon, an mga surat na ini mga ebidensya nin sarong indibidwal na babae asin sa saiyang padagos na mga kahaditan sa peminista. Idinepensa niya an konsepto nin pag-edukar sa mga babae asin nagkontra sa pang-aabuso sa mga may agom na babae. Dugang pa, sa saiyang mga pampublikong lektura asin mga saysay, pig-eksplorar ni Cereta an kasaysayan kan mga kontribusyon kan mga kababaihan sa intelektuwal asin politikal na buhay kan Europa. Nakipagdiskutiran siya laban sa pang-ooripon kan mga babae sa pag-agom asin para sa mga deretso kan mga babae sa mas halangkaw na edukasyon, an parehong mga isyu na mag-okupar sa mga peministang paraisip sa mga masunod na siglo. <ref>Collected Letters of a Renaissance Feminist by Laura Cereta, 1997 </ref> Huli sa mga temang ini, an mga iskolar arog ni Diana Robin pigkokonsiderar siya na sarong amay na peminista. Sa bilog na panahon na ini, dakul siyang naatubang na mga kritiko, lalaki asin babae, na nag-iimon sa saiyang mga naginibohan asin nagtutuyaw sa saiyang mga gibo. An duwang pangenot na akusasyon na dinara laban saiya iyo na an sarong babae dai dapat mag-ako nin edukasyon asin na an saiyang mga obra pig-plagiarize, na an saiyang ama an nagsurat kaini para saiya. Nagtumang siya sa saiyang mga kritiko na may agresibo. Bilang simbag sa saro sa saiyang mga kritiko, si Bibulus Sepromius, si Laura nagsabi:<blockquote>Napapagal na an sakong mga talinga sa saimong pag-ulog-ulog. Ika daing takot asin sa publiko na bako sanang nagngangalas kundi talagang nagmomondo na ako sinasabing igwa nin arog karahay na isip na itinao kan naturalesa sa pinakamadunong na tawo. Garo baga iniisip mo na an sarong babaeng may inadalan dai pa nanggad nahihiling sa kinaban. Sala ka sa duwang bagay, Sempronius, asin naparayo ka sa dalan nin katotoohan asin nagpapalakop nin kaputikan... Nagsasagin-sagin kang naghahanga sako bilang sarong babaeng prodigy, alagad igwa nin nag-uurong-sulong na pandadaya sa saimong pag-omaw. Naghahalat ka nin daing ontok sa pag-ambush tanganing masiod an sakuyang magayon na sekso, asin nadaog kan saimong pagkaongis naghihingoa na timaktimakan ako asin ihulog ako sa daga. </blockquote>Kan 1488, tinipon ni Cereta an 82 kan saiyang mga surat sa sarong tomo. An tomo nakabasar sa modelo ni Petrarcha na inaapod na "Epistolae Familiares" asin isinurat na may burlesque na diyalogo sa "kagadanan nin sarong asno". Idinusay niya ini sa saiyang patron, si Cardinal Ascanio Sforza . An saiyang mga obra naglakop nin mahiwas sa Italya kan amay na modernong panahon. Alagad, an tomong ini nagdanay na dai naipublikar sagkod kan ika-17 siglo. An manuskrito nagsirkular poon 1488 sagkod 1492 sa tahaw kan mga humanista sa Brescia, Verona, asin Venice. Pigdududahan na ginibo niya ini tanganing maghanap nin lehitimo bilang sarong parasurat. Anom na bulan pagkatapos na ipublikar an saiyang mga surat, nagadan an saiyang ama. Pagkagadan kaini, dai na siya nakamati nin inspirasyon na magsurat. An pinakaenot asin pinakakumpletong publikasyon kan mga surat ni Cereta iyo an edisyon ni Tomasini, na ipinublikar kan 1640, na dawa siring dai naglaog nin sarong dosena kan saiyang mga surat. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Vera Amicizia : Conjugal Friendship in the Italian Renaissance|last=Amyrose Joy McCue Gill|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|year=2008|page=137}}</ref> == Kagadanan == Si Laura Cereta nagadan kan 1499 sa edad na 29 sagkod 30. Dai aram an dahelan kan saiyang kagadanan. Mayo sa saiyang mga sinurat kan mga huring taon kan saiyang buhay an nagdanay. Siya tinawan nin onra sa sarong pampublikong lobong asin mga kapiyestahan sa Brescia, na pambihira para sa mga babae. Nagigirumdoman siya bilang sarong dakulang babae na nagbugtak kan pundasyon para sa kadakol na mga parasurat na peminista asin humanista pagkatapos kan Renaissance. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Listahan kan mga obra == [[Ladawan:Laurae_ceretae_epistolae1.jpg|thumb| ''Laurae ceretae epistolae'', Padua, 1640]] * "Kritikal na Edisyon kan mga Dai Napublikar na Materyales sa Cereta Corpus." Pig-edit ni Albert Rabil, Jr. Laura Cereta: Quattrocento Humanist. Binghamton, NY: Mga Teksto asin Pag-aadal kan Edad Media asin Renaissance, 1981, 111-175. * Laura Cereta: Mga Tinipon na Surat kan sarong Feministang Renaissance. Itinranskripsiyon, itrinadusir, asin inedit ni Diana Robin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. * "Laura Cereta: Sulat ki Augustinus Aemilius, Sumpa laban sa Pag-adorno kan mga Babae." Itinalin asin pig-edit ni Margaret L. King asin Albert Rabil, Jr. An Saiyang Daing Kamot na Kamot: Mga Piniling Obra kan asin manungod sa mga Babaeng Humanista kan Quattrocento Italya. Binghamton, NY: Mga Teksto asin Pag-aadal kan Edad Media asin Renaissance, 1983, 77-80. * "Laura Cereta ki Bibulus Sempronius: Pagdepensa kan Liberal na Pagtukdo kan mga Babae." Itinalin asin pig-edit ni Margaret L. King asin Albert Rabil, Jr. sa Her Immaculate Hand: Selected Works kan asin manungod sa mga Babaeng Humanista kan Quattrocento Italy. Binghamton, NY: Mga Teksto asin Pag-aadal kan Edad Media asin Renaissance, 1983, 81-84. == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga Tala ==   * {{cite web|last1=Cereta|first1=Laura|title=Letter to Augustinus Aemilius, Curse against the Ornamentation of Women|url=https://www.sjsu.edu/people/andrew.fleck/courses/Hum1bSpr15/Lecture_22%20Laura%20Cereta.pdf}} * {{cite journal|last1=McCue Gill|first1=Amyrose|title=Fraught Relations in the Letters of Laura Cereta: Marriage, Friendship, and Humanist Epistolarity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_renaissance-quarterly_winter-2009_62_4/page/1098|journal=Renaissance Quarterly|date=2009|volume=62|issue=4|pages=1098–1129|doi=10.1086/650024|jstor=10.1086/650024|pmid=20099400}} * Julie, Kane. n.d. "Letter from Laura Cereta: Brescia, 1488." http://quod.lib.umich.edu/f/fs/0499697.0020.308/1#?/ (accessed October 24, 2014). * {{cite journal|last1=King|first1=M. L.|title=Petrarch, the Self-Conscious Self, and the First Women Humanists|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medieval-and-early-modern-studies_fall-2005_35_3/page/537|journal=Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies|date=1 October 2005|volume=35|issue=3|pages=537–558|doi=10.1215/10829636-35-3-537}} * [[:en:Margaret_L._King|King, Margaret L.]], and Albert Rabil. 1983. Her immaculate hand: selected works by and about the women humanists of Quattrocento Italy. Binghamton, N.Y.: Center for Medieval & Early Renaissance Studies, 1983. * {{cite journal|last1=Lonergan|first1=Corinna Salvadori|title=Review of Dialogue on the Infinity of Love, (The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe); Collected Letters of a Renaissance Feminist, (The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe); The Worth of Women: Wherein is Clearly Revealed their Nobility and their Superiority to Men, (The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe)|journal=Renaissance Studies|date=1998|volume=12|issue=3|pages=435–439|jstor=24412619}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * “Brooklyn Museum: Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Laura Cereta” http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/laura_cereta.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026132631/http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/laura_cereta.php |date=2014-10-26 }} . (Disyembre 1, 2014). * “Laura Cereta Mga katotoohan, impormasyon, mga ritrato” http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Laura_Cereta.aspx#2-1G2:3205500065-full . (Disyembre 3, 2014). * ”Laura Cereta Italyanong pilosopo, humanista. ” [https://web.archive.org/web/20111111070946/http://www.women-philosophers.com/Laura-Cereta.html] (Na-access kan Disyembre 1, 2014). ia8rnr5yktdpiaol4fnq0dooq1avc1j 0 50776 309784 308523 2026-08-23T23:41:20Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Taiwanese folklore}} {{Infobox folk tale |image = Auntie_Tigress.jpg |caption = Aunt Tiger performed by [[glove puppetry]] |Folk_Tale_Name = Tiya Tiger |AKA = Aunt Tigress |Mythology = Asian |Country = [[Taiwan]] |Region = |Origin_Date = 16th century |Published_In = |Related = }} {{Infobox Chinese |title = Tiya Tiger |t=虎姑婆 |s=虎姑婆 |p=Hǔ Gūpó |poj=Hó͘-ko͘-pô }} An ''' Aunt Tiger''' o '''Auntie Tigress''' sarong osipon [[Taiwan|kan Taiwan]] na may kadakol na pagkakaiba-iba. An istorya nag-iikot sa sarong espiritu nin tigre sa bukid na nagin sarong gurang na babae, nagkukua nin mga aki sa banggi asin kinakakan sinda tanganing panigoan an saiyang gana. Parati ining ginagamit sa pag-akit sa mga aki na makaturog tolos. An pinakamidbid na bersyon pinagtipon kan parasurat na Taiwanese [[:zh:王詩琅|na si Wang Shilang]], kun saen an kamugtakan kan istorya yaon sa sarong estaran kan Hakka sa Taiwan. <ref>{{Cite book|title=臺灣民間故事|last=王詩琅|date=31 January 1999|publisher=玉山社|isbn=9789578246041}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Chien|first=Chi-Ru|date=2013|journal=成大中文學報|volume=22|url=http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf|script-title=zh:臺灣虎姑婆故事之深層結構─以自然與文化二元對立觀之|trans-title=The Research for Structural Analysis and Folk Investigation of Taiwan's Grandaunt Tiger Story|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-date=2016-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913231033/http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Archive copy|archivedate=2016-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913231033/http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf}}</ref> == Uroestorya == An espiritung tigre kaipuhan na magkakan nin nagkapirang aki tanganing magin tawo, kaya minababa ini hale sa kabukidan tanganing maghanap nin mga aki na kakakanon. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Aunt: The Terrifying Child-Eating Monster of Taiwanese Folklore|url=https://bizarrewonders.com/tiger-aunt-the-terrifying-child-eating-monster-of-taiwanese-folklore/|date=1 March 2023|accessdate=23 June 2023|website=Bizarre Wonders|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143938/https://bizarrewonders.com/tiger-aunt-the-terrifying-child-eating-monster-of-taiwanese-folklore/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pagkatapos magbaba sa bukid, nagtatago ini sa luwas kan sarong harong asin nagdadangog, aram na maluwas an ina asin igwa sanang padis na magturugang sa harong, kaya nagigin tiyaon ini tanganing dayaon an aki na buksan an pinto asin maglaog sa harong. Nagtuturog sagkod matanga, kinakan ni Tiya Tigre an nguhod na tugang asin naggibo nin tanog nin pag-upak. Hinapot kan tugang na babae si Tiya Tiger kun ano an saiyang kinakakan kan madangog niya ini. Sabi ni Tiya Tiger nagkakakan sana siya nin mani, dangan itinapok an sarong pidaso kan muro kan tugang na lalaki sa tugang na babae. An tugang na babae kalmadong nagsasaginsagin na magduman sa kasilyas dangan nagtatago sa kahoy sa luwas kan pinto. Kan maaraman ni Tiya Tigre asin kakanon na an tugang na babae, an huri tusong naghagad ki Tiya Tigre na pabukalon an sarong kaldero nin mainit na tubig (kun dai ini mainit na lana) para saiya, asin hinagad ki Tiya Tigre na isabit an mainit na tubig sa kahoy huli ta gusto niyang maglukso sa kaldero nin solo. Kan ibinubugtak ni Tiya Tigre an mainit na tubig sa kahoy gamit an sarong lubid, hinagad kan tugang na babae ki Tiya Tigre na ipiyong an saiyang mga mata asin buksan an saiyang nguso. Dangan, ibinubo niya an nagbuburak na tubig sa tulak ni Tiya Tigre, na nakagadan sa tigre. <ref>{{cite web|title=Aunt Tiger - Taiwan Legend and Nursery Rhyme|url=https://ltl-taiwan.com/aunt-tiger/|accessdate=23 June 2023|publisher=LTL Mandarin School|date=August 3, 2020}}</ref> An sarong pagkakaiba iyo na igwa nin duwang daragita na magtugang na babae imbes na an tugang na lalaki asin tugang na babae na kombinasyon. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of Auntie Tiger}}</ref> == Mga Pagkakaiba-iba == Igwa man nin mga istorya na may kaparehong mga istorya na naglilibot sa [[Habagatan na Korea|South Korea]], [[Hapon|Japan]], [[Bietnam|Vietnam]] asin iba pang mga nasyon, kapareho kan istorya ni Little Red Riding Hood sa [[Europa]] . <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Chih-chun|last2=Huang|first2=Chengzeng|last3=Specht|first3=Annette|last4=Lontzen|first4=Günter|last5=Barchilon|first5=Jacques|title=The Earliest Version of the Chinese" Little Red Riding Hood": The Tale of the Tiger-woman.|journal=Merveilles & Contes|volume=7|issue=1|pages=513–527|date=1993|publisher=Wayne State University Press|jstor=41390379}}</ref> An mga kaagid na istorya makukua man sa [[Tsina]] kun saen an tiya sarong lobo o oso. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales|last=Li|first=Jing|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313334429|editor-last=Donald Haase|volume=I: A-F|page=197|chapter=Chinese Tales}}</ref> Dugang pa, an siring na istorya na may duwang aki asin sarong adulto na nagtutuyong gadanon sinda yaon man sa [[Hansel and Gretel|Hansel asin Gretel]] sa Grimm's Fairy Tales . Sa South Korea, igwa nin sarong osipon na inaapod na Janghwa Hongryeon jeon na may kaparehong istorya. An katuyohan kan klaseng ini nin estorya tibaad iyo na patanidan an mga aki na dai magtubod sa mga estranghero na nag-aaprobetsar kan kawaran nin mga adulto tanganing lumaog sa mga harong asin magkidnap nin mga aki. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Aunt: Beware of Strangers|url=https://islandfolklore.com/tiger-aunt/|accessdate=23 June 2023|website=Island Folklore|date=6 May 2021}}</ref> == Analisar == === Tipo nin osipon === Intsik na folklorist asin iskolar na Ting Nai-tung [ zh ] nagmukna nin ikaduwang tipolohikong klasipikasyon kan mga osipon na Intsik (an enot iyo si Wolfram Eberhard ), asin nag-abstrak nin sarong klase nin osipon na saiyang pig-indeks bilang numero 333C, "The Tiger Grandma". Sa klaseng osipon na ini, an sarong linalang na nagkakakan nin aki (ogress, tigre o lobo) <ref>{{Cite book|title=Going to the People|last=Hung|first=Chang-tai|date=1985|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|page=125|doi=10.1163/9781684172580_010|quote=In the final episode of "The Tiger Grandma," the ogress (usually a tiger or a wolf) is killed ...}}</ref> nagsasagin-sagin na sarong gurang na babaeng paryente kan mga aki, asin nagdadalaw sainda pagkatapos na maghale an saindang ina. An ogress tinugutan na maglaog sa harong kan mga kaakian, kinakan an saro sainda, alagad an nakaligtas nakadulag pasiring sa ibang lugar. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Brothers Grimm and Folktale|url=https://archive.org/details/brothersgrimmfol0000unse_r0o4|last=Dundes|first=Alan|date=1991|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252061912|editor-last=James M. McGlathery|page=[https://archive.org/details/brothersgrimmfol0000unse_r0o4/page/22 22]|chapter=Interpreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically|author-link=Alan Dundes}}</ref> Sa bagay na iyan, ipinarisa kan parasiyasat na si Juwen Zhang na an tipo 333C, "Wolf grandma", sarong halimbawa kan mga lokal na klase nin osipon na Intsik na dai nakalista sa internasyonal na indeks kan ATU . <ref>Juwen Zhang. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QS1LEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22333C%22+%2B+%22wolf+grandma%22&pg=PA30 Oral Traditions in Contemporary China: Healing a Nation]''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2021. p. 30. {{ISBN|9781793645142}}.</ref> An osipon pigkumpara man sa osipon kan Europa ''na Little Red Riding Hood'', <ref>{{Cite book|title=Going to the People|last=Hung|first=Chang-tai|date=1985|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|page=125|doi=10.1163/9781684172580_010|quote="The Tiger Grandma," a Chinese version of "Little Red Riding Hood," carries a similar message. (...) In the final episode of "The Tiger Grandma," the ogress (usually a tiger or a wolf) is killed, just as the wolf is killed by the hunter in the Grimms' version of "Little Red Riding Hood."}}</ref> na pigklasipikar sa internasyonal na indeks bilang tipo ATU 333, <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales|last=Li|first=Jing|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313334429|editor-last=Donald Haase|volume=I: A-F|page=197|chapter=Chinese Tales}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Facts on File: Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend|date=2009|publisher=Facts On File|editor-last=Mercatante|editor-first=Anthony S.|volume=I: A-L|location=New York|page=611|quote=Little Red Riding Hood is tale type 333, the “Glutton,” and is known in China, Korea, and Japan as “Grandaunt Tiger.”}}</ref> asin sa ''The Wolf and the Kids'' (osipon na tipo ATU 123). <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Goldberg|first1=Christine|title=Strength in Numbers: The Uses of Comparative Folktale Research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_western-folklore_winter-2010_69_1/page/24|journal=Western Folklore|date=2010|volume=69|issue=1|page=24|jstor=25735282|quote=Similarly, there is an Asian tale about children who are visited by man-eating tiger disguised as their aunt. Although this tale shares motifs with both Little Red Riding Hood (ATU 333) and The Wolf and the Kids (ATU 123), these are actually three separate tales ...}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Od7WAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Et+il+se+retrouve+en+Extr%C3%AAme-Orient,+dans+des+versions+d%27un+conte+bien+connu+en+Chine,+Cor%C3%A9e,+Japon,+Le+Tigre+et+les+Enfants%22|title=Le conte populaire français; catalogue raisonné des versions de France et des pays de langue française d'outre-mer: Canada, Louisiane, îlots français des États-Unis, Antilles françaises, Haïti, Ile Maurice, La Réunion|last=Delarue|first=Paul|last2=Ténèze|first2=Marie-Louise|date=1957|publisher=Érasme|isbn=978-2-7068-0623-0|page=382|language=French|oclc=1625284|quote=Et il se retrouve en Extrême-Orient, dans des versions d'un conte bien connu en Chine, Corée, Japon, Le Tigre et les Enfants, qui, par le sujet et nombre de motifs, semble apparenté aux contes du Petit Chaperon rouge et de La Chèvre et les Chevreaux.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Brothers Grimm and Folktale|url=https://archive.org/details/brothersgrimmfol0000unse_r0o4|last=Dundes|first=Alan|date=1991|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252061912|editor-last=James M. McGlathery|page=[https://archive.org/details/brothersgrimmfol0000unse_r0o4/page/22 22]|chapter=Interpreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically|quote=The Chinese tale type 333C, The Tiger Grandma, as summarized in Nai-Tung Ting’s A Type Index of Chinese Folktales (1978), presents a curious combination of The Wolf and the Kids (AT 123, Grimm #5) and The Glutton (Red Riding Hood) (AT 333, Grimm #26).|author-link=Alan Dundes}}</ref> == Mga Pag-adaptar == === Mga animated na pelikula === An Public Television Service asin S4C nag-co-produce nin sarong clay animation sa istoryang ini. Kan 2000, nanggana ini kan Children's Jury 1st Prize sa kategoryang Television Animation sa ika-17 Chicago International Children's Film Festival . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01p6njv|title=BBC ALBA - Sgaoileadh Nan Sgeul, An Tigear Olc/The Bad Tiger|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> === Mga kanta sa pag-ataman === An nursery rhyme ni Aunt Tiger na may pangaran na " [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Ms0Xq6hbHU Auntie Tigress] " kabali sa pop music album na pinaluwas kan Taiwanese singer na si Wawa kan 1986. === Mga Pelikula === * Kan 2005, an pelikula ''na Hu Gu Po'' na pigdirehir ni Alice Wang (王毓雅 [ zh ] ) ginamit an osipon bilang istorya kaini. <ref>{{cite web|title=Hu gu po|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0788017/|accessdate=23 June 2023|website=IMDB}}</ref> * Kan 2007, an pelikula na may titulong ''Auntie Tigress'', na pigdirehiran ni Wei Ling Chang, pigbase man an istorya kaini sa osipon na ini. <ref>{{cite web|title=Auntie Tigress|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1135476/|accessdate=23 June 2023|website=IMDB}}</ref> === Mga libro === * Kan 2006, an librong may ritrato ni Tiya Tiger na pigdrowing kan Taiwanese na ilustrador na si Eva Wang (王家珠 [ zh ] ) an ipinublikar. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Auntie Tigress and Other Favorite Chinese Folk Tales|url=https://archive.org/details/auntietigressoth00giaz|last=Wang|first=Gia-Zhen|date=29 September 2006|publisher=Purple Bear Books|isbn=9781933327297}}</ref> * Kan 2009, [[Estados Unidos|an Amerikanong]] parasurat [[Laurence Yep|na si Laurence Yep]] nagpublikar kan librong may titulong ''Auntie Tiger'', kun saen isinaysay niya an bantog na osipon kan Taiwan. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Auntie Tiger|url=https://archive.org/details/auntietiger0000yepl|last=Yep|first=Laurence|date=1 January 2009|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0060295523}}</ref> == Dugang na pagbasa == * {{Cite journal|last=Chien|first=Chi-Ru|date=2013|journal=成大中文學報|volume=22|url=http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf|access-date=2016-08-30|title=Archive copy|archivedate=2016-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913231033/http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf}} * {{Cite book|title=Little Red Riding Hood: A Casebook|url=https://archive.org/details/littleredridingh00alan|last=Eberhard|first=Wolfram|date=1989|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|editor-last=Alan Dundes|location=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/littleredridingh00alan/page/21 21]–63|chapter=The Story of Grandaunt Tiger}} * {{Cite book|title=Formosa'S Masquerade|last=Huang|first=Ying Syuan|date=11 February 2015|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1480809710}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hulick|first=Jeannette|journal=Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books|volume=62|date=2009}} * {{Cite book|title=Auntie Tiger|url=https://archive.org/details/auntietiger0000yepl|last=Yep|first=Laurence|date=1 January 2009|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0060295523}}   == Hilingon man == * [[:en:Little_Red_Riding_Hood|Little Red Riding Hood]] * [[:en:Janghwa_Hongryeon_jeon|Janghwa Hongryeon jeon]] * [[:en:Hansel_and_Gretel|Hansel and Gretel]] == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} 2xte0xqev619jdhkoz330xpx6jvvwzz 0 50777 309724 309062 2026-08-23T22:45:56Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Intsik|title=Aunt Tiger|t=虎姑婆|s=虎姑婆|p=Hǔ Gūpó|poj=Hó͘-ko͘-pô}} [[Ladawan:Auntie Tigress.jpg|thumb|Auntie Tigress]] '''An Aunt Tiger''' o '''Auntie Tigress''' sarong osipon [[Taiwan|kan Taiwan]] na may kadakol na pagkakaiba-iba. An istorya nag-iikot sa sarong espiritu nin tigre sa bukid na nagin sarong gurang na babae, nagkukua nin mga aki sa banggi asin kinakakan sinda tanganing panigoan an saiyang gana. Parati ining ginagamit sa pag-akit sa mga aki na makaturog tolos. An pinakamidbid na bersyon pinagtipon kan parasurat na Taiwanese [[:zh:王詩琅|na si Wang Shilang]], kun saen an kamugtakan kan istorya yaon sa sarong estaran kan Hakka sa Taiwan. <ref>{{Cite book|title=臺灣民間故事|last=王詩琅|date=31 January 1999|publisher=玉山社|isbn=9789578246041}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Chien|first=Chi-Ru|date=2013|journal=成大中文學報|volume=22|url=http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf|script-title=zh:臺灣虎姑婆故事之深層結構─以自然與文化二元對立觀之|trans-title=The Research for Structural Analysis and Folk Investigation of Taiwan's Grandaunt Tiger Story|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-date=2016-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913231033/http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Archive copy|archivedate=2016-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913231033/http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf}}</ref> == Uroestorya == An espiritung tigre kaipuhan na magkakan nin nagkapirang aki tanganing magin tawo, kaya minababa ini hale sa kabukidan tanganing maghanap nin mga aki na kakakanon. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Aunt: The Terrifying Child-Eating Monster of Taiwanese Folklore|url=https://bizarrewonders.com/tiger-aunt-the-terrifying-child-eating-monster-of-taiwanese-folklore/|date=1 March 2023|accessdate=23 June 2023|website=Bizarre Wonders|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143938/https://bizarrewonders.com/tiger-aunt-the-terrifying-child-eating-monster-of-taiwanese-folklore/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pagkatapos magbaba sa bukid, nagtatago ini sa luwas kan sarong harong asin nagdadangog, aram na maluwas an ina asin igwa sanang padis na magturugang sa harong, kaya nagigin tiyaon ini tanganing dayaon an aki na buksan an pinto asin maglaog sa harong. Nagtuturog sagkod matanga, kinakan ni Tiya Tigre an nguhod na tugang asin naggibo nin tanog nin pag-upak. Hinapot kan tugang na babae si Tiya Tiger kun ano an saiyang kinakakan kan madangog niya ini. Sabi ni Tiya Tiger nagkakakan sana siya nin mani, dangan itinapok an sarong pidaso kan muro kan tugang na lalaki sa tugang na babae. An tugang na babae kalmadong nagsasaginsagin na magduman sa kasilyas dangan nagtatago sa kahoy sa luwas kan pinto. Kan maaraman ni Tiya Tigre asin kakanon na an tugang na babae, an huri tusong naghagad ki Tiya Tigre na pabukalon an sarong kaldero nin mainit na tubig (kun dai ini mainit na lana) para saiya, asin hinagad ki Tiya Tigre na isabit an mainit na tubig sa kahoy huli ta gusto niyang maglukso sa kaldero nin solo. Kan ibinubugtak ni Tiya Tigre an mainit na tubig sa kahoy gamit an sarong lubid, hinagad kan tugang na babae ki Tiya Tigre na ipiyong an saiyang mga mata asin buksan an saiyang nguso. Dangan, ibinubo niya an nagbuburak na tubig sa tulak ni Tiya Tigre, na nakagadan sa tigre. <ref>{{cite web|title=Aunt Tiger - Taiwan Legend and Nursery Rhyme|url=https://ltl-taiwan.com/aunt-tiger/|accessdate=23 June 2023|publisher=LTL Mandarin School|date=August 3, 2020}}</ref> An sarong pagkakaiba iyo na igwa nin duwang daragita na magtugang na babae imbes na an tugang na lalaki asin tugang na babae na kombinasyon. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of Auntie Tiger}}</ref> == Mga Pagkakaiba-iba == Igwa man nin mga istorya na may kaparehong mga istorya na naglilibot sa [[Habagatan na Korea|South Korea]], [[Hapon|Japan]], [[Bietnam|Vietnam]] asin iba pang mga nasyon, kapareho kan istorya ni Little Red Riding Hood sa [[Europa]] . <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Chih-chun|last2=Huang|first2=Chengzeng|last3=Specht|first3=Annette|last4=Lontzen|first4=Günter|last5=Barchilon|first5=Jacques|title=The Earliest Version of the Chinese" Little Red Riding Hood": The Tale of the Tiger-woman.|journal=Merveilles & Contes|volume=7|issue=1|pages=513–527|date=1993|publisher=Wayne State University Press|jstor=41390379}}</ref> An mga kaagid na istorya makukua man sa [[Tsina]] kun saen an tiya sarong lobo o oso. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales|last=Li|first=Jing|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313334429|editor-last=Donald Haase|volume=I: A-F|page=197|chapter=Chinese Tales}}</ref> Dugang pa, an siring na istorya na may duwang aki asin sarong adulto na nagtutuyong gadanon sinda yaon man sa [[Hansel and Gretel|Hansel asin Gretel]] sa Grimm's Fairy Tales . Sa South Korea, igwa nin sarong osipon na inaapod na Janghwa Hongryeon jeon na may kaparehong istorya. An katuyohan kan klaseng ini nin estorya tibaad iyo na patanidan an mga aki na dai magtubod sa mga estranghero na nag-aaprobetsar kan kawaran nin mga adulto tanganing lumaog sa mga harong asin magkidnap nin mga aki. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Aunt: Beware of Strangers|url=https://islandfolklore.com/tiger-aunt/|accessdate=23 June 2023|website=Island Folklore|date=6 May 2021}}</ref> == Analisar == === Tipo nin osipon === Intsik na folklorist asin iskolar na Ting Nai-tung [ zh ] nagmukna nin ikaduwang tipolohikong klasipikasyon kan mga osipon na Intsik (an enot iyo si Wolfram Eberhard ), asin nag-abstrak nin sarong klase nin osipon na saiyang pig-indeks bilang numero 333C, "The Tiger Grandma". Sa klaseng osipon na ini, an sarong linalang na nagkakakan nin aki (ogress, tigre o lobo) <ref>{{Cite book|title=Going to the People|last=Hung|first=Chang-tai|date=1985|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|page=125|doi=10.1163/9781684172580_010|quote=In the final episode of "The Tiger Grandma," the ogress (usually a tiger or a wolf) is killed ...}}</ref> nagsasagin-sagin na sarong gurang na babaeng paryente kan mga aki, asin nagdadalaw sainda pagkatapos na maghale an saindang ina. An ogress tinugutan na maglaog sa harong kan mga kaakian, kinakan an saro sainda, alagad an nakaligtas nakadulag pasiring sa ibang lugar. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Brothers Grimm and Folktale|url=https://archive.org/details/brothersgrimmfol0000unse_r0o4|last=Dundes|first=Alan|date=1991|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252061912|editor-last=James M. McGlathery|page=[https://archive.org/details/brothersgrimmfol0000unse_r0o4/page/22 22]|chapter=Interpreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically|author-link=Alan Dundes}}</ref> Sa bagay na iyan, ipinarisa kan parasiyasat na si Juwen Zhang na an tipo 333C, "Wolf grandma", sarong halimbawa kan mga lokal na klase nin osipon na Intsik na dai nakalista sa internasyonal na indeks kan ATU . <ref>Juwen Zhang. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QS1LEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22333C%22+%2B+%22wolf+grandma%22&pg=PA30 Oral Traditions in Contemporary China: Healing a Nation]''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2021. p. 30. {{ISBN|9781793645142}}.</ref> An osipon pigkumpara man sa osipon kan Europa ''na Little Red Riding Hood'', <ref>{{Cite book|title=Going to the People|last=Hung|first=Chang-tai|date=1985|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|page=125|doi=10.1163/9781684172580_010|quote="The Tiger Grandma," a Chinese version of "Little Red Riding Hood," carries a similar message. (...) In the final episode of "The Tiger Grandma," the ogress (usually a tiger or a wolf) is killed, just as the wolf is killed by the hunter in the Grimms' version of "Little Red Riding Hood."}}</ref> na pigklasipikar sa internasyonal na indeks bilang tipo ATU 333, <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales|last=Li|first=Jing|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313334429|editor-last=Donald Haase|volume=I: A-F|page=197|chapter=Chinese Tales}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Facts on File: Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend|date=2009|publisher=Facts On File|editor-last=Mercatante|editor-first=Anthony S.|volume=I: A-L|location=New York|page=611|quote=Little Red Riding Hood is tale type 333, the “Glutton,” and is known in China, Korea, and Japan as “Grandaunt Tiger.”}}</ref> asin sa ''The Wolf and the Kids'' (osipon na tipo ATU 123). <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Goldberg|first1=Christine|title=Strength in Numbers: The Uses of Comparative Folktale Research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_western-folklore_winter-2010_69_1/page/24|journal=Western Folklore|date=2010|volume=69|issue=1|page=24|jstor=25735282|quote=Similarly, there is an Asian tale about children who are visited by man-eating tiger disguised as their aunt. Although this tale shares motifs with both Little Red Riding Hood (ATU 333) and The Wolf and the Kids (ATU 123), these are actually three separate tales ...}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Od7WAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Et+il+se+retrouve+en+Extr%C3%AAme-Orient,+dans+des+versions+d%27un+conte+bien+connu+en+Chine,+Cor%C3%A9e,+Japon,+Le+Tigre+et+les+Enfants%22|title=Le conte populaire français; catalogue raisonné des versions de France et des pays de langue française d'outre-mer: Canada, Louisiane, îlots français des États-Unis, Antilles françaises, Haïti, Ile Maurice, La Réunion|last=Delarue|first=Paul|last2=Ténèze|first2=Marie-Louise|date=1957|publisher=Érasme|isbn=978-2-7068-0623-0|page=382|language=French|oclc=1625284|quote=Et il se retrouve en Extrême-Orient, dans des versions d'un conte bien connu en Chine, Corée, Japon, Le Tigre et les Enfants, qui, par le sujet et nombre de motifs, semble apparenté aux contes du Petit Chaperon rouge et de La Chèvre et les Chevreaux.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Brothers Grimm and Folktale|url=https://archive.org/details/brothersgrimmfol0000unse_r0o4|last=Dundes|first=Alan|date=1991|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252061912|editor-last=James M. McGlathery|page=[https://archive.org/details/brothersgrimmfol0000unse_r0o4/page/22 22]|chapter=Interpreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically|quote=The Chinese tale type 333C, The Tiger Grandma, as summarized in Nai-Tung Ting’s A Type Index of Chinese Folktales (1978), presents a curious combination of The Wolf and the Kids (AT 123, Grimm #5) and The Glutton (Red Riding Hood) (AT 333, Grimm #26).|author-link=Alan Dundes}}</ref> == Mga Pag-adaptar == === Mga animated na pelikula === An Public Television Service asin S4C nag-co-produce nin sarong clay animation sa istoryang ini. Kan 2000, nanggana ini kan Children's Jury 1st Prize sa kategoryang Television Animation sa ika-17 Chicago International Children's Film Festival . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01p6njv|title=BBC ALBA - Sgaoileadh Nan Sgeul, An Tigear Olc/The Bad Tiger|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> === Mga kanta sa pag-ataman === An nursery rhyme ni Aunt Tiger na may pangaran na " [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Ms0Xq6hbHU Auntie Tigress] " kabali sa pop music album na pinaluwas kan Taiwanese singer na si Wawa kan 1986. === Mga Pelikula === * Kan 2005, an pelikula ''na Hu Gu Po'' na pigdirehir ni Alice Wang (王毓雅 [ zh ] ) ginamit an osipon bilang istorya kaini. <ref>{{cite web|title=Hu gu po|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0788017/|accessdate=23 June 2023|website=IMDB}}</ref> * Kan 2007, an pelikula na may titulong ''Auntie Tigress'', na pigdirehiran ni Wei Ling Chang, pigbase man an istorya kaini sa osipon na ini. <ref>{{cite web|title=Auntie Tigress|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1135476/|accessdate=23 June 2023|website=IMDB}}</ref> === Mga libro === * Kan 2006, an librong may ritrato ni Tiya Tiger na pigdrowing kan Taiwanese na ilustrador na si Eva Wang (王家珠 [ zh ] ) an ipinublikar. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Auntie Tigress and Other Favorite Chinese Folk Tales|url=https://archive.org/details/auntietigressoth00giaz|last=Wang|first=Gia-Zhen|date=29 September 2006|publisher=Purple Bear Books|isbn=9781933327297}}</ref> * Kan 2009, [[Estados Unidos|an Amerikanong]] parasurat [[Laurence Yep|na si Laurence Yep]] nagpublikar kan librong may titulong ''Auntie Tiger'', kun saen isinaysay niya an bantog na osipon kan Taiwan. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Auntie Tiger|url=https://archive.org/details/auntietiger0000yepl|last=Yep|first=Laurence|date=1 January 2009|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0060295523}}</ref> == Dugang na pagbasa == * {{Cite journal|last=Chien|first=Chi-Ru|date=2013|journal=成大中文學報|volume=22|url=http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf|access-date=2016-08-30|title=Archive copy|archivedate=2016-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913231033/http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf}} * {{Cite book|title=Little Red Riding Hood: A Casebook|url=https://archive.org/details/littleredridingh00alan|last=Eberhard|first=Wolfram|date=1989|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|editor-last=Alan Dundes|location=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/littleredridingh00alan/page/21 21]–63|chapter=The Story of Grandaunt Tiger}} * {{Cite book|title=Formosa'S Masquerade|last=Huang|first=Ying Syuan|date=11 February 2015|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1480809710}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hulick|first=Jeannette|journal=Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books|volume=62|date=2009}} * {{Cite book|title=Auntie Tiger|url=https://archive.org/details/auntietiger0000yepl|last=Yep|first=Laurence|date=1 January 2009|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0060295523}}   == Hilingon man == * [[:en:Little_Red_Riding_Hood|Little Red Riding Hood]] * [[:en:Janghwa_Hongryeon_jeon|Janghwa Hongryeon jeon]] * [[:en:Hansel_and_Gretel|Hansel and Gretel]] == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} gmxqtyqlsbeeqrxr5t2s5ojlqsztrhc 0 50866 309713 308981 2026-08-23T22:34:37Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tondo Minotaur London E4 MAN.jpg|right|thumb|280px|An minotauro]] Sa [[Mitolohiyang Griyego|Griyegong mitolohiya]], an '''Minotauro''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|aɪ|n|ə|t|ɔːr|,_|ˈ|m|ɪ|n|ə|t|ɔːr|}} {{respell|MY|nə|tor|,_|MIN|ə|tor}},<ref name= "collins_english">{{cite web |url= http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/minotaur |title= English Dictionary: Definition of Minotaur |publisher=Collins |access-date= 20 July 2013}}</ref> {{IPAc-en |US|ˈ|m|ɪ|n|ə|t|ɑːr|,_|-|oʊ|-}} {{respell|MIN|ə|tar|,_-|oh|-}};<ref name= "books.google.com">{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6Lc9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA79 | title = Pronunciation: Designed for Use in Schools and Colleges and Adapted to the Wants of All Persons who Wish to Pronounce According to the Highest Standards | first = John Hendricks | last = Bechtel | publisher = Penn Publishing Co | year = 1908}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = The Book of Literature: A Comprehensive Anthology of the Best Literature, Ancient, Mediæval and Modern, with Biographical and Explanatory Notes | volume = 33 | first1 = Richard | last1 = Garnett | first2 = Léon | last2 = Vallée | first3 = Alois | last3 = Brandl | publisher = Grolier society | year = 1923 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-mMUAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA645}}.</ref>}} ( , ''Mīnṓtauros'' ), na midbid man sa apod na '''Asterion''', sarong mitolohikong linalang na pigladawan kan panahon nin klasikal na antigong panahon na may payo asin ikog nin sarong toro asin an hawak nin sarong tawo <ref name="Kern-2000">{{Cite book|title=Through the Labyrinth|url=https://archive.org/details/throughlabyrinth0000kern|last=Kern|first=Hermann|date=2000|publisher=Prestel|isbn=379132144-7|location=Munich, London, New York}}</ref> (p 34) o, siring sa ilinadawan kan Romanong pararawitdawit na si Ovid, sarong linalang na "parte nin tawo asin parteng toro". {{Efn|According to [[Ovid]]: : {{lang|la|semibovemque virum semivirumque bovem}},<ref> {{cite book |author=[[Ovid]] |title=[[Ars Amatoria]] |at=2.24}}</ref> one of the three lines that his friends would have deleted from his work, and one of the three that he, selecting independently, would preserve at all cost, in the apocryphal anecdote told by [[Albinovanus Pedo]].<ref>[[Albinovanus Pedo|A. Pedo]] cited by {{cite journal |first=J.S. |last=Rusten |date=Autumn 1982 |title=Ovid, Empedocles, and the Minotaur |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-philology_fall-1982_103_3/page/332 |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=332–333, esp. 332|doi=10.2307/294479 |jstor=294479 }}</ref>}} Nag-erok siya sa sentro kan Labyrinth, na sarong magarbong konstruksyon na garo labirinto {{Efn|In a counter-intuitive cultural development going back at least to Cretan coins of the 4th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BCE, many visual patterns representing the [[Labyrinth]] do not have dead ends like a maze; instead, a single path winds to the center.{{refn| Kern (2000);<ref name=Kern-2000/>{{rp|style=ama|at=Chapter&nbsp;1}} Doob (1990)<ref name=Doob-1990>{{cite book |author=Doob, Penelope Reed |date=April 1990 |title=The Idea of the Labyrinth: From Classical antiquity through the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/ideaoflabyrinthf0000doob |place=Ithaca, NY |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-080142393-2}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|at=Chapter&nbsp;2}} }}}} na dinisenyo kan arkitektong Daedalus asin kan saiyang aking si Icarus, sa pagboot ni Hadeng [[Minos]] kan Creta . Susog sa tradisyon, kada siyam na taon an mga tawo sa [[Atenas]] pinipirit ni Hadeng Minos na magpili nin katorseng hoben na nobleng namamanwaan (pitong lalaki asin pitong babae) na iaatang bilang mga biktima nin sakripisyo sa Minotaur bilang balos sa kagadanan kan aki ni Minos na si Androgeos . An Minotaur sa kahurihurihi ginadan kan eroe kan Atenas na si Theseus, na nakapag-navigate sa labirinto sa tabang kan sarong hilo na itinao saiya kan aking babae kan Hade, si Ariadne . == Etimolohiya == An tataramon na "Minotaur" gikan sa [[Suanoy na Griyego]] {{Lang|grc|Μινώταυρος}} [ miːnɔ̌ːtau̯ros ] sarong compound na may pangaran na {{Lang|grc|Μίνως}} ( [[Minos]] ) asin an nombreng ταῦρος ''tauros'' na an boot sabihon ' , <ref name="collins_american2">{{cite dictionary|title=Minotaur|dictionary=American English Dictionary|publisher=Collins|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/minotaur|access-date=20 July 2013}}</ref> kaya ini pigtradusir bilang ' . Sa Creta, an Minotauro midbid sa pangaran na Asterion ( {{Lang|grc|Ἀστερίων}} ) o Asterius ( {{Lang|grc|Ἀστέριος}} ), <ref>{{Cite book|title=Description of Greece|last=Pausanias|at=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.31.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.31.1]|author-link=Pausanias (geographer)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Library|last=Apollodorus|at=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.31.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 3.1.4]}}</ref> sarong pangaran na pinag-iribang ama ni Minos. {{Efn|Hesiod says of Zeus's establishment of Europa in Crete: : "...&nbsp;he made her live with [[Asterion (king of Crete)|Asterion]] the king of the Cretans. There she conceived and bore three sons, [[Minos]], [[Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)|Sarpedon]], and [[Rhadamanthys]]."<ref name=Hesiod-fr140>{{cite book |author=[[Hesiod]] |title=[[Catalogue of Women]] |at=fr. 140}}</ref>}} An "Minotaur" sarong orihinal na pangaran sa pagsambit sa mitolohikong pigura na ini. Iyan, yaon sana an sarong Minotaur. Sa kabaliktaran, an paggamit kan "minotaur" bilang sarong komun na nombre tanganing magtukoy sa mga miyembro kan sarong henerikong "espesye" nin mga linalang na may payo nin toro nagtalubo nin mas huri, kan ika-20&nbsp;siglo pantasya genre fiction. An Minotaur inaapod na ''{{Lang|la|{{linktext|Minotaurus}}}}'' [ miːnoːˈtau̯rʊs ] sa [[Tataramon na Latin|Latin]] asin {{Lang|ett|Θevrumineš}} sa Etruscano . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=de&nbsp;Simone|first=C.|title=Zu einem Beitrag über etruskisch ''θevru mines''|journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung|volume=84|year=1970|pages=221–223}}</ref> An pagtaram sa Ingles kan tataramon na "Minotaur" manlaen-laen; an minasunod makukua sa mga diksyunaryo: /ˈ m aɪ n ə t ɔːr , - n oʊ -/ {{Pagbaybay utro|MY|nə|tor|,_-|noh|-}}, /ˈ m ɪ n ə t ɑːr , ˈ m ɪ n oʊ -/ {{Pagbaybay utro|MIN|ə|tar|,_|MIN|oh|-}}, /ˈ m ɪ n ə t ɔːr , ˈ m ɪ n oʊ -/ {{Pagbaybay utro|MIN|ə|tor|,_|MIN|oh|-}} . == Mito sa paglalang == [[Ladawan:Pasiphae_Minotauros_Cdm_Paris_DeRidder1066_detail.jpg|thumb| Pasiphaë asin omboy na Minotaur, Attic red-figure kylix na nakua sa Etruscan Vulci . Italya. Yaon ngonyan sa Cabinet des Médailles, Paris]] Pakatukaw sa trono kan isla nin Creta, nakipagkompetensia si Minos sa saiyang mga tugang bilang namamahala. Si Minos namibi sa diyos kan dagat [[Poseidon (King of the sea)|na si Poseidon]] na padarahan siya nin sarong maputing toro bilang tanda kan pabor kan diyos. Si Minos dapat na mag-atang kan toro tanganing tawan nin onra si Poseidon, alagad huli sa kagayunan kan toro, nagdesisyon siyang imbes na papagdanayon siya. Naniniwala si Minos na aakoon kan dios an pansalidang atang. Tanganing padusahan si Minos, nakipag-areglo si Poseidon ki Aphrodite para sa agom ni Minos, si Pasiphaë, na mamoot sa toro. Si Pasiphaë nagpagibo sa ekspertong artesano, si Daedalus, para saiya nin sarong baka na gibo sa kahoy na may labot, na kun saen siya nagsakat tanganing an toro makipag-agom saiya. Dangan siya nagbados asin nangaki ki Asterius, an Minotaur, na nagin makoapo siya ni Helios . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Apollodorus, Library, book 3, chapter 1|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Library:book=3:chapter=1&highlight=minotaur|access-date=18 May 2023|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Si Pasiphaë nag-ataman sa Minotaur alagad nagdakula siya asin nagin mabangis. Bilang bakong natural na aki nin sarong babae asin sarong hayop, an Minotaur mayo nin natural na pinagkukuanan nin sustansya asin kun kaya kinakakan an mga tawo para sa sustento. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Si Minos, sa pagsunod sa sadol gikan sa orakulo sa Delphi, ipinagibo ki Daedalus an sarong higanteng Labyrinth tanganing kapotan an Minotaur. An lokasyon kaini harani sa palasyo ni Minos sa Knossos . <ref name="EB191122">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Minotaur|volume=18|page=555}}</ref> == Itsura == An Minotauro komun na pigrerepresentar sa arte Klasiko na may hawak nin sarong tawo asin an payo asin ikog nin sarong toro. Susog sa {{Lang|grc-Latn|[[Women of Trachis|Trachiniai]]}} ni Sophocles ., kan an espiritu kan salog na si Achelous inakit si Deianira, saro sa mga gubing na saiyang pig-asumir iyo an sarong lalaki na may payo nin toro. Poon sa klasikal na antigong panahon sagkod sa Renaissance, an Minotaur minalataw sa sentro kan kadakol na mga paglaladawan kan Labyrinth. An Latin na pagkasaysay ni Ovid manungod sa Minotaur, na dai nagladawan kun arin na kabanga an toro asin kun arin an kabanga tawo, iyo an pinakalakop na makukua durante kan Edad Media, asin an nagkapirang huring bersyon nagpapahiling nin payo asin hawak nin sarong tawo sa hawak nin toro - an kabaligtaran kan Klasikong kumpigurasyon, na nagpapagirumdom nin sarong centaur . An alternatibong tradisyon na ini nagdanay sagkod sa Renaissance, asin nahihiling sa detalyadong traduksiyon ni Dryden kan paglaladawan ni Virgil kan Minotaur sa Libro VI kan ''Aeneid'' : "An ibabang parte sarong hayop, sarong tawo sa itaas/An monumento kan saindang maating pagkamoot." Ini yaon pa man giraray sa nagkapirang modernong paglaladawan, arog kan mga ilustrasyon ni Steele Savage para sa ''Mythology'' (1942) ni Edith Hamilton . == Mito ni Theseus == [[Ladawan:Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg|wala|thumb| Tondo na nagpapahiling kan kapangganahan ni Teseo laban sa Minotaur sa atubangan ni [[Athena]] poon {{Circa|435}} BC]] Sa nagkapirang bersyon ginadan siya kan mga [[Atenas|taga-Atenas]] huli sa saindang pag-imon sa mga kapangganahan na saiyang nakua sa Panathenaic Games ; sa iba siya ginadan sa Marathon kan Cretan Bull, an dating taurine lover kan saiyang ina, huli ta si Aegeus, hade kan Atenas, an nagboot ki Androgeus na gadanon ini. An komun na tradisyon nagsasabi na si Minos nakipaglaban sa kagadanan kan saiyang aki, asin nanggana. An resulta kan pagkadaog kan Atenas sa guerra iyo an regular na pagsasakripisyo kan nagkapira sa saindang mga hoben asin daraga . An pagkasaysay ni Pausanias manongod sa eroestorya nagsabi na si Minos nangenot sa sarong armada tumang sa Atenas asin basta na sana riniribok an mga taga-Atenas sagkod na sinda nag-oyon na magpadara nin mga aki bilang atang. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pausanias, Description of Greece, Attica, chapter 27|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160:book=1:chapter=27&highlight=minotaur|access-date=18 May 2023|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Sa saiyang pagkasaysay kan pagkamundag kan Minotaur, si Catullus nagtutukoy sa saro pang bersyon <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://rudy.negenborn.net/catullus/text2/e64.htm|title=Carmen&nbsp;64|last=[[Catullus]]|access-date=2025-02-15|archive-date=2023-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608180549/http://rudy.negenborn.net/catullus/text2/e64.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> kun saen an Atenas "napiritan kan maringis na peste na magbayad nin mga penalidad para sa paggadan ki Androgeon ". Tanganing maibitaran an sarong peste na dara kan banal na pagbalos sa kagadanan kan prinsipe kan Creta, si Aegeus kinaipuhan na magpadara sa Labyrinth nin "mga hoben na lalaki kasabay kan pinakamarahay na mga daragita na daing agom bilang sarong bangkete" para sa Minotaur. An nagkapirang pagkasaysay nagdedeklara na si Minos nangangaipo nin pitong hobenes na taga-Atenas asin pitong daraga, na pinili paagi sa pagripa, na ipadara kada ikapitong taon (o ikasiyam); an ibang bersyon nagsasabi na taon-taon. <ref>{{cite book|title=On the [[Aeneid]]|author=[[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]]|at=6.14|quote={{lang|la|singulis quibusque annis}} 'every one year'.}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Theseus_Minotaur_BM_Vase_E84.jpg|thumb|203x203px| Si Theseus na pigbubutong an Minotaur paluwas sa Labyrinth, pulang-pigura na kylix gikan sa {{Circa|440-430}} BC]] Kan nagdadangadang an panahon para sa ikatolong atang, an prinsipe nin Atenas na si Teseo nagboluntaryo na gadanon an Minotauro. Si Isocrates nagtaram na si Theseus naghona na mas gugustuhon niyang magadan kisa mamahala sa sarong syudad na nagbabayad nin tributo nin buhay nin mga kaakian sa saindang kaiwal. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Isocrates, Helen, section 27|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0144:speech=10:section=27&highlight=minotaur|access-date=18 May 2023|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Nanuga siya sa saiyang ama na si Aegeus na babaguhon niya an mamundong itom na layag kan baroto na nagdadara kan mga biktima hale sa Atenas pasiring sa Creta, asin magbugtak nin puting layag para sa saiyang pagbalik kun siya magigin mapanggana; an mga tripulante maluwas sa itom na layag kun siya magadan. Sa Creta, an aking babae ni Minos na si Ariadne namoot na gayo ki Theseus asin tinabangan siyang maglayag sa Labyrinth. Sa kadaklan na mga istorya tinawan niya ini nin sarong bola nin hilo, na nagtutugot saiya na balikan an saiyang dalan. Susog sa manlaen-laen na klasikong pinagkukuanan asin representasyon, ginadan ni Theseus an Minotaur gamit an saiyang mga kamot, minsan gamit an sarong patok o espada. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dangan pinangenotan niya an mga taga-Atenas paluwas sa Labyrinth, asin naglayag sinda kaiba si Ariadne paharayo sa Creta. Sa pagpuli, binayaan ni Teseo si Ariadne sa isla nin Naxos asin nagpadagos pasiring sa Atenas. An nagbaralik na grupo nagpabaya na salidahan an itom na layag kan ipinanugang puting layag, asin gikan sa saiyang pagbantay sa Cape Sounion, nahiling ni Hadeng Aegeus an barko na may itom na layag na nagdadangadang. Sa paghona na gadan na an saiyang aki, ginadan nia an saiyang sadiri paagi sa paglukso sa [[Dagat Egeo|dagat na poon kaidto nginaranan sa saiya]] . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Theseus|last=[[Plutarch]]|at=15–19}}</ref> An saiyang kagadanan iyo an nagseguro kan trono para ki Teseo. == Mga Interpretasyon == [[Ladawan:Statue_of_the_Minotaur_(Roman_copy_after_an_original_by_Myron)_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_3_April_2018.jpg|wala|thumb|240x240px| Estatuwa kan Minotauro (Romanong kopya kan orihinal ni Myron ), National Archaeological Museum, Atenas]] [[Ladawan:Plate_painted_by_Lydos._Struggle_between_Theseus_and_the_Minotaur_presumably_in_the_presence_of_Ariadne.jpg|thumb|195x195px| Si Theseus na nakikipaglaban sa Minotaur sa atubangan ni Ariadne, {{Circa|550-540}} BC]] An laban sa pag-ultanan ni Theseus asin kan Minotaur parateng pigrerepresentar sa arte kan mga Griyego . An sarong Knossian didrachm nagpapahiling sa sarong lado kan Labyrinth, sa ibong na lado an Minotaur na napapalibutan nin sarong semicircle nin saradit na bola, na posibleng para sa mga bitoon; an saro sa mga pangaran kan halimaw iyo si Asterion o Asterius ("bitoon").<blockquote>Si Pasiphaë nangaki ki Asterius, na inaapod na Minotauro. Igwa siyang lalawgon nin toro, alagad an iba pa niyang hawak tawo; asin si Minos, sa pagsunod sa nagkapirang orakulo, isinara siya asin binantayan siya sa Labyrinth. <ref>{{Cite book|title=[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]|last=[[Apollodorus]]|at=3.1.4}}</ref></blockquote>Mantang an mga kagabaan kan palasyo ni Minos sa Knossos nadiskobre, an Labyrinth dai nanggad nadiskobre. An kadakolan kan mga kwarto, hagyanan asin mga pasilyo sa palasyo nagdara sa nagkapirang arkeologo na magsuherir na an palasyo mismo iyo an ginikanan kan mito kan Labyrinth, na may labing 1300&nbsp;mga kompartimento na garo labirinto, <ref>{{cite web|first=C. Michael|last=Hogan|year=2007|title=Knossos fieldnotes|website=The Modern Antiquarian|editor=Cope, Julian|url=http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes}}</ref> sarong ideya na ngonyan sa pankagabsan pigbabawal. {{Efn|Sir [[Arthur Evans]], the first of many archaeologists who have worked at Knossos, is often given credit for this idea, but he did not believe it;<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=McCullough |title=The Unending Mystery |url=https://archive.org/details/unendingmysteryj00mccu |publisher=Pantheon |date=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/unendingmysteryj00mccu/page/34 34]–36}}</ref> modern scholarship generally discounts the idea.<ref name=Kern-2000/>{{rp|style=ama|pp= 42–43}}<ref name=Doob-1990/>{{rp|style=ama|p= 25}}}} Si Homer, na naglaladawan kan kalasag ni Achilles, nagsabi na si Daedalus nagtogdok nin sarong seremonyal na baylehan para ki Ariadne, alagad dai ini pig-aasosyar sa terminong ''labirinto'' . An nagkapirang mitologo kan ika-19 siglo nagproponer na an Minotaur sarong personipikasyon kan saldang asin sarong Minoan na adaptasyon kan Baal - Moloch kan mga Feniciano . An paggadan sa Minotaur ni Theseus sa kasong iyan pwedeng interpretaron bilang sarong memorya kan Atenas na nagputol kan relasyon sa Minoan Crete . Susog ki AB Cook, ''si Minos'' asin ''Minotaur'' magkaibang porma kan parehong personahe, na nagrerepresentar sa diyos-saldang kan mga taga-Creta, na naglaladawan kan saldang bilang sarong toro. Siya asin si JG Frazer parehong nagpapaliwanag kan pakikisumaro ni Pasiphaë sa toro bilang sarong sagradong seremonya, kun saen an reyna kan Knossos ipinakasal sa sarong diyos na pormang toro, siring na an agom kan Tirano sa Atenas ipinakasal ki Dionysus . Si E. Pottier, na dai nagkokontra sa makasaysayan na personalidad ni Minos, sa paghiling kan istorya ni [[Phalaris]], pigkokonsiderar na posible na sa Creta (kun saen an sarong kulto nin toro tibaad nag-eksister sa gilid kan kulto kan mga labrys ) an mga biktima pinasakitan sa paagi nin pagsirado sa tulak nin sarong mainit [[Torong suloan|na tansong toro]] . An istorya ni Talos, an lalaking tanso sa Creta, na nagpainit nin mainit asin nagkugos sa mga estranghero kan sinda magduong sa isla, posibleng kapareho an ginikanan. [[Ladawan:Perfume_jar_(Aryballos)_in_the_shape_of_a_minotaur_Greek_made_in_Ionia_580-560_BCE_Terracotta_(1).jpg|thumb|200x200px| Ionian Perfume Jar na korteng minotaur]] [[Ladawan:Minotaurus.gif|too|thumb|150x150px|An Minotaur sa Labyrinth, pag-ukit nin sarong ika-16 na siglo AD na hiyas sa Medici Collection sa Palazzo Strozzi, Florence [ 27 ]]] Minansay ni Kerényi Károly an Minotauro, o Asterios, bilang sarong dios na konektado sa mga bitoon, na kapareho ni Dionysus . <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Gods of the Greeks|url=https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks0000unse|last=Kerenyi|first=Karl|year=1951|pages=[https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks0000unse/page/269 269]}}</ref> An mga sinsilyo na ginibo sa Knossos poon kan ikalimang siglo nagpapaheling nin mga disenyo nin labirinto na nakapalibot sa payo nin sarong diosa na kinoronahan nin korona nin tipasi, payo nin toro, o bitoon. Si Kerényi nagrason na an bitoon sa Labyrinth iyo man nanggad si Asterios, na ginigibo an Minotaur na sarong "maliwanag" na diyos sa Creta, na asosyado sa sarong diosa na midbid bilang an Mistress of the Labyrinth. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life|last=Kerényi|first=Karl|year=1976|pages=104–105, 159}}</ref> Igwa man nin heolohikong interpretasyon. Sa pagsambit kan mga enot na deskripsyon kan minotaur ni Callimachus bilang bilog na nakasentro sa "maringis na pag-ungol" <ref name="Callimachus-Mair-Mair-1921">{{Cite book|title=Callimachus, Hymns and Epigrams|last=[[Callimachus]]|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1921|location=Cambridge, MA|translator-last=Mair, A.W.|translator-last2=Mair, G.R.}}</ref> {{Efn|[[Callimachus]] first refers to the minotaur with the phrase : "Having escaped the cruel bellowing and the wild son of [[Pasiphaë]] and the coiled habitation of the crooked labyrinth"&nbsp;...<ref name=Callimachus-Mair-Mair-1921/>}} na ginibo kaini gikan sa saiyang labirint sa irarom kan daga, asin an mahiwas na aktibidad na tektoniko sa rehiyon, an peryodistang siyensya na si Matt Kaplan nagteorya na an mito pwedeng naggikan sa heolohiya. {{Efn|Kaplan argues that the minotaur is the result of ancient people trying to explain earthquakes;<ref>{{cite book |author=Kaplan, Matt |title=Science of Monsters |place=New York, NY |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2012}}</ref> he points out that carbon dating of marine fossils attached to boulders that were ejected from the ocean by ancient [[tsunamis]] indicates the region was [[tectonically]] very active during the years when the minotaur myth first appeared.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Scheffers, Anja |display-authors=etal |year=2008 |title=Late Holocene tsunami traces on the western and southern coastlines of the Peloponnesus (Greece) |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume=269 |issue=1–2 |pages=271–279|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.021 |bibcode=2008E&PSL.269..271S }}</ref> Given this, he argues that the Minoans used the monster to help explain the terrifying earthquakes that were "bellowing" beneath their feet.}} === Galeriya nin mga imahe === <gallery mode="packed" heights="110"> Ladawan:Theseus_Castellani_Louvre_E850.jpg|alt=Theseus and the Minotaur. Detail from an Attic black-figure amphora, c. 575 BC–550 BC.| Si Teseo asin an Minotauro. Detalye gikan sa sarong Amphora na may itom na pigura sa Attic, {{Circa|575 BC–550 BC}} . Ladawan:Theseus_Minotaur_Louvre_F33.jpg|alt=Theseus and the Minotaur. Side A from a black-figure Attic amphora, c. 540 BC.| Si Teseo asin an Minotauro. An lado A gikan sa sarong itom na pigura na Attic amphora, {{Circa|540 BC}} . Ladawan:Theseus_Minotauros_Louvre_G67.jpg|alt=Theseus and the Minotaur. Attic red-figured plate, 520–510 BC.| Si Teseo asin an Minotauro. Attic red-figured plate, 520–510 BC. Ladawan:Theseus_Minotauros_Louvre_CA2254.jpg|alt=Theseus and the Minotaur. Attic black-figure lekythos, 500–475 BC. From Crimea.| Si Teseo asin an Minotauro. Attic black-figure lekythos, 500–475 BC. Gikan sa Crimea. Ladawan:183-Thesee-tuant-le-Minotaure_MNA.jpg|alt=Theseus and the Minotaur, black-figure amphora c. 480 BC| Si Teseo asin an Minotauro, amphora na may itom na pigura {{Circa|480}} BC Ladawan:British_Museum_Room_20a_Neck_Amphora_Oionokles_Painter_Theseus_and_the_Minotaur_19022019_6619.jpg|alt=Theseus fighting the Minotaur, red-figure amphora, c. 460 BC| Si Theseus na nakikipaglaban sa Minotaur, amphora na may pulang pigura, {{Circa|460}} BC Ladawan:Theseus_Minotauros_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_SL471.jpg|alt=Theseus and the Minotaur. Side A from an Attic red-figure stamnos, c. 460 BC.| Si Teseo asin an Minotauro. Side A gikan sa sarong stamnos na may pulang pigura sa Attic, {{Circa|460 BC}} . Ladawan:Kylix_Theseus_Minotauros_Louvre_F83.jpg|alt=Theseus and the Minotaur, Attic black-figure kylix tondo, c. 450–440 BC.| Si Theseus asin an Minotauro, Attic black-figure kylix tondo, {{Circa|450–440 BC}} . </gallery> == Mga reperensya sa media ==   === ''An Impiyerno'' ni Dante === [[Ladawan:DVinfernoMinotaurOnCliff_m.jpg|thumb| [[Dante|Si Dante]] asin Virgil nasabat an Minotaur, ilustrasyon ni Gustave Doré]] [[Ladawan:Blake_Dante_Hell_XII.jpg|wala|thumb| An imahe ni William Blake kan Minotaur tanganing iladawan ''an Inferno'' XII]] Sa mga linyang ini, pigtutuya-tuya ni Virgil an Minotaur tanganing madisturbo siya, asin pigpapagirumdom an Minotaur na siya ginadan ni Theseus an Duke kan Atenas sa tabang kan tugang na babae sa ama kan halimaw na si Ariadne . An Minotaur iyo an pinakaenot na infernal na bantay na nasabat ni Virgil asin Dante sa laog kan mga lanob kan Dis . {{Efn|The [[fallen angel]]s, the [[Erinyes]] [Furies], and the unseen [[Medusa]] were located on the [[City of Dis]]'s defensive ramparts.<ref>{{cite book |first=Dante |last=Alighieri |author-link=Dante Alighieri |title=[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]] |section=Canto&nbsp;IX}}</ref>}} An Minotaur garo baga nagrerepresentar kan bilog na sona nin Kadahasan, arog kan pagrepresentar ni Geryon sa Pandadaya sa Canto XVI, asin nagseserbing kaparehong papel bilang bantay sa trangkahan para sa bilog na ikapitong Sirkulo. Si Giovanni Boccaccio nagsurat manungod sa Minotaur sa saiyang komentaryo sa literatura kan Commedia: "Kan siya nagdakula na asin nagin sarong pinakamabangis na hayop, asin may dai mapapaniwalaan na kusog, sinasabi ninda na si Minos ipinakulong siya sa sarong bilanggoan na inaapod na labirinto, asin na ipinadara niya saiya duman an gabos na gusto niyang magadan sa sarong maringis na kagadanan". <ref>{{Cite book|title=Boccaccio's Expositions on Dante's Comedy|url=https://archive.org/details/boccacciosexposi0000bocc|last=Boccaccio|first=G.|date=30 November 2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|author-link=Giovanni Boccaccio}}</ref> Si Dante Gabriel Rossetti, sa saiyang sadiring kmentaryo, pigkukumpara an Minotauro sa gabos na tolong kasalan nin kadahasan sa laog kan ikapitong sirkulo: "An Minotauro, na yaon sa gilid kan tripartitong sirkulo, pinakakan, susog sa rawitdawit nagkakagat kan saiyang sadiri (kadahasan laban sa hawak nin saro) asin nakokonsidera sa 'impluwensiya kan bakang' laban sa naturalesa, aking babae nin Dios)." Si Virgil asin Dante dangan marikas na nag-agi sa mga centaur (Nessus, Chiron asin Pholus) na nagbabantay sa Flegetonte ("salog nin dugo"), tanganing magpadagos sa ikapitong Sirkulo. === Surrealist na arte === [[Ladawan:Edward_Burne-Jones_-_Tile_Design_-_Theseus_and_the_Minotaur_in_the_Labyrinth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb| An ilustrasyon ni Edward Burne-Jones ni ''Theseus asin an Minotaur sa Labyrinth'', 1861]] * [[Pablo Picasso|Si Pablo Picasso]] naggibo nin serye nin mga etching sa ''Vollard Suite'' na nagpapahiling kan Minotaur na pinapasakitan, na posibleng inspirado man kan bullfighting kan mga Kastila. <ref>Tidworth, Simon, "Theseus in the Modern World", essay in ''The Quest for Theseus'' London 1970 pp. 244–249 {{ISBN|0269026576}}</ref> == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * [http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Minotauros.html Minotaur sa Griyegong Mito] gikanan Griyegong mga teksto asin arte. * [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000333 An Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (mga imahe kan Minotaur)] [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mz5g9jfhmgyiqb3se2l99xfk542643h 0 50883 309591 297782 2026-08-23T20:32:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Neognathae.jpg|alt=montage of four birds|thumb|An mga [[gamgam]] mga dinosauryo na gamgam, asin sa phylogenetic [[taksonomiya]] an saindang labi sa 11,000 na mga espesye na kabali sa grupo nin Dinosauria.]] An mga '''dinosauryo''' iyo an sarong manlaen-laen na grupo nin mga [[reptilya]] kan clade '''Dinosauria'''. Enot sindang naglataw kan panahon nin Triassic, sa pag-ultanan kan 243 asin 233.23&nbsp;milyon na taon na an nakaagi (mya), dawa ngani an eksaktong ginikanan asin panahon kan ebolusyon kan mga dinosaur sarong tema nin aktibong pagsiyasat. Sinda an nagin dominanteng mga bertebrate sa daga pagkatapos kan pangyayari nin pagkapuho kan Triassic-Jurassic 201.3&nbsp;mya asin an saindang dominasyon nagpadagos sa bilog na panahon nin Jurassic asin Cretaceous . An rekord kan fossil nagpapahiling na an mga [[gamgam]] mga dinosaur na may barahibo, na nag-evolve gikan sa mga naenot na theropods durante kan Huring ''Jurassic epoch'', asin iyo sana an linya nin dinosauryo na aram na nakaligtas sa pangyayari nin pagkapuho kan Cretaceous-Paleogene mga 66&nbsp;mya. An mga dinosauryo kun siring pwedeng bangaon sa '''mga dinosaur na gamgam''' —mga gamgam—asin an mga napuho nang '''mga dinosauryo na bakong gamgam''', na gabos mga dinosauryo apwera sa mga gamgam. An mga dinosauryo manlaen-laen gikan sa [[taksonomiya]], morpolohiya asin [[Ekolohiya|ekolohiko]] na mga punto de vista. An mga gamgam, na igwa nin labing 11,000 na nabubuhay [[Espesye|na klase]], kabali sa pinakadakol na grupo nin mga vertebrate. Gamit an ebidensyang fossil, an mga paleontologo nakamidbid nin labing 900 na magkalaen na genera asin labing 1,000 na manlaen-laen na klase nin mga dinosauryo na bakong gamgam. An mga dinosauryo pigrerepresentar sa lambang kontinente kan parehong mga yaon pang klase (mga gamgam) asin mga tada nin fossil. Sa laog kan enot na kabanga kan ika-20 siglo, bago an mga gamgam namidbid bilang mga dinosauryo, kadaklan sa komunidad siyentipiko nagtutubod na an mga dinosauryo mga maluya asin malipot an dugo . Kadaklan sa pagsiyasat na ginibo poon kan mga taon 1970, alagad, nagpahiling na an mga dinosaur mga aktibong hayop na may halangkaw [[Metabolismo|na metabolismo]] asin kadakol na mga adaptasyon para sa sosyal na interaksiyon. An iba mga parakakan nin doot, an iba mga parakakan nin karne. An ebidensya nagsusuherir na an gabos na dinosauryo nag-iitok, asin na an paggibo nin [[Tataghan|salag]] sarong ugale na pareho kan kadaklan na dinosauryo, parehong gamgam asin bakong gamgam. Mantang an mga dinosauryo mga apoon na bipedal, kadakol na mga napuho nang grupo an kabali an mga quadrupedal species, asin an iba nakapagbalyo sa pag-ultanan kan mga paninindugan na ini. An mga detalyadong estruktura nin pagpapahiling arog kan mga sungay o mga alitoktok komun sa gabos na grupo nin dinosauryo, asin an nagkapirang grupong napuho na nagkaigwa nin mga modipikasyon sa kalabera arog kan bony armor asin spines. Mantang an modernong-aldaw na nabubuhay na linyada nin mga gamgam (mga gamgam) kan mga dinosaur sa pankagabsan sadit huli sa mga limitasyon sa paglayog, kadakol na mga prehistorikong dinosauryo (bakong gamgam asin gamgam) an dakula an hawak—an pinakadakulang mga dinosauryo na sauropod pigkakarkulong nakaabot sa laba na {{Convert|39.7|m|ft}} asin 18 piye an langkaw asin {{Convert|18|m|ft}} piye asin langkaw asin iyo an pinakadakulang hayop sa daga sa gabos na panahon. An salang paghona na an mga dinosauryo na bakong gamgam parehong higante nakabasar sa parte sa preservation bias, nin huli ta an darakula, matibay na mga [[tulang]] mas posibleng magdanay sagkod na sinda magin fossilized. Dakul na mga dinosaur an medyo saradit, an iba mga {{Convert|50|cm|in}} an laba. An pinakaenot na mga fossil nin dinosauro namidbid kan amay na ika-19 siglo, na an pangaran na "dinosaur" (na an boot sabihon "makatatakot na tuko") pigmukna ni Sir Richard Owen kan 1842 tanganing apodon ining mga "dakulang fossil na tuko". <ref name=":22">{{Cite web|date=2017-04-28|title=The 'birth' of dinosaurs|url=https://morethanadodo.com/2017/04/28/the-birth-of-dinosaurs/|access-date=2023-03-15|website=More Than A Dodo|archive-date=March 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314201255/https://morethanadodo.com/2017/04/28/the-birth-of-dinosaurs/|url-status=}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=October 16, 2015|title=The Birth of Dinosaurs: Richard Owen and Dinosauria}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pX_l24sDARwC&dq=Hugh+Torrens+Dinosauria+Owen&pg=PA25|title=The Complete Dinosaur|last=Brett-Surman|first=M. K.|last2=Holtz|first2=Thomas R.|last3=Farlow|first3=James O.|date=June 27, 2012|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00849-7|page=25}}</ref> Poon kaidto, an mga nakasakay na mga kalabera nin fossil na dinosauryo nagin mayor na atraksyon sa mga museo sa bilog na kinaban, asin an mga dinosaur nagin nang nagdadanay na parte kan popular na kultura . An darakulang sukol kan nagkapirang dinosaur, siring man an saindang garo baga makangingirhat asin makangangalas na naturalesa, an nagseguro kan saindang regular na pagluwas sa mga pinakamabentang libro asin pelikula, arog kan prangkisa kan ''Jurassic Park'' . An padagos na entusiasmo kan publiko para sa mga hayop nagresulta sa dakulang pondo para sa siyensya nin dinosaur, asin an mga bagong nadiskubre regular na pigbabareta kan media. == Kahulugan == Sa irarom kan phylogenetic nomenclature, an mga dinosaur parati na tinatawan nin kahulugan bilang an grupo na binibilog kan pinakabagong komun na ginikanan (MRCA) kan ''Triceratops'' asin mga modernong [[gamgam]] (Neornithes), asin gabos na mga gikan kaini. Isinusuherir man na an Dinosauria tawan nin kahulugan sa paggalang sa MRCA kan ''Megalosaurus'' asin ''Iguanodon'', huli ta ini duwa sa tolong genera na sinitar ni Richard Owen kan mamidbid niya an Dinosauria. An duwang kahulugan sakop an parehong midbid na genera: Dinosauria = Ornithischia + Saurischia . Kabali digdi an mga mayor na grupo arog kan mga ankylosaurians (armored herbivorous quadrupeds), stegosaurians (plated herbivorous quadrupeds), ceratopsians (bipedal o quadrupedal herbivores with neck frills ), pachycephalosaurians (bipedal herbivores with thick skulls), ornithopods (orbipedal o herbivorous quadrupedals ), " theropods (kadaklan bipedal karniboro asin gamgam), asin sauropodomorphs (kadaklan darakulang herbivorous quadruped na may halabang liog asin ikog). An mga gamgam iyo an solamenteng nabubuhay na mga dinosaur. Sa tradisyonal na [[taksonomiya]], an mga gamgam pigkokonsiderar na sarong separadong klase na nag-evolve gikan sa mga dinosaur, sarong laen na superorden . Alagad, an kadaklan sa mga kontemporanyong paleontologo nagsisikwal sa tradisyonal na estilo nin klasipikasyon base sa pagkakaagid kan anatomiya, pabor sa phylogenetic taxonomy base sa deduced ancestry, kun saen an lambang grupo tinatawan nin kahulugan bilang gabos na gikan kan sarong tinaong founding genus. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_10|url-status=|title=Using the tree for classification|website=Understanding Evolution|publisher=[[University of California]]|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831003846/https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_10|archive-date=August 31, 2019|access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref> An mga gamgam kabali sa subgrupo nin dinosauryo na Maniraptora, na iyo an mga coelurosaur, na iyo an mga theropod, na iyo an mga saurischian. An pagsiyasat ni Matthew G. Baron, David B. Norman, asin Paul M. Barrett kan 2017 nagsuherir nin sarong radikal na rebisyon kan sistematika kan dinosauriano. Pag-analisar kan phylogenetic ni Baron ''et al.'' nabawi an Ornithischia bilang mas harani sa Theropoda kisa sa Sauropodomorpha, na kontra sa tradisyonal na pag-iriba kan mga theropod sa mga sauropodomorph. Ini an magigin dahelan na an mga sauropod asin paryente mahulog sa luwas kan tradisyonal na mga dinosaur, kaya tinawan ninda nin bagong kahulugan an Dinosauria bilang an huring komun na ginikanan kan ''Triceratops horridus'', ''Passer domesticus'' asin ''Diplodocus carnegii'', asin an gabos na mga gikan kaini, tanganing maseguro na an mga sauropod asin paryente magdadanay na kabali bilang mga dinosaur. Binuhay man ninda an clade Ornithoscelida tanganing apodon an grupo na igwa nin Ornithischia asin Theropoda. <ref name="NYT-20170322">{{Cite news|last=Wade|first=Nicholas|author-link=Nicholas Wade|title=Shaking Up the Dinosaur Family Tree|date=March 22, 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/science/dinosaur-family-tree.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> <ref name="NAT-20170322">{{Cite journal|last=Baron|first=Matthew G.|title=A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution|location=London|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> === Pangkagabsan na paglaladawan === [[Ladawan:LA-Triceratops_mount-2.jpg|wala|thumb| Kalansay nin ''Triceratops'', Natural History Museum kan Los Angeles County]] Gamit an saro sa mga kahulugan sa itaas, an mga dinosaur sa pangkagabsan pwedeng iladawan bilang mga archosaur na may mga tabay sa likod na nakatindog sa irarom kan hawak . An ibang mga hayop bago an kasaysayan, kabali an mga pterosaur, mosasaur, ichthyosaur, plesiosaur, asin ''Dimetrodon'', mantang parati popular na pighihiling bilang mga dinosaur, dai pigklasipikar sa taksonomiya bilang mga dinosaur. An mga pterosaur harayo an relasyon sa mga dinosaur, bilang mga miyembro kan clade na Ornithodira . An ibang mga grupong nasambit, arog kan mga dinosaur asin pterosaur, mga miyembro kan Sauropsida (an grupo nin mga reptilya asin gamgam), apwera sa ''Dimetrodon'' (na sarong synapsid ). Mayo sainda an igwa kan nakatindog na postura kan likod na tabay na karakteristiko kan tunay na mga dinosaur. === Mga tampok sa anatomiya na nagpapamidbid === Mantang an mga bagong pagdiskubre nagin mas dipisil na ipresentar an sarong unibersal na pinagkasunduan na lista kan saindang mga tampok na nagpapalaen, haros gabos na dinosaur na nadiskobre sagkod ngonyan igwa nin nagkapirang mga modipikasyon sa ancestral archosaurian skeleton, o malinaw na mga gikan kan mga gurang na dinosaur na nagpapahiling kan mga modipikasyon na ini. Dawa ngani an nagkapirang mga huring grupo nin mga dinosaur nagtatampok nin mga binagong bersyon kan mga ugale na ini, sinda pigkokonsiderar na tipikal para sa Dinosauria; an pinakaenot na mga dinosaur igwa kaini asin ipinasa sa saindang mga gikan. An siring na mga modipikasyon, na nagpoon sa pinakabagong komun na ginikanan kan sarong grupo nin taksonomiya, inaapod na mga synapomorphies kan siring na grupo. [[Ladawan:Dromaeosaurus_skull_en.svg|too|thumb| May marka na diagram kan sarong tipikal na kalabera nin archosaur, an kalabera kan ''Dromaeosaurus'']] An detalyadong pagtasa kan mga interrelasyon kan archosaur ni Sterling Nesbitt nagkumpirma o nakanompong kan minasunod na doseng dai malinaw na mga synapomorphies, na an iba dati nang aram: * Sa kalabera, sarong supratemporal fossa (pagkotkot) an yaon sa atubangan kan supratemporal fenestra, an mayor na pagbukas sa likod na atop kan kalabera * Mga epipophyses, mga proseso na nakaturo sa likod na nakaturo sa likod na mga kanto kan enotan (enot) na mga vertebra kan liog sa likod kan atlas asin axis, an enot na duwang vertebra kan liog * An alitoktok kan sarong deltopectoral crest (sarong proyeksiyon na kun saen an mga kalamnan kan deltopectoral nagdudukot) na namumugtak sa o labi sa 30% pababa sa laba kan humerus (tulang sa itaas na takyag) * Radius, sarong tulang sa ibabang takyag, mas halipot sa 80% kan laba kan humerus * An ikaapat na trochanter (proyeksyon kun saen an kalamnan na caudofemoralis nagdudukot sa laog na likod na baras) sa femur (tulang kan hita) sarong matarom na flange * Ikaapat na trochanter asimetriko, na may distal, mas hababang, gilid na nagpoporma nin mas mahiwas na anggulo sa baras * Sa astragalus asin calcaneum, an mga tulang sa itaas na buol, an proximal articular facet, an itaas na nagkokonektar na ibabaw, para sa fibula nag-ookupar nin mas hababa sa 30% kan lakbang kan elemento * An mga exoccipital (mga tulang sa likod kan kalabera) dai nagtataragbo sa tahaw na linya sa salog kan endocranial cavity, an laog na espasyo kan braincase * Sa pelvis, an mga proksimal na articular na ibabaw kan ischium sa ilium asin an [[Angog-angog|pubis]] pinagsusuhay nin sarong dakulang concave na ibabaw (sa itaas na parte kan ischium an sarong parte kan bukas na kasukasuan kan balakang namumugtak sa pag-ultanan kan mga kontak sa pubic bone asin sa ilium) * An cnemial crest sa tibia (na nakaluwas na parte kan itaas na ibabaw kan tulang kan bitis) nag-arko anterolaterally (mga kurba sa enotan asin sa luwas na lado) * An laen na proximodistally oriented (patindog) na tagaytay na yaon sa likod na lalawgon kan distal na poro kan tibia (an likod na ibabaw kan ibabang poro kan shinbone) * An concave articular surface para sa fibula kan calcaneum (an itaas na ibabaw kan calcaneum, kun saen ini nakakaduta sa fibula, igwa nin guwang na profile) === Kalansay === Nin huli ta an mga barahibo parateng inaasosyar sa mga gamgam, an mga dinosaur na may barahibo parateng pig-aapod bilang an nawawarang sumpay sa pag-ultanan kan mga gamgam asin mga dinosaur. Alagad, an manlaen-laen na tampok kan kalabera na pinag-iribang man kan duwang grupo nagrerepresentar nin saro pang importanteng linya nin ebidensya para sa mga paleontologo. An mga lugar kan kalabera na may importanteng pagkakaagid kabali an liog, pubis, pulso (semi-lunate carpal ), braso asin pectoral girdle, furcula (wishbone), asin breast bone . An pagkumpara kan mga kalabera nin gamgam asin dinosaur sa paagi nin cladistic analysis nagpapakusog kan kaso para sa sumpay. === Malumoy na anatomiya === [[Ladawan:Pneumatopores_on_the_left_ilium_of_the_theropod_Aerosteon_riocoloradensis.jpg|thumb| Mga pneumatopores sa wala na ilium kan ''Aerosteon riocoloradensis'']] An darakulang dinosaur na nagkakakan nin karne igwa nin komplikadong sistema nin mga air sac na kapareho kan mga makukua sa mga modernong gamgam, susog sa sarong imbestigasyon kan 2005 na pinangenotan ni Patrick M. O'Connor. An pulmon kan mga theropod dinosaur (mga karniboro na naglalakaw sa duwang tabay asin may mga bitis na garo gamgam) posibleng nagbobomba nin aire pasiring sa mga guwang na sako sa saindang mga kalabera, arog kan nangyayari sa mga gamgam. "An dati pormal na pigkokonsiderar na kakaiba sa mga gamgam yaon sa sarong porma sa mga apoon kan mga gamgam", sabi ni O'Connor. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=O'Connor|first1=Patrick M.|last2=Claessens|first2=Leon P. A. M.|date=July 2005|title=Basic avian pulmonary design and flow-through ventilation in non-avian theropod dinosaurs|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03716|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=436|issue=7048|pages=253–256|doi=10.1038/nature03716|pmid=16015329|bibcode=2005Natur.436..253O|issn=0028-0836|access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Kan 2008, ilinadawan kan mga siyentipiko ''an Aerosteon riocoloradensis'', an kalabera kaini na nagtatao kan pinakamatibay na ebidensya sagkod ngonyan nin sarong dinosaur na may sistema nin paghangos na garo gamgam. An CT scanning kan mga fossil na tulang kan ''Aerosteon'' naghayag nin ebidensya para sa pag-eksister nin mga sako nin aire sa laog kan kublit kan hawak kan hayop. === Ebidensya sa gawi-gawi === An mga fossil kan mga troodont na ''si Mei'' asin ''Sinornithoides'' nagpapahiling na an nagkapirang dinosaur nagtuturog na an saindang mga payo nakasuksok sa irarom kan saindang mga takyag. An gawe-gawe na ini, na tibaad nakatabang na mapagdanay na mainit an payo, karakteristiko man kan mga modernong gamgam. Nagkapirang mga espesimen nin deinonychosaur asin oviraptorosaur an nakua man na napreserbar sa ibabaw kan saindang mga salag, na posibleng nag-iitok sa paaging garo gamgam. <ref name="norell1995">{{Cite journal|last=Norell|first=Mark A.|title=A nesting dinosaur|location=London|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> An ratio sa pag-ultanan kan volume kan itlog asin masa kan hawak kan mga adulto sa mga dinosaur na ini nagsusuherir na an mga itlog sa pangenot pig-ataman kan lalaki asin na an mga ogbon precocial na gayo, kapareho kan kadaklan na modernong gamgam na nag-eerok sa daga. <ref name="Varricchioetal2008">{{Cite journal|last=Varricchio|first=David J.|title=Avian Paternal Care Had Dinosaur Origin|location=Washington, D.C.|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> An ibang mga dinosaur midbid na naggamit nin mga gapo sa gizzard arog kan mga modernong gamgam. An mga gapong ini hinahalon kan mga hayop tanganing makatabang sa pagtunaw asin pagraot kan kakanon asin matagas na mga lanot oras na sinda maglaog sa tulak. Kun makukua na may kaibang mga fossil, an mga gapo sa gizzard inaapod na gastroliths. == Pagkawara kan mga mayor na grupo == An gabos na bakong gamgam na dinosaur asin kadaklan na mga linya nin gamgam <ref name="longrich20112">{{cite journal|last1=Longrich|first1=N.R.|last2=Tokaryk|first2=T.|last3=Field|first3=D.J.|year=2011|title=Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2011-09-13_108_37/page/15253|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=108|issue=37|pages=15253–15257|doi=10.1073/pnas.1110395108|pmid=21914849|pmc=3174646|bibcode=2011PNAS..10815253L|doi-access=free}}</ref> napuho sa sarong pangyayari nin pagkapuho, na inaapod na pangyayari nin pagkapuho kan Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg), sa katapusan kan panahon nin Cretaceous. Sa itaas kan linderos kan Cretaceous–Paleogene, na pigpetsahan na 66.038 ± 0.025 milyon na taon na an nakaagi, <ref name="renne20132">{{cite journal|last1=Renne|first1=P.R.|last2=Deino|first2=A.L.|last3=Hilgen|first3=F.J.|last4=Kuiper|first4=K.F.|last5=Mark|first5=D.F.|last6=Mitchell|first6=W.S.|last7=Morgan|first7=L.E.|last8=Mundil|first8=R.|last9=Smit|first9=J.|year=2013|title=Time scales of critical events around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-02-08_339_6120/page/684|journal=Science|volume=339|issue=6120|pages=684–687|doi=10.1126/science.1230492|pmid=23393261|bibcode=2013Sci...339..684R|s2cid=6112274}}</ref> an mga fossil kan mga dinosaur na bakong gamgam biglang nawara; an kawaran nin mga fossil nin dinosaur sa kasaysayan ginamit sa pag-asignar nin mga gapo sa suminunod na Cenozoic. An naturalesa kan pangyayari na nagin kawsa kan pagkapuho na ini mahiwas na pinag-adalan poon pa kan mga taon 1970, na nagdara sa paggibo nin duwang mekanismo na pighuhuna na nagkaigwa nin mayor na papel: sarong pangyayari sa ekstraterrestrial na epekto sa Yucatán Peninsula, kaiba an bulkanismo nin basalt na baha sa [[Indya|India]] . Alagad, an mga partikular na mekanismo kan pangyayari nin pagkapuho asin an lakdang kan mga epekto kaini sa mga dinosaur mga lugar pa man giraray nin padagos na pagsiyasat. <ref name="brusatte20142">{{cite journal|last1=Brusatte|first1=S.L.|last2=Butler|first2=R.J.|last3=Barrett|first3=P.M.|last4=Carrano|first4=M.T.|last5=Evans|first5=D.C.|last6=Lloyd|first6=G.T.|last7=Mannion|first7=P.D.|last8=Norell|first8=M.A.|last9=Peppe|first9=D.J.|last10=Upchurch|first10=P.|last11=Williamson|first11=T.E.|year=2015|title=The extinction of the dinosaurs|journal=Biological Reviews|volume=90|issue=2|pages=628–642|doi=10.1111/brv.12128|pmid=25065505|hdl=20.500.11820/176e5907-26ec-4959-867f-0f2e52335f88|s2cid=115134484|url=https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/176e5907-26ec-4959-867f-0f2e52335f88|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Kasabay kan mga dinosaur, kadakol pang ibang grupo nin mga hayop an napuho: mga pterosaur, mga reptilya sa dagat arog kan mga mosasaur asin plesiosaur, nagkapirang grupo nin mga mamalya, mga ammonite ( nautilus -like mollusks ), mga rudist ( reef -building bivalves ), asin manlaen-laen na grupo nin mga plankton sa dagat. Sa kabilogan, mga 47% kan mga genera asin 76% kan mga species sa Kinaban an napuho sa panahon kan pangyayari nin pagkapuho kan K-Pg. <ref name="jablonski19912">{{cite journal|last1=Jablonski|first1=D.|year=1991|title=Extinctions: a paleontological perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1991-08-16_253_5021/page/754|journal=Science|volume=253|issue=5021|pages=754–757|doi=10.1126/science.253.5021.754|pmid=17835491|bibcode=1991Sci...253..754J}}</ref> An medyo dakulang sukol kan kadaklan na dinosaur asin an hababang pagkakaiba-iba kan mga klase nin dinosaur na saradit an hawak sa katapusan kan Cretaceous pwedeng nakakontribwir sa saindang pagkapuho; an pagkapuho kan mga linyada nin gamgam na dai nabuhay pwede man na huli sa pagsarig sa mga istaran sa kagubatan o kawaran nin mga adaptasyon sa pagkakan nin mga banhi para sa kaligtasan.<ref name="field20182">{{cite journal|last1=Field|first1=D.J.|last2=Bercovici|first2=A.|last3=Berv|first3=J.S.|last4=Dunn|first4=R.|last5=Fastovsky|first5=D.E.|last6=Lyson|first6=T.R.|last7=Vajda|first7=V.|last8=Gauthier|first8=J.A.|year=2018|title=Early evolution of modern birds structured by global forest collapse at the end-Cretaceous mass extinction|journal=Current Biology|volume=28|issue=11|pages=1825–1831|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062|pmid=29804807|s2cid=44075214|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018CBio...28E1825F}}</ref><ref name="larson20162">{{cite journal|last1=Larson|first1=D.W.|last2=Brown|first2=C.M.|last3=Evans|first3=D.C.|year=2016|title=Dental disparity and ecological stability in bird-like dinosaurs prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction|journal=Current Biology|volume=26|issue=10|pages=1325–1333|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.039|pmid=27112293|s2cid=3937001|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016CBio...26.1325L}}</ref> == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Kategorya:Mga reptil]] b1dph9vutqz2cqjhpjjldudrjc3ftkt 0 50890 309748 283104 2026-08-23T23:08:31Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mythical creature|name=Bigfoot|AKA=Sasquatch<br>[[#Regional and other names|Other names]]|image=Patterson Gimlin Bigfoot.jpg|image_size=230px|caption=Frame 352 of the 1967 [[Patterson–Gimlin film]], alleged by the filmmakers to depict a female Bigfoot.<ref name="Australian">{{cite news|title=DNA tests to help crack mystery of Bigfoot or Yeti existence|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/dna-to-test-bigfoot-mystery/story-e6frg6so-1226365397311|access-date=May 21, 2014|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|date=May 24, 2012|agency=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=May 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527102922/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/dna-to-test-bigfoot-mystery/story-e6frg6so-1226365397311|url-status=live}}</ref>|Folklore=|Grouping=|Country={{Plainlist| * [[Canada]] * [[United States]] }}|Region=[[North America]]|Details=|First_Attested=|Similar_entities=}}An '''Bigfoot''' ( /ˈ b ɪ ɡ f ʊ t / ), inaapod man na '''Sasquatch''' ( /ˈ s æ s k w æ tʃ , An ˈ s æ s k w ɒ tʃ / ), sarong dakula, may buhok na mitolohikong linalang na sinasabing nag-eerok sa mga kagubatan sa Amerika del Norte, partikularmente sa Pasipikong Norte-sulnupan . <ref name="Bartholomew20092">{{cite journal|last1=Bartholomew|first1=Robert E.|last2=Regal|first2=Brian|title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State|journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore|date=2009|volume=35|issue=3|access-date=6 December 2023|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1|issn=1551-7268|archive-date=February 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Regal2011">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology|last=Regal|first=Brian|publisher=Springer|year=2011|isbn=978-0-230-11829-4|page=91|access-date=December 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|archive-date=December 9, 2023}}</ref> An Bigfoot itinampok sa parehong osipon kan mga Amerikano asin Canada, asin poon kan kabangaan kan ika-20 siglo nagdakula na ini na sarong icon sa kultura, na naglalakop sa popular na kultura asin nagin tema kan sadiring laen na subkultura . <ref>{{cite web|last1=Eliot|first1=Krissy|date=June 28, 2018|title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway?|url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway|archive-date=March 2, 2021|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=alumni.berkeley.edu|publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint|url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html|access-date=March 16, 2021|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 26, 2012|archive-date=October 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html|url-status=}}</ref> An mga mahilig sa Bigfoot, arog kan mga nasa laog kan [[Seudosiyensya|pseudoscience]] kan cryptozoology, nagtao nin manlaen-laen na klase nin kaduda-duda na ebidensya tanganing patunayan an pag-eksister ni Bigfoot, kabali an mga anekdotal na paghihingako nin mga nahiling siring man mga soboot retrato, video asin audio recordings, mga sample nin buhok, asin mga cast nin darakulang bakas. <ref name="Rossi20152">{{cite book|title=Problematic Wildlife|last1=Rossi|first1=Lorenzo|date=18 December 2015|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5|pages=573–588|chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals"|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26}}</ref><ref name="Regal2">{{cite journal|last1=Regal|first1=Brian|title=Entering Dubious Realms: Grover Krantz, Science, and Sasquatch|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-science_2009-01_66_1/page/83|journal=Annals of Science|date=13 Feb 2009|volume=66|issue=1|pages=83–102|doi=10.1080/00033790802202421|pmid=19831199|s2cid=23736660|issn=0003-3790}}</ref><ref name="Daegling2004b2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5|title=Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend|last1=Daegling|first1=David J.|publisher=Rowman Altamira|year=2004|isbn=0-7591-0538-3|access-date=March 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153959/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=bigfoot%20evidence&f=false|archive-date=February 16, 2024|url-status=}}</ref><ref name="Williams20142">{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Sarah C. P.|title='Bigfoot' samples analyzed in lab: First peer-reviewed genetic analysis looks at more than 50 samples believed to belong to elusive creatures|journal=Science|date=July 1, 2014|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab|access-date=February 28, 2023|archive-date=February 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228021832/https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab|url-status=live}}</ref>Alagad, an siyentipikong pinagkaoroyonan iyo na an Bigfoot, asin an soboot ebidensya, sarong kombinasyon nin mga osipon, salang pagmidbid, asin kaputikan imbes na sarong buhay na hayop. <ref name="Rossi2015">{{Cite book|title=Problematic Wildlife|last=Rossi|first=Lorenzo|date=18 December 2015|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5|pages=573–588|chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals"|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last1=Pappas|first1=Evan|title=Bigfoot hoax exposed (again) and other infamous hoaxes|url=https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php|website=seattlepi.com|publisher=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]|access-date=March 16, 2021|date=April 7, 2014|archive-date=June 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610014409/https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php|url-status=}}</ref> <ref name="Frangou et al 2013">{{Cite book|title=Tracking Key Trends in Biodiversity Science and Policy: based on the proceedings of a UNESCO International Conference on Biodiversity Science and Policy|last=Frangou|first=Anna|last2=Ladle|first2=Richard J.|last3=Malhado|first3=Ana C.M.|last4=Whitaker|first4=Robert J.|publisher=UNESCO|year=2013|isbn=978-92-3-001118-5|editor-last=Brooks|editor-first=Anathea|page=50|chapter=Wildlife in a warming world|editor-last2=Arico|editor-first2=Salvatore|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkvFDkFzcC8C&pg=PA50}}</ref> An mga folklorist nagsusubaybay kan pangyayari kan Bigfoot sa kombinasyon nin mga bagay asin pinagkukuanan, kabali an pigura kan European wild man, mga osipon, asin mga katutubong kultura . <ref name="Forth20072">{{cite journal|last1=Forth|first1=Gregory|title=Images of the Wildman Inside and Outside Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_folklore_2007-12_118_3/page/261|journal=Folklore|date=2007|volume=118|issue=3|pages=261–281|doi=10.1080/00155870701621772|s2cid=161789895}}</ref> An mga halimbawa nin kaparehong mga osipon kan mga layas, natatahoban nin buhok na mga humanoid yaon sa bilog na kinaban, <ref name="Forth20073">{{cite journal|last1=Forth|first1=Gregory|title=Images of the Wildman Inside and Outside Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_folklore_2007-12_118_3/page/261|journal=Folklore|date=2007|volume=118|issue=3|pages=261–281|doi=10.1080/00155870701621772|s2cid=161789895}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last1=McClelland|first1=John|date=October 2011|title=Tracking the Legend of Bigfoot|url=https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot|access-date=January 3, 2022|website=statemuseum.arizona.edu|publisher=[[Arizona State Museum]]|archive-date=January 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103221317/https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot|url-status=}}</ref> arog kan Skunk ape kan sur-sirangan na Estados Unidos, an Almas, Yeren, asin Yeti sa Asya, an Australian Yowie, <ref name="Forth2007">{{Cite journal|last1=Forth|first1=Gregory|title=Images of the Wildman Inside and Outside Europe|date=2007}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last1=McClelland|first1=John|date=October 2011|title=Tracking the Legend of Bigfoot|url=https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot|access-date=January 3, 2022|website=statemuseum.arizona.edu|publisher=[[Arizona State Museum]]|archive-date=January 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103221317/https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot|url-status=}}</ref> asin mga linalang sa mga mitolohiya kan mga katutubong tawo . <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jilek-Aall|first1=Louise|date=June 1972|title=What is a Sasquatch — or, the Problematics of Reality Testing}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last1=Munro|first1=Kate|date=May 14, 2019|title=North America's Sasquatch: finding fact within the fable|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable|access-date=December 27, 2021|website=sbs.com|publisher=[[NITV]]|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174858/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable|url-status=}}</ref> An pag-isip nin mga kamawotan, an paglangkaw kan kultura sa mga kahaditan sa kapalibutan, asin an kabilogan na kaaraman kan sosyedad sa temang ini pigsambit bilang dagdag na mga bagay. == Deskripsiyon == [[Ladawan:2016ShawneeBigfoot.jpg|thumb| "Sassy the Sasquatch" na estatuwa nin atraksyon sa gilid kan tinampo sa Garden of the Gods Wilderness sa laog kan Shawnee National Forest, Illinois. <ref>{{cite web|title=Shawnee Forest Bigfoot|url=https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot|website=enjoyillinois.com|access-date=April 12, 2021|archive-date=April 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010031/https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot|url-status=}}</ref>]] An Bigfoot parateng ilinaladawan bilang sarong dakula, maskulado, asin bipedal na tawo o garo unggoy na linalang na natatahoban nin itom, maitom na kayumanggi, o maitom na mapula-pula na buhok. <ref name="skepdic2">{{cite web|url=http://www.skepdic.com/bigfoot.html|title=Bigfoot [a.k.a. Abominable Snowman of the Himalayas, Mapinguari (the Amazon), Sasquatch, Yowie (Australia) and Yeti (Asia)]|publisher=The Skeptic's Dictionary|access-date=August 17, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914040152/http://skepdic.com/bigfoot.html|archive-date=September 14, 2008|url-status=}}</ref><ref name="Britannica2">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2008|title=Sasquatch|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch|access-date=April 7, 2013|archive-date=May 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515045710/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch|url-status=}}</ref> An mga deskripsyon na anekdotiko nagtatantya nin langkaw na mga {{Convert|6|-|9|ft}}, na may nagkapirang deskripsyon na an mga linalang nagtitindog na abot sa {{Convert|10|-|15|ft}} . <ref>{{cite web|title=Sasquatch|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Sasquatch|website=merriam-webster.com|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=May 11, 2021|archive-date=April 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424085438/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Sasquatch|url-status=}}</ref> An nagkapirang soboot obserbasyon naglaladawan ki Bigfoot bilang mas tawo kisa unggoy, <ref>{{cite web|last1=Boivin|first1=John|title=Bigfoot or moose? Possible sighting shocks, excites residents of small B.C. community|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/|website=globalnews.ca|publisher=[[Global News]]|access-date=December 21, 2021|date=January 16, 2021|archive-date=December 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/|url-status=}}</ref> partikularmente sa lalawgon. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Aziz|first1=Saba|title=Bigfoot in Canada: Inside the hunt for proof — or at least a good photo|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8070027/bigfoot-canada-photo-video/|website=globalnews.ca|publisher=[[Global News]]|access-date=December 21, 2021|date=August 14, 2021|archive-date=December 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/8070027/bigfoot-canada-photo-video/|url-status=}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title='No joke': B.C. minister laughs off lawsuit claiming proof of Bigfoot|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/no-joke-b-c-minister-laughs-off-lawsuit-claiming-proof-of-bigfoot-1.3656876|website=ctvnews.ca|publisher=[[CTV News]]|access-date=December 21, 2021|date=October 31, 2017|archive-date=December 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/no-joke-b-c-minister-laughs-off-lawsuit-claiming-proof-of-bigfoot-1.3656876|url-status=live}}</ref> Kan 1971, dakul na tawo sa The Dalles, Oregon, an nagsangat nin report sa pulis na naglaladawan nin sarong "overgrown ape", asin an saro sa mga lalaki naghingako na nahiling niya an linalang sa sakop kan saiyang badil alagad dai niya kayang badilon ini huli ta "mas garo ini tawo kisa hayop". <ref>{{cite web|last1=Cahill|first1=Tim|title=Giant Hairy Apes in the North Woods: A Bigfoot Study|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/giant-hairy-apes-in-the-north-woods-a-bigfoot-study-242257/|website=rollingstone.com|publisher=Rolling Stone|access-date=February 25, 2022|date=May 10, 1973|archive-date=February 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225223630/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/giant-hairy-apes-in-the-north-woods-a-bigfoot-study-242257/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaiba sa komun na mga paglaladawan an mahiwas na mga abaga, mayong naheheling na liog, asin halabang mga takyag, na iinaatribwir nin dakol na nagdududa sa salang pagmidbid sa sarong oso na nakatindog nin tanos. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Brulliard|first1=Karin|title=Is bigfoot just an upright-walking bear? We asked the experts.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/07/05/is-bigfoot-just-an-upright-walking-bear-we-asked-the-experts/|date=July 5, 2016}}</ref> An nagkapirang soboot nahiling sa banggi nagsabi na an mga mata kan linalang "nagkikinang" nin dilaw o pula. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hodgin|first1=Carrie|title=Glowing Red-Eyes: Bigfoot Sightings Reported At Night In Mocksville|url=https://www.wfmynews2.com/article/news/local/glowing-red-eyes-bigfoot-sightings-reported-at-night-in-mocksville/83-2cac1b3e-c842-4f43-949d-764f0dad5c97|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=January 11, 2019}}</ref> Alagad, an eyeshine mayo sa mga tawo o sa arin man na ibang midbid na mga darakulang unggoy, asin kaya an mga propuestong paliwanag para sa naoobserbaran na eyeshine hale sa daga sa kagurangan kabali an mga kuwago, raccoon, o opossum na nakatindog sa mga dahon. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Nickell|first1=Joe|title=Bigfoot Eyeshine: A Contradiction|url=https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/bigfoot_eyeshine_a_contradiction/|website=centerforinquiry.org|publisher=[[Center for Inquiry]]|access-date=March 18, 2021|date=September 28, 2017|archive-date=June 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616050935/https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/bigfoot_eyeshine_a_contradiction/|url-status=}}</ref> Si Michael Rugg, an kagsadiri kan Bigfoot Discovery Museum, nagsasabi na naamoy niya si Bigfoot, na nagsasabi, "Imahinara an sarong skunk na nagliligid sa mga gadan na hayop asin nagbitay sa palibot kan mga basurahan." <ref>{{cite web|last1=Robertson|first1=Michelle|title='We know it's a Bigfoot because of the scream and the smell': The man who saw Sasquatch|url=https://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/bigfoot-discovery-museum-michael-rugg-16710725.php|website=sfgate.com|publisher=SFGate|access-date=December 21, 2021|date=December 20, 2021|archive-date=December 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221025645/https://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/bigfoot-discovery-museum-michael-rugg-16710725.php|url-status=}}</ref> An dakulaon na mga bakas kan bitis na pinagngaranan kan linalang sinasabing abot sa {{Convert|24|in}} an laba asin {{Convert|8|in}} an lakbang. <ref name="Britannica3">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2008|title=Sasquatch|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch|access-date=April 7, 2013|archive-date=May 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515045710/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch|url-status=}}</ref> An ibang mga footprint cast igwa man nin mga marka nin kuko, na nagpapangyari na ini hale sa mga midbid na hayop arog kan mga oso, na igwa nin limang moro asin kuko. <ref name="SI_Nickell2">{{cite web|url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/mysterious_entities_of_the_pacific_northwest_part_i/|title=Investigative Files: Mysterious Entities of the Pacific Northwest, Part I|first=Joe|last=Nickell|author-link=Joe Nickell|date=January 2007|access-date=October 20, 2009|publisher=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]|archive-date=August 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828034302/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/mysterious_entities_of_the_pacific_northwest_part_i|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2010|title=SDNHM – Black Bear Sign|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/mammals/bearsign.html|access-date=January 25, 2022|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524154832/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/mammals/bearsign.html|archive-date=May 24, 2010|url-status=}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == === Mga osipon asin mga enot na rekord === An ekolohista na si Robert Pyle nagtutulod na an kadaklan na kultura igwa nin mga istorya nin mga higanteng garo tawo sa saindang kasaysayan kan mga tawo, na nagpapahayag nin pangangaipo para sa "mga linalang na mas dakula pa sa buhay". <ref name="Goodavage2">{{cite web|last=Goodavage|first=Maria|title=Hunt for Bigfoot Attracts True Believers|newspaper=USA Today|date=May 24, 1996|url=http://web.ncf.ca/bz050/HomePage.usatbf.html|access-date=July 19, 2007|archive-date=March 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314183111/http://web.ncf.ca/bz050/HomePage.usatbf.html|url-status=}}</ref> An lambang lenguahe igwa kan ngaran kaiyan para sa linalang na itinatampok sa lokal na bersion kan siring na mga osipon. Dakul na mga pangaran an boot sabihon arog kan "lalayas na tawo" o "mabuhok na tawo", dawa ngani an ibang mga pangaran naglaladawan nin mga komun na aksyon na sinasabing ginigibo kaini, arog kan pagkakan nin mga alimbubuyog o pagyugyog nin mga kahoy. <ref name="Mil07">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggeQHFa5E7AC&q=salish+sasquatch&pg=PA50|title=Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science|last=Meldrum|first=Jeff|publisher=Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7653-1217-4|page=50|access-date=February 19, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154000/https://books.google.com/books?id=ggeQHFa5E7AC&q=salish+sasquatch&pg=PA50#v=snippet&q=salish%20sasquatch&f=false|archive-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> An osipon kan mga taga-Europa tradisyonal na igwa nin kadakol na pangyayari kan "mabangis na tawo kan kakahuyan," o "mga layas na tawo," na parateng ilinaladawan bilang "sarong huba na linalang na natatahoban nin buhok, na an lalawgon, bitis asin kamot sana (asin sa nagkapirang kaso an mga tuhod, siko, o suso) an nagdadanay na huba" An mga tawong ini sa Europa poon sa mga halimaw na garo mga tawo. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{Cite journal|last=Bartholomew|first=Robert E.|title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State|date=2009|access-date=6 December 2023|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1}}</ref> Kan magbalyo sa Amerika del Norte, an mga mito kan "mga layas na tawo" nagdanay, na may mga dokumentadong nahiling na "mga layas na tawo" na ibinareta sa kun ano an ngonian estado nin Nueva York asin Pennsylvania. Sa sarong papel kan 2007 na may titulong "Mga Imahe kan Wildman sa Laog asin Luwas kan Europa" sinabi kaini: {{Cquote|quote="To be sure, the modern sasquatch is largely the product of a European-derived culture, as possibly to an even greater extent is the Australian yahoo; accordingly, traces of the European wildman are discernible in both figures. Yet the sasquatch is partly rooted in Amerindian representations of hairy hominoids, even though the relationship between these, which are often described as small, and the giant sasquatch of the popular Canadian and American imagination is hardly straightforward"|author=[[Gregory Forth]]|source=<ref name="Forth2007"/>}} Kadaklan sa mga katutubong kultura sa bilog na kontinente kan Amerika del Norte kabali an mga osipon nin mga misteryosong linalang na may buhok na nabubuhay sa mga kagubatan, <ref>{{cite web|title=Sasquatch|url=https://oregonwild.org/wildlife/sasquatch|website=oregonwild.org|access-date=November 26, 2021|archive-date=November 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126200327/https://oregonwild.org/wildlife/sasquatch|url-status=}}</ref> asin susog sa antropologong si David Daegling, an mga alamat na ini nag-eksister na bago pa an mga kontemporanyong bareta kan linalang na ilinadawan bilang Bigfoot. An mga istoryang ini magkaiba sa saindang mga detalye sa rehiyon asin sa pag-ultanan kan mga pamilya sa parehong komunidad asin partikularmenteng lakop sa Pasipikong Norte-sulnupan. Si Hepe Mischelle kan Nlaka'pamux sa Lytton, British Columbia, nag-istorya nin siring na istorya ki Charles Hill-Tout kan 1898. <ref name="Hill-Tout1978">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/salishpeopleloca0001hill/page/20/mode/2up|title=The Salish People: The Local Contribution of Charles Hill-Tout Volume I: The Thompson and the Okanagan|last=Hill-Tout|first=Charles|publisher=Vancouver : Talonbooks|year=1978|isbn=978-0-88922-148-2|editor-last=Maud|editor-first=Ralph}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Painted_Rock_Tulare_County.jpg|wala|thumb| Sarong reproduksyon kan mga petroglyph sa Painted Rock .]] Sa Tule River Indian Reservation, an mga petroglyph na ginibo kan sarong tribo nin mga Yokut sa sarong lugar na inaapod na Painted Rock pig-aalegar ni Kathy Moskowitz Strain, an kagsurat kan 2008 na librong ''Giants, Cannibals, Monsters: Bigfoot in Native Culture'', tanganing iladawan an sarong grupo nin mga Bigfoot na inaapod na "the Family". <ref>{{cite web|title=Was Big Foot at the Reservation?|url=https://www.recorderonline.com/was-big-foot-at-the-reservation/article_92f4cf6c-e5eb-51c7-a558-d5529203c665.html|website=recorderonline.com|publisher=[[Porterville Recorder]]|access-date=May 10, 2021|date=November 14, 2013|archive-date=May 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510205236/https://www.recorderonline.com/was-big-foot-at-the-reservation/article_92f4cf6c-e5eb-51c7-a558-d5529203c665.html|url-status=}}</ref> An pinakadakulang glyph inaapod na "Hairy Man", asin an mga ini pigtatantya na 1,000 na taon na an edad. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Moskowitz Strain|first1=Kathy|title=MAYAK DATAT: THE HAIRY MAN PICTOGRAPHS|url=https://www.isu.edu/media/libraries/rhi/research-papers/Mayak-Datat-Hairy-Man-Pictographs-1.pdf|website=isu.edu|publisher=THE RELICT HOMINOID INQUIRY|access-date=11 March 2024|date=2012}}</ref> Susog sa Tulare County Board of Education kan 1975, "Si Big Foot, an Hairy Man, sarong linalang na garo sarong dakulang higante na may halawig, balhibog na buhok. An saiyang halawig na buhok na buhok nagpangyari saiya na magin garo sarong dakulang hayop. Marahay siya sa sarong paagi, huli ta kinakakan niya an mga hayop na pwedeng makadanyar sa mga tawo", asin an mga magurang ni Yokuts nagpatanid sa saindang mga aki na dai magrani sa salog o tibaad makasabat sinda sa banggi an linalang. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Moskowitz Strain|first1=Kathy|title=MAYAK DATAT: THE HAIRY MAN PICTOGRAPHS|url=https://www.isu.edu/media/libraries/rhi/research-papers/Mayak-Datat-Hairy-Man-Pictographs-1.pdf|website=isu.edu|publisher=THE RELICT HOMINOID INQUIRY|access-date=11 March 2024|date=2012}}</ref> An mga eksplorador na Espanyol kan ika-16 na siglo asin mga paraerok na Mehikano nag-istorya nin mga osipon manongod sa ''los Vigilantes Oscuros'', o "Mga Parabantay sa Madiklom", darakulang linalang na soboot nag-aabang sa saindang mga kampo kun banggi. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Almond|first1=Elliott|title=Trekking California's mysterious Bigfoot trail|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/01/31/trekking-californias-mysterious-bigfoot-trail/|date=January 31, 2022}}</ref> Sa rehiyon na ngonyan Mississippi, sarong padi [[Heswita|na Heswita]] an nakaistar sa mga Natchez kan 1721 asin nagbareta nin mga istorya nin mga linalang na may buhok sa kagurangan na midbid na nagkukururahaw nin makosog asin naghahabon nin mga hayop. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Grayson|first1=Walt|title=Focused on Mississippi: "Bigfoot Bash" to be held in Natchez on November 4th|url=https://www.wjtv.com/living-local/focused-on-mississippi/focused-on-mississippi-bigfoot-bash-to-be-held-in-natchez-on-november-4th/|website=wjtv.com|publisher=[[WJTV]]|access-date=November 26, 2021|date=November 1, 2021|archive-date=November 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126200318/https://www.wjtv.com/living-local/focused-on-mississippi/focused-on-mississippi-bigfoot-bash-to-be-held-in-natchez-on-november-4th/|url-status=}}</ref> === Mga paghihingako nin ebidensya === An body print na kinua kan taon 2000 gikan sa Gifford Pinchot National Forest sa estado nin Washington na inaapod na Skookum cast pigtutubodan man kan nagkapira na ginibo kan sarong Bigfoot na nagtukaw sa laboy tanganing magkakan nin prutas na winalat kan mga parasiyasat sa panahon kan pag-film kan sarong episode kan palabas sa telebisyon ''na Animal X.'' An mga nagdududa nagtutubod na an cast ginibo nin sarong midbid na hayop arog kan sarong elk. <ref name="isu2">{{cite web|author=Alford, Glenn|date=October 23, 2000|title=Idaho State University Researcher Coordinates Analysis of Body Imprint That May Belong to a Sasquatch|url=http://www.bfro.net/news/bodycast/ISU_press_rel_cast.asp|access-date=June 23, 2008|archive-date=June 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625080640/http://www.bfro.net/news/bodycast/ISU_press_rel_cast.asp|url-status=}}</ref> An mga soboot bakas kan Bigfoot parateng isinusuherir kan mga mahilig sa Bigfoot bilang ebidensya kan pag-eksister kan linalang. An antropologo na si Jeffrey Meldrum, na nag-espesyalisar sa pag-aadal kan bipedalismo kan primate, igwa nin labing 300 na mga footprint cast na sa saiyang pagmantenir dai pwedeng gibohon kan mga inukit na kahoy o mga bitis nin tawo base sa saindang anatomiya, kundi imbes ebidensya nin sarong dakula, bakong tawong primate na yaon ngonyan sa Amerika del Norte. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Willis|first1=Bryanna|title=The Science Behind Bigfoot an Interview With Dr. Jeff Meldrum|url=https://www.byui.edu/radio/the-science-behind-bigfoot-an-interview-with-dr-jeff-meldrum|website=byui.edu|publisher=[[BYU-Idaho Radio]]|access-date=March 18, 2021|date=September 19, 2018|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520000932/https://www.byui.edu/radio/the-science-behind-bigfoot-an-interview-with-dr-jeff-meldrum|url-status=}}</ref> Kan 2005, si Matt Crowley nakakua nin kopya kan sarong soboot Bigfoot footprint cast, na inaapod na "Onion Mountain Cast", asin nakapaggibo giraray nin maigot kan mga dermal ridges. Si Michael Dennett kan ''Skeptical Inquirer'' nakipag-olay sa imbestigador kan pulis asin eksperto sa fingerprint nin primate na si Jimmy Chilcutt kan 2006 para sa komento sa replika asin siya nagsabi, "Ipinaheling ni Matt na an mga artifact pwedeng gibohon, dawa sa irarom kan mga kondisyon sa laboratoryo, asin an mga parasiyasat sa langtad kaipuhan na mag-ingat". <ref name="experiments2">{{cite web|last1=Dennett|first1=Michael|title=Experiments Cast Doubt On Bigfoot 'Evidence'|url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/newsletter/experiments-cast-doubt-on-bigfoot-evidence/|website=skepticalinquirer.org|publisher=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]|access-date=April 13, 2021|date=September 1, 2006|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413220108/https://skepticalinquirer.org/newsletter/experiments-cast-doubt-on-bigfoot-evidence/|url-status=}}</ref> Si Chilcutt dati nang nagsabi na an nagkapira sa mga soboot Bigfoot footprint plaster cast na saiyang siniyasat tunay huli sa presensya nin "kakaibang mga dermal ridges". '''<ref>{{cite web|title=Texan says he's got proof of Bigfoot|url=https://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2003/10/02/Texan-says-hes-got-proof-of-Bigfoot/33841065122341/|website=upi.com|publisher=United Press International|access-date=December 21, 2021|date=October 2, 2003|archive-date=December 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211856/https://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2003/10/02/Texan-says-hes-got-proof-of-Bigfoot/33841065122341/|url-status=}}</ref>''' Sinabi ni Dennett na si Chilcutt dai nagpublikar nin ano man tanganing patunayan an saiyang mga paghihingako, ni mayo man nin ibang nagpublikar nin ano man manongod sa temang iyan, na si Chilcutt naggigibo kan saiyang mga pahayag sa paagi sana nin sarong pagpost sa Internet. <ref name="experiments4">{{cite web|last1=Dennett|first1=Michael|title=Experiments Cast Doubt On Bigfoot 'Evidence'|url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/newsletter/experiments-cast-doubt-on-bigfoot-evidence/|website=skepticalinquirer.org|publisher=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]|access-date=April 13, 2021|date=September 1, 2006|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413220108/https://skepticalinquirer.org/newsletter/experiments-cast-doubt-on-bigfoot-evidence/|url-status=}}</ref> Sinabi pa ni Dennett na mayo nin mga pagrepaso sa mga pahayag ni Chilcutt na ginibo apwera sa mga sinabi ni Dennett na, "ibang mga mahilig sa Bigfoot". <ref name="experiments3">{{cite web|last1=Dennett|first1=Michael|title=Experiments Cast Doubt On Bigfoot 'Evidence'|url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/newsletter/experiments-cast-doubt-on-bigfoot-evidence/|website=skepticalinquirer.org|publisher=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]|access-date=April 13, 2021|date=September 1, 2006|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413220108/https://skepticalinquirer.org/newsletter/experiments-cast-doubt-on-bigfoot-evidence/|url-status=}}</ref> [[File:Croped_BFRO_image.jpg|thumb| 2007 na retrato na pig-aalegar kan Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization na naglaladawan nin sarong hoben na Bigfoot.]] Kan 2007, an Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization naghingako na igwa nin mga retrato na naglaladawan nin sarong hoben na Bigfoot na soboot nakua sa sarong siod nin kamera sa Allegheny National Forest . An Pennsylvania Game Commission, alagad, nagsabi na an mga retrato sarong oso na may mange . <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna21518056|title=Hunter's pics revive lively Bigfoot debate|publisher=NBC News|date=October 29, 2007|access-date=February 11, 2023|archive-date=February 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212065857/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna21518056|url-status=}}</ref> An Pennsylvania Game Commission dai nagin mapanggana sa pagprobar na hanapon an pigdududahan na mangey bear. An siyentipiko na si Vanessa Woods, pagkatapos na matantya na an subject sa retrato igwa nin mga {{Convert|22|in}} an laba na mga takyag asin sarong {{Convert|18.75|in}} na hawak, nagkonklusyon na ini mas maikukumpara sa sarong chimpanzee. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bigfoot Science Fiction Or Science Fact?|date=November 2008}}</ref> Kan 2015, an propesor kan Centralia College na si Michael Townsend naghingako na nakadiskobre siya nin mga tulang nin biktima na may "garo-tawo" na mga impresyon nin kagat sa timog kan Mount St. Helens. Sinabi ni Townsend na an mga kagat mas mahiwas nin duwang beses kisa sa kagat nin tawo, asin na siya asin an duwa sa saiyang mga estudyante nakanompong man nin 16-pulgada na mga bakas sa lugar. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Tomtas|first1=Justyna|title=Proof of Bigfoot Is in the Bones, Winlock Man Says|url=https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/state_news/proof-of-bigfoot-is-in-the-bones-winlock-man-says/article_03b195ef-a782-58e9-823a-9f1a97bf6b5b.html|website=yakimaherald.com|publisher=[[Yakima Herald]]|access-date=December 21, 2021|date=May 14, 2015|archive-date=December 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211832/https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/state_news/proof-of-bigfoot-is-in-the-bones-winlock-man-says/article_03b195ef-a782-58e9-823a-9f1a97bf6b5b.html|url-status=}}</ref> == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] amkneqkngov2rbqdfd98mpaw6yaszi7 0 50895 309603 283182 2026-08-23T20:44:19Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309603 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{Infobox mythical creature|name=Centaur|image=Brooklyn Museum - Centauress - John La Farge - overall.jpg|caption=''Centauress'', by John La Farge|Grouping=[[Legendary creature]]|Sub_Grouping=[[Hybrid (biology)|Hybrid]]|AKA=Kentaur, Centaurus, Sagittary<ref>For Collins English Dictionary: "sagittary." Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014. HarperCollins Publishers September 1, 2019, https://www.thefreedictionary.com/sagittary {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902003928/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/sagittary |date=September 2, 2019 }}</ref>|Similar_entities=[[Minotaur]], [[satyr]], [[harpy]]|Folklore=[[Greek mythology|Greek]]|Region=[[Greece]], Cyprus|Habitat=Land}}Sarong centaur''' ( /ˈ s ɛ n t ɔːr , ˈ s ɛ n t ɑːr / {{Pagbaybay utro|SEN|tor|,_|SEN|tar}} ; , paminsan-minsan '''na hippocentaur''', na inaapod man na '''Ixionidae''' [[Kabayo|.]]​ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of ''centaur'' by Merriam-Webster|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/centaur|access-date=June 6, 2021|website=merriam-webster.com|publisher=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|archive-date=June 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606112828/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/centaur|url-status=}}</ref> Sa sarong bersyon kan mito, an mga centaur nginaranan sa Centaurus, asin, sa paagi kan saiyang tugang na si Lapithes, mga paryente kan maalamat na tribo kan mga Lapith . An mga centaur pighuhuna sa kadaklan na mga mito kan mga Griyego na siring ka-alaga sa mga kabayo na dai pa napapagal, asin sinasabing nag-erok sa rehiyon kan Magnesia asin Bukid Pelion sa Thessaly, sa kagubatan nin Foloi oak sa Elis, asin sa peninsula nin Malean sa timog na Laconia . An mga centaur sunod na itinampok sa mitolohiya kan Roma, asin pamilyar na mga pigura sa bestiary kan edad media. Nagdadanay sindang sarong pangenot na parte kan modernong pantastikong literatura. == Etimolohiya == An tataramon na Griego ''na kentauros'' sa pankagabsan pighihiling na may dai malinaw na ginikanan. An etimolohiya gikan sa ''ken'' + ''tauros'', 'nagtutusok na toro', sarong euhemerist na suhestiyon sa Palaephatus ' na nagrarasyonal na teksto sa mitolohiyang Griyego, ''On Incredible Tales'' (Περὶ ἀπίστων), na kabali an mga nakasakay na parapana gikan sa sarong baryo na inaapod na ''Nefele'' na naghahale kan saiyang mga bull kan Ixifeles. kahadean. An saro pang posibleng kaugnay na etimolohiya iyo an "bull-slayer". == Mitolohiya == [[Ladawan:Centauromachy_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2640.jpg|alt=|wala|thumb| Centauromachy, tondo nin sarong Attic red-figure kylix, {{Circa|480 BC}}]] === Pagmukna nin mga centaur === An mga centaur parati sinasabing namundag ki Ixion asin Nephele . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nash|first=Harvey|date=June 1984|title=The Centaur's Origin: A Psychological Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-world_may-june-1984_77_5/page/273|journal=The Classical World|volume=77|issue=5|pages=273–291|doi=10.2307/4349592|jstor=4349592}}</ref> Sa istorya, si Nephele sarong panganoron na ginibo sa kaagid ni [[Hera]] sa sarong plano tanganing dayaon si Ixion na ihayag an saiyang pagmawot ki Hera ki Zeus . Si Ixion nakaakit ki Nephele asin gikan sa relasyon na iyan an mga centaur namukna. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Jonathann|title=Tzetzes, Chiliades 9|url=https://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades9.html#20|access-date=February 28, 2019|website=Theoi.com|publisher=Theoi Project|archive-date=November 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123201140/https://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades9.html#20|url-status=}}</ref> An saro pang bersyon, alagad, ginigibo sindang mga aki ni Centaurus, sarong lalaki na nakipag-agom sa mga kabayong Magnesian . Si Centaurus iyo mismo an aki ni Ixion asin Nephele (naglalaag nin dagdag na henerasyon) o ni [[Apollo]] asin kan nimfa na si Stilbe . Sa huring bersyon kan istorya, an kambal na tugang ni Centaurus iyo si Lapithes, apoon kan mga Lapith . An saro pang tribo nin mga centaur sinasabing nag-eerok sa [[Siprus|Cyprus]] . Susog ki Nonnus, an mga '''Cyprian Centaur''' ama ni Zeus, na, sa pagkadisganar pagkatapos na makadulag saiya [[Aprhodite|si Aphrodite]], ibinubo an saiyang banhi sa daga kan dagang idto. Bakong arog kan mga nasa kontinente kan Gresya, an mga centaur kan Cyprian may sungay nin baka. <ref>{{Cite web|title=CYPRIAN CENTAURS (Kentauroi Kyprioi) - Half-Horse Men of Greek Mythology|url=http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/KentauroiKyprioi.html|website=www.theoi.com|access-date=March 15, 2016|archive-date=November 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123192044/https://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/KentauroiKyprioi.html|url-status=}}</ref> Igwa man nin mga '''Lamian Pheres''', doseng rustic daimones (espiritu) kan salog nin Lamos . Sinda itinalaga ni Zeus na bantayan an omboy na si Dionysos, na pinoprotehiran siya sa mga pakana ni [[Hera]], alagad an anggot na diyosa ginibo sindang mga Centaur na may sungay nin baka na mayong relasyon sa mga Centaur na Cyprian. An Lamian Pheres kan huri nag-iba ki Dionysos sa saiyang kampanya laban sa mga Indian. <ref>{{Cite web|title=LAMIAN PHERES - Centaurs of Dionysus in Greek Mythology|url=http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/PheresLamioi.html|website=www.theoi.com|access-date=March 15, 2016|archive-date=June 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606105253/https://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/PheresLamioi.html|url-status=}}</ref> An komposisyon kan centaur na kabangang tawo, kabangang kabayo nagdara sa kadakol na mga parasurat na trataron sinda bilang mga liminal na linalang, na nadadakop sa pag-ultanan kan duwang naturalesa na saindang piglaladawan sa magkakontrahan na mga mito; sinda pareho an pagkatawo kan dai pa napapagal na naturalesa, arog kan sa saindang pakikipaglaban sa mga Lapith (an saindang mga paryentes), asin sa kabaliktaran, mga paratukdo arog ni Chiron . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chiron {{!}} Greek mythology {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chiron-Greek-mythology|access-date=October 27, 2022|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=October 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027002108/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chiron-Greek-mythology|url-status=}}</ref> === Centauromachy === An mga Centaur midbid na gayo sa saindang pakikipaglaban sa mga Lapith na, susog sa sarong mito kan ginikanan, mga pinsan kuta kan mga centaur. An ralaban, na inaapod na Centauromachy, nagin kawsa kan pagprobar kan mga centaur na darahon si Hippodamia asin an iba pang mga babaeng Lapith kan aldaw kan kasal ni Hippodamia ki Pirithous, na iyo an hade kan mga Lapithae asin sarong aking lalaki ni Ixion. Si Theseus, sarong bayani asin kagmukna nin mga syudad, na nagkataon na yaon duman, itinapok an balanse pabor sa mga Lapith sa paagi nin pagtabang ki Pirithous sa laban. An mga Centaur pinalayas o rinaot. An saro pang bayani kan Lapith, si Caeneus, na dai madaling mabiktima nin mga armas, binugbog sa daga kan mga Centaur na may kapot na mga gapo asin mga sanga nin mga kahoy. Sa saiyang artikulong "An Centaur: An Kasaysayan asin Kahulugan Kaini sa Kultura nin Tawo", sinasabi ni Elizabeth Lawrence na an mga pag-iiwal sa pag-ultanan kan mga centaur asin kan mga Lapith nagpapahiling kan pakikipaglaban sa pag-ultanan kan sibilisasyon asin barbarismo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawrence|first=Elizabeth Atwood|date=1994|title=The Centaur: Its History and Meaning in Human Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-popular-culture_spring-1994_27_4/page/58|journal=Journal of Popular Culture|volume=27|issue=4|page=58|doi=10.1111/j.0022-3840.1994.2704_57.x}}</ref> == Ginikanan kan mito == An pinaka-komun na teorya nagtutubod na an ideya nin mga centaur gikan sa enot na reaksyon kan sarong kulturang bakong parakabayo, arog kan sa kinaban kan Minoan [[Dagat Egeo|Aegean]], sa mga nomad na nakalunad sa mga kabayo. An teorya nagsusuherir na an siring na mga parakabayo minalataw bilang kabangang tawo, kabangang hayop. Si Bernal Díaz del Castillo nagbareta na an mga Aztec igwa man kaining salang pakasabot manongod sa mga kabalyerong Kastila. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mexico: A Study of Two Americas|last=Chase|first=Stuart|chapter=Chapter IV: The Six Hundred|access-date=April 24, 2006|chapter-url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper2/chase/ch04.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210459/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper2/chase/ch04.html|archive-date=March 3, 2016|via=University of Virginia Hypertexts}}</ref> An tribong Lapith sa Thessaly, na mga paryente kan mga Centaur sa osipon, ilinadawan bilang mga imbentor nin pagsakay sa kabayo kan mga parasurat na Griyego. An mga tribong Thessalian naghingako man na an saindang mga lahi nin kabayo gikan sa mga centaur. Si Robert Graves (na nagsasarig sa gibo ni Georges Dumézil, na nakipagdiskutiran para sa pagsubaybay sa mga centaur pabalik sa [[Mga Hindu|Indian]] Gandharva ), nag-espekulasyon na an mga centaur sarong maluyang nagigirumdoman, pre-Hellenic fraternal earth cult na igwa kan kabayo bilang sarong totem . An kaparehong teorya isinabay sa The Bull from the Sea ni Mary Renault ''.'' == Galeriya == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> Ladawan:Centaur_lekythos_Met_51.163.jpg| Diosphos Painter, white-ground lekythos (500 BC) Ladawan:Sandro_Botticelli_063.jpg|alt=Botticelli, Pallas and Centaur (1482–83)| Botticelli, ''[[Athena|Pallas]] asin Centaur'' (1482–83) Ladawan:Canova_-_Theseus_defeats_the_centaur_-_close.jpg|alt=Antonio Canova, Theseus Defeats the Centaur (1805–1819)| Antonio Canova, ''Dinaog ni Theseus an Centaur'' (1805–1819) Ladawan:Bova1860.jpg|alt=Prince Bova fights Polkan, Russian lubok (1860)| Si Prinsipe Bova nakikipaglaban ki ''Polkan'', Russian lubok (1860) Ladawan:Centaure_Malmaison_crop.jpg|alt=A bronze statue of a centaur, after the Furietti Centaurs| Sarong bronseng estatuwa nin sarong centaur, sunod sa ''Furietti Centaurs'' </gallery> == Hilingon man == An ibang mga mestisong linalang minalataw sa mitolohiyang Griyego, na pirming may liminal na koneksyon na nagkokonektar kan kulturang Helleniko sa mga kulturang arkaiko o bakong Helleniko: * Furietti Centaurs * Hippocamp * Hybrid (mitolohiya) * Ipotane - Saro pang half-tawo half-horse na linalang. * Alamat na linalang * Mga lista nin mga alamat na linalang * [[Minotaur]] * Onocentaur - Sarong klase nin centaur na parte-asno. * Ichthyocentaur - Sarong klase nin aquatic centaur na may ikog nin sira imbes na hindquarters. * Sagittarius * Satyr Iyo man, * Hindu [[Kamadhenu]] * An mga Indian Kinnara na mga linalang na kabangang kabayo asin kabangang tawo. * Islamic Buraq, sarong langitnon na kabayo na parating piglaladawan bilang sarong kabayo na may lalawgon nin tawo. * Pilipinas [[Tikbalang]] * Roman Faun, asin an mga Hippopodes ni Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, asin mga huring mga kagsurat. * Scottish An lambang uisge asin Nuckelavee * Welsh Ceffyl Dŵr Dugang pa, ''an Bucentaur'', an pangaran kan nagkapirang importante sa kasaysayan na mga sakayan kan Venecia, pig-ugnay sa sarong posisyon na ox-centaur o ''βουκένταυρος'' ''(boukentauros)'' sa paagi nin magarbo asin posibleng putik na etimolohiya kan mga tawo. == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Dugang na pagbasa == * M. Grant asin J. Hazel. ''Siisay an Siisay sa Mitolohiyang Griyego'' . David McKay & Co Inc, 1979. * * An Odyssey ni Homer, Libro 21, 295ff * [[Harry Potter]], mga libro 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, asin 7. * An mga Kronika kan Narnia, libro 2. * Percy Jackson &amp;amp; the Olympians, libro 1, 2, 3, 4 asin 5. * Frédérick S. Parker. ''Paghanap kan Kahadean kan mga Centaur'' . == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * [http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/KentauroiThessalioi.html Theoi Project sa mga Centaur] sa literatura * [http://theoi.com/Georgikos/Kentaurides.html Mga centauride] sa mga babaeng centaur * [http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/centaurs.html MythWeb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221081734/http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/centaurs.html |date=2009-02-21 }} Archived artikulo manungod sa mga centaur * Artikulo [http://www.hp-lexicon.org/bestiary/bestiary_c.html#centaurs sa Harry Potter Lexicon] manungod sa mga centaur sa uniberso ni Harry Potter * An kontemporanyong arte [http://www.erich-kissing.de/kentaure.htm kan mga centaur ni Erich Kissing] * [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000257 An Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (mga imahe kan mga centaur)] [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bs1n6xsgmdt85twxsiy9p51v7t330m0 0 50954 309652 283373 2026-08-23T21:29:37Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309652 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Fairy Investigation Society''' (o an Society for the Investigation of Fairies) sarong semi-sekretong okultong grupo na dedikado sa pagkolekta nin ebidensya asin impormasyon manungod sa pag-eksister kan [[Engkantada|mga engkanto]] asin sa pag-organisar nin mga dokumentadong pangyayari nin mga paghiling nin mga engkanto. An sosyedad pigtogdas sa Britanya kan 1927 ni Kapitan Sir Quintin Craufurd, MBE asin kan artista na si Bernard Sleigh . <ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=http://www.ithellcolquhoun.co.uk/1760/|title=Magical Societies|publisher=Ithell Colquhoun|accessdate=2009-03-20|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509141712/http://www.ithellcolquhoun.co.uk/1760/|archive-date=2008-05-09}}</ref> == Dangog == === Espiritwalismo === An espiritismo sa Solnopan na kinaban nagpoon sa Estados Unidos kan 1848 asin buminalyo sa Atlantiko pasiring sa Britania kan 1852. An espiritismo mayo nin sentral na organisasyon, imbes ini garo baga sarong ideolohiya na kun saen an indibidwalismo pinapahalagahan na marhay sa paagi nin relihiyon. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nelson|first=Geoffrey K.|date=1969|title=The Spiritualist Movement and the Need for a Redefinition of Cult|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-for-the-scientific-study-of-religion_spring-1969_8_1/page/152|journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion|volume=8|issue=1|pages=152–160|doi=10.2307/1385263}}</ref> An mga espiritista naniniwala sa pagpreserbar kan kalag pagkagadan asin na an kalag padagos na nag-eeksister sa pisikal na kinaban. An pag-uswag kan espiritismo nakaimpluwensya sa interes sa Solnopan na may gabos na bagay na mistikal poon sa mga multo asin mga seansa, tarot ( Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn ), sagkod sa mga engkanto. An pagkadisganar kan Enot na Gerang Pankinaban padagos na nagtulod kan paglangkaw kan espiritismo na may relasyon sa pagmukna asin pagtalubo kan Fairy Investigation Society. === Mga Engkanto sa Cottingley === Durante kan Enot na Gerang Pankinaban duwang hoben na pinsan hale sa Cottingley, Inglaterra, si Elsie Wright asin Frances Griffiths, an nagkua nin mga retrato kan saindang mga sadiri na may mga karton na ginunting na mga engkanto sa saindang hardin. An ina ni Elsie naghiras kan mga retrato sa sarong pagtiripon kan Bradford Theosophical Society manungod sa mga espiritu kan naturalesa. Dangan nakua ninda an atensyon ni Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, an kagsurat kan seryeng Sherlock Holmes asin bantog na miyembro kan Fairy Investigation Society. Ipinublikar niya an mga retrato kaiba an sarong artikulo sa 1920 na edisyon kan Pasko kan ''Strand Magazine'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/1167/|title=Sprites, spiritualists and sleuths: the intersecting ownership of transcendent proofs in the Cottingley Fairy Fraud|last=Francesca|first=Bihet|date=March 2013|website=eprints.chi.ac.uk|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref> An mga retrato nagin internasyonal na mga headline, asin an Fairy Investigation Society nagkaigwa nin momentum pasiring sa pagmukna kaini. == Kasaysayan == An Fairy Investigation Society nainspirar kan nobela kan kagmukna na si Barnard Sleigh kan 1926 na may titulong ''The Gates of the Horn Being Sundry Records gikan sa Proceedings of the Society for the Investigation of Faery Fact & Fallacy'' . Kabali sa libro an sampulong halipot na istorya na naglaladawan nin mga osipon nin mga engkwentro sa paagi nin mga bareta kan sosyedad, na nagmomonitor kan relasyon kan mga engkanto asin tawo. An libro nagpakusog nin sarong "ideolohiya nin mga engkanto" na enot na nagmidbid sa mga engkanto bilang mga klase nin mga bantay kan sarong kinaban na naraot sa ekolohiya. Mantang ''an The Gates of Horn'' bakong mapanggana sa komersyo, an mga parabasa nakombensir na gayo sa realistikong paglaladawan ni Sleigh kan okulto asin espiritwalismo ni Edward na an nagkapirang pararepaso kan panahon na idto nag-isip-isip kun baga an sosyedad na ini na soboot fictional na ilinadawan ni Sleigh talagang nag-eeksister. Durante kan saiyang pinakahalangkaw na kamugtakan, kan mga taon 1920 asin 1930, an sosyedad nag-organisar nin mga pagtiripon, mga lektura, asin mga diskusyon para sa pagkolekta nin mga ebidensya kan buhay nin mga engkanto. Alagad, kan [[Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban]], an mga rekord kan sosyedad kadaklan nawara o naraot. An sosyedad bakong aktibo sagkod 1949 kan binuhay ini ni Craufurd sa tabang kan sekretarya kan Nottingham na si Marjorie Johnson. Si Johnson nagsurat nin mga newsletter kan mga taon 1950 asin nagtabang na maggibo nin sarong surbey kan mga buhay na osipon, na kan huri ipinublikar bilang ''Seeing Fairies'' . Kan huring parte kan dekada 1950 igwa nin labing sanggatos na miyembro, kabali an mga bantog na indibidwal arog kan kagsurat na si Alasdair Alpin MacGregor, Ithell Colquhoun, <ref>{{cite web|last=Russell|first=Ian|url=http://www.articlearchives.com/humanities-social-science/folklore/240300-1.html|title=Leslie Alan Shepard (1917-2004): Page 5|publisher=Folk Music Journal|date=2006-01-01|accessdate=2009-03-20}}</ref> [[Leslie Alan Shepard]], komandante kan RAF na si Sir Hugh Dowding, Victor Purcell, Walter Starkie (na bantog na gypy ), asin animator na namomotan [[Walt Disney|na si Walchio]] Walchio [[Walt Disney|Disney]] . Susog sa historyador nin osipon na [[Simon Young (historian)|si Simon Young]], an sarong kondisyon nin pagigin miyembro iyo an tunay na pagtubod sa mga engkanto. Si Craufard, halimbawa, sarong pioneer kan wireless technology sa Royal Navy na nagtutubod na nakaestablisar siya nin komunikasyon sa mga marsh elf sa luwas kan London, asin na sa sarong okasyon sinabihan ninda siya kun saen magkalot nin kayamanan. <ref name="ABC2">{{cite podcast|url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/the-history-listen/2018-01-23/9329744|title=Fairy Investigation Society|website=Radio National, The History Listen program|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=23 January 2018|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> Sarong artikulo sa peryodiko kan 1960 sa ''Sunday Pictorial'' an nagtuya ki Marjorie Johnson, <ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Sunday Pictorial|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118417897/marjorie-johnson-fairies-sunday/|last=Riley|first=Tom|title=So That's How Fairies are Born|date=23 October 1960|page=3}}</ref> na nagpoon na mag-atras sa saiyang papel sa sosyedad. An sosyedad semi-aktibo sana sa irarom kan saiyang kasalihid na si Leslie Shepard, na nakabase sa Blackrock, Dublin, Ireland, na sa katapustapusi nagsara kan amay na mga taon nin 1990. An sosyedad itinogdas giraray online ni Young kan 2013. Igwa ining daing ngaran na listahan nin mga miyembro asin dai na kaipuhan na an mga miyembro magtubod sa mga engkanto. An mga mahilig, parasiyasat asin mga nagdududa gabos inaako sa mga panibagong ranggo kan FIS. Poon kan 2021, an Sosyedad nagpupublikar nin duwang newsletter kada taon. == Mga katuyuhan kan sosyedad == An mayor na obheto kan sosyedad iyo an magtipon nin ebidensya sa porma nin mga anekdota, surat, asin popular na mga istorya nin mga nahiling na engkanto. Pigtutubodan na an paghiling sa mga engkanto sarong kakayahan na malinaw an paghiling, asin na an mga linalang na ini pwedeng "magkonektar sato sa naturalesa asin magbukas kan kalag nin tawo sa mas halangkaw na metapisikal na kinaban." An kakayahan na mahiling an mga engkanto konektado man sa relihiyosong pagtubod, na may dai mabubutas na koneksyon sa espiritismo kan Britanya. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfZu7lwy5msC&dq=%22Fairy+Investigation+Society%22&pg=PR14|title=The Fairy Faith in Celtic Countries: The Classic Study of Leprechauns, Pixies, and Other Fairy Spirits|last=Evans-Wentz|first=W. Y.|date=December 2003|publisher=Citadel Press|isbn=9780806525792}}</ref> An sarong tipikal na pagtiripon kan Fairy Investigation Society nagpoon sa sarong diskurso kan pamayo, na iyo an mag-aalok kan mga kaso nin ebidensya nin engkanto "sa irarom nin mahiwas na pag-obserbar." Sarong toast an itatao sa mga engkanto, na susundan nin sarong diskusyon kan mga report pinansyal, mga maabot na kaso, asin mga report na pirmahan kan gabos na miyembro. Sa pagbangon kaini, an nagkapira sa mga sinabing katuyuhan iyo an magmukna nin sarong bi-annual newsletter, maglansar nin sarong website na igwa nin mga rekurso nin mga engkanto, asin magtipon nin sarong sensus kan mga ibinaretang eksperyensya nin mga engkanto tanganing maipaluwas sa publiko. Pagkatapos kan pagmukna giraray kan sosyedad kan 2013, sinabi ni Young na an grupo "mas mapanggana kisa kasuarin man" asin igwa pa ngani nin "mas dakol na miyembro kisa sa orihinal." Nin huli ta an saindang website ginibo na publiko, sinda nag-aako nin sagkod sa 500 na mga simbag gikan sa saindang daing ngaran na mailing list. <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Carey|first=Patrick|date=2018-02-08|title=The rise, fall and rebirth of the Fairy Investigation Society}}</ref> == Mga bantog na miyembro == === Sir Quentin CA Craufurd === Si Kapitan Sir Quentin CA Craufurd, MBE, (1875-1957), an nagmukna kan Fairy Investigation Society. Si Crauford gikan sa sarong aristokratikong pinaghalean, sarong miyembro kan Craufurd Baronets, asin sarong opisyal sa hukbong-dagat. Mantang nasa navy, garo baga nagkaigwa siya nin pagkawili sa wireless telephone communication. Tunay nanggad, siya awtorisado kan Admiralty na maggibo nin sarong eksperimentong istasyon nin radyo tanganing ibrodkast sa armada sa Chatham gikan sa HMS Andromeda, an pinakaenot na wireless na pagbrodkast nin musika asin pagtaram para sa katuyuhan nin pag-aling-aling sa Britanya. Kan mga taon 1920, nagpoon siyang mag-eksperimento sa wireless na teknolohiya tanganing makontak an kinaban nin mga espiritu, asin nagin midbid na marhay sa mga sirkulo nin mga espiritista. Sa pagmukna kan Fairy Investigation Society, an saiyang papel iyo an maghatod kan siyentipikong paagi nin pagkolekta nin ebidensya, sa paagi kan saiyang teknolohiya sa telepono, mantang si Barnard Sleigh iyo an maghatod kan psychic na paagi nin pakikipag-ulay sa mga engkanto. Si Crauford nag-eksperimento man sa ibang mga teknolohiya sa saiyang pagprobar na makaolay an mga engkanto, kabali an automatikong pagsurat asin psychic photography. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Young|first=Simon|date=August 2013|title=A History of the Fairy Investigation Society, 1927–1960|journal=Folklore|volume=124|issue=2|pages=139–156|doi=10.1080/0015587x.2013.788824}}</ref> === Marjorie T. Johnson === Si Marjorie T. Johnson sarong miyembro kan Fairy Investigation Society sa huring pag-iterar kaini pagkatapos kan gera. Siya nagin pamilyar ki Craufurd kan mga taon 1940, asin kan mga taon 1950 siya nagin sekretarya kan Sosyedad, mantang si Craufurd iyo an Presidente. Itinaranskrip ni Johnson an dakol sa tinipon na mga report kan Sosyedad manongod sa mga pakaheling nin mga engkanto sa sarong tomo na inaapod na ''Seeing Fairies'' . An mga istoryang ini na nakolekta ni Johnson kabali an saiyang sadiring mga eksperyensya, mga anekdota na isinaysay saiya, mga surat na isinurat sa Sosyedad, siring man an "mga layas na istorya na nagluwas sa media asin sa radyo." Si Johnson nagtutubod na siya sarong "sensitibo," asin naghingako na nakahiling siya nin mga engkanto, siring man nin iba pang mga elemento, mga anghel, asin mga entidad. === Walt Disney === [[Walt Disney|Si Walt Disney]] saro man na miyembro kan Fairy Investigation Society. Siya talagang sarong miyembro sagkod 1956 asin 1957, alagad an mga pinagkukuanan nag-iisip na siya posibleng interesado sa grupo haros 10 taon na an nakaagi. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Fairy Films: Wee Folk on the Big Screen|last=Young|first=Simon|publisher=Educated Dragon|year=2023|isbn=9781960644046|pages=213-229|chapter=Walt and the Fairies}}</ref> Kan 1947, an Disney nagbisita sa Irlandia tanganing makanuod nin sarong bagay manungod sa osipon kan Irlandia para sa pagsiyasat sa storyboard. "[Siya asin an saiyang mga parasurat nagpoon na mag-eksplorar kan ideya nin sarong pelikula na masentro sa 'sa saradit na tawo' kan 1946" na nakasentro sa mga leprechaun asin mga engkanto. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ucdculturalheritagecollections.com/2017/06/14/its-a-wonderful-world-of-love-laughter-and-leprechauns/|title='It's a wonderful world of love, laughter, and leprechauns'|date=2017-06-14|work=UCD LIBRARY CULTURAL HERITAGE COLLECTIONS|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref> == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 16ibv7jv3s8zinbe6vrtdx40pk0ky64 0 50958 309736 301825 2026-08-23T22:58:25Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309736 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Kami''' (Japanese: 神, [kaꜜmi]) are the [[Deity|deities]], [[Divinity|divinities]], spirits, mythological, spiritual, or natural phenomena that are venerated in the traditional [[Shinto]] religion of [[Hapon|Japan]]. ''Kami'' can be elements of the landscape, forces of nature, beings and the qualities that these beings express, and/or the spirits of venerated dead people. Many ''kami'' are considered the ancient ancestors of entire [[Japanese clans|clans]] (some ancestors became ''kami'' upon their death if they were able to embody the values and [[Bansay|virtues]] of ''kami'' in life). Traditionally, great leaders like the [[Emperador kan Hapon|Emperor]] could be or became ''kami''.<ref name="Tamura">{{Cite book|title=Japanese Buddhism: A Cultural History|last=Tamura|first=Yoshiro|date=2000|publisher=Asher Publishing|isbn=4-333-01684-3|edition=1st|location=Tokyo|page=234}}</ref> Sa Shinto, ''an kami'' bakong suway sa naturalesa, kundi natural, igwa nin positibo asin negatibo, asin marahay asin maraot na mga karakteristiko. An mga ini mga manipestasyon kan musubi , <ref name="Boyd2">{{cite journal|last1=Boyd|first1=James W.|last2=Williams|first2=Ron G.|title=Japanese Shintō: An Interpretation of a Priestly Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophy-east-and-west_2005-01_55_1/page/33|journal=Philosophy East and West|date=1 January 2005|volume=55|issue=1|pages=33–63|jstor=4487935|doi=10.1353/pew.2004.0039|s2cid=144550475}}</ref> an magkakonektar na enerhiya kan uniberso, asin pigkokonsiderar na halimbawa kan dapat na pagmaigotan kan katawohan. ''An mga Kami'' pigtutubodan na "natatago" sa kinaban na ini, asin nag-eerok sa sarong komplementaryong pag-eksister na nagpapahiling kan satong sadiri: shinkai . <ref name="Yamakage">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/essenceofshintoj0000yama|title=The Essence of Shinto: Japan's Spiritual Heart|last=Yamakage|first=Motohisa|last2=Gillespie|first2=Mineko S.|last3=Gillespie|first3=Gerald L.|last4=Komuro|first4=Yoshitsugu|last5=Leeuw|first5=Paul de|last6=Rankin|first6=Aidan|date=2007|publisher=Kodansha International|isbn=978-4-7700-3044-3|edition=1st|location=Tokyo|url-access=registration}}</ref> : 22 An magin kaoyon sa mga nakakahanga na aspeto kan naturalesa iyo an magin mapagrisa sa kannagara no michi . == Buot sabihon == [[Ladawan:Amaterasu_cave_crop.jpg|thumb| [[Amaterasu|Si Amaterasu]], saro sa mga sentral ''na kami'' sa pagtubod na Shinto]] ''An Kami'' iyo an tataramon [[Tataramon na Hapones|na Hapon]] para sa sarong diyos, pagka-Dios, o espiritu. Ginamit ini sa paglaladawan kan [[isip]], Dios, Supremong Persona, saro sa mga dios-dios na Shinto, sarong effigy, sarong prinsipyo, asin ano man na sinasamba. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=[[Weblio]]|title=神|encyclopedia=Weblio英和辞典・和英辞典|url=http://ejje.weblio.jp/english-thesaurus/content/%E7%A5%9E|year=2013|publisher=GRAS Group, Inc.}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holtom|first1=D. C.|title=The Meaning of Kami. Chapter I. Japanese Derivations|journal=Monumenta Nipponica|date=January 1940|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–27|doi=10.2307/2382402|jstor=2382402}}</ref> Minsan ngani ''an pagkadios'' iyo an komun na interpretasyon kan ''kami'', an nagkapirang iskolar sa Shinto nangangatanosan na an siring na traduksion puedeng magin dahelan nin salang pakasabot sa termino. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-w59vegZoIC&q=shinto+the+kami+way|title=Shinto, the Kami Way|last=Ono|first=Sokyo|last2=Woodard|first2=William P.|date=2004|publisher=C.E. Tuttle|isbn=978-0-8048-3557-2|edition=1st|location=Boston, Massachusetts|language=en}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2017)">pahina<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>kaipuhan<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An nagkapirang suhestiyon sa etimolohiya iyo an: * ''An Kami'' tibaad, sa pinakagamot kaiyan, nangangahulogan sana ''nin espiritu'', o sarong aspekto nin espirituwalidad. Ini isinurat gamit an kanji{{Lang|ja|神}}, Sino-Japanese na nagbabasa ''nin shin'' o ''jin'' . Sa Intsik, an karakter nangangahulugan ''na diyos'' o ''espiritu'' . <ref>{{cite web|url=https://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/dictionary?p=%E7%A5%9E|title=神 - Yahoo奇摩字典 搜尋結果|publisher=Yahoo Dictionary|date=2013-01-01|access-date=2017-01-01}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Sa [[tataramon na Ainu]], an tataramon na ''kamuy'' nanonongod sa sarong animistikong konsepto na kapareho nanggad kan Hapon na ''kami'' . An bagay kan ginikanan kan mga tataramon sarong tema nin debate pa man giraray; alagad sa pankagabsan isinusuherir na an tataramon ''na kami'' hale sa tataramon na Ainu ''na kamuy'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=On Ainu etymology of key concepts of Shintō: tamashii and kami|url=https://culturalanthropologyandethnosemiotics.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/on-ainu-etymology-of-key-concepts-of-shinto5.pdf|access-date=5 June 2016}}</ref> * Sa saiyang {{Lang|ja-latn|[[Kojiki]]-den}}, si Motoori Norinaga nagtao nin kahulugan kan ''kami'' : "an arin man na linalang na igwa nin sarong pambihirang kalidad na pambihira, asin nakakahanga, inaapod na kami." <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Kami and Daimon: A Cross-Cultural Reflection on What Is Divine|date=January 1999}}</ref> Nin huli ta an Hapon dai normal na piglalaen an gramatikal na numero sa [[Pangngaran|mga nombre]] (an kadaklan mayo nin singular asin plural na porma), minsan bakong malinaw kun ''an kami'' nanonongod sa saro o dakol na entidad. Kun kaipuhan an sarong singular na konsepto, -kami ginagamit bilang sarong hulapi . An reduplikadong termino na sa pankagabsan ginagamit sa pagsambit nin dakol na ''kami'' iyo an ''kamigami'' . <ref name="Yamakage2">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/essenceofshintoj0000yama|title=The Essence of Shinto: Japan's Spiritual Heart|last1=Yamakage|first1=Motohisa|last2=Gillespie|first2=Mineko S.|last3=Gillespie|first3=Gerald L.|last4=Komuro|first4=Yoshitsugu|last5=Leeuw|first5=Paul de|last6=Rankin|first6=Aidan|date=2007|publisher=Kodansha International|isbn=978-4-7700-3044-3|edition=1st|location=Tokyo|url-access=registration}}</ref> : 210–211  == Kasaysayan == Mantang an Shinto mayo nin kagmukna, mayo nin pankagabsan na doktrina, asin mayo nin relihiyosong mga teksto, an {{Lang|ja-latn|[[Kojiki]]}} ( Records of Ancient Matters ), na isinurat kan 712 C.E., asin an {{Lang|ja-latn|[[Nihon Shoki]]}} ( Chronicles of Japan ), na isinurat kan 720 C.E., igwa kan pinakaenot na rekord nin mga eroestorya dapit sa paglalang kan mga Hapones. An {{Lang|ja-latn|Kojiki}} kaiba man an mga paglaladawan kan manlaen-laen na ''kami'' . <ref name="Yamakage"/> : 39  == Paniniwala kan Shinto == ''An Kami'' iyo an pangenot na mga bagay na sinasamba para sa pagtubod [[Shinto|na Shinto]] . An pinakamarahay na traduksiyon sa Ingles kan ''kami'' iyo an 'mga espiritu', alagad ini sarong sobrang pagpasimple kan sarong komplikadong konsepto - an kami pwedeng mga elemento kan tanawon o mga pwersa kan naturalesa. An Kami pigtutubodan na igwa nin impluwensya sa mga pwersa kan naturalesa asin sa mga gibo-gibo kan mga tawo. An suanoy na animistikong espirituwalidad kan Hapon iyo an kapinonan kan modernong Shinto, na nagin sarong pormal na espirituwal na institusyon kan huri, sa paghihingoa na mapreserbar an tradisyonal na mga paniniwala sa paglaog kan mga imported na relihiyosong ideya. Bilang resulta, an naturalesa kan pwedeng apodon na ''kami'' pankagabsan na marhay asin minasakop nin kadakol na manlaen-laen na konsepto asin pangyayari. An nagkapira sa mga bagay o pangyayari na pigdesignar bilang ''kami'' iyo an mga kalidad nin pagtalubo, pagkamainaki, asin produksyon; mga natural na pangyayari arog kan [[Duros|doros]] asin [[daguldol]] ; mga natural na bagay arog kan [[saldang]], [[Bukid|kabukidan]], [[salog]], [[Poon|kahoy]], asin [[Gapo (heolohiya)|gapo]] ; nagkapirang [[hayop]] ; asin mga espiritu nin apoon . Kabali sa laog kan pagdesignar kan mga espiritu nin mga apoon iyo an mga espiritu kan mga apoon kan Imperyal na Harong kan Hapon, alagad man an mga apoon kan mga nobleng pamilya siring man an mga espiritu kan mga apoon kan gabos na tawo, na kun sinda nagadan pigtutubodan na iyo an mga paraataman kan saindang mga gikan. Igwa man nin ibang mga espiritu na itinalaga bilang ''kami'' . Halimbawa, an mga espiritung bantay kan daga, mga hanapbuhay, asin mga kakayahan; mga espiritu nin mga bayaning Hapones, mga tawong may pambihirang mga gibo o birtud, asin idtong mga nakakontribwir sa sibilisasyon, kultura, asin kapakanan nin tawo; idtong mga nagadan para sa estado o sa komunidad; <ref>{{Cite book|title=Shinto: the Kami Way|last=Ono|first=Motonori|last2=Woodard|first2=William P.|publisher=Rutland, Vt: C.E. Tuttle Co.|year=1962|isbn=0-8048-3557-8|location=Tokyo|page=23}}</ref> asin an mga makaheherak na gadan. Bako sanang an mga espiritu na mas halangkaw sa tawo an pwedeng ibilang na ''kami'' ; an mga espiritu na ibinibilang na makaheherak o maluya ibinibilang man na ''kami'' sa Shinto. An konsepto nin ''kami'' binago asin pinadalisay poon pa kan suanoy na mga panahon, dawa ngani an ano man na pigkonsiderar na ''kami'' kan mga suanoy na tawo ibinibilang pa man giraray na ''kami'' sa modernong [[Shinto]] . Dawa sa laog kan modernong Shinto, mayo nin malinaw na tinawan nin kahulugan na mga pamantayan kun ano an dapat o dai dapat sambahon bilang kami. An pagkakaiba kan modernong Shinto asin kan suanoy na mga relihiyon na animistiko iyo an pangenot na pagdalisay kan konsepto ''nin kami'', imbes na pagkakaiba sa mga kahulugan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Perspectives toward Understanding the Concept of Kami|url=https://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/cpjr/kami/intro.html|access-date=2024-11-11|website=www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp}}</ref> Minsan ngani sinusunod pa man giraray an suanoy na mga designasyon, sa modernong Shinto dakol na padi an ibinibilang man ''an kami'' na antropomorpikong mga espiritu, na may nobleza asin autoridad. An saro sa siring na halimbawa iyo an mitolohikong pigura na [[Amaterasu|si Amaterasu]] -ōmikami, an diosa kan saldang kan panteon nin Shinto. Dawa ngani an mga ''kami'' na ini pwedeng ibilang na mga diyos, sinda dai man nanggad ibinibilang na makakamhan sa gabos o nakakaaram sa gabos, asin arog kan mga Diyos na Griyego, igwa sinda nin mga depektong personalidad asin may kakayahan na gumibo nin mga bakong marahay na gawe. Sa mga mito ni Amaterasu, halimbawa, nahihiling niya an mga pangyayari sa kinaban nin tawo, alagad kinaipuhan niyang gumamit nin mga ritwal nin paghula tanganing mahiling an maabot na panahon. Igwa nin tolong mayor na pagkakaiba-iba kan ''kami'' : Amatsukami , Kunitsukami , asin ya-o-yorozu no kami . ("八百万" literal na nangangahulugan na walong milyon, alagad sa idiomatiko ini nagpapahayag nin "dai mabilang na kadakol" asin "gabos-sa-palibot"—arog kan kadaklan na kultura sa Sirangan na Asya, an mga Hapon parateng naggagamit kan numerong 8, na nagrerepresentar kan mga direksyon na kardinal asin ordinal, tanganing magsimbolo kan pagkalakop.) An mga klasipikasyon na ini kan ''kami'' dai pigkokonsiderar na estriktong nababanga, huli sa pluwido asin pagbalyo kan ''naturalesa'', alagad bilang sa helang mga giya sa paggrupo sa sainda : 56  An mga apoon kan sarong partikular na pamilya pwede man na sambahon bilang ''kami'' . Sa sentidong ini, an ''mga kami'' na ini sinasamba bakong huli sa saindang diosnon na mga kapangyarihan, kundi huli sa sarong napapalaen na kualidad o birtud. An mga ''kami'' na ini pigseselebrar sa rehiyon, asin nagkapirang saradit na santuaryo ( ''hokora'' ) an itinogdok sa saindang onra. Sa kadaklan na kaso, an mga tawong nabuhay kaidto iginagalang; sarong halimbawa kaini iyo si Tenjin, na iyo si Sugawara no Michizane (845–903 CE) sa buhay. Sa laog kan Shinto tinutubod na an naturalesa nin buhay sagrado huli ta an ''kami'' nagpoon kan buhay nin tawo. Alagad an mga tawo dai kayang mamansayan an banal na naturalesa na ini, na ginibo kan kami, sa saindang sadiri; kaya, magokoro , o pagdalisay, kaipuhan tanganing mahiling an banal na naturalesa. <ref name="religionfacts12">{{cite web|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/shinto/index.htm|title=Shinto|publisher=ReligionFacts|date=2016-11-17|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. Source appears to be a self-published site. (November 2017)">unreliable source</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An paglinig na ini pwede sanang itao kan ''kami'' . Tanganing mapaogma an ''kami'' asin magkaigwa nin ''magokoro'', an mga parasunod kan Shinto tinotokdoan na suportaran an apat na pag-afirmar kan Shinto. An enot na pag-afirmar iyo an pangangapot sa tradisyon asin sa pamilya. An pamilya pighihiling bilang mayor na mekanismo kun saen an mga tradisyon napreserbar. Halimbawa, sa pag-agom o pagkamundag, an tradisyon posibleng maobserbaran asin maipapasa sa mga maabot na henerasyon. An ikaduwang pag-afirmar iyo an pagkaigwa nin pagkamoot sa naturalesa. An mga bagay na naturalesa sinasamba bilang sagrado huli ta an ''mga kami'' nag-eerok sa mga ini. Kaya, an pakikipag-ulay sa naturalesa nangangahulugan nin pakikipag-ulay sa mga diyos. An ikatolong pag-afirmar iyo an pagmantenir nin pisikal na kalinigan. An mga parasunod nin Shinto parateng nagkakarigos, naghuhugas kan saindang mga kamot, asin naghuhugas kan saindang ngoso. An huring pag-afirmar iyo an pagpraktis nin matsuri, na iyo an pagsamba asin onra na itinatao sa mga ''kami'' asin mga espiritu kan mga apoon. <ref name="religionfacts13">{{cite web|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/shinto/index.htm|title=Shinto|publisher=ReligionFacts|date=2016-11-17|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref> An mga parasunod nin Shinto nagtutubod man na an ''mga kami'' iyo an mga pwedeng magtao nin mga bendisyon o sumpa sa sarong tawo. An mga paratubod sa Shinto nagmamawot na paogmahon an maraot na kami tanganing "magdanay sa saindang marahay na lado", asin man tanganing paogmahon an marahay ''na kami'' . Apuwera sa pagpraktis kan apat na afirmasyon aroaldaw, an mga paratubod sa Shinto nagsusulot man nin ''omamori'' tanganing tabangan sindang magdanay na dalisay asin protektado. An Mamori mga anting-anting na nag-uulang sa maraot ''na kami'' na tamaan an sarong tawo nin helang o magcausa nin kalamidad na mangyari sa sainda. <ref name="religionfacts14">{{cite web|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/shinto/index.htm|title=Shinto|publisher=ReligionFacts|date=2016-11-17|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref> An ''kami'' parehong sinasamba asin iginagalang sa laog kan relihiyon na Shinto. An katuyuhan kan buhay kan mga paratubod sa Shinto iyo an makakua nin ''magokoro'', sarong dalisay na sinserong puso, na maitatao sana kan ''kami'' . <ref name="Halverson">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/compactguidetowo00halv/page/205|title=The Compact Guide to World Religions|last=Halverson|first=Dean C.|date=1996|publisher=Bethany House Publishers|isbn=1-55661-704-6|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota|page=[https://archive.org/details/compactguidetowo00halv/page/205 205]|url-access=registration}}</ref> Bilang resulta, an mga parasunod kan Shinto tinotokdoan na an katawohan maninigong magsamba sa mga buhay asin sa mga bakong buhay, huli ta pareho sindang igwa nin banal na superyor na espiritu sa laog: an ''kami'' . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Religions of the World|last=Hopfe|first=Lewis M.|last2=Woodward|first2=Mark R.|date=2009|publisher=Vango Books|isbn=978-0-13-606177-9|edition=11th|location=New York}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2017)">pahina<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>kaipuhan<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hbh2vldvjgbpa1dz66i0rtb7zjiemz4 0 50992 309786 308643 2026-08-23T23:42:48Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309786 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Mikuláš_a_Krampus_1900s.jpg|thumb| 1900s na ilustrasyon ni San Nicolas asin Krampuqs na nagdadalaw sa sarong aki]] An '''Krampuslauf''' sarong may sungay [[Antrpomorpismo|na antropomorpikong]] pigura na, sa tradisyon folkloriko kan Sentral asin Sirangan [[Alpes|na Alpino]], sinasabing nag-iiba ki San Nicolas sa mga pagbisita sa mga kaakian sa banggi kan 5 Disyembre (''Krampusnacht'' ; "Krampus Night"), bago tulos an Kapiyestahan ni San Nicolas kan 6 Disyembre. Sa tradisyon na ini, si San Nicolas nagtatao nin premyo sa mga aki na may marahay na gawe-gawe nin saradit na regalo, mantang si Krampus nagpapadusa sa mga maraot an gawe-gawe nin mga pagbadas o paghampak. <ref>{{Cite web|last1=Magazine|first1=Smithsonian|last2=Billock|first2=Jennifer|title=The Origin of Krampus, Europe's Evil Twist on Santa|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/krampus-could-come-you-holiday-season-180957438/|access-date=2023-12-04|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-20|title=Krampus {{!}} Definition, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Krampus|access-date=2023-12-04|website=britannica.com}}</ref> An ginikanan kan pigura bakong malinaw; an nagkapirang folklorist asin antropologo nagpostulate na ini pwedeng igwa nin pre-Kristiyanong ginikanan. <ref name="Forcher & Peterlini2">{{Cite book|title=Südtirol in Geschichte und Gegenwart|last1=Forcher|first1=Michael|last2=Peterlini|first2=Hans Karl|date=2010|publisher=Haymon Verlag|page=399|language=de|trans-title=South Tyrol past and present}}</ref>Sa nagkapirang tradisyonal na parada asin sa mga pangyayari arog kan Krampuslauf ("Krampus run"), an nagkapirang hoben na lalaki na nakagubing nin Krampus nagpoprobar na takoton an mga paradalan sa saindang mga kalokohan. An Krampus itinampok sa mga greeting card sa bakasyon na inaapod Krampuskarten. An pigura pig-importar sa popular na kultura sa bilog na kinaban, asin nagluwas sa mga pelikula, palabas sa TV asin mga kawat. == Mga Ginikanan == [[Ladawan:Krampus_Morzger_Pass_Salzburg_2008_04.jpg|thumb| Sarong tawo na nakagubing bilang sarong Straggele sa Morzger Pass, Salzburg, Austria]] Sa pag-orolay kan saiyang mga obserbasyon kan 1975 mantang yaon sa Irdning, sarong sadit na banwaan sa Styria, an antropologong si John J. Honigmann nagsurat na:<blockquote>An kapiyestahan ni San Nicolas na samong ilinaladawan naglalaog nin mga elemento kultural na lakop sa Europa. Si San Nicolas mismo nagin popular sa Alemania kan mga ika-onseng siglo. An kapiyestahan na idinusay sa patron na ini kan mga kaakian saro sanang okasyon sa tiglipot kun saen an mga kaakian iyo an mga bagay na tinatawan nin espesyal na atensyon, an iba iyo an Martinmas, an Kapiyestahan kan mga Banal na Inosente, asin [[Aldaw kan Bagong Taon|an Aldaw kan Bagong Taon]] . An mga nakamaskarang demonyo na naghihiro nin maribok asin naggigibo nin mga istorbo sa saindang mga sadiri midbid sa Alemania poon pa kan ika-16 na siglo mantang an mga demonyong nakamaskarang hayop na nagkokombinar nin makatatakot-komik ( {{Lang|de|schauriglustig}} ) an mga kalokohan naglataw sa mga dula sa simbahan kan edad media . Sarong dakulang literatura, na kadaklan kaini gibo sa mga folklorist na Europeo, an may labot sa mga temang ini. ... An mga Austriano sa komunidad na samong pinag-adalan medyo nakakaaram kan mga elementong "pagano" na pinaghalo sa mga elementong Kristiyano sa mga kaugalian ni San Nicolas asin sa iba pang tradisyonal na mga seremonya sa tiglipot. Nagtutubod sinda na an Krampus gikan sa sarong paganong supernatural na na-asimila sa Kristiyanong demonyo . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Masked Face}}</ref></blockquote>Si Krampus parati na pigtatampok bilang sarong lalaking may mga sungay na may sarong makatatakot na bitis nin tawo asin sarong bitis nin kanding. Siya tipikal na natatahoban nin itom na buhok asin igwa nin halawig na halas o garo dragon na dila. An mga kualidad na ini orog na nagin karakter ki Krampus para sa mga kostyum asin pelikula nin katakutan. <ref name="Forcher & Peterlini3">{{Cite book|title=Südtirol in Geschichte und Gegenwart|last1=Forcher|first1=Michael|last2=Peterlini|first2=Hans Karl|date=2010|publisher=Haymon Verlag|page=399|language=de|trans-title=South Tyrol past and present}}</ref> Kan ika-17 siglo si Krampus ipinares ki St. Nicolas bilang sarong katabang. Nin huli ta si Nicholas sarong santo, bako ining lohikal o pigtutubodan na santo na gawi-gawi para ki Nicholas na magtao nin mga padusa. Kaya sarong katabang an itinalaga ki San Nicolas; arog kan Farmhand Rupert, Schmutzli, Père Fouettard, o Zwarte Piet, na mababa sa tsimenea o mapadusahan an mga masungit na aki. Si Krampus naglingkod ki St Nicholas sa parehong papel. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Run, Kris Kringle, Krampus is Coming!|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,594050,00.html}}</ref> == Modernong kasaysayan == Pagkatapos kan eleksyon kan 1932 sa Austria, an tradisyon kan Krampus ipinagbawal kan rehimen Dollfuss <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/12/23/archives/krampus-disliked-in-fascist-austria-genial-black-and-red-devil.html|title=Krampus disliked in Fascist Austria; Genial Black and Red Devil, Symbol of Christmas Fun, Is Frowned Upon}}</ref> sa irarom kan klerikal na pasista na Fatherland Front ( {{Lang|de|Vaterländische Front}} ) asin an Partido Sosyal na Kristiyano . Kan mga taon 1950, an Gobyerno kan Austria nagdistribwir nin mga pamphlet na may titulong "Krampus Is an Evil Man" huli sa takot na an mga engkwentro ki Krampus tibaad makadanyar sa salud nin isip kan mga kaakian. <ref>{{cite news|title=Throw Out Krampus|date=7 December 1953|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890728,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222115126/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890728,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2008|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|page=41|access-date=18 December 2011|accessdate=3 March 2025|archivedate=13 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213211612/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890728,00.html}}</ref> Sa pag-abot kan katapusan kan siglo, sarong popular na pagbangon giraray kan mga selebrasyon nin Krampus an nangyari asin nagpapadagos sagkod ngonyan. <ref name="NGS2">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.ngm.com/blog_central/2009/11/merry-krampus.html|title=Merry Krampus?|access-date=17 December 2011|last=Silver|first=Marc|date=30 November 2009|website=NGM Blog Central|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922072934/http://blogs.ngm.com/blog_central/2009/11/merry-krampus.html|archive-date=22 September 2010}}</ref> An tradisyon kan Krampus binubuhay man giraray sa Bavaria, kaiba an sarong lokal na tradisyon artistiko nin mga maskara na gibo sa kahoy na inukit sa kamot. <ref>{{Cite news|first=Erik|last=Olsen|url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/europe/100000003337979/the-krampus-returns.html|title=In Bavaria, Krampus Catches the Naughty|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 December 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|first=Zawadil|last=Alexandra|title=Santa's evil sidekick? Who knew?|date=6 December 2006|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-austria-christmas-devil-idUSL0438534320061206}}</ref> == Itsura == [[Ladawan:Gruss_vom_Krampus.jpg|thumb| Sarong kard nin pagbati kan dekada 1900 na may nakasurat na 'Mga pagbati hale sa Krampus!']] Dawa ngani an Krampus minalataw sa kadakol na pagkakaiba-iba, kadaklan igwa nin nagkapirang komun na pisikal na karakteristiko. Siya may buhok, parati kayumanggi o itom, asin igwa nin sarong bitis na may mga kuko asin sungay nin kanding na nagkakabaranga . An saiyang halabang, matarom na dila nahuhulog, <ref name="Bruce2">{{cite journal|last=Bruce|first=Maurice|title=The Krampus in Styria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_folklore_1958-03_69_1/page/44|journal=[[The Folklore Society|Folklore]]|date=March 1958|volume=69|issue=1|pages=44–47|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1958.9717121}}</ref><ref name="nytimes-200012242">{{cite news|last=Zeller|first=Tom|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/24/weekinreview/ideas-trends-have-a-very-scary-christmas.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Have a Very Scary Christmas|date=24 December 2000}}</ref> asin igwa siyang mga ngipon. <ref name="natgeo2">{{cite magazine|last=Basu|first=Tanya|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/12/131217-krampus-christmas-santa-devil/|title=Who is Krampus? Explaining the Horrific Christmas Devil|magazine=[[National Geographic Magazine]]|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|date=17 December 2013|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220023507/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/12/131217-krampus-christmas-santa-devil/|archive-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> Si Krampus may darang mga kadena, na pighuhuna na nagsisimbolo kan paggapos kan [[Satanas|Diablo]] kan Simbahan Kristiyano . Pinapakol niya an mga kadena para sa dramatikong epekto. An mga kadena minsan may kaibang mga kampana na manlaen-laen an kadakulaan. <ref>{{cite news|first=Gretchen|last=Gatzke|title=Krampus? Who's That?|date=1 December 2009|url=https://www.theviennareview.at/archives/2009/krampus-whos-that|work=[[The Vienna Review]]|access-date=17 December 2011|accessdate=3 March 2025|archivedate=5 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205011538/https://www.theviennareview.at/archives/2009/krampus-whos-that}}</ref> Si Krampus magdadara nin sarong bugkos nin mga sanga nin birch na paminsan-minsan niyang ginagamit sa pag-swat sa mga kaakian . An mga sanga nin birch sinasalidahan nin sarong latigo sa nagkapirang representasyon. Sa Bisperas nin Pasko, si Krampus nagbibiyahe na may darang sako o basket na nakabugkos sa saiyang likod; ini tanganing darahon an mga maraot na aki para sa paglamos, pagkakan, o pagdara sa [[Impiyerno|Impyerno]] . An iba sa mga lumang bersyon nagsasambit nin mga masungit na aki na ilinalaog sa bag asin dinadara. An kalidad na ini makukua sa ibang mga kairiba ni San Nicolas arog ni Zwarte Piet . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800|url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392|last=Davis|first=Robert|date=2004|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-1403945518}}</ref> == {{Lang|de|Krampusnacht}} == An Kapiyestahan ni San Nicolas pigseselebrar sa mga parte kan Europa sa ika-6 nin Disyembre. <ref name="npr2">{{cite news|title=Horror for the Holidays: Meet the Anti Santa|newspaper=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/12/10/143485735/naughty-or-nice-krampus-horror-for-the-holidays|publisher=[[NPR|National Public Radio]]|access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> Kan nakaaging banggi kan 5 Disyembre, an Krampus Night o {{Lang|de|Krampusnacht}}, an maraot na mabuhok na demonyo minalataw sa mga tinampo. Minsan kaiba si San Nicolas asin minsan sa sadiri niya, si Krampus nagbibisita sa mga harong asin negosyo. An Santo parati minalataw sa mga gubing kan Rito Sirangan nin sarong obispo, asin siya nagdadara nin sarong bulawan na seremonyal na sugkod. Bakong arog kan mga bersyon ni Santa Claus sa Amerika del Norte, sa mga selebrasyon na ini si San Nicolas nagmamakulog sana sa mga marahay na kaakian, mantang si Krampus iyo an responsable sa mga maraot. Si Nicholas nagtatao nin mga regalo, mantang si Krampus nagtatao nin karbon asin an {{Lang|de|Rute}} . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Santa Claus, last of the Wild Men: the origins and evolution of Saint Nicholas|url=https://archive.org/details/santaclauslastof0000sief|last=Siefker|first=Phyllis|publisher=McFarland and Co.|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7864-0246-5|location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/santaclauslastof0000sief/page/155 155]–159}}</ref> === {{Lang|de|Perchtenlauf}} and {{Lang|de|Krampuslauf}} === Igwa na nin establisadong paganong mga tradisyon sa mga rehion nin Alpes na nagin konektado sa Katolisismo. An mga tawo nagsasaginsagin bilang sarong demonyong pigura na midbid bilang {{Lang|de|Percht}}, sarong duwang bitis na humanoid na kanding na may liog na garo giraffe, na nakasulot nin mga barahibo nin hayop. An mga tawo nagsulot nin mga kostyum asin nagmartsa sa mga prusisyon na midbid bilang {{Lang|de|[[Perchtenlaufen]]}}, na pighihiling na mas naenot na porma kan mga Krampus runs. {{Lang|de|Perchtenlaufen}} hiniling na may pagduda kan Iglesia Katolika asin ipinagbawal kan nagkapirang autoridad sibil. Huli sa dikit na populasyon asin magaspang na kapalibutan sa laog kan rehiyon kan Alpine, an pagbabawal dai nagin epektibo o madaling ipaotob, na nagin daing serbi an pagbabawal. Sa kahurihurihi an {{Lang|de|Perchtenlauf}}, na inspirado kan mga dula ni Nicholas, ipinamidbid si San Nicolas asin an saiyang mga marhay na moral. An {{Lang|de|Percht}} binago sa kun ano an inaapod ngonyan na Krampus asin ginibo na sakop kan kabotan ni San Nicolas. Ini kaugalean na mag-alok nin Krampus schnapps, sarong makusog na distilled fruit brandy. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=The Krampus in Styria}}</ref> An mga pagdalagan na ini pwedeng kabali {{Lang|de|[[Pre-Christian Alpine traditions#Perchten|Perchten]]}}, kaparehong mga layas na paganong espiritu kan mga osipon na Aleman asin minsan babae sa representasyon, dawa ngani an {{Lang|de|Perchten}} tamang asosyado sa panahon sa pag-ultanan kan winter solstice asin 6 Enero. === Pagtuyaw sa pagdalagan kan Krampus === Kada taon igwa nin mga argumento sa mga pagdalagan kan Krampus. Paminsan-minsan an mga paradalan nagbabalos sa mga paglatigo asin inaatake an mga Krampuse. Kan 2013, pagkatapos nin nagkapirang pagdalagan sa Krampus sa East Tyrol, igwa nin total na walong nalugadan na tawo (kadaklan may mga putol na tulang) an inadmit sa ospital kan distrito nin Lienz asin labing 60 iba pang mga pasyente an tinawan nin outpatient na basehan. <ref>{{cite news|first=Helmut|last=Mittermayr|url=https://www.tt.com/artikel/7588184/70-verletzte-bei-krampuslauf|title=70 Verletzte bei Krampuslauf|language=de|trans-title=70 injured in Krampus run|work=[[Tiroler Tageszeitung]]|date=8 December 2013}}</ref> == {{Lang|de|Krampuskarten}} == An mga taga-Europa nagbabalyo nin mga kard nin pagbati na may tampok na Krampus poon pa kan ika-19 siglo. Minsan pigpapabisto sa {{Lang|de|Gruß vom Krampus}} (Mga pagbati hale ki Krampus), an mga baraha parati igwa nin mga nakakatuwang na mga rima asin rawitdawit. An Krampus parateng pigtatampok na nag-uurong-sulong sa mga kaakian. Ipinapahiling man siya na igwa nin sarong bitis nin tawo asin sarong putol na kuko. Sa nagkapira, an Krampus igwa nin sekswal na mga tono; siya nareretrato na naghahanap nin mga babaeng buxom. <ref>{{cite book|title=The Devil in Design: The Krampus Postcards|url=https://archive.org/details/devilindesignkra0000unse|last=Beauchamp|first=Monte|date=2004|publisher=[[Fantagraphics Books|Fantagraphics]]|isbn=978-1-56097-542-7|location=[[Seattle]], Washington|pages=[https://archive.org/details/devilindesignkra0000unse/page/14 14]–29, 32}}</ref> Sa pag'agi nin panahon, an representasyon kan Krampus sa mga baraha nagbago; an mga lumang bersyon igwa nin mas makatatakot na Krampus, mantang an mga modernong bersyon igwa nin mas cute, mas garo Cupid na linalang. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Si Krampus nag-adorno man nin mga postcard asin lalagan nin kendi. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Postmarked yesteryear: art of the holiday postcard|url=https://archive.org/details/postmarkedyester0000apka|last=Apkarian-Russell|first=Pamela|publisher=Collectors Press|year=2001|isbn=978-1-888054-54-5|location=[[Portland, Oregon]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/postmarkedyester0000apka/page/136 136]}}</ref> == Mga kaugnay na selebrasyon asin mga kaugnay na pigura == An Krampus minalataw sa mga osipon kan [[Austriya|Austria]], Bavaria, [[Bosnya asin Hersegobina|Bosnia asin Herzegovina]], [[Kroasya|Croatia]], [[Tsekya|Czech Republic]], [[Hungriya|Hungary]], [[Romanya|Romania]], [[Bulgarya|Bulgaria]], Northern Italy ( Autonomous Province of Trento, South Tyrol, asin [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] ), [[Slobakya|Slovakia]], asin [[Slobinya|Slovakia]] . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_58DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|title=Celebrating Life Customs around the World: From Baby Showers to Funerals|last=Williams|first=Victoria|date=2016|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-4408-3659-6|location=Santa Barbara, California|page=222|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Sa Styria, an {{Lang|de|Rute}} iprinesentar ni Krampus sa mga pamilya. An mga sanga pininturahan nin bulawan asin ipinapahiling sa bilog na taon sa harong—sarong pagirumdom sa siisay man na aki na temporaryong nalingawan an Krampus. Sa mas saradit, mas suhay na mga baryo, an pigura igwa nin ibang mga hayop na kairiba, arog kan mga may sungay na "layas na tawo" na mga pigura, asin si San Nicolas mayo saen man na mahihiling. An mga kairibang Styrian na ini ni Krampus inaapod na {{Lang|de|Schabmänner}} o {{Lang|de|Rauhen}} . , asin kapareho kan mga parabayle nin kukeri sa [[Bulgarya|Bulgaria]] . An pinababa na bersyon kan Krampus parte kan mga popular na merkado sa Pasko sa mga sentro kan syudad kan Austria arog kan Salzburg . Sa mga interpretasyon na ini, na mas angay sa mga turista, an Krampus mas nakakatuwang kisa makatatakot. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Festivals, tourism and social change: remaking worlds|url=https://archive.org/details/festivalstourism0000unse_d4s6|last=Haid|first=Oliver|publisher=[[Channel View Publications]]|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84541-048-3|editor-last=Picard|editor-first=David|location=[[Buffalo, New York]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/festivalstourism0000unse_d4s6/page/216 216]–19|chapter=Christmas markets in the Tyrolean Alps: Representing regional traditions in a newly created world of Christmas|editor-last2=Robinson|editor-first2=Mike}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Dallas_Krampus_Walk_2016.jpg|thumb| Dallas Krampus Society Walk, 2016]] An mga selebrasyon kan Krampus sa Amerika del Norte sarong nagdadakulang pangyayari. <ref name="npr-201112102">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/12/10/143485735/naughty-or-nice-krampus-horror-for-the-holidays|publisher=[[NPR|National Public Radio]]|last=Crimmins|first=Peter|title=Horror for the Holidays: Meet the Anti-Santa|date=10 December 2011}}</ref> Similar figures are recorded in neighboring areas. {{Lang|bar|Strohbart}} in Bavaria, {{Lang|bar|Klaubauf(mann)}} in Austria and Bavaria, while {{Lang|bar|Bartl}} or {{Lang|bar|Bartel}}, {{Lang|bar|Niglobartl}}, and {{Lang|bar|Wubartl}} are used in the southern part of the country. Other names include {{Lang|de|Barrel}} or {{Lang|de|Bartholomeus}} (Styria), (German-speaking Switzerland), {{Lang|de|Pöpel}} or {{Lang|de|Hüllepöpel}} (Würzburg), {{Lang|cs|Zember}} (Cheb), {{Lang|swg|Belzmärte}} and {{Lang|swg|Pelzmärtel}} (Swabia and Franconia). In most parts of Slovenia, whose culture was greatly affected by Austrian culture, Krampus is called and is one of the companions of Miklavž, the Slovenian form of St. Nicholas.<ref name="Miles">{{Cite book|title=Christmas in ritual and tradition: Christian and Pagan|last=Miles|first=Clement A.|publisher=Bell and Cockburn|year=1912|isbn=978-0-665-81125-8|location=[[Toronto]]|pages=227–29|chapter=VIII|chapter-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/time/crt/crt12.htm#page_219/this,}}</ref> Sa kadakol na parte kan Bosnia asin Herzegovina asin Croatia, si Krampus ilinaladawan bilang sarong demonyo na nakasulot nin sako na gibo sa tela sa saiyang habayan asin mga kadena sa saiyang liog, mga buol, asin mga pulso. Bilang parte kan sarong tradisyon, kun an sarong aki nag-aako nin regalo hale ki San Nicolas tinatawan siya nin bulawan na sanga tanganing irepresentar an saiyang mga marhay na gibo sa bilog na taon; alagad, kun an aki nagkasala, kukuanon ni Krampus an mga regalo para sa saiyang sadiri asin mawawalat sana nin sarong sanga na plata tanganing irepresentar an maraot na mga gibo kan aki. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.index.hr/black/clanak/dobili-ste-sibu-u-cizmici-evo-tko-je-krampus-koji-ju-je-ostavio/860555.aspx|title=Dobili ste šibu u čizmici? Evo tko je Krampus koji ju je ostavio|language=hr|trans-title=Got a kick in the boot? This is who the Krampus who left her is|website=[[Index.hr]]|date=6 December 2015|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vest/A2755/Sve%C2%ADti-Ni%C2%ADko%C2%ADla-%E2%80%93-Mi%C2%ADku%C2%ADlas/|title=Sveti Nikola – Mikulaš|language=hr|trans-title=Saint Nicholas - Mikulas|website=www.hrvatskarijec.rs|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131735/http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vest/A2755/Sve%C2%ADti-Ni%C2%ADko%C2%ADla-%E2%80%93-Mi%C2%ADku%C2%ADlas/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.24sata.hr/lifestyle/krampus-nije-bas-tako-los-kao-sto-se-cini-on-samo-opominje-395670|title=Krampus nije baš tako loš kao što se čini, on samo opominje|language=hr|trans-title=Krampus isn't as bad as he seems, he just warns|website=www.24sata.hr|date=6 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liburnija.net/foto-sveti-nikola-i-krampus-stigli-su-morem-i-nagradili-dobru-djecu-ika/|title=FOTO: Sveti Nikola i Krampus stigli su morem i nagradili dobru djecu|language=hr|trans-title=PHOTO: Saint Nicholas and Krampus arrived by sea and rewarded good children|website=Liburnija.net|date=26 November 2016|access-date=5 December 2016|archive-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530010914/http://www.liburnija.net/foto-sveti-nikola-i-krampus-stigli-su-morem-i-nagradili-dobru-djecu-ika/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Sa popular na kultura == An karakter ni Krampus pig-importar asin pigbago para sa manlaen-laen na media sa Amerika del Norte, <ref name="CBR2">{{cite web|title=Joines & Kotz's "Krampus!" Terrorizes Christmas at Image|url=https://www.cbr.com/joines-kotzs-krampus-terrorizes-christmas-at-image/|website=[[Comic Book Resources]]|access-date=21 December 2014|date=19 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126163812/https://www.cbr.com/joines-kotzs-krampus-terrorizes-christmas-at-image/|archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> kabali an imprenta (halimbawa, ''Krampus: The Devil of Christmas'', sarong koleksyon nin mga lumang postcard ni [[Monte Beauchamp]] kan 2004; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/krampus-is-coming-to-town/|title=You'd Better Watch Out: Krampus Is Coming to Town|last=Hix|first=Lisa|date=11 December 2012|website=Collectors Weekly|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref> ''Krampus'' '': The Yule Lord'', sarong nobela kan 2012 ni Brom Geral <ref>{{cite web|url=http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2012/05/prepub/fiction-previews/fiction-previews-november-2012-pt-1-mccall-smith-mayle-munro-and-more/|title=Fiction Previews, November 2012, Pt. 1: McCall Smith, Mayle, Munro, and More|first=Barbara|last=Hoffert|date=3 May 2012|website=[[Library Journal]]|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629225725/http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2012/05/prepub/fiction-previews/fiction-previews-november-2012-pt-1-mccall-smith-mayle-munro-and-more/|url-status=}}</ref> ), sarong librong kompyuter serye gikan sa Image Comics kan 2013 na ginibo ni Dean Kotz asin Brian Joines, telebisyon – parehong live action (" A Krampus Carol ", sarong 2012 na episode kan ''The League'' <ref name="CBR">{{Cite web}}</ref> ) asin animasyon (" A Very Venture Christmas ", sarong 2004 na episode kan ''The Venture Bros.'' ; " Minstrel " Krampus, , sarong episode kan ''Dad!'' mga video game ( ''CarnEvil'', sarong 1998 arcade game ; <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesradar.com/12-games-where-you-beat-everloving-cheer-out-santa-claus/|title=12 games where you beat the everloving cheer out of Santa Claus|first1=Ashley|last1=Reed|first2=David|last2=Houghton|date=19 December 2014|website=[[GamesRadar]]|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> ''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth'', sarong 2014 video game <ref>{{cite web|url=http://bindingofisaacrebirth.gamepedia.com/Krampus|title=Krampus – Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Wiki|date=18 November 2016|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> ), asin mga pelikula ( ''Krampus'', sarong 2015 Christmas comedy horror film gikan sa Universal Pictures, <ref>{{cite web|last=McNary|first=Dave|author-link=Dave McNary|date=4 December 2015|title=Box Office: Christmas Horror-Comedy 'Krampus' Jingles its Way to $16 Million|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/box-office-krampus-mockingjay-good-dinosaur-creed-1201653946/|access-date=14 December 2015|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> asin ''[[Red One (film)|Red One]]'', sarong 2024 Christmas action film hale sa Amazon Bucks Bucks asin Seven Ducks Mga Estudyo ). <ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2021-06-28|title=Dwayne Johnson & Dany Garcia’s Seven Bucks Developing ‘Red One’ With Amazon Studios|url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/dwayne-johnson-dany-garcia-seven-bucks-amazon-movie-red-one-1234782819/|access-date=2024-12-28|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> == Biolohiya == ''Anisocentropus krampus'', sarong klase nin caddisfly . ''An Austrosphecodes krampus'', sarong klase nin putyukan . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Austrosphecodes krampus Gonçalves & Pereira, 2022|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/195350135|access-date=2024-12-27|publisher=[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]}}</ref> [[Microbacterium phage Krampus]] (''Krampusvirus krampus'').<ref>{{cite web|title=Microbacterium phage Krampus|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=2201435|access-date=2024-12-27|publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]}}</ref> ''[[Protomelas krampus|An Protomelas krampus]]'', sarong sira na actinopterygian sa preskong tubig, nginaranan sa Krampus. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dierickx K., Snoeks J.|date=2020|title=''Protomelas krampus'', a new paedophagous cichlid from Lake Malawi (Teleostei, Cichlidae)|url=https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/999/2369|journal=European Journal of Taxonomy|issue=672|doi=10.5852/ejt.2020.672}}</ref> == Galeriya == <gallery class="center" widths="175px" heights="225px"> Ladawan:1911_circa_anonymer_Künstler_Wiener_Werkstätte_Postkarte_No._542,_Krampus_mit_Kind.jpg|alt=Krampus mit Kind ("Krampus with a child") postcard from around 1911| {{Lang|de|Krampus mit Kind}} ("Krampus na may aki") postcard kan mga 1911 Ladawan:Nikolaus_krampus.jpg|alt=Krampus and Saint Nicholas visit a Viennese home in 1896| Si Krampus asin San Nicolas nagbisita sa sarong harong [[Vienna|sa Vienna]] kan 1896 Ladawan:Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg|alt=Nikolaus and Krampus in Austria in the early 20th century| Nikolaus asin Krampus sa Austria kan amay na ika-20 siglo Ladawan:Međimurski_fašnjak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg|alt=A Straggele costume from Sveti Martin na Muri, northern Croatia, at a local carnival in Čakovec (2015)| Sarong kostyum na Straggele gikan sa Sveti Martin na Muri, norteng Croatia, sa sarong lokal na karnabal sa Čakovec (2015) Ladawan:DC_Krampus.jpg|alt=A man in a Straggele costume at the Washington, D.C. Krampusnacht walk (2016)| Sarong lalaki na nakasulot nin kostyum na Straggele sa Washington, DC Krampusnacht walk (2016) </gallery> === Mga kaugnay na numero === * {{Annotated link|Belsnickel}}, another West Germanic figure associated with the midwinter period * {{Annotated link|Ded Moroz}} * {{Annotated link|Germanic paganism}} * Goatman – a malevolent figure in urban folklore originating in the Southern United States, such as [[Maryland]] * {{Annotated link|Green Man}} * {{Annotated link|Holly King and Oak King}} * {{Annotated link|Kallikantzaros}} and creature in Balkan folklore * {{Annotated link|Knecht Ruprecht}} * {{Annotated link|Koliada}}, where participants wear masks and costumes and run around * {{Annotated link|Kurentovanje}} * {{Annotated link|Mari Lwyd}} * {{Annotated link|Namahage}} * {{Annotated link|Nataska}}, an ogre [[Kachina]] who enforces good behavior from children during winter ceremonies * {{Annotated link|Nuuttipukki}} and a creature in Finnish folklore * {{Annotated link|Perchta}}, a female figure in West Germanic folklore whose procession ({{Lang|de|Perchtenlauf}}) occurs during the midwinter period * {{Annotated link|Pre-Christian Alpine traditions}} * {{Annotated link|Silvesterklaus}}, a Swiss New Year's Eve celebration featuring a musical procession of performers in grotesque costumes * {{Annotated link|Sinterklaas}}, celebrated in the [[Low Countries]] on 5 or 6 December. He has a companion called [[Zwarte Piet]] (Black Pete), who used to punish bad children with a "roe" and kidnap them in bags to take to Spain, but nowadays they are just as friendly as {{Lang|nl|Sinterklaas}} ("de Sint"), and give presents and sweets to all children. * {{Annotated link|Turoń}} * {{Annotated link|Wendigo}} * {{Annotated link|Wild man}} * {{Annotated link|Yule goat}}, associated with the midwinter period among the [[North Germanic peoples]] === Iba === * {{Annotated link|Bogeyman}} * [[Demonyo|Demon]] * Horned deity * Kukeri == Mga Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g4cns1twkopbt3mli4biy719fpbtlyo 0 51027 309569 309119 2026-08-23T20:14:10Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:John_William_Waterhouse_-_Magic_Circle.JPG|thumb|Paglaladawan kan pangkukulam sa pintura [[John William Waterhouse|ni John William Waterhouse]] na ''The Magic Circle'' (1886)]] An '''pangkukulam''' iyo an paggamit nin soboot [[Sobrenatural|supernatural]] na mga kapangyarihan nin mahika . An '''bruha''' sarong paragibo nin pangkukulam. Sa tradisyon, an "pangkukulam" nangangahulugan nin paggamit nin mahika o supernatural na kapangyarihan tanganing magtao nin danyos o disgrasya sa iba, asin ini an nagdadanay na pinaka-komun asin lakop na kahulugan. Susog sa ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', "An pangkukulam na tinawan nin kahulugan na ini mas yaon sa imahinasyon", alagad ini "nagkompuesto para sa kadaklan na kultura nin sarong praktikal na paliwanag kan karatan sa kinaban". <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first1=Jeffrey Burton|last1=Russell|first2=Ioan M.|last2=Lewis|date=2023|title=Witchcraft|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/witchcraft|access-date=2023-07-28|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628125818/https://www.britannica.com/topic/witchcraft|archive-date=2023-06-28|quote=Although defined differently in disparate historical and cultural contexts, witchcraft has often been seen, especially in the West, as the work of crones who meet secretly at night, indulge in cannibalism and orgiastic rites with the Devil, or Satan, and perform black magic. Witchcraft thus defined exists more in the imagination of contemporaries than in any objective reality. Yet this stereotype has a long history and has constituted for many cultures a viable explanation of evil in the world.}}</ref> An pagtubod sa pangkukulam nakua sa bilog na kasaysayan sa kadakol na sosyedad sa bilog na kinaban. Kadaklan sa mga sosyedad na ini naggamit nin protektibong mahika o kontra-mahika laban sa pangkukulam, asin naglikay, nagpalayas, nagpreso, pisikal na pinadusahan o ginadan an mga soboot bruha. Ginagamit kan mga antropologo an terminong "witchcraft" para sa mga kaparehong pagtubod manungod sa nakakadanyar na mga gawi nin okulto sa manlaen-laen na kultura, asin an mga sosyedad na ini parating naggagamit kan terminong ini kun nagtataram sa Ingles. <ref name="Singh-2021">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Manvir|title=Magic, Explanations, and Evil: The Origins and Design of Witches and Sorcerers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349617609}}</ref> <ref name="Perrone-1993">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApJayEh43ZcC&pg=PA189|title=Medicine women, curanderas, and women doctors|last=Perrone|first=Bobette|last2=Stockel|first2=H. Henrietta|last3=Krueger|first3=Victoria|date=1993|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0806125121|page=189|access-date=8 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423165056/https://books.google.com/books?id=ApJayEh43ZcC&pg=PA189|archive-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> An pagtubod sa pangkukulam bilang maraot na mahika pinatunayan gikan sa suanoy na Mesopotamia, asin sa Europa, an pagtubod sa mga bruha minabalik sa klasikal na antigong panahon . Sa edad media asin amay na modernong Europa, an mga inaakusaran na bruha parati mga babae <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/witchcraft-work-women|title=Witchcraft accusations were an 'occupational hazard' for female workers in early modern England|date=19 September 2023}}</ref> na pigtutubodan na patagong naggamit nin itom na mahika ( ''maleficium'' ) laban sa saindang sadiring komunidad. Sa parati, an mga akusasyon nin pangkukulam ginigibo kan mga kataed kan mga inakusaran na mga bruha, asin sinusundan kan mga tensyon sosyal. An mga bruha minsan sinasabing nakipag-ulay sa [[Demonyo|mga demonyo]] o sa Diablo, dawa ngani an antropologong si Jean La Fontaine nagsabi na an siring na mga akusasyon mayormenteng ginigibo laban sa mga pighihiling na "mga kaiwal kan Simbahan". <ref>{{Cite book|title=Witches and Demons: A Comparative Perspective on Witchcraft and Satanism|last=La Fontaine|first=J.|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2016|isbn=978-1785330865|pages=33–34}}</ref> Pighona na an pangkukulam pwedeng maolang kan puting mahika, na itinatao kan ' tusong mga tawo ' o 'mga madonong'. An mga pinagdududahan na bruha parateng kinasuhan asin pinapadusahan, kun napatunayan na nagkasala o pinaniniwalaan sana na nagkasala. An mga paghanap nin mga bruha sa Europa asin mga pagbista sa mga bruha sa amay na modernong panahon nagbunga nin manampulong ribong paggadan. Mantang an mga mahiwason na parabolong asin [[Komadrona|partera]] minsan inaakusaran nin pangkukulam mismo, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West|url=https://archive.org/details/evesherbshistory0000ridd|last=Riddle|first=John M.|date=1997|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674270266|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/evesherbshistory0000ridd/page/110 110]–119}}</ref> sinda minakompuesto nin minoriya sa mga inaakusaran. An pagtubod kan mga taga-Europa sa pangkukulam luway-luway na nagluya durante asin pakatapos kan Panahon nin Kaliwanagan . Dakul na mga katutubong sistema nin pagtubod na kabali an konsepto nin pangkukulam an nagtatao man nin kahulugan sa mga bruha bilang mga maraot, asin naghahanap nin mga parabolong (arog kan mga parabolong asin mga parabulong ) tanganing malikayan asin mawara an pangkukulam. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EktzHrfup1UC|title=Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam|last=Tan|first=Michael L.|publisher=University of the Philippines Press|year=2008|isbn=978-9715425704|access-date=2020-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013249/https://books.google.com/books?id=EktzHrfup1UC|archive-date=2021-01-26}}</ref> An ibang mga tawong Aprikano asin Melanesian nagtutubod na an mga bruha pinapahiro nin sarong maraot na espiritu o substansiya sa laog ninda. An modernong paghanap nin mga bruha nangyayari sa mga parte kan Aprika asin Asia. Poon kan mga taon 1930, an mga parasunod kan nagkapirang klase nin modernong paganismo nagpoon na magmidbid bilang mga bruha asin tinawan giraray nin kahulugan an terminong "pangkukulam" bilang parte kan saindang mga neopagan na pagtubod asin gawi . <ref name="Doyle White-2016">{{Cite book|title=Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft|last=Doyle White|first=Ethan|publisher=Liverpool University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-84519-754-4|pages=1–9, 73}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berger|first1=Helen A.|last2=Ezzy|first2=Douglas|date=September 2009|title=Mass Media and Religious Identity: A Case Study of Young Witches|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-for-the-scientific-study-of-religion_2009-09_48_3/page/501|journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion|volume=48|issue=3|pages=501–514|doi=10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01462.x|jstor=40405642|issn=0021-8294}}</ref> An ibang mga neo-pagano naglilikay sa termino huli sa negatibong mga kahulugan kaini. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft|last=Lewis|first=James|date=1996|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|page=376}}</ref> == Konsepto == [[Ladawan:Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG|thumb| ''An mga Bruha'' ni Hans Baldung (ukit sa kahoy), 1508]] An pinaka-komun na kahulugan kan "pangkukulam" sa bilog na kinaban iyo an paggamit nin nakakadanyar na mahika. An pagtubod sa maraot na mahika asin an konsepto nin pangkukulam nagdanay sa bilog na nakarekord na kasaysayan asin nakua sa mga kultura sa bilog na kinaban, ano man an pag-uswag. Kadaklan sa mga sosyedad natakot sa kakayahan kan nagkapirang indibidwal na magcausa nin supernatural na danyos asin disgrasya sa iba. Ini pwedeng maggikan sa tendensiyang "na gustong itao an mga pangyayari nin pambihirang karahayan o maraot na kapaladan sa ahensiya, tawo man o superhuman". An mga historyador asin antropologo nahihiling an konsepto nin "pangkukulam" bilang saro sa mga paagi na pigprobaran kan mga tawo na ipaliwanag an pambihirang kamalasan. <ref name="Moro-2017">{{Cite book|title=The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology|last=Moro|first=Pamela A.|date=2017|isbn=9780470657225|pages=1–9|chapter=Witchcraft, Sorcery, and Magic|doi=10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1915|chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1915}}</ref> An ibang kultura mas dikit an takot sa pangkukulam kisa sa iba, huli ta sinda may tendensiyang magkaigwa nin ibang paliwanag para sa pambihirang disgrasya. Halimbawa, an mga Gael kan Irlandia asin kan Scottish Highlands sa kasaysayan igwa nin makusog na pagtubod sa mga tawong engkanto, na pwedeng magcausa nin supernatural na danyos, asin an pag-ayam nin mga bruha bihirang marhay sa mga rehiyon na ini kumpara sa ibang mga rehiyon kan mga Isla nin Britanya. An historyador na si Ronald Hutton nagsabi nin limang pangenot na karakteristiko na iinaatribwir sa mga bruha asin pangkukulam kan kadaklan na kultura na naniniwala sa konseptong ini: an paggamit nin mahika tanganing magcausa nin danyos o disgrasya sa iba; ginamit ini kan bruha laban sa sadiri nindang komunidad; an mga kapangyarihan nin pangkukulam pigtutubodan na nakua sa paagi nin pamana o pagpoon; ini nahihiling na inmoral asin parati na pighuhuna na kalabot an pakikisumaro sa mga maraot na linalang; asin an pangkukulam pwedeng maolang sa paagi nin depensibong mahika, pangongombensir, pananakot o pisikal na padusa sa soboot bruha. An lakop na paniniwala sa bilog na kinaban iyo na an mga bruha naggagamit nin mga bagay, tataramon, asin mustra tanganing gumibo nin lihis sa natural na danyos, o na igwa sana sinda nin natural na kapangyarihan na gibohon iyan. Sinasabi ni Hutton na an duwang klase nin mga parapraktis parateng tinutubod na nag-eeksister sa parehong kultura asin na an duwa parateng nag-oorolay, sa bagay na an saro na may natural na kapangyarihan puedeng gamiton an kapangyarihan na iyan sa paagi nin materyal na mga bagay. Saro sa mga pinaka-impluwensyal na obra sa pangkukulam asin mga konsepto nin mahika iyo an ''Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande'' ni EE Evans-Pritchard, sarong pag-aadal kan mga pagtubod sa pangkukulam kan Azande na ipinublikar kan 1937. Nagtao ini nin mga kahulugan para sa pangkukulam na nagin sarong kombension sa antropolohiya. Alagad, an nagkapirang parasiyasat nagtutulod na an pankagabsan na pag-ampon kan mga kahulugan ni Evans-Pritchard nagpugol sa pag-orolay kan mga pagtubod sa pangkukulam, asin dawa an mas mahiwas na pag-orolay manongod sa mahika asin relihiyon, sa mga paagi na dai sinusuportaran kan saiyang gibo. <ref name="Mills-20132">{{cite journal|jstor=42002806|title=The opposite of witchcraft: Evans-Pritchard and the problem of the person|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-royal-anthropological-institute_2013-03_19_1/page/18|first=Martin A.|last=Mills|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|volume=19|number=1|date=March 2013|pages=18–33|doi=10.1111/1467-9655.12001}}</ref> Si Evans-Pritchard itinagama an terminong "pangkukulam" para sa mga aksyon kan mga nagdadara nin danyos sa paagi kan saindang natural na kapangyarihan asin naggamit nin "pankukulam" para sa mga nangangaipo nin mga kasangkapan tanganing magibo ini. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/witchcraftoracle00evan/page/8|title=Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande|last=Evans-Pritchard|first=Edward Evan|date=1937|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0198740292|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/witchcraftoracle00evan/page/8 8–9]|author-link=E. E. Evans-Pritchard}}</ref> An mga historyador nadepisilan na iaplikar an mga kahulugan na ini sa pangkukulam sa Europa, kun saen an mga bruha tinutubod na naggagamit nin pisikal na mga teknika, siring man an nagkapira na tinutubod na nakakadanyar paagi sana sa pag-isip. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries|url=https://archive.org/details/earlymoderneurop0000unse_x0s2|last=Ankarloo|first=Bengt|last2=Henningsen|first2=Gustav|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/earlymoderneurop0000unse_x0s2/page/1 1], 14}}</ref> An pagkakaiba "ngonyan kadaklan na inabandona na, dawa ngani an ibang mga antropologo minsan nahihiling pa man giraray na ini may kinaaraman sa partikular na mga sosyedad na saindang pinagmamakulog". Mantang an kadaklan na kultura nagtutubod na an pangkukulam sarong bagay na tuyo, an nagkapirang mga Katutubong tawo sa Aprika asin Melanesia nagtutubod na an mga bruha igwa nin substansiya o maraot na espiritu sa saindang hawak na nagtutulod sainda na gumibo nin maraot. An siring na mga substansiya puwedeng paniwalaan na naghihiro nin solo mantang an bruha nagtuturog o dai nakakaaram. <ref name="Mills-2013">{{Cite journal|title=The opposite of witchcraft: Evans-Pritchard and the problem of the person|author=Mills}}</ref> An mga tawong Dobu nagtutubod na an mga babae naggigibo nin nakakadanyar na mahika sa saindang pagturog mantang an mga lalaki naggigibo kaini mantang mata. Dugang pa, sa mga kultura na an mga substansia sa laog kan hawak pinaniniwalaan na nagtatao nin lihis sa natural na mga kapangyarihan, an substansia tibaad marahay, maraot, o neutral sa moral. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigerianjournalsonline.com/index.php/najp/article/download/1925/1881|title=Witchcraft in Africa: malignant or developmental?|website=www.nigerianjournalsonline.com|author=Iniobong Daniel Umotong|access-date=2025-03-04|archive-date=2024-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202824/https://www.nigerianjournalsonline.com/index.php/najp/article/download/1925/1881|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Socio-Missiological Significance of Witchcraft Belief and Practice in Africa|author=Gbule}}</ref> Si Hutton nagbubugtak nin pagkakaiba sa pag-oltanan kan mga dai tinutuyong nagtatao nin maraot na mata asin kan mga tuyong naggigibo kaiyan, na ilinaladawan sana an mga huri bilang mga bruha. An unibersal o cross-cultural na balido kan mga terminong "bruha" asin "pangkukulam" pinagdedebatehan. Si Hutton nagsasabi:  {{blockquote|[Malevolent magic] is, however, only one current usage of the word. In fact, Anglo-American senses of it now take at least four different forms, although the one discussed above seems still to be the most widespread and frequent. The others define the witch figure as any person who uses magic{{nbsp}}... or as the practitioner of nature-based Pagan religion; or as a symbol of independent female authority and resistance to male domination. All have validity in the present.{{sfnp|Hutton|2017|p=10}}}} Susog sa United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary o Arbitrary Executions igwa nin "kadepisilan sa pagtao nin kahulugan kan 'mga bruha' asin 'pangkukulam' sa manlaen-laen na kultura {{Em dash}} mga termino na, laen nanggad sa saindang mga kahulugan sa popular na kultura, pwedeng maglaog nin sarong array nin tradisyonal o mga gawi sa pagpaomay sa pagtubod ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/ie-albinism/witchcraft-and-human-rights|title=Witchcraft and human rights|publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref> An antropologong si Fiona Bowie nagsabi na an mga terminong "pangkukulam" asin "bruha" ginagamit nin magkaiba kan mga iskolar asin kan publiko sa dai mababa sa apat na paagi. An Neopagan na parasurat na si Isaac Bonewits nagproponer na bangaon an mga bruha sa mas laen pang mga klase kabali, alagad bakong limitado sa: Neopagan, Feminist, Neogothic, Neoclassical, Classical, Family Traditions, Immigrant Traditions, asin Ethnic. == Etimolohiya == An tataramon na "pangkukulam" labing sangribong taon na an edad: An lumang Ingles nagbilog kan compound {{Lang|ang|wiccecræft}} gikan sa {{Lang|ang|wicce}} ('bruha') asin {{Lang|ang|cræft}} ('gibo'). <ref>{{Cite web|last=Harper|first=Douglas|title=witchcraft (n.)|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=witchcraft&allowed_in_frame=0|access-date=29 October 2013|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105052512/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=witchcraft&allowed_in_frame=0|url-status=}}</ref> An pormang panlalaki iyo {{Lang|ang|wicca}} ('lalaki na salamangkero'). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://oed.com/start;jsessionid=5EF3CA6F4DB30EFC0E4768781B858944?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F229574|website=oed.com|access-date=2021-07-18|archive-date=2021-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718192633/https://oed.com/start;jsessionid=5EF3CA6F4DB30EFC0E4768781B858944?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F229574|url-status=}}</ref> Susog sa Oxford English Dictionary, ''an wicce'' asin ''wicca'' posibleng hale sa berbong Lumang Ingles {{Lang|ang|wiccian}}, na an boot sabihon 'maggibo nin pangkukulam'. <ref>{{Cite OED|witch}}</ref> ''An Wiccian'' igwa nin cognate sa Middle Low German {{Lang|gml|wicken}} (pinatunayan gikan sa ika-13 siglo). An dugang pang etimolohiya kan tataramon na ini problemado. Mayo ining malinaw na mga kapareho sa ibang mga tataramon na Aleman sa luwas kan Ingles asin Low German, asin igwa nin kadakol na posibilidad para sa ugat na Indo-Europeo na kun saen ini pwedeng gikan. An saro pang tataramon na Lumang Ingles para sa 'bruha' iyo an {{Lang|ang|hægtes}} o {{Lang|ang|hægtesse}}, na nagin an modernong Ingles na tataramon na " hag " asin konektado sa tataramon na " hex ". Sa kadaklan na iba pang mga tataramon na Aleman, an saindang tataramon para sa 'bruha' gikan sa parehong ugat kan mga ini; halimbawa [[Tataramon na Aleman|an Aleman]] {{Lang|de|Hexe}} asin {{Lang|nl|heks}} na Olandes . <ref>{{cite web|title=hag (n.)|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/hag|website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref> Sa kolokyal na modernong [[Tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]], an tataramon na ''bruha'' partikularmenteng ginagamit para sa mga babae. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/witch|title=Definition of WITCH|website=www.merriam-webster.com|access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> An sarong lalaking paragibo nin mahika o pangkukulam mas komun na inaapod na ' salamangkero ', o minsan, ' salamangkero '. Kun an tataramon na ''bruha'' ginagamit sa pagsambit sa sarong miyembro nin sarong neo-pagan na tradisyon o relihiyon (arog kan Wicca ), ini pwedeng magsambit sa sarong tawo na ano man an kasarian. <ref name="Cusack">{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Contemporary Paganism|last=Cusack|first=Carole M.|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004163737|editor-last=Pizza|editor-first=Murphy|page=345|chapter=The Return of the Goddess: Mythology, Witchcraft and Feminist Spirituality|editor-last2=Lewis|editor-first2=James}}</ref> == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rk6zso1eb2ayjw19de07un5d9nnckbw 0 51030 309671 309093 2026-08-23T21:51:34Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mythical creature|name=Yeti|image=Yeti_colorisé.jpg|caption=Artistic depiction of a Yeti|Folklore=[[Cryptid]]|Grouping=|AKA={{Plain list| * Abominable Snowman<ref name="randi-1995">{{Cite book |last=Randi |first=James |title=[[An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural|An encyclopedia of claims, frauds, and hoaxes of the occult and supernatural: decidedly sceptical definitions of alternative realities]] |date=1995 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |isbn=978-0-312-15119-5 |location=New York, NY |author-link=James Randi}}</ref> * Meh-teh<ref name="randi-1995" /> * Migoi, et al. }}|Country={{Plain list| * [[Bhutan]] * [[China]] * [[India]] * [[Nepal]] * [[Russia]] ([[Siberia]]) }}|Region=[[Tibet]], [[Himalayas]]|Similar_entities={{Plain list| * [[Almas (folklore)|Almas]] * [[Barmanou]] * [[Basajaun]] * [[Bigfoot]] * [[Hibagon]] * [[Mande Barung]] * [[Orang Pendek]] * [[Skunk ape]] * [[Yeren]] * [[Yowie]] }}|First_Attested=}}An '''Yeti''' ( /ˈ j ɛ t i / ) <ref name="dict">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/yeti "Yeti"] . </ref> sarong linalang na garo unggoy na pigtutubodan na nag-eerok sa [[Himalaya|kabukidan kan Himalaya]] sa Asya. Sa popular na kultura kan Solnopan, an linalang komun na inaapod na '''Abominable Snowman''' . Dakul na mga kaduda-dudang artikulo an itinao sa pagprobar na patunayan an pag-eksister kan Yeti, kabali an mga anekdotal na biswal na paghiling, mga pinagdidiskutiran na mga rekording nin video, mga retrato, asin mga plaster cast nin darakulang bakas nin bitis. An iba kaini pig-iisip-isip o aram na mga hoax. An mga folklorist nagsusubaybay kan ginikanan kan Yeti sa kombinasyon nin mga bagay, kabali an mga osipon [[Sherpa|kan Sherpa]] asin mga salang midbid na hayop arog kan oso o yak . <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Pariyar|first1=Kamal|title=Visit Nepal's yeti: How mythical creature divided Himalayan nation|date=28 January 2020}}</ref> An Yeti parateng pigkukumpara sa [[Bigfoot]] kan Amerika del Norte, nin huli ta an duwang subject parati igwa nin magkaparehong pisikal na deskripsyon. <ref>{{cite web|title=A Guide to Deciphering the Differences Between a Yeti, Sasquatch, Bigfoot and More|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bigfoot-sasquatch-yeti-legend-myth-403932|website=newsweek.com|publisher=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=19 April 2022|date=19 December 2015|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419190526/https://www.newsweek.com/bigfoot-sasquatch-yeti-legend-myth-403932|url-status=}}</ref> == Deskripsiyon == An Yeti parateng ilinaladawan bilang sarong dakula, bipedal na garo unggoy na linalang na natatahoban nin kayumanggi, abohon, o puting buhok, asin ini minsan ilinaladawan na igwa nin darakula, [[Tingo|matarom na mga ngipon]] . <ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Lucy|title=Earth - Is the Himalayan Yeti a real animal?|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150630-is-there-such-a-thing-as-a-yeti|website=bbc.com|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=17 March 2021|date=30 June 2015|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425000705/http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150630-is-there-such-a-thing-as-a-yeti|url-status=}}</ref> == Etimolohiya asin alternatibong pangaran == An osipon kan Tibet naglaladawan nin tolong mayor na klase nin Yetis—an '''Nyalmo''', na igwa nin itom na barahibo asin iyo an pinakadakula asin pinakamabangis, na mga kinseng piye an langkaw; an '''Chuti''', na mga walong piye an langkaw asin nabubuhay {{Convert|8,000|and|10,000|ft}} sa ibabaw sa lebel sa dagat; asin an '''Rang Shim Bombo''', na may mapula-kayumangging balahibo asin {{Convert|3|and|5|ft}} sana halangkaw. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Ghosts, Monsters, and Demons of India|last=Bhairav|first=J. Furcifer|last2=Khanna|first2=Rakesh|publisher=Blaft Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=2020|isbn=9789380636474|location=India|pages=428–429}}</ref> An ibang mga termino na ginagamit kan mga tawong Himalaya dai eksaktong pareho an traduksyon, alagad nanonongod sa maalamat asin katutubong mga hayop: * '''Michê''' ({{bo|t=མི་དྲེད་|w=mi dred|z=Michê}}) translates as "man-[[:en:Bear|bear]]".<ref name="swanp882884">{{cite journal|author=Swan, Lawrence W.|title=Abominable Snowman|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1958-04-18_127_3303/page/882|date=18 April 1958|journal=Science|pages=882–84|volume=127|issue=3303|pmid=17733822|doi=10.1126/science.127.3303.882-b|bibcode=1958Sci...127..882S|s2cid=5372649}}</ref><ref>Izzard, Ch.</ref> * '''Dzu-teh''' – 'dzu' translates as "[[:en:Cattle|cattle]]" and the full meaning translates as "cattle bear", referring to the [[:en:Himalayan_brown_bear|Himalayan brown bear]].<ref name="stonorState">Stonor, Charles (30 January 1954).</ref><ref name="izzardp199">Izzard, Ch.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Pranavananda, Swami|date=July–September 1955|volume=30|pages=99–104|journal=Indian Geographical Journal|title=Abominable Snowman}}</ref> * '''Migoi''' or '''Mi-go''' ({{bo|t=མི་རྒོད་|w=mi rgod|z=Migö/Mirgö}}) translates as "wild man".<ref name="izzardp199" /><ref name="jacksonMM">{{cite book|title=More than Mountains|author=Jackson, John A.|publisher=George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd.|year=1955}}</ref> * '''Bun Manchi''' – Nepali for "jungle man" that is used outside Sherpa communities where '''yeti''' is the common name.<ref>Taylor</ref> * '''Mirka''' – Another name for "wild-man". Local legend holds that "anyone who sees one dies or is killed". The latter is taken from a written statement by [[:en:Frank_Smythe|Frank Smythe]]'s [[:en:Sherpa_people|sherpas]] in 1937.<ref>Tilman, p. 131.</ref> * '''Kang Admi''' – "Snow Man". * '''Jungli Admi''' – "Wild Man".<ref>{{cite book|title=Dust and Snow. Half a lifetime in India|author=Cooke, C. Reginald|publisher=C.R. Cooke|year=1988|pages=326–328}}</ref> * '''Xueren''' (Chinese: 雪人) - "Snow Man" === Iba pang mga pangaran asin lokasyon === Sa osipon kan mga Ruso, an ''Chuchuna'' sarong entidad na sinasabing nag-eerok sa Siberia . Ini ilinadawan na anom sagkod pitong piye an langkaw asin natatahoban nin maitom na buhok. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Susog sa mga katutubong istorya gikan sa mga nomadikong tribong Yakut asin Tungus, ini sarong marahay an hawak, garo [[Neandertal|Neanderthal]] na lalaki na nakasulot nin mga anit asin may puting pidaso nin barahibo sa saiyang mga takyag. Sinasabi na ini paminsan-minsan nagkakakan nin laman nin tawo, bakong arog kan saindang mga haraning pinsan, an <nowiki><i id="mwyA">Almastis</i></nowiki> . May mga testigo na nagbareta na nakahiling nin ikog sa bangkay kan linalang. Ini ilinaladawan na mga anom sagkod pitong piye an langkaw. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Igwa nin mga dagdag na osipon nin darakula, nagsosolo, bipedal na mga linalang sa bilog na kinaban, na kabali an parehong " [[Bigfoot]] " asin an "Abominable Snowman." ==== An Makauuyam na Snowman ==== An pangaran na ''Abominable Snowman'' pigmukna kan 1921, an taon na pinangenotan ni Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Howard-Bury an 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition, <ref name="buryP121124">{{Cite journal|last1=Howard-Bury, Charles|title=Some Observations on the Approaches to Mount Everest|pages=121–24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yourghusband, Francis|last2=Collie, H. Norman|title=Mount Everest" The reconnaissance: Discussion|pages=109–12}}</ref> na saiyang isinaysay sa ''Mount Everest The Reconnaissance, 1921'' . Sa libro, iiniba ni Howard-Bury an sarong istorya kan pagbalyo sa Lhagpa La sa {{Convert|21000|ft}} kun saen nakanompong siya nin mga bakas nin bitis na sa pagtubod niya "posibleng kawsa kan sarong dakulang 'loping' na abohon na lobo, na sa malumoy na niyebe nagbilog nin dobleng agihan na garo baga idtong sa sarong tawong daing sulot na bitis". Idinugang pa niya na an saiyang mga giya na Sherpa "tolos-tolos na nagboluntaryo na an mga agihan dapat iyo idtong 'The Wild Man of the Snows', na tinawan ninda nin pangaran na 'metoh-kangmi ' . <ref name="howardBury141">{{Cite book|title=Mount Everest The Reconnaissance, 1921|last=Howard-Bury, Charles|publisher=Edward Arnold|year=1921|isbn=978-1-135-39935-1|page=141|chapter=19}}</ref> An "Metoh" nangangahulugan na "tawo-oso" asin an "kang-mi" nangangahulugan na "snowman". <ref name="pranBobay">{{Cite journal|last1=Pranavananda, Swami|title=The Abominable Snowman|year=1957}}</ref> Igwa nin pagkariribok sa pag-oltanan kan pag-awit ni Howard-Bury kan terminong "metoh-kangmi" asin an terminong ginamit sa libro ni Bill Tilman ''na Mount Everest, 1938'' kun saen ginamit ni Tilman an mga tataramon na "metch", na mayo sa tataramon na Tibetano, asin "kangmi" kun pig-uulay an terminong "Aminwmanwman". <ref name="izzardP242">Izzard, Ch.</ref> An dugang pang ebidensya na an "metch" sarong salang pangaran itinao kan awtoridad sa tataramon na Tibetan na si Propesor David Snellgrove gikan sa School of Oriental and African Studies sa Unibersidad kan London (ca. 1956), na pigbasura an tataramon na "metch" bilang imposible, huli ta an mga konsonante na "tch" dai pwedeng isabay sa tataramon na Tibetan. An dokumentasyon nagsusuherir na an terminong "metch-kangmi" gikan sa sarong ginikanan (poon kan taon 1921). Isinusuherir na an "metch" sarong salang pagbaybay kan "metoh". An paggamit kan "Abominable Snowman" nagpoon kan si Henry Newman, sarong haloy nang parakontribwir sa ''The Statesman'' sa [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], na nagsusurat sa irarom kan pangaran na "Kim", nag-interbyu sa mga paradara kan "Everest Reconnaissance expedition" sa saindang pagbalik sa Darjeeling. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kirtley, Bacil F.|title=Unknown Hominids and New World legends|pages=77–90}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|author=Kirtley, Bacil F.|title=Unknown Hominids and New World legends|pages=77–90|journal=Western Folklore|volume=23|date=April 1964|doi=10.2307/1498256|issue=1304|jstor=1498256}}</ref> Si Newman nagkasala sa pagtradusir kan tataramon na "metoh" bilang "maati", na sinalidahan an terminong "makauuyam", tibaad huli sa lisensya sa arte. Siring sa isinaysay kan kagsurat na si Bill Tilman, "[Si Newman] nagsurat nin haloy na panahon pagkatapos sa sarong surat sa ''The Times'' : An bilog na istorya garo baga sarong maogmang paglalang na ipinadara ko ini sa saro o duwang peryodiko". == Kasaysayan asin mga nahiling == === Bago an ika-19 siglo === Susog ki H. Siiger, an Yeti parte kan mga pagtubod bago an [[Budismo]] kan nagkapirang mga tawong Himalaya. Sinabihan siya na an mga tawong Lepcha nagsasamba sa sarong "Glacier Being" bilang sarong Diyos kan Pag-ayam. Ibinareta man niya na an mga parasunod kan relihiyon na Bön kaidto nagtutubod na an dugo kan "mi rgod" o "mabangis na tawo" igwa nin gamit sa nagkapirang espirituwal na seremonya. An linalang pigladawan bilang sarong linalang na garo unggoy na may darang dakulang gapo bilang armas asin naggigibo nin sarong nagsiwit na tanog. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Himalayan anthropology: the Indo-Tibetan interface|last=Siiger, H.|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1978|isbn=9789027977007|editor-last=Fisher, James F.|page=423|chapter=The Abominable Snowman|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0C-IhEKrSEC&pg=PA423}}</ref> An Yeti inampon sa Tibetan Budhism, kun saen ini pigkokonsiderar na sarong hayop na bakong tawo ( ''tiragyoni'' ) na dawa siring tawo na minsan nakakasunod [[Dharma|sa Dharma]] . Nagkapirang istorya an nagtatampok kan mga Yetis na nagin mga katabang asin disipulo kan mga relihiyosong pigura. Sa Tibet, an mga imahen nin mga Yeti ipinaparada asin paminsanminsan sinasamba bilang mga bantay tumang sa maraot na mga espiritu. Alagad, huli ta an mga Yeti minsan minagawe bilang mga parapaotob kan Dharma, an pagdangog o paghiling sa saro parateng ibinibilang na sarong maraot na tanda, na kun saen an testigo dapat na magtipon nin merito . === ika-19 siglo === [[Ladawan:1937_yeti_footprints.png|wala|thumb| 1937 Frank S. Smythe na retrato kan mga soboot bakas kan Yeti, na inimprenta sa ''Popular Science'', 1952]] Kan 1832, ''an Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' ni James Prinsep nagpublikar kan istorya kan trekker na si BH Hodgson kan saiyang mga eksperyensya sa amihanan na Nepal. Naheling kan saiyang mga lokal na giya an sarong halangkaw na linalang na may duwang bitis na natatahoban nin halabang maitom na buhok, na garo baga nagdudulag sa takot. Si Hodgson nagkonklusyon na ini sarong [[orangutan]] . An amay na rekord kan mga ibinareta na bakas nin bitis nagluwas kan 1899 sa ''Among the Himalayas'' ni Laurence Waddell . Ibinareta ni Waddell an paglaladawan kan saiyang giya sa sarong dakulang linalang na garo unggoy na nagwalat nin mga marka, na sa paghona ni Waddell ginibo nin sarong oso. Si Waddell nakadangog nin mga istorya nin mga bipedal, garo unggoy na mga linalang alagad nagsurat na "mayo, alagad, sa kadakol na mga Tibetano na sakong inusisa sa temang ini an makakatao sako nin sarong tunay na kaso. Sa pinakahababaw na pagsiyasat, ini pirming nareresolberan sa sarong bagay na may nakadangog na nag-istorya." <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501496|title=Among the Himalayas|last=Waddell, Laurence Austine|publisher=Archibald Constable & Co.|year=1899|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501496/page/n243 223]|author-link=Laurence Waddell}}</ref> === ika-20 siglo === An frekuensya kan mga bareta naglangkaw kan amay na ika-20 siglo kan an mga taga-Solnopan nagpoon na gumibo nin determinadong mga pagprobar na magsakat sa kadakol na bukid sa lugar asin paminsan-minsan nagreport na nakahiling nin mga pambihirang linalang o pambihirang mga agihan. [[Ladawan:Yeti_footprint,_Singaleela_ridge,_1944,_photoed_by_CR_Cooke.jpg|thumb| Pigtutubudang bakas kan Yeti na kinua ni CR Cooke kan 1944]] Kan 1925, si NA Tombazi, sarong retratista asin miyembro kan Royal Geographical Society, nagsurat na nakahiling siya nin sarong linalang na mga {{Convert|15000|ft}} harani sa Zemu Glacier . Kan huri isinurat ni Tombazi na naobserbaran niya an linalang poon mga {{Convert|200|to|300|yd}}, sa laog nin mga sarong minuto. "Daing duwa-duwa, an pigura sa outline eksaktong garo sarong tawo, na naglalakaw nin tanos asin minapondo paminsan-minsan tanganing magguyod sa nagkapirang dwarf rhododendron bushes. Nagpahiling ini nin madiklom sa niyebe, asin sagkod sa sakong mahihiling, mayo nin gubing." Pakalihis nin mga duwang oras, si Tombazi asin an saiyang mga kairiba nagbaba sa bukid asin nahiling an mga marka kan linalang, na ilinadawan na "kaagid an porma kan sa tawo, alagad {{Convert|6|to|7|in}} sana an laba nin {{Convert|4|in}} an lakbang... <ref>{{Convert|6|to|7|in}}, {{Convert|4|in}}</ref> An mga imprenta daing duwa-duwa na idtong sa sarong biped." <ref>{{Cite book|title=Science and The Paranormal: Probing the Existence of The Supernatural|url=https://archive.org/details/scienceparanorma0000unse_s1m4|last=Abell|first=George Ogden|last2=Singer|first2=Barry|publisher=Scribner|year=1981|isbn=0-684-16655-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/scienceparanorma0000unse_s1m4/page/32 32]}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Yeti_footprint_2,_Singaleela_ridge,_Darjeeling,_1944.jpg|thumb| An pigtutubodan na bakas kan Yeti kinua ni CR Cooke kan 1944]] Kan tigrakdag kan 1937, si John Hunt asin si Pasang Sherpa (na nagin Pasang Dawa Lama) nakanompong nin mga bakas sa mga agihan pasiring asin sa Zemu Gap sa itaas kan Zemu Glacier na pighuhuna na pagsasadiri nin sarong padis nin mga Yeti. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Dust and Snow. Half a lifetime in India|last=Cooke, C. Reginald|publisher=C.R. Cooke|year=1988|pages=327–328}}</ref> Kan Hunyo 1944, si C. R. Cooke, an saiyang agom na si Maragaret, asin an sarong grupo nin mga paradara nakasabat nin darakulang bipedal na mga marka sa malumoy na laboy sa {{Convert|14,000|ft}} sa ibaba sana kan Singalila Ridge, na sabi kan mga paradara iyo an "Jungli Admi" (layas na tawo). An linalang nag-agi sa mga doot sa mahiwas na gilid kan bulod hale sa Nepal asin nagbalyo sa agihan bago nagpadagos pasiring sa tagaytay. Si Cooke nagsurat na "Ibinugtak mi an mga antipara ni Maragaret sa kataid kan lambang imprenta tanganing ipahiling an kadakulaan kaini asin nagkua nin mga retrato. An mga imprentang ini kakaiba asin mas dakula pa sa arin man na normal na bitis nin tawo, takyag sagkod bitis, na an dakulang muro nakabalik sa sarong gilid, sarong enot na moro, dakula man, asin tolong saradit na moro na magkasararo." <ref>{{Cite book|title=Dust and Snow. Half a lifetime in India|last=Cooke, C. Reginald|publisher=C.R. Cooke|year=1988|page=327}}</ref> Si Peter Byrne nagbareta na nakanompong nin sarong bakas nin yeti kan 1948, sa norteng [[Sikkim]], India harani sa Zemu Glacier, mantang nagbabakasyon hale sa sarong asignasyon sa Royal Air Force sa India. <ref name="sikkim">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6FmjJYd13wC&pg=PA54|title=Anatomy of a beast: obsession and myth on the trail of Bigfoot|last=McLeod|first=Michael|publisher=University of California Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-520-25571-5|page=54}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png|thumb| Saro sa tolong retrato ni Eric Shipton kan 1951 na may pickaxe na ginagamit para sa sukol.]] An interes kan Solnopan sa Yeti nag-abot sa pinakahalangkaw na punto kan mga taon 1950. Mantang nagpoprobar na mag-akyat [[Bukid Everest|sa Mount Everest]] kan 1951, si Eric Shipton nagkua nin mga retrato nin nagkapirang darakulang kopya sa niyebe, na mga {{Convert|6000|m}} sa ibabaw sa lebel sa dagat. Si Shipton nagkua nin tolong retrato, an saro naglaladawan kan mga riles, asin an duwa pa nin sarong partikular na imprenta na an kadakulaan kumpara sa sarong pickaxe, asin bota. An mga bakas kan bitis igwa nin magkalaen na duwang darakulang moro, asin tolong saradit na muro na magkaharanihan. An mga retrato na ini nagin sakop nin mahigot na pagsiyasat asin debate. An iba nagsasabi na sinda an pinakamarahay na ebidensya kan pag-eksister ni Yeti, mantang an iba nagtutulod na an mga imprenta iyo idtong mga ordinaryong linalang na nabiribid kan natunaw na niyebe. Si Jeffrey Meldrum nag-eksamin nin sarong pighirahay na porma kan imprenta kan 2008, na nagnotar na an saro sa darakulang moro iyo an resulta kan Macrodactyly . Sinabi man niya na an pagkakalinya kan mga moro kan bitis katumbas kan sa sarong dakulang unggoy, asin an Yeti posibleng mag-ubos nin mas halawig na panahon sa subtropikal na rehiyon kan Himalayas. Sinabi ni Meldrum na masakit na sabihon na an mga kopya tunay nin huli ta si Shipton nagkua sana nin duwang retrato kan sarong track. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who in British Climbing|last=Wells|first=C.|publisher=The Climbing Company|year=2008|isbn=978-0955660108}}</ref> Kan 1953, si Sir Edmund Hillary asin Tenzing Norgay nagbareta na nakahiling nin darakulang bakas mantang nagsasakat sa Mount Everest. Si Hillary sa huri ididiskwento an mga report kan Yeti bilang bakong masasarigan. Sa saiyang enot na autobiograpiya sinabi ni Tenzing na siya nagtutubod na an Yeti sarong dakulang unggoy, asin dawa ngani dai pa niya ini nahihiling mismo an saiyang ama nakahiling na nin saro nin duwang beses, alagad sa saiyang ikaduwang autobiograpiya sinabi niya na siya nagin mas mapagduda sa pag-eksister kaini. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Man of Everest&nbsp;– The Autobiography of Tenzing|last=Tenzing Norgay (told to and written by James Ramsey Ullman)|publisher=George Harrap & Co, Ltd|year=1955}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Yetiscalp.JPG|thumb| Pigtutubodan na anit kan Yeti sa monasteryo nin Khumjung]] Durante kan ''Daily Mail'' Snowman Expedition kan 1954, <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabernet.demon.co.uk/JAJ/snowman1954/1954-snowman-team.html|title=Daily Mail Team Will Seek Snowman|publisher=Cabernet.demon.co.uk|access-date=27 January 2012|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310233806/http://www.cabernet.demon.co.uk/JAJ/snowman1954/1954-snowman-team.html|archive-date=10 March 2007}}</ref> an lider kan mountaineering na si John Angelo Jackson an naggibo kan enot na pagbaklay hale sa Everest pasiring sa Kanchenjunga na kun saen siya nagretrato nin mga simbolikong pintura kan Yeti sa Tengboche gompa . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Adventure Travels in the Himalaya|url=https://archive.org/details/adventuretravels0000jack|last=Jackson, John Angelo|publisher=Indus Pub. Co.|year=2005|isbn=978-81-7387-175-7|location=New Delhi|pages=[https://archive.org/details/adventuretravels0000jack/page/135 135]–52, 136|chapter=Chapter 17}}</ref> Si Jackson nagsubaybay asin nagretrato nin kadakol na mga bakas sa niyebe, na kadaklan kaini namimidbid. Alagad, igwa nin kadakol na darakulang bakas na dai nabisto. An mga pinatag na garo bakas na mga indentasyon na ini iinatribwir sa pag'ubos asin kasunod na pagpahiwas kan orihinal na bakas kan doros asin mga partikulo. [[File:Pangcboche-19534-John-Jackson.jpg|thumb| Si Dr. Biswamoy Biswas nag-eeksamin kan anit kan Pangboche Yeti durante kan ''Daily Mail'' Snowman Expedition kan 1954]] Kan ika-19 nin Marso 1954, an ''Daily Mail'' nag-imprenta nin sarong artikulo na naglaladawan kan mga grupo nin ekspedisyon na nagkukua nin mga ispesimen nin buhok gikan sa soboot sarong anit nin Yeti na nakua sa monasteryo nin Pangboche . An mga buhok itom sagkod maitom na kayumanggi an kolor sa maluyang liwanag, asin pula na sora sa liwanag kan saldang. An buhok pig-analisar ni Propesor Frederic Wood Jones, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dobson, Jessie|title=Obituary: 79, Frederic Wood-Jones, F.R.S.: 1879–1954}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wilfred E. le Gros Clark|title=Frederic Wood-Jones, 1879–1954}}</ref> sarong eksperto sa anatomiya nin tawo asin pagkumpara. Durante kan pag-aadal, an mga buhok pinaputi, pinutol sa mga seksyon asin pig-analisar sa mikroskopikong paagi. An pagsiyasat iyo an pagkua nin mga mikroretrato kan mga buhok asin pagkumpara kaini sa mga buhok hale sa mga midbid na hayop arog kan mga oso asin orangutan. Si Jones nagkonklusyon na an mga buhok bako man talagang hale sa sarong anit. Siya nagkontra na mantang an ibang hayop igwa nin tagaytay nin buhok na minapoon sa pate sagkod sa likod, mayo nin hayop na igwa nin tagaytay (arog kan sa anit kan Pangboche) na nagdadalagan poon sa base kan angog pasiring sa pate asin minatapos sa liog kan liog. Dai natutukdo ni Jones an eksaktong hayop kun saen kinua an mga buhok kan Pangboche. Siya, alagad, kumbinsido na an mga buhok bakong hale sa sarong oso o anthropoid ape, kundi imbes hale sa abaga nin sarong magaspang an buhok na hayop na may kuko. Sinabi ni Sławomir Rawicz sa saiyang librong ''The Long Walk'', na ipinublikar kan 1956, na mantang siya asin an nagkapirang iba pa nagbabalyo sa Himalayas kan tiglipot kan 1940, an saindang agihan nabara sa laog nin pirang oras nin duwang hayop na may duwang bitis na garo baga mayo nang ginigibo kundi mag-iriba-iba sa niyebe. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780762761296/page/258|title=The Long Walk|last=Rawicz, Sławomir|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|year=1956|isbn=978-1-59921-975-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780762761296/page/258 258–60]|chapter=22}}</ref> Poon kan 1957, an negosyante sa lana kan Texas asin adbenturero na si Tom Slick nangenot sa sarong ekspedisyon pasiring sa Nepal Himalayas tanganing mag-imbestigar kan mga bareta kan Yeti, kaiba an antropologong si prof. Carleton S. Coon bilang saro sa mga miyembro kaini. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Times|first1=A. m Rosenthal Special To the New York|title=TEXAN WILL LEAD 'SNOWMAN' HUNT; Will Investigate Tales That Strange Creature Roams Himalayas in Nepal}}</ref> Kan 1959, [[Udo|an mga ati]] daa kan Yeti nakolekta kan saro sa mga ekspedisyon ni Slick; an pag-analisar kan ati nakanompong nin sarong parasito na dai maiklasipikar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An gobyerno kan Estados Unidos naghona na an paghanap kan Yeti posibleng igo na tanganing makagibo nin tolong patakaran para sa mga ekspedisyon kan Amerika na naghahanap kaini: magkua nin permiso kan Nepal, dai pagdanyaran an Yeti apwera sa pagdepensa sa sadiri, asin tugutan an gobyerno kan Nepal na aprubaran an anuman na bareta na nagbabareta manungod sa nadiskubre kan hayop. <ref name="bedard20110902">{{Cite news|title=Documents Show Feds Believed in the Yeti|last1=Bedard, Paul|last2=Fox, Lauren}}</ref> Kan 1959, an aktor na si James Stewart, mantang nagbibisita sa India, pigbabareta na nag-ismagol kan inaapod na Pangboche Hand, sa paagi nin pagtago kaini sa saiyang bagahe kan siya magbiahe hale sa India pasiring sa London. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anomalist.com/milestones/stewart.html|title=Milestones – Jimmy Stewart|publisher=Anomalist.com|date=2 July 1997|access-date=27 January 2012|archive-date=3 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103041638/http://www.anomalist.com/milestones/stewart.html|url-status=}}</ref> Kan 1960, si Sir Edmund Hillary naglunad sa 1960-61 na ekspedisyon sa Silver Hut pasiring sa Himalayas, na iyo an pagkolekta asin pag-analisar kan pisikal na ebidensya kan Yeti. Si Hillary nag-utang nin sarong Yeti na anit sa monasteryo kan Khumjung dangan siya mismo asin si Khumjo Chumbi (an pamayo kan baryo), dinara an anit pabalik sa London <ref>{{Cite news|title=From the archive: Yeti Scalp (They Say It's 240 Years Old) Is Here – by Air}}</ref> kun saen an sarong sadit na sample pinutol para sa pag-eksamin. Si Marca Burns naggibo nin detalyadong pagsiyasat kan sampol nin kublit asin buhok gikan sa gilid kan soboot anit kan Yeti asin ikinumparar ini sa kaparehong mga sampol gikan sa serow, asul na oso asin itom na oso . Si Burns nagkonklusyon na an sample "posibleng gibo sa kublit nin sarong hayop na harani sa sampleng specimen ni Serow, alagad talagang bakong kapareho kaini: posibleng sarong lokal na klase o rasa kan parehong klase, o sarong laen alagad haraning magkaparehong klase." <ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=29787501|title=Report on a Sample of Skin and Hair from the Khumjung Yeti Scalp|journal=Genus|volume=18|issue=1/4|pages=80–88|last1=Burns|first1=Marca|year=1962}}</ref> Sagkod kan mga taon 1960, an pagtubod sa yeti medyo lakop sa Bhutan asin kan 1966 sarong selyo kan Bhutan an ginibo tanganing tawan nin onra an linalang. <ref>{{cite news|title=New Bhutan Stamp Shows 'Abomidable Snowman'|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QrhIAAAAIBAJ&pg=5041,5654462|newspaper=Associated Press via The Morning Record|date=10 December 1966|author=Kronish, Syd|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301070720/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QrhIAAAAIBAJ&pg=5041,5654462|url-status=live}}</ref> Minsan siring, sa ika-21 siglo, an paniniwala sa linalang nagluya. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Yeti-myth-dying-out-as-Bhutan-modernizes-3273266.php|author=Sullivan, Tim|agency=Associated Press|date=17 August 2008|title=Yeti myth dying out as Bhutan modernizes|access-date=20 February 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716045937/http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-08-17/news/17125008_1_bhutan-yeti-abominable-snowman|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XPpRAAAAIBAJ&pg=1154,4902576&dq=yeti+bhutan&hl=en|title=Losing the yeti in the forgotten nation of Butan|work=The Victoria Advocate|author=Sullivan, Tim|date=10 August 2008|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227023045/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XPpRAAAAIBAJ&pg=1154,4902576&dq=yeti+bhutan&hl=en|url-status=}}</ref> == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q0e20cm002cnf8sli1xliwy52d6xn39 0 51085 309612 308464 2026-08-23T20:51:23Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309612 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:85-Oxford_1511_-_Unicorno.jpg|thumb| Monoceros asin [[Oso]] . Bodleian Library, MS. Ashmole 1511, ''The Ashmole Bestiary'', Folio 21r, England ( Peterborough ?), Amay na ika-13 siglo.]] [[Ladawan:RochesterBestiaryFolio007rLeopard.jpg|too|thumb| "An [[Leopardo]] " gikan sa ika-13 siglong bestiary na midbid bilang " Rochester Bestiary "]] [[Ladawan:Perindens.jpg|thumb| An Peridexion Tree]] Sarong '''bestiary''' sarong kompendiyo nin mga hayop. Nagpoon sa suanoy na kinaban, an mga bestiary nagin popular kan Edad Media sa mga tomo na may mga ilustrasyon na naglaladawan nin manlaen-laen na hayop asin dawa mga gapo. An natural na kasaysayan asin ilustrasyon kan lambang hayop sa parate may kaibang moral na leksion. Ini nagpabanaag kan paniniwala na an kinaban mismo iyo an [[Bibliya|Tataramon nin Dios]] asin na an lambang nabubuhay na bagay igwa nin sadiring espesyal na kahulogan. Halimbawa, an [[pelikano]], na pinaniniwalaan na binubuka an saiyang daghan tanganing buhayon an mga ogbon kaiyan paagi sa sadiri niang dugo, sarong buhay na representasyon ni [[Hesus|Jesus]] . Kaya an bestiary saro man na pagsambit sa simbolikong tataramon kan mga hayop sa arte asin literatura kan mga Kristiyano sa Solnopan . == Kasaysayan == An bestiary — an libro kan mga hayop kan edad media — saro sa mga pinakapopular na mga teksto na may liwanag sa norteng Europa kan Edad Media (mga 500–1500). [[An Kristiyanismo kan Edad Media|An mga Kristiyano kan Edad Media]] nakasabot sa lambang elemento kan kinaban bilang sarong kapahayagan nin Diyos, asin an mga bestiaryo sa kadaklan nakasentro sa relihiyosong kahulugan kan lambang hayop. An kadaklan sa mga yaon sa bestiary hale sa suanoy na mga Griego asin sa saindang mga pilosopo. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Bestiary}}</ref> An pinakaenot na bestiaryo sa porma na kun saen ini nagin popular iyo an sarong daing ngaran na ika-2 siglong [[Suanoy na Griyego|Griegong]] tomo na inaapod na ''Physiologus'', na iyo mismo an nagsumaryo kan suanoy na kaaraman asin kadunungan manungod sa mga hayop sa mga sinurat kan mga klasikal na awtor arog kan ''Historia Animalium'' ni [[Aristotle]] asin manlaen-laen na mga obra ni [[Herodotus]], Pliny the Elinus, Ellinius asin iba pa mga naturalista. Kasunod kan ''Physiologus'', pinahiwas ni San Isidoro kan Sevilla (Libro XII kan ''Etymologiae'' ) asin ni San Ambrosio an relihiyosong mensahe sa pagsambit sa mga pasahe gikan sa [[Bibliya|Biblia]] asin sa Septuaginta . Sinda asin an ibang mga awtor libreng nagpahiwas o nagbago kan mga dati nang modelo, na padagos na pigpipino an moral na laog na mayong interes o access sa mas dakol na detalye manungod sa totoong laog. Minsan siring, an parateng magarbong mga pagkasaysay manongod sa mga hayop na ini lakop na binabasa asin sa pankagabsan pinaniniwalaan na totoo. An nagkapirang obserbasyon na nakua sa mga bestiaryo, arog kan paglipat nin mga gamgam, pigdiskwento kan mga natural na pilosopo kan mga huring siglo, alagad nadiskobre giraray sa modernong panahon nin siyensya. An mga bestiaryo kan edad media pambihirang magkapareho sa pagkasunod-sunod kan mga hayop na saindang pigbubulong. An mga bestiaryo partikularmenteng popular sa [[Inglatera|Inglaterra]] asin [[Pransya]] kan mga ika-12 siglo asin mayormenteng mga kompilasyon kan mga naenot na teksto. An Aberdeen Bestiary saro sa pinakamidbid sa labing 50 manuskritong bestiary na nabubuhay sagkod ngonyan. Dakul na impluwensya an gikan sa panahon nin Renaissance asin sa pankagabsan na Edad Media, siring man sa modernong panahon. An Renaissance sinasabing nagpoon kan mga ika-14 siglo sa Italya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Renaissance {{!}} Boundless World History|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-renaissance/|access-date=2022-05-03|website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}</ref> An mga bestiary nakaimpluwensya sa amay na heraldry kan Edad Media, na nagtatao nin mga ideya para sa mga singil asin man para sa artistikong porma. An mga bestiaryo padagos na nagtatao nin inspirasyon sa mga eskudo na ginibo sa satong panahon. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Dictionary of Heraldry|url=https://archive.org/details/newdictionaryofh0000unse_s3s3|publisher=[[A & C Black|Alphabooks/A&C Black]]|year=1987|isbn=0-906670-44-6|editor-last=Friar|editor-first=Stephen|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/newdictionaryofh0000unse_s3s3/page/342 342]}}</ref> Duwang naiilawan na Salmo, an Queen Mary Psalter ( British Library Ms. Royal 2B, vii) asin an Isabella Psalter (State Library, Munich ), igwa nin bilog na mga siklo nin Bestiary. An bestiary sa Queen Mary Psalter makukua sa "marginal" na mga dekorasyon na nag-ookupar kan mga ibabang parte kan pahina, asin pambihirang mahiwas asin magkakasundo sa obrang ini. Sa katunayan an bestiary pinalawig na lampas pa sa pinagkukuanan sa Norman bestiary ni Guillaume le Clerc sagkod sa nobentang hayop. An nagkapira ibinugtak sa teksto tanganing magkaigwa nin mga pagkakapareho sa salmo na saindang iiniilustrar. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Queen Mary Psalter: A Study of Affect and Audience|url=https://archive.org/details/queenmarypsalter0000stan|last=Stanton|first=Anne Rudloff|date=2001|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-916-9|page=44ff}}</ref> Dakul an nagdedesisyon na maggibo nin sadiring bestiary gamit an saindang sadiring mga obserbasyon kaiba an kaaraman gikan sa mga nakaagi. An mga obserbasyon na ini pwedeng gibohon sa pormang teksto, siring man maiilustrar. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Animal Imagery in Renaissance Art}}</ref> An Italianong artista na [[Leonardo Da Vinci|si Leonardo da Vinci]] naggibo man kan saiyang sadiring bestiaryo. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Selections from the Bestiary of Leonardo da Vinci}}</ref> An ''volucrary'' sarong kaagid na koleksyon kan mga simbolo kan mga gamgam na minsan makukua kaiba kan mga bestiary. An pinakamidbid na volucrary kan Renaissance iyo ''an Gart der Gesundheit'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2100150b|title=Garden Of Health|last=de Cuba|first=Jean|date=1501|publisher=Verard Antoine (Paris)|language=fr|format=758 scanned pages with black & white illustrations|access-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115014243/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b2100150b|archive-date=2016-11-15}}</ref> ni Johannes de Cuba na naglaladawan nin 122 na gamgam asin na inimprenta kan 1485. == Laog kan Bestiary == An laog kan mga bestiaryo kan edad media parateng nakukua asin ginigibo gikan sa pagkombinar kan mga lumang pinagkukuanan nin teksto asin mga istorya nin mga hayop, arog kan ''Physiologus'' . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Beasts and Birds of the Middle Ages. The Bestiary and Its Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/beastsbirdsofmid0000unse|last=Clark|first=Willene B.|last2=McMunn|first2=Meradith T.|date=2005|publisher=Nation Books|isbn=0-8122-8147-0|editor-last=Clark|editor-first=Willene B.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beastsbirdsofmid0000unse/page/2 2]–4|chapter=Introduction|editor-last2=McMunn|editor-first2=Meradith T.}}</ref> An mga bestiary kan edad media igwa nin detalyadong mga deskripsyon asin ilustrasyon kan mga species na tubong Sulnupan na Europa, mga eksotikong hayop asin kun ano sa modernong panahon pigkokonsiderar na mga hayop na imahinasyon sana. An mga paglaladawan sa mga hayop kabali an mga pisikal na karakteristiko na may koneksyon sa linalang, dawa ngani an mga ini parateng bakong tama sa pisyolohiya, kaiba an mga moral na Kristiyano na pigrerepresentar kan hayop. An paglaladawan kaidto parati na may kaibang sarong artistikong ilustrasyon kan hayop siring sa ilinaladawan sa bestiary. Halimbawa, sa sarong bestiaryo an agila ilinaladawan sa sarong ilustrasyon asin sinasabing iyo an “hade nin mga gamgam.” <ref>{{Cite web|title=British Library|url=https://www.bl.uk/medieval-english-french-manuscripts/articles/beastly-tales-from-the-medieval-bestiary|access-date=2022-05-03|website=www.bl.uk|archive-date=2022-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216215828/https://www.bl.uk/medieval-english-french-manuscripts/articles/beastly-tales-from-the-medieval-bestiary/|url-status=}}</ref> An mga bestiary pinag-organisar sa manlaen-laen na paagi base sa mga pinagkukuanan na saindang pigkukua. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries|last=McCulloch|first=Florence|date=1962|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|location=Chapel Hill|page=3}}</ref> An mga deskripsyon pwedeng organisaron sa paagi nin mga grupo nin hayop, arog kan mga linalang sa daga asin dagat, o ipresentar sa alpabetikong paagi. Minsan siring, an mga teksto dai nagtao nin pagkakalaen sa pag-oltanan kan yaon asin imahinasyon na mga hayop. An mga deskripsyon kan mga linalang arog kan [[Dragon|mga dragon]], unicorn, [[basilisk]], griffin asin caladrius lakop sa siring na mga obra asin nakua na pinaghalo-halo sa mga istorya nin [[Oso|mga oso]], [[Layas na baboy|baboy]], [[usa]], [[leon]], asin [[elepante]] . Sa sarong gikanan, ipinapaliwanag kan kagsurat kun pano an mga pabula asin bestiaryo magkakonektar na gayo sa lambang saro bilang “an lambang kapitulo kan sarong bestiaryo, an lambang pabula sa sarong koleksyon, igwa nin teksto asin igwa nin kahulugan. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Henderson|first1=Arnold Clayton|title=Medieval Beasts and Modern Cages: The Making of Meaning in Fables and Bestiaries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pmla-publications-modern-language-assoc-of-america_1982-01_97_1/page/40|journal=Publications of the Modern Language Association of America|date=January 1982|volume=97|issue=1|pages=40–49|doi=10.2307/462239|jstor=462239|s2cid=164019988}}</ref> An kawaran na ini nin pagbubulag parateng inaasosyar sa paghona na an mga tawo sa panahon na ini nagtutubod sa kun ano an pigklasipikar kan modernong panahon bilang dai nag-eeksister o " [[Alamat na linalang|mga imahinasyon na linalang]] ". Alagad, an paghona na ini presenteng pinagdedebatehan, na may manlaen-laen na paliwanag na pig-aalok. An ibang mga iskolar, arog ni [[Pamela Gravestock]], nagsurat sa teorya na an mga tawo kan edad media dai talaga naghona na an siring na mga linalang nag-eeksister kundi imbes nagtutok sa pagtubod sa importansya kan mga moral na Kristiyano na pigrerepresentar kan mga linalang na ini, asin na an importansya kan moral dai nagbago dawa pa an hayop nag-eeksister o dai. An historyador nin siyensya na si David C. Lindberg nagsabi na an mga bestiaryo kan edad media mayaman sa simbolismo asin alegorya, tanganing magtukdo nin mga leksyon sa moral asin mag-aling-aling, imbes na magtao nin kaaraman sa natural na kinaban. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/beginningsofwest00lind/page/354|title=The Beginnings of Western Science|last=Lindberg|first=David C.|date=1992|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=0-226-48231-6|location=Chicago|page=[https://archive.org/details/beginningsofwest00lind/page/354 354-356]|author-link=David C. Lindberg}}</ref> == Relihiyosong kahulugan == [[Ladawan:AberdeenBestiaryFolio005rAdamNamesAnimalsDetail.jpg|thumb| [[Adan|Si Adam]] na nagngangaran sa mga hayop, sa sarong detalye gikan sa ika-12 siglong Aberdeen Bestiary]] An kahulugan na ipinapahiling sa pag-ultanan kan mga hayop asin relihiyon nagpoon bago pa man mag-abot an mga hayop. Sa kadakol na suanoy na sibilisasyon igwa nin mga pagsambit sa mga hayop asin an saindang kahulugan sa laog kan partikular na relihiyon o mitolohiyang iyan na aram ta ngunyan. Kabali sa mga sibilisasyon na ini an Ehipto asin an saindang mga diyos na may lalawgon nin mga hayop o an Gresya na igwa nin mga simbolikong hayop para sa saindang mga diosnon na linalang, sarong halimbawa iyo si Zeus asin an agila. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Animal Symbolism (Illustrated)|url=https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2505&context=ocj|website=Open SIUC}}</ref> Huli ta an mga hayop parte kan relihiyon bago pa man magluwas an mga bestiaryo asin an saindang mga leksyon, sinda naimpluwensiyahan kan mga nakaaging obserbasyon kan kahulugan siring man kan mga lumang sibilisasyon asin kan saindang mga interpretasyon. Nin huli ta an kadaklan sa mga estudyante na nagbabasa kan mga bestiary na ini mga monghe asin klerigo, bakong imposible na sabihon na igwa nin mayor na relihiyosong kahulugan sa laog ninda. An bestiary ginamit tanganing tokdoan an hoben na mga lalaki sa tamang moral na maninigo nindang ipaheling. <ref name="Lippincott1981">{{Cite journal|title=The Unnatural History of Dragons}}</ref> An gabos na hayop na iprinesentar sa mga bestiary nagpapahiling nin sarong klase nin leksyon o kahulugan kun iprinesentar. Kadaklan kan mga simbolismo na ipinapahiling sa mga hayop. Kadaklan kan mga pigproponer kan mga bestiaryo nagsasambit kan kadaklan kan paganismo huli sa relihiyosong kahulugan asin panahon kan mga panahon kan edad media. Saro sa mga mayor na 'hayop' na nasambit sa nagkapira sa mga bestiary iyo an mga dragon, na igwa nin dakulang kahulugan sa mga termino nin relihiyon asin kahulugan. An bakong natural na parte kan kasaysayan kan dragon nagpapahiling kun gurano kahalaga an simbahan sa panahon na ini. Kadaklan sa mga pigkokobrehan kan artikulo nagtataram kun pano an dragon na nasambit sa nagkapira sa mga bestiary nagpapahiling nin sarong paghiling kan relihiyosong kahulugan sa kadaklan sa mga osipon na ini. An mga bestiary na ini igwa nin dakulang laog sa mga termino nin relihiyosong kahulugan. Sa haros gabos na hayop igwa nin paagi tanganing ikonektar ini sa sarong leksyon gikan sa simbahan o sarong pamilyar na istoryang relihiyoso. Sa mga hayop na igwa nin kahulugan poon pa kan suanoy na mga panahon, makatanosan na sabihon na an mga bestiary asin an saindang mga laog nagtao nin gasolina sa konteksto sa likod kan mga hayop, totoo man o mito, asin an saindang mga kahulugan. == Modernong mga hayop == Sa modernong panahon, an mga artista arog ni Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec asin Saul Steinberg nagprodusir kan saindang sadiring mga bestiary. Si Jorge Luis Borges nagsurat nin sarong kontemporanyong bestiary nin mga klase, an ''Libro nin mga Imaginary Beings'', na nagkokolekta nin mga imahinasyon na hayop gikan sa mga bestiary asin fiction. Si Nicholas Christopher nagsurat nin sarong nobelang literaryo na inaapod na "The Bestiary" (Dial, 2007) na naglaladawan kan mga paghihingoa kan sarong nagsosolo-solo na hoben na lalaki na hanapon an pinakakompletong bestiary sa kinaban. ''[[Fearsome Creatures of Florida|An Fearsome Creatures of Florida]]'' ni John Henry Fleming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fearsomecreatures.com|title=Fearsome Creatures of Florida by John Henry Fleming|website=Fearsomecreatures.com|access-date=2016-12-06}}</ref> (Pocol Press, 2009) nagkukua sa tradisyon kan bestiary kan edad media tanganing magtao nin mga moral na leksyon manungod sa kapalibutan. ''[[The Book of Barely Imagined Beings|An The Book of Barely Imagined Beings]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barelyimaginedbeings.com|title=The Book of Barely Imagined Beings|website=Barelyimaginedbeings.com|access-date=2016-12-06}}</ref> ( Granta 2012, University of Chicago Press 2013 ) ni Caspar Henderson, na may subtitulo na "A 21st Century Bestiary", nag-eeksplorar kun pano iniimahinar kan mga tawo an mga hayop sa panahon nin marikas na pagbabago kan kapalibutan. Kan Hulyo 2014, isinurat ni Jonathan Scott ''an The Blessed Book of Beasts'', <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rna.org/news/184377/Beasts-from-the-East.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141019031915/http://www.rna.org/news/184377/Beasts-from-the-East.htm|url-status=|archive-date=2014-10-19|title=Religion News Association & Foundation|website=Rna.org|date=2016-11-21|access-date=2016-12-06}}</ref> Eastern Christian Publications, na nagtatampok nin 101 na hayop gikan sa manlaen-laen na traduksiyon kan Biblia, sa pagsunod sa tradisyon kan bestiary na makukua sa mga sinurat kan mga Santo, kabali si San Juan Chrysostom . Sa kinaban ngunyan igwa nin disiplina na inaapod na cryptozoology na iyo an pag-aadal kan mga dai aram na klase nin hayop. An disiplinang ini pwedeng ikonektar sa mga bestiaryo kan edad media nin huli ta sa kadaklan na kaso an mga dai midbid na hayop pwedeng pareho, siring man igwa nin kahulugan o kahulugan sa likod kaini. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2006}}</ref> An mga lista nin mga halimaw na makukua sa mga video game (arog kan ''NetHack'', ''Dragon Quest'', asin ''Monster Hunter'' ), siring man an nagkapirang mga tabletop role-playing game arog kan Pathfinder, parateng inaapod na mga bestiary. == Hilingon man == * Alegorya kan Edad Media * Listahan kan mga hayop kan edad media * Mga katumbas sa dagat kan mga linalang sa daga * Representasyon nin hayop sa arte kan edad media sa Solnopan == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s7ktjyl6b26cm0cw7xa1d6xa2bepp2i 0 51087 309676 308583 2026-08-23T21:58:09Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309676 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Ammit''' ( /ˈ æ m ɪ t / ; , " '''Paralamon kan mga Gadan''' "; pigtradusir man '''na Ammut''' o '''Ahemait''' ) sarong suanoy na diosa kan Ehipto <ref>{{Cite web|last=Estate Overseer of Menmaatra; King's Scribe.|first=Hunefer|date=10 December 2024|title=papyrus|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA9901-3|access-date=10 December 2024|website=British Museum}}</ref> na may enotan na parte nin sarong [[leon]], an likod nin sarong [[hipopotamo]], asin an payo nin sarong buaya —an tolong pinakadakulang hayop na "nagkakakan nin tawo" na midbid kan suanoy na mga Ehipsiyo . Sa suanoy na relihiyon kan Ehipto, si Ammit nagkaigwa nin importanteng papel sa panahon kan ritwal sa lobong, an Paghukom sa mga Gadan . == Nomenklatura == Ammit nangangahulugan na " ''paralamon nin gadan'' " (" ''paralamon nin gadan'' " ) o " ''parahalon nin gadan'' ", kun saen iyo an berbong "mahalon", <ref>{{Harvp|Erman|Grapow|1926}}. </ref> asin nangangahulugan nin "mga gadan", mas partikularmente an mga gadan na hinusgaran na bakong kabali sa ("paladan na gadan") na nagsunod sa kodigo nin katotoohan ( Ma'at ). == Ikonograpiya == [[Ladawan:Early_Ammit.jpg|wala|thumb| Paglaladawan ki Ammit na mayong [[Leon|buhok]] gikan sa ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' ni Nebqed. c. 1391–1353 BCE, huring parte kan Ika-18 na Dinastiya .]] An Ammit pigtutukoy bilang sarong babaeng entidad, na komun na piglaladawan sa payo nin sarong buaya, an mga tabay sa enotan asin itaas na hawak nin sarong [[leon]] (o [[leopardo]] ), asin an mga tabay sa likod asin ibabang hawak nin sarong [[Hipopotamo|hippopotamus]] . An kombinasyon nin tolong nakagagadan na hayop sa Nilo: buaya, leon, asin hipopotamo, nagsusuherir na mayo nin makakadulag sa pagkapara, dawa sa buhay pagkagadan . Siya sarong parteng leon na babae, alagad an saiyang mga tampok na garo leon pwedeng magpresentar sa porma nin sarong [[Leon|balbas]], na parati na inaasosyar sa mga lalaking leon. Sa Papiro ni Ani, si Ammit sinasamnohan nin sarong tri-kolor na nemes, na isinusulot kan mga paraon bilang simbolo nin pagkahade. [[Ladawan:Ammit_BD.jpg|thumb| Ipinahiling ni Ammit sa Pagtimbang kan puso ni Ani gikan sa Papiro ni Ani . c. 1250 BCE, Ika-19 na Dinastiya .]] An mga bersyon kan ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' gikan sa Bagong Kahadean nagpoon na maglaog ki Ammit. Durante kan ika-18 dinastiya, an mestisong buaya-leon-hipopotamus iyo an kombensyonal na paglaladawan ki Ammit. Nagluwas siya sa mga eksena na nagpapahiling kan Paghukom sa mga Gadan, sa mga lulubngan asin mga papiro sa lobong . Sa eksenang ini, si Ammit ipinapahiling kaiba an ibang mga diyos kan Ehipto sa Duat, na naghahalat na maaraman kun kaya niyang uboson an puso kan nagadan. Sarong pagbabago sa estilo an nangyari, durante kan Ikatolong Panahon nin Pag-oltanan . Kan mga ika-beinte unong dinastiya, an eksena kan Paghukom sa mga Gadan ipininta sa laog asin luwas kan mga lungon . An takop kan lungon ni Ankh-hor, sarong hepe gikan sa ika-beinte dos na dinastiya nagtatampok ki Ammit na may darang payo nin sarong hippopotamus, asin an hawak nin sarong [[ayam]] na may mga hilera nin mga paps. Mantang an Papiro ni Nes-min (ca. 300–250 BCE) gikan sa Panahon nin Ptolemaic, naglaladawan ki Ammit na may payo nin sarong buaya, asin an hawak nin sarong ayam. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peck|first=William H.|date=2000|title=The Papyrus of Nes-min: An Egyptian Book of the Dead|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_detroit-institute-of-arts-bulletin_2000_74_1-2/page/n25|journal=Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts|volume=74|issue=1/2|pages=20–31|doi=10.1086/DIA41504961|jstor=41504961|s2cid=165731702|issn=0011-9636}}</ref> == Papel sa suanoy na relihiyon kan Ehipto == Bakong arog kan ibang mga diyos na itinampok sa suanoy na relihiyon kan Ehipto, si Ammit dai sinasamba . Imbes, si Ammit kinakatakutan asin tinutubod na sarong [[demonyo]] imbes na sarong diyos, huli sa saiyang papel bilang 'paralamon kan mga gadan'. Durante kan Bagong Kahadean, an mga dios asin demonyo naiiba sa paagi nin pagkaigwa nin kulto o sentro nin pagsamba. An mga demonyo sa suanoy na relihiyon kan Ehipto igwa nin supernatural na mga kapangyarihan asin papel, alagad mas hababa an ranggo sa mga diyos asin mayo nin lugar nin pagsamba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Lucarelli|first=Rita|date=September 2010|title=Demons (Benevolent and Malevolent)|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1r72q9vv}}</ref> Sa kaso ni Ammit, siya sarong demonyong bantay. An sarong demonyong bantay nakabugkos sa sarong partikular na lugar, arog kan Duat . An saindang itsura nakabasar sa sarong mestiso nin sarong [[hayop]] o sarong [[tawo]] asin pigdenotar tanganing mamidbid sinda kan mga gadan. An mga demonyong bantay na naglataw bilang sarong mestiso nin mga hayop sarong pinagsararo nin mga ugale na dapat katakotan asin tanganing ilaen sinda sa mga diyos na may koneksyon sa katawohan. [[Ladawan:Hieroglyphic_Papyrus_Book_of_the_Dead;_Late_Period,_2nd_Cent._BC;_from_Thebes_(28748663675).jpg|thumb| Ptolemaic na paglaladawan ni Ammit na nakatindog sa ibabaw kan sarong pedestal sa wala kan timbangan. Igwa siyang payo nin buaya, an [[Leon|balbas]] nin [[leon]], asin hawak nin [[ayam]] . Gikan sa sarong ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' na papiro (mga [[Ika-2ng siglo BC|ika-2 siglo BC]] E) sa Thebes .]] Bago an Bagong Kahadean asin an pagmukna kan Kapitulo 125 sa ''Libro kan mga Gadan'', si Ammit mayo nin dakulang presensya sa suanoy na relihiyon kan Ehipto . Alagad, si Khonsu, an diyos kan bulan, pigladawan bilang sarong 'paralamon kan mga gadan asin mga puso' sa mga teksto nin piramide kan Lumang Kahadean asin mga Teksto sa Kahon kan Tahaw na Kahadean . <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Adel Zaki Nasr|first=Youmna|date=December 12, 2022|title=Apotropaic Roles of Khonsu in the Ancient Egyptian Religion during the Dynastic Period|url=https://mkaf.journals.ekb.eg/article_276392_eda89ae7b789c6bf50958c471723673f.pdf|journal=Research Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels|publisher=Mansoura University|issue=12|pages=541–545}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sa bilog na Enot na Panahon sa Pag-oltanan asin sa Tahaw na Kahadean, sarong koleksyon nin mga anting-anting an ginibo tanganing mabilog an mga Teksto kan Kabaong . Sa Spell 310, si Khonsu nagsulo nin mga puso na mas magabat pa sa barahibo ni ma'at sa panahon kan Paghukom kan mga Gadan . <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Adel Zaki Nasr|first=Youmna|date=December 12, 2022|title=Apotropaic Roles of Khonsu in the Ancient Egyptian Religion during the Dynastic Period|url=https://mkaf.journals.ekb.eg/article_276392_eda89ae7b789c6bf50958c471723673f.pdf|journal=Research Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels|publisher=Mansoura University|issue=12|pages=541–545|access-date=March 6, 2025|archivedate=April 17, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417072656/https://mkaf.journals.ekb.eg/article_276392_eda89ae7b789c6bf50958c471723673f.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/TheAncientEgyptianCoffin1/The%20ancient%20Egyptian%20coffin1/page/n239/mode/2up|title=The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts: Volume I Spells 1-354|last=Faulkner|first=Raymond O.|publisher=Aris & Phillips Ltd.|year=1973|isbn=0-85668-005-2|location=Warminster, England|pages=227–228}}</ref> Sa Spell 311, kinakan ni Khonsu an mga puso kan mga diyos asin kan mga gadan. An mga banal na puso kinakan huli sa saindang kapangyarihan. An mga puso na pigkonsiderar na bakong malinig sa panahon kan paghukom kinakan, na binabayaan an nagadan na nakukulong sa Duat . An mga anting-anting na ini kabali sa mga pig-adaptar sa ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' poon sa Bagong Kahadean. An mga Anting-anting 310 asin 311 kan mga Teksto sa Lungon pigtutukoy sa mga Kapitulo 79, asin 125 sa ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' . An Kapitulo 79 nanonongod sa pagsulo kan puso, mantang an eksena nin paghukom asin paglamon kan mga puso makukua sa Kapitulo 125. <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Adel Zaki Nasr|first=Youmna|date=December 12, 2022|title=Apotropaic Roles of Khonsu in the Ancient Egyptian Religion during the Dynastic Period|url=https://mkaf.journals.ekb.eg/article_276392_eda89ae7b789c6bf50958c471723673f.pdf|journal=Research Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels|publisher=Mansoura University|issue=12|pages=541–545}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Imbes na si Khonsu an maglamon kan puso kan mga gadan, si Ammit inapod na 'paralamon kan mga gadan'. Si Ammit yaon sa panahon kan pagtimbang kan puso, na parati harani sa timbangan na naghahalat na maaraman an mga resulta. Kun an puso kan gadan bakong malinig, kinakan niya an saindang puso na binabayaan sindang daing kalag asin nakukulong sa Duat . <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQfFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74|title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume I|last=Kleiner|first=Fred S.|date=2020|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-357-37048-3|pages=57|language=en}}</ref> === Pagtimbang kan puso === [[Ladawan:The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg|wala|thumb|300x300px| Paghukom kan Kalag base sa Papiro ni Ani. Nagpapahiling nin puso na tinitimbang sa timbangan ni Maat laban sa barahibo nin katotoohan, kan Anubis na may payo nin jackal . Si Ammit nagtitindog na andam na kakanon an puso kun ini dai makapasar sa eksaminasyon. An ibis -headed Thoth, eskriba kan mga diyos, nagrekord kan resulta.]] An ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' sarong koleksyon nin mga teksto sa lobong na ginamit sa paggiya sa mga gadan pasiring sa Duat, an kinaban kan mga gadan sa Ehipto. An proseso kan Paghukom sa mga Gadan ilinadawan sa Kapitulo 125 . <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Ancient Egyptian literature : a book of readings. Volume II, The New Kingdom|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0002lich_o5k4|last=Lichtheim|first=Miriam|date=April 3, 2006|publisher=University of California Press|others=Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert|isbn=978-0-520-93306-4|edition=2nd|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0002lich_o5k4/page/132 132]–139|oclc=778435126|author-link=Miriam Lichtheim}}</ref> An namamahala sa Duat, si Osiris, an nangengenot sa paghokom. An mga bagong paglaladawan kan Kahadean kan eksenang ini nangyari sa Hall of the Two Truths (o Two ''Maats'' ). Si Anubis, an Parabantay kan mga Timbangan, dinara an mga gadan pasiring sa timbangan. [ 29 ] Si Ammit mamumugtak harani sa timbangan, na naghahalat kan mga resulta. Mantang si Thoth, an diyos kan mga hieroglyph asin paghukom, an magtatala kan mga resulta. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dqv7|title=Current Research in Egyptology 2007: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference|last=Aronin|first=Rachel|collaboration=Meg Gundlach|publisher=Oxbow Books|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84217-329-9|editor-last=Griffin|editor-first=Kenneth|volume=8|location=Oxford|pages=8, 10–11|chapter=Divine Determinatives in the Papyrus of Ani|doi=10.2307/j.ctvh1dqv7.5|jstor=j.ctvh1dqv7.5|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dqv7.5}}</ref> An puso kan nagadan tinimbang sa barahibo ni Ma'at, an diosa nin katotoohan. An barahibo ni Ma'at nagsisimbolo kan balanse, asin an pagigin totoo kaipuhan na yaon sa bilog na buhay nin saro. An puso o ''Ib'', nagrerepresentar kan kalag kan indibidwal asin iyo an susi sa pagbiyahe pasiring sa Aaru . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Ville|first=Jacques|date=Fall 2011|title=Mythology and the Images of Justice|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/lal.2011.23.3.324|journal=Law and Literature|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd.|volume=23|issue=3|pages=336–337|doi=10.1525/lal.2011.23.3.324|jstor=10.1525/lal.2011.23.3.324|hdl=10566/288|s2cid=220308728|issn=1535-685X|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Sa Kapitulo 125 kan ''Libro kan mga Gadan'', an nagadan tinatawan nin serye nin mga deklarasyon na dapat sabihon sa Paghukom kan mga Gadan. ''An Deklarasyon nin Inosensia'' sarong lista nin 42 na kasalan na dai nagkasala an nagadan. ''An Deklarasyon sa Kuwarenta y Dos na Dios'' asin ''An Pagtaram sa mga Dios'' direktang ibinareta sa mga dios, na ipinapahayag an kadalisayan asin kaimbodan kan nagadan. Pagkatapos na sabihon an mga deklarasyon, tinitimbang an saindang puso. Kun an puso mas hababa an timbang kisa sa barahibo ni Ma'at, an nagadan pinaghahadean na magin dalisay. Itinala ni Thoth an resulta asin tutugutan ni Osiris an mga nagadan na ipadagos an saindang paglayag pasiring ki Aaru asin [[Imortalidad|sa inmortalidad]] . Kun an puso mas magabat kisa sa barahibo ni Ma'at, an nagadan ibinibilang na bakong malinig. Si Ammit hahalonon an saindang puso, na binabayaan an nagadan na mayong kalag. An mga suanoy na Ehipto nagtutubod na an kalag magigin dai mapamugtak sagkod pa man, na magagadan nin ikaduwang kagadanan. Imbes na mag-istar sa Aaru, an daing kalag na indibidwal maiipit sa Duat . [[Ladawan:Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_21.JPG|thumb| An pag-ukit sa lanob ni Ammit sa sarong pedestal sa sarong eksena na naglaladawan kan Paghukom kan mga Gadan gikan sa Templo ni Hathor sa Deir el-Medina]] Si Ammit parateng ilinaladawan na nakaduko harani sa timbangan, andam nang kakanon an puso. An mga suanoy na Ehipto ilinubong na may kopya kan ''Libro kan mga Gadan'', na naggagarantiya na sinda magigin mapanggana sa Paghukom kan mga Gadan . Kaya, si Ammit nawalat na gutom na mayong puso na makakakan, asin an mga konsagradong gadan nakalampas sa Danaw nin Kalayo, na itinampok sa Kapitulo 126 kan ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/jane18570|title=Inventing Afterlives: The Stories We Tell Ourselves About Life After Death|last=Janes|first=Regina M.|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-231-18570-7|location=New York|pages=40–42|chapter=Impermanent Eternities: Egypt, Sumer, and Babylon, Ancient Israel, Greece, and Rome|doi=10.7312/jane18570|jstor=10.7312/jane18570|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/jane18570.5}}</ref> == Sa popular na kultura == Si Saba Mubarak an nagladawan ki Ammit sa serye sa telebisyon kan Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) na ''Moon Knight'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-04|title=Who Voices Ammit In Moon Knight's Final Episode?|url=https://screenrant.com/moon-knight-ammit-voice-actor/|access-date=2022-05-10|website=ScreenRant|language=en-US}}</ref> Sa mga ''Mummy na Buhay!'' serye nin cartoon, an pangenot na kontrabida na si Scarab aksidenteng inapod si Ammut, asin siya nagdanay. Sa palabas, siya sarong garo ayam asin medyo sadit na ataman na hayop na dai nagtataram. Sa serye ni Rick Riordan na ''The Kane Chronicles'', si Ammit an pigladawan. Sa ''Primeval'', si Ammit sarong ''Pristichampsus'' na nag-abot sa paagi nin sarong Anomaliya (sarong trangkahan sa panahon) pasiring sa suanoy na Ehipto, kun saen an mga tawo nagtutubod na ini sarong diyos. == Galeriya == <gallery> Ladawan:BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg|alt=Full view of the Weighing of the Heart from the Papyrus of Ani. Ammit is shown at the far right, near Thoth. c. 1250 BCE, Nineteenth Dynasty.| Bilog na paghiling kan Pagtimbang kan Puso gikan sa Papiro ni Ani . Si Ammit ipinapahiling sa pinakatuo, harani sa Thoth . c. 1250 BCE, Ika-19 na Dinastiya . Ladawan:The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg|alt=Full view of the Weighing of the Heart from the Papyrus of Hunefer. Ammit is shown next to the scale. Anubis is on her left, and Thoth on her right. c. 1275 BCE, Nineteenth Dynasty.| An bilog na paghiling kan Pagtimbang kan Puso gikan sa Papiro ni Hunefer . An Ammit ipinapahiling sa kataid kan timbangan. Si Anubis yaon sa saiyang wala, asin si Thoth yaon sa saiyang too. c. 1275 BCE, Ika-19 na Dinastiya . Ladawan:Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_Panorama.jpg|alt=Full view of the Weighing of the Heart from the Temple of Hathor in Deir el-Medina. Thoth is seen to the right of the scale, while to the right, Ammit sits on top of a pedestal.| An bilog na paghiling kan Pagtimbang kan Puso gikan sa Templo ni Hathor sa Deir el-Medina . Si Thoth nahihiling sa too kan timbangan, mantang sa too, si Ammit nagtutukaw sa ibabaw kan sarong pedestal. </gallery> == Hilingon man == * ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' * Chalkydri, iba pang mga mitolohikong linalang na pigladawan na may hawak nin leon asin payo nin buaya * [[Cerberus|Si Cerberus]], sarong chthonic na linalang sa mitolohiyang Griyego == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * {{Commons category-inline|Ammit}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6h089e579hffw1or22gbzz9gticgw8j 0 51088 309743 308791 2026-08-23T23:03:40Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309743 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Ammit''' ( /ˈ æ m ɪ t / ; , " '''Paralamon kan mga Gadan''' "; pigtradusir man '''na Ammut''' o '''Ahemait''' ) sarong suanoy na diosa kan Ehipto <ref>{{Cite web|last=Estate Overseer of Menmaatra; King's Scribe.|first=Hunefer|date=10 December 2024|title=papyrus|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA9901-3|access-date=10 December 2024|website=British Museum}}</ref> na may enotan na parte nin sarong [[leon]], an likod nin sarong [[hipopotamo]], asin an payo nin sarong buaya —an tolong pinakadakulang hayop na "nagkakakan nin tawo" na midbid kan suanoy na mga Ehipsiyo . Sa suanoy na relihiyon kan Ehipto, si Ammit nagkaigwa nin importanteng papel sa panahon kan ritwal sa lobong, an Paghukom sa mga Gadan . == Nomenklatura == Ammit nangangahulugan na " ''paralamon nin gadan'' " (" ''paralamon nin gadan'' " ) o " ''parahalon nin gadan'' ", kun saen iyo an berbong "mahalon", <ref>{{Harvp|Erman|Grapow|1926}}. </ref> asin nangangahulugan nin "mga gadan", mas partikularmente an mga gadan na hinusgaran na bakong kabali sa ("paladan na gadan") na nagsunod sa kodigo nin katotoohan ( Ma'at ). == Ikonograpiya == [[Ladawan:Early_Ammit.jpg|wala|thumb| Paglaladawan ki Ammit na mayong [[Leon|buhok]] gikan sa ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' ni Nebqed. c. 1391–1353 BCE, huring parte kan Ika-18 na Dinastiya .]] An Ammit pigtutukoy bilang sarong babaeng entidad, na komun na piglaladawan sa payo nin sarong buaya, an mga tabay sa enotan asin itaas na hawak nin sarong [[leon]] (o [[leopardo]] ), asin an mga tabay sa likod asin ibabang hawak nin sarong [[Hipopotamo|hippopotamus]] . An kombinasyon nin tolong nakagagadan na hayop sa Nilo: buaya, leon, asin hipopotamo, nagsusuherir na mayo nin makakadulag sa pagkapara, dawa sa buhay pagkagadan . Siya sarong parteng leon na babae, alagad an saiyang mga tampok na garo leon pwedeng magpresentar sa porma nin sarong [[Leon|balbas]], na parati na inaasosyar sa mga lalaking leon. Sa Papiro ni Ani, si Ammit sinasamnohan nin sarong tri-kolor na nemes, na isinusulot kan mga paraon bilang simbolo nin pagkahade. [[Ladawan:Ammit_BD.jpg|thumb| Ipinahiling ni Ammit sa Pagtimbang kan puso ni Ani gikan sa Papiro ni Ani . c. 1250 BCE, Ika-19 na Dinastiya .]] An mga bersyon kan ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' gikan sa Bagong Kahadean nagpoon na maglaog ki Ammit. Durante kan ika-18 dinastiya, an mestisong buaya-leon-hipopotamus iyo an kombensyonal na paglaladawan ki Ammit. Nagluwas siya sa mga eksena na nagpapahiling kan Paghukom sa mga Gadan, sa mga lulubngan asin mga papiro sa lobong . Sa eksenang ini, si Ammit ipinapahiling kaiba an ibang mga diyos kan Ehipto sa Duat, na naghahalat na maaraman kun kaya niyang uboson an puso kan nagadan. Sarong pagbabago sa estilo an nangyari, durante kan Ikatolong Panahon nin Pag-oltanan . Kan mga ika-beinte unong dinastiya, an eksena kan Paghukom sa mga Gadan ipininta sa laog asin luwas kan mga lungon . An takop kan lungon ni Ankh-hor, sarong hepe gikan sa ika-beinte dos na dinastiya nagtatampok ki Ammit na may darang payo nin sarong hippopotamus, asin an hawak nin sarong [[ayam]] na may mga hilera nin mga paps. Mantang an Papiro ni Nes-min (ca. 300–250 BCE) gikan sa Panahon nin Ptolemaic, naglaladawan ki Ammit na may payo nin sarong buaya, asin an hawak nin sarong ayam. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peck|first=William H.|date=2000|title=The Papyrus of Nes-min: An Egyptian Book of the Dead|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_detroit-institute-of-arts-bulletin_2000_74_1-2/page/n25|journal=Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts|volume=74|issue=1/2|pages=20–31|doi=10.1086/DIA41504961|jstor=41504961|s2cid=165731702|issn=0011-9636}}</ref> == Papel sa suanoy na relihiyon kan Ehipto == Bakong arog kan ibang mga diyos na itinampok sa suanoy na relihiyon kan Ehipto, si Ammit dai sinasamba . Imbes, si Ammit kinakatakutan asin tinutubod na sarong [[demonyo]] imbes na sarong diyos, huli sa saiyang papel bilang 'paralamon kan mga gadan'. Durante kan Bagong Kahadean, an mga dios asin demonyo naiiba sa paagi nin pagkaigwa nin kulto o sentro nin pagsamba. An mga demonyo sa suanoy na relihiyon kan Ehipto igwa nin supernatural na mga kapangyarihan asin papel, alagad mas hababa an ranggo sa mga diyos asin mayo nin lugar nin pagsamba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Lucarelli|first=Rita|date=September 2010|title=Demons (Benevolent and Malevolent)|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1r72q9vv}}</ref> Sa kaso ni Ammit, siya sarong demonyong bantay. An sarong demonyong bantay nakabugkos sa sarong partikular na lugar, arog kan Duat . An saindang itsura nakabasar sa sarong mestiso nin sarong [[hayop]] o sarong [[tawo]] asin pigdenotar tanganing mamidbid sinda kan mga gadan. An mga demonyong bantay na naglataw bilang sarong mestiso nin mga hayop sarong pinagsararo nin mga ugale na dapat katakotan asin tanganing ilaen sinda sa mga diyos na may koneksyon sa katawohan. [[Ladawan:Hieroglyphic_Papyrus_Book_of_the_Dead;_Late_Period,_2nd_Cent._BC;_from_Thebes_(28748663675).jpg|thumb| Ptolemaic na paglaladawan ni Ammit na nakatindog sa ibabaw kan sarong pedestal sa wala kan timbangan. Igwa siyang payo nin buaya, an [[Leon|balbas]] nin [[leon]], asin hawak nin [[ayam]] . Gikan sa sarong ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' na papiro (mga [[Ika-2ng siglo BC|ika-2 siglo BC]] E) sa Thebes .]] Bago an Bagong Kahadean asin an pagmukna kan Kapitulo 125 sa ''Libro kan mga Gadan'', si Ammit mayo nin dakulang presensya sa suanoy na relihiyon kan Ehipto . Alagad, si Khonsu, an diyos kan bulan, pigladawan bilang sarong 'paralamon kan mga gadan asin mga puso' sa mga teksto nin piramide kan Lumang Kahadean asin mga Teksto sa Kahon kan Tahaw na Kahadean . <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Adel Zaki Nasr|first=Youmna|date=December 12, 2022|title=Apotropaic Roles of Khonsu in the Ancient Egyptian Religion during the Dynastic Period|url=https://mkaf.journals.ekb.eg/article_276392_eda89ae7b789c6bf50958c471723673f.pdf|journal=Research Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels|publisher=Mansoura University|issue=12|pages=541–545}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sa bilog na Enot na Panahon sa Pag-oltanan asin sa Tahaw na Kahadean, sarong koleksyon nin mga anting-anting an ginibo tanganing mabilog an mga Teksto kan Kabaong . Sa Spell 310, si Khonsu nagsulo nin mga puso na mas magabat pa sa barahibo ni ma'at sa panahon kan Paghukom kan mga Gadan . <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Adel Zaki Nasr|first=Youmna|date=December 12, 2022|title=Apotropaic Roles of Khonsu in the Ancient Egyptian Religion during the Dynastic Period|url=https://mkaf.journals.ekb.eg/article_276392_eda89ae7b789c6bf50958c471723673f.pdf|journal=Research Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels|publisher=Mansoura University|issue=12|pages=541–545}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/TheAncientEgyptianCoffin1/The%20ancient%20Egyptian%20coffin1/page/n239/mode/2up|title=The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts: Volume I Spells 1-354|last=Faulkner|first=Raymond O.|publisher=Aris & Phillips Ltd.|year=1973|isbn=0-85668-005-2|location=Warminster, England|pages=227–228}}</ref> Sa Spell 311, kinakan ni Khonsu an mga puso kan mga diyos asin kan mga gadan. An mga banal na puso kinakan huli sa saindang kapangyarihan. An mga puso na pigkonsiderar na bakong malinig sa panahon kan paghukom kinakan, na binabayaan an nagadan na nakukulong sa Duat . An mga anting-anting na ini kabali sa mga pig-adaptar sa ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' poon sa Bagong Kahadean. An mga Anting-anting 310 asin 311 kan mga Teksto sa Lungon pigtutukoy sa mga Kapitulo 79, asin 125 sa ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' . An Kapitulo 79 nanonongod sa pagsulo kan puso, mantang an eksena nin paghukom asin paglamon kan mga puso makukua sa Kapitulo 125. <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Adel Zaki Nasr|first=Youmna|date=December 12, 2022|title=Apotropaic Roles of Khonsu in the Ancient Egyptian Religion during the Dynastic Period|url=https://mkaf.journals.ekb.eg/article_276392_eda89ae7b789c6bf50958c471723673f.pdf|journal=Research Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels|publisher=Mansoura University|issue=12|pages=541–545}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Imbes na si Khonsu an maglamon kan puso kan mga gadan, si Ammit inapod na 'paralamon kan mga gadan'. Si Ammit yaon sa panahon kan pagtimbang kan puso, na parati harani sa timbangan na naghahalat na maaraman an mga resulta. Kun an puso kan gadan bakong malinig, kinakan niya an saindang puso na binabayaan sindang daing kalag asin nakukulong sa Duat . <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQfFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74|title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume I|last=Kleiner|first=Fred S.|date=2020|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-357-37048-3|pages=57|language=en}}</ref> === Pagtimbang kan puso === [[Ladawan:The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg|wala|thumb|300x300px| Paghukom kan Kalag base sa Papiro ni Ani. Nagpapahiling nin puso na tinitimbang sa timbangan ni Maat laban sa barahibo nin katotoohan, kan Anubis na may payo nin jackal . Si Ammit nagtitindog na andam na kakanon an puso kun ini dai makapasar sa eksaminasyon. An ibis -headed Thoth, eskriba kan mga diyos, nagrekord kan resulta.]] An ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' sarong koleksyon nin mga teksto sa lobong na ginamit sa paggiya sa mga gadan pasiring sa Duat, an kinaban kan mga gadan sa Ehipto. An proseso kan Paghukom sa mga Gadan ilinadawan sa Kapitulo 125 . <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Ancient Egyptian literature : a book of readings. Volume II, The New Kingdom|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0002lich_o5k4|last=Lichtheim|first=Miriam|date=April 3, 2006|publisher=University of California Press|others=Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert|isbn=978-0-520-93306-4|edition=2nd|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0002lich_o5k4/page/132 132]–139|oclc=778435126|author-link=Miriam Lichtheim}}</ref> An namamahala sa Duat, si Osiris, an nangengenot sa paghokom. An mga bagong paglaladawan kan Kahadean kan eksenang ini nangyari sa Hall of the Two Truths (o Two ''Maats'' ). Si Anubis, an Parabantay kan mga Timbangan, dinara an mga gadan pasiring sa timbangan. [ 29 ] Si Ammit mamumugtak harani sa timbangan, na naghahalat kan mga resulta. Mantang si Thoth, an diyos kan mga hieroglyph asin paghukom, an magtatala kan mga resulta. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dqv7|title=Current Research in Egyptology 2007: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference|last=Aronin|first=Rachel|collaboration=Meg Gundlach|publisher=Oxbow Books|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84217-329-9|editor-last=Griffin|editor-first=Kenneth|volume=8|location=Oxford|pages=8, 10–11|chapter=Divine Determinatives in the Papyrus of Ani|doi=10.2307/j.ctvh1dqv7.5|jstor=j.ctvh1dqv7.5|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dqv7.5}}</ref> An puso kan nagadan tinimbang sa barahibo ni Ma'at, an diosa nin katotoohan. An barahibo ni Ma'at nagsisimbolo kan balanse, asin an pagigin totoo kaipuhan na yaon sa bilog na buhay nin saro. An puso o ''Ib'', nagrerepresentar kan kalag kan indibidwal asin iyo an susi sa pagbiyahe pasiring sa Aaru . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Ville|first=Jacques|date=Fall 2011|title=Mythology and the Images of Justice|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/lal.2011.23.3.324|journal=Law and Literature|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd.|volume=23|issue=3|pages=336–337|doi=10.1525/lal.2011.23.3.324|jstor=10.1525/lal.2011.23.3.324|hdl=10566/288|s2cid=220308728|issn=1535-685X|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Sa Kapitulo 125 kan ''Libro kan mga Gadan'', an nagadan tinatawan nin serye nin mga deklarasyon na dapat sabihon sa Paghukom kan mga Gadan. ''An Deklarasyon nin Inosensia'' sarong lista nin 42 na kasalan na dai nagkasala an nagadan. ''An Deklarasyon sa Kuwarenta y Dos na Dios'' asin ''An Pagtaram sa mga Dios'' direktang ibinareta sa mga dios, na ipinapahayag an kadalisayan asin kaimbodan kan nagadan. Pagkatapos na sabihon an mga deklarasyon, tinitimbang an saindang puso. Kun an puso mas hababa an timbang kisa sa barahibo ni Ma'at, an nagadan pinaghahadean na magin dalisay. Itinala ni Thoth an resulta asin tutugutan ni Osiris an mga nagadan na ipadagos an saindang paglayag pasiring ki Aaru asin [[Imortalidad|sa inmortalidad]] . Kun an puso mas magabat kisa sa barahibo ni Ma'at, an nagadan ibinibilang na bakong malinig. Si Ammit hahalonon an saindang puso, na binabayaan an nagadan na mayong kalag. An mga suanoy na Ehipto nagtutubod na an kalag magigin dai mapamugtak sagkod pa man, na magagadan nin ikaduwang kagadanan. Imbes na mag-istar sa Aaru, an daing kalag na indibidwal maiipit sa Duat . [[Ladawan:Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_21.JPG|thumb| An pag-ukit sa lanob ni Ammit sa sarong pedestal sa sarong eksena na naglaladawan kan Paghukom kan mga Gadan gikan sa Templo ni Hathor sa Deir el-Medina]] Si Ammit parateng ilinaladawan na nakaduko harani sa timbangan, andam nang kakanon an puso. An mga suanoy na Ehipto ilinubong na may kopya kan ''Libro kan mga Gadan'', na naggagarantiya na sinda magigin mapanggana sa Paghukom kan mga Gadan . Kaya, si Ammit nawalat na gutom na mayong puso na makakakan, asin an mga konsagradong gadan nakalampas sa Danaw nin Kalayo, na itinampok sa Kapitulo 126 kan ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/jane18570|title=Inventing Afterlives: The Stories We Tell Ourselves About Life After Death|last=Janes|first=Regina M.|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-231-18570-7|location=New York|pages=40–42|chapter=Impermanent Eternities: Egypt, Sumer, and Babylon, Ancient Israel, Greece, and Rome|doi=10.7312/jane18570|jstor=10.7312/jane18570|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/jane18570.5}}</ref> == Sa popular na kultura == Si Saba Mubarak an nagladawan ki Ammit sa serye sa telebisyon kan Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) na ''Moon Knight'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-04|title=Who Voices Ammit In Moon Knight's Final Episode?|url=https://screenrant.com/moon-knight-ammit-voice-actor/|access-date=2022-05-10|website=ScreenRant|language=en-US}}</ref> Sa mga ''Mummy na Buhay!'' serye nin cartoon, an pangenot na kontrabida na si Scarab aksidenteng inapod si Ammut, asin siya nagdanay. Sa palabas, siya sarong garo ayam asin medyo sadit na ataman na hayop na dai nagtataram. Sa serye ni Rick Riordan na ''The Kane Chronicles'', si Ammit an pigladawan. Sa ''Primeval'', si Ammit sarong ''Pristichampsus'' na nag-abot sa paagi nin sarong Anomaliya (sarong trangkahan sa panahon) pasiring sa suanoy na Ehipto, kun saen an mga tawo nagtutubod na ini sarong diyos. == Galeriya == <gallery> Ladawan:BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg|alt=Full view of the Weighing of the Heart from the Papyrus of Ani. Ammit is shown at the far right, near Thoth. c. 1250 BCE, Nineteenth Dynasty.| Bilog na paghiling kan Pagtimbang kan Puso gikan sa Papiro ni Ani . Si Ammit ipinapahiling sa pinakatuo, harani sa Thoth . c. 1250 BCE, Ika-19 na Dinastiya . Ladawan:The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg|alt=Full view of the Weighing of the Heart from the Papyrus of Hunefer. Ammit is shown next to the scale. Anubis is on her left, and Thoth on her right. c. 1275 BCE, Nineteenth Dynasty.| An bilog na paghiling kan Pagtimbang kan Puso gikan sa Papiro ni Hunefer . An Ammit ipinapahiling sa kataid kan timbangan. Si Anubis yaon sa saiyang wala, asin si Thoth yaon sa saiyang too. c. 1275 BCE, Ika-19 na Dinastiya . Ladawan:Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_Panorama.jpg|alt=Full view of the Weighing of the Heart from the Temple of Hathor in Deir el-Medina. Thoth is seen to the right of the scale, while to the right, Ammit sits on top of a pedestal.| An bilog na paghiling kan Pagtimbang kan Puso gikan sa Templo ni Hathor sa Deir el-Medina . Si Thoth nahihiling sa too kan timbangan, mantang sa too, si Ammit nagtutukaw sa ibabaw kan sarong pedestal. </gallery> == Hilingon man == * ''Libro kan mga Gadan'' * Chalkydri, iba pang mga mitolohikong linalang na pigladawan na may hawak nin leon asin payo nin buaya * [[Cerberus|Si Cerberus]], sarong chthonic na linalang sa mitolohiyang Griyego == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * {{Commons category-inline|Ammit}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] evbkzsuqwi2v4gmabos3qpfrpb3nsf7 0 51090 309744 283759 2026-08-23T23:04:02Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309744 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:File-Hamlet,_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png|thumb| ''Hamlet, Prinsipe kan Denmark, Akto I, Eksena IV'' ni Henry Fuseli (1789)]] '''An Hauntology''' (sarong portmanteau nin ''[[Multo|haunting]]'' asin ''ontology'', siring man '''mga pag-aadal sa espektral''', '''mga espektralidad''', o an '''pagbirik kan espektral''' ) sarong hanay nin mga ideya na nanonongod sa pagbalik o pagdadanay kan mga elemento gikan sa sosyal o kultural na nakaagi, arog kan paagi nin sarong multo. An termino sarong [[Neolohismo|neologismo]] na enot na ipinamidbid kan pilosopong Pranses na si Jacques Derrida sa saiyang libro kan 1993 ''na Specters of Marx'' . Poon kaidto, ini pig-aapod na sa mga larangan arog kan biswal na arte, pilosopiya, elektronikong musika, [[antropolohiya]], kriminolohiya, <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fiddler|first1=Michael|title=Ghosts of other stories: A synthesis of hauntology, crime and space|journal=Crime, Media, Culture|date=2019|volume=15|issue=3|pages=463-477}}</ref> politika, fiksyon, asin kritisismo sa literatura . <ref name="The Guardian2">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/jun/17/hauntology-critical|title=Hauntology: A not-so-new critical manifestation|first=Andrew|last=Gallix|date=17 June 2011|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mantang si Christine Brooke-Rose dati nang nag-pund nin "dehauntological" (sa "deontological") sa ''Amalgamemnon'' (1984), <ref>{{Cite book|title=Amalgamemnon|last=Brooke-Rose|first=Christine|publisher=Carcanet Press|year=1984|isbn=9780856355394|pages=138|quote=Far in a dehauntological campaign from zone to zone, zig-zagging north and south, east and west, the lovers will wander...}}</ref> Si Derrida enot na naggamit nin "hauntology" para sa saiyang ideya kan atemporal na naturalesa kan Marxismo asin an tendensiyang "mag-atake sa sosyedad kan Solnopan gikan sa luwas kan lolobngan". <ref name="bloom">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKc0DwAAQBAJ|title=Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 11|last=Albiez|first=Sean|date=2017|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=9781501326103|pages=347–349|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref> Ini naglaladawan nin sarong sitwasyon nin temporal asin ontological disjunction kun saen an presensya, orog na sa sosyal asin kultural, sinasalidahan nin sarong ipinalihis na bakong ginikanan. <ref name="dj.dancecult.net2">{{cite journal|url=https://dj.dancecult.net/index.php/dancecult/article/viewFile/378/391|title=The Metaphysics of Crackle: Afrofuturism and Hauntology|journal=Dance Cult|last=Fisher|first=Mark}}</ref> An konsepto gikan sa dekonstruksyon, kun saen an anuman na pagprobar na hanapon an ginikanan kan identidad o kasaysayan dapat na dai malilikayan na makadepende sa sarong pirming yaon nang mga kondisyon nin linggwistika. Sa ibong kan pagiging sentro kan ''Specters of Marx'', an tataramon na hauntology minalataw sana nin tulong beses sa libro, asin igwa nin kadikit na pagkakapareho sa kun pano tinatawan nin kahulugan kan ibang mga parasurat an termino. <ref name="NSM2">{{cite web|last1=Whyman|first1=Tom|title=The ghosts of our lives|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/07/ghosts-our-lives|website=New Statesman|access-date=15 December 2019|date=31 July 2019}}</ref> Kan mga taon 2000, an termino pig-aplikar sa mga musikero kan mga teorista na si Simon Reynolds asin Mark Fisher, na sinasabing nag-eeksplorar nin mga ideya na may relasyon sa temporal disjunction, retrofuturism, memorya kultural, asin an pagdadanay kan nakaagi. An Hauntology ginamit bilang sarong kritikal na lente sa manlaen-laen na porma nin media asin teorya, kabali an musika, estetika, teorya politikal, arkitektura, Africanfuturism, Afrofuturism, Neo-futurism, Metamodernism, [[antropolohiya]], asin psychoanalysis .  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2018)">dai natapos an pag-verify</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref name="Fisher, Mark 2014">Fisher, Mark. ''Ghosts of My Life: Writings on Depression, Hauntology and Lost Futures''. Zero Books, May 30, 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-78099-226-6}}</ref>  Huli sa kadepisilan sa pagsabot kan konsepto, igwa nin kadikit na pagkakapareho sa kun pano tinatawan nin kahulugan kan ibang mga parasurat an termino. == Pag-uswag == === Mga Prekursor === An mga istorya nin mga multo asin multo nag-eksister na sa laog nin mga milenyo, asin nakaabot sa sarong panahon nin kauswagan sa Solnopan kan ika-19 siglo . Sa mga pag-aadal sa kultura, si Terry Castle (sa ''The Apparitional Lesbian'' ) asin Anthony Vidler (sa ''The Architectural Uncanny'' ) naenot ki Derrida. === ''Mga Multo ni Marx'' === An "Hauntology" nagpoon sa diskusyon ni Derrida ki [[Karl Marx]] sa ''Specters of Marx'', partikularmente an proklamasyon ni Marx na "sarong [[multo]] an nag-aatake sa Europa—an multo kan komunismo" sa ''The Communist Manifesto'' . Si Derrida nag-aapod sa ''Hamlet'' ni Shakespeare, partikularmente an sarong frase na itinaram kan titular na karakter: "an panahon mayo nang pagkakasundo". <ref name="dj.dancecult.net3">{{cite journal|url=https://dj.dancecult.net/index.php/dancecult/article/viewFile/378/391|title=The Metaphysics of Crackle: Afrofuturism and Hauntology|journal=Dance Cult|last=Fisher|first=Mark}}</ref> An tataramon nagpupunsyon bilang sarong tuyong harani- homopono sa " ontolohiya " sa katutubong Pranses ni Derrida (cf. ''"hantologie"'', [ ɑ̃tɔlɔʒi ] asin ''"ontologie"'', [ ɔ̃tɔlɔʒi ] ). <ref>{{cite web|url=http://halflives.adc.rmit.edu.au/haunt/hl035.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707014009/http://halflives.adc.rmit.edu.au/haunt/hl035.html|title=Half Lives|archive-date=7 July 2007|access-date=2013-08-19}}</ref> An naenot na trabaho ni Derrida sa dekonstruksyon, sa mga konsepto nin pagsubaybay asin pagkakaiba sa partikular, nagseserbing pundasyon kan saiyang pormulasyon nin hauntology, sa pundamental na nagsasabi na mayo nin temporal na punto nin purong ginikanan kundi sarong " perming-na-mayo nang presente". Nahihiling ni Derrida an hauntology na bako sanang mas makapangyarihan kisa ontolohiya, kundi na "ini magtatago sa laog kaini kan eskatolohiya asin teleolohiya mismo". An saiyang pagsurat sa ''Specters'' minarkahan nin sarong pag-abala sa "pagkagadan" kan [[komunismo]] pagkatapos kan pagbagsak kan Unyon Sobyet kan 1991, partikularmente pagkatapos na an mga teorista arog ni Francis Fukuyama nagsabi na [[Kapitalismo|an kapitalismo]] konklusibong nanggana sa ibang mga sistemang politikal-ekonomiko asin nakaabot sa "katapusan kan kasaysayan" . Sa ibong kan pagiging sentro kan ''Specters of Marx'', an tataramon na hauntology minalataw sana nin tulong beses sa libro. Si Peter Buse asin Andrew Scott, na pinag-oolayan an nosyon ni Derrida nin hauntology, nagpapaliwanag:<blockquote>An mga multo minaabot hale sa nakaagi asin minalataw sa presente. Alagad, an aswang dai masasabi nin tama na kabali sa nakaagi .... Kun siring, an 'makasaysayan' na tawo na pigbibisto sa multo tamang kabali sa presente? Siguradong bako, ta an ideya nin pagbalik hale sa kagadanan minabari kan gabos na tradisyonal na konsepto nin temporalidad. An temporalidad na kun saen an multo sakop kun siring paradoksal, sa oras na sinda 'nagbabalik' asin naggigibo kan saindang aparisyonal na debut [...] an anuman na pagprobar na isuway an ginikanan kan tataramon makakakua kan inagural na momento kaini na nakadepende na sa sarong sistema nin mga pagkakaiba sa tataramon na nabugtak bago pa an 'orihinal' na momento (11). </blockquote> === Sa musika === Kan mga taon 2000, an termino kinua kan mga kritiko sa pagsambit sa mga paradox na makukua sa postmodernidad, partikularmente an padagos na pag-recycle kan kontemporanyong kultura kan retro na mga estetika asin an kawaran nin kakayahan na makadulag sa mga lumang pormang sosyal. An mga parasurat arog ni Mark Fisher asin Simon Reynolds ginamit an termino tanganing iladawan an sarong musikal na estetika na sibot sa temporal na disjunction na ini asin an nostalgia para sa "nawara na mga futuro". An mga inaapod na "hauntological" na mga musikero ilinaladawan bilang nag-eeksplorar nin mga ideya na may relasyon sa temporal disjunction, retrofuturism, memorya kultural, asin an pagdadanay kan nakaagi. <ref name="Oxford">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Music and Virtuality|last=Whiteley|first=Sheila|last2=Rambarran|first2=Shara|date=January 22, 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=412}}</ref> <ref name="sbe">{{Cite book|title=William Basinski: Musician Snapshots|last=Stone Blue staff writers|date=Sep 11, 2015|publisher=SBE Media|pages=Chapter 3}}</ref> == Sa antropolohiya == An antropolohiya nakahiling nin lakop na paggamit kan hauntology bilang sarong metodolohiya sa bilog na etnograpiya, [[arkeolohiya]], asin sikolohikal na antropolohiya . Kan 2019 ''Ethos'', an journal kan Society for Psychological Anthropology nagdusay nin sarong bilog na isyu sa hauntology, na may titulong ''Hauntology in Psychological Anthropology'', asin kadakol na mga libro asin artikulo sa journal an nagluwas na manungod sa temang ini. Sa sarong libro na may titulong ''The Hauntology of Everyday Life'', an sikolohikal na antropologo na si Sadeq Rahimi nagsasabi, "an mismong eksperyensya kan aroaldaw na buhay itinogdok sa palibot nin sarong proseso na puede niatong apodon na hauntogenic, asin an mayor na produkto iyo an padagos na sulog nin mga multo." <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-78992-3/|title=The Hauntology of Everyday Life|last=Rahimi|first=Sadeq|date=2021|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3-030-78992-3|location=London|page=3|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-78992-3|ref=Rahimi}}</ref> === Bilang paagi === Si Justin Armstrong, na nagtutugdok sa Derrida, nagproponer nin sarong "espektral na etnograpiya " na "nahihiling an lampas sa mga linderos kan aktuwal na tinataram na tataramon asin direktang pakikipag-ulay nin tawo sa pakikipag-ulay sa pag-ultanan kan espasyo, lugar, mga bagay, asin temporalidad ". <ref name="Armstrong 2010 pp. 243–2502">{{cite journal|last=Armstrong|first=Justin|title=On the Possibility of Spectral Ethnography|journal=Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies|publisher=SAGE Publications|volume=10|issue=3|date=2010-01-26|issn=1532-7086|doi=10.1177/1532708609359510|pages=243–250|s2cid=144608146}}</ref> Si Jeff Ferrell asin Theo Kidynis, na nagtutugdok ki Armstrong, nakagibo nin dugang pang mga ideya nin "etnograpiyang multo". === An mga pangenot asin ikaduwang mga pag-atake === An mga antropologo na si Martha asin Bruce Lincoln naggigibo nin pagkakaiba sa pag-ultanan kan mga pangenot na mga pag-atake, kun saen an mga pig-aatake minimidbid an realidad asin awtonomiya kan mga metapisikal na entidad sa medyo bakong kritikal, literal na paagi; asin mga segundaryong pag-atake, na nagbibisto kan "mga natatada sa teksto" na kasaysayan, o bilang mga tropo para sa "kolektibong mga estadong intrapsychic" arog kan trauma asin kamunduan. Bilang sarong pag-aadal nin kaso, ginagamit ninda an halimbawa kan segundaryong pag-atake ni Ba Chúc, kun saen an mga museo na kontrolado kan estado nagpapahiling kan mga kalabera kan mga gadan asin mga memorabilia, na kontra sa tradisyonal na mga kaugalean sa paglobong kan mga Vietnamese. Ini pigkokomparar sa [[Masaker sa Ba Chúc|"primary haunting" kan Ba Chúc]], an paranormal na aktibidad na sinasabing nangyayari sa sarong lugar nin paggadan na minarkahan nin sarong kahoy. <ref name="Lincoln Lincoln 2015 pp. 191–2202">{{cite journal|last1=Lincoln|first1=Martha|last2=Lincoln|first2=Bruce|title=Toward a Critical Hauntology: Bare Afterlife and the Ghosts of Ba Chúc|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_2015-01_57_1/page/191|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP)|volume=57|issue=1|year=2015|issn=0010-4175|doi=10.1017/s0010417514000644|pages=191–220|s2cid=147023375}}</ref> Sinabi ni Kit Bauserman na para sa mga teorista sa literatura asin kritikal, an multo "purong metapora" asin "sarong fictional na lalagan na nagkoko-opt kan saindang sosyal na agenda", mantang an mga etnograpo asin antropologo "an pinakaharani sa pag-enganyo sa mga multo bilang mga linalang". May mga iskolar na nagrason na an "malinig na pagkakaiba marikas na nababaak sa etnograpikong pag-analisar" asin na "bakong malinaw na an presensya kan mga multo bilang mga metapisikal na entidad iyo an pangenot." <ref name="Good Chiovenda Rahimi 2022 pp. 437–453">{{Cite journal|last1=Good|first1=Byron J.|last2=Chiovenda|first2=Andrea|title=The Anthropology of Being Haunted: On the Emergence of an Anthropological Hauntology|publisher=Annual Reviews|date=2022-10-24}}</ref> == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * {{cite web|author1=BBC Archive|author-link1=BBC Archive|title=BBC Ideas: What is hauntology? And why is it all around us?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ideas/videos/what-is-hauntology-and-why-is-it-all-around-us/p0729knv|website=BBC Ideas|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=1 May 2020|language=en|date=1 March 2019}} * {{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Fisher (theorist)|date=17 January 2006|url=http://k-punk.abstractdynamics.org/archives/007230.html|title=k-punk: Hauntology Now|website=k-punk.abstractdynamics.org}} * {{cite web|last1=Reynolds|first1=Simon|title=ReynoldsRetro: HAUNTOLOGY: the GHOST BOX label (Frieze, 2005)|url=https://reynoldsretro.blogspot.com/2017/10/hauntology-ghost-box-label-frieze-2005.html|website=ReynoldsRetro|access-date=1 May 2020|date=15 October 2017}} * https://web.archive.org/web/20211202154716/https://fastcapitalism.journal.library.uta.edu/index.php/fastcapitalism/article/view/54 [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s1h1srs22a0c7gc4o3moxs9oupycgmx 0 51111 309687 309078 2026-08-23T22:14:40Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309687 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" id="6" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div id="7" class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">[[:en:Nun|Sor]]</div><div id="11" class="fn" style="display:inline;">Juana Inés de la Cruz</div><div id="14" class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">[[:en:O.S.H.|O.S.H.]]</div> |- id="17" | colspan="2" id="18" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Sor_Juana_by_Miguel_Cabrera.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sor_Juana_by_Miguel_Cabrera.png|280x280px|Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz by [[Miguel Cabrera (painter)|Miguel Cabrera]]]]<div id="19" class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz by [[:en:Miguel_Cabrera_(painter)|Miguel Cabrera]]</div> |- id="22" ! scope="row" id="23" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Native name | id="25" class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |<div id="26" class="nickname">Juana de Asuaje y Ramírez de Santillana</div> |- id="28" ! scope="row" id="29" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Born | id="31" class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Juana Ramírez de Asbaje 12 November 1651 [[:en:Tepetlixpa|San Miguel Nepantla]], [[:en:New_Spain|New Spain]] (near modern [[:en:Tepetlixpa|Tepetlixpa]], Mexico) |- id="36" ! scope="row" id="37" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Died | id="39" class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |17 April 1695 (aged&nbsp;43) [[:en:Mexico_City|Mexico City]], New Spain |- id="42" ! scope="row" id="43" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Resting place | id="45" class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Convent of San Jerónimo, Mexico City |- id="47" ! scope="row" id="48" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Pen name | id="50" class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Juana Inés de la Cruz |- id="52" ! scope="row" id="53" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Occupation | id="55" class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Nun, poet, writer, philosopher, musician composer |- id="57" ! scope="row" id="58" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Language | id="60" class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Spanish, [[:en:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]], [[:en:Latin|Latin]] |- id="64" ! scope="row" id="65" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Education | id="67" class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |[[:en:Self_taught|Self taught]] until the age of twenty-one. (1669) |- id="71" ! scope="row" id="72" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Period | id="74" class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |17th century [[:en:Nun|Nun]] |- id="77" ! scope="row" id="78" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Literary movement | id="80" class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |[[:en:Baroque|Baroque]], ''[[:en:Culteranismo|Culteranismo]]'' |- id="84" ! scope="row" id="85" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Years&nbsp;active | id="87" class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |~1660 to ~1693 |- id="89" ! scope="row" id="90" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Notable works | id="92" class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |<div id="94" class="plainlist"> * Carta Atenagorica * First Dream * Pawns of a House * Satira Filosofica </div> |- id="104" ! colspan="2" id="105" class="infobox-header" |Signature |- id="107" | colspan="2" id="108" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |[[File:Firma_de_Juana_Inés_de_la_Cruz.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Firma_de_Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz.jpg|class=skin-invert-image|150x150px]] |} Si '''Juana Inés de Asbaje y Ramírez de Santillana''', mas midbid bilang Sor '''Juana Inés de la Cruz''' OSH (12 Nobyembre 1651 – 17 Abril 1695), <ref name="Gobernación2">{{Cite web|last=Gobernación|first=Secretaría de|title=Conoce más acerca de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz|url=http://www.gob.mx/segob/articulos/conoce-mas-acerca-de-sor-juana-ines-de-la-cruz?idiom=es|access-date=2021-07-01|website=gob.mx|language=es}}</ref> sarong Bagong Espanya (konsiderar na Mehikano kan kadakol na mga awtor) <ref>{{Cite book|title="Mujer y literatura femenina en la América virreinal."|last=Donoso Rodríguez|first=Ed. Miguel|publisher=Universidad de Navarra|quote=«La poetisa mexicana tuvo una formación académica y bagaje cultural bastante amplio y diverso».}}</ref> na parasurat, pilosopo, kompositor asin pararawitdawit kan panahon nin Baroque, siring man sarong madre Hieronymite, na binansagan na " ''The Ikasampulong Musa'' " asin " ''The Phoenix of America'' " kan saiyang mga kontemporanyong kritiko. Bilang sarong [[Imperyong Espanyol|Spanish]] - criolla gikan sa Bagong Espanya, siya kabali sa mga mayor na namundag sa Amerika na nagkontribwir sa Spanish Golden Age, kaiba si Juan Ruiz de Alarcón asin Garcilaso de la Vega " <nowiki><i id="mwKw">el Inca"</i></nowiki>, asin pigkokonsiderar na saro sa pinaka-importanteng babaeng awtor sa literatura sa tataramon na Espanyol asin sa literatura kan Mehiko . An kahulugan ni Sor Juana sa manlaen-laen na komunidad nagkakaiba-iba sa lawig nin panahon, na iprinesentar bilang sarong kandidato para sa [[Santo|pagigin banal na Katoliko]] ; sarong simbolo kan nasyonalismong Mehikano ; asin sarong paragon kan katalingkasan sa pagtaram, [[Karapatan nin kababaihan|mga deretso kan mga kababaihan]], asin sekswal na pagkakaiba-iba, na ginigibo siyang sarong pigura nin dakulang kontrobersiya asin debate sagkod ngonyan. == Buhay == === Amay na buhay === Si Juana namundag sa San Miguel Nepantla (ngonyan ''Nepantla de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz'' ) harani sa [[Syudad nin Mehiko|Siyudad nin Mehiko]] bilang an ilehitimong aking babae ni Don Pedro Manuel de Asuaje y Vargas-Machuca (1602-1680), sarong kapitan kan hukbong-dagat na Espanyol gikan sa Canary Islands na imbuelto sa kolonyal na transatlantikong transatlantiko na transatlantiko asin si Doñade Isabel asin si San Isabel Si Rendón (1626-1690), sarong midbid na criolla, na an ama nag-arkila kan ''Hacienda de Panoayan'', harani sa Siyudad nin Mehiko. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kennett|first=Frances|date=May 2003|title=Sor Juana and the Guadalupe|url=https://archive.org/details/feminist-theology_2003-05_11_3/page/307|journal=Feminist Theology|volume=11|issue=3|pages=307–324|doi=10.1177/096673500301100305}}</ref> [[Ladawan:MainHousePanoaya.JPG|thumb|280x280px| Hacienda kan Panoayan sa Amecameca, istaran kan pamilyang '''Ramírez de Santillana''' .]] Igwa nin duwang manlaen-laen na rehistrasyon nin bunyag na pig-aatribwir saiya, an saro sa irarom kan pangaran na "Juana" kan 1648, asin an saro pa sa irarom kan pangaran na "Inés" kan 1651, na sarong bagay na pinag-aadalan asin pinagdedebatehan pa man giraray kan mga akademiko. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arenal|title=A Life Without and Within: Juana Ramírez / Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648/51-1695)}}</ref> Igwa, dawa siring, nin pagkakaoroyon na siya saro sa tolong aki na nagkaigwa si Doña Isabel Ramírez de Santillana sa luwas kan kasal ki Don Pedro de Asuaje. Huli ta an ama ni Sor Juana naghale sa saiyang buhay sa amay na edad asin nagdanay na kadaklan na dai niya midbid, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Project Vox Team|title=Sor Juana (1648-1695)|url=https://projectvox.org/sor-juana-1648-1695/|url-status=|access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref> an pagkaomboy ni Sor Juana nangyari sa bilog na palibot kan pamilya kan saiyang ina sa ''hacienda'' kan Panaoyan, sa Amecameca, na inaarkilahan kan saiyang lolo sa ina, asin istaran kan mahiwas na pamilyang Ramírez de Santilla. Sa saiyang mga paryentes, nagkapirang mga babae na may pangaran na "Inés" an namidbid, kabali an saiyang lola na si Inés de Brenes, an saiyang tiyaon sa ina na si Inés Ramírez de Santillana, asin an saiyang pinsan na si Inés de Brenes y Mendoza, na agom sa sarong makoapo ni [[:es:Antonio de Saavedra Guzmán|Antonio de Saavedra Guzmán]], an pinakaenot na naipublikar [[Amerika|na Amerikanong]] pararawitdawit. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Cervantes|first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de|title=La Fe de bautismo de "Inés hija de la iglesia" de Sor Juana|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-fe-de-bautismo-de-ines-hija-de-la-iglesia-de-sor-juana-774883/html/7661e678-bc4d-467d-ab62-6756ac7edbb0_2.html|access-date=2021-09-21|website=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|language=es|archive-date=2021-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921232019/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-fe-de-bautismo-de-ines-hija-de-la-iglesia-de-sor-juana-774883/html/7661e678-bc4d-467d-ab62-6756ac7edbb0_2.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kan huri ilinadawan bilang sarong aki na prodigy, si Sor Juana pig-edukar sa harong sa ''Hacienda de Papaya'', na nabantad sa [[Tataramon na Latin|Latin]] asin [[Nahuatl]], <ref name="townsend">{{Cite journal|last=Townsend|title=Sor Juana's Nahuatl|url=http://cornucopia16.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Camilla-Townsend1.pdf}}</ref> asin nag-aadal nin pilosopiya, asin matematika. Tinawan siya nin libreng access sa pribadong libreriya kan saiyang lolo. Sa saiyang pagkaaki, si Inés parating nagtatago sa kapilya ''kan asyenda'' tanganing basahon an mga libro kan saiyang lolo hale sa kataid na libreriya, sarong bagay na ipinagbabawal sa mga daragita. Kan tres anyos na siya, nakanuod na siyang magbasa asin magsurat nin Latin. Sa edad na limang taon, siya daa nakakagibo na nin kuwenta. Sa edad na otso, nagkompuesto siya nin sarong rawitdawit manungod sa [[Eukaristiya]] . Kan sia tin-edyer, si Inés nakapag-adal na [[Lohika|nin lohika sa Griego]], asin sa edad na trese anyos nagtotokdo na sia nin Latin sa saradit na aki. Sa halawig na panahon pighona na siya nakanuod man nin Nahuatl, sarong tataramon na Aztec, asin nagsurat nin halipot na mga rawitdawit sa tataramon na iyan kan siya aki pa, alagad ini pig-angat kan mas bagong mga iskolar. Kan 1664, sa edad na 16, si Inés isinugo tanganing mag-istar sa Siudad nin Mejico. Naghagad siya nin permiso sa saiyang ina na magsagin-sagin bilang sarong estudyanteng lalaki tanganing makalaog siya sa unibersidad duman, na dai nagin mapanggana. Mayo nin kakayahan na makakua nin pormal na edukasyon, si Juana nagpadagos kan saiyang pag-adal sa pribado. An maimpluwensyang posisyon kan saiyang pamilya nagtao saiya kan posisyon bilang lady-in-waiting sa korte kan kolonyal na bise-rey, kun saen siya napairarom sa pag-ataman kan Vicereine ''Donna'' [[:es:Leonor Carreto|Eleonora del Carretto]], sarong miyembro kan saro sa pinakaprominenteng pamilya sa Italya, asin agom kan Bise-rey kan New Spain Donna Tonido Tonido De Mar Mancera . An bise-rey na si Marquis de Mancera, na nagmamawot na baloon an pakanood asin intelihensia kan 17 anyos, nag-imbitar nin nagkapirang teologo, hurista, pilosopo, asin pararawitdawit sa sarong pagtiripon, na durante kaiyan kinaipuhan niang simbagon an dakol na hapot na dai inandam asin ipaliwanag an nagkapirang depisil na punto manongod sa laen-laen na sientipiko asin literaryong tema. An paagi kan saiyang pag-absuelto sa saiyang sadiri nakabigla sa gabos na presente asin nakadagdag na gayo sa saiyang reputasyon. An saiyang mga naginibohan sa literatura an nagtao saiya nin kabantogan sa bilog na Bagong Espanya. Hinahangaan siyang marhay sa korte kan bise-regal, asin nakaresibe siya nin nagkapirang propuesto nin kasal, na saiyang sinayumahan. Pakalaog sa sarong madre kan 1667, si Sor Juana nagpoon na magsurat nin mga rawitdawit asin prosa na nagtutukar kan mga tema arog kan pagkamoot, mga deretso nin mga babae, asin relihiyon. <ref name="A&E Television Networks2">{{cite web|title=Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Biography|url=http://www.biography.com/people/sor-juana-in%C3%A9s-de-la-cruz-38178|access-date=11 March 2017|website=Biography.com|publisher=A&E Television Networks}}</ref> Ginibo niyang sarong salon an mga kwarto kan saiyang madre, na binisita kan mga babaeng intelektuwal na elite kan Bagong Espanya, kabali ''si Doña'' Eleonora del Carreto, Marchioness kan Mancera, asin ''si Doña'' Maria Luisa Gonzaga, Kondesa kan Paredes de Nava, parehong mga <nowiki><i id="mwmg">Vicereines</i></nowiki> kan Bagong Espanya, asin iba pa. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Stephanie|first1=Merrim|title=Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sor-Juana-Ines-de-la-Cruz|access-date=11 March 2017|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> An saiyang kritisismo sa misogyny asin an pagsaginsagin kan mga lalaki nagdara sa saiyang pagkondenar kan Obispo kan Puebla, <ref name=":182">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1072584/Manuel-Fernandez-de-Santa-Cruz|title=Manuel Fernandez de Santa Cruz, bishop of Puebla|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-04-15}}</ref> asin kan 1694 napiritan siyang ipabakal an saiyang koleksyon nin mga libro asin magkonsentrar sa pagkamoot sa mga dukha. <ref name=":102">{{Cite web|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/enlightenment-revolution/a/cabrera-portrait-of-sor-juana-ins-de-la-cruz|title=Cabrera, Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz|website=Khan Academy|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> Nagadan siya kan suminunod na taon, huli ta nagkaigwa nin peste mantang pigbubulong an saiyang mga tugang na babae. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Baroque Times in Old Mexico: Seventeenth-Century Persons, Places, and Practices|last=Leonard|first=Irving A.|date=1960|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472061105|edition=12th|pages=191–192|language=en}}</ref> == Buhay relihiyoso asin pagbabago nin pangaran == [[Ladawan:Claustro_de_Sor_Juana_Inés_de_la_Cruz_DSC_1099_(33088891783).jpg|thumb| Sa laog kan Hieronymite cloister kun saen si Sor Juana nag-erok kan kadaklan kan saiyang buhay.]] [[Ladawan:A_piece_of_Juana’s_work..jpg|alt=Manuscript page from “Libro de professiones y elecciones de prioras y vicarias del Convento de San Gerónimo,” 1586–1713, which Sor Juana signed in ink and her own blood.|thumb| Pahina kan manuskrito gikan sa ''Libro de professiones y elecciones de prioras y vicarias del Convento de San Gerónimo'', 1586–1713, na pinirmahan ni Sor Juana sa tinta asin sa saiyang sadiring dugo]] Kan 1667, naglaog siya sa Monasteryo ni San Jose, sarong komunidad kan mga Discalced Carmelite nuns, bilang sarong postulante, kun saen siya nagdanay nin pirang bulan sana. Kan huri, kan 1669, naglaog siya sa monasteryo kan mga madre Hieronymite, na igwa nin mas relaks na mga patakaran, kun saen binago niya an saiyang pangaran sa Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, posibleng sa pagsambit ki Sor Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez na sarong madre na Kastila na an mga intelektuwal na naginibohan nagtao saiya nin saro sa mga dispensasyon para sa mga babaeng preliminar sa ebanghelyo. An saro pang potensyal na kapangaran iyo si San Juan de la Cruz, saro sa mga pinakamahusay na kagsurat kan Spanish Baroque. Pinili niyang magin madre tanganing siya makapag-adal siring sa saiyang kamawotan nin huli ta gusto niyang "mayo nin nakapirming hanapbuhay na pwedeng makapugol kan sakuyang katalingkasan sa pag-adal." <ref name="Biography2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/sor-juana-inés-de-la-cruz-38178|title=Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Biography|website=Biography.com|publisher=A&E Television Networks|access-date=2016-04-15}}</ref> Sa kumbento asin tibaad mas amay pa, si Sor Juana nagin dayupot na amigo ni Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, na nagbisita saiya sa locutorio kan kumbento. Nag-istar siya sa Kumbento ni Santa Paula kan Hieronymite sa Siyudad nin Mehiko poon 1669 sagkod sa saiyang kagadanan kan 1695, asin duman siya nag-adal, nagsurat, asin nagtipon nin sarong dakulang libreriya nin mga libro. An Bise-Rey asin Bisereina kan Bagong Espanya nagin saiyang mga patron; sinuportaran ninda siya asin ipinapublikar an saiyang mga sinurat sa Espanya. <ref name="Biography3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/sor-juana-inés-de-la-cruz-38178|title=Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Biography|website=Biography.com|publisher=A&E Television Networks|access-date=2016-04-15}}</ref> Itinao niya an nagkapira sa saiyang mga rawitdawit sa mga pintura kan saiyang amigo asin patron na si María Luisa Manrique de Lara y Gonzaga, aking babae ni Vespasiano Gonzaga, Duca di Guastala, Luzara e Rechiolo asin Inés María Manrique, ika-9 na Kondesa de Paredes, na inapod man niyang Lísida. [[Ladawan:Sor_Juana_Inés_de_la_Cruz_(Juan_de_Miranda).jpg|thumb|347x347px| Enot na bistong retrato ni Sor Juana, ni [[Juan de Miranda]] (c. 1680).]] Kan Nobyembre 1690, an obispo kan Puebla, si Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz nagpublikar, sa alyas na Sor Filotea, asin mayong permiso niya, an kritisismo ni Sor Juana sa sarong 40-anyos na sermon ni Padre António Vieira, sarong Portuges [[Heswita|na Heswita]] na parahulit. <ref name=":183">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1072584/Manuel-Fernandez-de-Santa-Cruz|title=Manuel Fernandez de Santa Cruz, bishop of Puebla|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-04-15}}</ref> Dawa ngani an mga intensyon ni Sor Juana para sa obra, na inaapod na ''[[:es:Carta atenagórica|Carta Atenagórica]]'' pinabayaan sa interpretasyon, kadakol na mga iskolar an nagpili na interpretaron an obra bilang sarong angat sa hirarkikal na estruktura kan Simbahan Katoliko . <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Routledge research companion to the works of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz|last=Bergmann, Emilie L., 1949– Herausgeber. Schlau, Stacey, 1948– Herausgeber|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4724-4407-3|oclc=1011112232}}</ref> Kaiba kan ''[[:es:Carta atenagórica|Carta Atenagórica]] ,'' an obispo nagpublikar man kan saiyang sadiring surat kun saen sinabi niya na dapat siyang magkonsentrar sa relihiyoso imbes na sa sekular na mga pag-aadal. Ipinublikar niya an saiyang mga kritisismo tanganing gamiton ini sa saiyang bentaha laban sa padi, asin mantang uyon siya sa mga kritisismo kaini, nagtutubod siya na bilang sarong babae, dapat niyang idusay an saiyang sadiri sa pamibi asin itao an saiyang mga sinurat. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Library : an illustrated history.|url=https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000stua|last=Murray|first=Stuart|date=2012|publisher=W W Norton|isbn=978-1-61608-453-0|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000stua/page/139 139]}}</ref> Bilang simbag sa saiyang mga kritiko, si Sor Juana nagsurat nin sarong surat, ''Respuesta a Sor Filotea de la Cruz'' ( ''Simbag ki Sister Philotea'' ), na kun saen pigdepensa niya an deretso kan mga kababaihan sa pormal na edukasyon . Nag-adbokasiya man siya para sa deretso kan mga kababaihan na magserbing intelektwal na awtoridad, bako sana sa paagi kan akto nin pagsurat, kundi sa paagi man kan pagpublikar kan saindang mga sinurat. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Allatson|title=A Shadowy Sequence: Chicana Textual/Sexual Reinventions of Sor Juana}}</ref> Sa pagbugtak sa mga babae, partikularmente sa mga gurang na babae, sa mga posisyon nin awtoridad, an argumento ni Sor Juana, an mga babae puedeng mag-edukar sa ibang mga babae. Huli kaini, an argumento ni Sor Juana, an gawe-gawe na ini makakalikay man sa mga posibleng peligrosong sitwasyon na imbuelto an mga lalaking paratukdo sa mga dayupot na kamugtakan sa mga hoben na babaeng estudyante. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr|title=The library : an illustrated history|last=Murray|first=Stuart A.P.|date=2009|publisher=[[Skyhorse Pub.]]|isbn=9781602397064|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref> Kan 1691, siya sinaway asin pinagbotan na magpundo sa pagsurat pakatapos na mabuyagyag an sarong pribadong surat kun saen siya nagsurat manungod sa deretso kan mga kababaihan sa edukasyon. Apwera sa saiyang kamugtakan bilang sarong babae sa sarong sadiring pigreseta na posisyon nin awtoridad, an radikal na posisyon ni Sor Juana an nagin dahelan na siya magin sarong mas kontrobersyal na pigura. Siya bantog na nagkomento sa paagi nin pagkotar sa sarong pararawitdawit na Aragonese asin pag-otro ki Santa [[Teresa nin Ávila (Teresa of Ávila)|Teresa nin Ávila]] : "An saro puedeng magpilosopiya mantang nagluluto nin pamanggihan." <ref>{{cite web|title=Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, Mexican poet and scholar|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sor-Juana-Ines-de-la-Cruz#ref959|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=26 February 2024}}</ref> Bilang simbag, si Francisco de Aguiar y Seijas, Arsobispo kan Mehiko nag-iba sa ibang mga halangkaw na opisyal sa pagkondenar kan "pagkasuway" ni Sor Juana. Apwera sa pagkontra na saiyang naresibe huli sa pag'angat sa patriarkal na estruktura kan [[Simbahan Katoliko]], si Sor Juana paorootrong pigtuyaw huli sa pagtubod na an saiyang pagsurat makakamit kan parehong mga katuyuhan na pilantropo arog kan trabaho sa komunidad. Kan 1693, garo baga nagpondo na siya sa pagsurat tanganing maibitaran an peligro kan opisyal na pagsensura . Dawa mayo nin dai mapagdududahan na ebidensya kan saiyang pagsikwal sa saiyang pagsurat, igwa nin mga dokumento na nagpapahiling na siya nag-uyon na mag-agi nin penitensya . An saiyang pangaran nakadukot sa siring na dokumento kan 1694, alagad an tono kan mga pigtutubodan na surat-kamot na mga penitensyal yaon sa retorikal asin autokratiko, na kabaliktaran sa saiyang normal na liriko na estilo. An saro may pinirmahan na " ''Yo, la Peor de Todas'' " ("Ako, an pinakamaraot sa gabos na babae"). Sinasabi na ipinabakal niya an gabos niyang libro, dangan sarong mahiwas na libreriya na sobra sa 4,000 na tomo, siring man an saiyang mga instrumentong musikal asin siyentipiko. An ibang mga pinagkukuanan nagbareta na an saiyang pagsuway sa Simbahan nagdara sa pagkumpiskar kan gabos niyang mga libro asin instrumento, dawa ngani an obispo mismo uyon sa laog kan saiyang mga surat. <ref name="Murray 2009">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr|title=The Library: An Illustrated History|last=Murray|first=Stuart|publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8389-0991-1|location=Chicago|url-access=registration}}</ref> Sa labing sanggatos na dai pa naipublikar na mga obra, <ref name=":16">{{Cite book|title=Nepantla as her place in the middle : multilingualism and multiculturalism in the writings of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz|last=Gomez, Nicole Lynn|oclc=974910460}}</ref> pira sana sa saiyang mga sinurat an natada, na midbid bilang an ''Kumpletong mga Obra'' . Susog ki Octavio Paz, an saiyang mga sinurat nasalbar kan bisereina. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Sor Juana, Or, The Traps of Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674821064|last=Paz|first=Octavio|date=1988|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674821064}}</ref> Nagadan siya pagkatapos na maglingkod sa ibang mga madre na tinamaan nin peste, kan 17 Abril 1695. Si Sigüenza y Góngora an nagtao kan eulogy sa saiyang lobong. <section end="Modern" criticism="" of="" the="" catholic="" church="" transclusion="" /> == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2dzbzlkrs4j1qs573eu8nonjpwj0j50 0 51154 309825 309006 2026-08-24T00:12:36Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|English zoologist (born 1934)}} {{for|the Australian author|Jane R. Goodall}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = [[Dame]] | name = Jane Goodall | honorific_suffix = | caption = | birth_name = Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1934|4|3|df=y}} | birth_place = London, England | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = {{plainlist| *{{marriage|[[Hugo van Lawick|Baron Hugo van Lawick]]|28 March 1964|1974|end=div}} *{{marriage|Derek Bryceson|1975|1980|end=died}}}} | children = 1 | education = [[Newnham College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Darwin College, Cambridge]] ([[MA (Oxon)|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) | fields = [[Ethology]] | thesis_title = Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees | thesis_url = https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727585 | thesis_year = 1966 | doctoral_advisor = [[Robert Hinde]]<ref name=goodphd/> | known_for = Study of [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]s, conservation, animal welfare | prizes = {{plainlist| *[[Kyoto Prize]] (1990) *[[Hubbard Medal]] (1995) *[[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]] (1997) *Dame Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (2004) *[[Templeton Prize]] (2021) *[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2025) }} | signature = Autograph of Jane Goodall.jpg | module = {{Listen|embed=yes |filename = Jane Goodall BBC Radio4 Woman's Hour 26 Jan 2010 p00tr6ks.flac |title = Jane Goodall's voice |type = speech |description = from the BBC programme [[Woman's Hour]], 26 January 2010<ref name="p00tr6ks">{{Cite episode |title=Dame Jane Goodall |series=Woman's Hour |series-link=Woman's Hour |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00tr6ks |access-date=18 January 2014 |station=BBC Radio 4 |date=26 January 2010 }}</ref> }} }} Si '''Dama Jane Morris Goodall''' DBE (/ˈɡʊdɔːl/; namundag na '''Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall'''; 3 Abril 1934),{{r|JGBio|}} dating '''Baronesa Jane van Lawick-Goodall''', sarong Ingles na [[Solohiya|zoologo]], primatologo asin [[Antropolohiya|antropologo]]. Siya pigkokonsiderar na pinaka-eksperto sa kinaban sa mga chimpanzee, pagkatapos nin 60 taon na pag-adal kan sosyal asin pamilyang interaksiyon kan mga layas na mga chimpanzee.Si Goodall enot na nagduman sa [[Parke Nasyonal kan Gombe Stream]] sa Tanzania tanganing obserbaran an mga chimpanzee kaini kan 1960. Siya an kagmukna kan Jane Goodall Institute asin kan programa na Roots &amp;amp; Shoots asin nagtrabaho nin mahiwas sa mga isyu sa konserbasyon asin kapakanan kan mga hayop.Poon kan 2022, siya kabali sa hunta kan Nonhuman Rights Project. Kan Abril 2002, siya nginaranan na Mensahero nin Katoninongan kan Naciones Unidas.Si Goodall sarong honoraryong myembro kan World Future Council. == Amay na buhay == Si Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall namundag kan Abril 1934 sa Hampstead, London, sa negosyanteng Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall [de] (1907–2001) asin Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), sarong nobelista gikan sa Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, na nagsurat sa irarom kan pangaran na Vanne Morris-Goodall.{{r|JGBio|}} An pamilya kan huri nagbalyo sa Bournemouth, asin si Goodall nag-adal sa Uplands School, sarong independienteng eskwelahan sa haraning Poole. Kan siya aki pa, tinawan siya kan ama ni Goodall nin sarong kawatan na chimpanzee na an pangaran Jubilee bilang alternatibo sa sarong teddy bear.Sinabi ni Goodall na an saiyang pagkamoot kaini iyo an nagpukaw kan saiyang amay na pagkamoot sa mga hayop, na nagkomento, "An mga amigo kan sakong ina natakot sa kawatan na ini, na naghohona na ini matakot sako asin matao sako nin mga bangungot." Si Jubilee yaon pa man giraray sa aparador ni Goodall sa London.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey|last=Goodall|first=Jane|last2=Phillip Berman|publisher=Warner Books|year=2000|isbn=978-0-446-67613-7|location=New York|page=4}}</ref> == Aprika == Si Goodall pirming naaakit sa mga hayop asin Aprika, na nagdara saiya sa oma kan sarong amigo sa kabukidan kan [[Kenya]] kan 1957. Poon duman, nakakua siya nin trabaho bilang sarong sekretarya, asin sa paghiro sa sadol kan saiyang amigo, inapod niya si Louis Leakey, an arkeologo asin paleontologo kan Kenya, na mayong ibang kaisipan kundi an maggibo nin appointment tanganing pag-olayan an mga hayop. Si Leakey, na nagtutubod na an pag-aadal kan mga eksistidong darakulang unggoy makakatao nin mga indikasyon kan gawi-gawi kan mga enot na hominid, naghahanap nin sarong parasiyasat sa chimpanzee, dawa ngani itinago niya an ideya sa saiyang sadiri. Imbes, nagproponer siya na si Goodall magtrabaho para saiya bilang sarong sekretarya. Pagkatapos na makakua nin pag-uyon gikan sa saiyang katrabahong parasiyasat asin agom, an Briton na paleoantropologo na si Mary Leakey, ipinadara ni Louis si Goodall sa Olduvai Gorge sa Tanganyika (ngonyan parte kan [[Tansaniya|Tanzania]]), kun saen saiyang ibinugtak an saiyang mga plano.<ref name="Richards 2000">{{Cite journal|title=Profile: Mirror of Humankind}}</ref> Kan 1958, ipinadara ni Leakey si Goodall sa London tanganing pag-adalan an gawi-gawi kan mga primata kaiba si Osman Hill asin an anatomiya kan mga primata kaiba si John Napier.<ref name="Morell1995">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ancestralpassion00more/page/242|title=Ancestral Passions: the Leakey family and the quest for humankind's beginnings|last=Morell|first=Virginia|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1995|isbn=978-0-684-80192-6|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancestralpassion00more/page/242 242]}}</ref> Si Leakey nagtipon nin mga pondo, asin kan 14 Hulyo 1960, si Goodall nagduman sa Parke Nasyonal kan Gombe Stream, na nagin pinakaenot sa inaapod na The Trimates.<ref name="GoodallPeterson2002">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdr0TP7ou0wC&pg=PA1|title=Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters: The Later Years|last=Goodall|first=Jane|last2=Peterson|first2=Dale|date=25 September 2002|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-618-25734-8|page=1|access-date=13 July 2011}}</ref> Kaiba siya kan saiyang ina, na an presensya kaipuhan tanganing masimbagan an mga kahagadan ni David Anstey, hepeng warden, na nagmamakulog para sa saindang kaligtasan. Pigtatawan nin kredito ni Goodall an saiyang ina sa pag-enkaminar saiya na mag-adal nin karera sa primatolohiya, sarong larangan na dominado nin mga lalaki kan panahon na idto. Sinabi ni Goodall na an mga babae dai inaako sa larangan kan magpoon siya kan saiyang pagsiyasat kan huring parte kan dekada 1950. Kan 2019, an larangan nin primatolohiya haros pantay-pantay na binibilog nin mga lalaki asin babae, sa parte huli sa pag-entra ni Goodall asin an saiyang pag-engganyar sa mga hoben na babae na mag-ayon sa larangan. Si Leakey nag-areglo nin pondo, asin kan 1962 ipinadara niya si Goodall, na mayo nin kurso, sa Unibersidad kan Cambridge. Siya an ikawalong tawo na tinugutan na mag-adal para sa PhD sa Cambridge na dai pa nakakua nin degree sa batsilyer.<ref name="PBS 1996">{{Cite news|author=Anon|title=Nature: Jane Goodall's Story|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/jane-goodalls-wild-chimpanzees-jane-goodalls-story/1911/|newspaper=PBS|date=3 March 1996}}</ref> Nag-adal siya sa Newnham College, Cambridge, kun saen naresibe niya an saiyang Batsilyer kan Artes sa siyensya natural kan 1964. Kan huri kan taon na idto, nag-enrol siya sa bagong establisadong Darwin College, Cambridge, tanganing magkua nin Doktor sa Pilosopiya sa [[etolohiya]].<ref name="CV">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzJIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA261|title=Jane Goodall: The Woman Who Redefined Man|last=Dale Peterson|date=11 November 2014|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-52579-2|page=261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzJIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA261|title=Jane Goodall: The Woman Who Redefined Man|author=Dale Peterson|date=11 November 2014|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-52579-2|page=261}}</ref> An saiyang tesis natapos kan 1966 sa irarom kan superbisyon ni Robert Hinde sa ''Ugali kan mga libreng nabubuhay na chimpanzee'' (sa Ingles: ''Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees''),<ref name="CV" /> na nagdedetalye kan saiyang enot na limang taon nin pag-adal sa Gombe Reserve.<ref name="JGBio" /><ref name=":0" /> Kan 19 Hunyo 2006, an Open University kan Tanzania nagtao saiya nin honoraryong degree sa Doctor kan Siyensya. == Trabaho == === Pagsiyasat sa Parke Nasyonal kan Gombe Stream === [[Ladawan:Jane_Goodall,_The_Green_Interview.webm|too|thumb| Si Goodall sa pakikipag-olay ki Silver Donald Cameron, na pinag-oolayan an saiyang trabaho]] [[Ladawan:Sculpture_of_Jane_Goodall_and_David_Greybeard.jpg|thumb| Sarong eskultura ni Jane Goodall asin David Greybeard sa luwas kan Field Museum sa Chicago]] Si Goodall nag-adal kan sosyal asin buhay pamilya kan mga chimpanzee poon sa komunidad nin mga chimpanzee sa Kasakela sa Parke Nasyonal kan Gombe Stream, [[Tansaniya|Tanzania]], kan 1960.<ref name="PBS">{{Cite web}}</ref> Nadiskobre niya na "bako sanang mga tawo an igwa nin pagkatawo, na may kakayahan sa rasyonal na pag-isip [asin] mga emosyon arog kan kaogmahan asin kamunduan." Naobserbaran man niya an mga gawi-gawi arog kan mga kugos, hadok, pagtapik sa likod, asin dawa an pagkiliti, na pigkokonsiderar tang "tawo" na mga aksyon.<ref name="PBS" /> Nag-iinsistir si Goodall na an mga muwestrang ini ebidensya kan "dayupot, masinuportar, mamomoton na mga bogkos na nagtatalubo sa pag-ultanan kan mga miyembro kan pamilya asin iba pang mga indibidwal sa laog nin sarong komunidad, na pwedeng magdanay sa bilog na lawig nin buhay na labing 50 taon."<ref name="PBS" /> An pagsiyasat ni Goodall sa Gombe Stream nag-angat sa duwang haloy nang pagtubod kan panahon na idto: na an mga tawo sana an makakagibo asin makakagamit nin mga kasangkapan, asin na an mga chimpanzee mga vegetarian. Mantang pigmamasdan an sarong chimpanzee na nagkakakan sa sarong bulod nin anay, pigmamasdan niya ini na paorootrong nagbubugtak nin mga tuod nin doot sa mga labot nin anay, dangan hinahale sinda sa labot na natatahoban nin mga nagkukurapot na anay, na epektibong "nagsisira" para sa mga anay. An mga chimpanzee nagkukua man nin mga sanga sa mga kahoy asin hinahale an mga dahon tanganing magin mas epektibo an sanga, sarong klase nin pagbabago nin bagay na iyo an pundamental na kapinunan kan paggibo nin mga kasangkapan.<ref name="Chimp" /> An mga tawo haloy nang naiiba an saindang mga sadiri sa iba pang parte kan kahadean nin mga hayop bilang "Tawong Paragibo nin Kasangkapan". Bilang simbag sa rebolusyonaryong mga nadiskubre ni Goodall, si Louis Leakey nagsurat, "Kaipuhan tang tawan giraray nin kahulugan an tawo, tawan giraray nin kahulugan an kasangkapan, o akoon an mga chimpanzee bilang tawo!"<ref name="Chimp" /> Sa kabaliktaran kan matoninong asin mamomoton na gawi-gawi na saiyang naobserbaran, si Goodall nakanompong man nin agresibong lado kan naturalesa kan mga chimpanzee sa Gombe Stream. Nadiskobre niya na an mga chimpanzee sistematikong naghahanap asin nagkakakan nin saradit na primata arog kan mga kabalang na colobus. Naheling ni Goodall an sarong paraayam na grupo na nagsiblag nin sarong kabalang na colobus sa itaas kan sarong kahoy asin pigbara an gabos na posibleng maluwasan kaini; dangan sarong chimpanzee an nagsakat asin dinakop asin ginadan an colobus. An iba dangan nagkua nin mga parte kan bangkay, na ipinapakipaghereras sa ibang mga miyembro kan tropa bilang simbag sa mga gawi-gawi nin paghagad.<ref name="Goodall" /> An mga chimpanzee sa Gombe naggagadan asin nagkakakan nin sagkod sa un-tersio kan populasyon nin mga colobus sa parke kada taon.<ref name="PBS" /> Ini sana an sarong mayor na siyentipikong nakua na nag-angat sa mga nakaaging konsepto kan pagkakan asin gawi-gawi kan mga chimpanzee. Naobserbaran man ni Goodall an tendensiyang magin agresyon asin kadahasan sa laog kan mga tropa nin chimpanzee. Naobserbaran ni Goodall an mga dominanteng babae na tuyong ginagadan an mga ogbon kan ibang mga babae sa tropa tanganing mapagdanay an saindang dominasyon, minsan minaabot sa kanibalismo. Sabi niya manungod sa kapahayagan na ini, "Sa laog kan enot na sampulong taon kan pag-aadal ako nagtubod [...] na an mga chimpanzee kan Gombe, sa kadaklan, mas magayon kisa mga tawo.[...] Dangan bigla ming nadiskubre na an mga chimpanzee pwedeng magin brutal—na sinda, arog ta, igwa nin mas madiklom na lado sa saindang naturalesa."<ref name="Chimp" /> Ilinadawan niya an 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War sa saiyang 1990 na memoir, ''Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzee of Gombe''. An saiyang mga nadiskubre nagrebolusyonar kan kontemporanyong kaaraman sa gawi-gawi kan mga chimpanzee asin nagin dugang pang ebidensya kan mga sosyal na pagkakapareho sa pag-ultanan kan mga tawo asin mga chimpanzee.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Insights into human evolution from 60 years of research on chimpanzees at Gombe|language=en}}</ref> Ipinalaen ni Goodall an saiyang sadiri sa kombension sa paagi nin pagngaran sa mga hayop sa saiyang mga pag-aadal sa mga primata imbes na tawan nin numero an lambang saro. An pagnumero sarong haros unibersal na gawi kan panahon na idto asin pighuhuna na mahalaga sa paglikay sa emosyonal na pagkakabit sa pinag-aadalan na tema asin kun siring nawawaran nin pagkamaniobhetiba. Si Goodall nagsurat kan 1993: "Kan, sa kaamayi nin 1960, ako daing pag-alangan na naggamit nin mga tataramon na arog kan 'pagkaaki', 'pagkahoben', 'motibasyon', 'kaogmahan', asin 'mood' ako pinagtuyaw nin gayo. Mas maraot pa an sakuyang krimen kan magsuherir na an mga chimpanzee igwa nin mga 'personalidad'. Na ipinagpapanungod kong an karakterisang tawo sa mga bakong tawong mga hayop asin kaya nagkasala sa pinakamaraot na mga kasalan sa etolohiya—an antropomorpismo."<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/goodall01.htm|title=The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity|last=Goodall|first=Jane|date=1993|publisher=Fourth Estate|isbn=978-1-85702-126-4|editor-last=Cavalieri|editor-first=Paola|location=London|page=10}}</ref> An pagkakaiba sa saiyang sadiri sa ibang mga parasiyasat nagdara man saiya na magkaigwa nin haraning relasyon sa mga chimpanzee asin magin an solamenteng tawo na inako sa sosyedad nin mga chimpanzee. Siya an pinakahababang ranggo na miyembro kan sarong tropa sa laog nin 22 na bulan. Kabali sa mga nginaranan ni Goodall kan saiyang mga taon sa Gombe iyo an: * Si David Greybeard, sarong lalaking abohon an baba na enot na nag-init ki Goodall; * Si Goliath, sarong amigo ni David Greybeard, na orihinal na alpha na lalaki na nginaranan huli sa saiyang maisog na naturalesa; * Si Mike, na sa paagi kan saiyang katusohan asin improbisasyon nawara si Goliath bilang an alpha na lalaki; * Humphrey, sarong dakula, makusog, asin para-bully na lalaki; * Si Gigi, sarong dakula, baog na babae na naoogma sa pagigin "tiya" kan arin man na hoben na chimpanzee o tawo; * Si Mr. McGregor, sarong maringis na gurang na lalaki; * Si Flo, sarong baga-ina, halangkaw an ranggo na babae na may tibloganan na dungo asin ragrag na talinga, asin an saiyang mga aki; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, asin Flint; * Si Frodo, an ikaduwang pinakamatuang aki ni Fifi, sarong agresibong lalaki na parating inaatake si Jane asin sa kahurihurihi pinipirit siyang maghale sa tropa kan siya nagin nang alpha na lalaki. === Jane Goodall Institute === [[Ladawan:Jane_Goodall_at_RS_Hungary.JPG|too|thumb| Goodall kan 2009 kaiba an mga miyembro kan grupong Hungarian Roots & Shoots]] Kan 1977, si Goodall nagmukna kan Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), na nagsusuporta sa pagsiyasat kan Gombe, asin siya sarong pankinaban na lider sa paghihingoa na protehiran an mga chimpanzee asin an saindang mga istaran. Igwa nin labing siyam na opisina sa bilog na kinaban, an JGI lakop na midbid para sa mga programa sa konserbasyon asin pagpapauswag na nakasentro sa komunidad sa Aprika. An pankinaban na programa kaini sa mga hobenes, Roots <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Shoots, nagpoon kan 1991 kan an sarong grupo nin 16 na lokal na mga tin-edyer nakipag-olay ki Goodall sa saiyang likod na beranda sa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Gustong-gusto nindang pag-olayan an laen-laen na problema na aram ninda gikan sa personal na eksperyensia na nagin dahelan nin hararom na paghadit sa sainda. An organisasyon igwa nin labing 10,000 na grupo sa labing 100 nasyon as of 2010. Kan 1992, itinogdas ni Goodall an ''Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Center'' sa [[Republika kan Kongo|Republika kan Congo]] tanganing atamanon an mga chimpanzee na nailo huli sa komersyo nin karne sa kagurangan. An rehabilitasyon nag-eerok nin labing sanggatos na chimpanzee sa ibabaw kan tolong isla kaini. Kan 1994, si Goodall nagmukna kan ''Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education'' (''TACARE'' o "''Take Care''") na proyektong piloto tanganing protehiran an istaran kan mga chimpanzee sa pagputol nin kagurangan sa paagi nin pag-reforestate kan mga bulod sa palibot kan Gombe mantang kasabay na pig-eedukar an mga kataraid na komunidad manungod sa sustenabilidad asin pagtutuod sa agrikultura. An proyektong TACARE nagsusuporta man sa mga hoben na babae sa paagi nin pag-alok sainda nin pribiliheyo sa edukasyon sa salud reproduktibo asin sa paagi nin mga iskolarsyip tanganing tustusan an saindang matrikula sa kolehiyo. [[Ladawan:Jane_Goodall_and_Lou_Perrotti_2009_by_DS.jpg|thumb| Goodall kan 2009 kaiba si Lou Perrotti, na nagkontribwir sa saiyang librong ''Hope for Animals and Their World'']] Huli sa pag-awas kan mga surat-kamot na mga nota, retrato, asin datos na nagtitipon sa harong ni Jane sa Dar es Salaam kan kabangaan kan dekada 1990, an Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies pigmukna sa Unibersidad kan Minnesota tanganing ibugtak asin iorganisar an mga datos na ini. Kan 2011 an gabos na orihinal na mga arkibo ni Jane Goodall yaon duman asin pig-digitize, pig-analisar, asin pigbugtak sa sarong online database. Kan 17 Marso 2011, an tagapagtaram kan Unibersidad kan Duke na si Karl Bates nag-anunsyo na an mga arkibo mabalyo sa Duke, kaiba si Anne E.Pusey, an pamayo kan ebolusyonaryong antropolohiya ni nin Duke, na iyo an namamahala sa koleksyon. Si Pusey, na iyo an namamahala kan mga arkibo sa Minnesota asin nagtrabaho kaiba si Goodall sa Tanzania, nagtrabaho sa Duke sa laog nin sarong taon. Kan 2018 asin 2020, si Goodall nakipagpartner sa saiyang amigo asin CEO na si Michael Cammarata sa duwang natural na linya nin produkto gikan sa Schmidt's Naturals asin Neptune Wellness Solutions. Limang porsyento kan lambang benta napaduman sa kapakinabangan kan Jane Goodall Institute. Poon kan 2004, si Goodall nagdudusay kan haros gabos niyang oras sa adbokasiya para sa mga chimpanzee asin sa kapalibutan, na nagbibiyahe nin haros 300 aldaw kada taon.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Goodall promotes peace, youth empowerment at talk in Berkeley|url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/crime-courts/ci_13473075}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=New mission for chimps' champion|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/10/academicexperts.environment}}</ref> Si Goodall yaon man sa advisory council para sa pinakadakulang santuaryo nin mga chimpanzee sa kinaban sa luwas kan Aprika, an ''Save the Chimps'' sa Fort Pierce, Florida. Si Jane Goodall sarong miyembro kan advisory board para sa ''The Society for the Protection of Underground Networks'' (SPUN). === Aktibismo === [[Ladawan:Jane_Goodall_and_Allyson_Reed.jpg|thumb| Si Goodall kaiba si Allyson Reed kan Skulls Unlimited International, sa taonan na kumperensya kan Association of Zoos and Aquariums kan Setyembre 2009]] Pigtatawan nin kredito ni Goodall an 1986 ''Understanding Chimpanzees'' conference, na pig-host kan ''Chicago Academy of Sciences'', sa pagbalyo kan saiyang pokus gikan sa pag-obserbar sa mga chimpanzee pasiring sa mas mahiwas asin mas makusog na pagmalasakit sa konserbasyon kan hayop-tawo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Goodall Recalls '86 Chicago Lesson}}</ref> Siya an dating presidente kan ''Advocates for Animals'', sarong organisasyon na nakabase sa Edinburgh, [[Eskosya|Scotland]], na nagkakampanya laban sa paggamit nin mga hayop sa medikal na pagsiyasat, mga zoo, pag-oma asin isports. Siya sarong vegetarian asin nag-aadbokasiya kan pagkakan para sa mga rason na may etika, kapalibutan, asin salud. Sa ''The Inner World of Farm Animals'' (2009), si Goodall nagsurat na an mga hayop sa oma "mas may pakaaram asin intelihente kisa sa satuyang naisip asin, sa ibong kan saindang pagpadakula bilang mga oripon sa harong, sinda mga indibidwal na linalang sa saindang sadiring deretso. Bilang siring, sinda maninigo sa satuyang paggalang. Asin sa satuyang tabang. Siisay an makikimaherak para sa sainda kun kita magsilensio?" Si Goodall nagsabi man: "Rinibong mga tawo na nagsasabi na sinda 'namomoot' sa mga hayop nagtutukaw nin sarong beses o duwang beses kada aldaw tanganing mag-ogma sa laman kan mga linalang na tinatrato nin kadikit na paggalang asin kabootan tangani sanang makagibo nin mas dakol na karne."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Living the Farm Sanctuary Life: The Ultimate Guide to Eating Mindfully, Living Longer, and Feeling Better Every Day|url=https://archive.org/details/livingfarmsanctu0000baur|last=Baur|first=Gene|last2=Stone|first2=Gene|publisher=Harmony/Rodale|year=2015|isbn=978-1-62336-489-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/livingfarmsanctu0000baur/page/10 10]}}</ref> Kan 2021, si Goodall nagin sarong [[Beganismo|vegan]] asin nagsurat nin sarong libro nin pagluto na may titulong ''Eat Meat Less''. Si Goodall sarong prangkang parasuporta kan kapalibutan, na nagtataram manungod sa mga epekto kan pagbabago kan klima sa mga hayop na madali nang mapuho arog kan mga chimpanzee. Si Goodall, kaiba an saiyang pundasyon, nakipagtabangan sa [[NASA]] tanganing gamiton an mga imahe kan satelayt gikan sa serye nin Landsat tanganing remedyohan an mga epekto kan pagputol nin kakahoyan sa mga chimpanzee asin mga lokal na komunidad sa Sulnupan na Aprika sa paagi nin pagtao sa mga taga-baryo nin impormasyon kun pano mabawasan an aktibidad asin mapreserbar an saindang kapalibutan. Tanganing maseguro an ligtas asin etikal na pagtrato sa mga hayop sa panahon nin mga pag-aadal sa etolohiya, si Goodall, kaiba si Propesor Mark Bekoff, nagmukna kan organisasyon na ''Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals'' kan 2000. Kan 2008, si Goodall nagtao nin sarong lecture na may titulong "''Reason for Hope''" sa ''Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice'' kan Unibersidad kan San Diego, asin kan parehong taon hinagad sa [[Union Europea|Unyon Europeo]] na tapuson an paggamit nin medikal na pagsiyasat sa mga hayop asin seguradohon an mas dakol na pondo para sa alternatibong mga paagi nin medikal na pagsiyasat. Kontrobersyal niyang ilinadawan an bagong kulungan nin mga primate sa Edinburgh Zoo bilang sarong "makangangalas na pasilidad" kun saen an mga unggoy "posibleng mas marahay an kamugtakan [kisa sa mga] nabubuhay sa kadlagan sa sarong lugar arog kan Budongo, kun saen saro sa kada anom an nadadakop sa sarong siod na alambre, asin mga nasyon arog kan [[Republika kan Kongo|Congo]], kun saen an mga chimpanzee, unggoy asin gorilya binabadil bilang pagkakan komersyal." Ini kontra sa paninindugan kan mga ''Advocates for Animals'' sa mga bihag na hayop. Kan Hunyo kan taon na idto, nagdemitir siya sa pagkapresidente kan organisasyon na saiyang kinapotan poon pa kan 1998, na pigtutukoy an saiyang sibot na iskedyul asin nagpapaliwanag, "Mayo lang akong oras para sa sainda." Si Goodall sarong patron kan ''population concern charity'' na Population Matters asin kan 2017 sarong embahador para sa Disneynature. Kan 2010, si Goodall, sa paagi kan JGI, nagbilog nin sarong koalisyon sa nagkapirang organisasyon arog kan ''Wildlife Conservation Society'' (WCS) asin an ''Humane Society of the United States'' (HSUS) asin nagpetisyon na ilista an gabos na chimpanzee, kaiba an mga bihag, bilang mga namemeligro nang mapuho. Kan 2015, an ''US Fish and Wildlife Service'' (USFWS) nag-anunsyo na aakoon ninda an patakaran na ini asin na an gabos na chimpanzee iklasipikar bilang namemeligro nang mapuho. Kan 2011, siya nagin sarong patron kan grupong proteksyon sa mga hayop sa Australia na Voiceless. "Sa laog nin mga dekada ako nahahadit manongod sa pag-oma sa pabrika, sa parte huli sa grabeng danyos na itinatao sa kapalibutan, alagad huli man sa nakakabiglang padagos na kabangisan na ipinapadagos sa minilyon na may pagmate na mga linalang." Kan 2012, nag-ako siya kan papel bilang ''challenger'' para sa ''Engage in Conservation Challenge'' sa ''The DO School'', na dating midbid bilang ''D&F Academy''. Nakipagtabangan siya sa sarong grupo nin mga nagmamawot na magin mga negosyante sosyal tanganing maggibo nin sarong ''workshop'' tanganing makisumaro an mga hobenes sa pagpreserbar kan biodiversidad, asin tanganing atubangon an pighihiling na kawaran nin kaaraman sa bilog na kinaban sa isyu. Kan 2014, si Goodall nagsurat sa mga ehekutibo kan Air France, na pigtutuyaw an padagos na pagdara kan eroplano nin mga unggoy pasiring sa mga laboratoryo. Inapod ni Goodall an praktis na "maringis" asin "makaturotriste" para sa mga unggoy na imbuelto. Kan parehong taon, si Goodall nagsurat man sa ''National Institutes of Health'' (NIH) tanganing kritikaron an mga eksperimento sa pag-agaw nin ina sa mga omboy na unggoy sa mga laboratoryo kan NIH.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jane Goodall and Peter Gabriel urge Air France to stop ferrying lab monkeys|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/may/20/jane-goodall-peter-gabriel-air-france-stop-monkeys-transport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Still Now, Should Lab Monkeys Be Deprived Of Their Mothers?|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2014/09/11/347656361/still-now-should-lab-monkeys-be-deprived-of-their-mothers}}</ref> Bago an ''2015 UK general election'', inendorso niya an kandidatura sa parlamento ni Caroline Lucas kan Green Party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/24/celebrities-sign-statement-support-caroline-lucas-not-green-party|title=Celebrities sign statement of support for Caroline Lucas – but not the Greens|date=24 April 2015}}</ref> Siya sarong kritiko kan pangangayam nin soro asin nagpirma nin sarong surat sa mga Miyembro kan Parlamento kan 2015 na nagkokontra sa plano kan Konserbatibong primer ministro na [[David Cameron|si David Cameron]] na amyendahan an ''Hunting Act 2004''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.stv.tv/scotland-decides/news/1324609-snp-to-vote-against-tories-on-fox-hunting-ban-in-england-and-wales/|title=SNP to vote against Tories on fox hunting ban in England and Wales|date=13 July 2015|accessdate=7 March 2025|archivedate=15 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715203740/http://news.stv.tv/scotland-decides/news/1324609-snp-to-vote-against-tories-on-fox-hunting-ban-in-england-and-wales/}}</ref> Kan Agosto 2019, si Goodall tinawan nin onra huli sa saiyang mga kontribusyon sa siyensya sa paagi nin sarong bronseng eskultura sa Midtown Manhattan kaiba an siyam pang ibang mga babae, parte kan proyektong ''Statues for Equality''. Kan 2020, nag-adbokasiya siya para sa ecocide (dakol na danyos o pagraot kan naturalesa) na gibohon na internasyonal na krimen, na nagsasabi na “An konsepto nin Ecocide haloy nang natapos. Pwede ining magdara nin sarong importanteng pagbabago sa paagi kan pagmansay kan mga tawo – asin pagsimbag – sa presenteng krisis sa kapalibutan.” Kan parehong taon, si Goodall nanuga na magtanom nin 5 milyones na kahoy, parte kan 1 trilyon na inisyatiba nin kahoy na itinogdas kan World Economic Forum. Kan 2021, inapod ni Goodall an Komisyon kan EU na haleon an pagkulong kan mga kahayopan. Kan 2021, si Goodall nag'ayon sa kampanya nin ''Rewriting Extinction'' tanganing labanan an krisis sa klima asin biodiversidad sa paagi nin mga komiks. Siya nakalista bilang sarong nagkontribwir sa librong ''The Most Important Comic Book on Earth: Mga Istorya tanganing Iligtas an Kinaban''<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Most Important Comic Book on Earth: Stories to Save the World|publisher=DK|year=2021|isbn=978-0241513514}}</ref> na pinaluwas kan 28 Oktubre 2021 kan DK. == Mga Opinyon == Si Goodall midbid na nagsusuporta sa posibilidad na an mga dai pa nadidiskobreng klase nin mga primata pwedeng yaon pa sagkod ngonyan, kabali an mga cryptid arog kan [[Bigfoot|Sasquatch]], Yeren asin iba pang klase nin [[Bigfoot]]. Nagtaram siya manungod sa posibilidad na ini sa manlaen-laen na interbyu asin debate.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why Jane Goodall Believes in Bigfoot (Video)|url=https://www.livescience.com/50295-video-why-jane-goodall-believes-in-bigfoot.html}}</ref> Kan 2012, kan an ''Huffington Post'' naghapot saiya manungod kaini, si Goodall nagsimbag: "Napangalas ako asin gusto ko nanggad na mag-eksister sinda," asin idinagdag, "Siyempre, pambihira na mayo pang sarong tunay na anit o buhok kan Bigfoot, alagad nabasa ko na an gabos na mga istorya." <ref>{{Cite news|title=Jane Goodall 'Fascinated' By Bigfoot (VIDEO)|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/01/jane-goodall-bigfoot_n_1927876.html}}</ref> === Relihiyon asin espirituwalidad === Si Goodall pinadakula sa sarong Kristianong pamilyang kongregasyonalista. Bilang sarong hoben na babae, nagkua siya nin mga klase sa banggi sa Theosophy. An saiyang pamilya paminsan-minsan na mga parasimba, alagad si Goodall nagpoon na mag-atender nin mas regular kan siya tin-edyer pa kan an simbahan nagnombra nin sarong bagong ministro, si Trevor Davies. "Siya intelihente asin an saiyang mga sermon mapuersa asin nakakapukaw nin pag-isip... Pwede ko kutanang hinanyogon an saiyang boses sa laog nin pirang oras... Nahulog akong marhay sa saiya... Bigla, mayo nin siisay man na nag-enkaminar sako na magsimba. Tunay nanggad, mayo nanggad nin igong mga serbisyo para sa sakuyang gusto." Sa saiyang huring pagdiskubre kan ateismo asin agnostisismo kan kadaklan sa saiyang mga katrabaho sa siyensya, si Goodall nagsurat na "sa katalagahan, kan panahon na ako nakaabot sa Cambridge ako beynte-syete anyos na asin an sakong mga pagtubod namolde na tanganing ako dai naimpluwensiyahan kan mga opinyon na ini."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q6cOl-zY5wC&q=reason+for+hope+congregational+church+jane+goodall&pg=PT29|title=Reason For Hope: A Spiritual Journey|last=Goodall|first=Jane|date=1999|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|isbn=0-446-93042-3}}</ref> Sa saiyang libro kan 1999 na ''Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey'', ilinaladawan ni Goodall an mga implikasyon kan sarong mistikong eksperyensya na saiyang naeksperyensiahan sa Katedral nin Notre Dame kan 1977: "Huli ta dai ako makatubod na ini resulta nin pagkakataon, kaipuhan kong admitiron an anti-pagkakataon. Asin kaya dapat akong magtubod sa sarong naggigiyang kapangyarihan sa uniberso – sa ibang pagtaram, dapat akong magtubod sa Dios." Kan hinapot kun siya nagtutubod sa Dios, si Goodall nagsabi kan Setyembre 2010: "Mayo akong ideya kun siisay o ano an Dios. Alagad ako nagtutubod sa sarong dakulang espirituwal na kapangyarihan. Namamatian ko ini partikularmente kun ako nasa luwas sa naturalesa. Ini sarong bagay na mas dakula asin mas makusog kisa kun ano ako o kun ano an siisay man. Namamatian ko ini. Asin ini igo na para sako." Kan hinapot kan parehong taon kun ibinibilang pa niya an saiyang sadiri na sarong Kristiyano, si Goodall nagsabi ''sa Guardian'' "Sa hiling ko iyo; ako pinadakula bilang sarong Kristiyano." asin sinabi na mayo siyang nahiling na kontradiksyon sa pag-ultanan kan ebolusyon asin pagtubod sa Diyos.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jane Goodall: 'My job is to give people hope'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jan/13/jane-goodall|date=13 January 2010}}</ref> Sa saiyang paenot-kataga sa libro kan 2017 na ''The Intelligence of the Cosmos'' ni Ervin Laszlo, sarong pilosopo nin siyensya na nag-aadbokasiya kan teorya nin ''quantum consciousness'', si Goodall nagsurat: "kaipuhan tang akoon na igwa nin Intelihensya na nagtutulod kan proseso [nin ebolusyon ], na an Uniberso asin an buhay sa Kinaban inspirado asin impormado nin sarong dai midbid asin dai maaaraman na Kaglalang, na Supremong Pagigin, sarong Dakulang Espirituwal na Kapangyarihan."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3goDwAAQBAJ&q=Jane+Goodall+forward+ervin+laszlo|title=The Intelligence of the Cosmos|last=Laszlo|first=Ervin|date=2017|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-62055-732-7|location=Foreword|page=3|author-link=Ervin László}}</ref> == Personal na buhay == Si Goodall nag-agom nin duwang beses. Kan 28 Marso 1964, siya nagpakasal sa sarong nobleng Olandes, retratista nin hayop na si Baron Hugo van Lawick, sa Chelsea Old Church, London, asin nagin midbid sa saindang kasal bilang Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. An mag-agom nagkaigwa nin sarong aking lalaki, si Hugo Eric Louis (namundag kan 1967); nagdiborsyo sinda kan 1974. Kan suminunod na taon, inagom niya si Derek Bryceson, sarong miyembro kan parlamento kan [[Tansaniya|Tanzania]] asin an direktor kan mga parke nasyonal kan nasyon na idto. Si Bryceson nagadan sa kanser kan Oktubre 1980.<ref name="GreatApes">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/walkingwithgreat00mont/page/125|title=Walking With the Great Apes|last=Montgomery|first=Sy|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1991|isbn=978-0-395-51597-6|location=Boston, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/walkingwithgreat00mont/page/125 125–126]|author-link=Sy Montgomery}}</ref> Huli sa saiyang posisyon sa gobyerno kan Tanzania bilang pamayo kan sistema nin nasyonal na parke kan nasyon, maprotehiran ni Bryceson an proyekto sa pagsiyasat ni Goodall asin maiimplementar an sarong embargo sa turismo sa Gombe.<ref name="GreatApes" /> Sinabi ni Goodall na an mga ayam iyo an saiyang paboritong hayop.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/jane-goodall-my-favourite-animal-is-a-dog/article575777/|title=Jane Goodall: 'My favourite animal is a dog's|first=Zosia|last=Bielski|date=7 April 2011}}</ref> Si Goodall igwa nin prosopagnosia, na nagpapadepisil sa pagmidbid nin mga pamilyar na lalawgon. == Kritisismo == [[Ladawan:Jane_Goodall_at_TEDGlobal_2007-cropped.jpg|thumb| Goodall sa TEDGlobal 2007]] === Mga istasyon nin pagpakakan ===  Dakul na mga pamantayan na paagi an nagtutuyo na maibitaran an pakikiaram kan mga paramasid, asin partikularmente an nagkapira nagtutubod na an paggamit nin mga istasyon nin pagkakan tanganing maakit an mga chimpanzee kan Gombe nakabago kan normal na mga pattern nin paghanap nin kakanon asin padron sa pagkakan asin mga relasyon sosyal. An argumentong ini iyo an sentro kan sarong libro na ipinublikar ni Margaret Power kan 1991. Isinusuherir na an mas halangkaw na lebel nin agresyon asin iriwal sa ibang mga grupo nin chimpanzee sa lugar huli sa pagpakakan, na pwedeng nagmukna kan mga "giyera" sa pag-ultanan kan mga grupong sosyal nin chimpanzee na ilinadawan ni Goodall, mga aspeto na dai niya nasaksihan sa mga taon bago nagpoon an artipisyal na pagpakakan sa Gombe. Kaya, an iba ibinibilang an mga obserbasyon ni Goodall bilang mga distorsyon kan normal na gawi-gawi kan chimpanzee.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature03999|pmid=16136128|title=A century of getting to know the chimpanzee|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-09-01_437_7055/page/56|journal=Nature|volume=437|issue=7055|pages=56–59|year=2005|last1=De Waal|first1=Frans B. M.|bibcode=2005Natur.437...56D|quote=skeptics attributed chimpanzee 'warfare' to competition over the food that researchers provided}}</ref> Si Goodall mismo nag-ako na an pagpakakan nakakontribwir sa agresyon sa laog asin sa pag-ultanan kan mga grupo, alagad nagmantenir na an epekto limitado sa pagbabago kan intensidad asin bako sa naturalesa kan iriwal kan mga chimpanzee, asin orog pang nagsuherir na an pagpakakan kaipuhan tanganing an pag-aadal magin epektibo sa gabos. Si Craig Stanford kan Jane Goodall Research Institute sa Unibersidad kan Southern California nagsasabi na an mga parasiyasat na nagkokondukta nin mga pag-aadal na mayong artipisyal na probisyon nadedepisilan na hilingon an anuman na sosyal na gawi-gawi kan mga chimpanzee, orog na idtong mga may relasyon sa iriwal sa pag-oltanan nin mga grupo.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stanford|first=Craig|title=The Egalitarians – Human and Chimpanzee|publisher=International Journal of Primatology|date=Winter 1993}}</ref> An nagkapirang pag-aadal, arog kan mga ginibo ni Crickette Sanz sa Goualougo Triangle ([[Republika kan Kongo|Congo]]) asin Christophe Boesch sa Taï National Park ([[Ivory Coast]]), dai nagpahiling kan agresyon na naobserbaran sa mga pag-aadal sa Gombe. Alagad, an ibang mga primatologo dai minaoyon na an mga pag-aadal may depekto; halimbawa, si Jim Moore nagtatao nin kritisismo sa mga pahayag ni Margaret Powers asin an nagkapirang pag-aadal sa ibang mga grupo nin chimpanzee nagpahiling nin agresyon na kapareho kan sa Gombe dawa mayo nin pagkakan. === Pagplagiarismo asin ''mga Banhi nin Paglaom'' === Kan 22 Marso 2013, an ''Hachette Book Group'' nag-anunsyo na an bagong libro ni Goodall asin kan saiyang kagsurat na si Gail Hudson, an ''Seeds of Hope'', dai ipapaluwas sa 2 Abril siring sa plano huli sa pagdiskubre nin mga plagiarized na mga parte. An sarong pararepaso para sa ''The Washington Post'' nakanompong nin mga dai inaatribwir na mga seksyon na kinopya gikan sa mga website manungod sa organikong tsa asin tabako asin sarong "amateurish astrology site", siring man gikan sa Wikipedia. Si Goodall naghagad nin dispensa asin nagsabi, "Importante sa sako na an tamang mga pinagkukuanan an tawan nin kredito, asin ako makikipagtabangan nin maigot sa sakuyang grupo tanganing masimbagan an gabos na lugar nin paghadit. An sakuyang katuyuhan iyo na maseguro na kun an librong ini iluwas bako sanang nasa pinakahalangkaw na mga pamantayan, kundi man na an pokus yaon sa mga mahalagang mensahe na ipinapaabot kaini." An libro pinaluwas kan 1 Abril 2014, pagkatapos kan pagrepaso asin pagdagdag nin 57 pahina nin mga endnote.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Levingston|first=Steven|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2014/04/02/jane-goodalls-seeds-of-hope-reissued-a-year-after-being-pulled-from-shelves-2/|title=Jane Goodall's 'Seeds of Hope' reissued a year after being pulled from shelves|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 April 2014}}</ref> == Sa popular na kultura == === Insidente sa cartoon ni Gary Larson === Saro sa mga cartoon ni Gary Larson na ''Far Side'' nagpapahiling nin duwang chimpanzee na nag-aayos. An saro nakanompong nin blonde na buhok nin tawo sa saro pa asin naghapot, "Nagkokondukta nin dikit pang 'pagsiyasat' sa Jane Goodall tramp na idto?"<ref name="Strange Legacy">{{Cite news|title=The Strange Legacy of Gary Larson's 'The Far Side'|date=14 August 2015|last=Chris Sims}}</ref> Si Goodall mismo yaon sa Aprika kan panahon na idto, asin an Jane Goodall Institute naghona na ini bakong marahay asin ipinagibo sa mga abogado kaini an sarong surat para ki Larson asin sa saiyang sindikato nin distribusyon kun saen ilinadawan ninda an cartoon bilang sarong "atrosidad". Sinda napugulan ni Goodall mismo: kan siya nagbalik asin nahiling an cartoon, sinabi niya na nahiling niyang nakakaogma an cartoon.<ref name="farside">Larson, Gary. ''The Prehistory of the Far Side: a 10th-anniversary exhibit''. Kansas City, MO: Andrew and McNeel, 1989. {{ISBN|0-8362-1851-5}}.</ref> Poon kaidto, an gabos na ganansya gikan sa benta nin sarong kamiseta na nagtatampok kan cartoon na ini nagduman sa Jane Goodall Institute. Si Goodall nagsurat nin sarong prefasyo sa ''The Far Side Gallery 5'', na pigdedetalye an saiyang bersyon kan kontrobersiya, asin an surat kan institusyon kabali sa kataid kan cartoon sa kumpletong koleksyon kan ''Far Side''.<ref>Larson, Gary. ''The Far Side Gallery 5''. Kansas City, MO: Andrew and McNeel, 1995. ({{ISBN|0-8362-0425-5}}).</ref> Pig-omaw niya an mga ideya nin pagmukna ni Larson, na parating pigkukumpara asin pigkokomparar an gawi-gawi kan mga tawo asin hayop. Kan 1988, kan si Larson nagbisita sa pasilidad nin pagsiyasat ni Goodall sa Tanzania,<ref name="farside">Larson, Gary. ''The Prehistory of the Far Side: a 10th-anniversary exhibit''. Kansas City, MO: Andrew and McNeel, 1989. {{ISBN|0-8362-1851-5}}.</ref> siya inatake nin sarong chimpanzee na an pangaran Frodo.<ref name="Strange Legacy"/> === Lego === Kan ika-3 nin Marso 2022, bilang selebrasyon kan ''Women's History Month'' asin ''International Women's Day'', an Lego Group nagpaluwas nin set number 40530, ''A Jane Goodall Tribute'', na naglaladawan nin sarong Jane Goodall minifigure asin tolong chimpanzee sa sarong eksena sa kagubatan sa Aprika. == Mga premyo asin pagmidbid == [[Ladawan:Jane_Goodall_sharing_the_magical_wonders_of_water_and_wetlands_with_children_on_Martha's_Vineyard.jpg|thumb| Si Goodall nagtutukdo manungod sa mga kaba'san sa Martha's Vineyard, US, 2006]] Si Goodall nakaresibe nin kadakol na onra para sa saiyang trabaho sa kapalibutan asin makatawo, siring man sa iba pa. Siya nginaranan na sarong Dame Commander kan Orden kan Imperyong Briton sa sarong ''Investiture'' na ginibo sa Buckingham Palace kan 2004. Kan Abril 2002, si Sekretaryo-Heneral na [[Kofi Annan|si Kofi Annan]] nginaranan si Goodall na sarong Mensahero nin Katoninongan kan Naciones Unidas. An saiyang iba pang mga onra kabali an ''Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement'', an French ''Legion of Honor'', [[Medal kan Tanzania|Medal of Tanzania]], an prestihiyosong Kyoto Prize kan Hapon, an Benjamin Franklin Medal sa [[Biyolohiya|Life Science]], an Gandhi-King Award para sa Nonviolence asin an Spanish ''Prince of Asturias Awards''. Si Goodall saro man na miyembro kan advisory board kan ''BBC Wildlife'' magazine asin sarong patron kan Population Matters (dating Optimum Population Trust). Si Goodall nakaresibe nin kadakol na mga pag-omaw, onra, asin mga premyo gikan sa mga lokal na gobyerno, eskwelahan, institusyon, asin mga charity sa bilog na kinaban. Si Goodall tinawan nin onra kan [[The Walt Disney Company]] sa paagi nin sarong plake sa Tree of Life sa theme park kan Disney's Animal Kingdom, kaiba an sarong inukit kan saiyang namomotan na si David Greybeard, an orihinal na chimpanzee na nagdulok ki Goodall kan saiyang enot na taon sa Gombe. Siya sarong miyembro kan parehong American Academy of Arts and Sciences asin kan American Philosophical Society. Kan 2010, si Dave Matthews asin Tim Reynolds nagkaigwa nin sarong konsyerto sa DAR Constitution Hall sa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] tanganing girumdomon an "Gombe 50: sarong pankinaban na selebrasyon kan pioneer na pagsiyasat ni Jane Goodall sa chimpanzee asin nakakapukaw na bisyon para sa satong ngapit". An magasin na ''[[Time (magasin)|Time]]'' nginaranan si Goodall bilang saro sa 100 na pinakamaimpluwensyang tawo sa kinaban kan 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567774/jane-goodall/|title=Jane Goodall|author=DiCaprio|newspaper=Time|date=17 April 2019|accessdate=7 March 2025|archivedate=18 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218181110/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567774/jane-goodall/}}</ref> Kan 2021, naresibe niya an Templeton Prize. Kan 31 Disyembre 2021, si Goodall iyo an bisitang editor kan programa kan BBC Radio Four Today. Pinili niya si Francis Collins na magin presenter kan Thought for the Day. Kan 2022, si Dr.Goodall nag-ako kan Stephen Hawking Medal para sa Komunikasyon sa Siyensya para sa saiyang halawig na pag-aadal kan sosyal asin pamilyang interaksiyon kan mga layas na chimpanzee. Kan Abril 2023, si Goodall nagin Opisyal sa Order of Orange-Nassau sa sarong seremonya sa The Hague, an Netherlands. Kan Oktubre 2024, si Dr.Goodall nagtao nin "Sarong Pagtaram para sa Kasaysayan" sa [[Organisasyon kan Nagkakasararong Nasyon para sa Edukasyon, Siyensya asin Kultura|UNESCO]]. Nagtao siya nin sarong optimistikong mensahe manungod sa konserbasyon asin an papel na pwedeng gibohon kan lambang saro sa pagpreserbar kan satuyang planeta sa paagi nin pag-edukar sa mga hobenes asin komunidad na protehiran asin igalang an natural na kinaban. Kan Enero 2025, si Dr. Goodall tinawan kan Presidential Medal of Freedom.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bono, Anna Wintour and Jane Goodall receive Presidential Medals of Freedom|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/04/bono-anna-wintour-jane-goodall-receive-biden-presidential-medals-of-freedom|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mga Gibo == === Mga libro === * '''1969''' ''An Sakuyang mga Katood an mga Layas na Chimpanzee'' (''My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees'') Washington, DC: National Geographic Society * '''1971''' ''Mga Inosenteng Paragadan'' (''Innocent Killers'', kaiba si H.van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins * '''1971''' ''Sa Anino kan Tawo'' (''In the Shadow of Man'')Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins. Ipinublikar sa 48 lengguwahe * '''1986''' ''An mga Chimpanzee kan Gombe: Mga Pattern nin Pag-uugali'' (''The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior'')Boston: Belknap Press kan Harvard University Press. Ipinublikar man sa Hapon asin Ruso. RR Hawkins Award para sa Outstanding Technical, Scientific o Medical na libro kan 1986, sa Bellknap Press kan Harvard University Press, Boston. An Premyo kan Wildlife Society (USA) para sa "Pambihirang Publikasyon sa Ekolohiya asin Pamamahala kan mga Hayop" * '''1990''' ''Sa Sarong Bintana: 30 taon na pag-obserbar sa mga chimpanzee kan Gombe'' (''Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees'') London: Weidenfeld &amp;amp; Nicolson ; Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Natradusir sa labing 15 lengguwahe. 1991 edisyon kan Penguin, UK. An listahan kan "Pinakamarahay" kan American Library Association sa Siyam na Notable Books (Nonfiction) para sa 1991 * '''1991''' ''Mga Bisyon ni Caliban'' (''Visions of Caliban'', co-author ni Dale Peterson, PhD). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.New York Times "Notable Book" para sa 1993. Library Journal "Pinakamarahay na Libro sa Sci-Tech" para sa 1993 * '''1999''' ''Brutal Kinship'' (kaiba si Michael Nichols ). New York: Aperture Foundation * '''1999''' ''Rason Para sa Paglaom; Sarong Espirituwal na Pagbaklay'' (''Reason For Hope; A Spiritual Journey'', kaiba si Phillip Berman). New York: Warner Books, Inc. Ipinalis sa Hapon asin Portuges * '''2000''' ''40 Taon Sa Gombe'' (''40 Years At Gombe'') New York: Stewart, Tabori, asin Chang * '''2000''' ''Aprika Sa Sakong Dugo'' (''Africa In My Blood'', pinag-edit ni Dale Peterson).New York: Houghton Mifflin Company * '''2001''' ''Lampas sa Inosente: Sarong Autobiograpiya sa mga Surat, an mga huring taon'' (''Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years'', pinag-edit ni Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. {{ISBN|0-618-12520-5}} * '''2002''' ''An Sampulong Tiwala: Kun Ano an Dapat Niatong Gibohon Tanganing Atamanon an mga Hayop na Namomotan Niato'' (''The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love'', kaiba si Marc Bekoff ). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco * '''2005''' ''Harvest for Hope: Sarong Giya sa Mindful Eating'' (''Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating'') New York: Warner Books, Inc. {{ISBN|0-446-53362-9}} * '''2009''' ''Paglaom para sa mga Hayop asin an Saindang Kinaban: Kun Paano an mga Namemeligro nang Mapuho na mga Espesye Naliligtas sa Brink'' (''Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink'') Grand Central Publishing {{ISBN|0-446-58177-1}} * '''2013''' ''Mga Banhi nin Paglaom: Kadonongan asin Pagngalas gikan sa Kinaban nin mga Tinanom'' (''Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants'', kaiba si Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing {{ISBN|1-4555-1322-9}} * '''2021''' ''An Libro nin Paglaom'' (''The Book of Hope''), kaiba si Douglas Abrams asin Gail Hudson, Viking ==== Mga librong pan-aki ==== * '''1972''' ''Grub: An Bush Baby'' (''Grub: The Bush Baby'', kaiba si H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin * '''1988''' ''An Sakong Buhay kaiba an mga Chimpanzee'' (''My Life with the Chimpanzees'') New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc. Ipinalis sa Pranses, Hapon asin Intsik. Parenting's Reading-Magic Award para sa "Pambihirang Libro para sa mga Aki," 1989 * '''1989''' ''An Chimpanzee Family Book'' Saxonville, MA: Picture Book Studio; Munich: Neugebauer Press; London: Picture Book Studio. Itinatradusir sa labing 15 lenguahe, kaiba an Hapones asin [[Swahili]]. An UNICEF Award para sa pinakamarahay na librong pang-aki kan 1989. Premyo kan estado kan Austria para sa pinakamarahay na librong pang-aki kan 1990. * '''1989''' ''An Kinaban nin mga Hayop ni Jane Goodall: Mga Chimp'' (''Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps'') New York: Macmillan * '''1989''' ''Serye nin Pamilya nin Hayop: Pamilya nin Chimpanzee; Pamilya nin Leon; Pamilya nin Elepante; Pamilya nin Zebra; Pamilya nin Giraffe; Pamilya nin Baboon; Pamilya nin Hyena; Wildebeest Family'' (''Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family'') Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd * '''1994''' ''May Pagkamoot'', (''With Love'')New York / London: North-South Books. Itrinadusir sa Aleman, Pranses, Italyano, asin Hapones * '''1999''' ''Dr. White'' (ipigilustrar ni Julie Litty). New York: North-South Books * '''2000''' ''An Agila & an Wren'' (Ingles:''The Eagle & the Wren'', pinagilustrar ni Alexander Reichstein ). New York: North-South Books * '''2001:''' ''Mga Chimpanzee na Namomotan Ko: Pagligtas kan Saindang Kinaban asin kan Sato'' (Ingles: ''Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours'') New York: Scholastic Press * '''2002''' (Pauna) ''"Luway-luway, Luway-luway, Luway-luway," Sabi kan Sloth'' (Ingles: ''"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly," Said the Sloth'') ni Eric Carle. Philomel Books * '''2004''' ''Rickie asin Henri: Sarong Tunay na Istorya'' (Ingles: ''Rickie and Henri: A True Story'', kaiba si Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group === Mga Pelikula === Si Goodall iyo an tema kan labing 40 na pelikula: <ref name="veconomist">{{Cite news|author=I.M.|title=Not just another film about Jane Goodall|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2017/10/human-touch|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> * '''1965''' ''Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees'' National Geographic Society * '''1973''' ''Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa'' with Hugo van Lawick * '''1975''' ''Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story '' The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm [http://www.blam1.com/DiscoVision/Informational/51-003.htm 1979 version] for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc * '''1976''' ''Lions of the Serengeti'' an episode of ''The World About Us'' on BBC2 * '''1984:''' ''Among the Wild Chimpanzees'' National Geographic Special * '''1988''' ''People of the Forest'' with Hugo van Lawick * '''1990''' ''Chimpanzee Alert'' in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television * '''1990''' ''The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall'' National Geographic Society. * '''1990''' ''The Gombe Chimpanzees'' Bavarian Television * '''1995''' ''Fifi's Boys'' for the Natural World series for the BBC * '''1996''' ''Chimpanzee Diary'' for BBC2 Animal Zone * '''1997''' ''Animal Minds'' for BBC * Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series ''The Wild Thornberrys''. * '''2000''' ''Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope'' PBS special produced by KTCA * '''2001''' {{Scientific American Frontiers|11|8|''Chimps R Us''}}<cite class="citation episode cs1">''Scientific American Frontiers''. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 2000–2001. PBS. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060101000000/http://www.pbs.org/saf/1108 Archived] from the original on 1 January 2006.</cite> * '''2002''' ''Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees'' (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North * '''2005''' ''Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe'' for Animal Planet * '''2006''' ''Chimps, So Like Us'' HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award * '''2007''' ''When Animals Talk, We Should Listen'' theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet * '''2010''' ''Jane's Journey'' theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet * '''2012''' ''Chimpanzee'' theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature * '''2017''' ''Jane'' biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions.The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass * '''Zayed's 2018''' ''Antarctic Lights'', Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards. * '''2019''' ''Exploring Hans Hass'' Dr Jane Goodall featured in the biographical documentary film about the legendary diving pioneer and filmmaker Hans Hass * '''2020''' ''Jane Goodall: The Hope'', biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 * '''2023''' ''Jane Goodall: Reasons for Hope is an'' IMAX format documentary about successful projects to restore earth's wildlife habitat, animals, birds and environment. == Hilingon man == * Pagtubod sa Hayop * USC Jane Goodall Research Center * Proyekto sa Bakong Deretso Pantawo * Si Dian Fossey, an trimate na nag-adal nin mga gorilya sagkod sa saiyang paggadan * Birutė Galdikas, an trimate na nagdusay kan saiyang sadiri sa pag-adal [[Orangutan|nin mga orangutan]] * Steven M.Wise * Washoe * Listahan kan mga parasurog kan mga deretso nin hayop * Timeline kan mga babae sa siyensya == Mga Reperensya == {{Reflist|30em <ref name="JGBio">{{Cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/articles/Jane-Goodall-9542363 |title=Jane Goodall Biography |author=The Biography Channel |year=2010 |access-date=28 July 2010 |author-link=The Biography Channel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810013437/http://www.biography.com/articles/Jane-Goodall-9542363 |archive-date=10 August 2010}}</ref> }} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * [http://www.janegoodall.org/ An opisyal na website kan Jane Goodall Institute] * Jane Goodall * Appearances * Jane Goodall * Jane Goodall * Jane Goodall * Jane Goodall * [http://discovermagazine.com/2007/mar/the-discover-interview-jane-goodall#.UxOJsRa6Fdg Si Jane Goodall] sa ''Discover Magazine'' * [http://www.newstatesman.com/environment/2010/07/interview-tanzania-science Si Jane Goodall] na ininterbyu ni Alyssa McDonald kan Hulyo 2010 para sa ''New Statesman'' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6JLvIxdbjQ Jane Goodall – Sobra sa Populasyon sa Nagpoprogreso pa sanang Kinaban] sa ''Fora TV'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130430182557/http://www.sandiego.edu/peacestudies/institutes/ipj/programs/distinguished_lecture_series/biographies/Jane_Goodall.php Transkrip kan lektura asin video kan pagtaram ni Goodall] sa Joan B.Kroc Institute for Peace &amp;amp; Justice sa Unibersidad kan San Diego, Abril 2008 * [https://www.whyarewehere.tv/people/jane-goodall/ Pinalawig ni Jane Goodall an interbyu sa pelikula na may mga transkrip para sa 'Taano ta Yaon Kita Digdi?' serye nin dokumentaryo]. * [https://think.kera.org/2016/03/31/jane-goodall-on-a-life-of-animal-advocacy/ Sarong Pag-oolay ki Jane Goodall] (interbyu sa audio) * [https://onbeing.org/programs/jane-goodall-on-what-it-means-to-be-human/ "On Being" na interbyu sa radyo] ki Krista Tippett, na ipinaluwas kan Agosto 2020 {{Jane Goodall}}{{Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research}}{{Tang Prize winners}}{{Templeton Prize Laureates}}{{Apes}}{{ethology}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategorya:Mga miyembro kan American Philosophical Society]] [[Kategorya:Mga parasurat manungod sa Afrika]] [[Kategorya:Mga babayeng kagmukna]] [[Kategorya:Mga babayeng etologo]] [[Kategorya:Mga parasurat nin vegan cookbook]] [[Kategorya:Faculty nin Unibersidad kan Southern California]] [[Kategorya:Mga defensor nin sustenabilidad]] [[Kategorya:Mga siyentista kan London]] [[Kategorya:Mga primatolohista]] [[Kategorya:Tawo kan Hampstead]] [[Kategorya:Laureato kan Premyo Templeton]] [[Kategorya:Recipiente kan Medalya nin Presidente (Akademyang Briton)]] [[Kategorya:Mga Opisyales kan Légion d'honneur]] [[Kategorya:Mga Miyembro kan Sosyedad nin Babayeng Heograpo]] [[Kategorya:Mga Miyembro kan Akademya Europeana sa Siyensya asin Art]] [[Kategorya:Mga laureato nin Kyoto sa Siyensya Pundamental]] [[Kategorya:Mga Etologo]] [[Kategorya:Mga biolohistang babayeng Ingles]] [[Kategorya:Mga parasurat cookbook na Ingles]] [[Kategorya:Mga antropologong Ingles]] [[Kategorya:Mga damang tagapamayo kan Orden nin Imperyong Briton]] [[Kategorya:Mga biolohistang panpangangataman]] [[Kategorya:Mga babayeng antropologong Briton]] [[Kategorya:Mga aktibista sa veganismo na Briton]] [[Kategorya:Mga Briton na Welsh]] [[Kategorya:Mga laureato kan Medalyang Benjamin Franklin (Franklin Institute)]] [[Kategorya:Mga baronesa kan Olanda]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulong igwa video clip]] [[Kategorya:Mga kapanaro kan Darwin College, Cambridge]] [[Kategorya:Mga parasurat sa pag-aaram kan hayop]] [[Kategorya:Alumni kan Darwin College, Cambridge]] [[Kategorya:Alumni kan Newnham College, Cambridge]] [[Kategorya:Mga buhay pang tawo]] [[Kategorya:Mga siyentistang Ingles kan ika-21 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga siyentistang babayeng Ingles kan ika-21 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga biolohistang Briton kan ika-21 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga antropologong Briton kan ika-21 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga siyentistang Ingles kan ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga siyentistang babayeng Ingles kan ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga biolohistang Briton kan ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga antropologong Briton kan ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga namundag kan 1934]] [[Kategorya:Jane Goodall]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulo na igwang hAudio na microformat]] efccffoyybi8erjiv2l9xby3wi51x4t 0 51283 309799 284433 2026-08-23T23:52:06Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309799 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Elena Poniatowska</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="633" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="474" decoding="async" height="294" resource="./File:Elena_Poniatowska_(2015).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Elena_Poniatowska_%282015%29.jpg/220px-Elena_Poniatowska_%282015%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Elena_Poniatowska_%282015%29.jpg/330px-Elena_Poniatowska_%282015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Elena_Poniatowska_%282015%29.jpg/440px-Elena_Poniatowska_%282015%29.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Elena_Poniatowska_(2015).jpg|daing kwadro]]<div class="infobox-caption"> Poniatowska kan 2015.</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ipinangaki | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Hélène Elizabeth Louise Amélie Paula Dolores Poniatowska Amor</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="display:none"> </span><span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1932-05-19</span> )</span> Mayo 19, 1932 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(edad&nbsp;92)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Paris]], [[French Third Republic|Ikatolong Republikang Pranses]]</div> |- style="display:none" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mga Trabaho | class="infobox-data role" | Peryodista, kagsurat |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Agom | class="infobox-data" | [[Guillermo Haro]] (nagadan) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mga aki | class="infobox-data" | Emmanuel Haro Poniatowski (1955)<br /><br /><br /><br /> Felipe Haro Poniatowski (1968)<br /><br /><br /><br /> Paula Haro Poniatowska (1970) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mga Premyo | class="infobox-data" | '''[[Miguel de Cervantes Prize|Premyo Miguel de Cervantes]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> 2013<br /><br /><br /><br />''' |} Si '''Hélène Elizabeth Louise Amélie Paula Dolores Poniatowska Amor''' (namundag kan Mayo 19, 1932), na midbid sa propesyonal na apod na '''Elena Poniatowska''' ( audio i ), sarong peryodista asin awtor na namundag sa Pransia na Mehikano, na nag-espesyalisar sa mga obra manungod sa mga isyung sosyal asin politikal na nakasentro sa mga pigkokonsiderar na mayong deretso, orog na an mga babae asin mga pobre. Namundag siya sa Paris sa mga magurang na halangkaw an klase. An pamilya kan saiyang ina nagdulag sa Mehiko durante kan Rebolusyon Mehikano . Naghale siya sa Pransya pasiring sa Mehiko kan siya sampulong taon tanganing makadulag [[Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban|sa Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban]] . Kan siya 18 anyos, nagpoon siyang magsurat para sa peryodikong ''Excélsior'', na naggigibo nin mga interbyu asin mga kolum sa sosyedad. Sa ibong kan kakulangan nin oportunidad para sa mga kababaihan poon kan mga taon 1950 sagkod 1970, nagsurat siya manungod sa mga isyung sosyal asin politikal sa mga peryodiko asin parehong mga librong fiction asin nonfiction. An saiyang pinakamidbid na obra iyo an ''La noche de Tlatelolco'' ( ''An Banggi kan Tlatelolco'', na an Ingles na traduksiyon may titulong ''Masaker sa Mehiko'' ), manungod sa pan-aapi kan mga protesta kan mga estudyante kan 1968 sa Siyudad nin Mehiko . Huli sa saiyang mga pananaw na wala, siya binansagan na "an Pulang Prinsesa". Siya pigkokonsiderar na "grande dame of letters kan Mehiko" asin aktibong parasurat pa man giraray. == Dangog == [[Ladawan:Elena_Poniatowska.JPG|wala|thumb| Si Prinsesa Elena Poniatowska]] Si Poniatowska namundag na Helène Elizabeth Louise Amelie Paula Dolores Poniatowska Amor sa Paris, Pransya, kan 1932. <ref name="breve">{{Cite news|title=Elena Poniatowska, un clásico de la literatura mexicana ampliamente premiada: BIBLIOTECA BREVE (Biografía)|journal=EFE News Service|date=February 7, 2011}}</ref> An saiyang ama iyo si Prinsipe Jean Joseph Évremond Sperry Poniatowski (aki ni Prinsipe André Poniatowski ), na namundag sa sarong prominenteng pamilya na harayo an relasyon kan huring hade kan Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, si Stanisław August Poniatowski . An saiyang ina iyo an namundag sa Pransia na tagapagmana na si María Dolores Paulette Amor de Yturbe, na an pamilyang Mehikano nawaran nin daga asin nagdulag sa Mehiko pakatapos na si Porfirio Díaz mapahale durante kan Rebolusyon Mehikano. <ref name="dinovella">{{Cite journal|last=DiNovella|first=Elizabeth|date=May 2007|title=Elena Poniatowska|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_progressive_2007-05_71_5/page/35|journal=The Progressive|volume=71|issue=5|pages=35–38}}</ref> An pinahiwas na pamilya ni Poniatowska kabali an sarong arsobispo, an primata kan Poland, sarong musikero, mga pulitikong Pranses, asin nagkapirang mga parasurat asin estadista, kabali si Benjamin Franklin . An saiyang tiyaon iyo an pararawitdawit na si Pita Amor . <ref name="alonso">{{Cite journal|last=Alonso|first=María Del Rosario|title=Elena Poniatowska, Una biografía íntima, una biografía literaria|journal=Bulletin of Hispanic Studies|volume=85|issue=5|pages=733–737}}</ref> Pinadakula siya sa Pransya kan sarong lolo na sarong parasurat asin sarong lola na nagpahiling saiya nin mga dai nakakapaogmang mga retrato kan Mehiko, kaiba an nagkapira sa ''National Geographic'' na naglaladawan nin mga Aprikano, na nagsasabi na sinda mga katutubo na Mehikano, asin tinakot siya asin an saiyang mga tugang sa mga istorya manungod sa kanibalismo duman. <ref name="jrodriguez">{{Cite news|title=Elena Poniatowska: escritura con sentido social|last=Juan Rodríguez Flores|journal=La Opinión|date=November 5, 2006|pages=1B,3B}}</ref> <ref name="schuessler">{{Cite journal|last=Schuessler|first=Michael K|date=June 1997|title=Elenita Says|journal=Business Mexico|volume=7|issue=6|pages=53–55}}</ref> Dawa ngani siya nagmantinir nin haraning relasyon sa saiyang ina sagkod sa saiyang kagadanan, an saiyang ina dai naogma sa saiyang pag-apod na komunista asin nagsayuma na basahon an nobela ni Poniatowska manungod sa aktibistang pulitikal na si Tina Modotti . <ref name="forgotten">{{Cite journal|last=Coonrod Martinez|first=Elizabeth|date=March–April 2005|title=ELENA PONIATOWSKA: Between the Lines of the Forgotten|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_americas_march-april-2005_57_2/page/46|journal=Americas|volume=57|issue=2|pages=46–51}}</ref> Nagputok an Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban kan aki pa si Poniatowska. An pamilya naghale sa Paris kan siya siyam anyos, na enot na nagduman sa timog kan nasyon. Alagad an mga pagkukulang kan gera nagin sobra asin an timog na parte kan Pransya, an Zone libre, sinalakay kan Alemania asin Italya kan 1942, kaya an pamilya naghale pasiring sa Mehiko kan siya sampulong taon pa sana. An saiyang ama nagdanay sa Pransya tanganing makipaglaban, na nagpartisipar kan huri sa D-Day sa Normandy . <ref name="bbcuk2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/features/latinamericanwords/mexico/pop_poni.shtml|title=Elena Poniatowska|publisher=BBC|location=London|access-date=May 6, 2012}}</ref> Si Poniatowska nagpoon kan saiyang edukasyon sa Pransya sa Vouvray sa Loire . Pag-abot sa Mehiko, nagpadagos siya sa Liceo Franco-Mexicano, dangan sa Eden Hall asin sa Sacred Heart Convent kan huring parte kan dekada 1940. Kan 1953, nagbalik siya sa Mehiko, kun saen nakanuod siyang magmakinilya, alagad dai siya nag-eskwela sa unibersidad. Imbes, nagpoon siyang magtrabaho sa peryodikong ''Excelsior'' . Si Poniatowska trilinggwa, nagtataram nin Espanyol, Ingles, asin Pranses. An Pranses iyo an saiyang pangenot na tataramon asin pinakadakol na ginagamit sa harong. Nakanood siya nin Espanyol sa saiyang yaya asin sa mga tawo sa tinampo kan siya yaon sa Mehiko bilang sarong hoben na babae. Si Poniatowska asin an astronomong si Guillermo Haro nagkamidbidan kan 1959 kan siya ininterbyu niya, asin sinda nagpakasal kan 1968. Ina siya nin tolong aki, si Emmanuel, Felipe, asin Paula, asin lola nin limang aki. Si Poniatowska asin Haro nagdiborsyo kan 1981, asin an saiyang dating agom nagadan kan 1988. Si Poniatowska nag-eerok sa sarong harong harani sa [[Plaza Federico Gamboa]] sa pagtaraid na [[Chimalistac]] kan Álvaro Obregón borough kan Siyudad nin Mehiko. An harong pano nin mga libro. An mga espasyong mayong libro igwa nin mga retrato kan saiyang pamilya asin mga pintura ni Francisco Toledo . Nagtatrabaho siya sa harong. == Karera == [[Ladawan:YampolskyBookPresentation16.JPG|wala|thumb| Si Poniatowska nagpirma nin libro ki Mariana Yampolsky sa Museo de Arte Popular kan 2012]] Si Poniatowska nagpublikar nin mga nobela, mga librong bakong fiction, mga essay sa peryodismo, asin kadakol na mga preface asin prologo sa mga libro manungod sa mga artistang Mehikano. Kadaklan kan saiyang mga sinurat nakasentro sa mga isyung sosyal asin pantawo, orog na idtong mga may relasyon sa mga kababaihan asin mga dukha. <ref name="coonrod">{{Cite journal|title=Avant-Garde Mexican Women Artists: Groundbreakers Get Long Overdue Tribute}}</ref> Nagpoon si Poniatowska kan saiyang karera sa pagsurat kan 1953 sa ''Excélsior'' asin kan suminunod na taon sa publikasyon na ''Novedades de México'', na pareho pa man giraray paminsan-minsan siyang nagsusurat. An saiyang enot na mga asignasyon sa pagsurat iyo an mga interbyu sa mga bantog na tawo asin mga kolum sa sosyedad na may relasyon sa mga halangkaw na klase kan Mehiko. An saiyang enot na naipublikar na interbyu iyo an sa embahador kan Estados Unidos. Sabi niya nagpoon siya "siring sa sarong asno", na mayong aram asin nag-aadal sa trabaho. Enot siyang ipinublikar sa irarom kan saiyang pangaran na Pranses, Hélene, alagad kan huri binago ini sa Elena, asin minsan ginagamit an Anel. Ipinublikar ni Poniatowska an saiyang enot na libro, ''an Lilus Kikus'', kan 1954, asin poon kaidto naggibo na nin parehong peryodismo asin pagsurat na malikhaon. An mga taon poon kan mga taon 1950 sagkod '70 nagtao nin limitadong mga oportunidad para sa mga kababaihan, alagad sa kahurihurihi nagbalyo siya gikan sa mga interbyu asin mga istorya sa sosyedad pasiring sa mga profile sa literatura asin mga istorya sa mga isyung sosyal. Nag-uswag siya sa paagi nin pagmamaigot imbes na direktang pag-atubang. An pinaka-impluwensyal na obra ni Poniatowska iyo an "testimonial narratives", mga sinurat na nakabasar sa mga katotoohan sa kasaysayan asin mga istorya kan mga tawong normal na dai naitala kan media. Nagpoon siyang magsurat manungod sa mga isyung sosyal pagkatapos kan pagbisita sa Lecumberri, sarong bilanggoan, tanganing interbyuhon an nagkapirang napreso na mga trabahador sa riles na nagwelga. Nanompongan nia an mga preso na gustong-gustong makipag-olay asin maghiras kan saindang mga estorya nin buhay. Ininterbyu niya si Subcomandante Marcos kan 1994. Kadaklan kan obrang ini pinagsararo sa pitong tomo, kabali an ''Todo México'' (1991–1999), ''Domingo siete'' (1982), asin ''Palabras cruzadas'' (1961). An saiyang pinakamidbid na libro na arog kaini iyo an ''La noche de Tlatelolco'', na igwa nin testimonya kan mga biktima kan masaker kan mga estudyante kan 1968 sa Siyudad nin Mehiko. Si Poniatowska saro sa mga kagmukna kan peryodikong ''La Jornada'' ; ''Fem'', sarong peministang magasin; [[Siglo XXI publishers|Siglo XXI]], sarong harong nin pagpublikar; asin [[Cineteca Nacional]], an nasyonal na institusyon nin pelikula. == Mga Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay ==   * {{Youtube|vwS0ipE7GqM|A reading by Elena Poniatowska at Sonoma State University}} * [http://culture.pl/en/article/elena-poniatowska-the-anti-princess Elena Poniatowska: The Anti-Princess] [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bffzggvtn6t7hqprqfc3c2purrrr74y 0 51288 309560 309017 2026-08-23T20:08:56Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer|name=Ding Ling<br />丁玲|image=Ding Ling 1.jpg|image_size=|alt=Ding Ling|caption=|pseudonym=|birth_name=Jiang Bingzhi|birth_date={{birth date|1904|10|12|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Linli County|Linli]], [[Hunan]], [[Qing dynasty|China]]|death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1986|3|4|1904|10|12}}|death_place=[[Beijing]], [[China]]|resting_place=|occupation=Writer|education=|alma_mater=|period=|genre=|subject=|movement=|notableworks=''[[Miss Sophia's Diary]]''<br />''The Sun Shines over the Sanggan River''|spouse=[[Hu Yepin]]<br />Feng Da<br />Chen Ming|children=2|relatives=}} Si '''Ding Ling''' ( Chinese ; Oktubre 12, 1904 – Marso 4, 1986), dating pig-romanize bilang '''Ting Ling''', iyo an pangaran sa pluma ni Jiang Bingzhi, bisto man sa apod na Bin Zhi (彬芷''Bīn Zhǐ'' ), saro sa pinakabantog na babaeng parasurat na Intsik kan ika-20 siglo. Midbid siya sa saiyang peministang asin sosyalistang realistang literatura. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ding-Ling|title=Ding Ling &#124; Chinese author &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=29 February 2024}}</ref> Si Ding aktibo sa mga sirkulo literaryong wala na konektado sa Partido Komunista kan Tsina asin napreso kan [[Kuomintang|Partido Nasyonalista kan Tsina]] huli sa saiyang pulitika. Kan huri siya nagin lider sa komunidad nin literatura sa base Komunista kan Yan'an, asin nagkapot nin halangkaw na posisyon sa literatura asin kultura sa enot na gobyerno kan [[Tsina|Republika Popular kan Tsina]] . Tinawan siya kan ikaduwang premyo kan Unyon Sobyet na Stalin para sa Literatura kan 1951 para sa saiyang sosyalistang-realistang obra ''na The Sun Shines Over Sanggan River'' . Pagkatapos kan Anti-Rightist Campaign kan 1958, si Ding pinagkondenar asin pigpurga asin ipinadara sa Manchuria, tanganing marehabilitar sana kan 1979. Nagadan siya sa Beijing kan 1986. == Amay na buhay == [[Ladawan:Hu_Yepin_and_Ding_Ling.jpg|wala|thumb| Si Ding Ling asin an agom na si Hu Yepin kan 1926]] Si Ding Ling namundag bilang Jiang Bingzhi <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Gendered Memories: An Imaginary Museum for Ding Ling and Chinese Female Revolutionary Martyrs|last=Wang|first=Xian|date=2025|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|isbn=|series=China Understandings Today series|location=Ann Arbor}}</ref> : 1 sa sarong pamilyang gentry sa Linli, probinsya nin Hunan . An saiyang ama, si Jiang Baoqian, sarong iskolar kan huring parte kan Dinastiyang Qing asin nagadan kan si Ding Ling 3 anyos pa sana. An ina ni Ding Ling, si Yu Manzhen, nag-adal sa Hunan Provincial No. 1 Normal School for Girls kun saen siya kaklase ni Xiang Jingyu, sarong amay na pioneer sa feminismong Intsik. Kan huri nagin siyang sarong paratukdo sa elementarya na nagpadakula kan saiyang mga aki bilang sarong nagsosolong ina. An ina ni Ding Ling iyo an modelo ni Ding, asin sa huri nagsurat siya nin sarong nobela na dai pa tapos, na may titulong ''Ina'', na naglaladawan kan mga eksperyensya kan saiyang ina. Sa paglipas kan panahon pagkagadan kan ama ni Ding, nagin rebolusyonaryo an ina ni Ding. : 2 Parati niyang pig-iistorya ki Ding an mga istorya nin mga martir, partikularmente si Qiu Jin . : 2 Sa pagsunod sa halimbawa kan saiyang ina, si Ding Ling nagin sarong aktibista sa amay na edad. <ref>{{Cite journal|volume=10|issue=1|pages=65–83|last=Feuerwerker|first=Yi-Tsi Mei|title=In Quest of the Writer Ding Ling|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_spring-1984_10_1/page/n66|journal=Feminist Studies|date=September 1984|doi=10.2307/3177896|publisher=Feminist Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1|jstor=3177896}}</ref> Durante kan Rebolusyon kan 1911, an tiyo ni Ding ginadan kan mga suldados kan Qing huli ta siya sarong rebolusyonaryo. : 2  Si Ding Ling nagkaigwa kan saiyang formatibong edukasyon sa mga progresibong eskwelahan nin mga babae, enot sa Hunan asin kan huri sa Shanghai. Kan 1919, si Ding Ling naggradwar sa primarya asin inako sa kurso sa pag-andam sa Hunan Ikaduwang Normal na Eskwelahan para sa mga Babae sa Taoyuan County, kun saen siya nakaolay kan Mayo 4 na mobimiento nin mga estudyante. Kan 1920, siya ibinalyo sa Changsha Zhouunan Girls High School, alagad an eskwelahan nagin konserbatibo asin si Ding naghale pagkatapos nin sarong taon na pag-adal. Kan 1921, si Ding nagbalyo sa Yueyun Middle School asin nagin kaklase ni Yang Kaihui, an ikaduwang agom [[Mao Zedong|ni Mao Zedong]] . Kan tig-init kan 1922, an amigo ni Ding na si Wang Jianhong nagpuli hale sa Shanghai asin dinara si Ding sa Shanghai, kun saen siya naglaog sa People's Girls' School na pinapadalagan kan CCP. Durante kan panahon na ini, kinua niya an pangaran na Ding Ling. Kan 1923, siya asin si Wang Jianhong nag-adal sa Chinese Department kan Shanghai University. Kan 1924, si Wang asin an saiyang paratukdo, an bantog na pigura sa literatura kan CCP na si Qu Qiubai nagkamoot asin nagpoon na mag-istar na magkaibanan. Si Ding Ling nagduman sa Beijing nin solo kan tig-init tanganing mag-adal sa Peking University, alagad mayong nangyari. Sa paagi kan nobyo kan saiyang ka-roommate na si Cao Mengjun na si Zuo Gong, namidbid ni Ding Ling an saiyang magigin agom na si Hu Yepin, kaidto editor kan suplemento kan Beijing News. Kan si Ding Ling nagbalik sa saiyang ginikanan na banwaan durante kan bakasyon sa tig-init, si Hu Yepin nagdali pasiring sa Hunan. Nagigirumdoman ni Ding Ling, "An samong mga kaisipan, karakter, asin namamatian magkaiba, alagad an saiyang kusog nin boot, entusiasmo, katagasan nin payo, optimismo asin kapobrehan gabos nakabigla sako... An makinis na sintered glass beads nag-itaas sa sarong lugar. Kaya nagkaigwa kami nin hararom na pakikikatood tulos." Kan 1925, si Ding Ling asin Hu Yepin nag-istar na magkaibanan sa Beijing, alagad siring sa sinabi niya, "alagad mayo kaming relasyon na mag-agom", huli ta "Ako, si Ding Ling, habo gamiton an pagkamoot o kasal tanganing gapuson ako; ako sarong tawong gustong magin talingkas". == Literatura asin politika == Kan Disyembre 1927, isinurat asin ipinublikar ni Ding Ling an saiyang enot na nobelang ''Meng Ke'' sa Beijing, na ipinublikar sa magasin ''na Fiction Monthly'', na naglaladawan kan pakikipaglaban kan sarong hoben na babae na namundag sa sarong nagluluyang pamilyang burukratiko sa Shanghai. An enot na paghadit para sa mga isyu nin mga kababaihan inapresyar kan editor-in-chief kan ''Ye Shengtao'' . Kan Pebrero 1928, si Ding Ling nagpublikar kan ''Miss Sophia's Diary'' sa ''Fiction Monthly'' . An libro, kun saen an sarong hoben na babae naglaladawan kan saiyang pagkabakong maogma sa saiyang buhay asin nalilibog na romantiko asin sekswal na mga pagmati, nagcausa nin sarong sensasyon sa kinaban nin literatura. ''An Diary ni Miss Sophia'' nagtatampok kan haraning pakikisumaro asin pagtubod ni Ding Ling sa New Woman movement na nangyayari sa Tsina kan mga taon 1920. Kan panahon na ini, si Ding Ling asin Hu Yepin parateng nagbibiyahe hale sa Beijing pasiring sa Shanghai. Nag-istar sinda nin halipot sa Hangzhou poon Marso sagkod Hulyo kan parehong taon, dangan nagbalik sa Shanghai. Kan panahon na ini, namidbid ni Ding Ling an miyembro kan Partido Komunista, parasurat, asin aktibista na si Feng Xuefeng, na bakong arog ni Hu Yepin aktibo sa politika. Si Ding Ling namoot ki Feng, asin sa katapusan kan Pebrero, an tolo nagkaigwa nin halawig na orolay sa Hangzhou, pakatapos kaini si Feng Xuefeng nag-atras asin si Ding Ling asin Hu Yebin nagpakasal asin nag-erok sa Shanghai. Si Ding Ling kan huri naggirumdom: "Nag-istar ako kaiba si Hu Yepin sa laog nin duwa may kabangang taon, asin dai ko noarin man sinabi na ako maoyon na pakasalan sinda, alagad dai ko man isinikwal an saiyang mga saboot para sa sako. Dakul siang itinao sa sako; dai ko sinda isinikwal.&nbsp;Dawa ngani igwa kaming areglo na duwa, pwede mi kuta ining putolon ano man na oras. Bako kaming mag-agom, alagad nahihiling kami kan ibang tawo bilang mag-agom. Kan ako nag-oolay manongod sa mga pagmate na ini, asin manongod sa rason, an nagigibo ko sana iyo na mawara si Xuefeng. ” Kan tig-init kan 1928, si Ding Ling asin Hu Yepin bilang mag-agom nagbalyo hale sa Beijing pasiring sa Shanghai sa paagi kan Hangzhou, asin nag-erok sa Shanghai French Concession. Duman sinda nagmukna nin sarong publishing house tanganing magpublikar nin sarong magasin na "Red and Black" kaiba si Shen Congwen . Kan amay na parte kan 1929, si Ding Ling nagpoon na mag-edit asin magpublikar kan magasin na "Renjian (Humanity)", alagad an duwang magasin nag-ontok sa pagpublikar dai nahaloy pakatapos kaini. Si Ding asin Hu sa katapustapusi nawara asin nabuhay sa arkila na ipinadara kan ina ni Ding Ling. Kan tiglipot kan 1929, natapos ni Ding Ling an nobelang "Wei Hu (Proteksyon)", na nakabasar sa istorya nin pagkamoot sa pag'oltan kan amigo ni Ding Ling na si Wang Jianhong asin kan miyembro kan Partido Komunista na si Qu Qiubai. Kan Pebrero 1930, si Hu Yepin nagduman sa Jinan tanganing magtukdo sa Shandong Provincial Senior High School, asin si Ding Ling nag-iba saiya dai nahaloy pagkatapos. Sa Jinan, inako ni Hu Yepin asin nagpoon na aktibong ipalakop an Marxismo-Leninismo, na nakaakit kan atensyon kan [[Kuomintang]] (KMT). Kan Mayo 1930, si Ding asin Hu nag'ayon sa Liga nin mga Parasurat na Wala . : 3-4 Sa Nobyembre 1930, ang anak ni Ding sa Hu Yepin natawo. Siya nginaranan na Jiang Zulin sunod sa orihinal na apelyido ni Ding imbes na apelyido ni Hu, asin pinadakula kan saiyang lola. Kan 1931, si Hu inaresto asin ginadan kan KMT. : 4 Sa kamondoan, pinabalik ni Ding Ling an saiyang aking lalaki na mayo pang 100 aldaw an edad pabalik sa Hunan tanganing atamanon kan saiyang ina. Kan Mayo, ipinublikar ni Ding Ling an pinagsararong koleksyon niya asin ni Hu Yepin na "An Pagkamundag nin sarong Lalaki" tanganing girumdomon an kagadanan ni Hu Yepin. Inimbitaran kan Partido Komunista si Ding na magin editor-in-chief kan ''Beidou'', sarong bagong magasin na wala, asin inako niya ini. : 16  Si Ding nag-istar nin solo sa Shanghai pagkagadan ni Hu. : 33 Nagsurat siya nin mga surat nin pagkamoot ki Feng Xuefeng, na may agom na. : 33 Si Feng Xuefang nagsimbag na may pakikikatood. : 33 Ipinamidbid niya si Ding ki Feng Da, na nagtatrabaho bilang sekretarya ni Agnes Smedley . : 33 Si Ding nagbalyo ki Feng Da kan huring parte kan 1931. : 33  Kan Marso 1932, si Ding nag'ayon sa Partido Komunista kan Tsina asin nagsalihid ki Qian Xingcun bilang sekretaryo kan partido kan Liga nin mga Parasurat na Wala. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Embracing the lie: Ding Ling and the Politics of Literature in the People's Republic of China|url=https://archive.org/details/embracinglieding0000albe|last=Alber|first=Charles J.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.|year=2004|pages=Ch. 16}}</ref> == Pagkabilanggo sa pulitika sa Nanjing == [[Ladawan:Ding_Ling_3.jpg|thumb| Ding Ling, 1930s]] Kan ika-14 nin Mayo 1933, si Ding kinidnap sa saiyang istaran sa Shanghai international settlement kaiba si Pan Zinian, sarong wala na intelektuwal na nagbibisita ki Ding. : 12-13 An wala na pararawitdawit na si Ying Xiuren inambush man kan KMT sa apartment ni Ding asin naglukso sa bintana, na ginadan an saiyang sadiri tanganing dai madakop. : 13  An mga peryodiko nagbareta manongod sa pagkawara ni Ding asin an mga prominenteng pampublikong pigura kabali si Song Qingling, Cai Yuanpei, asin Yang Xingfo naghanap nin pagligtas ki Ding asin Pan. : 13 Sarong grupo nin mga progresibong intelektuwal an nagbilog kan Asosasyon para sa Pagligtas ki Ding Ling asin Pan Zinian. : 13 An grupong ini nagpaluwas kan "Deklarasyon gikan sa Komunidad Kultural para sa Pagligtas ki Ding Ling asin Pan Zinian," na nangangapudan sa KMT na butasan an mga dinakop. : 13-14 Si Lu Xun nagsurat nin sarong klasikal na rawitdawit na Intsik, ''Sarong Pagmondo para ki Ms. Ding'', tanganing girumdomon siya. : 15  == Amay na buhay sa Yan'an == Si Ding Ling nagin saro sa mga pinaka-maimpluwensyang pigura sa mga sirkulo kultural kan Yan'an. Sa laog nin pirang aldaw kan pag-abot, nagkaigwa siya nin mayor na papel sa pagmukna kan Chinese Literature and Arts Association, na iyo an pinakaenot na organisasyon sa literatura sa lugar kan base kan Yan'an. : 18 Bilang an pinakabantog na parasurat na nagdigdi sa lugar kan Yan'an gikan sa mga lugar na kontrolado kan KMT, siya sa primero nagkaigwa nin haraning relasyon sa kadakol na mga pangenot na lider kan Komunista. Sa katapusan kan 1936, si Mao Zedong nagsurat asin nagdusay kan rawitdawit na ''The Immortals at the River: To Ding Ling.'' : 18 Digdi, pigkumpara niya, an literaryong kahusayan ni Ding Ling sa kahusayan sa militar. : 18-19 Ini sana an saro sa mga rawitdawit ni Mao na saiyang idinusay sa sarong parasurat. : 18  Pagkatapos kan pagputok kan Ikaduwang Gerang Tsina-Hapon, si Ding nagsirbe bilang direktor kan "Northwest Field Service Corps", asin nangenot sa mga paglibot sa teatro na kontra sa Hapon sa panahon nin gera pasiring sa enotan na linya gikan sa Yan'an poon Setyembre 1937 sagkod Hulyo 1938. Pagkatapos kaini, nag-erok si Ding sa Yan'an asin nagsurat nin mga obrang panliteratura. Sa katapusan kan 1939, si Ding nagtrabaho sa Cultural Association kan Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Nagpoon an espekulasyon kan 1940 na si Ding nakipagtabangan sa KMT mantang nabihag. : 20 Si Ding nagboluntaryo na imbestigaran kan Partido Komunista asin si Ren Bishi an pigdesignar bilang imbestigador. : 20 Durante kan imbestigasyon, dai nasambitan ni Ding an "nota" na saiyang isinurat, na nagdara sa salang konklusyon sa katapusan kan imbestigasyon na si Ding "dai nagtao nin anuman na nakasurat na komunikasyon sa KMT." : 22 An imbestigasyon nagkonklusyon man na mayo nin ebidensya na siya nakipagtabangan sa KMT, na an saiyang relasyon ki Feng Da bakong boluntaryo, asin na siya nagdanay na komitido sa Partido Komunista. : 20 An konklusyon na ini inendorso ni Chen Yun asin Li Fuchun . : 20 Kan Oktubre 4, an "Konklusyon kan Pagrepaso kan Departamento nin Organisasyon Sentral sa Pag-aresto asin Pagbabawal ki Kasamang Ding Ling" nagsabi, "Susog sa mga eksistidong materyales, mayo nin konkretong patunay na si Kasamang Ding Ling nagsuko kan saiyang sadiri. Kun siring, an alamat nin pagsuko dai mapagtitiwalaan. Si Kasamang Ding Ling nagbentaha sa posibilidad na bentahan ni Kasamang Ding Ling an posibilidad na bentahan ni Kasamang Ding Ling an posibilidad na bentaha ni Kasamang Ding Ling. (dawa igwa man nin mga kahaditan) na maghale sa Nanjing nin amay (dapat na karkulohon na an pag-istar sa Nanjing bakong marahay para sa impluwensya kan mga dayuhan). An huring sentence idinagdag ni Mao Zedong mismo. : 20  Kan Mayo 1941, si Ding nagserbing editor-in-chief kan literary column kan Liberation Daily, sarong organo kan Komite Sentral kan Partido Komunista kan Tsina . * An halipot na istorya na When I Was in Xia Village, na ipinublikar sa "Chinese Culture" kan Hunyo 1941, pig-adaptar gikan sa sarong totoong istorya. An istorya manungod sa sarong babae na pinirit na magprostitusyon kan mga Hapon na kan huri nag'ayon sa Partido Komunista kan Tsina bilang sarong espiya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ding Ling's Feminism – Confluence|date=25 March 2019|url=https://confluence.gallatin.nyu.edu/context/interdisciplinary-seminar/ding-lings-feminism|access-date=2022-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Tinatsaran kaini an pagtratar sa mga kababaihan sa laog kan partido asin inangat an pigtutubudang 'pagkapantay-pantay' kan mga lalaki asin babae na dai kaini nasuportaran. Sinabi ni Ding Ling na an bida na si Zhenzhen "nagtiwala kan saiyang sadiring mga pagmati" huli ta siya "mapungaw", "orgulyoso" asin "matagas". * An halipot na osipon na "Sa Ospital", ipinublikar sa magasin na "Gu Yu" kan Nobyembre 15, 1941 asin kinua man sa sarong totoong istorya. An halipot na istorya pigkritika an mga kasakitan kan sarong ospital sa Yan'an gikan sa pananaw kan sarong bagong nars. Si Ding kan huri pigtuyaw huli sa istoryang ini huli sa "pagkaigwa nin paninindogan nin sarong intelektwal na petty-burges". * An essay <nowiki><u id="mwAWs">Thoughts on March 8</u></nowiki>, na ipinublikar sa peryodiko kan Partido Komunista na "Liberation Daily" kan Marso 9, 1942, na pigkukwestyon an pangako kan partido na baguhon an mga popular na aktitud sa mga kababaihan. Digdi, pig-olog-olog ni Ding an dobleng pamantayan kan mga lalaki manungod sa mga babae, na nagsasabi na sinda pigtutuya kun sinda nagtututok sa mga trabaho sa harong, alagad nagin man target kan mga tsismis asin osipon kun sinda nagdadanay na daing agom asin nagtatrabaho sa pampublikong rona. Pigkritika man niya an paggamit kan mga lalaking kadre nin mga probisyon sa diborsyo tanganing mahale an saindang mga sadiri sa mga dai gustong mga agom. == Kagadanan == Nagadan si Ding kan ika-4 nin Marso 1986. : 11 Si Chen naghagad nin pag-aprobar sa Komite Sentral kan Partido Komunista kan Tsina para sa bangkay ni Ding na takpan kan bandera kan CCP alagad dai inako. : 11 An saiyang hawak imbes tinahoban nin sarong pulang bandera na itinao kan mga amigo gikan sa Great Northern Wasteland, na may mga tataramon na "Ding Ling inmortal". : 11  == Sa popular na kultura == Kan 2014, si Hao Lei an nagganap bilang Ding Ling sa biopic ni Ann Hui kan buhay ni Xiao Hong, ''The Golden Era'' . <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/the-golden-era|title=The Golden Era|author=Derek Elley|date=7 September 2014|accessdate=3 November 2024|work=[[Film Business Asia]]|url-status=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502003927/http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/the-golden-era|archivedate=2 May 2015}}</ref> == Mga gibo == === Mga Koleksyon === * ''Zai hei'an zhong'' [Sa Kadikloman]. 1928. * ''Zisha riji'' [Diary of a Suicide]. 1928. * ''Yige nüren'' [Sarong Babae]. 1928. * ''Shujia zhong'' [Sa panahon kan mga bakasyon sa tig-init]. 1928. * ''Awei guniang'' [Ang Dagang Awei]. 1928. * ''Shui'' [Tubig]. 1930. * ''Yehui'' [Pagtiripon sa Banggi]. 1930. * ''Zai yiyuan zhong'' [Sa Ospital]. 1941. * ''Ding Ling wenji'' [Works of Ding Ling], Hunan Renmin Chubanshe. 6 tomo. 1982. * ''Ding Ling xuanji'' [Piniling mga Obra ni Ding Ling], Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe. 3 tomo. 1984. === Gibo-gibong estorya === * ''Meng Ke'' . 1927. * ''Shafei nüshi riji'' . Pebrero 1928, Xiaoshuo yuebao (magasin nin halipot na istorya); bilang ''Miss Sophia's Diary'', na itrinadusir ni Gary Bjorge, 1981. * ''Weihu'' . 1930. * ''Muqin'' . 1930; bilang ''Ina'', na itrinadusir ni Tani Barlow, 1989. * ''1930 Chun Shanghai'' . 1930; bilang ''Shanghai, Spring, 1930'', na itrinadusir ni Tani Barlow, 1989. * ''Zai yiyuan zhong'' . 1941; bilang ''In the Hospital'', na itrinadusir ni Gary Bjorge, 1981. * ''Wo zai Xia cun de shihou'' . 1941; bilang ''Kan Yaon Ako sa Baryo nin Xia'', na itrinadusir ni Gary Bjorge, 1981. * ''Taiyang zhao zai Sanggan siya shang.'' ''Guanghua shudian.'' Setyembre 1948; bilang ''The Sun Shines Over Sanggan River'', na itrinadusir ni Gladys Yang asin Yang Xianyi, Panda Books, 1984. * ''Du Wanxiang'' . 1978; bilang ''Du Wanxiang'', na itrinadusir ni Tani Barlow, 1989. == Dugang na pagbasa == * ''Chinese Writers on Writing'' featuring Ding Ling. Ed. Arthur Sze. (Trinity University Press, 2010). * Alber, Charles J. Embracing the Lie: Ding Ling and the Politics of Literature in the PRC. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004. 1 copy. * Barlow, Tani, "Gender and Identity in Ding Ling's 'Mother.'" Modern Chinese Literature 2, 2 (1986): 123–42. * Barlow, Tani, The Question of Women in Chinese Feminism. Durham, Duke University Press, 2004. 1 copy. (contains material on Ding Ling). * Bjorge, Gary J. "'Sophia's Diary': An Introduction." Tamkang Review 5, 1 (1974): 97–110. * Chang, Jun-mei. Ting Ling, Her Life and Her Work. Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1978. * Dien, Dora Shu-fang. "Ding Ling and 'Miss Sophie's Diary': A Psychobiographical Study of Adolescent Identity Formation." Making Meaning of Narratives: The Narrative Study of Lives 6 Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 221–237. * Ding Ling and Her Mother: A Cultural Psychological Study. Huntington, NY: Nova Science, 2001. * Feng, Jin. "The 'Bold Modern Girl': Ding Ling's Early Fiction." In *Feng, The New Woman in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2001, 149–70. * "The Revolutionary Age: Ding Ling's Fiction of the Early 1930s." In Feng, The New Woman in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2001, 171–88. * "Ding Ling in Yan'an: A New Woman within the Part Structure?" In Feng, The New Woman in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2001, 189–96 * Feuerwerker, Yi-tsi Mei. Ding Ling's Fiction: Ideology and Narrative in Modern Chinese Literature. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1982. * "The Changing Relationship between Literature and Life: Aspects of the Writer's Role in Ding Ling [Ting Ling]." In Merle Goldman, ed. Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977, 281–307. * "Ting Ling's 'When I was in Sha Chuan (Cloud Village)'." Signs, Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2, 1 (1976): 255–79. * "The Uses of Literature: Ding Ling in Yan'an." In W. Kubin and R. Wagner, eds., Essays in Contemporary Chinese Literature and Literary Criticism. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1981. * Huang, Xincun. “Politics, Gender and Literary Writings: A Study of Ding Ling in the Early 1940s.” Journal of Asian Culture 14 (1990): 33–54. * Kubin, Wolfgang. "Sexuality and Literature in the People's Republic of China, Problems of the Chinese woman before and after 1949 as seen in Ding Ling's 'Diary of Sophia' (1928) and Xi Rong's story 'An Unexceptional Post' (1962)." In Wolfgang Kubin and Rudolf G. Wagner, eds., Essays in Modern Chinese Literature and Literary Criticism. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1982, 168–91. * Lai, Amy Tak-yee. "Liberation, Confusion, Imprisonment: The Female Self in Ding Ling's 'Diary of Miss Sophie' and Zhang Jie's 'Love Must Not Be Forgotten.'" Comparative Literature and Culture 3 (Sept. 1998): 88–103. * Tang, Xiaobing. "Shanghai Spring 1930: Engendering the Revolutionary Body." In Chinese Modernism: The Heroic and the Quotidian. Durham: Duke UP, 2000, 97–130. * Wang, Shunzhu. "The Double-Voiced Feminine Discouses in Ding Ling's 'Miss Sophie's Diary' and Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God." Tamkang Review 27, 1 (1997): 133–158. * Zhang, Jingyuan. "Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of Ding Ling." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 395–400. * Zhou Liangpei. Ding Ling zhuan (Biography of Ding Ling). Beijing: Beijing shiyue wenyi, 1993. == Mga Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * [https://lib-linux2.hkbu.edu.hk/scadb/pgcw/purl.php?&did=pgcw004 Ding Ling.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426050925/https://lib-linux2.hkbu.edu.hk/scadb/pgcw/purl.php?&did=pgcw004 |date=2021-04-26 }} [https://lib-linux2.hkbu.edu.hk/scadb/pgcw/purl.php?&did=pgcw004 Sarong Retrato ni Kong Kai Ming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426050925/https://lib-linux2.hkbu.edu.hk/scadb/pgcw/purl.php?&did=pgcw004 |date=2021-04-26 }} sa Hong Kong Baptist University Library [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 71416wwsenxxd8hjr5ikvjuv0h3tej7 0 51293 309815 284455 2026-08-24T00:04:26Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309815 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Pan Suiming</div> | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="nickname" lang="zh">潘绥铭</div> |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ipinangaki | class="infobox-data" | 1950 (edad&nbsp;74 &#x2013; 75)<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> Tsina</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Alma&nbsp;bagay | class="infobox-data" | [[Northeast Normal University]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mga Trabaho | class="infobox-data role" | Seksologo, propesor |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mga taon&nbsp;aktibo | class="infobox-data" | 1984–presente |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Organisasyon | class="infobox-data org" | Asosasyon Sosyolohikal kan Tsina |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |} Si '''Pan Suiming''' ( Chinese ; namundag kan 1950) sarong Intsik na seksologo asin propesor sa Renmin University of China na nagtukdo [[Seksolohiya|nin seksolohiya]] sa laog nin labing 30 taon. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-10-28}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-10-27}}</ref> Siya pig-omaw bilang "an Enot na Tawo sa Seksolohiya sa Tsina". <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-03-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-10-28}}</ref> == Amay na buhay == Si Pan namundag kan 1950 sa sarong opisyal na pamilya. Sa edad na 9, an saiyang ama pigklasipikar bilang right winger asin nagtios nin bakong makatanosan na pagtratar . Kan 1966, piglansar [[Mao Zedong|ni Mao Zedong]] an sampulong taon na Rebolusyon Kultural, si Pan nagin sarong pinadara na hoben sa sarong oma kan estado sa probinsya nin Heilongjiang . == Edukasyon == Si Pan nag-adal sa Northeast Normal University, kun saen siya nag-major sa [[Uusipon|historya]] . == Karera == Si Pan nadestino sa Unibersidad nin Renmin kan Tsina bilang sarong paratukdo. Kan 1985 nagpoon siyang magtukdo nin sekswal na sosyolohiya. An enot na libro ni Pan, ''Mysterious Fire: Sociological History of Sex'', ipinublikar kan 1988. Siya an nagtogdas kan Institute for Research on Sexuality and Gender sa Renmin University kan 1991. Siya sarong bisitang iskolar sa Unibersidad kan Michigan (1993 &#x2013; 1993) asin Unibersidad kan Wales (1994 &#x2013; 1995). Saro siya sa mga pioneer sa pagsiyasat asin pagtukdo nin seksolohiya sa Tsina asin sarong ipinublikar na awtor. <ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=22279648|doi=10.1080/14672715.1999.10415730|volume=31|title=On "sex" and "sexuality" in China: a conversation with Pan Suiming|year=1999|journal=Bull Concern Asian Sch|pages=50–8|last1=Pan|first1=S|last2=Sigley|first2=G|last3=Jeffreys|first3=E|issue=1}}</ref> == Personal na buhay == Si Pan may agom asin igwa nin sarong aking babae. == Mga gibo == * {{Cite book|publisher=Henan People's Publishing House|year=1988|location=Zhengzhou, Henan|language=zh|script-title=zh:神秘的圣火：性的社会史|trans-title=Mysterious Fire: Sociological History of Sex}} * {{Cite book|publisher=China Youth Publishing House|year=2013|isbn=9787515316475|location=Beijing|language=zh|script-title=zh:世界性文化图考|trans-title=World Sex Culture}} * {{Cite book|last=Pan Suiming|last2=Huang Yingying|publisher=Shanxi People's Publishing House|year=2017|isbn=9787203099512|location=Taiyuan, Shanxi|language=zh|script-title=zh:我在现场：性社会学田野调查笔记|trans-title=I'm on the Spot: A Field Survey Note on Sex Sociology}} * {{Cite book|last=Pan Suiming|last2=Huang Yingying|publisher=Renmin University of China Press|year=213|isbn=9787300163741|location=Beijing|language=zh|script-title=zh:性之变：21世纪中国人的性生活|trans-title=Sexual Change: Sexual Life of Chinese in the 21st Century}} == Mga Traduksiyon == * {{Cite book|title=KINSEY: Sexual Behaviour in Human Male|last=Alfred C. Kinsey|publisher=China Youth Publishing House|year=2013|isbn=9787515316475|location=Beijing|language=zh|author-link=Alfred Kinsey}} * {{Cite book|title=Sex in America|publisher=Shaanxi People's Publishing House|year=1995|location=Xi'an, Shaanxi|language=zh}} == Mga papel == * {{cite journal|title=Relationship between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Conceptions among the Married People in 27 Chinese Cities|location=Hong Kong|publisher=Declared in the Conference of Sex Research in Asian and Pacific Areas|year=1992}} * {{cite journal|title=Misconceptions of Oldest Profession|journal=Social|location=USA|year=1992}} * {{cite journal|title=Quantitative Behavioral Analysis of Public Heterosexual Petting in Chinese Civil Parks|journal=Sexuality in Asia|location=Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists|year=1993|pages=173–185}} * {{cite journal|title=China: Acceptability and Effect of Three Kinds of Sexual Publications|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1993-02_22_1/page/59|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=22|location=USA|doi=10.1007/BF01552913|pmid=8435040|year=1993|pages=59–71|last1=Pan|first1=Sui-Ming|issue=1|s2cid=11239273}} * {{cite journal|title=Chinese Wives: Factors Underlying Their Orgasm Frequencies|location=Miami Beach, USA|publisher=Declared in the Conference of Gender Issues in Chinese Societies|year=1993}} * {{cite journal|title=A Sex Revolution in Current China|journal=Psychology & Human Sexuality|volume=6|location=USA|doi=10.1300/j056v06n02_01|year=1993|pages=1–14|last1=Pan|first1=Suiming|issue=2}} * {{cite journal|title=The Scripts and Changes of Chinese Traditional Culture on Sexuality|journal=Global Bioethics|volume=2-3|location=Italy|year=1994|pages=132–149}} * {{cite journal|title=Homosexual Behaviors in Contemporary China|journal=Psychology & Human Sexuality|volume=7|location=USA|doi=10.1300/j056v07n04_01|year=1995|pages=1–17|last1=Pan|first1=Suiming|last2=Wu|first2=Zongjian|last3=Gil|first3=Vincent E.|issue=4}} * {{cite journal|title=Male Homosexual Behavior and HIV-related Risk in China|journal=Bisexualities and Aids: International Perspectives|location=London, UK|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.|year=1995|pages=178–190}} * {{cite journal|title=Sexuality and Gender: Background and Researches in China|location=Cebu, Philippines|publisher=Declared in the Conference of Sexuality, Gender and Reproduction, Asian & Pacific Areas|year=1995}} * {{cite journal|title=Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction in Mainland China|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_1997_34_4/page/399|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|volume=34|issue=4|location=USA|doi=10.1080/00224499709551907|year=1997|pages=399–410|last1=Renaud|first1=Cheryl|last2=Byers|first2=E. Sandra|last3=Pan|first3=Suiming}} == Mga Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * [http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/articlelist_1305771610_0_1.html Sina Blog ni Pan] 9l6lwksssu9lkdfotcl0mo49ti59vpu 0 51333 309703 308871 2026-08-23T22:24:42Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Argentine writer (1818–1892)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Juana Manuela Gorriti | image = Juana Manuela Gorriti.png | office = [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of Bolivia|First Lady of Bolivia]] | term_start = 6 December 1848 | term_end = 15 August 1855 | term_label = In role | president = [[Manuel Isidoro Belzu]] | predecessor = Mercedes Coll | successor = Edelmira Belzu | birth_name = Juana Manuela Gorriti Zuviría | birth_date = 15 June 1818 | birth_place = [[Rosario de la Frontera]], [[United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1892|11|06|1818|06|15|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] | spouse = [[Manuel Isidoro Belzu]] | children = Edelmira Belzu<br />Mercedes Belzu de Dorado | parents = José Ignacio Gorriti<br />Feleciana Zuviría | occupation = Writer }} Si '''Juana Manuela Gorriti Zuviria''' (15 Hunyo 1818 – 6 Nobyembre 1892) <ref name="Marting19902">{{Cite book|title=Spanish American Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Source Book|last=Berg|first=Mary G.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1990|isbn=978-0-313-25194-8|editor-last=Diane E. Marting|pages=226–29|chapter=Juana Manuela Gorriti|access-date=5 March 2013|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrLI2BJkPu4C&pg=PA226}}</ref> sarong parasurat na [[Arhentina|taga-Argentina]] na may mahiwas na koneksyon sa politika asin literatura sa [[Bolibya|Bolivia]] asin [[Peru]] . Siya nagkapot kan posisyon bilang Enot na Babae kan Bolibya poon 1848 abot 1855. Sa pagpublikar kan ''La quena'' (1851), si Gorriti namidbid bilang pinakaenot na nobelista sa kun ano an nagin Argentina. <ref>{{cite web|date=6 August 2018|title=Mujeres que construyeron la patria|url=https://www.cultura.gob.ar/las-mujeres-que-construyeron-la-patria_6279/|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Argentina)|Ministerio de Cultura]]|language=es|accessdate=24 January 2022}}</ref> Sa ''La quena,'' inangat ni Gorriti an nosyon nin kadukhaan, ignoransiya, tiraniya, asin pan-aapi sa mga kababaihan, na nagsurat, "Maabot an aldaw na an siyensya nin tawo makakadiskobre kan mga kayamanan na iyan; alagad sa panahon na iyan an mga tawo magigin talingkas asin pantay-pantay, asin gagamiton ninda an kayamanan tanganing maglingkod sa katawohan! An paghade nin mga kahaditan asin despotismo matatapos na asin an henyo sana an mamamahala kaini sa kinaban an payo nin sarong Europeo, o sa ibabaw kan sarong Indian." <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=La quena|last=Gorritti|first=Juana Manuela|location=Argentina|pages=2003:7|language=Spanish}}</ref> An pagkomiter ni Gorriti sa mga isyung pangbabai nagpukaw kan interes kan mga babae asin lalaki, kaiba si Abel Delgado . An saiyang essay, " ''La educación social de la mujer'' ", ("An Sosyal na Edukasyon kan Babae," 1892) pinag-ulayan an mga lalaki asin babae na mga rona asin pigtatawan nin katanosan an partisipasyon kan mga babae sa ley asin politika. == Biograpiya == Si Juana Manuela Gorriti namundag kan 15 Hunyo 1818, sa Rosario de la Frontera, sa probinsya nin Salta sa amihanan kan Argentina. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Autoridades - Vista completa del registro|url=http://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000032389&local_base=BNA10|website=[[Biblioteca Nacional de la República Argentina]]|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615055504/http://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000032389&local_base=BNA10|url-status=}}</ref> Hale siya sa sarong mayaman na pamilyang may halangkaw na klase asin nag-adal sa sarong kumbento kan siya otso anyos. Namundag siya ki José Ignacio de Gorriti asin Feleciana Zuviria. An saiyang ama sarong pulitiko asin suldados, asin nagpirma kan Deklarasyon nin Katalingkasan kan Argentina kan 9 Hulyo 1816. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Argentine Women Writers|last=Frederick|first=Bonnie|publisher=SU Center for Latin American Studies Press|year=1998|location=Arizona}}</ref> Pamangkin man siya kan bantog na gerilya na Jose Francisco "Pachi" Gorriti [ es ] . An saiyang pamilya nagsuporta sa mga Unitarian durante kan panahon na masakit an pulitika ni Juan Manuel de Rosas, sarong konserbatibong gobernador kan Probinsya nin Buenos Aires. Kan 1831, kan si Gorriti trese anyos, an pederal na caudillo na si Facundo Quiroga pinirit si Gorriti asin an kadaklan kan saiyang pamilya na magdistiero. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Hk8DwAAQBAJ&q=Lola+Larrosa&pg=PR13|title=The Girondins of Chile: Reminiscences of an Eyewitness|last=Mackenna|first=Benjamín Vicuña|last2=Riveros|first2=Cristián Gazmuri|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-515181-7|language=en}}</ref> An pamilya ni Goritti nag-erok sa Tarija, Bolivia, kun saen namidbid niya an saiyang magigin agom, si Manuel Isidro Belzú, na sarong kapitan sa Hokbo kan Bolivia kan panahon na idto. Nagpakasal sinda kan siya kinse anyos, asin nagkaigwa sinda nin duwang aking babae. Mantang nag-asenso an saiyang karera, nagsakit an saindang pag-agom, asin binayaan niya ini kan 1842 pagkatapos nin siyam na taon na magkaibanan. Si Gorriti dai nakaresibe kan mga papeles nin diborsyo sagkod na makalihis an katorseng taon, pagkatapos kan saiyang pag-asasinar. <ref>{{Cite web|title=El Historiador magazine (Archives)|url=http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/g/gorriti.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223123136/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/g/gorriti.php|archive-date=2015-12-23}}</ref> Pagbalik niya sa Argentina, nagadan siya kan 6 Nobyembre 1892, sa Buenos Aires sa edad na 74. == Mga Salon == Sa Lima, an syudad sa baybayon kun saen siya nakaistar, nagkaigwa siya nin pangaran bilang sarong maimpluwensyang peryodista asin nagpoon na mag-host ''nin mga tertulia'' sa regular na basehan. An mga salon na ini aatenderan kan mga uso asin kadaklan mga edukadong lalaki asin babae, arog ni Ricardo Palma asin Manuel González Prada, Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera, Clorinda Matto de Turner asin Teresa González de Fanning . Magtitiripon sinda tanganing pag-olayan an literatura asin sosyal na pag-uswag, mga tema na namatean ni Gorriti na may pagkamoot asin ilalaog sa kadaklan kan saiyang literatura. An saiyang mga tertulia, na parateng ilinaladawan bilang mga salon para sa mga intelektuwal na elite, nagpatalubo nin mga diskusyon manongod sa literatura, politika, asin mga deretso nin mga kababaihan. An mga pagtiripon na ini nag-inspirar nin mga obra arog kan mga essay ni Teresa González de Fanning na nag-aadbokasiya para sa edukasyon asin emansipasyon kan mga babae, na pigtatampok an saindang mahalagang papel sa pagbilog kan diskurso kan mga babae sa rehiyon. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Urraca|first1=Beatriz|title=Juana Manuela Gorriti and the Persistence of Memory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_latin-american-research-review_1999_34_1/page/151|journal=Latin American Research Review|date=1999|volume=34|issue=1|pages=151–173|doi=10.1017/S002387910002433X}}</ref> Sa pag-organisar asin pag-host kan saiyang ''mga tertulia'', si Gorriti nagtao nin dakulang oportunidad para sa mga babaeng parasurat na magtiripon asin pag-olayan an literatura, pag-uswag, asin an pag-uswag kan mga kababaihan. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Partir Es Necesario, Pues Solo así Puedo Vivir': Enfermedad y Fantasía En Peregrinaciones de Una Alma Triste (1876) de Juana Manuela Gorriti|last=Astocondor|first=Carlos Torres|publisher=Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Humanidades|location=Peru}}</ref> Dakul sa mga nag-atender an sa huri nagsurat nin orog pa manungod sa mga temang ini, kaiba si Teresa González de Fanning, na nagmukna nin sarong naliliwanagan na hiro nin mga kababaihan. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Dreams and Realities : Selected Fiction of Juana Manuela Gorriti / Juana Manuela Gorriti ; Translated from the Spanish by Sergio Waisman ; Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by Francine Masiello|year=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/dreamsrealitiess00gorr|last=Waisman|first=Sergio Gabriel|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|language=English}}</ref> == Mga deretso kan mga kababaihan == Si Gorriti sarong maigot na peminista bago pa man naimbento an termino mismo, asin an saiyang dedikasyon sa mga deretso kan mga kababaihan ipinahiling sa kadaklan kan saiyang mga journal. Sa paagi kan saiyang mga sinurat, siya nagtukdo asin nag-inspirar sa mga babae na mag-ako kan mga papel sa kasarian na mas komun na makukua sa Europa asin Amerika del Norte. Sa paagi kan 'The Argentina Dawn', tinawan nin atensyon ni Gorriti an mga isyu arog kan access kan mga kababaihan sa edukasyon asin an importansya kan pagtao nin bagong kahulugan sa mga papel sa laog kan harong. Sa saiyang artikulong 'The Future of Women,' nagrason siya para sa pag-integrar kan mga kababaihan sa intelektwal asin pampublikong buhay, na nag-aadbokasiya para sa pagkakapantay-pantay sa paagi nin edukasyon asin reporma sosyal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Camacho Gingerich|first=A|title=In Search of the Feminine Voice: Feminist Discourse in Contemporary Latin American Literature}}</ref> Gusto niyang madangog an mga babae, ma-edukar an saindang mga sadiri, asin dai matakot na magkontra sa mga pamantayan kan sosyedad. Si Gorriti tinatawan nin bagong kahulugan an mga espasyo sa laog kan harong bilang mga lugar nin pagtumang, na pig-aadalan kun pano an mga babae makakapag-navigate sa mga inaasahan kan sosyedad. An saiyang mga naratibo naghahagad nin mga tradisyonal na paglaladawan kan mga papel kan kasarian, na nagtatao nin progresibong pananaw sa awtonomiya asin identidad kan mga kababaihan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miseres|first=Vanesa|title=Cooking and feminism through Argentine literature|pages=208–227}}</ref> An mga naratibo ni Gorriti parateng nag-eeksplorar kan mga interseksyon kan rasa asin kasarian, na nagtatao nin liwanag sa mga patong-patong na pan-aapi na inaatubang kan mga kababaihan sa ika-19 siglong Latin Amerika Sa mga obra arog kan 'El Lucero de Maná', pigladawan niya an mga karakter na naglalayag sa mga limitasyon kan sosyedad na konektado sa kasarian asin etnisidad, na pigduduon an pangangaipo para sa inklusyon sa hiro nin kababaihan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beckman|first=Ericka|title=Fables of globalization: race, sex and money in nineteenth-century Latin America|pages=99–116}}</ref> An mga obra ni Gorriti nagkritika man sa mga norma kan sosyedad asin mga inaasahan sa kultura na nakapalibot sa mga babae. Halimbawa, sa saiyang mga sinurat manungod sa uso asin mga pangigipit kan sosyedad, pigkwestyon ni Gorriti an pagduon sa hababaw na itsura bilang sukol kan halaga kan babae. An saiyang mga essay parateng nagtutukar kan mga intelektwal na naginibohan bilang an tunay na mga indikasyon kan pag-uswag asin pagpatalingkas kan mga kababaihan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Root|first=R. A|title=Searching for the Oasis in Life : Fashion and the Question of Female Emancipation in Late Nineteenth-Century Argentina|pages=363–390}}</ref> == Enot na Babae kan Bolivia == Si Manuel Isidoro Belzú, agom ni Gorriti, nagin presidente kan Bolivia kan 1848. Nakaligtas siya sa sarong pagprobar na gadanon pakalihis nin duwang taon asin namahala nin limang taon sagkod na magretiro kan 1855, na nag-isponsor kan saiyang manugang na lalaki, si Jorge Córdova, tanganing salidahan siya. An Córdova pinabagsak sa sarong kudeta pakalihis nin duwang taon asin sinalidahan ni José María Linares, na iyo man an pinatalsik kan saiyang Ministro nin Gera, si José María de Achá kan 1861. Si Achá nabuhay sa laog nin tolong taon sagkod na sinalidahan, sa paagi nin saro pang kudeta, ni Heneral Mariano Melgarejo . Si Belzú nagtindog nin sarong hukbo laban ki Melgarejo na, susog sa dai pa nakukumpirma na mga osipon, inimbitaran siya sa palasyo kan presidente asin binadil siya sa sarong pekeng kugos. Nagadan siya kan ika-23 nin Marso 1865. == Nars sa larangan nin ralaban == Kan 1866, an Armada Espanyol nagbomba sa mga pantalan sa mga baybayon kan Peru asin Chile, kaiba an pantalan nin Lima, kun saen si Gorriti nagserbi bilang sarong nars sa ralaban. Si Gorriti nag-ako nin onra militar gikan sa Peru huli sa saiyang mga bayanihan na gibo nin pagligtas sa mga nalugadan na mga soldados na Peru. Isinapeligro man niya an saiyang buhay sa pag-ebakwar kan mga nalugadan kan magsuko an mga Kastila sa Callao . Huli sa saiyang kabayanihan, asin mga aksyon na garo [[Florence Nightingale|si Florence Nightingale]], si Gorriti nahihiling bilang sarong parapakilaban para sa katalingkasan kan Peru asin tinawan nin Ikaduwang Bitoon kan Mayo kan gobyerno kan Peru. Nagsurat siya manungod sa mga pangyayaring ini sa kadakol na mga artikulo asin halipot na mga istorya, na kan huri tinipon asin ipinublikar sa ''Album of Lima'' na pigtogdas niya asin kan saiyang amigo asin kapwa parasurat na si Carolina Freyre de Jaimes . == Magbalik sa Argentina == Kan 1878, si Gorriti nagbalik sa Argentina. Sa ibong kan pag-atubang sa mga angat arog kan diborsyo asin pagkadistiero, si Gorriti nagdanay na sarong iginagalang asin maimpluwensyang pigura, na pigseselebrar huli sa saiyang mga kontribusyon sa literatura asin sosyal. Si Gorriti nagin ina nin duwang aking babae, si Edelmira Belzu asin Mercedes Belzu de Dorado. An saiyang aking babae na si Mercedes nagkahelang sa Peru kan 1879, alagad si Gorriti dai nakaduman saiya huli sa gera kan Chile asin Peru huli sa mga probinsya nin Tacna asin Arica. Si Mercedes nagadan kan huri kan taon na idto. Si Gorriti man an nagtogdas kan peryodikong ''The Argentina Dawn'', kun saen siya nagpublikar nin kadakol na mga artikulo manungod sa mga deretso asin edukasyon kan mga kababaihan. Kan siya nagadan, an mga taga-Argentina pig-omaw siya bilang sarong bantog, nakakatukdo, maimpluwensyang peryodista kan saiyang panahon. == Mga kontribusyon sa literatura == Si Gorriti naghale sa Bolivia pasiring sa Peru, kun saen magpoon an saiyang buhay sa literatura. Kan siya enot na mag-abot sa Peru mayo siyang pinansiyal na suporta o rekursos. Si Gorriti nagmukna nin sarong eskwelahan para sa mga babae sa Bolivia, kun saen idinusay niya an saiyang buhay sa pagtukdo asin pagsurat. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/812/3/Meachem10PhD.pdf|title=Womens Actions, Womenâ's Words: Female Political and Cultural Responses to the Argentine State (Doctoral Dissertation)|last=Meachem|first=Susanne|publisher=University of Birmingham|year=2010|location=Birmingham|page=176}}</ref> Siya sarong maigot na peminista, asin ini ipinahiling sa kadaklan kan saiyang mga journal. Si Gorriti nagsurat nin nagkapirang halipot na nobela asin kadakol na halipot na istorya. Kabali sa saiyang mga nobela an ''El Pozo de Yocci'' ( ''The Yocci Well'' ), sarong istorya nin pagkamoot, istorya nin multo asin katakutan na Gothic na pinagsararo, na nakabugtak sa saro sa pinakakritikal na panahon sa kasaysayan kan Republika nin Argentina, na pigkokomparar an idealistikong patriotismo sa likod kan Gera nin Katalingkasan sa kabangisan kan mga gera sibil na nagsunod. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://theclaptonpress.com/the-yocci-well-by-juana-manuela-gorriti/|title=The Yocci Well by Juana Manuela Gorriti, translated by Kathryn Phillips-Miles, The Clapton Press, 2020|last=Gorriti|first=Juana Manuela|date=June 2020|isbn=978-1-913693-02-2|language=en-GB|access-date=25 March 2025|archive-date=12 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212170908/https://theclaptonpress.com/the-yocci-well-by-juana-manuela-gorriti/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sinundan ini kan ''La oasis de la vida'' ( ''An Oasis kan Buhay'' ), sarong melodramatikong nobelang isinurat kan mga taon 1880. ''An La tierra natal'' ( ''An Katutubong Daga'' ), an saiyang huring mayor na obra, na ipinublikar kan 1889, nag-iistorya nin sarong pisikal na pagbaklay sa norteng Argentina, pabalik sa mga lugar na saiyang istaran sa bilog niyang buhay, siring man nin sarong paglayag pabalik sa saiyang mga memorya kan mga tawo asin mga pangyayari na saiyang namidbid asin naeksperyensiyahan sa dalan. Duwa sa saiyang pinakabantog na mga osipon iyo an ''La hija del mazorquero'' asin ''El lucero de manantial'' ; parehong mga melodramatikong osipon na may makusog na mensaheng politikal na kontra sa Rosista . Ini an mga mapuersang halimbawa kun pano an literatura nakikisumaro sa kritisismo sa politika. An duwang obra nakabugtak sa melodrama, sarong tanda kan estilo ni Gorriti, asin nagseserbing mga alegorya para sa nasyonal na identidad kan Argentina durante kan kontrobersyal na rehimen ni Juan Manuel de Rosas (1829-1852). <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prieto|first=A|title=Juana Manuela Gorriti: La narrativa romántica y el discurso político|pages=63–76}}</ref> Sa ''La hija del mazorquero'', pigtutuyaw ni Gorriti an mga brutal na paagi asin awtoritaryan na pamamahala na may koneksyon ki Rosas, partikularmente sa paagi kan paglaladawan kan mga karakter na nakabugkos sa "mazorca" (sekretong pulis ni Rosas). Siring man, ginagamit ''ni El lucero de manantial'' an simbolikong imahe asin dramatikong naratibo tanganing ipahiling an korapsyon sa irarom kan pamamahala ni Rosas. Si Gorriti bako sanang sarong pigura sa literatura kundi sarong boses man nin pagtumang. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tales of Incan Gold in an Era of Guano: Juana Manuela Gorriti's Precious Metal Melodramas|last=Burner|first=Lisa|publisher=Hispanic Review}}</ref> Si Gorriti nagmukna man kan peryodikong ''The Dawn of Argentina'' ( ''La Alborada del Plata'' ) kaiba an kapwa pararawitdawit na si Numa Pompilio Llona . An saiyang pauruutrong tolong taon na pag-istar sa Lima nagresulta sa pagpublikar kan ''La Quena'', sarong halipot alagad maimpluwensyang nobela, sa prestihiyosong peryodikong ''El Comercio'' . Kan huri, kan an pulitika kan Peru nagpoon nang mag-establisar, nagkontribwir siya sa ''Revista de Lima'' sa mga istorya arog kan ''El Angel Caido'' asin ''Si haces mal no esperes bien'' . An mga istorya ni Gorriti pinong marhay an pagkagibo asin nagpapatotoo sa mga uso sa literatura kan Amerika del Sur kan ika-19 siglo. == Mga pangenot na trabaho == === Mga Nobela === * ''El pozo de Yocci'' (1869) * ''Oasis en la Vida'' (1888) * ''La tierra natal'' (1889) === Mga nobela, halipot na osipon, asin manlaen-laen na mga sinurat === * ''Sueños y realidades'' (1865) * ''Mga Panorama kan buhay'' (1876) * ''Misceláneas'' (1878) * ''El mundo de los recuerdos'' (1886) === Mga traduksiyon sa Ingles kan saiyang obra === * ''Mga Pangarap asin Realidad'' na itrinadusir ni Sergio Waisman, OUP USA, 2003. * ''An Yocci Well'' na itrinadusir ni Kathryn Phillips-Miles, The Clapton Press, London, 2020. * ''An Satong Katutubong Daga'' itrinadusir ni Kathryn Phillips-Miles, The Clapton Press, London, 2021. == Mga Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h5kti33skkjlx5ozo2g6ve4fwk4uq25 0 51335 309782 308970 2026-08-23T23:39:44Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Søren Kierkegaard's fiancée}}{{Infobox person | name=Regine Olsen | image=Regine Olsen (Emil Bærentzen).jpg | caption=Regine Olsen in 1840, (painted by [[Emil Bærentzen]]) | birth_date=23 January 1822 | birth_place=[[Copenhagen]], Denmark | death_date={{d-da|18 March 1904|23 January 1822}} | death_place=Copenhagen, Denmark | relatives=6<ref name="TNY">{{cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/03/28/incommensurability|title=Incommensurability|website=[[The New Yorker]]|last=Updike|first=John|date=March 21, 2005|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref> }} Si '''Regine Schlegel''' (née '''Olsen''' ; 23 Enero 1822 – 18 Marso 1904) sarong babaeng Danes na nakasal sa pilosopo asin teologo na si Søren Kierkegaard poon Setyembre 1840 sagkod Oktubre 1841. == Biograpiya == === Mga enot na taon asin pakikipag-ulay ki Kierkegaard === Si Olsen namundag kan 23 Enero 1822 sa Frederiksberg, sarong distrito kan [[Copenhagen]], Denmark. An saiyang mga magurang iyo si Terkild Olsen, konsehal kan estado asin pamayo kan departamento sa Finance Ministry, asin si Regine Frederikke Malling Olsen. An harong kan saiyang pamilya yaon sa Børsgade, harani sa Knippelsbro. Kan siya nagdadakula, nagpipinta siya nin mga miniature . Enot niyang namidbid si Kierkegaard kan sarong aldaw nin tigsoli kan 1837 mantang nagbibisita sa harong ni Mrs Catrine Rørdam kan siya 15 anyos asin siya 24 anyos. <ref name="EWK">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9kKuc9xWLcC&q=bolette+rordam&pg=PA290|title=Encounters with Kierkegaard: A Life as Seen by His Contemporaries|date=July 21, 1998|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691058946|editor-last=Kirmmse|editor-first=Bruce H.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|translator-last=Kirmmse|translator-first=Bruce H.|translator-last2=Laursen|translator-first2=Virginia R.}}</ref> Kan huri, nagigirumdoman ni Olsen na sa enot na pagtiripon na ini si Kierkegaard nagtao nin "sarong makusog na impresyon" saiya asin an sarong amigo nagigirumdoman na si Olsen napangalas sa mga tataramon asin paagi kan pagtaram ni Kierkegaard. <ref name="penguin classics">{{Cite book|title=Papers and Journals: A Selection|url=https://archive.org/details/papersjournalsse0000kier|last=Hannay|first=Alastair|date=March 7, 1996|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=9780140445893|page=[https://archive.org/details/papersjournalsse0000kier/page/61 61]}}</ref> Sarong magkaparehong pagkamoot an nagtalubo sa pag-ultanan kan duwa mantang si Olsen pigtutukdoan ni Johan Frederik Schlegel, an saiyang magigin agom. Dangan sinda magtiripon giraray sa sarong pagtiripon na ginibo ni Lyngbye . Sa puntong ini si Olsen nagkaigwa nin makusog na impresyon ki Kierkegaard, na ilaladawan siya sa mga letra bilang puro, maogma asin may halo sa palibot kan saiyang payo. <ref name="LAD">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersdocuments0000kier|title=Letters and Documents|last=Kierkegaard|first=Soren|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1978|access-date=April 4, 2020|url-access=registration}}</ref> Si Kierkegaard nagpoon na maghanap saiya sa laog nin halawig na panahon, na pig-aakit an saiyang sadiri bilang sarong katood asin kan huri nagprobar na makipag-agom saiya. Kan 8 Setyembre 1840, sa katapustapusi ipinahayag ni Kierkegaard an saiyang mga namamatian ki Olsen kan siya nagtutugtog nin piano para saiya sa harong kan saiyang pamilya. Isinaysay niya an mga pangyayari pakalihis nin mga taon sa saiyang journal: "'O! Ano an pakiaram ko sa musika, ika an gusto ko, ika an gusto ko sa laog nin duwang taon.' Nagsilensyo siya." Si Kierkegaard nagpadagos sa pagdepensa kan saiyang kaso sa {{Lang|da|[[Etatsråd]]}} (Konsehal) Olsen, an ama ni Olsen, tulos. An saiyang ama nagtao ki Kierkegaard kan saiyang bendisyon, asin an duwa nagin nobya tanganing magpakasal. Sagkod sa pagbungkag kan saindang pakikipag-agom, sinda nabuhay na maogma, ta si Kierkegaard nagsarig ki Regine bilang sarong kumpiyansa . Kada semana, halimbawa, nagdadangog siya ki Kierkegaard na nagbabasa nin makosog saiya nin sarong sermon gikan ki Obispo Jacob Mynster kan Copenhagen. <ref name="KIERKEGAARD THE CELIBATE2">{{cite web|url=https://www.theway.org.uk/Back/454Casey.pdf|title=KIERKEGAARD THE CELIBATE|last=G. Casey|first=Thomas|date=2006|access-date=March 23, 2020}}</ref> Alagad, haros tulos-tulos, si Kierkegaard nagpoon na magkaigwa nin mga pagduda manungod sa saiyang kakayahan na magin agom na lalaki. Sa bilog na suminunod na taon, si Kierkegaard nagtao kan saiyang sadiri sa saiyang trabaho. Nagpoon siya kan saiyang pag-adal [[Seminaryo|sa seminaryo]], nagbalangibog kan saiyang enot na sermon, asin nagsurat kan saiyang disertasyon para sa saiyang mahister degree . Namatian ni Olsen na an garo baga sibot na iskedyul ni Kierkegaard sarong pagsaginsagin para sa paglikay saiya, sarong aksyon na nakakulog na gayo ki Kierkegaard na gibohon. Nagmantenir sinda nin dakulang surat-suratan; sa laog nin sarong panahon nagsurat siya kan saiyang mga misteryosong surat kada Miyerkules. An mga surat ni Kierkegaard nagdanay, alagad, apwera sa nagkapirang linya, an mga surat ni Olsen garo baga naraot. An mga surat ni Kierkegaard nakakagiromdom na gayo kan surat ni Abelard ki Philintus kun saen nagsurat si Abelard:  {{Quotation|Fulbert surprised me with Heloise, but what man that had a soul in him would not have borne any ignominy on the same conditions? The next day I provided myself with a private lodging near the loved house, being resolved not to abandon my prey. I abode some time without appearing publicly. Ah! how long did those few days seem to me! When we fall from a state of happiness with what impatience do we bear our misfortunes! It being impossible that I could live without seeing Heloise, I endeavoured to engage her servant, whose name was Agaton, in my interest. She was brown, well-shaped, and a person superior to her rank; her features were regular and her eyes sparkling, fit to raise love in any man whose heart was not prepossessed by another passion. I met her alone and entreated her to have pity on a distressed lover.|title=''The Love Letters of [[Peter Abelard|Abelard]] and [[Héloïse d'Argenteuil|Heloise]]''<ref>[http://sacred-texts.com/chr/aah/index.htm Abelard to Philintus]</ref>}} [[Ladawan:Regine_Olsen_Corsar.jpg|thumb| Si Regine Olsen na pigladawan kan ''The Corsair'']] === Katapusan kan pakikipag-ulay === Kan 11 Agosto 1841, pinutol ni Kierkegaard an pakikipag-ulay sa pagtubod na magigin masakit para ki Olsen na magin saiyang kaibahan huli ta igwa nin "sarong bagay na spectral manungod sako, sarong bagay na mayo nin siisay man na makakatagal na kaipuhan na mahiling ako aroaldaw asin magkaigwa nin tunay na relasyon sakuya". <ref name="Jstor2">{{Cite journal|title=Søren Kierkegaard's Uncertain Call to Celibacy}}</ref> Nagtutubod man si Kierkegaard na inaapod siya nin Diyos sa [[Buhay na mayong agom|celibacy]] asin na an saiyang buhay madali nang matapos nin huli ta an saiyang salud pirming maluya , na isinikwal kan militar huli ta dai siya angay kaidto. <ref name="SK22">{{cite web|url=http://sorenkierkegaard.org/kierkegaard-biography.html|title=Regine Olsen|website=SorenKierkegaard.org|access-date=April 1, 2020}}</ref> Nagpadara siya ki Olsen nin sarong surat nin pamamaaram kaiba an saiyang singsing sa pakipag-agom. Si Olsen, na may kulog nin boot, tulos na nagduman sa harong ni Kierkegaard; mayo siya duman, alagad nagwalat siya nin sarong surat na nakikimaherak saiya na dai siya bayaan. Habo ni Olsen na matapos an pakikipag-agom, na natatakot na mapakusog kaini an nagdadakulang kamunduan asin depresyon ni Kierkegaard dawa ngani an pag-imahinar ki Kierkegaard bilang sarong agom na lalaki dayuhan sa saiyang mga kaisipan. Sa saiyang mga pakikipag-olay ki Hanne Mourier sa saiyang huring buhay, sinabi niya na:  {{Quotation|Kierkegaard's motivation for the break was his conception of his religious task; he dared not bind himself to anyone on earth in order not to be obstructed from his calling. He had to sacrifice the very best thing he owned in order to work as God demanded of him: therefore he sacrificed love … for the sake of his writing.<ref name="KIERKEGAARD THE CELIBATE"/>}} Si Kierkegaard garo baga tunay na namomoot ki Olsen alagad dai niya kayang ipag-uli an paglaom na mag-agom sa saiyang bokasyon bilang sarong parasurat, an saiyang maigot, introspektibong Kristiyanismo asin an saiyang danay na kapungawan. Si Olsen napurisaw sa saiyang pagsikwal saiya, asin habo niyang akoon an pagputol ni Kierkegaard kan saindang pakikipag-ulay, na naghuhuma na gagadanon an saiyang sadiri kun dai niya siya babawion. Si Kierkegaard nagprobar na pugulan an saiyang interes, kan huri nagsurat siya, "mayo nang ibang gigibohon kundi an magsakripisyo sagkod sa pinakahalangkaw, tanganing suportaran siya, kun pwede, sa paagi nin pandadaya, tanganing gibohon an gabos tanganing isikwal siya sako tanganing mabalik an saiyang pag-orgulyo." Nagsurat siya saiya nin malipot, kalkuladong mga surat tanganing garo baga dai na niya ini namomotan, alagad si Olsen nagdanay sa paglaom na sinda magkakabalikan, na desesperadong nakikimaherak saiya na ibalik siya. Kan 11 Oktubre 1841 si Kierkegaard nakipag-olay saiya asin liwat na pinutol an pakikipag-agom sa personal. An saiyang ama nagprobar na kumbinsiron siya na mag-isip giraray pagkatapos na siyasaton an desesperadong kamugtakan ni Olsen, na nagsasabi na "Ini an saiyang kagadanan; siya nasa lubos na pagkadesesperar". Nagbalik si Kierkegaard kan sunod na aldaw asin nakipag-olay ki Olsen. Sa saiyang hapot kun baga siya mag-aagom, si Kierkegaard nagsimbag nin malipot: "Bueno, iyo, sa laog nin sampulong taon, kun ako nagpoon nang mag-init asin kaipuhan ko an sarong maimot na hoben na babae tanganing mapabago ako." <ref name="Journals1">Again in Journals, slight difference in translation, 49&nbsp;×&nbsp;5 A 149.</ref> Sa totoo, si Kierkegaard mayo nin siring na mga plano, asin magdadanay na sarong soltero na daing agom sa bilog niyang buhay. Si Olsen narumpag kan bilog na pangyayari, na dai nahaloy nagkahelang huli kaini. Si Olsen parehong "nasa pagkadesesperar, lubos na desesperado" asin anggot, na si Kierkegaard nagigirumdoman kun pano siya "nagkua nin sarong sadit na nota na igwa nin sarong bagay na isinurat ko na dati niyang dinadara sa saiyang daghan; kinua niya ini asin toninong na ginisi ini sa saradit na pidaso asin nagsabi: 'Kaya pagkatapos kan gabos, ika nag-aling nin sarong makatatakot na laro sakuya". <ref name="NS2">{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2019/03/Kierkegaard-philosopher-of-the-heart-clare-carlisle-review|title=Kierkegaard's ways to be human|website=NewStatesman|last=Monk|first=Ray|date=March 27, 2019|access-date=April 1, 2020}}</ref> Si Kierkegaard parehong napupurisaw, na ilinaladawan na naggagamit kan saiyang mga banggi na naghihibi sa saiyang higdaan na mayo siya. An istorya kan pakikipag-agom nagin sarong gikanan nin tsismis sa [[Copenhagen]], na an maringis na paghale ni Kierkegaard asin an garo baga maringis na pag-akit ki Olsen nagin labi-labi. An pamilya ni Olsen nagreak na may pinaghalo na pagkalibog, na nahihiling na dai masabutan an mga aksyon ni Kierkegaard, sagkod sa direktang pagkaongis sa pagcausa ki Olsen nin siring na kulog, dawa ngani an tugang na babae ni Olsen na si Cornelia, sa ibong kan dai pakasabot sa mga aksyon ni Kierkegaard, nagtutubod man giraray na siya sarong marahay na tawo. <ref name="Muse">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8iXDwAAQBAJ&q=sovereign+mistress+of+my+heart+kierkegaard&pg=PA127|title=Kierkegaard's Muse: The Mystery of Regine Olsen|last=Garff|first=Joakim|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-691-17176-0}}</ref> Si Kierkegaard sa huri nakiulay ki Olsen na patawadon siya sa saiyang mga ginibo. Sa sarong bantog na surat, siya nagsurat, "Orog sa gabos, lingawan an saro na nagsurat kaini; patawadon an saro na, ano pa man, dai nakapaogma sa sarong daragita." Si Kierkegaard nahahadit na gayo na tibaad raoton ni Olsen an saiyang sadiri huli ta sinabi niya na dai siya mabubuhay kun mayo siya kaya pigprobaran niyang tawan siya nin payo sa saiyang <nowiki><i id="mwsA">Ikaapat na Nakakapakusog na Diskurso kan 1844</i></nowiki> . Gusto niyang makatindog siya nin solo na may kaiba man o mayo siya. Hinapot niya ini:  {{Quotation|text="When the first self submits to the deeper self, they are reconciled and walk on together. ... Would you be better off now by having lost some of that burning desire and having won the understanding that life cannot deceive you; is not that kind of losing a winning? That little secret we two have between us, as the deeper self said. What, presumably, is this secret, my listener? What else but this, that with regard to the external a person is capable of nothing at all. If he wants to seize the external immediately, it can be changed in the same instant, and he can be deceived; on the other hand, he can take it with the consciousness that it could also be changed, and he is not deceived even though it is changed, because he has the deeper self's consent. If he wants to act immediately in the external, to accomplish something, everything can become nothing in that same moment; on the other hand, he can act with this consciousness, and even if it came to nothing, he is not deceived, because he has the deeper self's consent. But even if the first self and the deeper self have been reconciled in this way and the shared mind has been diverted away from the external, this is still only the condition of coming to know himself. But if he is actually to know himself, there are new struggles and new dangers."|author=Søren Kierkegaard|title=''Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses'' (1844)|source=Hong translation pp. 316–317 (Four Upbuilding Discourses)}} Nasambitan ni Kierkegaard an kahaditan na nakapukaw sa saiyang konsensia sa Nakakapakosog na Diskursong ini asin nakaabot sa konklusyon na an kapangyarihan nin kapatawadan sarong marahay asin sangkap na balaog hale sa Dios. (Hilingon: ''Apat na Nakakapakusog na Diskurso, 1843'', asin: ''An Pagkamoot Magtatago nin Kadakol na Kasalan'' (Hilingon: ''Tolong Nakakapakusog na Diskurso, 1843'' .) Sarong bagay an gusto niya ki Regine na dai niya itatao, an kapatawadan . Kun an saro dai kayang patawadon an saro, paano an saro magpapatawad sa saiyang sadiri o maglaom nin kapatawadan hale sa Dios? Isinurat niya an minasunod kan 1845: [[Ladawan:Kierkegaard_20090502-DSCF1492.jpg|thumb| Estatuwa ni Søren Kierkegaard ni Louis Hasselriis]]  {{Quotation|text="That it [the broken engagement] can be forgiven, if not here then nevertheless in an eternity. Is there anything dubious about this forgiveness? Yes, there is – that I do not have her forgiveness; and she is and remains an intermediate court, a legitimate court, that must not be bypassed. Her forgiveness certainly cannot justify me eternally, no more than a person's implacability can harm anyone but himself, but her forgiveness is a part of a divine procedure. Why, then, do you not have it? Because I could not make myself understandable to her. ... Suppose she had forgiven me. Then, of course, she would not have forgotten me. But can we see each other then? Suppose she stood beside someone else. When she stands that way within time, I am standing in her path and therefore shall go away. But if I stood in her path in eternity, where should I go. Compared with eternity, is time the stronger? Has time the power to separate us eternally?"|author=Søren Kierkegaard|title=''Stages on Life's Way'' (1845)|source=Hong pp. 380–382, 390–391}} {{Quotation|text="What would indeed be as disconsolate, yes, almost to the point of despair, as this-if, at the moment when the misunderstanding one returned and sought understanding, when the unfriendly one returned and sought friendship, when the one who had hated returned and sought reconciliation-what would be as disconsolate as this: if the one who loves has then wasted away, so that neither understanding nor the restoration of friendship nor the renewal of reconciliation in love could really take place with the blessed joy of eternity! On the other hand, what can make the moment of forgiveness, the transition of agreement so natural, so easy as this: that the one who loves by abiding, has continually cleared away the past."|title=''Works of Love'' (1847)|source=Hong 1995 pp. 313–314|author=Søren Kierkegaard}} {{Quotation|text="You must have God's help to believe that you are saved by Baptism; you must have God's help to believe that in the Lord's Supper you receive the gracious forgiveness of your sins. Be it done for you as you believe.<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%208&version=ESV Matthew 8:5–13]</ref> But everything in you that is flesh and blood and is timorousness and attachment to things of this earth must despair, so that you cannot acquire external certainty. If this like for like holds true even in relation to what most definitely must be called Gospel, how much more, then, when Christianity is itself the Law. "Forgive, then you will be forgiven" '|author=Søren Kierkegaard|title=''Works of Love'' (29 September 1847)|source=Hong pp. 378–380<ref>Matthew 6:14–15 English Standard Version (ESV) ''For if you forgive others their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you, but if you do not forgive others their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses.''</ref>}} Pakatapos kan pagbungkag kan pakikipag-agom asin kan kasal ni Olsen, pigkonsiderar ni Kierkegaard na magsurat saiya tanganing ipaliwanag an saiyang gawe-gawe alagad nagdesisyon na dai, sa pagtubod na ini makakaraot kan saiyang relasyon sa Dios, na saiyang nahihiling bilang saiyang enot asin pinaka-enot na pag-apod sa buhay. Kan 1849 si Kierkegaard nagpadara nin surat ki Olsen na nagpapahayag kan saiyang kamondoan asin nakikimaherak para sa kapatawadan.  {{Quotation|That I was cruel is true; that I, committed to a higher relationship, not simply for the sake of my virtue, had to be so because of love is a certainty; that you have suffered indescribably I realize; but I was to suffer more, I believe and know.—Nevertheless, I am ready to ask your forgiveness—provided you understand it as follows, provided you harbor no other explanation of our relationship than the fabrication, provided and forced upon you by my solicitude, that I was a black-hearted villain who broke a sacred obligation out of self-love, cruelly deceiving a lovely young girl who with all the righteousness of innocence on her side, with almost worshipful admiration and almost childlike devotion, entrusted herself to him. Provided you understand the matter in that way, then let me remain in the character of that pious deception: I am a villain, but now I come as a suffering penitent and beg forgiveness|title=(Letter 235, p. 322f.)<ref name="SK"/>}} Si Olsen nabuhay ki Kierkegaard nin haros kabangang siglo; nagadan siya kan Marso 1904 sa edad na otsenta y dos. Si Johannes Hohlenberg nagpreserbar nin sarong surat na saiyang isinurat ki Henrik Lund, an pamangkin ni Kierkegaard, na kun saen siya nagsabi, "An saiyang kagadanan nakapano sako bako sanang nin kamunduan kundi nin paghadit, na garo baga sa paagi nin pag-oktaba kan aksyon ako nakagibo nin sarong dakulang inhustisya laban saiya. .... Alagad poon kan saiyang kagadanan, garo baga sakuya garo baga ini sarong obligasyon na dai ko naintindihan; saiya sana, kundi sa Diyos, na saiyang inatang ako, kun baga ginibo niya ini gikan sa sarong natural na tendensiyang magpasakit sa sadiri (sarong pagduda na igwa siya mismo), o kun baga, siring sa paghona ko an panahon asin an mga resulta kan saiyang gibo ipapahiling, gikan sa mas halangkaw na pangapodan gikan sa Dios." === Epekto kan pagbubulag ki Kierkegaard === [[Ladawan:Soren_Kierkegaard's_relation_to_his_bride_1904.JPG|too|thumb|324x324px| An relasyon ni Sören Kierkegaard sa saiyang nobya]] Si Kierkegaard dai nanggad lubos na nakabawi sa saiyang palpak na relasyon ki Olsen, na nagdanay na sagkod pa man na namomotan saiya, na nagsurat sa sarong surat na naka-address ki Olsen na sinabi niya:  {{Quotation|Everywhere, in the face of every girl, I see the features of your beauty, but I think I would have to possess the beauty of all the girls in the world to extract your beauty, that I would have to sail around the world to find the portion of the world I want and toward which the deepest secret of my self polarically points-and in the next moment you are so close to me, so present, so overwhelmingly filling my spirit that I am transfigured to myself and feel that here it is good to be.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pattison|first=George|title=A drama of love and death: Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard and Regine Olsen revisited|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-european-ideas_1990_12_1/page/79|date=1990|journal=History of European Ideas|volume=12|pages=79–91|doi= 10.1016/0191-6599(90)90120-4}}</ref>}} Sa laog nin sarong panahon sa pag-oltanan kan saindang pagbubulag asin kan saiyang kasal ki Schlegel, sinda nagkaigwa nin magalang asin sibil na pakikipag-olay sa aroaldaw na mga paglakaw asin sa simbahan. An mga ini kadaklan bakong berbal sa parte ni Kierkegaard asin nagcausa saiya nin dakulang kahaditan, dawa ngani siya nakanompong pa man giraray nin kaogmahan sa mga interaksiyon, na nagsusurat sa saiyang journal, "Siring sa parating nangyayari sako kan mga nakaaging panahon, dai ko maiwasan na magngirit kun nahihiling ko siya". <ref name="LARB2">{{cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/keeper-loves-flame-regine-olsen-soren-kierkegaard/|title=A Keeper of Love's Flame: Regine Olsen and Søren Kierkegaard|website=[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]|last=Høi Jensen|first=Morten|access-date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> Halimbawa kan saiyang ika-39 na kumpleanyo, si Olsen nagpahiling saiya sa saiyang harong sa Østerbro, si Kierkegaard nagbalik kan pagbati asin sinda pareho nagduman sa saindang magkasuhay na mga dalan. Garo baga pigpoprobaran niyang gamiton an saiyang komplikadong paagi nin [[Indirect communication|bakong direktang komunikasyon]] sa saiyang personal na buhay, asin an saiyang masakit na paagi nagtao saiya nin dakulang kasakitan. Kan siya nagdulag pasiring sa [[Berlin]] kan 1842 tanganing mag-adal nin pilosopiya, siya pig-aagawan nin sarong babae na may pambihirang pagkakaagid ki Olsen. Dawa mantang naglulubog sa saiyang sadiri sa saiyang pag-adal, siya pirming nasa isip niya: "Dawa digdi sa [[Berlin]] an sakuyang, alas, sobrang imbentibong hutok nakapaglikay sa pagplano nin sarong bagay o iba pa. Dapat na mamotan niya ako o naoongis sako, mayo siyang aram na ikatolong posibilidad. Mayo man nin mas nakakadanyar sa sarong daragita kisa sa mga sitwasyon na nasa kabanga. " Kan panahon na ini na si Kierkegaard nagpoporma kan saiyang sadiring pilosopiya, siring man an saiyang enot na libro, ''Either/Or'' . Garo baga kan panahon kan saiyang kagadanan, igwa pa man giraray siya nin mga pagmati nin pagkamoot ki Olsen nin huli ta siya sana an tawong nakalista sa saiyang testamento, na si Kierkegaard, sa gabos na katuyuhan asin katuyuhan, pigkonsiderar an saiyang sadiri na agom. Sa kahurihurihi, isinikwal ni Olsen an testamento.  {{Quotation|It is naturally my will that my former fiancée, Mrs Regine Schlegel, should inherit unconditionally what little I leave behind. If she herself refuses to accept it, it is to be offered to her on the condition that she act as a trustee for its distribution to the poor. What I wish to express is that for me an engagement was and is just as binding as a marriage, and that therefore my estate is to revert to her in exactly the same manner as if I had been married to her.<ref name="LARB"/><ref name="KIERKEGAARD THE CELIBATE"/>}} Si Kierkegaard parateng nagtitiwala sa saiyang amigo na si Emil Boesen manungod sa mga bagay na may relasyon ki Olsen. Sa sarong pangyayari, isinuherir ni Bosen na pumondo na si Kierkegaard sa pag-adal kun ano an saiyang magigibo ki Olsen, na kun saen si Kierkegaard anggot na nagsimbag:  {{Quotation|So you would leave me to my Daydreams! In this you are mistaken. I am not dreaming, I am awake. I do not turn her into poetry. I do not call her to my mind, but I call myself to account. This is as far as I can go: I think I am able to turn anything into poetry, but when it comes to duty, obligation, responsibility, etc., I cannot and will not turn those into poetic subjects. If she had broken our engagement, my soul would soon have driven the plough of forgetfulness over her, and she would have served me as others have done before her—but now, now I serve her. If it were in her power to surround me with vigilant scouts who were always putting me in mind of her, she could still not be so clearly remembered as she is now in all her righteousness, all her beauty, all her pain. So just keep me informed. In the course of these recent events my soul has received a needed baptism, but that baptism was certainly not by sprinkling, for I have descended into the waters, all has gone black before my eyes, but I rise to the surface again. Nothing, after all, so develops a human being as adhering to a plan in defiance of the whole world. Even if it were something evil, it would still serve to a high degree to develop a person...|source=|title=(Letter 50, p. 93).<ref name="SK">{{cite web|url=http://sorenkierkegaard.org/kierkegaard-letters-documents.html|title=Letters And Documents|website=Soren Kierkegaard.org|access-date=April 1, 2020}}</ref>}} === Mga huring taon asin kasal ki Johan Frederik Schlegel === [[Ladawan:Regine_Olsen_(1870).jpg|thumb| Regine Olsen, mga taon 1870]] Kan 16 Abril 1843 si Kierkegaard naghahale na sa Simbahan kan Vor Frue kan mahiling niya si Olsen na nagtango saiya na nasabotan ni Kierkegaard na nangangahulugan na pinatawad na niya siya. Ini sarong importanteng interaksiyon para sa sainda na magpapahiling na si Olsen nagbalyo na. Si Kierkegaard sa huri nagsurat sa saiyang journal:  {{Quotation|At Vespers on Easter Sunday in Frue Kirke (during Mynster's sermon), she nodded to me. I do not know if it was pleadingly or forgivingly, but in any case very affectionately. I had sat down in a place apart, but she discovered it. Would to God that she had not done so. Now a year and a half of suffering and all the enormous pains I took are wasted; she does not believe that I was a deceiver, she has faith in me. What ordeals now lie ahead of her. The next will be that I am a hypocrite. The higher we go, the more dreadful it is. That a man of my inwardness, of my religiousness, could act in such a way. And yet I can no longer live solely for her, cannot expose myself to the contempt of men in order to lose my honor—that I have done. Shall I in sheer madness go ahead and become a villain just to get her to believe it—ah, what help is that. She will still believe that I was not that before.|source=|title=(Journals, IV A 97).<ref name="SK2"/>}} Kan 3 Nobyembre 1847 si Olsen naagom an saiyang dating paratukdo, si Johan Frederik Schlegel, sa Simbahan kan Satong Paraligtas sa Copenhagen. Maogma asin marigon an pag-agoman. An duwa nagbasa pa ngani nin makosog sa lambang saro nin mga kabtang hale sa mga isinurat ni Kierkegaard, na kaidto nagkukua nin dakulang atension sa Denmark. An pararawitdawit na si Anthony Walton pig-iimahinar an kamugtakan kan isip ni Kierkegard kan aldaw kan saiyang kasal:  {{Quotation|You are my sacrifice, the unconsummated wife of my soul and I was all too eager <br> to prove how much I loved you, <br> loved ''[[God in Christianity|Him]]'', by being willing <br> to give you up. Like [[Abraham]], like <br> [[Isaac]], I was led by my beliefs to believe <br> we would both be spared. <br> I was protecting you from the evil of this age, the evil <br> in myself. I wanted Him <br> to bless our union <br> and I wanted to wear that blessing like a shield. <br> I cannot rescind my [[leap of faith]]. <br> I have sent a small gift but will not <br> attend the wedding. If, after the service, <br> you should chance to look towards the hill above Deer Park, <br> you may feel free to imagine <br> that you see me, standing <br> in the full realization <br> that I have misunderstood the deity. <br> The world, Regine, is a killing <br> machine, each thing searching <br> for some smaller thing, greased <br> and driven by the grist wheel <br> of cruelty. We spend our lives walking <br> and swimming through the bloody <br> swamps of our deeds. <br> I did not mean to choose Him <br> over you. Can you forgive me <br> my faith? Can you see that I let you go <br> only that you should return? <br> Darling, I would not have harmed you.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walton|first=Anthony|title=Soren Kierkegaard Writes to Regine Olsen on the Day of Her Marriage to Fritz Schlegel|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_kenyon-review_winter-1999_21_1/page/86|journal=The Kenyon Review|volume=1|date=1999|issue = 1|pages = 86–87|jstor = 4337825}}</ref>}} Sa nagkapirang okasyon kan 1849, si Olsen asin Kierkegaard nag-agi sa lambang saro, nagpoon sa pagwararak hale sa simbahan pagkatapos kan Misa, asin kan huri sa mga ruta para sa mga paglakaw sa hapon na pareho nindang ginibo. Kan 19 Nobyembre 1849 si Frederik Schlegel nakaresibe nin sarong surat hale ki Kierkegaard na nakikimaherak saiya na togotan siyang makipag-olay ki Olsen. Si Schlegel dai nagsimbag sa surat asin pignegaran ni Kierkegaard an dugang pang mga kahagadan na makipag-olay ki Olsen. Kan ika-10 kan Setyembre 1852, an ika-doseng anibersaryo kan saindang pakikipag-agom, sinda nagtiripon giraray alagad mayo sa sainda an nag-oolay, paghanga sana, na nanompongan ni Kierkegaard na nakakapasakit. Kan aldaw nin [[Pasko]] kan taon na idto, sinda nagtiripon giraray; alagad sinabi ni Kierkegaard na garo baga naghahalat siya saiya o sa kiisay man. Nanompongan ni Kierkegaard na an pagbalyo kakaiba asin personal na marhay asin dawa pakatapos kaiyan namatean nia na garo baga "hinahanap nia ako kan saiyang mga mata". Dai nahaloy, si Frederik ninombrahan na gobernador kan Danish West Indies, asin si Olsen nag-iba saiya duman, na naghale kan 17 Marso 1855. Bago maghale, binisita niya si Kierkegaard sa huring pagkakataon na nagkukurahaw saiya, "Dios an magbalos saimo - lugod na an mga marahay na bagay mag-abot saimo!" Dai na niya mahihiling giraray si Kierkegaard. Nanompongan ni Olsen na an pagbaklay nagin masakit sa pagsambit kan "kumpletong espirituwal na kawaran nin pakiaram" bilang an pinakamaraot na elemento sa saiyang surat sa saiyang tugang na babae asin kumpiyansa na si Cornelia. Nadepisilan man siyang magbulag sa saiyang ina na si Regine Frederikke, na sarong balo na anom na taon na pagkatapos kan pagkagadan kan saiyang agom na si Terkild; Si Maria an saiyang matuang tugang na babae na an harong parateng pigdudumanan ni Olsen asin mga amigo sa tig-init; asin an pinaka-importante iyo an saiyang tugang na babae na si Cornelia na pinakaharani ki Olsen sa edad asin naturalesa. Si Cornelia makusog na hinahangaan bako sana ni Olsen, kundi man ni Kierkegaard, na nagladawan saiya bilang "pinakamahusay na babaeng karakter na nabisto ko asin iyo sana an nakapirit kan sakuyang paghanga".  asin sarong karakter na may kaparehong pangaran an nagluwas sa ''The Seducer's Diary'' . Si Kierkegaard magagadan sa Frederiks Hospital, walong bulan pagkatapos kan paghale ni Olsen. Sa saiyang huring mga taon, pinag-olayan ni Kierkegaard si Olsen sa saiyang katood na si Emil Boesen. Sa sarong pasahe sinabi ni Kierkegaard na:  {{Quotation|I have my thorn in the flesh, as did St. Paul, so I was unable to enter into ordinary relationships. I therefore concluded that it was my task to be extraordinary, which I then sought to carry out as best I could. I was a plaything of Governance, which cast me into play, and I was to be used. . . . And that was also what was wrong with my relationship to Regine. I had thought that it could be changed, but it couldn’t, so I dissolved the relationship.<ref name="TNY"/>}} Si Olsen nakaeksperyensya nin mga pagmati nin kasalan asin pagbasol, na nagbuyagyag sa saiyang mga surat ki Henrik Lund na siya nagbasol na dai niya naresolberan an tensyon sa pag-ultanan niya asin ni Kierkegaard siring sa saiyang katuyuhan sa huring buhay asin na namatean niya na garo siya nagkasala saiya. Si Olsen asin Schlegel nagbalik hale sa Saint Croix kan 1860 asin nag-erok sa Copenhagen an natatada nindang buhay. Durante kan saindang panahon duman sinda – si Olsen, partikularmente – nagin pamilyar sa mga talaarawan ni Kierkegaard. An pagpaluwas kontrobersyal kan panahon na idto huli sa mga tema kan mga pasahe na buhay pa arog ni Olsen. Kan mabasa an mga seksyon na idinusay saiya, nagigirumdoman ni Schlegel na siya magkakahelang sa hawak.   Si Frederick dai nahaloy nagkahelang asin nagadan kan 8 Hunyo 1896, sarong panahon na si Olsen parehong may helang na nakikipaglaban sa depresyon asin trangkaso . Kan 1897, si Olsen nagbalyo sa Frederiksberg tanganing mag-istar sa saiyang matuang tugang na lalaki. An kagadanan ni Schlegel nagwalat saiya na balo bako sana saiya, kundi sa saiyang mga mata ki Kierkegaard man. Pagkagadan ni Schlegel, inako niya an mga kahagadan kan mga biograpo, komentarista asin mga amigo, tanganing pag-olayan an saiyang lado kan relasyon sa pag-ultanan niya asin ni Kierkegaard. An mga nag-interbyu kabali si Hanne Mourier, Raphael Meyer, Peter Munthe Brun, Robert Neiiendam, Julius Clausen, asin Georg Brandes . Kan 1898 nagdesisyon siyang magdikta, kaiba an iba pa, sa librarian na si Raphael Meyer kan istorya kan saiyang pakikipag-agom ki Kierkegaard. An istoryang ini ipinublikar pagkatapos kan kagadanan ni Olsen kan 1904 bilang ''Kierkegaardian Papers: The Engagement; Ipinublikar sa Ngaran ni Mrs. Regine Schlegel'', alagad sa pankagabsan an mga iskolar nag-aako na ini nagtatao nin kadikit na impormasyon na dai pa aram sa paagi ni Kierkegaard asin iba pang mga pinagkukuanan. Si Olsen ilinubong sa Assistens Cemetery sa Copenhagen, kaiba si Kierkegaard asin Frederik Schlegel. Sa saiyang komentaryo manungod saiya, si Robert Neiiendam nagsurat na "aram niya 'na dinara niya siya sa kasaysayan.' Asin an kaisipan na ini an nakabawi sa saiyang tinios." Sa saiyang huring mga taon, an katood kan siya aki pa na si Raphael Meyer nagsabi na:  {{Quotation|She had a simple youthful longing to see her Fritz again, and yet she repeated with sincere conviction Kierkegaard’s words to her: 'You see, Regine, in eternity there is no marriage; there, both Schlegel and I will happily be together with you.'<ref name="KIERKEGAARD THE CELIBATE"/>|author=|title=|source=}} == Olsen sa mga sinurat ni Kierkegaard == Si Regine Olsen igwa nin sentral na papel sa kaisipan asin mga sinurat ni Kierkegaard, asin talagang sarong pambihirang posisyon sa kasaysayan kan gabos na pilosopiya kan Solnopan. Sa nagkapirang paagi, dipisil na masabutan nin lubos si Kierkegaard na mayong dawa kadikit na kaaraman sa saiyang palpak na relasyon ki Regine. An palpak na relasyon ni Kierkegaard ki Olsen nakaimpluwensya sa saiyang mga pananaw sa pag-agom, pagkamoot, pangako, pagkatotoo, asin tibaad orog sa gabos, pagtubod asin relasyon sa Dios. An saiyang pagsambit saiya sa saiyang mga sinurat, alagad, (apwera sa saiyang personal na mga journal) pirming bakong direkta. ''An Either/Or'', an enot na libro ni Kierkegaard, pano nin mga natatahoban na pagsambit sa saiyang relasyon ki Olsen. Apwera sa halawig na mga seksyon na nagtutukar kan mga bagay nin erotikong pang-akit asin sarong sermon manungod sa mga birtud kan pag-agom, kabali digdi ''an The Seducer's Diary'', na nagtatampok nin sarong hoben na lalaki na nagkakarkulo kan saiyang pang-akit sa sarong hoben na babae gikan sa harayo, asin sa pagkua kan saiyang pagkamoot, naputol an relasyon. An istorya igwa nin makusog na pagkakaagid sa relasyon ni Kierkegaard ki Olsen asin parati na piggigibo na sarong fictionalisation kaini, na may katuyuhan na iladawan si Kierkegaard, bilang malipot asin daing herak asin si Olsen, inosente asin biktima. Lininaw ini ni Kierkegaard sa saiyang mga journal na nagsusurat na:  {{Quotation|I must have her husband interposed between us. Either/Or! If am to become involved with her it must be on the grandest scale, and I would want it to be known to everyone, with her transformed into a triumphant figure who would be granted the fullest restitution for all the disparagement that was her lot because I had broken my engagement to her. <ref name="Jstor">{{cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Tess|title=Søren Kierkegaard: A Master of Refraction|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hudson-review_spring-2006_59_1/page/77|journal=The Hudson Review|volume=59|date=2006|issue=1|pages=77–88|jstor=20464533}}</ref>}} ''An Stages on Life's Way'' igwa nin pag-analisar kan tolong "spheres of existence" — an estetiko, an etikal, asin an relihiyoso. Siring na an etikal katumbas kan pagdusay kan buhay nin saro sa iba – sa pag-agom – an relihiyoso katumbas kan pagdusay kan sadiri sa Dios. Garo baga an desisyon na ini – an "magsalang/o" na ini – an nag-ubos ki Kierkegaard sa laog kan mga taon kan saiyang pakikipag-agom, asin namatean niya na dai niya kayang ipag-uli an saiyang pag-agom sa saiyang relihiyosong pangapodan. An Takot asin Pagkurog parateng nahihiling bilang kaagid kan relasyon ni Kierkegaard asin Olsen na nagpapahiling kan osipon ni Abraham na nagsakripisyo ki Isaac . An biograpo asin parasurat kan 'Philosopher of the Heart: The Restless Life of Søren Kierkegaard' na si Clare Carlisle nagsabi na si Kierkegaard "nakamamate na siya nagsakripisyo nin buhay kaiba si Regine, asin kaiba kaini an saiyang sadiring onra asin an marhay na pangaran kan saiyang pamilya, para sa sarong bagay na masakit ipaliwanag". Apwera sa sarong obra na idinusay ki Poul Martin Møller, idinusay ni Kierkegaard an gabos niyang mga sinurat sa saiyang ama, saro pang nagbilog na pigura sa saiyang buhay, asin ki Olsen. == Makasaysayan na pamana == Kan 1995 an biograpo ni Kierkegaard na si Joakim Garff nakakua nin access sa mga surat na isinurat ni Regine sa saiyang tugang na babae na si Cornelia sa panahon kan mga Schlegel sa West Indies. Dawa medyo pigbabantayan, an saiyang mga surat nagpapahiling kan pagkadisganar ni Regine sa tropikal na klima asin pagkadisgusto sa saiyang pighihiling na pagigin hababaw asin pagkasadit kan buhay kolonyal. Dai niya direktang pigtutukoy si Kierkegaard sa mga surat na ini, sa ibong kan pag-ako asin pagbasa kan saiyang mga papel pagkatapos kan saiyang kagadanan gikan sa pamangkin ni Kierkegaard na si Henrik Lund sa panahon na ini. An pinakaenot na bilog na biograpiya ni Olsen iyo an Regines gåde ni Joakim Garff {{Lang|da|Regines gåde: Historien om Kierkegaards forlovede og Schlegels hustru}} ("Regine's Riddle: An Istorya kan Nobya ni Kierkegaard asin Agom ni Schlegel") (Copenhagen: Gads, 2013), na sunod na itrinadusir bilang ''Kierkegaard's Muse: An Misteryo ni Regine Olsen'' (trans. Alastair Hannay, Princeton University Press, 2017). == Sa popular na kultura == * An Briton na awtor na si David Lodge nag-aadal nin mahiwas sa istorya nin pagkamoot sa pag-ultanan ni Kierkegaard asin Olsen sa saiyang nobelang ''Therapy'', mantang an bida na si Tubby Passmore nag-aagi nin krisis sa tahaw kan buhay asin nagigin nahuhumaling sa mga sinurat ni Kierkegaard asin orog na sa istorya kan saiyang pagkamoot ki Olsen, na nagbibisita sa Copenhagen asin mga pag-aadal ni Kierkegaard. * An Italyanong bandang post-rock na port-royal igwa nin sarong kanta na may titulong "Regine Olsen." * An indie pop band kan Estados Unidos, an The Receptionists, igwa nin sarong kanta na may titulong "Søren Loved Regina". * Igwa nin sarong Rusong synthpop duo na an pangaran Regine Olllsenn [ ''sic'' ]. == Mga Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p9lrviht0zgpnx7cq3ni3p9pgenfsi0 0 51388 309614 308697 2026-08-23T20:53:12Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309614 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Max_Slevogt_Francisco_d'Andrade_as_Don_Giovanni.jpg|thumb| Si Don Juan sa opera [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|ni Mozart]] ''na Don Giovanni'', sarong pintura ni Max Slevogt]] '''Don Juan''' (  ), na midbid man sa apod na '''Don Giovanni''' ( [[Tataramon na Italyano|Italyano]] ), sarong maalamat, fictional na Espanyol na libertino na nagdudusay kan saiyang buhay sa pag-akit sa mga babae . An orihinal na bersyon kan istorya ni Don Juan minalataw sa 1630 na dula na {{Lang|es|[[The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest|El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra]]}} ( ''An Paradaya kan Sevilla asin an Bisitang Gapo'' ) ni Tirso de Molina . An dula kabali an kadaklan sa mga elemento na nakua asin kan huri inadaptar sa mga suminunod na obra, kabali an kamugtakan ( Seville ), an mga karakter (si Don Juan, an saiyang surugoon, an saiyang namomotan, asin an saiyang ama, na saiyang ginadan), mga moralistikong tema (onra, kadahasan asin pang-aakit, bisyo asin pagbalos), asin an dramatikong katapusan kun saen si Don Juan nagkakakan kaiba asin dangan ginuyod pababa sa gapo kan dating estatuwa kan saiyang ama ginadan. An dula ni Tirso de Molina sunod na pig-adaptar sa kadakol na dula asin rawitdawit, na an pinakabantog kabali an sarong dula kan 1665, ''Dom Juan'', ni Molière ; sarong opera kan 1787, ''Don Giovanni'', na may musika ni [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] asin sarong [[Libreto|libretto]] ni Lorenzo da Ponte na kadaklan nag-adaptar kan dula ni Tirso de Molina; sarong satirical asin epikong rawitdawit, ''Don Juan'', ni Lord Byron ; asin ''Don Juan Tenorio'', sarong romantikong dula ni José Zorrilla . Sa paagi nin linggwistikong ekstensyon, gikan sa pangaran kan karakter, an "Don Juan" nagin nang sarong henerikong ekspresyon para sa sarong [[wiktionary:womanizer|parababae]], asin gikan digdi, an Don Juanismo sarong bakong klinikal na deskriptor nin sikyatriya. == Pagsabi == Sa [[Tataramon na Espanyol|Espanyol]], pigbabalangibog ining [ doŋˈxwan ] . An ordinaryong pag-pronunsiar sa Ingles iyo an /ˌ d ɒ n ˈ w ɑː n /, na may duwang silaba asin sarong silensiong " [[J]] ", alagad ngonian, mantang mas dakol na mga parataram nin Ingles an nagigin impluwensya kan Espanyol, an pag-pronunsiar /ˌ d ɒ n ˈ h w ɑː n / nagigin mas lakop. Alagad, sa bersikulo ni Lord Byron an pangaran nagtutugma sa ''ruin'' asin ''true one'', asin sa tradisyonal na paagi an pangaran pigpronunsiar sa tolong silaba, posibleng /ˌ d ɒ n ˈ ʒ uː ən / o /ˌ d ɒ n ˈ dʒ uː ən /, sa Inglaterra kan panahon asin kan huri kan mga kritiko. Ini kutana an karakteristiko kan Ingles na literaryong presedente, kun saen an mga pagpronunsiar sa Ingles parateng ipinapasunod sa mga pangaran na Espanyol, arog kan Don Quixote /ˌ d ɒ n ˈ k w ɪ k s ə t / . == Sinopsis == Dakul na an mga bersyon kan istorya ni Don Juan, alagad an pundamental na outline iyo man giraray: Si Don Juan sarong mayaman na Andalusian na libertino na nagdusay kan saiyang buhay sa pag-akit sa mga babae. Dakula an saiyang pag-orgulyo sa saiyang kakayahan na makaakit nin mga babae sa gabos na edad asin istasyon sa buhay, asin parati siyang nagsasagin-sagin asin nag-aasumir nin ibang mga identidad tanganing makaakit nin mga babae. An aporismo na pigbubuhay ni Don Juan iyo an: {{Lang|es|"Tan largo me lo fiáis"}} (na itrinadusir bilang "Anong halawig na termino an itinatao mo sako!" <ref>{{cite journal|last=Wade|first=Gerald E.|date=December 1964|title='El Burlador de Sevilla': Some Annotations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hispania_1964-12_47_4/page/751|jstor=336326|journal=Hispania|publisher=American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese|volume=47|issue=4|pages=751–761|doi=10.2307/336326}}</ref> ). Ini an saiyang paagi nin pagparisa na sia hoben pa asin na an kagadanan harayo pa—sa paghona nia igwa sia nin dakol na panahon tanganing magsolsol sa huri para sa saiyang mga kasalan. <ref name="Momentos cumbres">{{Cite book|title=Momentos cumbres de las literaturas hispánicas|url=https://archive.org/details/momentoscumbresd0000rodr|last=Rodríguez|first=Rodney|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2004|isbn=9780131401327|location=Upper Saddle River|pages=[https://archive.org/details/momentoscumbresd0000rodr/page/262 262]–318|language=es|chapter=La comedia del Siglo de Oro}}</ref> An saiyang buhay igwa man nin kadahasan asin sugal, asin sa kadaklan na bersyon siya nakagadan nin sarong tawo: si Don Gonzalo (an {{Lang|es|Commendatore}} ), an ama ni {{Lang|es|Doña Ana}}, sarong daragita na saiyang naakit. An paggadan na ini minadara sa bantog na eksena kan "huring pamanggihan", kun saen inimbitaran ni Don Juan an sarong estatuwa ni Don Gonzalo sa pamanggihan. Igwa nin manlaen-laen na bersyon kan resulta: sa nagkapirang bersyon si Don Juan nagadan, na dai tinawan nin Dios nin kaligtasan; sa ibang bersyon siya gikan sa boot na nagduman sa [[Impiyerno]], na nagsayuma na magsolsol; sa nagkapirang bersyon si Don Juan naghahagad asin nag-aako nin sarong banal na kapatawadan. == Pinakaenot na isinurat na bersyon == An enot na nasusurat na bersyon kan istorya ni Don Juan sarong dula, {{Lang|es|[[The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest|El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra]]}} ( ''An Paradaya kan Sevilla asin an Bisitang Gapo'' ), na ipinublikar sa [[Espanya]] kan mga 1630 ni Tirso de Molina ( pangaran sa pluma ni Gabriel Téllez ). <ref name="Waxman,Samuel2">{{cite journal|last=Waxman|first=Samuel M.|title=The Don Juan Legend in Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-folklore_april-september-1908_21_81-82/page/184|journal=[[Journal of American Folklore]]|volume=21|issue=81|date=1908|pages=184–204|jstor=534636|doi=10.2307/534636}}</ref> Sa bersyon ni Tirso de Molina si Don Juan pigladawan bilang sarong maraot na tawo na nag-aakit sa mga babae huli sa saiyang kakayahan na magmaniobra kan tataramon asin magtago kan saiyang itsura. Ini sarong demonyong atributo, nin huli ta an [[Diyablo|demonyo]] midbid sa pagbalyo nin porma o pagkua nin porma nin ibang tawo. Sa katunayan an dula ni Tirso igwa nin malinaw na intensyon na moralisado. Namatian ni Tirso na inaapon kan mga jovenes an saindang buhay, huli ta nagtutubod sinda na basta makagibo sinda nin Act of Contrition bago sinda magadan, automatic sindang makakaresibe kan kapatawadan nin Dios sa gabos na mga sala na saindang ginibo, asin makalaog sa langit. An dula ni Tirso nagtutulod na igwa nin penalidad para sa kasalan, asin igwa pa ngani nin mga kasalan na dai mapapatawad . An demonyo mismo, na pigbibisto ki Don Juan bilang sarong parabalyo nin porma asin sarong "tawo na mayong pangaran", dai makakadulag sa daing sagkod na padusa huli sa saiyang mga kasalan na dai mapapatawad. Siring sa sarong Danse Macabre kan edad media, an kagadanan ginigibo kitang pantay-pantay sa bagay na kita gabos dapat na atubangon an daing sagkod na paghukom. An teolohikong pananaw ni Tirso de Molina malinaw na gayo sa paagi kan makatatakot na katapusan kan saiyang dula. An saro pang aspeto kan dula ni Tirso iyo an kultural na importansya kan onra sa Espanya kan bulawan na panahon . Ini partikularmenteng nakasentro sa seksuwal na gawe-gawe nin mga babae, sa bagay na kun an sarong babae dai magdadanay na malinig sagkod sa kasal, an onra kan bilog niang pamilya mawawaraan nin halaga. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galiş|first=Florin|title=La relación de Don Juan con las mujeres|date=2014|page=731|language=es}}</ref> == Mga huring bersyon == An orihinal na dula isinurat kan Bulawan na Panahon kan Espanya susog sa mga pagtubod asin ideyal kaini. Alagad mantang nag-aagi an panahon, an estorya itrinadusir sa ibang lenguahe, asin ibinagay iyan tanganing maakomodar an mga pagbabago sa kultura. An iba pang mga midbid na bersyon ni Don Juan iyo an dula ni Molière na {{Lang|fr|[[Dom Juan|Dom Juan ou le Festin de pierre]]}} (1665), an dula ni Antonio de Zamora {{Lang|es|No hay plazo que no se cumpla, ni deuda que no se pague, y Convidado de piedra}} (1722), an dula ni Goldoni na {{Lang|it|Don Giovanni Tenorio}} (1735), an rawitdawit ni José de Espronceda {{Lang|es|[[El estudiante de Salamanca]]}} (1840), asin an romantikong dula ni José Zorrilla {{Lang|es|[[Don Juan Tenorio]]}} (1844). {{Lang|es|Don Juan Tenorio}} ginigibo pa man giraray sa bilog na kinaban na nagtataram nin Kastila sa ika-2 nin Nobyembre (" [[Aldaw nin mga Kalag|All Souls Day]] ", an Aldaw kan mga Gadan ). An opera ni Mozart {{Lang|it|[[Don Giovanni]]}} inapod na "an opera kan gabos na opera". <ref>''Mozart's Don Giovanni: Opera Classics Library Series'', ed. by Burton D. Fisher, (2002) p.9 {{ISBN|1930841760}}</ref> Enot na pigtugtog sa Prague kan 1787, ini nagin inspirasyon kan mga obra ni ETA Hoffmann, Alexander Pushkin, Søren Kierkegaard, George Bernard Shaw, asin Albert Camus . An kritiko na si Charles Rosen nag-analisar kan apelasyon kan opera ni Mozart sa mga termino kan "nakakaakit na pisikal na kapangyarihan" kan sarong musika na konektado sa libertinismo, politikal na kaigotan, asin nagpopoon pa sanang [[Romantisismo]] . Pagkatapos na mahiling an sarong pasundayag kan opera ni Mozart, si Pushkin nagsurat nin sarong istorya sa porma nin sarong dula, na bakong para sa entablado, " The Stone Guest " ( {{Lang|ru|Каменный гость}} ) sa seryeng "The Little Trahedies" (1830). Si Alexander Dargomyzhsky nagkompuesto nin sarong opera gamit an eksaktong teksto ni Pushkin para sa libretto (dai pa natapos kan magadan an kompositor kan 1869, natapos ni César Cui, 1872). An pinakaenot na Ingles na bersyon ni Don Juan iyo ''an The Libertine'' (1676) ni Thomas Shadwell . An pagbuhay liwat kan dula na ini kan 1692 kabali an mga kanta asin dramatikong eksena na may musika ni Henry Purcell . An saro pang midbid na bersyon sa Ingles iyo an epikong rawitdawit ni Lord Byron na ''Don Juan'' (1821). {{Lang|de|Don Juans Ende}}, a play derived from an unfinished 1844 retelling of the tale by poet [[Nikolaus Lenau]], inspired [[Richard Strauss]]'s orchestral tone poem {{Lang|de|[[Don Juan (Strauss)|Don Juan]]}}. This piece premiered on 11 November 1889, in [[Weimar| Weimar, Germany]], where Strauss served as Court [[Kapellmeister]] and conducted the orchestra of the Weimar Opera. In Lenau's version of the story, Don Juan's promiscuity springs from his determination to find the ideal woman. Despairing of ever finding her, he ultimately surrenders to melancholy and wills his own death.<ref>Heninger, Barbara. [http://www.barbwired.com/barbweb/programs/strauss_donjuan.html "Program notes for Redwood Symphony"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082109/http://www.barbwired.com/barbweb/programs/strauss_donjuan.html |date=2014-10-19 }}. Retrieved March 9, 2014.</ref> Sa pelikulang ''Adventures of Don Juan'' na pinagbidahan ni Errol Flynn (1948), si Don Juan sarong mahilig sa mga babae na nakikipaglaban man sa mga pwersa nin karatan. Kan 1951 an parasurat [[Brasil|na taga-Brazil na]] si Guilherme Figueiredo nagsurat nin sarong drama na may titulong ''Don Juan'' . <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.letravivaleiloes.com.br/peca.asp?ID=9979981|title=Don Juan}}</ref> Kan 1952, an [[Espanya|Espanyol]] na parasurat na si Jacinto Benavente nagpublikar kan saiyang dula ''na Ha llegado Don Juan'' . <ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGuUygAACAAJ|title=Ha llegado Don Juan|last1=Benavente|first1=Jacinto|date=1953}}</ref> ''An Don Juan in Tallinn'' (1971) sarong bersyon nin pelikula sa Estonia na nakabasar sa sarong dula ni Samuil Aljošin. Sa bersyon na ini, si Don Juan sarong babae na nakagubing nin lalaki. Kaiba niya an saiyang surugoon na si Florestino sa saiyang pakikipagsapalaran sa [[Tallinn]], an kabisera kan Estonia. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0298307/?ref_=nv_sr_1?ref_=nv_sr_1|title=Don Juan Tallinnas|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Sa ''Don Juan, o If Don Juan Were a Woman'' (1973), sarong Pranses-Italyanong ko-produksyon, si Brigitte Bardot nagtutugtog nin sarong babaeng bersyon kan karakter. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069990/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_2|title=Don Juan (Or if Don Juan Were a Woman)|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> ''An Don Juan DeMarco'' (1995), na pinagbidahan ni Johnny Depp asin Marlon Brando, sarong pelikula kun saen an sarong pasyenteng may isip kumbinsido na siya si Don Juan, asin isinaysay giraray an saiyang istorya nin buhay sa sarong sikyatrista. ''An Don Jon'' (2013), sarong pelikula na ginibo sa [[New Jersey]] kan ika-21 siglo, nagtatampok nin sarong magayon na hoben na lalaki na an pagkaadikto sa pornograpiya sa online pigkukumpara sa konsumerismo kan saiyang nobya. == Impluwensya kan kultura == [[Ladawan:Simmler_Wilhelm_Troszel.jpg|thumb| Retrato ni Wilhelm Troszel bilang Don Juan, ni Józef Simmler, 1846]] [[Ladawan:Dos_Hermanas_-_Parque_de_La_Alquería,_Monumento_a_Don_Juan_Tenorio_3.jpg|thumb| Monumento ki Don Juan Tenorio sa Dos Hermanas, Seville]] Si Don Juan nakaakit sa ika-19 siglong Ingles na nobelista [[Jane Austen|na si Jane Austen]] : "Mayo akong nahiling na siisay man sa entablado na nagin mas interesanteng karakter kisa sa compound na idto nin Cruelty and Lust". An pilosopong Danes na si Søren Kierkegaard pinag-olayan an bersyon ni Mozart kan istorya ni Don Juan nin halawig sa saiyang 1843 na tratado na ''Either/Or'' . Kan 1901, an kompositor na Finlandes na si Jean Sibelius nagsurat kan ikaduwang hiro kan saiyang ikaduwang simfoniya base sa kulminasyon kan Don Juan. An piyesa nagpopoon sa sarong representasyon kan Kagadanan na naglalakaw paitaas sa tinampo pasiring sa harong ni Don Juan, kun saen si Don Juan nakikimaherak sa Kagadanan na pabayaan siyang mabuhay. Siring man, an 1905 na nobelang ''The Song of the Blood-Red Flower'' kan Finnish na awtor na si Johannes Linnankoski naimpluwensiyahan ni Don Juan kaiba an bida kan istorya. An bida kan 1903 ''Man and Superman'' ni Shaw sarong modernong Don Juan na an pangaran bako si Juan Tenorio kundi si John Tanner. An aktor na nagtutugtog ki Tanner nagbago sa saiyang modelo sa dakulang ikatolong akto, na parati inaapod na ''Don Juan sa Impiyerno'' asin parati piggigibo bilang sarong separadong dula huli sa lawig kaini. Sa laog kaini, si Don Juan (na pigtutugtog ni Charles Boyer sa sarong bantog na rekording kan dekada 1950) nakikipag-olay nin mga pilosopikong barb sa demonyo (Charles Laughton). Kan 1911, an parasurat na Ukrainiano na [[Lesya Ukrainka|si Lesya Ukrainka]] nagsurat nin poetikong drama ''na The Stone Host'' manungod ki Don Juan. Siring sa pagdeterminar kan kagsurat mismo,  ini manungod sa kapangganahan kan konserbatibong prinsipyo  sa ibabaw kan nababanga na kalag ni Donna Anna, asin sa paagi niya – sa ibabaw ni Don Juan. An tradisyonal na paraakit nin mga babae nagin biktima kan babae na nagbalga kan saiyang kabotan. Sa Espanya, an enot na tolong dekada kan ika-beinte siglo nakahiling nin mas dakulang kaigotan sa kultura na nakapalibot sa pigura ni Don Juan kisa tibaad sa arin man na ibang panahon. Sa saro sa mga pinaka-probokatibong mga piyesa na ipublikar, an endocrinologist na si Gregorio Marañón nagrason na, harayo sa paragon nin pagkalalaki na parati siyang pig-aasumir, si Don Juan talagang nagtios nin sarong na-aresto na pag-uswag sa psychosexual. Durante kan epidemya nin trangkaso kan 1918 sa Espanya, an pigura ni Don Juan nagserbing metapora para sa mikrobyo kan trangkaso. <ref name="Davis2013">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taEhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|title=The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918|last=Davis|first=Ryan A.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2013|isbn=978-1-137-33921-8|pages=105–107}}</ref> An Pranses na autor kan kabangaan kan ika-20 siglo na si Albert Camus nagsambit ki Don Juan sa saiyang essay kan 1942 ''na The Myth of Sisyphus'' . Ilinaladawan ni Camus si Don Juan bilang sarong halimbawa nin sarong "absurdong bayani", mantang siya nagmamantenir nin sarong daing ingat na pagbaya sa saiyang pagdolok sa pagkamoot. An saiyang nakakaakit na estilo nin pamumuhay "nagdadara kan gabos na lalawgon sa kinaban, asin an pagyugyog kaini gikan sa bagay na aram kaini an saiyang sadiri na mortal". Siya "nagpapadakol kan dai niya kayang pagsararoon&nbsp;... Ini an saiyang paagi nin pagtao asin pagbuhay". Sa 1956 na single ni Buddy Holly na "Modern Don Juan", an parakanta nagkaigwa nin reputasyon bilang arog kan libertine sa saiyang paghanap nin sarong romantikong relasyon. An direktor nin pelikula na Sueco na si Ingmar Bergman nagsurat asin nagdirehir nin sarong komiks na sequel kan 1960 na may titulong ''The Devil's Eye'' kun saen si Don Juan, kaiba an saiyang surugoon, ipinadara hale sa [[Impiyerno]] pasiring sa kontemporanyong [[Suesya|Sweden]] tanganing akiton an sarong hoben na babae bago an saiyang kasal. Si Anthony Powell sa saiyang nobelang 1960 ''na Casanova's Chinese Restaurant'' pigkokomparar si Don Juan, na "gusto sana an kapangyarihan" asin "malinaw na dai aram kun ano an sensualidad", ki Casanova, na "daing duwa-duwa na igwa kan saiyang mga sensual na momento". Naobserbaran ni Stefan Zweig an parehong pagkakaiba kan duwang karakter sa saiyang biograpiya kan "Casanova". kan 1970 Faroese na awtor na si William heinesen nagpaluwas kan saiyang halipot na osipon {{Lang|fo|"Don Juan fra Tranhuset"}}, kun saen an sarong karakter na naglaladawan ki Don Juan nahugasan sa Faroe Islands sa Torshavn asin nagpoon na akiton an mga babae kan banwaan na iyan. Sa nobelang Pranses kan 1910 ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (nobela)|na The Phantom of the Opera]]'' ni Gaston Leroux, an titular na karakter (na midbid man bilang Erik) naggamit nin kadaklan kan saiyang buhay sa pagsurat nin sarong opera, ''Don Juan Triumphant'', na nagsayuma na patugtugon ini para ki Christine Daaé asin sinasabihan siya na ini bakong arog kan arin man na musika na saiyang nadangog asin na kun ini kumpleto na, siya magagadan kaiba kaini, na dai na nanggad ihihiras sa lalaki. Kasunod kan eksena nin pag-unmask, inaapod ni Erik an saiyang sadiri bilang Don Juan mantang pigkokompronta niya si Christine, na inaabuso siya sa berbal asin pisikal mantang ginagamit niya an saiyang mga kamot tanganing dugmukon an saiyang lalawgon, na nagkukururahaw "Kun an sarong babae nakahiling sako – arog kan saimong nahiling – siya nagigin sakuya&nbsp;... Tunay na Don Juan ako&nbsp;... Hilinga ako! Ako si Don Juan Triumphant!" Si Don Juan saro man na punto kan istorya sa nobelang ''Phantom'' ni Susan Kay, na nagpahiwas sa nobelang ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (nobela)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'' ni Gaston Leroux . An titular na karakter inaapod na "Don Juan" kan siya aki pa, sarong bansag na itinao saiya ni Javert, sarong lalaki na nag-aprobetsar ki Erik kan siya aki pa. Sa huri kan saiyang buhay, nagpoon siyang magsurat nin ''Don Juan Triumphant'', na naggasto nin mga dekada sa piyesa, na nadangog ni Christine Daaé pagkatapos magtago sa saiyang kwarto pagkatapos na haleon an maskara ni Erik. Sa 1986 Broadway musical adaptation kan 1910 ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (nobela)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'' ni Gaston Leroux, an karakter kan Phantom nagsurat nin sarong opera base sa alamat ni Don Juan na inaapod na ''Don Juan Triumphant'' . Si Don Juan nasambitan sa 1980 Broadway musical adaptation kan 1862 na nobelang {{Lang|fr|[[Les Misérables]]}} ni [[Victor Hugo]], kun saen an karakter na si Grantaire nagsasabi na si Marius Pontmercy naghihiro arog ni Don Juan. An dating Thai Queen na si Sirikit sarong beses nagsabi sa mga reporter na an saiyang aking si Crown Prince [[Maha Vajiralongkorn|Vajiralongkorn]], ngonyan si Hadeng Rama X, "medyo sarong Don Juan". Si Don Juan pigtutukoy sa Star Trek the Original Series, season one episode 16 "Shore Leave". An "Don Juan" sarong Cockney rhyming slang para sa 2:1 degree na klasipikasyon. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.studentroost.co.uk/understanding-university-slang-a-guide-to-jargon-busting|title=Understanding university slang: A guide to jargon busting}}</ref> == Folkloristics == Sa folkloristics, an tema nin sarong tawong nabubuhay na daing ingat na nag-iimbitar nin sarong gadan na tawo o kalabera para sa pamanggihan pigklasipikar sa Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index bilang ATU 470A, "The Offended Skull". == Hilingon man == * Don Juanismo * Giacomo Casanova == Mga Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * [http://www.toutmoliere.net/oeuvres/domjuan/index.html Teksto kan ''Dom Juan''' ni Molière] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125054304/http://www.toutmoliere.net/oeuvres/domjuan/index.html |date=2010-11-25 }} Archived (sa Pranses) * [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030892/Don-Juan Artikulo ''sa Encyclopædia Britannica'' manungod ki Don Juan] * [http://www.donjuanarchiv.at/forschung/don-juan/quellen-und-texte-i/bibliographie-don-juan-fassungen/a-e-singer/bibliography-don-juan-theme.html Armand E. Singer: Sarong Bibliograpiya kan Tema ni Don Juan 1954–2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501055905/http://www.donjuanarchiv.at/forschung/don-juan/quellen-und-texte-i/bibliographie-don-juan-fassungen/a-e-singer/bibliography-don-juan-theme.html |date=2012-05-01 }} * " [http://fleursdumal.org/poem/114 Mga Burak nin Karatan] ", Charles Baudelaire [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] los3t9eyje6xcdxc1oaqy3ildvntuvl 0 51694 309639 285462 2026-08-23T21:15:45Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|2|0.1}} [[Pleistocene]]<ref name=Rizal2020/> | image = Java Man holotype.jpg | image_caption = [[Java Man]], the [[holotype]] of ''H. erectus''{{efn|The Java Man [[femur]] presents a noticeable [[osteocyte]], likely [[Paget's disease of bone]] and [[osteopetrosis]] (thickening of the bone), probably stemming from [[skeletal fluorosis]] caused by ingestion of food contaminated by [[fluoride toxicity|fluoride]]-filled [[volcanic ash#ingesting ash|volcanic ash]] (as the specimen was found in ash-filled [[stratum (geology)|strata]]). Livestock that graze on volcanic ash-ridden fields typically die of [[acute toxicity]] within a few days or weeks.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Soriano|first=M. |title=The fluoric origin of the bone lesion in the ''Pithecanthropus erectus'' femur |url=https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_1970-01_32_1/page/49|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=49–57 |year=1970 |pmid=4984453 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330320107}}</ref>}} | extinct = yes | taxon = Homo erectus | authority = ([[Eugène Dubois|Dubois]], 1893) }} An '''''Homo erectus''''' (lit. 'tanos na tawo') sarong napuho nang klase nin [[tawo]] gikan sa [[Pleistocene]], na minaabot nin haros 2 milyon na taon. Ini an pinakaenot na klase nin tawo na nagkaigwa nin plano asin paglakaw nin hawak na garo tawo, na naghale sa [[Aprika]] asin nagkolonya sa [[Asya]] asin [[Europa]], asin naggamit nin kalayo. An ''H. erectus'' iyo an ginikanan kan mga huring klase nin tawo, kabali an ''H. heidelbergensis'' — an huring komun na ginikanan kan mga modernong tawo, mga [[Neanderthal]], asin mga [[Denisovan]]. Bilang sarong mahiwas na distribusyon na klase sa heograpiya asin sa panahon, an anatomiya kan ''H. erectus'' nagkakaiba-iba nin dakula. An mga subspecies minsan namimidbid: ''H. e. erectus'', ''H. e. pekinensis'', ''H. e. soloensis'', ''H. e. ergaster'', ''H. e. georgicus'', asin ''H. e. tautavelensis''. {{stub}} 6v0ttinnsjkihrr5efni5mn0jhscgxv 0 52509 309597 309322 2026-08-23T20:37:07Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} An '''''Sui iuris''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|u:|aɪ|_|ˈ|dʒ|ʊər|ɪ|s}}), pigbaybay man na '''''sui juris''''', iyo an sarong [[Latin]] phrase na literal na nangangahulugan na "of one's own right".<ref>{{cite web|title=Collins English Dictionary|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/sui+juris|year=2003|access-date=5 November 2012|quote=sui juris [ˈsuːaɪ ˈdʒʊərɪs] adj (Law) (usually postpositive) Law of full age and not under disability; legally competent to manage one's own affairs; independent [from Latin, literally: of one's own right]}}</ref> Piggagamit iyan sa [[Canon law of the Catholic Church|canon law]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Faris|first1=J.D.|title=The Latin Church Sui Iuris|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jurist_2002_62_2/page/280|journal=Jurist|date=2002|volume=62|page=280}}</ref>kan [[Simbahan Katoliko]] asin sa sekular na ley.<ref>{{cite book|title=A dictionary of modern legal usage|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode0000garn_c0v5|last1=Garner|first1=Bryan A.|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-507769-5|edition=2nd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode0000garn_c0v5/page/851 851]–852}}</ref> An terminong '''church ''sui iuris''''' piggamit sa Katolikong ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'' (CCEO) tanganing magtao nin kahulugan na [[Catholic particular churches asin mga liturgical rites|awtonomong simbahan]] sa Katolikong [[Full communion|komunyon]]. An Simbahan Katoliko kompwesto nin 24 na simbahan, kabali an [[Latin Church]] asin 23 na simbahan kan [[Eastern Catholic]]. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} gomfd4dl38ppscrhkovxtebmz9bfgey 0 52591 309753 288252 2026-08-23T23:14:28Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Estratobulkan sa Puebla, Mexico}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Popocatépetl | etymology = {{lang|nah|popōcatepētl}}, ''Smoking Mountain'' | nickname = {{lang|es|[[Don (honorific)|Don]] [[Pope Gregory I|Goyo]]}} | photo = Mexico-Popocatepetl.jpg | photo_caption = Popocatépetl, viewed from the north from [[Paso de Cortés]]. | elevation_m = 5393 | elevation_ref = {{efn|Sources vary widely, on the elevation of Popocatépetl, with most giving a value at or slightly above {{convert|5400|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The {{convert|5393|m|ft|abbr=on}} figure given here is from the Smithsonian Institution-Global Volcanism Program.<ref name="Global Volcanism Program" />}} | prominence_m = 3020 | prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web |url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/mexico.html |title=Mexico Ultras |website=Peaklist.org |access-date=2012-01-29}} The prominence value given here of {{convert|3020|m|ft|abbr=on}} is based on a summit elevation of {{convert|5400|m|ft|abbr=on}} for Popocatépetl.</ref><ref name="peakbagger">{{cite peakbagger |pid=8034 |title=Volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico |access-date=2012-01-29}} The prominence value given here of {{convert|3,020|m|ft|abbr=on}} is interpolated from a summit elevation of {{convert|5,400|m|ft|abbr=on}} for Popocatépetl.</ref> | listing = {{unbulleted list |[[Ultra prominent peak|World most prominent peaks]] 89th |[[List of the highest major summits of North America|North America highest peaks]] 5th |[[List of the most prominent summits of North America|North America prominent peaks]] 17th |[[Highest major summits of Mexico|Mexico highest major peaks]] 2nd }} | location = [[Mexico (state)|Mexico]]-[[Puebla]]-[[Morelos]], [[Mexico]] | map = Mexico Puebla#Mexico State of Mexico#Mexico | map_caption = Location in Mexico | label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|19|01|20|N|98|37|40|W|type:mountain_region:MX_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | topo = | type = [[Stratovolcano]] | last_eruption = 2024<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mexico's Popocatépetl volcano erupts 13 times in past day, prompting airport delays |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/popocatepetl-volcano-flights-mexico-city-puebla-ashes-67a11616283ae80d23470fc9b70a35c3 |date=29 February 2024}}</ref> | first_ascent = | easiest_route = rock/snow climb | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} An '''Popocatépetl''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|p|ɒ|p|ə|ˈ|k|æ|t|ə|p|ɛ|t|əl|,_|ˌ|p|ɒ|p|ə|k|æ|t|ə|ˈ|p|ɛ|t|əl}} {{respell|POP|ə|KAT|ə|pet|əl|,_-|kat|ə|PET|əl}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|p|oʊ|p|-}} {{respell|POHP|-}} Nahuatl: Popōcatepētl IPA: popoːkaˈtepeːt͡ɬ) iyo an sarong aktibong [[estratobulkan]] na namumugtak sa mga estado kan [[Puebla]], [[Morelos]], asin [[State of Mexico|Mexico]] sa central [[Mexico]]. Nakabugtak iyan sa subangan na kabanga kan [[Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]]. Sa {{convert|5393|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Global Volcanism Program">{{cite gvp|vnum=341090|name=Popocatépetl|access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref> iyo iyan an ikaduwang pinakahalangkaw na [[Bukid|alitoktok]] sa Mexico, pagkatapos kan [[Citlaltépetl]] ([[Pico de Orizaba]]) sa {{convert|5636|m|abbr=on}}. An Popocatépetl nakaranggo na ika-89 sa [[List of peaks by prominence|prominence]]. Pigtatakod iyan sa [[Kambal na alitoktok|kambal]] bulkan na [[Iztaccihuatl]] sa amihanan kan halangkaw na [[Saddle (landform)|saddle]] midbid bilang "[[Paso de Cortés]]".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beaman|first=John H.|title=The Timberlines of Iztaccihuatl and Popocatépetl, Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/ecology_summer-1962_43_3/page/377|journal=[[Journal of Ecology]]|volume=43|issue=3|date=July 1962|pages=377–385|doi=10.2307/1933367|jstor=1933367}}</ref> An [[Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park]], kun saen an duwang bulkan manunuparan, ipinangaran sa sainda.<ref name="Parcque 2016">{{cite web|title=Parque Nacional Izta-Popo Zoquiapan|url=https://simec.conanp.gob.mx/ficha.php?anp=87&=11|website=SIMEC: Sistema de Información, Monitoreo, y Evaluación para la Conservación|publisher=Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas|language=es|date=5 August 2016|access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Conanp2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.conanp.gob.mx/sig/|title=Sistema de Información Geográfica|work=Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas|access-date=22 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027200233/http://www.conanp.gob.mx/sig/|archive-date=27 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> An Popocatépetl yaon sa {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} habagatan subangan kan [[Mexico City]], sa kun saen iyan pwedeng mahiling nin regular, depende sa kamugtakan kan panahon. Sagkod sa dai pa nahahaloy, an bulkan saro sa tulong haralangkaw na alitoktok sa Mexico na igwang [[Glacier|glaciers]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Beiträge zur Geomorphologie.- Proceedings Fachtagung der Schweizerischen Geomorphologischen Gesellschaft, 8–10 July 1999|author=Huggel, C.|author2=Delgado, H.|publisher=Bramois, WSL Birmensdorf|year=2000|editor=Hegg, C.|pages=97–106|chapter=Glacier monitoring at Popocatépetl Volcano, México: glacier shrinkage and possible causes|access-date=2012-04-17|editor2=Vonder Muehll, D.|chapter-url=http://www.geofisica.unam.mx/popoc/colaboracion/GTNH/files/public_mexico/03Huggel_Glacier%20monitoring.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.geofisica.unam.mx/popoc/colaboracion/GTNH/files/public_mexico/03Huggel_Glacier%20monitoring.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live}}</ref> an iba pa iyo an Iztaccihuatl asin Pico de Orizaba. Kaidtong dekada 1990, an glaciers siring kan [[Glaciar Norte (Popocatépetl)|Glaciar Norte]] (North Glacier) nagin sadit nin marhay an sukol, huli gayod sa maimbong na temperatura alagad dakulang posibilidad na huli sa padagos na bulkanikong aktibidad.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Granados|first=HD|title=The glaciers of Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico): Changes and causes|journal=Quaternary International|volume=43–44|year=1997|pages=53–60|url=http://www.mendeley.com/research/glaciers-popocatpetl-volcano-mexico-changes-causes/|access-date=2012-04-17|bibcode=1997QuInt..43...53G|doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00020-7}}</ref> Kaidtong kaamayi kan 2001, an mga glacier kan Popocatépetl nawara na; an yelo nagdanay na yaon sa bulkan, alagad dai na pigpapahiling an characteristic features kan glaciers siring kan [[crevasses]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chronicle of a death foretold: Extinction of the small-size tropical glaciers of Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico)|journal=Global and Planetary Change|volume=56|issue=1–2|year=2007|pages=13–22|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.010|vauthors=Delgado Granados H, Miranda PJ, Huggel C, Ortega del Valle S, Alatorre Ibargüengoitia MA|bibcode=2007GPC....56...13D}}</ref><ref name="Huggel">{{cite journal|url=http://www.unesco.org.uy/phi/biblioteca/bitstream/123456789/519/1/12huggel_et+al.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029130701/http://www.unesco.org.uy/phi/biblioteca/bitstream/123456789/519/1/12huggel_et+al.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-29|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=170|issue=1–2|year=2008|pages=99–110|title=Evaluation of ASTER and SRTM DEM data for lahar modeling: A case study on lahars from Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico|vauthors=Huggel C, Schneider D, Julio Miranda P, Granados HD, Kääb A|access-date=2012-04-17|bibcode=2008JVGR..170...99H|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.005|s2cid=51845260}}</ref><ref name="JulioMiranda2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Julio-Miranda P, Delgado-Granados H, Huggel C, Kääb A|title=Impact of the eruptive activity on glacier evolution at Popocatépetl Volcano (México) during 1994–2004|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=170|issue=1–2|year=2008|pages=86–98|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.011|bibcode=2008JVGR..170...86J|url=http://www.geofisica.unam.mx/popoc/colaboracion/GTNH/files/public_mexico/11Julio%20et%20al.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.536.4620|access-date=2017-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915163413/http://www.geofisica.unam.mx/popoc/colaboracion/GTNH/files/public_mexico/11Julio%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-15|url-status=dead|archivedate=2012-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915163413/http://www.geofisica.unam.mx/popoc/colaboracion/GTNH/files/public_mexico/11Julio%20et%20al.pdf}}</ref> An [[lava]] na nagtutuga gikan sa Popocatépetl sa kasaysayan sarong predominanteng [[Basaltic andesite|andesitic]], alagad nakapag-alboruto na iyan nin darakulang bolyum nin [[dacite]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Fall Meeting 2009, abstract #V51A-1658|author=Sosa, G.|author2=Gardner, J.&nbsp;E.|author3=Lassiter, J.&nbsp;C.|journal=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts|publisher=American Geophysical Union|year=2009|volume=2009|pages=V51A–1658|chapter=Magma evolution during the last 23 ky at Popocatepetl Volcano: insights from Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes in plagioclase, pyroxene and pumice matrix|bibcode=2009AGUFM.V51A1658S}}</ref> An [[magma]] na prinodusir sa presenteng siklo nin aktibidad tends to be a mixture kan duwa tna igwang andesites na mayaman sa magnesium.<ref>{{cite book|title=Spring Meeting 2007, abstract #V42A-05|author=Martin, A. L.|author2=Cifuentes, G.|author3=Straub, S.|author4=Mendiola, F.|journal=AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts|publisher=American Geophysical Union|year=2007|volume=2007|pages=V42A–05|chapter=Magma Stagnation and Ascent at Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico during the last 10 years|bibcode=2007AGUSM.V42A..05M}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} r6w6uyic0klg6079sqdvcrnzhuqfc46 0 52686 309772 289329 2026-08-23T23:27:21Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|name=Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay|image=Where The Wild Things Are (book) cover.jpg|border=yes|image_size=280px|alt=The book cover is an illustration of a sail boat coming into a forested shore. On the shore, sleeping against a tree, is a giant furry monster with bare human feet and the head of a bull. Above the illustration, written in uneven block capital letters against a white background, is the title of the book "Where the Wild Things Are" and below the illustration, "Story and pictures by Maurice Sendak".|caption=First edition cover|author=[[Maurice Sendak]]|cover_artist=Maurice Sendak|country=United States|genre=[[Children's literature|Children's]] [[picture book]]|language=English|publisher=[[Harper & Row]]|pub_date=November 13, 1963 <ref>{{cite web |title=''Where the wild things are''|url=https://historical.ha.com/itm/books/children-s-books/maurice-sendak-where-the-wild-things-are-new-york-harper-and-row-1963-first-edition-first-printing-first/a/6230-45035.s |work=Heritage Auctions |access-date=July 16, 2021}}</ref>|media_type=Print (wide-format hardcover)|pages=40|isbn=0-06-025492-0|isbn_note=(25th anniversary ed., 1988)<!--WorldCat-->|congress=PZ7.S47 Wh<ref>{{cite book |url=http://lccn.loc.gov/63021253 |title=''Where the wild things are'' |series=Catalog Records |via=Library of Congress |year=1963 |publisher=Harper & Row |access-date=June 17, 2013}}</ref>|oclc=225496}}'''''Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay''''' sarong librong may ritrato para sa mga kaakian na isinurat asin pig-ilustrar kan Amerikanong awtor asin ilustrador, si Maurice Sendak, na orihinal na ipinublikar sa hardcover kan Harper &amp;amp; Row (1963) . An libro pig-adaptar sa ibang media nin nagkapirang beses, kabali an sarong animated short film kan 1973 (na may pinakabagong bersyon kan 1988); sarong opera kan 1980 ; asin sarong live-action 2009 feature-film adaptation . An libro nakabenta na nin labing 19 milyones na kopya sa bilog na kinaban kan 2009, na an 10 milyones yaon sa Estados Unidos. Si Sendak nanggana kan taonan na Caldecott Medal hale sa librarian kan mga kaakian kan 1964, na pigmidbid an ''Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay'' bilang "pinakamidbid na librong may ritrato sa Amerika para sa mga kaakian" kan nakaaging taon. Ini an napili na numero unong librong may ritrato sa sarong surbey kan 2012 sa mga parabasa ''kan School Library Journal'', bako sa kaenot-enote. == Estorya == An istorya nakasentro sa sarong hoben na aking lalaki na an pangaran Max na, pagkatapos maggubing kan saiyang bado [[Lobo|pan-lobo]], naggibo nin grabeng karibokan sa saiyang harong na nagin kawsa ta siya pinaturog na mayong pamanggi. An kwarto ni Max nagin sarong kagubatan asin siya nagpasiring sa sarong isla na iniistaran nin mga halimaw, na inaapod na mga Maiisog na Bagay. An mga Maiisog na Bagay nagprobar na takoton si Max, alagad dai nagin mapanggana. Pagkatapos na pumondo asin takoton an mga linalang, si Max pigproklamar na sarong hade kan mga Maiisog na Bagay asin naogma syang makikawat sa saiyang mga pag-iriba. Sa katapustapusi, pinondo sinda ni Max asin pinaturog sinda na mayong pamanggihan. Alagad, sa pagkadisganar kan mga Maiisog na Bagay, nagpoon siyang makamate nin pagsolo-solo asin nagdesisyon na maghale asin magpuli. Habo kan mga linalang na magpuli si Max asin sinda nag-iriwal mantang siya kalmadong naglalayag pauli. Pagbalik sa saiyang kwarto, nadiskubre ni Max an sarong mainit na pamanggihan na naghahalat saiya. == Pag-uswag == Nagpoon si Sendak kan saiyang karera bilang sarong ilustrador, alagad kan kabangaan kan dekada 1950, nagpoon nang magsurat asin mag-ilustrar kan saiyang sadiring mga libro. <ref name="Warrick">{{Cite news|author=Warrick}} </ref> Kan 1956, ipinublikar niya an saiyang enot na libro na siya sana an kagsurat, ''an Kenny's Window'' (1956). Dai nahaloy, nagpoon si Sendak na magtrabaho sa saro pang solo na paghihingoa. An istorya dapat iyo an sarong aki na, pagkatapos nin sarong pag-anggot, pinadusahan sa saiyang kwarto asin nagdesisyon na magdulag pasiring sa lugar na nagtatao kan titulo kan libro, an "daga kan mga maiisog na kabayo". <ref name="Warrick" /> Dai nahaloy bago magpoon an mga ilustrasyon, narealisar ni Sendak na dai siya tataong magdrowing nin mga kabayo asin, sa suhestiyon kan saiyang editor, binago an mga maiisog na kabayo sa mas bakong malinaw na "Maiisog na Bagay", sarong termino na inspirasyon kan ekspresyon na [[Tataramon na Yidis|Yiddish]] na "vilde chaya" ("mga maiisog na hayop"), na ginagamit sa pagparisa nin mga maribok na kaakian. <ref name="Jewishlineage">{{Cite news|author=Shea}}</ref> Sinalidahan ni Sendak an mga kabayo nin mga karikatura kan saiyang mga tiya asin tiyo, mga karikatura na orihinal niyang pigdrowing kan siya hoben pa bilang pagdulag sa saindang maribok na semanal na pagbisita, sa mga hapon nin Domingo, sa harong kan saiyang pamilya sa Brooklyn. Si Sendak, kan siya aki pa, naobserbaran an saiyang mga kadugo na "gabos buang - mga lalawgon na buang asin mga mata na maiisog", na may mga mata na may mantsa nin dugo asin "dakula asin yelo" na mga ngipon, na nagkukudot kan saiyang mga pisngi sagkod na sinda magpula. <ref name="Warrick"/> <ref name="guardian refuse to lie">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/02/maurice-sendak-interview|title=Maurice Sendak: 'I Refuse To Lie to Children'|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 2, 2011}}</ref> An mga kadugong ini, arog kan mga magurang ni Sendak, mga pobreng Judiong imigrante hale sa Polandia, na an natatadang pamilya sa Europa na sinakop kan Nazi ginadan durante kan [[Holokausto|Holocaust]] mantang si Sendak nasa amay na edad na. Kan aki pa, nahihiling niya sinda bilang "grotesques". <ref name="guardian refuse to lie" /> Kan nagtatrabaho sa 1983 opera adaptation kan libro kaiba si Oliver Knussen, tinawan ni Sendak an mga halimaw kan mga pangaran kan saiyang mga kadugo: Tzippy, Moishe, Aaron, Emile, asin Bernard. <ref name="Burns70">{{Cite journal|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-0-7876-9606-1}}</ref> == Kahulugan sa literatura == === Analisar === Sa libro ni Selma G. Lanes ''na The Art of Maurice Sendak'', pinag-oolayan ni Sendak an ''Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay'' kaiba an iba niyang mga librong ''In the Night Kitchen'' asin ''Outside Over There'' bilang sarong trilohiya na nakasentro sa pagtalubo, kaligtasan, asin kaanggotan kan mga kaakian. <ref name="outside">{{Cite news|author=Lehmann-Haupt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gottlieb|pages=186–217|isbn=978-0-300-14099-6}}</ref> Sinabi niya na an tolong libro "gabos may pagkakahawig na tema: kun pano an mga kaakian nakakabisado kan manlaen-laen na pagmati – peligro, pagkasupog, takot, pagkadisganar, pag-imon – asin nakakapag-abot sa mga realidad kan saindang buhay". <ref name="outside" /> An pundamental sa trabaho ni Sendak sa laog nin labing singkwentang taon iyo an saiyang pagtitiwala sa pagigin balido kan mga emosyon kan mga kaakian. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Maguire}}</ref> Si Dr. Kara Keeling asin Dr. Scott Pollard, parehong mga propesor sa Ingles, nag-aases kan papel kan kakanon sa libro, na nagtutulod na an kakanon sarong metapora para sa pagkamoot kan ina ni Max base sa ideya na si Max minapuli sa sarong "mainit pa man giraray" na pamanggihan, na nagsusuherir na an saiyang ina "pinakamomoot sya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Bhadury|first=Poushali|date=April 2011|title=Critical Approaches to Food in Children's Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_lion-and-the-unicorn_2011-04_35_2/page/189|journal=The Lion and the Unicorn|volume=35|issue=2|pages=189–194|doi=10.1353/uni.2011.0013}}</ref> Kasabay kaini, si Mary Pols kan magasin na ''[[Time (magasin)|Time]]'' nagsurat na "ano an nakakapukaw sa libro ni Sendak iyo an epekto kaini: Si Max nagkaigwa nin tantrum asin nagbisita sa saiyang maisog na lado, alagad siya naatras kan sarong pagtubod sa pagkamoot kan magurang sa sarong pamanggihan na 'mainit pa man giraray', na nagbabalanse kan takot asin kaginhawahan". ''Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay'' sarong istorya na nagpapahiling kan kakusugan kan mga kaakian sa paagi kan saindang "kalag" asin "pluck". <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kakutani}}</ref> Si Max nakakatindog laban sa mga Maiisog na Bagay gamit an saindang "makatakot na mga ngipon" asin "makatakot na mga kuko" gamit an "mahika na paghiling sa gabos nindang yelo na mga mata na dai nagkukurap-kurap". <ref name=":2" /> Ilinaladawan ni Propesor Liam Heneghan an pangaturugan ni Max bilang saro sa pagkabisado kan maisog, na kun saen siya man nakakanuod na makabisado an saiyang "inner tumult". Ini nagbubugtak kan daing pugol na kariribokan kan mga Maiisog na Bagay asin nagliliwanag sa parabasa sa ideya na an saro dai puedeng mabuhay sa maisog sagkod pa man. Sa saiyang mga tataramon: "Sa nosyon na ini nin kaawagan, igwa nin pinakusog na pagirumdom na pagkatapos kan satuyang pagkapano nin kaawagan, an saro pwede, o tibaad dapat pa ngani, magbalik, na pano, sa mga kaginhawahan kan harong". <ref name=":3" /> Si Heneghan nagkonklusyon na "an pankagabsan na kaisipan sarong lumang kaisipan: an sarong tawo nakikipag-ulay sa mga Maiisog na Bagay asin sa paggibo kaini minaoyon sa kinaban asin nagkakaigwa nin sarong sokol nin pagkontrol sa sadiri". <ref name=":3" /> === Resepsyon === Si Francis Spufford nagsuherir na an ''"Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay''"saro sa mga dikit na librong may ritrato na naggigibo nin sarong bilog na tuyong asin magayon na paggamit kan psychoanalytic na istorya nin kaanggotan". <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/childthatbooksbu00spuf|title=The Child That Books Built: A Life of Reading|last=Spufford|first=Francis|publisher=Metropolitan Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8050-7215-0|edition=1st|location=New York City|page=[https://archive.org/details/childthatbooksbu00spuf/page/60 60]|oclc=50034806|url-access=registration}}</ref> An kritiko sa pelikula ''kan New York Times na'' si Manohla Dargis nagsabi na "igwa nin manlaen-laen na paagi tanganing mabasa an mga bagay na maisog, sa paagi nin sarong Freudian o kolonyalistang prisma, asin posibleng siring kadakol na paagi tanganing raoton an delikadong istoryang ini nin sarong nagsosolong aki na pinatalingkas kan saiyang imahinasyon". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/16/movies/16where.html|title=Some of His Best Friends Are Beasts|date=October 16, 2009}}</ref> Base sa sarong online poll kan 2007, an National Education Association naglista kan libro bilang saro sa "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". Pakalihis nin limang taon, ''an School Library Journal'' nag-isponsor nin sarong surbey sa mga parabasa na nagmidbid ''kan Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay'' bilang sarong pangenot na librong may ritrato. Si Elizabeth Bird, an librarian gikan sa New York Public Library na nagkondusir kan surbey, nag-obserbar na igwa nin kadikit na pagduda na ini maboto bilang numero uno asin itinampok an pagdesignar kaini kan sarong parabasa bilang sarong watershed, "na nag-uusher sa modernong panahon kan mga librong may ritrato". An saro pang kritiko inapod ining "perpektong pagkagibo, perpektong ilustrasyon ... simpleng epitome kan sarong librong may ritrato" asin sinabi na si Sendak "nag-iitaas sa iba sa parte huli ta siya subersibo". Binasa ini nin makosog ni Presidente [[Barack Obama]] para sa mga kaakian na nag-aatender sa White House Easter Egg Roll sa laog nin dakul na taon. An parasurat ''kan New York Times'' na si Bruce Handy nagdara kan ideya na "kan ako aki pa, na mayong pakinabang sa personal na mga pananaw na sunod na nakua gikan sa labing sarong dekada nin terapiya sa pagtaram, ako nawalat na malipot kan ''Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay'' ". <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Handy|first=Bruce|date=2009-10-09|title=Where the Wild Things Weren't|journal=The New York Times}}</ref> Si Deborah Stevenson, sarong parasurat para sa ''The Horn Book Magazine'', nagtataram manungod sa mga epekto kan libro sa sarong aki na "nagkurahaw, garo baga bakong huli sa kaogmahan, sa kada pagbasa saiya ''kan Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay'' . Posibleng marhay para sa nagkapirang hoben na parabasa o paradangog na mapahiro sa sarong libro, siring na sinda mapahiro sa kaogmahan o pagkasupog". <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stevenson|first=Deborah|date=June 1996|title=Frightening the children?: Kids, grown-ups, and scary picture books|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_horn-book-magazine_may-june-1996_72_3/page/305|journal=The Horn Book Magazine|volume=72|issue=3|pages=305}}</ref> Si Sendak nagsimbag sa kritisismong ini sa sarong interbyu, na naghahapot: "Nauuyam daw siya sa saiyang aki? Iyan daw an dahilan kun tano ta pinapasakitan niya ini sa librong ini?" <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Sutton|first=Roger|date=November 2003|title=An Interview with Maurice Sendak|journal=The Horn Book Magazine|volume=79|issue=6}}</ref> Sa ibong kan popularidad kan libro, nagsayuma si Sendak na magprodusir nin sequel; apat na bulan bago siya nagadan kan 2012, sinabi niya sa komedyante na si Stephen Colbert na an sarong sequel iyo an "pinaka-boring na ideya na maiimahinar". <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/newt-gingrich-stephen-colbert-maurice-sendak-where-the-wild-things-are-284871|title=Maurice Sendak Calls Newt Gingrich an 'Idiot' in 'Colbert Report' Interview|date=January 25, 2012}}</ref> ''An Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay iyo'' an numero apat sa listahan kan "Top Check Outs of all time" kan New York Public Library. == Mga Pag-adaptar == Sarong animated na halipot na adaptasyon na inabot nin limang taon tanganing matapos an pinaluwas kan 1973, na pigdirehiran asin pig-animate ni Gene Deitch asin pigprodusir sa Krátký film, [[Prague]], para sa Weston Woods . Igwa ining pagsaysay ni Allen Swift asin sarong musique concrète score na pigkompuesto ni Deitch; an sarong pinakabagong bersyon, na nagtatampok nin sarong bagong musikal na marka asin narasyon na pareho ni Peter Schickele, pinaluwas kan 1988. An rebisadong bersyon na ini itinampok sa sarong video kan Children's Circle na may titulong ''The Maurice Sendak Library'' . Kan 1980, nagtrabaho si Sendler kaiba an kompositor na si Oliver Knussen dapit sa opera nin sarong aki base sa libro.<ref name="Burns70"/> An opera inako an enot (dai kompleto) na pagtanghal sa [[Brussels]] kan 1980; an pinakaenot na kompletong pagganap kan ultimong bersyon itinao kan Glyndebourne Toming Opera sa London kan 1984. Sinundan ini kan pinakainot kaining pagganap sa U.S. sa Saint Paul, Minnesota, kan 1985 asin kan Syudad nin Nueva York na premiyento kan New York City Opera kan 1987. Nagtao sya nin konsyerto sa The Proms in the Royal Albert Hall sa London kan 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bowden|first=Emma|date=2016-03-29|title=10 wild facts about Maurice Sendak's Where The Wild Things Are|url=https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2016/mar/29/10-wild-facts-about-maurice-sendaks-where-the-wild-things-are|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sarong produksyon sa konsyerto ginibo kan New York City Opera kan 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/10/arts/music/10opera.html|title=For New York City Opera Season, Bernstein, Strauss and New Works|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Daniel J.|last=Wakin|date=March 10, 2010}}</ref> Kan 1981, an New England Dinosaur Dance Company ginibong bayle an libro na may koreograpiya ni Toby Armour asin musika ni Ezra Sims . <ref>{{Cite news|title=The wild bunch|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1982-01-05_11_1/page/n54/mode/1up}}</ref> An piyesa nagdebut sa Wilbur Theatre kan Boston kan Disyembre 22, 1981. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Play by play|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1981-12-22_10_51/page/31/mode/1up}}</ref> Kan 1983, an Walt Disney Productions nagkondusir nin serye nin mga pag-eksamin sa [[Ladawan na ginibo kan kompyuter|mga imahe na ginibo sa kompyuter]] na ginibo ni Glen Keane asin John Lasseter na ginagamit bilang saindang subject ''na Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/disney/early-cg-experiments-by-john-lasseter-and-glen-keane-37145.html|title=Early CG Experiments by John Lasseter and Glen Keane|work=[[Cartoon Brew]]|first=Amid|author-link=Amid Amidi|last=Amidi|date=February 23, 2011}}</ref> Kan huring dekada 1990 an mga karakter nagluwas sa sarong serye nin mga komersyal para sa [[BellAtlantic]] . Kan 1999, si Isadar nagpaluwas nin sarong solo piano musikal na komposisyon na may titulong "Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay" na nagluwas sa saiyang album na ''Active Imagination'', na inspirasyon kan librong Sendak. An komposisyon binisita giraray asin irinekord giraray kan 2012 sa album ni Isadar, ''Reconstructed'', na an Grammy winner asin kagmukna kan Windham Hill Records, si William Ackerman, an nagpoprodusir. Kan taon 2002, an BBC nagprodusir sa radyo nin sarong adaptasyon kan libro, bilang sarong parte kan saindang seryeng ''An Abominable Bestiary'' . An 2005 na episode <nowiki><i id="mwASw">kan Simpsons</i></nowiki>, " An Daragita na Dikit an Turog ", nagtatampok nin sarong spoof kan ''Kun Saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay'' na may titulong "An Daga kan mga Maiisog na Hayop". Kan taon 2006, an Serbisyo Postal kan Estados Unidos nagluwas nin selyo kan libro bilang sarong parte kan sheet of stamps na "Paboritong Hayop sa Libro kan mga Aki". Sarong live-action film na bersyon kan libro an pinaluwas kan Oktubre 16, 2009. Pigdirehiran ni Spike Jonze asin co-producer ni Sendak, an pelikula pigbidahan kan Max Records bilang Max asin pigtatampok si Catherine Keener bilang saiyang ina, kaiba si Lauren Ambrose, Chris Cooper, Paul Dano, James Gandolfini, Catherine O'Hara asin [[Forest Whitaker]] na nagtatao kan mga boses kan prinsipal na Maisog na Bagay. An soundtrack isinurat asin pigprodusir ni Karen O asin Carter Burwell . An screenplay pig-adaptar ni Jonze sa pakikipagtabangan ki Dave Eggers, na iyo man an nagnobela kan screenplay bilang ''The Wild Things'', na ipinublikar kan 2009. Kan taon 2012, an indie rock quartet alt-J nagpaluwas kan kanta na " Breezeblocks ", na inspirasyon sa sarong parte kan libro. <ref>{{Cite news|title=alt-J Taps Maurice Sendak and a Kate Middleton Look-Alike For 'Breezeblocks' Video|url=http://archive.seattleweekly.com/home/915743-129/behindthevideo|accessdate=2025-05-29|archivedate=2017-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708082326/http://archive.seattleweekly.com/home/915743-129/behindthevideo}}</ref> Sinabi kan Alt-J keyboardist na si Gus Unger-Hamilton na an istorya asin an kanta igwa nin magkaparehong mga ideya manungod sa pakikipagbulag sa sarong namomotan. An "Breezeblocks" nakaabot sa sertipikadong estado nin ARIA Gold sa Australia. Kan taon 2016, si Alessia Cara nagpaluwas kan saiyang ikaduwang single, " Wild Things ", na naka-chart sa numero singkwenta sa <nowiki><i id="mwAVc">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 . Sa sarong interbyu sa ABC News Radio, sinabi ni Cara na nagkua siya nin inspirasyon sa ''Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay'', na nagsasabi na "an lambang 'Bagay' nagrerepresentar nin sarong emosyon asin [ garo baga nakadulag pasiring sa kinaban na ini ... asin iyan an gusto kong gibohon". <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://abcnewsradioonline.com/music-news/2016/4/26/alessia-cara-on-wild-things-its-just-really-an-empowering-so.html|title=Alessia Cara on 'Wild Things': 'It's Just Really an Empowering Song'|publisher=ABC News Radio|date=April 26, 2016}}</ref> == Hilingon man == {{Portal|Children's literature|Visual arts}} * 1963 sa literatura * Listahan kan mga librong pan-aki na ginibong tampok na pelikula * Listahan kan mga klasikong libro para sa mga aki == Mga Reperensya == # Turan, Kenneth (October 16, 2009). "Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 12, 2012. # Warrick, Pamela (October 11, 1993). "Pag-atubang sa Nakakatakot na Bagay" Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 27, 2009. # Shea, Christopher (October 16, 2009). "The Jewish lineage of "Kun saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay". The Boston Globe. Brainiac. Retrieved January 28, 2012. # "Maiisog na Bagay: The Art of Maurice Sendak". Traditional Fine Arts Organization. April 26, 2005. Retrieved August 28, 2009. # Brockes, Emma (October 2, 2011). "Maurice Sendak: 'I Refuse To Lie to Children". The Guardian. Retrieved October 5, 2011. # Sullivan, Jane (July 8, 2011). "On the origins of the novel species". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved July 12, 2024. # Burns, Tom, ed (March 2008). " Maurice Sendak". Children's Literature Review. 131. Detroit, MI: Gale: 70. ISBN 978-0-7876-9606-1. OCLC 792604122 # Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (June 1, 1981). "Book Of The Times". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2009. # Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (June 1, 1981). "Book Of The Times". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2009. # Gottlieb, Richard M. (2008). "Maurice Sendak's Trilogy: Disappointment, Fury, and Their Transformation through Art". Psychoanalytic Study ot the Child. 63:186-217. doi: 10.1080/00797308.2008.11800804. ISBN 978-0-300-14099-6. PMID 19449794. S2CID 25420037. # Maguire, Gregory (December 2003). "A Sendak Appreciation". The Horn Book Magazine. 79 (6). # Bhadury, Poushali (April 2011). "Critical Approaches to Food in Children's Literature". The Lion and the Unicorn. 35 (2): 189-194. doi:10.1353/uni.2011.0013. S2CID 145308185. # Pols, Mary (October 14, 2009). "Where the Wild Things Are: Sendak with Sensitivity". Time. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2009. # Kakutani, Michiko (May 16, 2017). "The Roots Of a Singular Imagination". The New York Times. # Heneghan, Liam (April 30, 2018). "Our Imaginations Need To Dwell Where the Wild Things Are". Literary Hub. # Spufford, Francis (2002). The Child That Books Built: A Life of Reading (1st ed.). New York City: Metropolitan Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8050-7215-0. OCLC 50034806. # Dargis, Manohla (October 16, 2009). "Some of His Best Friends Are Beasts". The New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2009. # "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". National Education Association. 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2012. # Handy, Bruce (October 9, 2009). "Where the Wild Things Weren't". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 6, 2021. # Stevenson, Deborah (June 1996). "Frightening the children?: Kids, grown-ups, and scary picture books". The Horn Book Magazine. 72 (3): 305. # Sutton, Roger (November 2003). "An Interview with Maurice Sendak". The Horn Book Magazine. 79 (6). # Carlson, Erin (January 25, 2012). "Maurice Sendak Calls Newt Gingrich an 'Idiot' in 'Colbert Report' Interview". The Holywood Reporter. The Live Feed. Retrieved February 21, 2012. # "These Are the NYPL's Top Check Outs OF ALL TIME". January 13, 2020. # "Where The Wild Things Are (1973)". rarefilmm | The Cave of Forgotten Films. Retrieved March 3, 2024. # Bowden, Emma (March 29, 2016). "10 wild facts about Maurice Sendak's Where The Wild Things Are" The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 12, 2024. # Wakin, Daniel J. (March 10, 2010). " For New York City Opera Season, Bernstein, Strauss and New Works". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2013. # Clay, Carolyn (January 5, 1982). "The wild bunch". The Boston Phoenix. Retrieved July 1, 2024. # Stern, Alan (December 22, 1981). "Play by play". The Boston Phoenix. Retrieved July 1, 2024. # Amidi, Amid (February 23, 2011). "Early CG Experiments by John Lasseter and Glen Keane". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved June 19, 2013. # "Bell Atlantic "Wild Things" Introductory Launch". YouTube. November 5, 2015. # "Active Imagination (Solo Piano)". AllMusic. December 28, 1998. Retrieved March 12, 2012. # "3991-2006 39c Children's Book Animals: Wild Thing". # Sperling, Nicole (September 11, 2008). "Where the Wild Things Are' gets long-awaited release date". Entertainment Weekly. Inside Movies. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved September 12, 2008. # Podplesky, Azaria (December 18, 2012). "alt-J Taps Maurice Sendak and a Kate Middleton Look-Alike For 'Breezeblocks' Video". Seattle Weekly. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2013. # "ARIA Charts-Accreditations- 2013 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved March 19, 2013. # "Alessia Cara on 'Wild Things': 'It's Just Really an Empowering Song". ABC News Radio. April 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2017. == Mga panluwas na sumpay == {{S-start}} {{s-ach|aw}} {{Succession box|title=[[Caldecott Medal|Caldecott Medal recipient]]}} {{S-end}} * [https://www.pbs.org/now/arts/sendak.html Maurice Sendak: "Kun Saen an mga Maiisog na Bagay"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115122428/http://www.pbs.org/now/arts/sendak.html |date=2018-11-15 }} kan ''Ngonyan sa PBS'' * {{Youtube|LvIDRoO8KnM|''Where The Wild Things Are'' – Early Disney CG Animation Test}} {{S-start}} {{s-ach|aw}} {{Succession box|title=[[Caldecott Medal|Caldecott Medal recipient]]}} {{S-end}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q7em7gmbzo9knq05kxb26nc5vrnlfek 0 52692 309624 288856 2026-08-23T21:00:53Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tawo|name=Sawako Ariyoshi|native_name=有吉佐和子<br />(ありよし さわこ）|image=Ariyoshi Sawako.jpg|caption=Sawako Ariyoshi in<br />''Shufu to seikatsu'', April 1960|birth_date=January 20, 1931|birth_place=Masagocho, [[Wakayama City]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1984|8|30|1931|1|20}}|death_place=[[Suginami-ku]], [[Tokyo]]|resting_place=Kodaira Metropolitan Cemetery|occupation=[[Novelist]], [[Playwright]], [[Theatre director|Director]], [[Impresario]]|nationality={{JPN}}|education=[[Foundation degree]]|alma_mater=[[Tokyo Woman's Christian University]], [[Sarah Lawrence College]]|movement=|notable_works=* Earth (1956) * [[The River Ki]] (1959) * Sueemon 4th Generation（1963） * [[The Doctor's Wife (Ariyoshi novel)]] (1966） * [[The Twilight Years]] (1972） * Complex Pollution（1974-75） * Wamiya-sama (1977-78）|awards=* Novel Shincho Award (1963） * [[Women's Literature Prize]] (1967） * Bungei Spring Reader Award (1968） * Art Selection (1970） * [[Japanese Literature Grand Prix]] (1970） * Mainichi Arts Award (1979）|spouse=Jin Akira|children=Ariyoshi Tamao}} '''Si Sawako Ariyoshi''' (有吉 佐和子''Ariyoshi Sawako'', 20 Enero 1931 – 30 Agosto 1984) sarong hapon na parasurat, bistado sa mga sinurat niyang ''The Doctor's Wife'' asin ''The River Ki .'' Bisto man siya kan saiyang tig rerekomendar sa mga manlain lain na isyung sosyal, arog man kan mga gurang sa sosiedad kan Hapon, asin an mga isyu sa kapalibutan. Pira sa saiyang nagibong mga nobela nagpapahiling kan relasion kan mga ina asin an saindang aki. Igwa man siyang interes sa tradisyonal na arte kan Hapon, arog kan ''[[kabuki]]'' asin ''bunraku.'' Pinapahiling niya man an diskriminasyon kan mga lahi sa [[Estados Unidos]], na iyo man na eksperyensya niya kan panahon pa na yaon siya sa SarahLawrence, asin an pag-ubos kan populasyon kan Hapon sa mga hararayong isla kan taon na 1970s na iyoman an panahon kan pag-uswag kan ekonomiya. == Biograpiya == === Personal na buhay === Si Sawako Ariyoshi pinangaki kan Enero 20, 1931, sa Siyudad kan Wakayama, [[Hapon|Japan]], nagistar man siya sa [[Indonesya|Indonesia]] <ref>{{Cite journal|date=Winter 1984|title=Ariyoshi Sawako|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monumenta-nipponica_winter-1984_39_4/page/453|journal=Monumenta Nipponica|volume=39|pages=453}}</ref> kan siya aki pa. Nagbalik an saiyang pamilya sa japan kan 1941, asin naglipat hali sa Tokyo pasiring sa Wakayama para magistar sa saiyang lola tanganing makadulag sinda sa mga pambobomba. Pakatapos man kan gera, nagbalik an pamilya niya sa Tokyo, kun sain duman siya nagklase sa hayskul hanggang sa siya mag kolehio sa Tokyo Women's Christian University. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|date=2007|title=Nationalism, gender, and war brides: Reevaluating Ariyoshi Sawako's "Hishoku"|journal=University of Colorado at Boulder, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Nagpublikar siya nin nagkapirang haralipot na usipon sa manlain-lain na dyurnal mantang yaon siya sa Japan. Nanominar siya para sa Bungakukai Prize ini para man sa mga Bagong Parasurat asin sa [[Premyo Akutagawa|Akutagawa Prize]], pareho siyang nanominar sa saiyang obra na ''Jiuta.'' <ref name=":23" /> Nanominar man siya sa [[Premyo Naoki|Naoki Prize]] para sa ''Shiroi ōgi'' kan 1957. <ref name=":23" /> Kan 1959, si Ariyoshi naglipat sa Estados Unidos asin nag-adal nin sarong taon sa Sarah Lawrence College . Pakatapos niyang maghali sa Sarah Lawrence, nagtrabaho man siya sa sarong kompanya na nag pupublikar, asin pinadagos niya an pag publikar kan saiyang gibong mga haralipot na usipon asin mga artikulo sa dyurnal. An duwa sa saiyang mga obra na iyo an ''Hishoku'' asin ''Puerutoriko Nikki,'' na basado sa saiyang eksperiensia sa New York. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|title=Nationalism, gender, and war brides: Reevaluating Ariyoshi Sawako's "Hishoku"}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOsada2007">Osada, Kazuko (2007). "Nationalism, gender, and war brides: Reevaluating Ariyoshi Sawako's "Hishoku"". ''University of Colorado at Boulder, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing''. </cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOsada2007">[[ProQuest]]&nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/304887201 304887201].</cite></ref> Nag-ayon man siya sa sarong grupo nin mga parabayle, asin nagdayo man siya tanganing makakua kan saiyang gagamiton para sa saiayng mga nobela, arog kan ''China Report.'' <ref name=":1" /> Siya man naging saro sa Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship kan 1959. Nakaresibe pa siya nin nagkapirang premyo hali sa literature kan Hapon, asin nagluwas man siya sa mga sikat na palabas sa TV kan mga Hapon arog kan ''Waratte litomo''. Bistado man siya bilang sarong parasurat sa manlain-lain na palabas sa TV asin pelikula kan Hapon, kaayon an adaptasyon kan saiyang mga libro.Kan 1962, naagom niya si Jin Akira asin nagkaigwang aking babae. Kan 1964 sinda nagsuwayan. Nagada siya huli sa saiyang hilang na acute heart failure, kan Agusto 30, 1984. === Pagsurat === Si Ariyoshi saro sa maurag na nobelista asin saro sa bistadong babaeng parasurat sa Japan. An saiyang mga gibo nagpapahiling nin importansya sa mga manlain-lain na isyung sosyal, arog kan pagsakit kan mga gurang, epekto kan polusyon sa palibot, asin an epekto kan sosyal asin politikal na pagbabago sa buhay kan mga Hapon , ini man naka sentro sa buhay kan mga babae. An saiyang nobela na ''The Twilight Years'' pinapahiling an buhay kan sarong nagtatrabahong babae na nag-aataman man kan saiyang gurang na panugangan na igwa naman nin hilang. Kaayon sa saiyang mga nobela, iyo an ''The River Ki,'' na nagpapahiling kan buhay kan tulong babae na nakaistar sa baryo: sarong ina, aking babae asin an makuapong babae. Saro sa mga karakter, iyo si Hana, na nakabase sa saiyang lola. An nobela niya kan 1966, iyo an ''The Doctor's Wife'' na iyo nagmarka saiya bilang saro sa mga mauurag na babaeng para surat kan pakatapos kan gera sa Japan, ini susog sa Japan Times. an ''The Doctor's Wife'' saro sa makasaysayang nobela na nagpapahiling kan papel kan mga babaeng hapon kan ika-19 na siglo, asin nag-iisturya kan buhay kan agom kan sarong doktor na Hapon na si Hanaoka Seishū . Nanominado siya sa kadakol na premyo, nagana sa nagkapira, kabali naman an inot na Mademoiselle Reader's Award para sa ''Tsudaremai,'' asin an ikaanom na Fujin Kōron Readers' Award, asin an ika-baynte na Art Selection Minister of Education Award, pareho para sa ''Izumo no Okuni.'' <ref name=":23" /> == Mga gibo == * ''Rakuyō no Fu'' – ''Berso kan Pagsolnop kan Aldaw'' (1954) * ''Jiuta'' – ''Ballad'' (1956) * ''Shiroi ōgi'' – ''An Puting Folding Fan'' (1957) * ''Masshirokenoke'' – ''An mga Puti'' (1957) * ''Ningyō jōruri'' – ''Puppet Jōruri'' (1958) * ''Homura Homura'' (1958) * ''Kinokawa'' – ''An Salog Ki'' (1959) * ''Kiyu no shi'' – ''An Kagadanan ni Kiyu'' (1962) * ''Koge'' – ''Insenso asin Burak'' (1962) * ''Tsudaremai'' – ''Linked Dance'' (1962) * ''Aritagawa'' – ''An Salog Arita'' (1963) * ''Hishoku'' – ''Bakong Huli sa Kulay'' (1964) * ''Puerutoriko nikki'' – ''Puerto Rico Diary'' (1964) * ''Ichi no ito'' – ''Sarong Hilo'' (1964-5) * ''Hanaoka Seishū no tsuma'' – ''An Agom kan Doktor'' (1966) * ''Hidakagawa'' – ''An Salog Hidaka'' (1966) * ''Fushin no toki'' – ''An Panahon nin Dai Pagtitiwala'' (1967) * ''Midaremai'' – ''Chaotic Dance'' (1967) * ''Umikura'' – ''An Madiklom na Kadagatan'' (1967-8) * ''Izumo no Okuni'' – ''Kabuki Dancer'' (1969) * ''Kōkotsu no hito'' – ''An mga Taon nin Pagsirom'' (1972) * ''Fukugō osen'' – ''An Komplikadong Kontaminasyon'' (1975) * ''Kazu no miyasama otome'' – ''Saiyang Kahalangkawan Prinsesa Kazu'' (1978) * ''Chūgoku repōto'' – ''Report kan Tsina'' (1978) * ''Nihon no shimajima, mukashi to ima'' – ''An mga Isla kan Hapon: Nakaagi asin Ngonyan'' (1981) == Mga adaptasyon sa pelikula == * 1964: ''An Hamot kan Insenso'' * 1966: ''An Salog Kii'' * 1967: ''An Agom ni Seishu Hanaoka'' * 1973: ''An mga Taon nin Pagsirom'' o3o0xkg3hcmqnkvjfxt079dpemy7vwc 0 52725 309613 302066 2026-08-23T20:52:13Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Paz Marquez-Benítez|image=PazMarquezBenitezFilipinoEngWriter.jpg|image_size=160px|caption=|birth_date={{birth_date|1894|3|3}}|birth_place=[[Lucena, Philippines|Lucena]], [[Quezon|Tayabas]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]]|death_date={{death date and age|1983|11|10|1894|3|3}}|death_place=[[Manila]], Philippines|education=[[University of the Philippines Manila|University of the Philippines, Manila]]<br/>[[Philippine Normal University|Philippine Normal School]]|occupation=Writer|spouse=|parents=|children=}} '''Si Paz Márquez-Benítez''' (Marso 3, 1894 – Nobyembre 10, 1983) sarong Filipinang parasurat nin mga usipon, edukador asin editor. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Raftery|first=Judith R.|date=2010|title=La Girl Filipina: Paz Marquez Benitez, Brokering Cultures|journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era|volume=9|issue=2|pages=232–243|issn=1537-7814|doi=10.1017/S1537781400003960}}</ref> An saiyang karera bilang sarong edukador, pati man an saiyang mga ambag bilang parasurat, pigbibisto bilang importanteng lakdang sa pag-uswag kan kababaihan sa mga propesyonal na karera, siring na man sa pag-uswag kan literaturang Filipino <ref name=":0" />. Sya man sarong reyna nin kagayunan. Sa panahon kan saiyang karera bilang parasurat, si Marquez-Benitez nagsurat nin mga halipot na usipon na kritikal sa Imperyalismong Amerikano . Sya pinakabisto sa saiyang usipon na ''Dead Stars'' (1925) kun saen an duwang panginot na karakter ipinapahiling bilang mga alegorya sa imperyalismong Amerikano tanganing ipahiling an maluway na pagkaraot kan panublion kan Pilipinas. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Raftery|first=Judith R.|date=2010|title=La Girl Filipina: Paz Marquez Benitez, Brokering Cultures|journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era|volume=9|issue=2|pages=232–243|issn=1537-7814|doi=10.1017/S1537781400003960}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=1953|title=Philippine studies: historical and ethnographic viewpoints.|journal=Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints|issn=0031-7837}}</ref> An saiyang solamenteng ibang midbid na naipublikar na obra iyo ''an A Night in the Hills'' (1925). Maski duwa lang an pinublikar niyang mga obra, binibisto an saiyang mga sinurat bilang enot na mga lakdang sa pagpasiring sa panginot na dalan kan literaturang Filipino.<ref name=":1" /> Si Marquez-Benitez nagdadanay bilang prominenteng impluwensya sa literaturang Pilipinas sa paagi bako sana kan saiyang pagsurat kundi kan saiyang epekto bilang sarong edukador asin editor. An pagmukna nya asin kan saiyang agom nin mga magasin pang-edukasyon, mga eskwelahan, asin an saiyang mga kontribusyon sa pagpatalubo kan mga kurso sa pagsurat nin halipot na usipon na gibo sa laog kan Filipinas pigtutubodan na nagtao nin inspirasyon sa mga henerasyon nin mga parasurat na Pilipino. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Buhay == === Mga enot na taon === Si Paz Marquez-Benitez namundag kan Marso 3, 1894, sa munisipyo kaidto na inaapod [[Lucena]], ngonyan Tayabas ( [[Quezon]] ), [[Filipinas|Philippines]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Raftery|first=Judith R.|date=2010|title=La Girl Filipina: Paz Marquez Benitez, Brokering Cultures|journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era|volume=9|issue=2|pages=232–243|issn=1537-7814|doi=10.1017/S1537781400003960}}</ref> Namundag sa prominenteng pamilyang Marquez kan probinsya nin Quezon asin an saiyang mga magurang may marahay na inadalan. <ref name=":0" /> An saiyang ama, si Gregorio Marquez, nag-adal sa [[Ateneo de Manila na Unibersidad|Ateneo de Manila]] asin an ina, si Maria Jurado nag-adal sa Escuela Municipal. <ref name=":0" /> An mga magurang ni Paz parehong naglaog sa larangan kan edukasyon asin nagin mga paratukdo, na nagdara sa paghanga asin paggalang ni Paz sa propesyon nin edukasyon. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sa edad na anom, si Márquez-Benítez nagpuon kan saiyang karera sa edukasyon asin pakalihis nin tolong taon sa edad na siyam siya nakalista sa hayskul. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Raftery|first=Judith R.|date=2010|title=La Girl Filipina: Paz Marquez Benitez, Brokering Cultures|journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era|volume=9|issue=2|pages=232–243|issn=1537-7814|doi=10.1017/S1537781400003960}}</ref> Nag-adal siya sa Tayabas Highschool, ngonyan, Quezon National High School kun saen siya pig-omaw kan saiyang prinsipal huli sa saiyang mga karangalan sa Ingles. <ref name=":0" /> Kan panahon ni Paz sa [[Unibersidad Normal kan Pilipinas|Normal School]] sa Manila, siya arog kan kadaklan na ibang mga Pilipino kan amay na mga taon 1900, namidbid sa kulturang Amerikano. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Raftery|first=Judith R.|date=2010|title=La Girl Filipina: Paz Marquez Benitez, Brokering Cultures|journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era|volume=9|issue=2|pages=232–243|issn=1537-7814|doi=10.1017/S1537781400003960}}</ref> An introduksiyon na ini sa kulturang Amerikano nagpoon kan 1910 sa edad na disi-sais kan si Márquez-Benítez nagpoon sa basketbol asin sa kahurihurihi nagin kapitan kan koponan. <ref name=":0" /> An kulturang Amerikano padagos na nakapalibot saiya kan 1912, sa edad na labing walong taon, kan siya ipinamidbid, asin nagpartisipar sa, sarong paligsahan sa kagayunan kun saen siya napili bilang Manila Carnival Queen kan 1912 asin kaya nag-adorno sa takop kan ''Renacimiento Filipino.'' <ref name=":0" /> === Propesyon === Napatapos si Márquez-Benítez sa Unibersidad kan Pilipinas sa Manila kan 1916, asin apat na taon pagkatapos kaini, siya nagin sarong paratukdo sa Departamento nin Ingles sa saiyang alma mater. Mantang nagtutukdo sa Unibersidad kan Pilipinas, si Márquez-Benítez padagos na nagdisinyo asin nagtukdo nin kurso sa pagsurat nin halipot na istorya sa laog nin 35 taon, hasta sa saiyang pagretiro kan 1951. Sa bilog niyang karera bilang paratukdo, si Márquez-Benítez kinilala bilang sarong maimpluwensyang pigura sa paghubog nin mga prominente asin halangkaw na mga parasurat na Pilipino sa Ingles, arog nina Francisco Arcellana, Bienvenido N. Santos, Paz Latorena, Loreto Paras Sulit, Edna Zapanta Manlapaz, asin Arturo B. Rotor—na gabos tinokdoan niya sa Unibersidad kan Pilipinas. An taon-taon na Marquez-Benitez Lectures sa Pilipinas iyo an padagos na pagtao nin onra sa saiyang memorya, paagi sa pagdadarayaw kan kontribusyon kan mga Pilipinong parasurat sa literaturang nasurat sa Ingles Bilang sarong propesor, ginamit ni Márquez-Benítez an saiyang kurso sa pagsurat bilang sarong oportunidad na magsurat kan saiyang pinakaenot na mayor na halipot na osipon kan 1925 na may titulong ''Dead Stars'' na ipinublikar sa ''[[Philippine Herald]]'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Raftery|first=Judith R.|date=2010|title=La Girl Filipina: Paz Marquez Benitez, Brokering Cultures|journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era|volume=9|issue=2|pages=232–243|issn=1537-7814|doi=10.1017/S1537781400003960}}</ref> ''An Dead Stars'' sa huri nagin kritikal na aklamado sa laog kan literaturang Pilipinas asin pigsitar bilang sarong gikanan nin inspirasyon sa kadakol na mga parasurat na Pilipino. <ref name=":0" /> Dawa ngani si Márquez-Benítez midbid na marhay sa saiyang kapangganahan sa ''Dead Stars,'' bako sana ini an saiyang obra huli ta padagos siyang magpapaluwas nin mga halipot na istorya arog kan ''A Night in the Hills'' asin ''Stepping Stones'' dawa ngani an mga obrang ini dai naresibe arog kan ''Dead Stars.'' <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Para ki Márquez-Benítez, an pagsurat sarong buhayon na trabaho. Kan 1918, luwas pa sa saiyang karera sa pagtukdo, si Márquez-Benítez asin an saiyang agom na si Francisco Benítez nagin mga kagmukna kan ''Philippine Educational Magazine'', kun saen sinda nagprodyus nin mga magasin na pang-edukasyon para sa mga paratukdo. Si Francisco Benítez an naging editor kan journal hasta sa saiyang kagadanan kan Hunyo 1951. Dai nahaloy pakatapos kaini, si Márquez-Benítez nagretiro man sa saiyang karera bilang edukador asin siya an nagsalida bilang editor kan journal. Kan 1919, siya man an nagmukna kan ''Woman’s Home Journal'', an pinakaenot na magasin para sa mga babae sa nasyon. Kan parehas na taon, siya, kaibahan an anom pang prominenteng miyembro kan mga elite sosyal sa Manila—sinda Clara Aragon, Concepcion Aragon, Francisca Tirona Benítez, Carolina Ocampo Palma, Mercedes Rivera, asin an saiyang matuang tugang na babae na si Socorro Márquez Zaballero—an nagmukna kan ''Philippine Women’s College'', na ngonyan tinatawag na ''Philippine Women’s University''. === Pag-agom asin pamilya === Kan Disyembre 1914, duwang taon pakatapos kan saiyang gradwasyon, inagom niya si Francisco Benítez (Hunyo 1, 1887 – Hunyo 30, 1951), sarong dekano sa [[:en:University_of_the_Philippines|University of the Philippines]] asin tagmukna kan ''Philippine Educational Magazine''. An duwa nagkaigwa nin apat na aki na magkaibanan. Kan 1951, nagadan si Francisco Benítez huli sa atake sa puso. == Edukasyon == Si Márquez-Benítez, bilang parte kan mga piling klase sa Pilipinas asin igwa nin duwang edukadong magurang, namundag sa sarong pamilya na pinahahalagahan an edukasyon. Nagpoon siya sa saiyang karera sa edukasyon sa edad na anom, kun saen siya nag-adal sa Lucena West 1 Elementary School, asin enot na nakanuod nin Ingles. Sa edad na trese, si Márquez-Benítez padagos na nag-uswag asin nagpadagos sa hayskul sa Tayabas High School (ngonyan, Quezon National High School), kun saen siya naggradwar kan taon 1912. Durante kan saiyang mga enot na taon sa edukasyon, siya pigkonsiderar na sarong mapag-adal asin marayhon na estudyante, na iyo an nagdara saiya sa post-sekundaryang edukasyon. Pakagradwar sa hayskul, si Márquez-Benítez nagpoon kan saiyang post-sekundaryang edukasyon sa Normal na Eskwelahan sa Manila, kun saen siya nag-erok nin duwang taon, asin enot na nakanuod manungod sa kulturang Amerikano asin nagkaigwa nin interes sa pagsurat. Pakatapos nin duwang taon sa Normal na Eskwelahan sa Manila, kan 1914, natapos ni Márquez-Benítez an saiyang edukasyon bilang parte kan enot na klase na nag-agi sa bagong itinatag na Unibersidad kan Pilipinas, sarong eskwelahan na kun saen siya nagin propesor, asin kun saen siya naggradwar na may BA sa Liberal Arts. == Mga gibo == * Dead Stars (1925) * A Night in the Hills (1925) == Hilingon man == * [[Cecilia Manguerra Brainard]] * PAWWA * [[Ninotchka Rosca]] * [[Lualhati Bautista]] * [[Sophia Romero]] == Mga Panultulan == # [http://rizal.lib.admu.edu.ph/aliww/pmblecture.html The Paz Marquez-Benitez Memorial Lectures, Ateneo Library of Women's Writings, Admu.edu, date retrieved: 27 May 2007] # [http://rizal.lib.admu.edu.ph/aliww/english_pmbenitez.html The Major Collections Filipino Writers in English: Paz Marquez-Benitez (1894–1983), Biography, Ateneo Library of Women's Writings, Admu.edu], retrieved on: June 17, 2007 # {{Cite journal|date=1953|title=Philippine studies: historical and ethnographic viewpoints.|journal=Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints|language=en|issn=0031-7837|oclc=841344088}} # {{cite web|url=https://manilacarnivals.blogspot.com/search/label/1912%20Manila%20Carnival|title=Manila Carnivals 1908-1939}} # {{cite web|url=http://rizal.lib.admu.edu.ph/aliww/pmblecture.html#:~:text=Memorial%20Lectures,eminent%20writers%2C%20teachers%20and%20scholars.|title=The Paz Marquez-Benitez: Memorial Lectures}} # {{Cite journal|last=Raftery|first=Judith R.|date=2010|title=La Girl Filipina: Paz Marquez Benitez, Brokering Cultures|journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era|volume=9|issue=2|pages=232–243|issn=1537-7814|jstor=27821470|doi=10.1017/S1537781400003960|s2cid=161094836}}{{Reflist}} == Dagdag na basahon == * {{Cite journal|last1=Jacobson|first1=Helga E.|title=Reviewed work: Paz Marquez Benitez: One Woman's Life, Letters, and Writings, Virginia Benitez Lichunan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1998-05_57_2/page/612|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|year=1998|volume=57|issue=2|pages=612–613|doi=10.2307/2658929}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorya:1983 nagkagaradan]] 4ggz7ve2lrgxi1ggx7pa4sk6khpiw8d 0 52743 309730 288935 2026-08-23T22:52:53Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pliocene|Holocene|ps=<ref name=boles>{{cite journal |last1=Boles |first1=Walter E. |title=A budgerigar ''Melopsittacus undulatus'' from the Pliocene of Riversleigh, North-western Queensland |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_emu_1998-03_98_1/page/32 |journal=Emu|date=1998 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=32–35 |doi=10.1071/MU98004|bibcode=1998EmuAO..98...32B }}</ref>}} | image = Budgerigar-male-strzelecki-qld.jpg | image_caption = Blue [[Beak#Cere|cere]] indicates male | image2 = Budgerigar-strzelecki-qld.jpg | image2_caption = Flaking brown [[Beak#Cere|cere]] indicates female in breeding condition | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International | author-link=BirdLife International |year=2018 |title=''Melopsittacus undulatus'' |page=e.T22685223A132056957 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22685223A132056957.en}}</ref> | display_parents = 3 | genus = Melopsittacus | parent_authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1840 | species = undulatus | authority = ([[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1805) | range_map = Budgerigar_range_map.png | range_map_caption = The range of the Budgerigar <br/> Native range: green <br/> Introduced range: light green }} An '''budgerigar''' (''Melopsittacus undulatus''), bisto man sa apod na '''common parakeet''', '''shell parakeet''' o '''budgie''' sarong sadit, halabang ikog, parakakan nin pisog na [[loro]] na tubong [[Australia]]. Natural na an species berde asin giyaw na may itom, may mga marka sa likod, asin pakpak. An mga budgie pinadakula sa pagkabihag na may kolor na asul, puti, dilaw, abohon, asin dawa may saradit na mga alitoktok. An mga ogbon asin mga pisog monomorpiko (an mga sekso dai mahihiling sa paghiling), mantang an mga adulto naiiba sa paagi kan saindang pagkolor kan utak asin kan saindang gawi-gawi. ==Toltolan== {{stub}} n3vmeskhh324s85pwsyq8xhjw6id3vk 0 53056 309643 290199 2026-08-23T21:20:44Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | image = Chrysanthemum nangkingense.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Chrysanthemum indicum]]'' | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Chrysanthemum | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicolson |first1=Dan H. |title=Report of the General Committee: 8 |url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_1999-05_48_2/page/373 |journal=Taxon |date=May 1999 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=373–378 |doi=10.2307/1224444 |jstor=1224444 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tropicos.org/Name/40008423|title=Chrysanthemum L.|website=[[Tropicos]] }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = | type_species = ''[[Chrysanthemum indicum]]'' | synonyms = * ''Chrysanthemum'' subsect. ''Dendranthema'' <small>(DC.) DC. ex Kitam.</small> * ''Neuractis'' <small>Cass.</small> * ''Pyrethrum'' sect. ''Dendranthema'' <small>DC.</small> * ''Leucanthemum'' <small>(Tourn.) L.</small> * ''Dendranthema'' <small>(DC.) Des Moul.</small> | synonyms_ref = <ref name=o /><ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Chrysanthemum'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331492-2 |access-date=24 February 2020 }}</ref> }} An '''mga krisantemo''' (''Chrysanthemum''), mga [[tinanom na namumurak]] sa pamilyang [[Asteraceae]]. An mga ini tubong [[Sirangan na Asya]] asin norte-subangan na [[Europa]]. Kadaklan sa mga species gikan sa Sirangan na Asya, asin an sentro kan pagkakaiba-iba yaon sa [[Tsina]]. Dai mabilang na mga klase asin nakultibar nin hortikultura an yaon. ==Mga species== {{columns-list| # ''[[Chrysanthemum ×grandiflorum]]'' <small>Ramat.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum ×rubellum]]'' <small>Sealy</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum ×morifolium]]'' # ''[[Chrysanthemum abolinii]]'' <small>(Kovalevsk.) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum achillaea]] ''<small>L.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum alabasicum]]'' <small>(H.C.Fu) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum brachyanthum]]'' <small>(C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum carinatum]]'' # ''[[Chrysanthemum chalchingolicum]]'' <small>Grubov</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium]]'' # ''[[Chrysanthemum coccineum]]'' # ''[[Chrysanthemum coreanum]]'' <small>(H.Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum coronarium]]'' # ''[[Chrysanthemum decaisneanum]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum delavayanum]]'' <small>H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum dichrum]]'' <small>(C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum fastigiatum]]'' <small>(C.Winkl.) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum frutescens]]'' # ''[[Chrysanthemum gracile]]'' <small>(Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum grubovii]]'' <small>(Muldashev) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum horaimontanum]]'' <small>Masam.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum hypoleucum]]'' <small>(Y.Ling ex C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum indicum]]'' <small>L.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum junnanicum]]'' <small>(Poljakov) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum kinokuniense]]'' <small>(Shimot. & Kitam.) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum kokanicum]]'' <small>(Krasch.) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum konoanum]]'' <small>Makino</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum majus]]'' # ''[[Chrysanthemum marginatum]]'' <small>(Miq.) N.E.Br.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum mawei]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum maximum]]'' <small>L.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum miyatojimense]]'' <small>Kitam.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum morifolium]]'' <small>Ramat.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum multifidum]]'' <small>Desf.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum nitidum]]'' <small>(C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum parvifolium]]'' <small>Chang</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum przewalskii]]'' <small>(Poljakov) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum purpureiflorum]]'' <small>H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum ramosum]]'' <small>(C.C.Chang) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum rhombifolium]]'' <small>(Y.Ling & C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum roborowskii]]'' <small>(Muldashev) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum segetum]] '' # ''[[Chrysanthemum shihchuanum]]'' <small>H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum shimotomaii]]'' <small>Makino</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum trilobatum]]'' <small>(Poljakov ex Poljakov) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum tripinnatisectum]]'' <small>(Y.Ling & C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum vestitum]]'' <small>(Hemsl.) Stapf</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum vulgare]]'' <small>(L.) Bernh.</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum yoshinyanthemum]] ''<small>Makino</small> # ''[[Chrysanthemum zawadskii]]'' <small>Herbich</small> }} ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} ed9od92w8h0xkydo8cjcr7t469cvhze 0 53291 309739 291615 2026-08-23T23:01:02Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Nautilus | fossil_range = [[Triassic]]{{en dash}}present {{Fossil range|230|0|ref=<ref>{{Cite journal| journal = Journal of Paleontology| year = 1997| volume = 71| issue = 6| title = ''Allonautilus'': A New Genus of Living Nautiloid Cephalopod and Its Bearing on Phylogeny of the Nautilida| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-paleontology_1997-11_71_6/page/1054| last1 = Ward| first1 = P. D.| last2 = Saunders| first2 = W. B.| jstor = 1306604| pages = 1054–1064| doi = 10.1017/S0022336000036039| bibcode = 1997JPal...71.1054W| s2cid = 87319305}}</ref>}} | image = Nautilus belauensis from Palau.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Palau Nautilus|Nautilus belauensis]]'' | status = CITES_A2 | status_system = CITES | taxon = Nautilidae | authority = [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], 1825 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = †''[[Carinonautilus]]''<br/> †''[[Cenoceras]]''<br/> †''[[Eutrephoceras]]''<br/> †''[[Pseudocenoceras]]''<br/> †''[[Strionautilus]]''<br/> ''[[Allonautilus]]''<br/> ''[[Nautilus (genus)|Nautilus]]''<br/> † = Extinct | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cichowolski|first1=M. |last2=Ambrosio|first2=A. |last3=Concheyro|first3=A. |doi=10.1017/S0954102005002671 |title=Nautilids from the Upper Cretaceous of the James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula |journal=[[Antarctic Science]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |page=267 |year=2005 |bibcode=2005AntSc..17..267C |s2cid=128767860 |hdl=11336/96152 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | synonyms = *Eutrephoceratidae <small>Miller, 1951</small> }} An '''nautilus''' (gikan sa [[Latin]] na ''nautilus'' 'naglalayag siring sa sarong sakayan'; gikan sa Suanoy na [[Tataramon na Griego|Griyego]] ναυτίλος (''nautílos'') 'marino, marinero') arin man sa manlaen-laen na species sa laog kan pamilya nin mga [[Cephalopoda|cephalopod]] na '''Nautilidae'''. Ini an solong nagdadanay na pamilya kan superfamily Nautilaceae asin kan suborder Nautilina. Ini binibilog nin siyam na buhay na species sa duwang genera, na an klase iyo an genus na ''Nautilus''. Dawa ngani ini mas partikularmenteng nanonongod sa species na ''Nautilus pompilius'', an pangaran na chambered nautilus ginagamit man para sa arin man sa mga Nautilidae. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 8rbrkl4gub5hmgzr1ev2vgo88lek6of 0 53331 309675 294237 2026-08-23T21:57:38Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{automatic taxobox | fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Campanian|Latest Campanian]]?-[[Maastrichtian]]), {{Fossil range|earliest=77|72.7|66}} Possible Middle [[Campanian]] record | image = Tyrannosaurus Rex Holotype.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Reconstruction of the ''T. rex'' [[Type (biology)|type specimen]] at the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]] | display_parents = | taxon = Tyrannosaurus | authority = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1905 | type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Tyrannosaurus rex''''' | type_species_authority = Osborn, 1905 | subdivision_ranks = Other species<!--Do not add T. imperator, T. regina, T bataar, or T. zhuchengensis. These are controversial species that are discussed in the article body.--> | subdivision = * {{extinct}}'''''T. mcraeensis'''''? {{small|Dalman et al., [[2024 in archosaur paleontology|2024]]}} * [[#Additional species|See text]] | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Genus synonymy</small> |''Dinotyrannus'' <br /><small>Olshevsky, 1995</small> |''Dynamosaurus'' <br /><small>Osborn, 1905</small> |''Manospondylus'' <br /><small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1892</small> |''Nanotyrannus''? <br /><small>[[Robert T. Bakker|Bakker]], Williams & [[Phil Currie|Currie]], 1988</small> |''Stygivenator'' <br /><small>Olshevsky, 1995</small> }} {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Species synonymy</small> |''[[Aublysodon amplus]]''? <br /><small>[[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1892</small> |''[[Deinodon amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892) Hay, 1902</small> |''[[Manospondylus amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892) Olshevsky, 1978</small> |''[[Stygivenator amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892) Olshevsky, 1995</small> |''[[Tyrannosaurus amplus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892) Hay, 1930</small> |''[[Aublysodon cristatus]]''? <br /><small>Marsh, 1892</small> |''[[Deinodon cristatus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892) Hay, 1902</small> |''[[Stygivenator cristatus]]''? <br /><small>(Marsh, 1892) Olshevsky, 1995</small> |''Ornithomimus grandis'' <br /><small>Marsh, 1890</small> |''Manospondylus gigas'' <br /><small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1892</small> |''Dynamosaurus imperiosus'' <br /><small>Osborn, 1905</small> |''Tyrannosaurus imperiosus'' <br /><small>(Osborn, 1905) Swinton, 1970</small> |''[[Gorgosaurus]] lancensis'' <br /><small>Gilmore, 1946</small> |''[[Albertosaurus]] lancensis'' <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946) Russell, 1970</small> |''Deinodon lancensis'' <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946) Kuhn, 1965</small> |''Aublysodon lancensis'' <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946) Charig in Appleby, Charig, Cox, Kermack & Tarlo, 1967</small> |''Nanotyrannus lancensis'' <br /><small>(Gilmore, 1946) Bakker, Williams & Currie, 1988</small> |''Albertosaurus'' "megagracilis" <br /><small>Paul, 1988a (nomen nudum)</small> |''Dinotyrannus megagracilis'' <br /><small>Olshevsky, 1995</small> |''Aublysodon molnaris'' <br /><small>Paul, 1988a</small> |''Aublysodon molnari'' <br /><small>Paul, 1988a emend Paul, 1990</small> |''Stygivenator molnari'' <br /><small>(Paul, 1988a emend Paul, 1990) Olshevsky, 1995</small> }} }} An '''''Tyrannosaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ɨ|ˌ|r|æ|n|ə|ˈ|s|ɔr|ə|s}} o {{IPAc-en|t|aɪ|ˌ|r|æ|n|ə|ˈ|s|ɔr|ə|s}}; na nangangahulugan na "maisog na tagaw" gikan sa Griyegong ''tyrannos'' (τύραννος) asin ''sauros'' (σαῦρος)) iyo an sarong [[henus]] nin [[Coelurosauro|coelurosaurong]] [[Therapoda|therapodang]] [[dinosauryo]]. An espesyeng '''''Tyrannosaurus rex''''' (na gikan sa Latin na ''rex'' na nangangahulugan na "hade") na karaniwan na pinahalipot na '''''T.&nbsp;rex''''' iyo an sarong kabtang kan kulturang popular. Nabuhay ini sa kun saen ngunyan an solnopan na Amihanan na Amerika na sa panahon na ini iyo an sarong islang kontinenteng [[Laramidia]] na may mas mahiwas na nasasakopan kesa sa ibang mga [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]]. An mga [[fossil]] kaini nanuparan sa manlaenlaen na klase nin mga [[pormasyon nin gapo]] na may petsang [[Maastrichtian]] kan Itaas na [[Kretaseyoso]] 67 sagkod 65.5&nbsp; milyon na taon an nakaagi.<ref name="hellcreekage">Hicks, J.F., Johnson, K.R., Obradovich, J.D., Tauxe, L. and Clark, D. (2002). "Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary", in J.H. Hartman, K.R. Johnson & D.J. Nichols (eds.), ''The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. GSA Special Paper'', '''361''': 35–55.</ref> Kaiba ini sa mga huring bakong-[[gamgam]] na mga [[dinosauryo]] na nag-eksistir bago an [[pangyayaring pagkapuhong Kretaseyoso-Paleohene]]. Siring kan ibang mga [[Tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurid]], an ''Tyrannosaurus'' iyo an sarong [[bipedal]] na [[karnibora]] na may halakbang na bungo na binalanse nin sarong halaba asin magabat na ikog. Relatibo sa dakula asin makapangyarihan na mga likudan na [[kalamias]], an mga atubangan na kalamias saradit minsan na nganì na bakong ordinaryong makapangyarihan para sa sukol kaini asin may duwang mga kuko mga muro. Minsan na ngani na an ibang mga [[theropoda]] nakipagdingkilan sa ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' sa sukol kaini, ini iyo an pinakadakulang bistadong tyrannosaurid asin an saro sa pinakadakulang bistadong mga predator kan kadagaan na may sukol na sagkod {{convert|12.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} sa laba,<ref name="Hutchinsonet.al.2011">{{cite journal|author=Hutchinson J.R., Bates K.T., Molnar J., Allen V, Makovicky P.J.|year=2011|title=A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth|url=|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=6|issue=10|page=e26037|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0026037}}</ref> sagkod {{convert|4|m|ft}} taas sa mga balakang,<ref name="SueFMNH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/about_vital.asp|title=Sue's vital statistics|author=|work=Sue at the Field Museum|publisher=[[Field Museum of Natural History]]|accessdate=2007-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515162635/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/about_vital.asp|archivedate=2007-05-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> at hanggang {{convert|6.8|MT|ST}} sa timbang.<ref name="ericksonetal2004">{{Cite journal|last=Erickson, Gregory M.|author2=Makovicky, Peter J.; [[Phil Currie|Currie, Philip J.]]; Norell, Mark A.; Yerby, Scott A.; & Brochu, Christopher A.|year=2004|title=Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-08-12_430_7001/page/772|journal=Nature|volume=430|issue=7001|pages=772–775|doi=10.1038/nature02699|pmid=15306807|first1=GM}}</ref> [[Ladawan:Tyrannosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|right|Restorasyon nin T.rex]] ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} kgb6qhukmhdbl93950bfn1auujknq1s 0 53536 309723 292686 2026-08-23T22:45:33Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309723 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''protektadong rona''' iyo an mga lokasyon na nakaresibi nin proteksyon huli sa saindang pigmimidbid na natural o kultural na importansya. An mga protektadong rona iyo idtong mga rona na kun saen an presensya nin mga tawo o an [[exploitation of natural resources]] (e.g. panggatong, [[non-timber forest product]]s, tubig, ...) limitado.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lele|first1=Sharachchandra|author-link=Sharachchandra Lele|last2=Wilshusen|first2=Peter|last3=Brockington|first3=Dan|last4=Seidler|first4=Reinmar|last5=Bawa|first5=Kamaljit|author-link5=Kamaljit S. Bawa|date=1 May 2010|title=Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187734351000014X|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=94–100|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006|bibcode=2010COES....2...94L |issn=1877-3435|url-access=subscription}}</ref> An terminong "protected area" kabali man an [[marine protected area]]s asin [[transboundary protected area]]s sa gabos na darakulan na kasagkoran. Poon 2016, igwang labi sa 161,000 protektadong rona minarepresentar nin haros 17 porsyento kan sukol kan ibabaw kan daga kan kinaban (dai kabali an Antarctica).<ref name="PPR16">{{cite web|url=https://wdpa.s3.amazonaws.com/Protected_Planet_Reports/2445%20Global%20Protected%20Planet%202016_WEB.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902060339/https://wdpa.s3.amazonaws.com/Protected_Planet_Reports/2445%20Global%20Protected%20Planet%202016_WEB.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-02 |url-status=live|title=Protected Planet Report 2016|publisher=UNEP-WCMC and IUCN|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Soutullo|first=Alvaro|date=2010|title=Extent of the Global Network of Terrestrial Protected Areas|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_conservation-biology_2010-04_24_2/page/362|journal=Conservation Biology|language=en|volume=24|issue=2|pages=362–363|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01465.x|pmid=20491846|bibcode=2010ConBi..24..362. |s2cid=32390446|issn=1523-1739}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Products/ProgressReports.htm/|title=unstats - Millennium Indicators|access-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927112249/https://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Products%2FProgressReports.htm%2F|archive-date=27 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="MoraAndSale2011">{{ cite journal |url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/theme/m434p251.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911180618/http://www.int-res.com/articles/theme/m434p251.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-11 |url-status=live | author=Mora C, Sale P | year=2011 | title=Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: A review of the technical and practical shortcoming of protected areas on land and sea | journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series | volume = 434 | pages = 251–266 | doi=10.3354/meps09214| bibcode=2011MEPS..434..251M | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="PR">{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet Report 2020 |url=https://livereport.protectedplanet.net/ |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Protected Planet Report 2020}}</ref> Para sa mga katubigan na yaon sa nasyonal na hurisdiksyon sa labi pa sa mga panlaog na katubigan, igwang 14,688 na Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), nasasakopan an haros 10.2% kan baybayon asin marine areas asin 4.12% kan global ocean areas.<ref name="PPR16"/> Sa kabaliktaran, 0.25% sana kan mga kadagatan kan kinaban na lapwas sa nasyonal na hurisdiksyon an nasasakopan kan MPAs.<ref name="PPR16"/><ref name=Paddison/> Sa dai pa nahahaloy na taon, an [[30 by 30]] initiative tinarget na proteksyonan an 30% kan kadagatan na teritoryo asin 30% kan dagang teritoryo sa bilog na kinaban pag-abot kan 2030; inadaptar ini kan [[European Union]] sa saiyang [[EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030|Biodiversity Strategy for 2030]], Kampanya para sa Nature na pigbubusol an katuyohan durante kan COP15 Summit kan [[Convention on Biodiversity]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.campaignfornature.org/petition|title=Sign the 30x30 Petition Today!|website=Campaign for Nature|access-date=2025-07-19|archive-date=2021-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127153209/https://www.campaignfornature.org/petition|dead-url=yes}}</ref> and the [[G7]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/05/21/g7-commits-to-end-support-for-coal-fired-power-stations-this-year|title=G7 commits to end support for coal-fired power stations this year|date=21 May 2021|website=euronews}}</ref> In December 2022, Nations have reached an agreement with the [[Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework]] at the COP15,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Briggs|first=Helen|date=19 December 2022|title=COP15: Nations reach 'historic' deal to protect nature|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-64019324|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> na kabali an inisyatibong [[30 by 30]].<ref name="Paddison" /> Inimplementar an mga protektadong rona para sa [[Conservation biology|biodiversity conservation]], parating nagtatao nin habitat asin proteksyon tumang sa ''hunting'' sa mga ''threatened'' asin [[endangered species]]. Nakakatabang an proteksyon tanganing mantiniron an mga ekolohikong proseso na dai makakasalbar sa pinakanganang pagmanehar na landscapes asin seascapes.<ref>Dudley, N. (ed.) ''Guidelines for Applying Protected Areas Management Categories'' (IUCN: Switzerland, 2008)</ref> An mga ''indigenous peoples'' asin mga lokal na komunidad pag minsan pigkikiritiko an pamamaagi kan [[fortress conservation]] para sa mga biyolenteng proseso na kun an mga regulasyon sa mga rona iyo an ''enforced''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Decolonize Conservation|url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/conservation|website=www.survivalinternational.org|publisher=Survival International|access-date=24 June 2023|language=en}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} gfoifjm8xgr4mzjgntz65ddj1hrg0zs 0 53691 309645 293130 2026-08-23T21:21:24Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309645 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Enkō-ji,_Kyoto_Inside.jpg|thumb]] An {{Nihongo|'''Tatami'''|畳}} sarong malumoy na banig na ginagamit sa salog sa tradisyonal na estilo kan mga Hapon na kwarto. Ginigibo sinda sa mga standard na sukol, na tigdodoble an sukol kan lapad an lapa, na nag-aabot sa 0.9 by 1.8 na metro (3 by 6 feet), depende sa rehiyon. Sa martial arts, an tatami ginagamit para sa pag-ensayo sa dojo asin para sa mga kompetisyon. An mga tatami natatahoban nin weft -faced weave nin {{Nihongo|[[Juncus effusus|soft rush]]|藺草|igusa}}code: ja is deprecated , ''igusa'') sa sarong warp nin abaka o mas maluyang gapas. Igwa nin apat na warp kada weft shed, duwa sa lambang poro (o minsan duwa kada shed, saro sa lambang poro, tanganing mabawasan an gastos). An ''{{Transliteration|ja|doko}}'' (ubod) tradisyonal na gibo sa tinahi na dagami nin bagas, alagad an kontemporaryong tatami minsan igwa nin mga inipit na tabla nin kahoy o pinaluwas na polystyrene foam sa saindang mga ubod. An halabang gilid pirming may kanto (縁 code: ja is deprecated , ''heri'') nin brocade o simpleng tela, dawa ngani an ibang tatami mayo nin gilid.<gallery mode="packed" caption="Konstruksiyon"> Ladawan:Modern_tatami.JPG|alt=Machine-sewing of tatami| Pagtahi nin tatami sa makina Ladawan:Tatami_sectional_view.jpg|alt=Cross-section of a modern tatami with an extruded polystyrene foam core| Cross-section kan sarong modernong tatami na may extruded polystyrene foam core Ladawan:Men_Making_Tatami_Mats,_1860_-_ca._1900.jpg|alt=Making tatami mats, late 19th century.| Paggibo nin mga banig na tatami, huring parte kan ika-19 siglo. Ladawan:Tatami.jpg|alt=Close-up of mat surface and edging| Harani sa ibabaw kan banig asin gilid </gallery> == Kasaysayan == An terminong ''tatami'' gikan sa berbong ''{{Nihongo||畳む|tatamu}}''code: ja is deprecated) , na boot sabihon 'magtiklop' o 'magtambak'. Ini nagpapahiling na an mga enot na tatami manipis asin pwedeng tiklopon kun dai ginagamit o itambak nin mga patong-patong. An tatami orihinal na sarong luhong bagay para sa mga noble. An mga hababang klase igwa nin mga salog na daga na natatahoban nin banig. Durante kan panahon ni Heian, kan an shinden-zukuri na estilo nin arkitektura kan mga residensya nin mga aristokrata natapos na, an salog kan mga kwartong palasyo nin shinden-zukuri mayormenteng kahoy, asin an tatami ginamit bilang tukawan sana para sa pinakahalangkaw na mga aristokrata. Kan panahon nin Kamakura, nagbutwa an estilo nin arkitekturang shoin-zukuri nin istaran para sa mga samurai asin padi na nagkaigwa nin kapangyarihan. An estilong arkitektural na ini nakaabot sa pinakahalangkaw na pag-uswag kan [[Panahon nin Muromachi|panahon ni Muromachi]], kan an tatami luway-luway na naglakop sa bilog na mga kwarto, na nagpopoon sa saradit na kwarto. An mga salog na biyong natatahoban nin tatami namidbid bilang ''{{Nihongo||座敷|zashiki}}''code: ja is deprecated ), "nakabukad para sa pagtukaw" asin an mga patakaran manungod sa pagtukaw asin etiketa iyo an nagdedeterminar kan pagkaareglar kan tatami sa mga kwarto. Bago an kabangaan kan ika-16 na siglo, an mga namamahalang noble asin mga samurai nagtuturog sa tatami o mga hinabol na banig na inaapod na ''{{Nihongo||茣蓙|goza}}''code: ja is deprecated ) , mantang an mga ordinaryong tawo naggagamit nin mga banig na dagami o maluyang dagami para sa mga higdaan. An mga tatami luway-luway na nagin popular asin nakaabot sa mga harong kan mga ordinaryong tawo kan mga katapusan kan ika-17 siglo. An mga harong na itinogdok sa Hapon ngonyan pirming kakadikit o mayo nin mga kuarto na may salog na tatami. An pagkaigwa nin saro sanang siring na kwarto sana an karaniwan. An mga kwarto na may salog na tatami asin iba pang tradisyonal na mga tampok sa arkitektura inaapod na ''nihonma'' o ''[[washitsu]]'', "mga kwarto na estilong Hapon".<gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> Ladawan:Saikū_Historical_Museum_-_Display_item04_-_The_palace_of_Saiô_-_Miniature_model.jpg|alt=Green tatami in a museum model of the Saikū palace in ~the 9th century| Berdeng tatami sa sarong modelo kan museo kan palasyo kan Saikū kan ika-9 na siglo Ladawan:Gaki_zoshi_-_Tokyo_-_part_1.jpeg|alt=Courtiers making music, circa 1150-1200| Mga kortesano na naggigibo nin musika, [[wiktionary:circa#English|circa]]1150-1200 Ladawan:Otomo_no_Yakamochi_Agedatamibon.gif|alt=As a dais, ~13th century| Bilang sarong plataporma, ~ika-13 siglo Ladawan:Tengu_zoshi,_Nezu_Museum_scroll,_detail_2.jpg|alt=An almost-completely-covered floor in an illustration drawn in 1296| Sarong haros-kumpletong-natatahoban na salog sa sarong ilustrasyon na pigdrowing kan 1296 Ladawan:Sleeping_two,_Kasuga_Gongen_Genki_(1309).jpg|alt=Tatami being used as sleeping mats, 1309 (see futon)| An tatami ginagamit bilang mga banig sa pagturog, 1309 (hilingon an futon ) </gallery> == Sukol == An mga tatami pwedeng ikategorya sa paagi kan saindang kadakulaan, na may koneksyon sa saindang lugar na ginikanan: * {{Nihongo||京間|Kyōma}} tatami: {{Cvt|1.91|by|0.955|m}}, hali sa [[Kyoto]] * {{Nihongo||中京間|Chūkyōma}} tatami: {{Cvt|1.82|by|0.91|m}}, inaapod man na {{Nihongo||合の間|Ainoma|{{lit.}} "in-between" size}} tatami, hali sa [[Nagoya]] * {{Nihongo||江戸間|Edoma}} tatami: {{Cvt|1.76|by|0.88|m}}, inaapod na {{Nihongo||関東間|Kantōma}} tatami, hali sa [[Tokyo]] Sa mga termino kan tradisyonal na mga yunit nin laba kan Hapon, an sarong tatami 1 por 0.5 ''ken'', o katumbas na 6 by 3 na ''shaku''. An laba kan mga yunit na ini nagkakaiba-iba sa kada rehiyon, na nagdara sa manlaen-laen na rehiyon na maggibo nin magkasuhay na mga kombension sa kadakulaan kan tatami. An sarong ''shaku'' haros kapareho an laba kan sarong bitis sa sistema nin pagsukol kan Britanya-Amerikano. Kun manungod sa kapal, {{Cvt|5.5|cm}} iyo an average para sa ''{{Nihongo|||Kyōma}}'' tatami, mantang {{Cvt|6.0|cm}} iyo an norma para sa ''{{Nihongo|||Edoma}}'' tatami. An kabangang banig inaapod na {{Nihongo||半畳|hanjō}} , asin an banig na tolong-kapat an laba inaapod na {{Nihongo|||daimedatami}} ({{Lang|ja|大目畳}}o{{Lang|ja|台目畳}}), na ginagamit sa {{Nihongo|tea-ceremony rooms||[[chashitsu]]}} . Sa Hapon, an kadakulaan kan sarong kwarto pirming sinusukol sa relasyon sa kadakulaan kan {{Nihongo|tatami mats|-畳|-jō}}code: ja is deprecated , ''-jō''), mga {{Cvt|1.653|m2}} para sa sarong pamantayan na tatami na arog kadakula kan Nagoya. Sa ibong na lado, sa mga termino kan tradisyonal na mga yunit nin lugar kan Hapon, an lugar kan kwarto (asin orog na an lugar kan salog kan harong) sinusukol sa mga termino nin ''[[tsubo]] ,'' kun saen an sarong ''tsubo'' iyo an lugar kan duwang tatami mats (na nagpoporma nin sarong kwadrado); pormal na 1 por 1 ''ken'' o mga {{Cvt|3.306|m2}}. An nagkapirang sukol kan mga komun na kwarto sa rehiyon kan Nagoya iyo an: * 4 1/2 mats = 9 ''shaku'' × 9 ''shaku'' ≈ {{Cvt|2.73|×|2.73|m}} * 6 mats = 12 ''shaku'' × 9 ''shaku'' ≈ {{Cvt|3.64|×|2.73|m}} * 8 mats = 12 ''shaku'' × 12 ''shaku'' ≈ {{Cvt|3.64|×|3.64|m}} An mga tindahan tradisyonal na dinisenyo tanganing magin 5 1/2 na mga banig, asin mga kwarto nin tsa na Hapon pirming igwa nin sukol na 4 1/2 banig. An saro pang format iyo an {{Nihongo||琉球|Ryūkyū}} tatami, na gikan sa mga Isla nin Ryūkyū, na kwadrado asin pwedeng magkaigwa nin manlaen-laen na sukol. An {{Nihongo|||Ryūkyū}} tatami mayo nin mga linderos, asin nagin popular sa modernong panahon huli sa saindang pagiging simple. == Ayos == Igwa nin mga patakaran manungod sa bilang kan mga banig na tatami asin an saindang pagkabugtak sa sarong kwarto. Kan [[panahon nin Edo]], an mga areglo nin tatami {{Nihongo|"auspicious"|祝儀敷き|shūgijiki}} asin {{Nihongo|"inauspicious"|不祝儀敷き|fushūgijiki}}malinaw na naiiba, na an tatami pig-aayos giraray depende sa okasyon. Sa modernong praktis, an "marahay" na layout normal na ginagamit. Sa pagkaareglar na ini, an mga pag-iriba kan tatami nagpoporma nin "T" na porma; sa "bakong marahay" na areglo, an tatami yaon sa sarong grid pattern kun saen an mga junction nagpoporma nin "+" na porma. An sarong marahay na paggibo nin baldosa parateng nangangaipo nin paggamit nin ½ na banig sa pag-tile nin sarong kwarto. Ini NP-kumpleto tanganing madeterminaran kun an sarong dakulang kwarto igwa nin marahay na areglo gamit sana an mga bilog na banig. An sarong bakong marahay na layout ginamit tanganing malikayan an maraot na kapaladan sa mga bakong marahay na pangyayari arog kan mga lobong. Ngonyan ini lakop na inaasosyar sa malas asin ini mismo iniiwasan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kalland|first=Arne|date=April 1999|title=Houses, People and Good Fortune: Geomancy and Vernacular Architecture in Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/worldviews_1999-04_3_1/page/33|journal=Worldviews|volume=3|issue=1|pages=33–50|doi=10.1163/156853599X00036}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> Ladawan:JapanHomes101_ARRANGEMENT_OF_MATS_IN_DIFFERENT-SIZED_ROOMS.jpg|alt=Some auspicious layouts from the early 1800s (Edo Period)| An nagkapirang marahay na mga layout kan amay na mga taon nin 1800 ( [[Panahon nin Edo]] ) Ladawan:Tatami_layout_1.svg|alt=One possible auspicious layout of a  4+1⁄2 mat room    Half mat   Full mat| Sarong posibleng marahay na layout kan sarong &nbsp;kwarto sa banig Ladawan:Tearoom_layout.svg|alt=Typical layout of a  4+1⁄2 mat tea room in the cold season, when the hearth built into the floor is in use. The room has a tokonoma and mizuya dōko| Tipikal na layout kan sarong &nbsp;mat tea room sa malipot na panahon, kun an pugon na itinogdok sa salog ginagamit. An kwarto igwa nin ''tokonoma'' asin ''mizuya dōko'' Ladawan:Youkoukan06n4592.jpg|alt=Room with tatami flooring in an inauspicious layout and paper doors (shōji)| Kwarto na may salog na tatami sa sarong bakong marahay na layout asin mga pinto na papel ( shōji ) Ladawan:Anforet_3F_2017-06-02_ac_(2).jpg|alt=An auspicious layout| Sarong marahay na layout Ladawan:ITatami_(8465411258).jpg|alt="T" shape| "T" na porma Ladawan:Tatami_(51687126569).jpg|alt=Ryūkyū tatami are square shaped without borders| An Ryūkyū ''tatami'' may korteng kwadrado na mayong linderos </gallery> == Hilingon man == * Higashiyama Bunka in [[Panahon nin Muromachi|Muromachi period]] * Petate [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] edypsji6fl08npsnt3mbvfcl2bnb8bp 0 53730 309583 293245 2026-08-23T20:23:42Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309583 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = Gion Festival (Gion Matsuri) | type = local | image = Yoiyama - The Gion Festival - July 14, 2008.jpg | imagesize = 250px | caption = ''Yoiyama'' durante kan Gion Festival | official_name = | nickname = | observedby = Kyoto | litcolor = | longtype = Relihiyoso | significance = | begins = 1 Hulyo | ends = 31 Hulyo | date = Bulan nin Hulyo | celebrations = | observances = | relatedto = }} An {{Nihongo|'''Gion Festival'''|祇園祭|Gion Matsuri}} saro sa pinakadakula asin pinakabistadong kapiyestahan sa [[Hapon]], na nangyayari taon-taon sa bulan nin Hulyo sa [[Kyoto]] . May manlain lain na mga actibidades an nangyayar sa sentral na Kyoto asin sa Yasaka Shrine, an patron shrine kan festival, na nakatugdok sa bistadong distrito kan Gion kan Kyoto, na iyo an nagtatao kan pangaran kan festival. Ini nagin pormal na kapiyestahan, asin an orihinal na mga katuyuhan kaini iyo an pagdalisay asin pagpatoninong kan mga nilalang na nagin rason kan mga hilang. Dakul an mga seremonya na ginigibo sa laog kan kapiyestahan, alagad ini pinakamidbid sa duwang {{Nihongo|''Yamaboko Junkō''|山鉾巡行|}} na prusisyon nin mga float, na nangyayari kada Hulyo 17 asin 24. An tolong banggi bago an lambang aldaw nin sarong prusisyon sunod-sunod na inaapod na {{Nihongo|''yoiyoiyoiyama''|宵々々山}} , {{Nihongo|''yoiyoiyama''|宵々山}} , asin {{Nihongo|''yoiyama''|宵山}} . Sa mga banggi kan {{Transliteration|ja|yoiyama}}, an sentro kan Kyoto nakareserba para sa mga naglalakaw, asin an nagkapirang tradisyonal na pribadong harong harani sa mga float nagbubukas kan saindang mga agihan sa publiko, na nagpapahiling nin mga pamana kan pamilya sa sarong kaugalian na midbid bilang an {{Nihongo|Folding Screen Festival|屏風祭り|Byōbu Matsuri}} . Dagdag pa digdi, an mga tinampo napapatos nin mga tindahan sa banggi na nagtitinda nin kakanon arog kan yakitori (pinanihaw na manok sa mga skewer), taiyaki, takoyaki (pritong bola na pugita), okonomiyaki, tradisyonal na mga dulse kan Hapon, asin kadakol pang iba pang mga kakanon sa pagluto. == Kasaysayan == [[Ladawan:Gion_Matsuri_of_Kyoto_Japan_1920s.jpg|wala|thumb|An parada na ginibo sa [[Kyoto]] kan mga taon 1920]] [[Ladawan:Gion_Matsuri.jpg|too|thumb|Tradisyonal [[Matsuri float|na mga float]] na gibo sa kahoy sa Gion Matsuri 2014.]] An Gion Festival nagpuon sa panahon nin sarong epidemya bilang parte kan sarong ritwal para sa paglinig (御霊会, {{Transliteration|ja|goryo-e}} ) tanganing paugmahon an mga diyos na pighuhuna na nagigin dahelan nin kalayo, baha, asin linog. Kan 869, kan an mga tawo nagsasakit nin sarong hilang na inaatribwir sa mga espiritung parabalos, si Emperador Seiwa nagboot nin mga pamibi ki [[Susanoo|Susanoo-no-Mikoto]], an diyos kan Yasaka Shrine. Sisenta y seis na estilo asin dekorasyon na halberds, saro para sa kada tradisyonal na probinsya kan Hapon, an pig-andam asin itinuggdok sa Shinsen-en, sarong hardin sa timog kan palasyo kan imperyo, kaiba an ''mikoshi'' gikan sa Yasaka Shrine. An mga gawi na ini inutro kan nagka igwa giraray nin hilang. Kan taon 1000, an kapiyestahan ginigibo na kada taon asin bihira na ining dae mangyare. Kan nagkaigwang labanan an mga sibil kan Onin war (sa irarom kan Ashikaga shogunate), an sentral kan Kyoto nadestroso, asin napundo an pagselebrar kan kapiyestahan sa laog nin tulong dekada kan ika-15 asin amay kan ika-16 na siglo. Ibinalik giraray ini kan ika-16 na siglo ni Oda Nobunaga. Sa nagaraging siglo, an nagkapirang float naraot o nawara, asin sa mga nakaaging taon nagkapira na sana an naibalik. An mga asosasyon kan mga pagtaraid na float minsan nagbabakal nin mga antigong tapiserya tanganing ribayan an mga ginamit o naraot, o mga replika hale sa mga parahabol sa industriya sa Kyoto, o nagdidisenyo asin nagkokomisyon nin mga bago hale sa mga parahabol kan bantog na tradisyonal na distrito nin paghabol nin Nishijin sa Kyoto. Kun dai ini ginagamit, an mga float asin regalia itinatago sa mga espesyal na bodega sa bilog na sentral na distrito kan Kyoto, o sa Yasaka Shrine. An kapiyestahan nagseserbing sarong importanteng lugar sa nobela ni [[Yasunari Kawabata]], ''An Lumang Kabisera'' kun saen ilinaladawan niya an Kapiyestahan nin Gion iyo an saro sa "tulong dakulang kapiyestahan' kan lumang kabisera", kaiba an Festival of Ages asin an Kapiyestahan nin Aoi. === Galeriya === <gallery> Ladawan:Crafts_and_food2.jpg|alt=Festival street with food and craft vendors| Kapiyestahan sa tinampo na may mga paratinda nin kakanon asin mga gibo Ladawan:Ayagasaboko.jpg| ''Ayagasaboko'' float marchers Ladawan:Yamaboko_Gion.jpg|alt=A yamaboko float (2013)| Sarong {{Transliteration|ja|yamaboko}} float (2013) Ladawan:Crowd_controlfestival.jpg|alt=Police standing ready| An mga pulis nakatindog na andam Ladawan:Gion_Matsuri-01.jpg Ladawan:Gion_Matsuri-02.jpg Ladawan:Gion_Matsuri-03.jpg Ladawan:Gion_Matsuri-04.jpg Ladawan:Gion_Matsuri-05.jpg Ladawan:Gion_Matsuri-06.jpg Ladawan:Gion_Matsuri-07.jpg </gallery> == Iskedyul kan mga pangyayari == An minasunod iyo an listahan kan mga piniling taonan na pangyayari sa Gion Festival. * Hulyo 1-5: {{Transliteration|ja|Kippuiri}}, seremonya nin pagbukas kan kapiyestahan sa lambang nagpartisipar na pagtaraid * Hulyo 2: {{Transliteration|ja|Kujitorishiki}}, sarong loterya tanganing madeterminaran an pagkasunod-sunod kan mga float sa parada, na ginibo sa assembly hall kan munisipyo * Hulyo 7: Pagbisita sa santuaryo kan mga aki {{Transliteration|ja|chigo}} kan {{Transliteration|ja|Ayagasaboko}} * Hulyo 10: Parada nin parol sa pag-ako nin {{Nihongo3|'portable shrines'|御輿|''mikoshi''}} * Hulyo 10: {{Transliteration|ja|Mikoshi arai}}, paglinig kan {{Transliteration|ja|mikoshi}} gamit an sagradong tubig hale sa Salog Kamo * Hulyo 10-13: Pagtogdok nin mga float * Hulyo 13 (aga): Pagbisita sa santuaryo kan mga aki {{Transliteration|ja|chigo}} kan {{Transliteration|ja|Naginataboko}} * Hulyo 13 (pm): Pagbisita sa santuaryo kan mga kaakian {{Transliteration|ja|chigo}} kan Kuse Shrine * Hulyo 14: {{Transliteration|ja|Yoiyoiyoiyama}} * Hulyo 15: {{Transliteration|ja|Yoiyoiyama}} * Hulyo 16: {{Transliteration|ja|Yoiyama}} * Hulyo 16: {{Transliteration|ja|Yoimiya shinshin hono shinji}}, mga pasundayag nin arte * Hulyo 17: Parada kan mga paralutaw {{Transliteration|ja|yamaboko}} * Hulyo 17: Parada kan {{Transliteration|ja|mikoshi}} gikan sa Yasaka Shrine * Hulyo 18-20: Pagtogdok nin mga float * Hulyo 21: {{Transliteration|ja|Yoiyoiyoiyama}} * Hulyo 22: {{Transliteration|ja|Yoiyoiyama}} * Hulyo 23: {{Transliteration|ja|Yoiyama}} * Hulyo 24: Parada kan {{Transliteration|ja|yamaboko}} float * Hulyo 24: Parada kan {{Nihongo3|'flower parasols'|花傘|''hanagasa''}} * Hulyo 24: Parada kan {{Transliteration|ja|mikoshi}} pasiring sa Yasaka Shrine * Hulyo 28: {{Transliteration|ja|Mikoshi arai}}, paglinig kan {{Transliteration|ja|mikoshi}} gamit an sagradong tubig hale sa Salog Kamo * Hulyo 31: Pagsara kan serbisyo sa Eki Shrine [[Ladawan:Niwatoriboko.jpg|thumb|''Niwatoriboko'' [[Matsuri float|float]], saro sa mga enot na nagpoon kan parada. An mga nagduduman sa kapiyestahan nagsusurusalida sa pagsakay sa float sa sarong gilid na edipisyo.]] An [[Matsuri float|mga floats]] sa {{Transliteration|ja|yoiyama}} parade nababanga sa duwang grupo, an mas dakulang {{Transliteration|ja|hoko}} ("halberd") asin an mas sadit na {{Transliteration|ja|yama}} ("bukid"), asin sa kabilogan inaapod na {{Transliteration|ja|yamaboko}} . An sampulong {{Transliteration|ja|hoko}} nagigirumdoman an 66 na halberd o garod na ginamit sa orihinal na ritwal nin paglinig, asin an 24 {{Transliteration|ja|yama}} may darang mga pigura na siring kadakula sa buhay kan mga diyos [[Shinto|na Shinto]], [[Bodhisattva|mga bodhisattva]] na Budista, asin iba pang mga pigura sa kasaysayan asin kultura. An gabos na float tig dekorasyonan nin manlaen-laen na mga tapiserya, an iba gibo sa Nishijin, an tradisyonal na distrito nin paghabi nin tela kan Kyoto, mantang an iba hale sa bilog na kinaban. Sa katunayan, huli sa sarong surbey kan 1993 kan mga imported na tela kan Gion Festival kan sarong grupo nin mga internasyonal na konserbasyonista asin kolektor nin tela, an saiyang pambihirang koleksyon nin tela bistado sa bilog na kinaban. An mga musikero nagtutukaw sa mga float na nagtutugtog nin mga tambol asin plawta. An mga float pigbubutong gamit an mga lubid sa tinampo asin an mga pampaswerte inaapon sa mga tawo. An {{Transliteration|ja|Yamahoko}} nakalista sa Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties kan 1979, asin sa Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity kan 2009. Kan banggi kan Hulyo 17, gatos na mga lalaki an nagdadara kan mga santo sa mga kataraid sa mga portable {{Transliteration|ja|mikoshi}} shrine pasiring sa {{Transliteration|ja|otabisho}}, sarong temporaryong istaran sa sentral kan Kyoto. Pigtutubodan na an mga diyos naglilinig kan gabos na mga pagtaraid sa dalan. Nag-eerok sinda sa otabisho sa laog nin sarong semana, sa pag-ultanan kan prusisyon kan duwang float. Kan ika-24 dinara pabalik sa Yasaka Shrine sa saindang permanenteng istaran. Sa pagbalik sa santuaryo, an prusisyon nagpundo sa Shinsen-en, an orihinal na lugar kan enot na mga ritwal kan taon 869, an dating hardin kan Imperyo. [[Ladawan:Niwatoriboko_at_night.jpg|thumb|Niwatoriboko naglalataw sa banggi]] Kada taon, an mga asosasyon sa pagtaraid na nagmamantenir kan mga float kada maabot an bulan nin Hulyo. An loterya na ini iyo an nagsasabi kan pagkasunod-sunod kan pagluwas kan mga float sa mga prusisyon sa Hulyo 17 asin 24. An mga lote na ini ipinapahiling sa sarong espesyal na seremonya sa pagpoon kan mga prusisyon, na kun saen an Alkalde kan Kyoto nagsusulot kan mga gubing nin sarong mahistrado. An Naginata Hoko naglaladawan nin sarong {{Transliteration|ja|chigo}} na nakasulot nin seremonyal na gubing asin nakasulot nin bulawan na phoenix, na pinili bilang sagrado nin sarong diyos gikan sa mga harong nin mga negosyante sa Kyoto. Pakalihis nin nagkapirang semana nin espesyal na mga seremonya nin pag-ablusyon, nagiistar siya na harayo asin nakasuhay sa epekto nin kontaminasyon (arog kan bakong maninigong pagkakan asin an presensya nin mga babae) asin dai tinutugutan na makaduta sa daga, kaya siya ibinugtak sa sarong bagon. Sa pagpoon kan {{Transliteration|ja|yamahoko}} kan Hulyo 17, an {{Transliteration|ja|chigo}} pinutol an shimenawa gamit an pag-uyog kan saiyang espada. === Hoko naglalataw === * Timbang: mga 12&nbsp;tonelada <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Brumann|first=Christoph|date=2009|title=Outside the Glass Case: The Social Life of Urban Heritage in Kyoto|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_2009-05_36_2/page/276|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=36|issue=2|pages=276–299|doi=10.1111/j.1548-1425.2009.01135.x}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrumann2009">Brumann, Christoph (2009). "Outside the Glass Case: The Social Life of Urban Heritage in Kyoto". ''American Ethnologist''. '''36''' (2): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>299. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2009.01135.x|10.1111/j.1548-1425.2009.01135.x]].</cite></ref> * Taas: mga 27&nbsp;metros <ref name=":2" /> * Diametro kan ruweda: mga 1.9&nbsp;m * Mga Attendant: mga 30-40 na nagbubutong sa laog kan prusisyon, parati duwang lalaki na nagpipiloto na may mga wedge <ref name=":2" /> === Yama naglalataw === * Gabat: 1,200–1,600&nbsp;kg <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Hondru|first=Angela|date=2014|title=Matsuri -Essence of Japanese Spirituality-|journal=Romanian Economic and Business Review|volume=9|pages=51}}</ref> * Taas: mga 6&nbsp;m * Mga katabang: 14-24 katawo na magbubutong, magtutulod o magdadara * Kulto ni Gion * Mga kapiyestahan sa Hapon == Mga Tala == {{Reflist}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ok5xhgobubd2jdzwagvffw7fpyu6s1b 0 53817 309541 305022 2026-08-23T19:55:11Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309541 wikitext text/x-wiki '''An edukasyon sa tataramon na Ingles sa Japan''' nagpoon kan amay pa kan 1600 sa [[Komersyo sa Nanban|enot na mga pakikipag-olay sa pagitan kan mga Hapon asin mga taga-Europa]]. Haros gabos na estudyante na nagtatapos sa hayskul sa Japan nagkaigwa nin nagkapirang taon nin edukasyon sa tataramon na Ingles; alagad, kadakol mayo pa nanggad kakayahan asin tibay sa pakikipag-olay sa Ingles. == Kasaysayan == An pinakaenot na rekord kan enot na pakikipag kontak kan mga Hapon asin sarong katutubong parataram nin Ingles nangyari kan mga taon 1600 kan pigtutubodan na si [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], an nagtugdok kan Tokugawa Feudal Government, nakipag-ulay sa Englishman na si William Adams. Dawa na naibareta na an saro sarong paradakitaramon sa pagitan kan duwang lalaki tatao sana sa tataramon na [[Portuges]], dai kaini napugulan si Tokugawa Ieyasu na magkaigwa nin positibong relasyon ki William Adams na nagistar sa Japan hanggang sa natatada niyang buhay. Alagad, pagkagadan ni Tokugawa Ieyasu kan 1616, an pagbabago sa polisiya sa ibang nasyon kan mga [[Shogunato kan Tokugawa|Bakufu]] nagboot na ipasara an opisina kan mga negosyanteng English kan taon 1623, na iyo an nagtulod sa mga English na maghale sa Japan. An mga English dai tinawan nin permiso na magbalik kan 1673. Kan 1808, an barkong Briton na ''Phaeton'' nag-agaw nin mga paninda sa Nagasaki asin kan 1825 an [[Shogunato kan Tokugawa|Bakufu]] nagboot sa mga pyudal na kagurangnan na isikwal an gabos na mga barkong dayuhan, apwera sa mga Dutch saka Chinese. An pinakainot na pagdakitaram kan arin man na libro nin gramatika sa Ingles sa Hapon nahaman ni Shibukawa Rokuzo, sarong halangkaw na opisyal kan Bakufu na nag-adal nin Olandes, kan 1841 kan saiyang tigdakitaram an ''English Grammar'' ni Murray hali sa Dutch pasiring sa Hapon. Dangan kan 1848, an Amerikanong si Ranald MacDonald nagdigdi sa Japan, pakatapos na magsagin-sagin na nalubog an barko, asin nagtokdo nin Ingles sa katorseng opisyal na Hapon na paradakitaramon nin Dutch sa Nagasaki sa irarom kan mga ordinansyang [[Shogunato kan Tokugawa|Bakufu]]. Saro sa mga estudyante ni MacDonald na an pangaran Moriyama an magigin interpreter sa pagitan kan United States asin Japan tanganing makaestablisar nin relasyon sa komersyo. Pakatapos na masalbar sa sarong pagkalubog nin barko asin mag-adal sa United States sa laog nin sampulong taon, si Nakahama Manjirō nagsurat nin sarong librong pan-eskwela sa Ingles na inaapod na ''Ei-Bei Taiwa Shokei'' (Sarong Halipot na Dalan sa Pag-oolay na Anglo-Amerikano), na naggamit kan Hapon na kana para sa pagpronunsiar asin kan ''kanbun'' (mga klasikong Intsik) na sistema nin pagkasunod-sunod kan mga tataramon. An tekstong ini sa huri nagin maimpluwensya sa pagbilog kan mga paagi nin pagtukdo asin pag-adal nin Ingles sa Japan. An Yokohama Academy, saro sa mga enot na eskwelahan na Ingles, pigtugdok sa Japan kan mga [[Shogunato kan Tokugawa|Bakufu]] kan 1865 kun sain nagtukdo duman an mga misyonerong Amerikano arog ni [[James Curtis Hepburn]]. Kan taon 1874, igwa nin 91 eskwelahan sa ibang tataramon sa Japan, na 82 kaini an nagtutukdo nin Ingles. Asin kan 1923, an Englishman na si Harold E. Palmer inimbitaran sa Japan kan Ministry of Education, kun saen sa huri itinugdok niya an Institute for Research in English Teaching sa Tokyo asin ipinabisto an aural-oral na paagi sa pagtukdo nin Ingles. Alagad, poon kan mga taon 1880, kan an Japan marikas na nagigin sarong modernisadong nasyon, an mga libro arog kan ''Nihon Jin'' (にほんじん o 日本人) (The Japanese People) ni Shiga Shigetaka nagpoon na magluwas tanganing patanidan an publikong Hapon manungod sa mga soboot peligro kan impluwensya kan Western. Kaya, sagkod sa katapusan kan [[Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban]], nagkaigwa nin nagdadakulang tensyon sa pagitan kan ideolohiya kan Western asin nasyonal na pag-orgulyo sa mga tawong Hapon. Sa modernong Japan, igwa nin garo magkakontrahan na mga pananaw kun pano pighihiling kan mga tawong Hapon an tataramon na Ingles. Sa ibong kaini, minalataw na igwa nin dakulang interes sa pagkua nin kaaraman sa tataramon na Ingles, na maipapahiling kan taonan na paglangkaw kan mga aplikante sa STEP Eiken asin an bilang kan mga media outlet kan Hapon na nagpoon nang maglaog nin mga programa sa tataramon na Ingles sa saindang repertoire, tanganing makapartisipar sa pankinaban na ekonomiya asin internasyonal na komunidad. Mantang sa parehong panahon, an mga parasurat arog ni Henry J. Hughes asin Mike Guest nagtutukdo na an Japan nagmamantenir kan saindang sadiri bilang saro sa pinakaindependienteng nasyon sa kinaban huli sa heograpikong pagkasuhay asin makangangalas na industriya nin pagdakitaram na nagreresulta sa haros mayo nang pangangaipo sa Ingles sa aroaldaw na buhay. An modernong industriya nin tataramon na Ingles dai pa sana nahahaloy nakaeksperyensya nin sarong makangangalas na pag-uswag, na sinundan nin nagkapirang kasakitan, kabali an mga deklarasyon nin pagkabangkarote para sa duwang darakulang koneksyon nin mga eskwelahan sa pag-oolay sa Ingles. == Mga kadepisilan == An mga estudyanteng Hapon nakakaeksperyensya nin dakulang kadepisilan sa pag-adal nin Ingles, huli sa mga pundamental na pagkakaiba sa [[Balanghayan|gramatika]] asin sintaks, siring man sa mga importanteng pagkakaiba sa pagpronunsiar. [[Tataramon na Hapones|An pagkasunod-sunod kan mga tataramon sa Hapon]], an pirmeng paghale kan mga tema sa Hapon, an kawaran nin mga artikulo, an kawaran nin mga pormang plural, siring man an mga kadepisilan sa pagpabisto kan l asin r gabos nagkokontribwir sa mga substansyal na problema sa paggamit nin Ingles nin epektibo. Tunay nanggad, an mga Hapon igwa nin tendensiyang makakua nin medyo maluyang marka sa mga internasyonal na eksaminasyon sa Ingles. An dagdag na salik iyo an paggamit kan Ingles sa aroaldaw na buhay para sa estetikong pag-akit imbes na para sa mga katuyuhan na pangpropesyonal. <ref name="Ikeshima1">{{Cite journal|last=Ikeshima|first=Jayne Hildebrand|title=Some perspectives on the phenomenon of "Engrish"|journal=Keio Journal of International Studies|date=July 2005|volume=15|pages=185–198}}</ref> Iyan, para sa pagkonsumo nin Hapon, bako para sa mga parataram nin Ingles per se, asin bilang paagi nin pagluwas na "matali, sopistikado asin moderno". <ref name="Dougill2">{{Cite journal|last=Dougill|first=John|title=English as a decorative language|journal=English Today|volume=3|pages=33–35}}</ref> Tunay nanggad, sinasabi na sa siring na dekorasyon na Ingles "pirmeng mayo nin pagtesting na probaran na gibohon ining tama, ni an kadaklan kan populasyon kan mga Hapon ... nagprobar na basahon an elemento nin disenyo sa Ingles na pahapot ... Kaya mas dikit an pagdodoon sa pag-eksamin kan ispeling asin pagkaeksakto kan gramatika." <ref name="Melin1">{{Cite journal|last=Melin|first=Tracy|title=Emphasizing Foreign Language Use to International Marketing Students: A Situational Exercise That Mimics Real-World Challenges|journal=Global Business Languages|volume=10|pages=13–25}}</ref> Kaya an pagkabantad sa Ingles na naeeksperyensiyahan sa aroaldaw na buhay sa Japan posibleng dai makakatabang bilang paagi sa pag-adal. An saro pang kadepisilan iyo an potensyal na takot na an pagtugot sa tataramon na Ingles na mag-asimila sa Japan makakahale kan pagkakaiba kaini asin mapirit sainda na magsunod sa kultura kan Western. Nahihiling ninda an tataramon na Ingles bilang sarong ekstensyon kan sibilisasyon kan Western. An tataramon na Ingles nahihiling bilang sarong agresibo asin indibidwalistikong tataramon na kabaliktaran kan tataramon asin kulturang Hapon. Para sa sarong mas reserbadong mamamayan na Hapon na piriton an saindang sadiri na magin mas 'outgoing' asin 'prangka' kun sinda nagtataram nin Ingles, ini sarong direktang pagkontrahan kun pano sinda dapat magtaram sa isip kan gobyerno kan Hapon. Kun an mga estudyante makanuod na magtaram nin mas 'prangka' asin 'indibidwal' na hoben pa, tibaad makaapektar ini sa saindang mga kakayahan sa pagtaram nin Hapon asin makaimpluwensya nin makusog sa saindang katutubong tataramon. Pwede ining magin dahelan na an tataramon na Hapon magin Westernized imbes na magdanay na puro asin estriktong Hapon sana. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hashimoto|first=Kayoko|title='Internationalisation' is 'Japanisation': Japan's foreign language education and national identity|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860050000786|pages=39–51}}</ref> == Sistema nin eskwelahan == Susog sa Ministry of Finance (Japan), kan 2004 fiscal year (FY) an mga gastos sa General Account para sa mga lakdang na may relasyon sa edukasyon asin siyensya iyo an ¥6,133.0 bilyon (o mga $70.8 bilyon). An Hapon ika-22 sa kinaban sa UN Education Index, alagad halangkaw an marka sa siyensya susog sa PISA . [[Ministri kan Edukasyon, Kultura, Isports, Siyensya asin Teknolohiya|An MEXT]] nagpoon kan 1998 para sa sarong piling bilang nin mga pampublikong primaryang eskwelahan na magkaigwa nin mandatoryong mga klase sa Ingles; kadakol na mga magurang na Hapon an nagpapadara kan saindang mga aki sa mga eskwelahan sa Eikaiwa poon pa ngani bago an elementarya. Susog sa estadistika kan 2003 na itinao kan MEXT an mga kaakian poon sa edad na 12 sagkod 14 naggagamit nin mga 90 oras taon-taon sa sarong klase sa eskwelahan. Sa tradisyon, an mga Hapon naggagamit kan paagi nin pagtradusir nin gramatika, huli sa sistema ''kan kanbun'' ni Nakahama Manjirō, tanganing tukduan an saindang mga estudyante kun pano makanuod kan tataramon na Ingles. Alagad, igwa nin mga makabagong paagi na pig-adaptar sa laog asin luwas kan klase kun saen [[Mobile phone|an mga mobile phone]] asin [[Kulturang popular|pop culture]] ginamit sa pagtukdo sa mga estudyanteng Hapon. Kan Abril 2011 an pagtukdo nin Ingles nagin obligado poon sa ika-5 grado kan elementarya (edad 10). <ref>{{Cite news|title=Japan launches primary push to teach English|journal=[[The Guardian]]|first=Justin|last=McCurry|date=8 March 2011}}</ref> Plano na gibohon na mandatoryo an mga klase nin aktibidad sa Ingles para sa mga ikatolo asin ikaapat na grado, asin gibohon ining bilog na mga leksyon para sa mga ikalima asin ikaanom na grado sa taon 2020. == Pribadong sektor == An mga pribadong eskwelahan sa tataramon para sa Ingles inaapod na eikaiwa . An pinakadakula sa mga koneksyon na ini iyo an Aeon, GEOS, asin ECC ; an ECC asin AEON sana an dai pa nag-file para sa pagkabangkarote . An industriya bakong marhay an regulasyon. An Nova, na orihinal na pinakadakulang koneksyion na may labing 900 na sangay sa Japan, nabagsak kan Oktubre 2007, na nagwalat nin rinibong mga dayuhan na paratukdo na mayong kwarta o istaran. An ibang mga paratukdo nagtatrabaho sa mga unibersidad, dawa ngani an kadaklan na posisyon sa unibersidad ngonyan nangangaipo nin graduate degree o mas halangkaw pa. An mga ahensya, na bistado sa Japan bilang ''haken'', o mga kompanya nin pagpapadara, orog na ginagamit sa pagpadara nin mga parataram nin Ingles sa [[Kindergarten|mga kindergarten]], [[Hababang paadalan|mga eskwelahan sa primarya]], asin mga pribadong kompanya na an mga empleyado kaipuhan na mapakarhay an saindang Ingles para sa negosyo. An mga ahensya dai pa sana nahahaloy nakikipagkumpetensya nin makusog tanganing makakua nin mga kontrata hali sa manlaen-laen na mga hunta nin edukasyon para sa mga elementarya, junior asin senior high school, kaya an mga sweldo para sa mga paratukdo padagos na nagbaba sa laog kan nakaaging apat na taon. An sakto sana na sweldo para sa mga paratukdo sa Japan ngonyan kulang na sa ¥250,000 kada bulan, dawa ngani pwedeng maglangkaw nin dikit depende sa eksperyensya. Kasabay kan mga sweldo, an mga kondisyon sa pagtrabaho padagos man na nagbaba, na nagresulta sa aksyon industriyal asin mga laban sa korte na nagin bareta sa lokal asin internasyonal na barita. <ref>Currie-Robson, Craig (2015). ''English to Go: Inside Japan's Teaching Sweatshops''. {{ISBN|978-1505350937}}.</ref> == Programa sa JET == An mga empleyado kan Japan Exchange and Teaching Program pig-isponsor kan Gobyerno kan Hapon tanganing tabangan an mga paratukdo nin tataramon sa mga hayskul asin elementarya kan Hapon sa mga syudad asin rural na kabukidan kan Hapon. == Mga pagkakaiba sa kultura == Pag-abot sa pakikipag-ulay sa Ingles, kadakol na mga estudyanteng Hapon an may tendensiyang magin nahahadit manongod sa posibleng pagkasingkog sa saindang mga tataramon o dai paggibo kan saindang sadiri nin malinaw; kun kaya, naglilikay sinda sa pagtaram nin Ingles. Alagad, sa paagi nin pag-atubang sa mga kahaditan kan mga estudyante, an paratukdo nin Ingles makakatabang na makagibo nin mga estratehiya sa pag-iisip, epektibo, asin pag-uugali na pwedeng gamiton kan mga estudyante tanganing makaya an kahaditan na saindang naeeksperyensiyahan sa mga klase na naggagamit nin Ingles. "An pghali kan motibasyon pwedeng negatibong makaimpluwensya sa mga paguugali asin gawi-gawi kan mga estudyante, makaraot sa dinamika kan grupo sa laog kan klase asin sa motibasyon kan paratukdo, asin magresulta sa halawig asin lakop na negatibong mga resulta sa pag-adal." Apuwera sa pagtabang sa mga estudyante sa saindang mga kahaditan, an paratukdo dapat igwa man nin marhay na ideya manungod sa mga estratehiya sa pag-adal kan mga estudyante asin sa saindang motibasyon, tanganing siya makatutok sa "mga positibong motibasyon [na] makakatabang sa mga estudyante sa pagkua nin bagong impormasyon asin mabawasan an mga epekto kan negatibong mga motibasyon na pwedeng makaulang sa pagkua kan mga estudyante sa ikaduwang lenggwahe". == Hilingon man == * Wasei-eigo * Gairaigo * Glosaryo nin mga termino asin ideya sa pagtukdo nin tataramon * [[Ministri kan Edukasyon, Kultura, Isports, Siyensya asin Teknolohiya]] * Pagtukdo nin Ingles bilang sarong dayuhan na tataramon == Mga Reperensya == # Ike, Minoru. "A historical review of English in Japan (1600-1880)." ''World Englishes.'' 14.1 (1995) 3-11. # Tanaka, Sachiko Oda. "The Japanese media and English." World Englishes. 14.1 (1995) 37-53. # Hughes, Henry J. "Cultivating the walled garden: English in Japan." English Studies 80.6 (1999): 556. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 28 November 2009. # Guest, Mike. "Why Do Japanese Struggle With English?" China Daily (18 February 2006). Academic Search Complete. Factiva. Web. 28 November 2009. # {{cite journal|last=Dougill|first=John|title=Japan and English as an alien language|url=https://archive.org/details/english-today_2008-03_24_1/page/18|journal=English Today|year=2008|volume=24|issue=1|pages=18–22|doi=10.1017/s0266078408000059|s2cid=145471291}} # {{cite journal|last=Kowner|first=Rotem|author-link=Rotem Kowner|title=Japanese Miscommunication with Foreigners: In Search for Valid Accounts and Effective Remedies|journal=Jahrbuch des Deutschen Instituts für Japanstudien|year=2003|volume=15|pages=117–151}} # {{cite journal|last=Ikeshima|first=Jayne Hildebrand|title=Some perspectives on the phenomenon of "Engrish"|journal=Keio Journal of International Studies|date=July 2005|volume=15|pages=185–198}} # # {{cite journal|last=Dougill|first=John|title=English as a decorative language|journal=English Today|year=1987|volume=3|issue=4|pages=33–35|doi=10.1017/S0266078400003126|s2cid=145079203}} # {{cite journal|last=Melin|first=Tracy|author2=Rey, Nina|title=Emphasizing Foreign Language Use to International Marketing Students: A Situational Exercise That Mimics Real-World Challenges|journal=Global Business Languages|year=2005|volume=10|pages=13–25}}{{Reflist|refs=<ref name=blair>{{cite journal|title=The Role of English and Other Foreign Languages in Japanese Society|url=http://iteslj.org/Articles/Blair-EngJpn.html|last=Blair|first=R. Jeffrey|journal=The Internet TESL Journal|volume=3|issue=7|date=July 1997|access-date=24 January 2014|quote=Multilingual commercial texts used for sentence level communication almost always supplement the native Japanese with English or French (...); English evokes an image of quality, reliability, (Haarman, 1984a and 1984b) and modern living (Haarman 1986 and Loveday, 1986)...}}</ref>}} == Dugang na pagbasa == * {{Cite journal|last1=Inoue|first1=Nobue|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/199443886.pdf|title=Literature Review of the World Englishes: Japanese English|date=March 2019}} - [https://numcjc.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=31&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=21 Profile]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Available on [[core.ac.uk]]. [https://numcjc.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=31&file_id=21&file_no=1 Alternate PDF link]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Mga panluwas na link == * [http://www.jetprogramme.org/ JET – An Programa sa Pagbalyo asin Pagtukdo kan mga Hapon] * [http://jetsetterjobs.com/ Mga Trabaho sa Jetsetter – Programa sa Pagtaram nin Ingles sa Hapon] [[Kategorya:Dialects of English]] [[Kategorya:Language education in Japan]] [[Kategorya:English-language education]] [[Kategorya:English as a second or foreign language]] [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 12dya9y7xphesjh79l4h9rxv2oyoxg8 0 53844 309679 293527 2026-08-23T22:02:43Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309679 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> Ladawan:Nimono_of_japanese_pumpkin_2014.jpg|alt=Nimono of kabocha, part of Japanese cuisine| Nimono kan kabocha, parte kan [[Pagkakan nin Hapon|lutong Hapon]] Ladawan:Tempura.JPG|alt=Shown on the right, kabocha is a common ingredient in tempura| Ipinapahiling sa too, an kabocha sarong komun na sangkap sa [[tempura]] </gallery> [[Ladawan:Kabocha.jpg|thumb|Sarong bilog na kabocha squash]] '''Kabocha''' ( /k ə ˈ b oʊ tʃ ə / ; gikan sa [[Tataramon na Hapones|Hapon]]カボチャ,南瓜) sarong klase nin kalabasa sa tiglipot, sarong Hapon na klase kan species na ''Cucurbita maxima .'' Inaapod man ining '''kabocha squash''' o '''Japanese pumpkin''' sa Amerika del Norte. Sa Hapon, {{Transliteration|ja|kabocha}} pwedeng nanonongod sa kalabasa na ini, sa kalabasa sa Solnopan, o sa ibang mga kalabasa. Sa Australia, an "Japanese pumpkin" sarong sinonimo kan Kent pumpkin, sarong klase nin kalabasa sa tiglipot ( ''C. moschata'' ). Kadaklan sa mga kabocha sa merkado iyo an ''kuri kabocha'', sarong klase na gibo sa ''seiyo kabocha'' ( buttercup squash ). An mga klase nin kabocha kabali an Ajihei, Ajihei No. 107, Ajihei No. 331, Ajihei No. 335, Ebisu, Emiguri, Marron d'Or asin Miyako. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cultivar differences in New Zealand "Kabocha" (buttercup squash, Cucurbita maxima)|date=21 June 2002}}</ref> == Deskripsiyon == An Kabocha matagas sa luwas na may kublit na garo mga bukol. Ini korteng garo sarong squat pumpkin asin igwa nin mapungaw na tapos, hararom na berdeng kublit na may nagkapirang celadon-sagkod-puti na mga guhit asin sarong makusog na kolor na dilaw-kahel sa laog. Sa kadakol na aspekto ini kapareho kan buttercup squash, alagad mayong karakteristikong nakaluwas na "tasa" sa burak (ibabang) poro. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An sarong ordinaryong kabocha nagkikilo nin duwa sagkod tolong libra, alagad an sarong dakulang kalabasa pwedeng magkilo nin sagkod sa walong libra. == Paggamit sa pagluto == An Kabocha igwa nin pambihirang mahamis na namit, mas mahamis pa ngani kisa sa butternut squash . Ini kapareho an pagkadakula asin namit kan sarong kalabasa asin [[Kamoteng kamang|kamote]] na pinagsararo. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Vegetable Notes for Vegetable Farmers in Massachusetts|url=https://ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/newsletters/vegnotes-05-31-07.pdf?}}</ref> An ibang kabocha pwedeng masiram na arog kan russet potatoes o [[Kastanyas|chestnuts]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An ubak pwedeng kakanon, dawa ngani an ibang mga paraluto pwedeng panitan ini tanganing maparikas an proseso nin pagluto o tanganing makabagay sa saindang personal na kagustuhan. An kabocha perming ginagamit sa mga side dish asin sopas, o bilang pansalida sa patatas o iba pang klase nin kalabasa. Pwede ining i-ihaw pagkatapos na putolon an kalabasa sa kabanga, kuanon an mga pisog, dangan putolon an kalabasa sa mga pidaso. Sa dikit na lana sa pagluto asin panimpla, pwede ining lutuon sa horno. Siring man, an mga pinutol na kabanga kan kabocha pwedeng idagdag sa sarong pressure cooker asin paalisnawon sa irarom nin halangkaw na presyon sa laog nin 15-20 minutos. An saro pwedeng luway-luway na magluto nin kabocha na bilog asin dai pinutol sa sarong convection oven, pagkatapos kaini an bilog na kalabasa nagigin malumoy asin kakanon, kaiba an ugat. An Kabocha makukua sa bilog na taon alagad pinakamarahay sa huring parte kan tig-init asin amay na tigrakdag. An Kabocha pangenot na pigtatanom sa Hapon, South Korea, Thailand, California, Florida, Hawaii, Sur-sulnupan na Colorado, Mehiko, Tasmania, [[Tonga]], New Zealand, Chile, Jamaica, asin South Africa, alagad lakop na pig-adaptar para sa mga klima na nagtatao nin panahon nin pagtalubo na 100 aldaw o labi pa. Kadaklan kan kabocha na pigtatanom sa California, Colorado, Tonga asin New Zealand talagang pig-eeksportar sa Hapon. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Hapon === Sa Hapon, an kabocha sarong komun na sangkap sa [[tempura]] nin gulay asin ginigibo man na sopas asin croquettes . An mga bakong gayong tradisyonal alagad popular na gamit kabali an paglaog sa mga panghimagas arog kan mga pie, pudding, asin sorbetes. <ref name="gochiso" /> <gallery> Ladawan:Danhobak-buchimgae_2.jpg|alt=Danhobak-buchimgae (kabocha pancake)| ''Danhobak- buchimgae'' (kabocha pancake) Ladawan:Danhobak-jjim_2.jpg|alt=Danhobak-jjim (steamed kabocha) topped with red beans and jujube| ''Danhobak- jjim'' (linuto na kabocha) na may ibabaw na pulang pisog asin jujube Ladawan:Danhobak-juk.jpg|alt=Danhobak-juk (kabocha porridge)| ''Danhobak- juk'' (kabocha porridge) Ladawan:Danhobak_salad_(kabocha_squash_salad).jpg|alt=Danhobak-salad (kabocha salad)| ''Danhobak'' -salad (kabocha salad) Ladawan:Danhobak-sanyak-yanggaeng.jpg|alt=Danhobak-sanyak-yanggaeng (kabocha and yam jelly)| ''Danhobak- sanyak - yanggaeng'' (kabocha asin yam jelly) Ladawan:Danhobak_latte.jpg|alt=Danhobak-latte (kabocha latte)| ''Danhobak'' - latte (kabocha latte) </gallery> === Korea === Sa Korea, ''an danhobak'' ( {{Lang|ko|단호박}} ) perming ginagamit sa paggibo ''nin hobak-juk'' (lugaw na kalabasa). ''An danhobak'' literal na boot sabihon 'matamis na kalabasa'. <gallery> Ladawan:Kabocha_(GH)_21June2005_sown_14June.JPG|alt=Seedling| Semilya Ladawan:Kabocha_5July2005_sown_14June.JPG|alt=First leaf| Enot na dahon Ladawan:Kabocha_KK_17July2005.JPG|alt=Branching habit| Gawi sa pagsanga Ladawan:Kabocha_female_4August2005_(side)_sown_14June.JPG|alt=Flower| Burak Ladawan:Kabocha_males_4August2005_sown_14June.JPG|alt=Flower and flower bud| Burak asin burak na burak Ladawan:Kabocha_KK_female_fruit_9August2005_sown_14June.JPG|alt=Young fruit| Hoben na prutas Ladawan:Kabocha_1st_Harvest_18September2005.JPG|alt=Whole squashes| Mga bilog na kalabasa Ladawan:Kabocha_Cut_Open_29September2005.jpg|alt=Section, showing seeds| Seksyon, nagpapahiling nin mga pisog Ladawan:Kabocha_Flower_Scar_18September2005.JPG|alt=Flower scar| Pekat nin burak Ladawan:Kabocha_Peduncle_18September2005.JPG| Peduncle Ladawan:Kabocha_Roasted_29September2005.jpg|alt=Dish of roasted kabocha| Putaheng inihaw na kabocha </gallery> === Thailand === ''An Fak thong'' (Thai: ฟักทอง) ginagamit sa tradisyonal na mga panghimagas asin mayor na mga putahe na Thai . An kabocha ginagamit sa sabaw kan bitis nin manok sa Jamaica. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">kaipuhan an sitasyon</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Nutrisyon == An kalabasa na ini mayaman sa beta carotene, na may [[Bakal|iron]], [[bitamina C]], [[Potasyo|potassium]], asin mas saradit na bakas nin [[Kalsyo|calcium]], folic acid, asin dikit na kantidad nin bitamina B. == Pagkahinog == Kun an kabocha naani pa sana, nagtatalubo pa ini. Kaya, bakong arog kan ibang gulay asin prutas, an pagigin presko bakong gayong importante. Dapat ini hinog nguna, tanganing magin masiram, sa paagi nin paghinog nguna kan kabocha sa mainit na lugar (77&nbsp;°F/25&nbsp;°C) sa laog nin 13 aldaw tanganing magin asukar an nagkapira sa almirol. Dangan an kabocha ibinabalyo sa sarong malipot na lugar (50&nbsp;°F/10&nbsp;°C) asin itinatago sa laog nin mga sarong bulan tanganing dagdagan an laog nin karbohidrato. Sa paaging ini an bago pa sanang anihon, mara, asin mayong namit na kabocha nagigin sarong makinis, mahamis na kabocha. Kun lubos nang hinog, an matatabang kabocha magkakaigwa nin mapula-dilaw na laman, matagas na kublit, asin mara, garo corky na poon. Ini minaabot sa pinakahalangkaw na pagkahinog mga 1.5-3 bulan pagkatapos na ini anihon. == Kasaysayan == An gabos [[Karabasa|na kalabasa]] inataman sa Mesoamerica . Kan 1997, an bagong ebidensya nagsuherir na an pag-ataman nangyari 8,000 sagkod 10,000 na taon na an nakaagi, pirang ribong taon na mas amay kisa mga nakaaging pagtantiya. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.276.5314.894|title=Squash Seeds Yield New View of Early American Farming|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-05-09_276_5314/page/894|year=1997|last1=Roush|first1=Wade|journal=Science|volume=276|issue=5314|pages=894–895}}</ref> Iyan magigin 4,000 na taon na mas amay pa sa pag-ataman kan [[mais]] asin pisog, an ibang mga mayor na grupo nin tinanom na kakanon sa Mesoamerika. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.276.5314.932|title=The Initial Domestication of ''Cucurbita'' pepoin the Americas 10,000 Years Ago|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-05-09_276_5314/page/932|year=1997|last1=Smith|first1=Bruce D.|journal=Science|volume=276|issue=5314|pages=932–934}}</ref> An arkeolohiko asin henetikong pagsiyasat sa tinanom sa ika-21 siglo nagsusuherir na an mga tawo sa sirangan na Amerika del Norte independienteng nag-ataman nin kalabasa, sunflower, marsh elder, asin chenopod . <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.0604335103|title=Eastern North America as an independent center of plant domestication|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2006-08-15_103_33/page/12223|year=2006|last1=Smith|first1=B. D.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=103|issue=33|pages=12223–12228}}</ref> An mga marinero na Portuges nag-introdusir kan kabocha sa Hapon kan 1541, na dara ini hale sa [[Kambodya|Cambodia]] . An Portuges na pangaran kan kalabasa, ''Camboja abóbora'' (カンボジャ・アボボラ), pinalipot kan mga Hapon sa ''kabocha'' . Sa ibong na lado, an ginikanan na Portuges iyo an tataramon na ''cabaça'' para sa ''kalabasa'' . An Kabocha isinurat sa [[Kanji]] bilang南瓜(sa literal, "melon sa timog"), asin ini inaapod man paminsan-minsan na南京瓜( Nanking melon). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sa Tsina, an terminong ini pig-aaplikar sa kadakol na klase nin kalabasa na may mas matagas na kublit asin mas matagas na laman (kaiba an mga kalabasa), bako sanang mga kabocha. == Galeriya == {{Reflist}} == Hilingon man == * Calabaza * Kinpira * [[Tetsukabuto]] == Mga Reperensya == {{Squashes and pumpkins}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] b16mg9kooj2l6apm1s70w6w6s4zkafz 0 54022 309632 294131 2026-08-23T21:07:59Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309632 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Paraghost.gif|thumb|Mga [[Spirit photography|ladawan]] na suboot nagpapahiling nin mga [[multo]] o mga ispirito na popular durante kan ika-19 na siglo.]] An '''parasikolohiya''' iyo an pag-aadal kan suboot [[sikiko]]ng phenomena ([[extrasensory perception]], [[telepatiya]], [[teleportasyon]], [[prekognisyon]], [[clairvoyance]], [[telekinesis|sikokinesis]] (pig-aapod man na telekinesis), asin [[Sikometriya (paranormal)|psychometry]]) asin iba pang mga paghinangakong [[paranormal]], por ehemplo, idtong igwang kinaaraman sa [[Near-death experience|near-death experiences]], [[synchronicity]], [[Apparitional experience|apparitional experiences]], asbp.<ref name="Stuckrad 2007">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Schmidt|first=Joachim|title=Parapsychology|year=2007|encyclopedia=The Brill Dictionary of Religion|editor-last=von Stuckrad|editor-first=Kocku|editor-link=Kocku von Stuckrad|location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|doi=10.1163/1872-5287_bdr_COM_00339|isbn=978-9004124332}}</ref> Pigkritiko bilang sarong [[seudosiyensya]], an mayoriya kan ''mainstream'' na mga siyentista pigsasayumahan iyan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/flightfromscienc0000unse_w3d8/page/565|title=The Flight from Science and Reason|last1=Gross|first1=Paul R.|last2=Levitt|first2=Norman|last3=Lewis|first3=Martin W.|date=1996|publisher=[[New York Academy of Sciences]]|isbn=978-0801856761|page=565|quote=The overwhelming majority of scientists consider parapsychology, by whatever name, to be pseudoscience.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem|last1=Pigliucci|first1=Massimo|last2=Boudry|first2=Maarten|date=2013|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0226051963|location=Chicago|page=158|hdl=1854/LU-3161824|quote=Many observers refer to the field as a 'pseudoscience'. When mainstream scientists say that the field of parapsychology is not scientific, they mean that no satisfying naturalistic cause-and-effect explanation for these supposed effects has yet been proposed and that the field's experiments cannot be consistently replicated.}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Sean|last=Carroll|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/05/thinking-psychic-powers-helps-us-think-science/|title=Thinking About Psychic Powers Helps Us Think About Science|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|date=May 11, 2016|quote=Today, parapsychology is not taken seriously by most academics.}}</ref> Pigkritiko an parasikolohiya huli sa nagpadagos na imbestigasyon sa ibong kan dai nakayanan na magtao nin [[reproducible]] na ebidensya para sa eksistensya kan maski arin na psychic phenomena pagkatapos kan labi sa sarong siglong pagsaligsig.<ref name="Stuckrad 2007" /><ref name="Cordón" /><ref>* {{cite journal|last=Hyman|first=R.|author-link=Ray Hyman|year=1986|title=Parapsychological research: A tutorial review and critical appraisal|url=https://archive.org/details/ieee-proceedings_1986-06_74_6/page/823|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE|volume=74|issue=6|pages=823–849|doi=10.1109/PROC.1986.13557|s2cid=39889367}} * {{citation|last=Kurtz|first=Paul|title=Paranormal Borderlands of Science|pages=5–23|year=1981|editor=Kendrick Frazier|chapter=Is Parapsychology a Science?|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-0879751487|quote=If parapsychologists can convince the skeptics, then they will have satisfied an essential criterion of a genuine science: the ability to replicate hypotheses in any and all laboratories and under standard experimental conditions. Until they can do that, their claims will continue to be held suspect by a large body of scientists.}} * {{Cite book|title=Parapsychology: Science or Pseudoscience? in Philosophy of Science and the Occult|last=Flew|first=Antony|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0873955720|editor-last=Grim|editor-first=Patrick}} * {{Cite journal|author=Bunge, Mario|year=1991|title=A skeptic's beliefs and disbeliefs|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-ideas-in-psychology_1991_9_2/page/131|journal=New Ideas in Psychology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=131–149|doi=10.1016/0732-118X(91)90017-G}} * {{Cite journal|author=Blitz, David|year=1991|title=The line of demarcation between science and nonscience: The case of psychoanalysis and parapsychology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-ideas-in-psychology_1991_9_2/page/163|journal=New Ideas in Psychology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=163–170|doi=10.1016/0732-118X(91)90020-M}} * {{citation|last=Stein|first=Gordon|title=The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal|page=249|year=1996|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1573920216|quote=Mainstream science is on the whole very dubious about ESP, and the only way that most scientists will be persuaded is by a demonstration that can be generally reproduced by neutral or even skeptical scientists. This is something that parapsychology has never succeeded in producing.}}</ref> An pagsaligsig sa parasikolohiya bihirang maglataw sa mainstream [[Scientific journal|scientific journals]]; sarong dikit na niche journals napupublikar nin dakol na mga papeles manungod sa parasikolohiya.<ref>* (Pigliucci, Boudry 2013) "Parapsychological research almost never appears in mainstream science journals." * (Odling-Smee 2007) "But parapsychologists are still limited to publishing in a small number of niche journals."</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} iwm1r0b88zmt1i935po744k6nc4zxej 0 54032 309768 294164 2026-08-23T23:23:49Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309768 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''natural na produkto''' iyo an sarong natural na [[Chemical compound|compound]] o [[chemical substance|substance]] na prinodusir nin sarong buhay na organismo—boot sabihon, manunumpungan sa [[naturalesa]].<ref name="url_Natural_product_Webster">{{cite web | url = http://www.thefreedictionary.com/natural+product | title = Natural product | year = 1913 | author = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary | publisher = Free Online Dictionary and C. & G. Merriam Co. | quote = A chemical substance produced by a living organism; – a term used commonly in reference to chemical substances found in nature that have distinctive pharmacological effects. Such a substance is considered a natural product even if it can be prepared by total synthesis. }}</ref><ref name="pmid17576412">{{cite journal | vauthors = <!-- No authors listed --> | title = All natural | journal = Nature Chemical Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = 351 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17576412 | doi = 10.1038/nchembio0707-351 | quote = The simplest definition for a natural product is a small molecule that is produced by a biological source. | doi-access = free }}</ref> Sa mahiwas na sentido, an mga natural products kabali sa maski arin na substance na prinodusir nin buhay.<ref name = "Samuelson_1999">{{cite book | title = Drugs of Natural Origin: A Textbook of Pharmacognosy | vauthors = Samuelson G | publisher = Taylor & Francis Ltd | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-91-86274-81-8 }}</ref><ref name="urlNatural Products Research—Information for Researchers | NCCAM">{{cite web | url = http://nccih.nih.gov/grants/naturalproducts | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150405095609/https://nccih.nih.gov/grants/naturalproducts | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 April 2015 | title = Natural Products Research—Information for Researchers &#124; NCCIH | author = National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health | date = 13 July 2013 | publisher = U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | quote = Natural products include a large and diverse group of substances from a variety of sources. They are produced by marine organisms, bacteria, fungi, and plants. The term encompasses complex extracts from these producers, but also the isolated compounds derived from those extracts. It also includes vitamins, minerals and probiotics.}}</ref> An mga natural products pwede man na ipreparar sa paagi kan [[chemical synthesis]] ([[semisynthesis]] asin [[total synthesis]] asin ginampanan an sentral na papel sa pagpaurog kan lado nin [[organic chemistry]] sa paagi kan magtao nin maka-agyat na synthetic targets). An terminong ''natural product'' pinalakop para sa mga komersyal na katuyuhan tanganing magpanungod sa [[kosmetiko]], [[dietary supplement]]s, asin mga kakanon na prinodusir gikan sa natural na mga gunuan na mayong dugang na artipisyal na mga sangkap.<ref name="url_NPF_about_us">{{cite web | url = http://www.naturalproductsfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=about_us&category=About | title = About Us | publisher = Natural Products Foundation | quote = Natural products are represented by a wide array of consumer goods that continue to grow in popularity each year. These products include natural and organic foods, dietary supplements, pet foods, health and beauty products, "green" cleaning supplies and more. Generally, natural products are considered those formulated without artificial ingredients and that are minimally processed. | access-date = 7 December 2013 }}</ref> An mga natural na gunuan posibleng maggiya sa [[basic research]] sa potensyal na bioactive components para sa komersyal na pagpaurog bilang [[Lead compound|lead compounds]] sa [[drug discovery]].<ref name="Li_2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Li JW, Vederas JC|title=Drug discovery and natural products: end of an era or an endless frontier?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-07-10_325_5937/page/161|journal=Science|volume=325|issue=5937|pages=161–165|date=July 2009|pmid=19589993|doi=10.1126/science.1168243|s2cid=207777087|bibcode=2009Sci...325..161L}}</ref> Minsan ngani an mga natural products nakapag-inspirar nin nagkapirang mga bulong, [[drug development]] gikan sa mga natural na gunuan nakaresibi nin nagdidikit na atensyon kaidtong ika-21 na siglo kan mga kompanyang pharmaceutical, nin kabtang huli sa unreliable access asin suplay, intellectual property, gastos, asin [[Profit (economics)|profit]] concerns, seasonal o environmental variability nin komposisyon, asin an kawàran nin gunuan huli sa naghahalangkaw na [[pagkapuho]].<ref name="Li_2009" /> Sa ibong kaini, an mga natural products asin an saindang derivatives na accounted man giraray sa haros 10% nin bagong pag-apruba nin mga bulong sa pag-ultanan kan 2017 asin 2019.<ref name="Newman_2020">{{cite journal|vauthors=Newman DJ, Cragg GM|title=Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019|journal=Journal of Natural Products|volume=83|issue=3|pages=770–803|date=March 2020|pmid=32162523|doi=10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01285|quote=Figure 1. All new approved drugs 01JAN81 to 30SEP19; n = 1881. Figure 9. N/NB/ND & S* categories 01JAN81 to 30SEP19, n = 506.|doi-access=free}} Natural products represent 100*(506/1881) = 27% of new drug approvals from 01JAN81 to 30SEP19. From Figure 9, the percentage was ~10% for 2017-2019.</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 4cktpwy1x7fsp9za488v0sn332gogtw 0 54094 309711 294611 2026-08-23T22:32:14Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309711 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Thylacinus_cynocephalus_(Gould).jpg|thumb|An [[thylacine]] (''Thylacinus cynocephalus'') iyo an halimbawa kan dai pa nahahaloy na puho nang [[espesye]].]] [[Ladawan:Museum_of_Natural_History_Palaeotherium_magnum.jpg|thumb|''[[Palaeotherium]]'' iyo an ehemplo kan puho nang [[genus]] na solamenteng nakarekord gikan sa fossil records bago an pag-eksister kan [[Hominid|hominids]].]] An '''pagkapuho''' iyo an terminasyon nin sarong [[organismo]] sa paagi kan [[kagadanan]] kan saiyang [[Endling|huring myembero]]. An [[taxon]] posibleng magin [[Functional extinction|functionally extinct]] bago an kagadanan kan saiyang huring myembero kapag nawara kaiyan an kapasidad na mag[[Reproduction|reprodusir]] asin maomayan. Bilang potential [[Range (biology)|range]] nin sarong [[espesye]] posibleng dakulaon na marhay, an pagdeterminar kaining momento masakit na marhay, asin parating piggigibo nin retrospektibo. An kasakitan na ini naggigiya sa phenomena siring kan [[Lazarus taxon|Lazarus taxa]], kun saen an espesye piglalaoman na puho na sagkod sa "maglataw giraray" (tipikal sa [[Fossil|fossil record]]) pagkatapos nin sarong peryodo nin ''apparent absence''. Labi sa limang bilyon na espesye<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=The Biology of Rarity|last1=McKinney|first1=Michael L.|year=1997|isbn=978-94-010-6483-5|editor1-last=Kunin|editor1-first=W. E.|pages=110–129|chapter=How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-5874-9_7|access-date=26 May 2015|editor2-last=Gaston|editor2-first=K. J.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051637/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|archive-date=3 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> an pigtatantya na [[kagadanan|nakagaradan]] na.<ref name="Jablonski2004">{{cite journal|title=Extinction: past and present|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-02-12_427_6975/page/589|last=Jablonski|first=D.|journal=Nature|year=2004|volume=427|issue=6975|page=589|doi=10.1038/427589a|pmid=14961099|bibcode=2004Natur.427..589J|s2cid=4412106|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="StearnsStearns2000">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent|title=Watching, from the Edge of Extinction|last1=Stearns|first1=Beverly Peterson|last2=Stearns|first2=S.C.|last3=Stearns|first3=Stephen C.|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-300-08469-6|page=preface x|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051614/https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent|archive-date=3 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141108-MJN">{{cite news|last=Novacek|first=Michael J.|author-link=Michael J. Novacek|title=Prehistory's Brilliant Future|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html|date=8 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2014-12-25|archive-date=29 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229225657/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Newman">{{cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=Mark|year=1997|title=''A model of mass extinction''|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=189|issue=3|pages=235–252|doi=10.1006/jtbi.1997.0508|pmid=9441817|arxiv=adap-org/9702003|bibcode=1997JThBi.189..235N|s2cid=9892809}}</ref> Pigtatantya na sa ngunyan igwang haros 8.7&nbsp;milyon na espesye nin [[Eukaryote|eukaryotes]] sa bilog na kinaban,<ref name="PLoSbiologyspeciescensus">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127|title=How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?|year=2011|last1=Mora|first1=Camilo|last2=Tittensor|first2=Derek P.|last3=Adl|first3=Sina|last4=Simpson|first4=Alastair G. B.|last5=Worm|first5=Boris|journal=PLOS Biology|volume=9|issue=8|pages=e1001127|pmid=21886479|pmc=3160336|doi-access=free}}</ref> posibleng dakol na beses na mas dakol kun kabali an mga [[Mikroorganismo|microorganisms]].<ref name="NSF-2016002">{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Researchers find that Earth may be home to one trillion species|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446|date=2 May 2016|work=[[National Science Foundation]]|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504111108/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446|url-status=live|accessdate=12 August 2025|archivedate=4 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504111108/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446}}</ref> An notableng puho nang espesye nin hayop kabali an [[Dinosauryo|non-avian dinosaurs]], [[Machairodontinae|saber-toothed cats]], asin [[Mammoth|mammoths]]. Sa paagi kan [[ebolusyon]], luminataw an mga espesye sa paagi kan proseso nin [[speciation]]. Napuho an mga espesye kapag sinda dai na nakayanan na mabuhay pa sa nagbabagong kamugtakan o tumang sa superior [[Competition (biology)|competition]]. An relasyon sa pag-ultanan kan mga hayop asin sa saindang ''ecological niches'' nagin nang estabilisadong marhay.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{cite journal|last1=Sahney|first1=S.|last2=Benton|first2=M.J.|last3=Ferry|first3=P.A.|year=2010|title=Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land|journal=Biology Letters|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024|volume=6|pages=544–547|issue=4|pmid=20106856|pmc=2936204}}</ref> An tipikal na mga espesye na napuho na sa laog nin 10&nbsp;milyon na taon kan saiyang enot na paglataw,<ref name="Newman" /> minsan ngani na an ibang mga espesye, pig-aapod na [[Living fossil|living fossils]], nakasalbar na igwang dikit sagkod sa mayong [[Morpolohiya (biolohiya)|morpolohikong]] pagbabago sa laog nin ginatos na milyon na taon. An [[Extinction event|mass extinctions]] iyo an relatibong pambihirang pangyayari; alagad, an ''isolated extinctions'' nin mga espesye asin mga klado komun na marhay, asin sinda natural na kabtang nin ebolusyonaryong proseso.<ref name="Sudakow2022">{{cite journal|last1=Sudakow|first1=Ivan|last2=Myers|first2=Corinne|last3=Petrovskii|first3=Sergei|last4=Sumrall|first4=Colin D.|last5=Witts|first5=James|date=July 2022|title=Knowledge gaps and missing links in understanding mass extinctions: Can mathematical modeling help?|journal=Physics of Life Reviews|volume=41|pages=22–57|doi=10.1016/j.plrev.2022.04.001|pmid=35523056|bibcode=2022PhLRv..41...22S|s2cid=248215038|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dai pa man nahahaloy na an pagkapuho nagpoon na irekord, asin igwang [[Holocene extinction|nagpapadagos na mass extinction event]] na kawsa kan aktibidad nin tawo.<ref name="MSNBC">{{cite news|title=Species disappearing at an alarming rate, report says|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6502368|work=NBC News|date=17 November 2004|access-date=9 February 2022|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209131517/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6502368|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|z9gHuAwxwAs|The Sixth Extinction}} ([[PBS Digital Studios]], November 17, 2014)</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ceballos|first1=Gerardo|last2=Ehrlich|first2=Paul R.|last3=Barnosky|first3=Anthony D.|author-link3=Anthony David Barnosky|last4=García|first4=Andrés|last5=Pringle|first5=Robert M.|last6=Palmer|first6=Todd M.|year=2015|title=Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction|journal=[[Science Advances]]|volume=1|issue=5|page=e1400253|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1400253|pmid=26601195|pmc=4640606|bibcode=2015SciA....1E0253C}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF|title=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice|journal=[[BioScience]]|date=13 November 2017|volume=67|issue=12|pages=1026–1028|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix125|quote=Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.|title-link=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity|doi-access=free|hdl=11336/71342|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cowie|first1=Robert H.|last2=Bouchet|first2=Philippe|last3=Fontaine|first3=Benoît|title=The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?|journal=Biological Reviews|date=10 January 2022|volume=97|issue=2|pages=640–663|doi=10.1111/brv.12816|pmid=35014169|pmc=9786292|s2cid=245889833|url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03525883/document|doi-access=free|access-date=9 February 2022|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209132106/https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03525883/document|url-status=live}}</ref> Kadaklan kan mga espesye na napuho na dai na nanggad nadokumento kan mga siyentista. An ibang mga siyentista pigtatantya na sagkod sa kabanga kan presenteng nag-eeksistir na tinanom asin mga espesye nin hayop an posibleng mapuho na pag-abot kan taon 2100.<ref name="Wilson">[[E.O. Wilson|Wilson, E.O.]], ''The Future of Life'' (2002) ({{ISBN|0-679-76811-4}}). See also: [[Richard Leakey|Leakey, Richard]], ''The Sixth Extinction : Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind'', {{ISBN|0-385-46809-1}}</ref> Sarong 2018 report an nag-indikar na an [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic diversity]] kan 300 espesye nin mamalya an burado na durante kan pag-eksister nin tawo poon kaidtong [[Huring Pleistoseno]] an nangaipo nin 5 sagkod 7&nbsp;milyon na taon tanganing maomayan.<ref name="davis2018">{{cite journal|pmid=30322924|pmc=6217385|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804906115|journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci|year=2018|volume=115|issue=44|pages=11262–11267|title=Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis|vauthors=Davis M, Faurby S, Svenning JC|bibcode=2018PNAS..11511262D|doi-access=free}}</ref> Segun sa 2019 ''[[Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services]]'' kan [[IPBES]], an biomass kan mga layas na mamalya an buminaba nin 82%, nawara an natural na mga ekosistema nin haros kabanga kan saindang area asin sarong milyon na mga espesye an nangnganib na mapuho—gabos bilang resulta kan mga aksyon nin tawo. Duwampulo-limang porsyento nin tinanom asin mga espesye nin hayop an [[Threatened species|threatened]] na mapuho.<ref>{{cite news|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=May 6, 2019|title=Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/06/human-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=May 6, 2019|archive-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614160705/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/06/human-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190506">{{cite news|last=Plumer|first=Brad|title=Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an 'Unprecedented' Pace|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/climate/biodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html|date=May 6, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 6, 2019|archive-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614201836/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/climate/biodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IPBES-20190506">{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Media Release: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating'|url=https://www.ipbes.net/news/Media-Release-Global-Assessment|date=May 6, 2019|work=[[Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services]]|access-date=May 6, 2019|archive-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614220133/https://www.ipbes.net/news/Media-Release-Global-Assessment|url-status=live}}</ref> Sa sarong subsequent report, linista kan IPBES an ''unsustainable fishing, hunting'' asin pagtotroso bilang iyo an ibang pangenot na nagbubusol nin krisis sa pangglobong pagkapuho.<ref>{{cite news|last=Briggs|first=Helen|date=July 8, 2022|title=Unsustainable logging, fishing and hunting 'driving extinction'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62094405|work=BBC|location=|access-date=August 2, 2022|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801105751/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62094405|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaidtong Hunyo 2019, sarong milyon na mga espesye nin tinanom asin mga hayop an nanganganib na mapuho. At least 571 na espesye nin tinanom an nawara poon kaidtong 1750. An pangenot na kawsa kan pagkapuho iyo an destruksyon kan natural habitats huli sa mga aktibidad nin tawo, siring kan pagputol nin mga kadlagan asin an pagribay kan daga pasiring sa omahan para sa pag-oma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/10/frightening-number-of-plant-extinctions-found-in-global-survey|title='Frightening' number of plant extinctions found in global survey|website=The Guardian|date=10 June 2019|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422133201/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/10/frightening-number-of-plant-extinctions-found-in-global-survey|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[Dagger (mark)|dagger symbol]] (†) pigbubugtak sa kataid kan ngaran kan sarong espesye o iba pang taxon na normal na nag-iindikar nin saiyang kamugtakan bilang puho na. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} ddkoy5uvoq22p0y5g1k7lhjkcjevfkl 0 54193 309770 294866 2026-08-23T23:25:24Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | image = Ariosoma selenops.jpg | image_caption = ''Ariosoma selenops'' | taxon = Ariosoma | authority = [[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1838 | type_species = ''[[Bandtooth conger|Ophisoma acuta]]'' | type_species_authority = Swainson, 1839 | synonyms = *''Ophisoma'' {{small|Swainson, 1839}} * ''Anguilla (Ophisoma)'' {{small|Swainson, 1839}} }} An '''''Ariosoma''''' sarong genus nin mga marine [[Congridae|congrid eels]].<ref name=worms>{{Cite WoRMS |author=Bailly, Nicolas|year=2014|id=125622|title=''Ariosoma'' Swainson, 1838|access-date=2024-10-26}}</ref> ==Mga species== Igwa nin 42 na species na pigbibisto sa genus na ini:<ref>{{Cof genus|Ariosoma|access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> * ''[[Ariosoma albimaculatum]]'' <small>Kodeeswaran, Dash, Kumar & Lal, 2022</small><ref>{{cite journal|author=Paramasivam Kodeeswaran|author2= Deepa Dhas|author3= Thipramalai Thangappan Pillai Ajith Kumar |author4=Kuldeep Kumar Lal|year= 2022|title= Description of A New Congrid Eel, ''Ariosoma albimaculata'' sp. nov. (Anguilliformes: Congridae), from the southwest coast of India, Arabian Sea|journal= Ichthyological Research|doi=10.1007/s10228-022-00882-1}}</ref> * ''[[Ariosoma anago]]'' <small>([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1846)</small> (Silvery conger) * ''[[Sea conger|Ariosoma anagoides]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1853)</small> (Sea conger) * ''[[Longtrunk conger|Ariosoma anale]]'' <small>([[Felipe Poey y Aloy|Poey]], 1860)</small> (Longtrunk conger) (syn. ''Ariosoma analis'') * ''[[Ariosoma balearicum]]'' <small>([[François Étienne Delaroche|Delaroche]], 1809)</small> (Band-tooth conger) (syn. ''Ariosoma impressa'', ''Ariosoma minor'') * ''[[Ariosoma bauchotae]]'' <small>[[Christine Karrer|Karrer]], 1982</small> * ''[[Ariosoma bengalense]]'' <small>Ray, Acharya, Khatua, Roy, Mohapatra & Mishra, 2022</small> * ''[[Ariosoma bowersi]]'' <small>(Jenkins, 1903)</small> (large-eye conger) (syn. ''Ariosoma marginatum'' <small>([[Leon Louis Vaillant|Vaillant]] & [[Henri Émile Sauvage|Sauvage]], 1875)</small>) * ''[[Ariosoma coquettei]]'' <small>[[David G. Smith (ichthyologist)|D. G. Smith]] & [[Robert H. Kanazawa|Kanazawa]], 1977</small> * ''[[Ariosoma dolichopterum]]'' <small>[[Emma Stanislavovna Karmovskaya|Karmovskaya]], 2015</small><ref name=Karmovskaya2015>{{cite journal|author=Karmovskaya, E.S. |year=2015|title= New species of the genus ''Ariosoma'', ''A. dolichopterum'' (Bathymyrinae), from the waters of Central Vietnam|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ichthyology_november-december-2015_55_6/page/906 |journal=Journal of Ichthyology|volume= 55 |issue=6|pages= 906–910|doi=10.1134/S0032945215060077 |bibcode=2015JIch...55..906K }}</ref> * ''[[Ariosoma emmae]]'' <small>Smith & Ho, 2018</small> * ''[[Barred conger|Ariosoma fasciatum]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1872)</small> (Barred conger) (syn. ''Ariosoma nancyae'') * ''[[Gilbert's garden eel|Ariosoma gilberti]]'' <small>([[James Douglas Ogilby|J. D. Ogilby]], 1898)</small> (Gilbert's garden eel) * ''[[Ariosoma gnadanossi]]'' <small>Talwar & Mukherjee, 1977</small> * ''[[Ariosoma gracile]]'' <small>Kodeeswaran, Kathirvelpandian, Mohapatra, Kumar & Sarkar, 2024</small> * ''[[Ariosoma hemiaspidus]]'' <small>Wade, 1946</small> * ''[[Lord Howe conger|Ariosoma howense]]'' <small>([[Allan Riverstone McCulloch|McCulloch]] & [[Edgar Ravenswood Waite|Waite]], 1916)</small> (Lord Howe conger) * ''[[Ariosoma indicum]]'' <small>Kodeeswaran, Kathirvelpandian, Acharya, Mohanty, Mohapatra, Kumar & Lal, 2022</small> * ''[[Ariosoma kannani]]'' <small>Kodeeswaran, Kathirvelpandian, Ray, Kumar, Mohapatra & Sarkar, 2024</small> * ''[[Ariosoma kapala]]'' <small>(Castle, 1990)</small> * ''[[Ariosoma majus]]'' <small>([[Hirotoshi Asano|Asano]], 1958)</small> * ''[[Ariosoma mauritianum]]'' <small>([[Paul Pappenheim|Pappenheim]], 1914)</small> (Blunt-tooth conger) * ''[[Ariosoma maurostigma]]'' <small>Kodeeswaran, Mohapatra, Dhinakaran, Kumar & Lal, 2022</small> * ''[[Ariosoma meeki]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[John Otterbein Snyder|Snyder]], 1900)</small> * ''[[Ariosoma megalops]]'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1938</small> * ''[[Ariosoma melanospilos]]'' <small>Kodeeswaran, Jayakumar, Akash, Kumar & Lal, 2021</small> * ''[[Ariosoma mellissii]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1870)</small> (Silver eel) * ''[[Ariosoma multivertebratum]]'' <small>[[Emma Stanislavovna Karmovskaya|Karmovskaya]], 2004</small> * ''[[Ariosoma nigrimanum]]'' <small>[[John Roxborough Norman|Norman]], 1939</small> * ''[[Ariosoma obud]]'' <small>[[Albert William Herre|Herre]], 1923</small> * ''[[Ariosoma ophidiophthalmus]]'' <small>[[Emma Stanislavovna Karmovskaya|Karmovskaya]], 1991</small> * ''[[Ariosoma opistophthalmum]]'' <small>([[Camillo Ranzani|Ranzani]], 1839)</small> * ''[[Ariosoma sanzoi]]'' <small>([[Umberto D'Ancona|D'Ancona]], 1928)</small> * ''[[Ariosoma sazonovi]]'' <small>[[Emma Stanislavovna Karmovskaya|Karmovskaya]], 2004</small> * ''[[Ariosoma scheelei]]'' <small>([[Pehr Hugo Strömman|Strömman]], 1896)</small> (Tropical conger) * ''[[Ariosoma selenops]]'' <small>[[Earl Desmond Reid|Reid]], 1934</small> * ''[[Ariosoma sereti]]'' <small>[[Emma Stanislavovna Karmovskaya|Karmovskaya]], 2004</small> * ''[[Ariosoma shiroanago]]'' <small>([[Hirotoshi Asano|Asano]], 1958)</small> * ''[[Ariosoma sokotranum]]'' <small>[[Emma Stanislavovna Karmovskaya|Karmovskaya]], 1991</small> * ''[[Ariosoma somaliense]]'' <small>Kotthaus, 1968</small> * ''[[Ariosoma tamilicum]]'' <small> Kodeeswaran, Acharya, Mohapatra & Kumar, 2025</small> * ''[[Ariosoma thoothukudiense]]'' <small>Kodeeswaran, Kathirvelpandian, Mohapatra & Kumar, 2024</small> ===Former Species=== Species formerly categorized as ''Ariosoma'', that are now listed under a different genus:<ref name=worms/> * ''Ariosoma bleekeri'' <small>(Fowler, 1934)</small> - now known as ''[[Bathycongrus bleekeri]]'' * ''Ariosoma guttulata'' <small>(Günther, 1887)</small> - now known as ''[[lined conger|Bathycongrus guttulatus]]'' (lined conger) * ''Ariosoma mystax'' <small>(Delaroche, 1809)</small> - now known as ''[[thinlip conger|Gnathophis mystax]]'' (thinlip conger) ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 2s41vniswz8jpvd9q3tdt68wxsbp44h 0 54239 309517 309222 2026-08-23T19:31:29Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Plano kan mga kaalyado na sakyadahon an kadagaan kan Hapon, Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban}} {{Redirect|Pagsakyada kan Hapon|sai nagin mapangganang mga pagbalo na magsalakay an mga Mongol|mga pagsakyada kan mga Mongol sa Hapon}} {{Redirect|Pagsakyada kan Sobyet sa Hapon|pagsakyada kan Sobyet sa Manchuria na yaon sa irarom kan pamamayo kan mga Hapon|pagsakyada kan mga Sobyet sa Manchuria}} {{Infobox operasyon nin militar |name = Operasyon na Downfall |partof = [[Gubat sa Pasipiko]] |subtitle = |image = Operation Downfall - Map.jpg |image_upright = 1.2 |alt = |caption = |scope = |type = |location = [[Kadagaan na Hapon]] |location2 = <!-- 2 through 10 for more locations --> |coordinates = |coordinates2 = <!-- 2 through 10 for more locations --> |map_type = |map_size = |map_caption = |map_label = |map_label2 = <!-- 2 through 10 for more locations --> |planned = Bago an Agosto 1945 |planned_by = {{ubl|[[Chester Nimitz]]|[[Douglas MacArthur]]|[[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]}} |commanded_by = [[Douglas MacArthur]] |objective = Pagkadaog kan [[Imperyo kan Hapon]] |target = |date = <!-- {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> |time = |time-begin = |time-end = |timezone = |executed_by = Hilingon an ''[[Pagkasunod-sunod kan ralaban sa Operasyon nin Downfall|Pagkasunod-sunod na ralaban]]'' |outcome = Kanselado pagkatapos kan daing kondisyon na [[pagsuko kan Hapon]] kan Agosto 15, 1945 |casualties = Hilingon an ''[[#Pigtatantyang kaswalti|pigkalarkulong kaswalti]]'' |fatalities = |injuries = |campaignbox= {{Campaignbox Hapon}} {{Campaignbox Gubat sa Pasipiko}} }} An '''Operasyon na Downfall''' iyo an propwestomg plano kan [[Mga Alyado kan Ikaduwang Gubat Pankinaban|Kaalyado]] para sa pagsalakay sa [[arkipelago kan Hapon|mga ginikanan na isla kan Hapon]] harani sa [[Katapusan kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban sa Asya|katapusan kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban]]. Dai pinadagos ini kan [[Pagsuko kan Hapon|Nagsuko an Hapon]] kasunod kan [[pagbobomba atomiko sa Hiroshima asin Nagasaki]], an [[Gubat na Sobyet–Hapon|Deklarasyon nin gubat kan Sobyet]], asin an [[Pagsakyada kan Sobyet sa Mantyurya|pagsakyada kan Manchuria]].{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=xvi}} An operasyon igwa nin duwang parte: Operasyon na Olimpiko asin Operasyon na Coronet. Nakatalaan na magpoon kan Nobyembre 1945, an Operasyon na Olimpiko may katuyuhan na sakupon an habagatan na ikatolo kan pinakahabagatan na mayor na isla kan Hapon, an [[Kyushu|Kyūshū]], na may [[Labanan kan Okinawa|bago pa sanang nasakop]] na isla kan [[Isla nin Okinawa|Okinawa]] na gagamiton bilang lugar nin pag-ensayo. Kan amay na parte kan 1946, nag-abot an Operasyon na Coronet, an planong pagsakyada sa [[Kapatagan nin Kantō]], harani sa [[Tokyo]], sa mayor na isla kan Hapon na [[Honshu]]. An mga airbase sa Kyūshū na nadakop sa Operation Olympic matugot nin suporta sa eroplano na nakabase sa daga para sa Operasyon na Coronet. Kun nangyari an ''Downfall'', ini kutana an pinakadakulang [[operasyon na amphibious]] sa kasaysayan, na nalampasan an [[Normandy Landings|D-Day]] .{{sfn|MacArthur}} An [[Heograpiya kan Hapon|heograpiya kan Hapon]] ginibo man na malinaw sa mga Hapon an planong ini nin pagsakyada; sinda nakapaghula nin eksakto kan mga plano sa pagsakyada kan mga Alyado asin sa siring na-adjust an saindang plano sa depensa, an Operasyon na Ketsugō [[w:ja:決号作戦|(ja)]], susog diyan. An mga Hapon nagplano nin sarong bilog na depensa kan Kyūshū, na may kadikit na reserba para sa anuman na masunod na mga operasyon sa depensa. An mga prediksyon sa kaswalti nagkakaiba-iba alagad halangkaw na gayo, poon sa hababang ginatos na ribo sagkod sa labing sarong milyon sa lado kan mga Alyado asin sagkod sa minilyon para sa mga Hapon.{{sfn |Frank|p=340}} ==Pagpaplano== [[File:FDR conference 1944 HD-SN-99-02408.JPEG|thumb|Si Nimitz, MacArthur asin Leahy na nagsasagibo nin sarong kumperensya kaiba si [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|FDR]].]] An responsibilidad sa pagplano kan Operasyon na Downfall nahulog sa mga Amerikanong komandante na si Fleet Admiral [[Chester Nimitz]], Heneral kan Hokbo na si [[Douglas MacArthur]] asin an mga Joint Chiefs of Staff—mga Fleet Admiral na si [[Ernest King]] asin [[William D. Leahy]], asin mga Heneral kan Hokbo na si George Marshall asin Henry H. Arnold (an huri iyo an komandante kan U.S. Army Air Forces).{{sfn|Skates|p=18}} Kan panahon na idto, an paggibo kan [[bomba atomika]] sarong bantay na marhay na sekreto, na aram sana kan nagkapirang halangkaw na opisyales sa luwas kan [[Proyektong Manhattan]] (asin kan aparato nin pag-espiya kan Sobyet, na nakapaglusot o nakarekrut nin mga ahente sa laog kan programa, sa ibong kan mahigot na seguridad sa palibot kaini), asin an inot na pagplano para sa pagsakyada kan pag-eksister kaini dai pigkonsiderar. Kan an bomba atomika pwede na makua, si Heneral Marshall nagluba na gamiton ini tanganing suportaran an pagsakyada kun an supisyenteng bilang makakaprodusir sa tamang panahon.{{r |Perret 1991}} An [[Gubat sa Pasipiko]] mayo sa irarom nin sarong Alyadong komandante-sa-hepe (C-in-C). An pamamayo kan mga kaalyado nababanga sa mga rehiyon: kan 1945, halimbawa, si Chester Nimitz iyo an Allied C-in-C Pacific Ocean Areas, mantang si Douglas MacArthur iyo an Supremong Allied Commander, South West Pacific Area, asin si Admiral Louis Mountbatten iyo an Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia Commander. An pinagsararong pagboot pigkonsiderar na kaipuhan para sa sarong pagsalakay sa Hapon. [[Interservice rivalry]] kun sisay an dapat (an [[United States Navy]] gusto ni Nimitz, alagad an [[United States Army]] gusto ni MacArthur) grabe nanggad kaya naghuma ini na mawara an pagplano. Sa katapustapusi, an Navy parsyal na nag-ako, asin si MacArthur tatawan nin total na pagboot kan gabos na pwersa kun an mga sirkumstansya nagpangyari na kaipuhan.{{sfn|Skates|pp=55–57}} ===Mga Konsiderasyon=== An mga pangenot na konsiderasyon na kinaipuhan na atubangon kan mga paraplano iyo an panahon asin mga kaswalti—kun pano ninda mapipirit an pagsuko kan Hapon sa pinakamadaling panahon na may pinakadiit na kaswalti kan mga Alyado. Bago an [[Inot na Kumperensya sa Quebec]], sarong pinagsararong Canadian{{endash}}British{{endash}}Amerikanong grupo nin pagplano an nagprodusir nin sarong plano ("Pag-apresyar asin Plano para sa Pagdaog kan Hapon") na dai nag-apod para sa sarong pagsakyada sa mga Isla kan Hapon sagkod 1947-48.{{sfn|Skates|p= 37}}{{sfn |Spector|pp= 276–77}} An American Joint Chiefs of Staff nagtutubod na an pagpalawig kan gera sagkod sa siring na sokol peligroso para sa nasyonal na moral. Imbes, sa kumperensya sa Quebec, an [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]] nag-oyon na an Hapon dapat na piriton na magsuko dai malampas sa sarong taon pagkatapos kan [[Aldaw nin Kapangganahan sa Europa|Pagsuko kan Alemanya]].<ref>''Defeating Japan: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Strategy in the Pacific War'', Charles F. Brower p. 59</ref><ref>''One Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U.S. Navy, 1890–1990'', George W. Baer p. 240</ref> An Hukbong-dagat kan Estados Unidos nag-agyat kan paggamit nin sarong [[blockade]] asin kapangyarihan sa eroplano tanganing mangyari an kapitulasyon kan Hapon. Nagproponer sinda nin mga operasyon tanganing makua an mga airbase sa haraning [[Shanghai]], [[Republika kan Tsina (1912–1949)|Sina]], asin [[Korea]], na matao sa United States Army Air Forces nin serye nin mga forward airbase na kun saen mabobomba an Hapon tanganing magpasakop.{{sfn|Skates|pp=44–50}} An Hokbo, sa ibong na lado, nagrason na an siring na estratehiya pwedeng "magpalawig kan gera sagkod pa man" asin maggastos nin mga buhay na dai kaipuhan, asin kun kaya kaipuhan an sarong pagsakyada.{{sfn|Brower|2012|p=65}} Sinuportaran ninda an pagbugtak nin sarong dakulang pagtulod na direkta laban sa dagang tinubuan kan Hapon, na mayo sa mga operasyon sa gilid na isinuherir kan Navy. Sa katapustapusi, an punto de vista kan Hokbo an nanggana.{{sfn|Skates|pp=53–54}} Sa panginot kan amay na parte kan 1943, an Joint War Plans Committee (JWPC) asin an Army's Strategy Section nagsuporta sa sarong pagsakyada sa [[Hokkaido]] sa paagi kan [[mga Aleutisyanon]] asin Haway kan 1945.{{sfn|Brower|2012|p=65}} Nagtutubod sinda na an Hokkaido sarong marahay an pagkabugtak, bakong gayong depensadong isla na nagtatao nin angay na mga base para sa sarong huri na pagsakyada sa Honshu.{{sfn|Matloff|1953|pp=310-311}} An mga paraplano sa kahurihurihi namidbid alagad na an mga paglaom para sa sarong mapangganang pagsakyada sa Hokkaido kan tig-init kan 1945 orog na nagigin bakong realistiko.{{sfn|Matloff|1953|pp=310-311}} Sa pisikal, an Hapon nagin sarong makangangalas na target, harayo sa ibang kadagaan asin may dikit na mga baybayon na angay sa heograpiya para sa pagsakyada sa dagat. An [[Kyūshū]] sana (an pinakahabagatan na isla kan Hapon) asin an mga baybayon kan [[rehiyon kan Kantō|Kapatagan nin Kantō]] (parehong habagatan-sulnopan asin habagatan-subangan kan [[Tokyo]]) an realistikong mga sona nin pagsakyada. An mga Alyado nagdesisyon na maglansar nin duwang yugto na pagsalakay. An Operasyon na Olympic maatake sa habagatan na Kyūshū. An mga airbase maestablisar, na matao nin takop para sa Operasyon na Coronet, an pag'atake sa [[Sola nin Tokyo]].{{Sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=169}} ===Mga Paghona=== Mantang aram na an heograpiya kan Hapon, an mga paraplano kan militar kan Estados Unidos kinaipuhan na karkulohon an mga nagdedepensang pwersa na saindang hahampangon. Base sa intelihensya na makukua kan amay na parte kan 1945, an saindang mga paghona kabali an minasunod:{{sfn|Sutherland|p=2}} * "Na an mga operasyon sa lugar na ini kokontrahon bako sanang kan mga organisadong pwersa militar kan Imperyo, kundi pati na kan sarong panatikong kaiwal na populasyon." * "Na mga tolong (3) na kaiwal na [[Dibisyon (militar)|dibisyon]] an itatapok sa Habagatan na Kyushu asin dugang na tolo (3) sa Amihanan na Kyushu sa pagpoon kan operasyon sa Olimpyada." * "Na an kabilugan na mga pwersang kaiwal na ginibo laban sa mga operasyon sa Kyushu dai malampas sa walong (8) sagkod sampulong (10) dibisyon asin na an lebel na ini marikas na maabot." * "Na mga duwampulo may saro (21) na mga dibisyon na may kaiwal, kaiba an mga dibisyon nin depot, an yaon sa Honshu sa pagpoon kan [Coronet] asin na kag-apat (14) sa mga dibisyon na ini an pwedeng gamiton sa lugar kan Kapatagan nin Kanto." * "Na an kaiwal puwedeng mag-atras kan saiyang mga pwersa sa eroplano na nakabase sa daga pasiring sa Asiatic Mainland para sa proteksyon sa samong mga pag'atake na nagneutralize. Na sa irarom kan siring na mga sirkumstansya posibleng makatipon siya nin poon 2,000 sagkod 2,500 na eroplano sa lugar na iyan sa paagi nin paggamit nin sarong estriktong ekonomiya, asin na an pwersang ini puwedeng mag-operar laban sa Kyushu na mga pagduong sa mga natad." ===Olimpiko=== [[File:Operation Olympic.jpg|thumb|Mapa kan Kyūshū na nagpapahiling kan mga planong paghiro kan mga tropa kan Estados Unidos sa panahon kan Operasyon sa Olimpiko]] An Operasyon sa Olimpiko, an pagsakyada sa Kyūshū, mapoon sa "X-Day", na nakaiskedyul sa Nobyembre 1, 1945. An pinagsararong armada naval kan mga Alyado iyo an pinakadakulang natipon kasuarin man, kabali an 42 na mga [[bapor pan-eroplano]], 24 na mga [[bapor panggubat]], asin 400 na mga [[destroyer]] asin [[destroyer escort]]. Kag-apat na dibisyon kan Estados Unidos asin sarong "katumbas kan dibisyon" (duwang mga [[rehimen na grupo nin pakikipaglaban]]){{Sfn |Giangreco|2009|p=40}} na nakaiskedyul na magpartisipar sa inot na mga pagduong. Gamit an [[Isla nin Okinawa|Okinawa]] bilang sarong base sa pag-ensayo, an obheto iyo na agawon an habagatan na parte kan Kyūshū. An lugar na ini gagamiton bilang dugang pang punto nin pag-atake sa Honshu sa Operasyon sa Coronet. An Olimpiko dapat man na maglaog nin sarong plano nin [[pandadaya nin militar|pandadaya]], na midbid bilang [[Operasyon sa Pastel]]. An Pastel dinisenyo tanganing kumbinsiron an mga Hapon na an mga Joint Chiefs isinikwal an nosyon nin sarong direktang pagsalakay asin imbes magprobar na palibotan asin bombahon an Hapon. Ini mangangaipo nin pagkua nin mga base sa lugar sa [[Taywan|Formosa]], sa gilid kan baybayon kan Tsina, asin sa [[Dagat Giyaw]].{{sfn|Skates|p=160}} Alagad, nin huli ta an aktuwal na pagbilog kan mga pwersa kan Amerika malinaw na nakadirekta pasiring sa Hapon, an pagsakyada sa Tsina garo baga dai dinagos, na an sarong bagong pagsakyada garo baga pigpaplano laban sa [[Shikoku]] imbes.<ref name= "HuberPastel">{{cite book |last=Huber |first=Dr Thomas M. |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/pastel.pdf |title=PASTEL: Deception in the Invasion of Japan |publisher=Combat Studies Institute |year=1988 |access-date=2013-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303054845/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/pastel.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An taktikal na suporta sa eroplano dapat na magin responsibilidad kan Ikalima, Ikapito, asin Ikakag-tolong Pwersa sa Ere. An mga ini an responsable sa pag'atake sa mga airfield kan Hapon asin mga arterya nin transportasyon sa Kyushu asin Habagatan na Honshu (halimbawa, an Kanmon Tunnel) asin sa pagkua asin pagmantenir nin superyoridad sa ere sa mga baybayon. An trabaho nin estratehikong pambobomba nahulog sa [[United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific]] (USASTAF)—sarong pormasyon na binibilog kan Ikawalo asin Ikaduwampolo na pwersa sa ere, siring man an British Tiger Force. An USASTAF asin Tiger Force dapat na magdanay na aktibo sa paagi kan Operasyon sa Coronet. An [[Ikaduwampolong Pwersa sa Ere]] iyo an dapat na magpadagos kan saiyang papel bilang an mayor na pwersa nin estratehikong parabomba kan mga Alyado na ginamit laban sa mga isla kan Hapon, na nag-ooperar gikan sa mga airfield sa [[mga Isla nin Mariana]]. Kasunod kan katapusan kan gubat sa Europa kan Mayo 1945, an mga plano ginibo man na ibalyo an nagkapira sa mga grupo nin mga magabat na parabomba kan beteranong Ikawalong Pwersa sa Ere sa mga airbase sa Okinawa tanganing magsagibo nin estratehikong mga pagsakyada sa pambobomba sa koordinasyon kan Ikaduwampolo.<ref name= "usafhra1">{{Cite web|title=Document Detail for IRISNUM= 00219137|url= http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/219/137.xml|website= Air force history index}}</ref> An Ikawalo iyo an mag-upgrade kan saindang mga [[ B-17 Flying Fortress]] asin mga [[B-24 Liberator]] pasiring sa mga [[B-29 Superfortress]] (an grupo nakaresibe kan inot na B-29 kan Agosto 8, 1945) .<ref name="usafhra1"/> Sa kabilogan, pigtantya ni Heneral Henry Arnold na an bomba na itinapok sa Pacific Theatre kan eroplano kan USAAF sana malampas sa 1,050,000 tonelada kan 1945 asin 3,150,000 tonelada kan 1946, dai kabali an mga resulta kan mga armas nukleyar.<ref>[https://oneworld.fas.org/fulltext.pdf One World Or None: A Report to the Public on the Full Meaning of the Atomic Bomb]. Article "Air Force in the Atomic Age" by General H. Arnold. Retrieved January 29, 2024</ref> Bago an mayor na pagsalakay, an mga isla sa baybayon kan [[Tanegashima]], [[Yakushima]], asin an [[mga Isla nin Koshikijima]] dapat na sakupon, poon sa X−5.{{sfn|Skates|p=184}} An pagsakyada sa Okinawa nagpahiling kan halaga kan pagmukna nin mga ligtas na angkla na harani, para sa mga barko na dai kaipuhan sa mga baybayon nin pagduong asin para sa mga barko na naraot nin pag'atake sa eroplano. An Kyūshū dapat na sasakyadahon kan [[Ikaanom na Hokbo kan Estados Unidos]] sa tolong punto: [[Miyazaki, Miyazaki|Miyazaki]], [[Ariake, Kagoshima|Ariake]], asin [[Kushikino, Kagoshima|Kushikino]]. Kun an sarong orasan ikukurit sa sarong mapa kan Kyūshū, an mga puntong ini haros katumbas kan alas 4, 5, asin alas 7, sunod-sunod. An 35 na landing beach gabos nginaranan para sa mga awto: [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]], [[Buick]], [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]], asin iba pa sagkod sa [[Stutz Bearcat|Stutz]], [[Winton automobile|Winton]], asin [[Lincoln-Zephyr|Zephyr]].{{refn|Organasyon sa Baybayon para sa Operasyon laban sa Kyushu; gikan sa COMPHIBSPAC OP Plan A11-45, Agosto 10, 1945.{{harvnb|Skates|loc= pictorial insert}}.}} Sa sarong [[corps]] na itinalaga sa lambang pagduong, an mga paraplano nin pagsakyada naghona na an mga Amerikano mas dakul kisa sa mga Hapon nin mga tolo sa saro. Kan amay na parte kan 1945, an Miyazaki haros dai na nadedepensahan, mantang an Ariake, na may marhay na haraning pantalan, nadedepensahan na gayo. An pagsakyada dai tinutuyo na sakopon an bilog na isla, an pinakahabagatan na ikatolo sana kaini, siring sa ipinapahiling kan putol-putol na linya sa mapa na may tatak na "pangkagabsan na limitasyon kan pag-abante sa amihanan". An habagatan na Kyūshū mag-aalok nin sarong lugar nin pag-establisar asin sarong mahalagang base sa eroplano para sa Operasyon nin Coronet. Pagkatapos na an pangaran na Operasyon nin Olimpiko nakompromiso sa paagi nin pagpadara sa bakong seguradong kodigo, an pangaran na Operasyin nin Mahestiko inadaptar. ===Coronet=== [[File:Operation Coronet Kantō.jpg|thumb|Mapa na nagpapahiling kan mga planong hiro kan mga pwersa kan Amerika sa Operasyon na Coronet asin mga konsentrasyon kan mga tropang Hapon sa Kapatagan nin Kantō]] An Operasyon nin Coronet, an pagsakyada sa [[Honshu]] sa [[Kapatagan nin Kantō]] sa habagatan kan kapitolyo, mapoon sa "Y-Day", na temporaryong nakaiskedyul sa Marso 1, 1946.{{Sfn |Giangreco|2009|p=169}} An Coronet mas dakula pa kuta kisa sa Olimpiko, na may sagkod sa 45 na dibisyon kan Estados Unidos na itinalaga para sa parehong inot na pagduong asin pagsunod <ref>{{cite book |author1=War Department |title=History of Planning Division: Volume 6 (ASF-P-SL-1) |date=March 24, 1945 |page=27 |url=https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4013coll8/id/1910 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |chapter=Part 1}}</ref>(sa paghingulay, [[Operation Overlord|an pagsakyada sa Normandy]] nagbugtak nin kagduwang dibisyon sa inot na mga pagduong<!--10 full divisions and 4 brigades, using 2 brigades/division-->). Sa inot na yugto, an [[Inot na Hokbo kan Estados Unidos|Inot na Hokbo]] nagsakyada sa [[Baybayon nin Kujūkuri]], sa [[Rawis nin Bōsō]], mantang an [[Ikawalong Hokbo kan Estados Unidos|Ikawalong Hokbo]] nagsakyada sa Hiratsuka, sa Sagami Bay; an mga hukbong ini igwa kuta nin 25 dibisyon sa pag-ultanan ninda.{{Sfn |Giangreco|2009|p=168}} Kan huri, an sarong pwersa na nagsunod na sagkod sa duwampulo na dugang na dibisyon kan Estados Unidos asin sagkod sa lima o labi pang dibisyon kan Komonwelt kan Britanya an nagduong bilang mga pampakusog. {{sfn|Giangreco|2009|pp=26, 62}}<ref>History of Planning Division, ASF vol. 6 part 1 p. 29</ref> An mga pwersa kan mga Alyado dangan nagmaneho pasiring sa amihanan asin sa laog kan daga, na pinalibotan an Tokyo asin nagdadalagan pasiring sa Nagano. ===Pagpapadara-giraray=== {{Hilingon man|Operasyon nin Downfall pagkasunod-sunod kan ralaban}} An Olimpiko dapat na ibugtak sa mga rekurso na yaon na sa Pasipiko, kabali an [[British Pacific Fleet]], sarong [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] na pormasyon na kabali an dai mababa sa kagwalong mga aircraft carrier (na nagtatao nin 25% kan Allied air power) asin apat na bapor panggubat. An Tiger Force, sarong pinagsararong Commonwealth long-range heavy bomber unit, dapat na ibalyo hale sa Royal Air Force o RAF, Royal Australian Air Force o RAAF, Royal Canadian Air Force o RCAF asin Royal New Zealand Air Force o RNZAF na mga yunit asin mga tawohan na naglilingkod sa RAF Bomber Command sa Europa. Kan 1944, an amay na pagplano nagproponer nin pwersa na 500-1,000 na eroplano, kaiba an mga yunit na nakadedikar sa paggagasolina giraray sa eroplano. An pagplano kan huri binawasan sa 22 na mga iskwadron asin, kan matapos an gera, sa 10 na mga iskwadron: sa pag-ultanan kan 120 asin 150 [[Avro Lancaster]]s/[[Avro Lincoln|Lincolns]], na nag-ooperar sa luwas kan mga airbase sa Okinawa. An Tiger Force dapat na kabali an mga elite [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|617 Squadron]], na midbid man sa apod na "The Dambusters", na nagsagibo nin mga espesyalistang operasyon nin pambobomba. Sa panginot, an mga paraplano kan Estados Unidos dai man nagplano na gumamit nin arin man na pwersa sa daga na bakong Alyado kan Estados Unidos sa Operation Downfall. Kun kinaipuhan an mga pampakusog sa amay na yugto kan Olimpiko, sinda kutana naiiba sa mga pwersa kan Estados Unidos na pigtitipon para sa Coronet—na kun sain magkakaigwa nin dakulang paglipat nin mga yunit gikan sa Habagatan-Sulnopan na Pasipiko kan Hokbo kan Estados Unidos, an [[China Burma India Theater|China-Burma-India]] asin an Komando kan Europa, asin iba pa. Kabali digdi an mga pangenot kan gera sa Europa arog kan [[Inot na Hokbo kan Estados Unidos]] (15 dibisyon) asin an Ikawalong Pwersa sa Ere. An mga pagpapadara-giraray na ini magigin komplikado huli sa sabay-sabay na pagdemobilisar asin pagsalida kan mga eksperyensiyadong marhay, mga tawohan na may panahon na nagserbisyo, na iyo an nakabawas na gayo sa pagiging epektibo sa pakikipaglaban kan kadaklan na mga yunit .{{citation needed|date=October 2009}} An mga komandante kan Estados Unidos isinikwal an amay na kahagadan kan gobyerno kan Australia para sa pag'iba nin sarong [[Australian Army]] na dibisyon nin infantry sa inot na hukol (Olimpiko).{{sfn|Day|p = 297}} Dai ngani an mga enot na plano para sa Coronet nag-isip nin mga yunit nin pagduong gikan sa Commonwealth o iba pang mga hukbo kan Alyado sa Kapatagan nin Kantō kan 1946. {{sfn|Skates|p= 229}} An inot na opisyal na "mga plano nagpahiling na an mga yunit nin pagsakyada, pagsunod, asin reserba gabos maghahali sa mga pwersa kan Estados Unidos".{{sfn|Skates|p= 229}} Kan kabangaan kan 1945—kan an mga plano para sa Coronet piggigibo giraray—dakul pang ibang mga nasyon na Alyado an "nag-alok nin mga pwersa sa daga, asin sarong debate an nagkaigwa" sa tanga kan mga lider politikal asin militar kan mga Alyado sa Sulnopan, "sa kadakulaan, misyon, kagamitan, asin suporta kan mga grupong ini".{{sfn|Skates|p= 229}} Kasunod kan mga negosasyon, napagdesisyunan na an Coronet maglaog nin sarong pinagsararong Commonwealth Corps, na binibilog nin mga dibisyon nin infantry gikan sa mga hukbo kan Australia, New Zealand, Britanya asin Kanada. An mga pampakusog kutana makukua hali sa mga nasyon na idto, siring man sa ibang parte kan Komonwelt. Alagad, pinagbagat ni MacArthur an mga propwesto na iiba an sarong dibisyon nin [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] huli sa mga pagkakaiba sa tataramon, organisasyon, komposisyon, kagamitan, pagsasanay asin doktrina.{{sfn |Day| p=299}}{{Sfn | Skates| p=230}} Irinekomendar man niya na an grupo dapat na organisaron sa linya kan sarong grupo kan Estados Unidos, dapat na gumamit sana nin mga kagamitan asin lohistika kan Estados Unidos, asin dapat na magsanay sa Estados Unidos sa laog nin anom na bulan bago an pagpapadara; an mga suhestiyon na ini inako.{{sfn|Day|p=299}} An Gobyerno kan Britanya nagsuherir na: Si Lieutenant-General Sir [[Charles Keightley]] dapat na magboot sa Commonwealth Corps, an sarong pinagsararong armada kan Commonwealth dapat na pangenotan ni Vice-Admiral Sir William Tennant, asin na—huli ta an mga yunit nin ere kan Commonwealth dominado kan RAAF – an Air Officer Commanding dapat na Australyano.<ref>Gavin Long, 1963, Official Histories. ''Australia in the War of 1939–1945''. Series 1 – Army, Volume VII – The Final Campaigns, 1st ed., Canberra, Australian War Memorial p. 549.</ref> Alagad, pigkwestyon kan gobyerno kan Australia an pagnombrar ki Keightley, sarong opisyal na mayong eksperyensya sa pakikipaglaban sa mga Hapon. Si [[Frederick Shedden]] nagsuherir na si Tenyente Heneral [[Leslie Morshead]], sarong Australyano na naggigibo kan [[Kampanya sa Bagong Guinea|Bagong Guinea]] asin [[kampanya sa Borneo (1945)|mga kampanya sa Borneo]], dapat na nombrahan. Natapos an gubat bago pa man natapos an mga detalye kan mga grupo.{{sfn|Horner|p=418}} ===Pinaproyektong inot na tuga=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" !Operasyon !Olimpiko<ref>[http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a637722.pdf U.S. Army, Sixth Army Field Order 74, 28 July 1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716112107/http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a637722.pdf |date=July 16, 2022 }} Retrieved November 6, 2021</ref> !Coronet<ref>[https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA637723.pdf Staff Study Operations "Coronet" 15 August 1945] Retrieved November 6, 2021</ref> |- !Mga tawuhan |705,556 |1,171,646 |- !Mga lunadan |136,812 |222,514 |- !Kaipuhan sa pag-alsa kan tropa sa pagpadara<br>(dwt) |1,205,730<ref name="Combined Arms Research Laboratory pp. 26">{{citation |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll8/id/3387 |date=May 25, 1945 |title=Downfall: Stategic Plan 1st Edition |publisher=General Headquarters, United States Army Forces in the Pacific |via= Combined Arms Research Laboratory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223031119/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll8/id/3387 |archive-date=February 23, 2014 }} p. 26, Retrieved March 3, 2016</ref> |1,741,023 |- !Mga dibisyon nin infantry |11 |20 |- !Mga dibisyon nin sa dagat |3 |3 |- !Mga nakabaluti na dibisyon |0 |2 |- !Mga pugro sa ere |40 |50<ref name="Combined Arms Research Laboratory pp. 26" /> |} An mga numero para sa Coronet dai kabali an mga halaga para sa parehong tulos na estratehikong reserba kan 3 dibisyon siring man an 17 dibisyon na estratehikong reserba sa U.S. asin arin man na pwersa kan Britanya/Komonwelt. ==Operasyon nin Ketsugō== [[File:Operation Downfall - Estimated Troops 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Mga pagtantiya kan mga Amerikano sa kusog kan tropang Hapon sa Kyūshū kan Hulyo 9, 1945]] [[File:Operation Downfall - Estimated Troops 02.jpg|thumb|250px|Mga pagtantiya kan mga Amerikano sa kusog kan tropang Hapon sa Kyūshū kan Agosto 2, 1945]] {{further|:ja:決号作戦}} Mientras tanto, an mga Hapon igwa nin sadiring mga plano. Sa inot, sinda nahahadit manongod sa sarong pagsakyada kan tig-init kan 1945. Alagad, an [[Laban sa Okinawa]] nagpadagos nin halawig na panahon na sinda nagkonklusyon na an mga Alyado dai makakapaglansar nin saro pang operasyon bago an [[Panahon nin tig-bagyo sa Pasipiko 1945|panahon nin bagyo]], na kun sain an panahon magigin peligrosong marhay para sa mga operasyon na amphibious. An intelihensya kan Hapon naghula nin harani kun saen mangyayari an pagsakyada: an habagatan na Kyūshū sa Miyazaki, Sola nin Ariake asin/o an [[Rawis nin Satsuma]].{{sfn|Skates|p=102}} Bakong arog kan mga Aleman, na naloko manongod sa [[pagduong sa Normandy]], an mga Hapon eksaktong naghula kan kinamumugtakan asin panahon kan planong pagsakyada bago sinda desisyonan kan Estados Unidos.<ref name="pearlman1996">{{Cite book |last=Pearlman |first=Michael D. |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Books/CSI-Press-Publications/World-War-II/ |title=Unconditional Surrender, Demobilization, and the Atomic Bomb |publisher=Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College |year=1996 |page=12 |format=PDF |access-date=2025-07-13 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mantang an Hapon mayo nang realistikong paglaom na manggana sa gubat, an mga lider kan Hapon nagtutubod na kaya nindang gibohon na halangkaw an gastos sa pagsakyada asin pagsakop sa mga Isla kan Hapon na dai akoon kan mga Alyado, na magbubunga nin sarong klase nin [[armistice]] imbes na kabilugan na pagkadaog. An plano kan mga Hapon sa pagdaog kan pagsakyada inapod na {{nihongo|Operasyon nin Ketsugō [[w:ja:決号作戦|(ja)]]|決号作戦|ketsugō sakusen}} ("Operasyon: Desisibo" o "Huring Laban"). An mga Hapon nagplano na ipagkomiter an bilog na populasyon kan Hapon sa paglaban sa pagsakyada, asin poon Hunyo 1945 padagos, sarong kampanya nin propaganda na nag-aapod para sa "An Mamuraway na Pagkagadan nin Sarong Gatos na Milyon" nagpoon.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=520}} An mayor na mensahe kan kampanyang "An Mamuraway na Pagkagadan nin Sarong Gatos na Milyon" iyo na "mamurawayon an magadan para sa banal na emperador kan Hapon, asin an lambang Hapon na lalaki, babaye, asin aki dapat na magadan para sa Emperador pag-abot kan mga Alyado".{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=520}} Dawa ngani bakong realistiko na an bilog na populasyon kan mga Hapon magagadan, an mga opisyal na Amerikano asin Hapon kan panahon na idto naghula na an bilang kan mga Hapon magagadan sa minilyon.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=520}} Poon sa Labanan sa Saipan padagos, an propaganda kan Hapon pinakusog an kamurawayan kan patriotikong kagadanan asin pigladawan an mga Amerikano bilang daing herak na "mga puting demonyo." {{sfn|Dower|1986|pp=246–47}} Durante kan Labanan sa Okinawa, an mga opisyales kan Hapon nagboot sa mga sibilyan na dai kayang makipaglaban na magkomiter nin paggadan imbes na mahulog sa mga kamot kan mga Amerikano, asin an gabos na makukuang ebidensya nagsusuherir na an parehong mga pagboot itinao sa mga isla.{{sfn|Dower|1986|p=299}} An mga Hapon sekretong [[Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters|nagtutugdok nin sarong underground headquarters]] sa Matsushiro, Prepektura nin Nagano, tanganing istaran an Emperador asin an Imperyal Heneral na Estado sa panahon nin sarong pagsalakay. Sa pagplano para sa Operasyon nin Ketsugō, an IGHQ pigsobra an pagtantiya an kusog kan mga nagsasakyada na pwersa: mantang an plano nin pagsakyada kan mga Alyado naghahagad nin mas dikit sa 70 na dibisyon, an mga Hapon naglalaom nin sagkod sa 90. {{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=62}} ===''Kamikaze''=== Si Almirante [[Matome Ugaki]] ipinaapod giraray sa Hapon kan Pebrero 1945 asin tinawan nin pagboot kan Fifth Air Fleet sa Kyūshū. An Fifth Air Fleet tinawan nin trabaho nin ''[[kamikaze]]'' na mga pag'atake laban sa mga barko na imbuelto sa pagsakyada sa Okinawa, [[Operasyon nin Ten-Go]], asin nagpoon na magsanay nin mga piloto asin mag-asembliya nin mga eroplano para sa depensa kan Kyūshū, an pinakainot na target kan pagsakyada. An depensa kan Hapon nagsarig na gayo sa mga eroplanong ''kamikaze''. Apuwera sa mga parapakilaban asin mga parabomba, itinalaga ninda giraray an haros gabos nindang mga parasanay para sa misyon. Labing 10,000 na eroplano an andam nang gamiton kan Hulyo (na may mas dakol pa sa Oktubre), siring man ginatos na bagong gibo na [[Shin'yō-class suicide motorboat|sadit na suicide boat]] tanganing sakyadahon an mga barkong Alyado sa luwas kan dagat. Maabot sa 2,000 na eroplanong ''kamikaze'' an naglansar nin mga pag'atake sa laog kan Labanan sa Okinawa, na nakamit an mga sarong tama kada siyam na pag'atake. Sa Kyūshū, huli sa mas paborableng mga sirkumstansya (arog kan terreno na makakabawas kan bentaha sa radar kan mga Alyado, asin an pag-impress kan mga eroplanong pagsasanay na gibo sa kahoy asin tela sa papel na ''kamikaze'' na magigin dipisil para sa mga sistema nin radar kan mga Alyado kan panahon na idto na mahiling asin masubaybayan), sinda naglaom na maiitaas iyan sa anom para sa saro sa paagi kan mga depensa kan Estados Unidos na may dakulang bilang nin mga depensa an ''kamikaze'' nag-aatake sa laog nin pirang oras. An mga Hapon nagkarkulo na an mga eroplano makakalubog nin labing 400 na barko; nin huli ta sinda nagsasanay sa mga piloto na punteriyahon an mga transportasyon imbes na mga carrier asin destroyer, an mga kaswalti mas dakula nanggad kisa sa Okinawa. Sarong pag-aadal kan mga tawohan an nagtantiya na an mga ''kamikaze'' pwedeng raoton an ikatolo sagkod kabanga kan pwersa nin pagsalakay bago magduong. {{sfn|Frank|pp=184–85}} Si Admiral King, Commander-in-Chief kan U.S. Navy, nahahadit na gayo sa mga pagkalugi gikan sa mga pag'atake kan ''kamikaze'' na siya asin an iba pang mga halangkaw na opisyal kan naval nakipagdiskutiran para sa pagkanselar kan Operasyon nin Downfall asin para imbes na ipadagos an kampanya nin pambobomba laban sa mga syudad kan Hapon asin an pagbara sa mga kakanon asin suplay sagkod na an mga Hapon magsuko.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|pp=520–21}} Alagad, si Heneral Marshall nagrason na an pagpirit na magsuko sa paaging iyan pwedeng maghaloy nin pirang taon, kun mangyari man.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=521}} Susog kaini, si Marshall asin an Sekretaryo kan Navy kan Estados Unidos na si [[Frank Knox]] nagkonklusyon na an mga Amerikano kaipuhan na magsakyada sa Hapon tanganing tapuson an gubat, ano man an mga kaswalti .{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=521}} ===Mga pwersa sa dagat=== Sa ibong kan nakakaraot na danyos na nasupsop kaini sa yugtong ini kan gera, an [[Imperial Japanese Navy]], na kan panahon na idto inorganisar sa irarom kan Navy General Command, determinadong magtao nin pinakadakol na danyos sa mga Alyado sagkod sa mapupuwede. An natatadang mga mayor na barkong panggera igwa nin apat na bapor panggubat (gabos naraot), limang naraot na mga aircraft carrier, duwang cruiser, 23 na destroyer, asin 46 na submarino.<ref name="Japanese Monograph No. 85 pp. 16">[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/pdfs/JM-85/JM-85.pdf Japanese Monograph No. 85], p. 16. Retrieved August 23, 2015.</ref> Alagad, an IJN kulang nin supisyenteng gasolina para sa dugang pang mga pagluwas kan mga barkong kapitolyo kaini asin nagplano imbes na gamiton an saiyang anti-aircraft firepower tanganing idepensa an mga instalasyon na pandagat mantang nakaduong sa pantalan. <ref name="Japanese Monograph No. 85 pp. 16"/> Sa ibong kan dai kaini kakayahan na magkondukta nin darakulang operasyon sa armada, an IJN nagmantinir pa man giraray nin armada nin rinibong eroplanong panggubat asin igwa nin haros 2 milyon na mga tawohan sa Home Islands, na nagsisiguro kaini nin dakulang papel sa maabot na operasyon sa depensa. Dugang pa, an Hapon igwa nin mga 100 [[Koryu class submarine|''Kōryū'']]-class midget submarines, 300 na mas saradit na [[Kairyū-class submarine|''Kairyū'']]-class midget submarines, 120 ''[[Kaiten]]'' manned torpees,<ref name="Japanese Monograph No. 85 pp. 16"/> asin 2,412 ''[[Shinyo (suicide boat)|Shin'yō]]'' na mga motorboat na panghugot .{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=131}}Bakong arog kan mga darakulang barko, an mga ini, kaiba an mga destroyer asin mga submarino kan armada, piglalaoman na makahiling nin mahiwas na aksyon na nagdedepensa sa mga baybayon, na may katuyuhan na raoton an mga 60 na transportasyon kan mga Alyado.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=257}} An Navy nagsanay nin sarong yunit nin [[frogman|frogmen]] tanganing magserbing mga suicide bomber, an [[Fukuryu]]. Sinda dapat na armado nin mga contact-fuzed [[Naval mine|mines]], asin mag-dive sa irarom kan mga landing craft asin pasabugon sinda. An imbentaryo nin mga minahan nakaangkla sa irarom kan dagat sa lambang potensyal na baybayon nin pagsalakay para sa saindang paggamit kan mga parasisid na naghuhugot, na may sagkod sa 10,000 na minahan na pigplano. Mga 1,200 na mga suicide divers an sinanay bago nagsuko an mga Hapon.<ref>Zaloga, Steven (2011). Kamikaze: Japanese Special Attack Weapons 1944–45. Osprey Publishing. p. 43. {{ISBN|978-1849083539}}.</ref><ref>Barton, Charles A. (1983). "Underwater Guerrillas". Proceedings. United States Naval Institute. 109 (8): 46–47</ref> ===Mga pwersa sa daga=== An duwang opsyon sa pagdepensa laban sa pagsalakay kan mga amphibian iyo an makusog na depensa kan mga baybayon asin [[depensa sa rarom]]. Sa kapinunan kan gera (arog kan sa [[Labanan sa Tarawa|Tarawa]]), an mga Hapon naggamit nin makusog na depensa sa mga baybayon na may dikit o mayong reserbang tawohan, alagad an taktikang ini napatunayan na madaling mabiktima bago an pagsalakay [[Naval gunfire support|shore bombardment]]. Kan huri sa [[Labanan sa Peleliu|Peleliu]], [[Labanan sa Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]], asin Okinawa, nagbalyo sinda nin mga estratehiya asin nagkotkot kan saindang mga pwersa sa pinakadepensableng lugar.{{citation needed|date = July 2014}} Para sa depensa kan Kyūshū, an mga Hapon nagkua nin sarong intermediate na postura, na an kadaklan kan saindang mga depensang pwersa pirang kilometro sa laog kan daga, na harayo sa likod tanganing maibitaran an kumpletong pagkabantad sa pambobomba kan naval, alagad harani na an mga Amerikano dai makaestablisar nin sarong ligtas na pagtindogan bago sinda makipaglaban. An mga pwersang kontra-opensiba mas harayo pa sa likod, andam na maghiro laban sa pinakadakulang pagduong.{{citation needed|date = July 2014}} Kan Marso 1945, igwa sana nin sarong dibisyon nin pakikipaglaban sa Kyūshū. Apat na beteranong dibisyon an hinale sa [[Kwantung Army]] sa [[Manchuria]] kan Marso 1945 tanganing pakusugon an mga pwersa sa Hapon,{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=21}} asin 45 bagong dibisyon an pig-aktibo sa pag'oltan kan Pebrero asin Mayo 1945. Kadaklan mga pormasyon na dai naghihiro para sa depensa, alagad halangkaw an kalidad mobile divisions.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|pp=70–72}} Kan Agosto, an mga pormasyon, kaiba an tolong brigada nin tangke, igwa nin total na 900,000 na mga tawohan.{{sfn|Frank| p= 203}} Dawa ngani an mga Hapon nakapagtipon nin mga bagong suldados, an pagsangkap sainda mas dipisil. Kan Agosto, an Hokbong Hapon igwa nin katumbas na 65 dibisyon sa dagang tinubuan alagad igo sana an kagamitan para sa 40 asin bala para sa 30.{{sfn|Frank|p= 176}} An mga Hapon dai pormal na nagdesisyon na itaya an gabos sa resulta kan Labanan sa Kyūshū, alagad pigkonsentrar ninda an saindang mga pagsadiri sagkod sa punto na kakadikit na an natatada sa reserba. Sa sarong pagtantiya, an mga pwersa sa Kyūshū igwa nin 40% kan gabos na bala sa Home Islands.{{sfn|Frank|p= 177}} Dugang pa, an mga Hapon nag-organisar kan [[Volunteer Fighting Corps]], na kabali an gabos na marahay an salud na mga lalaki na nag-eedad 15 sagkod 60 asin mga babae na 17 sagkod 40 para sa total na 28 milyones katawo, para sa suporta sa pakikipaglaban asin, kan huri, mga trabaho sa pakikipaglaban. An mga armas, pagsasanay asin uniporme sa pankagabsan kulang: kadaklan armado na mayong mas marahay pa sa mga antikwadong badil, molotov cocktail, [[yumi|longbow]], espada, kutsilyo, kawayan o kahoy na garod, asin dawa mga palo asin truncheon: sinda piglalaoman na maggibo kan kun ano an yaon sa sainda.{{sfn | Frank| pp =188–89}}{{Sfn | Bauer & Coox}} Sarong mobilisadong daragita sa hayskul, si Yukiko Kasai, an nanompongan an saiyang sadiri na nag-isyu nin [[Scratch awl|awl]] asin nagsabi, "Maski an paggadan sa sarong Amerikanong suldados magigibo. ... Dapat mong punteriyahon an [[tulak]]."{{sfn|Frank|p= 189}} Sinda piglalaoman na magserbing "ikaduwang linya nin depensa" sa panahon kan pagsakuada kan mga Alyado, asin magsagibo nin [[gerilyang gubat]] sa mga urban na lugar asin kabukidan. An komandante kan Hapon nagtuyo na organisaron an mga tauhan kan Hokbo susog sa minasunod na plano:<ref>[http://www.k2x2.info/istorija/japonija_v_voine_1941_1945_gg/p10.php#metkadoc12 Hattori, "Japan at War: 1941–1945"] part 9 chapter 2. Retrieved April 6, 2018.</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ Plano nin Mobilisasyon ! scope="col" | Rehiyon ! scope="col" | Na-mobilize na numero |- | Kyushu | 900,000 |- | Kanto (Tokyo) | 950,000 |- | Korea | 247,000 |- | '''Total''' | 3,150,000 |- | colspan="2" | '''Para sa mapagpasyang labanan''' |- |Kyushu |990,000 |- |Kanto | 1,280,000 |- |} == Pag-ebalwar giraray kan mga kaalyado kan Operasyon sa Olimpiko == ===Banta sa ere=== An intelihensya militar kan Estados Unidos inot na nagtantiya na an bilang kan mga eroplano kan Hapon mga 2,500.{{sfn|Frank|p=206}} An eksperyensya sa Okinawa maraot para sa Estados Unidos—halos duwang nagadan asin kaparehong bilang nin mga nalugadan kada [[sortie]]—asin sa Kyūshū posibleng mas maraot pa. Tanganing salakayon an mga barko sa may Okinawa, an mga eroplanong Hapon kinaipuhan na maglayog nin harayo sa ibabaw kan bukas na tubig; tanganing atakehon an mga barko sa may Kyūshū, pwede sindang maglayog sa ibabaw kan daga dangan sa halipot na distansya pasiring sa mga nagduduong na mga barko. Luway-luway, naaraman kan intelihensya na an mga Hapon idinudusay an gabos nindang eroplano sa misyon na ''kamikaze'' asin naggigibo nin mga epektibong lakdang tanganing mapreserbar sinda sagkod sa ralaban. An pagtantiya kan Army kan Mayo 3,391 na eroplano; kan Hunyo, 4,862; kan Agosto, 5,911. An Hulyo na pagtantiya kan Navy, na binabayaan an anuman na pagkakaiba sa tanga kan pagsasanay asin eroplanong panlaban, iyo an 8,750; kan Agosto, 10,290.{{sfn|Frank|pp= 209–10}} Kan matapos an gera, an mga Hapon igwa nang mga 12,700 na eroplano sa Home Islands, mga kabanga kan mga ''kamikaze'' .{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=xviii}} An mga plano kan ''Ketsu'' para sa Kyushu nagluba na magkomiter nin haros 9,000 na eroplano susog sa minasunod na pagkasunod-sunod: <ref>JM-85 pp. 18–21</ref> * 140 na eroplanong pan-usisa tanganing mahiling an pagrani kan armada kan mga Alyado. * 330 Navy bomber na pinalayog nin mga piloto na may halangkaw na pagsasanay tanganing sakyadahon an Allied carrier task force tanganing dai ini makasuportar sa mga komboy nin pagsakyada. * 50 "eroplanong pag-atake sa daga," 50 parabomba nin seaplane, asin 50 parabomba nin torpedo na pinalupad nin mga piloto na sinanay na marhay para sa mga pag-atake sa banggi sa mga escort nin komboy. * 825 Navy ''kamikazes'' tanganing salakayon an mga komboy na nagduduong bago an saindang pag-abot sa Kyūshū. * 2,500 na eroplano kan Army (kombensyonal siring man paghugot), kaiba an 2,900 na mga paratokdo kan Naval para sa mga pag'atake nin ''kamikaze'' laban sa landing fleet mantang ini nag-abot asin nakaangkla (5,400 kabilugan). * 2,000 na mga parapakilaban kan "air superiority" kan Army asin Navy tanganing mag-iba sa mga ''kamikaze'' asin mag-strafe sa mga barkong naglalapag. * 100 na eroplanong transportasyon na may darang 1,200 na mga komando para sa sarong pagsakyada sa mga airbase kan Estados Unidos sa Okinawa, kasunod kan kapangganahan kan mga nainot na mas saradit na operasyon. An mga Hapon nagplano na ibugtak an mayoriya kan saindang mga pwersa sa ere sa aksyon sa laog nin 10 aldaw pagkatapos kan pag-abot kan mga Alyadong armada sa Kyūshū. Naglaom sinda na dai mababa sa 15 sagkod 20% (o sagkod sa kabanga) kan mga barkong transportasyon kan Estados Unidos an mararaot bago magbaba.<ref name="OLYMPIC VS KETSU-GO">{{Cite web |title=OLYMPIC VS KETSU-GO |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/war.term/olympic.html |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=www.ibiblio.org}}</ref> An United States Strategic Bombing Survey sunod na nagtantiya na kun an mga Hapon nakapag-asikaso nin 5,000 na ''kamikaze'' na mga pagluwas, pwede kutanang nalamos ninda an mga 90 na barko asin nadanyaran an 900 pa, na haros triple kan pagkalugi kan Navy sa Okinawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=USSBS Report 62, Military Analysis Division, Japanese Air Power {{!}} PDF p. 25|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/50311346/USSBS-Report-62-Military-Analysis-Division-Japanese-Air-Power |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> An mga preparasyon kan mga kaalyado na kontra-''kamikaze'' midbid bilang an [[Big Blue Blanket]]. Ini imbuelto an pagdagdag nin mas dakol na iskwadron nin mga parapakilaban sa mga carrier imbes na [[Torpedo bomber|torpedo]] asin mga dive bomber, asin pagkombertir kan [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17s]] sa mga piket sa radar sa eroplano sa paaging kapareho kan sa ngunyan na [[Airborne Early Control|ACS]]. Si Nimitz nagplano nin sarong pre-invasion feint, na nagpapadara nin sarong armada sa mga baybayon kan invasion pirang semana bago an tunay na pagsalakay, tanganing akiton an mga Hapon sa saindang mga one-way flights, na dangan makakahanap nin mga barko na may mga badil na anti-aircraft imbes na an mga mahalagang, madaling mabiktima na mga transportasyon.{{citation needed|date = Agosto 2025}} An mayor na depensa laban sa mga pag'atake sa eroplano kan mga Hapon gikan sa darakulang pwersa nin mga parapakilaban na pigtitipon sa [[mga isla nin Ryukyu]]. An US Army Fifth asin Seventh Air Forces asin an mga yunit kan eroplano kan US Marine nagbalyo sa mga isla tulos pagkatapos kan pagsakyada, asin an kusog kan eroplano nagdadakula bilang pag-andam para sa bilog na pagsakyada sa Hapon. Bilang pag-andam para sa pagsakyada, sarong kampanya sa eroplano laban sa mga airfield asin arterya nin transportasyon kan mga Hapon an nagpoon bago pa man magsuko an mga Hapon.{{citation needed|date = July 2014}} ===Banta sa daga=== Sagkod kan Abril, Mayo, asin Hunyo, an intelihensya kan mga Alyado nagsunod sa pagtipon kan mga pwersa sa daga kan mga Hapon, kabali an limang dibisyon na idinagdag sa Kyūshū, na may dakulang interes, alagad igwa man nin nagkapirang pagkakontento, na nagpoproyekto pa man giraray na sa Nobyembre an total para sa Kyūshū magigin mga 350,000 na mga soldados. Nagbago iyan kan Hulyo, sa pagdiskubre nin apat na bagong dibisyon asin mga indikasyon nin mas dakol pa na maabot. Kan Agosto, an bilang uminabot sa 600,000, asin [[Magic (cryptography)|Magic cryptanalysis]] nakamidbid nin siyam na dibisyon sa timog na Kyūshū—tulong beses an piglalaoman na bilang asin sarong seryosong pagbawas sa aktuwal na kusog kan mga Hapon. An pigtatantyang kusog kan tropa kan amay na parte kan Hulyo 350,000,{{r|MacEachin p16}} na naglangkaw sa 545,000 kan amay na parte kan Agosto.{{r|MacEachin p18}} {{blockquote|An mga kapahayagan kan intelihensya manungod sa mga preparasyon kan mga Hapon sa Kyushu na nagluwas kan kabangaan kan Hulyo nagpadara nin makusog na mga alon nin pagkabigla pareho sa Pasipiko asin sa Washington. Kan 29 Hulyo, an hepe kan intelihensya ni MacArthur, [[Charles A. Willoughby|Major General Charles A. Willoughby]], iyo an pinakaenot na nagsabi na an pagtantiya kan Abril nagtugot sa kakayahan kan mga Hapon na magbugtak nin anom na dibisyon sa Kyushu, na may potensyal na magbugtak nin sampulong dibisyon. "An [anom] na dibisyon na ini nagluwas na, siring sa ihinula," an sabi nia, "asin an katapusan dai pa naheheling." Kun dai mariparo, ini naghuma "na magtalubo sa punto kun sain kita nag-aatake sa rasyo na saro (1) sa saro (1) na bako man an resipe para sa kapangganahan.""{{sfn|Frank|p= 211|loc= Willoughby's Amendment 1 to "G-2 Estimate of the Enemy Situation with Respect to Kyushu"}}}} Kan panahon kan pagsuko, an mga Hapon igwa nin labing 735,000 na mga tauhan militar magsalang sa posisyon o sa manlain-lain na yugto nin pagpapadara sa Kyushu sana.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|loc=Appendix B.}} An total na kusog kan militar kan Hapon sa Home Islands uminabot sa 4,335,500, na an 2,372,700 yaon sa Army asin 1,962,800 sa Navy. <ref>[http://www.geocities.co.jp/WallStreet/2687/siryo/siryo16.html Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1964.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105112919/http://www.geocities.co.jp/WallStreet/2687/siryo/siryo16.html |date=January 5, 2016 }} Retrieved July 21, 2015.</ref> An pagtipon kan mga tropang Hapon sa Kyūshū nagdara sa mga paraplano nin gera na Amerikano, orog na si Heneral George Marshall, na magkonsiderar nin mga grabeng pagbabago sa Olimpiko, o pagribay kaini nin ibang plano nin pagsakyada .{{citation needed|date=October 2009}} ===Mga armas kemikal=== Mga takot sa "sarong Okinawa hale sa sarong poro kan Hapon pasiring sa ibong".<ref name="Burnham1995">{{cite news|last=Burnham|first=Alexander|date=July 1, 1995|title=Okinawa, Harry Truman, and the Atomic Bomb|volume=71|work=A National Journal of Literature & Discussion|publisher=VQR|number=#3|url=http://www.vqronline.org/essay/okinawa-harry-truman-and-atomic-bomb|access-date=March 17, 2017}}</ref> dinagka an mga Alyado na konsideraron an bakong kombensyonal na mga armas, kaiba an kemikal na panggubat. An lakop na [[giyera sa kemikal]] pigkonsiderar laban sa populasyon kan Hapon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/conflict/byanymeansnecessary_2727.jsp|title=By any means necessary: the United States and Japan|last=Rogers|first=Paul|date=August 4, 2005|website=openDemocracy|access-date=July 17, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> asin mga pananom na kakanon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Liam |date=December 7, 2011 |title=World War II plan to poison Japanese crops revealed |url=http://m.couriermail.com.au/news/national/world-war-ii-poison-plan-revealed/story-e6freooo-1226215619956 |newspaper=the Courier-Mail |location=Australia |access-date=October 10, 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mantang an dakulang kantidad nin mga bala na gas ginibo asin an mga plano ginibo, bakong posible na sinda ginamit. Sinabi ni [[Richard B. Frank]] na kan an propuesto nakaabot ki Truman kan Hunyo 1945, pig-veto niya an paggamit nin mga armas kemikal laban sa mga tawuhan; an saindang paggamit laban sa mga pananom, alagad, nagdanay na pig-iisip. Susog ki [[Edward J. Drea]], an estratehikong paggamit nin mga armas kemikal sa sarong dakulang eskala dai seryosong pinag-adalan o iprinoponer kan arin man na halangkaw na lider kan Amerika; imbes, pinagdebatehan ninda an ''taktikal'' na paggamit nin mga armas kemikal laban sa mga bulsa nin resistensya kan mga Hapon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/online-forum/ |title=Victory in the Pacific Online Forum|date=May 6, 2005 |website=[[PBS]] |access-date=October 21, 2016 }}</ref> {{blockquote|An takot sa pagbalos kan mga Hapon [sa paggamit nin kemikal na armas] nabawasan huli ta sa katapusan kan gera an kakayahan kan Hapon na maghatod nin gas sa paagi nin eroplano o mga badil na harayo an distansya haros nawara na. Kan 1944 [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] nagbuyagyag na an mga Hapon nagdududa sa saindang kakayahan na magbalos sa paggamit kan Estados Unidos nin gas. "An gabos na pag-iingat dapat na gibohon tanganing dai tawan nin dahelan an kaiwal para sa sarong sarahotan na gumamit nin gas," an patanid sa mga komandante. Natatakot an mga lider kan Hapon kaya nagplano sindang dai pag-intindihon an nakasuhay na taktikal na paggamit nin gas sa mga isla kan mga pwersa kan Estados Unidos huli ta natatakot sinda sa paggrabe.{{sfn|Skates|p= 97}}|Skates}} Apuwera sa paggamit laban sa mga tawo, an militar kan Estados Unidos nagkonsiderar nin mga pag'atake sa kemikal tanganing gadanon an mga pananom sa pagprobar na gutomon an mga Hapon tanganing magpasakop. An Hokbo nagpoon na mag-eksperimento nin mga compound tanganing raoton an mga pananom kan Abril 1944, asin sa laog nin sarong taon nakapalipot nin labing 1,000 na mga ahente sa siyam na mga promising na igwa nin [[Phenoxy herbicide|phenoxyacetic acids]]. An sarong compound na pigdesignar na LN-8 an pinakamarahay an nagibo sa mga pag-eksamin asin naglaog sa produksyon nin kadaklan. An paghulog o pag-spray kan [[herbisida]] pigkonsiderar na pinakaepektibo; sarong pagprobar kan Hulyo 1945 gikan sa sarong bomba kan SPD Mark 2, na orihinal na ginibo tanganing magkapot nin mga armas biyolohikal arog kan [[anthrax]] o [[ricin]], an shell nagputok sa aire tanganing iwarak an kemikal na ahente. Kan matapos an gera, an Hokbo naghihingoa pa man giraray na determinaran an pinakamarahay na langkaw nin pagkalat tanganing masakop an sarong lugar na igo an mahiwas. An mga sangkap sa LN-8 asin saro pang naprobaran na compound sa huri gagamiton sa paggibo nin [[Agent Orange]], na ginamit durante kan [[Vietnam War]] .<ref>{{cite web |url=https://warisboring.com/the-pentagon-nearly-attacked-japan-with-chemical-weapons-in-1945-b4494e76884f#.b2wy13xdn |title=America Nearly Attacked Japan With Chemical Weapons in 1945 |last1=Trevithick |first1=Joseph |date=June 10, 2016 |website=War is Boring.com |access-date=June 11, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907125639/https://warisboring.com/the-pentagon-nearly-attacked-japan-with-chemical-weapons-in-1945-b4494e76884f#.b2wy13xdn |archive-date=September 7, 2016 }}</ref> ===Mga armas nukleyar=== Sa pagboot ni Marshall, si Major Heneral [[John E. Hull]] nagsiyasat sa [[Taktikal na armas nukleyar|taktikal na paggamit nin mga armas nukleyar]] para sa pagsakyada sa mga isla kan Hapon, dawa pakatapos kan paghulog nin duwang [[Estratehikong armas nukleyar|estratehikong bomba atomika]] sa Hapon (dai inisip ni Marshall na tulos-tulos na kapitulado kan mga Hapon). Si Koronel [[Lyle E. Seeman]] nagbareta na dai mababa sa pitong [[Fat Man]]-type na plutonium implosion bombs an makukua sa X-Day, na pwedeng ihulog sa mga nagdedepensang pwersa. Si Seeman nag-abiso na an mga tropang Amerikano dai maglaog sa sarong lugar na tinamaan nin bomba sa laog nin "dai mababa sa 48 oras"; an peligro kan [[nuclear fallout]] dai pa nasasabotan nin marhay, asin an siring na halipot na panahon pagkatapos kan pagputok makakabuyagyag sa mga tropang Amerikano sa substansyal na radyasyon.{{sfn|Frank|pp= 312–13}} Si [[Ken Nichols]], an District Engineer kan [[Manhattan Engineer District]], nagsurat na sa kapinunan kan Agosto 1945, "[an] pagplano para sa pagsalakay sa mga mayor na isla kan Hapon nakaabot na sa huring yugto kaini, asin kun an mga pagduong nangyari nanggad, tibaad magtao kami nin mga kaglimang bomba sa suporta kan tropa."{{sfn|Nichols|p=201}} Sarong pagputok nin duros {{convert|1800|-|2000|ft|m|abbr=on}} sa itaas kan daga an pinili para sa bomba (Hiroshima) tanganing makamit an pinakahalangkaw na epekto nin pagsabog, asin tanganing maibanan an natatadang radyasyon sa daga, nin huli ta piglalaoman na an mga tropang Amerikano madali nang masakop an syudad.{{sfn|Nichols|pp=175, 198, 223}} ===Mga alternatibong target=== An mga paraplano kan Joint Staff, na nagtutukdo kan lakdang kan pagkonsentrar kan mga Hapon sa Kyūshū sa gastos kan iba pang parte kan Hapon, nagkonsiderar nin mga alternatibong lugar na sasalakayon arog kan isla nin [[Shikoku]], amihanan na Honshu sa [[Sendai, Miyagi|Sendai]], o [[Ominato, Aom|Ominato]]. Inisip man nindang laktawan an enot na pagsalakay asin magduman nin direkta sa Tokyo.{{sfn|Frank|pp=273–74}} An pag'atake sa norteng Honshu magkakaigwa nin bentaha nin mas maluyang depensa alagad igwa nin disbentaha na itao an suporta sa eroplano na nakabase sa daga (apuwera sa [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29s]]) gikan sa [[Prepekturang Okinaw|Okinawa]].{{citation needed|date = Agosto 2025}} ===Mga Paglaom para sa Olimpiko=== Ibinasura ni MacArthur an anuman na pangangaipo na baguhon an saiyang mga plano: {{blockquote|Sigurado ako na an potensyal sa ere kan Hapon na ibinareta saimo na nagtitipon tanganing kontrahon an samong operasyon nin Olimpiko labi-labi an pagpasobra.&nbsp;... Manungod sa paghiro kan mga pwersa sa daga... Dai ko pigtatawan nin kredito... an mga magabat na kusog na ibinareta saimo sa habagatab na Kyushu.&nbsp;... Sa hiling ko, dai dapat magkaigwa nin kadikit na pag-isip na baguhon an operasyon nin Olimpiko.{{sfn|Frank|pp= 274–75}}}} Alagad, si King andam na magkontra sa pagpadagos kan pagsalakay, sa pag-uyon ni Nimitz, na iyo an magigin rason nin sarong mayor na iriwal sa laog kan gobyerno kan Estados Unidos: {{blockquote|Sa puntong ini, an panginot na interaksiyon posibleng yaon sa tanga ni Marshall asin Truman. Igwa nin makusog na ebidensya na si Marshall nagdanay na komitido sa sarong pagsakyada sagkod kan huri kan 15 Agosto.&nbsp;... Alagad an pag-urong kan personal na tuga ni Marshall sa pagsakyada iyo an saiyang pagsabot na an sibilyan na sanksyon sa pankagabsan, asin an ki Truman sa partikular, bakong posible para sa sarong magastos na pagsakyada na dai na nagkakamit nin pinagkasunduan na suporta gikan sa armadong serbisyo.{{sfn|Frank|p= 357}}}} ===Mga intensyon kan Sobyet=== {{Main|Iproponer na pagsakyada kan Sobyet sa Hokkaido}} [[File:Romoi-Kushiro Line.png|thumb|Sa sarong propuestong plano nin pagsakyada, an mga pwersang Sobyet dapat na magduong sa harayong pantalan kan [[Rumoi, Hokkaido|Rumoi]] asin sakupon an Hokkaido sa amihanan kan sarong linya hale sa Rumoi pasiring sa [[Kushiro]]]]. Dai aram kan mga Amerikano, an [[Union Sobyet]] nagkonsiderar man na magsakyada sa sarong mayor na isla kan Hapon, [[Hokkaido]], sa katapusan kan Agosto 1945,<ref name = "FP">{{cite magazine |author1-link=Sergey Radchenko |last= Radchenko|first= Sergey|date= August 5, 2015|title= Did Hiroshima Save Japan From Soviet Occupation?|url= https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/05/stalin_japan_hiroshima_occupation_hokkaido/|magazine= Foreign Policy|location= |publisher= |access-date= February 1, 2021}}</ref> na iyo kuta an nagbugtak nin pangigipit sa mga Alyado na humiro nin mas amay pa sa Nobyembre. Kan mga inot na taon kan Ikaduwang Gubat Pankinaban, an mga Sobyet nagplano na magtogdok nin sarong dakulang hukbong-dagat tanganing makaabot sa [[Sulnopan na kinaban]]. Alagad, an [[Operasyon nin Barbarossa|Pagsakyada kan mga Aleman sa Unyon Sobyet]] kan Hunyo 1941 nagpirit kan pagsuspinde kan planong ini: an mga Sobyet kinaipuhan na ibalyo an kadaklan kan saindang mga rekurso sa pakikipaglaban sa mga Aleman asin sa saindang mga kaalyado, sa panginot sa daga, sa bilog na kadaklan kan gera, na nagwawalat kan saindang hukbong-dagat na medyo maluyang nasangkapan.<ref name = "Frank">{{cite book |last=Frank |first=Richard B. |editor-last= Hasegawa |editor-first=Tsuyoshi |title=The End of the Pacific War: Reappraisals|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XjW49VTRhxQC&pg=PA89|publisher= Stanford University Press|date=2007 |pages=89 |chapter=Ketsu Go |isbn=978-0-80475427-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Japanese Defence: The Search for Political Power |pages=48–60 |publisher= [[Allen & Unwin]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Allen|Polmar|1995|pp=180–185}} Bilang resulta, sa [[Proyektong Hula]] (1945), an Estados Unidos nagbalyo nin mga 100 na sakayan pangdagat gikan sa 180 na pigplano pasiring sa Unyon Sobyet bilang pag-andam para sa pigplanong paglaog kan Sobyet sa gera laban sa Hapon. An mga ibinalyo na barko kabali an mga [[barkong pang-atake na amphibious]]. Sa [[Komperensya nin Yalta]] (Pebrero 1945), an mga Alyado nagkaoroyon na an Unyon Sobyet kukuanon an [[Prepekturang Karafuto|habagatan na parte]] kan isla nin [[Sakhalin]], na an Hapon [[pagsakyada kan mga Hapon sa Sakhalin|sinakyada]] durante kan 1904–1955 na Gubat kan Rusya-Hapon asin an Rusya, asin sa Hapon, sinakop kan [[Tratado kan Portsmouth]] pagkatapos kan gubat (an mga Sobyet kontrolado na an amihanan na parte), asin an mga Isla nin Kuril, na itinalaga sa Hapon sa [[Tratado kan San Petersburg (1875)|1875 Tratado kan St. Petersburg]]. Sa ibong na lado, mayo nin kasunduan na nag-isip kan partisipasyon kan Sobyet sa pagsakyada mismo kan Hapon.{{citation needed|date=Agosto 2025}} An mga Hapon igwa nin mga eroplanong ''kamikaze'' sa habagatan na Honshu asin Kyushu na nagkokontra sa mga operasyon kan Olimpiko asin Coronet. Dai aram kun sagkod saen sinda nagkontra sa mga pagduong kan Sobyet sa harayong amihanan kan Hapon. Para sa mga katuyuhan nin pagkumpara, mga 1,300 [[Mga Alyado kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban|Mga Alyado sa Solnopan]] na mga barko an ipinadara sa panahon kan Labanan sa Okinawa (Abril–Hunyo 1945). Sa kabilugan, 368 na barko, kabali an 120 [[amphibious craft]], an grabeng danyos, asin an 28 pa, kabali an 15 landing ship asin 12 destroyer, an nalunod, kadaklan kan mga ''kamikaze''. An mga Sobyet, alagad, igwa nin mas dikit sa 400 na barko, kadaklan sainda dai nasangkapan para sa pagsakyada sa dagat, kan sinda magdeklara nin gera sa Hapon kan Agosto 8, 1945.<ref name="JANE">{{cite book |title=Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II |year=2001 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781851704941 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781851704941/page/180 180]–85 |publisher= [[Random House]]}}</ref><!-- Does this include the Project Hula ships? --> Para sa Operasyon nin Downfall, an militar kan Estados Unidos nag-isip na nangangaipo nin labing 30 dibisyon para sa sarong mapangganang pagsakyada sa mga isla kan Hapon. Sa pagkumpara, an Unyon Sobyet igwa nin mga 11 dibisyon na magagamit, na maikukumpara sa 14 dibisyon na pigtatantya kan Estados Unidos na kaipuhan kaini tanganing sakyadahon an habagatan na Kyushu. An Sobyet [[pagsakyada sa Isla nin Kuril]] (Agosto 18 – Setyembre 1, 1945) nangyari pagkatapos kan kapitulasyon kan Hapon kan Agosto 15. Alagad, an mga pwersa kan Hapon sa mga islang idto nagtumang nin medyo maringis dawa ngani an iba sainda nagin habong makipaglaban pagkatapos kan pagsuko kan Hapon kan Agosto 15. Sa [[Labanan sa Shumshu]] (Agosto 18–23, 1945), an Pulang Hukbo kan Sobyet igwa nin 8,821 na tropa na dai suportado nin mga tangke asin mas darakulang barkong panggera. An establisadong marhay na garison kan mga Hapon igwa nin 8,500 na tropa asin nagbugtak nin mga 77 tangke. An ralaban naglawig nin sarong aldaw, na may saradit na aksyon sa pakikipaglaban na nagpapadagos sa laog nin apat pa pagkatapos kan opisyal na pagsuko kan Hapon asin kan garison, na kun saen an mga nag-aatake na pwersa kan Sobyet nawaran nin labing 516 na tropa asin lima sa 16 [[LCI(L)|landing ships]] (kadaklan sa mga ini dating pagsasadiri kan US Navy asin kan huri itinao sa Unyon Sobyet) sa artistal na koller kan Hapon, asin huli sa pagkawara kan Hapon 256 na mga tropa. Susog sa mga paghihingako kan Sobyet, an mga kaswalti kan Sobyet durante kan Labanan sa Shumshu uminabot sa 1,567, asin an mga Hapon nagtios nin 1,018 na kaswalti.<!-- An detalyadong impormasyon daw kan mga kaswalti talagang may kinaaraman? Siring man, an mga pagkalugi kan Sobyet parati na naglampas sa mga kaswalti kan mga Aleman sa kadaklan na mga laban (kaiba an mga kapangganahan kan Sobyet) --> Durante kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban, an mga Hapon igwa nin [[base naval]] sa [[Paramushiro]] sa Isla nin Kuril asin nagkapirang base sa Hokkaido.<!-- An Imperyal na Hukbong Hapon kadaklan nadestroso na kan panahon na idto, na an mga nakaligtas nagtatago sa pantalan. --> Poon kan an Hapon asin an Unyon Sobyet nagmantenir nin estado nin maingat na neutralidad sagkod sa deklarasyon kan gera kan Sobyet sa Hapon kan Agosto 1945, an mga paramasid na Hapon na nakabase sa mga teritoryo na kapot kan Hapon sa Manchuria, Korea, Sakhalin, asin an mga Isla nin Kuril danay na nagbabantay sa pantalan kan [[Vladivostok]] asin iba pang mga pantalan sa Unyon Sobyet.{{sfn|Allen|Polmar|1995|pp=115–120}} Susog ki Thomas B. Allen asin [[Norman Polmar]], an mga Sobyet maingat na naggibo nin detalyadong mga plano para sa mga pagsalakay sa Harayong Sirangan, apwera na an pagduong para sa Hokkaido "nag-eeksister nin detalyado" sa isip sana ni Stalin asin na "bakong posible na si Stalin igwa nin interes na sakopon an Manchuria asin dawa an pagkua kan Hokkaido. Dawa ngani gusto niyang agawon an pinakadakol na teritoryo sa Asya, siya nagmamawot na mag-agaw nin pinakadakol na teritoryo sa Asya. mas nakasentro sa pagmukna nin sarong baybayon sa Europa kisa sa Asya."{{sfn|Allen|Polmar|1995|pp=168–175}} ==Pinakatantyang mga kaswalti== Huli sa naturalesa kan pakikipaglaban sa Teatro Pasipiko asin an mga karakteristiko kan Pwersa Armada kan Hapon, inako na an direktang pagsakyada sa panginot na kadagaan kan Hapon magigin masakit asin magastos. An mga Alyado bako sanang kaipuhan na makipaglaban sa gabos na makukuang pwersa militar kan Hapon na pwedeng darahon, kundi pati na an pagtumang kan sarong "panatikong maringis na populasyon."{{sfn|Sutherland|p=2}} Depende sa sakop asin konteksto, an mga pagtantiya kan mga nagadan para sa mga pwersa kan Amerika nagpoon sa 220,000 sagkod sa nagkapirang milyon, asin an mga pagtantiya kan mga nagadan sa militar asin sibilyan kan Hapon nagpoon sa minilyon sagkod sa manampulong milyon. An mga pagtantiya kan mga nagadan dai kabali an mga potensyal na pagkalugi gikan sa [[pagkahilo sa radyasyon]] na resulta kan taktikal na paggamit nin mga armas nukleyar o gikan sa mga Alyadong POW na ginadan kutana kan mga Hapon .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosley |first=Leonard |title=Marshall: Hero for Our Times |url=https://archive.org/details/marshallheroforo00mosl |date=1982 |publisher=Hearst Books |isbn=0-87851-304-3 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/marshallheroforo00mosl/page/341 339]}}</ref> Sa pagkatapos kan Kampanya sa Marianas, an Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) pigrebisa an saindang dokumento sa pagplano, "Operations against Japan subsequent to Formosa" (JCS 924), tanganing maipahiling an eksperyensya na nakua. Kun iisipon an matagas na pagtumang kan ika-31 na Hokbo kan Hapon sa [[Labanan sa Saipan|Saipan]], nagkonklusyon sinda na kun an mga pwersa kan Estados Unidos kaipuhan na daogon an gabos na 3.5 milyon na mga soldados na Hapon na pwedeng gibohon na igwa, "tibaad magkakantidad ini nin kabangang milyon na buhay kan mga Amerikano asin kadakol na beses na bilang na nalugadan."{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=50}} Sa ibong kan halangkaw na bilang, kan tigsoli kan 1945 an bilang na 500,000 na kaswalti sa ralaban para sa pigproyektong pagsalakay lakop na ginamit sa mga pag-iriistorya, mantang an kabilugan na haros sarong milyon ginamit para sa aktuwal na mga katuyuhan sa pagplano.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=53}} An mga paraplano kan Estados Unidos naglalaom na sa paagi nin pag-agaw nin nagkapirang mahalagang estratehikong lugar, makakaestablisar sinda nin "epektibong kontrol militar" sa Hapon na dai na kaipuhan na linigon an bilog na arkipelago o daogon an mga Hapon sa panginot na kadagaan kan Asya, sa siring maibitaran an sobrang pagkalugi.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=93}} Sakop sana an Hokbo kan Estados Unidos, an [[Army Service Forces]] (ASF) na dokumento sa pagplano kan Enero 15, 1945, "Pagpapadara-giraray kan Hokbo kan Estados Unidos pagkatapos kan Pagdaog kan Alemanya," naglalaom na an promedyong 43,000 na mga karibay para sa "gadan asin naibakwar na mga nalugadan"{{efn|Sarong malibog na termino. Siring sa aplikado sa pagsakyada sa Hapon, depende sa yugto kan kampanya, na nanonongod sa mga soldados na an mga lugad igo nang grabe na dai sinda mabolong sa laog nin "bintana nin pag-ebakwar" na poon 30 sagkod 120 aldaw pagkatapos na magduong.}} kaipuhan kada bulan sa pagtanga kan Hunyo 1945 asin Disyembre 1946 tanganing magibo an huring yugto kan gubat laban sa Hapon .<ref name=":1">[https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4013coll8/id/1800 History of Planning Division, ASF vol. 9] Part 7, p. 329. Retrieved November 6, 2021</ref> An mga piglalaoman na pagkalugi sa mga kategoryang ini, dai kabali an mga sa Navy asin Marine Corps, nagkakantidad nin mga 723,000 sagkod sa katapusan kan 1946 asin 863,000 sagkod sa enot na parte kan 1947.<ref>History of Planning division, ASF. Part 8, pp. 372–374, 391</ref> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+Pigtatantyang kaswalti sa ASF, Enero 15, 1945 (Dai kabali an mga dai na-ebakwar na nalugadan, Navy, asin Marine Corps na mga kaswalidad){{efn|An medyo halangkaw na mga kaswalti para sa Q3 1945 maipapaliwanag kan pangangaipo na mag-andam para sa mga operasyon sa Baybayon kan Tsina asin an mas halawig na kampanya na pigluba para sa mga Ryukyuanon kasunod kan Okinawa.<ref>History of Planning Division, ASF. vol. 1, part 5, pp. 176–177</ref> Additionally, the possibility of US troops participating in an invasion of the Dutch East Indies was also discussed at the end of 1944 and the beginning of 1945 when the paper was written.<ref>History of Planning Division, ASF vol. 4, part 3, p. 171</ref> Sa katapustapusi, yaon an konsiderasyon kan lag sa pagtanga kan katapusan kan huring kwarter (kan an mga kaswalti nagkaigwa) asin an pagpoon kan masunod (an pangangaipo para sa mga karibay).}} ! rowspan="2" |Kwarter ! colspan="2" |Lugar kan Kadagatan Pasipiko ! colspan="2" |Habagatan-sulnopan na Pasipiko ! colspan="2" |Amihanan na Pasipiko ! colspan="2" |Tsina-Burma-Indya |- !Nagadan !Mga Naebakwar na Nalugadan !Nagadan !Mga Naebakwar na Nalugadan !Nagadan !Mga Naebakwar na Nalugadan !Nagadan !Mga Naebakwar na Nalugadan |- style="text-align: right;" |Q3 1945 |10,000 |23,000 |13,000 |29,000 |1,000 |1,500 |2,000 |6,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Q4 1945 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|16,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|35,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|12,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|28,500 |1,000 |1,000 |2,000 |6,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Q1 1946 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|24,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|50,500 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|11,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|24,000 |1,000 |1,000 |2,000 |7,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Q2 1946 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|28,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|61,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|11,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|23,500 |1,000 |1,000 |2,000 |7,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Q3 1946 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|30,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|64,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|11,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|25,000 |1,000 |1,000 |2,000 |7,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Q4 1946 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|30,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|65,500 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|10,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|23,500 |1,000 |1,000 |2,000 |7,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |1947 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|30,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|64,500 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|10,000 |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|24,500 |1,000 |1,000 |2,000 |7,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Kabilugan |168,000 |363,500 |78,000 |178,000 |7,000 |7,500 |14,000 |47,000 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+ ! colspan="2" |Kabilugan para sa Downfall asin Kasabay na mga Operasyon |- style="text-align: right;" |Nagadan asin nawawara |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|223,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Mga Naebakwar na Nalugadan |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|489,500 |- style="text-align: right;" |Kabilugan |style="background: #d5ffaf;"|712,500 |- ! colspan="2" |Kabilugan para daugon an Hapon (Hulyo 1945 – Pebrero 1947) |- style="text-align: right;" |Nagadan asin nawawara |267,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Mga Naebakwar na Nalugadan |596,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Kabilugan |863,000 |} Pakalihis nin duwang aldaw kan Enero 17, an mga surat hale ki Presidente Roosevelt, Heneral Marshall, asin Admiral King pasiring sa Chairman kan House Military Affairs Committee [[Andrew J. May]] ipinaluwas sa ''New York Times'', na nagpapaaram sa publiko na "an Hokbo dapat magtao nin 600,000 na mga kasalida para sa mga nakaaging teatro bago an Hunyo, asin 30 An Navy, mangangaipo nin total na 900,000 na mga induksyon sa Hunyo 30." Sa target kan Navy na 300,000, sarong dakulang proporsyon an kaipuhan para sa "pag-man kan marikas na naglalakop na armada" imbes na salidahan an mga kaswalti sa ralaban.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|pp=16, 53}} Sa paghiro base sa sensitibong impormasyon na nakua sa mga kontak sa militar, si dating Presidente Herbert Hoover, sarong dayupot na personal na katood kan maabot na Presidente Harry S. Truman, nagsumiter nin sarong memorandum kan Mayo 15, 1945, ki Sekretaryo kan Gera na si Henry Stimson. An memorandum ni Hoover nagpahiling na an pagdaog sa Hapon pwedeng maggastos nin 0.5 sagkod 1.0 milyon na buhay kan mga Amerikano. Kan parehong semana, si Kyle Palmer na sarong pararesponde sa gubat kan ''Los Angeles Times'' sa hedkuarter ni Admiral Nimitz, nagpatanid na "magastos ini nin 500,000 sagkod 750,000, tibaad 1,000,000 na buhay nin mga aking lalaking Amerikano tanganing matapos an gera na ini." An mga numerong idto itinao sa konteksto kan rebisadong mga pagtantiya kan kusog militar kan Hapon, na klasipikado pa, na nagpapahiling na an Hokbong Hapon igwa nin potensyal na makatipon nin 5,000,000 sagkod 6,000,000 na mga soldados imbes na an 3.5 milyon na pig-assess kan JCS 924.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|pp=55-56}} Kan Mayo 28, si Hoover asin Truman nagtiripon sa White House asin nag-olay nin pirang oras. Sa kahagadan ni Truman, si Hoover nag-andam nin apat na memoranda sa mga isyung pinag-olayan (1. An European Food Organization, 2. An Domestic Food Organization, 3. An Pagmukna nin Sarong Konseho sa Ekonomiya sa Gera, asin 4. An Situwasyon kan Hapon—na kun saen duwang beses na inotro ni Hoover an saiyang bilang na 0.5 sagkod 1.0 milyon na nagadan na Amerikano). Si Truman "nag-agaw" sa memo 4 asin naghagad nin mga nakasurat na hatol kaini gikan ki Stimson, Undersecretary of State [[Joseph Grew]], Direktor kan Opisina nin Mobilisasyon asin Rekonbersyon [[Fred M. Vinson|Fred Vinson]], asin dating Sekretaryo kan Estado [[Cordell Hull]]. Si Truman partikularmenteng interesado na makadangog ki Grew asin Stimson asin naghagad na makipag-olay sa sainda sa personal.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|pp=56-57}} Si Hull ni si Grew dai nagkontra sa pagtantiya ni Hoover, alagad ipinadara ni Stimson an saiyang kopya kan "Memo 4" sa deputy Chief of Staff ni Marshall, Heneral [[Thomas T. Handy]]. Siring sa "pinakamaraot na kaso" na senaryo gikan sa JCS 924, si Handy nagsurat na "<u>sa irarom kan samong presenteng plano nin kampanya</u>" (orihinal na pagdodoon), "an pigkakarkulong pagkawara nin 500,000 na buhay [...] pigkokonsiderar na biyong halangkaw." Parehong uminoyon si Marshall asin Heneral George A. Lincoln, hepe kan Operations Division (OPD), sa mga pahayag ni Handy.{{sfn|Giangreco|1997|p=12}} Dawa siring, pigduon na an sarong pagsakyada magkakaigwa nin gasta na "dakol na buhay."{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|pp=57-58}} Napangalas sa paglaom na may nagdadangadang na pag-iriwal nin dugo, si Truman nagboot nin sarong miting na nakaiskedyul sa Hunyo 18, 1945, na imbuelto an JCS, Stimson, asin Sekretaryo kan Navy [[James Forrestal]]. An nakataya iyo an desisyon na magpadagos sa Downfall o magpili kan haloy nang propuesto kan Navy na pagbagaak asin pagbomba. Tanganing suportaran an pagtiripon, an Joint War Plans Committee (JWPC) dali-daling nagtipon nin sarong lamesa na nag-iilustrar kan mga kaswalti na pwedeng laoman sa sarong pagsalakay sa Hapon base sa eksperyensya kan [[Labanan sa Leyte]].{{sfn|Giangreco|1997|p=13}} An pagtantiya na iyan, na mas hababa nanggad kisa sa mga ginibo kaidto, pinara sa kasunod na bersyon kan dokumento asin dai ipinaheling sa Presidente.<ref>MacEachin, "The Final Months of War with Japan"</ref> An pagtiripon natapos na an gabos na partisipante nag-oyon na an pagsalakay magigin "madugo alagad mahalaga para sa kapangganahan." Si Truman nagpahayag nin paglaom na maibitaran an "sarong Okinawa hale sa sarong poro kan Hapon pasiring sa ibong."{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=60}} Sa bilog na tig-init, mantang an ladawan kan intelihensya manungod sa kusog kan Hokbong Hapon sa Home Islands nagigin mas asin mas bakong paborable, kaiba an mga bagong datos gikan sa laban sa Iwo Jima asin Okinawa, an mga prediksyon sa mga kaswalti padagos na pigrerebisa paitaas. Durante kan inot na semana kan Agosto, mga 50 na mga reporter hale sa Estados Unidos, Britanya, asin Australia an tinawan nin "off the record" na briefing sa hedkuarter ni Heneral MacArthur sa Manila, kun saen sinda pinaisi na an huring mga operasyon laban sa Hapon pwedeng magresulta sa sagkod sa sarong milyon na Amerikanong kaswalti.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=105}}{{efn|An briefing na ini itinao ni Major Selwyn Pepper, sarong may kakayahan na peryodista sa buhay sibilyan na nagkontribwir sa tolong proyektong nanggana nin Premyo nin Pulitzer.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/kansascity/name/selwyn-pepper-obituary?id=4352639] Selwyn Pepper obituary, Retrieved January 20, 2024</ref>}} An sarong panlaog na memorandum gikan ki Marshall pasiring ki Leahy nagpasabot na sa Hunyo 30, 1946, magkakaigwa nin mga 275,000 na mga soldados kan Army na nasa grabeng kamugtakan na kaipuhan na maospital sa Estados Unidos. Dai kabali diyan an mga gadan asin nawawara; pagkawara kan ibang mga sanga; mga pasyente na dati nang pinaluwas asin ipinadara pabalik sa saindang mga yunit o nawara sa serbisyo; asin mga pasyente sa mga forward hospital sa Haway, Filipinas, Australya, Kyushu, asin iba pang lugar.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=317}} An bilang kan mga higdaan na itatao sa siring na mga ospital sa inutan pigplano na mag-abot sa mga 150,000, an sarong pankagabsan na susundon iyo na an mga makukuang higdaan dapat na maglampas sa piglalaoman na mga kaswalti (dai kabali an mga nagadan) nin 20%.{{sfn|Giangreco|1997|p=15}} Sa katapusan kan gera haros kabangang milyon [[Purple Heart|Purple Heart medals]] an yaon na may mas dakol pang piggigibo sa pag-antisipar kan pagsakyada; kan 2003 igwa pa nin mga 120,000 kan mga natatadang stockpile na ini.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giangreco |first=D. M. |date=August 9, 2020 |title=75 Years Later, Purple Hearts Made for an Invasion of Japan are Still Being Awarded |url=https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/75-years-later-purple-hearts-made-for-an-invasion- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622190224/https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/75-years-later-purple-hearts-made-for-an-invasion- |archive-date=June 22, 2024 |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=History News Network}}</ref> Sa pagsurat sa "Military Review: Hunyo 1946" No. 3, an hepe kan intelihensya ni MacArthur, si Major General [[Charles A. Willoughby]], nagkonklusyon na an pagraot kan "duwa sagkod duwa may kabangang dibisyon kan mga Hapon [eksakto] nin total na 40,000 na Amerikanong nagadan sa ralaban sa daga." Gamit an "sinister ratio" na iyan, sinabi niya na an mga pwersa kan Estados Unidos pwedeng maglaom nin labing 700,000 na kaswalti sa apat na panginot na kinamumugtakan sa panginot na kadagaan kan Hapon. An pagtantiya dai kabali an mga pagkalugi gikan sa "nakakaraot na pag'atake kan kamikaze," pakikipaglaban sa mga tawohan asin milisya kan mga pwersa sa daga kan Naval, asin an anuman na mga pampakusog na tibaad nadara kan mga Hapon sa mga lugar nin ralaban. Ibinilang ni Willoughby an ratio na iyan bilang "sarong lubos na tunay na sukatan tanganing maihula kun ano an mangyayari sa mga pagkalugi kun kami nagduman sa pagbadil."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willoughby |first=Charles A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1FRMJp_VMQC&q=%22This+affords+a+completely++authentic+yardstick+to+forecast+what+it+would+have+taken+in+losses+had+we+gone+in+shooting&pg=PA4 |title=Occupation of Japan and Japanese Reaction |date=June 1946 |publisher=Command and General Staff School |location=Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |pages=3–4}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+An Pagtantiya ni Major Heneral Willoughby, Hunyo 1946 (dai kabali an Navy) ! Kinamumugtakan !Mga dibisyon kan Hapon !Mga kaswalti kan Amerikano |- style="text-align: right;" |Kyushu |13–14 |200,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Shikoku |4–5 |80,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Kapatagan nin Kanto |22 |400,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Sendai |2 |30,000 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Tinatayang mga Pagkalugi gikan sa mga pag'atake nin kamikaze asin bomber !Pinaghalian !Napalubog na mga barko !Mga barko na naraot !Nagadan & nawawara !Nalugadan ! Mga tala |- |USSBS<ref name=":0" /> |90 |900 |N/A |N/A |Nag-aasume nin 5,000 na pagpapaluwas nin kamikaze |- |"Pagtantiya Pagkatapos kan Gera"<ref>[https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA234981.pdf] https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA234981.pdf The Okinawa Campaign: a Case Study] p. 94. Retrieved November 1, 2024</ref> |90 |900 |21,000 |N/A | |- |Dr. R. P. Hallion<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201027203146/https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/28/2001329789/-1/-1/0/AFD-100928-060.pdf] https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/28/2001329789/-1/-1/0/AFD-100928-060.pdf "Pearl to VJ-Day"] p. 86. Retrieved November 1, 2024</ref> | colspan="2" |900 "nalubog o naraot" | colspan="2" |22,000 na nagadan asin nalugadan |Nag-aasume nin 6,400 na eroplanong kamikaze |- |Dr. R. P. Hallion<ref name="Pearl to VJ-Day">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201027203146/https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/28/2001329789/-1/-1/0/AFD-100928-060.pdf] https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/28/2001329789/-1/-1/0/AFD-100928-060.pdf "Pearl to VJ-Day"] p. 178. Retrieved November 1, 2024</ref> | colspan="2" |2,300 "nalubog o naraot" | colspan="2" |57,000 nagadan asin nalugadan |Nag-aasyum nin 16,400 mga eroplanong kamikaze{{efn|Ibinibilang na bakong realistikong langkaw}} |- |D.M. Giangreco<ref>"Victory Rides the Divine Wind"</ref> |95 |N/A |29,000 |N/A |6 naglubog hali sa mga pag-atake sa ibabaw |- |Mga Paraplanong Hapon<ref name="Pearl to VJ-Day"/> | colspan="2" |N/A | colspan="2" |50,000 nagadan asin nalugadan |Hali sana sa pag-atake nin kamikaze |- |Mga Paraplanong Hapon<ref name="OLYMPIC VS KETSU-GO"/> |150–200 |N/A | colspan="2" |N/A |"Konserbatibo" na pagtatantya |- |Mga Paraplanong Hapon<ref name="OLYMPIC VS KETSU-GO"/> |675 |N/A | colspan="2" |N/A |500 hali sa mga kamikaze, 125 hali sa mga pag'atake sa ibabaw |} ==Mga paggadan sa mga preso sa gubat o Prisoners of War (POW) == Apuwera sa mga kaswalti sa ralaban, ginatos na ribong mga preso sa gera asin sibilyan na mga internees an nakaiskedyul man na gadanon kan mga Hapon.Poon kan tig-init kan 1944, an mga lider kan Hapon nagpaluwas nin serye nin mga direktiba sa mga komandante kan kampo nin bilanggoan na an gabos na preso dapat na "malikida" kun an mga tropang Alyado magrani sa mga kampo. An obheto iyo na maibitaran an mga preso na magriribok o magamit bilang sarong pwersa sa pakikipaglaban, asin an mga komandante kan kampo tinawan nin pagkamapag-ayon kun pano magigibo an "likidasyon". {{efn|An teksto kan sarong pagboot nagsasabi, "Baga man sinda rinaot nin indibidwal o sa mga grupo, o kun paano ini gibohon, sa paagi nin pambobomba nin kadaklan, nakakahilo na aso, mga hilo, pagkalamos, pagputol nin payo, o ano pa man, iapon sinda siring sa idinidikta kan sitwasyon. Sa ano man na kaso ini an katuyuhan na dai pagtugutan an pagdulag nin saro, tanganing magadan sinda gabos, asin dai magwalat nin ano man na bakas."}} An mayor na pagdodoon iyo an "pohoon an gabos na bihag, na dai tinotogotan an siisay man na makadulag," asin na "mayo nin bakas" na dapat na mawalat kan saindang pag-eksister o kan pag-eksister kan mga kampo nin bilanggoan. <ref>[http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/Formosa/doc2701-trans.html Exhibit O, Order to Kill all POWs] Taiwan docs. Retrieved January 15, 2024</ref> At the end of the war many POWs were in the process of digging their own graves in preparation for their deaths.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-war/glenn-frazier#:~:text=Meanwhile%2C%20in%20Japan%2C%20Frazier%20witnessed,prison%20camp%20simply%20walked%20away. "The War," Glenn Frazier.] Retrieved January 15, 2024</ref> Sa kasaysayan, an mga pagboot nagdara sa masaker kan mga POW sa nagkapirang okasyon, kabali na an sa [[Masaker sa Palawan|Isla nin Palawan]], kun sain an mga lalaki sinulo nin buhay sa saindang mga kuartel, binadil, o sinaksak. An masaker sa Palawan nagtulod sa mga pwersang Amerikano na magsagibo nin mga maisog na misyon sa pagligtas tanganing iligtas an ibang mga preso sa paggadan, arog kan [[Raid at Cabanatuan|"Great Raid" sa Cabanatuan]]. Kan Agosto 20, 1945, an gobyerno kan Hapon hilom na nagdistribwir nin sarong pagboot na pormal na nag-ootorisar sa mga guwardiya asin iba pang nagkasala na dumulag tanganing makadulag sa padusa huli sa saindang mga krimen. <ref>[http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/Formosa/Ex-J-txt.html Exhibit J, "Order to Flee"] Taiwan Docs. Retrieved January 15, 2024</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mga kaalyadong preso sa kamot kan mga Hapon, Agosto 1945<ref>Kort, "The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb" p. 106</ref> !Mga Preso sa Gubat !Mga Sibilyang Interne ! Kabilugan |- style="text-align: right;" |170,000 |115,000 |285,000 |} ==Mga kaswalti sa Hapon== Sa bilog na Gera sa Pasipiko, an Imperyal na Hokbong Hapon nagkaigwa nin reputasyon na nakikipaglaban haros sagkod sa huring tawo. Kan amay na tig-init kan 1945, mayo pang sarong pangyayari nin organisadong pagsuko kan arin man na yunit nin Hapon, dawa sa irarom kan pinakadaing paglaom na mga kamugtakan.<ref>Morgan, "[https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4013coll8/id/3315/ Planning the Defeat of Japan]" p. 154. Retrieved January 16, 2024</ref> An mga Hapon nagtios orog na sa gutom asin helang: susog sa historyador na si [[Akira Fujiwara]], sa 2.3 milyon na nagadan sa militar sa pagtanga kan 1937 asin 1945, 1.4 milyon (61%) an huli sa mga kawsa na ini. Dugang na 358,000 (15.5%) an nagadan sa pagkalamos bilang resulta kan kampanya kan Amerika sa eroplano asin submarino laban sa mga barko kan Hapon .<ref>"[https://apjjf.org/2020/19/Yoshida-Tao.html The Battlefield Experience of Japanese Soldiers in the Asia-Pacific War]" by Yoshida Yutaka, translated by Bo Tao. Retrieved January 15, 2024</ref> Durante kan [[kampanya kan Filipinas (1944–1945)|pagsakop giraray kan Filipinas]] sagkod sa 80% kan mga nagadan na Hapon gikan sa gutom asin helang,<ref>John Dower, "[https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/september-2007/lessons-from-iwo-jima Lessons from Iwo Jima]" citing Akira Fujiwara, "The War Dead who Starved to Death" (2001). Retrieved January 15, 2024</ref> mantang an proporsyon sa [[Kampanya sa Bagong Guinea|Bagong Guinea]] pwedeng uminabot na sa 97%.<ref>Dr. David Stevens, "[https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/journal/j34/stevens#23 The Naval Campaigns for New Guinea]," citing Mark Parillo, "The Japanese Merchant Marine in World War II." Retrieved January 15, 2024</ref> Dawa sa mga laban kun saen an gutom bakong gayong dakulang bagay, an mga pagkalugi kan mga Hapon nagin mas halangkaw huli ta an saindang mga garison sa isla mayo nin paagi nin pag-resupply o pag-ebakwar. An dating Ensign Kiyoshi Endo, sarong nakaligtas sa [[Labanan sa Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]], kan huri naggirumdom: "An bilang kan mga nagadan sa lado kan mga Hapon mas dakula, huli ta an mga Amerikano nagligtas asin nagbolong kan saindang mga nalugadan. An mga soldados na Hapon na nalugadan pwedeng nakaligtas kun sinda naligtas, alagad dai iyan posible, kaya sinda gabos nagadan."{{CN|date=March 2025}} Sa kabaliktaran kan mga nakaaging kampanya, sinabi ni Admiral King na an Hokbong Hapon sa Home Islands magkakaigwa nin nagkapirang bentaha na mayo sa mga katimbang kaini sa ibang nasyon. Ini magkakaigwa nin mas dakul na "lugar para magmaniobra, asin dai magigin madaling mabiktima sa nakakapakusog na kapangyarihan sa aire asin sa dagat na nagigibo kan mga Alyado na darahon [...] sa saradit asin napapasuway na mga isla." Ini man harani sa mga base kaini nin suplay asin pampakusog, asin magkakaigwa nin suporta nin sarong makikatood na populasyon. Huli sa mga rason na ini, si Admiral King nagin maingat sa paggamit kan mga bilang nin mga nagadan sa mga nakaaging laban tanganing hulaan an dalagan kan laban sa Hapon.<ref>Morgan, "[https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4013coll8/id/3315/ Planning the Defeat of Japan]," pp. 154–155. Retrieved January 16, 2024</ref> Sa irarom kan plano kan Ketsugō (決号, "konklusyon"), an gabos na dibisyon na nakadestino sa depensa sa baybayon pinagbotan na tumindog asin makipaglaban "dawa sagkod sa lubos na pagkapara," mantang an magabat na mga kontra-atake kan mga reserba nagtutuyo na mapiritan an sarong desididong ralaban harani sa mga baybayon.<ref>[https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/Pearl%20Talk/The-Japanese-Plans-for-the-Defense-of-Kyushu.pdf Japanese Plans for the Defense of Kyushu] p. 12. Retrieved January 15, 2024</ref> Kun dai iyan nagin mapanggana, an mga natatadang mobile elements nag-atras sa mga kuta sa palibot kan [[Bukid Aso]] sa Kyushu asin sa [[Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters|Prepekturang Nagano]] sa Honshu para sa halawig na pagtumang. {{sfn|Giangreco|2009|pp=158, 162}} Huli sa saindang piniling mga taktika, an Amerikanong historyador militar [[Richard B. Frank]] nagkonklusyon na "masakit isipon na mas dikit sa [40 sagkod 50%]" kan mga soldados asin marinero kan Hapon sa mga lugar na sinasakyada "an nagadan sa katapusan kan kampanya." <ref>Richard B. Frank, "[http://slantchev.ucsd.edu/courses/pdf/Frank%20-%20No%20bomb,%20No%20end.pdf No Bomb: No End]." Retrieved January 15, 2024</ref> An mga sibilyan na kaswalti piglalaoman man na halangkaw, pareho bilang direktang resulta kan aksyon militar asin bakong direkta gikan sa ibang mga kawsa. Durante kan Labanan sa Okinawa, nasa tanga nin 10 asin 25% kan sibilyan na populasyon an nagadan.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=119}}. An pinakagrabeng senaryo, na ipinublikar kan Hulyo 21, 1945 kan pisiko na [[William Shockley|William B. Shockley]], naghula na "dai mababa sa" 5 sagkod 10 milyon na Hapon—militar asin sibilyan—an pwedeng magadan, na may katumbas na total na biktima nin mga Amerikano na sagkod sa 4 milyon. Natapos an gera bago an dokumentong ini, "Proposal para sa Pagdugang kan Sakop kan mga Pag-aadal sa mga Kaswalidad," pwedeng konsideraron nin detalyado.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=92}} An mga paraplano kan Army Service Forces nag-assess na mga un-tersio kan mga sibilyan na Hapon sa laog kan mga lugar nin pagsalakay sa Kyushu asin Honshu an madulag bilang mga dulag o magagadan, na binabayaan an natatada (kaiba an mga nalugadan asin may helang) na atamanon kan mga awtoridad sa pagsakop.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=116}} {| class="wikitable" |+Pagtantiya kan Epekto kan ASF sa mga Sibilyan na Hapon !Kinamumugtakan !Panginot na Populasyon !Mga Refugee asin kagadanan !Nagdadanay sa likod kan mga linya kan Estados Unidos |- style="text-align: right;" |Habagatan na Kyushu |3,300,000 |1,100,000 |2,200,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Kapatagan nin Kanto |14,500,000 |5,100,000 |9,400,000 |- style="text-align: right;" |Kabilugan |17,800,000 |6,200,000 |11,600,000 |} An mga lider kan Hapon pighihiling an Ketsugō bilang apokaliptikong ralaban na kun sain sinda magigin mapanggana o malalaglag bilang sarong nasyon. An mga propagandista parateng inuutro an slogan na 'an gabos na 100 milyones na tawo kan Imperyo dapat na magin andam na magsakripisyo kan saindang mga sadiri,' asin na dawa kun sinda mabagsak, "an memorya kan Hapon maisurat sa kasaysayan sagkod pa man."<ref>Alvin D. Coox, "Olympic vs Ketsugō"</ref> Sa laog, pigtutubodan na mantang an bilog na banwaan dai mapupuho, an mga pagkalugi magigin magabat. Sa sarong pagtiripon kan Agosto 13 sa Army Chief of Staff [[Yoshijirō Umezu|Umezu]], Chief of the Naval General Staff Toyoda, asin Foreign Minister Togo, si Admiral Takijiro Onishi naghingako, "Kun kita andam na magsakripisyo nin 20 milyones na buhay nin mga Hapon sa sarong espesyal na paghihingoa sa pag'atake, an kapangganahan magigin sato!"{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=124}} Kan huri si Marquis [[Kōichi Kido|Koichi Kido]] nagtao man kan bilang na 20 milyon sa sarong interogador para sa [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East|Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal]], alagad sa pagsambit sa total na mga kaswalti imbes na mga nagadan.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=327}} Si Lt. Col. Masahiko Takeshita, sarong opisyal sa War Ministry asin bayaw kan War Minister [[Korechika Anami]], nagpatotoo na: "Dai kami nagtutubod na an bilog na banwaan lubos na mapupuho sa paagi nin pakikipaglaban sagkod sa katapusan. Dawa kun an sarong mahalagang laban ginibo sa dagang tinubuan asin an mga Pwersa Imperyal nakakulong sa mga rehiyon na mabukid, an bilang kan mga Hapon na nagadan kan mga pwersa kan kalaban magigin sadit. Sa ibong kan danay na mga kapangganahan kan mga tropang Hapon sa [[Ikaduwang Gerang Tsina-Hapon|Insidente kan Tsina]], medyo dikit sana an nagadan na Tsina. an gabos na estratehikong punto sa Tsina sinakop, alagad an Gobyerno nin Chungking dai nadaog. [Alagad] dawa kun an bilog na lahi[ng Hapon] gabos alagad mapara, an determinasyon kaini na mapreserbar an nasyonal na polity matatala sagkod pa man sa mga talaan kan kasaysayan."{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=156}} Bilang resulta kan pagbara sa dagat kan Amerika asin estratehikong kampanya nin pambobomba, an kamugtakan sa pagkakan sa Hapon nagin masakit. Sa katapusan kan gera an ordinaryong tawo nagkonsumo nin 10 sagkod 25% na mas dikit na kaloriya kisa kan 1941,<ref>Clary, "The Starvation Myth" p. 8</ref> asin an kantidad na ini nagbaba. Kan Enero 1946, an magigin Primer Ministro [[Shigeru Yoshida]] nagpatanid na kun dai ipadadara sa Hapon an emerhensiyang tabang sa pagkakan, sagkod sa 10 milyones katawo an puedeng magadan sa gutom sa katapusan kan 1946.{{sfn|Giangreco|2009|p=118}} An ibang mga pagtantiya, kaiba an mga eksperto sa agrikultura na nagtatrabaho sa irarom kan [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers|hedkwarters ni MacArthur]], nagpoon sa 7 milyones<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Gerald W |editor-first1=David |editor-last1=Thomas |title=Torpedo Squadron Four: a Cockpit View of World War II |page=129 |isbn=9780982870907 |publisher=Doc45 Publishing |date=2014}}</ref> sagkod 11 milyones.<ref>Finn, "[https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft058002wk&chunk.id=d0e2485&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e2465&brand=ucpress Winners in Peace]," pp. 114–115. Retrieved January 17, 2024.</ref> ==Apendise 1: Mga iskedyul nin pagduong para sa Olimpiko asin Coronet== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" | Iskedyul nin Pagduong para sa Operasyon nin Olimpiko<ref>[http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a637722.pdf U.S. Army, Sixth Army Field Order 74, 28 July 1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716112107/http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a637722.pdf |date=July 16, 2022 }} Retrieved November 6, 2021</ref> |- !Petsa !Kapatagan nin Miyazaki !Sola nin Ariake !Kagoshima !Rawis nin Satsuma !Pangkagabsan na reserba !Mga Puwerang Isla |- |X-5 | – | – | – | – | – | 40th Division, 158th RCT |- |X-Day |25th, 33rd Divisions |43rd Division, 1st Cavalry Division |2nd, 3rd, 5th Marine Divisions | – | – | – |- |X+1 | – |Balanse kan mga dibisyon sa itaas | – | | – | – |- |X+2 |41st Division |Americal Division, 112th RCT | – | – | – | – |- |X+3 | colspan="3" |(Hali sa Pangkagabsan na Reserba ) |98th, 81st Divisions |158th RCT | – |- |X+4 | – |Balanse nin Dib. kan Amerika | | – | – | – |- |X+5 | – | – | – |77th Division | – | – |- | rowspan="2" |X+22 | colspan="4" |(Hali sa Pangkagabsan na Reserba) |11th Airborne Division | – |- ! colspan="5" |13 Divisions, 2 RCTs !1 Division, 1 RCT |- |Katapusan ! colspan="6" |815,548 na lalaki |} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" |Operation Coronet Landing Schedule<ref>[https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA637723.pdf Staff Study Operations "Coronet" 15 August 1945] Retrieved November 6, 2021</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |Petsa ! rowspan="2" |Sola nin Sagami ! rowspan="2" |Rawis nin Boso ! rowspan="2" |Pangkagabsan na Reserba ! colspan="3" |Estratehikong Reserba |- !Filipinas !Kadagaan kan Estados Unidos !Commonwealth Corps{{sfn|Giangreco|2009}}{{pn|date=August 2025}} |- |Y-Day |24th, 31st, 37th, 6th, 32nd, 38th Infantry Divisions, 13th, 20th Armored Divisions |7th, 27th, 96th Infantry Divisions, 1st, 4th, 6th Marine Divisions |97th Infantry Division (na may puwersang Sulnopan) | rowspan="4" | – | rowspan="4" | – | rowspan="4" | – |- |Y+30 |4th, 87th, 8th Infantry Divisions |86th, 44th, 5th Infantry Divisions | – |- |Y+35 | colspan="2" |(Hali sa Pangkagabsan na Reserba) |2nd, 28th, 35th Infantry Divisions, 11th Airborne Division |- |Y+60 | colspan="3" |(Rear Echelon) |- | rowspan="3" |Pagkatapos kan Y+60 | colspan="3" |(Hali sa Estratehikong Reserba ) |95th, 104th, 91st Infantry Divisions |10th Mountain Division, 5 unnamed Armored Divisions, 11 unnamed Infantry Divisions<ref>History of Planning Division, ASF vol. 6 part 1 p. 29</ref> |3rd UK Division, 6th Canadian Division, 10th Australian Division, 2nd New Zealand Division, 1 unnamed Australian Division |- ! colspan="3" |25 Divisions ! colspan="3" |25 Divisions |- ! colspan="3" |1,171,646 men (kab. 11th AB Div. (8,556) asin 81,002 iba pa hali sa Kyushu) !120,000 na mga lalake !735,000 na mga lalake<ref name=":1" /> !200,000 na mga lalake |} ==Apendise 2: Mga plano sa pagkonsentrar kan pwersa sa daga na nagkokontra== {| class="wikitable" |+Olimpiko (sa Habagatan na Kyushu sana) !Petsa !E.U. !Hapon |- |X to X+7 |12 divisions, 2 RCTs |6 divisions |- |X+7 to X+14 |13 divisions, 2 RCTs |12 divisions |- |Katapusan |13 divisions, 2 RCTs |17 divisions<ref>[https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/Pearl%20Talk/The-Japanese-Plans-for-the-Defense-of-Kyushu.pdf Japanese Plans for the Defense of Kyushu] p. 11. Retrieved January 15, 2024</ref> |- |Kusog kan tawuhan |815,548 (kabali an 40th Division) |990,000 (Suldados sana)<ref>Hattori, "Japan at War"</ref> |} ''Rumdumon: huring bilang nin mga tawuhan na 815,548 na kinua sa nainot na dokumentasyon; kabali an mga 90,000 na lalaki (11th Airborne Division asin 81,000 iba pa) na ibabalyo sa Honshu.'' {| class="wikitable" |+Coronet !Petsa !Alyado !Hapon |- |Y-Day |15 divisions |20 divisions |- |Y+30 |25 divisions |28–33 divisions |- |Katapusan |50 divisions |28–33 divisions{{sfn|Giangreco|2009}}{{pn|date=August 2025}} |- |Kusog kan tawuhan |2,220,000 |1,280,000 (Soldados sana)<ref>Hattori, "Japan at War"</ref> |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mga Pwersa sa Daga kan Naval kan Hapon<ref name="Japanese Monograph No. 85 p. 24">[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/pdfs/JM-85/JM-85.pdf Japanese Monograph No. 85], p. 24. Retrieved August 23, 2015.</ref> !Kinamumugtakan !Mga batalyon ! Kusog kan Tawuhan |- |Rawis nin Miura (Lugar nin Coronet) |12 |20,000 |- |Lugar kan Base nin Naval kan Sasebo (Lugar nin Olimpiko) |10 |16,000 |- |Lugar kan Base nin Naval kan Kure (Hiroshima) |6 |10,000 |- |Habagatan-Sulnopan na Shikoku |6 |10,000 |- |Lugar kan Base nin Naval kan Maizuru |6 |10,000 |- |Rawis nin Shimokita (N. Honshu) |6 |9,000 |- |Distrito nin bantay sa hukbong dagat kan Chinkai |3 |3,000 |- |Kabilugan |49 |78,000 |} ''Minsan ngani an Japanese Navy igwa nin labing 1 milyon na mga tawohan sa Home Islands kan Agosto 1945, mayo pang 100,000 an talagang naorganisar sa mga yunit nin pakikipaglaban sa daga. An mga pwersa sa daga pigbugtak arog kan nasa itaas, tanganing ibugtak sa irarom kan taktikal na pagboot kan Hokbo sa panahon kan mga operasyon sa pakikipaglaban.'' ==Hilingon man== * [[1945 (nobela ni Conroy)|''1945'']] – Alternatibong nobelang kasaysayan ni [[Robert Conroy]] na naglaladawan kan Operation Downfall * ''[[The Burning Mountain]]'' – Alternatibong nobela sa kasaysayan ni Alfred Coppel na naglaladawan kan operasyon sa pag-abot kan sarong palpak na [[Manhattan Project]] * [[Operation Causeway]] – An planong pagsalakay kan mga Amerikano sa [[Taiwan]] na sinasakop kan mga Hapon, sa [[Kinmen|Kinmen Islands]] asin [[Xiamen Bay]] sa [[Mainland China]]. * [[Operation Sea Lion]] – An planong pagsakyada kan mga Aleman sa [[Reino Unido]] * [[Operation Unthinkable]] – Mga plano kan Britanya sa kasabay na panahon para sa gera laban sa [[Unyon Sobyet]] * [[Gubat kan Sobyet–Hapon]] * [[Labanan sa Okinawa]] ==Mga tala== {{notelist}} ===Mga toltolan=== {{Reflist | refs = <ref name="MacEachin p16"> {{harvnb|MacEachin|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613041811/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/the-final-months-of-the-war-with-japan-signals-intelligence-u-s-invasion-planning-and-the-a-bomb-decision/pg16.gif 16] ([[Graphics Interchange Format|GIF]])|loc=Figure 2}}, Estimated Japanese Dispositions on Kyushu, July 9, 1945. </ref> <ref name="MacEachin p18"> {{harvnb|MacEachin|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613041825/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/the-final-months-of-the-war-with-japan-signals-intelligence-u-s-invasion-planning-and-the-a-bomb-decision/pg18.gif 18] (GIF)|loc=Figure 3}}, Estimated Japanese Dispositions on Kyushu, August 2, 1945. </ref> <ref name="Perret 1991"> {{harvnb|Perret}}, as cited in: {{harvnb|Silkett|p=119}} </ref> }} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Thomas B. |last2=Polmar |first2=Norman |title=Code-Name Downfall: The Secret Plan to Invade Japan-And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb |url=https://archive.org/details/codenamedownfall00alle |date=1995 |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0684804064}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Bauer | first1 = Jack | last2 = Coox | first2 = Alvin D. | author-link2 = Alvin Coox | date = August 1965 | title = Olympic ''vs'' Ketsu-Go | journal = Marine Corps Gazette | volume = 49 | issue = 8 | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/war.term/olympic.html | ref = {{sfnRef|Bauer & Coox}} }} * {{Cite book |last=Brower |first=Charles F. |title=Defeating Japan: the joint chiefs of staff and strategy in the Pacific War, 1943 - 1945 |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-02522-7 |edition=1st |location=Basingstoke}} * {{cite book | last = Coffey | first = Thomas M. | year = 1988 | title = Iron Eagle: The Turbulent Life of General Curtis LeMay | publisher = Avon Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-380-70480-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2KCZAAAAIAAJ | ref = {{sfnRef|Coffey}} }} * {{cite book | last = Day | first = David | author-link = David Day (historian) | year = 1992 | title = Reluctant Nation: Australia and the Allied Defeat of Japan, 1942–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/reluctantnationa0000dayd | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-19-553242-5 | ref = {{sfnRef|Day}}}} * {{cite book |last=Dower |first=John W. |authorlink=John W. Dower |title=War Without Mercy: Race & Power In the Pacific War |year=1986 |edition=1993 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company|W. W. Norton & Co.]] |isbn=0-394-75172-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/warwithoutmercy00john_0/page/n1/mode/2up }} * {{cite book | last = Drea | first = Edward J. | year = 1998 | chapter = Japanese Preparations for the Defense of the Homeland & Intelligence Forecasting for the Invasion of Japan | title = In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | location = Nebraska | isbn = 978-0-8032-1708-9 | ref = {{sfnRef|Drea}}}} * {{cite book | last = Feifer | first = George | year = 2001 | title = The Battle of Okinawa: The Blood and the Bomb | url = https://archive.org/details/battleofokinawab0000feif | location = Guilford, CT | publisher = The Lyons Press | isbn = 978-1-58574-215-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Feifer}}}} * {{cite book | last = Frank | first = Richard B. | author-link = Richard B. Frank | year = 1999 | title = Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire | url = https://archive.org/details/downfallendofimp00fran | publisher = Random House | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-41424-7 | ref = {{sfnRef|Frank}}}} * {{cite book |last=Giangreco |first=Dennis M. |year=2009 |title=Hell to Pay: Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan, 1945–1947 |url=https://archive.org/details/helltopayoperati0000gian_p8r8 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=978-1-59114-316-1 }} * {{cite web |last1=Giangreco |first1=Dennis M. |author-mask=3 |last2=Moore |first2=Kathryn |date=December 1, 2003 |title=Are New Purple Hearts Being Manufactured to Meet the Demand? |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1801.html |publisher=History News Network |access-date=December 4, 2006 |ref={{sfnRef|Giangreco & Moore}} }} * {{cite journal|last1=Giangreco|first1=Dennis M.|title=Casualty Projections for the U.S. Invasions of Japan, 1945–1946: Planning and Policy Implications|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_1997-07_61_3/page/521|journal=[[Journal of Military History]]|date=July 1997|volume=61|issue=3|pages=521–81|doi=10.2307/2954035|jstor=2954035}} * {{cite journal | last = Glantz | first = David | date =Spring 1995 | title = The Soviet Invasion of Japan | journal = Quarterly Journal of Military History | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | ref = {{sfnRef|Glantz}}}} * {{cite book | last = Horner | first = David | year = 1982 | title = High Command | publisher = Allen & Unwin | location = Sydney | isbn = 978-0-86861-076-4 | ref = {{sfnRef|Horner}}}} * {{cite web | last = MacEachin | first = Douglas J. | date = December 1998 | title = The Final Months of the War With Japan: Signals Intelligence, U.S. Invasion Planning, and the A-Bomb Decision | publisher = [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Center for the Study of Intelligence | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/the-final-months-of-the-war-with-japan-signals-intelligence-u-s-invasion-planning-and-the-a-bomb-decision/csi9810001.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070612220627/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/the-final-months-of-the-war-with-japan-signals-intelligence-u-s-invasion-planning-and-the-a-bomb-decision/csi9810001.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 12, 2007 | access-date = October 4, 2007 | ref = {{sfnRef|MacEachin}} }} * {{Cite book |last=Matloff |first=Maurice |date=1953 |title=US Army in WWII: Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943-1944 |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic2/USA-WD-Strategic2-14.html#fn3 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website= |publisher=Center of Military History, Department of the Army}} * {{cite book | last1 = Murray | first1 = Williamson | last2 = Millet | first2 = Alan | year = 2000 | title = A War To Be Won | url = https://archive.org/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_0 | url-access = registration | publisher = Belknap Press | isbn = 0674006801 }} * {{cite book | last = Nichols | first = Kenneth | author-link = Kenneth Nichols | year = 1987 | title = The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made | url = https://archive.org/details/roadtotrinity0000nich | publisher = Morrow | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-688-06910-0 | ref = {{sfnRef|Nichols}}}} * {{cite book | last = Perret | first = Geoffrey | author-link = Geoffrey Perret | year = 1991 | title = There's A War to be Won | url = https://archive.org/details/thereswartobewon0000perr_g1p4 | url-access = registration | publisher = Random House | location = New York | isbn = 9780394578316 | ref = {{sfnRef|Perret}} }} * {{cite journal | last = Silkett | first = Wayne A | year = 1994 | issue = Autumn | title = Downfall: The Invasion that Never Was | url = http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/Articles/1994/1994%20silkett.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100608011826/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Parameters/Articles/1994/1994%20silkett.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 8, 2010 | access-date = September 5, 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Silkett}} | journal= The US Army War College Quarterly}} * {{cite book | last = Skates | first = John Ray | year = 1994 | title = The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb | publisher = University of South Carolina Press | location = Columbia, SC | isbn = 978-0-87249-972-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cJLtAAAAMAAJ | ref = {{sfnRef|Skates}} }} * {{cite book | last = Spector | first = Ronald H. | author-link = Ronald H. Spector | year = 1985 | title = Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan | publisher = Random House | isbn = 978-0-394-74101-7 | ref = {{sfnRef|Spector}} | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/eagleagainstsuna0000spec }} * {{cite web | last1 = Sutherland | first1 = Richard K. | author-link = Richard K. Sutherland | date = May 28, 1945 | title = "Downfall": Strategic Plan for Operations in the Japanese Archipelago | via = ABCM Education | url = https://abmceducation.org/sites/default/files/3397.pdf | access-date = September 11, 2021 | ref = {{sfnRef|Sutherland}} | display-authors = etal | archive-date = September 23, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210923182755/https://abmceducation.org/sites/default/files/3397.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last = Thomas | first = Evan |date=March 2007 | title = The Last Kamikaze | journal = World War II Magazine | page = 28 }} * {{cite book | last = Tillman | first = Barrett | year = 2007 | title = LeMay | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4039-7135-7 | page = [https://archive.org/details/lemay00till/page/224 224] | url = https://archive.org/details/lemay00till/page/224 }} * {{cite book |title=Reports of General MacArthur: the Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific |volume=1 |date=1994 |publisher=Facsimile |lccn=66-60005 |chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/macarthur%20reports/macarthur%20v1/ch13.htm |access-date=January 26, 2023 |chapter=XIII "Downfall" |ref={{harvid|MacArthur}} |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817171601/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch13.htm |url-status=dead }} {{refend}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== * [[K. Jack Bauer|Bauer, K. Jack]], "''[http://www.ww2pacific.com/downfall.html Operation Downfall: Olympic, Coronet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924073513/http://www.ww2pacific.com/downfall.html |date=2017-09-24 }}; World War II in the Pacific, The Invasion of Japan''". ww2pacific.com. * General Headquarters US Army Forces in the Pacific, "''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Downfall_strategic_plan,_G-2_estimate_of_the_enemy_situation..pdf "Downfall" Strategic Plan - G-2 estimate of the enemy situation]''" "''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Staff_study_operations_Olympic.pdf Staff Study Operations - Olympic]''" "''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Staff_study_operations_Coronet.pdf Staff Study Operations - Coronet]''" (American plans for the invasion of Japan) * Hoyt, Austin, ''[[American Experience]]'': ''[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pacific/ Victory in the Pacific] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412145821/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pacific/ |date=April 12, 2010 }}''; [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] documentary. * Japanese Monograph No. 23, "[http://www.warbirdforum.com/invasion.htm Waiting for the invasion]" (notes on Japanese preparations for an American invasion) * Pearlman, Michael D., "[https://web.archive.org/web/20201102043926/https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/Pearlman.pdf ''Unconditional Surrender, Demobilization, and the Atomic Bomb'']"; Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1996. * {{Citation | last = White | first = HV | url = http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/1148/rec/14 | title = The Japanese Plans for the Defense of Kyushu; 31 December 1945 | type = link to PDF | publisher = OCLC}}. {{Cold War}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Downfall}} f3h4uew25ggu0pbpwiyb8njsmchm1nl 0 54288 309620 295483 2026-08-23T20:57:23Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|56|0}} [[Eocene]] to Present<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sepkoski |first=J. |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |date=2002 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |archive-date=2011-07-23 }}</ref> | image = Lespl_u0.gif | image_caption = ''Eubleekeria splendens'' | taxon = Leiognathidae | authority = [[Theodore Nicholas Gill|T. N. Gill]], 1893<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue =2 | pages = 001–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = see text | type_species = ''[[Leiognathus equulus|Leiognathus argenteus]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1802<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family | family = Leiognathidae | access-date = 18 November 2020}}</ref> }} An '''sapsap''' an '''mga ponyfish''', '''slipmouth''' o '''slimys''' sarong sadit na pamilya nin '''Leiognathidae''' mga sira sa orden [[Perciformes]]. Nag-eerok sinda sa dagat asin maasin na katubigan sa [[Kadagatang Indyan]] asin [[Solnopan na Pasipiko]].<ref name=FB/> ==Mga species== * Genus ''[[Gazza (genus)|Gazza]]'' Rüppell, 1835 ** [[Smalltoothed ponyfish]], ''[[Gazza achlamys]]'' <small>Jordan & Starks, 1917</small>. ** [[Ovoid toothpony]], ''[[Gazza dentex]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small>. ** [[Toothpony]], ''[[Gazza minuta]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1795)</small>. ** [[Rhomboid toothpony]], ''[[Gazza rhombea]]'' <small>Kimura, Yamashita & Iwatsuki, 2000</small>. ** [[Scaled belly toothpony]], ''[[Gazza squamiventralis]]'' <small>Yamashita & Kimura, 2001</small>. * Genus ''[[Leiognathus]]'' Lacépède, 1802 ** [[Golden ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus aureus]]'' <small>Abe & Haneda, 1972</small>. ** [[Berber ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus berbis]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small>. ** [[Orangefin ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus bindus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small>. ** [[Twoblotch ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus blochii]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small>. ** [[Shortnose ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus brevirostris]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small>. ** [[Goldstripe ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus daura]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829)</small>. ** [[Decorated ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus decorus]]'' <small>(De Vis, 1884)</small>. ** [[Dussumier's ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus dussumieri]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small>. ** [[Slender ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus elongatus]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1874)</small>. ** [[Common ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus equulus]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small>. ** [[Striped ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus fasciatus]]'' <small>([[Bernard Germain Étienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1803)</small>. ** [[Hatai's ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus hataii]]'' <small>Abe & Haneda, 1972</small>. ** ''[[Leiognathus klunzingeri]]'' <small>(Steindachner, 1898)</small>. ** ''[[Leiognathus kupanensis]]'' <small>Kimura & Peristiwady, 2005</small>.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ichthyological Research | id = {{doi|10.1007/s10228-005-0283-5}} | volume = 52 | issue = 3 | year = 2005 | pages = 275–291 | title = The ''Leiognathus splendens'' complex (Perciformes: Leiognathidae) with the description of a new species, ''Leiognathus kupanensis'' Kimura and Peristiwady | url = https://archive.org/details/ichthyological-research_2005-08-25_52_3/page/275 | author = Seishi Kimura, Takahiro Ito, Teguh Peristiwady, Yukio Iwatsuki, Tetsuo Yoshino and Paul V. Dunlap}}</ref> ** [[Whipfin ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus leuciscus]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1860)</small>. ** [[Ornate ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus lineolatus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small>. ** ''[[Leiognathus longispinis]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small>. ** [[Moreton Bay ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus moretoniensis]]'' <small>[[William Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1912</small>. ** [[Spotnape ponyfish]] ''[[Leiognathus nuchalis]]'' <small>([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1845)</small>. ** [[Oblong ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus oblongus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small>. ** ''[[Leiognathus pan]]'' <small>Wongratana, 1988</small>. ** [[Panay ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus panayensis]]'' <small>Kimura & Dunlap, 2003</small>. ** ''[[Leiognathus parviceps]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small>. ** [[Rapson's ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus rapsoni]]'' <small>Munro, 1964</small>. ** [[Slimy offshore ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus rivulatus]]'' <small>([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1845)</small>. ** [[Smithurst's ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus smithursti]]'' <small>(Ramsay & [[William Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1886)</small>. ** ''[[Leiognathus spilotus]]'' <small>Fowler, 1904</small>. ** [[Splendid ponyfish]], ''[[Leiognathus splendens]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829)</small>. ** [[Oblong slipmouth]], ''[[Leiognathus stercorarius]]'' <small>Evermann & Seale, 1907</small>. ** ''[[Leiognathus striatus]]'' <small>James & Badrudeen, 1991</small>. * Genus ''[[Secutor (genus)|Secutor]]'' Gistel, 1848 ** ''[[Secutor hanedai]]'' <small>Mochizuki & Hayashi, 1989</small>. ** ''[[Secutor indicius]]'' <small>Monkolprasit, 1973</small>. ** [[Pugnose ponyfish]], ''[[Secutor insidiator]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1787)</small>. ** ''[[Secutor interruptus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small>. ** ''[[Secutor megalolepis]]'' <small>Mochizuki & Hayashi, 1989</small>. ** [[Deep pugnose ponyfish]], ''[[Secutor ruconius]]'' <small>(Hamilton, 1822)</small>. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga sira]] o7bki2h26u1ab83zwox6zun110z0bxs 0 54410 309808 296353 2026-08-23T23:59:09Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = ''Spermophilus'' | fossil_range = Middle [[Miocene]] - Recent | image = Spermophilus major 203118140.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Spermophilus major]]'' | taxon = Spermophilus | authority = [[Frederic Cuvier|F. Cuvier]], 1825 | type_species = ''[[European ground squirrel|Mus citellus]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Linnaeus]], [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|1766]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = See text.<!-- A list of sensu stricto species will be added after genus articles are started --> }} An '''''Spermophilus''''' sarong genus nin mga [[squirrel]] sa daga sa pamilya nin mga '''Sciuridae'''.<ref>{{MSW3|id=12400978}}</ref> Siring sa tradisyonal na kahulugan an genus mayaman sa mga species, na minapoon sa [[Europa]], [[Asya]] asin [[Amerika del Norte]], alagad an areglong ini nakuang paraphyletic sa mga talagang laen na [[prairie dog]], [[marmot]], asin [[antelope squirrel]]. Bilang resulta, an gabos na dating klase nin ''Spermophilus'' kan Amerika del Norte ibinalyo sa ibang mga genera, na binabayaan an mga klase nin Europa asin Asya bilang tunay na ''Spermophilus'' (an mga eksepsyon sana iyo an duwang Asyanong ''Urocitellus'').<ref>{{cite journal | author = Helgen Kristofer M | display-authors = etal | year = 2009 | title = Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2009-04_90_2/page/270 | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 90 | issue = 2| pages = 270–305 | doi = 10.1644/07-mamm-a-309.1 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==Mga species== * ''[[Spermophilus adocetus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus alashanicus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus annulatus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus armatus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus atricapillus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus beecheyi]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus beldingi]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus brunneus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus canus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus citellus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus columbianus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus dauricus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus elegans]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus erythrogenys]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus franklinii]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus fulvus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus lateralis]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus madrensis]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus major]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus mexicanus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus mohavensis]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus mollis]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus musicus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus parryii]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus perotensis]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus pygmaeus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus relictus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus richardsonii]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus saturatus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus spilosoma]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus suslicus]] '' * ''[[Spermophilus taurensis]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus tereticaudus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus townsendii]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus tridecemlineatus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus undulatus]]'' * ''[[Spermophilus variegatus]]'' ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 2wv0fdzghiwdk1jeeyappt1cviajtv0 0 54582 309649 297794 2026-08-23T21:25:41Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Biograpiya ni Gordon S. Seagrave}} {{italic title}} An '''''Burma Surgeon''''' sarong biograpikong pagkasaysay kan doktor na si [[Gordon S. Seagrave]] na nag-iistorya kan saiyang beynte taon na eksperyensya sa [[Myanmar|Burma]] na may gera.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Goette|first=John|date=1943-08-08|title=A SURGEON IN THE JUNGLE; An American Medical Missionary Describes His Twenty Years' Practice in Peace and War BURMA SURGEON. By Gordon S. Seagrave, Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, U.S.A. 295 pp. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. $3. Surgeon in the Jungle (Published 1943)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1943/08/08/archives/a-surgeon-in-the-jungle-an-american-medical-missionary-describes.html|access-date=2021-02-01|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ipinublikar ini kan [[W. W. Norton & Company]] kan 1943.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reviewed Work: Burma Surgeon by Gordon S. Seagrave|author=C. P.|journal=[[Far Eastern Survey]]|volume= 12|issue=18|date=September 8, 1943|page= 184|doi=10.2307/3022701|jstor=3022701}}</ref> Si Seagrave dai naghale sa nasyon kan siya nagkaigwa nin pagkakataon huli ta narealisar niya na an rehiyon nakadepende saiya para sa pag-ataman sa salud. Kan huri siya kinasuhan nin pagtraydor kan an rebeldeng grupo ni Kachin Lieutenant Naw Seng nagtukaw sa kapangyarihan. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-17|title=On This Day {{!}} The Day When a US Medic was Jailed in Myanmar for Treason|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/on-this-day/day-us-medic-jailed-myanmar-treason.html|access-date=2021-02-01|website=The Irrawaddy|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1946-10-12|title=Burma Surgeon Returns|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/289021|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|language=en|volume=132|issue=6|pages=357–358|doi=10.1001/jama.1946.02870410045027|issn=0002-9955|url-access=subscription}}</ref> An Burma Surgeons iyo an saiyang ikatolong libro. Kan huri nagpublikar man siya nin saro pang libro na Burma surgeon returns.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trove|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9245968|access-date=2021-02-01|website=trove.nla.gov.au}}</ref> == Kritikal na pag-ako == Si Jean C. Sabine positibong pigrepaso an libro sa ''[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]]'', na inaapod ining "makusog, mapag-oolay na istorya" kan mga dekada nang eksperyensya ni Seagrave.<ref name=sabine>{{cite journal|title=Reviewed Work: Burma Surgeon by Gordon S. Seagrave|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_1944-01_15_1/page/141|first=Jean C.|last=Sabine|journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]]|volume= 15|issue=1|date=January 1944|pages=141–142 }}</ref> == Pagsunod asin pag-adaptar == Sarong kasunod na libro, ''[[Burma Surgeon Returns]]'', an ipinublikar kan W. W. Norton & Company kan 1946.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reviewed Work: Burma Surgeon Returns by Gordon S. Seagrave|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-medicine-and-allied-sciences_autumn-1949_4_4/page/486|first=Edward H.|last=Hume|journal=[[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]]|volume= 4|issue=4|date=1949|pages=486–487|doi=10.1093/jhmas/IV.4.486}}</ref>An libro pig-adaptar man sa sarong podcast na may titulong ''The Cavalcade of America: "Burma Surgeon"'' ni Milton Wayne asin Robert Richard kan 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cavalcade of America: "Burma Surgeon" {{!}} AU Digital Research Archive|url=https://auislandora-stage.wrlc.org/islandora/object/hickman:188?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=8723339b36c7a80a7f20&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=3&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=18|access-date=2021-02-01|website=auislandora-stage.wrlc.org}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mga toltolan == {{Reflist|30em}} sj1ctkcbtlghqye8pt06jplv4yq9vo7 0 54681 309575 297931 2026-08-23T20:19:21Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|136.4|0|ref=<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sepkoski |first=Jack |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry) |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |date=2002 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510170834/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class |archivedate=2012-05-10 }}</ref>}} <small>Early [[Cenomanian]] to Present</small> | image = Common stingray tynemouth.jpg | image_caption = [[Common stingray|Common stingray (''D. pastinaca'')]] | taxon = Dasyatis | authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810 | type_species = ''[[Dasyatis pastinaca|Dasyatis ujo]]'' | type_species_authority = Rafinesque, 1810 | synonyms = {{genus list |Amphotistius |Garman, 1913 |Anacanthus |Cuvier, 1829 (ex Ehrenberg) |Dasyatus | ([[lapsus]]) |Dasybatus |Garman (ex Klein), 1885 |Dasybatus |Klein, 1775 |Desyatis | ([[lapsus]]) |Pastinaca |Swainson, 1838 |Trygon |Cuvier (ex Adanson), 1816 |Trygonobatus |Blainville, 1816 |Urolophoides |Lindberg, 1930}} | synonyms_ref = <ref name=WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS|author=Bailly, Nicolas|year=2014|id=105751|title=''Dasyatis'' Rafinesque, 1810|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref> }} An '''''Dasyatis''''' ([[Tataramon na Griego|Griego]] δασύς ''dasýs'' na boot sabihon magaspang o mahibog asin βατίς ''batís'' na boot sabihon skate) sarong genus nin stingray sa pamilyang [[Dasyatidae]] na tubong [[Atlantiko]], kaiba an [[Mediteraneo]]. Sa sarong rebisyon sa taksonomiya kan 2016, kadaklan sa mga species na dating itinalaga sa ''Dasyatis'' itinalaga giraray sa ibang mga genera (''Bathytoshia'', ''Fontitrygon'', ''Hemitrygon'', ''Hypanus'', ''Megatrygon'' asin ''Telatrygon'').<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Last, P.R. |author2=Naylor, G.J. |author3=Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. |year=2016 |title=A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4139 |issue=3 |pages=345–368 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2 |pmid=27470808}}</ref> ==Mga species== *''[[Blue stingray|Dasyatis chrysonota]]'' <small>[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|A. Smith]], 1828</small> (blue stingray) *''[[Giant stumptail stingray|Dasyatis gigantea]]'' <small>([[Georgii Ustinovich Lindberg|Lindberg]], 1930)</small> (giant stumptail stingray) *''[[Groovebelly stingray|Dasyatis hypostigma]]'' <small>[[Hugo Ricardo Secioso Santos|H. R. S. Santos]] & [[Marcelo Rodrigues de Carvalho|M. R. de Carvalho]], 2004</small> (groovebelly stingray) *''[[Dasyatis marmorata]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1892</small> (marbled stingray) *''[[Common stingray|Dasyatis pastinaca]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> (common stingray) *''[[Tortonese's stingray|Dasyatis tortonesei]]'' <small>[[Christian Capapé|Capapé]], 1975</small> (Tortonese's stingray) Mga klase nin fossil, datos gikan sa Fossilworks<ref>{{fossilworks |id=34729 |title= ''Dasyatis'' Rafinesque 1810 (ray)|date=10 July 2023}}</ref> {{columns-list|colwidth=15em|{{linked species list |{{Extinct}} ''[[Dasyatis africana]]'' |[[Camille Arambourg|Arambourg]], 1948<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.1993.tb01542.x |author=Feibel, C.S. |title=Freshwater stingrays from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_lethaia_1993-12_26_4/page/359 |journal=Lethaia |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=359–366 |year=1993}}</ref> or Dartevelle and Casier, 1959 |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis borodini| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis branisai| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis carolinensis| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis cavernosa| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis charlisae| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis concavifoveus| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis dezignoi| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis gigas| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis hexagonalis| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis molassicus| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis molinoensis| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis probsti| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis rafinesquei| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis rugosa| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis russelli| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis schaefferi| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis serralheiroi| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis sessaoensis| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis strangulata| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis tetraedra| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis vicaryi| |{{Extinct}} Dasyatis wochadunensis| }} }} ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 6o7ovxd0ge6txeodc5mar1h1chqrkzn 0 54812 309747 308670 2026-08-23T23:07:39Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|text = [[Bukid Huoyan|Bukid nin Kalayo]] o [[Bukid na Nasusulo]]}} {{Short description|Kabukidan sa Xinjiang, Tsina}} [[File:Turpan-flaming-mountains-d02.jpg|thumb|300px|An Naglalaad na mga Bukid]] An '''Naglalaad na mga Bukid''' o sa Ingles '''Flaming Mountains''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|火|焰|山}}|p=huǒyànshān}}) o '''mga Bukid nin''' '''Huoyan''', mga baog, naubos, pulang mga bulod na [[gapong balas]] sa [[Tian Shan]] kan [[Xinjiang]]. Yaon sinda harani sa amihana na gilid kan [[Disyerto nin Taklamakan]] asin sa sirangan kan syudad nin [[Turpan]]. An saindang nakakabiglang [[gullies|mga bangin]] asin mga [[trinsera]] na kawsa kan pag-ubos kan pulang gapong pundasyon nin gapong balas nagtatao sa mga bukid nin naglalaad na itsura sa nagkapirang oras kan aldaw. An kabukidan ''posibleng'' {{Convert|100|km|mi|-1}} an laba asin {{Convert|5|-|10|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} an lakbang, na minabalyo sa Turpan Depression poon sirangan pasiring sa sulnopan. An kabilugan na langkaw kan Naglalaad na mga Bukid iyo an {{Convert|500|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}, na an nagkapirang alitoktok minaabot sa {{Convert|800|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}. An klima sa kabukidan maringis, na an temperatura sa tig-init parateng nag-iitaas nin labi-labi. An saro sa pinakadakulang termometro sa Tsina nakadispley sa kataid kan bukid, na nagsusubaybay kan temperatura kan daga sa palibot. Ini sarong sikat na lugar para sa mga turista. An nagkapirang importanteng mga tada nin palaeontolohiya nakua sa lugar, hilingon an halimbawa. [[Lianmuqin Formation]] asin [[Subashi Formation]]. ==Dalan nin Seda== [[File:Tien shan sat.jpg|thumb|200px|right|An [[Tian Shan]] na may Naglalaad na Kabukidan sa ibaba]] [[File:Turpan-bezeklik-desierto-d06.jpg|thumb|200px|right|An [[Sangribong Lungib ni Buddha sa Bezeklik]] sa mga bangin sa irarom kan Naglalaad na mga Bukid]] Kan suanoy na mga panahon, an mga negosyanteng negosyante na nagbabaklay sa [[Ruta nin Seda]] sa [[Habagatan-Subangan na Asya]] naglilikay sa kabukidan paagi sa pagpondo sa mga banwaan nin oasis, arog kan [[Gaochang]], na itinogdok sa gilid kan disyerto sa pamitisan kan Naglalaad na Kabukidan asin harani sa sarong importanteng agihan sa bukid. An mga banwaan na oasis nagin mga pahingaloan para sa mga nagbibiyaheng mga negosyante. An mga misyonerong Budista parateng iniibanan an mga negosyante sa sibot na internasyonal na mga [[ruta nin negosyo]]. Durante kan panahon na ini an komersyo nag-uswag sa Ruta nin Seda. An mga monasteryo asin templo nin Budista itinogdok sa sibot na mga sentro nin negosyo asin sa harayong mga lugar sa kabukidan.<ref name="keay">{{cite book | last =Keay | first =John | title =India: A History | url =https://archive.org/details/indiahistoryfrom0000unse | publisher =Grove Press | date =2000 | location =New York | pages = [https://archive.org/details/indiahistoryfrom0000unse/page/103 103], 124–27 | isbn = 0-8021-3797-0 }}</ref><ref name="cambridge1">{{cite book | first=Patricia | last=Ebrey | year=2006 | title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China | publisher=Cambridge University Press | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0/page/106 106]&ndash;7, 202 | isbn=0-521-43519-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0 | url-access=registration }}</ref> An [[Sangribong Lungib ni Buddha sa Bezeklik]] na lugar yaon sa sarong lungib sa irarom kan mga bangin kan nga Naglalaad na mga Bukid harani sa agihan kan Gaochang. Ini sarong komplikado nin pitumpolong Budista na mga grotto sa kuweba na nagpoon kan ika-5 sagkod ika-9 na siglo CE, na kadaklan igwa nin rinibong mga [[mural]] ni [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.showcaves.com/english/cn/misc/Bezeklik.html |title=Bizaklik Thousand Buddha Caves |publisher=showcaves.com |access-date=2007-09-19 }} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/xinjiang/turpan/bizaklik.htm |title=Bizaklik Thousand Buddha Caves |publisher=travelchinaguide |access-date=2007-09-19 }} </ref> ==Kasikatan sa literatura== An Flaming Mountains nag-ako kan saindang pangaran gikan sa sarong pantasya na istorya nin sarong Budista [[monghe]], na may kaibang sarong Monkey King na may mahiwason na kapangyarihan. An monghe nakasabat sa sarong lanob nin mga laad sa saiyang pag-pilgrimage pasiring sa [[India]] sa popular na nobelang ika-16 na siglo na ''[[Pagbaklay pasiring sa Sulnopan]]'' kan parasurat kan dinastiyang Ming, [[Wu Cheng'en]].<ref name="cambridge">{{cite book | first=Patricia | last=Ebrey | year=2006 | title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China | publisher=Cambridge University Press | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0/page/202 202] | isbn=0-521-43519-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0 | url-access=registration }}</ref> The novel is an embellished description of the monk [[Xuanzang]] who traveled to India in 627 CE to obtain [[Buddhist scripture]]s and went through a pass in the Tien Shan after leaving Gaochang.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cis.umassd.edu/~gleung/cawfo/conf16.htm |title = The Third Cross-Strait Conference — Post-conference Tour to the Flaming Mountains |publisher = University of Massachusetts.edu |access-date = 2007-09-18 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070220235339/http://www.cis.umassd.edu/~gleung/cawfo/conf16.htm |archive-date = 2007-02-20 }} </ref> ==Mitolohiya== Susog sa klasikal na nobelang ''[[Journey to the West]]'', an [[Sun Wukong|Monkey King]] nagmukna nin kariribokan sa kalangitan asin tinumba an sarong [[kiln]] na pagsasadiri ni [[Taishang Laojun|Laozi]], na nagin dahelan kan paghulog nin mga sulo hale sa kalangitan pasiring sa lugar kun sain an Naglalaad na mga Bukid ngunyan yaon. An [[Prinsesa nin Bakal na Kayab]] igwa kan mahiwason na Bakal na Kayab, asin ginamit ini tanganing mahale an kalayo sa Naglalaad na mga Bukid, dawa ngani nin huli ta sarong beses sana siyang nagkayab kada beses, ini mahahali sana sa laog nin sarong taon, bago magpoon giraray an kalayo. An mga peregrino nakakasabat nin sarong labi-labing maringis na hanay nin mga bukid na bulkan asin makakaagi sana kun an mga bulkan magin inaktibo. An saiyang bentilador, na gibo sa dahon nin batag, labi-labi kadakula asin igwa nin mahiwason na mga propyedad, ta ini nakakagibo nin higanteng mga alimpulos. Gamit an bentahang ini, ginibo niya an mga residente na harani duman na igalang siya bilang saindang diyosa, asin kaipuhan nindang tawan siya nin kakanon kun gusto nindang masolusyunan niya an saindang problema manungod sa Naglalaad na Kabukidan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chen |first1=Fan Pen Li |title=Chinese Shadow Theatre: History, Popular Religion, and Women Warriors |date=2007 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-3197-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZu9Cje8TfkC&q=Princess+Iron+Fan+deity&pg=PA109 |language=en}}</ref> Sa sarong osipon na [[mga Uyghur|Uyghur]], sarong [[dragon kan Intsik|dragon]] an nag-eerok sa Kabukidan nin Tian Shan. Huli ta an dragon nagkakakan nin saradit na aki, sarong Uyghur na bayani an ginadan an dragon asin pinutol ini sa walong pidaso. An dugo kan dragon nagin eskarlatang bukid nin dugo asin an walong pidaso nagin walong kababan sa Naglalaad na Bukid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/xinjiang/turpan/mt_flaming.htm |title=The Flaming Mountains (Huo Yan Shan) |publisher=travelchinaguide.com |access-date=2007-09-21 }}</ref> ==Klima== An radiometrikong temperatura kan ibabaw kan daga na {{convert|66.8|C|F}} sinukol sa paagi nin satelayt kan 2008.<ref name=lst>{{cite journal|title=Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society_2011-07_92_7/page/855|date=July 2011|doi=10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1|volume=92|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|pages=855–860|doi-access=free|last3=Running|first3=Steven W.|last2=Zhao|first2=Maosheng|last1=Mildrexler|first1=David J.|issue=7|bibcode=2011BAMS...92..855M}}</ref> Ini an pinakahalangkaw na naitalang temperatura sa ibabaw kan daga sa Kinaban para sa partikular na taon na idto.<ref name=lst/> ==Mga tala== <references/> ==Mga panluwas na takod== {{commons|Flaming mountains}} *[http://www.synaptic.bc.ca/gallery/firem001.htm Retrato kan Naglalaad na mga Bukid] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070807095901/http://library.thinkquest.org/20443/xinjiang.html Xinjiang] *[http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/xinjiang/turpan/gaochang.htm Gaochang] *[http://www.china-tour.cn/Xinjiang/Xinjiang-Travel-Guide.htm#People An Xinjiang istaran kan 47 etnikong grupo] *[http://www.china-tour.cn/Xining/Xining-Travel/ Xinjiang Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802110342/http://www.china-tour.cn/Xining/Xining-Travel |date=2009-08-02 }} *[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160315145428/http://www.ess.uci.edu/%7Eoliver/silk2.html An mga Bezeklik Grottoes sa Naglalaad na Kabukidan harani sa Turpan - Litrato] {{coord|42|53|N|89|38|E|region:CN-65_type:mountain_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} {{Xinjiang topics}} [[Kategorya:Turpan]] [[Kategorya:Mga pormang daga kan Xinjiang]] [[Kategorya:Mga lugar sa kahalabaan kan Dalan nin Seda]] [[Kategorya:Mga bangin kan Tsina]] [[Kategorya:Mga bulod kan Tsina]] jnld6wo6ouesb2v3onkd19hjgzqfsr1 0 54815 309680 298779 2026-08-23T22:05:22Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Inomon na gatas nin kamelyo na pinaalsom kan Katahawan na Asya}} {{for multi|ngaran|Chal (ngaran)|syudad sa Iran|Shal|makasaysayan na dolohan nin Asirya|Lista nin mga tribu nin Asirya#Chal}} {{Infobox kakanon | name = Chal | image = Shubat vs Kumis.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Mga mangko nin shubat (wala), inomon na may pinaalsom na gatas nin kamelyo, asin [[kumis]] (tuo), inomon na gibo sa pinaalsom na gatas nin kabayo | alternate_name = Shubat | country = [[Turkmenistan]], [[Usbekistan]] asin [[Kasakstan]] | region = | creator = | course = | type = | served = | main_ingredient = [[Gatas nin kamelyo]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} An '''Chal''', midbid man sa '''shubat''' o '''khoormog''' ({{langx|kk|шұбат, şūbat}}, {{IPA|kk|ʂo̙bɑt|pron}}, {{langx|mn|хоормог, khoormog}}, {{IPA|mn|χɔ̙ːrmɞ̙k|pron}}), sarong [[mga tawong Turkiko|Turkiko]]ng (urog na sa [[mga Turkmen|Turkmen]], [[Mga Usbek|Usbek]] asin [[Mga Kasak|Kasak]]) asin [[Mga tawong Mongoliko|Mongoliko]] na inumon na [[pagpapaalsom (kakanon)|pinaalsom]] na gatas nin kamelyo, na may puti na nagkikinang na may popular na namit sa Sentral na Asya — urog na sa [[Kasakstan]], [[Usbekistan]] asin [[Turkmenistan]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov|title=Nomads and the outside world|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780299142841 |url-access=registration|date=15 May 1994|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-14284-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780299142841/page/49 49] |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alhadrami |first1=G.A. |last2=Faye |first2=Bernard |title=Reference module in food sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier |chapter=Animals that produce dairy foods: Camel}}</ref> Sa Kasakstan an inomon inaapod na ''shubat'', asin sarong panginot na kakanon sa tig-init.<ref>{{cite book |author=Aliya Meldebekova |author2=Gaukhar Konuspayeva |author3=Emilie Diacono |author4=Bernard Faye |chapter=Heavy Metals and Trace Elements Content in Camel Milk and ''Shubat'' from Kazakhstan |editor=Yuriy Sinyavskiy |editor2=Bernard Faye |title=Impact of Pollution on Animal Products (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security) |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2008 |pages=117–123 |isbn=978-1-4020-8357-0 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-8359-4 }}</ref> Huli sa mga pangangaipo sa pag-andam asin sa madaling maraot na naturalesa, an chal nagin dipisil na iluwas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://foodfind.ru/dictionary/1393/ |title=Great Culinary Dictionary. Chal in Russian, retrieved April 11, 2007 |access-date=April 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013152555/http://foodfind.ru/dictionary/1393/ |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ''Agaran'' (pinaalsom na krema) pigkokolekta gikan sa ibabaw kan chal.<ref>[http://turkolog.narod.ru/info/trkm-32.htm I.Barkhanov. Neutral Turkmenistan newspaper, in Russian, August 9, 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051110050616/http://turkolog.narod.ru/info/trkm-32.htm |date=November 10, 2005 }}.</ref> ==Pagsasaladawan== An pinaalsom na chal pigtutubodan na igwa nin mga propyedad na [[nakakagadan nin bayrus]] asin nakakaulang sa bayrus na dai makukua sa preskong gatas nin kamelyo o baka, pareho sa [[likido]] asin lyophilized na porma kaini — sarong karakteristiko na (tunay na) dai apektado kan buhay sa estante. An Chal parati pig-aandam sa paagi nin pag-aslom nguna nin gatas nin kamelyo sa sarong bag na kublit o garapon na seramiko sa paagi nin pagdagdag nin gatas na dati nang inaslom. Sa laog nin 3-4 aldaw, an preskong gatas pighahalo; an hinog na chal magkakaigwa nin ikatolo sagkod ikalimang parte kan dati nang pinaaslom na gatas.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/weekly/science/archive/041009/science7.htm Prof Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary & Dr Shahan Azeem, Is camel milk good for human health? DAWN Sci-tech world, October 9, 2004] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927221516/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/science/archive/041009/science7.htm |date=September 27, 2007 }}.</ref> An gatas nin kamelyo dai magigin maaslsom sa laog nin 72 oras sa temperatura na mas hababa sa 10&nbsp;°C (50&nbsp;°F). Sa 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F) an gatas nag-aaslom sa laog nin mga 8 oras (kumpara sa gatas nin baka, na nag-aaslom sa laog nin 3 oras). An pagkumpara kan komposisyon kan gatas nin kamelyo asin chal nin kamelyo:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grigoryants, N.N. |title=Composition of camel milk and chal |journal=Vop. Pit. |volume=13 |pages=41–5 |year=1954 <!-- Same? |pmid=13187930 --> |language=ru}}</ref> {| width="50%" align="center" ! ! <u>Gatas kan Kamelyo</u> ! “<u>Chal</u>” |- | asididad | 18°D | 28°D |- | taba | 4.3% | 4.3% |- | laktosa | 2.75% | 1.32% |- | mga solidong bakong taba | 8.2% | 6.6% |- | abo | 0.86% | 0.75% |- | alkohol na etil | | 1.1% |- | asidong askorbiko | 5.6&nbsp;mg% | 4.8&nbsp;mg% |} An [[Dornikong asididad]] ginagamit sa paglaladawan kan asididad sa mga produktong gatas, na an 1 Dornic degree (1°D) katumbas kan 0.1g nin lactic acid kada litro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lactic Acid |url=http://www.idfdairynutrition.org/Files/media/Glossary_documents_PDF/ENG/L/Lex_EN_-_lactic_acid_071226-2008-00159.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035043/http://www.idfdairynutrition.org/Files/media/Glossary_documents_PDF/ENG/L/Lex_EN_-_lactic_acid_071226-2008-00159.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=International Dairy Federation}}</ref> An chal igwa nin laktikong [[Lactobacillus|Lactobacilli]]; [[Streptococcus|streptococci]] asin [[lebadura]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kieselev, N. |title=Bacteriological examination of chal |journal=Mol. Prom. |volume=17 |pages=31–4 |year=1956 |language=ru}}</ref> An Chal pwedeng kultibaron sa ''lactobacillus casei'', ''streptococcus thermophilus'', asin mga lebadura na nagpapaalsom nin laktosa na nag-iinkubar sa binakunahan na gatas (''inoculated milk'') sa laog nin 8 oras sa 25&nbsp;°C (77&nbsp;°F), asin dangan sunod-sunod sa laog nin 16 na oras sa 20&nbsp;°C (68&nbsp;°F). An pastyurisasyon kan kapot dai nakakaapektar sa kalidad kan gatas, alagad an pastyurisasyon sa mas halangkaw na temperatura (85&nbsp;°C/185&nbsp;°F) sa laog nin 5 minutos negatibong nakakaapektar sa namit. An Chal na gibo sa purong kultura kan ''lactobacillus casei'', ''streptococcus thermophilus'', asin mga klase nin [[torula]] igwa nin mas dikit na mga solidong bakong taba asin laktosa kisa sa gatas na gibo kaini.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kuliev, K. |title=The utilisation of camels' milk |journal=Mol. Promyslenn |volume=20 |issue=28 |year=1959 }}<br />cited in {{cite book |author=R. Yagil |title=Camels and Camel milk |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) |location=Rome |year=1982 |isbn=92-5-101169-9 |series=FAO animal production and health paper |issue=26}}</ref> ==Hilingon man== *[[Ayran]] *[[Borhani]] *[[Lutong Kasakstan]] ==Mga toltolan== {{Reflist}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== *{{cite journal |author=Brigor'iants NN |title=[Chemical composition of chal (fermented camel's milk)] |language=ru |journal=Vopr Pitan |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=41–2 |year=1954 |pmid=13187930 }} *{{cite journal |vauthors=Konuspayeva G, Faye B, Loiseau G, Levieux D |title=Lactoferrin and immunoglobulin contents in camel's milk (''Camelus bactrianus'', ''Camelus dromedarius'', and Hybrids) from Kazakhstan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-dairy-science_2007-01_90_1/page/38 |journal=J. Dairy Sci. |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=38–46 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17183073 |doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)72606-1 |doi-access=free }} *{{cite journal |author=Martinenko, N.l. |author2=Yagodinskaya, S.G. |author3=Adhundov, A.A. |author4=Charyev, K.C. |author5=Khumedov, O. |name-list-style=amp |title=Content of trace elements, copper, manganese, molybdenum in culture of chal and camel's milk and their clinical significance |journal=Dairy Sci. Abst. |volume=40 |issue=7802 |pages=824 |year=1977 |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=3373D1F2BB80999BC21D600A4A7E6D54?a=d&c=hdl&d=HASH01a561fe8c8ed1299b760e82.11&sib=1 |access-date=2007-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525082342/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=3373D1F2BB80999BC21D600A4A7E6D54?a=d&c=hdl&d=HASH01a561fe8c8ed1299b760e82.11&sib=1 |archive-date=2011-05-25 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2011-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525082342/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=3373D1F2BB80999BC21D600A4A7E6D54?a=d&c=hdl&d=HASH01a561fe8c8ed1299b760e82.11&sib=1 }} *{{cite book |editor=Palmated Esenov |editor2=Bernard Faye |title=Desertification Combat and Food Safety: The Added Value of Camel Producers |publisher=IOS Press |location=Amsterdam |year=2005 |isbn=1-58603-473-1 |url=http://www.iospress.nl/flyers_b/fl9781586034733.pdf |access-date=2007-04-06 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055749/http://www.iospress.nl/flyers_b/fl9781586034733.pdf |url-status=dead }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070407142627/http://eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav102502.shtml Filip Noubel, "Golden Century of the Turkmens:" Sarong Mapungaw na Ladawan kan Buhay sa Baryo sa Disyerto. EurasiaNet photo essay, 10/25/02] 9gru060o80n32opt8ttj7kpr0kiu8p1 0 55085 309749 300066 2026-08-23T23:08:50Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309749 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Shahada''' iyo an pangaran kan [[kredo]] kan Islam, asin ini iyo an sarong ritwal kan pagpapahayag nin pagkakaloob sa [[Dios]]. Ginagibo ini kan mga Muslim asin, bilang kapwa [[Muslim]], pig-aako kan kadaklan kan iba pang mga Muslim. [[Ladawan:Shahadah-1.svg|210px|thumb|An ''shahada'' nakasurat sa artistikong [[kaligrapiyang arabo]].]] [[Ladawan:Shahadah.ogg|210px|thumb|Audio na sinayod an ''shahada'' sa Arabo.]] [[Ladawan:Al Shahada.jpg|thumb|Inistiluhan na inskripsyon kan ''shahada'' sa puting background, presenteng piggagamit sa [[bandera]] kan [[Apganistan|Islamikong Emirato kan Apganistan]].]] == An mga testimonya == An [[Declaration of faith|deklarasyon]] pigbabasa nin siring:<ref name="Ruthven2004">{{cite book|author=Malise Ruthven|title=Historical Atlas of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wT1xGHPyMA8C&pg=PA14|date=January 2004|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01385-8|page=14|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925052609/https://books.google.com/books?id=wT1xGHPyMA8C&pg=PA14|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Martín">{{cite book|author=Richard C. Martín|title=Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xL9YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA723|publisher=Granite Hill Publishers|isbn=978-0-02-865603-8|page=723}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Denny2006">{{cite book|author=Frederick Mathewson Denny|title=An Introduction to Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU3uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22There+is+no+deity+but+God,+Muhammad+is+the+Messenger+of+God.%22+Shahada|year=2006|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-183563-4|page=409|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805215947/https://books.google.com/books?id=yU3uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22There+is+no+deity+but+God,+Muhammad+is+the+Messenger+of+God.%22+Shahada&dq=%22There+is+no+deity+but+God,+Muhammad+is+the+Messenger+of+God.%22+Shahada&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1LqzVLSHIoqtU6TNgKAB&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBjgU|archive-date=5 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last =Mohammad | first =Noor| title =The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction| url =https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 | journal = Journal of Law and Religion| volume =3 | issue = 2| pages =381–397 | date =1985 | jstor = 1051182| doi =10.2307/1051182 | s2cid =159793899}}</ref> <!-- DO NOT CHANGE THE WORD "God" TO "Allah" WITHOUT FIRST BRINGING IT UP ON THE TALK PAGE. PER WP:MOSISLAM THE WORD "God" (capital "g") IS USED IN ENGLISH AS THE DIRECT TRANSLATION OF "Allah". --> {{rtl-lang|ar|لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله}} : ''Lā 'ilāha 'illā-llāhu Muhammadu rasūlu-llāh''. :: «Mayong ibang dios kundi an Dios, si Mahoma iyo an sugo kan Dios» Uya an literal na traduksyon, minsan ngani, huli ta dapat na maaraman na an ''Alláh'' dai nangangahulugan na «An Dios», alagad sa paagi kan deraybasyon, na an 'Allah' ginuno sa 'Al-iláh', na nangangahulogan na «An Dios». :: ''«Mayong ibang dios kundi si Allah, asin si [[Mahoma]] iyo an saiyang [[propeta]]»''. Iyo na siguro ini an pinakakomun na traduksyon, minsan ngani bako iyan na mahigpiton na marhay (hilingon an artikulo dapit sa [[Allah]]). Pigdudugang pa kan ibang mga Muslim na [[chiísmo|chiíes]] an minasunod, sa katapusan kan shahāda: :: ''`Alīyun wāliyu-llāh'' ::«Si [[Ali ibn Abi Tálib|Ali]] iyo an representante kan Dios» Bako iyan obligatorio para sa mga shiita na sabihon iyan, minsan ngani an iba piggigibo iyan, asin ini rekomendado kan mayoriya kan mga [[Imam (relihiyon)|imam]] na ayatola. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{tamboan|Islam}} fwjes7pjoyw6m29wc1jy59w49ti0vwh 0 55149 309762 300498 2026-08-23T23:20:46Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sagradong tataramon kan komunidad nin Ibibio na Obɛri Ɔkaimɛ}} {{Infobox tataramon | name = Medefaidrin | nativename = {{Script|Medf|{{lang|dmf|𖹝𖹰𖹯𖹼𖹫 𖹚𖹬𖹾𖹠𖹯}}}} / {{tlit|dmf|Obɛri Ɔkaimɛ}} | creator = mga parasunod kan simbahan nin ''Obɛri Ɔkaimɛ'' | created = 1930s | setting = [[Ibibioland]], Nigerya | speakers = ? | fam2 = [[liturhikong tataramon]] | fam3 = [[glossolalia]] | script = Iskriturang Obɛri Ɔkaimɛ | iso3 = dmf | glotto = mede1238 | glottorefname = Medefidrin | familycolor = conlang | altname = Medefidrin }} An '''Medefaidrin''' (Medefidrin), o ''{{lang|dmf|Obɛri Ɔkaimɛ}}'', sarong ginibong tataramon asin iskritura na minukna bilang sarong Kristiyanong [[sagradong tataramon]] kan sarong kongregasyon kan [[mga tawong Ibibio|Ibibio]] kan mga taon 1930 sa Nigerya. Igwa ini nin mga gamot sa [[glossolalia]] (‘pagtaram nin manlain-lain na tataramon’). == Kasaysayan == An mga parataram pigkokonsiderar an Medefaidrin na sarong 'tataramon nin espiritu'. Ini ginibo kan duwang lider kan simbahan, sinda Michael Ukpong asin Akpan Akpan Udofia. Sinasabi ninda na an [[Espiritu Santo]] an naghayag kan mga tataramon kan tataramon ki Ukpong, mantang si Udofia an nagsurat kaini. Kan panahon na idto an [[tataramon na Ibibio|Ibibio]] bakong sarong nasusurat na tataramon, asin si Udofia nagmukna nin sarong iskritura tanganing isurat an Medefaidrin. Pakatapos na matapos an tataramon kan 1936, an mga miyembro kan iglesia nagpoon nin sarong eskuwelahan na dyan an mga aki tinotokdoan sa Medefaidrin. Dai ini tinogotan kan gobyerno kolonyal kan Britanya, na nagsara kan eskwelahan kan taon man sanang idto. Dawa siring, an tataramon padagos na ginamit para sa mga aktibidad kan simbahan, kaiba an liturhiya asin mga himno, asin para sa mga surat asin nasusurat na mga kontrata sa pag-ultanan kan mga miyembro. An tataramon nawara sa paggamit, alagad kan 1986 si Udofia nagpoon na magtokdo giraray kaini sa Sunday school kan simbahan sa [[Ididep]]. An daan na mga manuskrito sa iskritura maluya an kamugtakan, asin sa ika-21 siglo nagkaigwa nin nagkapirang paghihingoa na ingatan iyan. == Ponolohiya == An Medefaidrin sarong tataramon na may stress-accented imbes na tonal, dawa ngani ini pwedeng nagbabago sa irarom kan impluwensya nin Ibibio. Bakong arog kan [[tataramon na Ibibio]], igwa nin magkapirang [[grupo nin mga katanog]] sa Medefaidrin, kadaklan kaini mayo sa Ingles. == Sistema nin pagsususrat== {{Infobox sistema nin panurat | name = Iskriturang Medefaidrin | sample = Oberi Okaime.png | type = Alpabeto | time = 1930s sagkod ngunyan | caption = Iskriturang Obɛri Ɔkaimɛ | languages = Medefaidrin | iso15924 = Medf | unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16E40.pdf U+16E40–U+16E9F] | note = mayo }} An iskritura igwa nin darakula asin saradit na letra arog kan alpabetong Ingles,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16101r-medefaidrin.pdf | title=L2/16-101R: Proposal for encoding the Medefaidrin (Oberi Okaime) script in the SMP of the UCS | first1=Andrij | last1=Rovenchak | first2=Dafydd | last2=Gibbon | first3=Moses | last3=Ekpenyong | first4=Eno-Abasi | last4=Urua | publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=2016-04-18 }}</ref> alagad an mga letra naimbento asin mayo nin sistematikong relasyon an glipo asin tanog. Igwa nin nagkapirang arbitraryong digrapo, na an pagsasayod dai madeterminaran gikan sa saindang mga letra, siring man giraray sa Ingles. === Unikodigo=== {{Main|Medefaidrin (bloke nin Unikodigo)}} An iskriturang Medefaidrin idinugang sa Panusugan nin [[Unikodigo]] kan Hunyo 2018 sa pagluwas kan bersyon 11.0. An bloke nin Unikodigo para sa Medefaidrin iyo an U+16E40–U+16E9F asin igwa nin 91 na karakter:<ref>{{Cite web | title=Unicode 11.0.0 | url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ | publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] | date=June 5, 2018 | access-date=June 5, 2018 }}</ref> {{Unicode chart Medefaidrin}} ==Tugmadila== Sa estruktura, an tataramon kadaklan sarong [[relekspikasyon]] kan Ingles, dawa ngani an [[semantika]] mas harani sa katutubong tataramon kan mga paragamit kaini, an [[tataramon na Ibibio|Ibibio]]. An artikulo depinido iyo an ''dei'', asin an nagkapirang preposisyon nag-aaliterar o nagririma sa saindang mga katumbas sa Ingles: ''{{lang|dmf|su}}'' "to", ''{{lang|dmf|fra}}'' "from", ''{{lang|dmf|nai}}'' "by", ''{{lang|dmf|kin}}'' "in". An kadaklan na ka taga, alagad, dai nakakaagid sa Ingles o Ibibio, alagad minalataw na ginibo na mayong espesipikong nakatagong sistema. An [[morpolohiya (linggwistika)|morpolohiya]] bakong gayong nabilog, alagad nagkapirang elemento an kinua sa Ingles, arog kan plural sa -s (z?). == Mga numero asin petsa == An sistema nin pagnumero kan [[vigesimal]] asin kalendaryo nagpapahiling kan mga panusugan kan Ibibio. An taon kan kalendaryo igwa nin kag-anom na apat na semanang bulan.{{efn|An semana pigbabareta na igwa nin walong aldaw, alagad dai malinaw kun ini 8 sa pagbilang kan Ibibio o Ingles. Kun ano an 2 aldaw poon ngunyan sa Ingles iyo an 3 aldaw poon ngunyan sa Ibibio (na an aldaw na ini [[Inklusibong pagbilang|bibilang na inklusibo]] bilang inot na aldaw), kaya an pagpoon nin sarong bagong semana kada 8 aldaw kun nag-iisip sa Ibibio nangangahulugan kada 7 aldaw kun nag-iisip sa Ingles.}} == Hilingon man == * Iskritura asin [[tataramon na Eskayan]] kan Filipinas * Iskritura asin [[Lingua Ignota]] kan Alemanya == Mga tala == {{notelist}} == Mga toltolan == {{reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |last1=Abasiattai |first1=Monday B. |title=The Oberi Okaime Christian Mission: Towards a History of an Ibibio Independent Church |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-uk_1989_59_4/page/496 |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |year=1989 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=496–516 |doi=10.2307/1159944 |jstor=1159944 |s2cid=143886594 |issn=0001-9720}} * {{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=R. F. G. |title=Obεri Ɔkaimε: A New African Language and Script |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |date=1947 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=24–34 |doi=10.2307/1156936 |jstor=1156936 |s2cid=144319581 |issn=0001-9720}} * {{cite journal |last1=Gibbon |first1=Dafydd |last2=Ekpenyong |first2=Moses |last3=Urua |first3=Eno-Abasi |title=Medefaidrin: Resources documenting the birth and death language life-cycle |journal=Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10) |year=2010 |location=Valletta, Malta |isbn=978-2-9517408-6-0 |url=http://lexitron.nectec.or.th/public/LREC-2010_Malta/pdf/342_Paper.pdf |access-date=2026-01-15 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115422/http://lexitron.nectec.or.th/public/LREC-2010_Malta/pdf/342_Paper.pdf }} * {{cite conference |last1=Gibbon |first1=Dafydd |last2=Urua |first2=Eno-Abasi |title=Preserving and understanding the Medefaidrin language of the Obɛri Ɔkaimɛ ('Church freely given') Ibibio community |conference=World Congress of African Linguistics (WOCAL) 6 |year=2009 |location=Cologne |url=http://bachan.speechlabs.pl/files/UruaGibbonMedefaidrin-WOCAL2009-V02.pdf }} * {{cite journal |last=Hau |first=Kathleen |title=Oberi Okaime script, texts and counting systems |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire. Série B, Sciences humaines |year=1961 |volume=23 |pages=291–308}} * {{cite book |last=Udofia |first=Akpan Akpan |chapter=Dictionary, transcriptions and translations of texts |editor-last=Hau |editor-first=Kathleen |title=Oberi Okaime Script, Texts and Counting System. Material relating to the Oberi Okaime language of southeastern Nigeria |year=1953}} * {{cite book |last=Urua |first=Eno-Abasi |chapter=Medefidrin, the 'Spirit' language of the 1920s in Ibibio land |editor1-last=Ndimele |editor1-first=Ozo-mekuri |editor2-last=Udoh |editor2-first=Imelda Icheji Lawrence |editor3-last=Anyanwu |editor3-first=Ogbonna |title=Critical Issues in the Study of Linguistics, Languages and Literatures in Nigeria: A Festshrift for Conrad Max Benedict Brann |series=Festschrift Series, 7 |year=2008}} {{refend}} {{Mga tataramon na pigtugdok}} [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na ginibo]] [[Kategorya:Mga gibo-gibo na mga tataramon na ipinamidbid kan mga taon 1930]] [[Kategorya:Kristiyanong mga tataramon na liturhiko]] [[Kategorya:Mga ginibong iskritura]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon kan Nigerya]] [[Kategorya:Tataramon asin mistisismo]] [[Kategorya:Mga Diyalekto nin Ingles]] [[Kategorya:Mga tataramon na Ibibio-Efik]] [[Kategorya:Mga pinaghalo-halong tataramon]] hv6fprfwjvv5vud1fbfsd9krfbituqs 0 55286 309720 308617 2026-08-23T22:42:36Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mga tema sa tipolohiya nin linggwistika}} {{Halipot na paglaladawan|Tampok sa tipolohiya kan nagkapirang tataramon}} Sa [[tipolohiyang linggwistika]], an '''banga na ergatibidad''' (''split ergativity'' sa Ingles) sarong tampok kan nagkapirang tataramon kun sain an ibang konstruksyon naggagamit nin sintaks asin morpolohiya na [[tataramon na ergatibo–absolutibo|ergatibo]], alagad an ibang konstruksyon nagpapahiling nin ibang paterno, parati [[tataramon na nominatibo–akusatibo|nominatibo–akusatibo]]. An mga kondisyon kun sain ginagamit an mga konstruksyon na ergatibo nagkakalain-lain sa manlain-lain na tataramon.<ref name=Dixon>{{cite book| last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |year=1994 |title=Ergativity | url=https://archive.org/details/ergativity0000dixo |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> ==Nominatibo–akusatibo kumpara sa ergatibo–absolutibo== {{main|Pagkakalinyada nin Ergatibo–absolutibo}} An mga [[tataramon na nominatibo-akusatibo]] (kaiba an mga tataramon na Indo-Europeo) parehong tinatrato an aktor sa sarong sugnay na may [[transitibong panhiro]] asin an eksperyensya sa sarong sugnay na may [[intransitibong panhiro]] sa parehong paagi sa gramatika. Kun an tataramon naggagamit nin mga [[marka nin kaso]], sinda nagkukua nin parehong kaso. Kun ini naggagamit nin pagkasunod-sunod kan mga taga, ini magkapareho. Halimbawa, isipon an duwang pangulayan na ini sa Ingles: * ''Jane was chasing Max'' (Hinahapag ni Jane si Max). * ''Jane was sweating'' (Ginaga'not si Jane). An gramatikal na papel ni "Jane" magkapareho. Sa parehong kaso, si "Jane" iyo an [[subheto (gramatika)|subheto]]. Sa mga [[tataramon na ergatibo–absolutibo]] (arog kan [[tataramon na Baske|Baske]] asin [[tataramon na Georgian|Georgiano]], o sa mga [[tataramon na Eskaleut|Eskaleut]] asin [[tataramon na Mayan|Mayan]]), igwa nin ibang paterno. An pasyente (o target) kan sarong transitibong panhiro asin an eksperyensya kan sarong intransitibong panhiro tinatrato nin pareho sa gramatika. Kun an duwang pangulayan sa itaas ipinahayag sa sarong tataramon na ergatibo, si "Max" sa inot asin "Jane" sa huri magkapareho sa gramatika. Siring man, an ibang porma (an ''ergatibo'') gagamiton para si "Jane" sa inot na pangulayan. Halimbawa, sa minasunod na mga pangulayan sa [[tataramon na Inuktitut|Inuktitut]], an subheto na 'an babaye' yaon sa kaso nin ergatibo (''arnaup'') kun nangyayari sa sarong transitibong panhiro, mantang an obheto na 'an mansanas' (''aapu'') yaon sa kaso nin absolutibo. Sa pangulayan na intransitibo, an subhetong 'an babaye' ''arnaq'' yaon sa kaso nin absolutibo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Compton |first=Richard |chapter=Ergativity in Inuktitut |year=2017 |editor1=Jessica Coon |editor2=Diane Massam |editor3=Lisa Demena Travis |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ergativity |pages=832–850}}</ref> * ''Arnaup nirijanga aapu.'' 'Kinakakan kan babaye an mansanas.' * ''Arnaq pisuktuq.'' 'An babaye naglalakaw.' Sa mga tataramon na banga na ergatibidad, an nagkapirang konstruksyon may paterno na may nominatibo-akusatibo, asin an iba may ergatibo-absolutibo. ==Mga kondisyon nin pagbanga== An pagkabaranga parati na pigkokondisyon kan saro sa mga minasunod: # An presensya nin sarong '''partisipante sa diskurso''' (sarong inot o ikaduwang persona) sa proposisyon. An tataramon na Australyano na [[Tataramon na Dyirbal|Dyirbal]] minagawe nin ergatibo sa gabos na konteksto nin [[morposintaks|morposintaktiko]] apwera sana kun saro sa mga iyan an kabali. Kun minalataw an sarong panangli na inot o ikaduwang persona, alagad, ini minamarka susog sa sarong halimbawa nin [[tataramon na nominatibo-akusatibo|nominatibo-akusatibo]] (na may pinakadikit na markahan na kaso, kun ini an ahente o intransitibo, o sa pinakamarkadong kaso, kun ini an pasyente). Iyan maipaliwanag sa mga termino kan halangkaw na [[animasiya]] kan sarong primera-persona o ikaduwang-persona na parataram sa hirarkiya nin animasiya. # An paggamit kan nagkapirang mga '''[[gramatikal na aspeto|aspeto]]''' asin/o '''[[gramatikal na panahon|mga panahon]]''' sa panhiro. An pamilya nin [[mga tataramon na Indo-Iranyo|Indo-Iranyo]], halimbawa, nagpapahiling nin pagkabaranga sa pag-ultanan kan [[Perpektibong aspeto|perpektibo]] asin [[imperpektibong aspeto]]. Sa [[gramatika kan Hindustani|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]), an [[transitibong panhiro]] sa [[perpektibong aspeto]] nagigin rason na an mga argumento kaini mamarkahan nin sarong ergatibong halimbawa, asin an [[imperpektibong na aspeto|mga aspetong bakong sangkap o imperpektibo]] nagtutulod nin pagmarka nin akusasyon.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Piepers |first1=J. |title=Optional ergative case marking in Hindi |date=19 May 2016 |url=https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/handle/123456789/2440 |s2cid=197863131 }}</ref> # An '''ahentibidad kan intransitibong subheto'''. Sa mga tataramon na arog kan [[tataramon na Dakota|Dakota]], an mga argumento kan mga aktibong panhiro, arog kan ''to run (magdalagan)'', minamarkahan siring sa mga transitibong ahente, siring sa mga tataramon na akusatibo, alagad an mga argumento kan mga inaktibong panhiro, arog kan ''to stand (magtindog)'' minamarkahan siring sa mga transitibong obheto, arog kan mga tataramon na ergatibo. An mga tataramon na may siring na marka inaapod na [[tataramon na banga-S]] asin pormal na sarong subtipo kan [[aktibong tataramon]]. # Pragmatikong konsiderasyon o para sa '''pagdodoon, pagkakalain, o kalinawan'''. Sa nagkapirang mga [[tataramon na Tibeto-Burma|mga tataramon na Tibeto-Burma]], an mga nakuang datos igwa nin magkaparehong ergatibo, aspetuwal na nababanga-ergatibo o aktibong-estatibo na paterno nin pagmarka nin kaso, asin sa natural na diskurso an “ergatibo” na pagmarka makukua sana sa nagkapirang mga sugnay, parati sarong minoriya, parati na may nagkapirang pragmatikong kabootan nin pagdodoon o paglalain (Last, 2011).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DeLancey |first1=Scott |title='Optional' 'ergativity' in Tibeto-Burman languages |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |date=October 2011 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=9–20 |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.980387710679676 }}</ref> ==Mga halimbawa== ===Hindi–Urdu=== {{main|Mga panhiro sa Hindi#Ergatibidad asin mga Magian na panhiro}} An sarong halimbawa nin banga na ergatibidad na pigkokondisyon kan [[gramatikal na aspeto]] makukua sa [[gramar nin Hindustani|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]); sa [[perpektibong aspeto]] kan mga transitibong panhiro (sa aktibong boses), an subheto nagkukua nin [[ergatibong kaso]] asin an direktang obheto nagkukua nin daing marka na [[absolutong kaso]] na kapareho kan [[nominatibong kaso]], na minsan inaapod na [[direktang kaso]]. Alagad, sa gabos na iba pang aspeto ([[Habitwal na aspeto|habitwal]] & [[Padagos asin progresibong aspeto|progresibo]]), an mga subheto minalataw magsalang sa [[direktang kaso|direkta]]/[[nominatibong kaso]] o [[datibong kaso]] (hilingon an [[Datibong subheto|mga datibong subheto]]), mantang an mga direktang obheto padagos na minalataw sa [[direktang kaso]] (an subheto kan siring na mga pangulayan naiiba sa direktang obheto bako sa pagkakaiba sa kaso kundi sa pagkakaoyon kan panhiro sa subheto siring man sa iba pang mga sintaks asin kontekstuwal na mga senyales arog kan pagkasunod-sunod asin kabootan kan mga taga{{citation needed|date=Pebrero 2026}}). Sa minasunod na perpektibong pangulayan, an ahente (agent) ''laṛke-ne'' ''(lalaki)'' minarkahan para sa [[ergatibong kaso]], mantang an minasairarom (undergoer) ''kitāb'' ''(libro)'' yaon sa daing marka na nominatibong kaso. An panhiro na ''kharīdī'' (binakal) igwa nin pambabayeng katapusan na ''-ī'', na nagpapahiling nin [[Kasunduan (linggwistika)|kasunduan sa kasarian]] sa minasairarom na ''kitāb (libro)''. {{fs interlinear|indent=2 |लड़के-ने किताब ख़रीदी है |laṛke-ne kitāb xarīdī hai. |aking_lalaki:MASC.SG.ERG libro:FEM.SG.NOM bakal:PRF.FEM.SG magin:3P.SG.PRS |'Nagbakal an aking lalaki nin libro' |abbreviations=PRF:perfective participle; ERG:ergative case; SG:singular; MASC:masculine; FEM:feminine; DIR:direct case; ACC:accusative case; 3P:third person; HAB:habitual aspect participle; PRS:present tense}} Sa katumbas na pangulayan na [[Bakong sangkap na aspeto|imperpektibo]] ([[habitwal na aspeto]]), an ahente na ''laṛkā'' ''(lalaki)'' yaon sa daing marka na [[nominatibong kaso]]. An ugale na pormang partisipyo na ''kharīdatā'' ''(bakal)'' igwa nin panlalaki na katapusan na ''-ā'' asin kaya minaoyon sa ahente na ''laṛkā (lalaki)''. {{fs interlinear|indent=2 |लड़का किताब ख़रीदता है |laṛkā kitāb xarīdatā hai. |aking_lalaki:MASC.SG.NOM libro:FEM.SG.NOM bakal:HAB.MASC.SG magin:3P.SG.PRS |'An aking lalaki nagbakal nin libro' |abbreviations=PRF:perfective participle; ERG:ergative case; SG:singular; MASC:masculine; FEM:feminine; DIR:direct case; ACC:accusative case; 3P:third person; HAB:habitual aspect participle; PRS:present tense}} An mga perpektibong konstruksyon na may nagkapirang VV (panhiro-panhiro) na mga komplikado dai naggagamit nin ergatibong kaso nin pagmarka (hilingon: [[mga panhiro sa Hindi|mga panhiro sa Hindi-Urdu]]). Sa mga perpektibong konstruksyon, an argumento kan ahente ideyal na itinatao sa sarong ergatibong kaso; alagad sa mga kaso arog kan inot na halimbawa na ipinapahiling sa ibaba dai iyan nangyayari. Ini huli ta an panhirong nagpapaliwanag (explicator verb) na ''gayī'' (nawara) na dawa ngani nag-aagi nin [[semantikong pagpaputi]] alagad nagpapadanay pa man giraray kan saiyang intransitivity na dai nagtutugot para sa sarong ergatibong kaso na pag-asignar sa argumento kan ahente (i.e., ''ninā''). Ini an dahilan kun tano ta arog kan ipinapahiling sa ikaduwang halimbawa sa ibaba, an mga VV complex na may kabali na transitibing [[panhirong nagpapaliwanag]] (halimbawa, ''phẽkā'' "apon") pwedeng maggamit nin ergatibong kaso sa mga argumento kan ahente.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mukherjee|first=Atreyee|date=2017|title=Revisiting Ergativity in Hindi|journal=Jadavpur Journal of Languages and Linguistics|volume=1|issue=1|pages=18–28|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325734608|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-05}}</ref> {{fs interlinear|indent=2 |नीना आम खा गयी |ninā ām khā gayī. |nina:FEM.SG.NOM mangga.MASC.SG.NOM kakan.NF go:PRF.FEM.SG |'Kinakan ni Nina an mangga.' |abbreviations=PRF:perfective; ERG:ergative case; SG:singular; MASC:masculine; FEM:feminine; DIR:direct case; ACC:accusative case; 3P:third person; HAB:habitual aspect participle; PRS:present tense; NF:non-finte }} {{fs interlinear|indent=2 |नीना-ने तकिया उठा फेंका |ninā-ne takiyā uṭhā phẽkā. |nina:FEM.SG.ERG ulunan.MASC.SG.NOM purot.NF apon:PRF.MASC.SG |'(Kinua asin) inapon ni Nina an ulunan.' |abbreviations=PRF:perfective; ERG:ergative case; SG:singular; MASC:masculine; FEM:feminine; DIR:direct case; ACC:accusative case; 3P:third person; HAB:habitual aspect participle; PRS:present tense; NF:non-finte }} ===Chol (Mayan)=== An [[mga tataramon na Maya|Mayan]] na [[tataramon na Chol|Chol]] igwa nin pagmamarka kan tao sa banga nin ergatibidad.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Coon |first=Jessica |year=2010 |title=Rethinking Split Ergativity In Chol |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_2010-04_76_2/page/207 |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=207–253 |doi=10.1086/652266 |jstor=10.1086/652266|s2cid=144864177 }}</ref> Sa mga transitibong mga sugnay, an mga panhiro pigbabalangkas nin sarong persona na minamarka nin prefix (na inaapod na "set A" sa linggwistika kan Mayan) na nagpapahayag kan subheto, asin sarong suffix na nagpapahayag kan obheto (= "set B"). {{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=IMPF:imperfective; A:may prefix nin pangmarka sa tawo; B:may suffix nin pangmarka sa tawo |Mi a-mek'-oñ |IMPF 2SG.{{sc|A}}-kugos-1SG.B |'Kinugos mo ako.'}} Sa mga intransitibong sugnay, an subheto pwedeng irepresentar nin sarong pangmarka nin persona sa set na A, o sarong pangmarka nin persona sa set na B, depende sa [[Gramatikal na aspeto|aspeto]]. Sa aspetong ''perpektibo'', an Chol igwa nin pagkakalinyada nin ''ergatibo–absolutibo'': an subheto kan intransitibing panhiro ipinapahayag sa paagi nin sarong may suffix na pangmarka nin persona, kaya sa parehong paagi kan obheto kan mga transitibong panhiro. {{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=PRV:perfective; B:suffixed person marker |Tyi wayi-yoñ |PRF turog-1SG.B |'Nakaturog ako.'}} Sa aspetong ''imperpektibo'', an Chol igwa nin pagkakalinyada nin ''nominatibo-akusatibo'': an subheto kan intransitibong panhiro ipinapahayag sa paagi nin sarong may prefix sa pangmarka nin persona, kaya sa parehong paagi kan subheto kan mga transitibong panhiro. {{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=IMPF:inperfective; A:prefixed person marker |Mi a-wayel |IMPF 2SG.{{sc|A}}-turog |'Nagturog ka.'}} ===Sahaptin=== Sa [[Tataramon na Sahaptin|Sahaptin]] na [[Salog Kolombya]], an pagkabaranga nadedeterminaran kan persona kan parehong subheto asin obheto. An ergatibong suffix na ''-nɨm'' nangyayari sana para sa mga subheto na ikatolong persona na an direktang obheto yaon sa inot o ikaduwang persona. {{interlinear|indent=3 |ku{{=}}š i-q̓ínu-šan-a ína wínš-'''nɨm''' |asin{{=}}1SG 3.NOM-hiling-IPFV-PST ako lalaki-ERG |"Asin nahiling ako kan lalaki."}} {{interlinear|indent=3 |ku{{=}}nam i-q̓ínu-šan-a imaná wínš-'''nɨm''' |asin {{=}}2SG 3.NOM-hiling-IPFV-PST ika.ACC lalaki-ERG |"Asin nahiling [i]ka kan lalaki."}} {{interlinear|indent=3 |ku i-q̓ínu-šan-a paanáy wínš |asin 3.NOM-hiling-IPFV-PST siya lalaki "Asin nahiling siya kan lalaki."}} An saro pang suffix na ergatibo, ''-in'', minamarka kan subheto sa baliktad. Parehong an subheto asin obheto pirming nasa ikatolong persona. Direkta (kapareho kan halimbawa sa itaas): {{interlinear|indent=3 |ku i-q̓ínu-šan-a paanáy wínš |asin 3.NOM-hiling-IPFV-PST siya lalaki-ERG |"Asin nahiling niya '''an lalaki'''."}} Kabaligtaran: {{interlinear|indent=3 |ku pá-q̓inu-šan-a paanáy wínš-'''in''' |asin INV-hiling-IPFV-PST siya lalaki |"Asin nahiling '''siya''' kan lalaki"."}} ==Mga tala== {{reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin}} * Dixon, R. M. W. (1994). ''Ergativity''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-44898-0}}. {{refend}} [[Kategorya:Tugmadila]] j2nzh80fkp4lk2e5s00w4oxp2445gu2 0 55295 309816 308562 2026-08-24T00:04:50Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Halipot na paglaladawan|Mga tataramon na nagbubugtak nin mga obheto bago an mga panhiro}} {{Mga tema sa tipolohiya nin linggwistika}} Sa [[linggwistika]], sarong '''tataramon na OV''' ('''object–verb language'''), o sarong tataramon na may '''pagkakasunod-sunod nin taga sa obheto-panhiro''', sarong tataramon na kun sain an [[obheto (tugmadila)|obheto]] nainot sa [[panhiro]]. An mga tataramon na OV minabilog nin mga apat na pulo may pitong porsyento kan mga dokumentadong tataramon.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tomlin | first1 = Russell | date = March 1988 | title = Basic Word Order: Functional Principles | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1988-03_64_1/page/196 | journal = Language | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 196–197 | publisher = Linguistic Society of America | jstor = 414811 | doi=10.2307/414811}}</ref> <ref name=WALS>{{cite book |last1=Dryer |first1=Matthew S. |editor1-last=Dryer |editor1-first=Matthew S. |editor2-last=Haspelmath |editor2-first=Martin |title=World Atlas of Language Structures |date=2013 |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |location=Leipzig |access-date=31 May 2015 |chapter=Order of Object and Verb |chapter-url=http://wals.info/chapter/83}}</ref> Panginot sindang walahan-na-[[pagsasanga (linggwistika)|pagsasanga]], o [[pamayo-panapos]], na may [[Pamayo (linggwistika)|pamayo]] na parating makukua sa katapusan kan saindang mga [[prase]], na may resultang tendensiyang magkaigwa nin mga [[panmidbid]] bago an mga [[pangngaran]], na ibugtak an mga [[adposisyon]] pagkatapos kan mga [[praseng pangngaran]] na saindang pinapamayuhan (sa ibang pagtaram, gamiton an mga [[postposisyon]]), nabugtak an mga [[relatibong sugnay]] bago an saindang mga [[reperensya]], asin ibugtak an mga [[pantabang na panhiro]] pagkatapos kan [[hiruon na panhiro]].<ref>{{cite book |title= From OV to VO in early Middle English: Volume 60 of Linguistik aktuell - Issue 60 of Linguistik Artuell/Linguistics Today Series |last= Trips |first= Carola |author-link= Carola Trips |year= 2002 |publisher= John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn= 90-272-2781-0 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zUD_MLxwN_8C&dq=OV+language&pg=PA1}}</ref> Sa mga tataramon na OV na naggagamit nin mga [[affix]], kadaklan sa panginot, o dawa eksklusibo, arog kan kaso kan [[tataramon na Turko|Turko]], mas gusto an [[suffix]]asyon kisa [[prefix (linggwistika)|prefixasyon]]. Halimbawa, an [[tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]] ibinibilang na sarong [[tataramon na VO]], asin an [[tataramon na Hapon|Hapon]] asin [[tataramon na Koryano|Koryano]] ibinibilang na OV. {{fs interlinear|indent=3 |top= '''Hapon:''' |犬 が 猫 を 追いかけた |inu ga neko o oikaketa |{} {} obheto {} panhiro|style3= font-variant: small-caps; |'''Hinabol''' (panhiro) kan ido an ''ikos'' (obheto)}} {{fs interlinear|indent=3 |top= '''Koryano:''' |개는 고양이를 쫓았다 |gae-neun go-yang-i-reul jjo-chatt-da |{} obheto panhiro|style3= font-variant: small-caps; |'''Hinabol''' (panhiro) kan ido an ''ikos'' (obheto)}} {{fs interlinear|indent=2 |top= '''Turko:''' |Köpek, kediyi kovaladı. | |{} obheto panhiro|style3= font-variant: small-caps; |'''Hinabol''' (panhiro) kan ido an ''ikos'' (obheto)}} An ibang mga tataramon, arog kan [[tataramon na Pilandya|Pilandya]], [[tataramon na Hungaryo|Hungaryo]], [[tataramon na Ruso|Ruso]], asin [[tataramon na Yiddish|Yiddish]], parehong naggagamit nin mga konstruksyon na OV asin VO,<ref name="Hróarsdóttir">{{cite book |title= Word Order Change in Icelandic: From OV to VO |url= https://archive.org/details/wordorderchangei0000thor |last= Hróarsdóttir |first= Thorbjörg |year= 2001 |publisher= John Benjamins Publishing Company |location= Philadelphia, PA, USA |isbn= 9789027299208}} </ref> alagad sa ibang pagkakataon, arog kan [[Tahaw na Ingles|Amay na Tahaw na Ingles]], an ibang mga diyalekto pwedeng gumamit nin VO asin an iba OV. An mga tataramon na igwa nin parehong OV asin VO na konstruksyon pwedeng magsolid sa saro o sa ibang konstruksyon. An tataramon na nagpapahiro kan panhiro o [[panhirong prase]] nin orog pa sa bagay magkakaigwa nin pagkakasunud-sunod nin taga sa ibabaw kan VO, asin an tataramon na nagpapahiro kan obheto nin orog kisa sa panhiro o panhirong prase magkakaigwa nin pagkakasunod-sunod nin taga sa OV. ==Mga subset== *[[Subheto–obheto–panhiro]] *[[Obheto–subheto–panhiro]] *[[Obheto–panhiro–subheto]] ==Mga toltolan== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT: pagkakasunod-sunod na taga nin Obheto-panhiro}} [[Kategorya:Linggwistikong tipolohiya]] [[Kategorya:pagkakasunod-sunod kan mga taga]] 6ljsq9om8udtr93hfgxcump317h85wn 0 55298 309622 308694 2026-08-23T20:59:08Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Halipot na paglaladawan|Pagkasunod-sunod kan mga taga kun sain an panhiro nainot sa obheto}} {{Mga tema sa tipolohiya nin linggwistika}} An '''pagkasunod-sunod kan taga sa panhiro-obheto''' ('''VO''') sarong [[pagkasunod-sunod kan taga]] kun sain an [[panhiro]] parati na minaabot bago an [[obheto (gramatika)|bagay o obheto]].<ref Name="Trips">{{cite book |title= From OV to VO in early Middle English: Volume 60 of Linguistik aktuell - Issue 60 of Linguistik Artuell/Linguistics Today Series |last= Trips |first= Carola |authorlink= Carola Trips |year= 2002 |publisher= John Benjamins Publishing Company |location= |isbn= 90-272-2781-0 |page= |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zUD_MLxwN_8C&q=OV+language&pg=PA1}}</ref> Mga 53% kan mga dokumentadong tataramon igwa kaining orden.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tomlin | first1 = Russell | date = March 1988 | title = Basic Word Order: Functional Principles | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1988-03_64_1/page/196 | journal = Language | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 196–197 | publisher = Linguistic Society of America | jstor = 414811 | doi=10.2307/414811}}</ref> Halimbawa, an [[tataramon na Hapon|Hapon]] ibinibilang na tataramon na OV, asin an [[tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]] ibinibilang na VO. An pundamental na pangulayan na nagpapahiling kaini iyo an minasunod. :Hapon: Inu ga ''neko'' (obheto) o '''oikaketa''' (panhiro) :Ingles: The dog '''chased''' (panhiro) the ''cat'' (obheto) :Bikol Sentral: '''Hinahapag''' (panhiro) kan ido an ''ikos'' (obheto). Si [[Winfred P. Lehmann]] iyo an pinakainot na nagproponer kan pagbawas kan anom na posibleng permutasyon kan pagkasunod-sunod kan mga taga sa duwa sanang mayor, VO asin OV, sa inaapod niyang [[Pantugmadan na Prinsipyo nin Pagbugtak]] o sa Ingles '''Fundamental Principle of Placement'' (FPP), na nagtutulod na an subheto bakong sarong primerong elemento kan sarong pangulayan. An mga tataramon na VO panginot na may sanga sa too (right-branching), o pamayo-panginot (head-initial): an mga [[pamayo (linggwistika)|pamayo]] sa pankagabsan makukua sa kapinunan kan saindang mga [[frase]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lehmann | first1 = Winfred P. | date = March 1973 | title = A Structural Principle of Language and Its Implications | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1973-03_49_1/page/47 | journal = Language | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–66 | publisher = Linguistic Society of America | jstor = 412102 | doi=10.2307/412102}}</ref> An mga tataramon na VO igwa nin tendensiyang paboran an paggamit nin [[preposisyon]] imbes na mga postposisyon, na 42 sana an naggagamit nin mga postposisyon kan dokumentadong 498 na mga tataramon na VO.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Atlas of Language Structures Online|url=http://wals.info/feature/95A?tg_format=map&v1=c00d&v2=c99f&v3=cd00&v4=cf6f&v5=cccc|work=Map 95A}}</ref> An ibang mga tataramon, arog kan [[tataramon na Pilandya|Pilandya]], [[tataramon na Hungaryo|Hungaryo]], [[tataramon na Ruso|Ruso]], [[tataramon na Turko|Turko]] asin [[tataramon na Yiddish|Yiddish]], parehong naggagamit nin mga konstruksyon na VO asin OV,<ref>{{cite book |title= Word Order Change in Icelandic: From OV to VO |url= https://archive.org/details/wordorderchangei0000thor |last= Hróarsdóttir |first= Thorbjörg |year= 2001 |publisher= John Benjamins Publishing Company |location= Philadelphia, PA, USA |isbn= 9789027299208}} </ref> alagad sa ibang pagkakataon, arog kan [[Tahaw na Ingles|Amay na Tahaw na Ingles]], an ibang mga diyalekto pwedeng gumamit nin VO asin an iba OV. An mga tataramon na igwa nin parehong OV asin VO na mga konstruksyon pwedeng magsolido sa saro o sa ibang konstruksyon sa laog kan saindang historikong pag-uswag. An tataramon na nagpapahiro kan panhiro o [[panhirong prase]] nin orog pa sa bagay magkakaigwa nin ibabaw na pagkasunod-sunod kan mga taga sa VO, asin an sarong tataramon na nagpapahiro kan obheto nin orog pa sa panhiro o panhirong prase magkakaigwa nin ibabaw na pagkasunod-sunod kan mga taga sa OV. ==Mga subset== *[[Subheto–panhiro–obheto]] *[[Panhiro–subheto–obheto]] *[[Panhiro–obheto–subheto]] ==Mga Reperensya== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Pagkasunod-sunod kan taga sa panhiro-obheto}} [[Kategorya:Linggwistikong tipolohiya]] [[Kategorya:Pagkasunod-sunod kan mga taga]] 9m8wwk1jmuzvbcaq4z0wblcss0pej0a 0 55304 309553 309449 2026-08-23T20:04:46Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Tataramon o frase na nanonongod sa sarong partikular na dukot}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 200 | image1 = Color star-en (tertiary names).svg | alt1 = Sarong rida nin dukot na may mga panginot na dukot o kolot na pula, kahel, giyaw (dilaw), kulasisi (berde), sinabilaw (asul), asin lila | image2 = RGB color wheel.svg | alt2 = Sarong rida nin kolor na may mga panginot na kolor na pula, dilaw, berde, cyan, asul, asin magenta | caption2 = Mga rida nin kolor na may mga panaga o termino nin dukot o kolor sa [[tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]] para sa [[RYB]] (sa itaas) asin [[CMYK]] (sa ibaba) na mga paagi. }} {{Mga tema sa tipolohiya nin linggwistika}} An '''termino o panaga nin dukot''' (o pangaran nin kolor) sarong tataramon o prase na nanonongod sa sarong partikular na kolor. An terminong dukot o kolor pwedeng nanonongod sa pagmansay nin tawo sa kolor na iyan (na apektado kan biswal na konteksto) na parati tinatawan nin kabootan susog sa [[sistema nin dukot ni Munsell]], o sa sarong nakatagong pisikal na propyedad (arog kan sarong espesipikong [[wavelength]] sa [[spectrum]] kan [[nahihiling na liwanag]]). Igwa man nin mga sistemang numeriko nin pagdetalye nin kolor, na inaapod na mga [[espasyo nin dukot|espasyon nin kolor]]. An sarong importanteng pagkakaiba dapat na establisaron sa pag-ultanan kan kolor asin porma, nin huli ta an duwang atributong ini parati na ginagamit na magkaibanan kun naglaladawan sa tataramon. Halimbawa, sinda tinatakan bilang alternatibong parte kan mga termino sa pagtaram na termino nin kolor asin termino nin porma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Colour Categories in Thought and Language; 'The neuropsychology of color' |last=Davidoff |first=Jules |publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge |year=1997 |isbn=9780521498005 |location=Cambridge, England |pages=118–120}}</ref> An mga kondisyon sikolohikal para sa pagmidbid kan mga kolor yaon, arog kan mga dai nakakamidbid nin mga kolor sa pankagabsan o idtong mga nahihiling an mga kolor bilang tanog (sarong klase nin [[sinestesya]]). [[File:Colours in Irish.png|thumb|left|An [[rida nin kolor]] na may mga panaga sa kolor sa [[Tataramon na Irlandes|Irlandes]], na nagpapaliwanag na an {{lang|ga|glas}} ("pale blue/grey/green") asin {{lang|ga|gorm}} ("deep blue/grey/green") naiiba susog sa intensidad ([[luminosidad]]) imbes na sa [[hue]]. Siring man, an {{lang|ga|buí}} nanonongod bako sana sa "giyaw" asin "bulawan", kundi an mga maluspad na baroron (light brown) bilang "buff beige" asin "ochre", mantang an {{lang|ga|dunn}} para sa mas maitom na mga baroron (dark brown). An {{lang|ga|Rua}} nanonongod sa pula kan buhok ([[fox]], [[Erithacus rubecula|robin]]), mantang an {{lang|ga|dearg}} nanonongod sa pula kan [[dugo]] asin an {{lang|ga|bándearg}} iyo an "pulang pula". Dangan, an {{lang|ga|Bán}}, {{lang|ga|fionn}}, {{lang|ga|geal}}, asin {{lang|ga|liath}} gabos nanonongod sa manlaen-laen na grado nin [[kaliwanagan]] o "katanosan" — na dai malinaw na pigmamapa sana an Ingles na "puti" — laban sa {{lang|ga|dub}} o "itom"".]] == Mga sukol nin kolor == An tipikal na [[paghiling nin kolor]] kan tawo iyo an [[trikromatiko]], boot sabihon ini nakasusog sa tolong-dimensyon na kolor na [[gamut]]. An tolong dimensyon na ini pwedeng tawan nin kabootan sa manlain-lain na paagi, alagad parati an pinakamadaling masabutan na kabootan iyo an mga dimensyon kan [[HSL asin HSV|HSL/HSV kolor na espasyo]]: * '''[[Hue]]''': nagrerepresentar kan manlain-lain na kolor kan [[balangaw]] o [[rida nin kolor]] (halimbawa, 'pula', 'kahel', 'giyaw', asin iba pa); haros kapareho kan wavelength o frequency kan kolor. * '''[[Saturasyon (teorya nin kolor)|Saturasyon]]''': an [[pagkolor]] kan kolor, i.e. sarong sukol kan buhay na buhay kumpara sa maluspad. * '''[[Luminosidad]]''': sarong sukol kan intensidad o 'kaliwanagan'. ==Sa natural na mga tataramon== ===Leksikolohiya=== An mga kolor nin taga na [[wikt:monolexemic|Monolexemic]] binibilog nin mga indibidwal na [[lekseme]], o ''mga gamot na taga'', arog kan 'pula', 'baroron', 'fuchsia', o 'olibo'. An mga gamot sa kolor sa pankagabsan naglaladawan kan kolor kan kolor, alagad an nagkapirang gamot na taga{{Mdash}}na iyo an baroron{{Mdash}}pwede man na magladawan kan ibang mga dimensyon. An mga taga na may kolor na minabilog nin naggagamit nin mga panmidbid na prefix (halimbawa, 'maliwanag na baroron', 'kulasising dagat'), na sa pankagabsan naglaladawan kan saturasyon o luminosidad, o mga binibilog na pundamental na taga na kolor (halimbawa, 'yellow-green'), na nagpapadalisay kan hue kan kolor relatibo sa mga gamot na taga. An {{lang|fi|Vaaleanpunainen}}, an [[tataramon na Pilandya|Pilandya]] para sa 'kulay nin sampaga', sarong malinaw na [[aglutinasyon]] kan mga tataramon kan taga para sa 'maputla' ({{lang|fi|vaalea}}) asin 'pula' ({{lang|fi|punainen}}). {{anchor|Basic}} === Mga pundamental na panaga sa kolor === {{dugang pa|Mga Pundamental na Termino sa Kolor}} An mga pundamental na termino nin kolor nakakaabot sa minasunod na mga panusugan:<ref name="BerlinKay1969"/> * monoleksemiko ('berde', alagad bakong 'berdeng maliwanag' o 'berdeng kadlagan'), * halangkaw an prekwensya, asin * pinagkaoroyonan kan mga nagtataram kan lenguaheng iyan. An [[tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]] igwa nin 12 pundamental na termino sa kolor susog ki Brent Berlin asin Paul Kay: [[itom]], [[puti]], [[pula]], [[berde|kulasisi]], [[giyaw]], [[asul]], [[baroron|kayumanggi o baroron]], [[Kahel (kolor)|kahel]], [[sampaga]], [[lila]], [[abo]] asin [[plata]]; an ibang mga tataramon igwa sa pag-ultanan nin 2 sagkod 12. An gabos na ibang kolor pigkokonsiderar kan kadaklan na mga parataram kan tataramon na iyan na mga variant kan mga pundamental na terminong ini nin kolor. An sarong kapaki-pakinabang na [[litmus test (politics)|litmus test]] minabale sa pagsalida kan lambang saro sa mga pundamental na terminong ini sa sarong aproksimasyon kan ibang mga pundamental na termino, halimbawa. pagsalida nin kahel sa pula-dilaw. Kun an aproksimasyon iyo an ''[[wikt:jarring#Adjective|jarring]]'', an sinalidahan na termino posibleng nakakaabot sa kahagadan para sa sarong pundamental na terminong kolor. An sarong halimbawa nin kolor na harani sa pagigin sarong pundamental na termino sa kolor sa Ingles iyo an ''turquoise''. Ini monolexemic, alagad bakong gayong halangkaw an frequency, orog na kun ikukumpara sa mga alternatibong teal o cyan. Ini man sa pankagabsan dai nakakapasar sa litmus test sa itaas huli ta an kadaklan na tawo dai nahihiling na nakakabigla an paggamit kan pag-aprobar kan ibang mga pundamental na termino nin kolor (asul-berde).{{citation needed|date= December 2025}} ===Hirarkiya kan panaga nin dukot=== Sa klasikong pag-aadal ni [[Brent Berlin]] asin [[Paul Kay]] (1969), ''[[Mga Pundamental na Termino sa Kolor|Mga Pundamental na Termino sa Kolor: An Saindang Unibersalidad asin Ebolusyon]]'',<ref name="BerlinKay1969"/> an mga parasaligsig nagrason na an mga pagkakaiba sa bilang kan mga pundamental na termino sa kolor sa mga tataramon nagsusunod sa sarong paorootrong halimbawa. An mga termino sa kolor pwedeng iorganisar sa sarong magkakasundo na hirarkiya asin igwa nin limitadong bilang nin unibersal na '''mga pundamental na termino sa kolor''' na nagpopoon na gamiton kan mga indibidwal na kultura sa sarong medyo nakapirming pagkasunod-sunod. An pagkasunod-sunod na ini tinatawan nin kahulugan sa mga yugto I sagkod VII. Si Berlin asin Kay orihinal na nagbasar kan saindang pag-analisar sa pagkumpara kan mga taga na may kolor sa 20 tataramon hale sa bilog na kinaban. An modelo ipinapahiling sa ibaba, na nababanga sa mga yugto, na an yugto I nasa wala asin an yugto VII sa too:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kay |first1=Paul |last2=McDaniel |first2=Chad |year=1978 |title=The Linguistic Significance of the Meanings of Basic Color Terms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1978-09_54_3/page/610 |journal=Language |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=610–646 |doi=10.1353/lan.1978.0035|s2cid=26961780 }}</ref><br/><math>\begin{Bmatrix}\text{puti} \\ \text{itom} \end{Bmatrix} < \text{pula} < \begin{Bmatrix}\text{kulasisi/berde} \\ \text{giyaw/darag} \end{Bmatrix} < \text{sinabilaw/asul} < \text{baroron} <\begin{Bmatrix}\text{lila} \\ \text{kolor sampaga} \\ \text{kahel} \\ \text{abo} \end{Bmatrix}</math> An pag-aadal ni Berlin asin Kay nagmidbid nin pitong yugto kan mga sistema nin pagkakaiba nin kolor. An lambang progresibong yugto igwa nin termino nin kolor na an mga nakaaging yugto dai. ====Yugto I (madiklom asin maliwanag)==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; float:right" |- ! style="background-color:#c0c0c0;" | Yugto I<ref name=Kay99>{{cite journal |last1=Kay |first1=Paul |author-link2=Luisa Maffi |last2=Maffi |first2=Luisa |year=1999 |title=Color appearance and the emergence and evolution of basic color lexicons |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1999-12_101_4/page/743 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=743–760 |doi=10.1525/aa.1999.101.4.743|doi-access=free }}</ref> ! style="font-weight:normal;" | maliwanag–mainit (puti/giyaw/pula)<br/>maitom–malipot (itom/asul/berde) |} An yugto I igwa nin duwang termino, puti asin itom (liwanag asin madiklom); an mga terminong ini pigtutukdo nin mahiwas tanganing iladawan an ibang mga terminong kolor na dai pa nailaladawan. Halimbawa, an mga grupo nin [[mga tawong Yali|Yali]] sa kabukidan sa Bagong Guinea pigmimidbid an kolor kan dugo bilang itom. Ini huli ta an dugo, bilang sarong medyo maitom na likido, pinaggrupo sa parehong kolor na klasipikasyon kan itom. Sa [[tataramon na Bassa]], igwa nin duwang termino sa pagklasipikar kan mga kolor: {{lang|bsq|ziza}} (puti, giyaw, kahel, asin pula) asin {{lang|bsq|hui}} (itom, lila, asul, asin berde).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McNeill |first1=N. B. |title=Colour and colour terminology |journal=Journal of Linguistics |date=28 November 2008 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.1017/S002222670000311X|s2cid=26668333 }}</ref> Sa [[tataramon na Pirahã]], minalataw na mayo nin mga terminong kolor na lampas pa sa paglaladawan kan liwanag asin kadikloman.<ref>Kay, Paul. (2007). [http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/myl/languagelog/archives/004399.html ''Pirahã Color Terms'']. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</ref> An [[Dani sa Dakulang Kababan|tataramon na Dani]] kan [[sulnopan na Bagong Guinea]] igwa sanang pagkakaiba nin duwang pundamental na kolor: {{lang|dni|mili}} para sa malipot/madiklom na mga kolor arog kan asul, berde, asin itom; asin {{lang|dni|mola}} para sa mainit/maliwanag na mga kolor arog kan pula, giyaw, asin puti.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl8gAQAAIAAJ&q=mili+mola++|title=The Invention of Basic Colour Terms|first=Barbara Ann Christine|last=Saunders|year=1992|publisher=R.U.U.–I.S.O.R.|isbn=9789051870879 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2800917|title=Probabilities, Sampling, and Ethnographic Method: The Case of Dani Colour Names|author=Heider, Eleanor Rosch|year=1972|journal=Man|volume=7|issue=3|pages=448–466|doi=10.2307/2800917|jstor=2800917 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ====Yugto II (pula)==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; float:right" |- ! style="background-color:#c0c0c0;" | Yugto II<ref name=Kay99/> ! style="font-weight:normal;" | puti<br/>pula/giyaw<br/>itom/asul/berde |} An yugto II nag-iimplementar nin ikatolong termino para sa pula. An mga bagay nagpopoon na dai na magsarig sa saindang liwanag para sa klasipikasyon asin sa yugtong ini nahihiling ta na an lambang termino nagtatakop nin mas dakulang sakop nin mga kolor. Partikularmente, an asul asin iba pang mas maitom na mga kolor padagos na ilinaladawan bilang an itom, an mga kolor na giyaw asin kahel pigklasipikar sa pula, asin an iba pang maliwanag na mga kolor padagos na pigklasipikar sa puti. Sa [[tataramon na Bambara]], igwa nin tolong terminong kolor: {{lang|bm|dyema}} (puti, beige), {{lang|bm|blema}} (mapula, baroronon), asin {{lang|bm|fima}} (madiklom na berde, indigo, asin itom). ====Yugto III/IV (giyaw + kulasisi/berde)==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; float:right" |- ! style="background-color:#c0c0c0;" | Yugto III<ref name=Kay99/> ! style="font-weight:normal;" |puti<br/>pula<br/>giyaw<br/>itom/asul/berde ! style="font-weight:normal;" |puti<br/>pula<br/>giyaw/berde/asul<br/>itom ! style="font-weight:normal;" |puti<br/>pula/giyaw<br/>berde/asul<br/>itom |} An yugto III nagpapamidbid nin ikatolong termino na nanonongod sa berde (IIIa) o dilaw (IIIb). Kadaklan sa mga tataramon sa pag-aadal na may sistemang ini pigbibisto an dilaw kisa berde, arog kan [[tataramon na Komi]], kun saen an berde pigkokonsiderar na sarong lindong nin dilaw ({{lang|kv|виж}}, {{lang|kv|vizh}}), inaapod na {{lang|kv|turun виж}} ({{lang|kv|turun vizh)}} {{Gloss|maduot na giyaw}} .<ref>Rueter, Jack M. (1996), Komia-anglisköĭ-finsköĭ</ref> Alagad, an [[tataramon na Ibibio]] sa Nigeria asin an tataramon na Filipino na [[tataramon na Hanunoo]] parehong nagpapamidbid sa berde imbes na giyaw. An [[Ovahimba]] naggagamit nin [[mga tawo nin Himba#Pagmansay asin paghiling nin kolor|apat na pangaran nin kolor]]: an {{lang|hz|zuzu}} nangangaboot nin maitom na mga kolor na asul, pula, berde, asin lila; an {{lang|hz|vapa}} puti asin may mga kolor na giyaw; an {{lang|hz|buru}} iyo nagkapirang kolor nin berde asin asul; asin an {{Lang|hz|dambu}} iyo an ibang mga kolor nin berde, pula, asin kayumanggi o baroron.<ref name="himba colour">{{cite book |last1=Roberson |first1=Debi |last2=Davidoff |first2=Jules |last3=Davies |first3=Ian R.L. |last4=Shapiro |first4=Laura R. |year=2006 |chapter=Colour categories and category acquisition in Himba and English |pages=159–172 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |doi=10.1075/z.pics2.14rob |editor1-first=Nicola |editor1-last=Pitchford |editor2-first=Carole P. |editor2-last=Biggam |title=Progress in Colour Studies |volume=II Psychological aspects |isbn=978-90-272-3240-3 |via=ResearchGate |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43627151 |access-date=2012-05-28}}</ref> Pighuhuna na ini pwedeng [[Stroop effect|magdugang kan oras]] na kaipuhan para sa mga Ovahimba na mamidbid an duwang kolor na nasa irarom kan parehong kategorya nin kolor kan [[Mga tawong Herero|Herero]], kumpara sa mga tawong an tataramon nagsusuway kan mga kolor sa duwang magkaibang kategorya nin kolor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reiger |first1=Terry |first2=Paul |last2=Kay |title=Language, thought, and color: Whorf was half right |journal=[[Trends (journals)|Trends in Cognitive Sciences]] |date=28 August 2009 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2009.07.001 |url=http://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/~kay/tics2.pdf |access-date=2012-08-29 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=439–446 |pmid=19716754 |s2cid=2564005 |archivedate=2019-02-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212101318/http://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/~kay/tics2.pdf }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; float:right" |- ! style="background-color:#c0c0c0;" | Yugto IV<ref name=Kay99/> ! style="font-weight:normal;" |puti<br/>pula<br/>giyaw<br/>berde<br/>itom/asul ! style="font-weight:normal;" |puti<br/>pula<br/>giyaw<br/>berde/asul<br/>itom |} An yugto IV naglalaog nin berde o giyaw, kun arin an dai pa yaon, i.e. an mga tataramon sa yugto IIIa mag-aako nin giyaw asin an mga tataramon sa yugto IIIb mag-aako nin berde. Kadaklan sa yugto IV na mga tataramon nagpapadagos sa [[koleksipikasyon|pagkoleksipa]] kan asul asin berde, siring sa nakalista sa ''[[Pagkakalain kan Asul-berde sa tataramon]]''. An [[karakter nin Intsik]] na [[wikt:青|青]] (pigsasayod na {{lang|cmn-Latn|qīng}} sa [[Panusugan na Intsik|Mandarin]] asin {{lang|ja-Latn|ao}} sa Hapon) igwa nin kabootan na parehong minasakop sa asul asin berde. Sa mas kontemporanyong termino, sinda an [[wikt:藍|藍]] ({{lang|cmn-Latn|lán}}, sa Mandarin) asin [[wikt:綠|綠]] ({{lang|cmn-Latn|lǜ}}, sa Mandarin) sunod-sunod. An Hapon igwa man nin duwang termino na partikularmenteng nanonongod sa kolor na berde, {{wikt-lang|ja|緑}} ({{lang|ja-Latn|midori}}, gikan sa klasikal na panhirong deskriptibong Hapon na {{lang|ja-Latn|midoru}} {{Gloss|magin sa dahon, mag-uswag}} sa pagsambit sa mga kahoy) asin {{lang|ja|グリーン}} ({{lang|ja-Latn|guriin}}, na gikan sa taga na Ingles na 'green (berde)'). {{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} ====Yugto V (asul)==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; float:right" |- ! style="background-color:#c0c0c0;" | Yugto V<ref name=Kay99/> ! style="font-weight:normal;" |puti<br/>pula<br/>giyaw<br/>berde<br/>asul<br/>itom |} An yugto V nagpapamidbid nin asul bilang sadiring termino nin kolor, na naiiba sa itom o sa berde. ====Yugto VI (baroron)==== An ikapitong pundamental na termino nin kolor posibleng kayumanggi o baroron. Sa Ingles, ini an pinakainot na pundamental na termino sa kolor (apuwera sa itom asin puti) na dai naiiba sa kolor, kundi sa kaliwanagan. An Ingles nagbabaranga nin nagkapirang kolor sa nagkapirang magkalaen na kolor susog sa kaliwanagan: arog kan pula asin sampaga (pink) o kahel asin kayumanggi/baroron. Para sa mga nagtataram nin Ingles, an mga padis na ini nin kolor, na sa obhetibo dai nanggad magkaiba sa lambang saro kisa sa maliwanag na berde asin maitom na berde, pighihiling na kabali sa manlain-lain na kategorya.<ref name="BerlinKay1969">{{cite book |author1-link=Brent Berlin |last1=Berlin |first1=Brent |author2-link=Paul Kay |first2=Paul |last2=Kay |year=1969 |title=Basic Color Terms: Their universality and evolution |title-link=Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution}}</ref> ====Yugto VII==== An yugto VII nagdudugang nin dugang na mga termino para sa kahel, sampaga, lila, o abohon, alagad an mga ini dai nagpapahiling kan parehong hirarkiya kan nakaaging pitong kolor.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Varley |editor-first=Helen |title=Color |url=https://archive.org/details/color0000unse_c7w9 |location=London |date=1980 |publisher=Marshall Editions |isbn=0-89535-037-8 |chapter=The Vocabulary of Color |pages=[https://archive.org/details/color0000unse_c7w9/page/50 50]–51}}</ref> An Ingles igwa nin kagsarong pundamental na termino sa kolor: 'itom', 'puti', 'pula', 'berde', 'giyaw', 'asul', 'baroron', 'kahel', 'sampaga', 'lila', asin 'abohon'. ====Yugto VII+==== [[File:Moscow-metro-light-blue-line.png|thumb|Paggamit nin mga kolor na maliwanag na asul ({{lang|ru|голубой}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|{{Itco|goluboi}} }}) asin maitom na asul ({{lang|ru|синий}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|{{Itco|sinii}} }}) para sa manlain-lain na linya kan [[Metro kan Moscow]]]] An mga tataramon na may dugang pang pagkakaiba nin kolor naggagamit nin mga relatibistikong liwanag/madiklom na mga termino arog kan maliwanag na asul {{Nbsp}}/ [[navy blue|madagom na asul]] (kumpara sa asul na kalangitan{{Nbsp}}/ asul na kadagatan), o [[pink|maluspad na pula]]{{Nbsp}}/ [[Maroon|hararom na pula]]. An [[Tataramon na Italyano|Italyano]], [[tataramon na Ruso|Ruso]] asin [[tataramon na Hebreyo|Hebreo]] igwa nin kagduwang pundamental na termino nin kolor, na an lambang saro nagpapamidbid kan asul asin maliwanag na asul. An sarong Ruso magibo kan parehong pula/sampaga asin kahel/baroron na mga pagkakaiba, alagad magibo man nin dugang pang pagkakaiba sa tanga kan {{lang|ru|синий}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|sinii}}) asin {{lang|ru|голубой}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|goluboi}}), na inaapod kan mga parataram nin Ingles na maitom asin maliwanag na asul. Sa mga parataram nin Ruso, an {{lang|ru-Latn|sinii}} asin {{lang|ru-Latn|goluboi}} magkasuhay arog kan pula asin sampaga, o kahel asin baroron.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seeing the blues |magazine=Nature |series=News |date=2007-04-30 |url=https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070430/full/news070430-2.html}}</ref> An [[Tataramon na Hungaryo|Hungaryo]] asin [[Tataramon na Turko|Turko]] [[Tataramon na Hungaryo#Duwang tataramon para sa "pula"|naglalain nin dakol na tataramon]] para sa 'pula': {{lang|hu|piros}} asin {{lang|hu|vörös}} (Hungaryo; {{lang|hu|vörös}} sarong mas maitom na pula), asin an {{lang|tr|kırmızı}}, {{lang|tr|al}}, asin {{lang|tr|kızıl}} (Turko); An {{lang|tr|kırmızı}} ngunyan kabali an gabos na pula alagad orihinal na pigtutukdo sa [[krimson]], na kun sain ini kapareho, mantang an {{lang|tr|kızıl}} mayormenteng pigtutukdo sa eskarlata asin iba pang mga pula na kolor kahel o baroron. Duwang taga para sa 'pula' an makukua man sa Irlandes asin [[Scottish Gaelic]]: ini an ({{lang|ga|dearg}} para sa maliwanag, maliwanag na pula asin {{lang|ga|rua}} o {{lang|gd|ruadh}} sunod-sunod para sa maitom, baroronon na pula). An Turko igwa man nin duwang taga para sa 'puti' ({{lang|tr|beyaz}} asin {{lang|tr|ak}}) asin 'itom' ({{lang|tr|siyah}} asin {{lang|tr|kara}}). An {{lang|tr|Ak}} asin {{lang|tr|beyaz}} igwa nin parehong kahulugan, mantang an {{lang|tr|kara}} mas mahiwas na termino kisa {{lang|tr|siyah}} asin kabali man an mga maitom na kayumanggi; kun arin na taga an ginagamit nakadepende man sa klase kan bagay na ilinaladawan. Parehong gikan sa Turkiko an {{lang|tr|ak}} asin {{lang|tr|kara}}, mantang sinublitaga an {{lang|tr|siyah}} sa [[Tataramon na Persyano|Persyo]], asin {{lang|tr|beyaz}} hale sa Arabe {{lang|ar|بياض}} {{lang|ar-Latn|bayāḍ}}. Sa [[Serbo-Kroatyano]] may pagkakaiba sa maitom na baroron ({{lang|sh|mrk}}), baroron ({{Lang|sh|smeđ}} asin {{lang|sh|kestenjast}}), pula ({{lang|sh|crven}}), sampaga o pink ({{lang|sh|ružičast}}), asin kahel ({{lang|sh|narandžast}}), pati na man sa mga kolor nin asul: asul na navy ({{lang|sh|teget}}), maitom na asul ({{lang|sh|modar}}), asul ({{lang|sh|plav}}), asin asul na abo ({{lang|sh|{{Itco|sinj}} }}). An sarong interesanteng kaso na minalihis sa halimbawang ini iyo an duwang tataramon kan [[Tatatamon na Irlandes|Irlandes]] para sa berde: * {{lang|ga|glas}} nangangaboot kan berdeng kolor kan mga tinanom * {{lang|ga|uaine}} nangangaboot nin mga artipisyal na berde nin mga tina o arok, pintura asin iba pa. An pagkakaiba na ini ginigibo dawa kun an duwang kolor magkapareho. An {{Lang|ga|Glas}} ginagamit man para sa mga "natural" na abohon, arog kan [[Eastern gray squirrel|gray squirrel]], {{lang|ga|iora glas}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/the-irish-for-colours-you-may-have-forgotten-lots-of-your-schooling-but-you-should-remember-the-word-bandearg-4447647-Jan2019/ |title=The Irish For: How many colours can you remember? |first=Darach |last=Ó Séaghdha |date=January 20, 2019 |work=[[TheJournal.ie]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnQ9AAAAYAAJ&q=uaine+glas+distinction |title=Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Glasgow |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref> ====Linggwistikong relatibidad==== {{main|Linggwistikong relatibidad asin an debate sa pagngaran nin kolor}} An mga kolor na ini haros katumbas kan mga sensibilidad kan mga selula kan ganglion kan retina, na nagdara ki Berlin asin Kay na mag-argumento na an pagngaran nin kolor bako sanang sarong kultural na pangyayari, kundi saro man na pinipirit kan biyolohiya—an boot sabihon, an tataramon pighuhurma kan pagmansay.<ref name="BerlinKay1969"/> Sarong pag-aadal kan 2012<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loreto |first1=Vittorio |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Animesh |last3=Tria |first3=Francesca |year=2012 |title=On the origin of the hierarchy of color names |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2012-05-01_109_18/page/6819 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=18 |pages=6819–6824 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1113347109 |pmc=3344991 |pmid=22509002|bibcode=2012PNAS..109.6819L |doi-access=free }}</ref> nagsuherir na an ginikanan kan hirarkiya na ini pwedeng konektado sa paghiling nin tawo asin an pagkasunod-sunod kan oras kun saen an mga pangaran na ini nin kolor inaako o pinagkaoroyonan sa sarong populasyon perpektong minatugma sa pagkasunod-sunod na pigprediktar kan hirarkiya. === Mga termino na bakong hue === An artikulong ini kadaklan naglaladawan kan mga termino sa kolor na nagtatao nin kabootan kan ''hue'' kan sarong kolor, nin huli ta an hue pigkokonsiderar na pinakakinaugali na dimensyon kan tolo. Alagad, an ibang mga termino parateng ginagamit sa paglaladawan kan ibang duwang dimensyon, na pwedeng mahiling bilang mga komun na prefix sa mga terminong gamot na sa pankagabsan naglaladawan kan hue. An padugang nin mga prefix sa mga terminong kolor kan gamot nagbubunga nin mga kolor na [[wikt:multileksemiko|multileksemiko]]. An mga halimbawa kan mga komun na prefix na adhetibo mahihiling sa sarong [[List_of_colors_(compact)|lista nin mga pangaran nin kolor]] asin ilinaladawan: * [[Kasilawan]]: pwedeng magladawan nin halangkaw na liwanag o halangkaw na saturasyon, susog sa [[epekto nin Helmholtz–Kohlrausch]] asin/o [[Epekto nin pangangayam (kolor)|nin pangangayam]]. * [[Kaliwanagan]]: naglaladawan nin parehong halangkaw na liwanag/lumisonidad ''asin'' hababang saturasyon * [[Kadikluman]]: an kabaliktaran kan kaliwanagan, o hababang liwanag * [[Pagkaputla (kolor)|kaputlaan]], ''pagkamapungaw: sarong sukol nin desaturation * [[wikt:Kararuman#Panmidmid|Rarom]], [[Royal blue|Royal]]: pwedeng nanonongod sa diklom asin/o halangkaw na saturasyon; mayong koneksyon sa [[rarom kan kolor]]. * [[Pagkakolor#Pagpukaw nin kadalisayan|Dalisay]], ''Maisog (bold)'', [[wikt:vivid|Malinaw (Vivid)]], [[wikt:yaman#Panmidbid|Yaman]]: gabos nanonongod sa halangkaw na saturasyon * [[Pastel (kolor)|Pastel]]: nanonongod sa mga kolor na may halangkaw na liwanag asin hababang saturasyon. * [[wikt:neon#Panmidbid|Neon]]: maliwanag, sa arin man sa mga kabootan kan taga; na nagtutukdo sa maliwanag na kinang kan [[ilaw na neon]]. * [[pluresenso|Pluresento]]: maliwanag na marhay, minsan man sobrang pagkasaturado. Pinangaranan sa epekto nin [[fluorescence]] kan mga pigmento asin tina, na pwedeng magprodusir nin maliwanag na liwanag kun pighihiling sa irarom kan [[ultrabayolet|ilaw nin ultrabayolet]], kaya mas maliwanag nanggad kisa sa saindang palibot.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=David |last=Schoonmaker |date=May–June 2006 |title=Sunshine on a cloudy day |magazine=American Scientist |volume=94 |number=3 |page=217 |doi=10.1511/2006.59.217 |url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/sunshine-on-a-cloudy-day}}</ref> === Mga termino na bakong dimensional === An ibang mga termino na minsan ginagamit sa paglaladawan kan kolor may relasyon sa pisikal na pangyayari na dai naglaladawan nin sarong kolor, kundi naglaladawan kan dinamikong naturalesa kan kolor kan sarong bagay. Kabali digdi an: * [[Kintab (optika)|Makintab]]: kun baga an ibabaw nagpapabanaag nin ''dipusa/pagkakalat'' o ''espekularmente'' (matarom) * [[Metalikong kolor|Metaliko]]: pagmidbid kan 'bulawan' asin 'pilak' sa mga kolor nin 'giyaw' asin 'abohon', sunod-sunod * [[Iridesenso|Iridesento]]: pagsarig kan kolor sa anggulo nin paghiling, kinaugali sa [[kolorasyon kan estruktura]] * [[opasidad (optiko)|Opasidad]]: malabo (solido) vs. kaaninagan (malinaw o nahihiling) === Mga termino sa kolor na abstrakto asin deskriptibo === An mga terminong kolor pwedeng iklasipikar bilang ''abstrakto'' o ''deskriptibo'', dawa ngani an pagkakaiba parati bakong malinaw. An mga terminong kolor na '''Abstrakto''' iyo an mga terminong kolor nanonongod sana sa kolor na saindang pigrerepresentar asin an anuman na etimolohikal na takod sa sarong bagay na igwang kolor na iyan nawawara. Sa Ingles an puti, itom, pula, giyaw, berde, asul, baroron, asin abohon mga abstraktong termino sa kolor. An mga terminong ini mga ''mga pundamental na termino sa kolor'' o ''basic color terms'' man (siring sa ipinapaliwanag sa itaas), dawa ngani an ibang mga abstraktong termino arog kan [[maroon]] asin [[magenta]] dai pigkokonsiderar na mga pundamental na termino sa kolor. An mga terminong kolor na '''deskriptibo''' segundaryong ginagamit sa paglaladawan nin sarong kolor alagad sa panginot nanonongod sa sarong bagay o pangyayari. An 'Salmon', 'rose', 'saffron', asin 'lilac' mga terminong kolor na naglaladawan sa Ingles huli ta an paggamit kaini bilang mga termino sa kolor kinua sa pagsambit sa natural na mga kolor kan laman kan [[salmon]], mga burak nin [[rosas]], mga pinagsaro kan mga pistil nin [[saffron]], asin mga burak nin [[lilak]] nin magkasunod. An mga abstraktong termino nin kolor sa sarong tataramon pwedeng irepresentar nin mga termino nin kolor na deskriptibo sa ibang tataramon; halimbawa sa Hapon an sampaga (pink) iyo an {{lang|ja-Latn|momoiro}} ({{lang|ja|桃色}}, {{Lit|kolor-milokoton}}) asin an abohon iyo an {{lang|ja-Latn|haiiro}} o {{lang|ja-Latn|nezumiiro}} ({{lang|ja|灰色}}, {{lang|ja|鼠色}}, lit. 'kolor-abo' para sa mga maliwanag na abohon asin 'kolor-kino' para sa maitom na mga abohon sunod-sunod). Dawa siring, mantang nag-uuswag an mga tataramon, sinda pwedeng mag-ampon o mag-imbento nin mga bagong abstraktong termino sa kolor, arog kan pag-ampon kan Hapon sa {{lang|ja-Latn|pinku}} ({{lang|ja|ピンク}}) para sa pink asin {{lang|ja-Latn|gurē}} ({{lang|ja|グレー}}) para sa abohon na gikan sa Ingles. Mantang an kadaklan sa 11 pundamental na termino sa kolor sa Ingles desididong abstrakto, tolo sa mga ini (gabos yugto VII, kaya masasabotan na an pinakahoben na pundamental na termino sa kolor) pwedeng sabihon na deskriptibo pa man giraray: * An ''pink'' o ''sampaga'' sa Bikol, sarong deskriptibong termino sa kolor na kinua sa pangaran kan sarong [[dianthus|burak na inaapod na 'pink']]. Alagad, huli ta an tataramon na 'pink (sampaga)' bihirang ginagamit sa pagsambit kan burak, relatibo sa komun na paggamit kaini bilang sarong kolor, ini parati pighihiling bilang sarong abstraktong termino sa kolor. * An ''Purple'' o ''lila'' sa Bikol, saro pang halimbawa kan pagbabagong ini, nin huli ta ini orihinal na tataramon na nanonongod sa [[tina]] o '''arok''' na inaapod na ''[[lilang tirya|Tyrian purple]]'', na kinua an pangaran kaini sa Latin na {{lang|la|purpura}}, na nanonongod sa parehong tina asin sa [[kuhol sa dagat]] na pinaghalean kan tina. Alagad, an etimolohikal na takod na ini nawara sa pagpapalistaga. *An ''[[Kahel (taga)|Kahel]]'' dipisil na ikategorya bilang abstrakto o deskriptibo nin huli ta an parehong gamit kaini, bilang terminong kolor asin bilang tataramon para sa sarong bagay, lakop na gayo asin dipisil na mamidbid kun arin sa duwa an panginot. Sa Ingles, an paggamit kan taga na 'kahel' para sa sarong prutas nainot sa paggamit kaini bilang termino sa kolor. An tataramon gikan sa Pranses na {{lang|fr|orenge}}, na naggigikan sa paagi nin [[Arabiko]] na {{wikt-lang|ar|نارنج}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|nāranj}}) asin [[Sanskrito]] na {{wikt-lang|sa|नारङ्ग}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|nāraṅga}}) gikan sa sarong [[mga tataramon na Drabidyo|tataramon na Drabidyo]] arog kan [[tataramon na Tamil|Tamil]] o [[tataramon na Tulu|Tulu]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=June 2012 |title=orange, n.1 and adj.1 |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/132163 |access-date=2012-09-04}}</ref> An pinaghalean na pormang ''orangish'' (kahelon) bilang sarong kolor pinatotoohan poon kan huring parte kan ika-19 siglo<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]],'' 'orangish'</ref> sa paagi nin pagsambit sa prutas. ==Kasakitan sa linggwistika== An pagsiyasat sa mga terminong kolor parateng ginigibo na mayong pagsambit sa mga komun na paggamit kan termino o an kahulugan kaini sa laog kan konteksto kan orihinal na tataramon kaini. Sa artikulo ni [[John A. Lucy]] na ''An linggwistika kan 'kolor{{'}}'' pigmidbid niya an duwang pangenot na kategorya. Saro kaini iyo an "[[karakteristikong reperensya na sakop]]", o an paggamit nin sarong terminong kolor tanganing mamidbid o maiiba an sarong reperensya sa sarong mahiwas na konteksto.<ref name=":0" /> == Pilosopiya == An obhetibo sa kolor nagtutubod na an mga kolor mga obhetibo, mga propyedad na independiyente sa isip kan mga materyal na bagay o mga pinagkukuanan nin liwanag asin na an mga termino sa kolor nanonongod sa obhetibo na realidad. An duwang mayor na porma iyo an primitibismo nin kolor, na nahihiling an mga kolor bilang simple, dai mabawasan na mga kalidad magsalang realista o eliminatibista, asin an pisikalismo nin kolor, na nahihiling an mga kolor bilang mga obhetibong propyedad na nangangaipo nin empirikal na pagsiyasat tanganing masabutan. An irealismo nin kolor, eliminatibismo o piksyonalismo nagninigar na an mga materyal na bagay asin mga pinagkukuanan nin liwanag talagang igwa nin mga kolor, dawa ngani an mga eliminatibista pwedeng iladawan an mga kolor bilang mga disposisyon o atributo nin mga sensasyon, siring sa nahihiling sa gibo ni [[Descartes]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], asin iba pa. An disposisyonalismo nin kolor nahihiling an mga kolor bilang mga disposisyonal na propyedad, na nag-eeksister bilang mga kapangyarihan na magkawsa nin mga kabatiran nin kolor sa mga paramansay na naggagamit kan tamang mga kondisyon.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Maund |first1=Barry |contribution=Color |title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |edition=Fall 2024 |editor-last1=Zalta |editor-first1=Edward N. |editor-last2=Nodelman |editor-first2=Uri |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/color/ }}</ref> An radikal na relasyonismo ni Averill nagtutulod na an mga kolor mga relasyonal na propyedad. Isinusuherir niya na an terminong kolor na "giyaw", halimbawa, sarong terminong relasyonal na konektado sa parehong populasyon nin normal na mga paramasid asin pinakamarahay na kondisyon nin paghiling sa mga partikular na kapalibutan.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Averill |first1=Edward Wilson |title=The Relational Nature of Color |journal=Philosophical Review |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=551–588 |year=1992 |doi=10.2307/2186057 }}</ref> Para ki [[Wittgenstein]], sa saiyang obra na [[Remarks on Colour]], an anuman na mga puzzle manungod sa kolor asin mga termino sa kolor masosolusyunan sana sa paagi nin atensyon sa [[Kawat sa tataramon (pilosopiya)|mga kawat sa tataramon]] na imbuelto. Sinabi niya na an satong paglaladawan sa mga kolor bakong lubos na [[empirismo|empirikal]] o [[a priori]]. An mga pahayag arog kan "dai pwedeng magkaigwa nin mapula-pula na berde" pigkukua bilang parte kan sarong [[lohika]]l na estruktura na kapareho kan heometriya, na nag-iinsistir na an mga termino asin proposisyon na may relasyon sa kolor nakagamot sa satuyang mga gawi sa tataramon. An [[argumento sa kaaraman]] ni [[Frank Cameron Jackson|Frank Jackson]] laban sa [[pisikalismo]] may labot sa sarong bantog na eksperimento sa pag-isip manungod ki Mary, sarong siyentipiko na nakakaaram kan gabos manungod sa pisikal na aspeto kan kolor, kabali an pisika asin mga termino, alagad nabuhay sa bilog niyang buhay sa sarong itom-asin-puti na kwarto. Kan si Mary nagluwas sa kwarto asin nakaeksperyensya nin kolor sa kainot-inoti, naaraman niya kun ano an namamatian na mahiling an kolor, i.e., nakakakua nin nagkapirang [[qualia]] mantang ginagamit an terminong kolor na "pula", na nagsusuherir nin mga suhetibong aspeto kan kabatiran sa kolor. An argumento kan inverted spectrum nagsasabi na an duwang tawo pwedeng makaeksperyensya nin manlaen-laen na suhetibong eksperyensya mantang nahihiling an parehong kolor dawa kun ginagamit an parehong kolor na termino na "pula". Halimbawa, an sarong tawo tibaad mahiling an pula bilang kun ano an naeeksperyensiyahan kan iba bilang berde, dawa ngani pareho nindang ginagamit an terminong kolor na "pula". Si Hardin nagtutukar kan mga termino sa kolor sa aroaldaw arog kan "pula", "giyaw", "berde", asin "asul", bilang mga mahalagang reperensya sa pag-aadal kan kolor. Pig-aadalan niya kun anong mga elemento nin kolor an pundamental kumpara sa aksidente, na pigduduon an saiyang pokus sa sarong panginot na grupo nin mga kolor, kabali an puti, itom, asin abohon, mantang minimidbid an sarong espesyal na lugar para sa kayumanggi o baroron sa pagmansay nin kolor.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Hardin |first1=Clyde L. |title=Color for Philosophers: Unweaving the Rainbow|publisher=Hackett |year=1993 }}</ref> Si Peacock nag-eeksplorar kan relasyon kun pano ta pigkokonsepto an mga kolor asin kun pano ta ini naeeksperyensiyahan, na sinisiyasat kun baga an mga konsepto nin kolor, na pinorma kan tataramon asin kognisyon, nakalinya sa satuyang suhetibong eksperyensya sa pagmansay sa kolor.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Peacocke |first1=Christopher |title=Colour Concepts and Colour Experience |journal=Synthese |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=365–381 |year=1984 |publisher=Springer Nature}}</ref> Para ki Foster, an pagkapareho kan kolor nanonongod sa pangyayari kun saen an pighihiling na kolor kan sarong ibabaw nagdadanay na estable sa ibong kan mga pagbabago sa kondisyon nin liwanag, arog kan intensidad o komposisyon kan espektral.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Foster |first1=David H. |title=Does Colour Constancy Exist? |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=439–443 |year=2003 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.002}}</ref> Inanalisar ni Txapartegi kun pano nasasabotan asin pigkategorya kan mga suanoy na Griyego an kolor sa paagi kan mga konsepto nin kolor, kaliwanagan (brightness), asin saturasyon, gamit an mga termino nin kolor gikan sa mga klasikal na Griyegong teksto.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Txapartegi |first1=E. |contribution=Hue, Brightness & Saturation in Classical Greek Chroma Terms |title=How Colours Matter to Philosophy |volume=388 |series=Synthese Library |editor-last=Silva |editor-first=Marcos |publisher=Springer |location=Cham |year=2017 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-67398-1_2 }}</ref> Si Šekrst asin Karlić nag-introdusir nin kognitibong kaginhawahan, na nanonongod sa pagngaran nin mga bagay na may sarong kolor, na an saindang hue bakong arog kahalaga kan saindang kaliwanagan. Halimbawa, sa manlaen-laen na tataramon, an mga ubas ilinaladawan gamit an mga terminong kolor na "puti" asin "itom" dawa ngani an saindang tunay na kolor parati sarong klase nin berde o lila.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Šekrst |first1=Kristina |last2=Karlić |first2=Virna |title=Red Onions are Clearly Purple: Cognitive Convenience in Color Naming |journal=Communication and Culture Online |volume=15 |issue=15 |year=2024|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SEKROA-2}}</ref> Si Hansen asin Chemla nag-aadal kun baga an mga panmidbid nin kolor, arog kan "pula" o "berde", nagpupunsyonar bilang relatibo o absolutong mga panmidbid, gamit an mga eksperimentong paagi imbes na mga impormal na paghusgar. An saindang mga nadayag nagpapahiling nin interpersonal na pagkakaiba-iba sa kun pano pig-aaplikar kan mga tawo an mga panmidbid na kolor, na naghahagad nin mga eksistidong teorya asin pigtatampok an komplikado kan mga adhetibong eskalar asin pagkasensitibo sa konteksto.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Hansen |first1=Nat |last2=Chemla |first2=Emmanuel |title=Color Adjectives, Standards, and Thresholds: An Experimental Investigation |journal=Linguistics and Philosophy |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=1–40 |year=2017|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/HANCAS-2}}</ref> Si Decock nag-analisar kan pagbabago sa konsepto asin inhenyeriya sa konteksto kan mga konsepto nin kolor, na nagtutulod na sa kaso nin pagbabago sa konsepto kan mga konsepto nin kolor an manlaen-laen na grado nin pag-optimisa, disenyo asin kontrol posible.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Decock |first1=Lieven |title=Conceptual Change and Conceptual Engineering: The Case of Colour Concepts |journal=Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy |volume=64 |issue=1-2 |pages=168–185 |year=2021|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/DECCCA-2}}</ref> Si Krempel nag-iimbestigar kun baga an mga pagkakaiba sa terminolohiya nin kolor sa manlaen-laen na tataramon nagbubunga nin mga pagkakaiba sa eksperyensya sa kolor, na pighahapot kun baga an tataramon pwedeng maglaog asin makaapektar sa pagmansay. Siya nagtutulod na an mga pag-aadal na empirikal dai lubos na nagsusuportar sa ideya nin linggwistikong penetrabilidad sa eksperyensya nin kolor, dawa kun igwa nin mga pagkakaiba sa pag-ultanan kan mga parataram nin manlaen-laen na tataramon.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Krempel |first1=Raquel |title=Is Color Experience Linguistically Penetrable? |journal=Synthese |volume=199 |issue=1-2 |pages=4261–4285 |year=2021}}</ref> ==Mga sistemang panusugan== Sa kabaliktaran kan mga terminong kolor kan natural na tataramon, an mga sistematikong termino sa kolor yaon man. An nagkapirang halimbawa kan mga sistema nin pagngaran nin kolor iyo an leksikon kan mga terminong kolor nin [[Sistema nin Pagngaran sa Kolor|CNS]]<ref>{{Citation |last1=Berk |first1=T. |last2=Brownston |first2=L. |last3=Kaufman |first3 = A. |contribution=A New Color-Naming System for Graphics Languages |title=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications |publisher=[[IEEE]] |volume=2 |pages=37–44 |year=1982 }}</ref> asin [[sistema nin ISCC–NBS|ISCC–NBS]]. An disbentaha kan mga sistemang ini, alagad, iyo na sinda nagtutukdo sana nin mga partikular na sampol nin kolor, kaya mantang posible na, sa paagi nin pag-interpolate, i-convert an anuman na kolor pasiring o gikan sa saro sa mga sistemang ini, kaipuhan an sarong lamesa nin paghanap. Sa ibang pagtaram, mayo nin simpleng invertible equation na makakakombertir sa pag-ultanan kan [[CIE XYZ]] asin saro sa mga sistemang ini. An [[Pilatelya|mga Pilatelista]] tradisyonal na naggagamit nin mga pangaran tanganing mamidbid an mga [[kolor kan selyo]]. Mantang an mga pangaran kadaklan pinagpanusog sa laog kan lambang nasyon, mayo nin mas mahiwas na kasunduan, asin kaya halimbawa an [[katalogo ni Scott]] na ipinublikar kan Estados Unidos magamit nin ibang mga pangaran kisa sa katalogo kan British [[Stanley Gibbons]]. Sa mga modernong sistema nin kompyuter an sarong panusugan na set nin mga pundamental na termino nin kolor ginagamit na ngunyan sa mga [[kolor kan web|mga pangaran nin kolor kan web]] (SVG 1.0/CSS3), [[mga pangaran nin kolor sa HTML]], [[mga pangaran nin kolor kan X11]] asin an mga pangaran nin kolor kan [[.NET Framework]], na may nagkapirang saradit na pagkakaiba. An kompanya nin [[Crayola]] bantog sa kadakol na [[listahan kan mga kolor nin krayola kan Crayola|mga kolor nin krayola]], na parating may pagkamapagmukna na pangaran. An [[Heraldry]] igwa nin mga pinanusugan na pangaran para sa 'mga [[Tintura (heraldiya)|tintura]]', na nababanga sa 'mga kolor', 'mga metal', asin 'mga balahibo'. ==Hilingon man== * [[Lista kan mga kolor (kompakto)|Mga lista nin mga kolor]] * [[Rida nin kolor]] * [[Lazarus Geiger]] * [[Mga tawong Himba#Pagmansay asin paghiling sa kolor|Kun pano nahihiling kan mga Himba an berde asin asul]] * [[Pilosopiya sa kolor]] * [[Linggwistikong relatibidad asin an debate sa pagngaran nin kolor]] == Mga toltolan == {{Reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod== {{toomanylinks|date=February 2024}} * [https://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/colour.htm The Colour of Words] – Article on Color Names * [https://coloria.net/bonus/colornames.htm Coloria.net: Color names] * [https://www.lingualift.com/blog/japanese-color-names/ Japanese Colour Names Cheat Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112005603/https://www.lingualift.com/blog/japanese-color-names/ |date=2022-11-12 }} * [https://www.colordic.org/w/ Japanese Traditional Color Names] * [http://www.color-guide.com/e_index.htm Japanese colors with English names] * [https://www.iscc.org/ Inter-Society Color Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211072012/https://iscc.org/ |date=2026-02-11 }} * The color names in [https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#svg-color CSS 3: Color Module] and [https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/types.html SVG] * [https://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Color/Dictionaries Survey of color dictionaries] * [https://colornaming.net An Online Colour Naming Experiment] * [https://www.omniglot.com/language/colours/index.php Colour Words in Many Languages] * [https://en.colour.name/ Test your own color terms] * [https://www.spoonflower.com/SpoonFlower_ColorMap_2-1.png SpoonFlower color map] * [https://color.method.ac/ Color Method] * [http://i.stack.imgur.com/weg6q.png i.stack.imgur basic color terms] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140403202023/http://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_colorpicker.asp?colorhex=F0F8FF HTML Color Picker] {{Authority control}} [[Kategorya:Mga pangaran nin kolor| ]] [[Kategorya:Mga lindong nin kolor]] nj7cttdr03vg6u827210ybb8ui6kw21 0 55308 309545 301224 2026-08-23T19:58:59Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Labilabing paghibi | synonyms = | image = File:Baby_yelling.jpg | caption = Sarong umboy na naghihibi | field = [[Pediatrics]] | symptoms = paghibi nin tulo o labi pang oras kada 24 oras<ref name = clara/> | complications = parental sleep deprivation | onset = sa pagkamundag | duration = nagkakalaen huli sa kawsa | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = report kan mga paraataman asin differential diagnosis | differential = colic<!--[[Corneal abrasion]], [[hair tourniquet]], [[hernia]], [[testicular torsion]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Colic Differential Diagnoses|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-differential?pa=Pr8zrzc5NCL8kj1NTeavgAJNuweo9M00CAqyE7yf%2B8mq0%2Fc7lXdRmEi8ZDs9CFEy8SIvl8zjYv73GUyW5rsbWA%3D%3D|website=emedicine.medscape.com|access-date=1 June 2017|language=en|date=3 September 2015}}</ref>--> | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = later developmental delays | frequency = | deaths = }} An '''paghibi nin umboy''' iyo an bokalisasyon kan mga umboy bilang sarong kasimbagan sa panlaog o panluwas na [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimulus]]. An [[paghibi]] kan mga umboy bilang sarong porma nin basikong instinctive na [[komunikasyon]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEsyCgAAQBAJ&q=Infants+cry+as+a+form+of+basic+instinctive+communication&pg=PT35|title=The Calm and Happy Toddler: Gentle Solutions to Tantrums, Night Waking, Potty Training and More|last=Chicot|first=Dr Rebecca|date=2015-12-03|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4735-2759-1|language=en}}</ref> Importantihon nanggad, an mga [[Newborn|newborns]] nagsasangli gikan sa buhay sa [[womb]] pasiring sa panluwas na kapalibotan.{{sfn|Walker|2011|page=210}} Sagkod sa 27% kan mga magurang pigladawan an mga problema sa paghibi kan mga umboy sa laog nin enot na apat na bulan. Sagkod sa 38% an pig-identipikaran an problema sa paghibi kan saindang mga umboy sa laog nin enot na taon. An mga magurang pwedeng magin ''concerned'' sa halaga kan oras na an saindang umboy naghihibi, kun pano an umboy pwedeng alingon, asin an napeperwisyong [[Sleeping pattern|pagturog]].<ref name="cook" /><ref name="clara">{{cite journal|title=Excretory infant crying doubles the risk of mood and behavioral problems at age 5: evidence for mediation by maternal characteristics|first1=Laetitia Joanna Clara Antonia|last1=Smarius|first2=Thea G. A.|last2=Strieder|first3=Eva M.|last3=Loomans|first4=Theo A. H.|last4=Doreleijers|first5=Tanja G. M.|last5=Vrijkotte|first6=Reinoud J.|last6=Gemke|first7=Manon van|last7=Eijsden|date=1 March 2017|journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=26|issue=3|pages=293–302|doi=10.1007/s00787-016-0888-4|pmid=27422707|pmc=5323467|doi-access=free}}</ref> Piggagamit an katagang [[Baby Colic|Colic]] bilang kabaing na tataramon para sa labilabing paghibi nin mga umboy, minsan ngani na an colic pwedeng bakong kawsa kan labilabing paghibi.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The psychology of infant colic: A review of current research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infant-mental-health-journal_september-october-2011_32_5/page/526|first1=Fiona|last1=Kaley|first2=Vincent|last2=Reid|first3=Emma|last3=Flynn|date=1 September 2011|journal=[[Infant Mental Health Journal]]|volume=32|issue=5|pages=526–541|doi=10.1002/imhj.20308|pmid=28520254}}</ref><ref name="Gri2014" /> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 2q1pguuy6r1ehzxphr9y9bvdhsr4s7m 0 55679 309702 302820 2026-08-23T22:24:09Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Si Catherine Ceniza Choy''' (Pinangaki kan Abril 9, 1969) sarong paratukdo nin mga pag-aadal sa etniko sa Unibersidad kan California, Berkeley. Bago sya nagserbi sa UC Berkeley, nagtukdo siya sa Unibersidad kan Minnesota sa mga pag-aadal sa Amerika. == Biograpiya == Nagdakula si Choy sa Siyudad nin New York asin nag-klase sa Stuyvesant High School. Nakua an saiyang Bachelor of Arts in [[Uusipon|History]] sa Pomona College kan 1991, kun saen nag gradwar na cum laude. Si Choy na resibe an saiyang Master of Arts sa UCLA kan 1993, dangan sarong Ph.D. sa [[Uusipon|kasaysayan]] gikan sa UCLA kan 1998. <ref name="Catherine Ceniza Choy">[https://aaads.berkeley.edu/catherine-ceniza-choy/ Catherine Ceniza Choy – Asian American and Asian Diaspora Studies]</ref> == Mga libro == Kan 2003, si Choy nag publikar nin sarong libro na may pangaran na ''Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History'', na pigreparo sa ''American Historical Review'' ni Madeline Hsu. <ref>{{Cite journal}}Reviews of Books:Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History Catherine Ceniza Choy (Q60304358)</ref> ''An Empire of Care'' nag aadal kan kasaysayan asin pag migrar kan mga nars na Pilipino. Ginamit ni Choy an terminong "imperyo nin pag-ataman" tanganing maipaliwanag an mga pagkakaiba-iba sa bilog na kinaban sa mga serbisyo sa salud huli sa bakong pantay na pagtao kan mga paratao nin serbisyo pagabot sa salud sa bilog na kinaban. Nagtutubod sya na an paglipat kan mga nars nagseserbi sanang nagpapa dakula kan dae pagkaka pantay pantay. <ref name="Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History - By Catherine Ceniza Choy">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKw170ErqnUC&pg=PA33|title=Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History - By Catherine Ceniza Choy|last=Choy|first=Catherine Ceniza|date=January 31, 2003|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822330899}}</ref> Taong 2013, napublikar an libro ni Choy na ''Global Families: A History of Asian International Adoption in America''. Ini inadalan sa ''American Historical Review'', <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Klapper|first1=M. R.|title=CATHERINE CENIZA CHOY. Global Families: A History of Asian International Adoption in America.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_2014-12_119_5/page/1727|journal=The American Historical Review|date=9 December 2014|volume=119|issue=5|pages=1727|doi=10.1093/ahr/119.5.1727}}</ref> ''Adoption Quarterly'', <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winslow|first1=Rachel Rains|title=by Catherine Ceniza Choy|journal=Adoption Quarterly|date=4 April 2014|volume=18|issue=1|pages=81–83|doi=10.1080/10926755.2014.910352}}</ref> an ''Journal of Asian American Studies'', <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first1=Stephanie|title=Global Families: A History of Asian International Adoption in America by Catherine Ceniza Choy|journal=Journal of Asian American Studies|date=2014|volume=17|issue=2|pages=234–236|doi=10.1353/jaas.2014.0021}}</ref> saka ''The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth''. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kang|first1=Miliann|title=Global Families: A History of Asian International Adoption in America by Catherine Ceniza Choy|journal=The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth|date=2015|volume=8|issue=1|pages=141–144|doi=10.1353/hcy.2015.0001}}</ref> == Mga Premyo == Si '''Catherine'''Choy naka resibe nin mga man laen-laen na parangal, Faculty Research Grant (2009–2010), sarong Mellon Project Grant (2008–2009), Humanities Research Fellowship (2008–2009) asin sarong Townsend Center for the Humanities Initiative Grant (2007) sa UC Berkeley. Para sa saiyang librong ''Empire of Care'', nakakua siya kan History Book Award sa Association for Asian American Studies taong 2005, sarong pambihira na pagsambit para sa American Studies Association Lora Romero First Book Publication Prize kan 2004, asin an Book of the Year Award sa History and Public Policy sa American Journal of Nursing kan 2003. Kan 2005 tinawan sya nin onra kan Edith Kreeger Wolf Distinguished Visiting Professor sa Northwestern University. == Mga Reperensya == {{Reflist}} [[Kategorya:1969 nagkamurundag]] pe7y0hzornbpd9uu11v5c3adbil87b5 0 55686 309646 302842 2026-08-23T21:22:05Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Estefanía Aldaba Lim|office=[[Secretary of Social Welfare and Development|Secretary of Social Services and Development]]<br><small>Secretary of Social Welfare (1971–1976)</small>|president=[[Ferdinand Marcos]]|term_start=April 11, 1971|term_end=November 30, 1977|predecessor=Gregorio Feliciano|successor=Nathaniel Tablante|birth_name=Estefanía Aldaba|birth_date={{birth date|1917|1|6}}|birth_place=[[Malolos]], [[Bulacan]], [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippine Islands]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|2006|3|7|1917|1|6}}|death_place=[[Manila]], Philippines|education=Malolos Elementary School <br> Bulacan High School (now [[Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School]])|alma_mater=[[Philippine Women's University]] <br> [[University of Michigan]]|occupation=Psychologist, advocate, diplomat|spouse={{marriage|Luis Lim|1944|1962|end=d.}}|children=6, including [[Cheche Lazaro]]|awards=[[United Nations Peace Medal]] (1979)}} Si '''Estefanía "Fanny" Aldaba Lim''' (pinangaki Esteban Alidaba kan Enero 6, 1917 - Marso 7, 2006) iyo an pinakaprimero na babaeng tagasurat sa arinman na [[Mga ehekutibong departamento kan Filipinas|Camarines Sur]] sa [[Pilipinas]], nagserbing Sekretaryo nin Sosyal na mga Serbisyo asin Pag'uswag poon 1971 abot 1977. Siya man an pinakaprimero na Pilipinang Klinikal na sikologo. == Amay na buhay asin edukasyon == Si Aldaba pinangaki kan Enero 6, 1917, an ikalima sa katorseng magturugang. <ref name=":0">[[David, Henry P.; Villar, Imelda V.G.; Denmark, Florence L. (2007). "Estefania Aldaba-Lim (1917–2006)". American Psychologist. 62 (1): 53. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.53.]]{{Cite journal}}</ref> Siya pinangaki asin nagdakula sa [[Malolos]], sa probinsya nin [[Bulacan]], Pilipinas, kan saiyang ama, sarong probinsyal na tesorero kan Malolos, asin kan saiyang ina, sarong tagabantay sa harong. <ref name=":0" /> Si Aldaba nagtapos sa Malolos Elementary School asin natapos an saiyang sekondarya sa Bulacan High School (ngonyan Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School ) kan 1933. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4n3aAAAAMAAJ|title=One Woman's Liberating: The Life and Career of Estefania Aldaba-Lim|last=Joaquin|first=Nick|date=1996|publisher=Published and exclusively distributed by Anvil Pub.|isbn=978-971-27-0543-4|pages=19|language=en}}</ref> Nakaresibe siya nin Bachelor of Arts degree sa [[Philippine Women's University]] kan 1936, sarong Bachelor of Education degree hali sa Philippine Women's University kan 1938, asin saro siyang Master of Arts kan sikolohiya asin sa [[Unibersidad kan Filipinas|Unibersidad kan Pilipinas]] kan 1939. <ref name=":1">[[Joaquin, Nick (1996). One Woman's Liberating: The Life and Career of Estefania Aldaba-Lim. Published and exclusively distributed by Anvil Pub. p. 19. ISBN 978-971-27-0543-4.]]</ref> Kan 1942, naggradwar ni Aldaba an saiyang PhD sa Unibersidad nin Michigan, na nagin primero na Pilipina para makakua nin kursong doktoral sa klinikal na sikolohiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=David|first1=Henry P.|last2=Villar|first2=Imelda V.G.|last3=Denmark|first3=Florence L.|date=2007|title=Estefania Aldaba-Lim (1917–2006)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_2007-01_62_1/page/n24|journal=American Psychologist|volume=62|issue=1|pages=53|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.53}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDavidVillarDenmark2007">David, Henry P.; Villar, Imelda V.G.; Denmark, Florence L. (2007). "Estefania Aldaba-Lim (1917–2006)". ''American Psychologist''. '''62''' (1): 53. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.53|10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.53]].</cite></ref> == Karera == Si Aldaba-Lim nagbalik sa Manila kan 1948. Nagpundar siya kan Institute of Human Relations sa Philippine Women's University, asin saro sya sa nagtindog na myembro asin presidente kan Philippine Association of Psychoologist asin kan Philippine Mental Health Association.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2007}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDavidVillarDenmark2007">David, Henry P.; Villar, Imelda V.G.; Denmark, Florence L. (2007). "Estefania Aldaba-Lim (1917–2006)". ''American Psychologist''. '''62''' (1): 53. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.53|10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.53]].</cite></ref> Kan 1971, si Aldaba-Lim nagin primero na babaeng miyembro kan gabinete sa Pilipinas kan siya naging bilang Sekretarya kan Department of Social Services and Development (DSSD).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2007}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDavidVillarDenmark2007">David, Henry P.; Villar, Imelda V.G.; Denmark, Florence L. (2007). "Estefania Aldaba-Lim (1917–2006)". ''American Psychologist''. '''62''' (1): 53. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.53|10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.53]].</cite></ref> Nagserbi siya kan papel na ini sagkod 1977. Kan 1976 sagkod 1977, si Aldaba-Lim nagtindog bilang presidente kan Girl Scouts of the Philippines . Kan 1976, si Aldaba-Lim nagserbi bilang representante rehiyonal kan Asya kan Lupon Ehekutibo [[Organisasyon kan Nagkakasararong Nasyon para sa Edukasyon, Siyensya asin Kultura|kan UNESCO]] . Kan 1979, siya an naging pinakaprimero na babae na nagin Espesyal na Embahador sa [[Nagkakasararong Nasyon|Naciones Unidas]], na may ranggo na katabang na sekretaryo heneral sa panahon kan UNICEF — [[Organisasyon kan Nagkakasararong Nasyon para sa Edukasyon, Siyensya asin Kultura|UNESCO]] International Year of the Child . Nakakua siya nin Medalya nin Katoninongan kan Naciones Unidas kan taon na idto hale ki Sekretaryo Heneral na si Kurt Waldheim . Kan 1994, pigtindog niya an Museo Pambata, an pinakaprimero na museo nin mga kaakian sa Pilipinas, sa matatag 1949 Manila Elks Club bilding sa [[Manila]] . <ref>[["Museopambata.org: History + about". Archived from the original on 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2014-02-24.]]</ref> == Pag-agom asin mga aki == Si Aldaba-Lim nagkaigwang anom na aki sa saiyang agom si Luis Lim, na saiyang naagom kan 1944. Namaaram si Lim huli sa pagbagsak nin eroplano kan 1962.<ref name=":0">[[David, Henry P.; Villar, Imelda V.G.; Denmark, Florence L. (2007). "Estefania Aldaba-Lim (1917–2006)". American Psychologist. 62 (1): 53. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.53.]]{{Cite journal}}</ref> Saro sa aki niya iyo an naging sarong peryodista na si Cheche Lazaro. == Kagadanan == Sa edad na 89, Marso 7, 2006 si Aldaba-Lim namaaram huli sa leukemia sa saiyang harong sa [[Manila]], Pilipinas.<ref>[["Ex-DSWD head dies of leukemia". PhilStar.com. 2006-03-08. Retrieved 2022-10-28.]]</ref> == Hilingon man == * Museo Pambata, Manila <references responsive="1"></references> {{Reflist}} == Mga panluwas na sumpay == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080710052445/http://www.aldabafamily.org/ Website kan pamilyang Aldaba] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015034825/http://www.museopambata.org/about.htm Museo Pambata website kan museo nin mga aki] — ''pigmukna ni Estefania Aldaba-Lim'' * [http://www.senate.gov.ph/13th_congress/resolutions/ResNo74.pdf Resolusyon 74 kan Senado na nagtataong onra sa legasiya ni Estefania Aldaba-Lim] * [http://www.unicef.org/philippines/archives/news/051003.html Espesyal na Sugo kan UNICEF sa Internasyonal na Taon kan Aki na may ranggo na Assistant Secretary General] Archived pd96m4k2is2h9q7nvfh41altl0j3wee 0 55722 309630 305613 2026-08-23T21:05:27Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = Piet Meyer | honorific_suffix = | image = | alt = | caption = | order = | office = Director- General of the [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] (SABC) | term_start = 1959 | term_end = 1980 | deputy = | predecessor = Roos, G.D. | successor = de Villiers, S. | order2 = | office2 = Chairman of the [[Afrikaner Broederbond]] | term_start2 = 1960 | term_end2 = 1972 | predecessor2 = [[H. B. Thom|Thom, H.B.]] | successor2 = [[Andries Treurnicht|Treurnicht, A.P.]] |office3 = Chancellor of the [[Rand Afrikaans University|Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit]] |term_start3=1978 |term_end3=1983 |predecessor3= [[Nico Diederichs|Diederichs, N.J.]] |successor3=[[Gerrit Viljoen|Viljoen, G. vN.]] | birth_name = Pieter Johannes Meyer | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1909|1|22}} | birth_place = [[Ladybrand]], [[Orange River Colony]], South Africa | death_date = 1984 |death_place= | nationality = South African | otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--> | spouse = Isabella Jacobs | relations = | children = | mother = | father = | residence = | education = | alma_mater = [[University of the Free State]], [[University of South Africa]] | known_for = | occupation = | awards = | committees = | portfolio = | blank1 = | data1 = | blank2 = | data2 = | blank3 = | data3 = | blank4 = | data4 = | blank5 = | data5 = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = |}} Si '''Pieter Johannes Meyer''' (22 Enero 1909 - 1984), sarong Sud Aprikano, maimpluwenwsyang [[Afrikaner]] sa [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] asin chairman kan [[Afrikaner Broederbond]]. ==Ginikanan== Si Meyer namundag 22 Enero 1909 sa Ladybrand, Orange Free state, Sud Aprika. Aki ninda Izak Andries Meyer asin Judith Jacoba van Huyssteenm iya nag'agom ki Isabella Jacobs. Siya nagadan kan 1984.<ref name="journals.co.za">{{cite journal| url=http://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/hist/32/1/879.pdf?expires=1535536747&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=98E9714BAB05EA4AD8811A59A8F50EB1 |title=Dr Piet Meyer in Johannesburg, 1936-1984 |journal=Historia |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=44–54 |publisher=University of South Africa |author=Prinsloo, D.|date=1 May 1987|accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-FBAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Nog+nie+ver+genoeg+nie%22|title=(Afrikaans) Nog nie ver genoeg nie (translated:not far enough)|isbn=9780628024275|publisher=Perskor|date=1984}}</ref> ==Edukasyon== Nagkamit siya mnin BA degree, sarong Higher Educational diploma, sarong MA(Psychology) asin M.Ed. poon 1929 sundo 1934 sa University of the Free State sa [[Bloemfontein]]. Siya man nag'adal pa sa [[VU University Amsterdam|Vrije universiteit]] na ini yaon namumugtak sa [[Amsterdam]] , dangan nakompleto niya an PhD sa [[University of South Africa]] kan 1937.<ref name="journals.co.za"/> ==Karera== Kan 1943 siya nagbukas nin negosyo sa publikasyon, inapod L en S Boek & Kunsentrum. Dangan kaini si Meyer nagtrabaho bilang public relations officer sa [[Rembrandt Group]]. Kan 1959 siya nanombrahan na director-general kan SABC, kun saen yaon siya sa siring na katongdan sagkod 1980. Siya nagtener na chairman kan Afrikaner Broederbond (AB), 1960-1972. Ini sarong sekretong puting Afrikaner na kaayonan nin mga lalaki. Si Meyer may kapot na halangkaw na katongdan sa kasararoan nin [[Ossewabrandwag]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamense.co.za/wordpress/2016/01/06/piet-meyer/|title=Media Mense|accessdate=29 August 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03188/06lv03190.htm|publisher=Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory|title=Afrikaner Broederbond (AB) |accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marx |first=Christoph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEYem4hi9rgC |title=Oxwagon Sentinel: Radical Afrikaner Nationalism and the History of the 'Ossewabrandwag' |date=2008 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-9797-0 |pages=426 |language=en}}</ref> ==Randse Afrikaanse University== Kaamayi nin 1955, sarong komite an tinugdas kan Afrikaans organisasyn kultural sa pagtugdas nin sarong unibersidad na Afrikaans sa Johannesburg. Si Meyer chairman kan komite asin si Hennie Roux an sekretaryo. Si Meyer man yaon sa management-leadership-team kan [[Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge|FAK]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UTNhTscJ9m4C |quote=the rise of the afrikanerdom. | title= The rise of the Afrikanerdom| author=Moodie, D.T.|publisher=University of California Press|date=1980 |isbn=978-0-520-03943-8}}</ref> Ini nagsumitir nin adal sa gobyerno asin ini inako asin an unibersidad napundar kan 1966. Siya man nagin Chancellor kan Unibersidad poon 1978 sundo 1983. Siya tinawan onra nin doktoradong degree kaini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repository.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/26254/Klee_JN_2017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Establishing of Rand Afrikaans University 1955-1975|author=Klee, J.N.|publisher= North=West University|date=May 2017|accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/rand-afrikaans-university-established |publisher= SAHO |title=Today in history|accessdate= 29 August 2018|date= 2011-03-16 }}</ref> ==SABC== Kan si Meyer nagpoon kan taon 1959 an Korporasyon nagbo-brodkast sana sa laog nin 350 oras soro-semana. per week. Sa kan pagretiro niya, ini nagbo-brodkast na sa laog nin 1050 oras soro-semana, asin sa mga katutubong lenggwahe pa. Siya an nagmukna kan Television broadcasting sa Sud Aprika kan 1976. Kan 1961 siya nagbisita sa 18 siyudad sa bilog na kinaban asin pig'interbyu mga eksperto sa radyo asin telebsisyon.<ref name="journals.co.za"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/18271/thesis_hum_1990_silke_daniel.pdf?sequence=1 |title=The broadcasting of politics in South Africa |date=August 1989 |publisher=University of Cape Town |accessdate=30 August 2018 |author=Silke, D.}}</ref> ==Interes sa Afrikaner== Si Meyer padangat na gayo an lenggwaheng Afrikaner. Siya katuwang msi [[Albert Hertzog|Dr Albert Hertzog]] kan mga 1930 (bilang myembro kan [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]]) ngani masegurm an mga paraminang Afrikaner makalogm bilang kaapil sa mga trade union.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Analysing Afrikaner Nationalism: The 'Christian-National' Assault on White Trade Unionism in South Africa, 1934-1948 |journal = African Affairs|volume = 77|issue = 306|pages = 45–72|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=O’Meara, D.|date=January 1978|jstor = 721347|doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096954}}</ref> Siya dakulang pigura sa pagtugdas kan Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit kan 1966. Paagi kan saiya bilang kaapil sa Afrikaner Broederbond naimpluwensiya niyang gayo an mga aktibdad sa SABC asin sa Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit dapit sa komunismo. Kan 1948 an gobyerno kan Sud Aprika pigdiklara an komunismo sarong ilegal na hiron. An mga simbnahan nagmukna nin mga komite sa paglaban sa paglakop nin komunismo. Si Meyer iy an ikaduwang chairman kan komite na nagsalida ki Diederichs, N.J.<ref name="journals.co.za"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nanopdf.com/download/afrikaner-anti-communist-history-production-in-south_pdf |title=Afrikaner anti-communist history production in South |publisher=Nanopdf.com|date=3 May 2018|accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gelofteland.org/index.php/suid-afrika/271-ab-in-die-afrikanerpolitiek/5889-die-broederbond-in-die-afrikaner-politiek-6|title= Broederbond in Afrikaner Politics|accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref> He was also a writer of books on history of the Afrikaner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AMeyer%2C+Pieter+johannes&qt=results_page |title=Pieter Johannes Meyer}}</ref> ==Pagmidbid== Siya nakaresibe kan mga degree'ng doktorado honoraryo sa Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit, sa University of the Free State asin sa [[University of Pretoria]].<ref name="journals.co.za"/> Sarong rebultong bronse niya an ikinaag sa mayor na opisina nin SABC, Auckland Park [[Johannesburg]], alagad ini hinale mansana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-11-17-static-as-channels-change-at-sabc |title=Static as channels change at SABC|date=17 November 1985|publisher= Mail &Guardian newspaper|accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref> ==Mga babasahon pa== * {{cite web |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/13th-january-1979/7/south-africas-secret-government |title= South Africa's Secret Government|publisher=The Spectator|date=13 January 1979|accessdate=29 August 2018}} * {{cite web|url=https://mediamense.co.za/index.php?frontend_action=display_compound_text_content&item_id=540|title=Piet Meyer|accessdate=29 August 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite journal |title= Special issue on contemporary Politics |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-african-studies_1980-10_7_1/page/127 |journal = Journal of Southern African Studies|volume = 7|issue = 1|pages = 127–129|author=Moodie, D.|date=October 1980|publisher=JSAS|jstor = 2636789|doi = 10.1080/03057078008708023}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times/20070107/283008280291941 |title=30 years of SABC |date=7 January 2000|publisher=Sunday Times|author=Mzamane, M.V.|accessdate=29 August 2018}} == Toltolan == <!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --> {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Meyer, Pieter Johannes}} [[Category:1909 births]] [[Category:1984 deaths]] [[Category:Afrikaner Broederbond members]] [[Category:People from Ladybrand]] [[Category:South African people of German descent]] [[Category:National Party (South Africa) politicians]] [[Category:Ossewabrandwag members]] [[Category:University of the Free State alumni]] [[Category:University of South Africa alumni]] [[Category:People associated with Rand Afrikaans University]] t21i90dwc72dx95nef17wr4efw1cfl8 0 55869 309694 303767 2026-08-23T22:18:28Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox academic |honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|FBA|FRSL}} |image = [[File:Theodore Zeldin.jpg|200px]] |caption = Zeldin in 2012 |birth_name = {{birth date and age|1933|8|22|df=y}} |education = English School Heliopolis<br>[[Aylesbury Grammar School]] |alma_mater = [[Birkbeck, University of London]]<br>[[Christ Church, Oxford]]<br>[[St Antony's College, Oxford]] |awards = [[Wolfson History Prize]] |spouse = {{marriage|[[Deirdre Wilson]]|1975}} |workplaces = [[St Antony's College, Oxford]]<br>[[Green Templeton College, Oxford]] |doctoral_students = [[Robert Gildea]] |thesis_title = The parliamentarians of the Second Empire in France |thesis_year = 1957 |discipline = [[History]] |sub_discipline = {{hlist|[[Political history]]|[[France in the long nineteenth century]]}} }} Si '''Theodore Zeldin''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|FBA|FRSL}} (namundag 22 Agosto 1933) sarong Briton na historyador asin sa presente Associate Fellow sa [[Green Templeton College, Oxford]]. Siya an autor kan ''A History of French Passions'', sarong quotidian na historya manongod sa banwang Pranses,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thornhill |first=John |date=February 9, 2008 |title=Lunch with the FT: Theodore Zeldin |url=https://www.ft.com/content/43a2ca6a-d392-11dc-b861-0000779fd2ac |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190921005849/https://www.ft.com/content/43a2ca6a-d392-11dc-b861-0000779fd2ac |archive-date=September 21, 2019 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=www.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thornhill |first=John |date=June 12, 2015 |title='The Hidden Pleasures of Life', by Theodore Zeldin |newspaper=[[The Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3a465742-0f95-11e5-b968-00144feabdc0 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190921005825/https://www.ft.com/content/3a465742-0f95-11e5-b968-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref> as well as ''An Intimate History of Humanity''.<ref name=":0" /> Siya saro man na Fellow kan [[St Antony's College, Oxford]], na dati ngani siya an dekano igdi nin 13 taon, asin pa Fellow sa [[British Academy]] saka kan [[Royal Society of Literature]]. ==Mga publikasyon== * ''The Political System of Napoleon III'' (1958)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kulstein|first=David I.|title=Review of ''The Political System of Napoleon III'' by Theodore Zeldin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1959-06_31_2/page/134|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=31|issue=2|date=June 1959|pages=134–135|doi=10.1086/238328}}</ref> * Edited (with Anne Troisier de Diaz) Émile Ollivier, ''Journal: 1846-1863'' (1961) * ''Émile Ollivier and the Liberal Empire of Napoleon III'' (1963) * ''Conflicts in French Society: Anticlericalism, Education and Morals in the Nineteenth Century: Essays'' (1970) * ''France, 1848-1945: Volume I - Ambition, Love and Politics'' (1973), ''Volume II - Intellect, Taste and Anxiety'' (1977) (Oxford History of Modern Europe series).&nbsp;Rearranged and reissued with additional material as: *''History of French Passions'': vol 1: ''Ambition and Love''; vol 2: ''Intellect and Pride''; vol 3: ''Taste and Corruption''; vol 4: ''Politics and Anger''; vol 5: ''Anxiety and Hypocrisy'' (1979-81) * ''The French'' (1982) * Foreword to Jeremy Jennings, ''Georges Sorel: The Character and Development of His Thought'' (1985) * Introduction to ''Le tunnel sous la Manche: chronique d'une passion franco-anglaise'' (1987) * ''Happiness'' (novel) (1988) * ''An Intimate History of Humanity'' (1994)<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=de Botton|first=Alain|author-link=Alain de Botton|title=Review of ''An Intimate History of Humanity'' by Theodore Zeldin|newspaper=The Independent|date=1 October 1994|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/book-review-age-of-curiosity-an-intimate-history-of-humanity-theodore-zeldin-sinclair-stevenson-20-1440340.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/book-review-age-of-curiosity-an-intimate-history-of-humanity-theodore-zeldin-sinclair-stevenson-20-1440340.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * ''Conversation'' (2000) * ''Guide to an Unknown City'' (2004) * ''Guide to an Unknown University'' (2006) * ''Gary Hill & Gerry Judah'' (with Jenny Blyth) (2007) * ''The Hidden Pleasures of Life: A New Way of Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future'' (2015) == Toltolan == {{Reflist|30em}} == Mga panluwas na takod == {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.oxfordmuse.com The Oxford Muse] – Zeldin's website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090815111836/http://limina.org.uk/ Feast of Strangers] * [http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=024M-C0095X0392XX-0100V0.xml Zeldin talks about "Happiness", ICA 1988] * [http://arrow.dit.ie/oxfor/5/ Theodore Zeldin interview] by [[Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire]] (Oxford Oral History Project) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FJ5gAN5TK8 "The Art of Being a Couple | Theodore Zeldin | TEDxOxford"], 17 May 2016. {{Wolfson History Prize Winners}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zeldin, Theodore}} [[Kategorya:Mga 1933 naq kamundagan]] [[Kategorya:Mga Buruhay]] [[Kategorya:Mga ika-20ng siglong mga Briton na historyador]] [[Kategorya:Mga ika-20ng siglong mga Briton na mga lalaking parasurat]] [[Kategorya:Mga ika-21ng siglong mga Briton na historyador]] [[Kategorya:Mga ika-21ng siglong mga Briton na mga lalaking parasurat]] [[Kategorya:Mga nagtapos sa Birkbeck, University of London]] [[Kategorya:Mga nagtapos sa Christ Church, Oxford]] [[Kategorya:Mga nagtapos sa St Antony's College, Oxford]] [[Kategorya:Mga Briton na may dugong Ruso-Hudyo]] [[en:Theodore Zeldin]] 7bqqy93a1xx3i6ajf8aa4b5kqbeizbh 0 55879 309700 303850 2026-08-23T22:22:48Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg|thumb|right|''[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hyaloperonospora Hyaloperonospora] parasitica'': [[hypha]]e asin ampol]] [[File:Haustorium DSC 5361 (28948051265).jpg |thumb|right|Ampol kan [[Muellerina eucalyptoides|nagkakanap na mistletoe]] sa sarong [[Eucalyptus haemastoma|scribbly gum]]]] [[File:01098jfRoads Orion Pilar Limay Bataan Bridge Landmarksfvf 10.JPG|thumb|Sarong ampol, an nakakakan na ampol kan nagtatalubong pisog nin [[niyog]]]] Sa [[botany]] asin [[mycology]], an '''ampol''' iyo an istruktura na garong gamot na nagtatalubo sa laog o kaya sa palibot nin sarong istruktura tanganing sarumsumon an tubig o nutrients. Por ehemplo, sa [[mistletoe]] o mga myembro kan pamilyang [[Orobanchaceae|broomrape]], an istruktura minapenetrar sa tisyu kan ''host'' asin minakua nin nutrients gikan diyan. Sa [[mycology]], nagpapanungod iyan sa appendage o kabtang kan [[Parasitism|parasitic]] fungus (an [[hyphal]] na puro), na nagsasagibo nin kaagid na pungksyon. An mikrospikong ampol minapenetrar sa [[cell wall]] kan host na tinanom asin nagkukua nin nutrients gikan sa espasyo sa pag-ultanan kan cell wall asin [[plasma membrane]] alagad dai minapenetrar sa mismong ''membrane''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Szabo|first1=Les|title=Hidden robbers: The role of fungal haustoria in parasitism of plants|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2001-07-03_98_14/page/7654|journal=PNAS|date=July 3, 2001|volume=98|issue=14|pages=7654–7655|doi=10.1073/pnas.151262398|pmid=11438718|pmc=35395|bibcode=2001PNAS...98.7654S|doi-access=free}}</ref> An durudakulang (parating botaniko, bakong fungal) ampol piggigibo ini sa [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] level. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 5g46qazuko9glib9m7wwiwi124xkrf8 0 55987 309548 305090 2026-08-23T20:01:36Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|biopisikista asin sistemang biolohistang Israeli}} Si '''Nathalie Q. Balaban''' ({{Langx|he|נטלי בלבן}}) sarong [[biopisika| biopisikista]] asin [[biyolohiya nin mga sistema | biyolohikista kan mga sistema]] na [[Israel|Israeli]]. Siya sarong [[Ganap na Propesor|bilog na propesor]] sa [[Instituto nin Pisika kan Racah]] sa [[Unibersidad nin Hebreo kan Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Prof. Nathalie Balaban, The Racah Institute of Physics | publisher= Racah Institute of Physics, [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] | url = https://phys.huji.ac.il/contacts/balaban-questembert_nathalie | postscript = }}</ref> asin sarong miyembro kan [[European Academy of Microbiology]] (EAM), an [[American Academy of Microbiology]] (AAM) asin an [[European Molecular Biology Organization]] (EMBO). == Edukasyon asin karera == Natapos ni Balaban an saiyang [[PhD]] degree sa [[Pisika nin kondensada|Pisika kannKondensadong Materya]] sa [[Instituto nin Siyensya kan Weizmann |Institusyon kan Weizmann]]. Enot siyang nagin interesado sa biyopisika asin nag-adal nin mga mekanikal na pwersa sa mga selula kaiba si Benny Geiger kan 2000. Dangan nag-ayon siya sa [[Stanislas Leibler | Stanislas Leibler's]] lab sa [[Unibersidad nin Princeton]] bilang sarong parasaligsig na postdoctoral, kun saen siya sarong [[Robert H. Dicke Fellowship|Robert H. Dicke]] Fellow. Poon kan 2003, siya sarong [[miyembro kan faculty]] sa Departamento nin Pisika kan [[Unibersidad nin Hebreo kan Jerusalem|Unibersidad nin Hebreo]]. An saiyang pagsiyasat ngunyan nakasentro sa biopisikal na paglaladawan kan mga simbag kan bakterya sa irarom nin mga pagbolong na antibiotiko,<ref name="Nature Reviews Microbiology 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Balaban |first1=N. Q. |last2=Helaine |first2=S. |last3=Lewis |first3=K. |last4=Ackermann |first4=M. |last5=Aldridge |first5=B. |last6=Andersson |first6=D. I. |last7=Brynildsen |first7=M. P. |last8=Bumann |first8=D. |last9=Camilli |first9=A. |last10=Collins |first10=J. J. |last11=Dehio |first11=C. |last12=Fortune |first12=S. |last13=Ghigo |first13=J. M. |last14=Hardt |first14=W. D. |last15=Harms |first15=A. |last16=Heinemann |first16=M. |last17=Hung |first17=D. T. |last18=Jenal |first18=U. |last19=Levin |first19=B. R. |last20=Michiels |first20=J. |last21=Storz |first21=G. |last22=Tan |first22=M. W. |last23=Tenson |first23=T. |last24=Van Melderen |first24=L. |last25=Zinkernagel |first25=A. |title=Systems biologist finds novel solutions to fundamental biological problems |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |date=2019 |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=441–448 |doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0196-3 |pmid=30980069 |pmc=7136161 }}</ref> asin an saindang mga implikasyon sa pagsabot kan pagkabigo sa pagbolong<ref name="Science2020">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=J. |last2=Gefen |first2=O. |last3=Ronin |first3=I. |last4=Bar-Meir |first4=M. |last5=Balaban |first5=N. Q. |title=Effect of tolerance on the evolution of antibiotic resistance under drug combinations, Science 2020|journal=Science |date=2020 |volume=367 |issue=6474 |pages=200–204 |doi=10.1126/science.aay3041 |pmid=31919223 |url=https://www.science.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aay3041 |accessdate= 20 January 2020}}</ref> asin ebolusyon kan resistensya<ref name="Science2017">{{cite journal |last1=Levin-Reisman |first1=I. |last2=Ronin |first2=I. |last3=Gefen |first3=O. |last4=Braniss |first4=I. |last5=Shoresh |first5=N. |last6=Balaban |first6=N. Q. |title=Antibiotic tolerance facilitates the evolution of resistance, Science 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2017-02-24_355_6327/page/826 |journal=Science |date=2017 |volume=355 |issue=6327 |pages=826–830 |doi=10.1126/science.aaj2191 |pmid=28183996 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Pagmidbid == * An [[Wolf Prize|Krill prize]] gikan sa [[Wolf Foundation]] para sa Kahusayan sa Siyentipikong Pagsiyasat kan 2009.<ref name="Krill Prize">{{cite web |title=Nathalie Q. Balaban, Krill Prize Laureate 2009 |work=Wolf Foundation |date=8 January 2020 |url=https://wolffund.org.il/2020/01/08/nathalie-questembert-balaban/ }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * An Klachky Prize para sa Pag-uswag kan mga Linderos kan Siyensya kan 2016.<ref name="Nathalie Balaban, AcademiaNet">{{cite web|title=Nathalie Balaban, AcademiaNet|url=https://www.academia-net.org/profil/prof-dr-nathalie-balaban/1135371//}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Napili na miyembro kan [[European Academy of Microbiology]] (EAM) kan 2016.<ref name="EAM">{{cite web |title=EAM - members |url=https://fems-microbiology.org/eam-members//}}</ref> * Napili na Fellow kan [[American Academy of Microbiology]] (AAM) kan 2018.<ref name="Nathalie Balaban, AcademiaNet"></ref> * Napili na Miyembro kan [[European Molecular Biology Organization]] (EMBO) kan 2021<ref name="EMBO">{{cite web |title=Nathalie Balaban, EMBO website |url=https://people.embo.org/profile/nathalie-q-balaban/}}</ref> * Mahusay na parasiyasat sa gabos na larangan nin pagsiyasat sa Unibersidad nin Hebreo para sa taon nin 2022 <ref name="Excelling researcher">{{cite web |title=Excelling researcher 2022 |url=https://en-science.huji.ac.il/news/%C2%A0warm-greetings-prof%C2%A0nathalie-balaban-racah-institute%C2%A0}}</ref> == Pagpalakop == Si Balaban an nagpoon asin nagmukna, kaiba si Propesor Eran Sharon kan "Iskolar-Paratukdo" na naggigibo nin mga posisyon sa akademikong pagsiyasat sa Hebrew University na kabali man an part-time na pagtukdo nin siyensya sa mga hayskul para sa pag-uswag kan pagtukdo nin siyensya. == Mga piling publikasyon == * Yoav Kaplan, Shaked Reich, Elyaqim Oster, Shani Maoz, Irit Levin-Reisman, Irine Ronin, Orit Gefen, Oded Agam, Nathalie Q Balaban (2021). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04114-w "Observation of universal ageing dynamics in antibiotic persistence."] ''Nature'' '''600:''' pages 290-294. * NQ Balaban, J Merrin, R Chait, L Kowalik, S Leibler (2004). [https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1099390 "Bacterial persistence as a phenotypic switch."] ''Science'' '''305:''' 1622-1625. * A Brauner, O Fridman, O Gefen, NQ Balaban (2016) [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro.2016.34 "Distinguishing between resistance, tolerance and persistence to antibiotic treatment."] ''Nature Reviews Microbiology'' '''14:''' 320-330. * NQ Balaban, S Helaine, K Lewis, M Ackermann, B Aldridge, DI Andersson, ... (2019). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-019-0196-3 "Definitions and guidelines for research on antibiotic persistence."] ''Nature Reviews Microbiology'' '''17:''' 441-448. * Oded Sandler, Sivan Pearl Mizrahi, Noga Weiss, Oded Agam, Itamar Simon, Nathalie Q Balaban (2015). [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14318 "Lineage correlations of single cell division time as a probe of cell-cycle dynamics."] ''Nature'' '''519:''' 468–471. * O Fridman, A Goldberg, I Ronin, N Shoresh, NQ Balaban (2014). [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13469 "Optimization of lag time underlies antibiotic tolerance in evolved bacterial populations."] ''Nature'' '''513:''' pages 418–42. * Irit Levin-Reisman, Irine Ronin, Orit Gefen, Ilan Braniss, Noam Shoresh, Nathalie Q Balaban (2017). [https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aaj2191 "Antibiotic tolerance facilitates the evolution of resistance."] ''Science'' '''355:''' pages 826-830. == Mga toltolan == {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * [http://bio-site.phys.huji.ac.il/ Balaban Lab website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320230103/http://bio-site.phys.huji.ac.il/ |date=2023-03-20 }} * {{google scholar id|NcV19fEAAAAJ}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balaban, Nathalie}} fjzt6z6o1ebjqfwkmc867pkmv4vnxmc 0 55989 309550 304277 2026-08-23T20:02:35Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Italyanong parabulong}} Si '''Jacqueline Felice de Almania''' ({{langx|it|Jacobina Felice}}· {{langx|la|Jacoba Felicie}}), ({{floruit|1322}}) hale daa sa [[Florence]], Italya. Siya sarong Pranses na doktor kan amay na ika-14 siglo sa [[Paris]], [[Pransya]] na binista kan 1322 huli sa bakong legal na praktis. == Karera == Si Jacqueline namundag sa sarong prominenteng pamilyang Judiong Pranses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maggs |first1=Sam |title=Wonder Women |date=2016 |publisher=Quirk Books |isbn=9781594749261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjtbCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Jacqueline%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA231}}</ref> Inaapod an saiyang sadiri bilang ''nobilis mulier domino Jacoba,'' na nagpapahiling na siya halangkaw an klase sosyal, si Jacqueline Felice de Almania midbid bilang sarong espesyalista sa salud, na nagbubulong sa mga lalaki asin babae para sa mga kondisyon medikal. Igwa siyang reputasyon na magkaigwa nin mapangganang mga resulta kan saiyang mga pagbolong. Ibinareta na an mga indibidwal pigdirekta saiya kun an saindang nakaaging pagbolong para sa kalintura, paralisis, o iba pang mga kondisyon medikal dai nagin mapanggana. An mga indibidwal nagduman man saiya para sa medikal na atensyon kan an mga lisensyadong doktor dai nagbolong kan saindang mga kondisyon. Nagtutubod siya sa konsepto kan "mga sekreto kan mga babae"- an ideya na an sarong babae dapat na maghiling sa pribadong parte kan ibang babae, suso, tulak asin iba pa, bilang ulang tanganing dai maaraman kan mga lalaki an "negosyo kan babae".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Monica|date=2006|title=Getting to the Source: The Case of Jacoba Felicie and the Impact|journal=Medieval Feminist Forum|volume=42|pages=49–62|doi=10.17077/1536-8742.1057|doi-access=free}}</ref> Si Jacqueline Felice dai nakaresibe nin pagsasanay sa sarong Unibersidad, posibleng huli sa mga restriksyon na antisemitiko asin seksista para sa mga pagpapatala sa Unibersidad kan panahon na idto.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maggs |first1=Sam |title=Wonder Women |date=2016 |publisher=Quirk Books |isbn=9781594749261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjtbCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Jacqueline%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA231}}</ref> An saiyang kawaran nin pormal na pagsasanay nagin dahilan na an mga doktor makamate nin pagkaanggot huli ta ginamit niya an mga teknika arog kan ginigibo kan mga lisensyadong doktor, arog baga kan pagsongko sa mga may helang, pagsiyasat sa ihi paagi sa pisikal na itsura kaiyan, pagduot sa hawak, asin pagreseta nin [[Gayuma|mga gayuma]], mga pagtunaw, asin mga pampawara nin kalintura.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Minkowski|first=William|date=February 1992|title=Women Healers of the Middle Ages: Selected Aspects of Their History|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_1992-02_82_2/page/288|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=82|issue=2|pages=288–295|pmc=1694293|pmid=1739168|doi=10.2105/ajph.82.2.288}}</ref> An saiyang medikal na praktis igwa nin polisiya na dai magsingil nin bayad apwera sana kun igwa nin bulong pagkatapos kan pagbolong. == Pagngata == Minsan siring, kan 1322, si Jacobina Félicie binista huli sa bakong sono sa ley na paggibo.<ref name="Garcia-Ballester">{{cite book|title=Practical medicine from Salerno to the Black Death|last=Garcia-Ballester|first=Luis|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|year=1994|isbn=0521431018|edition=1. publ.|location=Cambridge}}</ref> Siya pigbista laban sa Medical Faculty kan Paris huli sana sa rason na siya nagpraktis nin medisina na mayong [[lisensya medikal]]. Sa saiyang depensa, nagtutubod si Jacobina na bakong maninigo para sa mga lalaki na palparon an mga suso asin tulak kan mga babae. Durante kan pagbista, igwa nin walong testigo, na gabos saiyang mga pasyente apwera sa saro, na nagpatotoo sa saiyang mga kakayahan sa medisina. Susog sa sarong testigo, siya pigtutubodan na mas marahay na doktor asin siruhano kisa sa arin man sa mga doktor na Pranses sa Paris.<ref name="Garcia-Ballester" /> Sa pagigin mas marahay na doktor asin siruhano siring man sa dai pagsingil sa mga pasyente kun an saiyang mga pagbolong dai nagin mapanggana, garo baga pinaanggot nia an mga lalaking doktor.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Minkowski|first=William|date=Fall 2017|title=Women Healers of the Middle Ages: Selected Aspects of Their History|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=82|issue=2|pages=288–295|doi=10.2105/ajph.82.2.288|pmc=1694293|pmid=1739168}}</ref> Sa katapusan kan pagbista, si Jacqueline Felice de Almania napatunayan na nagkasala asin tinakot nin ekskomunikasyon kun siya madakop giraray na nagbubulong. Siya pinagbawalan man sa pagpraktis nin medisina, dawa ngani dai aram kun siya padagos na nagin sarong medikal na parabolong pagkatapos kan pagbista, asin siya tinawan nin multa na 60 na mga libra kan Paris. An kaso kan prosekusyon nakabasar sa kawaran nin pormal na pagsasanay sa sarong unibersidad, alagad mayo nin paghihingoa na ginibo tanganing baloon an saiyang kaaraman sa medisina. Sa ibong kan mga testimonya na nakapaomay sia sa mga tawong binayaan kan mga doktor na lalaki, an korte nangatanosan na malinaw na an sarong lalaki mas masasabotan an tema nin medisina kisa sarong babae huli sa saiyang kasarian. An desisyon na ini pigkokonsiderar na nagbabawal sa mga babae sa pag-adal sa medisina sa Pransya asin pagkua nin mga lisensya sagkod kan ika-19 siglo. == Mga tala == * An istorya ni Jacobina Félicie iyo an pinakalubos, dokumentadong pagkasaysay kan aktuwal na mga gawi-gawi nin sarong makasaysayan, babaeng parabolong. == Mga toltolan == * Howard S. {{google books|RoqNOWuNa8oC|The hidden giants|page=35}}, ch. 2, p.&nbsp;35 (Lulu.com; 2006) *{{Cite book | author = Nina Burton | title = Den nya kvinnostaden. Pionjärer och bortglömda kvinnor under tvåtusen år. | publisher = Albert Bonnier Förlag | id = ISBN | year = 2006 | pages= 238–239 | language = sv }} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=nYQeixG4zrQC&dq=Jacqueline+Felice+de+Almania&pg=PA174 Practical medicine from Salerno to the black death AvLuis García Ballester] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=jiThyI0T0T0C&dq=Jacqueline+Felice+de+Almania&pg=PA68 Teaching history AvHilary Bourdillon] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=rjtbCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Jacqueline%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA231 Wonder Women AvSam Maggs] ==Mga pagsambit== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Felicie, Jacobina}} [[Kategorya:Taon nin pagkamundag na nawawara]] [[Kategorya:Taon nin pagkagadan na nawawara]] [[Kategorya:mga tawo kan ika-14 siglo gikan sa Republika nin Florence]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaeng doktor sa medisina kan Edad Medya]] [[Kategorya:mga doktor sa medisina na Italyano kan ika-14 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga Judiong babaeng siyentipiko]] am9co9vuoec55oyxygj31572x5qd5ln 0 55992 309705 309077 2026-08-23T22:26:01Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ika-14 siglong doktor kan Salerno}} {{other uses}} {{Infobox medical person | name = Abella | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{circa|1380}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = | other_names = {{ubl|Abella kan Salerno|Abella kannCastellomata}} | known_for = [[Mulieres Salernitanae]] | alma_mater = [[Paadalan nin Medisina kan Salerno]] | work_institutions = [[Paadalan nin Medisina kan Salerno]] | field = Parabulong | specialism = [[Embriyolohiya]] }} Si '''Abella''', parating bisto sa apod na '''Abella kan Salerno''' o '''Abella kan Castellomata''', sarong doktor kan kabangaan kan ika-katorseng siglo.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Ogilvie|first1=Marilyn Bailey|last2=Harvey|first2=Joy Dorothy|author-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|author2-link=Joy Harvey|date=July 2000|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century|publisher=Taylor & Francis US|page=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0/page/4 4]|isbn=978-0-415-92038-4|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0|url-access=registration}}</ref> Si Abella nag-adal asin nagtukdo sa [[Paadalan nin Medisina kan Salerno]].<ref name=":0" /> Si Abella pigtutubodan na namundag kan mga taon 1380, alagad an eksaktong panahon kan saiyang pagkamundag asin pagkagadan bakong malinaw.<ref name="nwsci">{{Cite book|title=Notable Women Scientists|last=Proffitt|first=Pamela|publisher=Gale Group|year=1999|isbn=978-0787639006|location=Detroit| url = https://archive.org/details/notablewomenscie00pame | url-access = registration| page = [https://archive.org/details/notablewomenscie00pame/page/1 1] }}</ref> Si Abella naglektura manungod sa mga panusugan na gawi sa medisina, apdo, asin salud asin naturalesa kan mga babae sa eskwelahan sa medisina sa Salerno.<ref name=":0" /> Si Abella, kaiba si [[Rebecca de Guarana]], nag-espesyalisar sa lugar kan [[embriyolohiya]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Herbermann|first=Charles George|date=1912|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church|url=https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop0000char|location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company|isbn=9780243487400}}</ref> Nagpublikar siya nin duwang tratado: De atrabile (Manungod sa Itom na Apdo) asin De natura seminis humani (manungod sa Natura kan Seminal Fluid), na mayo sa duwa an nabubuhay sagkod ngunyan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Monica|date=1989|title=Women's Medical Practice and Health Care in Medieval Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_winter-1989_14_2/page/434|journal=Signs|volume=14|issue=2|pages=434–473|issn=0097-9740|jstor=3174557|doi=10.1086/494516|pmid=11618104}}</ref> Sa ika-19 siglong pag-aadal ni [[Salvatore De Renzi]] sa [[Paadalan nin Medisina kan Salerno]], si Abella saro sa apat na babae (kaiba si [[Rebecca de Guarna]], [[Mercuriade]], asin [[Constance Calenda]]) na nasambit na midbid na nag-aadal nin medisina, naglektura manungod sa medisina, asin nagsusurat nin mga tratado.<ref name=":1" /> An mga atributong ini an nagbugtak ki Abella sa sarong grupo nin mga babae na midbid bilang an Mulieres Salernitanae, o mga babae kan Salerno.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Matteo|last1=Della Monica|first2=Roberto|last2=Mauri|first3=Francesca|last3=Scarano|last4=Lonardo|first4=Fortunato|last5=Scarano|first5=Gioacchino|date=2013|title=The Salernitan school of medicine: Women, men, and children. A syndromological review of the oldest medical school in the western world|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A|language=en|volume=161|issue=4|pages=809–816|doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.35742|pmid=23444346|issn=1552-4833}}</ref> ==Legasiya== Si Abella sarong tampok na pigura sa installation piece ni [[Judy Chicago]], ''[[The Dinner Party]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/abella_of_salerno|title=Brooklyn Museum: Abella of Salerno|website=brooklynmuseum.org|access-date=2026-04-17|archive-date=2014-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109185959/http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/abella_of_salerno.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Si Abella pigrerepresentar bilang saro sa siyam na gatos asin nobenta y nuwebe na mga pangaran na kabali sa ''Heritage Floor''.<ref name=":2" /> The ''Heritage Floor'' is a supporting piece to Judy Chicago's ''The Dinner Party''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor|title=Brooklyn Museum: Heritage Floor|website=brooklynmuseum.org|access-date=2026-04-17|archive-date=2015-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020075146/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ini an katuyuhan na irepresentar an bilang kan mga babae na nakipaglaban tanganing magin prominente tanganing an saindang mga pangaran mapara asin/o malingawan.<ref name=":3" /> Saro siya sa mga "babae kan Salerno" na nag-adal asin nagtukdo sa [[Paadalan nin Medisina kan Salerno]] na itinampok sa ''Heritage Floor'', kaiba si [[Rebecca de Guarna]], [[Francesca kan Salerno]], asin [[Mercuriade]].<ref name="nwsci" /> == Mulieres Salernitanae == An [[Paadalan nin Medisina kan Salerno]] iyo an pinakaenot na unibersidad na nagtugot sa mga babaye na maglaog.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last=Oakes|first=Elizabeth H|date=2007|title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists|location=New York|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn= 978-0-8160-6158-7}}</ref> Nagresulta ini sa sarong grupo nin mga babaye na midbid bilang {{Interlanguage link|Mulieres Salernitanae|it|Mulieres Salernitanae|WD=}}, meaning women of Salerno or Salernitan wives.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> An mga babayeng ini midbid sa saindang dakulang pag-adal.<ref name=":2" /> An grupong ini nin mga babaye binibilog ni Abella, [[Trota kan Salerno]], [[Mercuriade]], [[Rebecca de Guarna]], [[Maria Incarnata]], asin [[Constance Calenda]].<ref name=":2" /> An mga babaye kan Salerno bako sanang nagpraktis nin medisina, kundi nagtukdo man nin medisina sa [[Paadalan nin Medisina kan Salerno]] asin nagsurat nin mga teksto.<ref name=":2" /> An grupong ini nin mga babaye nagtrabaho tumang sa komun na pananaw asin papel kan mga babaye kan panahon na idto, asin pigkokonsiderar na sarong orgulyo kan edad media na Salerno asin sarong simbolo nin karahayan.<ref name=":2" /> == Pamilya sa Castellomata == An pamilya ni Castellomata sarong maimpluwensyang pamilya sa [[Salerno]], na pigtutubodan na kabali si Abella.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=The Pope's Body|url=https://archive.org/details/popesbody0000para|last=Paravicini-Bagliani|first=Agostino.|date=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226034379|location=Chicago|oclc=41592982}}</ref> An magabat na impluwensya kan pamilya nakatabang na kumpirmaron an mahalagang marhay na mga relasyon sa pag-ultanan kan korte kan papa asin kan [[Paadalan nin Medisina kan Salerno]].<ref>Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YrmHbBoO-a0C&pg=PA186 ''The Pope's body.''] Peterson, David Spencer, 1951-, Translation of (work): Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino. Chicago. {{ISBN|978-0-226-03437-9}} p. 186</ref> An sarong makahulugan na miyembro kan pamilyang ini iyo si Giovanni nin Castellomata, na nagkapot kan titulong medicus papae, o “doktor kan papa” ki [[Papa Inocente III]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Steven James|last=Williams|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2003|title=The Secret of Secrets: The Scholarly Career of a Pseudo-Aristotelian Text in the Latin Middle Ages|isbn=9780472113088|language=en}}</ref> An relasyon sa pag-ultanan ni Abella asin Giovanni kan Castellomata bakong malinaw. ==Mga toltolan== ;Mga pinagkuanan {{Reflist}} ;Bibliograpiya *{{Cite book|title=The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation|url=https://archive.org/details/dinnerpartyfromc0000chic|last=Chicago|first=Judy|author-link=Judy Chicago|date=2007|publisher=Merrell|others=Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art., Brooklyn Museum.|isbn=9781858943701|location=London|oclc=76365461}} *{{Cite book|title=Women, Science, and Myth: Gender Beliefs from Antiquity to the Present|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|editor-last=Rosser|editor-first=Sue Vilhauer.|isbn=9781598840964|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=269387282}} *{{Cite book|title=Glimpses Of History Of Medicine|last=Banerjee|first=D.D.|publisher=B. Jain Regular|year=2008|isbn=9788131903506}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abella}} [[Kategorya:mga doktor sa medisina na Italyano kan ika-14 siglo]] [[Kategorya:mga babayeng Italyano kan ika-14 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga babayeng doktor sa medisina kan Edad Medya]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaye kan Salerno]] risl5rhweky9vjdjhy8lmyl43d0ypjc 0 56006 309789 304328 2026-08-23T23:44:13Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Intsik na henetiko}} {{Use mdy dates|date=Abril 2026}} {{family name hatnote|[[Zeng (apelyido)|Zeng]]|lang=Intsik}} si '''Zeng Fanyi''' ({{zh|c=曾凡一|p=Zéng Fányī}}; namundag kan Enero 1968) sarong Intsik na [[siyentipiko]] nin [[stem cell]] asin propesor sa [[Unibersidad Shanghai Jiao Tong]] (SJTU) na eskwelahan sa medisina. ==Biograpiya== Si Zeng namundag sa [[Shanghai]] kan 1968 na may ginikanan na ginikanan sa [[Shunde]], probinsya nin [[Guangdong]]. An ama ni Zeng na si {{ill|Zeng Yitao|zh|曾溢滔}} sarong [[geneticist]] asin akademiko kan [[Akademya nin Inhinyeriya kan Intsik]]. Parehong mga estudyante ni [[Tan Jiazhen]] an mga Zeng,<ref>(《科学中国人》) ''Scientific Chinese'', '''11''', 2006: [http://www.gotoread.com/vo/2878/page303290.html A Family of Artists] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215235248/http://www.gotoread.com/vo/2878/page303290.html |date=February 15, 2012 }}</ref> na saro sa mga kagmukna kan modernong henetika sa Tsina.{{cn|date=October 2020}} Si Zeng Fanyi nakakua kan saiyang Bachelor of Science gikan sa [[Unibersidad kan California, San Diego]] (UCSD), asin [[Doktor nin Medisina|M.D.]] asin Ph.D. gikan sa [[Unibersidad nin Pennsylvania]] (UPenn) [[Paadalan nin Medisina kan Unibersidad nin Pennsylvania|Paadalan nin Medikal]] asin sa [[Paadalan nin Sining asin Siyensya kan Unibersidad nin Pennsylvania]], sunod-sunod. Si Zeng naggibo man nin [[pananaligsig na postdoktoral]] sa Unibersidad kan Pennsylvania. Si Zeng naglaog sa Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Basic Medicine Division) kan Oktubre 2007. Sa presente, siya an [[bise-presidente]] kan Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics sa SJTU, kun saen an saiyang ama na si Zeng Yitao iyo an [[direktor-heneral]]. Si Zeng Fanyi iyo man an Bise-presidente kan [[Shanghai Stem Cell Institute]]. ==Pagsiyasat== An pagsiyasat ni Zeng nakasentro sa medikal na henetika asin [[biyolohiya sa pag-uswag]]. Kan Hulyo 2009 si Zeng, an saiyang mga katrabaho, asin an saiyang kooperasyonal na grupo nagpublikar nin sarong papel sa ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', na nagpapahiling sa kaenot-enote na an sarong bilog na [[mammalian]] na hawak pwedeng magibo gikan sa [[induced pluripotent stem cell]]s (iPSCs). Naggamit sinda nin mga embryo nin kino asin nagmukna nin mga iPSC sa paagi nin pag-aplikar kan parehong paagi kan grupo ni [[Shinya Yamanaka]]. Nagmukna pa sinda nin [[Poliploidy|tetraploid]] na mga embryo sa paagi nin pag-iribang duwang amay na yugto [[nalagyan ng pataba]] na mga embryo. Itinanom ninda an mga embryo na ini asin an iba sainda sa nagtalubo na magin bilog na mga ilaga. Doseng ilaga an nag-agom asin nagprodusir nin [[mga aki]], na dai nagpahiling nin mga kakulangan sa hawak.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cyranoski|first=David|date=July 2009|title=Mice made from induced stem cells|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-07-30_460_7255/page/560|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=460|issue=7255|pages=560|doi=10.1038/460560a|pmid=19641564|issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Xiao-yang|last2=Li|first2=Wei|last3=Lv|first3=Zhuo|last4=Liu|first4=Lei|last5=Tong|first5=Man|last6=Hai|first6=Tang|last7=Hao|first7=Jie|last8=Guo|first8=Chang-long|last9=Ma|first9=Qing-wen|last10=Wang|first10=Liu|last11=Zeng|first11=Fanyi|date=September 2009|title=iPS cells produce viable mice through tetraploid complementation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-09-03_461_7260/page/86|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=461|issue=7260|pages=86–90|doi=10.1038/nature08267|pmid=19672241|bibcode=2009Natur.461...86Z|s2cid=205217762|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> ==Hilingon man== * [[Timeline kan mga babae sa siyensya]] ==Mga Reperensya== <references/> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zeng, Fanyi}} [[Kategorya:1968 na mga pagkamundag]] [[Kategorya:Nabubuhay na mga tawo]] [[Kategorya:Mga henetikong Intsik]] [[Kategorya:University of California, San Diego alumni]] [[Kategorya:Unibersidad kan Pennsylvania School kan mga alumni kan Arte asin Siyensya]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaeng biologo na Intsik]] [[Kategorya:Mga babaeng henetiko]] [[Kategorya:mga babaeng siyentipikong Intsik kan ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:mga babaeng siyentipikong Intsik kan ika-21 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Academic staff of Shanghai Jiao Tong University]] [[Kategorya:Mga Biologo gikan sa Shanghai]] [[Kategorya:Perelman School of Medicine sa University of Pennsylvania alumni]] [[Kategorya:Mga Edukador gikan sa Shanghai]] nt4rxzvqiuy5qx64ohid9lvael1wkpi 0 56007 309576 304713 2026-08-23T20:19:51Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Kimiko kan Taywan}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = | name = Chen Yu-chie | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = <!--(filename only, i.e. without "File:" prefix)--> | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = <!-- if different from "name" --> | birth_date = <!--{{birth date |YYYY|MM|DD}}--> | birth_place = | death_date = <!--{{death date and age |YYYY|MM|DD |YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date)--> | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}--> | home_town = | other_names = | siglum = | pronounce = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = | workplaces = National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan; Tzu Chi University, Taiwan | patrons = | education = | alma_mater = {{ubl | Montana State University, USA (PhD)| National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan (MSc) | National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (BSc) }} | thesis_title = Surface assisted laser desorption ionization (SALDI) mass spectrometry | thesis_url = https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/7460 | thesis_year = 1997 | doctoral_advisor = Jan Sunner <!--(or | doctoral_advisors = )--> | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | spouse = <!--(or | spouses = )--> | partner = <!--(or | partners = )--> | children = | signature = <!--(filename only)--> | signature_alt = | website = <!--{{URL|www.example.com}}--> | footnotes = }} Si '''Chen Yu-chie''' ({{zh|c=陳月枝|p=Chén Yuèzhī}}) sarong kemikong [[Mga tawong Taywanon|MTaiwanese]] asin sarong [[Propesor kan Kemistriya]] sa [[National Chiao Tung University]], [[Hsinchu, Taywan]].<ref name=Applied/>&nbsp; Naresibe niya an saiyang [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] gikan sa [[Montana State University]] (Estados Unidos).<ref name=Applied/> ==Pagsiyasat== An mga interes sa pagsiyasat ni Chen kabali an biyolohikong [[ispektrometriya nin masa]], analitikal na nanoteknolohiya, asin [[nanobioteknolohiya]].<ref name=Applied>{{cite web|title=Entry on the department's website|url=http://www.ac.nctu.edu.tw/people/bio.php?PID=35|accessdate=2011-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222010341/http://www.ac.nctu.edu.tw/people/bio.php?PID=35|archivedate=2011-02-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ycclab2018.wixsite.com/ycclab|publisher=The Department of Applied Chemistry|title=Yu-Chie Chen Lab|accessdate=2011-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=United States Patent; No. 7,122,792|date=17 October 2006|title=Metal oxide-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=Yu-Chie.INNM.&OS=IN/Yu-Chie&RS=IN/Yu-Chie|accessdate=2011-02-27}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Mga Naabot== Si Chen an kagmukna kan Ultrasonication-Assisted Spray Ionization (UASI),<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of biomolecules in solution|doi=10.1016/j.jasms.2010.04.021|pmid=20547459|volume=21|year=2010|journal=J Am Soc Mass Spectrom|pages=1547–53 | last1 = Chen | first1 = TY | last2 = Lin | first2 = JY | last3 = Chen | first3 = JY | last4 = Chen | first4 = YC|issue=9|doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp; siring man [[Contactless Atmospheric Pressure Ionization]] (Contactless API),<ref>{{cite journal|title=Capillary Action-Supported Contactless Atmospheric Pressure Ionization for the Combined Sampling and Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Biomolecules|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=83|issue=8|pages=2866–2869|doi=10.1021/ac200479s|pmid=21446703|year=2011|last1=Hsieh|first1=Cheng-Huan|last2=Chang|first2=Chia-Hsien|last3=Urban|first3=Pawel L.|last4=Chen|first4=Yu-Chie|citeseerx=10.1.1.908.8940}}</ref> asin saro sa mga imbentor kan [[surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization]] (SALDI)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Graphite surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins from liquid solutions|url=https://archive.org/details/analytical-chemistry_1995-12-01_67_23/page/n196|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=67|issue=23|pages=4335–4342|doi=10.1021/ac00119a021|year=1995|last1=Sunner|first1=Jan.|last2=Dratz|first2=Edward.|last3=Chen|first3=Yu-Chie.|pmid=8633776}}</ref> na mga teknik para sa pag-analisar kan ispektrometriko nin masa kan mga molekulang kemikal. ==Mga toltolan== {{Reflist}} {{Portal|Taiwan}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chen, Yu-chie}} [[Kategorya:Nabubuhay na mga tawo]] [[Kategorya:Montana State University alumni]] [[Kategorya:Mga kemiko sa Taiwan]] [[Kategorya:Academic staff of the National Chiao Tung University]] [[Kategorya:Mga ispektrometrista nin masa]] [[Kategorya:Mga babayeng siyentipiko sa Taywan]] [[Kategorya:Mga babayeng kemiko]] [[Kategorya:Taon nin pagkamundag nawawara (nabubuhay na mga tawo)]] 1cyz8ogjbh6jyl4dsr9wgkfx381eesz 0 56023 309807 309219 2026-08-23T23:58:34Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 4 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Amerikanong oseanograpo, biyologo sa dagat}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2021}} {{Infobox scientist |image = Penny Chisholm in 2023 04.jpg |name = Sallie Watson Chisholm |birth_date = {{birth year and age|1947}} |birth_place = [[Marquette, Michigan]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |field = [[Biyolohiyang pandagat]] |work_institutions = [[Instituto nin Teknolohiya kan Massachusetts]] |alma_mater = [[Kolehiyo nin Skidmore]]<br />[[Unibersidad sa Albany, SUNY]] |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = Pag-aadal kan phytoplankton, urog na an ''[[Prochlorococcus]]'' |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = [[Nasyunal na Medalya kan Siyensya]]<br /> [[Alexander Agassiz Medal]] (2010)<br /> [[Crafoord Prize]] (2019) |footnotes = |signature = }} Si '''Sallie Watson''' "'''Penny'''" '''Chisholm''' (namundag kan 1947) sarong Amerikanong [[Biyolohiyang pandagat|biyolohikal na oseanograpo]] sa [[Instituto nin Teknolohiya kan Massachusetts]]. Siya sarong eksperto sa ekolohiya asin ebolusyon kan [[mga mikrobyo sa kadagatan]]. An saiyang pagsiyasat nakasentro partikularmente sa pinakadakol na phytoplankton sa dagat, ''[[Prochlorococcus]],'' na saiyang nadiskobre kan mga taon 1980 kaiba si Rob Olson asin iba pang mga katabang.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chisholm|first1=Sallie W.|last2=Olson|first2=Robert J.|last3=Zettler|first3=Erik R.|last4=Goericke|first4=Ralf|last5=Waterbury|first5=John B.|last6=Welschmeyer|first6=Nicholas A.|date=1988|title=A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/334340a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=334|issue=6180|pages=340–343|doi=10.1038/334340a0|bibcode=1988Natur.334..340C|s2cid=4373102|issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Igwa siyang [[TED talk]] manungod sa saindang nadiskubre asin importansya na inaapod na "An sadit na linalang na sekretong nagpapakusog sa planeta".<ref>{{Citation|last=Chisholm|first=Penny|title=The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet|date=July 2, 2018 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/penny_chisholm_the_tiny_creature_that_secretly_powers_the_planet|language=en|access-date=May 30, 2021}}</ref> == Piniling mga gibo == * {{cite book | last1=Bang | first1=Molly | last2=Chisholm | first2=Penny | title=Ocean Sunlight | url=https://archive.org/details/oceansunlighthow0000bang | publisher=Blue Sky Press (AZ) | date=2012 | isbn=978-0-545-27322-0 | page=}} * {{cite book | last=Chisholm | first=Sallie W. | title=Microbes and Evolution | chapter=Unveiling Prochlorococcus | publisher=American Society of Microbiology |chapter-url=https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/cmoreserver/summercourse/2015/documents/Chisholm_06-03/2012_Chisholm-Unveiling%20Prochlorococcus._in_Microbes_and_Evolution-without_cover.pdf | date=1 January 2012 | pages=165–171 | isbn=978-1-55581-540-0 | doi=10.1128/9781555818470.ch23| hdl=1721.1/69963 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Coleman | first1 = M. L. | last2 = Chisholm | first2 = S. W. | year = 2010 | title = Ecosystem-specific selection pressures revealed by comparative population genomics | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2010-10-26_107_43/page/18634 | journal = PNAS | volume = 107 | issue = 43| pages = 18634–18639 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1009480107| pmid = 20937887 | pmc = 2972931 | doi-access = free }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Lindell | first1 = D. | last2 = Jaffe | first2 = J.D. | last3 = Coleman | first3 = M.L. | last4 = Axmann | first4 = I.M. | last5 = Rector | first5 = T. | last6 = Kettler | first6 = G. | last7 = Sullivan | first7 = M.B. | last8 = Steen | first8 = R. | last9 = Hess | first9 = W.R. | last10 = Church | first10 = G.M. | last11 = Chisholm | first11 = S. W. | year = 2007 | title = Genome-wide expression dynamics of a marine virus and host reveal features of coevolution | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-09-06_449_7158/page/83 | journal = Nature | volume = 449 | issue = 7158| pages = 83–86 | doi=10.1038/nature06130| pmid = 17805294 | bibcode = 2007Natur.449...83L | s2cid = 4412265 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Chisholm | first1=Sallie W. | last2=Falkowski | first2=Paul G. | last3=Cullen | first3=John J. | title=Dis-Crediting Ocean Fertilization | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2001-10-12_294_5541/page/309 | journal=Science | publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) | volume=294 | issue=5541 | date=12 October 2001 | issn=0036-8075 | doi=10.1126/science.1065349 | pages=309–310| pmid=11598285 | s2cid=130687109 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Chisholm | first1 = S.W. | last2 = Olson | first2 = R.J. | last3 = Zettler | first3 = E.R. | last4 = Goericke | first4 = R. | last5 = Waterbury | first5 = J. | last6 = Welschmeyer | first6 = N. | year = 1988 | title = A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1988-07-28_334_6180/page/340 | journal = Nature | volume = 334 | issue = 6180| pages = 340–343 | doi=10.1038/334340a0| bibcode = 1988Natur.334..340C | s2cid = 4373102 }} == Hilingon man == *''[[Prochlorococcus]]'' *''[[Synechococcus]]'' * [[Siklo nin karbon]] * [[Pag-init kan kinaban]] == Mga toltolan == {{Reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * [http://chisholmlab.mit.edu/ Chisholm Lab at MIT] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070322212558/http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/421/ Online Chisholm Lecture] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSB9rPBl768 Video of Chisholm talking about her work], from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chisholm, Sallie W.}} ossye97vh9wfbg99y738953p39euogg 0 56031 309642 304369 2026-08-23T21:19:59Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Irish immunologist}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Annie Curtis | field = [[Imunolohiya]] | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Kolehiyo nin Trinidad sa Dublin]] * [[Unibersidad nin Pennsylvania]]}} | workplaces = {{Plainlist| * [[Maharlikang Kolehiyo nin mga Siruhano sa Irlandya]]}} | awards = [[L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science|L'Oréal-UNESCO Award For Women in Science]] (2017) | website = {{URL|https://www.curtisclocklab.com/}} }} Si '''Annie Curtis''' sarong Irandyanon na imunolohista sa [[Maharlikang Kolehiyo nin mga Siruhano sa Irlandya]] na an karera nagsakop sa akademya, pampublikong sektor asin industriya. Pig-aadalan niya kun pano an kapangyarihan kan [[orasan kan hawak]] magagamit tanganing makontrol an mga helang na nakakapagabat. == Edukasyon == Si Curtis nakatapos nin B.A. sa henetika sa [[Kolehiyo nin Trinidad, Dublin|Kolehiyo nin Trinidad sa Dublin]] (1994–1998) asin nagkondusir kan saiyang PhD sa laboratoryo ni Prof. Garret FitzGerald sa [[Parmakolohiya]] (2001 – 2006) sa [[Unibersidad nin Pennsylvania]]. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://pi.rcsi.ie/pi/anniecurtis/cv.asp|title=RCSI - Research Database|website=pi.rcsi.ie|access-date=2018-02-26|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035231/http://pi.rcsi.ie/pi/anniecurtis/cv.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Digdi siya nagin aware sa mga orasan kan hawak asin naaraman kun pano an orasan nagkokontrol kan [[pagpunsyon kan puso]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Curtis|first1=Anne M.|last2=Cheng|first2=Yan|last3=Kapoor|first3=Shiv|last4=Reilly|first4=Dermot|last5=Price|first5=Tom S.|last6=FitzGerald|first6=Garret A.|date=2007-02-27|title=Circadian variation of blood pressure and the vascular response to asynchronous stress|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-02-27_104_9/page/3450|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=104|issue=9|pages=3450–3455|doi=10.1073/pnas.0611680104|pmid=17360665|pmc=1802007|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/body-clock-immune-system|title=How can we improve the immune system? By watching the clock|last=O’Connell|first=Claire|date=2017-05-12|work=Silicon Republic|access-date=2018-02-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Karera == Si Curtis narekrut sa [[GlaxoSmithKline]] sa Philadelphia bilang sarong prinsipal na siyentipiko pagkatapos na matapos an saiyang PhD, kun saen pinangenotan niya an sarong sadit na grupo nin mga parasiyasat na nagsiyasat nin [[biomarker]]s para sa peligro sa puso sa pag-oltanan kan 2006–2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rcsi.ie/index.jsp?p=256&n=726&a=7950|title=Annie Curtis, PhD - Royal College Surgeons in Ireland|website=www.rcsi.ie|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref> Kan 2008 siya narekrut bilang Scientific Program Manager para sa [[Science Foundation Ireland]] (SFI) sagkod 2010 kan siya nagtrabaho bilang Medical Advisor para sa Imunoterapitiko sa [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]].<ref name=":0" /> Kan 2011, naglaog siya sa laboratoryo ni [[Luke O'Neill (propesor)|Luke O'Neill]] sa biyokimika sa Kolehiyo nin Trinidad sa Dublin.<ref name=":0" /> Kan 2014, siya tinawan nin SFI Starting Investigator Research Grant tanganing magmukna nin sarong grupo na nag-aadal kan epekto kan mga orasan sa sistema nin resistensya.<ref name="auto" /> Si Curtis nag'ayon sa [[Maharlikang Kolehiyo nin mga Siruhano sa Irilandya]] bilang sarong lektor sa Pagsasaligsig sa Molekular and mga Terapiya sa Selular kan Agosto 2016.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/rcsi-anne-curtis-loreal-unesco-fellowships-for-women-in-science|title=RCSI scientist wins esteemed L'Oréal award for immunology expertise|last=Hunt|first=Gordon|date=2017-05-08|work=Silicon Republic|access-date=2018-02-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> An saiyang trabaho nagdara sa pagsabot kan mga mekanismo na nag-iinduce nin mga mga talamak na nagpapaalab na hilang arog kan [[multiple sclerosis]] na konektado sa pagkadisturbo kan orasan kan hawak.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sutton|first1=Caroline E.|last2=Finlay|first2=Conor M.|last3=Raverdeau|first3=Mathilde|last4=Early|first4=James O.|last5=DeCourcey|first5=Joseph|last6=Zaslona|first6=Zbigniew|last7=O'Neill|first7=Luke A. J.|last8=Mills|first8=Kingston H. G.|last9=Curtis|first9=Annie M.|date=2017-12-12|title=Loss of the molecular clock in myeloid cells exacerbates T cell-mediated CNS autoimmune disease|url= |journal=Nature Communications|language=En|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1923|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-02111-0|pmid=29234010|pmc=5727202|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> == Mga Publikasyon == * Curtis, Anne M.; Seo, Sang-beom; Westgate, Elizabeth J.; Rudic, Radu Daniel; Smyth, Emer M.; Chakravarti, Debabrata.; FitzGerald, Garret A.; McNamara, Peter., <u>"HAT-dependent chromatin remodeling and the vascular clock"</u>, ''American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology'' 2003 * Rudic, R Daniel; McNamara, Peter; Curtis, Anne-Maria; Boston, Raymond C.; Panda, Satchidananda; Hogenesch, John B.; FitzGerald, Garret A., <u>"BMAL1 and CLOCK, two essential components of the circadian clock, are involved in glucose homeostasis"</u>, ''PLoS Biology'' 2004; 11: e377 * Curtis, Anne M.; Cheng, Yan; Kapoor, Shiv; Reilly, Dermot; Price, Tom S.; FitzGerald, Garret A., <u>"Circadian variation of blood pressure and the vascular response to asynchronous stress"</u>, ''National Academy of Sciences'' 2007; 104; 3450-3455 * FitzGerald, G.A.; Curtis, A.M., <u>"Central and peripheral clocks in cardiovascular and metabolic function"</u>, ''Annals of Medicine'' 2006; 38: 552-559 * Tannahill, G.M.; Curtis, A.M.; Adamik J., Palsson-McDermott, E.M.; McGettrick, A.F.; Goel G.; Frezza, C.; Bernard, N.J.; Kelly, B.; Foley, N.H.; Zheng, L.; Gardet, A.; Tong, Z.; Jany, S.S.; Corr, S.C.; Haneklaus, M.; Caffrey, B.E.; Pierce, K.; Walmsley, S.; Beasley, F.C.; Cummins, E.; Nizet, V.; Whyte, M.; Taylor, C.T.; Lin, H.; Masters S.L.; Gottlieb E.; Kelly V.P.; Clish C.; Auron P.E.; Xavier R.J.; O'Neill L.A.J., <u>"Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1β through HIF-1α"</u>, ''Nature'', 2013; 496, 238. * Curtis, Anne M.; Bellet, Marina M.; Sassone-Corsi, Paolo; O'Neill, Luke A.J., <u>"Circadian clock proteins and immunity"</u>, ''Immunity'' 2014; 40: 178-186 * Palsson-McDermott, Eva M.; Curtis, Anne M.; Goel, Gautam; Lauterbach, Mario A.R.; Sheedy, Frederick J.;Gleeson, Laura E.; van den Bosch, Mirjam W.M.; Quinn, Susan R.; Domingo-Fernandez, Raquel; Johnston, Daniel G.W.; Jiang, Jian-kang; Israelsen, William J.; Keane, Joseph; Thomas, Craig; Clish, Clary; Vander Heiden, Matthew; Xavier, Ramnik J.; O'Neill, Luke A.J., <u>"Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates Hif-1α activity and IL-1β induction and is a critical determinant of the warburg effect in LPS-activated macrophages"</u>, ''Cell Metabolism'' 2015; 21: 65-80 * Curtis A.M., Early, J.O.; <u>"Immunometabolism: Is it under the eye of the clock?"</u>, ''Seminars in immunology'' 2016; 28: 478-490<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=SPEZJ5wAAAAJ&view_op=list_works|title=Annie Curtis - Google Scholar Citations|website=scholar.google.com|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref> == Mga onra == 2017: L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science UK & Ireland Fellowships 2017 Fellowship, L'Oréal-UNESCO<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womeninscience.co.uk/past-and-present-fellows/Dr-Annie-Curtis|title=Dr Annie Curtis|website=www.womeninscience.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-02-26}}</ref> 2012: Winner, Roche Medal, Researcher of the Year, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, [[Roche Pharmaceuticals]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/inaugural-biomedical-sciences-institute-postdoctoral-research-day-highlights-leading-research/2425|title=Inaugural Biomedical Sciences Institute Postdoctoral Research Day Highlights Leading Research|last=Dublin|first=Trinity News and Events, Trinity College|website=www.tcd.ie|language=en|access-date=2018-02-26}}</ref> 2006: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology (ATVB) Junior Investigator Award for Women 2006, [[Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology|ATVB]] == Mga toltolan == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Curtis, Annie}} crl849qak34qwcnil0unvzua3iqadh8 0 56039 309564 304382 2026-08-23T20:10:48Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Nuclear physicist}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = Dr. | name = Alice Leigh-Smith | image = | birth_name = Alice Prebil | birth_date = Karlovac, Općina Karlovac, Karlovac County, Croatia | birth_place = | death_date = 1987 | death_place = Pransya |field = [[Pisikang nuklear]] |work_institutions = [[Instituto kan Curie (Paris)|Institusyon kan Curie]]<br/>[[Unibersidad nin Bern]] | known_for = Enot na babayeng Briton na nag-ako nin PhD sa pisika nukleyar | spouse = Philip Leigh-Smith | children = Christopher Leigh Smith }} Si '''Alice Leigh-Smith''' (née Prebil, namundag kan Setyembre 11, 1907, nagadan kan 1987), sarong Croatia na namundag sa [[pisika nukleyar |pisiko nukleyar]]. Siya midbid na marhay bilang pinakaenot na babaye sa kasaysayan kan Britanya na nag-ako nin PhD sa nukleyar na pisika.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/taleofseveneleme0000scer|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/taleofseveneleme0000scer/page/229 229]|quote=Alice Leigh-Smith.|title=A Tale of Seven Elements|last=Scerri|first=Eric|date=2013-05-20|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199875030|language=en}}</ref> Dugang pa, siya nagigirumdoman huli sa saiyang pioneer na pagsiyasat sa kanser asin huli sa saiyang mga pagprobar sa pagdiskobre nin sarong dai maabot na elemento, an Elemento 85. == Propesyonal na buhay == Sa edad na 25 kan 1932, si Prebil nagpoon na magtrabaho sa [[Instituto nin Curie (Paris)| Radium Institute]] sa Paris sa irarom kan pag-ataman ni [[Marie Curie]]. Pakalihis nin tolong taon, kan 1935, sa edad na 28, siya an nagin pinakaenot na babaye sa Gran Britanya na nag-ako nin PhD sa [[pisikang nukleyar]].<ref name=":2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRJt7QqA7GEC&pg=RA1-PA135|title=Mothers and daughters of invention : Notes for a revised history of technology|author=Stanley, A|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8135-2197-8|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|page=135}}</ref> Inaako na si Leigh-Smith nagdepensa kan saiyang tesis sa London, alagad dai pa aram sa presente kun saen na unibersidad siya tinawan kan saiyang degree.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.calames.abes.fr/pub/#details?id=FileId-1340|title=Calames|last=ABES|website=www.calames.abes.fr|access-date=2017-12-25}}</ref> Si Dr. Alice Leigh-Smith imbuelto man sa paggamit nin mga substansyang radyoaktibo bilang pagbolong sa kanser. Poon 1936, nagkondukta siya nin pagsiyasat sa kanser bilang parte kan kampanya sa kanser kan Imperyo Briton. Poon 1938 sagkod 1940, kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban, si Alice Leigh-Smith yaon sa Unibersidad kan Bern sa Switzerland, kun saen ipinadagos niya an saiyang trabaho.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Kan Enero 1943, an pag-antisipar kan mga resulta kan saiyang pag-aadal manungod sa pagbolong kan kanser gamit an mga substansyang radyoaktibo ipinublikar sa London Times.<ref name=":2" /> Alagad, mayo nin mga resulta na makukua para sa presenteng pag-analisar. Kan 1942, si Leigh-Smith asin sarong Swiss chemist, [[Walter Minder]] magkasararong nag-anunsyo kan pagdiskubre kan elemento 85 (ngonyan inaapod na [[astatino]])<ref name="Ru1968">{{cite journal|author=Nefedov, VD|last2=Norseev|first2=Yu V|last3=Toropova|first3=M A|last4=Khalkin|first4=Vladimir A|year=1968|title=Astatine|journal=[[Russian Chemical Reviews]]|volume=37|issue=2|pages=87|bibcode=1968RuCRv..37...87N|doi=10.1070/RC1968v037n02ABEH001603}}</ref> in 1942.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Leigh-Smith|first=Alice|last2=Minder|first2=Walter|year=1942|title=Experimental Evidence of the Existence of Element 85 in the Thorium Family|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242841754_Experimental_Evidence_of_the_Existence_of_Element_85_in_the_Thorium_Family|journal=Nature|volume=150|issue=3817|pages=767–768|bibcode=1942Natur.150..767L|doi=10.1038/150767a0}}</ref> Iprinoponer ninda an pangaran na [[anglohelvetium]] para sa bagong elemento, tanganing tawan nin onra an saindang mga nasyon- "anglo" para sa Inglaterra ni Leigh-Smith asin "Helvetia" pagkatapos kan personipikasyon kan nasyon ni Minder- Switzerland.<ref name=":0" /> Ini an ikaduwang pagprobar ni Minder na madiskobre an elemento. Kan huri napatunayan na si Walter Minder asin Alice Leigh-Smith dai nakadiskubre kan elemento 85, pagkatapos kan dai pag-arog kan saindang mga resulta.<ref name="Ru1968" /><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Karlik, B|author2=Bernert, T|year=1942|title=Über eine vermutete ß-Strahlung des Radium A und die natürliche Existenz des Elementes 85|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_naturwissenschaften_1942-10-30_30_44-45/page/685|journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]|volume=30|issue=44–45|pages=685|bibcode=1942NW.....30..685K|doi=10.1007/BF01487965}}</ref> == Personal na buhay == Kan 1933, sa edad na 26, inagom niya si [[Philip Leigh-Smith]], sarong Briton na diplomatiko asin aking lalaki kan eksplorador sa Artiko [[Benjamin Leigh-Smith]]..<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://leigh-smith.org/552/index.html|title=www.leigh-smith.org|website=leigh-smith.org|access-date=2017-12-25}}</ref> An saiyang ipinublikar na komedya, "Ladies in Diplomacy" soboot nakabasar sa mga pakikipagsapalaran kan saiyang agom, si Alice. Si Alice Leigh-Smith, nagkaigwa nin sarong aki sa saiyang agom na si Philip Leigh-Smith. Si Christopher Leigh-Smith iyo an solong aki ni Alice asin buhay pa ngonyan, na nag-aakto bilang sarong negosyante na nakabase sa Switzerland.<ref name=":5" /> == Legasiya == Sa presente, an sarong porsyon kan pribadong mga arkibo ni Alice Leigh-Smith yaon sa pagsasadiri kan Curie Institute para sa Curie Museum. An mga rekord makukua sa paagi nin appointment sana.<ref name=":3" /> ==Mga toltolan== * <references />[http://www.leigh-smith.org/552/index.html Benjamin Leigh-Smith Arctic Explorer] Image of Alice Leigh-Smith {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leigh-Smith, Alice}} [[Kategorya:Mga pisiko sa Ingles]] [[Kategorya:Mga pisiko nukleyar sa Ingles]] [[Kategorya:Mga babayeng pisiko sa Ingles]] [[Kategorya:1907 na pagkamundag]] [[Kategorya:1987 nagadan]] [[Kategorya:Mga babayeng pisiko nukleyar]] [[Kategorya:Mga pisikong Briton kan ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:mga babayeng pisiko kan ika-20 siglo]] nhpv42pcsuxux60hkyme21qd5wbuxzw 0 56060 309688 308908 2026-08-23T22:15:11Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|American photographer}} {{Infobox person |name = Evelyn Cameron |image = File:Ec on horse1.jpg |image_size = 220px |caption = Evelyn Cameron, seen standing upright on a horse. |birth_name = Evelyn Jephson Flower |birth_date = {{Birth date|1868|08|26}} |birth_place = Furze Down Park, near Streatham, England, United Kingdom |death_date = {{Death date and age|1928|12|26|1868|08|26}} |death_place = [[Terry, Montana]], United States |body_discovered = |death_cause = |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = |nationality = |citizenship = |other_names = |known_for = |education = |alma_mater = |employer = |occupation = photographer, rancher, farmer |years_active = |title = |height = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = |opponents = |boards = |spouse = Ewen Somerled Cameron |partner = |children = |parents = |relations = |callsign = |signature = |website = |footnotes = }} Si '''Evelyn Cameron''' (Agosto 26, 1868 – Disyembre 26, 1928) sarong retratista asin diarist kan Amerikanong Sulnupan, na nagdokumento kan saiyang buhay bilang sarong payunir harani sa [[Terry, Montana]] poon kan huring parte kan dekada 1890 padagos. Siya midbid na gayo sa saiyang pagretrato na nag-eestorya kan amay na buhay kan mga paraerok sa [[Eastern Montana|Sirangan na Montana]], na naglaladawan nin mga cowboy, paraataman nin karnero, kasal, pagbalyo sa salog, mga bagon nin kargamento, trabaho sa rantso, [[Badlands|mga badland]], [[Agila|mga agila]], [[Coyote|mga coyote]] asin mga lobo. == Amay na buhay asin edukasyon == Si Evelyn Jephson Flower namundag sa sarong mayaman na pamilyang negosyante sa Furzedown Park, sa timog kan [[Londres|London, Inglaterra]] . Siya an ikawalong aki sa ikaduwang kasal kan saiyang ama, na may tolong natatadang matuang tugang na lalaki asin sarong matuang tugang na babae. An posisyon ni Phillip William Flower bilang sarong negosyante sa [[East India Company]] an nagseguro kan kaginhawahan kan saiyang pamilya sa mga halangkaw na eskalon kan sosyedad kan Britanya. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Photographing Montana, 1894-1928 : the life and work of Evelyn Cameron|last=Lucey|first=Donna M.|date=2001|publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co|others=Cameron, Evelyn, 1868-1956.|isbn=0878424253|location=Missoula, Mont.|pages=12–13|oclc=44702090}}</ref> Si Evelyn nag-ako kan tradisyonal na edukasyon na itinatao sa mga hoben na babae na nasa halangkaw na klase, asin tataong magtaram nin Italiano, Aleman, asin Pranses. Siya asin an saiyang tugang na babae, si Hilda, pig-edukar sa saindang harong kan sarong Pranses [[Governess|na gobernadora]], asin an trabaho kan saindang ina bilang sarong [[kompositor]] nagseguro sainda nin lubos na edukasyon sa musika. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lucey|first=Donna M.|date=1991|title=Evelyn Cameron: Pioneer Photographer and Diarist|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_montana-the-magazine-of-western-history_summer-1991_41_3/page/42|journal=Montana: The Magazine of Western History|volume=41|issue=3|pages=42–55}}</ref> Alagad, si Evelyn midbid sa mas gustong mga aktibidad sa luwas, arog kan pagsakay sa kabayo asin pangangayam kisa sa tradisyonal na mga aktibidad sa harong, bago pa man siya magbalyo sa mga kadlagan kan Montana. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Evelyn Cameron : photographer on the Western prairie|url=https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln|last=Milne|first=Lorna|publisher=Mountain Press|year=2017|isbn=9780878426751|location=Missoula, Montana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln/page/1 1]|oclc=967833978}}</ref> == Pag-agom asin Pagbalyo sa Solnopan == Si Ewen Somerled Cameron sarong amigo kan pamilya kan mga Flowers, asin sarong kaibaiba sa pangangayam kan pinakamatuang tugang na lalaki ni Evelyn, si Percy Flower. Labing sarong dekada na mas matua ki Evelyn, siya sarong taga-Scotland na nag-eerok sa [[Orkney|Orkney Islands]] asin dedikado sa [[Ornithology|ornitolohiya]], pangangayam asin mga pag-aadal sa kabayo. Si Cameron nagpakasal man sa Amerikanong parakanta nin opera na si Julia A. Wheelock (Guilia Vlada) kan Enero 1881. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Ann|date=2014|title=Divas, Divorce, and Disclosure: Hidden Narratives in the Diaries of Evelyn Cameron|pages=55}}</ref> An pag-annular kan saindang kasal kan Korte nin Sesyon sa Edinburgh natapos kan Oktubre 17, 1889, sarong bulan sa enot na ekspedisyon niya asin ni Evelyn pasiring sa Montana. Si Ewen asin Evelyn nag-abot sa [[Syudad nin Nueva York|Siyudad nin Nueva York]] kan Setyembre, dai nahaloy pagkatapos kan ika-beinte unong kumpleanyo ni Evelyn, na kun saen siya nagmana nin sarong matinaong tiwala gikan sa testamento kan saiyang nagadan nang ama. An pamana ginibo siyang independiente sa pinansiyal sa saiyang pamilya, na dai nag-uyon sa saiyang pagbiyahe kaiba an sarong may agom na lalaki. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Evelyn Cameron : photographer on the Western prairie|url=https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln|last=Milne|first=Lorna|publisher=Mountain Press|year=2017|isbn=9780878426751|location=Missoula, Montana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln/page/1 1]–2|oclc=967833978}}</ref> Sa pagsunod sa mas naenot na direksyon kan tugang ni Evelyn na si Percy, na nag-ayam sa sulnupan kan [[Miles City, Montana|Siyudad nin Miles]] bago an pagpahiwas kan riles pasiring sa Sirangan na Montana, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Evelyn Cameron : photographer on the Western prairie|url=https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln|last=Milne|first=Lorna|publisher=Mountain Press|year=2017|isbn=9780878426751|location=Missoula, Montana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln/page/3 3]|oclc=967833978}}</ref> an mag-agom nag-ayam sa gilid kan [[Yellowstone River|Salog Yellowstone]] poon Nobyembre 1, 1889 sagkod Agosto 1, 1890, na kan huri nagigirumdoman ni Evelyn bilang saiyang honeymoon. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Ann|date=2014|title=Divas, Divorce, and Disclosure: Hidden Narratives in the Diaries of Evelyn Cameron|pages=47}}</ref> Pagkatapos na magbiyahe pabalik sa Britanya tanganing kuanon an saindang mga rogaring, an mga Cameron sa katapustapusi nagbalyo sa Montana kan Setyembre 1891, kaiba an tugang na lalaki ni Evelyn na si Alec, asin nagmukna kan saindang enot na negosyo sa pag-ataman nin hayop. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Evelyn Cameron : photographer on the Western prairie|url=https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln|last=Milne|first=Lorna|publisher=Mountain Press|year=2017|isbn=9780878426751|location=Missoula, Montana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln/page/13 13]|oclc=967833978}}</ref> Sa laog nin mga taon an mga Cameron nagbalyo sa tolong manlaen-laen na rantso sa lugar sa palibot kan Terry, Montana, na nagpoprobar kan saindang mga kamot sa pag-ataman [[Polo|nin mga polo]] pony <ref>{{Cite book|title=Evelyn Cameron : photographer on the Western prairie|url=https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln|last=Milne|first=Lorna|publisher=Mountain Press|year=2017|isbn=9780878426751|location=Missoula, Montana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln/page/15 15]|oclc=967833978}}</ref> asin pag-ataman nin mga baka. An saindang [[Homesteading|pag-erok sa harong]] mapuputol huli sa helang ni Ewen Cameron asin sarong taon na pagbiyahe pabalik sa Britanya poon kan tig-init kan 1900 sagkod 1901. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Evelyn Cameron : photographer on the Western prairie|url=https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln|last=Milne|first=Lorna|publisher=Mountain Press|year=2017|isbn=9780878426751|location=Missoula, Montana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/evelyncameronpho0000miln/page/41 41]–47|oclc=967833978}}</ref> ==Toltolan== <references /> {{stub}} 9uelije5zxszgfx5vwvp1imlj29exxj 0 56068 309817 308906 2026-08-24T00:05:29Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|British-Kenyan physical geographer and anthropologist}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = | name = Celia Nyamweru | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = <!--(filename only, i.e. without "File:" prefix)--> | image_size = | image_upright = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = | birth_name = <!-- if different from "name" --> | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability --> | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}--> | other_names = | siglum = | pronounce = | citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | fields = Geography and anthropology of East Africa | workplaces = Kenyatta University, Kenya<br>St Lawrence University, NY. | patrons = | education = | alma_mater = [[Girton College, Cambridge]] (B.A., 1964; PhD., 1968) | thesis_title = Late Quaternary Lakes in the Nakuru-Elmenteita Basin, Kenya | thesis_url = | thesis_year = 1967 | doctoral_advisor = Dick Grove | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | awards = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | spouse = | partner = <!--(or | partners = )--> | children = }} Si '''Celia Nyamweru''' (nee Washbourn) sarong [[Heograpong pisikal|heograpong pisikal]] asin [[antropolohiya|antropologo]] na Briton-Kenyanon, bisto sa saiyang trabaho sa klima, kapalibutan asin kultura kan Sirangan na Aprika asin an [[Great Rift Valley, Kenya|Rift Valley]]. Siya propesor emerita sa [[St Lawrence University]], USA, asin propesor na pantabang sa [[Unibersidad nin Pwani]], [[Kenya]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44507520.pdf|title=Reinventing Africa's National Heroes|last1=Carrier|first1=Neil|last2=Nyamweru|first2=Celia|journal=African Affairs|volume=115|year=2016|pages=599–620 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adw051 |jstor=44507520 }}</ref> ==Amay na buhay asin edukasyon== Si Nyamweru namundag na si Celia Washbourn sa London, asin nagdakula sa Belgium, Sweden asin Finland bago nag-eskwela sa hayskul sa London. Natapos niya an A-levels sa heograpiya, pisika asin matematika kan 1960, asin kan 1961 nagduman sa [[Girton College, Cambridge]] tanganing mag-adal nin heograpiya. Bilang sarong dai nakatapos, siya naimpluwensiyahan kan pagtukdo kan glasyologo na si [[Jean Grove]] asin heograpo [[Alfred Thomas Grove|Dick Grove]]. Pagkatapos kan saiyang bachelor's degree, si Nyamweru nagdanay sa Cambridge asin nakatapos nin sarong pag-aadal sa PhD sa mga danaw na may preskong tubig sa Kenya rift valley, sa irarom kan superbisyon ni Dick Grove. Natapos niya an saiyang PhD kan 1968, asin nagbalyo sa Kenya. Duman, nagtukdo siya sa mga eskwelahan sa laog nin kadikit na panahon asin, poon Enero sagkod Hunyo 1971, sarong Bisitang Katabang na Propesor nin Heograpiya sa [[Unibersidad kan Georgia, Atenas]], E.U.A. Dangan nagbalik si Nyamweru sa Kenya asin nagkua nin sarong lectureship sa [[Unibersidad nin Kenyatta]], [[Nairobi]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/landmark11.pdf|title=Alumni. Celia Nyamweru, Girton 1961-1968|work=Landmark|date=Autumn 2023|volume=11|pages=4–5}}</ref> She became a [[Kenya|Kenyan]] citizen in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gtrcmc.ku.ac.ke/on-14th-august-2024-gtrcmc-ea-hosted-a-special-guest-prof-celia-nyamweru/|title=On 14th August 2024, GTRCMC-EA hosted a special guest, Prof Celia Nyamweru|via=The Global Tourism Resilience and Crisis Management Centre, Kenya (GTRCMC – EA)}}</ref> ==Pagsiyasat asin karera== An tesis ni Nyamweru nakasentro sa heolohikong kasaysayan kan mga danaw gikan sa Kenya rift valley, asin partikularmente sa relasyon kan mga pagbabago sa lebel kan danaw asin mga baybayon sagkod sa huring [[Quaternary]] bilang indikasyon kan mga pagbabago sa klima. Ini, asin an mga sinundan na trabaho, nagdara sa nagkapirang publikasyon sa journal, kabali an mga papel na [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] asin [[Science (journal)|''Science'']].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Washbourn|first=C.|title=Lake Levels and Quaternary Climates in the Eastern Rift Valley of Kenya.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1967-11-18_216_5116/page/672|journal=Nature|volume=216|pages=672–673|year=1967|issue=5116 |doi=10.1038/216672a0 |bibcode=1967Natur.216..672W }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Late Quaternary Lakes in the Nakuru-Elmenteita Basin, Kenya|last=Washbourn-Kamau|first=C.K.|year=1971|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=137|issue=4 |pages=522–535|doi=10.2307/1797148 |jstor=1797148 |bibcode=1971GeogJ.137..522W |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797148|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Radiocarbon Dating of East African Lake Levels|first1=Karl W.|last1=Butzer|first2=Glynn L.|last2=Isaac|first3=Jonathan L.|last3=Richardson|first4=Celia|last4=Washbourn-Kamau|journal=Science |volume=175|year=1972|issue=4026 |pages=1069–1076|doi=10.1126/science.175.4026.1069 |jstor=1732788 |pmid=17797378 |bibcode=1972Sci...175.1069B |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1732788|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Si Nyamweru naglektura sa Kenyatta University, Kenya, sa laog nin 19 taon bago nagbalyo sa Estados Unidos kan 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.oup.com/2016/09/african-scholars-publishing-celia-nyamweru/|title=Africa-based scholars in academic publishing: Q&A with Celia Nyamweru|work=OUPblog|date=September 9, 2016}}</ref> Sa saiyang pagsiyasat, siya nagsurat nin mahiwas manungod sa antropolohiya asin heograpiya kan [[Sirangan na Aprika]], asin nagtukdo sa mga tema kabali an mga kababaihan sa Sirangan na Aprika, mga isyu sa pag-uswag, asin mga pagmansay kan mga katutubo sa kapalibutan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.celianyamweru.com/My-story.html|title=Celia Nyamweru|website=www.celianyamweru.com}}</ref> Sa laog nin dakul na taon, nagkontribwir siya sa mga report nin aktibidad kan [[Tanzania|Tanzanian]] na bulkan [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] sagkod sa [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian institution's]] [[Global Volcanism Program]], asin sa mga ipinublikar na artikulo.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN200603-222120|title=Report on Ol Doinyo Lengai (Tanzania) — March 2006 |journal=Global Volcanism Bulletin |doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN200603-222120 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nyamweru |first1=Celia |title=Activity of Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania, 1983–1987 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) |date=1 January 1988 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=603–610 |doi=10.1016/0899-5362(88)90110-8 |bibcode=1988JAfES...7..603N |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0899536288901108 |language=en |issn=0899-5362|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref> {{cite journal |last1=Nyamweru |first1=C |title=Observations on changes in the active crater of Ol Doinyo Lengai from 1960 to 1988 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) |date=1 January 1990 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=385–390 |doi=10.1016/0899-5362(90)90017-9 |bibcode=1990JAfES..11..385N |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0899536290900179 |language=en |issn=0899-5362|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Durante kan saiyang karera, si Nyamweru nag-erok nin pirang panahon sa Cambridge bilang sarong research fellow sa [[Wolfson College, Cambridge]], kan 2003-2004; asin sa Oxford, bilang sarong bisitang kapwa sa [[St Hilda's College, Oxford]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.st-hildas.ox.ac.uk/asset/st-hilda-s-chronicle-2022-23-online.pdf|title=St Hilda's Chronicle 2022-2023|page=33|year=2023}}</ref> ==Mga Publikasyon== Siring man sa pagpublikar nin mga artikulo sa pagsiyasat sa mga journal, si Nyameru nagsurat asin nag-edit nin nagkapirang libro asin monograpiya manungod sa pisikal na heograpiya asin kultural na antropolohiya kan Sirangan na Aprika. Nagsurat man siya nin mga libro para sa mga estudyante sa heograpiya sa eskwelahan. ===Mga piniling libro=== *{{cite book|title=Some traditions of the Akamba of Kenya|last=Nyamweru|first=Celia|year=2021|pages=258|publisher=Nairobi; Celia Nyamweru|isbn=9798753641663}} *{{cite book|title=African sacred groves : ecological dynamics & social change|last1=Sheridan|first1=Michael J.|last2=Nyamweru|first2=Celia|year=2008|publisher=Oxford : James Currey|pages=1–230|isbn=9781847014016}} *{{cite book|title= Rifts and Volcanoes: A Study of the East African Rift System|url= https://archive.org/details/riftsvolcanoesst0000celi_n2v2|last=Nyamweru|first=Celia|publisher=Nelson Africa|year=1980|isbn=0175114471}} ==Mga toltolan== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nyamweru, Celia}} mguh6mck71xii2tmxwo114ycq8d0za9 0 56069 309521 304434 2026-08-23T19:35:26Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Kenyan paleoanthropologist and curator}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Emma Mbua | birth_name = Emma Nguvi Mbua | birth_date = 1961 | citizenship = Kenya | occupation = Paleoanthropologist, curator | fields = Paleoanthropology, human evolution | workplaces = National Museums of Kenya | education = University of Liverpool; University of Hamburg | known_for = First East African woman to work as a paleoanthropologist }} Si '''Emma Mbua''' (namundag kan 1961) sarong Kenyanong [[paleoantropologo]] asin sarong [[curator]], na iyo an pinakaenot na babaeng taga-Sirangan na Aprika na nagtrabaho bilang sarong [[paleoantropologo]]. == Karera == Si Mbua namundag kan 1961. An saiyang karera nagpoon kan 1979 kan magpoon siyang magtrabaho sa [[Mga Museo Nasyonal kan Kenya]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Emma Mbua {{!}} TrowelBlazers|date=13 November 2020 |url=https://trowelblazers.com/emma-mbua/|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref> Nag-aplay siya para sa sarong papel duman pagkatapos kan saiyang A-Levels sa Lugulu High School.<ref name=":1">Thang'wa, Josephine. "[https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02578301_246 The evolution of East Africa's first African woman palaeoanthropologist.]" ''Kenya Past and Present'' 32.1 (2001): 72-75.</ref> Mantang yaon sa Museo Nasyonal kan Kenya, si Emma nakadestino sa laboratoryo nin [[Paleontolohiya|paleontolohiya]] sa laog nin duwang taon bago siya ibinalyo sa seksyon nin mga ginikanan nin tawo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Josephine Thangwa|title=The evolution of East Africa's first African woman palaeoanthropologist|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/AJA02578301_246|journal=Sabinet African Journals|pages=72–75}}</ref> Kan 1985, nagpoon siya nin sarong kwalipikasyon sa MPhil sa Unibersidad kan Liverpool kan 1993. Natapos niya an saiyang doktorado sa [[Unibersidad kan Hamburg]] kaiba an [[Günter Bräuer]] kan 2001, kun saen pinag-adalan niya an transisyon kan [[homo erectus]] pasiring sa modernong mga tawo. Siya an pinakaenot na babae gikan sa Sirangan na Aprika na nagkaigwa nin karera bilang sarong paleoantropologo.<ref name=":1" /> Si Mbua nagtrabaho sa nagkapirang manlaen-laen na lugar sa laog kan saiyang karera kabali an Turkana asin Sibiloi National Park.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mutu|first=Kari|date=2015|title=Kenya: Scientist Finds Early Human Fossils Near Nairobi|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201505201565.html}}</ref> Siya an prinsipal na imbestigador sa Kantis Fossil Site, na siya tinawan nin mga grant gikan sa Leakey Foundation asin sa [[Wenner Gren Foundation|Wenner-Gren Foundation]], siring man sa National Geographic Society, (2018) asin Paleontological Scientific Trust (PAST) kan 2011, tanganing magpadalagan nin mga pagkotkot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Grantee Spotlight: Emma Mbua|url=https://leakeyfoundation.org/grantee-spotlight-emma-mbua/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=The Leakey Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mbua, Emma Nguvi {{!}} The Wenner-Gren Foundation|url=http://www.wennergren.org/grantees/mbua-emma-nguvi-0|access-date=2021-03-11|website=www.wennergren.org}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Duman si Mbua asin an saiyang grupo nagkotkot nin sarong hotspot nin karniboro siring man nin sarong ngipon nin ayam asin sarong tulang sa takyag gikan sa sarong adulto [[Australopithecus afarensis|''Australopithecus'' ''afarensis'']] siring man nin duwang ngipon nin mga hoben na parehong klase.<ref name=":0" /> An nadiskubre na ini iyo an pinakaharayong sirangan kan Rift Valley na an mga tada kan Austrolopithecus afarensis nakua.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Mbua – Antrocom|url=http://www.antrocom.net/tag/emma-mbua/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=www.antrocom.net}}</ref> Kan 2002 siya nagin Pamayo asin Prinsipal na Siyentipiko sa Pagsiyasat sa Departamento nin Siyensya kan Kinaban sa Mga Museo Nasyunal kan Kenya. Kan 2005 siya an nagmukna kan [https://eaappinfo.wordpress.com/ East African Association of Palaeoanthropology and Palaeontology] (EAAPP), tanganing mapakusog an pagsiyasat bago an kasaysayan sa rehiyon asin magkasararo an mga iskolar. Bilang sarong paratukdo sa [[Unibersidad kan Nairobi]] igwa siyang kadakol na mga estudyante; nag'ubos man siya nin sarong taon bilang Senior Lecturer sa [[Mount Kenya University]] kan 2015.<ref name=":2" /> Sa saiyang papel sa National Museums of Kenya, tinawan niya an autor [[Bill Bryson]] nin sarong paglibot sa likod kan mga eksena kan mga koleksyon, na itinampok sa saiyang librong ''African Diary''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-05|title=Bill Bryson's African Diary|url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/readouts/bill-brysons-african-diary/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=B&N Readouts|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mga piniling publikasyon == * Mbua, Emma, Soichiro Kusaka, Yutaka Kunimatsu, Denis Geraads, et al. 2016. Kantis: New Australopithecus Site on the Shoulders of the Rift Valley near Nairobi, Kenya. ''[[Journal of Human Evolution]]'' 94:28-44.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mbua|first1=Emma|last2=Kusaka|first2=Soichiro|last3=Kunimatsu|first3=Yutaka|last4=Geraads|first4=Denis|last5=Sawada|first5=Yoshihiro|last6=Brown|first6=Francis H.|last7=Sakai|first7=Tetsuya|last8=Boisserie|first8=Jean-Renaud|last9=Saneyoshi|first9=Mototaka|last10=Omuombo|first10=Christine|last11=Muteti|first11=Samuel|date=2016-05-01|title=Kantis: A new Australopithecus site on the shoulders of the Rift Valley near Nairobi, Kenya|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248416000208|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|language=en|volume=94|pages=28–44|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.006|pmid=27178456|issn=0047-2484|hdl=2433/209815|hdl-access=free}}</ref> *Thure E. Cerling, Fredrick Kyalo Manthi, Emma N. Mbua, Louise N. Leakey, Meave G. Leakey, Richard E. Leakey, Francis H. Brown, Frederick E. Grine, John A. Hart, Prince Kaleme, Hélène Roche, Kevin T. Uno, Bernard A. Wood. Diet of Turkana Basin hominins. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' Jun 2013, 110 (26) 10501–10506.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cerling|first1=T. E.|last2=Manthi|first2=F. K.|last3=Mbua|first3=E. N.|last4=Leakey|first4=L. N.|last5=Leakey|first5=M. G.|last6=Leakey|first6=R. E.|last7=Brown|first7=F. H.|last8=Grine|first8=F. E.|last9=Hart|first9=J. A.|last10=Kaleme|first10=P.|last11=Roche|first11=H.|date=2013-06-25|title=Stable isotope-based diet reconstructions of Turkana Basin hominins|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2013-06-25_110_26/page/10501|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=110|issue=26|pages=10501–10506|doi=10.1073/pnas.1222568110|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3696807|pmid=23733966|bibcode=2013PNAS..11010501C|doi-access=free}}</ref> * Bräuer, Günter, Mbua, Emma. ''Homo erectus'' features used in cladistics and their variability in Asian and African hominids. ''Journal of Human Evolution'' 1992, 22 (2) 79–108.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bräuer|first1=Günter|last2=Mbua|first2=Emma|date=1992-02-01|title=Homo erectus features used in cladistics and their variability in Asian and African hominids|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484%2892%2990032-5|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=79–108|doi=10.1016/0047-2484(92)90032-5|issn=0047-2484|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Mga toltolan == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mbua, Emma}} hh6xe6knauo5tpmgaaxygvxjnqb59k6 0 56315 309606 305491 2026-08-23T20:46:27Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309606 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Pack-man-silicone-packer.png|too|thumb|Sarong malumoy na silicone packer]] [[Ladawan:Packer.jpg|too|thumb|Sarong "matagas" na silicone packer]] An '''packing''' iyo an nasusulot na padding o sarong [[phallic]] na bagay sa atubangan nin pantalon o underwear tanganing magtaong tamanyo nin pagkakaigwang [[Buto nin tawo|putoy]]<ref name="VenningCavanah2003">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHb_Qel6IfkC&pg=PA86|title=Sex Toys 101: A Playfully Uninhibited Guide|last1=Venning|first1=Rachel|last2=Cavanah|first2=Claire|date=2003-09-16|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780743243513|pages=86–|access-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> o [[wikt:Thesaurus:male crotch bulge|bakat]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Catherine|title=Providing care to transgender persons: a clinical approach to primary care, hormones, and HIV management|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-association-of-nurses-in-aids-care_may-june-2010_21_3/page/221|journal=The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care|date=2010|volume=21|issue=3|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|pages=221–229|doi=10.1016/j.jana.2010.02.004|pmid=20363651|s2cid=42407487|edition=Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care|quote=wearing “soft packers” (soft penis-shaped silicone or plastic forms) to create a male bulge}}</ref> An packing komun na pigsasagibo kan mga [[trans men]]. An mga tawong nagko-[[cross-dress]] bilang [[lalaki]] pwede man mag-"pack".<ref name="WinksSemans2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naD9GP_sWMwC&pg=PA199|title=The Good Vibrations Guide to Sex: The Most Complete Sex Manual Ever Written|last1=Winks|first1=Cathy|last2=Semans|first2=Anne|date=2002-12-01|publisher=Cleis Press|isbn=9781573441582|pages=199–|access-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> ==Mga packer== An bagay na piggagamit para sa packing, kun minsan pig-aapod na "packer", posibleng igwang porma nin solamenteng kurting putoy sana o posibleng man na dugangan na m bagong totoong [[eskroto]] asin [[bayag]]. An mga packers pwedeng gamiton tanganing maisabit an mga gubing na panlalaki asin maihiro nin tama. Kapag an packer dai ginamit, an kurti kan gubing kun minsan risang marhay na "mayong laog".<ref>[http://www.ftmguide.org/packing.html FTM Guide - Packing]</ref> ===Soft packing=== An phrase na "soft packing" nagpapanungod sa packing na igwang device na dai pwedeng gamiton para sa [[sekswal na penetrasyon]].<ref name="TaylorSharkey2006">{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Emma|last2=Sharkey|first2=Lorelei|title=Em & Lo's Sex Toy: An A-Z Guide to Bedside Accessories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qz6vkhcJq_wC&pg=PT180|access-date=26 November 2012|date=2006-07-20|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=9780811852838|pages=180–}}</ref> An mga gibo sa harong na packers posibleng low-tech na marhay asin kompwesto nin linukot na medyas o condoms na pinanô nin likido o ''gel''. An mga materyal na ginamit sa prosesong manufacturing kabali an gelatin, latex, asin silicone.<ref>{{citation | date = July 21, 2020 | title = FTM Packers for 2021 | type = Website| place = GenderGP Transgender Services | url = https://www.gendergp.com/ftm-packers-for-the-21st-century/ }}</ref> Igwang dakulon na pigpapabakal na packer sa komersyo, na realistikong pig-aarog an sukol, kurti, kolor asin tekstura kan panlalaking henitalya. An gabos na gibo sa malumoy, flexible na materyal asin pig-aarog an luntoy na putoy. An terminong ''packer'' pirming naglaladawan sa mga malumoy na modelo na dai piggagamit para sa [[Sekswal na aktibidad nin tawo|sekswal na aktibidad]]. An ibang packers pwedeng gamiton bilang [[stand-to-pee device|stand-to-pee devices (STP)]]. Igwa ining receptacle na piglalaog sa irarom asin sa atubangan kan [[urethra]] kan parasulot. An packer igwang tubo gikan sa receptacle pasiring sa puro, na nagtutugot sa parasulot na [[Pag-ihi|mag-ihi]] sa paagi kan prosthetic.<ref name="M.D.2008">{{cite book|last=M.D.|first=Harvey J. Makadon|title=The Fenway Guide To Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsRwtwb-He8C&pg=PA350|access-date=26 November 2012|year=2008|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=9781930513952|pages=350–}}</ref> ===Hard packing=== An "hard packing" nagpapanungod sa packing na igwang device na pwedeng gamiton para sa sekswal na penetrasyon. An ibang siring kaiyan na packers gibo sa firmer material siring kan [[silicone]], asin sinda flexible enough para sa packing alagad firm enough para sa sekswal na penetrasyon. An pagkakalaen sa pag-ultanan kan mga packers asin kan full-on pegs bakong eksakto. An iba gibo man giraray sa firmer material, asin nagtatampok nin panlaog na tugod na nagtitinir sa kurti na kun saen iyan nakatiko, o sarong panlaog na ''hinge'' sa poon. An siring kaining mga klase nagtutugot sa mga packer na arogon an luntoy na posisyon (kun bakong luntoy na pagmati), siring man sarong firm na marhay, la'tog na posisyon. An ibang termino para sa packers na pwedeng gamiton para sa pagkitoan iyo an "packing dildo". An kolokyal na ekspresyon para sa paggamit sa mga ini iyo an "pack and play". ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} ei8hltsklla04107waubgi5q2khrqcy 0 56401 309811 306511 2026-08-24T00:01:26Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Men's_health_icon.jpg|alt=Symbol of Mars, representing men and symbol of the staff of Hermes, representing medicine|thumb|An simbolon kan salud nin kalalakihan. An [[Sugkod ni Esculapio]] (asul) nakaibabaw sa panlalaking [[simbolo nin sekso]] (itom).]] An '''salud nin kalalakihan''' iyo an sarong kamugtakan nin kompletong pisikal, mental, asin social well-being bilang naeeksperyensyahan kan kalalakihan, asin bako na iyo an kawaran nin [[helang]].<ref>WHO Definition of Health. {{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html|title=Archived copy|access-date=2016-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707120526/http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html|archive-date=2016-07-07}} Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/menshealth.html|title=Men's Health|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> An salud nin kalalakihan parating igwang kinaaraman sa mga biyolohikong factors siring kan [[panlalaking sistemang reproduktibo]] o mga kamugtakan na kawsa kan hormona na espesipiko sa, o urog na mahihiling sa kalalakihan. An ibang mga kondisyon naaapektuhan an mga lalaki asin mga babayi, siring kan [[kanser]], asin [[Occupational fatality|injury]], minamanifest nin laen sa mga lalaki.<ref>Almost Every Type of Cancer Kills More Men Than Women, Study Shows https://healthland.time.com/2011/07/13/almost-every-type-of-cancer-kills-more-men-than-women-study-shows/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613111247/https://healthland.time.com/2011/07/13/almost-every-type-of-cancer-kills-more-men-than-women-study-shows/ |date=2024-06-13 }} Time, 13 July 2011</ref> An ibang helang na nakakaapekto sa duwang sekso iyo an [[Gender disparities in health|urog na komun sa mga lalaki susog sa estadistika]]. Pag-abot sa behavioral factors, an mga lalaki iyo an posibleng magin bakong mabaskog o makagibo nin delikadong pagpipilian asin bakong posibleng marhay na maghanap nin medikong pag-ataman. An mga lalaki nag-aatubang nin mga isyu na bakong direktang may kinaaraman sa saindang biolohiya, siring kan gender-differentiated access sa medical treatment asin iba pang [[sosyoekonomiko]]ng factors.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=1447828|pmid=12721133|volume=93|issue=5|title=The health of men: structured inequalities and opportunities|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2003-05_93_5/page/724|year=2003|journal=Am J Public Health|pages=724–31|author=Williams DR|doi=10.2105/ajph.93.5.724}}</ref><ref>"Men's Health and Primary Care: Improving Access and Outcomes". http://www.ecoo.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mens-health-and-primary-care-emhf-roundtable-report.2013.medium-res.pdf</ref><ref>"The State of Men's Health in Europe". http://ec.europa.eu/health/population_groups/docs/men_health_report_en.pdf {{ISBN|978-92-79-20167-7}} doi:10.2772/60721</ref> Sa luwas kan Aprikang Subsahara, an mga lalaki yaon sa dakulang peligro nin [[HIV/AIDS]]. Asosasyado ini sa [[HIV asin mga lalaking nakikidurog sa kapwa lalaki|bakong ligtas]] na sekswal na aktibidad na parating [[Rape of males|nonconsensual]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gender Statistics Manual|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/genderstatmanual/HIV-and-AIDS.ashx|publisher=United Nations Statistics Division|date=May 2015|access-date=29 November 2015|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223123514/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/genderstatmanual/HIV-and-AIDS.ashx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Is the US the only country where more men are raped than women?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/feb/21/us-more-men-raped-than-women|work=The Guardian|date=21 February 2012|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} m0el42sxc0qja369uqu4pvtubax7557 0 56413 309731 305992 2026-08-23T22:53:18Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309731 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Laura_Mulvey_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_July_24_2010_02.JPG|alt=Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.|thumb|Sa essay na "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" (1975), [[Laura Mulvey]] ''(nasa ladawan)'' pinamidbid asin linadawan an mga mekaniko kan paghiling nin lalaki.]] Sa [[teoryang peminista]], an '''paghiling nin lalaki''' iyo an akto nin pagladawan sa mga babayi asin sa kinaban sa [[arteng biswal]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-aesthetics/|title=Feminist Aesthetics|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|quote=Assumes a standard point of view that is masculine and heterosexual. . . . The phrase 'male gaze' refers to the frequent framing of visual art objects so that the viewer is situated in a masculine position of appreciation.|date=Winter 2012|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> asin sa [[literatura]]<ref>That the male gaze applies to literature and the visual arts: Łuczyńska-Hołdys, Małgorzata (2013). ''Soft-Shed Kisses: Re-visioning the Femme Fatale in English Poetry of the 19th Century'', Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 15.</ref> gikan sa maskulino, [[Heterosekswalidad|heterosekswal]] na perspektibo na pigpepresentar asin [[Representasyon (arte)|pigrerepresentar]] an kababaihan bilang [[Sexual objectification|sexual objects]] para sa kaogmahan kan heterosekswal na lalaking parahiling.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Eaton|first=E.W.|title=Feminist Philosophy of Art|journal=Philosophy Compass|volume=3|issue=5|pages=873–893|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00154.x|date=September 2008}}</ref> An konsepto enot na ''articulated'' kan British feminist film theorist na si [[Laura Mulvey]] sa saiyang 1975 essay, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mulvey|first=Laura|date=1975|title=Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_screen_autumn-1975_16_3/page/6|journal=Screen|volume=16|issue=3|pages=6–18|doi=10.1093/screen/16.3.6}}</ref> An teorya ni Mulvey nagkukua sa makasaysayan na ''precedents'', siring kan pagladawan sa mga babayi sa Europeong [[oil paintings]] gikan sa [[Renaissance]] period, kun saen an mga babaying porma parating idealisado asin pigpresentar gikan sa [[voyeuristic]] na perspektibo nin lalaki. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} t8905kn2dum0wmb8ewoqpnbwuwkvo95 0 56460 309596 306235 2026-08-23T20:36:00Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox |image = Alocasia macrorrhiza - Val Rahmeh - DSC04449.JPG |image_caption = ''[[Alocasia macrorrhizos]]'' |display_parents = 2 |taxon = Alocasia |authority = ([[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]]) [[George Don|G.Don]] |synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=6678 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> |synonyms = *''Ensolenanthe'' <small>Schott</small> *''Schizocasia'' <small>Schott</small> *''Xenophya'' <small>Schott</small> *''Panzhuyuia'' <small>Z.Y.Zhu</small> |range_map = Alocasia distribution.svg |range_map_caption = |type_species =''[[Alocasia cucullata]]''<ref name=x>[https://www.tropicos.org/name/40010592 Tropicos, Alocasia (Schott) G. Don]</ref> |type_species_authority = ([[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]]) [[George Don|G.Don]] }} An '''''Alocasia''''' sarong genus nin rhizomatous o tuberous, mahiwas an dahon, perennial, [[Tinanom na namumurak|namumurak na mga tinanom]] gikan sa pamilya [[Araceae]]. Igwa nin mga 90 na inaako na species na tubong tropikal asin subtropikal na Asya asin sirangan na [[Australia]]<ref name="77158842-1" >{{cite POWO |id=1078078-2 |title=''Alocasia'' (Schott) G.Don |access-date=19 June 2022 }}</ref>. Sa bilog na kinaban, kadakol na mga paratanom an mahiwas na nagkukultibar nin manlaen-laen na mga mestiso asin kultibar bilang mga ornamental. ==Mga species== *''[[Alocasia acuminata]]'' <small>Schott</small>: (Indonesia) *''[[Alocasia aequiloba]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia alba]]'' <small>Schott</small>: (Sri Lanka) *''[[Alocasia arifolia]]'' <small>Hallier f.</small>: (Malaysia) *''[[Alocasia atropurpurea]]'' <small>Engl.</small>: (Filipina) *''[[Alocasia augustiana]]'' <small>L.Linden & Rodigas</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia baginda]]'' <small>Kurniawan & P.C.Boyce</small>: (Kalimantan) *''[[Alocasia balgooyi]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Sulawesi) *''[[Alocasia beccarii]]'' <small>Engl.</small>: (Malaysia) *''[[Alocasia boa]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia boyceana]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Filipina) *''[[Alocasia brancifolia]]'' <small>(Schott) A.Hay</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia brisbanensis]]'' <small>(F.M.Bailey) Domin</small>: (Australia) *''[[Alocasia cadieri]]'' <small>Chantrier</small>: (SE Asia) *''[[Alocasia celebica]]'' <small>Engl. ''ex'' Koord</small>: (Sulawesi) *''[[Alocasia clypeolata]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: Green shield (Filipina) *''[[Alocasia cucullata]]'' <small>(Lour.) G.Don ''in'' R.Sweet</small>: Chinese taro (Indonesia) *''[[Alocasia culionensis]]''<small> Engl.</small>: (Filipina) *''[[Alocasia cuprea]]'' <small>K.Koch</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia decipiens]]''<small> Schott</small>: (Indonesia) *''[[Alocasia decumbens]] '' <small>Buchet</small>: (Vietnam) *''[[Alocasia devansayana]]'' <small>(L.Linden & Rodigas) Engl.</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia fallax]]''<small> Schott</small>: (Himalaya Timur ke Bangladesh) *''[[Alocasia flabellifera]]''<small> A.Hay</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia flemingiana]]''<small> Yuzammi & A.Hay</small>: (Java) *''[[Alocasia fornicata]]''<small> (Roxb.) Schott</small>: (India, Indonesia) *''[[Alocasia gageana]]''<small> Engl. & K.Krause ''in'' H.G.A.Engler</small>: (Burma) *''[[Alocasia grata]]'' <small>Prain ''ex'' Engl. & Krause ''in'' H.G.A.Engler</small>: (Indonesia) *''[[Alocasia hainaica]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>: *''[[Alocasia heterophylla]]'' (<small>C.Presl) Merr.</small>: (Pilipinas) *''[[Alocasia hollrungii]]'' <small>Engl.</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia hypnosa]]'' <small>J.T.Yin, Y.H.Wang & Z.F.Xu</small>: *''[[Alocasia hypoleuca]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce</small>: (Thailand) *''[[Alocasia infernalis]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia inornata]]''<small> Hallier f.</small>: (Sumatra) *''[[Alocasia jiewhoei]]'' <small>V.D.Nguyen</small>: (Cambodia) *''[[Alocasia kerinciensis]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Sumatra) *''[[Alocasia lancifolia]]'' <small>Engl.</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Tanaman keris papua|Alocasia lauterbachiana]]'' <small>(Engl.) A.Hay</small>: (Papua) *''[[Alocasia lecomtei]]''<small> Engl.</small>: (Vietnam) *''[[Alocasia longiloba]]''<small> Miq.</small>: (Malaysia) *''[[Bira|Alocasia macrorrhizos]]'' <small>(L.) G.Don ''in'' R.Sweet</small> – *''[[Alocasia megawatiae]]'' <small>Yuzammi & A.Hay</small>: (Sulawesi) *''[[Alocasia maquilingensis]]'' <small>Merr.</small>: (Pilipinas) *''[[Alocasia melo]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia micholitziana]]''<small> Sander</small>: Green velvet alocasia (Pilipinas) *''[[Alocasia minuscula]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia monticola]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia navicularis]]'' <small>(K.Koch & C.D.Bouché) K.Koch & C.D.Bouché</small>: (Himalaya)<!-- Biotropica39:555. --> *''[[Alocasia nebula]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia nicolsonii]]''<small> A.Hay</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia nycteris]]''<small> Medecilo, G.C.Yao & Madulid</small>: Batwing alocasia (Pilipinas) *''[[Alocasia odora]]'' <small>(Lindl.) K.Koch</small>: Night-scented lily (SE Asia, China) *''[[Alocasia pangeran]]''<small> A.Hay</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia peltata]]'' <small>M.Hotta</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia perakensis]]'' <small>Hemsl.</small>: (Malaysia) *''[[Alocasia portei]]''<small> Schott</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia princeps]]'' <small>W.Bull</small>: (Malaysia) *''[[Alocasia principiculus]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia puber]]'' <small>(Hassk.) Schott</small>: (Java) *''[[Alocasia puteri]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia pyrospatha]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia ramosii]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Pilipinas) *''[[Alocasia reginae]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia reginula]]''<small> A.Hay</small>: *''[[Alocasia reversa]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>: (Pilipinas) *''[[Alocasia ridleyi]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia robusta]]'' <small>M.Hotta</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia sanderiana]]'' <small>W.Bull</small>: (Pilipinas) *''[[Alocasia sarawakensis]]'' <small>M.Hotta</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia scabriuscula]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia scalprum]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Pilipinas) *''[[Alocasia simonsiana]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Nugini) *''[[Alocasia sinuata]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>: (Pilipinas) *''[[Alocasia suhirmaniana]]'' <small>Yuzammi & A.Hay</small>: (Sulawesi) *''[[Alocasia venusta]]'' <small>A.Hay</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia vietnamensis]]'' <small>V.D.Nguyen</small>: ([[:Category:Flora of Vietnam|Vietnam]])<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Nguyen | first1 = V. D. | last2 = Croat | first2 = T. B. | last3 = Luu | first3 = H. T. | last4 = Lee | first4 = C. Y. | last5 = Lee | first5 = J. | last6 = De Kok | first6 = R. | doi = 10.3372/wi.43.43209 | title = Two new species of ''Alocasia'' (''Araceae'', ''Colocasieae'') from Vietnam | url = https://archive.org/details/willdenowia_2013-12_43_2/page/293 | journal = Willdenowia - Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 293 | year = 2013 | doi-access = free }}</ref> *''[[Alocasia wentii]]'' <small> Engl. & K.Krause</small>: *''[[Alocasia wongii]]'' <small> A.Hay</small>: (Borneo) *''[[Alocasia zebrina]]'' <small>Schott ''ex'' Van Houtte</small>: (Pilipinas) ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} iytzijg3gpg1zmc9cn07zg73ef8ltq6 0 56481 309699 306302 2026-08-23T22:21:43Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = [[Eocene]] to present<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | author-link = | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 | issue = | pages = 560 | year = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | doi = | id = | access-date = 2008-01-08 }}</ref> | image = Bluespine Unicornfish, Emily Bay, Kingston 2899, Norfolk Island imported from iNaturalist photo 173453689 (cropped).jpg | image_caption = [[Bluespine unicornfish]] (''N. unicornis'') | taxon = Naso | parent_authority = [[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]] & [[Barton Appler Bean|Bean]], 1929 | authority = [[Bernard Germain Étienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1801 | type_species = ''[[Naso unicornis|Acanthurus fronticornis]]'' | type_species_authority = Lacepède, 1801 | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=<small>List</small> | ''Atulonotus'' <br>{{small|[[J. L. B. Smith]], 1955}} | ''Axinurus'' <br>{{small|Cuvier, 1829}} | ''Callicanthus'' <br>{{small|[[William Swainson|Swainson]] 1839}} | ''Cyphomycter'' <br>{{small|[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]] & [[Barton Appler Bean|Bean]], 1929}} | ''Keris'' <br>{{small|[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835}} | ''Monoceros'' <br>{{small|[[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1801}} | ''Nasonus'' <br>{{small|[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815}} | ''Priodon'' <br>{{small|[[Jean René Constant Quoy|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|Gaimard]], 1825}} | ''Priodontichthys'' <br>{{small|[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1831}} | ''Prionolepis'' <br>{{small|J. L. B. Smith, 1931}} | ''Rhinodactylus'' <br>{{small|J. L. B. Smith, 1957}} }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Acanthuridae|access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = 20., hilingon an teksto }} An '''''Naso''''' sarong genus nin mga [[sira]] na may palikpik sa dagat na kabali sa pamilya nin [[Acanthuridae]], an mga unicornfish, mga surgeonfish asin tangs . An mga sira sa genus na ini midbid sa komun na mga unicornfish huli sa "rostral protuberance", sarong garo sungay na ekstensyon kan angog na yaon sa nagkapirang species.<ref name = Dayton>{{cite journal |author=Dayton, C. |year=2001 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002270100628#page-1 |title=Genetic evolution among selected members of the genus ''Naso'' (Nasinae), "unicornfishes" from Guam |journal=Marine Biology |volume =139 |issue=4 |pages=771–76|doi=10.1007/s002270100628 |bibcode=2001MarBi.139..771D |url-access=subscription }}</ref> An genus na ini nakawarak sa bilog na Indo-Pasipiko poon sa [[Aprika]] sagkod sa [[Hawaii]].<ref name = Borden>{{cite journal| author=Borden, W. C. |year=1998 |doi=10.2307/1447705 |title=Phylogeny of the unicornfishes (''Naso'', Acanthuridae) based on soft anatomy | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_copeia_1998-02-03_1/page/104 |journal=Copeia |volume=1998 |issue=1 |pages=104–113|jstor=1447705 }}</ref> ==Mga species== An ''Naso'' nababanga sa duwang subgenera<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes2/ | title = Order Acanthuriformes (part 2): Families Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Scatophagidae, Antigoniidae, Siganidae, Caproidae, Luvaridae, Zanclidae and Acanthuridae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1= Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp |date = 12 January 2021 | access-date = 10 July 2023 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> asin 20 species an pigklasipikar sa laog kaini:<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase genus |genus=Naso |month=February |year=2023}}</ref> * Subgenus ''Naso'' <small>Lacepède, 1801</small> ** ''[[Naso annulatus]]'' <small>([[Jean René Constant Quoy|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|Gaimard]], 1825)</small> ** ''[[Naso brachycentron]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1835)</small> ** ''[[Naso brevirostris]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1829)</small> ** ''[[Naso caesius]]'' <small>J. E. Randall & [[Lori Jane Bell Colin|Bell]], 1992</small> ** ''[[Naso elegans]]'' <small>([[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1829)</small> ** ''[[Naso fageni]]'' <small>[[James Edwin Morrow Jr.|Morrow]], 1954</small> ** ''[[Naso hexacanthus]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1855)</small> ** ''[[Naso lituratus]]'' <small>([[Johann Reinhold Forster|J. R. Forster]], 1801)</small> ** ''[[Naso lopezi]]'' <small>[[Albert William Herre|Herre]], 1927</small> ** ''[[Naso maculatus]]'' <small>J. E. Randall & [[Paul J. Struhsaker|Struhsaker]], 1981</small> ** ''[[Naso mcdadei]]'' <small>[[Jeffrey W. Johnson (ichthyologist)|J. W. Johnson]], 2002</small> ** ''[[Naso reticulatus]]'' <small>J. E. Randall, 2001</small> ** ''[[Naso tergus]]'' <small>[[Ho Hsuan-Ching|H. C. Ho]], [[Shen Kang-Ning|K. N. Shen]] & [[Chang Chih-Wei|C. W. Chang]], 2011</small> ** ''[[Naso tonganus]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1835)</small> ** ''[[Naso tuberosus]]'' <small>[[Bernard Germain Étienne De La Ville, Comte De Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1801</small> ** ''[[Naso unicornis]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small> ** ''[[Naso vlamingii]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1835)</small> *Subgenus ''Axinurus'' <small>Cuvier 1829</small> ** ''[[Naso caeruleacauda]]'' <small>[[John Ernest Randall|J. E. Randall]], 1994</small> ** ''[[Naso minor]]'' <small>([[James Leonard Brierley Smith|J. L. B. Smith]], 1966)</small> ** ''[[Naso thynnoides]]'' <small>(G. Cuvier, 1829)</small> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 6squdtg3ws0gt0tizuqsy30gj505gnn 0 56604 309641 308494 2026-08-23T21:19:30Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 3 books for (20260823sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 309641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Gu Yanwu | image = Gu yanwu.jpg | alt = A color portrait of Gu Yanwu, wearing a hood and robes | caption = 19th-century portrait | other_names = | birth_date = {{birth year|1613}} | birth_place = [[Qiandeng|Qiandun]], Jiangnan, Ming China | death_date = {{death date and age|1682|1613|df=y}} | death_place = [[Quwo County|Quwo]], Shanxi, Qing China | burial_place = [[Kunshan]], Jiangsu, China | occupation = | known_for = | notable_works = {{plainlist| * {{zh|p=Rizhilu|labels=no}} * {{zh|p=Yinxue wushu|labels=no}} }} | spouse = | mother = | father = | birth_name = Gu Jishen | relations = | module = {{Infobox Chinese | child = yes | t = 顧炎武 | s = 顾炎武 | p = Gù Yánwǔ | w = {{tonesup|Ku4 Yen2-wu3}} | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|g|u|4|-|yan|2|.|wu|3}} | altname = Birth name| |t2=顧繼紳 |s2=顾继绅 |p2=Gù Jìshēn |w2={{tonesup|Ku4 Chi4-shen1}} |altname3 = Second name |t3=顧絳 | s3 =顾绛 |p3=Gù Jiàng |w3={{tonesup|Ku4 Chiang4}} | altname4 = Courtesy name |t4=寧人 |s4=宁人 |p4=Níngrén |w4={{tonesup|Ning2-jen2}} |altname5 = Art name |t5=顧亭林 |s5=顾亭林 |p5=Gù Tínglín |w5={{tonesup|Ku4 T'ing2-lin2}} }} }} Si '''Gu Yanwu''' ({{lang-zh|c=顧炎武|p=Gù Yánwǔ}}, 1613{{snd}}1682) sarong Tsinong historyador, [[philologist]], asin [[pararawit]]. Kan dai siya nakaasba sa [[imperyal na eksamen|eksamen na serbisyo sibil]] asin naagihan an kariribokan kan pagsalida nin dinastiya (haleng Ming pasiring Qing), siya nagin naglilibot na iskolar, binaktas an kahiwasan kan [[Historya nin Tsina|Tsinang Imperyal]] mantang nagdadamot kan saiyang mga nota para sa saiyang trabaho. Namundag sa pamilya nin mga [[iskolar-opisyal]] sa baryo nin [[Qiandeng|Qiandun]] na sa ngonyan lugar na nin [[Kunshan]], Jiangsu, si Gu inampon na makuapo kan saiyang tatahon na paternal kan siya akion pa. Siya natukdoan sa [[Klasikong Tsino]] kan saiyang kag-ampon na pamilya, dangan nag'abante sa sistema kan eksamenasyon imperyal. Pakagadan kan saiyang kag-ampon na lolohon, siya nakapasar sa preliminaryong eksamen kan 1626, alagad paliwat-liwat na naglagpak sa mga eksamen sa ranggo nin {{translit|zh|[[juren]]}}. Pinabayaan niya an pag-eksamen kan 1641. Siya nagbaya sa dinastiya kan Ming kan nagsakop na an dinastiyang Qing, asin sinalidahan niya pangaran niyang Jiang asin ginibo niyang Yanwu ('guerrero asin naglalaad'), alagad dai nag'ako nin anoman na posisyon na politikal sa [[Southern Ming|Ming rump state]], asin ginibo nagparabyahe sa kahiwasan nin Tsina, ginagastosan posible kan ganar sa kadagaan na mahiwas kan saiyang pamilya sa Kunshan. Sa mga mauunabihan na mga trabaho ni Gu, iyo an {{Interlanguage link|Rizhilu|lt=''Rizhilu''|zh|日知錄}} ({{zh|c=日知錄|l=Record of Daily Knowledge|labels=no}}), sarong katiriponan kan pinakarhay na mga nota niya sa iba-ibang ulayon, kadaklan dapit sa pagpalakaw nin gobyerno asin dapit sa [[historiograpiya]]. Siya makusog nankokodesya kan [[Neo-Confucianismo]], [[Buddhismo sa Tsina|Buddhismo]], asin [[Daoismo]]. Saiyang tinutuyaw nang gayo an sentralisasyon politikal asin pagsarig sa mga kodigo nin ley, nakikitusay na ini ultimamente daa napaluya kan autoridad sentral ta ilinilito an poder sa mga escribyente asin mga opisyales. Siya nagtutulod kan pag'adal historikal nakasentto sa mga [[ginunuan na primarya]]. Duwa sana kan saiyang obra – enot na edisyon kan {{translit|zh|Rizhilu}} asin treatise sa [[phonologia]] {{Interlanguage link|Yinxue wushu|lt=''Yinxue wushu''|zh|音學五書}} ({{Zh|c=音學五書|l=Five Books on Phonology|labels=no}}) – an napublikar kan sa panahon niya; an natada kan saiyang mga trabaho, kairiba an mga rawitdawit, mga teksto heograpikal, asin mga nota, napublikar kan saiyang solo-solong disipulo [[Pan Lei]] pakagadan na niya. Kadakulan kan saiyang mga trabaho nagkawarara. An mga kaisipann ni Gu nakaimpluwensiyang gayo sa mga iskolar kan peryodong Qing, asin mga ika-19ng siglong mga iskolar arog ki {{Interlanguage link|He Shaoji|zh|何紹基}} inuumaw na gayo siya sa sarong templo sa Beijing na natugdok sa pag'onra saiya. Ngapit, mga rebolusyunaryong arog ka [[Liang Qichao]] inumaw saiyang trabaho, tinatawan-doon an saiyang [[empiricismo]] asin pagtumang sa pamomoon kan Qing. == Kaamayi nin buhay asin edukasyon == [[File:千灯镇顾炎武故居.jpg|thumb|left|Former residence of Gu Yanwu in Qiandun (now [[Qiandeng|Qiandeng, Kunshan, Jiangsu]])|alt=An tata sa sarong tradisyonal na residensyang Tsino]] Kan 1613, si Gu Yanwu namundag sa pangaran na Gu Jishen ({{Lang-zh|c=顧繼紳|labels=no}}) sa baryo nin [[Qiandeng|Qiandun]]. Ini mga 9 na milya an rayo' bandang habagatan kan siyudad nin [[Kunshan]], sa probinsya na dati sakop kan [[Probinsyang Jiangnan|Jiangnan]].{{Sfn|Johnston|2016|p=239}} an mga apoon ni Gu nag'estar sa lugar na ini nin pirang siglo; saiyang sinususog an kapu'ngalan niya sa sarong nagngangaran Gu Qing na nagbanwa sa [[Yangtze Delta]] durante kan pagbagsak kan [[Northern Song]] mga 1127. An pamilya ni Gu mayayaman na mga [[iskolar-opisyales]] (an mga edukadong ripondipon nin mga opisyales nin gobyerno sa Imperyal Tsina) poon pa kan 1524, kun kasuarin an pamilya niya enot nagbanwa sa Qiandun.{{Sfn|Johnston|2016|p=3, 239}}{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|pp=116–118}} An ama niya, si Gu Tongying, namundag kan 1585. Nailo sa aki pang marhay, siya nagin menor na iskolar-opisyal, alagad pitong beses naglagpak sa eksamen probinsyal. Alagad siya naghakot nin kabantogan komo sarong poeta,{{Sfn|Johnston|2016|pp=3–4}}{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|p=119}} arog kan saiyang ama si Gu Shaofu asin kan matuang aki na si Gu Xiang.{{Sfn|Jao|2024|p=242}} Nag'agom siyang babae an apelyido He ({{Lang-zh|c=何|labels=no}}), asin nagkaigwang limang aking lalaki asin lima man na aking babae. Si Gu Jishen ikaduwa sa mga magturugang.{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|p=120}} Si Gu herelangon kan aki pa. Sa edad na tolo, nakapitan nin [[smallpox]], na nagresulta kan pagkabuta kan saro sa mata niya.{{Sfn|Johnston|2016|p=239}}{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|p=123}} Si Wang nagtukdo saiya durante kan aki pa siyang marhay, na gamit an mga trabaho ni [[Zhu Xi]], sarong pilosopo kan Song. Dangan siya nag'atender sa sarong eskwelahan kan edad pito.{{Sfn|Johnston|2016|p=239}}{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|p=123}} Bilang parte kan saiyang edukasyon, saiyang pinagbabasa an [[Apat na Libro]] ni Confuscius asin an treatise pilosopikal ni [[Huainanzi]]. An kag-ampon niyang lolo binabasa saiya manlaenblaen na teksto historikal, arog kan [[Guoyu]], an [[Zuo Zhuan]], asin an [[Shiji]]. Kan si Gu edad onse, an lolo niya binasa saiya an Song chronicle na [[Zizhi Tongjian]], na sinasabi saiya an pagkasabot nin "sarong gatos na [[Juan (unit)|juan]] (kapitulo) sa kagsurat sa mga [[literatura sa dinastiyang Ming|autor sa Ming]] bakong arog karahay kumpara sa pagkasabot kan sarong [[juan]] sa peryodong Song".{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|pp=124–125}} {{Quotebox | title = Excerpt from ''Wandering About'' ({{zh|c=流轉|p=Liúzhuàn|labels=no}}) | quote = {{plainlist| * Having removed my hair here and there, * I took the guise of a traveling merchant. * Alas, when I think of these five years, * It has not been easy for me to live like this. * My arduous journeying took me over land and water; * My enemy is waiting at my gate. * I could not even spend a night under my own roof, * Which I had to forsake to become a wanderer. {{hidden begin}} {{lang|zh|稍稍去鬢毛，改容作商賈。<br> 卻念五年來，守此良辛苦。<br>畏途窮水陸，仇讎在門戶。<br> 故鄉不可宿，飄然去其宇。}} {{hidden end}} }} | author = – Gu Yanwu, 1650 | source = translated by [[Willard J. Peterson]]{{sfn|Peterson|1968|pp=149–150}} | width = 40% }} ==Toltolan== {{reflist|19em}} ===Mga obrang maunabihan=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Bartlett|chapter=Gu Yanwu (Ku Yen-wu)|pages=272–276|title=Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy|date=2003|publisher=[[Routledge]]|editor-first=Antonio S.|editor-last=Cua|isbn=9781135367480}} * {{cite journal|first=John|last=Delury|title=Gu Yanwu's Mixed Model and the Problem of Two Despotisms|journal=Late Imperial China|volume=34|issue=1|date=2013|pages=1–27|doi=10.1353/late.2013.0004}} * {{cite ECCP|title=Ku Yen-wu}} * {{cite book|first=Tsung-i|last=Jao|author-link=Jao Tsung-I|title= Jade-Carving Chisel and Luminous Ocean: Selected Essays by Jao Tsung-i on Literature and Related Topics|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Nicholas Morrow|chapter=On the Poetry of Gu Yanwu|volume=4|pages=227–248|doi=10.1163/9789004523562_009 |isbn= 9789004523562 |date=2024}} * {{cite book|editor-first=Ian|editor-last=Johnston|title=Record of Daily Knowledge and Collected Poems and Essays: Selections|isbn=9780231542678|date=2016|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wwmDQAAQBAJ}} * {{cite journal|first=Yike|last=Mao|script-title=zh:顾炎武佚文《寄子严书》考述—兼论顾炎武立嗣孙对清代嗣法的影响|trans-title=A Study of Gu Yanwu's Lost Essay, ''Ji Ziyan Shu'': How Gu Yanwu Affected the Adoption Law of Qing Dynasty by Adopting A Grandson|date=2019|pages=94–102|issue=1|language=zh|journal=The Qing History Journal (Renmin University)|url= http://qsyj.ruc.edu.cn/EN/Y2019/V0/I1/94}} * {{Cite book| publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]| last1 = Ng| first1 = On Cho| last2 = Wang| first2 = Q. Edward| title = Mirroring the Past: The Writing and Use of History in Imperial China | url = https://archive.org/details/mirroringpastwri0000ngon|date = 2005}} {{ISBN|9780824829131}} * {{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/2718597| volume = 28| pages = 114–156| last = Peterson| first = Willard J.| title = The Life of Ku Yen-wu (1613–1682): Part 1| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1968_28/page/114| journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies| date = 1968| jstor = 2718597}} * {{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/2718835| volume = 29| pages = 201–247| last = Peterson| first = Willard J.| title = The Life of Ku Yen-wu (1613–1682): Part 2| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1969_29/page/201| journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies| date = 1969| jstor = 2718835}} * {{cite journal|first=Ursula|last=Richter|title=Gu Jiegang: His Last Thirty Years|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_china-quarterly_1982-06_90/page/286|journal=[[The China Quarterly]]|volume=90|date=1982|doi=10.1017/S0305741000000369|pages=286–295}} * {{cite journal|first=Paolo|last=Santangelo|title= Gu Yanwu's Contribution to History: the Historian's Method and Tasks|journal=East and West|volume=32|issue=1/4|pages=145–185|date=1982|jstor=29756632}} * {{cite journal|first=Yuhao|last=Yan|script-title=zh:段志強, 《顧祠—顧炎武與晚清士人政治人格的重塑》|language=zh|trans-title=Review of Duan Zhiqiang's ''Gu Ancestral Hall: Gu Yanwu and the Reshaping of the Political Personality of Late Qing Dynasty Scholars''|date=2001|journal=Journal of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica|url=https://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/MHDocument/PublicationDetail/PublicationDetail_2001.pdf|issue=95|pages=127–132}} * {{cite book|last=Zhang|first=Shunhui|script-title=zh:顧亭林学記|publisher=[[Zhonghua Book Company]]|date=1963|oclc=1227494427|trans-title=Studies of Gu Tinglin|language=zh}} {{refend}} ==Mga basahon pa== {{refbegin}} * {{cite thesis |first=John Patrick |last=Delury |title=Despotism Above and Below: Gu Yanwu's ''Record of Daily Learning'' on Power, Money and Mores |date=2007 |publisher=[[Yale University]] |degree=PhD |ref=none}} * {{cite book |first=Georg |last=Ebertshäuser |title=Perspektiven nationaler und staatlicher Neugestaltung Chinas: Gu Yanwu und Sun Yat-sen |language=de |trans-title=Perspectives on the National and State-Level Restructuring of China: Gu Yanwu and Sun Yat-sen |publisher=[[LIT Verlag]] |isbn=9783825856410 |date=2003 |ref=none}} * {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |date=1983 |title=The Political Theories of Ku Yen-wu and the Manchu Conquest |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0095863 |doi=10.14288/1.0095863 |first=Wei-ying |last=Ku}} * {{cite thesis |first=Ian |last=Johnston |title=Ku Yen-wu's ''Record of Daily Knowledge'' |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Sydney]] |date=1991 |hdl=2123/9112 |ref=none |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9112}} * {{cite journal |first=Lung-chang |last=Young |title=Ku Yen-Wu's Views on the Ming Examination System |volume=23 |date=1987 |pages=48–63 |doi=10.1179/014703787788760359 |journal=Ming Studies}} {{refend}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== {{Commons category}} {{Wikisource|Author:顧炎武|Gu Yanwu|works=both|lang=zh}} * {{Gutenberg author|id=31194|name=Yanwu Gu}} * {{Internet Archive author|sname=Yanwu Gu}} {{Chinese philosophy}} {{Portal bar|Biography|Philosophy|Religion|China}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gu, Yanwu}} [[Category:1613 births]] [[Category:1682 deaths]] [[Category:17th-century Chinese historians]] [[Category:17th-century Chinese philosophers]] [[Category:17th-century Chinese poets]] [[Category:17th-century Chinese scientists]] [[Category:17th-century geographers]] [[Category:17th-century linguists]] [[Category:17th-century philologists]] [[Category:Chinese Confucianists]] [[Category:Chinese geographers]] [[Category:Chinese philologists]] [[Category:Historians from Jiangsu]] [[Category:Linguists from China]] [[Category:Ming dynasty historians]] [[Category:Ming dynasty philosophers]] [[Category:Ming dynasty poets]] [[Category:Ming dynasty scholars]] [[Category:People from Kunshan]] [[Category:Philosophers from Jiangsu]] [[Category:Phonologists from China]] [[Category:Qing dynasty historians]] [[Category:Qing dynasty philosophers]] [[Category:Qing dynasty poets]] [[Category:Qing dynasty writers]] [[Category:Writers from Suzhou]] [[en:Gu Yanwu]] lfgb09plr1vzooyy01suii1aqfpcc05 0 56711 309829 2026-08-24T04:55:41Z Ringer 55 Pinagmukna an pahina kaining "{{Infobox settlement |official_name =Shirin Ab |native_name =شیرین‌آب |settlement_type = Village |pushpin_map =Iran |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} |subdivision_type1 =[[Provinces of Iran|Province]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]] |subdivision_type2 =[[Counties of Iran|County]] |subdivision_name2 = Andimeshk County|Andimesh..." 309829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Shirin Ab |native_name =شیرین‌آب |settlement_type = Village |pushpin_map =Iran |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} |subdivision_type1 =[[Provinces of Iran|Province]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]] |subdivision_type2 =[[Counties of Iran|County]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Andimeshk County|Andimeshk]] |subdivision_type3 =[[Bakhsh]] |subdivision_name3 =[[Alvar-e Garmsiri District|Alvar-e Garmsiri]] |subdivision_type4 =[[Rural Districts of Iran|Rural District]] |subdivision_name4 =[[Mazu Rural District|Mazu]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2006 |population_total =117 |population_density_km2 =auto |timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] |utc_offset = +3:30 |timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] |utc_offset_DST = +4:30 |coordinates = {{coord|32|48|13|N|48|31|18|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }} An '''Shirin Ab''' ({{langx|fa|شیرین‌آب}}, o [[Romanize]]d as '''Shīrīn Āb''')<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3772755|Shirin Ab}}</ref> sarong baryo sa [[Mazu Rural na Distrito]], [[Alvar-e Garmsiri District]], [[Andimeshk County]], [[Khuzestan Province]], [[Iran]]. Sa 2006 na senso, an populasyon igdi 117, sa 32 na pamilya.<ref>{{IranCensus2006|06}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{Andimeshk County}} {{Portal|Iran}} [[Kategorya:Populated places in Andimeshk County]] {{Andimeshk-geo-stub}} s2i27bihoe2ef5kigyr3c8fslwfze66 309830 309829 2026-08-24T04:57:24Z Ringer 55 309830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Shirin Ab |native_name =شیرین‌آب |settlement_type = Village |pushpin_map =Iran |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} |subdivision_type1 =[[Provinces of Iran|Province]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]] |subdivision_type2 =[[Counties of Iran|County]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Andimeshk County|Andimeshk]] |subdivision_type3 =[[Bakhsh]] |subdivision_name3 =[[Alvar-e Garmsiri District|Alvar-e Garmsiri]] |subdivision_type4 =[[Rural Districts of Iran|Rural District]] |subdivision_name4 =[[Mazu Rural District|Mazu]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2006 |population_total =117 |population_density_km2 =auto |timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] |utc_offset = +3:30 |timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]] |utc_offset_DST = +4:30 |coordinates = {{coord|32|48|13|N|48|31|18|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }} An '''Shirin Ab''' ({{langx|fa|شیرین‌آب}}, o [[Romanize]]d as '''Shīrīn Āb''')<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3772755|Shirin Ab}}</ref> sarong baryo sa [[Mazu Rural na Distrito]], [[Alvar-e Garmsiri District]], [[Andimeshk County]], [[Khuzestan Province]], [[Iran]]. Sa 2006 na senso, an populasyon igdi 117, sa 32 na pamilya.<ref>{{IranCensus2006|06}}</ref> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{Andimeshk County}} {{Portal|Iran}} [[Kategorya:Mga lugar na matawo sa Andimeshk County]] {{Andimeshk-geo-stub}} 7aiths2rzdpq4ons6p5gh2topixb4n3 0 56712 309836 2026-08-24T06:56:59Z Saksi Radyo 1566 32664 Saksi Radyo 309836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox estasyon nin radyo | name = Saksi Radyo | callsign = DZRC | logo | city = [[Syudad nin Legazpi]] | area = [[Albay]] | branding = Saksi Radyo | slogan = | frequency = 873 kHz | airdate = 1960 | format = Bareta | power = 5,000 watts | class = AM | callsign_meaning = '''R'''adyo '''C'''hampion | affiliations = Bicol Net TV | owner = Filipinas Broadcasting Network | operator = Bicol Net Multimedia Services }} n47trh1f6tqjgrt8c8u643rk86pycpl 309837 309836 2026-08-24T07:10:23Z Saksi Radyo 1566 32664 309837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox estasyon nin radyo | name = Saksi Radyo | callsign = DZRC | logo | city = [[Syudad nin Legazpi]] | area = [[Albay]] | branding = Saksi Radyo | slogan = | frequency = 873 kHz | airdate = 1960 | format = Bareta | power = 5,000 watts | class = AM | callsign_meaning = '''R'''adyo '''C'''hampion | affiliations = Bicol Net TV | owner = Filipinas Broadcasting Network | operator = Bicol Net Multimedia Services }} An '''DZRC''' (873 AM) '''Saksi Radyo''' sarong istasyon nin radyo pagasidiri kan Filipinas Broadcasting Network asin pig-ooperar kan Bicol Net Multimedia Services {{Legazpi City Radio}} 45pqp1snwfa2advic9m4wyfw4y9uzuv 309838 309837 2026-08-24T07:22:52Z Saksi Radyo 1566 32664 309838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox estasyon nin radyo | name = Saksi Radyo | callsign = DZRC | logo | city = [[Syudad nin Legazpi]] | area = [[Albay]] | branding = Saksi Radyo | slogan = | frequency = 873 kHz | airdate = 1960 | format = Bareta | power = 5,000 watts | class = AM | callsign_meaning = '''R'''adyo '''C'''hampion | affiliations = Bicol Net TV | owner = Filipinas Broadcasting Network | operator = NGA Multimedia Production }} An '''DZRC''' (873 AM) '''Saksi Radyo''' sarong istasyon nin radyo pagasidiri kan Filipinas Broadcasting Network asin pig-ooperar kan NGA Multimedia Production {{Legazpi City Radio}} 7kwcmgwj05ffqkb2be5piw5woa76cm7 0 56713 309840 2026-08-24T08:17:27Z LeahLhey 13103 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369766716|Emma Myers]]" 309840 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Emma Elizabeth Myers''' (namundag kan Abril 2, 2002) sarong Amerikanong aktres. Siya midbid na gayo sa saiyang [[Breakthrough role|''breakthrough role'']] bilang Enid Sinclair sa serye kan Netflix na ''[[Wednesday]]'' (2022–presente). Poon kaidto, nagluwas na siya sa serye sa telebisyon na ''[[A Good Girl's Guide to Murder]]'' (2024–presente), asin sa mga pelikula arog kan ''[[Family Switch]]'' (2023) asin ''[[A Minecraft Movie]]'' (2025), na an huri nagtao saiya nin ''[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award]]''. Siya itinampok sa 2026 na klase kan listahan kan ''[[Forbes 30 Under 30]]''. == Amay na buhay == Si Emma Elizabeth Myers <ref>{{cite AV media|title=Emma Myers hates her nickname|url=https://www.youtube.com|access-date=April 6, 2025|last=[[Hits Radio]]|via=[[YouTube]]|date=April 2, 2025}}</ref> namundag kan Abril 2, 2002 <ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bull, Megan|date=July 1, 2024|title=A Good Girl's Guide to Murder: Meet star Emma Myers|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/702586/emma-myers-everything-you-need-to-know/|work=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]|access-date=December 10, 2025|archive-date=December 6, 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206124755/https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/702586/emma-myers-everything-you-need-to-know/}}</ref> sa Orlando, Florida . Sarong aki nin duwang abogado, siya an ikaduwa sa apat na tugang na babae, na gabos nag-adal sa sarong kooperatiba nin pag-eskwela sa harong . <ref name="Zee-2025">{{Cite magazine|date=April 3, 2025|title=Emma Myers Digs In: The 'Wednesday' Star on Exploring the Overworld in 'A Minecraft Movie', Navigating Fandom Expectations and Returning as Enid Onscreen|first=Michaela|last=Zee|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991|access-date=September 3, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919171835/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991/|archive-date=September 19, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Phillips-2025">{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/wednesday-emma-myers-had-us-at-hello-people-stylewatch-fall-cover-exclusive-11798213|title=Emma Myers Says She's Not a 'People Person' Like Her Wednesday Character, But She Had Us at Hello|first=Hedy|last=Phillips|date=September 4, 2025|access-date=September 21, 2025|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209172214/https://people.com/wednesday-emma-myers-had-us-at-hello-people-stylewatch-fall-cover-exclusive-11798213|archive-date=December 9, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> Igwa siyang ginikanan [[Gresya|na Griyego]] gikan sa saiyang ina, <ref>{{cite web|last=Lu|first=Cherry|title=Meet actress and fashion maven Emma Myers – aka Enid Sinclair in Netflix's Wednesday|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people/celebrities/article/3320633/meet-actress-and-fashion-maven-emma-myers-aka-enid-sinclair-netflixs-wednesday|website=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=5 June 2026|date=8 August 2025}}</ref> asin ilinadawan niya an saiyang harong asin pagpadakula bilang [[Kristiyano]] . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Emma Myers Relaxes With ''Lord of the Rings'' Music|last=Bahr|first=Sarah|date=August 16, 2025|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/16/arts/television/emma-myers-wednesday.html}}</ref> Sa primero gustong magin sarong parabayle, si Myers enot na nagpahiling nin interes sa pag-arte sa edad na limang taon, pagkatapos na mag-iba sa saiyang matuang tugang na babae sa mga audition. Sinabi nia na an paghanap nin pakamate nin komunidad sa saiyang kapalibutan sa pag-eskuela sa harong depisil, dawa ngani ini napagaan kan saiyang pakikilabot sa mga ekstrakurikular na aktibidad arog kan pagbayle asin lokal [[Teatro|na teatro]] . Sa edad na 12, nag-ontok siya sa pag-arte, na kun saen itinutok niya an saiyang pokus sa kompetisyon na bayle . Kan siya 16 anyos, siya asin an saiyang pamilya nagbalyo sa [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]], kun saen nagpoon siyang mag-arte nin mas seryoso. Kan siya hoben pa, si Myers nagin sarong tagahanga kan emo asin alternatibong banda na Twenty One Pilots, Panic! sa Disco, asin Fall Out Boy, siring man an mga kagmukna [[YouTube|kan YouTube]] na si Dan asin Phil . Si Myers nagpahayag man nin interes sa K-pop, partikularmente an grupong taga-Sur Korea na Seventeen . Ginamit niya an saiyang libreng oras sa pag-aling nin mga adventure games arog kan ''Ace Attorney'' asin ''Professor Layton'', asin parte man kan mga online fandom para sa mga prangkisa kan ''[[Star Wars]]'' asin ''The Lord of the Rings'' . Si Myers nagsambit kan seryeng pelikula na ''The Lord of the Rings'' bilang inspirasyon para sa saiyang interes sa paghanap nin karera sa pag-arte, asin an saiyang pagkamoot sa [[pantasya]] . <ref name="Zee-20252">{{Cite magazine|date=April 3, 2025|title=Emma Myers Digs In: The 'Wednesday' Star on Exploring the Overworld in 'A Minecraft Movie', Navigating Fandom Expectations and Returning as Enid Onscreen|first=Michaela|last=Zee|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991|access-date=September 3, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919171835/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991/|archive-date=September 19, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bell-2022">{{Cite magazine|date=November 24, 2022|title=Wednesday Star Emma Myers on Fandom, SEVENTEEN, and Bringing Outcast Enid to Life Onscreen|first=Crystal|last=Bell|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/wednesday-star-emma-myers-on-fandom-seventeen-enid-interview|access-date=November 30, 2022|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80nTSadqY6E|title="It's a snood, silly!" Emma Myers on Good Girl's Guide To Murder, Seventeen and her favourite lines|date=2026-06-11|last=BBC Radio 1|access-date=2026-06-17|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Personal na buhay == Si Myers nag-eerok sa [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Myers|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/emma-myers/|access-date=2026-07-21|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> Siya pinadakula na sarong Kristiyano asin padagos na naggigibo kan relihiyon sagkod sa pagkaadulto. Nagpoon siyang makaeksperyensya nin grabeng insomnia pagkatapos kan saiyang pag-itaas sa kabantogan, asin tinawan niya nin kredito [[Diyos sa Kristiyanismo|an Diyos]] sa pagtabang saiya sa pag-agi kaini. Nakipaglaban man siya sa sosyal na kahaditan asin mga pag-atake nin takot poon kan siya tin-edyer pa. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Stephanie|date=2026-07-08|title=It's Not About 'Religion,' 'Wednesday' Star Emma Myers Says; It's About a 'Relationship With God'|url=https://churchleaders.com/news/2219829-emma-myers-relationship-god.html|access-date=2026-07-21|website=ChurchLeaders|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mga panluwas na takod == * Emma Myers at IMDb * Emma Myers on Instagram [[Kategorya:Articles with hCards]] ntv2fpg21h7d8iu9engaf6330hdp31n 309841 309840 2026-08-24T08:18:56Z LeahLhey 13103 309841 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Emma Elizabeth Myers''' (namundag kan Abril 2, 2002) sarong Amerikanong aktres. Siya midbid na gayo sa saiyang [[Breakthrough role|''breakthrough role'']] bilang Enid Sinclair sa serye kan Netflix na ''[[Wednesday]]'' (2022–presente). Poon kaidto, nagluwas na siya sa serye sa telebisyon na ''[[A Good Girl's Guide to Murder]]'' (2024–presente), asin sa mga pelikula arog kan ''[[Family Switch]]'' (2023) asin ''[[A Minecraft Movie]]'' (2025), na an huri nagtao saiya nin ''[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award]]''. Siya itinampok sa 2026 na klase kan listahan kan ''[[Forbes 30 Under 30]]''. == Amay na buhay == Si Emma Elizabeth Myers <ref>{{cite AV media|title=Emma Myers hates her nickname|url=https://www.youtube.com|access-date=April 6, 2025|last=[[Hits Radio]]|via=[[YouTube]]|date=April 2, 2025}}</ref> namundag kan Abril 2, 2002 <ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bull, Megan|date=July 1, 2024|title=A Good Girl's Guide to Murder: Meet star Emma Myers|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/702586/emma-myers-everything-you-need-to-know/|work=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]|access-date=December 10, 2025|archive-date=December 6, 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206124755/https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/702586/emma-myers-everything-you-need-to-know/}}</ref> sa Orlando, Florida . Sarong aki nin duwang abogado, siya an ikaduwa sa apat na tugang na babae, na gabos nag-adal sa sarong kooperatiba nin pag-eskwela sa harong . <ref name="Zee-2025">{{Cite magazine|date=April 3, 2025|title=Emma Myers Digs In: The 'Wednesday' Star on Exploring the Overworld in 'A Minecraft Movie', Navigating Fandom Expectations and Returning as Enid Onscreen|first=Michaela|last=Zee|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991|access-date=September 3, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919171835/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991/|archive-date=September 19, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Phillips-2025">{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/wednesday-emma-myers-had-us-at-hello-people-stylewatch-fall-cover-exclusive-11798213|title=Emma Myers Says She's Not a 'People Person' Like Her Wednesday Character, But She Had Us at Hello|first=Hedy|last=Phillips|date=September 4, 2025|access-date=September 21, 2025|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209172214/https://people.com/wednesday-emma-myers-had-us-at-hello-people-stylewatch-fall-cover-exclusive-11798213|archive-date=December 9, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> Igwa siyang ginikanan [[Gresya|na Griyego]] gikan sa saiyang ina, <ref>{{cite web|last=Lu|first=Cherry|title=Meet actress and fashion maven Emma Myers – aka Enid Sinclair in Netflix's Wednesday|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people/celebrities/article/3320633/meet-actress-and-fashion-maven-emma-myers-aka-enid-sinclair-netflixs-wednesday|website=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=5 June 2026|date=8 August 2025}}</ref> asin ilinadawan niya an saiyang harong asin pagpadakula bilang [[Kristiyano]] . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Emma Myers Relaxes With ''Lord of the Rings'' Music|last=Bahr|first=Sarah|date=August 16, 2025|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/16/arts/television/emma-myers-wednesday.html}}</ref> Sa primero gustong magin sarong parabayle, si Myers enot na nagpahiling nin interes sa pag-arte sa edad na limang taon, pagkatapos na mag-iba sa saiyang matuang tugang na babae sa mga audition. Sinabi nia na an paghanap nin pakamate nin komunidad sa saiyang kapalibutan sa pag-eskuela sa harong depisil, dawa ngani ini napagaan kan saiyang pakikilabot sa mga ekstrakurikular na aktibidad arog kan pagbayle asin lokal [[Teatro|na teatro]] . Sa edad na 12, nag-ontok siya sa pag-arte, na kun saen itinutok niya an saiyang pokus sa kompetisyon na bayle . Kan siya 16 anyos, siya asin an saiyang pamilya nagbalyo sa [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]], kun saen nagpoon siyang mag-arte nin mas seryoso. Kan siya hoben pa, si Myers nagin sarong tagahanga kan emo asin alternatibong banda na Twenty One Pilots, Panic! sa Disco, asin Fall Out Boy, siring man an mga kagmukna [[YouTube|kan YouTube]] na si Dan asin Phil . Si Myers nagpahayag man nin interes sa K-pop, partikularmente an grupong taga-Sur Korea na Seventeen . Ginamit niya an saiyang libreng oras sa pag-aling nin mga adventure games arog kan ''Ace Attorney'' asin ''Professor Layton'', asin parte man kan mga online fandom para sa mga prangkisa kan ''[[Star Wars]]'' asin ''The Lord of the Rings'' . Si Myers nagsambit kan seryeng pelikula na ''The Lord of the Rings'' bilang inspirasyon para sa saiyang interes sa paghanap nin karera sa pag-arte, asin an saiyang pagkamoot sa [[pantasya]] . <ref name="Zee-20252">{{Cite magazine|date=April 3, 2025|title=Emma Myers Digs In: The 'Wednesday' Star on Exploring the Overworld in 'A Minecraft Movie', Navigating Fandom Expectations and Returning as Enid Onscreen|first=Michaela|last=Zee|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991|access-date=September 3, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919171835/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991/|archive-date=September 19, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bell-2022">{{Cite magazine|date=November 24, 2022|title=Wednesday Star Emma Myers on Fandom, SEVENTEEN, and Bringing Outcast Enid to Life Onscreen|first=Crystal|last=Bell|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/wednesday-star-emma-myers-on-fandom-seventeen-enid-interview|access-date=November 30, 2022|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80nTSadqY6E|title="It's a snood, silly!" Emma Myers on Good Girl's Guide To Murder, Seventeen and her favourite lines|date=2026-06-11|last=BBC Radio 1|access-date=2026-06-17|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Personal na buhay == Si Myers nag-eerok sa [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Myers|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/emma-myers/|access-date=2026-07-21|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> Siya pinadakula na sarong Kristiyano asin padagos na naggigibo kan relihiyon sagkod sa pagkaadulto. Nagpoon siyang makaeksperyensya nin grabeng insomnia pagkatapos kan saiyang pag-itaas sa kabantogan, asin tinawan niya nin kredito [[Diyos sa Kristiyanismo|an Diyos]] sa pagtabang saiya sa pag-agi kaini. Nakipaglaban man siya sa sosyal na kahaditan asin mga pag-atake nin takot poon kan siya tin-edyer pa. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Stephanie|date=2026-07-08|title=It's Not About 'Religion,' 'Wednesday' Star Emma Myers Says; It's About a 'Relationship With God'|url=https://churchleaders.com/news/2219829-emma-myers-relationship-god.html|access-date=2026-07-21|website=ChurchLeaders|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mga panluwas na takod == * Emma Myers at IMDb * Emma Myers on Instagram [[Kategorya:Articles with hCards]] ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} mfq3t5g7g73vuqj25jeg7vg9gdlpoti 309842 309841 2026-08-24T08:19:38Z LeahLhey 13103 #WPWP #WPWPPH 309842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|American actress (born 2002)}} {{protection padlock|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=May 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Infobox person | image = Emma Myers 2025 (2).png | caption = Myers in 2025 | birth_name = Emma Elizabeth Myers | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|4|2}} | birth_place = [[Orlando, Florida]], U.S. | occupation = Actress | years_active = 2010–present }} Si '''Emma Elizabeth Myers''' (namundag kan Abril 2, 2002) sarong Amerikanong aktres. Siya midbid na gayo sa saiyang [[Breakthrough role|''breakthrough role'']] bilang Enid Sinclair sa serye kan Netflix na ''[[Wednesday]]'' (2022–presente). Poon kaidto, nagluwas na siya sa serye sa telebisyon na ''[[A Good Girl's Guide to Murder]]'' (2024–presente), asin sa mga pelikula arog kan ''[[Family Switch]]'' (2023) asin ''[[A Minecraft Movie]]'' (2025), na an huri nagtao saiya nin ''[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award]]''. Siya itinampok sa 2026 na klase kan listahan kan ''[[Forbes 30 Under 30]]''. == Amay na buhay == Si Emma Elizabeth Myers <ref>{{cite AV media|title=Emma Myers hates her nickname|url=https://www.youtube.com|access-date=April 6, 2025|last=[[Hits Radio]]|via=[[YouTube]]|date=April 2, 2025}}</ref> namundag kan Abril 2, 2002 <ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bull, Megan|date=July 1, 2024|title=A Good Girl's Guide to Murder: Meet star Emma Myers|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/702586/emma-myers-everything-you-need-to-know/|work=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]|access-date=December 10, 2025|archive-date=December 6, 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206124755/https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/702586/emma-myers-everything-you-need-to-know/}}</ref> sa Orlando, Florida . Sarong aki nin duwang abogado, siya an ikaduwa sa apat na tugang na babae, na gabos nag-adal sa sarong kooperatiba nin pag-eskwela sa harong . <ref name="Zee-2025">{{Cite magazine|date=April 3, 2025|title=Emma Myers Digs In: The 'Wednesday' Star on Exploring the Overworld in 'A Minecraft Movie', Navigating Fandom Expectations and Returning as Enid Onscreen|first=Michaela|last=Zee|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991|access-date=September 3, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919171835/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991/|archive-date=September 19, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Phillips-2025">{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/wednesday-emma-myers-had-us-at-hello-people-stylewatch-fall-cover-exclusive-11798213|title=Emma Myers Says She's Not a 'People Person' Like Her Wednesday Character, But She Had Us at Hello|first=Hedy|last=Phillips|date=September 4, 2025|access-date=September 21, 2025|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209172214/https://people.com/wednesday-emma-myers-had-us-at-hello-people-stylewatch-fall-cover-exclusive-11798213|archive-date=December 9, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> Igwa siyang ginikanan [[Gresya|na Griyego]] gikan sa saiyang ina, <ref>{{cite web|last=Lu|first=Cherry|title=Meet actress and fashion maven Emma Myers – aka Enid Sinclair in Netflix's Wednesday|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people/celebrities/article/3320633/meet-actress-and-fashion-maven-emma-myers-aka-enid-sinclair-netflixs-wednesday|website=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=5 June 2026|date=8 August 2025}}</ref> asin ilinadawan niya an saiyang harong asin pagpadakula bilang [[Kristiyano]] . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Emma Myers Relaxes With ''Lord of the Rings'' Music|last=Bahr|first=Sarah|date=August 16, 2025|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/16/arts/television/emma-myers-wednesday.html}}</ref> Sa primero gustong magin sarong parabayle, si Myers enot na nagpahiling nin interes sa pag-arte sa edad na limang taon, pagkatapos na mag-iba sa saiyang matuang tugang na babae sa mga audition. Sinabi nia na an paghanap nin pakamate nin komunidad sa saiyang kapalibutan sa pag-eskuela sa harong depisil, dawa ngani ini napagaan kan saiyang pakikilabot sa mga ekstrakurikular na aktibidad arog kan pagbayle asin lokal [[Teatro|na teatro]] . Sa edad na 12, nag-ontok siya sa pag-arte, na kun saen itinutok niya an saiyang pokus sa kompetisyon na bayle . Kan siya 16 anyos, siya asin an saiyang pamilya nagbalyo sa [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]], kun saen nagpoon siyang mag-arte nin mas seryoso. Kan siya hoben pa, si Myers nagin sarong tagahanga kan emo asin alternatibong banda na Twenty One Pilots, Panic! sa Disco, asin Fall Out Boy, siring man an mga kagmukna [[YouTube|kan YouTube]] na si Dan asin Phil . Si Myers nagpahayag man nin interes sa K-pop, partikularmente an grupong taga-Sur Korea na Seventeen . Ginamit niya an saiyang libreng oras sa pag-aling nin mga adventure games arog kan ''Ace Attorney'' asin ''Professor Layton'', asin parte man kan mga online fandom para sa mga prangkisa kan ''[[Star Wars]]'' asin ''The Lord of the Rings'' . Si Myers nagsambit kan seryeng pelikula na ''The Lord of the Rings'' bilang inspirasyon para sa saiyang interes sa paghanap nin karera sa pag-arte, asin an saiyang pagkamoot sa [[pantasya]] . <ref name="Zee-20252">{{Cite magazine|date=April 3, 2025|title=Emma Myers Digs In: The 'Wednesday' Star on Exploring the Overworld in 'A Minecraft Movie', Navigating Fandom Expectations and Returning as Enid Onscreen|first=Michaela|last=Zee|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991|access-date=September 3, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919171835/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/emma-myers-minecraft-movie-wednesday-season-2-1236353991/|archive-date=September 19, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bell-2022">{{Cite magazine|date=November 24, 2022|title=Wednesday Star Emma Myers on Fandom, SEVENTEEN, and Bringing Outcast Enid to Life Onscreen|first=Crystal|last=Bell|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/wednesday-star-emma-myers-on-fandom-seventeen-enid-interview|access-date=November 30, 2022|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80nTSadqY6E|title="It's a snood, silly!" Emma Myers on Good Girl's Guide To Murder, Seventeen and her favourite lines|date=2026-06-11|last=BBC Radio 1|access-date=2026-06-17|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Personal na buhay == Si Myers nag-eerok sa [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Myers|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/emma-myers/|access-date=2026-07-21|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> Siya pinadakula na sarong Kristiyano asin padagos na naggigibo kan relihiyon sagkod sa pagkaadulto. Nagpoon siyang makaeksperyensya nin grabeng insomnia pagkatapos kan saiyang pag-itaas sa kabantogan, asin tinawan niya nin kredito [[Diyos sa Kristiyanismo|an Diyos]] sa pagtabang saiya sa pag-agi kaini. Nakipaglaban man siya sa sosyal na kahaditan asin mga pag-atake nin takot poon kan siya tin-edyer pa. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Stephanie|date=2026-07-08|title=It's Not About 'Religion,' 'Wednesday' Star Emma Myers Says; It's About a 'Relationship With God'|url=https://churchleaders.com/news/2219829-emma-myers-relationship-god.html|access-date=2026-07-21|website=ChurchLeaders|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mga panluwas na takod == * Emma Myers at IMDb * Emma Myers on Instagram [[Kategorya:Articles with hCards]] ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} 44h3nlx4h7mj4bent7k9ssmvrj7lnbr