Denis Sassou-Nguesso

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    <title>Denis Sassou-Nguesso</title>
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Si '''Denis Sassou-Nguesso''' (namundag 1943 sa Edou, bandang amnayan kan Congo) sarong heneral asin presidente kan Republika Popular nin Congo poon 1979 sundo 1992 asin poon kan 1997 sagkod sa presente.

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfaMF3BbxCI] Video. Kinua 25-3-16.
== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

{{stub}}


[[Kategorya:Mga presidente kan Congo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sagop</title>
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=== Embankment dam ===
{{main|Embankment dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Embankment dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Embankment Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 =  A diagram illustrating the cross-section of a typical embankment dam.
 | caption1 = Many [[embankment dam]]s have a clay core and gradually sloping faces both upstream and downstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
&lt;!--  |{{harvnb|Brown|2026|loc=§ &quot;Embankment dams&quot;}}. --&gt;
|{{harvnb|Schnitter|1994|p=168}}.
|{{harvnb|Denny|2010| p= 188}}.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | image2   = &lt;!-- Una foto de la presa.jpg --&gt;  Misogawa Dam road survey.jpg
 | alt2 =  A large rocky dam, with a reservoir behind it, and green hills in the background.
 | caption2 =    [[Misogawa Dam]] in Japan is an [[embankment dam]].
}}
=== Gravity dam ===
{{main|Gravity dam}}
{{multiple image
&lt;!-- | header = [[Buttress dam]] --&gt;
&lt;!-- | width = 160 --&gt;
| title= Gravity dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Gravity Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical gravity dam.
 | caption1 =  A typical [[gravity dam]] has a nearly vertical upstream face, and a broad base.{{sfn|Schnitter|1994|pp=170–172}}{{efn|The &quot;toe&quot; of a dam is the bottom of the downstream face. The &quot;heel&quot; is the bottom of the upstream face.{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
}}
 | image2   = Grande Dixence Staumauer.jpg &lt;!-- Barrage de la Grande-Dixence.jpg --&gt;
 | alt2 =  A massive concrete dam with a reservoir behind it.
 | caption2 = [[Grande Dixence Dam]] in Switzerland is one of the [[List of tallest dams|world's tallest gravity dams]]. The people atop the dam's crest illustrate its size.{{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}&lt;!-- 
{{efn|[[Grande Dixence Dam]] is the world's tallest gravity dam as of 2025.}}
--&gt;
}}

=== Buttress dam ===
{{main|Buttress dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Buttress dams 
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Buttress Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical buttress dam.
 | caption1 = A [[buttress dam]] has an inclined upstream face supported by multiple buttresses.&lt;ref name=Buttress/&gt;
 | image2   = 040523-Latyan-IMG 8656-2.jpg
 | alt2 =   A huge concrete dam with trees at its base.
 | caption2 = About 20 buttresses are visible in this photo of [[Latyan Dam|Latyan buttress dam]] in Iran.{{sfn|Scott|1968|p=353}} 
}}
An '''sagop''' sarong estruktura na nagsasaray tubig o nag'uulang kan bulos o dalihig kaini. An mga sagop klasipikado sa apat na tugmad na klase: [[gravity dam]] iyo an malahiganteng estruktura gibo sa konkreto o semento na nagsasarig sa gabat kaini ngani mabangga an pwersa kan tinambak na tubig; [[embankment dam]] ginigibo sa pagtipon nin kagagapoan, dalipay, baybay, daga, o graba; [[buttress dam]] ginigibo paagi nin anhay, konkretong sementong suportado sa ibabang bulos nin serye nin mga triangular na [[sangki']]; asin an [[arch dam]] nagamit nin binalod na konkretong lanob ngani mapalis an gabat kan tubig sa magkataraid asin nakapalibot na nag'uulang na daga'. 

An mga sagop tuyong ginigibo bilang [[irigasyon]], [[hydropower]], [[kuanan tubig]], [[pagkontrol sa baha]], [[Lista nin isports sa tubig|rekreasyon]], [[inland navigation]], asin [[pagsisira']]. An irigasyon kritikal na aplikasyon nin sagop: mga 20% kan mga dagang tatamnan nin kinaban may patubig naghahale sa mga [[reserba] natipon kan mga sagop. An mga sagop nagmumukna nin pwersa sa tubig (hydropower), nagtatao nin malinig asin danay na pagkukuan elektrisidad, asin nagwawaras nin tubig sa pnagangaipo sa harong asin sa gamit industriyal.&lt;!-- Dams that support flood management reduce downstream water levels to a safe limit.--&gt;

An haloyan nang sagop iyo an [[Jawa Dam (Jordan)|Jawa Dam]] sa modernong [[Jordan]], hinaman kan 3000{{nbsp}}BCE. An [[Hittites|Imperyong Hittite]] nagtugdok magkapirang sagop sa (ngonyan) modernong Turkey pag'ultan nin ika-17 asin ika-19 siglo BCE. Sa kan ika-1 na siglo CE, an [[Imperyong Romano]] naghimong makagibo nin inapod na gravity dams{{snd}} na tipikal igwang patindog na ulang sa pairaya asin pailawod na sapa. Kan [[medieval Europe]], an mga sagop nagdadamot nin tubig pagtaong pwersa sa paitok na ruweda para sa molino asin pagmimina. An proseso nin pagdesenyo nin mga sagop naghihira na kan mga huring panahon nin ika-18ng siglo hale sa impormal na praktis pasiring sa disiplina nin inhenyero nakabatay na syensia. Kan ika-20ng siglo, gibo kan madalian nang makakua nin konkreto asin an pagtunga kan mga makinaryang darakula na pangkonstruksyon, dakulon nang mga proyekto nin mga darakulang sagop an nahahaman sa bilog na ikinaban.&lt;!-- Organized opposition to dam projects emerged in the modern era, focused on environmental and social impacts such as loss of plant and animal habitat, reduced water and sediment flow, degraded landscape aesthetics, submergence of cultural sites, and forced relocation of human populations.--&gt;

An barang-barang na parte kan sagop iyo an balagbag na nagpupugol sa tubig, alagad kadaklan kan mga sagop igwang mga dugang na estruktura na may importanteng pungsyon. Pag an sagop binabagat an bulos nin salog, mga [[Lock (water navigation)|barat]] nakakaag na sa proyekto ngani an mga bapor makalagbas. [[Mga hagahag para sa sira]] ikinakaag man ngani an mga sira makapa-iraya. [[Ulaan]] parati kairiba sa desenyo ta anoman na su'pay o sulwak magbulos sana pailawod ta kun dai, pwedeng magdulot nin pagbabaha sa mga palibot na katatamnan asin estaran. Mga ihian nin sagop kinakaag ngani an deposito mapatete' sa paglinig kan mga natipon na tundag o marokamok.

An ssagop pwede man rangkahon asin haleon huli sa magkapirang rason: kun ini nagdadarang peligro sa buhay, kun ini dai naman talaga kaipohan, o ngani maibalik an ruta kan migrasyn nin mga sira, o ngani maparahay an salud kan pailawod na mga sapa paagi kan dagdag na bulos kan marokamok. An mga sagop may okasyon man na nabagsak na naresulta sa makuring pagbaha' asin pagkautas nin buhay. Dakul na prinsipyo sa pagdesenyo nin ligtas na sagop nano'dan huli kaini.&lt;!-- Dams can fail for many reasons: earthquakes, weak rocks at the [[abutment]]s, water leaking within or under the dam, or the dam sliding over its [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]].--&gt;

== Depinisyon asin etemolohiya ==
Sa halakbang na pakasabot, an &quot;sagop&quot; iyo an anoman na estruktura na nagsasaray nin tubig o nag'uulang na dai magkaigwa nin pagbabaha'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}. 
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}. 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|
An ''Oxford English Dictionary'': &quot;Sarong sangki' o bagat nin daga', semento, aibp., na ti9nugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani ulangonan pagdalihig kaini asin  itaas an lebel kaini....; asnoman nakakaagid na knstruksyon ngani matipon an tubig na ini magin sarong danaw-danaw o reserba, o tangani maproteheran an kadagaan sa paglantop kan tubig igdi.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'': &quot;Anoman na ulang sa pagbulos nin tubig o nin mga rogrog na mga solidong materyales (arog kan daga o nyebe)&quot;.{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
}} Sa konteksto nin [[civil engineering]], an katagang &quot;sagop&quot; nagkakahulogan sanang limitado sa mga estrukturang nagsasaray tubiga o itinataas an lebel kan katubigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}. 
|{{harvnb| Denny |2010| p=191}}.
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Examples of definitions in a civil engineering context:
* Bureau of Reclamation: &quot;Sagop. Sarong mulang tinugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani masaray o mapaibang agi kan bulos  nin tubig. Sarong ulang na nagbabangga, nagdidirekta, nagpoapaluya, o nagsasaray sa binulos nin tubig. Parati ini ginigibo balagbag sa sarong sipi o sapa.&quot;  &quot;Sangki'. Sarong natural o gibong-tawo na ulang na nagtatabang na an mga salog dai maglipwas sa saiyang mga kagilidan o pampang.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
* Schnitter: &quot;An mga sagop ginigibo ngani matipon an tubig saka mapadalihig ini ...&quot;.{{sfn| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}
Sa katunayan, an mga sagop igwang duwang malinaw na epekto: An reserba nin tubig, na namukna huli sa pagsagop, ... linalaog kan kadakulan kan ... palaog bulos kan tubig.... [asin] An sagop ilinalangkaw an lebel kan pairayang bulos nin sapa.&quot;{{sfn| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}
An artikulong ini ginagamit an huring depinisyon ta pinupugol saka itinataas an tubig, kaya dai sinasakop an nan mga di-ke asin  mga [[sangki]] sa mga gilid nin salog, asin an [[diversion dam]] na pinapasuki sarong kabtang kan bulos nin salog alagad dai man ilinalangkaw an lebel kan salog.

==Toltolan==
=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===

==== Books ====

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  |chapter=  Geology
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  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/106
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
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  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Baker|2003|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
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&lt;!--  {{sfn|Blight|Jewell|1998|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
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&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bolt|1988|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Seismology
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&lt;!-- {{sfn|Breeze|2014|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
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  | year=  2014
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&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bunbury  |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Egyptian Nile
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&lt;!-- {{sfn| Cao |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
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&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Chellaney|2015|p=?}} --&gt;
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&lt;!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book
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}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Corns|1988  |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Gravity Dam Design and Analysis
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  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
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  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Cray|2004 |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{cite book
|first=Ed
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|date=2004
|title=Ramblin Man: The Life and Times of Woody Guthrie
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}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Creager|1917|pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
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* {{ cite book
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  |  year=1988
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* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Surveillance
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  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
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  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
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  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Evans|2011|pp=??}} --&gt;
&lt;!--  PReface pp ix-xii covers Eerything;  Chap 1 pp 1-6 Rockslide; Chap 21 pp 519-525 Lava &amp; Volc dams; ch 25(p 595-600) &amp; Ch 26 (p 617-625) Man-made blast-fill dams (? only Russia and Khyrgistan? --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams
| editor-last =  Evans
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  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDK85Mqz_YAC
  | year=  2011
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* {{ cite book
  | title =Geotechnical Engineering of Dams
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  |first=  Robin
  |display-authors= etal
  |edition = Second
  | isbn= 9781138000087
  |  url=  https://books.google.com/books?id=vpCZBQAAQBAJ
  | year= 2014
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  }}   First edition (2005) online in Internet Archive.

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  321–353
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/321
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gerwick|2014|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Bridge Engineering Handbook. Vol 5. Construction and Maintenance
 |edition       = Second
 |first         = Ben
 |last          = Gerwick
 |chapter       = Substructures of Major Overwater Bridges
 |pages         = 137–174
 |editor-last1  = Chen
 |editor-first1 = Wai-Fah
 |editor-last2  = Duan
 |editor-first2 = Lian
 |isbn          = 9781439852330
 |url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=BCeOAgAAQBAJ
 |access-date   = 31 October 2025
 |year          = 2014
 |publisher     = [[CRC Press]]
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gulliver |1991|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Hydropower Engineering Handbook 
 |first         =   John 
 |last          =  Gulliver
 |display-authors=etal
 |isbn          =  9780070251939
 |url           =  https://books.google.com/books?id=CNdSAAAAMAAJ
 |access-date   = 3 July 2026
 |year          =  1991
 |publisher     =  [[McGraw-Hill]]
}}
 
* {{ cite book
  |chapter= Reservoirs
  |last = James
  |first = Laurence
  |pages= 722–750
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/722
  | year= 1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Lessons from Notable Events
  |last =    James
  |first =  Laurence B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  8–59
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/8
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Introduction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |pages=  1–7
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/1
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  256–320
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/256
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Design and Construction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  686–703
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/686
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kitchen|2016|p=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = River Weirs: Design, Maintenance, Modification and Removal
  | last =  Kitchen
  |first=   Amanda
|display-authors=etal
  | isbn=  9780860177784
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/c-763-river-weirs.-design-maintenance-modification-and-removal-web-1
  | year=  2016
  | access-date= 8 May 2026
  | publisher=  Construction Industry Research and Information Association
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Lemperiere|2006|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | chapter = The Role of Dams in the XXI Century to Achieve a Sustainable Development Target
  | pages= 1065–1072
  | first= F.
  | last= Lemperiere
  | display-authors= etal
  | chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirsso0002inte/page/1065
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century
  | volume = 2
  | editor-last = Berga
  | editor-first= Luis
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn= 9781134138500
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  388–408
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/388
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mariano |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book 
|title=River Culture
|chapter= Nature-Human-River Relationships at the Ebro River and its Delta
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1= Mercè
|last1= Mariano
|display-authors=etal
|pages=745–782
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Pelikan|1997|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Fish Bypass Channels
  |last =     Pelikan
  |first =    B.
  |pages=   61–66
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/hydropower97proc0000inte/page/60/mode/2up?q=Pelikan
  | title =   Hydropower '97: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Hydropower
 | editor-last =  Broch
  | editor-first=    E.
  | isbn=     9054108886
| year=   1997
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Design, Safety and Operation of Dams
  | last = Schleiss
  |first=   A.J.
  |display-authors=etal
  | isbn= 9782889149957
  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VP1O0AEACAAJ
  | year= 2022
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =A History of Dams: The Useful Pyramids
  | last = Schnitter
  |first=   N.
  | isbn= 9789054101499
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyofdamsuse0000schn_g8y9
  | year= 1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Concrete Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =  Schrader
  |first =   Ernest K.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  540–577
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/540
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs: Planning and Engineering
  | last = Siddiqui
  |first=  I.H.
  | isbn= 9780195475852
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirspl0000sidd
  | year= 2009
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Smith|1975|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title= Man and Water: A History of Hydro-technology
  | last = Smith
  |first=  Norman
  | isbn= 0684145227
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/manwaterhistory00smit
  | year= 1975
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher= [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Taïbi|2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Senegal River, a Disturbed Lifeline in the Sahel
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Aude
|last1=Taïbi
|display-authors=etal
|pages=79–114
|author-link= 
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dam
  | last = Turpin
  |first=  Trevor
  | isbn= 9781861893284
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/dam0000turp
  | year= 2008
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Reaktion Books]]
  }}

==== Journals, news, and websites ====
&lt;!--
* {{cite journal
|title=
|first= 
|last= 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= 
|publisher= 
|year= 
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 
|url= 
|access-date= 
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{cite journal
|last1=Ayenalem
|first1=Abebe Yirga
|display-authors= etal
|title=Popular Culture and Nile Hydropolitics: Amharic Songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
|journal=International Journal of Water Governance
|publisher = [[Delft University of Technology]]
|date=28 December 2023
|volume=10
|issue=1
|doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359
|doi-access=free
| issn = 2211-4505
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Bellmore|2017|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{Cite journal
|last1=Bellmore
|first1=J. R.
 |display-authors=etal
|year=2017
|orig-year=2016
|title=Status and Trends of Dam Removal Research in the United States
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1164
|journal=[[WIREs Water]]
|publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|access-date= 22 May 2026
|volume=4
|issue=2
|article-number=e1164
|doi=10.1002/wat2.1164
 |issn=2049-1948
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Boulange|2021|loc=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Role of Dams in Reducing Global Flood Exposure Under Climate Change
|first=   Julien
|last=   Boulange
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Communications]]
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=   2021
|volume= 12
|issue= 1
|article-number= 417
|issn= 2041-1723
|doi= 10.1038/s41467-020-20704-0
|doi-access= free|pmc= 7814128
}}

&lt;!-- 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/technology/dam-engineering
|title = Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first = John Guthrie
| last = Brown
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
}}
--&gt;
* {{ cite web
|url =  https://web.itu.edu.tr/~bulu/water_resources_files/lecture_notes_04.pdf
|title =  Water Resources: Lecture Notes IV
|publisher =  [[Istanbul Technical University]]
|year= &lt;!-- unknown --&gt;
| first = Atil
| last =  Bulu
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Chanson |1998|p=? }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Extreme Reservoir Sedimentation in Australia
|first=  Hubert
|last=  Chanson
|journal= International Journal of Sediment Research
|publisher= International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation
|year=  1998
|volume= 13
|issue=  3
|pages= 55–63
|issn=  1001-6279
|doi= 
|url= https://staff.civil.uq.edu.au/h.chanson/reprints/ijrs_98.pdf
|access-date= 8 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Costa|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Local Economic Impacts of Hydroelectric Power Plants: Evidence from Brazil
|first=  Francisco
|last=  Costa
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Economía LACEA Journal]]
|publisher= [[Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  24
|issue=  1
|pages=105–123
|issn= 1533-6239
|doi= 10.31389/eco.466
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|El-Askary|2026}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The World's Largest Saddle Dam at Risk
|first=  Hesham
|last=   El-Askary
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 135
|issue= 
|article-number = 106045
|issn= 2212-4209
|doi= 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106045
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420926000579
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Fowkes|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Mega-Dams In the Hydrologics of the Socialist Anthropocene
|first=  Maja
|last=  Fowkes
|display-authors=etal
|journal= ARTMargins
|publisher=  [[The MIT Press]]
|year= 2025
|volume= 14
|issue=  2
|pages=11–38
|issn=  2162-2574
|doi= 10.1162/artm_a_00411
|url= https://muse.jhu.edu/article/973802.
|access-date= 21 May 2026
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn| Ghiasi | 2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title = Estimating the Volume of Evaporation from the Main Dams of Iran
|first=   Behzad 
|last=   Ghiasi 
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  Results in Engineering
|publisher=  [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  27
|issue=  
|article-number= 107057
|issn=  2590-1230
|doi=  10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107057
|url=  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025031135
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|doi-access=  free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Graves | 2016}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Buhen: A Site Submerged
|first= Carl
|last= Graves
 | url= https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/buhen--a-site-submerged.html
|date =  29 Aug 2016
|access-date=29 May 2026
 |website =  [[Egypt Exploration Society]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Gyau-Boakye|2001}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Environmental Impacts of the Akosombo Dam and Effects of Climate Change on the Lake Levels
|first=  P.
|last=   Gyau-Boakye
|journal= Environment, Development and Sustainability
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=  2001
|volume= 3
|issue=  1
|pages= 17–29
|issn= 1573-2975
|doi= 10.1023/A:1011402116047
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011402116047
|access-date= 14 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Horn|2014}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|title=Patagonia's New Line of Activism Is Documentary 'DamNation'
|first= John
|last=  Horn
|newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] &lt;!--  |issn =  2165-1736 --&gt;
|publisher= 
|date=  1 May 2014
|url= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-backstage-hollywood-patagonia-damnation-20140501-story.html
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Huang|2024}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dams Trigger Exponential Population Declines of Migratory Fish
|first= Zhenli 
|last= Huang
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science Advances]]
|publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 10
|issue= 19
|article-number=eadi6580
|issn= 	2375-2548
|doi= 10.1126/sciadv.adi6580
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Jeuland|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Economics of Dams
|first=  Marc
|last=  Jeuland
|journal= [[Oxford Review of Economic Policy]]
|year=2020
|volume= 36
|issue=  1
|pages=45–68
|issn= 0266-903X
|doi= 10.1093/oxrep/grz028
|url= https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-pdf/36/1/45/31709532/grz028.pdf
|access-date= 2 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kakoyannis | 2002}} --&gt;
* {{cite report
|title=Assessing and Evaluating Recreational Uses of Water Resources: Implications for an Integrated Management Framework
|first= Christina 
|last= Kakoyannis
|display-authors=etal
|journal=   PNW-GTR-536
|publisher= [[US Department of Agriculture]]
|year= 2002
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 10.2737/pnw-gtr-536
|url=  https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/4826.pdf
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kayiranga|2024|p=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Anthropogenic activities and the influence of desertification processes on the water cycle and water use in the Aral Sea basin
|first= Alphonse 
|last= Kayiranga 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 51
|issue= 
|article-number =101598
|issn= 2214-5818
|doi= 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101598
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581823002859
|access-date= 9 July 2026
|doi-access= free
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Keijzer|2024}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Threats of Dams to the Persistence of the World's Freshwater Fishes
|first= Tamara 
|last= Keijzer
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  [[Global Change Biology]]
|publisher= [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 30
|issue= 2
|article-number= e17166
|issn= 1365-2486  
|doi= 10.1111/gcb.17166
|url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fgcb.17166
|access-date= 4 July 2026
|hdl= 2066/304250
|hdl-access= free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Krol |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{cite news
 |last=Krol
|first=Debra
|date=September 2, 2024
|title=Largest Dam Removal Project in US: Klamath River Flows Freely
|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/09/02/klamath-river-four-dams-demolished/75044231007/
 |access-date= 22 May 2026
|newspaper=[[USA TODAY]] &lt;!--  |issn=0734-7456 --&gt; 
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kumar|2026}} 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Akosombo-Dam
|title =  Akosombo Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first =  Aman
| last =  Kumar
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 15 June 2026
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lad|2024}}
* {{cite journal
|title=India and the Ganga Waters Treaty: Analysis of the Water Sharing Mechanism
|first= Rahul
|last=  Lad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]]
|publisher = [[SAGE Publications]]
|year=  2024
|volume= 61
|issue= 2
|pages=185–202
|issn= 0020-8817
|doi= 10.1177/00208817241285256
|url= https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00208817241285256
|access-date= 18 May 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Larsen |2021}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dam Builders and Their Works: Beaver Influences on the Structure and Function of River Corridor Hydrology, Geomorphology, Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems
|first=  Annegret
|last=  Larsen
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Earth-Science Reviews]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2021
|volume= 218
|issue= 
|article-number=103623
|issn= 0012-8252
|doi= 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103623
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825221001239
|access-date= 9 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lehner|2011}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=High-Resolution Mapping of the World's Reservoirs and Dams for Sustainable River-Flow Management
|first= Bernhard
|last=  Lehner
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment]]
|publisher= [[Ecological Society of America]]
|year=  2011
|volume= 9
|issue=  9
|pages=494–502
|issn= 1540-9295
|doi= 10.1890/100125
|url= https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/100125
|access-date= 30 April 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lichtenstein |1976 }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last1=Lichtenstein
|first1=Grace
|date=20 January 1976
|title=Edward Abbey, Voice of Southwest Wilds
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/20/archives/edward-abbey-voice-of-southwest-wilds.html
|access-date= 17 May 2026
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
}}
  
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Liu|2010}}
* {{cite journal
|title= Laboratory Test and Numerical Simulation of Time-Dependent Thermomechanical Behavior of the Three-Gorges Dam
|first= Jian
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2010
|volume= 22
|issue= 2
|pages=111-123
|issn= 
|doi=  10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2010)22:2(111)
|url= 
|access-date= 
}} 
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Liu|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Biodiversity Decline of Fish Assemblages After the Impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River Basin, China
|first= Xiongjun
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
|year= 2019
|volume= 29
|issue= 1
|pages=177–195
|issn= 1573-5184
|doi= 10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mácová|2023 }} 
* {{cite journal
|title= How Important for Society Is Recreation Provided by Multi-Purpose Water Reservoirs? Welfare Analysis of the Vltava River Reservoir System
|first= Kateřina 
|last= Mácová
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Water (journal)|Water]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2023
|volume= 15
|issue= 10
|article-number= 1966
|issn= 2073-4441
|doi=  10.3390/w15101966
|doi-access=  free|url= https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/10/1966 
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Marchetti|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
 |last = Marchetti
 |first= Nicolò
 |display-authors=etal
 | title = A Multi-scalar Approach for Assessing the Impact of Dams on the Cultural Heritage in the Middle East and North Africa
 | journal = [[Journal of Cultural Heritage]]
 | publisher = [[Elsevier]]
 | volume = 37
 | pages = 17–28
 | year = 2019
 | issn = 1296-2074
 | doi = 10.1016/j.culher.2018.10.007
 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207418305569
 |  access-date= 26 May 2026
| url-access = subscription
 }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|McSweeney|2023}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title=Rewilding Europe's Rivers with Dam Removal Boosts Biodiversity, Economy
|first=Catherine
|last=McSweeney
 | url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/rivers-biodiversity-dam-removal-award
|date = 1 September 2023
|access-date=22 May 2026
 |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Morison|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|last1=Morison
|first1=Conner A. G.
|display-authors=etal
|author-link2=Catherine Hickson
|title=Mount Garibaldi: Hazard Potential from a Long-Dormant Volcanic System in the Pacific Northwest
|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]
|publisher=[[Canadian Science Publishing]]
|pages=464–484|volume=60
|issue=5
|year=2023
|doi=10.1139/cjes-2022-0067
|issn=0008-4077
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Niranjan|2026  }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/may/21/record-number-of-dams-dismantled-in-europe-in-effort-to-help-wildlife-thrive
|title=Record Number of Dams Dismantled in Europe in Effort to Help Wildlife Thrive
|first=Ajit
|last= Niranjan
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!--  |issn =  1756-3224  --&gt; 
|date= 21 May 2026
|access-date = 22 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Onder|Yilmaz|2005}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Underground Dams: A Tool of Sustainable Development and Management of Ground Resources
|last1=  Onder
 |first1=H.
 |last2=Yilmaz
|first2=M.
|journal= European Water
|publisher= European Water Resources Association
|year=  2005
|volume= 11
|issue=  12
|pages=35–45
|issn=  1105-7580
|doi= 
|url= http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2005_11-12_05.pdf
|access-date= 9 May 2026
}}  Author M. Yilmaz wrote a 2003 Masters thesis with additional detail and history on underground dams.

* {{cite journal
|title=The Return of Large Dams to the Development Agenda: A Post-Development Critique
|first=  Scott W.D.
|last=   Pearse-Smith
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development
|publisher= [[Columbia University Libraries]]
|date =  Feb 2014
|volume= 11
|issue=  11
|pages= 123–131
|issn=  2333-9705
|doi= 
|jstor= 26188733
|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26188733
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ranjan |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite journal
|last=Ranjan
|first=Amit |date=2024
 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Dispute: Implications, Negotiations, And Mediations
|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary African Studies]]
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
 |volume=42
|issue=1 |pages=18–36
|doi=10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|issn=0258-9001
 |url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ritchie|2018}} --&gt;
* {{Cite journal
|last1=Ritchie
|first1=A. C.
|display-authors=etal
|date=2018
|title=Morphodynamic Evolution Following Sediment Release from the World's Largest Dam Removal
|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]
|publisher= [[National Library of Medicine]]
|volume=8
|issue=1
|article-number=13279
|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-30817-8
|doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322
|pmc=6125403
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Ritchie|2025}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Renewable Energy
|first= Hannah
|last= Ritchie
|author-link =Hannah Ritchie
|display-authors=etal
 | url= https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy
|date = 2025
|access-date= 14 June 2026
 |website= [[Our World in Data]]
}}
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Scott|1968}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Farahnaz Pahlavi Dam at Layiyan  
|first= K. F.
|last= Scott
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|publisher= [[Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|year= 1968
|volume= 39
|issue= 3
|pages=353–395
|issn= 1753-7789
|doi= 10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|url= https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Sutor|2018}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last=Sutor
|first = Dave
|title=Johnstown Flood: McCullough's 'Lucky Break' Launched Career
 |url= https://apnews.com/general-news-4f60b21dca89430c9f9e055a3cd7b70a
 |access-date=16 May 2026
|newspaper = [[AP News]]
 |date=March 24, 2018
}}

* {{cite journal
|title=Challenges and Opportunities for the Governance of Hydropower
|first=  Sergio
|last=  Villamayor-Tomas
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Sustainability]]
|publisher= [[Nature Portfolio]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 9
|issue=  5
|pages=653–663
|issn=  2398-9629
|doi= 10.1038/s41893-026-01782-2
|url= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-026-01782-2
|access-date= 25 April 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Vogt|2019}} --&gt; 
* {{cite journal
|title= The Afsluitdijk as a Complex System
|first=   Berber
|last=    Vogt
|journal=  Insight
|publisher= [[International Council on Systems Engineering]]
|year=   2019
|volume=  22
|issue=   1
|pages = 32–36
|issn=   2156-485X
|doi= 10.1002/inst.12235
|url= https://incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/inst.12235
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Watts|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url= https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-material-on-earth
|title=Concrete: the Most Destructive Material on Earth
|first=  Jonathan
|last= Watts
|author-link = Jonathan Watts
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!-- |issn =  1756-3224 --&gt;
|date= 25 February 2019
|access-date = 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Wieland|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite magazine
|title= Comparing Vulnerabilities of CFRDs and ECRDs
|first=   Martin
|last=   Wieland
|magazine=  International Water Power &amp; Dam Construction
|publisher=  [[Wilmington plc]]
|date =   15 September 2023
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn=   0306-400X
|doi= 
|url=  https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/analysis/comparing-vulnerabilities-of-cfrds-and-ecrds-11150911/
|access-date= 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zafarnejad|2009 }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Contribution of Dams to Iran's Desertification
|first= Fatemeh 
|last= Zafarnejad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= International Journal of Environmental Studies
|publisher= [[Routledge]]
|year= 2009
|volume= 66
|issue= 3
|pages=327–341
|issn= 0020-7233
|doi= 10.1080/00207230902798648
|url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207230902798648
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zhang|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Extinction of One of the World's Largest Freshwater Fishes: Lessons for Conserving the Endangered Yangtze Fauna
|first= Hui
|last= Zhang 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science of the Total Environment]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2020
|volume= 710
|issue= 
|article-number= 136242
|issn= 0048-9697
|doi= 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136242
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719362382
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

==== Unknown author ====
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}  --&gt;
&lt;!-- * {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}
  |title= 
  |url= 
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 
  |website = 
  |publisher= 
  }}
 
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite news
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}
  |title=Bombs Away
  |url=    https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/may/06/artsfeatures
  |access-date= 15 May 2026
  |date=   6 May 2003
  |newspaper= [[The Guardian]]
  | issn = 1756-3224
  |publisher= 
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}} --&gt;
*{{Cite news
| ref = {{sfnref|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}}
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10695272
|access-date= 5 May 2026
|publisher=[[BBC News]]
|title=China's Three Gorges Dam Faces Flood Test
|date=20 July 2010
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}
  |title=Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet
  |url=   https://www.greenconcrete.info/downloads/11_ConcreteCO2.pdf
  |access-date= 20 May 2026
  |date=  June 2008
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[National Ready Mixed Concrete Association]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=   https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/dam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Collins English Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[HarperCollins]]
  }}
&lt;!-- 
{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary ''}}
 |year=2001
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic0000unse_t1j9/page/361
|access-date=27 December 2025
 |pages=361
 |isbn=0198604386
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=  https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dam
  |access-date= 22 June 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[Merriam-Webster]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}
 |year=2026
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dam_n1
|access-date=22 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}
  |title=  Dam Failure and Flood Event Case History Compilation
  |url=  https://www.usbr.gov/ssle/damsafety/documents/RCEM-CaseHistories2015.pdf
  |access-date= 12 July 2026
  |date= June 2015
  |website =
  |publisher= [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}
  |title=Dam Inspection and Plan Review (PH21-V-6)
  |url=    https://arlweb.msha.gov/READROOM/HANDBOOK/PH21-V-6.pdf
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 2021
  | series=MSHA Handbook Series
  |website = [[Mine Safety and Health Administration]]
  |publisher=  [[U.S. Department of Labor]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/154.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date= 2011
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}  --&gt;
*  {{cite web
|title=  Geneva Conventions 1949 Protocol I
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}
|url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf
|access-date = 28 May 2026
| website = [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}
  |title= Global Energy Review 2025
  |url= https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2025
  |access-date= 3 July 2026
  |date= 24 March 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher= [[International Energy Agency]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
  |title=Glossary
  |url=    https://www.usbr.gov/library/glossary/#archgravitydam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   2022
  |website = Reclamation Library
  |publisher=   [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}  --&gt;
* {{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}
|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/HRP.Gordon%20Dam.Nomination%20with%20Images.Nov%202000.pdf 
|title=Gordon Dam, Tasmania: Submission for an National Engineering Landmark
 |publisher=[[Engineers Australia]] 
|date=September 2000
 |access-date=2 July 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}
  |title=Grande Dixence
  | url= https://www.grande-dixence.ch/en/the-complex/dams/grande-dixence-78/
  |access-date=  18 May 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Grande Dixence SA]]
  |publisher= 
  }}

* {{ cite web
  | title = Hydraulic Design of Spillways
  | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgsAAAAYAAJ
  | year= 1965
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/science/hydroelectric-power
|title = Hydroelectric Power
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 13 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
|ref={{sfnRef|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation'' }}
|url=https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|title=I-205 Abernethy Bridge
|website=[[Oregon Department of Transportation]]
|access-date=2 October 2025
|archive-date=25 November 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125051041/https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|url-status=live
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Instrumentation of Embankment Dams and Levees: Engineering and Design
  | url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA402883
  | year=  1995
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Integrated Operation of Hydropower Stations and Reservoirs
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/173.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2022
  |isbn=  9780367770051
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Multipurpose Water Storage
  |url=    https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/171.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=   9781003640035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |isbn=978-1-884575-65-5
  |url= https://damfailures.org/sites/default/files/wp-pdf/EQPerfo2_v3.pdf
  |title=Observed Performance of Dams During Earthquakes: Volume III
  |date= 2014
  |publisher=[[United States Society on Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title= Planning and Design of Navigation Locks
  |url= https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-2602.pdf
  |access-date=  3 July 2026
  |date= 30 September 1995
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Regulation of Dam Safety
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/167.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=    9781032456058
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}}
  |title=Research with GDW Data
  |url=     https://www.globaldamwatch.org/our-research
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=     2015
  |website = 
  |publisher= Global Dam Watch
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Three-Gorges-Dam
|title = Three Gorges Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 15 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn| &quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}}
|title=Tracking Barriers and Their Impacts on European River Ecosystems
|date = 8 Feb 2021
|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/european-waters/water-use-and-environmental-pressures/tracking-barriers-and-their-impacts
|access-date=22 May 2026
|publisher= [[European Environment Agency]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=World Register of Dams: General Synthesis
  |url=    https://www.icold-cigb.org/GB/world_register/general_synthesis.asp
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   September 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}  
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/place/Zuiderzee
|title = Zuiderzee
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 5 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--
SAVE THESE &quot;FURTHER READING&quot; SOURCES ... they may be needed if to implement suggestions from revivews (GA, PR, FA).
=== Further reading ===

==== Books ====
* {{ cite book
  | title =The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design, and Construction
  | last = Billington
  |first=  David P.
  |display-authors = etal
  | isbn= 9781493649044
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyoflargefe00bill
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Arch Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Boggs
  |first =  Howard L.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  493–539
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/493
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Spillway Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last =  Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  647–685
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/647
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  704–721
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/704
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988   0442243979
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams
  |last =   Chopra
  |first =  Anil K.
  |pages=  416–465
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/416
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Engineering and Ecological Aspects of Dam Removal: An Overview
  | last = Conyngham
  |first=  J.
  |display-authors= etal
  | date = September 2006
 | isbn=
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA464959
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Engineer Research and Development Center]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Large Dams: Learning from the Past Looking at the Future : Workshop Proceedings, Gland, Switzerland, April 11-12, 1997
  | last = Dorcey
  |first=  A.H.J.
  | isbn= 9780821340288
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/largedamslearnin0000unse
  | year= 1997
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Embankments
  |last =   Duncan
  |first =  James Michael
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  239–255
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/239
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Hydropolitics of Dams: Engineering or Ecosystems?
  | last = Everard
  |first=  M.
  | isbn= 9781780325422
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/hydropoliticsofd0000ever
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Cofferdams
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |pages=  219–238
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/219
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  354–367
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/354
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Recovering a Lost River: Removing Dams, Rewilding Salmon, Revitalizing Communities
  | last = Hawley
  |first=  S.
  | isbn= 9780807004739
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/recoveringlostri00hawl
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Beacon Press]]
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | title = Roman Aqueducts &amp; Water Supply
  | place = London
  | publisher = Duckworth
  | year = 1992
  | isbn = 978-0-7156-2194-3
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | editor-last = Wikander
  | editor-first = Örjan
  | editor-link = Örjan Wikander
  | contribution = Reservoirs and Dams
  | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
  | series = Technology and Change in History
  | volume = 2
  | year = 2000
  | publisher = Brill
  | location = Leiden
  | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3
  | pages = 331–339
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Challenges of Dam Removal and River Restoration
  | editor-last = Jerome
  | editor-first=  De Graff
  | isbn= 9780813741215
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/challengesofdamr0000unse
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Geological Society of America]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power
  | last = Khagram
  |first=  Sanjeev
  | isbn= 9780801442285
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmentt0000sanj
  | year= 2004
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Cornell University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title = Dams
  | last =  Leliavsky
  |first=  Serge
  | isbn= 0412225506
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/dams0000leli
  | year= 1981
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Chapman and Hall]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Deep Water: The Epic Struggle over Dams, Displaced People, and the Environment
  | last = Leslie
  |first=  Jacques
  | isbn= 9780312425562
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/deepwaterepicstr00lesl
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Spillway Design and Construction
  |last =   Lowe III
  |first =  John
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  609–646
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/646
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Tidal Power
  |last =    Nguyen
  |first =   Josef
  |pages= 1247–1249
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofen0004unse_i8j9/page/1247
  | title = Encyclopedia of Energy
 | editor-last = Pierce
  | editor-first=   Morris
  | isbn=    9781587658532
| year=  2012
  | access-date=  5 May 2026
  | publisher= Salem Press
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams: Engineering in a Social and Environmental Context : Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the British Dam Society
  | editor-last = Pepper
  |editor-first=  Andrew
  | isbn= 9780727757999
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsengineeringi0000brit
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[ICE Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk and Mitigation
  | editor-last = Schuster
  | editor-first=   R.L.
  | isbn=  9780872625242
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/landslidedamspro0000unse
  | year= 1986
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |  title=Hydraulics of Dams and Reservoirs
  | last =Şentürk
  |first= Fuat
  | isbn=9780918334800
  |  url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqzZdytUz3gC
  | year=1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=[[Water Resources Publications]]
  }} Also online at [https://archive.org/details/hydraulicsofdams0000sent Internet Archive]

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures
  | last =  Tanchev
  |first=   L.
|edition=2nd
  | isbn=  9780203577059
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsappurtenanth0000tanc
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[CRC Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Development in China
  | last =  Tilt
  |first=  Bryan
  | isbn=  9780231538268
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmenti0000tilt
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovative Solutions in Hydropower Engineering and Civil Engineering
  | last = Wang
  |first=  S.
  |display-authors= etal
  | isbn= 9789819917488
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-63612
  | year= 2023
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dam Foundation Grouting
  | last =Weaver
  |first=  K.D.
  | isbn= 9780872627925
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damfoundationgro0000weav
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =  New Developments in Dam Engineering: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering
  | editor-last = Wieland
  | editor-first=  Martin
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn=    0415362407
  |  url=  https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/handle/123456789/169
  | year=  2004
  | access-date=  4 May 2026
  | publisher=    [[Taylor &amp; Francis|A. A. Balkema{{snd}}Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }} Reprinted in 2014 with {{isbn|9780203020678}}.

==== Unkown author ====

*{{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Between Two Dams&quot;, ''EcoPeace ''}}
|title=Between Two Dams: Degania and Alumot
|publisher=[[EcoPeace Middle East]]
|date= March 2018
 |url= https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Between-Two-Dams.pdf
|access-date= 16 May 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Dams for Hydroelectric Energy
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/163.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=    2021
  |isbn= 9781138492035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =  {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url=https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/175.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2021
  |isbn= 9780367770310
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =   {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Surveillance Guide&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Surveillance Guide
  |url=  https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/158.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2018
  |isbn=  9781138490208
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams: Design, Performance, and Research Needs
  | url= https://archive.org/details/earthquakeengine0000unse
  | isbn=  9780309043366
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[National Academies Press]]
  }}

* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Design Center&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title=Hydroelectric Design Center
  |url=     https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerRegulations/ER_10-1-53.pdf
  |access-date= 12 May 2026
  |date=  2015
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}
--&gt;
{{Geotechnical engineering}}
{{Infrastructure}}
{{Hydropower}}
{{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya:Civil engineering]]
[[Kategorya:Dams| ]]
[[Kategorya:Hydraulic structures]]
[[Kategorya:Infrastructure]]
[[Kategorya:Structural engineering]]
[[en:Dam]]</text>
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=== Embankment dam ===
{{main|Embankment dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Embankment dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Embankment Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 =  A diagram illustrating the cross-section of a typical embankment dam.
 | caption1 = Many [[embankment dam]]s have a clay core and gradually sloping faces both upstream and downstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
&lt;!--  |{{harvnb|Brown|2026|loc=§ &quot;Embankment dams&quot;}}. --&gt;
|{{harvnb|Schnitter|1994|p=168}}.
|{{harvnb|Denny|2010| p= 188}}.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | image2   = &lt;!-- Una foto de la presa.jpg --&gt;  Misogawa Dam road survey.jpg
 | alt2 =  A large rocky dam, with a reservoir behind it, and green hills in the background.
 | caption2 =    [[Misogawa Dam]] in Japan is an [[embankment dam]].
}}
=== Gravity dam ===
{{main|Gravity dam}}
{{multiple image
&lt;!-- | header = [[Buttress dam]] --&gt;
&lt;!-- | width = 160 --&gt;
| title= Gravity dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Gravity Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical gravity dam.
 | caption1 =  A typical [[gravity dam]] has a nearly vertical upstream face, and a broad base.{{sfn|Schnitter|1994|pp=170–172}}{{efn|The &quot;toe&quot; of a dam is the bottom of the downstream face. The &quot;heel&quot; is the bottom of the upstream face.{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
}}
 | image2   = Grande Dixence Staumauer.jpg &lt;!-- Barrage de la Grande-Dixence.jpg --&gt;
 | alt2 =  A massive concrete dam with a reservoir behind it.
 | caption2 = [[Grande Dixence Dam]] in Switzerland is one of the [[List of tallest dams|world's tallest gravity dams]]. The people atop the dam's crest illustrate its size.{{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}&lt;!-- 
{{efn|[[Grande Dixence Dam]] is the world's tallest gravity dam as of 2025.}}
--&gt;
}}

=== Buttress dam ===
{{main|Buttress dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Buttress dams 
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Buttress Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical buttress dam.
 | caption1 = A [[buttress dam]] has an inclined upstream face supported by multiple buttresses.&lt;ref name=Buttress/&gt;
 | image2   = 040523-Latyan-IMG 8656-2.jpg
 | alt2 =   A huge concrete dam with trees at its base.
 | caption2 = About 20 buttresses are visible in this photo of [[Latyan Dam|Latyan buttress dam]] in Iran.{{sfn|Scott|1968|p=353}} 
}}
An '''sagop''' sarong estruktura na nagsasaray tubig o nag'uulang kan bulos o dalihig kaini. An mga sagop klasipikado sa apat na tugmad na klase: [[gravity dam]] iyo an malahiganteng estruktura gibo sa konkreto o semento na nagsasarig sa gabat kaini ngani mabangga an pwersa kan tinambak na tubig; [[embankment dam]] ginigibo sa pagtipon nin kagagapoan, dalipay, baybay, daga, o graba; [[buttress dam]] ginigibo paagi nin anhay, konkretong sementong suportado sa ibabang bulos nin serye nin mga triangular na [[sangki']]; asin an [[arch dam]] nagamit nin binalod na konkretong lanob ngani mapalis an gabat kan tubig sa magkataraid asin nakapalibot na nag'uulang na daga'. 

An mga sagop tuyong ginigibo bilang [[irigasyon]], [[hydropower]], [[kuanan tubig]], [[pagkontrol sa baha]], [[Lista nin isports sa tubig|rekreasyon]], [[inland navigation]], asin [[pagsisira']]. An irigasyon kritikal na aplikasyon nin sagop: mga 20% kan mga dagang tatamnan nin kinaban may patubig naghahale sa mga [[reserba] natipon kan mga sagop. An mga sagop nagmumukna nin pwersa sa tubig (hydropower), nagtatao nin malinig asin danay na pagkukuan elektrisidad, asin nagwawaras nin tubig sa pnagangaipo sa harong asin sa gamit industriyal.&lt;!-- Dams that support flood management reduce downstream water levels to a safe limit.--&gt;

An haloyan nang sagop iyo an [[Jawa Dam (Jordan)|Jawa Dam]] sa modernong [[Jordan]], hinaman kan 3000{{nbsp}}BCE. An [[Hittites|Imperyong Hittite]] nagtugdok magkapirang sagop sa (ngonyan) modernong Turkey pag'ultan nin ika-17 asin ika-19 siglo BCE. Sa kan ika-1 na siglo CE, an [[Imperyong Romano]] naghimong makagibo nin inapod na gravity dams{{snd}} na tipikal igwang patindog na ulang sa pairaya asin pailawod na sapa. Kan [[medieval Europe]], an mga sagop nagdadamot nin tubig pagtaong pwersa sa paitok na ruweda para sa molino asin pagmimina. An proseso nin pagdesenyo nin mga sagop naghihira na kan mga huring panahon nin ika-18ng siglo hale sa impormal na praktis pasiring sa disiplina nin inhenyero nakabatay na syensia. Kan ika-20ng siglo, gibo kan madalian nang makakua nin konkreto asin an pagtunga kan mga makinaryang darakula na pangkonstruksyon, dakulon nang mga proyekto nin mga darakulang sagop an nahahaman sa bilog na ikinaban.&lt;!-- Organized opposition to dam projects emerged in the modern era, focused on environmental and social impacts such as loss of plant and animal habitat, reduced water and sediment flow, degraded landscape aesthetics, submergence of cultural sites, and forced relocation of human populations.--&gt;

An barang-barang na parte kan sagop iyo an balagbag na nagpupugol sa tubig, alagad kadaklan kan mga sagop igwang mga dugang na estruktura na may importanteng pungsyon. Pag an sagop binabagat an bulos nin salog, mga [[Lock (water navigation)|barat]] nakakaag na sa proyekto ngani an mga bapor makalagbas. [[Mga hagahag para sa sira]] ikinakaag man ngani an mga sira makapa-iraya. [[Ulaan]] parati kairiba sa desenyo ta anoman na su'pay o sulwak magbulos sana pailawod ta kun dai, pwedeng magdulot nin pagbabaha sa mga palibot na katatamnan asin estaran. Mga ihian nin sagop kinakaag ngani an deposito mapatete' sa paglinig kan mga natipon na tundag o marokamok.

An sagop pwede man rangkahon asin haleon huli sa magkapirang rason: kun ini nagdadarang peligro sa buhay, kun ini dai naman talaga kaipohan, o ngani maibalik an ruta kan migrasyn nin mga sira, o ngani maparahay an salud kan pailawod na mga sapa paagi kan dagdag na bulos kan marokamok. An mga sagop may okasyon man na nabagsak na naresulta sa makuring pagbaha' asin pagkautas nin buhay. Dakul na prinsipyo sa pagdesenyo nin ligtas na sagop nano'dan huli kaini.&lt;!-- An mga sagop pwedeng magpalya sa dakul na rason: mga linog, dai dusog na kagagapoan sa [[abutment]], tubig na nagtuturo sa laog o sa irarom kan sagop, o an sagop nahuros sa kinatutugmadan kaini. .--&gt;

== Depinisyon asin etemolohiya ==
Sa halakbang na pakasabot, an &quot;sagop&quot; iyo an anoman na estruktura na nagsasaray nin tubig o nag'uulang na dai magkaigwa nin pagbabaha'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}. 
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}. 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|
An ''Oxford English Dictionary'': &quot;Sarong sangki' o bagat nin daga', semento, aibp., na ti9nugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani ulangonan pagdalihig kaini asin  itaas an lebel kaini....; asnoman nakakaagid na knstruksyon ngani matipon an tubig na ini magin sarong danaw-danaw o reserba, o tangani maproteheran an kadagaan sa paglantop kan tubig igdi.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'': &quot;Anoman na ulang sa pagbulos nin tubig o nin mga rogrog na mga solidong materyales (arog kan daga o nyebe)&quot;.{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
}} Sa konteksto nin [[civil engineering]], an katagang &quot;sagop&quot; nagkakahulogan sanang limitado sa mga estrukturang nagsasaray tubiga o itinataas an lebel kan katubigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}. 
|{{harvnb| Denny |2010| p=191}}.
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Examples of definitions in a civil engineering context:
* Bureau of Reclamation: &quot;Sagop. Sarong mulang tinugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani masaray o mapaibang agi kan bulos  nin tubig. Sarong ulang na nagbabangga, nagdidirekta, nagpoapaluya, o nagsasaray sa binulos nin tubig. Parati ini ginigibo balagbag sa sarong sipi o sapa.&quot;  &quot;Sangki'. Sarong natural o gibong-tawo na ulang na nagtatabang na an mga salog dai maglipwas sa saiyang mga kagilidan o pampang.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
* Schnitter: &quot;An mga sagop ginigibo ngani matipon an tubig saka mapadalihig ini ...&quot;.{{sfn| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}
Sa katunayan, an mga sagop igwang duwang malinaw na epekto: An reserba nin tubig, na namukna huli sa pagsagop, ... linalaog kan kadakulan kan ... palaog bulos kan tubig.... [asin] An sagop ilinalangkaw an lebel kan pairayang bulos nin sapa.&quot;{{sfn| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}
An artikulong ini ginagamit an huring depinisyon ta pinupugol saka itinataas an tubig, kaya dai sinasakop an nan mga di-ke asin  mga [[sangki]] sa mga gilid nin salog, asin an [[diversion dam]] na pinapasuki sarong kabtang kan bulos nin salog alagad dai man ilinalangkaw an lebel kan salog.

==Toltolan==
=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===

==== Books ====

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Geology
  |last =   Arnold
  |first =   Arthur B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  106–152
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/106
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Baker|2003|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Beaver (''Castor Canadensis'')
  |last =    Baker
  |first =    B. W.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=   288–310
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/wildmammalsofnor0000unse_f5o3/page/288
  | title = Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics
  | editor-last = Chapman
  | editor-first=  J.A
  | isbn=   9780801874161
  | year= 2003
  | access-date= 8 June 2026
  | publisher=  [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World
  | last = Berlow
  | first=  L.H.
  | isbn= 9780897749664
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto0000berl
  | year= 1998
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Academic]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Blight|Jewell|1998|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
|last1=Blight
|first1=Geoffrey E.
|author-link1 =  Geoffrey Eustace Blight
|last2=Jewell
|first2= Richard J.
|display-authors= etal
|title=Case Studies on Tailings Management
|year=1998
|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]{{snd}}International Council on Metals and the Environment
|isbn=9781895720297
|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_189572029x
 |access-date= 8 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bolt|1988|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Seismology
  |last =   Bolt
  |first =  Bruce A.
  |author-link=Bruce Bolt
  |pages=  153–171
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/153
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Breeze|2014|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Power Generation Technologies
  | last =  Breeze
  | first=  Paul
  | edition = 2nd
  | isbn=  9780080983363
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/powergenerationt0000bree_y7o0
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 20 May 2026
  | publisher= [[George Newnes Ltd]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bunbury  |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Egyptian Nile
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Judith |last1=Bunbury
|display-authors=etal
|pages=43–78
|author-link=Judith Bunbury
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Cao |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book 
|title=River Culture
|chapter=The River/Lake Chief System in China: A New Policy to Improve Environmental Quality in Hydrosystems
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Yixin
|last1=Cao
|display-authors=etal
|pages= 853–874
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Instrumentation
  |last =   Carpenter
  |first =  Lynn R.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  751–776
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/751
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Hydrology
  |last =   Cecilio
  |first =  Catalino B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  60–105
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/60
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Chellaney|2015|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Water, Peace, and War: Confronting the Global Water Crisis
  | last =  Chellaney
  |first=  B.
|author-link = Brahma Chellaney
  | year = 2015
 | isbn=9781442249288
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/waterpeacewarcon0000chel
  | access-date= 16 May 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title=The Nile
 |first1= Robert
 |last1= Collins
| author-link= Robert O. Collins
| isbn=  9780300097641
| year= 2002
 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe
| publisher=  [[Yale University Press]]
| access-date= 16 March 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Corns|1988  |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Gravity Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =  Corns
  |first =  Charles F.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  466–492
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/466
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Cray|2004 |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{cite book
|first=Ed
|last=Cray
|author-link = Ed Cray
|date=2004
|title=Ramblin Man: The Life and Times of Woody Guthrie
|url=https://archive.org/details/ramblinman00edcr
|access-date= 19 May 2026
|publisher= [[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]]
|isbn=9780393047592
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Creager|1917|pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Engineering for Masonry Dams
  | last =  Creager
  |  first=   W.P.
  | lccn=17017759
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/engineeringform02creagoog
  | year=  1917
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[J. Wiley &amp; Sons]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Super Structures: The Science of Bridges, Buildings, Dams, and Other Feats of Engineering
  | last = Denny
  |first=  Mark
  | isbn= 9780801894367
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/superstructuress0000denn
  | year= 2010
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Materials
  |last =   Dolen
  |first =  Timothy P.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  172–218
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/172
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Surveillance
  |last =  Duscha
  |first =  Lloyd A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  777–797
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/777
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Evans|2011|pp=??}} --&gt;
&lt;!--  PReface pp ix-xii covers Eerything;  Chap 1 pp 1-6 Rockslide; Chap 21 pp 519-525 Lava &amp; Volc dams; ch 25(p 595-600) &amp; Ch 26 (p 617-625) Man-made blast-fill dams (? only Russia and Khyrgistan? --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams
| editor-last =  Evans
  | editor-first=   S.G.
  | display-editors=  etal
  | isbn=  9783642047633
  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDK85Mqz_YAC
  | year=  2011
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Geotechnical Engineering of Dams
  | last = Fell
  |first=  Robin
  |display-authors= etal
  |edition = Second
  | isbn= 9781138000087
  |  url=  https://books.google.com/books?id=vpCZBQAAQBAJ
  | year= 2014
  | publisher= [[Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }}   First edition (2005) online in Internet Archive.

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  321–353
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/321
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gerwick|2014|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Bridge Engineering Handbook. Vol 5. Construction and Maintenance
 |edition       = Second
 |first         = Ben
 |last          = Gerwick
 |chapter       = Substructures of Major Overwater Bridges
 |pages         = 137–174
 |editor-last1  = Chen
 |editor-first1 = Wai-Fah
 |editor-last2  = Duan
 |editor-first2 = Lian
 |isbn          = 9781439852330
 |url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=BCeOAgAAQBAJ
 |access-date   = 31 October 2025
 |year          = 2014
 |publisher     = [[CRC Press]]
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gulliver |1991|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Hydropower Engineering Handbook 
 |first         =   John 
 |last          =  Gulliver
 |display-authors=etal
 |isbn          =  9780070251939
 |url           =  https://books.google.com/books?id=CNdSAAAAMAAJ
 |access-date   = 3 July 2026
 |year          =  1991
 |publisher     =  [[McGraw-Hill]]
}}
 
* {{ cite book
  |chapter= Reservoirs
  |last = James
  |first = Laurence
  |pages= 722–750
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/722
  | year= 1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Lessons from Notable Events
  |last =    James
  |first =  Laurence B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  8–59
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/8
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Introduction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |pages=  1–7
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/1
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  256–320
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/256
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Design and Construction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  686–703
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/686
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kitchen|2016|p=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = River Weirs: Design, Maintenance, Modification and Removal
  | last =  Kitchen
  |first=   Amanda
|display-authors=etal
  | isbn=  9780860177784
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/c-763-river-weirs.-design-maintenance-modification-and-removal-web-1
  | year=  2016
  | access-date= 8 May 2026
  | publisher=  Construction Industry Research and Information Association
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Lemperiere|2006|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | chapter = The Role of Dams in the XXI Century to Achieve a Sustainable Development Target
  | pages= 1065–1072
  | first= F.
  | last= Lemperiere
  | display-authors= etal
  | chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirsso0002inte/page/1065
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century
  | volume = 2
  | editor-last = Berga
  | editor-first= Luis
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn= 9781134138500
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  388–408
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/388
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mariano |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book 
|title=River Culture
|chapter= Nature-Human-River Relationships at the Ebro River and its Delta
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1= Mercè
|last1= Mariano
|display-authors=etal
|pages=745–782
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Pelikan|1997|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Fish Bypass Channels
  |last =     Pelikan
  |first =    B.
  |pages=   61–66
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/hydropower97proc0000inte/page/60/mode/2up?q=Pelikan
  | title =   Hydropower '97: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Hydropower
 | editor-last =  Broch
  | editor-first=    E.
  | isbn=     9054108886
| year=   1997
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Design, Safety and Operation of Dams
  | last = Schleiss
  |first=   A.J.
  |display-authors=etal
  | isbn= 9782889149957
  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VP1O0AEACAAJ
  | year= 2022
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =A History of Dams: The Useful Pyramids
  | last = Schnitter
  |first=   N.
  | isbn= 9789054101499
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyofdamsuse0000schn_g8y9
  | year= 1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Concrete Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =  Schrader
  |first =   Ernest K.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  540–577
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/540
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs: Planning and Engineering
  | last = Siddiqui
  |first=  I.H.
  | isbn= 9780195475852
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirspl0000sidd
  | year= 2009
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Smith|1975|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title= Man and Water: A History of Hydro-technology
  | last = Smith
  |first=  Norman
  | isbn= 0684145227
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/manwaterhistory00smit
  | year= 1975
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher= [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Taïbi|2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Senegal River, a Disturbed Lifeline in the Sahel
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Aude
|last1=Taïbi
|display-authors=etal
|pages=79–114
|author-link= 
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dam
  | last = Turpin
  |first=  Trevor
  | isbn= 9781861893284
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/dam0000turp
  | year= 2008
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Reaktion Books]]
  }}

==== Journals, news, and websites ====
&lt;!--
* {{cite journal
|title=
|first= 
|last= 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= 
|publisher= 
|year= 
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 
|url= 
|access-date= 
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{cite journal
|last1=Ayenalem
|first1=Abebe Yirga
|display-authors= etal
|title=Popular Culture and Nile Hydropolitics: Amharic Songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
|journal=International Journal of Water Governance
|publisher = [[Delft University of Technology]]
|date=28 December 2023
|volume=10
|issue=1
|doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359
|doi-access=free
| issn = 2211-4505
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Bellmore|2017|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{Cite journal
|last1=Bellmore
|first1=J. R.
 |display-authors=etal
|year=2017
|orig-year=2016
|title=Status and Trends of Dam Removal Research in the United States
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1164
|journal=[[WIREs Water]]
|publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|access-date= 22 May 2026
|volume=4
|issue=2
|article-number=e1164
|doi=10.1002/wat2.1164
 |issn=2049-1948
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Boulange|2021|loc=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Role of Dams in Reducing Global Flood Exposure Under Climate Change
|first=   Julien
|last=   Boulange
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Communications]]
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=   2021
|volume= 12
|issue= 1
|article-number= 417
|issn= 2041-1723
|doi= 10.1038/s41467-020-20704-0
|doi-access= free|pmc= 7814128
}}

&lt;!-- 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/technology/dam-engineering
|title = Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first = John Guthrie
| last = Brown
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
}}
--&gt;
* {{ cite web
|url =  https://web.itu.edu.tr/~bulu/water_resources_files/lecture_notes_04.pdf
|title =  Water Resources: Lecture Notes IV
|publisher =  [[Istanbul Technical University]]
|year= &lt;!-- unknown --&gt;
| first = Atil
| last =  Bulu
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Chanson |1998|p=? }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Extreme Reservoir Sedimentation in Australia
|first=  Hubert
|last=  Chanson
|journal= International Journal of Sediment Research
|publisher= International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation
|year=  1998
|volume= 13
|issue=  3
|pages= 55–63
|issn=  1001-6279
|doi= 
|url= https://staff.civil.uq.edu.au/h.chanson/reprints/ijrs_98.pdf
|access-date= 8 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Costa|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Local Economic Impacts of Hydroelectric Power Plants: Evidence from Brazil
|first=  Francisco
|last=  Costa
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Economía LACEA Journal]]
|publisher= [[Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  24
|issue=  1
|pages=105–123
|issn= 1533-6239
|doi= 10.31389/eco.466
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|El-Askary|2026}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The World's Largest Saddle Dam at Risk
|first=  Hesham
|last=   El-Askary
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 135
|issue= 
|article-number = 106045
|issn= 2212-4209
|doi= 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106045
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420926000579
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Fowkes|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Mega-Dams In the Hydrologics of the Socialist Anthropocene
|first=  Maja
|last=  Fowkes
|display-authors=etal
|journal= ARTMargins
|publisher=  [[The MIT Press]]
|year= 2025
|volume= 14
|issue=  2
|pages=11–38
|issn=  2162-2574
|doi= 10.1162/artm_a_00411
|url= https://muse.jhu.edu/article/973802.
|access-date= 21 May 2026
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn| Ghiasi | 2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title = Estimating the Volume of Evaporation from the Main Dams of Iran
|first=   Behzad 
|last=   Ghiasi 
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  Results in Engineering
|publisher=  [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  27
|issue=  
|article-number= 107057
|issn=  2590-1230
|doi=  10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107057
|url=  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025031135
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|doi-access=  free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Graves | 2016}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Buhen: A Site Submerged
|first= Carl
|last= Graves
 | url= https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/buhen--a-site-submerged.html
|date =  29 Aug 2016
|access-date=29 May 2026
 |website =  [[Egypt Exploration Society]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Gyau-Boakye|2001}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Environmental Impacts of the Akosombo Dam and Effects of Climate Change on the Lake Levels
|first=  P.
|last=   Gyau-Boakye
|journal= Environment, Development and Sustainability
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=  2001
|volume= 3
|issue=  1
|pages= 17–29
|issn= 1573-2975
|doi= 10.1023/A:1011402116047
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011402116047
|access-date= 14 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Horn|2014}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|title=Patagonia's New Line of Activism Is Documentary 'DamNation'
|first= John
|last=  Horn
|newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] &lt;!--  |issn =  2165-1736 --&gt;
|publisher= 
|date=  1 May 2014
|url= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-backstage-hollywood-patagonia-damnation-20140501-story.html
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Huang|2024}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dams Trigger Exponential Population Declines of Migratory Fish
|first= Zhenli 
|last= Huang
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science Advances]]
|publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 10
|issue= 19
|article-number=eadi6580
|issn= 	2375-2548
|doi= 10.1126/sciadv.adi6580
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Jeuland|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Economics of Dams
|first=  Marc
|last=  Jeuland
|journal= [[Oxford Review of Economic Policy]]
|year=2020
|volume= 36
|issue=  1
|pages=45–68
|issn= 0266-903X
|doi= 10.1093/oxrep/grz028
|url= https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-pdf/36/1/45/31709532/grz028.pdf
|access-date= 2 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kakoyannis | 2002}} --&gt;
* {{cite report
|title=Assessing and Evaluating Recreational Uses of Water Resources: Implications for an Integrated Management Framework
|first= Christina 
|last= Kakoyannis
|display-authors=etal
|journal=   PNW-GTR-536
|publisher= [[US Department of Agriculture]]
|year= 2002
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 10.2737/pnw-gtr-536
|url=  https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/4826.pdf
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kayiranga|2024|p=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Anthropogenic activities and the influence of desertification processes on the water cycle and water use in the Aral Sea basin
|first= Alphonse 
|last= Kayiranga 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 51
|issue= 
|article-number =101598
|issn= 2214-5818
|doi= 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101598
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581823002859
|access-date= 9 July 2026
|doi-access= free
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Keijzer|2024}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Threats of Dams to the Persistence of the World's Freshwater Fishes
|first= Tamara 
|last= Keijzer
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  [[Global Change Biology]]
|publisher= [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 30
|issue= 2
|article-number= e17166
|issn= 1365-2486  
|doi= 10.1111/gcb.17166
|url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fgcb.17166
|access-date= 4 July 2026
|hdl= 2066/304250
|hdl-access= free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Krol |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{cite news
 |last=Krol
|first=Debra
|date=September 2, 2024
|title=Largest Dam Removal Project in US: Klamath River Flows Freely
|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/09/02/klamath-river-four-dams-demolished/75044231007/
 |access-date= 22 May 2026
|newspaper=[[USA TODAY]] &lt;!--  |issn=0734-7456 --&gt; 
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kumar|2026}} 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Akosombo-Dam
|title =  Akosombo Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first =  Aman
| last =  Kumar
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 15 June 2026
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lad|2024}}
* {{cite journal
|title=India and the Ganga Waters Treaty: Analysis of the Water Sharing Mechanism
|first= Rahul
|last=  Lad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]]
|publisher = [[SAGE Publications]]
|year=  2024
|volume= 61
|issue= 2
|pages=185–202
|issn= 0020-8817
|doi= 10.1177/00208817241285256
|url= https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00208817241285256
|access-date= 18 May 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Larsen |2021}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dam Builders and Their Works: Beaver Influences on the Structure and Function of River Corridor Hydrology, Geomorphology, Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems
|first=  Annegret
|last=  Larsen
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Earth-Science Reviews]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2021
|volume= 218
|issue= 
|article-number=103623
|issn= 0012-8252
|doi= 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103623
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825221001239
|access-date= 9 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lehner|2011}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=High-Resolution Mapping of the World's Reservoirs and Dams for Sustainable River-Flow Management
|first= Bernhard
|last=  Lehner
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment]]
|publisher= [[Ecological Society of America]]
|year=  2011
|volume= 9
|issue=  9
|pages=494–502
|issn= 1540-9295
|doi= 10.1890/100125
|url= https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/100125
|access-date= 30 April 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lichtenstein |1976 }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last1=Lichtenstein
|first1=Grace
|date=20 January 1976
|title=Edward Abbey, Voice of Southwest Wilds
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/20/archives/edward-abbey-voice-of-southwest-wilds.html
|access-date= 17 May 2026
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
}}
  
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Liu|2010}}
* {{cite journal
|title= Laboratory Test and Numerical Simulation of Time-Dependent Thermomechanical Behavior of the Three-Gorges Dam
|first= Jian
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2010
|volume= 22
|issue= 2
|pages=111-123
|issn= 
|doi=  10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2010)22:2(111)
|url= 
|access-date= 
}} 
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Liu|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Biodiversity Decline of Fish Assemblages After the Impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River Basin, China
|first= Xiongjun
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
|year= 2019
|volume= 29
|issue= 1
|pages=177–195
|issn= 1573-5184
|doi= 10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mácová|2023 }} 
* {{cite journal
|title= How Important for Society Is Recreation Provided by Multi-Purpose Water Reservoirs? Welfare Analysis of the Vltava River Reservoir System
|first= Kateřina 
|last= Mácová
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Water (journal)|Water]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2023
|volume= 15
|issue= 10
|article-number= 1966
|issn= 2073-4441
|doi=  10.3390/w15101966
|doi-access=  free|url= https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/10/1966 
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Marchetti|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
 |last = Marchetti
 |first= Nicolò
 |display-authors=etal
 | title = A Multi-scalar Approach for Assessing the Impact of Dams on the Cultural Heritage in the Middle East and North Africa
 | journal = [[Journal of Cultural Heritage]]
 | publisher = [[Elsevier]]
 | volume = 37
 | pages = 17–28
 | year = 2019
 | issn = 1296-2074
 | doi = 10.1016/j.culher.2018.10.007
 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207418305569
 |  access-date= 26 May 2026
| url-access = subscription
 }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|McSweeney|2023}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title=Rewilding Europe's Rivers with Dam Removal Boosts Biodiversity, Economy
|first=Catherine
|last=McSweeney
 | url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/rivers-biodiversity-dam-removal-award
|date = 1 September 2023
|access-date=22 May 2026
 |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Morison|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|last1=Morison
|first1=Conner A. G.
|display-authors=etal
|author-link2=Catherine Hickson
|title=Mount Garibaldi: Hazard Potential from a Long-Dormant Volcanic System in the Pacific Northwest
|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]
|publisher=[[Canadian Science Publishing]]
|pages=464–484|volume=60
|issue=5
|year=2023
|doi=10.1139/cjes-2022-0067
|issn=0008-4077
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Niranjan|2026  }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/may/21/record-number-of-dams-dismantled-in-europe-in-effort-to-help-wildlife-thrive
|title=Record Number of Dams Dismantled in Europe in Effort to Help Wildlife Thrive
|first=Ajit
|last= Niranjan
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!--  |issn =  1756-3224  --&gt; 
|date= 21 May 2026
|access-date = 22 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Onder|Yilmaz|2005}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Underground Dams: A Tool of Sustainable Development and Management of Ground Resources
|last1=  Onder
 |first1=H.
 |last2=Yilmaz
|first2=M.
|journal= European Water
|publisher= European Water Resources Association
|year=  2005
|volume= 11
|issue=  12
|pages=35–45
|issn=  1105-7580
|doi= 
|url= http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2005_11-12_05.pdf
|access-date= 9 May 2026
}}  Author M. Yilmaz wrote a 2003 Masters thesis with additional detail and history on underground dams.

* {{cite journal
|title=The Return of Large Dams to the Development Agenda: A Post-Development Critique
|first=  Scott W.D.
|last=   Pearse-Smith
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development
|publisher= [[Columbia University Libraries]]
|date =  Feb 2014
|volume= 11
|issue=  11
|pages= 123–131
|issn=  2333-9705
|doi= 
|jstor= 26188733
|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26188733
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ranjan |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite journal
|last=Ranjan
|first=Amit |date=2024
 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Dispute: Implications, Negotiations, And Mediations
|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary African Studies]]
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
 |volume=42
|issue=1 |pages=18–36
|doi=10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|issn=0258-9001
 |url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ritchie|2018}} --&gt;
* {{Cite journal
|last1=Ritchie
|first1=A. C.
|display-authors=etal
|date=2018
|title=Morphodynamic Evolution Following Sediment Release from the World's Largest Dam Removal
|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]
|publisher= [[National Library of Medicine]]
|volume=8
|issue=1
|article-number=13279
|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-30817-8
|doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322
|pmc=6125403
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Ritchie|2025}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Renewable Energy
|first= Hannah
|last= Ritchie
|author-link =Hannah Ritchie
|display-authors=etal
 | url= https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy
|date = 2025
|access-date= 14 June 2026
 |website= [[Our World in Data]]
}}
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Scott|1968}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Farahnaz Pahlavi Dam at Layiyan  
|first= K. F.
|last= Scott
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|publisher= [[Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|year= 1968
|volume= 39
|issue= 3
|pages=353–395
|issn= 1753-7789
|doi= 10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|url= https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Sutor|2018}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last=Sutor
|first = Dave
|title=Johnstown Flood: McCullough's 'Lucky Break' Launched Career
 |url= https://apnews.com/general-news-4f60b21dca89430c9f9e055a3cd7b70a
 |access-date=16 May 2026
|newspaper = [[AP News]]
 |date=March 24, 2018
}}

* {{cite journal
|title=Challenges and Opportunities for the Governance of Hydropower
|first=  Sergio
|last=  Villamayor-Tomas
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Sustainability]]
|publisher= [[Nature Portfolio]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 9
|issue=  5
|pages=653–663
|issn=  2398-9629
|doi= 10.1038/s41893-026-01782-2
|url= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-026-01782-2
|access-date= 25 April 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Vogt|2019}} --&gt; 
* {{cite journal
|title= The Afsluitdijk as a Complex System
|first=   Berber
|last=    Vogt
|journal=  Insight
|publisher= [[International Council on Systems Engineering]]
|year=   2019
|volume=  22
|issue=   1
|pages = 32–36
|issn=   2156-485X
|doi= 10.1002/inst.12235
|url= https://incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/inst.12235
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Watts|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url= https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-material-on-earth
|title=Concrete: the Most Destructive Material on Earth
|first=  Jonathan
|last= Watts
|author-link = Jonathan Watts
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!-- |issn =  1756-3224 --&gt;
|date= 25 February 2019
|access-date = 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Wieland|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite magazine
|title= Comparing Vulnerabilities of CFRDs and ECRDs
|first=   Martin
|last=   Wieland
|magazine=  International Water Power &amp; Dam Construction
|publisher=  [[Wilmington plc]]
|date =   15 September 2023
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn=   0306-400X
|doi= 
|url=  https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/analysis/comparing-vulnerabilities-of-cfrds-and-ecrds-11150911/
|access-date= 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zafarnejad|2009 }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Contribution of Dams to Iran's Desertification
|first= Fatemeh 
|last= Zafarnejad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= International Journal of Environmental Studies
|publisher= [[Routledge]]
|year= 2009
|volume= 66
|issue= 3
|pages=327–341
|issn= 0020-7233
|doi= 10.1080/00207230902798648
|url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207230902798648
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zhang|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Extinction of One of the World's Largest Freshwater Fishes: Lessons for Conserving the Endangered Yangtze Fauna
|first= Hui
|last= Zhang 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science of the Total Environment]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2020
|volume= 710
|issue= 
|article-number= 136242
|issn= 0048-9697
|doi= 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136242
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719362382
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

==== Unknown author ====
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}  --&gt;
&lt;!-- * {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}
  |title= 
  |url= 
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 
  |website = 
  |publisher= 
  }}
 
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite news
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}
  |title=Bombs Away
  |url=    https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/may/06/artsfeatures
  |access-date= 15 May 2026
  |date=   6 May 2003
  |newspaper= [[The Guardian]]
  | issn = 1756-3224
  |publisher= 
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}} --&gt;
*{{Cite news
| ref = {{sfnref|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}}
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10695272
|access-date= 5 May 2026
|publisher=[[BBC News]]
|title=China's Three Gorges Dam Faces Flood Test
|date=20 July 2010
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}
  |title=Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet
  |url=   https://www.greenconcrete.info/downloads/11_ConcreteCO2.pdf
  |access-date= 20 May 2026
  |date=  June 2008
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[National Ready Mixed Concrete Association]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=   https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/dam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Collins English Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[HarperCollins]]
  }}
&lt;!-- 
{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary ''}}
 |year=2001
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic0000unse_t1j9/page/361
|access-date=27 December 2025
 |pages=361
 |isbn=0198604386
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=  https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dam
  |access-date= 22 June 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[Merriam-Webster]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}
 |year=2026
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dam_n1
|access-date=22 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}
  |title=  Dam Failure and Flood Event Case History Compilation
  |url=  https://www.usbr.gov/ssle/damsafety/documents/RCEM-CaseHistories2015.pdf
  |access-date= 12 July 2026
  |date= June 2015
  |website =
  |publisher= [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}
  |title=Dam Inspection and Plan Review (PH21-V-6)
  |url=    https://arlweb.msha.gov/READROOM/HANDBOOK/PH21-V-6.pdf
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 2021
  | series=MSHA Handbook Series
  |website = [[Mine Safety and Health Administration]]
  |publisher=  [[U.S. Department of Labor]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/154.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date= 2011
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}  --&gt;
*  {{cite web
|title=  Geneva Conventions 1949 Protocol I
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}
|url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf
|access-date = 28 May 2026
| website = [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}
  |title= Global Energy Review 2025
  |url= https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2025
  |access-date= 3 July 2026
  |date= 24 March 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher= [[International Energy Agency]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
  |title=Glossary
  |url=    https://www.usbr.gov/library/glossary/#archgravitydam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   2022
  |website = Reclamation Library
  |publisher=   [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}  --&gt;
* {{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}
|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/HRP.Gordon%20Dam.Nomination%20with%20Images.Nov%202000.pdf 
|title=Gordon Dam, Tasmania: Submission for an National Engineering Landmark
 |publisher=[[Engineers Australia]] 
|date=September 2000
 |access-date=2 July 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}
  |title=Grande Dixence
  | url= https://www.grande-dixence.ch/en/the-complex/dams/grande-dixence-78/
  |access-date=  18 May 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Grande Dixence SA]]
  |publisher= 
  }}

* {{ cite web
  | title = Hydraulic Design of Spillways
  | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgsAAAAYAAJ
  | year= 1965
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/science/hydroelectric-power
|title = Hydroelectric Power
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 13 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
|ref={{sfnRef|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation'' }}
|url=https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|title=I-205 Abernethy Bridge
|website=[[Oregon Department of Transportation]]
|access-date=2 October 2025
|archive-date=25 November 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125051041/https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|url-status=live
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Instrumentation of Embankment Dams and Levees: Engineering and Design
  | url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA402883
  | year=  1995
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Integrated Operation of Hydropower Stations and Reservoirs
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/173.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2022
  |isbn=  9780367770051
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Multipurpose Water Storage
  |url=    https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/171.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=   9781003640035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |isbn=978-1-884575-65-5
  |url= https://damfailures.org/sites/default/files/wp-pdf/EQPerfo2_v3.pdf
  |title=Observed Performance of Dams During Earthquakes: Volume III
  |date= 2014
  |publisher=[[United States Society on Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title= Planning and Design of Navigation Locks
  |url= https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-2602.pdf
  |access-date=  3 July 2026
  |date= 30 September 1995
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Regulation of Dam Safety
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/167.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=    9781032456058
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}}
  |title=Research with GDW Data
  |url=     https://www.globaldamwatch.org/our-research
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=     2015
  |website = 
  |publisher= Global Dam Watch
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Three-Gorges-Dam
|title = Three Gorges Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 15 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn| &quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}}
|title=Tracking Barriers and Their Impacts on European River Ecosystems
|date = 8 Feb 2021
|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/european-waters/water-use-and-environmental-pressures/tracking-barriers-and-their-impacts
|access-date=22 May 2026
|publisher= [[European Environment Agency]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=World Register of Dams: General Synthesis
  |url=    https://www.icold-cigb.org/GB/world_register/general_synthesis.asp
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   September 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}  
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/place/Zuiderzee
|title = Zuiderzee
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 5 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--
SAVE THESE &quot;FURTHER READING&quot; SOURCES ... they may be needed if to implement suggestions from revivews (GA, PR, FA).
=== Further reading ===

==== Books ====
* {{ cite book
  | title =The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design, and Construction
  | last = Billington
  |first=  David P.
  |display-authors = etal
  | isbn= 9781493649044
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyoflargefe00bill
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Arch Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Boggs
  |first =  Howard L.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  493–539
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/493
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Spillway Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last =  Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  647–685
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/647
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  704–721
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/704
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988   0442243979
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams
  |last =   Chopra
  |first =  Anil K.
  |pages=  416–465
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/416
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Engineering and Ecological Aspects of Dam Removal: An Overview
  | last = Conyngham
  |first=  J.
  |display-authors= etal
  | date = September 2006
 | isbn=
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA464959
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Engineer Research and Development Center]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Large Dams: Learning from the Past Looking at the Future : Workshop Proceedings, Gland, Switzerland, April 11-12, 1997
  | last = Dorcey
  |first=  A.H.J.
  | isbn= 9780821340288
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/largedamslearnin0000unse
  | year= 1997
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Embankments
  |last =   Duncan
  |first =  James Michael
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  239–255
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/239
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Hydropolitics of Dams: Engineering or Ecosystems?
  | last = Everard
  |first=  M.
  | isbn= 9781780325422
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/hydropoliticsofd0000ever
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Cofferdams
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |pages=  219–238
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/219
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  354–367
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/354
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Recovering a Lost River: Removing Dams, Rewilding Salmon, Revitalizing Communities
  | last = Hawley
  |first=  S.
  | isbn= 9780807004739
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/recoveringlostri00hawl
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Beacon Press]]
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | title = Roman Aqueducts &amp; Water Supply
  | place = London
  | publisher = Duckworth
  | year = 1992
  | isbn = 978-0-7156-2194-3
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | editor-last = Wikander
  | editor-first = Örjan
  | editor-link = Örjan Wikander
  | contribution = Reservoirs and Dams
  | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
  | series = Technology and Change in History
  | volume = 2
  | year = 2000
  | publisher = Brill
  | location = Leiden
  | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3
  | pages = 331–339
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Challenges of Dam Removal and River Restoration
  | editor-last = Jerome
  | editor-first=  De Graff
  | isbn= 9780813741215
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/challengesofdamr0000unse
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Geological Society of America]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power
  | last = Khagram
  |first=  Sanjeev
  | isbn= 9780801442285
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmentt0000sanj
  | year= 2004
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Cornell University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title = Dams
  | last =  Leliavsky
  |first=  Serge
  | isbn= 0412225506
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/dams0000leli
  | year= 1981
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Chapman and Hall]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Deep Water: The Epic Struggle over Dams, Displaced People, and the Environment
  | last = Leslie
  |first=  Jacques
  | isbn= 9780312425562
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/deepwaterepicstr00lesl
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Spillway Design and Construction
  |last =   Lowe III
  |first =  John
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  609–646
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/646
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Tidal Power
  |last =    Nguyen
  |first =   Josef
  |pages= 1247–1249
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofen0004unse_i8j9/page/1247
  | title = Encyclopedia of Energy
 | editor-last = Pierce
  | editor-first=   Morris
  | isbn=    9781587658532
| year=  2012
  | access-date=  5 May 2026
  | publisher= Salem Press
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams: Engineering in a Social and Environmental Context : Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the British Dam Society
  | editor-last = Pepper
  |editor-first=  Andrew
  | isbn= 9780727757999
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsengineeringi0000brit
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[ICE Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk and Mitigation
  | editor-last = Schuster
  | editor-first=   R.L.
  | isbn=  9780872625242
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/landslidedamspro0000unse
  | year= 1986
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |  title=Hydraulics of Dams and Reservoirs
  | last =Şentürk
  |first= Fuat
  | isbn=9780918334800
  |  url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqzZdytUz3gC
  | year=1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=[[Water Resources Publications]]
  }} Also online at [https://archive.org/details/hydraulicsofdams0000sent Internet Archive]

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures
  | last =  Tanchev
  |first=   L.
|edition=2nd
  | isbn=  9780203577059
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsappurtenanth0000tanc
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[CRC Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Development in China
  | last =  Tilt
  |first=  Bryan
  | isbn=  9780231538268
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmenti0000tilt
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovative Solutions in Hydropower Engineering and Civil Engineering
  | last = Wang
  |first=  S.
  |display-authors= etal
  | isbn= 9789819917488
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-63612
  | year= 2023
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dam Foundation Grouting
  | last =Weaver
  |first=  K.D.
  | isbn= 9780872627925
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damfoundationgro0000weav
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =  New Developments in Dam Engineering: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering
  | editor-last = Wieland
  | editor-first=  Martin
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn=    0415362407
  |  url=  https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/handle/123456789/169
  | year=  2004
  | access-date=  4 May 2026
  | publisher=    [[Taylor &amp; Francis|A. A. Balkema{{snd}}Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }} Reprinted in 2014 with {{isbn|9780203020678}}.

==== Unkown author ====

*{{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Between Two Dams&quot;, ''EcoPeace ''}}
|title=Between Two Dams: Degania and Alumot
|publisher=[[EcoPeace Middle East]]
|date= March 2018
 |url= https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Between-Two-Dams.pdf
|access-date= 16 May 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Dams for Hydroelectric Energy
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/163.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=    2021
  |isbn= 9781138492035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =  {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url=https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/175.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2021
  |isbn= 9780367770310
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =   {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Surveillance Guide&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Surveillance Guide
  |url=  https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/158.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2018
  |isbn=  9781138490208
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams: Design, Performance, and Research Needs
  | url= https://archive.org/details/earthquakeengine0000unse
  | isbn=  9780309043366
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[National Academies Press]]
  }}

* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Design Center&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title=Hydroelectric Design Center
  |url=     https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerRegulations/ER_10-1-53.pdf
  |access-date= 12 May 2026
  |date=  2015
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}
--&gt;
{{Geotechnical engineering}}
{{Infrastructure}}
{{Hydropower}}
{{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya:Civil engineering]]
[[Kategorya:Dams| ]]
[[Kategorya:Hydraulic structures]]
[[Kategorya:Infrastructure]]
[[Kategorya:Structural engineering]]
[[en:Dam]]</text>
      <sha1>82b602j2pkwvejqd7sntfcuz70uln1c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311139</id>
      <parentid>311138</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T15:57:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depinisyon asin etemolohiya */</comment>
      <origin>311139</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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=== Embankment dam ===
{{main|Embankment dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Embankment dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Embankment Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 =  A diagram illustrating the cross-section of a typical embankment dam.
 | caption1 = Many [[embankment dam]]s have a clay core and gradually sloping faces both upstream and downstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
&lt;!--  |{{harvnb|Brown|2026|loc=§ &quot;Embankment dams&quot;}}. --&gt;
|{{harvnb|Schnitter|1994|p=168}}.
|{{harvnb|Denny|2010| p= 188}}.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | image2   = &lt;!-- Una foto de la presa.jpg --&gt;  Misogawa Dam road survey.jpg
 | alt2 =  A large rocky dam, with a reservoir behind it, and green hills in the background.
 | caption2 =    [[Misogawa Dam]] in Japan is an [[embankment dam]].
}}
=== Gravity dam ===
{{main|Gravity dam}}
{{multiple image
&lt;!-- | header = [[Buttress dam]] --&gt;
&lt;!-- | width = 160 --&gt;
| title= Gravity dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Gravity Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical gravity dam.
 | caption1 =  A typical [[gravity dam]] has a nearly vertical upstream face, and a broad base.{{sfn|Schnitter|1994|pp=170–172}}{{efn|The &quot;toe&quot; of a dam is the bottom of the downstream face. The &quot;heel&quot; is the bottom of the upstream face.{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
}}
 | image2   = Grande Dixence Staumauer.jpg &lt;!-- Barrage de la Grande-Dixence.jpg --&gt;
 | alt2 =  A massive concrete dam with a reservoir behind it.
 | caption2 = [[Grande Dixence Dam]] in Switzerland is one of the [[List of tallest dams|world's tallest gravity dams]]. The people atop the dam's crest illustrate its size.{{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}&lt;!-- 
{{efn|[[Grande Dixence Dam]] is the world's tallest gravity dam as of 2025.}}
--&gt;
}}

=== Buttress dam ===
{{main|Buttress dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Buttress dams 
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Buttress Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical buttress dam.
 | caption1 = A [[buttress dam]] has an inclined upstream face supported by multiple buttresses.&lt;ref name=Buttress/&gt;
 | image2   = 040523-Latyan-IMG 8656-2.jpg
 | alt2 =   A huge concrete dam with trees at its base.
 | caption2 = About 20 buttresses are visible in this photo of [[Latyan Dam|Latyan buttress dam]] in Iran.{{sfn|Scott|1968|p=353}} 
}}
An '''sagop''' sarong estruktura na nagsasaray tubig o nag'uulang kan bulos o dalihig kaini. An mga sagop klasipikado sa apat na tugmad na klase: [[gravity dam]] iyo an malahiganteng estruktura gibo sa konkreto o semento na nagsasarig sa gabat kaini ngani mabangga an pwersa kan tinambak na tubig; [[embankment dam]] ginigibo sa pagtipon nin kagagapoan, dalipay, baybay, daga, o graba; [[buttress dam]] ginigibo paagi nin anhay, konkretong sementong suportado sa ibabang bulos nin serye nin mga triangular na [[sangki']]; asin an [[arch dam]] nagamit nin binalod na konkretong lanob ngani mapalis an gabat kan tubig sa magkataraid asin nakapalibot na nag'uulang na daga'. 

An mga sagop tuyong ginigibo bilang [[irigasyon]], [[hydropower]], [[kuanan tubig]], [[pagkontrol sa baha]], [[Lista nin isports sa tubig|rekreasyon]], [[inland navigation]], asin [[pagsisira']]. An irigasyon kritikal na aplikasyon nin sagop: mga 20% kan mga dagang tatamnan nin kinaban may patubig naghahale sa mga [[reserba] natipon kan mga sagop. An mga sagop nagmumukna nin pwersa sa tubig (hydropower), nagtatao nin malinig asin danay na pagkukuan elektrisidad, asin nagwawaras nin tubig sa pnagangaipo sa harong asin sa gamit industriyal.&lt;!-- Dams that support flood management reduce downstream water levels to a safe limit.--&gt;

An haloyan nang sagop iyo an [[Jawa Dam (Jordan)|Jawa Dam]] sa modernong [[Jordan]], hinaman kan 3000{{nbsp}}BCE. An [[Hittites|Imperyong Hittite]] nagtugdok magkapirang sagop sa (ngonyan) modernong Turkey pag'ultan nin ika-17 asin ika-19 siglo BCE. Sa kan ika-1 na siglo CE, an [[Imperyong Romano]] naghimong makagibo nin inapod na gravity dams{{snd}} na tipikal igwang patindog na ulang sa pairaya asin pailawod na sapa. Kan [[medieval Europe]], an mga sagop nagdadamot nin tubig pagtaong pwersa sa paitok na ruweda para sa molino asin pagmimina. An proseso nin pagdesenyo nin mga sagop naghihira na kan mga huring panahon nin ika-18ng siglo hale sa impormal na praktis pasiring sa disiplina nin inhenyero nakabatay na syensia. Kan ika-20ng siglo, gibo kan madalian nang makakua nin konkreto asin an pagtunga kan mga makinaryang darakula na pangkonstruksyon, dakulon nang mga proyekto nin mga darakulang sagop an nahahaman sa bilog na ikinaban.&lt;!-- Organized opposition to dam projects emerged in the modern era, focused on environmental and social impacts such as loss of plant and animal habitat, reduced water and sediment flow, degraded landscape aesthetics, submergence of cultural sites, and forced relocation of human populations.--&gt;

An barang-barang na parte kan sagop iyo an balagbag na nagpupugol sa tubig, alagad kadaklan kan mga sagop igwang mga dugang na estruktura na may importanteng pungsyon. Pag an sagop binabagat an bulos nin salog, mga [[Lock (water navigation)|barat]] nakakaag na sa proyekto ngani an mga bapor makalagbas. [[Mga hagahag para sa sira]] ikinakaag man ngani an mga sira makapa-iraya. [[Ulaan]] parati kairiba sa desenyo ta anoman na su'pay o sulwak magbulos sana pailawod ta kun dai, pwedeng magdulot nin pagbabaha sa mga palibot na katatamnan asin estaran. Mga ihian nin sagop kinakaag ngani an deposito mapatete' sa paglinig kan mga natipon na tundag o marokamok.

An sagop pwede man rangkahon asin haleon huli sa magkapirang rason: kun ini nagdadarang peligro sa buhay, kun ini dai naman talaga kaipohan, o ngani maibalik an ruta kan migrasyn nin mga sira, o ngani maparahay an salud kan pailawod na mga sapa paagi kan dagdag na bulos kan marokamok. An mga sagop may okasyon man na nabagsak na naresulta sa makuring pagbaha' asin pagkautas nin buhay. Dakul na prinsipyo sa pagdesenyo nin ligtas na sagop nano'dan huli kaini.&lt;!-- An mga sagop pwedeng magpalya sa dakul na rason: mga linog, dai dusog na kagagapoan sa [[abutment]], tubig na nagtuturo sa laog o sa irarom kan sagop, o an sagop nahuros sa kinatutugmadan kaini. .--&gt;

== Depinisyon asin etimolohiya ==
Sa halakbang na pakasabot, an &quot;sagop&quot; iyo an anoman na estruktura na nagsasaray nin tubig o nag'uulang na dai magkaigwa nin pagbabaha'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}. 
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}. 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|
An ''Oxford English Dictionary'': &quot;Sarong sangki' o bagat nin daga', semento, aibp., na ti9nugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani ulangonan pagdalihig kaini asin  itaas an lebel kaini....; asnoman nakakaagid na knstruksyon ngani matipon an tubig na ini magin sarong danaw-danaw o reserba, o tangani maproteheran an kadagaan sa paglantop kan tubig igdi.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'': &quot;Anoman na ulang sa pagbulos nin tubig o nin mga rogrog na mga solidong materyales (arog kan daga o nyebe)&quot;.{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
}} Sa konteksto nin [[civil engineering]], an katagang &quot;sagop&quot; nagkakahulogan sanang limitado sa mga estrukturang nagsasaray tubiga o itinataas an lebel kan katubigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}. 
|{{harvnb| Denny |2010| p=191}}.
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Examples of definitions in a civil engineering context:
* Bureau of Reclamation: &quot;Sagop. Sarong mulang tinugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani masaray o mapaibang agi kan bulos  nin tubig. Sarong ulang na nagbabangga, nagdidirekta, nagpoapaluya, o nagsasaray sa binulos nin tubig. Parati ini ginigibo balagbag sa sarong sipi o sapa.&quot;  &quot;Sangki'. Sarong natural o gibong-tawo na ulang na nagtatabang na an mga salog dai maglipwas sa saiyang mga kagilidan o pampang.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
* Schnitter: &quot;An mga sagop ginigibo ngani matipon an tubig saka mapadalihig ini ...&quot;.{{sfn| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}
Sa katunayan, an mga sagop igwang duwang malinaw na epekto: An reserba nin tubig, na namukna huli sa pagsagop, ... linalaog kan kadakulan kan ... palaog bulos kan tubig.... [asin] An sagop ilinalangkaw an lebel kan pairayang bulos nin sapa.&quot;{{sfn| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}
An artikulong ini ginagamit an huring depinisyon ta pinupugol saka itinataas an tubig, kaya dai sinasakop an nan mga di-ke asin  mga [[sangki]] sa mga gilid nin salog, asin an [[diversion dam]] na pinapasuki sarong kabtang kan bulos nin salog alagad dai man ilinalangkaw an lebel kan salog.

==Toltolan==
=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===

==== Books ====

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Geology
  |last =   Arnold
  |first =   Arthur B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  106–152
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/106
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Baker|2003|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Beaver (''Castor Canadensis'')
  |last =    Baker
  |first =    B. W.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=   288–310
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/wildmammalsofnor0000unse_f5o3/page/288
  | title = Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics
  | editor-last = Chapman
  | editor-first=  J.A
  | isbn=   9780801874161
  | year= 2003
  | access-date= 8 June 2026
  | publisher=  [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World
  | last = Berlow
  | first=  L.H.
  | isbn= 9780897749664
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto0000berl
  | year= 1998
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Academic]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Blight|Jewell|1998|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
|last1=Blight
|first1=Geoffrey E.
|author-link1 =  Geoffrey Eustace Blight
|last2=Jewell
|first2= Richard J.
|display-authors= etal
|title=Case Studies on Tailings Management
|year=1998
|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]{{snd}}International Council on Metals and the Environment
|isbn=9781895720297
|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_189572029x
 |access-date= 8 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bolt|1988|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Seismology
  |last =   Bolt
  |first =  Bruce A.
  |author-link=Bruce Bolt
  |pages=  153–171
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/153
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Breeze|2014|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Power Generation Technologies
  | last =  Breeze
  | first=  Paul
  | edition = 2nd
  | isbn=  9780080983363
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/powergenerationt0000bree_y7o0
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 20 May 2026
  | publisher= [[George Newnes Ltd]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bunbury  |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Egyptian Nile
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Judith |last1=Bunbury
|display-authors=etal
|pages=43–78
|author-link=Judith Bunbury
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Cao |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book 
|title=River Culture
|chapter=The River/Lake Chief System in China: A New Policy to Improve Environmental Quality in Hydrosystems
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Yixin
|last1=Cao
|display-authors=etal
|pages= 853–874
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Instrumentation
  |last =   Carpenter
  |first =  Lynn R.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  751–776
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/751
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Hydrology
  |last =   Cecilio
  |first =  Catalino B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  60–105
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/60
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Chellaney|2015|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Water, Peace, and War: Confronting the Global Water Crisis
  | last =  Chellaney
  |first=  B.
|author-link = Brahma Chellaney
  | year = 2015
 | isbn=9781442249288
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/waterpeacewarcon0000chel
  | access-date= 16 May 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title=The Nile
 |first1= Robert
 |last1= Collins
| author-link= Robert O. Collins
| isbn=  9780300097641
| year= 2002
 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe
| publisher=  [[Yale University Press]]
| access-date= 16 March 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Corns|1988  |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Gravity Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =  Corns
  |first =  Charles F.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  466–492
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/466
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Cray|2004 |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{cite book
|first=Ed
|last=Cray
|author-link = Ed Cray
|date=2004
|title=Ramblin Man: The Life and Times of Woody Guthrie
|url=https://archive.org/details/ramblinman00edcr
|access-date= 19 May 2026
|publisher= [[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]]
|isbn=9780393047592
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Creager|1917|pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Engineering for Masonry Dams
  | last =  Creager
  |  first=   W.P.
  | lccn=17017759
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/engineeringform02creagoog
  | year=  1917
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[J. Wiley &amp; Sons]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Super Structures: The Science of Bridges, Buildings, Dams, and Other Feats of Engineering
  | last = Denny
  |first=  Mark
  | isbn= 9780801894367
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/superstructuress0000denn
  | year= 2010
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Materials
  |last =   Dolen
  |first =  Timothy P.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  172–218
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/172
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Surveillance
  |last =  Duscha
  |first =  Lloyd A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  777–797
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/777
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Evans|2011|pp=??}} --&gt;
&lt;!--  PReface pp ix-xii covers Eerything;  Chap 1 pp 1-6 Rockslide; Chap 21 pp 519-525 Lava &amp; Volc dams; ch 25(p 595-600) &amp; Ch 26 (p 617-625) Man-made blast-fill dams (? only Russia and Khyrgistan? --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams
| editor-last =  Evans
  | editor-first=   S.G.
  | display-editors=  etal
  | isbn=  9783642047633
  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDK85Mqz_YAC
  | year=  2011
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Geotechnical Engineering of Dams
  | last = Fell
  |first=  Robin
  |display-authors= etal
  |edition = Second
  | isbn= 9781138000087
  |  url=  https://books.google.com/books?id=vpCZBQAAQBAJ
  | year= 2014
  | publisher= [[Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }}   First edition (2005) online in Internet Archive.

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  321–353
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/321
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gerwick|2014|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Bridge Engineering Handbook. Vol 5. Construction and Maintenance
 |edition       = Second
 |first         = Ben
 |last          = Gerwick
 |chapter       = Substructures of Major Overwater Bridges
 |pages         = 137–174
 |editor-last1  = Chen
 |editor-first1 = Wai-Fah
 |editor-last2  = Duan
 |editor-first2 = Lian
 |isbn          = 9781439852330
 |url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=BCeOAgAAQBAJ
 |access-date   = 31 October 2025
 |year          = 2014
 |publisher     = [[CRC Press]]
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gulliver |1991|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Hydropower Engineering Handbook 
 |first         =   John 
 |last          =  Gulliver
 |display-authors=etal
 |isbn          =  9780070251939
 |url           =  https://books.google.com/books?id=CNdSAAAAMAAJ
 |access-date   = 3 July 2026
 |year          =  1991
 |publisher     =  [[McGraw-Hill]]
}}
 
* {{ cite book
  |chapter= Reservoirs
  |last = James
  |first = Laurence
  |pages= 722–750
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/722
  | year= 1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Lessons from Notable Events
  |last =    James
  |first =  Laurence B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  8–59
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/8
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Introduction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |pages=  1–7
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/1
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  256–320
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/256
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Design and Construction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  686–703
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/686
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kitchen|2016|p=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = River Weirs: Design, Maintenance, Modification and Removal
  | last =  Kitchen
  |first=   Amanda
|display-authors=etal
  | isbn=  9780860177784
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/c-763-river-weirs.-design-maintenance-modification-and-removal-web-1
  | year=  2016
  | access-date= 8 May 2026
  | publisher=  Construction Industry Research and Information Association
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Lemperiere|2006|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | chapter = The Role of Dams in the XXI Century to Achieve a Sustainable Development Target
  | pages= 1065–1072
  | first= F.
  | last= Lemperiere
  | display-authors= etal
  | chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirsso0002inte/page/1065
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century
  | volume = 2
  | editor-last = Berga
  | editor-first= Luis
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn= 9781134138500
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  388–408
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/388
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mariano |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book 
|title=River Culture
|chapter= Nature-Human-River Relationships at the Ebro River and its Delta
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1= Mercè
|last1= Mariano
|display-authors=etal
|pages=745–782
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Pelikan|1997|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Fish Bypass Channels
  |last =     Pelikan
  |first =    B.
  |pages=   61–66
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/hydropower97proc0000inte/page/60/mode/2up?q=Pelikan
  | title =   Hydropower '97: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Hydropower
 | editor-last =  Broch
  | editor-first=    E.
  | isbn=     9054108886
| year=   1997
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Design, Safety and Operation of Dams
  | last = Schleiss
  |first=   A.J.
  |display-authors=etal
  | isbn= 9782889149957
  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VP1O0AEACAAJ
  | year= 2022
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =A History of Dams: The Useful Pyramids
  | last = Schnitter
  |first=   N.
  | isbn= 9789054101499
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyofdamsuse0000schn_g8y9
  | year= 1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Concrete Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =  Schrader
  |first =   Ernest K.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  540–577
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/540
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs: Planning and Engineering
  | last = Siddiqui
  |first=  I.H.
  | isbn= 9780195475852
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirspl0000sidd
  | year= 2009
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Smith|1975|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title= Man and Water: A History of Hydro-technology
  | last = Smith
  |first=  Norman
  | isbn= 0684145227
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/manwaterhistory00smit
  | year= 1975
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher= [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Taïbi|2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Senegal River, a Disturbed Lifeline in the Sahel
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Aude
|last1=Taïbi
|display-authors=etal
|pages=79–114
|author-link= 
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dam
  | last = Turpin
  |first=  Trevor
  | isbn= 9781861893284
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/dam0000turp
  | year= 2008
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Reaktion Books]]
  }}

==== Journals, news, and websites ====
&lt;!--
* {{cite journal
|title=
|first= 
|last= 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= 
|publisher= 
|year= 
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 
|url= 
|access-date= 
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{cite journal
|last1=Ayenalem
|first1=Abebe Yirga
|display-authors= etal
|title=Popular Culture and Nile Hydropolitics: Amharic Songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
|journal=International Journal of Water Governance
|publisher = [[Delft University of Technology]]
|date=28 December 2023
|volume=10
|issue=1
|doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359
|doi-access=free
| issn = 2211-4505
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Bellmore|2017|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{Cite journal
|last1=Bellmore
|first1=J. R.
 |display-authors=etal
|year=2017
|orig-year=2016
|title=Status and Trends of Dam Removal Research in the United States
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1164
|journal=[[WIREs Water]]
|publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|access-date= 22 May 2026
|volume=4
|issue=2
|article-number=e1164
|doi=10.1002/wat2.1164
 |issn=2049-1948
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Boulange|2021|loc=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Role of Dams in Reducing Global Flood Exposure Under Climate Change
|first=   Julien
|last=   Boulange
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Communications]]
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=   2021
|volume= 12
|issue= 1
|article-number= 417
|issn= 2041-1723
|doi= 10.1038/s41467-020-20704-0
|doi-access= free|pmc= 7814128
}}

&lt;!-- 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/technology/dam-engineering
|title = Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first = John Guthrie
| last = Brown
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
}}
--&gt;
* {{ cite web
|url =  https://web.itu.edu.tr/~bulu/water_resources_files/lecture_notes_04.pdf
|title =  Water Resources: Lecture Notes IV
|publisher =  [[Istanbul Technical University]]
|year= &lt;!-- unknown --&gt;
| first = Atil
| last =  Bulu
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Chanson |1998|p=? }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Extreme Reservoir Sedimentation in Australia
|first=  Hubert
|last=  Chanson
|journal= International Journal of Sediment Research
|publisher= International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation
|year=  1998
|volume= 13
|issue=  3
|pages= 55–63
|issn=  1001-6279
|doi= 
|url= https://staff.civil.uq.edu.au/h.chanson/reprints/ijrs_98.pdf
|access-date= 8 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Costa|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Local Economic Impacts of Hydroelectric Power Plants: Evidence from Brazil
|first=  Francisco
|last=  Costa
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Economía LACEA Journal]]
|publisher= [[Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  24
|issue=  1
|pages=105–123
|issn= 1533-6239
|doi= 10.31389/eco.466
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|El-Askary|2026}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The World's Largest Saddle Dam at Risk
|first=  Hesham
|last=   El-Askary
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 135
|issue= 
|article-number = 106045
|issn= 2212-4209
|doi= 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106045
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420926000579
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Fowkes|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Mega-Dams In the Hydrologics of the Socialist Anthropocene
|first=  Maja
|last=  Fowkes
|display-authors=etal
|journal= ARTMargins
|publisher=  [[The MIT Press]]
|year= 2025
|volume= 14
|issue=  2
|pages=11–38
|issn=  2162-2574
|doi= 10.1162/artm_a_00411
|url= https://muse.jhu.edu/article/973802.
|access-date= 21 May 2026
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn| Ghiasi | 2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title = Estimating the Volume of Evaporation from the Main Dams of Iran
|first=   Behzad 
|last=   Ghiasi 
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  Results in Engineering
|publisher=  [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  27
|issue=  
|article-number= 107057
|issn=  2590-1230
|doi=  10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107057
|url=  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025031135
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|doi-access=  free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Graves | 2016}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Buhen: A Site Submerged
|first= Carl
|last= Graves
 | url= https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/buhen--a-site-submerged.html
|date =  29 Aug 2016
|access-date=29 May 2026
 |website =  [[Egypt Exploration Society]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Gyau-Boakye|2001}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Environmental Impacts of the Akosombo Dam and Effects of Climate Change on the Lake Levels
|first=  P.
|last=   Gyau-Boakye
|journal= Environment, Development and Sustainability
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=  2001
|volume= 3
|issue=  1
|pages= 17–29
|issn= 1573-2975
|doi= 10.1023/A:1011402116047
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011402116047
|access-date= 14 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Horn|2014}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|title=Patagonia's New Line of Activism Is Documentary 'DamNation'
|first= John
|last=  Horn
|newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] &lt;!--  |issn =  2165-1736 --&gt;
|publisher= 
|date=  1 May 2014
|url= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-backstage-hollywood-patagonia-damnation-20140501-story.html
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Huang|2024}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dams Trigger Exponential Population Declines of Migratory Fish
|first= Zhenli 
|last= Huang
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science Advances]]
|publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 10
|issue= 19
|article-number=eadi6580
|issn= 	2375-2548
|doi= 10.1126/sciadv.adi6580
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Jeuland|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Economics of Dams
|first=  Marc
|last=  Jeuland
|journal= [[Oxford Review of Economic Policy]]
|year=2020
|volume= 36
|issue=  1
|pages=45–68
|issn= 0266-903X
|doi= 10.1093/oxrep/grz028
|url= https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-pdf/36/1/45/31709532/grz028.pdf
|access-date= 2 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kakoyannis | 2002}} --&gt;
* {{cite report
|title=Assessing and Evaluating Recreational Uses of Water Resources: Implications for an Integrated Management Framework
|first= Christina 
|last= Kakoyannis
|display-authors=etal
|journal=   PNW-GTR-536
|publisher= [[US Department of Agriculture]]
|year= 2002
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 10.2737/pnw-gtr-536
|url=  https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/4826.pdf
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kayiranga|2024|p=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Anthropogenic activities and the influence of desertification processes on the water cycle and water use in the Aral Sea basin
|first= Alphonse 
|last= Kayiranga 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 51
|issue= 
|article-number =101598
|issn= 2214-5818
|doi= 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101598
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581823002859
|access-date= 9 July 2026
|doi-access= free
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Keijzer|2024}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Threats of Dams to the Persistence of the World's Freshwater Fishes
|first= Tamara 
|last= Keijzer
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  [[Global Change Biology]]
|publisher= [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 30
|issue= 2
|article-number= e17166
|issn= 1365-2486  
|doi= 10.1111/gcb.17166
|url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fgcb.17166
|access-date= 4 July 2026
|hdl= 2066/304250
|hdl-access= free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Krol |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{cite news
 |last=Krol
|first=Debra
|date=September 2, 2024
|title=Largest Dam Removal Project in US: Klamath River Flows Freely
|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/09/02/klamath-river-four-dams-demolished/75044231007/
 |access-date= 22 May 2026
|newspaper=[[USA TODAY]] &lt;!--  |issn=0734-7456 --&gt; 
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kumar|2026}} 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Akosombo-Dam
|title =  Akosombo Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first =  Aman
| last =  Kumar
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 15 June 2026
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lad|2024}}
* {{cite journal
|title=India and the Ganga Waters Treaty: Analysis of the Water Sharing Mechanism
|first= Rahul
|last=  Lad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]]
|publisher = [[SAGE Publications]]
|year=  2024
|volume= 61
|issue= 2
|pages=185–202
|issn= 0020-8817
|doi= 10.1177/00208817241285256
|url= https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00208817241285256
|access-date= 18 May 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Larsen |2021}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dam Builders and Their Works: Beaver Influences on the Structure and Function of River Corridor Hydrology, Geomorphology, Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems
|first=  Annegret
|last=  Larsen
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Earth-Science Reviews]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2021
|volume= 218
|issue= 
|article-number=103623
|issn= 0012-8252
|doi= 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103623
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825221001239
|access-date= 9 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lehner|2011}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=High-Resolution Mapping of the World's Reservoirs and Dams for Sustainable River-Flow Management
|first= Bernhard
|last=  Lehner
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment]]
|publisher= [[Ecological Society of America]]
|year=  2011
|volume= 9
|issue=  9
|pages=494–502
|issn= 1540-9295
|doi= 10.1890/100125
|url= https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/100125
|access-date= 30 April 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lichtenstein |1976 }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last1=Lichtenstein
|first1=Grace
|date=20 January 1976
|title=Edward Abbey, Voice of Southwest Wilds
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/20/archives/edward-abbey-voice-of-southwest-wilds.html
|access-date= 17 May 2026
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
}}
  
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Liu|2010}}
* {{cite journal
|title= Laboratory Test and Numerical Simulation of Time-Dependent Thermomechanical Behavior of the Three-Gorges Dam
|first= Jian
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2010
|volume= 22
|issue= 2
|pages=111-123
|issn= 
|doi=  10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2010)22:2(111)
|url= 
|access-date= 
}} 
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Liu|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Biodiversity Decline of Fish Assemblages After the Impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River Basin, China
|first= Xiongjun
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
|year= 2019
|volume= 29
|issue= 1
|pages=177–195
|issn= 1573-5184
|doi= 10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mácová|2023 }} 
* {{cite journal
|title= How Important for Society Is Recreation Provided by Multi-Purpose Water Reservoirs? Welfare Analysis of the Vltava River Reservoir System
|first= Kateřina 
|last= Mácová
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Water (journal)|Water]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2023
|volume= 15
|issue= 10
|article-number= 1966
|issn= 2073-4441
|doi=  10.3390/w15101966
|doi-access=  free|url= https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/10/1966 
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Marchetti|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
 |last = Marchetti
 |first= Nicolò
 |display-authors=etal
 | title = A Multi-scalar Approach for Assessing the Impact of Dams on the Cultural Heritage in the Middle East and North Africa
 | journal = [[Journal of Cultural Heritage]]
 | publisher = [[Elsevier]]
 | volume = 37
 | pages = 17–28
 | year = 2019
 | issn = 1296-2074
 | doi = 10.1016/j.culher.2018.10.007
 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207418305569
 |  access-date= 26 May 2026
| url-access = subscription
 }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|McSweeney|2023}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title=Rewilding Europe's Rivers with Dam Removal Boosts Biodiversity, Economy
|first=Catherine
|last=McSweeney
 | url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/rivers-biodiversity-dam-removal-award
|date = 1 September 2023
|access-date=22 May 2026
 |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Morison|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|last1=Morison
|first1=Conner A. G.
|display-authors=etal
|author-link2=Catherine Hickson
|title=Mount Garibaldi: Hazard Potential from a Long-Dormant Volcanic System in the Pacific Northwest
|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]
|publisher=[[Canadian Science Publishing]]
|pages=464–484|volume=60
|issue=5
|year=2023
|doi=10.1139/cjes-2022-0067
|issn=0008-4077
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Niranjan|2026  }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/may/21/record-number-of-dams-dismantled-in-europe-in-effort-to-help-wildlife-thrive
|title=Record Number of Dams Dismantled in Europe in Effort to Help Wildlife Thrive
|first=Ajit
|last= Niranjan
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!--  |issn =  1756-3224  --&gt; 
|date= 21 May 2026
|access-date = 22 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Onder|Yilmaz|2005}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Underground Dams: A Tool of Sustainable Development and Management of Ground Resources
|last1=  Onder
 |first1=H.
 |last2=Yilmaz
|first2=M.
|journal= European Water
|publisher= European Water Resources Association
|year=  2005
|volume= 11
|issue=  12
|pages=35–45
|issn=  1105-7580
|doi= 
|url= http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2005_11-12_05.pdf
|access-date= 9 May 2026
}}  Author M. Yilmaz wrote a 2003 Masters thesis with additional detail and history on underground dams.

* {{cite journal
|title=The Return of Large Dams to the Development Agenda: A Post-Development Critique
|first=  Scott W.D.
|last=   Pearse-Smith
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development
|publisher= [[Columbia University Libraries]]
|date =  Feb 2014
|volume= 11
|issue=  11
|pages= 123–131
|issn=  2333-9705
|doi= 
|jstor= 26188733
|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26188733
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ranjan |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite journal
|last=Ranjan
|first=Amit |date=2024
 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Dispute: Implications, Negotiations, And Mediations
|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary African Studies]]
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
 |volume=42
|issue=1 |pages=18–36
|doi=10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|issn=0258-9001
 |url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ritchie|2018}} --&gt;
* {{Cite journal
|last1=Ritchie
|first1=A. C.
|display-authors=etal
|date=2018
|title=Morphodynamic Evolution Following Sediment Release from the World's Largest Dam Removal
|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]
|publisher= [[National Library of Medicine]]
|volume=8
|issue=1
|article-number=13279
|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-30817-8
|doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322
|pmc=6125403
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Ritchie|2025}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Renewable Energy
|first= Hannah
|last= Ritchie
|author-link =Hannah Ritchie
|display-authors=etal
 | url= https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy
|date = 2025
|access-date= 14 June 2026
 |website= [[Our World in Data]]
}}
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Scott|1968}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Farahnaz Pahlavi Dam at Layiyan  
|first= K. F.
|last= Scott
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|publisher= [[Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|year= 1968
|volume= 39
|issue= 3
|pages=353–395
|issn= 1753-7789
|doi= 10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|url= https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Sutor|2018}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last=Sutor
|first = Dave
|title=Johnstown Flood: McCullough's 'Lucky Break' Launched Career
 |url= https://apnews.com/general-news-4f60b21dca89430c9f9e055a3cd7b70a
 |access-date=16 May 2026
|newspaper = [[AP News]]
 |date=March 24, 2018
}}

* {{cite journal
|title=Challenges and Opportunities for the Governance of Hydropower
|first=  Sergio
|last=  Villamayor-Tomas
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Sustainability]]
|publisher= [[Nature Portfolio]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 9
|issue=  5
|pages=653–663
|issn=  2398-9629
|doi= 10.1038/s41893-026-01782-2
|url= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-026-01782-2
|access-date= 25 April 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Vogt|2019}} --&gt; 
* {{cite journal
|title= The Afsluitdijk as a Complex System
|first=   Berber
|last=    Vogt
|journal=  Insight
|publisher= [[International Council on Systems Engineering]]
|year=   2019
|volume=  22
|issue=   1
|pages = 32–36
|issn=   2156-485X
|doi= 10.1002/inst.12235
|url= https://incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/inst.12235
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Watts|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url= https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-material-on-earth
|title=Concrete: the Most Destructive Material on Earth
|first=  Jonathan
|last= Watts
|author-link = Jonathan Watts
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!-- |issn =  1756-3224 --&gt;
|date= 25 February 2019
|access-date = 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Wieland|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite magazine
|title= Comparing Vulnerabilities of CFRDs and ECRDs
|first=   Martin
|last=   Wieland
|magazine=  International Water Power &amp; Dam Construction
|publisher=  [[Wilmington plc]]
|date =   15 September 2023
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn=   0306-400X
|doi= 
|url=  https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/analysis/comparing-vulnerabilities-of-cfrds-and-ecrds-11150911/
|access-date= 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zafarnejad|2009 }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Contribution of Dams to Iran's Desertification
|first= Fatemeh 
|last= Zafarnejad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= International Journal of Environmental Studies
|publisher= [[Routledge]]
|year= 2009
|volume= 66
|issue= 3
|pages=327–341
|issn= 0020-7233
|doi= 10.1080/00207230902798648
|url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207230902798648
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zhang|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Extinction of One of the World's Largest Freshwater Fishes: Lessons for Conserving the Endangered Yangtze Fauna
|first= Hui
|last= Zhang 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science of the Total Environment]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2020
|volume= 710
|issue= 
|article-number= 136242
|issn= 0048-9697
|doi= 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136242
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719362382
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

==== Unknown author ====
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}  --&gt;
&lt;!-- * {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}
  |title= 
  |url= 
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 
  |website = 
  |publisher= 
  }}
 
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite news
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}
  |title=Bombs Away
  |url=    https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/may/06/artsfeatures
  |access-date= 15 May 2026
  |date=   6 May 2003
  |newspaper= [[The Guardian]]
  | issn = 1756-3224
  |publisher= 
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}} --&gt;
*{{Cite news
| ref = {{sfnref|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}}
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10695272
|access-date= 5 May 2026
|publisher=[[BBC News]]
|title=China's Three Gorges Dam Faces Flood Test
|date=20 July 2010
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}
  |title=Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet
  |url=   https://www.greenconcrete.info/downloads/11_ConcreteCO2.pdf
  |access-date= 20 May 2026
  |date=  June 2008
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[National Ready Mixed Concrete Association]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=   https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/dam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Collins English Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[HarperCollins]]
  }}
&lt;!-- 
{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary ''}}
 |year=2001
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic0000unse_t1j9/page/361
|access-date=27 December 2025
 |pages=361
 |isbn=0198604386
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=  https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dam
  |access-date= 22 June 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[Merriam-Webster]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}
 |year=2026
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dam_n1
|access-date=22 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}
  |title=  Dam Failure and Flood Event Case History Compilation
  |url=  https://www.usbr.gov/ssle/damsafety/documents/RCEM-CaseHistories2015.pdf
  |access-date= 12 July 2026
  |date= June 2015
  |website =
  |publisher= [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}
  |title=Dam Inspection and Plan Review (PH21-V-6)
  |url=    https://arlweb.msha.gov/READROOM/HANDBOOK/PH21-V-6.pdf
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 2021
  | series=MSHA Handbook Series
  |website = [[Mine Safety and Health Administration]]
  |publisher=  [[U.S. Department of Labor]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/154.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date= 2011
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}  --&gt;
*  {{cite web
|title=  Geneva Conventions 1949 Protocol I
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}
|url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf
|access-date = 28 May 2026
| website = [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}
  |title= Global Energy Review 2025
  |url= https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2025
  |access-date= 3 July 2026
  |date= 24 March 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher= [[International Energy Agency]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
  |title=Glossary
  |url=    https://www.usbr.gov/library/glossary/#archgravitydam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   2022
  |website = Reclamation Library
  |publisher=   [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}  --&gt;
* {{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}
|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/HRP.Gordon%20Dam.Nomination%20with%20Images.Nov%202000.pdf 
|title=Gordon Dam, Tasmania: Submission for an National Engineering Landmark
 |publisher=[[Engineers Australia]] 
|date=September 2000
 |access-date=2 July 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}
  |title=Grande Dixence
  | url= https://www.grande-dixence.ch/en/the-complex/dams/grande-dixence-78/
  |access-date=  18 May 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Grande Dixence SA]]
  |publisher= 
  }}

* {{ cite web
  | title = Hydraulic Design of Spillways
  | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgsAAAAYAAJ
  | year= 1965
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/science/hydroelectric-power
|title = Hydroelectric Power
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 13 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
|ref={{sfnRef|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation'' }}
|url=https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|title=I-205 Abernethy Bridge
|website=[[Oregon Department of Transportation]]
|access-date=2 October 2025
|archive-date=25 November 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125051041/https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|url-status=live
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Instrumentation of Embankment Dams and Levees: Engineering and Design
  | url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA402883
  | year=  1995
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Integrated Operation of Hydropower Stations and Reservoirs
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/173.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2022
  |isbn=  9780367770051
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Multipurpose Water Storage
  |url=    https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/171.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=   9781003640035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |isbn=978-1-884575-65-5
  |url= https://damfailures.org/sites/default/files/wp-pdf/EQPerfo2_v3.pdf
  |title=Observed Performance of Dams During Earthquakes: Volume III
  |date= 2014
  |publisher=[[United States Society on Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title= Planning and Design of Navigation Locks
  |url= https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-2602.pdf
  |access-date=  3 July 2026
  |date= 30 September 1995
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Regulation of Dam Safety
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/167.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=    9781032456058
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}}
  |title=Research with GDW Data
  |url=     https://www.globaldamwatch.org/our-research
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=     2015
  |website = 
  |publisher= Global Dam Watch
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Three-Gorges-Dam
|title = Three Gorges Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 15 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn| &quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}}
|title=Tracking Barriers and Their Impacts on European River Ecosystems
|date = 8 Feb 2021
|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/european-waters/water-use-and-environmental-pressures/tracking-barriers-and-their-impacts
|access-date=22 May 2026
|publisher= [[European Environment Agency]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=World Register of Dams: General Synthesis
  |url=    https://www.icold-cigb.org/GB/world_register/general_synthesis.asp
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   September 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}  
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/place/Zuiderzee
|title = Zuiderzee
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 5 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--
SAVE THESE &quot;FURTHER READING&quot; SOURCES ... they may be needed if to implement suggestions from revivews (GA, PR, FA).
=== Further reading ===

==== Books ====
* {{ cite book
  | title =The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design, and Construction
  | last = Billington
  |first=  David P.
  |display-authors = etal
  | isbn= 9781493649044
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyoflargefe00bill
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Arch Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Boggs
  |first =  Howard L.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  493–539
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/493
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Spillway Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last =  Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  647–685
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/647
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  704–721
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/704
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988   0442243979
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams
  |last =   Chopra
  |first =  Anil K.
  |pages=  416–465
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/416
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Engineering and Ecological Aspects of Dam Removal: An Overview
  | last = Conyngham
  |first=  J.
  |display-authors= etal
  | date = September 2006
 | isbn=
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA464959
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Engineer Research and Development Center]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Large Dams: Learning from the Past Looking at the Future : Workshop Proceedings, Gland, Switzerland, April 11-12, 1997
  | last = Dorcey
  |first=  A.H.J.
  | isbn= 9780821340288
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/largedamslearnin0000unse
  | year= 1997
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Embankments
  |last =   Duncan
  |first =  James Michael
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  239–255
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/239
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Hydropolitics of Dams: Engineering or Ecosystems?
  | last = Everard
  |first=  M.
  | isbn= 9781780325422
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/hydropoliticsofd0000ever
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Cofferdams
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |pages=  219–238
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/219
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  354–367
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/354
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Recovering a Lost River: Removing Dams, Rewilding Salmon, Revitalizing Communities
  | last = Hawley
  |first=  S.
  | isbn= 9780807004739
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/recoveringlostri00hawl
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Beacon Press]]
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | title = Roman Aqueducts &amp; Water Supply
  | place = London
  | publisher = Duckworth
  | year = 1992
  | isbn = 978-0-7156-2194-3
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | editor-last = Wikander
  | editor-first = Örjan
  | editor-link = Örjan Wikander
  | contribution = Reservoirs and Dams
  | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
  | series = Technology and Change in History
  | volume = 2
  | year = 2000
  | publisher = Brill
  | location = Leiden
  | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3
  | pages = 331–339
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Challenges of Dam Removal and River Restoration
  | editor-last = Jerome
  | editor-first=  De Graff
  | isbn= 9780813741215
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/challengesofdamr0000unse
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Geological Society of America]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power
  | last = Khagram
  |first=  Sanjeev
  | isbn= 9780801442285
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmentt0000sanj
  | year= 2004
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Cornell University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title = Dams
  | last =  Leliavsky
  |first=  Serge
  | isbn= 0412225506
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/dams0000leli
  | year= 1981
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Chapman and Hall]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Deep Water: The Epic Struggle over Dams, Displaced People, and the Environment
  | last = Leslie
  |first=  Jacques
  | isbn= 9780312425562
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/deepwaterepicstr00lesl
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Spillway Design and Construction
  |last =   Lowe III
  |first =  John
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  609–646
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/646
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Tidal Power
  |last =    Nguyen
  |first =   Josef
  |pages= 1247–1249
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofen0004unse_i8j9/page/1247
  | title = Encyclopedia of Energy
 | editor-last = Pierce
  | editor-first=   Morris
  | isbn=    9781587658532
| year=  2012
  | access-date=  5 May 2026
  | publisher= Salem Press
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams: Engineering in a Social and Environmental Context : Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the British Dam Society
  | editor-last = Pepper
  |editor-first=  Andrew
  | isbn= 9780727757999
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsengineeringi0000brit
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[ICE Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk and Mitigation
  | editor-last = Schuster
  | editor-first=   R.L.
  | isbn=  9780872625242
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/landslidedamspro0000unse
  | year= 1986
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |  title=Hydraulics of Dams and Reservoirs
  | last =Şentürk
  |first= Fuat
  | isbn=9780918334800
  |  url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqzZdytUz3gC
  | year=1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=[[Water Resources Publications]]
  }} Also online at [https://archive.org/details/hydraulicsofdams0000sent Internet Archive]

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures
  | last =  Tanchev
  |first=   L.
|edition=2nd
  | isbn=  9780203577059
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsappurtenanth0000tanc
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[CRC Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Development in China
  | last =  Tilt
  |first=  Bryan
  | isbn=  9780231538268
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmenti0000tilt
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovative Solutions in Hydropower Engineering and Civil Engineering
  | last = Wang
  |first=  S.
  |display-authors= etal
  | isbn= 9789819917488
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-63612
  | year= 2023
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dam Foundation Grouting
  | last =Weaver
  |first=  K.D.
  | isbn= 9780872627925
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damfoundationgro0000weav
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =  New Developments in Dam Engineering: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering
  | editor-last = Wieland
  | editor-first=  Martin
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn=    0415362407
  |  url=  https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/handle/123456789/169
  | year=  2004
  | access-date=  4 May 2026
  | publisher=    [[Taylor &amp; Francis|A. A. Balkema{{snd}}Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }} Reprinted in 2014 with {{isbn|9780203020678}}.

==== Unkown author ====

*{{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Between Two Dams&quot;, ''EcoPeace ''}}
|title=Between Two Dams: Degania and Alumot
|publisher=[[EcoPeace Middle East]]
|date= March 2018
 |url= https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Between-Two-Dams.pdf
|access-date= 16 May 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Dams for Hydroelectric Energy
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/163.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=    2021
  |isbn= 9781138492035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =  {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url=https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/175.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2021
  |isbn= 9780367770310
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =   {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Surveillance Guide&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Surveillance Guide
  |url=  https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/158.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2018
  |isbn=  9781138490208
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams: Design, Performance, and Research Needs
  | url= https://archive.org/details/earthquakeengine0000unse
  | isbn=  9780309043366
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[National Academies Press]]
  }}

* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Design Center&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title=Hydroelectric Design Center
  |url=     https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerRegulations/ER_10-1-53.pdf
  |access-date= 12 May 2026
  |date=  2015
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}
--&gt;
{{Geotechnical engineering}}
{{Infrastructure}}
{{Hydropower}}
{{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya:Civil engineering]]
[[Kategorya:Dams| ]]
[[Kategorya:Hydraulic structures]]
[[Kategorya:Infrastructure]]
[[Kategorya:Structural engineering]]
[[en:Dam]]</text>
      <sha1>dri9vmhku5ri7k0gvgea2yimc4ko601</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-01T16:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depinisyon asin etimolohiya */</comment>
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=== Embankment dam ===
{{main|Embankment dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Embankment dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Embankment Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 =  A diagram illustrating the cross-section of a typical embankment dam.
 | caption1 = Many [[embankment dam]]s have a clay core and gradually sloping faces both upstream and downstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
&lt;!--  |{{harvnb|Brown|2026|loc=§ &quot;Embankment dams&quot;}}. --&gt;
|{{harvnb|Schnitter|1994|p=168}}.
|{{harvnb|Denny|2010| p= 188}}.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | image2   = &lt;!-- Una foto de la presa.jpg --&gt;  Misogawa Dam road survey.jpg
 | alt2 =  A large rocky dam, with a reservoir behind it, and green hills in the background.
 | caption2 =    [[Misogawa Dam]] in Japan is an [[embankment dam]].
}}
=== Gravity dam ===
{{main|Gravity dam}}
{{multiple image
&lt;!-- | header = [[Buttress dam]] --&gt;
&lt;!-- | width = 160 --&gt;
| title= Gravity dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Gravity Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical gravity dam.
 | caption1 =  A typical [[gravity dam]] has a nearly vertical upstream face, and a broad base.{{sfn|Schnitter|1994|pp=170–172}}{{efn|The &quot;toe&quot; of a dam is the bottom of the downstream face. The &quot;heel&quot; is the bottom of the upstream face.{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
}}
 | image2   = Grande Dixence Staumauer.jpg &lt;!-- Barrage de la Grande-Dixence.jpg --&gt;
 | alt2 =  A massive concrete dam with a reservoir behind it.
 | caption2 = [[Grande Dixence Dam]] in Switzerland is one of the [[List of tallest dams|world's tallest gravity dams]]. The people atop the dam's crest illustrate its size.{{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}&lt;!-- 
{{efn|[[Grande Dixence Dam]] is the world's tallest gravity dam as of 2025.}}
--&gt;
}}

=== Buttress dam ===
{{main|Buttress dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Buttress dams 
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Buttress Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical buttress dam.
 | caption1 = A [[buttress dam]] has an inclined upstream face supported by multiple buttresses.&lt;ref name=Buttress/&gt;
 | image2   = 040523-Latyan-IMG 8656-2.jpg
 | alt2 =   A huge concrete dam with trees at its base.
 | caption2 = About 20 buttresses are visible in this photo of [[Latyan Dam|Latyan buttress dam]] in Iran.{{sfn|Scott|1968|p=353}} 
}}
An '''sagop''' sarong estruktura na nagsasaray tubig o nag'uulang kan bulos o dalihig kaini. An mga sagop klasipikado sa apat na tugmad na klase: [[gravity dam]] iyo an malahiganteng estruktura gibo sa konkreto o semento na nagsasarig sa gabat kaini ngani mabangga an pwersa kan tinambak na tubig; [[embankment dam]] ginigibo sa pagtipon nin kagagapoan, dalipay, baybay, daga, o graba; [[buttress dam]] ginigibo paagi nin anhay, konkretong sementong suportado sa ibabang bulos nin serye nin mga triangular na [[sangki']]; asin an [[arch dam]] nagamit nin binalod na konkretong lanob ngani mapalis an gabat kan tubig sa magkataraid asin nakapalibot na nag'uulang na daga'. 

An mga sagop tuyong ginigibo bilang [[irigasyon]], [[hydropower]], [[kuanan tubig]], [[pagkontrol sa baha]], [[Lista nin isports sa tubig|rekreasyon]], [[inland navigation]], asin [[pagsisira']]. An irigasyon kritikal na aplikasyon nin sagop: mga 20% kan mga dagang tatamnan nin kinaban may patubig naghahale sa mga [[reserba] natipon kan mga sagop. An mga sagop nagmumukna nin pwersa sa tubig (hydropower), nagtatao nin malinig asin danay na pagkukuan elektrisidad, asin nagwawaras nin tubig sa pnagangaipo sa harong asin sa gamit industriyal.&lt;!-- Dams that support flood management reduce downstream water levels to a safe limit.--&gt;

An haloyan nang sagop iyo an [[Jawa Dam (Jordan)|Jawa Dam]] sa modernong [[Jordan]], hinaman kan 3000{{nbsp}}BCE. An [[Hittites|Imperyong Hittite]] nagtugdok magkapirang sagop sa (ngonyan) modernong Turkey pag'ultan nin ika-17 asin ika-19 siglo BCE. Sa kan ika-1 na siglo CE, an [[Imperyong Romano]] naghimong makagibo nin inapod na gravity dams{{snd}} na tipikal igwang patindog na ulang sa pairaya asin pailawod na sapa. Kan [[medieval Europe]], an mga sagop nagdadamot nin tubig pagtaong pwersa sa paitok na ruweda para sa molino asin pagmimina. An proseso nin pagdesenyo nin mga sagop naghihira na kan mga huring panahon nin ika-18ng siglo hale sa impormal na praktis pasiring sa disiplina nin inhenyero nakabatay na syensia. Kan ika-20ng siglo, gibo kan madalian nang makakua nin konkreto asin an pagtunga kan mga makinaryang darakula na pangkonstruksyon, dakulon nang mga proyekto nin mga darakulang sagop an nahahaman sa bilog na ikinaban.&lt;!-- Organized opposition to dam projects emerged in the modern era, focused on environmental and social impacts such as loss of plant and animal habitat, reduced water and sediment flow, degraded landscape aesthetics, submergence of cultural sites, and forced relocation of human populations.--&gt;

An barang-barang na parte kan sagop iyo an balagbag na nagpupugol sa tubig, alagad kadaklan kan mga sagop igwang mga dugang na estruktura na may importanteng pungsyon. Pag an sagop binabagat an bulos nin salog, mga [[Lock (water navigation)|barat]] nakakaag na sa proyekto ngani an mga bapor makalagbas. [[Mga hagahag para sa sira]] ikinakaag man ngani an mga sira makapa-iraya. [[Ulaan]] parati kairiba sa desenyo ta anoman na su'pay o sulwak magbulos sana pailawod ta kun dai, pwedeng magdulot nin pagbabaha sa mga palibot na katatamnan asin estaran. Mga ihian nin sagop kinakaag ngani an deposito mapatete' sa paglinig kan mga natipon na tundag o marokamok.

An sagop pwede man rangkahon asin haleon huli sa magkapirang rason: kun ini nagdadarang peligro sa buhay, kun ini dai naman talaga kaipohan, o ngani maibalik an ruta kan migrasyn nin mga sira, o ngani maparahay an salud kan pailawod na mga sapa paagi kan dagdag na bulos kan marokamok. An mga sagop may okasyon man na nabagsak na naresulta sa makuring pagbaha' asin pagkautas nin buhay. Dakul na prinsipyo sa pagdesenyo nin ligtas na sagop nano'dan huli kaini.&lt;!-- An mga sagop pwedeng magpalya sa dakul na rason: mga linog, dai dusog na kagagapoan sa [[abutment]], tubig na nagtuturo sa laog o sa irarom kan sagop, o an sagop nahuros sa kinatutugmadan kaini. .--&gt;

== Depinisyon asin etimolohiya ==
Sa halakbang na pakasabot, an &quot;sagop&quot; iyo an anoman na estruktura na nagsasaray nin tubig o nag'uulang na dai magkaigwa nin pagbabaha'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}. 
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}. 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|
An ''Oxford English Dictionary'': &quot;Sarong sangki' o bagat nin daga', semento, aibp., na tinugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani ulangon an pagdalihig kaini asin  itaas an lebel kaini....; anoman nakakaagid na knstruksyon ngani matipon an tubig na ini magin sarong danaw-danaw o reserba, o tangani maproteheran an kadagaan sa paglantop kan tubig igdi.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'': &quot;Anoman na ulang sa pagbulos nin tubig o nin mga rogrog na mga solidong materyales (arog kan daga o nyebe)&quot;.{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
}} Sa konteksto nin [[civil engineering]], an katagang &quot;sagop&quot; nagkakahulogan sanang limitado sa mga estrukturang nagsasaray tubig o itinataas an lebel kan katubigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}. 
|{{harvnb| Denny |2010| p=191}}.
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Examples of definitions in a civil engineering context:
* Bureau of Reclamation: &quot;Sagop. Sarong ulang tinugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani masaray o mapaibang agi an bulos  nin tubig. Sarong ulang na nagbabangga, nagdidirehe, nagpapaluya, o nagsasaray sa binulos nin tubig. Parati ini ginigibo balagbag sa sarong sipi o sapa.&quot;  &quot;Sangki'. Sarong natural o gibong-tawo na ulang na nagtatabang na an mga salog dai maglipwas sa saiyang mga kagilidan o pampang.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
* Schnitter: &quot;An mga sagop ginigibo ngani matipon an tubig saka mapadalihig ini ...&quot;.{{sfn| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}
Sa katunayan, an mga sagop igwang duwang malinaw na epekto: An reserba nin tubig, na namukna huli sa pagsagop, ... linalaog kan kadakulan kan ... palaog-bulos nin tubig.... [asin]  An sagop ilinalangkaw an lebel kan pairayang bulos nin sapa.&quot;{{sfn| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}
An artikulong ini ginagamit an huring depinisyon ta pinupugol saka itinataas an tubig, kaya dai sinasakop an mga di-ke asin  mga [[sangki]] sa mga gilid nin salog, asin an [[diversion dam]] na pinapasuki sarong kabtang kan bulos nin salog alagad dai man ilinalangkaw an lebel kan salog.

==Toltolan==
=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===

==== Books ====

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Geology
  |last =   Arnold
  |first =   Arthur B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  106–152
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/106
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Baker|2003|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Beaver (''Castor Canadensis'')
  |last =    Baker
  |first =    B. W.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=   288–310
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/wildmammalsofnor0000unse_f5o3/page/288
  | title = Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics
  | editor-last = Chapman
  | editor-first=  J.A
  | isbn=   9780801874161
  | year= 2003
  | access-date= 8 June 2026
  | publisher=  [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World
  | last = Berlow
  | first=  L.H.
  | isbn= 9780897749664
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto0000berl
  | year= 1998
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Academic]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Blight|Jewell|1998|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
|last1=Blight
|first1=Geoffrey E.
|author-link1 =  Geoffrey Eustace Blight
|last2=Jewell
|first2= Richard J.
|display-authors= etal
|title=Case Studies on Tailings Management
|year=1998
|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]{{snd}}International Council on Metals and the Environment
|isbn=9781895720297
|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_189572029x
 |access-date= 8 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bolt|1988|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Seismology
  |last =   Bolt
  |first =  Bruce A.
  |author-link=Bruce Bolt
  |pages=  153–171
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/153
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Breeze|2014|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Power Generation Technologies
  | last =  Breeze
  | first=  Paul
  | edition = 2nd
  | isbn=  9780080983363
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/powergenerationt0000bree_y7o0
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 20 May 2026
  | publisher= [[George Newnes Ltd]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bunbury  |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Egyptian Nile
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Judith |last1=Bunbury
|display-authors=etal
|pages=43–78
|author-link=Judith Bunbury
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Cao |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book 
|title=River Culture
|chapter=The River/Lake Chief System in China: A New Policy to Improve Environmental Quality in Hydrosystems
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Yixin
|last1=Cao
|display-authors=etal
|pages= 853–874
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Instrumentation
  |last =   Carpenter
  |first =  Lynn R.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  751–776
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/751
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Hydrology
  |last =   Cecilio
  |first =  Catalino B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  60–105
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/60
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Chellaney|2015|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Water, Peace, and War: Confronting the Global Water Crisis
  | last =  Chellaney
  |first=  B.
|author-link = Brahma Chellaney
  | year = 2015
 | isbn=9781442249288
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/waterpeacewarcon0000chel
  | access-date= 16 May 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title=The Nile
 |first1= Robert
 |last1= Collins
| author-link= Robert O. Collins
| isbn=  9780300097641
| year= 2002
 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe
| publisher=  [[Yale University Press]]
| access-date= 16 March 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Corns|1988  |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Gravity Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =  Corns
  |first =  Charles F.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  466–492
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/466
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Cray|2004 |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{cite book
|first=Ed
|last=Cray
|author-link = Ed Cray
|date=2004
|title=Ramblin Man: The Life and Times of Woody Guthrie
|url=https://archive.org/details/ramblinman00edcr
|access-date= 19 May 2026
|publisher= [[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]]
|isbn=9780393047592
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Creager|1917|pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Engineering for Masonry Dams
  | last =  Creager
  |  first=   W.P.
  | lccn=17017759
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/engineeringform02creagoog
  | year=  1917
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[J. Wiley &amp; Sons]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Super Structures: The Science of Bridges, Buildings, Dams, and Other Feats of Engineering
  | last = Denny
  |first=  Mark
  | isbn= 9780801894367
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/superstructuress0000denn
  | year= 2010
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Materials
  |last =   Dolen
  |first =  Timothy P.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  172–218
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/172
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Surveillance
  |last =  Duscha
  |first =  Lloyd A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  777–797
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/777
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Evans|2011|pp=??}} --&gt;
&lt;!--  PReface pp ix-xii covers Eerything;  Chap 1 pp 1-6 Rockslide; Chap 21 pp 519-525 Lava &amp; Volc dams; ch 25(p 595-600) &amp; Ch 26 (p 617-625) Man-made blast-fill dams (? only Russia and Khyrgistan? --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams
| editor-last =  Evans
  | editor-first=   S.G.
  | display-editors=  etal
  | isbn=  9783642047633
  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDK85Mqz_YAC
  | year=  2011
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Geotechnical Engineering of Dams
  | last = Fell
  |first=  Robin
  |display-authors= etal
  |edition = Second
  | isbn= 9781138000087
  |  url=  https://books.google.com/books?id=vpCZBQAAQBAJ
  | year= 2014
  | publisher= [[Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }}   First edition (2005) online in Internet Archive.

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  321–353
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/321
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gerwick|2014|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Bridge Engineering Handbook. Vol 5. Construction and Maintenance
 |edition       = Second
 |first         = Ben
 |last          = Gerwick
 |chapter       = Substructures of Major Overwater Bridges
 |pages         = 137–174
 |editor-last1  = Chen
 |editor-first1 = Wai-Fah
 |editor-last2  = Duan
 |editor-first2 = Lian
 |isbn          = 9781439852330
 |url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=BCeOAgAAQBAJ
 |access-date   = 31 October 2025
 |year          = 2014
 |publisher     = [[CRC Press]]
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gulliver |1991|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Hydropower Engineering Handbook 
 |first         =   John 
 |last          =  Gulliver
 |display-authors=etal
 |isbn          =  9780070251939
 |url           =  https://books.google.com/books?id=CNdSAAAAMAAJ
 |access-date   = 3 July 2026
 |year          =  1991
 |publisher     =  [[McGraw-Hill]]
}}
 
* {{ cite book
  |chapter= Reservoirs
  |last = James
  |first = Laurence
  |pages= 722–750
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/722
  | year= 1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Lessons from Notable Events
  |last =    James
  |first =  Laurence B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  8–59
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/8
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Introduction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |pages=  1–7
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/1
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  256–320
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/256
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Design and Construction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  686–703
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/686
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kitchen|2016|p=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = River Weirs: Design, Maintenance, Modification and Removal
  | last =  Kitchen
  |first=   Amanda
|display-authors=etal
  | isbn=  9780860177784
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/c-763-river-weirs.-design-maintenance-modification-and-removal-web-1
  | year=  2016
  | access-date= 8 May 2026
  | publisher=  Construction Industry Research and Information Association
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Lemperiere|2006|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | chapter = The Role of Dams in the XXI Century to Achieve a Sustainable Development Target
  | pages= 1065–1072
  | first= F.
  | last= Lemperiere
  | display-authors= etal
  | chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirsso0002inte/page/1065
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century
  | volume = 2
  | editor-last = Berga
  | editor-first= Luis
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn= 9781134138500
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  388–408
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/388
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mariano |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book 
|title=River Culture
|chapter= Nature-Human-River Relationships at the Ebro River and its Delta
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1= Mercè
|last1= Mariano
|display-authors=etal
|pages=745–782
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Pelikan|1997|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Fish Bypass Channels
  |last =     Pelikan
  |first =    B.
  |pages=   61–66
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/hydropower97proc0000inte/page/60/mode/2up?q=Pelikan
  | title =   Hydropower '97: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Hydropower
 | editor-last =  Broch
  | editor-first=    E.
  | isbn=     9054108886
| year=   1997
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Design, Safety and Operation of Dams
  | last = Schleiss
  |first=   A.J.
  |display-authors=etal
  | isbn= 9782889149957
  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VP1O0AEACAAJ
  | year= 2022
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =A History of Dams: The Useful Pyramids
  | last = Schnitter
  |first=   N.
  | isbn= 9789054101499
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyofdamsuse0000schn_g8y9
  | year= 1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Concrete Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =  Schrader
  |first =   Ernest K.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  540–577
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/540
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs: Planning and Engineering
  | last = Siddiqui
  |first=  I.H.
  | isbn= 9780195475852
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirspl0000sidd
  | year= 2009
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Smith|1975|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title= Man and Water: A History of Hydro-technology
  | last = Smith
  |first=  Norman
  | isbn= 0684145227
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/manwaterhistory00smit
  | year= 1975
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher= [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Taïbi|2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Senegal River, a Disturbed Lifeline in the Sahel
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Aude
|last1=Taïbi
|display-authors=etal
|pages=79–114
|author-link= 
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dam
  | last = Turpin
  |first=  Trevor
  | isbn= 9781861893284
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/dam0000turp
  | year= 2008
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Reaktion Books]]
  }}

==== Journals, news, and websites ====
&lt;!--
* {{cite journal
|title=
|first= 
|last= 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= 
|publisher= 
|year= 
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 
|url= 
|access-date= 
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{cite journal
|last1=Ayenalem
|first1=Abebe Yirga
|display-authors= etal
|title=Popular Culture and Nile Hydropolitics: Amharic Songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
|journal=International Journal of Water Governance
|publisher = [[Delft University of Technology]]
|date=28 December 2023
|volume=10
|issue=1
|doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359
|doi-access=free
| issn = 2211-4505
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Bellmore|2017|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{Cite journal
|last1=Bellmore
|first1=J. R.
 |display-authors=etal
|year=2017
|orig-year=2016
|title=Status and Trends of Dam Removal Research in the United States
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1164
|journal=[[WIREs Water]]
|publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|access-date= 22 May 2026
|volume=4
|issue=2
|article-number=e1164
|doi=10.1002/wat2.1164
 |issn=2049-1948
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Boulange|2021|loc=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Role of Dams in Reducing Global Flood Exposure Under Climate Change
|first=   Julien
|last=   Boulange
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Communications]]
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=   2021
|volume= 12
|issue= 1
|article-number= 417
|issn= 2041-1723
|doi= 10.1038/s41467-020-20704-0
|doi-access= free|pmc= 7814128
}}

&lt;!-- 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/technology/dam-engineering
|title = Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first = John Guthrie
| last = Brown
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
}}
--&gt;
* {{ cite web
|url =  https://web.itu.edu.tr/~bulu/water_resources_files/lecture_notes_04.pdf
|title =  Water Resources: Lecture Notes IV
|publisher =  [[Istanbul Technical University]]
|year= &lt;!-- unknown --&gt;
| first = Atil
| last =  Bulu
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Chanson |1998|p=? }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Extreme Reservoir Sedimentation in Australia
|first=  Hubert
|last=  Chanson
|journal= International Journal of Sediment Research
|publisher= International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation
|year=  1998
|volume= 13
|issue=  3
|pages= 55–63
|issn=  1001-6279
|doi= 
|url= https://staff.civil.uq.edu.au/h.chanson/reprints/ijrs_98.pdf
|access-date= 8 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Costa|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Local Economic Impacts of Hydroelectric Power Plants: Evidence from Brazil
|first=  Francisco
|last=  Costa
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Economía LACEA Journal]]
|publisher= [[Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  24
|issue=  1
|pages=105–123
|issn= 1533-6239
|doi= 10.31389/eco.466
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|El-Askary|2026}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The World's Largest Saddle Dam at Risk
|first=  Hesham
|last=   El-Askary
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 135
|issue= 
|article-number = 106045
|issn= 2212-4209
|doi= 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106045
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420926000579
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Fowkes|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Mega-Dams In the Hydrologics of the Socialist Anthropocene
|first=  Maja
|last=  Fowkes
|display-authors=etal
|journal= ARTMargins
|publisher=  [[The MIT Press]]
|year= 2025
|volume= 14
|issue=  2
|pages=11–38
|issn=  2162-2574
|doi= 10.1162/artm_a_00411
|url= https://muse.jhu.edu/article/973802.
|access-date= 21 May 2026
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn| Ghiasi | 2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title = Estimating the Volume of Evaporation from the Main Dams of Iran
|first=   Behzad 
|last=   Ghiasi 
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  Results in Engineering
|publisher=  [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  27
|issue=  
|article-number= 107057
|issn=  2590-1230
|doi=  10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107057
|url=  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025031135
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|doi-access=  free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Graves | 2016}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Buhen: A Site Submerged
|first= Carl
|last= Graves
 | url= https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/buhen--a-site-submerged.html
|date =  29 Aug 2016
|access-date=29 May 2026
 |website =  [[Egypt Exploration Society]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Gyau-Boakye|2001}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Environmental Impacts of the Akosombo Dam and Effects of Climate Change on the Lake Levels
|first=  P.
|last=   Gyau-Boakye
|journal= Environment, Development and Sustainability
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=  2001
|volume= 3
|issue=  1
|pages= 17–29
|issn= 1573-2975
|doi= 10.1023/A:1011402116047
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011402116047
|access-date= 14 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Horn|2014}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|title=Patagonia's New Line of Activism Is Documentary 'DamNation'
|first= John
|last=  Horn
|newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] &lt;!--  |issn =  2165-1736 --&gt;
|publisher= 
|date=  1 May 2014
|url= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-backstage-hollywood-patagonia-damnation-20140501-story.html
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Huang|2024}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dams Trigger Exponential Population Declines of Migratory Fish
|first= Zhenli 
|last= Huang
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science Advances]]
|publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 10
|issue= 19
|article-number=eadi6580
|issn= 	2375-2548
|doi= 10.1126/sciadv.adi6580
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Jeuland|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Economics of Dams
|first=  Marc
|last=  Jeuland
|journal= [[Oxford Review of Economic Policy]]
|year=2020
|volume= 36
|issue=  1
|pages=45–68
|issn= 0266-903X
|doi= 10.1093/oxrep/grz028
|url= https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-pdf/36/1/45/31709532/grz028.pdf
|access-date= 2 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kakoyannis | 2002}} --&gt;
* {{cite report
|title=Assessing and Evaluating Recreational Uses of Water Resources: Implications for an Integrated Management Framework
|first= Christina 
|last= Kakoyannis
|display-authors=etal
|journal=   PNW-GTR-536
|publisher= [[US Department of Agriculture]]
|year= 2002
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 10.2737/pnw-gtr-536
|url=  https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/4826.pdf
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kayiranga|2024|p=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Anthropogenic activities and the influence of desertification processes on the water cycle and water use in the Aral Sea basin
|first= Alphonse 
|last= Kayiranga 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 51
|issue= 
|article-number =101598
|issn= 2214-5818
|doi= 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101598
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581823002859
|access-date= 9 July 2026
|doi-access= free
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Keijzer|2024}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Threats of Dams to the Persistence of the World's Freshwater Fishes
|first= Tamara 
|last= Keijzer
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  [[Global Change Biology]]
|publisher= [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 30
|issue= 2
|article-number= e17166
|issn= 1365-2486  
|doi= 10.1111/gcb.17166
|url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fgcb.17166
|access-date= 4 July 2026
|hdl= 2066/304250
|hdl-access= free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Krol |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{cite news
 |last=Krol
|first=Debra
|date=September 2, 2024
|title=Largest Dam Removal Project in US: Klamath River Flows Freely
|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/09/02/klamath-river-four-dams-demolished/75044231007/
 |access-date= 22 May 2026
|newspaper=[[USA TODAY]] &lt;!--  |issn=0734-7456 --&gt; 
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kumar|2026}} 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Akosombo-Dam
|title =  Akosombo Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first =  Aman
| last =  Kumar
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 15 June 2026
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lad|2024}}
* {{cite journal
|title=India and the Ganga Waters Treaty: Analysis of the Water Sharing Mechanism
|first= Rahul
|last=  Lad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]]
|publisher = [[SAGE Publications]]
|year=  2024
|volume= 61
|issue= 2
|pages=185–202
|issn= 0020-8817
|doi= 10.1177/00208817241285256
|url= https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00208817241285256
|access-date= 18 May 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Larsen |2021}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dam Builders and Their Works: Beaver Influences on the Structure and Function of River Corridor Hydrology, Geomorphology, Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems
|first=  Annegret
|last=  Larsen
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Earth-Science Reviews]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2021
|volume= 218
|issue= 
|article-number=103623
|issn= 0012-8252
|doi= 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103623
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825221001239
|access-date= 9 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lehner|2011}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=High-Resolution Mapping of the World's Reservoirs and Dams for Sustainable River-Flow Management
|first= Bernhard
|last=  Lehner
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment]]
|publisher= [[Ecological Society of America]]
|year=  2011
|volume= 9
|issue=  9
|pages=494–502
|issn= 1540-9295
|doi= 10.1890/100125
|url= https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/100125
|access-date= 30 April 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lichtenstein |1976 }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last1=Lichtenstein
|first1=Grace
|date=20 January 1976
|title=Edward Abbey, Voice of Southwest Wilds
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/20/archives/edward-abbey-voice-of-southwest-wilds.html
|access-date= 17 May 2026
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
}}
  
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Liu|2010}}
* {{cite journal
|title= Laboratory Test and Numerical Simulation of Time-Dependent Thermomechanical Behavior of the Three-Gorges Dam
|first= Jian
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2010
|volume= 22
|issue= 2
|pages=111-123
|issn= 
|doi=  10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2010)22:2(111)
|url= 
|access-date= 
}} 
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Liu|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Biodiversity Decline of Fish Assemblages After the Impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River Basin, China
|first= Xiongjun
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
|year= 2019
|volume= 29
|issue= 1
|pages=177–195
|issn= 1573-5184
|doi= 10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mácová|2023 }} 
* {{cite journal
|title= How Important for Society Is Recreation Provided by Multi-Purpose Water Reservoirs? Welfare Analysis of the Vltava River Reservoir System
|first= Kateřina 
|last= Mácová
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Water (journal)|Water]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2023
|volume= 15
|issue= 10
|article-number= 1966
|issn= 2073-4441
|doi=  10.3390/w15101966
|doi-access=  free|url= https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/10/1966 
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Marchetti|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
 |last = Marchetti
 |first= Nicolò
 |display-authors=etal
 | title = A Multi-scalar Approach for Assessing the Impact of Dams on the Cultural Heritage in the Middle East and North Africa
 | journal = [[Journal of Cultural Heritage]]
 | publisher = [[Elsevier]]
 | volume = 37
 | pages = 17–28
 | year = 2019
 | issn = 1296-2074
 | doi = 10.1016/j.culher.2018.10.007
 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207418305569
 |  access-date= 26 May 2026
| url-access = subscription
 }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|McSweeney|2023}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title=Rewilding Europe's Rivers with Dam Removal Boosts Biodiversity, Economy
|first=Catherine
|last=McSweeney
 | url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/rivers-biodiversity-dam-removal-award
|date = 1 September 2023
|access-date=22 May 2026
 |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Morison|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|last1=Morison
|first1=Conner A. G.
|display-authors=etal
|author-link2=Catherine Hickson
|title=Mount Garibaldi: Hazard Potential from a Long-Dormant Volcanic System in the Pacific Northwest
|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]
|publisher=[[Canadian Science Publishing]]
|pages=464–484|volume=60
|issue=5
|year=2023
|doi=10.1139/cjes-2022-0067
|issn=0008-4077
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Niranjan|2026  }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/may/21/record-number-of-dams-dismantled-in-europe-in-effort-to-help-wildlife-thrive
|title=Record Number of Dams Dismantled in Europe in Effort to Help Wildlife Thrive
|first=Ajit
|last= Niranjan
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!--  |issn =  1756-3224  --&gt; 
|date= 21 May 2026
|access-date = 22 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Onder|Yilmaz|2005}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Underground Dams: A Tool of Sustainable Development and Management of Ground Resources
|last1=  Onder
 |first1=H.
 |last2=Yilmaz
|first2=M.
|journal= European Water
|publisher= European Water Resources Association
|year=  2005
|volume= 11
|issue=  12
|pages=35–45
|issn=  1105-7580
|doi= 
|url= http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2005_11-12_05.pdf
|access-date= 9 May 2026
}}  Author M. Yilmaz wrote a 2003 Masters thesis with additional detail and history on underground dams.

* {{cite journal
|title=The Return of Large Dams to the Development Agenda: A Post-Development Critique
|first=  Scott W.D.
|last=   Pearse-Smith
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development
|publisher= [[Columbia University Libraries]]
|date =  Feb 2014
|volume= 11
|issue=  11
|pages= 123–131
|issn=  2333-9705
|doi= 
|jstor= 26188733
|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26188733
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ranjan |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite journal
|last=Ranjan
|first=Amit |date=2024
 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Dispute: Implications, Negotiations, And Mediations
|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary African Studies]]
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
 |volume=42
|issue=1 |pages=18–36
|doi=10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|issn=0258-9001
 |url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ritchie|2018}} --&gt;
* {{Cite journal
|last1=Ritchie
|first1=A. C.
|display-authors=etal
|date=2018
|title=Morphodynamic Evolution Following Sediment Release from the World's Largest Dam Removal
|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]
|publisher= [[National Library of Medicine]]
|volume=8
|issue=1
|article-number=13279
|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-30817-8
|doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322
|pmc=6125403
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Ritchie|2025}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Renewable Energy
|first= Hannah
|last= Ritchie
|author-link =Hannah Ritchie
|display-authors=etal
 | url= https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy
|date = 2025
|access-date= 14 June 2026
 |website= [[Our World in Data]]
}}
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Scott|1968}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Farahnaz Pahlavi Dam at Layiyan  
|first= K. F.
|last= Scott
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|publisher= [[Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|year= 1968
|volume= 39
|issue= 3
|pages=353–395
|issn= 1753-7789
|doi= 10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|url= https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Sutor|2018}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last=Sutor
|first = Dave
|title=Johnstown Flood: McCullough's 'Lucky Break' Launched Career
 |url= https://apnews.com/general-news-4f60b21dca89430c9f9e055a3cd7b70a
 |access-date=16 May 2026
|newspaper = [[AP News]]
 |date=March 24, 2018
}}

* {{cite journal
|title=Challenges and Opportunities for the Governance of Hydropower
|first=  Sergio
|last=  Villamayor-Tomas
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Sustainability]]
|publisher= [[Nature Portfolio]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 9
|issue=  5
|pages=653–663
|issn=  2398-9629
|doi= 10.1038/s41893-026-01782-2
|url= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-026-01782-2
|access-date= 25 April 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Vogt|2019}} --&gt; 
* {{cite journal
|title= The Afsluitdijk as a Complex System
|first=   Berber
|last=    Vogt
|journal=  Insight
|publisher= [[International Council on Systems Engineering]]
|year=   2019
|volume=  22
|issue=   1
|pages = 32–36
|issn=   2156-485X
|doi= 10.1002/inst.12235
|url= https://incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/inst.12235
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Watts|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url= https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-material-on-earth
|title=Concrete: the Most Destructive Material on Earth
|first=  Jonathan
|last= Watts
|author-link = Jonathan Watts
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!-- |issn =  1756-3224 --&gt;
|date= 25 February 2019
|access-date = 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Wieland|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite magazine
|title= Comparing Vulnerabilities of CFRDs and ECRDs
|first=   Martin
|last=   Wieland
|magazine=  International Water Power &amp; Dam Construction
|publisher=  [[Wilmington plc]]
|date =   15 September 2023
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn=   0306-400X
|doi= 
|url=  https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/analysis/comparing-vulnerabilities-of-cfrds-and-ecrds-11150911/
|access-date= 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zafarnejad|2009 }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Contribution of Dams to Iran's Desertification
|first= Fatemeh 
|last= Zafarnejad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= International Journal of Environmental Studies
|publisher= [[Routledge]]
|year= 2009
|volume= 66
|issue= 3
|pages=327–341
|issn= 0020-7233
|doi= 10.1080/00207230902798648
|url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207230902798648
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zhang|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Extinction of One of the World's Largest Freshwater Fishes: Lessons for Conserving the Endangered Yangtze Fauna
|first= Hui
|last= Zhang 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science of the Total Environment]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2020
|volume= 710
|issue= 
|article-number= 136242
|issn= 0048-9697
|doi= 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136242
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719362382
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

==== Unknown author ====
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}  --&gt;
&lt;!-- * {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}
  |title= 
  |url= 
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 
  |website = 
  |publisher= 
  }}
 
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite news
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}
  |title=Bombs Away
  |url=    https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/may/06/artsfeatures
  |access-date= 15 May 2026
  |date=   6 May 2003
  |newspaper= [[The Guardian]]
  | issn = 1756-3224
  |publisher= 
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}} --&gt;
*{{Cite news
| ref = {{sfnref|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}}
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10695272
|access-date= 5 May 2026
|publisher=[[BBC News]]
|title=China's Three Gorges Dam Faces Flood Test
|date=20 July 2010
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}
  |title=Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet
  |url=   https://www.greenconcrete.info/downloads/11_ConcreteCO2.pdf
  |access-date= 20 May 2026
  |date=  June 2008
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[National Ready Mixed Concrete Association]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=   https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/dam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Collins English Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[HarperCollins]]
  }}
&lt;!-- 
{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary ''}}
 |year=2001
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic0000unse_t1j9/page/361
|access-date=27 December 2025
 |pages=361
 |isbn=0198604386
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=  https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dam
  |access-date= 22 June 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[Merriam-Webster]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}
 |year=2026
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dam_n1
|access-date=22 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}
  |title=  Dam Failure and Flood Event Case History Compilation
  |url=  https://www.usbr.gov/ssle/damsafety/documents/RCEM-CaseHistories2015.pdf
  |access-date= 12 July 2026
  |date= June 2015
  |website =
  |publisher= [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}
  |title=Dam Inspection and Plan Review (PH21-V-6)
  |url=    https://arlweb.msha.gov/READROOM/HANDBOOK/PH21-V-6.pdf
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 2021
  | series=MSHA Handbook Series
  |website = [[Mine Safety and Health Administration]]
  |publisher=  [[U.S. Department of Labor]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/154.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date= 2011
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}  --&gt;
*  {{cite web
|title=  Geneva Conventions 1949 Protocol I
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}
|url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf
|access-date = 28 May 2026
| website = [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}
  |title= Global Energy Review 2025
  |url= https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2025
  |access-date= 3 July 2026
  |date= 24 March 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher= [[International Energy Agency]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
  |title=Glossary
  |url=    https://www.usbr.gov/library/glossary/#archgravitydam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   2022
  |website = Reclamation Library
  |publisher=   [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}  --&gt;
* {{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}
|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/HRP.Gordon%20Dam.Nomination%20with%20Images.Nov%202000.pdf 
|title=Gordon Dam, Tasmania: Submission for an National Engineering Landmark
 |publisher=[[Engineers Australia]] 
|date=September 2000
 |access-date=2 July 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}
  |title=Grande Dixence
  | url= https://www.grande-dixence.ch/en/the-complex/dams/grande-dixence-78/
  |access-date=  18 May 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Grande Dixence SA]]
  |publisher= 
  }}

* {{ cite web
  | title = Hydraulic Design of Spillways
  | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgsAAAAYAAJ
  | year= 1965
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/science/hydroelectric-power
|title = Hydroelectric Power
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 13 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
|ref={{sfnRef|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation'' }}
|url=https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|title=I-205 Abernethy Bridge
|website=[[Oregon Department of Transportation]]
|access-date=2 October 2025
|archive-date=25 November 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125051041/https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|url-status=live
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Instrumentation of Embankment Dams and Levees: Engineering and Design
  | url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA402883
  | year=  1995
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Integrated Operation of Hydropower Stations and Reservoirs
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/173.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2022
  |isbn=  9780367770051
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Multipurpose Water Storage
  |url=    https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/171.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=   9781003640035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |isbn=978-1-884575-65-5
  |url= https://damfailures.org/sites/default/files/wp-pdf/EQPerfo2_v3.pdf
  |title=Observed Performance of Dams During Earthquakes: Volume III
  |date= 2014
  |publisher=[[United States Society on Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title= Planning and Design of Navigation Locks
  |url= https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-2602.pdf
  |access-date=  3 July 2026
  |date= 30 September 1995
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Regulation of Dam Safety
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/167.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=    9781032456058
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}}
  |title=Research with GDW Data
  |url=     https://www.globaldamwatch.org/our-research
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=     2015
  |website = 
  |publisher= Global Dam Watch
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Three-Gorges-Dam
|title = Three Gorges Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 15 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn| &quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}}
|title=Tracking Barriers and Their Impacts on European River Ecosystems
|date = 8 Feb 2021
|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/european-waters/water-use-and-environmental-pressures/tracking-barriers-and-their-impacts
|access-date=22 May 2026
|publisher= [[European Environment Agency]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=World Register of Dams: General Synthesis
  |url=    https://www.icold-cigb.org/GB/world_register/general_synthesis.asp
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   September 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}  
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/place/Zuiderzee
|title = Zuiderzee
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 5 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--
SAVE THESE &quot;FURTHER READING&quot; SOURCES ... they may be needed if to implement suggestions from revivews (GA, PR, FA).
=== Further reading ===

==== Books ====
* {{ cite book
  | title =The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design, and Construction
  | last = Billington
  |first=  David P.
  |display-authors = etal
  | isbn= 9781493649044
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyoflargefe00bill
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Arch Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Boggs
  |first =  Howard L.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  493–539
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/493
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Spillway Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last =  Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  647–685
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/647
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  704–721
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/704
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988   0442243979
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams
  |last =   Chopra
  |first =  Anil K.
  |pages=  416–465
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/416
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Engineering and Ecological Aspects of Dam Removal: An Overview
  | last = Conyngham
  |first=  J.
  |display-authors= etal
  | date = September 2006
 | isbn=
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA464959
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Engineer Research and Development Center]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Large Dams: Learning from the Past Looking at the Future : Workshop Proceedings, Gland, Switzerland, April 11-12, 1997
  | last = Dorcey
  |first=  A.H.J.
  | isbn= 9780821340288
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/largedamslearnin0000unse
  | year= 1997
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Embankments
  |last =   Duncan
  |first =  James Michael
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  239–255
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/239
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Hydropolitics of Dams: Engineering or Ecosystems?
  | last = Everard
  |first=  M.
  | isbn= 9781780325422
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/hydropoliticsofd0000ever
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Cofferdams
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |pages=  219–238
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/219
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  354–367
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/354
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Recovering a Lost River: Removing Dams, Rewilding Salmon, Revitalizing Communities
  | last = Hawley
  |first=  S.
  | isbn= 9780807004739
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/recoveringlostri00hawl
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Beacon Press]]
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | title = Roman Aqueducts &amp; Water Supply
  | place = London
  | publisher = Duckworth
  | year = 1992
  | isbn = 978-0-7156-2194-3
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | editor-last = Wikander
  | editor-first = Örjan
  | editor-link = Örjan Wikander
  | contribution = Reservoirs and Dams
  | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
  | series = Technology and Change in History
  | volume = 2
  | year = 2000
  | publisher = Brill
  | location = Leiden
  | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3
  | pages = 331–339
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Challenges of Dam Removal and River Restoration
  | editor-last = Jerome
  | editor-first=  De Graff
  | isbn= 9780813741215
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/challengesofdamr0000unse
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Geological Society of America]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power
  | last = Khagram
  |first=  Sanjeev
  | isbn= 9780801442285
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmentt0000sanj
  | year= 2004
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Cornell University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title = Dams
  | last =  Leliavsky
  |first=  Serge
  | isbn= 0412225506
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/dams0000leli
  | year= 1981
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Chapman and Hall]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Deep Water: The Epic Struggle over Dams, Displaced People, and the Environment
  | last = Leslie
  |first=  Jacques
  | isbn= 9780312425562
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/deepwaterepicstr00lesl
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Spillway Design and Construction
  |last =   Lowe III
  |first =  John
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  609–646
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/646
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Tidal Power
  |last =    Nguyen
  |first =   Josef
  |pages= 1247–1249
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofen0004unse_i8j9/page/1247
  | title = Encyclopedia of Energy
 | editor-last = Pierce
  | editor-first=   Morris
  | isbn=    9781587658532
| year=  2012
  | access-date=  5 May 2026
  | publisher= Salem Press
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams: Engineering in a Social and Environmental Context : Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the British Dam Society
  | editor-last = Pepper
  |editor-first=  Andrew
  | isbn= 9780727757999
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsengineeringi0000brit
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[ICE Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk and Mitigation
  | editor-last = Schuster
  | editor-first=   R.L.
  | isbn=  9780872625242
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/landslidedamspro0000unse
  | year= 1986
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |  title=Hydraulics of Dams and Reservoirs
  | last =Şentürk
  |first= Fuat
  | isbn=9780918334800
  |  url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqzZdytUz3gC
  | year=1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=[[Water Resources Publications]]
  }} Also online at [https://archive.org/details/hydraulicsofdams0000sent Internet Archive]

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures
  | last =  Tanchev
  |first=   L.
|edition=2nd
  | isbn=  9780203577059
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsappurtenanth0000tanc
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[CRC Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Development in China
  | last =  Tilt
  |first=  Bryan
  | isbn=  9780231538268
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmenti0000tilt
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovative Solutions in Hydropower Engineering and Civil Engineering
  | last = Wang
  |first=  S.
  |display-authors= etal
  | isbn= 9789819917488
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-63612
  | year= 2023
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dam Foundation Grouting
  | last =Weaver
  |first=  K.D.
  | isbn= 9780872627925
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damfoundationgro0000weav
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =  New Developments in Dam Engineering: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering
  | editor-last = Wieland
  | editor-first=  Martin
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn=    0415362407
  |  url=  https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/handle/123456789/169
  | year=  2004
  | access-date=  4 May 2026
  | publisher=    [[Taylor &amp; Francis|A. A. Balkema{{snd}}Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }} Reprinted in 2014 with {{isbn|9780203020678}}.

==== Unkown author ====

*{{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Between Two Dams&quot;, ''EcoPeace ''}}
|title=Between Two Dams: Degania and Alumot
|publisher=[[EcoPeace Middle East]]
|date= March 2018
 |url= https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Between-Two-Dams.pdf
|access-date= 16 May 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Dams for Hydroelectric Energy
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/163.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=    2021
  |isbn= 9781138492035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =  {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url=https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/175.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2021
  |isbn= 9780367770310
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =   {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Surveillance Guide&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Surveillance Guide
  |url=  https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/158.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2018
  |isbn=  9781138490208
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams: Design, Performance, and Research Needs
  | url= https://archive.org/details/earthquakeengine0000unse
  | isbn=  9780309043366
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[National Academies Press]]
  }}

* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Design Center&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title=Hydroelectric Design Center
  |url=     https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerRegulations/ER_10-1-53.pdf
  |access-date= 12 May 2026
  |date=  2015
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}
--&gt;
{{Geotechnical engineering}}
{{Infrastructure}}
{{Hydropower}}
{{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya:Civil engineering]]
[[Kategorya:Dams| ]]
[[Kategorya:Hydraulic structures]]
[[Kategorya:Infrastructure]]
[[Kategorya:Structural engineering]]
[[en:Dam]]</text>
      <sha1>atw4fyjmc9svis9nd4hmyr45k17y8xq</sha1>
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=== Embankment dam ===
{{main|Embankment dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Embankment dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Embankment Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 =  A diagram illustrating the cross-section of a typical embankment dam.
 | caption1 = Many [[embankment dam]]s have a clay core and gradually sloping faces both upstream and downstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
&lt;!--  |{{harvnb|Brown|2026|loc=§ &quot;Embankment dams&quot;}}. --&gt;
|{{harvnb|Schnitter|1994|p=168}}.
|{{harvnb|Denny|2010| p= 188}}.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | image2   = &lt;!-- Una foto de la presa.jpg --&gt;  Misogawa Dam road survey.jpg
 | alt2 =  A large rocky dam, with a reservoir behind it, and green hills in the background.
 | caption2 =    [[Misogawa Dam]] in Japan is an [[embankment dam]].
}}
=== Gravity dam ===
{{main|Gravity dam}}
{{multiple image
&lt;!-- | header = [[Buttress dam]] --&gt;
&lt;!-- | width = 160 --&gt;
| title= Gravity dams
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Gravity Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical gravity dam.
 | caption1 =  A typical [[gravity dam]] has a nearly vertical upstream face, and a broad base.{{sfn|Schnitter|1994|pp=170–172}}{{efn|The &quot;toe&quot; of a dam is the bottom of the downstream face. The &quot;heel&quot; is the bottom of the upstream face.{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
}}
 | image2   = Grande Dixence Staumauer.jpg &lt;!-- Barrage de la Grande-Dixence.jpg --&gt;
 | alt2 =  A massive concrete dam with a reservoir behind it.
 | caption2 = [[Grande Dixence Dam]] in Switzerland is one of the [[List of tallest dams|world's tallest gravity dams]]. The people atop the dam's crest illustrate its size.{{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}&lt;!-- 
{{efn|[[Grande Dixence Dam]] is the world's tallest gravity dam as of 2025.}}
--&gt;
}}

=== Buttress dam ===
{{main|Buttress dam}}
{{multiple image
| title= Buttress dams 
| caption_align=center
 | image1 =  Buttress Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg
 | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical buttress dam.
 | caption1 = A [[buttress dam]] has an inclined upstream face supported by multiple buttresses.&lt;ref name=Buttress/&gt;
 | image2   = 040523-Latyan-IMG 8656-2.jpg
 | alt2 =   A huge concrete dam with trees at its base.
 | caption2 = About 20 buttresses are visible in this photo of [[Latyan Dam|Latyan buttress dam]] in Iran.{{sfn|Scott|1968|p=353}} 
}}
An '''sagop''' sarong estruktura na nagsasaray tubig o nag'uulang kan bulos o dalihig kaini. An mga sagop klasipikado sa apat na tugmad na klase: [[gravity dam]] iyo an malahiganteng estruktura gibo sa konkreto o semento na nagsasarig sa gabat kaini ngani mabangga an pwersa kan tinambak na tubig; [[embankment dam]] ginigibo sa pagtipon nin kagagapoan, dalipay, baybay, daga, o graba; [[buttress dam]] ginigibo paagi nin anhay, konkretong sementong suportado sa ibabang bulos nin serye nin mga triangular na [[sangki']]; asin an [[arch dam]] nagamit nin binalod na konkretong lanob ngani mapalis an gabat kan tubig sa magkataraid asin nakapalibot na nag'uulang na daga'. 

An mga sagop tuyong ginigibo bilang [[irigasyon]], [[hydropower]], [[kuanan tubig]], [[pagkontrol sa baha]], [[Lista nin isports sa tubig|rekreasyon]], [[inland navigation]], asin [[pagsisira']]. An irigasyon kritikal na aplikasyon nin sagop: mga 20% kan mga dagang tatamnan nin kinaban may patubig naghahale sa mga [[reserba]] natipon kan mga sagop. An mga sagop nagmumukna nin pwersa sa tubig (hydropower), nagtatao nin malinig asin danay na pagkukuan elektrisidad, asin nagwawaras nin tubig sa pnagangaipo sa harong asin sa gamit industriyal.&lt;!-- Dams that support flood management reduce downstream water levels to a safe limit.--&gt;

An haloyan nang sagop iyo an [[Jawa Dam (Jordan)|Jawa Dam]] sa modernong [[Jordan]], hinaman kan 3000{{nbsp}}BCE. An [[Hittites|Imperyong Hittite]] nagtugdok magkapirang sagop sa (ngonyan) modernong Turkey pag'ultan nin ika-17 asin ika-19 siglo BCE. Sa kan ika-1 na siglo CE, an [[Imperyong Romano]] naghimong makagibo nin inapod na gravity dams{{snd}} na tipikal igwang patindog na ulang sa pairaya asin pailawod na sapa. Kan [[medieval Europe]], an mga sagop nagdadamot nin tubig pagtaong pwersa sa paitok na ruweda para sa molino asin pagmimina. An proseso nin pagdesenyo nin mga sagop naghihira na kan mga huring panahon nin ika-18ng siglo hale sa impormal na praktis pasiring sa disiplina nin inhenyero nakabatay na syensia. Kan ika-20ng siglo, gibo kan madalian nang makakua nin konkreto asin an pagtunga kan mga makinaryang darakula na pangkonstruksyon, dakulon nang mga proyekto nin mga darakulang sagop an nahahaman sa bilog na ikinaban.&lt;!-- Organized opposition to dam projects emerged in the modern era, focused on environmental and social impacts such as loss of plant and animal habitat, reduced water and sediment flow, degraded landscape aesthetics, submergence of cultural sites, and forced relocation of human populations.--&gt;

An barang-barang na parte kan sagop iyo an balagbag na nagpupugol sa tubig, alagad kadaklan kan mga sagop igwang mga dugang na estruktura na may importanteng pungsyon. Pag an sagop binabagat an bulos nin salog, mga [[Lock (water navigation)|barat]] nakakaag na sa proyekto ngani an mga bapor makalagbas. [[Mga hagahag para sa sira]] ikinakaag man ngani an mga sira makapa-iraya. [[Ulaan]] parati kairiba sa desenyo ta anoman na su'pay o sulwak magbulos sana pailawod ta kun dai, pwedeng magdulot nin pagbabaha sa mga palibot na katatamnan asin estaran. Mga ihian nin sagop kinakaag ngani an deposito mapatete' sa paglinig kan mga natipon na tundag o marokamok.

An sagop pwede man rangkahon asin haleon huli sa magkapirang rason: kun ini nagdadarang peligro sa buhay, kun ini dai naman talaga kaipohan, o ngani maibalik an ruta kan migrasyn nin mga sira, o ngani maparahay an salud kan pailawod na mga sapa paagi kan dagdag na bulos kan marokamok. An mga sagop may okasyon man na nabagsak na naresulta sa makuring pagbaha' asin pagkautas nin buhay. Dakul na prinsipyo sa pagdesenyo nin ligtas na sagop nano'dan huli kaini.&lt;!-- An mga sagop pwedeng magpalya sa dakul na rason: mga linog, dai dusog na kagagapoan sa [[abutment]], tubig na nagtuturo sa laog o sa irarom kan sagop, o an sagop nahuros sa kinatutugmadan kaini. .--&gt;

== Depinisyon asin etimolohiya ==
Sa halakbang na pakasabot, an &quot;sagop&quot; iyo an anoman na estruktura na nagsasaray nin tubig o nag'uulang na dai magkaigwa nin pagbabaha'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}. 
|{{harvnb|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}. 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|
An ''Oxford English Dictionary'': &quot;Sarong sangki' o bagat nin daga', semento, aibp., na tinugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani ulangon an pagdalihig kaini asin  itaas an lebel kaini....; anoman nakakaagid na knstruksyon ngani matipon an tubig na ini magin sarong danaw-danaw o reserba, o tangani maproteheran an kadagaan sa paglantop kan tubig igdi.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'': &quot;Anoman na ulang sa pagbulos nin tubig o nin mga rogrog na mga solidong materyales (arog kan daga o nyebe)&quot;.{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
}} Sa konteksto nin [[civil engineering]], an katagang &quot;sagop&quot; nagkakahulogan sanang limitado sa mga estrukturang nagsasaray tubig o itinataas an lebel kan katubigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Multiref
|{{harvnb|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}. 
|{{harvnb| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}. 
|{{harvnb| Denny |2010| p=191}}.
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Examples of definitions in a civil engineering context:
* Bureau of Reclamation: &quot;Sagop. Sarong ulang tinugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani masaray o mapaibang agi an bulos  nin tubig. Sarong ulang na nagbabangga, nagdidirehe, nagpapaluya, o nagsasaray sa binulos nin tubig. Parati ini ginigibo balagbag sa sarong sipi o sapa.&quot;  &quot;Sangki'. Sarong natural o gibong-tawo na ulang na nagtatabang na an mga salog dai maglipwas sa saiyang mga kagilidan o pampang.&quot;{{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
* Schnitter: &quot;An mga sagop ginigibo ngani matipon an tubig saka mapadalihig ini ...&quot;.{{sfn| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}
Sa katunayan, an mga sagop igwang duwang malinaw na epekto: An reserba nin tubig, na namukna huli sa pagsagop, ... linalaog kan kadakulan kan ... palaog-bulos nin tubig.... [asin]  An sagop ilinalangkaw an lebel kan pairayang bulos nin sapa.&quot;{{sfn| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}
An artikulong ini ginagamit an huring depinisyon ta pinupugol saka itinataas an tubig, kaya dai sinasakop an mga di-ke asin  mga [[sangki]] sa mga gilid nin salog, asin an [[diversion dam]] na pinapasuki sarong kabtang kan bulos nin salog alagad dai man ilinalangkaw an lebel kan salog.

==Toltolan==
=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===

==== Books ====

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Geology
  |last =   Arnold
  |first =   Arthur B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  106–152
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/106
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Baker|2003|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Beaver (''Castor Canadensis'')
  |last =    Baker
  |first =    B. W.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=   288–310
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/wildmammalsofnor0000unse_f5o3/page/288
  | title = Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics
  | editor-last = Chapman
  | editor-first=  J.A
  | isbn=   9780801874161
  | year= 2003
  | access-date= 8 June 2026
  | publisher=  [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World
  | last = Berlow
  | first=  L.H.
  | isbn= 9780897749664
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto0000berl
  | year= 1998
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Academic]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Blight|Jewell|1998|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
|last1=Blight
|first1=Geoffrey E.
|author-link1 =  Geoffrey Eustace Blight
|last2=Jewell
|first2= Richard J.
|display-authors= etal
|title=Case Studies on Tailings Management
|year=1998
|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]{{snd}}International Council on Metals and the Environment
|isbn=9781895720297
|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_189572029x
 |access-date= 8 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bolt|1988|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Seismology
  |last =   Bolt
  |first =  Bruce A.
  |author-link=Bruce Bolt
  |pages=  153–171
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/153
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Breeze|2014|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Power Generation Technologies
  | last =  Breeze
  | first=  Paul
  | edition = 2nd
  | isbn=  9780080983363
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/powergenerationt0000bree_y7o0
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 20 May 2026
  | publisher= [[George Newnes Ltd]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Bunbury  |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Egyptian Nile
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Judith |last1=Bunbury
|display-authors=etal
|pages=43–78
|author-link=Judith Bunbury
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Cao |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book 
|title=River Culture
|chapter=The River/Lake Chief System in China: A New Policy to Improve Environmental Quality in Hydrosystems
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Yixin
|last1=Cao
|display-authors=etal
|pages= 853–874
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Instrumentation
  |last =   Carpenter
  |first =  Lynn R.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  751–776
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/751
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Hydrology
  |last =   Cecilio
  |first =  Catalino B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  60–105
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/60
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Chellaney|2015|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Water, Peace, and War: Confronting the Global Water Crisis
  | last =  Chellaney
  |first=  B.
|author-link = Brahma Chellaney
  | year = 2015
 | isbn=9781442249288
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/waterpeacewarcon0000chel
  | access-date= 16 May 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title=The Nile
 |first1= Robert
 |last1= Collins
| author-link= Robert O. Collins
| isbn=  9780300097641
| year= 2002
 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe
| publisher=  [[Yale University Press]]
| access-date= 16 March 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Corns|1988  |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Gravity Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =  Corns
  |first =  Charles F.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  466–492
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/466
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn| Cray|2004 |pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{cite book
|first=Ed
|last=Cray
|author-link = Ed Cray
|date=2004
|title=Ramblin Man: The Life and Times of Woody Guthrie
|url=https://archive.org/details/ramblinman00edcr
|access-date= 19 May 2026
|publisher= [[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]]
|isbn=9780393047592
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Creager|1917|pp=?? }} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Engineering for Masonry Dams
  | last =  Creager
  |  first=   W.P.
  | lccn=17017759
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/engineeringform02creagoog
  | year=  1917
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[J. Wiley &amp; Sons]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Super Structures: The Science of Bridges, Buildings, Dams, and Other Feats of Engineering
  | last = Denny
  |first=  Mark
  | isbn= 9780801894367
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/superstructuress0000denn
  | year= 2010
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Materials
  |last =   Dolen
  |first =  Timothy P.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  172–218
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/172
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Surveillance
  |last =  Duscha
  |first =  Lloyd A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  777–797
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/777
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Evans|2011|pp=??}} --&gt;
&lt;!--  PReface pp ix-xii covers Eerything;  Chap 1 pp 1-6 Rockslide; Chap 21 pp 519-525 Lava &amp; Volc dams; ch 25(p 595-600) &amp; Ch 26 (p 617-625) Man-made blast-fill dams (? only Russia and Khyrgistan? --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams
| editor-last =  Evans
  | editor-first=   S.G.
  | display-editors=  etal
  | isbn=  9783642047633
  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDK85Mqz_YAC
  | year=  2011
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Geotechnical Engineering of Dams
  | last = Fell
  |first=  Robin
  |display-authors= etal
  |edition = Second
  | isbn= 9781138000087
  |  url=  https://books.google.com/books?id=vpCZBQAAQBAJ
  | year= 2014
  | publisher= [[Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }}   First edition (2005) online in Internet Archive.

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  321–353
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/321
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gerwick|2014|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Bridge Engineering Handbook. Vol 5. Construction and Maintenance
 |edition       = Second
 |first         = Ben
 |last          = Gerwick
 |chapter       = Substructures of Major Overwater Bridges
 |pages         = 137–174
 |editor-last1  = Chen
 |editor-first1 = Wai-Fah
 |editor-last2  = Duan
 |editor-first2 = Lian
 |isbn          = 9781439852330
 |url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=BCeOAgAAQBAJ
 |access-date   = 31 October 2025
 |year          = 2014
 |publisher     = [[CRC Press]]
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Gulliver |1991|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{cite book
 |title         = Hydropower Engineering Handbook 
 |first         =   John 
 |last          =  Gulliver
 |display-authors=etal
 |isbn          =  9780070251939
 |url           =  https://books.google.com/books?id=CNdSAAAAMAAJ
 |access-date   = 3 July 2026
 |year          =  1991
 |publisher     =  [[McGraw-Hill]]
}}
 
* {{ cite book
  |chapter= Reservoirs
  |last = James
  |first = Laurence
  |pages= 722–750
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/722
  | year= 1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Lessons from Notable Events
  |last =    James
  |first =  Laurence B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  8–59
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/8
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Introduction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |pages=  1–7
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/1
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  256–320
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/256
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Design and Construction
  |last =   Jansen
  |first =  Robert B.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  686–703
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/686
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kitchen|2016|p=??}}  --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title = River Weirs: Design, Maintenance, Modification and Removal
  | last =  Kitchen
  |first=   Amanda
|display-authors=etal
  | isbn=  9780860177784
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/c-763-river-weirs.-design-maintenance-modification-and-removal-web-1
  | year=  2016
  | access-date= 8 May 2026
  | publisher=  Construction Industry Research and Information Association
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Lemperiere|2006|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | chapter = The Role of Dams in the XXI Century to Achieve a Sustainable Development Target
  | pages= 1065–1072
  | first= F.
  | last= Lemperiere
  | display-authors= etal
  | chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirsso0002inte/page/1065
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century
  | volume = 2
  | editor-last = Berga
  | editor-first= Luis
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn= 9781134138500
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  388–408
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/388
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mariano |2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book 
|title=River Culture
|chapter= Nature-Human-River Relationships at the Ebro River and its Delta
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1= Mercè
|last1= Mariano
|display-authors=etal
|pages=745–782
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Pelikan|1997|pp=??}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Fish Bypass Channels
  |last =     Pelikan
  |first =    B.
  |pages=   61–66
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/hydropower97proc0000inte/page/60/mode/2up?q=Pelikan
  | title =   Hydropower '97: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Hydropower
 | editor-last =  Broch
  | editor-first=    E.
  | isbn=     9054108886
| year=   1997
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Design, Safety and Operation of Dams
  | last = Schleiss
  |first=   A.J.
  |display-authors=etal
  | isbn= 9782889149957
  |  url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VP1O0AEACAAJ
  | year= 2022
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =A History of Dams: The Useful Pyramids
  | last = Schnitter
  |first=   N.
  | isbn= 9789054101499
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyofdamsuse0000schn_g8y9
  | year= 1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=  [[A.A. Balkema]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Concrete Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment
  |last =  Schrader
  |first =   Ernest K.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  540–577
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/540
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Reservoirs: Planning and Engineering
  | last = Siddiqui
  |first=  I.H.
  | isbn= 9780195475852
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirspl0000sidd
  | year= 2009
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Smith|1975|p=?}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | title= Man and Water: A History of Hydro-technology
  | last = Smith
  |first=  Norman
  | isbn= 0684145227
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/manwaterhistory00smit
  | year= 1975
  | access-date=  13 May 2026
  | publisher= [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Taïbi|2023|pp=??}}  --&gt;
* {{cite book |title=River Culture
|chapter=The Senegal River, a Disturbed Lifeline in the Sahel
|editor-last=Wantzen
|editor-first=Karl M.
|first1=Aude
|last1=Taïbi
|display-authors=etal
|pages=79–114
|author-link= 
|isbn=9789231005404
|doi=10.54677/HHMI3947
 |year=2023
 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dam
  | last = Turpin
  |first=  Trevor
  | isbn= 9781861893284
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/dam0000turp
  | year= 2008
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Reaktion Books]]
  }}

==== Journals, news, and websites ====
&lt;!--
* {{cite journal
|title=
|first= 
|last= 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= 
|publisher= 
|year= 
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 
|url= 
|access-date= 
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{cite journal
|last1=Ayenalem
|first1=Abebe Yirga
|display-authors= etal
|title=Popular Culture and Nile Hydropolitics: Amharic Songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
|journal=International Journal of Water Governance
|publisher = [[Delft University of Technology]]
|date=28 December 2023
|volume=10
|issue=1
|doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359
|doi-access=free
| issn = 2211-4505
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Bellmore|2017|p=??}} --&gt;
*{{Cite journal
|last1=Bellmore
|first1=J. R.
 |display-authors=etal
|year=2017
|orig-year=2016
|title=Status and Trends of Dam Removal Research in the United States
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1164
|journal=[[WIREs Water]]
|publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|access-date= 22 May 2026
|volume=4
|issue=2
|article-number=e1164
|doi=10.1002/wat2.1164
 |issn=2049-1948
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Boulange|2021|loc=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Role of Dams in Reducing Global Flood Exposure Under Climate Change
|first=   Julien
|last=   Boulange
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Communications]]
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=   2021
|volume= 12
|issue= 1
|article-number= 417
|issn= 2041-1723
|doi= 10.1038/s41467-020-20704-0
|doi-access= free|pmc= 7814128
}}

&lt;!-- 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/technology/dam-engineering
|title = Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first = John Guthrie
| last = Brown
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
}}
--&gt;
* {{ cite web
|url =  https://web.itu.edu.tr/~bulu/water_resources_files/lecture_notes_04.pdf
|title =  Water Resources: Lecture Notes IV
|publisher =  [[Istanbul Technical University]]
|year= &lt;!-- unknown --&gt;
| first = Atil
| last =  Bulu
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Chanson |1998|p=? }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Extreme Reservoir Sedimentation in Australia
|first=  Hubert
|last=  Chanson
|journal= International Journal of Sediment Research
|publisher= International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation
|year=  1998
|volume= 13
|issue=  3
|pages= 55–63
|issn=  1001-6279
|doi= 
|url= https://staff.civil.uq.edu.au/h.chanson/reprints/ijrs_98.pdf
|access-date= 8 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Costa|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Local Economic Impacts of Hydroelectric Power Plants: Evidence from Brazil
|first=  Francisco
|last=  Costa
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Economía LACEA Journal]]
|publisher= [[Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  24
|issue=  1
|pages=105–123
|issn= 1533-6239
|doi= 10.31389/eco.466
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|El-Askary|2026}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The World's Largest Saddle Dam at Risk
|first=  Hesham
|last=   El-Askary
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 135
|issue= 
|article-number = 106045
|issn= 2212-4209
|doi= 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106045
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420926000579
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|Fowkes|2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Mega-Dams In the Hydrologics of the Socialist Anthropocene
|first=  Maja
|last=  Fowkes
|display-authors=etal
|journal= ARTMargins
|publisher=  [[The MIT Press]]
|year= 2025
|volume= 14
|issue=  2
|pages=11–38
|issn=  2162-2574
|doi= 10.1162/artm_a_00411
|url= https://muse.jhu.edu/article/973802.
|access-date= 21 May 2026
}}

&lt;!--   {{sfn| Ghiasi | 2025}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title = Estimating the Volume of Evaporation from the Main Dams of Iran
|first=   Behzad 
|last=   Ghiasi 
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  Results in Engineering
|publisher=  [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2025
|volume=  27
|issue=  
|article-number= 107057
|issn=  2590-1230
|doi=  10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107057
|url=  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025031135
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|doi-access=  free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Graves | 2016}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Buhen: A Site Submerged
|first= Carl
|last= Graves
 | url= https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/buhen--a-site-submerged.html
|date =  29 Aug 2016
|access-date=29 May 2026
 |website =  [[Egypt Exploration Society]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Gyau-Boakye|2001}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Environmental Impacts of the Akosombo Dam and Effects of Climate Change on the Lake Levels
|first=  P.
|last=   Gyau-Boakye
|journal= Environment, Development and Sustainability
|publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
|year=  2001
|volume= 3
|issue=  1
|pages= 17–29
|issn= 1573-2975
|doi= 10.1023/A:1011402116047
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011402116047
|access-date= 14 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Horn|2014}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|title=Patagonia's New Line of Activism Is Documentary 'DamNation'
|first= John
|last=  Horn
|newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] &lt;!--  |issn =  2165-1736 --&gt;
|publisher= 
|date=  1 May 2014
|url= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-backstage-hollywood-patagonia-damnation-20140501-story.html
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Huang|2024}}  --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dams Trigger Exponential Population Declines of Migratory Fish
|first= Zhenli 
|last= Huang
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science Advances]]
|publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 10
|issue= 19
|article-number=eadi6580
|issn= 	2375-2548
|doi= 10.1126/sciadv.adi6580
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Jeuland|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Economics of Dams
|first=  Marc
|last=  Jeuland
|journal= [[Oxford Review of Economic Policy]]
|year=2020
|volume= 36
|issue=  1
|pages=45–68
|issn= 0266-903X
|doi= 10.1093/oxrep/grz028
|url= https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-pdf/36/1/45/31709532/grz028.pdf
|access-date= 2 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kakoyannis | 2002}} --&gt;
* {{cite report
|title=Assessing and Evaluating Recreational Uses of Water Resources: Implications for an Integrated Management Framework
|first= Christina 
|last= Kakoyannis
|display-authors=etal
|journal=   PNW-GTR-536
|publisher= [[US Department of Agriculture]]
|year= 2002
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn= 
|doi= 10.2737/pnw-gtr-536
|url=  https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/4826.pdf
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kayiranga|2024|p=??}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Anthropogenic activities and the influence of desertification processes on the water cycle and water use in the Aral Sea basin
|first= Alphonse 
|last= Kayiranga 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 51
|issue= 
|article-number =101598
|issn= 2214-5818
|doi= 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101598
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581823002859
|access-date= 9 July 2026
|doi-access= free
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Keijzer|2024}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Threats of Dams to the Persistence of the World's Freshwater Fishes
|first= Tamara 
|last= Keijzer
|display-authors=etal
|journal=  [[Global Change Biology]]
|publisher= [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|year= 2024
|volume= 30
|issue= 2
|article-number= e17166
|issn= 1365-2486  
|doi= 10.1111/gcb.17166
|url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fgcb.17166
|access-date= 4 July 2026
|hdl= 2066/304250
|hdl-access= free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Krol |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{cite news
 |last=Krol
|first=Debra
|date=September 2, 2024
|title=Largest Dam Removal Project in US: Klamath River Flows Freely
|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/09/02/klamath-river-four-dams-demolished/75044231007/
 |access-date= 22 May 2026
|newspaper=[[USA TODAY]] &lt;!--  |issn=0734-7456 --&gt; 
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Kumar|2026}} 
* {{ cite web
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Akosombo-Dam
|title =  Akosombo Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
| first =  Aman
| last =  Kumar
|display-authors = etal
  | access-date= 15 June 2026
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lad|2024}}
* {{cite journal
|title=India and the Ganga Waters Treaty: Analysis of the Water Sharing Mechanism
|first= Rahul
|last=  Lad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]]
|publisher = [[SAGE Publications]]
|year=  2024
|volume= 61
|issue= 2
|pages=185–202
|issn= 0020-8817
|doi= 10.1177/00208817241285256
|url= https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00208817241285256
|access-date= 18 May 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Larsen |2021}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Dam Builders and Their Works: Beaver Influences on the Structure and Function of River Corridor Hydrology, Geomorphology, Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems
|first=  Annegret
|last=  Larsen
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Earth-Science Reviews]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year=  2021
|volume= 218
|issue= 
|article-number=103623
|issn= 0012-8252
|doi= 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103623
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825221001239
|access-date= 9 June 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lehner|2011}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=High-Resolution Mapping of the World's Reservoirs and Dams for Sustainable River-Flow Management
|first= Bernhard
|last=  Lehner
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment]]
|publisher= [[Ecological Society of America]]
|year=  2011
|volume= 9
|issue=  9
|pages=494–502
|issn= 1540-9295
|doi= 10.1890/100125
|url= https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/100125
|access-date= 30 April 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Lichtenstein |1976 }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last1=Lichtenstein
|first1=Grace
|date=20 January 1976
|title=Edward Abbey, Voice of Southwest Wilds
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/20/archives/edward-abbey-voice-of-southwest-wilds.html
|access-date= 17 May 2026
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
}}
  
&lt;!--  {{sfn|Liu|2010}}
* {{cite journal
|title= Laboratory Test and Numerical Simulation of Time-Dependent Thermomechanical Behavior of the Three-Gorges Dam
|first= Jian
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2010
|volume= 22
|issue= 2
|pages=111-123
|issn= 
|doi=  10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2010)22:2(111)
|url= 
|access-date= 
}} 
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Liu|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Biodiversity Decline of Fish Assemblages After the Impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River Basin, China
|first= Xiongjun
|last= Liu
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
|year= 2019
|volume= 29
|issue= 1
|pages=177–195
|issn= 1573-5184
|doi= 10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn| Mácová|2023 }} 
* {{cite journal
|title= How Important for Society Is Recreation Provided by Multi-Purpose Water Reservoirs? Welfare Analysis of the Vltava River Reservoir System
|first= Kateřina 
|last= Mácová
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Water (journal)|Water]]
|publisher= 
|year= 2023
|volume= 15
|issue= 10
|article-number= 1966
|issn= 2073-4441
|doi=  10.3390/w15101966
|doi-access=  free|url= https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/10/1966 
|access-date=  5 July 2026
}}  
--&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Marchetti|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
 |last = Marchetti
 |first= Nicolò
 |display-authors=etal
 | title = A Multi-scalar Approach for Assessing the Impact of Dams on the Cultural Heritage in the Middle East and North Africa
 | journal = [[Journal of Cultural Heritage]]
 | publisher = [[Elsevier]]
 | volume = 37
 | pages = 17–28
 | year = 2019
 | issn = 1296-2074
 | doi = 10.1016/j.culher.2018.10.007
 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207418305569
 |  access-date= 26 May 2026
| url-access = subscription
 }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|McSweeney|2023}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title=Rewilding Europe's Rivers with Dam Removal Boosts Biodiversity, Economy
|first=Catherine
|last=McSweeney
 | url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/rivers-biodiversity-dam-removal-award
|date = 1 September 2023
|access-date=22 May 2026
 |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]]
|language=en
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Morison|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|last1=Morison
|first1=Conner A. G.
|display-authors=etal
|author-link2=Catherine Hickson
|title=Mount Garibaldi: Hazard Potential from a Long-Dormant Volcanic System in the Pacific Northwest
|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]
|publisher=[[Canadian Science Publishing]]
|pages=464–484|volume=60
|issue=5
|year=2023
|doi=10.1139/cjes-2022-0067
|issn=0008-4077
|doi-access=free
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Niranjan|2026  }} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/may/21/record-number-of-dams-dismantled-in-europe-in-effort-to-help-wildlife-thrive
|title=Record Number of Dams Dismantled in Europe in Effort to Help Wildlife Thrive
|first=Ajit
|last= Niranjan
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!--  |issn =  1756-3224  --&gt; 
|date= 21 May 2026
|access-date = 22 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Onder|Yilmaz|2005}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Underground Dams: A Tool of Sustainable Development and Management of Ground Resources
|last1=  Onder
 |first1=H.
 |last2=Yilmaz
|first2=M.
|journal= European Water
|publisher= European Water Resources Association
|year=  2005
|volume= 11
|issue=  12
|pages=35–45
|issn=  1105-7580
|doi= 
|url= http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2005_11-12_05.pdf
|access-date= 9 May 2026
}}  Author M. Yilmaz wrote a 2003 Masters thesis with additional detail and history on underground dams.

* {{cite journal
|title=The Return of Large Dams to the Development Agenda: A Post-Development Critique
|first=  Scott W.D.
|last=   Pearse-Smith
|display-authors=etal
|journal= Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development
|publisher= [[Columbia University Libraries]]
|date =  Feb 2014
|volume= 11
|issue=  11
|pages= 123–131
|issn=  2333-9705
|doi= 
|jstor= 26188733
|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26188733
|access-date= 
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ranjan |2024}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite journal
|last=Ranjan
|first=Amit |date=2024
 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Dispute: Implications, Negotiations, And Mediations
|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary African Studies]]
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
 |volume=42
|issue=1 |pages=18–36
|doi=10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425
|issn=0258-9001
 |url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{Sfn|Ritchie|2018}} --&gt;
* {{Cite journal
|last1=Ritchie
|first1=A. C.
|display-authors=etal
|date=2018
|title=Morphodynamic Evolution Following Sediment Release from the World's Largest Dam Removal
|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]
|publisher= [[National Library of Medicine]]
|volume=8
|issue=1
|article-number=13279
|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-30817-8
|doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322
|pmc=6125403
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Ritchie|2025}} --&gt;
*  {{Cite web
|title= Renewable Energy
|first= Hannah
|last= Ritchie
|author-link =Hannah Ritchie
|display-authors=etal
 | url= https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy
|date = 2025
|access-date= 14 June 2026
 |website= [[Our World in Data]]
}}
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Scott|1968}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title= Farahnaz Pahlavi Dam at Layiyan  
|first= K. F.
|last= Scott
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|publisher= [[Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|year= 1968
|volume= 39
|issue= 3
|pages=353–395
|issn= 1753-7789
|doi= 10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|url= https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1968.8072
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|Sutor|2018}}  --&gt;
* {{cite news
|last=Sutor
|first = Dave
|title=Johnstown Flood: McCullough's 'Lucky Break' Launched Career
 |url= https://apnews.com/general-news-4f60b21dca89430c9f9e055a3cd7b70a
 |access-date=16 May 2026
|newspaper = [[AP News]]
 |date=March 24, 2018
}}

* {{cite journal
|title=Challenges and Opportunities for the Governance of Hydropower
|first=  Sergio
|last=  Villamayor-Tomas
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Nature Sustainability]]
|publisher= [[Nature Portfolio]]
|year=  2026
|volume= 9
|issue=  5
|pages=653–663
|issn=  2398-9629
|doi= 10.1038/s41893-026-01782-2
|url= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-026-01782-2
|access-date= 25 April 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Vogt|2019}} --&gt; 
* {{cite journal
|title= The Afsluitdijk as a Complex System
|first=   Berber
|last=    Vogt
|journal=  Insight
|publisher= [[International Council on Systems Engineering]]
|year=   2019
|volume=  22
|issue=   1
|pages = 32–36
|issn=   2156-485X
|doi= 10.1002/inst.12235
|url= https://incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/inst.12235
|access-date= 3 July 2026
|url-access=subscription
}}  
 
&lt;!-- {{sfn|Watts|2019}} --&gt;
* {{cite news
|url= https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-material-on-earth
|title=Concrete: the Most Destructive Material on Earth
|first=  Jonathan
|last= Watts
|author-link = Jonathan Watts
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]] &lt;!-- |issn =  1756-3224 --&gt;
|date= 25 February 2019
|access-date = 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Wieland|2023}} --&gt;
* {{cite magazine
|title= Comparing Vulnerabilities of CFRDs and ECRDs
|first=   Martin
|last=   Wieland
|magazine=  International Water Power &amp; Dam Construction
|publisher=  [[Wilmington plc]]
|date =   15 September 2023
|volume= 
|issue= 
|pages=
|issn=   0306-400X
|doi= 
|url=  https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/analysis/comparing-vulnerabilities-of-cfrds-and-ecrds-11150911/
|access-date= 31 May 2026
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zafarnejad|2009 }} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=The Contribution of Dams to Iran's Desertification
|first= Fatemeh 
|last= Zafarnejad
|display-authors=etal
|journal= International Journal of Environmental Studies
|publisher= [[Routledge]]
|year= 2009
|volume= 66
|issue= 3
|pages=327–341
|issn= 0020-7233
|doi= 10.1080/00207230902798648
|url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207230902798648
|access-date= 5 July 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|Zhang|2020}} --&gt;
* {{cite journal
|title=Extinction of One of the World's Largest Freshwater Fishes: Lessons for Conserving the Endangered Yangtze Fauna
|first= Hui
|last= Zhang 
|display-authors=etal
|journal= [[Science of the Total Environment]]
|publisher= [[Elsevier]]
|year= 2020
|volume= 710
|issue= 
|article-number= 136242
|issn= 0048-9697
|doi= 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136242
|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719362382
|access-date= 21 June 2026
|url-access= subscription
}}

==== Unknown author ====
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}  --&gt;
&lt;!-- * {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; &quot;, '' ''}}
  |title= 
  |url= 
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 
  |website = 
  |publisher= 
  }}
 
--&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite news
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Bombs Away&quot;, ''The Guardian''}}
  |title=Bombs Away
  |url=    https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/may/06/artsfeatures
  |access-date= 15 May 2026
  |date=   6 May 2003
  |newspaper= [[The Guardian]]
  | issn = 1756-3224
  |publisher= 
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}} --&gt;
*{{Cite news
| ref = {{sfnref|&quot;China's Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''BBC''}}
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10695272
|access-date= 5 May 2026
|publisher=[[BBC News]]
|title=China's Three Gorges Dam Faces Flood Test
|date=20 July 2010
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet&quot;, ''NRMCA''}}
  |title=Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet
  |url=   https://www.greenconcrete.info/downloads/11_ConcreteCO2.pdf
  |access-date= 20 May 2026
  |date=  June 2008
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[National Ready Mixed Concrete Association]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Collins English Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=   https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/dam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Collins English Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[HarperCollins]]
  }}
&lt;!-- 
{{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary ''}}
 |year=2001
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic0000unse_t1j9/page/361
|access-date=27 December 2025
 |pages=361
 |isbn=0198604386
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}
  |title=Dam
  |url=  https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dam
  |access-date= 22 June 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]
  |publisher=  [[Merriam-Webster]]
  }}

&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite book
 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Dam&quot;, ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}
 |year=2026
|chapter=Dam
 |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url= https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dam_n1
|access-date=22 June 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Failure Compilation&quot;, ''Bureau of Reclamation''}}
  |title=  Dam Failure and Flood Event Case History Compilation
  |url=  https://www.usbr.gov/ssle/damsafety/documents/RCEM-CaseHistories2015.pdf
  |access-date= 12 July 2026
  |date= June 2015
  |website =
  |publisher= [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--   {{sfn|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot; Dam Inspection and Plan Review&quot;, ''MSHA''}}
  |title=Dam Inspection and Plan Review (PH21-V-6)
  |url=    https://arlweb.msha.gov/READROOM/HANDBOOK/PH21-V-6.pdf
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date= 2021
  | series=MSHA Handbook Series
  |website = [[Mine Safety and Health Administration]]
  |publisher=  [[U.S. Department of Labor]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  |ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/154.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date= 2011
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}  --&gt;
*  {{cite web
|title=  Geneva Conventions 1949 Protocol I
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Geneva Conventions&quot;, ''ICRC''}}
|url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf
|access-date = 28 May 2026
| website = [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Global Energy Review 2025&quot;, ''IEA''}}
  |title= Global Energy Review 2025
  |url= https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2025
  |access-date= 3 July 2026
  |date= 24 March 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher= [[International Energy Agency]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Glossary&quot;, ''Reclamation Library''}}
  |title=Glossary
  |url=    https://www.usbr.gov/library/glossary/#archgravitydam
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   2022
  |website = Reclamation Library
  |publisher=   [[US Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}  --&gt;
* {{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Gordon Dam&quot;, ''Engineers Australia''}}
|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/HRP.Gordon%20Dam.Nomination%20with%20Images.Nov%202000.pdf 
|title=Gordon Dam, Tasmania: Submission for an National Engineering Landmark
 |publisher=[[Engineers Australia]] 
|date=September 2000
 |access-date=2 July 2026
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Grande Dixence Fact Sheet&quot;, ''Grande Dixence SA''}}
  |title=Grande Dixence
  | url= https://www.grande-dixence.ch/en/the-complex/dams/grande-dixence-78/
  |access-date=  18 May 2026
  |date=    2026
  |website = [[Grande Dixence SA]]
  |publisher= 
  }}

* {{ cite web
  | title = Hydraulic Design of Spillways
  | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgsAAAAYAAJ
  | year= 1965
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Power&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/science/hydroelectric-power
|title = Hydroelectric Power
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 13 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!-- {{sfn|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
|ref={{sfnRef|&quot;I-205 Abernethy Bridge&quot;. ''Oregon Department of Transportation'' }}
|url=https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|title=I-205 Abernethy Bridge
|website=[[Oregon Department of Transportation]]
|access-date=2 October 2025
|archive-date=25 November 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125051041/https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf
|url-status=live
}}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Instrumentation of Embankment Dams and Levees: Engineering and Design
  | url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA402883
  | year=  1995
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Integrated Operation of Hydropower Stations and Reservoirs
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/173.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2022
  |isbn=  9780367770051
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Multipurpose Water Storage
  |url=    https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/171.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=   9781003640035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |isbn=978-1-884575-65-5
  |url= https://damfailures.org/sites/default/files/wp-pdf/EQPerfo2_v3.pdf
  |title=Observed Performance of Dams During Earthquakes: Volume III
  |date= 2014
  |publisher=[[United States Society on Dams]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}  --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Navigation Locks&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title= Planning and Design of Navigation Locks
  |url= https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-2602.pdf
  |access-date=  3 July 2026
  |date= 30 September 1995
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite book
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Regulation of Dam Safety&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Regulation of Dam Safety
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/167.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2025
  |isbn=    9781032456058
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}} --&gt;
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Research with GDW Data&quot;, ''Global Dam Watch''}}
  |title=Research with GDW Data
  |url=     https://www.globaldamwatch.org/our-research
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=     2015
  |website = 
  |publisher= Global Dam Watch
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Three Gorges Dam&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Three-Gorges-Dam
|title = Three Gorges Dam
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 15 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--  {{sfn| &quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Tracking Barriers&quot;, ''European Environment Agency''}}
|title=Tracking Barriers and Their Impacts on European River Ecosystems
|date = 8 Feb 2021
|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/european-waters/water-use-and-environmental-pressures/tracking-barriers-and-their-impacts
|access-date=22 May 2026
|publisher= [[European Environment Agency]]
}}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}} --&gt;
* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;World Register of Dams&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=World Register of Dams: General Synthesis
  |url=    https://www.icold-cigb.org/GB/world_register/general_synthesis.asp
  |access-date= 30 April 2026
  |date=   September 2025
  |website = 
  |publisher=   [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD)
  }}

&lt;!--  {{sfn|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}  
* {{ cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Zuiderzee&quot;, ''Britannica''}}
|url =https://www.britannica.com/place/Zuiderzee
|title = Zuiderzee
|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
|year=2026
  | access-date= 5 May 2026
}}
 --&gt;
&lt;!--
SAVE THESE &quot;FURTHER READING&quot; SOURCES ... they may be needed if to implement suggestions from revivews (GA, PR, FA).
=== Further reading ===

==== Books ====
* {{ cite book
  | title =The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design, and Construction
  | last = Billington
  |first=  David P.
  |display-authors = etal
  | isbn= 9781493649044
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/historyoflargefe00bill
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bureau of Reclamation]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Arch Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Boggs
  |first =  Howard L.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  493–539
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/493
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  |  year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Spillway Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last =  Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  647–685
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/647
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Outlet Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Burgi
  |first =  Philip H.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  704–721
  |  chapter-url=  https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/704
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988   0442243979
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams
  |last =   Chopra
  |first =  Anil K.
  |pages=  416–465
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/416
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Engineering and Ecological Aspects of Dam Removal: An Overview
  | last = Conyngham
  |first=  J.
  |display-authors= etal
  | date = September 2006
 | isbn=
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA464959
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Engineer Research and Development Center]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Large Dams: Learning from the Past Looking at the Future : Workshop Proceedings, Gland, Switzerland, April 11-12, 1997
  | last = Dorcey
  |first=  A.H.J.
  | isbn= 9780821340288
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/largedamslearnin0000unse
  | year= 1997
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthquake Response Analysis of Embankments
  |last =   Duncan
  |first =  James Michael
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  239–255
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/239
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Hydropolitics of Dams: Engineering or Ecosystems?
  | last = Everard
  |first=  M.
  | isbn= 9781780325422
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/hydropoliticsofd0000ever
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Cofferdams
  |last =   Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |pages=  219–238
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/219
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988a
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Earthfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Fetzer
  |first =  Claude A.
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  354–367
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/354
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Recovering a Lost River: Removing Dams, Rewilding Salmon, Revitalizing Communities
  | last = Hawley
  |first=  S.
  | isbn= 9780807004739
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/recoveringlostri00hawl
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Beacon Press]]
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | title = Roman Aqueducts &amp; Water Supply
  | place = London
  | publisher = Duckworth
  | year = 1992
  | isbn = 978-0-7156-2194-3
  }}

* {{cite book
  | last = Hodge
  | first = A. Trevor
  | editor-last = Wikander
  | editor-first = Örjan
  | editor-link = Örjan Wikander
  | contribution = Reservoirs and Dams
  | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
  | series = Technology and Change in History
  | volume = 2
  | year = 2000
  | publisher = Brill
  | location = Leiden
  | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3
  | pages = 331–339
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =The Challenges of Dam Removal and River Restoration
  | editor-last = Jerome
  | editor-first=  De Graff
  | isbn= 9780813741215
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/challengesofdamr0000unse
  | year= 2013
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Geological Society of America]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power
  | last = Khagram
  |first=  Sanjeev
  | isbn= 9780801442285
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmentt0000sanj
  | year= 2004
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Cornell University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |title = Dams
  | last =  Leliavsky
  |first=  Serge
  | isbn= 0412225506
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/dams0000leli
  | year= 1981
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Chapman and Hall]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Deep Water: The Epic Struggle over Dams, Displaced People, and the Environment
  | last = Leslie
  |first=  Jacques
  | isbn= 9780312425562
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/deepwaterepicstr00lesl
  | year= 2006
  | access-date= 22 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis
  |last =   Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages= 368–387
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures
  |last = Leps
  |first =  Thomas M.
  |pages=  409–415
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988b
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=  Spillway Design and Construction
  |last =   Lowe III
  |first =  John
  |display-authors=etal
  |pages=  609–646
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/646
  | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation
  | editor-last = Jansen
  | editor-first=   R.B.
  | isbn=  0442243979
  | year=1988
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |chapter=   Tidal Power
  |last =    Nguyen
  |first =   Josef
  |pages= 1247–1249
  |  chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofen0004unse_i8j9/page/1247
  | title = Encyclopedia of Energy
 | editor-last = Pierce
  | editor-first=   Morris
  | isbn=    9781587658532
| year=  2012
  | access-date=  5 May 2026
  | publisher= Salem Press
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Dams: Engineering in a Social and Environmental Context : Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the British Dam Society
  | editor-last = Pepper
  |editor-first=  Andrew
  | isbn= 9780727757999
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/damsengineeringi0000brit
  | year= 2012
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[ICE Publishing]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk and Mitigation
  | editor-last = Schuster
  | editor-first=   R.L.
  | isbn=  9780872625242
  |  url= https://archive.org/details/landslidedamspro0000unse
  | year= 1986
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |  title=Hydraulics of Dams and Reservoirs
  | last =Şentürk
  |first= Fuat
  | isbn=9780918334800
  |  url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqzZdytUz3gC
  | year=1994
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher=[[Water Resources Publications]]
  }} Also online at [https://archive.org/details/hydraulicsofdams0000sent Internet Archive]

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures
  | last =  Tanchev
  |first=   L.
|edition=2nd
  | isbn=  9780203577059
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damsappurtenanth0000tanc
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[CRC Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dams and Development in China
  | last =  Tilt
  |first=  Bryan
  | isbn=  9780231538268
  |  url=   https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmenti0000tilt
  | year=  2014
  | access-date= 28 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovative Solutions in Hydropower Engineering and Civil Engineering
  | last = Wang
  |first=  S.
  |display-authors= etal
  | isbn= 9789819917488
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-63612
  | year= 2023
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[Springer Nature]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Dam Foundation Grouting
  | last =Weaver
  |first=  K.D.
  | isbn= 9780872627925
  |  url=  https://archive.org/details/damfoundationgro0000weav
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title =  New Developments in Dam Engineering: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering
  | editor-last = Wieland
  | editor-first=  Martin
  | display-editors= etal
  | isbn=    0415362407
  |  url=  https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/handle/123456789/169
  | year=  2004
  | access-date=  4 May 2026
  | publisher=    [[Taylor &amp; Francis|A. A. Balkema{{snd}}Taylor &amp; Francis]]
  }} Reprinted in 2014 with {{isbn|9780203020678}}.

==== Unkown author ====

*{{cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Between Two Dams&quot;, ''EcoPeace ''}}
|title=Between Two Dams: Degania and Alumot
|publisher=[[EcoPeace Middle East]]
|date= March 2018
 |url= https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Between-Two-Dams.pdf
|access-date= 16 May 2026
}}

* {{ cite book
  |title=Dams for Hydroelectric Energy
  |url=   https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/163.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=    2021
  |isbn= 9781138492035
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =  {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle
  |url=https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/175.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=  2021
  |isbn= 9780367770310
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  |ref =   {{sfnref|&quot;Dam Surveillance Guide&quot;, ''ICOLD''}}
  |title=Dam Surveillance Guide
  |url=  https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/158.pdf
  |access-date= 28 April 2026
  |date=   2018
  |isbn=  9781138490208
  |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]]
  }}

* {{ cite book
  | title = Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams: Design, Performance, and Research Needs
  | url= https://archive.org/details/earthquakeengine0000unse
  | isbn=  9780309043366
  | year= 1991
  | access-date= 20 April 2026
  | publisher= [[National Academies Press]]
  }}

* {{Cite web
  | ref = {{sfnref|&quot;Hydroelectric Design Center&quot;, ''USACE''}}
  |title=Hydroelectric Design Center
  |url=     https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerRegulations/ER_10-1-53.pdf
  |access-date= 12 May 2026
  |date=  2015
  |website = 
  |publisher=  [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
  }}
--&gt;
{{Geotechnical engineering}}
{{Infrastructure}}
{{Hydropower}}
{{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya:Civil engineering]]
[[Kategorya:Dams| ]]
[[Kategorya:Hydraulic structures]]
[[Kategorya:Infrastructure]]
[[Kategorya:Structural engineering]]
[[en:Dam]]</text>
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'''Morris Swadesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|d|ɛ|ʃ}} {{respell|SWAH|desh}}; January 22, 1909 – July 20, 1967) was an American [[linguist]] who specialized in [[Comparative linguistics|comparative]] and [[historical linguistics]], and developed his mature career at [[UNAM]] in [[Mexico]]. Swadesh was born in [[Massachusetts]] to [[Bessarabian Jew|Bessarabian Jewish]] immigrant parents. He completed bachelor's and master's degrees at the [[University of Chicago]], studying under [[Edward Sapir]], and then followed Sapir to [[Yale University]] where he completed a Ph.D. in 1933. Swadesh taught at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] from 1937 to 1939, and then during World War II worked on projects with the [[United States Army]] and [[Office of Strategic Services]]. He became a professor at the [[City College of New York]] after the war's end, but was fired in 1949 due to his membership in the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]]. He spent most of the rest of his life teaching in Mexico and Canada.

Swadesh had a particular interest in the [[indigenous languages of the Americas]], and conducted extensive fieldwork throughout North America. He was one of the pioneers of [[glottochronology]] and [[lexicostatistics]], and is known for his creation of the [[Swadesh list]], a compilation of basic concepts thought to be present across cultures and thus suitable for cross-linguistic comparison. Swadesh believed that his techniques could discover deep relationships between apparently unrelated languages, thus allowing for the identification of [[Macrofamily|macrofamilies]] and possibly even a [[Proto-Human language|&quot;Proto-Human&quot; language]]. His theories were often controversial, and some have been deprecated by later linguists.</text>
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Si '''Morris Swadesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|d|ɛ|ʃ}} {{respell|SWAH|desh}}; Enero 22, 1909 – Hulyo 20, 1967) iyo an sarong Amerikanong [[linguist]] na espesyalista sa [[Comparative linguistics|comparative]] asin [[historical linguistics]], asin pinaurog an saiyang ''mature career'' sa [[UNAM]] sa [[Mexico]]. Namundag si Swadesh sa [[Massachusetts]] sa sarong [[Bessarabian Jew|Bessarabian Jewish]] immigrant na magurang. He completed bachelor's and master's degrees at the [[University of Chicago]], studying under [[Edward Sapir]], and then followed Sapir to [[Yale University]] where he completed a Ph.D. in 1933. Swadesh taught at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] from 1937 to 1939, and then during World War II worked on projects with the [[United States Army]] and [[Office of Strategic Services]]. He became a professor at the [[City College of New York]] after the war's end, but was fired in 1949 due to his membership in the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]]. He spent most of the rest of his life teaching in Mexico and Canada.

Swadesh had a particular interest in the [[indigenous languages of the Americas]], and conducted extensive fieldwork throughout North America. He was one of the pioneers of [[glottochronology]] and [[lexicostatistics]], and is known for his creation of the [[Swadesh list]], a compilation of basic concepts thought to be present across cultures and thus suitable for cross-linguistic comparison. Swadesh believed that his techniques could discover deep relationships between apparently unrelated languages, thus allowing for the identification of [[Macrofamily|macrofamilies]] and possibly even a [[Proto-Human language|&quot;Proto-Human&quot; language]]. His theories were often controversial, and some have been deprecated by later linguists.

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Si '''Morris Swadesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|d|ɛ|ʃ}} {{respell|SWAH|desh}}; Enero 22, 1909 – Hulyo 20, 1967) iyo an sarong Amerikanong [[linguist]] na espesyalista sa [[Comparative linguistics|comparative]] asin [[historical linguistics]], asin pinaurog an saiyang ''mature career'' sa [[UNAM]] sa [[Mexico]]. Namundag si Swadesh sa [[Massachusetts]] sa sarong [[Bessarabian Jew|Bessarabian Jewish]] immigrant na magurang. Kinompleto niya an saiyang batsilyer asin master's degrees sa [[University of Chicago]], nag-adal sa irarom ni [[Edward Sapir]], asin sinundan si Sapir sa [[Yale University]] kun saen niya kinompleto an saiyang Ph.D. kaidtong 1933. Nagtukdo si Swadesh sa [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] poon 1937 sagkod 1939, asin durante kan World War II nagtrabaho sa mga proyekto kaiba an [[United States Army]] asin [[Office of Strategic Services]]. Nagin siyang propesor sa [[City College of New York]] pagkatapos na matunong an gera, alagad nasisante kaidtong 1949 huli sa saiyang pag-entra sa [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]]. Ginugol niya an kadaklan kan saiyang buhay sa pagtukdo sa Mexico asin Canada.

Swadesh had a particular interest in the [[indigenous languages of the Americas]], and conducted extensive fieldwork throughout North America. He was one of the pioneers of [[glottochronology]] and [[lexicostatistics]], and is known for his creation of the [[Swadesh list]], a compilation of basic concepts thought to be present across cultures and thus suitable for cross-linguistic comparison. Swadesh believed that his techniques could discover deep relationships between apparently unrelated languages, thus allowing for the identification of [[Macrofamily|macrofamilies]] and possibly even a [[Proto-Human language|&quot;Proto-Human&quot; language]]. His theories were often controversial, and some have been deprecated by later linguists.

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| honorific_prefix = &lt;!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] --&gt;
| name = Morris Swadesh
| honorific_suffix = 
| image = Photo_of_MORRIS_H._SWADESH.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = 
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| birth_name = &lt;!-- use only if different from full/othernames --&gt;
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|1|22}}
| birth_place = [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1967|7|20|1909|1|22}}
| death_place = [[Mexico City]], Mexico
| death_cause = 
| other_names = 
| occupation = 
| period = 
| known_for = [[Swadesh list]]
| title = 
| boards = &lt;!--board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation--&gt;
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children = 
| parents = 
| relatives = 
| awards = &lt;!--notable national-level awards only--&gt;
| website = 
| education = {{ubl|[[University of Chicago]] ({{small|B.A., M.A.}})|[[Yale University]] ({{small|Ph.D.}})}}
| thesis_title = The Internal Economy of the Nootka Word
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 1933
| school_tradition = 
| doctoral_advisor = [[Edward Sapir]]
| academic_advisors = 
| influences = &lt;!--must be referenced from a third-party source--&gt;
| era = 
| discipline = [[Linguist]]
| sub_discipline = &lt;!--academic discipline specialist area – e.g. Sub-atomic research, 20th-century Danish specialist, Pauline research, Arcadian and Ugaritic specialist--&gt;
| workplaces = {{ubl|[[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin in Madison]]|[[City College of New York]]|[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]|[[University of Alberta]]}}
| doctoral_students = &lt;!--only those with WP articles--&gt;
| notable_students = 
| main_interests = {{ubl|[[Historical linguistics]]|[[Glottochronology]]|[[Lexicostatistics]]|[[Indigenous languages of the Americas]]}}
| notable_works = 
| notable_ideas = 
| influenced = &lt;!--must be referenced from a third-party source--&gt;
| signature = 
| signature_alt = 
| signature_size = 
| footnotes = 
}}

Si '''Morris Swadesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|d|ɛ|ʃ}} {{respell|SWAH|desh}}; Enero 22, 1909 – Hulyo 20, 1967) iyo an sarong Amerikanong [[linguist]] na espesyalista sa [[Comparative linguistics|comparative]] asin [[historical linguistics]], asin pinaurog an saiyang ''mature career'' sa [[UNAM]] sa [[Mexico]]. Namundag si Swadesh sa [[Massachusetts]] sa sarong [[Bessarabian Jew|Bessarabian Jewish]] immigrant na magurang. Kinompleto niya an saiyang batsilyer asin master's degrees sa [[University of Chicago]], nag-adal sa irarom ni [[Edward Sapir]], asin sinundan si Sapir sa [[Yale University]] kun saen niya kinompleto an saiyang Ph.D. kaidtong 1933. Nagtukdo si Swadesh sa [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] poon 1937 sagkod 1939, asin durante kan World War II nagtrabaho sa mga proyekto kaiba an [[United States Army]] asin [[Office of Strategic Services]]. Nagin siyang propesor sa [[City College of New York]] pagkatapos na matunong an gera, alagad nasisante kaidtong 1949 huli sa saiyang pag-entra sa [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]]. Ginugol niya an kadaklan kan saiyang buhay sa pagtukdo sa Mexico asin Canada.

Swadesh had a particular interest in the [[indigenous languages of the Americas]], and conducted extensive fieldwork throughout North America. He was one of the pioneers of [[glottochronology]] and [[lexicostatistics]], and is known for his creation of the [[Swadesh list]], a compilation of basic concepts thought to be present across cultures and thus suitable for cross-linguistic comparison. Swadesh believed that his techniques could discover deep relationships between apparently unrelated languages, thus allowing for the identification of [[Macrofamily|macrofamilies]] and possibly even a [[Proto-Human language|&quot;Proto-Human&quot; language]]. His theories were often controversial, and some have been deprecated by later linguists.

==Toltolan==
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| name = Morris Swadesh
| honorific_suffix = 
| image = Photo_of_MORRIS_H._SWADESH.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = 
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| birth_name = &lt;!-- use only if different from full/othernames --&gt;
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|1|22}}
| birth_place = [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1967|7|20|1909|1|22}}
| death_place = [[Mexico City]], Mexico
| death_cause = 
| other_names = 
| occupation = 
| period = 
| known_for = [[Swadesh list]]
| title = 
| boards = &lt;!--board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation--&gt;
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children = 
| parents = 
| relatives = 
| awards = &lt;!--notable national-level awards only--&gt;
| website = 
| education = {{ubl|[[University of Chicago]] ({{small|B.A., M.A.}})|[[Yale University]] ({{small|Ph.D.}})}}
| thesis_title = The Internal Economy of the Nootka Word
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 1933
| school_tradition = 
| doctoral_advisor = [[Edward Sapir]]
| academic_advisors = 
| influences = &lt;!--must be referenced from a third-party source--&gt;
| era = 
| discipline = [[Linguist]]
| sub_discipline = &lt;!--academic discipline specialist area – e.g. Sub-atomic research, 20th-century Danish specialist, Pauline research, Arcadian and Ugaritic specialist--&gt;
| workplaces = {{ubl|[[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin in Madison]]|[[City College of New York]]|[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]|[[University of Alberta]]}}
| doctoral_students = &lt;!--only those with WP articles--&gt;
| notable_students = 
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| notable_works = 
| notable_ideas = 
| influenced = &lt;!--must be referenced from a third-party source--&gt;
| signature = 
| signature_alt = 
| signature_size = 
| footnotes = 
}}

Si '''Morris Swadesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|d|ɛ|ʃ}} {{respell|SWAH|desh}}; Enero 22, 1909 – Hulyo 20, 1967) iyo an sarong Amerikanong [[linguist]] na espesyalista sa [[Comparative linguistics|comparative]] asin [[historical linguistics]], asin pinaurog an saiyang ''mature career'' sa [[UNAM]] sa [[Mexico]]. Namundag si Swadesh sa [[Massachusetts]] sa sarong [[Bessarabian Jew|Bessarabian Jewish]] immigrant na magurang. Kinompleto niya an saiyang batsilyer asin master's degrees sa [[University of Chicago]], nag-adal sa irarom ni [[Edward Sapir]], asin sinundan si Sapir sa [[Yale University]] kun saen niya kinompleto an saiyang Ph.D. kaidtong 1933. Nagtukdo si Swadesh sa [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] poon 1937 sagkod 1939, asin durante kan World War II nagtrabaho sa mga proyekto kaiba an [[United States Army]] asin [[Office of Strategic Services]]. Nagin siyang propesor sa [[City College of New York]] pagkatapos na matunong an gera, alagad nasisante kaidtong 1949 huli sa saiyang pag-entra sa [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]]. Ginugol niya an kadaklan kan saiyang buhay sa pagtukdo sa Mexico asin Canada.

Igwa si Swadesh nin particular interest sa [[indigenous languages of the Americas]], asin conducted extensive fieldwork sa enterong Amihanan na Amerika. Saro siya sa mga pioneers kan [[glottochronology]] asin [[lexicostatistics]], asin namidbidan huli sa saiyang pagtugdas sa [[Swadesh list]], sarong kabilugan nin mga basikong konsepto na piglalaoman na presente sa gabos na kultura asin kun siring maninigo para sa cross-linguistic comparison. Nagtubod si Swadesh na an mga teknik makakadukay nin hararom na relasyon sa pag-ultanan nin mga bakong magkaparyentes na mga tataramon, kaya baga nagtutugot para sa pagbisto nin [[Macrofamily|macrofamilies]] asin posibleng maski an [[Proto-Human language|&quot;Proto-Human&quot; language]]. An saiyang mga teorya kun minsan kontrobersyal, asin an iba dai naaapresyar kan mga minasunod na linguists.

==Toltolan==
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