Daet

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    <title>Daet</title>
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An '''Daet''' sarong primera klaseng [[:Category:Mga banwaan kan Filipinas|banwaan]] sa [[Provincia kan Filipinas|provincia]] kan [[Camarines Norte]], [[Filipinas]]. Ini an [[kapitolyo]] kan provincia. An designadong zip code kaini iyo {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. 

Susog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado.

==Mga barangay==
Nababanga an Daet sa 25 barangay:

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* Alawihao
* Awitan
* Bagasbas
* Bibirao
* Borabod
* Calasgasan
* Camambugan
* Cobangbang 
* Dogongan
* Gahonon
* Gubat
* Lag-on
* Magang
* Mambalite
* Mancruz 
* Pamorangon
* San Isidro
* Barangay I/Ilaod (Pob.)
* Barangay II/Pasig (Pob.)
* Barangay III/Iraya (Pob.)
* Barangay IV/Mantagbac (Pob.)
* Barangay V/Pandan (Pob.)
* Barangay VI (Pob.)
* Barangay VII (Pob.)
* Barangay VIII
}}

== Demograpiko ==
{{Populasyon}}
*

==Mga kakanan==
*Burger King
*Chowking
*Jollibee
*KFC
*Max's

==Mga Medya==
*DWIH-AM 1197 kHz (Caceres Broadcasting Corporation)

==Kataytayan nin mga ladawan==
&lt;center&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:Munisipyo kan Daet.jpg|Munisipyo kan Daet
Ladawan:Saint John the Baptist Church (Daet), May 2024.jpg|Simbahan ni San Juan Bautista
Ladawan:Jose Rizal's First Monument, Daet, Cam Norte, May 2024.jpg|Pinakaenot na Monumento ki Rizal
Ladawan:Daet La Consolacion College.jpg|Kolehiyo La Consolacion sa Daet
Ladawan:Cam Norte State College 02.jpg|Camarines Norte State College
Ladawan:Marker heroes of CN.jpg|Santuario sa pag'onra sa mga Rebulosyunaryo 1898 kan Camarines Norte
Ladawan:Martyrs of CN 1898.jpg|Marker para sa mga martir kan Camarines Norte 1898
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

== Hilingon man ==
* [[Ildefonso Moreno|Ildefonso R. Moreno]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System]
*[http://www.bicolonline.com Free Email for daeteñous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212135926/http://bicolonline.com/ |date=2012-02-12 }}
*[http://www.galapinoy.com/2007/06/05/a-trip-to-daet-and-the-calaguas-islands-in-camarines-norte/ An article on Daet and the Calaguas Islands with pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212075055/http://www.galapinoy.com/2007/06/05/a-trip-to-daet-and-the-calaguas-islands-in-camarines-norte/ |date=2008-02-12 }}

{{saringsing}}
{{Navbox Camarines Norte}}
[[Kategorya:Mga banwaan kan Camarines Norte]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Syudad nin Naga</title>
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|official_name=Nueva Cáceres
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:''Para sa Syudad nin Naga sa Cebu, hilingon an [[Naga, Cebu]].''

An '''Syudad nin Naga''' ([[Ingles]]: ''City of Naga''; [[Filipino]]: ''Lungsod ng Naga'' o [[Spanish language|Espanyol]]: ''Ciudad de Nueva Cáceres'') sarong primera klaseng [[:Category:Mga ciudad kan Filipinas|syudad]] kan [[Filipinas]]. Namumugtak ini sa [[Rehiyon Bikol]] sa sur-sulnopan na puro kan [[Isla|isla]] nin [[Luzon]]. Nasa 377 km sa sur-sulnopan ini kan syudad kan [[Manila]] asin 380 km sa norte-subangan kan syudad kan [[Cebu (ciudad)|Cebu]] sa [[Visayas]].

Kun itatampad an sakop kan syudad sa ibang mga syudad kan rehiyon, bakong mahiwas an sukol nin kadagaan kaini. Sa pitong syudad igdi sa rehiyon, an Naga iyo an pinakasadit, na igwa sanang hiwas na 8,480 ektarya. Huli kaiyan ini an pinakasoròsoan (densely populated) na syudad sa rehiyon. An designadong zip code kaini iyo  {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. &lt;br&gt;
Sosog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. &lt;br&gt;

Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. Bisto sa apod na &quot;Heart of Bicol&quot; ([[Bikol]]: ''Puso kan Bikol''), asin siring man, binabansagan ining &quot;An Maogmang Lugar&quot;. Ini an solamenteng independienteng syudad asin an sentro kan edukasyon sagkod Simbahan na Katoliko sa rehiyon. An mga residente digdi inaapod na ''Nagueños''. Inaapod man ang Naga na ''Queen City of Bicol''.

An syudad an sentro kan [[Metro Naga]], an lugar na komponido kan 12 banwaan asin syudad nin Naga na marikas an pag-uswag na kabali sa Metro Naga Development Council. Komponido kan mga banwaan sa Segundo Distrito kan Camarines Sur, apwera kan [[Canaman, Camarines Sur|Canaman]] asin mga banwaan sa tul.

Dating kabesera kan Camarines Sur an syudad nin Naga, alagad sa Akta Republika Nu. 1336, na nagin ley kan Hunyo 8, 1955, naribayan ini kan banwaan nin [[Pili]].

Si [[Nelson Legacion|Leni Robredo]], an dating bise-presidente iyo an presenteng alkalde kan syudad nin Naga. Saiyang sinalidahan si [[John Bongat|Nelson Legacion]] taon 2025.

==Napanongdan na gamit kan kahiwasan kan syudad==

An kabilogan na hiwas kan kadagaan kan syudad na ini 8,448 na ektarya o 84.48 kilometro kwadrado, bagay na an syudad nin Naga iyo an pinakasadit na syudad sa pitong syudad kan ronang Bikol&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} Kinua 03-9-16&lt;/ref&gt;. Sa total na ini, 75% ginagamit sa agrikultura, 13% para sa residensya, 7% okupado nin kadlagan asin mga parke, 2% gamit komersyal, 2% gamit kan gobyerno para sa mga edipisyo, asin 1.2% para sa ibang pang katuyohan.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.adnu.edu.ph/Centers/SSRC/nagaprofile.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416160341/http://www.adnu.edu.ph/Centers/SSRC/nagaprofile.html |date=2016-04-16 }} Kinua 03-9-16&lt;/ref&gt;

==Komersyo==

[[Ladawan:Naga City CamSur Seal.svg|thumb|left|Selyo kan syudad nin Naga]]

[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB B19.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Paroko ni San Juan de Evangelista o mas bisto sa ngaran na Metropolitan Cathedral]]
[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB A21.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Peñafrancia Parish. An Dating Santuario ni Ina, Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia]]
[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB B31.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Simbahan ni San Francisco]]
[[Ladawan:Rizal Park, Naga City.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Rizal Park]]
[[File:Claveria visit to NC Feb 16 1845.jpg|thumb|300px|Pagbisita ni Gobernador Heneral Narciso Claveria y Zaldua kan Peb. 16, 1845 sa Nueva Caceres (pintura ni Jose Honorato Lozano)]]
[[File:Banwaan nin Naga, Camarines Sur, Filipinas 1935.png|right|300px|thumb|Pagtanaw kan Naga (Camarines Sur), eroplano haleng Milaor, 1935]]
Igwang duwang pangenot na lugar pangkomersiyo an Naga. Ini an Central Business District I (bisto sa apod na Centro) asin Central Business District II.

Sa CBD I igwa nin manlalaen na negosyo arog kan mga bangko, botika, restaurants, department stores asin iba pa. Yaon man igdi an Naga City Public Market na bakalan kan mga preskong gulay, karne, asin mga produktong Bikolnon arog kan pili asin abaka.

An CBD II na yaon sa may Triangulo asin Lerma mahihiling an Bicol Central Station na nag-ooperar nin mga biyahe pasiring sa mga kataraid na munisipyo asin siyudad pati man an mga biyaheng paduman sa Manila. Yaon man digdi an Jesse Robredo Coliseum na an ikaduwang pinakadakulang coliseum sa Pilipinas pagkatapos kan Smart Araneta Coliseum.

Kan Mayo 1, 2009 lang tigbukasan sa publiko an kakatugdok lang na SM City Naga na sarong mall. Ini kagsadiri ni [[Henry Sy]], sarong negosyante na iyo man an may sadiri nin gabos na SM Malls sa bilog na nasyon.

==Transportasyon==
An mga paagi nin transportasyon sa laog kan siyudad iyo an pamosong Jeep, tricycle asin padyak.

Mientras, an mga bisita asin turista hali sa luwas kan siyudad, pwedeng makaabot sa Naga sa paagi nin bus, jeep, van/fx, asin eroplano (sa Naga Airport sa Pili).

==Edukasyon==
An siyudad nin Naga iyo an sentro kan edukasyon sa Bikol nin huli sa dakol na institusyon nin halangkaw na pagkanood digdi. Kabali an: [[Ateneo de Naga na Unibersidad]] na pinapadalagan kan mga Heswita; [[Unibersidad kan Nueva Caceres]] (dating Nueva Caceres an apod sa siyudad kan panahon nin mga Kastila) na pangenot na unibersidad sa taon nin pagkamukna asin bilang kan estudyante; sagkod [[Universidad de Santa Isabel]] na pinapadalagan kan mga madre kan Daughters of Charity asin an pinakágurang na eskwelahan na normal para sa mga babae sa [[Harayong Subangan]].

An posibleng ikaapat na unibersidad kan siyudad an [[Kolehiyong Fundasyon nin Naga]] na pangenot na eskwelahan nin Kriminolohiya sa rehiyon.

==Uusipon==
Bago an pag-abot kan mga Kastila, mayaman na lugar na an dating banwa kan Naga na namukna sa duwang salog---Bikol asin Naga. Igwa na ining mayaman na kultura asin mga matibay na armas. Sa panahon kan mga Kastila an Naga an nagin sentro kan kultura, negosyo asin relihiyon kan enterong kabikulan. 

An pangaran daa kan Naga hale sa pagdangog nin sarong konkistador na Kastila, si [[Juan de Salcedo]] sa ngaran kan sarong kahoy na pigaapud na '''naga''' kaidtong mga Bikolano. Midbid an kahoy na ini sa ngaran na ''narra'' sa tataramon na [[Tagalog]] asin [[Bisaya]]. Alagad, an ibang mga Bikolanong historyador arog ki [[Danilo Gerona]] nagtutubod na an taramon na '''naga''' naggikan sa taramon na ''naga'' na nagtotomoy sa sarong lahing kapu'ngalan na Monggol na ngonyan iyo an ginikanan kan mga katawohan nageerok sa [[Assam]], [[Meghalalya]], [[Tripiera]], [[Mizoran]], [[Maripur]], [[Arunachal]], [[Pradesh]], [[Burma]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Nepal]] asin [[Tibet]]. Susog man saiya, an paragilid kan duwang salog kan Bikol asin Naga haloy nang eneerokan poon pa kan 900 A.D. siring sa maririraw sa mga parasâ-pasang artifaks na nagkahoronggad sa paralibot kaini. Sabi pa niya, an taramon na ''naga'' lakop man sa mga lengguwahe kan [[Batak]] kan [[Sumatra]] asin man kan mga [[Dayak]] kan [[Borneo]] na an pakahulogan sarong irago (serpente)/dragon. Nasambit pa niya na an mga lunadang pandagat kan mga antigong Tagalog asin Pampango na may nakakaag nin garo halas/dragon na payo sa dulong (prowa) kan mga lunadan na inaapod nindang ''naga''.
[[File:Lignum nephriticum - cup of Philippine lignum nephriticum, Pterocarpus indicus, and flask containing its fluorescent solution Hi.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Kopa gibo sa kahoy na naga (narra), produkto kan Naga panahon pre-kolonyal asin kan panahon nin Kastila]]
Dapit kaini, na an &quot;naga&quot; sinapi' talaga sa pangaran na ''naga'' na boot sabihon ''irago/halas'' o ''dragon'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An halas na naga hinanap sa Thailand. Kinua 07-11-13 |url=http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/221/in_the_coils_of_the_naga.html |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108012419/http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/221/in_the_coils_of_the_naga.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; na bakong gikan sa pangaran kan kahoy na ''narra'' o sa layas na itik na nagâ, iyo man ini an tinotolod na teoriya kan iba pang mga parasurat arog ki Antonio H. Aragon.

An Naga sarô sa pinaká enot na ginibong siyudad kan mga Kastila sa enterong Filipinas. Sa taon na 1575 an Siyudad de Caceres tinogdas bilang orihinal na erokan kan mga Kastilang eksplorador manta sa ibong kan salog sa parte na ngonyan kan Lerma asin  Dayangdang iyo an orihinal man na lugar kan mga tunay na taga-Naga. Sa pagtalubo kan duwang lugar nagsinakniban na an duwa asin an  kahiwasan naapod nang Nueva Caceres. Pag'abot kan mga Amerikano, nawara an pagkasiyudad kaini asin binalik an saiyang ngaran sa Naga sa taon na 1919. Kan Hunyo 18, 1948 naging 

==Mga Lingaan asin mga Pahingaloan==

Digdi sa Naga, dakulon na an mga linga-lingaan. Nakataraytay sa kalabaan kan Abenidang Magsaysay an manlaenlaen na mga kakanan, kapihan, inom-inoman, asin iba pa na nagtataong kaalingan sa mga taga-Naga kun banggi orog na kun tapos na an semana nin paglapigot sa trabaho.

Yaon diyan an Avenue Square na pano sa mga puwestong inuman, kakanan, kakanan na may tugtugan, asin mga tindahan: Wok Restaurant (kakanan), Coffee Beanery (kapihan), Little Asia (kakanan/inuman), Max's Restaurant (kakanan kan bantog na Max Fried Chicken), Lady Crab (bantog sa seafood orog na an aniit). Digdi laen kan mga lingaan, may mga tindahan man arog kan Mercury Drugstore, sa cellphones, mga bags, sapatos, arak asin kun anu-ano pa.

Sa enotang wala kaini iyo an Chili Peppers, sarong inom-inoman asin binibistong nagpuon na nagkaag nin siring na negosyo sa tinampong ini. Sarong bagong tugdok iyo an Westpark Avenue kun saen nakakaag an Tokyo Tokyo!, an Dennis Grill, KopiRoti, Bacolod Inasal, asin iba pa. Yaon man naglugar sa tinampong ini an Red Platter, sarong may '''ambiance'' na restaurant pan-pamilya.
An sunod iyo an Starbucks (kapihan), Bistro Roberto (resto bar asin may banda), Ilaw sa Dahon (resto, inuman), Kambingan (inuman, kakanan, bantog sa sisig), Bob Marlin (kakanan/inuman), asin gulping kakanan na Koreano.

Sa tahaw kan sentro, sa kataid sana kan Plaza Quezon iyo an Rizal Park. Mientras, mahayahay kuta ini na paro-pahingaloan kan mga gustong magpalihis-oras alagad sa may mga bulan na ginibo na ining merkado asin lungalong nin kun anu-anong paninda. Maski may mga nagrereklamo, dai ini mapakiaraman kan administrasyon kan siyudad nin huli ta ini sinasabing pagsasadiri kan gobyerno probinsiyal.

== Mga barangay ==
{{Wide image|Ph fil naga camarines sur.png|1024px|3=&lt;div align=center&gt;'''Naga'''&lt;/div&gt;|dir=rtl}}
May 27 na mga [[barangay]] an Naga:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mga barangay
! Klase
! Populasyon&lt;ref name=NSO10&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Bicol.pdf |title=Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010 |work=2010 Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |accessdate=January 7, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119074307/http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Bicol.pdf |archivedate=November 19, 2012 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Kapitan&lt;ref name=&quot;NagaBarangayOfficials&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Barangay Officials 2010 |url=http://naga.gov.ph/experience-naga/elected-officials/barangay-official-2010/ |website=Naga City |access-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101615/http://naga.gov.ph/experience-naga/elected-officials/barangay-official-2010/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|  Abella
|  Urban
|  4,788
|  Antonio Berja
|-
| Bagumbayan Norte
| Urban
| 2,991
| Dodit Beltran
|-
| Bagumbayan Sur
| Urban
| 6,959
| Jorge I. Salva Jr.
|-
| Balatas
| Urban
| 10,404
| Pedro San Juan Jr.
|-
| Calauag
| Urban
| 11,513
| Corazon Peñaflor
|-
| Cararayan
| Urban
| 15,998
|Rodrigo B. Agravante Jr.
|-
| Carolina
| Urban
| 5,841
| Alicia V. Saba
|-
| Concepcion Grande
| Urban
| 11,137
| Leticia Punzalan
|-
| Concepcion Pequeña
| Urban
| 23,577
| Andres Panis
|-
| Dayangdang
| Urban
| 4,568
| Joshua Calleja
|-
| Del Rosario
| Urban
| 9,332
| Gina Alcantara
|-
| Dinaga
| Urban
| 456
| Gemma Joy Antonio
|-
| Igualdad Interior
| Urban
| 3,379
| Domingo Alamer
|-
| Lerma
| Urban
| 2,337
| Domingo Serrado
|-
| Liboton
| Urban
| 3,075
| Salvadora Ortua
|-
| Mabolo
| Urban
| 7,611
| Magno Reyes
|-
| Pacol
| Urban
| 11,673
| Josue Perez
|-
| Panicuason
| Urban
| 2,715
| Domingo Ramos
|-
| Peñafrancia
| Urban
| 5,712
| Jeffrey Moralde
|-
| Sabang
| Urban
| 7,000
| Cyrus Caballero
|-
| San Felipe
| Urban
| 17,444
| Alfonso Rodriguez
|-
| San Francisco
| Urban
| 947
| Tomas Ramon Sanchez Jr.
|-
| San Isidro
| Urban
| 2,768
| Veronica C. Panganiban
|-
| Santa Cruz
| Urban
| 7,442
| Lorenzo D. Narvaez
|-
| Tabuco
| Urban
| 4,129
| Marcelo R. Bagadiong
|-
| Tinago
| Urban
| 3,268
| Jose Importante
|-
| Triangulo
| Urban
| 9,019
| Allan Beriso
|}

== Demograpiko ==
{{Populasyon}}
==Mga Medya==
===Mga Telebisyon===
*DWAI-TV (GMA TV-7 Naga) 
*DWPV-TV (ALLTV 11 Naga)

===Mga Radyo===
*DWIJ 891 kHz (Caceres Broadcasting Corporation asin BGR Media Productions)
*DZIH 1467 kHz ME Radio relay (Audiovisual Communicators) 
[[File:Naga 1935 skyview photo nkaag sa Wikipedia pinaputi cropped2.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Pagta'naw sa kalangitan kan Naga, Camarines Sur, Filipinas, 1935]]

==Kataytayan nin mga retrato==
&lt;center&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B45.JPG|An lumang Centro
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B40a.JPG|Merkado Publiko
Ladawan:Plasa Quezon Naga City(Bicol).jpg|Plasa Quezon, Syudad nin Naga,  2017
Ladawan:WTNaga BAHALANA A41.JPG|Bicol Indian Sikh Temple
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO A33.JPG|Avenue Square
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C37.JPG|Simbahan kan Paroko ni Imaculada Concepcion
Ladawan:Naga city hall.JPG|City Hall kan Ciudad nin Naga
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B46.JPG|Templo nin Taoismo
Ladawan:St jude naga city.JPG|Santuario asin Parokya ni San Judas Tadeo
Ladawan:WTNaga STAR X1.jpg|CBD Terminal
Ladawan:WTNaga BAHALANA A34.JPG|Avenue Plaza Hotel
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C31.JPG|Villa Caceres Hotel
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C45.JPG|STI Naga
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C43.JPG|Bangko Sentral kan Pilipinas
Ladawan:Inarihan Farm Resort 7.jpg|Dalan sa Inarihan Farm
Ladawan:Big Stone.jpg|Big Stone
Ladawan:Inarihan Farm Resort 3.jpg|Salog sa Inarihan
Ladawan:Malabsay Falls.jpg|Busay Malabsay, Bukid Isarog, Panicuason
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

==Mga Gikan==
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%&quot;&gt;
* Naga: The Birth and Rebirth of a City. Danilo Madrid Gerona. Pinublikar kan Siyudad nin Naga. 2003.178 p.
* CAMARINES by the Vicor River. A compilation of Articles On Bikol History and Culture. 1999. Prov. Govt. of Camarines Sur. 282 p. 
*An retrato kan Parke ni Rizal kinua kan nabakante sa mga tindahan kan Oktobre, 2008.
&lt;/div&gt;
== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

==Mga Peryodiko Lokal==
*[http://www.kaiba.cjb.net/ Kaiba News and Features, KNF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211174144/http://kaiba.cjb.net/ |date=2009-02-11 }}
*[http://serbisyongbikolnon.ph/ Bikol Reporter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307141939/http://serbisyongbikolnon.ph/ |date=2021-03-07 }} (May pitak nakasurat sa Bikol)
* Bicol Mail [https://www.bicolmail.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055205/https://www.bicolmail.net/ |date=2023-03-22 }} (May pitak nakasurat sa Bikol)
*[http://www.voxbikol.com Vox Bikol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523094746/http://www.voxbikol.com/ |date=2020-05-23 }} (Nagaako nin mga Artikulo nakasurat sa Bikol)
* Bicol Standard [https://www.facebook.com/bicolstandardnewspaper/]
*[[Bicol Forum]]
*[[Lagpitaw]]

== Mga panluwas na takod ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Naga}}
* [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System]
*[http://www.naga.gov.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Siyudad nin Naga]
*[http://www.camarinessur.gov.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Probinsiya nin Camarines Sur]
*[http://www.adnu.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Ateneo de Naga University]
*[http://www.unc.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan University of Nueva Caceres]
*[http://www.usi.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Universidad de Sta. Isabel]
*[http://www.ncf.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Naga College Foundation]
*[http://www.wowphilippines.com.ph/explore_phil/place_details.asp?content=history&amp;province=28/ WowPhilippines.com]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{rambong}}
{{Navbox Camarines Sur}}
[[Kategorya:Mga syudad kan Filipinas]]</text>
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|official_name=Nueva Cáceres
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:''Para sa Syudad nin Naga sa Cebu, hilingon an [[Naga, Cebu]].''

An '''Syudad nin Naga''' ([[Ingles]]: ''City of Naga''; [[Filipino]]: ''Lungsod ng Naga'' o [[Spanish language|Espanyol]]: ''Ciudad de Nueva Cáceres'') sarong primera klaseng [[:Category:Mga ciudad kan Filipinas|syudad]] kan [[Filipinas]]. Namumugtak ini sa [[Rehiyon Bikol]] sa sur-sulnopan na puro kan [[Isla|isla]] nin [[Luzon]]. Nasa 377 km sa sur-sulnopan ini kan syudad kan [[Manila]] asin 380 km sa norte-subangan kan syudad kan [[Cebu (ciudad)|Cebu]] sa [[Visayas]].

Kun itatampad an sakop kan syudad sa ibang mga syudad kan rehiyon, bakong mahiwas an sukol nin kadagaan kaini. Sa pitong syudad igdi sa rehiyon, an Naga iyo an pinakasadit, na igwa sanang hiwas na 8,480 ektarya. Huli kaiyan ini an pinakasoròsoan (densely populated) na syudad sa rehiyon. An designadong zip code kaini iyo  {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. &lt;br&gt;
Sosog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. &lt;br&gt;

Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. Bisto sa apod na &quot;Heart of Bicol&quot; ([[Bikol]]: ''Puso kan Bikol''), asin siring man, binabansagan ining &quot;An Maogmang Lugar&quot;. Ini an solamenteng independienteng syudad asin an sentro kan edukasyon sagkod Simbahan na Katoliko sa rehiyon. An mga residente digdi inaapod na ''Nagueños''. Inaapod man ang Naga na ''Queen City of Bicol''.

An syudad an sentro kan [[Metro Naga]], an lugar na komponido kan 12 banwaan asin syudad nin Naga na marikas an pag-uswag na kabali sa Metro Naga Development Council. Komponido kan mga banwaan sa Segundo Distrito kan Camarines Sur, apwera kan [[Canaman, Camarines Sur|Canaman]] asin mga banwaan sa tul.

Dating kabesera kan Camarines Sur an syudad nin Naga, alagad sa Akta Republika Nu. 1336, na nagin ley kan Hunyo 8, 1955, naribayan ini kan banwaan nin [[Pili]].

Si [[Nelson Legacion|Leni Robredo]], an dating bise-presidente iyo an presenteng alkalde kan syudad nin Naga. Saiyang sinalidahan si [[John Bongat|Nelson Legacion]] taon 2025.

==Napanongdan na gamit kan kahiwasan kan syudad==

An kabilogan na hiwas kan kadagaan kan syudad na ini 8,448 na ektarya o 84.48 kilometro kwadrado, bagay na an syudad nin Naga iyo an pinakasadit na syudad sa pitong syudad kan ronang Bikol&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} Kinua 03-9-16&lt;/ref&gt;. Sa total na ini, 75% ginagamit sa agrikultura, 13% para sa residensya, 7% okupado nin kadlagan asin mga parke, 2% gamit komersyal, 2% gamit kan gobyerno para sa mga edipisyo, asin 1.2% para sa ibang pang katuyohan.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.adnu.edu.ph/Centers/SSRC/nagaprofile.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416160341/http://www.adnu.edu.ph/Centers/SSRC/nagaprofile.html |date=2016-04-16 }} Kinua 03-9-16&lt;/ref&gt;

==Komersyo==

[[Ladawan:Naga City CamSur Seal.svg|thumb|left|Selyo kan syudad nin Naga]]

[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB B19.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Paroko ni San Juan de Evangelista o mas bisto sa ngaran na Metropolitan Cathedral]]
[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB A21.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Peñafrancia Parish. An Dating Santuario ni Ina, Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia]]
[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB B31.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Simbahan ni San Francisco]]
[[Ladawan:Rizal Park, Naga City.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Rizal Park]]
[[File:Claveria visit to NC Feb 16 1845.jpg|thumb|300px|Pagbisita ni Gobernador Heneral Narciso Claveria y Zaldua kan Peb. 16, 1845 sa Nueva Caceres (pintura ni Jose Honorato Lozano)]]
[[File:Banwaan nin Naga, Camarines Sur, Filipinas 1935.png|right|300px|thumb|Pagtanaw kan Naga (Camarines Sur), eroplano haleng Milaor, 1935]]
Igwang duwang pangenot na lugar pangkomersiyo an Naga. Ini an Central Business District I (bisto sa apod na Centro) asin Central Business District II.

Sa CBD I igwa nin manlalaen na negosyo arog kan mga bangko, botika, restaurants, department stores asin iba pa. Yaon man igdi an Naga City Public Market na bakalan kan mga preskong gulay, karne, asin mga produktong Bikolnon arog kan pili asin abaka.

An CBD II na yaon sa may Triangulo asin Lerma mahihiling an Bicol Central Station na nag-ooperar nin mga biyahe pasiring sa mga kataraid na munisipyo asin siyudad pati man an mga biyaheng paduman sa Manila. Yaon man digdi an Jesse Robredo Coliseum na an ikaduwang pinakadakulang coliseum sa Pilipinas pagkatapos kan Smart Araneta Coliseum.

Kan Mayo 1, 2009 lang tigbukasan sa publiko an kakatugdok lang na SM City Naga na sarong mall. Ini kagsadiri ni [[Henry Sy]], sarong negosyante na iyo man an may sadiri nin gabos na SM Malls sa bilog na nasyon.

==Transportasyon==
An mga paagi nin transportasyon sa laog kan siyudad iyo an pamosong Jeep, tricycle asin padyak.

Mientras, an mga bisita asin turista hali sa luwas kan siyudad, pwedeng makaabot sa Naga sa paagi nin bus, jeep, van/fx, asin eroplano (sa Naga Airport sa Pili).

==Edukasyon==
An siyudad nin Naga iyo an sentro kan edukasyon sa Bikol nin huli sa dakol na institusyon nin halangkaw na pagkanood digdi. Kabali an: [[Ateneo de Naga na Unibersidad]] na pinapadalagan kan mga Heswita; [[Unibersidad kan Nueva Caceres]] (dating Nueva Caceres an apod sa siyudad kan panahon nin mga Kastila) na pangenot na unibersidad sa taon nin pagkamukna asin bilang kan estudyante; sagkod [[Universidad de Santa Isabel]] na pinapadalagan kan mga madre kan Daughters of Charity asin an pinakágurang na eskwelahan na normal para sa mga babae sa [[Harayong Subangan]].

An posibleng ikaapat na unibersidad kan siyudad an [[Kolehiyong Fundasyon nin Naga]] na pangenot na eskwelahan nin Kriminolohiya sa rehiyon.

==Uusipon==
Bago an pag-abot kan mga Kastila, mayaman na lugar na an dating banwa kan Naga na namukna sa duwang salog---Bikol asin Naga. Igwa na ining mayaman na kultura asin mga matibay na armas. Sa panahon kan mga Kastila an Naga an nagin sentro kan kultura, negosyo asin relihiyon kan enterong kabikulan. 

An pangaran daa kan Naga hale sa pagdangog nin sarong konkistador na Kastila, si [[Juan de Salcedo]] sa ngaran kan sarong kahoy na pigaapud na '''naga''' kaidtong mga Bikolano. Midbid an kahoy na ini sa ngaran na ''narra'' sa tataramon na [[Tagalog]] asin [[Bisaya]]. Alagad, an ibang mga Bikolanong historyador arog ki [[Danilo Gerona]] nagtutubod na an taramon na '''naga''' naggikan sa taramon na ''naga'' na nagtotomoy sa sarong lahing kapu'ngalan na Monggol na ngonyan iyo an ginikanan kan mga katawohan nageerok sa [[Assam]], [[Meghalalya]], [[Tripiera]], [[Mizoran]], [[Maripur]], [[Arunachal]], [[Pradesh]], [[Burma]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Nepal]] asin [[Tibet]]. Susog man saiya, an paragilid kan duwang salog kan Bikol asin Naga haloy nang eneerokan poon pa kan 900 A.D. siring sa maririraw sa mga parasâ-pasang artifaks na nagkahoronggad sa paralibot kaini. Sabi pa niya, an taramon na ''naga'' lakop man sa mga lengguwahe kan [[Batak]] kan [[Sumatra]] asin man kan mga [[Dayak]] kan [[Borneo]] na an pakahulogan sarong irago (serpente)/dragon. Nasambit pa niya na an mga lunadang pandagat kan mga antigong Tagalog asin Pampango na may nakakaag nin garo halas/dragon na payo sa dulong (prowa) kan mga lunadan na inaapod nindang ''naga''.
[[File:Lignum nephriticum - cup of Philippine lignum nephriticum, Pterocarpus indicus, and flask containing its fluorescent solution Hi.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Kopa gibo sa kahoy na naga (narra), produkto kan Naga panahon pre-kolonyal asin kan panahon nin Kastila]]
Dapit kaini, na an &quot;naga&quot; sinapi' talaga sa pangaran na ''naga'' na boot sabihon ''irago/halas'' o ''dragon'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An halas na naga hinanap sa Thailand. Kinua 07-11-13 |url=http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/221/in_the_coils_of_the_naga.html |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108012419/http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/221/in_the_coils_of_the_naga.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; na bakong gikan sa pangaran kan kahoy na ''narra'' o sa layas na itik na nagâ, iyo man ini an tinotolod na teoriya kan iba pang mga parasurat arog ki Antonio H. Aragon.

An Naga sarô sa pinaká enot na ginibong siyudad kan mga Kastila sa enterong Filipinas. Sa taon na 1575 an Siyudad de Caceres tinogdas bilang orihinal na erokan kan mga Kastilang eksplorador manta sa ibong kan salog sa parte na ngonyan kan Lerma asin  Dayangdang iyo an orihinal man na lugar kan mga tunay na taga-Naga. Sa pagtalubo kan duwang lugar nagsinakniban na an duwa asin an  kahiwasan naapod nang Nueva Caceres. Pag'abot kan mga Amerikano, nawara an pagkasiyudad kaini asin binalik an saiyang ngaran sa Naga sa taon na 1919. Kan Hunyo 18, 1948 naging 

==Mga Lingaan asin mga Pahingaloan==

Digdi sa Naga, dakulon na an mga linga-lingaan. Nakataraytay sa kalabaan kan Abenidang Magsaysay an manlaenlaen na mga kakanan, kapihan, inom-inoman, asin iba pa na nagtataong kaalingan sa mga taga-Naga kun banggi orog na kun tapos na an semana nin paglapigot sa trabaho.

Yaon diyan an Avenue Square na pano sa mga puwestong inuman, kakanan, kakanan na may tugtugan, asin mga tindahan: Wok Restaurant (kakanan), Coffee Beanery (kapihan), Little Asia (kakanan/inuman), Max's Restaurant (kakanan kan bantog na Max Fried Chicken), Lady Crab (bantog sa seafood orog na an aniit). Digdi laen kan mga lingaan, may mga tindahan man arog kan Mercury Drugstore, sa cellphones, mga bags, sapatos, arak asin kun anu-ano pa.

Sa enotang wala kaini iyo an Chili Peppers, sarong inom-inoman asin binibistong nagpuon na nagkaag nin siring na negosyo sa tinampong ini. Sarong bagong tugdok iyo an Westpark Avenue kun saen nakakaag an Tokyo Tokyo!, an Dennis Grill, KopiRoti, Bacolod Inasal, asin iba pa. Yaon man naglugar sa tinampong ini an Red Platter, sarong may '''ambiance'' na restaurant pan-pamilya.
An sunod iyo an Starbucks (kapihan), Bistro Roberto (resto bar asin may banda), Ilaw sa Dahon (resto, inuman), Kambingan (inuman, kakanan, bantog sa sisig), Bob Marlin (kakanan/inuman), asin gulping kakanan na Koreano.

Sa tahaw kan sentro, sa kataid sana kan Plaza Quezon iyo an Rizal Park. Mientras, mahayahay kuta ini na paro-pahingaloan kan mga gustong magpalihis-oras alagad sa may mga bulan na ginibo na ining merkado asin lungalong nin kun anu-anong paninda. Maski may mga nagrereklamo, dai ini mapakiaraman kan administrasyon kan siyudad nin huli ta ini sinasabing pagsasadiri kan gobyerno probinsiyal.

== Mga barangay ==
{{Wide image|Ph fil naga camarines sur.png|1024px|3=&lt;div align=center&gt;'''Naga'''&lt;/div&gt;|dir=rtl}}
May 27 na mga [[barangay]] an Naga:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mga barangay
! Klase
! Populasyon&lt;ref name=NSO10&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Bicol.pdf |title=Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010 |work=2010 Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |accessdate=January 7, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119074307/http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Bicol.pdf |archivedate=November 19, 2012 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Kapitan&lt;ref name=&quot;NagaBarangayOfficials&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Barangay Officials 2010 |url=http://naga.gov.ph/experience-naga/elected-officials/barangay-official-2010/ |website=Naga City |access-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101615/http://naga.gov.ph/experience-naga/elected-officials/barangay-official-2010/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|  Abella
|  Urban
|  4,788
|  Antonio Berja
|-
| Bagumbayan Norte
| Urban
| 2,991
| Dodit Beltran
|-
| Bagumbayan Sur
| Urban
| 6,959
| Jorge I. Salva Jr.
|-
| Balatas
| Urban
| 10,404
| Pedro San Juan Jr.
|-
| Calauag
| Urban
| 11,513
| Corazon Peñaflor
|-
| Cararayan
| Urban
| 15,998
|Rodrigo B. Agravante Jr.
|-
| Carolina
| Urban
| 5,841
| Alicia V. Saba
|-
| Concepcion Grande
| Urban
| 11,137
| Leticia Punzalan
|-
| Concepcion Pequeña
| Urban
| 23,577
| Andres Panis
|-
| Dayangdang
| Urban
| 4,568
| Joshua Calleja
|-
| Del Rosario
| Urban
| 9,332
| Gina Alcantara
|-
| Dinaga
| Urban
| 456
| Gemma Joy Antonio
|-
| Igualdad Interior
| Urban
| 3,379
| Domingo Alamer
|-
| Lerma
| Urban
| 2,337
| Domingo Serrado
|-
| Liboton
| Urban
| 3,075
| Salvadora Ortua
|-
| Mabolo
| Urban
| 7,611
| Magno Reyes
|-
| Pacol
| Urban
| 11,673
| Josue Perez
|-
| Panicuason
| Urban
| 2,715
| Domingo Ramos
|-
| Peñafrancia
| Urban
| 5,712
| Jeffrey Moralde
|-
| Sabang
| Urban
| 7,000
| Cyrus Caballero
|-
| San Felipe
| Urban
| 17,444
| Alfonso Rodriguez
|-
| San Francisco
| Urban
| 947
| Tomas Ramon Sanchez Jr.
|-
| San Isidro
| Urban
| 2,768
| Veronica C. Panganiban
|-
| Santa Cruz
| Urban
| 7,442
| Lorenzo D. Narvaez
|-
| Tabuco
| Urban
| 4,129
| Marcelo R. Bagadiong
|-
| Tinago
| Urban
| 3,268
| Jose Importante
|-
| Triangulo
| Urban
| 9,019
| Allan Beriso
|}

== Demograpiko ==
{{Populasyon}}
==Mga Medya==
===Mga Telebisyon===
*DWAI-TV (GMA TV-7 Naga) 
*DWPV-TV (ALLTV 11 Naga)

===Mga Radyo===
*DWIJ 891 kHz (Caceres Broadcasting Corporation asin BGR Media Productions)
*DZHI 1467 kHz Radyo Bilis relay (Audiovisual Communicators) 
[[File:Naga 1935 skyview photo nkaag sa Wikipedia pinaputi cropped2.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Pagta'naw sa kalangitan kan Naga, Camarines Sur, Filipinas, 1935]]

==Kataytayan nin mga retrato==
&lt;center&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B45.JPG|An lumang Centro
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B40a.JPG|Merkado Publiko
Ladawan:Plasa Quezon Naga City(Bicol).jpg|Plasa Quezon, Syudad nin Naga,  2017
Ladawan:WTNaga BAHALANA A41.JPG|Bicol Indian Sikh Temple
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO A33.JPG|Avenue Square
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C37.JPG|Simbahan kan Paroko ni Imaculada Concepcion
Ladawan:Naga city hall.JPG|City Hall kan Ciudad nin Naga
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B46.JPG|Templo nin Taoismo
Ladawan:St jude naga city.JPG|Santuario asin Parokya ni San Judas Tadeo
Ladawan:WTNaga STAR X1.jpg|CBD Terminal
Ladawan:WTNaga BAHALANA A34.JPG|Avenue Plaza Hotel
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C31.JPG|Villa Caceres Hotel
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C45.JPG|STI Naga
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C43.JPG|Bangko Sentral kan Pilipinas
Ladawan:Inarihan Farm Resort 7.jpg|Dalan sa Inarihan Farm
Ladawan:Big Stone.jpg|Big Stone
Ladawan:Inarihan Farm Resort 3.jpg|Salog sa Inarihan
Ladawan:Malabsay Falls.jpg|Busay Malabsay, Bukid Isarog, Panicuason
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

==Mga Gikan==
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%&quot;&gt;
* Naga: The Birth and Rebirth of a City. Danilo Madrid Gerona. Pinublikar kan Siyudad nin Naga. 2003.178 p.
* CAMARINES by the Vicor River. A compilation of Articles On Bikol History and Culture. 1999. Prov. Govt. of Camarines Sur. 282 p. 
*An retrato kan Parke ni Rizal kinua kan nabakante sa mga tindahan kan Oktobre, 2008.
&lt;/div&gt;
== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

==Mga Peryodiko Lokal==
*[http://www.kaiba.cjb.net/ Kaiba News and Features, KNF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211174144/http://kaiba.cjb.net/ |date=2009-02-11 }}
*[http://serbisyongbikolnon.ph/ Bikol Reporter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307141939/http://serbisyongbikolnon.ph/ |date=2021-03-07 }} (May pitak nakasurat sa Bikol)
* Bicol Mail [https://www.bicolmail.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055205/https://www.bicolmail.net/ |date=2023-03-22 }} (May pitak nakasurat sa Bikol)
*[http://www.voxbikol.com Vox Bikol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523094746/http://www.voxbikol.com/ |date=2020-05-23 }} (Nagaako nin mga Artikulo nakasurat sa Bikol)
* Bicol Standard [https://www.facebook.com/bicolstandardnewspaper/]
*[[Bicol Forum]]
*[[Lagpitaw]]

== Mga panluwas na takod ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Naga}}
* [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System]
*[http://www.naga.gov.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Siyudad nin Naga]
*[http://www.camarinessur.gov.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Probinsiya nin Camarines Sur]
*[http://www.adnu.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Ateneo de Naga University]
*[http://www.unc.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan University of Nueva Caceres]
*[http://www.usi.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Universidad de Sta. Isabel]
*[http://www.ncf.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Naga College Foundation]
*[http://www.wowphilippines.com.ph/explore_phil/place_details.asp?content=history&amp;province=28/ WowPhilippines.com]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{rambong}}
{{Navbox Camarines Sur}}
[[Kategorya:Mga syudad kan Filipinas]]</text>
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:''Para sa Syudad nin Naga sa Cebu, hilingon an [[Naga, Cebu]].''

An '''Syudad nin Naga''' ([[Ingles]]: ''City of Naga''; [[Filipino]]: ''Lungsod ng Naga'' o [[Spanish language|Espanyol]]: ''Ciudad de Nueva Cáceres'') sarong primera klaseng [[:Category:Mga ciudad kan Filipinas|syudad]] kan [[Filipinas]]. Namumugtak ini sa [[Rehiyon Bikol]] sa sur-sulnopan na puro kan [[Isla|isla]] nin [[Luzon]]. Nasa 377 km sa sur-sulnopan ini kan syudad kan [[Manila]] asin 380 km sa norte-subangan kan syudad kan [[Cebu (ciudad)|Cebu]] sa [[Visayas]].

Kun itatampad an sakop kan syudad sa ibang mga syudad kan rehiyon, bakong mahiwas an sukol nin kadagaan kaini. Sa pitong syudad igdi sa rehiyon, an Naga iyo an pinakasadit, na igwa sanang hiwas na 8,480 ektarya. Huli kaiyan ini an pinakasoròsoan (densely populated) na syudad sa rehiyon. An designadong zip code kaini iyo  {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. &lt;br&gt;
Sosog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. &lt;br&gt;

Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. Bisto sa apod na &quot;Heart of Bicol&quot; ([[Bikol]]: ''Puso kan Bikol''), asin siring man, binabansagan ining &quot;An Maogmang Lugar&quot;. Ini an solamenteng independienteng syudad asin an sentro kan edukasyon sagkod Simbahan na Katoliko sa rehiyon. An mga residente digdi inaapod na ''Nagueños''. Inaapod man ang Naga na ''Queen City of Bicol''.

An syudad an sentro kan [[Metro Naga]], an lugar na komponido kan 12 banwaan asin syudad nin Naga na marikas an pag-uswag na kabali sa Metro Naga Development Council. Komponido kan mga banwaan sa Segundo Distrito kan Camarines Sur, apwera kan [[Canaman, Camarines Sur|Canaman]] asin mga banwaan sa tul.

Dating kabesera kan Camarines Sur an syudad nin Naga, alagad sa Akta Republika Nu. 1336, na nagin ley kan Hunyo 8, 1955, naribayan ini kan banwaan nin [[Pili]].

Si [[Nelson Legacion|Leni Robredo]], an dating bise-presidente iyo an presenteng alkalde kan syudad nin Naga. Saiyang sinalidahan si [[John Bongat|Nelson Legacion]] taon 2025.

==Napanongdan na gamit kan kahiwasan kan syudad==

An kabilogan na hiwas kan kadagaan kan syudad na ini 8,448 na ektarya o 84.48 kilometro kwadrado, bagay na an syudad nin Naga iyo an pinakasadit na syudad sa pitong syudad kan ronang Bikol&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} Kinua 03-9-16&lt;/ref&gt;. Sa total na ini, 75% ginagamit sa agrikultura, 13% para sa residensya, 7% okupado nin kadlagan asin mga parke, 2% gamit komersyal, 2% gamit kan gobyerno para sa mga edipisyo, asin 1.2% para sa ibang pang katuyohan.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.adnu.edu.ph/Centers/SSRC/nagaprofile.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416160341/http://www.adnu.edu.ph/Centers/SSRC/nagaprofile.html |date=2016-04-16 }} Kinua 03-9-16&lt;/ref&gt;

==Komersyo==

[[Ladawan:Naga City CamSur Seal.svg|thumb|left|Selyo kan syudad nin Naga]]

[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB B19.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Paroko ni San Juan de Evangelista o mas bisto sa ngaran na Metropolitan Cathedral]]
[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB A21.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Peñafrancia Parish. An Dating Santuario ni Ina, Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia]]
[[Ladawan:WTNaga HIJAB B31.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Simbahan ni San Francisco]]
[[Ladawan:Rizal Park, Naga City.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Rizal Park]]
[[File:Claveria visit to NC Feb 16 1845.jpg|thumb|300px|Pagbisita ni Gobernador Heneral Narciso Claveria y Zaldua kan Peb. 16, 1845 sa Nueva Caceres (pintura ni Jose Honorato Lozano)]]
[[File:Banwaan nin Naga, Camarines Sur, Filipinas 1935.png|right|300px|thumb|Pagtanaw kan Naga (Camarines Sur), eroplano haleng Milaor, 1935]]
Igwang duwang pangenot na lugar pangkomersiyo an Naga. Ini an Central Business District I (bisto sa apod na Centro) asin Central Business District II.

Sa CBD I igwa nin manlalaen na negosyo arog kan mga bangko, botika, restaurants, department stores asin iba pa. Yaon man igdi an Naga City Public Market na bakalan kan mga preskong gulay, karne, asin mga produktong Bikolnon arog kan pili asin abaka.

An CBD II na yaon sa may Triangulo asin Lerma mahihiling an Bicol Central Station na nag-ooperar nin mga biyahe pasiring sa mga kataraid na munisipyo asin siyudad pati man an mga biyaheng paduman sa Manila. Yaon man digdi an Jesse Robredo Coliseum na an ikaduwang pinakadakulang coliseum sa Pilipinas pagkatapos kan Smart Araneta Coliseum.

Kan Mayo 1, 2009 lang tigbukasan sa publiko an kakatugdok lang na SM City Naga na sarong mall. Ini kagsadiri ni [[Henry Sy]], sarong negosyante na iyo man an may sadiri nin gabos na SM Malls sa bilog na nasyon.

==Transportasyon==
An mga paagi nin transportasyon sa laog kan siyudad iyo an pamosong Jeep, tricycle asin padyak.

Mientras, an mga bisita asin turista hali sa luwas kan siyudad, pwedeng makaabot sa Naga sa paagi nin bus, jeep, van/fx, asin eroplano (sa Naga Airport sa Pili).

==Edukasyon==
An siyudad nin Naga iyo an sentro kan edukasyon sa Bikol nin huli sa dakol na institusyon nin halangkaw na pagkanood digdi. Kabali an: [[Ateneo de Naga na Unibersidad]] na pinapadalagan kan mga Heswita; [[Unibersidad kan Nueva Caceres]] (dating Nueva Caceres an apod sa siyudad kan panahon nin mga Kastila) na pangenot na unibersidad sa taon nin pagkamukna asin bilang kan estudyante; sagkod [[Universidad de Santa Isabel]] na pinapadalagan kan mga madre kan Daughters of Charity asin an pinakágurang na eskwelahan na normal para sa mga babae sa [[Harayong Subangan]].

An posibleng ikaapat na unibersidad kan siyudad an [[Kolehiyong Fundasyon nin Naga]] na pangenot na eskwelahan nin Kriminolohiya sa rehiyon.

==Uusipon==
Bago an pag-abot kan mga Kastila, mayaman na lugar na an dating banwa kan Naga na namukna sa duwang salog---Bikol asin Naga. Igwa na ining mayaman na kultura asin mga matibay na armas. Sa panahon kan mga Kastila an Naga an nagin sentro kan kultura, negosyo asin relihiyon kan enterong kabikulan. 

An pangaran daa kan Naga hale sa pagdangog nin sarong konkistador na Kastila, si [[Juan de Salcedo]] sa ngaran kan sarong kahoy na pigaapud na '''naga''' kaidtong mga Bikolano. Midbid an kahoy na ini sa ngaran na ''narra'' sa tataramon na [[Tagalog]] asin [[Bisaya]]. Alagad, an ibang mga Bikolanong historyador arog ki [[Danilo Gerona]] nagtutubod na an taramon na '''naga''' naggikan sa taramon na ''naga'' na nagtotomoy sa sarong lahing kapu'ngalan na Monggol na ngonyan iyo an ginikanan kan mga katawohan nageerok sa [[Assam]], [[Meghalalya]], [[Tripiera]], [[Mizoran]], [[Maripur]], [[Arunachal]], [[Pradesh]], [[Burma]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Nepal]] asin [[Tibet]]. Susog man saiya, an paragilid kan duwang salog kan Bikol asin Naga haloy nang eneerokan poon pa kan 900 A.D. siring sa maririraw sa mga parasâ-pasang artifaks na nagkahoronggad sa paralibot kaini. Sabi pa niya, an taramon na ''naga'' lakop man sa mga lengguwahe kan [[Batak]] kan [[Sumatra]] asin man kan mga [[Dayak]] kan [[Borneo]] na an pakahulogan sarong irago (serpente)/dragon. Nasambit pa niya na an mga lunadang pandagat kan mga antigong Tagalog asin Pampango na may nakakaag nin garo halas/dragon na payo sa dulong (prowa) kan mga lunadan na inaapod nindang ''naga''.
[[File:Lignum nephriticum - cup of Philippine lignum nephriticum, Pterocarpus indicus, and flask containing its fluorescent solution Hi.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Kopa gibo sa kahoy na naga (narra), produkto kan Naga panahon pre-kolonyal asin kan panahon nin Kastila]]
Dapit kaini, na an &quot;naga&quot; sinapi' talaga sa pangaran na ''naga'' na boot sabihon ''irago/halas'' o ''dragon'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An halas na naga hinanap sa Thailand. Kinua 07-11-13 |url=http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/221/in_the_coils_of_the_naga.html |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108012419/http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/221/in_the_coils_of_the_naga.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; na bakong gikan sa pangaran kan kahoy na ''narra'' o sa layas na itik na nagâ, iyo man ini an tinotolod na teoriya kan iba pang mga parasurat arog ki Antonio H. Aragon.

An Naga sarô sa pinaká enot na ginibong siyudad kan mga Kastila sa enterong Filipinas. Sa taon na 1575 an Siyudad de Caceres tinogdas bilang orihinal na erokan kan mga Kastilang eksplorador manta sa ibong kan salog sa parte na ngonyan kan Lerma asin  Dayangdang iyo an orihinal man na lugar kan mga tunay na taga-Naga. Sa pagtalubo kan duwang lugar nagsinakniban na an duwa asin an  kahiwasan naapod nang Nueva Caceres. Pag'abot kan mga Amerikano, nawara an pagkasiyudad kaini asin binalik an saiyang ngaran sa Naga sa taon na 1919. Kan Hunyo 18, 1948 naging 

==Mga Lingaan asin mga Pahingaloan==

Digdi sa Naga, dakulon na an mga linga-lingaan. Nakataraytay sa kalabaan kan Abenidang Magsaysay an manlaenlaen na mga kakanan, kapihan, inom-inoman, asin iba pa na nagtataong kaalingan sa mga taga-Naga kun banggi orog na kun tapos na an semana nin paglapigot sa trabaho.

Yaon diyan an Avenue Square na pano sa mga puwestong inuman, kakanan, kakanan na may tugtugan, asin mga tindahan: Wok Restaurant (kakanan), Coffee Beanery (kapihan), Little Asia (kakanan/inuman), Max's Restaurant (kakanan kan bantog na Max Fried Chicken), Lady Crab (bantog sa seafood orog na an aniit). Digdi laen kan mga lingaan, may mga tindahan man arog kan Mercury Drugstore, sa cellphones, mga bags, sapatos, arak asin kun anu-ano pa.

Sa enotang wala kaini iyo an Chili Peppers, sarong inom-inoman asin binibistong nagpuon na nagkaag nin siring na negosyo sa tinampong ini. Sarong bagong tugdok iyo an Westpark Avenue kun saen nakakaag an Tokyo Tokyo!, an Dennis Grill, KopiRoti, Bacolod Inasal, asin iba pa. Yaon man naglugar sa tinampong ini an Red Platter, sarong may '''ambiance'' na restaurant pan-pamilya.
An sunod iyo an Starbucks (kapihan), Bistro Roberto (resto bar asin may banda), Ilaw sa Dahon (resto, inuman), Kambingan (inuman, kakanan, bantog sa sisig), Bob Marlin (kakanan/inuman), asin gulping kakanan na Koreano.

Sa tahaw kan sentro, sa kataid sana kan Plaza Quezon iyo an Rizal Park. Mientras, mahayahay kuta ini na paro-pahingaloan kan mga gustong magpalihis-oras alagad sa may mga bulan na ginibo na ining merkado asin lungalong nin kun anu-anong paninda. Maski may mga nagrereklamo, dai ini mapakiaraman kan administrasyon kan siyudad nin huli ta ini sinasabing pagsasadiri kan gobyerno probinsiyal.

== Mga barangay ==
{{Wide image|Ph fil naga camarines sur.png|1024px|3=&lt;div align=center&gt;'''Naga'''&lt;/div&gt;|dir=rtl}}
May 27 na mga [[barangay]] an Naga:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Mga barangay
! Klase
! Populasyon&lt;ref name=NSO10&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Bicol.pdf |title=Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010 |work=2010 Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |accessdate=January 7, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119074307/http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Bicol.pdf |archivedate=November 19, 2012 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Kapitan&lt;ref name=&quot;NagaBarangayOfficials&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Barangay Officials 2010 |url=http://naga.gov.ph/experience-naga/elected-officials/barangay-official-2010/ |website=Naga City |access-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101615/http://naga.gov.ph/experience-naga/elected-officials/barangay-official-2010/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|  Abella
|  Urban
|  4,788
|  Antonio Berja
|-
| Bagumbayan Norte
| Urban
| 2,991
| Dodit Beltran
|-
| Bagumbayan Sur
| Urban
| 6,959
| Jorge I. Salva Jr.
|-
| Balatas
| Urban
| 10,404
| Pedro San Juan Jr.
|-
| Calauag
| Urban
| 11,513
| Corazon Peñaflor
|-
| Cararayan
| Urban
| 15,998
|Rodrigo B. Agravante Jr.
|-
| Carolina
| Urban
| 5,841
| Alicia V. Saba
|-
| Concepcion Grande
| Urban
| 11,137
| Leticia Punzalan
|-
| Concepcion Pequeña
| Urban
| 23,577
| Andres Panis
|-
| Dayangdang
| Urban
| 4,568
| Joshua Calleja
|-
| Del Rosario
| Urban
| 9,332
| Gina Alcantara
|-
| Dinaga
| Urban
| 456
| Gemma Joy Antonio
|-
| Igualdad Interior
| Urban
| 3,379
| Domingo Alamer
|-
| Lerma
| Urban
| 2,337
| Domingo Serrado
|-
| Liboton
| Urban
| 3,075
| Salvadora Ortua
|-
| Mabolo
| Urban
| 7,611
| Magno Reyes
|-
| Pacol
| Urban
| 11,673
| Josue Perez
|-
| Panicuason
| Urban
| 2,715
| Domingo Ramos
|-
| Peñafrancia
| Urban
| 5,712
| Jeffrey Moralde
|-
| Sabang
| Urban
| 7,000
| Cyrus Caballero
|-
| San Felipe
| Urban
| 17,444
| Alfonso Rodriguez
|-
| San Francisco
| Urban
| 947
| Tomas Ramon Sanchez Jr.
|-
| San Isidro
| Urban
| 2,768
| Veronica C. Panganiban
|-
| Santa Cruz
| Urban
| 7,442
| Lorenzo D. Narvaez
|-
| Tabuco
| Urban
| 4,129
| Marcelo R. Bagadiong
|-
| Tinago
| Urban
| 3,268
| Jose Importante
|-
| Triangulo
| Urban
| 9,019
| Allan Beriso
|}

== Demograpiko ==
{{Populasyon}}
==Mga Medya==
===Mga Telebisyon===
*DWAI-TV (GMA TV-7 Naga) 
*DWPV-TV (ALLTV 11 Naga)

===Mga Radyo===
*DWIJ 891 kHz (Caceres Broadcasting Corporation asin BGR Media Productions)
*DZHI 1467 kHz ME Radio relay (Audiovisual Communicators) 
[[File:Naga 1935 skyview photo nkaag sa Wikipedia pinaputi cropped2.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Pagta'naw sa kalangitan kan Naga, Camarines Sur, Filipinas, 1935]]

==Kataytayan nin mga retrato==
&lt;center&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B45.JPG|An lumang Centro
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B40a.JPG|Merkado Publiko
Ladawan:Plasa Quezon Naga City(Bicol).jpg|Plasa Quezon, Syudad nin Naga,  2017
Ladawan:WTNaga BAHALANA A41.JPG|Bicol Indian Sikh Temple
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO A33.JPG|Avenue Square
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C37.JPG|Simbahan kan Paroko ni Imaculada Concepcion
Ladawan:Naga city hall.JPG|City Hall kan Ciudad nin Naga
Ladawan:WTNaga EURO B46.JPG|Templo nin Taoismo
Ladawan:St jude naga city.JPG|Santuario asin Parokya ni San Judas Tadeo
Ladawan:WTNaga STAR X1.jpg|CBD Terminal
Ladawan:WTNaga BAHALANA A34.JPG|Avenue Plaza Hotel
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C31.JPG|Villa Caceres Hotel
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C45.JPG|STI Naga
Ladawan:WTNaga LAPANAK C43.JPG|Bangko Sentral kan Pilipinas
Ladawan:Inarihan Farm Resort 7.jpg|Dalan sa Inarihan Farm
Ladawan:Big Stone.jpg|Big Stone
Ladawan:Inarihan Farm Resort 3.jpg|Salog sa Inarihan
Ladawan:Malabsay Falls.jpg|Busay Malabsay, Bukid Isarog, Panicuason
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

==Mga Gikan==
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%&quot;&gt;
* Naga: The Birth and Rebirth of a City. Danilo Madrid Gerona. Pinublikar kan Siyudad nin Naga. 2003.178 p.
* CAMARINES by the Vicor River. A compilation of Articles On Bikol History and Culture. 1999. Prov. Govt. of Camarines Sur. 282 p. 
*An retrato kan Parke ni Rizal kinua kan nabakante sa mga tindahan kan Oktobre, 2008.
&lt;/div&gt;
== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

==Mga Peryodiko Lokal==
*[http://www.kaiba.cjb.net/ Kaiba News and Features, KNF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211174144/http://kaiba.cjb.net/ |date=2009-02-11 }}
*[http://serbisyongbikolnon.ph/ Bikol Reporter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307141939/http://serbisyongbikolnon.ph/ |date=2021-03-07 }} (May pitak nakasurat sa Bikol)
* Bicol Mail [https://www.bicolmail.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055205/https://www.bicolmail.net/ |date=2023-03-22 }} (May pitak nakasurat sa Bikol)
*[http://www.voxbikol.com Vox Bikol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523094746/http://www.voxbikol.com/ |date=2020-05-23 }} (Nagaako nin mga Artikulo nakasurat sa Bikol)
* Bicol Standard [https://www.facebook.com/bicolstandardnewspaper/]
*[[Bicol Forum]]
*[[Lagpitaw]]

== Mga panluwas na takod ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Naga}}
* [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System]
*[http://www.naga.gov.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Siyudad nin Naga]
*[http://www.camarinessur.gov.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Probinsiya nin Camarines Sur]
*[http://www.adnu.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Ateneo de Naga University]
*[http://www.unc.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan University of Nueva Caceres]
*[http://www.usi.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Universidad de Sta. Isabel]
*[http://www.ncf.edu.ph/ Opisyal na Website kan Naga College Foundation]
*[http://www.wowphilippines.com.ph/explore_phil/place_details.asp?content=history&amp;province=28/ WowPhilippines.com]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{rambong}}
{{Navbox Camarines Sur}}
[[Kategorya:Mga syudad kan Filipinas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tataramon na Bikol Sentral</title>
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      <text bytes="18508" sha1="hgbr6mi3h0ecd6lx8nkty1b38ny2k9c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox tataramon 
| name= Bikol Sentral
| altname= Katahawan na Bikol
| nativename=
| states=[[Filipinas]]
| region=[[Rehiyon Bikol|Bikol]]
| ethnicity=[[Mga bikolano|Bikolnon]]
| speakers=2.5 milyon 
| date=1990 sensus {{Update span|date=July 2023}}
| ref=e18
| speakers2=ika-6 na pigtataram na marhay na subong tataramon sa Filipinas&lt;ref&gt;Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000&lt;/ref&gt;
| familycolor=Austronesyo
| fam2=[[Mga tataramon na Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]]
| fam3=[[Mga tataramon na Filipino|Filipino]]
| fam4=[[Mga tataramon na Katahawan na Filipino |Katahawan na Filipino]]
| fam5=[[Mga tataramon na Bikol]]
| fam6=[[Baybayon na Bikol]]
| script=[[iskriturang Latin|Latin]] ([[Abakada|alpabeto nin Bikol]])&lt;br&gt;[[Bikol Braille]]&lt;br /&gt;''pang-uusipon [[Suyat|Basahan]]''
| minority=[[Panrehiyon na tataramon]] sa [[Filipinas]]
| agency=[[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]
| iso3 = bcl
| map = Bikol_Sentral_language_map.png
| mapcaption = Mga lugar kun sain pigtataram an tataramon na Bikol Sentral sa Filipinas 
| glotto=cent2087
| glottorefname=Coastal-Naga Bikol
| notice=IPA
}}

::''Para sa mga tataramon na Bikol, hilingon tabì an [[Mga tataramon na Bikol]]''

An tataramon na '''Bikol Sentral''' o '''Katahawan na Bikol''' ([[Tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]]: ''Central Bikol'') o '''Bikol''' sana&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bcl ''Bicolano, Central'' Ethnologue]&lt;/ref&gt;, an pigtataram na marhay asin nasasabotan na marhay na tataramon sa [[Rehiyon Bikol]]. Ini an sarô sa mga pang-inot na tataramon sa [[Filipinas]] na pigtataram kan 4,253,000 katawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;joshuaproject&quot;/&gt;

Susog sa pagklasipikar ni Curtis McFarland sa mga tataramon sa rehiyon kan pamilya nin mga tataramon na Bikolnon, kabali an tataramon na ini sa [[Baybayon na Bikol]].&lt;ref&gt;McFarland, Curtis D. The Dialects of the Bikol Area. Ph.D. dissertation. New Haven: Dept. of Linguistics, Yale University, 1974.&lt;/ref&gt; Pigtataram ini sa dakulang parte kan [[Camarines Sur]], subangan na parte kan [[Albay]], sulnopan na parte kan [[Camarines Norte]],  gamping amihanan kan [[Sorsogon]], habagatan na parte nin [[Catanduanes]], sagkod sa amihanan na parte kan isla nin Burias sa [[Masbate]].

==Palatanugan==
Igwang 16 na mga katanog sa tataramon na Bikol: /p, b, d, t, k, ɡ, s, h, m, n, ŋ, l, ɾ, j~ʝ, w~ʋ, ʔ/. An walo sa mga ini, sinublian sana gikan sa mga subli-taramon: /f, v, tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ, ʎ, ɲ/. Pigtala an tulong katanog bilang /a, i, u/. An mga katanog na /e, o/ piggagamit sana sa Espanyol.

=== Mga katanog ===
An mga sistema nin tanog kan tataramon susog ki Mintz kan 1971&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mintz |first=Malcolm W. |title=Bikol Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/bikoldictionary0000mint |date=1971 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-7891-7 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv9hvs8j}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo, ini an minasunod.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |{{IPA|m}}
|{{IPA|n}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|(ɲ)
| align=&quot;center&quot; |{{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!Voiceless
|{{IPA|p}}
|{{IPA|t}}
|
|
|{{IPA|k}}
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
!Voiced
|{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA|d}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|{{IPA|s}}
|(ʃ)
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; |h
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!Voiceless
|
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|(t̠ʃ)
|
|
|-
!Voiced
|
|
|
|(d̠ʒ)
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; |{{IPA|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; |{{IPA|l}}
|(ʎ)
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |{{IPA|w}}
|
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; |{{IPA|j}}
|
|
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Notes:
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |
# '''ʃ''' -  An /sy/ mahihiling sana ini sa mga sinublian-taramon gikan sa Ingles, siring sana kan ‘'''sh'''irt’.
# '''t̠ʃ''' - Mahihiling an /ty/ sa mga sinublian-taramon gikan sa Espanyol asin Ingles na pigsasayod siring kan &quot;ch&quot; sa katagang Ingles na ‘'''ch'''eck’.
# '''d̠ʒ''' - Madaling mahiling an /dy/ sa mga sinublian-taramon gikan sa Ingles na pigsasayod sa tanog na &quot;j&quot; sa katagang Ingles na ‘'''j'''eep’.
# '''ɲ''' - An /ny/ nahihiling sa mga sinublian-taramon gikan sa Espanyol asin pigsasayod arog kan &quot;ñ&quot; sa katagang Espanyol na a ba'''ñ'''os.
# '''ʎ'''  - Mahihiling an /ly/ sa mga sinublian-taramon gikan sa Espanyol asin pigsasayod siring kan &quot;ll&quot; sa katagang Espanyol na '''ll'''ave asin senci'''ll'''o.
# '''h''' - Nin huli ta sa pakikitakudan sa haraning [[tataramon na Albay Bikol|mga tataramon na Bikol kan Albay]], an mga katagâ na nagpupuon sa &quot;h&quot; sa Bikol - Naga, nagpupuon sa {{IPA|ʔ}} sa Bikol - Legazpi
#* hal : &quot;hiling&quot; (Bikol - Naga) nagigin &quot;iling&quot; (Bikol - Legazpi)
|}

==Mga diyalekto==
Igwa nin limang diyalekto an tataramon na Bikol Sentral:

===Bikol - Naga===
An diyalektong ''Bikol Sentral - Naga'' o &quot;Bikol - Naga&quot; na pigtataram sa primero, segundo asin terser distrito kan Camarines Sur (puwera sa [[Del Gallego, Camarines Sur|Del Gallego]]), [[syudad nin Naga]], sagkod [[San Pascual, Masbate]] iyo an pig-aapod na &quot;standard Bikol&quot;. Nasasabotan ini kan kadaklan na parataram nin [[mga tataramon na Bikol]].

Sa mga ibang parte kan Camarines Sur tinataram an mga tataramon na [[Rinconada Bikol]] asin [[Buhi Bikol]].

===Bikol - Tabaco-Legazpi-Sorsogon===
An diyalektong ''Bikol Sentral - Tabaco-Legazpi-Sorsogon'' o &quot;Bikol - TLS&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;mintz&quot;&gt;[[Malcolm Mintz|Malcolm W Mintz]]. BIKOL DICTIONARY: Incorporating the 17th century Vocabulario de la lengua Bicol Marcos de Lisboa&lt;/ref&gt; iyo an tataramon sa mga [[Syudad nin Legazpi]] asin [[Syudad nin Tabaco]] sa probinsya nin [[Albay]], pati sa mga banwaan nin Malinao, Malilipot, Bacacay, Sto. Domingo, Manito, Rapu-Rapu. Ini man an tataramon kan distrito nin Bacon sa [[Syudad nin Sorsogon]] asin sa banwaan nin Magallanes sa probinsya nin [[Sorsogon]]. 

Dakula an impluwensiya kaining diyalekto sa mga ibang parte kan probinsya nin Albay asin Sorsogon huli ta piglalakop ini kan mga estasiyon nin radyo asin telebisiyon hali sa Legazpi. 

Sa mga ibang parte kan Albay tinataram an [[Libon Bikol]], [[Bikol Sulnopan na Albay]] asin [[Miraya Bikol]].

===Bikol - Partido===
An diyalektong ''Bikol Sentral - Partido'' o &quot;Bikol - Partido&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;mintz&quot;/&gt; iyo an tataramon kan mga banwaan nin Tigaon, Ocampo, Sagñay, San José, Goa, Lagonoy, Caramoan asin Garchitorena sa probinsya nin [[Camarines Sur]], pati sa mga banwaan nin Tiwi, Albay asin San Andres, Catanduanes.

===Bikol - Daet===
An diyalektong ''Bikol Sentral - Daet'' o &quot;Bikol - Daet&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;mintz&quot;/&gt; iyo an tataramon kan mga banwaan nin Daet, San Vicente, Talisay, Mercedes asin Basud, sa probinsya nin [[Camarines Norte]].

[[Tagalog]] an tataramon sa mga ibang banwa kaining probinsya.

===Bikol - Virac===
An diyalektong ''Bikol Sentral - Virac'' o &quot;Bikol - Virac&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;mintz&quot;/&gt; iyo an tataramon kan mga banwaan nin Virac, Bato, San Miguel, Baras, Gigmoto asin Cololbon, sa parteng habagatan kan probinsya nin [[Catanduanes]]. Susog ki Malcolm Mintz, iba asin distinto an tataramon sa parteng amihanan kaining isla na bakóng sakop nin pig-aapod na Bikol Sentral alagad kan tataramon na [[Bikol Norteng Catanduanes]].

Ikinaklasipikar man bilang suway na tataramon kan Ethnologue bilang Southern Catanduanes Bikol an diyalektong ini.

===Komparasyon kan mga lain-lain na tataramon===

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! [[Tataramon na Tagalog]]
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Estandarteng Bikol (Canaman)
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Diyalektong Bikol - Naga
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Diyalektong Bikol - Partido
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Diyalektong Bikol - Legazpi
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Diyalektong Bikol - Daet
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Diyalektong Bikol - Virac
! style=&quot;background:#efefff;&quot; | Tataramon na [[Bikol Rinconada]]
! style=&quot;background:#efefff;&quot; | Tataramon na [[Subangang Miraya]]
! style=&quot;background:#efefff;&quot; | Tataramon na [[Mga tataramon na Sorsoganon|Waray Sorsogon]] (diyalektong Irosin)
|-
|''Dito sa bagong mesa pinakain ng itlog at tinapay ang babae.''
|Digdi sa bâgong lamesa pinakakán nin sugok asin tinapay an babayi.
|Digdi sa bâgong lamesa '''pigpakakán''' nin sugok '''saka''' tinapay '''si''' babayi. 
|'''Igdi''' sa '''bag-ong''' lamesa '''tigpakakán''' nin sugok '''sagkod''' tinapay '''su bayi'''.
|Digdi sa bâgong lamesa '''pigpakaon ki bunáy budâ''' tinapay '''su''' babayi.
|Digdi sa '''bágong''' lamesa '''pinakain ning itlog at''' tinapay '''si babai'''.
|Digdi sa bâgong lamesa '''pinakaon ning''' sugok '''budâ''' tinapay '''su''' babayi.
|'''Sadi''' sa '''bágong''' lamesa '''pinakaön ka itlog ag''' tinapay '''su''' babayi.
|'''Didi''' sa bâgong lamesa '''pigpakawn ning salag dangan''' tinapay '''su babay'''.
|'''Didi''' sa '''bag-o na''' lamesa '''inpakaon san bunay nan''' tinapay '''su''' babayi.
|-
|''Bakit nga kaya hindi lumipad ang ibon ni Pedro kahit na walang kandado ang kulungan.''
|Tàdaw ta dài luminayog an gamgam ni Pedro dawà na dài nin kandado an hawla?
|'''Tâno''' daw ta dài '''naglayog''' an gamgam ni Pedro dawà na '''mayò''' nin kandado '''si''' hawla?
|'''Hadáw''' ta '''ê naglayog''' an gamgam ni Pedro '''máski''' na '''mayò''' nin kandado '''su''' hawla?
|'''Natà''' daw tà dài '''naglayog''' an '''bayong''' ni Pedro '''máski''' na '''warâ ki''' kandado '''su''' hawla?
|'''Bakin''' daw '''kayâ''' dài '''naglupád ang ibon''' ni Pedro '''máski''' na '''mayong''' kandado '''si''' hawla?
|'''Ngatà''' daw tà dài '''nagḽayog''' an gamgam ni Pedro '''máski''' na '''dàing''' kandado '''su''' hawla?
|'''Tàono/Ngatà raw''' tà '''diri naglayog adtong bayong''' ni Pedro dawà na '''üdâ ka''' kandado '''su awla'''?
|'''Nyangà''' daw ta '''indî naglupad ang bayong''' ni Pedro '''maski''' na '''udâ ning''' kandado '''su''' hawla?
|'''Nakay''' daw '''kay diri naglupad''' an '''tamsi''' ni Pedro '''maski''' na '''warâ san''' kandado '''su''' hawla?
|}

Siring kan iba pang mga tataramon sa Filipinas, igwa man nin mga bilang nin mga subli-tataramon an Bikol, kadaklan gikan sa Espanyol nin huli ta sa 333 taon kan pangugobyerno kan Espanyol sa Filipinas. Kaiba digdi an swerte (suerte), karne (carne), imbestigador (investigador), litro, pero, krimen (crimen) asin iba pa. An iba pang ginunuang subli-tataramon, iyo an Sanskrito, na may mga katagâ o tataramon arog kan &quot;hadi&quot;, &quot;karma&quot;, &quot;daya&quot;, &quot;bahala&quot;, basa&quot;, &quot;bareta&quot;, &quot;gadya&quot;, &quot;halaga&quot;, &quot;salampati&quot;, &quot;kota&quot;, &quot;mutya&quot;, &quot;dusa&quot;, &quot;saksi&quot;, &quot;suka&quot;, &quot;tingga'.&quot;. Alagad, an mga Sanskritong katagâ na nasubli kan Bikol, an iba bakong direkta hali digdi kundi uminagi pa sa ibang tataramon.

==Balanghayan==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!&amp;nbsp;
!Absolutibo
!Ergatibo
!Oblik
|-
|'''Pang-saruan na ''ika-1(inot) na tawo'''''
|ako
|ko
|sakuya, sakô
|-
|'''Pang-saruang ''ika-2(duwa)-ng tawo'''''
|ika, ka
|mo
|saimo, sìmô
|-
|'''Pang-saruan na ''ika-3(tulo)-ng tawo'''''
|siya,
|niya,
|saiya
|-
|'''Pangkadakulan na ''kabali an ika-1(inot) na tawo'''''
|kitá
|niato, ta
|satuya, satô
|-
|'''Pangkadakulan na ''dai-kabali an ika-2(duwa)-ng tawo'''''
|kami
|niamo, mi
|samuya, samô
|-
|'''Pangkadakulan na ''ika-2(duwa)-ng tawo'''''
|kamó
|nindo
|saindo
|-
|'''Pangkadakulan na ''ika-3(tulo)-ng tawo'''''
|sinda
|ninda
|sainda
|}

===Mga partikulo===
{{Hilingon man|Balanghayan sa Bikol}}

Siring man sa dakol na [[mga tataramon na Filipino]], mayaman man an Bikol sa set kan mga partikulo nin diskurso.

* bagá – nagpapahayag nin pagdududa o pag-aatubili
* bayâ – nagtatao nin tsansa sa sarong tawo; pirit nin paggalang
* dàa – (Tagalog: daw) pag-quote sa impormasyon gikan sa saróng pangaduwang mapagkukuanan
* daw – (Tagalog: ba/kaya) partikulong interogatibo
* garó – (Tagalog: mukhang, parang) pagkakahawig o pagkakaarog. Ingles: &quot;It looks like, it's as if.&quot;
* gáyo – &quot;eksakto&quot;
* daing gáyo – &quot;dai eksakto, dai totoo&quot;
* gayód – (Tagalog: bakâ) &quot;inda, Ingles: maybe, could be&quot;
* giraray / liwát – (Tagalog: [m]uli) Ingles: &quot;again&quot;
* kutâ (na)– &quot;Umaasa ako (sarong bagay na piggibo / dae nangyari&quot; ; &quot;Kung lamang ... &quot;(kondisyon kan nakalihis na mga kaganapan)
* lamang, lang / saná – (Tagalog: lang), Ingles: &quot;only, just&quot;
* lugód – Nag-aasa na mangyayari an sarong bagay, o pagpapahayag nin pagsuko
* man – (Tagalog: din, rin) &quot;also&quot; o &quot;ever&quot; (arog kan ''ano man'' o 'whatever' asin si isay man o 'whoever')
* mûna / ngûna – (Tagalog: muna) &quot;enot&quot; o &quot;yet&quot;
* na – (Tagalog: na) &quot;ngunyan&quot; o &quot;tapos&quot;
* naman – (Tagalog: naman) &quot;otro, Ingles: again&quot;
* nanggad – (Tagalog: talaga, nga) &quot;really, truly, absolutely&quot; (nagdadagdag nin kanultolan)
* niyakò – &quot;simbag ko, sabi ko&quot;
* nganì – nagpapahayag nin kapalaran (&quot;mayong magiginibo&quot;) o sarong pakiulay para sa iba na dai piriton
* ngantig – Nag-uulat an sarong bagay na pigsabi sa sarong ikatlong tawo
* ngapit – &quot;pagkatapos,&quot; &quot;kun sakaling,&quot; &quot;sa panahon / mantang&quot; (haloy kan panahon)
* ngayá – pagkamagalang sa paghiling ng impormasiyon (&quot;so,&quot; &quot;let's see&quot;)
* pa – (Tagalog: pa) &quot;Ingles: ''still''&quot;
* palán – (Tagalog: pala) nagpapahayag nin sorpresa o biglaang pagsasakatuparan
* pò – (Tagalog: po) palatandaan nin paggalang; &quot;tabì sa pirang diyalekto kan Bikol
* tulos (- tulos) – (Tagalog: agad (-agad)) &quot;dali-dali, ngunyan na&quot;

==Tamongot/Tamanggot (Rapsak)==
An Tamongot o Tamanggot (Rapsak) o &quot;Angry Register&quot; na inaapod sa tataramon na Ingles, dagyâ sain man na tataramon kan Bikol. Ini an halimbawa kan inaapod na Tamongot/Tamanggot (Rapsak sa iba) (kun sa Ingles, inaapod ining ''Bikol Angry Speech Register''.)

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Normal na Bikol
! Halimbawa nin Tamongot 
|-
| Malutò, Kanon
| Malustod 
|-
| Bagas
| Las(u)gas 
|-
| Tubig
| Tamìlig, Tùlig 
|-
| Bungog
| Lusngog 
|-
| Uran
| Bagrat, Dùnag 
|-
| Bagyo
| Alimagyo 
|-
| Babayi
| Babaknit, Siknit 
|-
| Lalaki
| Lalaknit 
|-
| Bado, Gubing
| La(ma)sdô, Gubnit 
|-
| Harong (Bikol - Naga),&lt;br/&gt;Balay (Bikol - Legazpi)
| Langag, Biray 
|-
| Sira
| Sigtok, Buragtok 
|-
| Ikos
| K(ur)asmag, Kurakod 
|-
| Ayam, Idò
| Da(ma)yô (Naga);&lt;br /&gt;Ga(ma)dyâ (Legazpi) 
|-
| Damulag (Bikol - Naga),&lt;br/&gt;Karabaw (Bikol - Legazpi)
| Ga(ma)dyâ (Naga) 
|-
| Humali
| Wumara 
|-
| Magkakan/Kumakan (Bikol - Naga);&lt;br/&gt; Magkaon/Kumaon (Bikol - Legazpi) 
| Hablô, Humablô, Hablùon, Sibà, Sumibà, Sumibsib 
|-
| Burat (Bikol - Naga),&lt;br/&gt;Buyong (Bikol - Legazpi)
| Lasngag, Lusrat, Lusyong, Bultok
|-
| Taram
| Tabil, Giltok
|-
| Kapot, Kaputan
| Kamlô, Kamluon 
|-
| Hiling
| Butlâ 
|-
| Bitis
| S(am)ingkil 
|-
| Talinga
| Talingugngog 
|-
| Nguso (Bikol - Naga),&lt;br/&gt;Ngimot (Bikol - Legazpi)
| Ngurapak, Ngaspak, Ngislo
|-
| Kamot
| Kamulmog 
|-
| Mata
| Malsok 
|-
| Payo
| Ali(ma)ntak 
|-
| Hawak (Bikol - Naga),&lt;br/&gt;Lawas (Bikol - Legazpi)
| Kabangkayan 
|-
| Tulak
| Tindos, La(ma)sdak 
|-
| Sapatos
| Sapagtok 
|-
| Kalayo
| Kalasbot 
|-
| Kawali
| Kawalwag 
|-
| Sarwal
| Sarigwal 
|-
| Asin
| Tasik 
|-
| Banggi
| Lusók
|-
| Padi'
| lamasdi'
|}

==Mga Numero==

May duwang klase nin pagpapangaran kan mga numero sa Bikol. An katutubong tataramon na Bikol asin an tataramon na espanyol. Sa pangkagabsan, an tataramon na bikol, minagamit an terminong espanyol sa mga pagtukdô kan oras siring kan ''Alas singko (5 o'clock)'''. Mantang, an mga katutubong termino mababasa sa mga libro.  Maririsa man an terminong Espanyol sa pagpresyo.

;One-half. : Kabangâ / Mediya
;One. : Sarô / Uno / Una (ginagamit sana sa oras)
;Two. : Duwá / Dos
;Three. : Tuló / Tres
;Four. :Apát / Kuwatro
;Five. : Limá / Singko
;Six. :Anóm / Sais
;Seven. :Pitó / Siyete
;Eight. : Waló / Otso
;Nine. : Siyám / Nuwebe
;Ten. :Sampulò / Diyes
;Twelve. :Kagduwá / Dóse
;Thirteen. :Kagtuló / Trese
;Fourteen. :Kag-apát / Katorse
;Fifteen. :Kaglimá / Kinse
;Sixteen. :Kag-anóm / Diyesisais
;Seventeen. :Kagpitó / Diyesisiyete
;Eighteen. :Kagwaló / Diyesiotso
;Nineteen. :Kagsiyám / Diyesinuwebe
;Twenty. :Duwampulò / Beynte (Baynte)
;Twenty-five. :Duwampulò may lima / Beynte (Baynte) y singko
;Thirty. :Tulompulò / Treynta (Traynta)
;Thirty-five. :Tulompulò may limá / Treynta(Traynta) y singko
;Forty. :Apát na pulò / Kuwarenta
;Forty-five. :Apát na pulò may lima / Kuwarenta y singko
;Fifty. :Limampulò / Singkuwenta
;Fifty-five. :Limampulò may limá / Singkuwenta y singko
;Sixty. :Anóm na pulò / Sesenta
;Sixty-five :Anóm na pulò may limá / Sesenta y singko
;Seventy. :Pitompulò / Setenta
;Seventy-five. :Pitompulò may limá / Setenta y singko
;Eighty. :Walompulò / Otsenta
;Eighty-five. :Walompulò may limá / Otsenta y singko
;Ninety. :Siyám na pulò / Nobenta
;Ninety-five. :Siyám na pulò may limá / Nobenta y singko
;One-hundred. :Sanggatós / Siyen, Siyento
;One-thousand.:Sangribo / Mil
;Ten-thousand.:Sangyukot (Suanoy na Bikol) &lt;ref&gt;Lisboa, Marcos de. Vocabulario de la lengua bicol.1865.[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/aqa2025.0001.001/451?q1=yocot&amp;view=image&amp;size=200]&lt;/ref&gt; / Diyes Mil
;One-million. :Sanglaksâ (Suanoy na Bikol)&lt;ref&gt;Lisboa, Marcos de. Vocabulario de la lengua bicol. 1865.
[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/aqa2025.0001.001/209?q1=lacsa&amp;view=image&amp;size=200]&lt;/ref&gt; / Milyon

==Iba pang mga tataramon na Bikol sa kapatagan==
* [[Rinconada Bikol]]
* [[Buhi Bikol]]
* [[Libon Bikol]]
* [[Bikol Sulnopan na Albay ]]
* [[Miraya Bikol]]
* [[Bikol Norteng Catanduanes]]

==Hilingon man==
* [[Bikolog]]
* ''[[Antabay sa Ortograpiya nin Bikol Sentral‎]]''
* [[Iskriturang Basahan]]

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}

==Mga panluwas na takod==
*[http://bikoltranslator.blogspot.com Bikol Translator]
*{{ethnologue|code=bcl}}
*[http://llmap.org/languages/bcl.html LL-Map]
*[http://multitree.org/codes/bcl MultiTree]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/bikol.htm mga parirala sa tataramon na bikol]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/babel/bikol.htm An Genesis 11: 1-9 sa duwang paagi nin ortograpiya kan Bikol Sentral]

{{Mga tataramon na Filipino}}
{{Mga tataramon kan Filipinas}}

{{tataramon-saringsing}}
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[[Kategorya:Mga tataramon sa Rehiyon V]]
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  <page>
    <title>Aaron Burr</title>
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      <text bytes="8990" sha1="mth1ur792yaxss3a7dg79qjk91r58sy" xml:space="preserve">[[Ladawan:Aaron Burr-2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Si Aaron Burr, ika-3ng Bise-presidente kan Estados Unidos]]

Si '''Aaron Burr, Jr.''' ([[Pebrero 6]], [[1756]] - [[Setyembre 14]], [[1836]]) sarong Amerikanong pulitiko, rebolusyonaryo sa [[Gerang Rebolusyonaryong Amerikano]], asin adbenturero. Siya nagsirbe sa irarom kan administrasyon ni [[Thomas Jefferson]] bilang ika-3ng Bise-presidente kan [[Estados Unidos]] (1801-1805) asin siya an pinaka-enot na bise-presidente na dai nakatukaw komo presidente.


Siya na kaapil sa Partido Demokratiko-Republikano, na an balwarte yaon sa [[Nueva York]], nagsirbe sa New York State Assembly (1784-1785), 1798-1801), komo Attorney General (1789-1791), komo Senador kan Nueva York (1791-1797), asin sarong termino komo bise-presidente ni Thomas Jefferson.

Nagin siyang kandidato para Presidente kan 1800 asin nagtabla siya ki Thomas Jefferson sa 73 na [[botong elektoral]], asin huli kaini pwede siya magin presidente o bise. An pangyayaring ini nakuang darahon an problema sa U.S. House of Representatives, kun saen pakabilang nin 36 na balota, pinagmarhay na si Jefferson an mapiling Presidente asin si Burr an mapiling Bise niya. Sa katongdan niyang ini siya an nagtukaw komo Presidente kan Senado sa pagbista sa ''impeachment'' ni [[Samuel Chase]].

Durante kan kampanya niya kan taon 1804 sa pagdalagan bilang gobernador kan Nueva York, si Burr parating nalalamuda' sa mga publikadong artikulo ni [[Alexander Hamilton]] na iyo an manugang ni [[Philip Schuyler]], an enot na senador kan Estados Unidos haleng Nueva York, na saiyang nadaog sa pagngata' kaini na magdalagan liwat sa dating katongdan kan taon 1791. Huli kan mga malalanit na mga pagduhagi' ni Hamilton, saiyang inangat ini sa sarong [[duelo]] kan Hulyo 11, 1804 kun saen saiyang naputlan-buhay an huri.

An duelong ini nagin bantog bareta sa historya kan Amerika asin nagkaigwang hararom na epekto sa pulitika. Si Burr hinabla sa duwang estado kan Nueva York asin kan [[New Jersey]] sa paggadan ki Hamilton alagad pareho siya napawa'ran-sala. Sa pangyayaring ini, nagsapo siya nin katakottakot na tuyaw asin taboga' mala ta iyo ini an nagtapos sa karera niya sa pulitika sa Subangan dawa ngane popular pa siya sa Solnopan asin sa Habagatan. Sabihon pa, an biglang pagkagadan ni Hamilton iyo an nagpaluyang gayo kan Partido Federalista.

Pakatapos niya kan saiyang turno pagka-bise kan 1805, siya naglahaw-lahaw. Nagpasiring siya sa lugar na kadto inaapod na Solnopan, orog na duman sa Ohio River Valley asin kadtong mga kadagaan na sakop sa [[Barakalan kan Louisiana]]. Siya nagpapangandam na magfilibustero sa laog kan mga pagrorogaring kan mga Espanyol sa [[Mehiko]] engkaso magkaigwa nin gera laban sa [[Espanya]], na sinasabing may pagka-ilegalidad huli sa ''Neutrality Act of 1794''. Huli sa mga huringhuding na si Burr gusto maglitik sa Estados Unidos asin magpatindog nin sadiring monarkiya sa parteng solnopan kan Norte Amerika, siya inaresto kan taon 1807 asin pigbista sa salang pagtraydor, alagad mayong saysay an akusasyon. Siya napawaran-sala. Nagsadiring magtulas sa [[Europa]] siya asin pakalihis nin pirang taon, nagbalik sa syudad kan Nueva York sa pagpraktis nin abogasya. Nagbuhay siya nin haros tago sa mata nin publiko sagkod na magadan.

== Mga panluwas na takod ==

* [http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20070522-aaron-burr-thomas-jefferson-alexander-hamilton-james-wilkinson-louisiana-territory-john-marshall-treason.shtml Did Aaron Burr Really Try to Take Over Half of America?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524062253/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20070522-aaron-burr-thomas-jefferson-alexander-hamilton-james-wilkinson-louisiana-territory-john-marshall-treason.shtml |date=2007-05-24 }}
* [http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/1203.html The Political Graveyard: Edwards family] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013173459/http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/1203.html |date=2007-10-13 }}
* [http://www.richardsibbes.com/Princeton.Cemetery.Presidents.htm Photographic tour of Aaron Burr's grave at Princeton Cemetery.]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=151 Find-A-Grave profile for Aaron Burr]
* [http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/harrytoulmin.html Harry Toulmin Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027181441/http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/harrytoulmin.html |date=2006-10-27 }}
* [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cmamcrk4/pkt33.html The Arrest of Aaron Burr in Alabama]
* [http://www.aaronburrassociation.org/ The Aaron Burr Association]
* [http://www.familytales.org/results.php?tla=aab {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530182559/http://www.familytales.org/results.php?tla=aab |date=2012-05-30 }} Letters of Aaron Burr


== Mga babasahon ==

* Abernethy, Thomas Perkins. &quot;Aaron Burr in Mississippi.&quot; ''Journal of Southern History'' 1949 15(1): 9–21. Issn: 0022-4642 Fulltext: in Jstor
* Adams, Henry, ''History of the United States'', vol. iii. New York, 1890. (For the traditional view of Burr's conspiracy.)
* {{cite web|last=Barbagallo|first=Tricia|url=http://www.archives.nysed.gov/apt/magazine/archivesmag_sum07.pdf|format=PDF|title=Fellow Citizens Read a Horrid Tale|date=March 10, 2007|accessdate=2008-06-04|archive-date=2009-05-19|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090519202131/http://www.archives.nysed.gov/apt/magazine/archivesmag_sum07.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* Burdett, Charles. ''Margaret Moncrieffee: The First Love Of Aaron Burr'' (). Reprinted by [[Kessinger Publishing]], 2007.
* Clark, Alan J., ''Cipher Code of Dishonor: Aaron Burr, an American Enigma''. (2005)
* Clemens, Jere. (Hon.), ''The Rivals: A Tale of the Times of Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton''. (1860)
* Cohalan, John P., ''The Saga of Aaron Burr'' (1986)
* Cote, Richard N., ''Theodosia - Theodosia Burr Alston: Portrait of a Prodigy''. (2002)
* Davis, Matthew L., ''Memoirs of Aaron Burr, Complete''. (2007)
* Faulkner, Robert K. &quot;John Marshall and the Burr Trial.&quot; ''Journal of American History'' 1966 53(2): 247–258. Issn: 0021-8723 Fulltext: in Jstor
* Fleming, Thomas. ''Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and the Future of America'' (1999)
* Ford, Worthington Chauncey. &quot;Some Papers of Aaron Burr&quot;, in ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'', April 1919.
* Freeman, Joanne B. &quot;Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr-Hamilton Duel,&quot; in ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 1996 53(2): 289–318. Issn: 0043-5597 Fulltext: in Jstor
* Isenberg, Nancy. ''Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr'' (May 2008) [[Penguin Books]] ISBN 0-14-311371-2 – ISBN 978-0-14-311371-3
* Jenkinson, Isaac. ''Aaron Burr: His Personal and Political Relations with Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton''. (1902)
* Kennedy, Roger G. ''Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character'' (2000).
* Künstler, Laurence S. ''The Unpredictable Mr. Aaron Burr'' (1974).
* Larson, Edward J. ''A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign'' (2007).
* Lomask, Milton, &quot;Aaron Burr,&quot; 2 Vols. New York, 1979, 1983.Nominated for the Pulitzer Prize.
* McCaleb, Walter Flavius, ''The Aaron Burr Conspiracy: A History Largely from Original and Hitherto Unused Sources'', New York, 1903.
* McCaleb, Walter Flavius, ''A New Light on Aaron Burr'' (date unknown)
* Melton, Buckner F., Jr. ''Aaron Burr: Conspiracy to Treason.'' New York: John Wiley, 2002. 278 pp. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=106265741 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013160519/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=106265741 |date=2007-10-13 }}
* Parmet, Herbert S. and Marie B. Hecht; ''Aaron Burr; Portrait of an Ambitious Man'' (1967). [https://web.archive.org/web/20091003210719/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=89000625 online edition]
* Parton, James, ''The Life and Times of Aaron Burr'', Boston and New York, 1898. (2 vols.)
* Rogow, Arnold A. ''A Fatal Friendship: Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr'' (1998).
* Rorabaugh, William J. &quot;The Political Duel in the Early Republic: Burr v. Hamilton.&quot; ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 1995 15(1): 1–23. Issn: 0275-1275 Fulltext: in Jstor
* Seton, Anya. ''My Theodosia'' (1948).
* Todd, Charles Burr. ''The True Aaron Burr: A Biographical Sketch'' (1902). Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2007.
* Vail, Philip. ''The Great American Rascal: The Turbulent Life of Aaron Burr'' (1973).
* [[Gore Vidal|Vidal, Gore]], &quot;Burr&quot;. New York. (For a fictionalized view of Burr's life during and after the U.S. Revolution)
* Wandell, Samuel H. and Meade Minngerode. ''Aaron Burr'' (1925). Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing.
* Wheelan, Joseph. ''Jefferson's Vendetta: The Pursuit of Aaron Burr and the Judiciary.'', 2005. 344 pp.


{{Bise Presidente kan Estados Unidos}}
{{stub}}

[[Kategorya:Mga presidente kan Estados Unidos|Jefferson, Thomas]]
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      <text bytes="9232" sha1="l8kjef7x0uwo4hr0ak2rsh4garfkcgo" xml:space="preserve">Si '''Eugenio Isabelo Tomas Reyes Sanchez Jr.''' o mas bisto sa apod na '''Bo Sanchez''' (Hulyo 11, 1966) sarong kagsurat na mabentahon,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=‘Pinoy’s Big Bother Conspiracy Edition’|url=http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/entertainment/entertainment/view/20060407-*994/%91Pinoy%92s_Big_Bother_Conspiracy_Edition%92|3=Kinua 19-6-16|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|5=Kinua 19-6-16}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;, negosyante,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=San Diego Jr.|first=Bayani|title=Joyce of summer|url=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/41575/joyce-of-summer|kinua 19-6-16|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|Kinua 19-6-16}&lt;/ref&gt;, paratokdo asin ministro&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Spiritual Side of Money|url=http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-258691096/the-spiritual-side-of-money|3=Kinua 19-6-16|newspaper=Manila Bulletin|date=12 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214206/http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-258691096/the-spiritual-side-of-money|archivedate=25 May 2014|accessdate=18 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa Filipinas. Binabansagan siyang &quot;Preacher in Blue Jeans&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=PREACHER IN BLUE JEANS|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1284573051.html|accessdate=4 April 2013|newspaper=The Manila Times|date=4 April 2007|archivedate=29 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629113305/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1284573051.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Preacher in Blue Jeans, Bo Sanchez, welcomes Powerhouse into his home|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/295590/newstv/powerhouse/the-preacher-in-blue-jeans-bo-sanchez-welcomes-powerhouse-into-his-home|Kinua 19-6-16|newspaper=GMA News Online|date=19 February 2013|language=Filipino}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Saunders|first=Virginia S.|title=Enter the Holy Spirit, Exit Me|year=2012|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=978-1-4497-5395-5|url=http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Yl_Qi1DUElkC&amp;pg=PA106&amp;dq=%22preacher+in+blue+jeans%22+bo+sanchez&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=2YZiUYLxK6ahigeTs4D4DQ&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=santiago&gt;{{cite news|last=Santiago|first=Cynthia|title=BO SANCHEZ : Preacher in Blue Jeans wants disciples to develop financial literacy|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/sunday-times/the-sunday-times-magazines/17985-bo-sanchez-preacher-in-blue-jeans-wants-disciples-to-develop-financial-literacy|5=Kinua 19-6-16|newspaper=The Manila Times|7=Kinua 19-6-16|accessdate=2016-06-18|archivedate=2012-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326144007/http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/sunday-times/the-sunday-times-magazines/17985-bo-sanchez-preacher-in-blue-jeans-wants-disciples-to-develop-financial-literacy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Siya namundag kan Hulyo 11, 1966 sa [[Caloocan City]] ki Eugenio asin Pilar Sanchez.&lt;ref name=santiago/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sanchez, Bo. [http://bosanchez.ph/why-i-look-like-tom-cruise/ &quot;Why I Look Like Tom Cruise&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225234900/http://bosanchez.ph/why-i-look-like-tom-cruise/ |date=2008-12-25 }} ''BoSanchez.ph''&lt;/ref&gt;

Nagpoon siyang magplatika sa atubangan nin mga gurang sa edad sanang 13.&lt;ref name=Feb272013&gt;{{cite news|title=Bo Sanchez says God’s love helped him overcome pain of sexual abuse|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/296918/newstv/powerhouse/bo-sanchez-says-god-s-love-helped-him-overcome-pain-of-sexual-abuse|Kinua 19-6-16|newspaper=GMA News Online|date=27 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nakapapublikar na siya nin mga 27ng libro, asin 7 magasin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Santiago|first=Cynthia|title=BO SANCHEZ : Preacher in Blue Jeans wants disciples to develop financial literacy|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/sunday-times/the-sunday-times-magazines/17985-bo-sanchez-preacher-in-blue-jeans-wants-disciples-to-develop-financial-literacy|5=Kinua 19-6-16|newspaper=Manila Times|7=Kinua 19-6-16|accessdate=2016-06-18|archivedate=2012-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326144007/http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/sunday-times/the-sunday-times-magazines/17985-bo-sanchez-preacher-in-blue-jeans-wants-disciples-to-develop-financial-literacy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nagin siyang resipiente kan ''The Outstanding Young Men (TOYM)'' para sa Serbisyo sa Komunidad . Kan 2007, nakua niya an Seerviam Award, an pinakahalangkaw na gawad na tinatao kan Catholic Mass Media Awards. Siya man an tagamato kan programang ''Gabay sa Biblia sa Radyo'' sa [[Radio Veritas]].

Saro siya sa kagtogdas nin komunidad relihiyoso, an Light of Jesus. An komunidad kan 2016 igwa nang 35,000 kaapil igdi sa Filipinas asin sa bilog na kinaban. Sa paagi kaini, nagbunsod siya nin duwang pagtitiripon, an taonan na ''Kerygma Conference'' asin an semanal na aripompon nin mga paratubod inapod na ''The Feast'' sa 200 na lugar sa nasyon asin ibang parte kan mundo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doyo&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Doyo|first=Ma. Ceres P.|title=In God we trust-also in stocks|url=http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/70206/in-god-we-trust-also-in-stocks|Kinua 19-6-16|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|}}Kinua 19-6-16&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mga Publikasyon===

'''Pampakusog nin Boot'''

*How To Live A Life Of Miracles: 7 Keys To Open Yourself To Blessings, Wholeness &amp; Happiness (2008) ISBN 978-971-007-000-8
*40 Stories of Passion: Learn from 40 Ordinary People How to Make Your Life Extraordinary Beautiful (2008) ASIN B002NZQOSC ISBN 978-971-9367-17-8
*Don't Worry, Be Happy: 7 Secrets to Achieve Your Dreams and Enjoy Great Happiness Today (2009) ISBN 978-971-007-006-0
*How To Conquer Your Goliaths: 7 Keys to Overcome Every Problem That Prevent You From Reaching Your Dreams (2009) ISBN 978-971-007-009-1
*How to Turn Thoughts Into Things: Use the Law of the Harvest to Fulfill the Desires of Your Heart (2009) ISBN 978-971-007-008-4
*You Can Make Your Life Beautiful: Discover a Simple Path to Happiness (2000) ISBN 971-9175-64-8

'''Serye nin Pagpakarhay kan Personal na Pinansya'''

*8 Secrets Of The Truly Rich: What the Rich Know That the Poor Don’t Know (How Can You Create Material Wealth and Gain Spiritual Abundance at the *Same Time) (2007) ISBN 978-971-9367-12-3
*8 Sikreto para Maging Tunay na Mayaman (Tagalog version of 8 Secrets of the Truly Rich)
*Simplify and Live the Good life: Discover a Simple Path to Happiness (2001) ISBN 971-9175-67-2
*Simplify and Create Abundance: How to Be Really Wealthy Without Robbing Your Soul (2003) ISBN 971-9261-31-5
*Choose to be Wealthy : 8 Habits of the Happy Millionaire (2010) ISBN 978-971-007-012-1
*My Maid Invests in the Stock Market...and Why You Should, Too!(2010) ISBN 978-971-007-020-6
*8 Habits of the Happy Millionaire : Choose To Be Wealthy (2010) ISBN 978-971-007-012-1
*The Turtle Always Wins: How to Make Millions in the Stock Market (2012) ISBN 978-971-007-036-7
*How to Turn Your Passion into Profit: 8 Keys to Build a Truly Rich Business ISBN 978-971-007-062-6

'''Serye nin Pagpa'umay nin Kulog Boot'''

*Your Past Does Not Define Your Future (2004) ISBN 978-971-9261-35-3
*Seven Steps To Real Freedom: How to Stop Hidden Addictions and Achieve Great Success (2007) ISBN 978-971-9367-16-1

'''Para sa mayong agom, asin mga pakikirelasyon''''

*How To Find Your One True Love: 8 Steps to Attract God’s Best for the Single Person (2006) ISBN 978-971-9261-38-4
*40 Stories of Finding Your One True Love: Inspiring Short Stories of Real People Who Found Lasting Love (2010) ISBN 978-971-007-010-7
*How to Build a Happy Family: 7 Steps to Renew, Bless and Heal Your Most Important Relationship! (2010) ISBN 978-971-007-014-5

'''Iba pang mga libro'''

*You Have The Power to Create Love: Take Another Step on the Simple Path to Happiness (2002) ISBN 971-9261-30-7
*How Your Words Can Change Your World (2011)) ISBN 978-971-007-025-1
*5 Things You Need to Do Before You Die: How to Follow Your Bliss and Live a Life of No Regrets ISBN 978-971-007-027-5
*How To Know If Your Dreams Are God's Dreams: Finding His Will in Your Deepest Desires
*Take Charge, Give All ISBN 978-971-007-058-9
*How to Be a Blessing Magnet: 8 Simple Steps to Attract the Miracles You Need Every Day ISBN 978-971-007-052-7
*Awaken the Healer in You: How to Heal Your Body-God’s Way! ISBN 978-971-007-021-3
*How to do the Impossible: 8 Keys to Dream Big and Love Big (2013) ISBN 978-971-007-064-0
*My Conspiracy Theory: A Brief Autobiography at the Middle of My Life ISBN 978-971-007-034-3
*God is Bigger Than Your Biggest Problems: Let Him Meet Your Deepest Needs in Five Specific Ways ISBN 978-971-007-054-1

'''Mga Kadamotan nin Kerygma'''

*How to Be Really, Really, Really Happy (1st Collection)
*You Can Make Your life Beautiful (2nd Collection)
*You Have the Power to Create Love (3rd Collection)
*Fill Your Life with Miracles (4th Collection)

'''Pang'aking mga libro'''

*Eagle’s Don’t Fly, They Soar!

'''Mga Websityo ni Bo'''

*Read Bo’s Blogs sa www.BoSanchez.ph
*Watch Bo’s Videos sa www.PreacherInBlueJeans.com
*Get Daily Spiritual Food sa www.KerygmaFamily.com
*Gain Financial Abundance sa www.TrulyRichClub.com
*Receive Daily Messages sa www.GodWhispersClub.com


== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

{{stub}}


[[Kategorya: Mga enbangelista sa telebisyon]]
[[Kategorya: Mga Kristiyanong parasurat]]


== Bibliography ==</text>
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    <title>Kalimantan</title>
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| subdivision_name1               = {{Flag|Solnopan na Kalimantan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Sentral na Kalimantan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Habagatan na Kalimantan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Subangan na Kalimantan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Amihanan na Kalimantan}}
| subdivision_type2               = Mga Pinakadakulang syudad
| subdivision_name2               = [[Balikpapan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Banjarmasin]]&lt;br&gt;[[Palangkaraya]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pontianak, Indonesya|Pontianak]]&lt;br&gt;[[Samarinda]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tarakan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nunukan]]

| established_title               = &lt;!-- Founded --&gt;
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| dunam_link                      = 
| area_total_km2                  = 544150.07
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| length_mi                       = 
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| width_mi                        = &lt;!-- elevation --&gt;
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| elevation_m                     = 2278
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| elevation_min_rank              = &lt;!-- population --&gt;
| population_as_of                = Hunyo 2017
| population_footnotes            = 
| population_total                = 15894524
| pop_est_as_of                   = 
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| population_demonym              = &lt;!-- demonym, e.g. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --&gt;
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| utc_offset1                     = +7
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| timezone2                       = [[Oras sa Indonesya|Sentral na Oras kan Indonesya]]
| utc_offset2                     = +8
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| postal2_code_type               = &lt;!-- enter ZIP Code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
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| geocode                         = 
| iso_code                        = ID-KA
| registration_plate_type         = Sinyal nin Behikulo
| registration_plate              = DA&lt;br&gt;KB&lt;br&gt;KH&lt;br&gt;KT&lt;br&gt;KU
&lt;!-- blank fields (section 1) --&gt;| blank_name_sec1                 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec1                 = {{increase}} 0.698 ({{fontcolor|orange|Medium}})
| blank1_name_sec1                = 
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&lt;!-- website, footnotes --&gt;| website                         = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes                       = 
}}

[[Image:Kalimantan2.png|right|thumb|Mapa kan Kalimantan (light colour) asin an mga component city kaini.]]
An '''Kalimantan''' sarong [[Indonesya]]nong porsyon kan isla kan [[Borneo]].&lt;ref name=brit&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Britannica|title=Kalimantan|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044401/Kalimantan|accessdate=2008-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igwa ining 73% nin hiwas kan isla. An mga bakong parte kan indonesya iyo an [[Brunei]] dangan [[Subangan na Malasya]]. Sa [[Indonesya]], an &quot;Kalimantan&quot; minaboot sa buong parte kan isla kan [[Borneo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;brit&quot; /&gt;

==Ginikanan kan pangaran==
An pangaran na ''Kalimantan'', kun minsan binabaybay na ''Klemantan'',gikan sa katangang [[Sanskrit]] na ''Kalamanthana'', na boot sabihon &quot;nasusulong isla nin panahon&quot;, o isla na igwang mainiton na temperatura, na nagsasaladawan kan mainit dangan hmaalangsangan na klima nin [[tropikal]]. Igwa ining dwang kataga, an ''[[Kāla (oeas)|kal[a]]]'' (oras, ''season'', periodo) asin an ''manthan[a]'' (nagkakalaga-kaga, pigpupugulan, nasusulo). An katagang ''Kalamanthana'' minabaybay na ''Kalmantan'', asin pig-ayos ini kan mga katutubong tawo sa ''Klemantan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Central Kalimantan Province |publisher=archipelago fastfact |url=http://archipelagofastfact.wordpress.com/category/borneokalimantan/|accessdate=13 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hiwas==
Pigbubuo an teritoryo kan Indonesya nin 73% kan isla sa hiwas, asin 69.5% (13,772,543 kan 2010 Sensus kan Indonesya) sa lambang populasyon. An mga bakong- parte kan Indonesya sa isla iyo an [[Brunei]] (400,000) asin an [[Subangan na Malasya]] (5,625,000), ang huri na pigbubuo nin mga estado kan [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] asin kan mga teritoryong pederal na [[Labuan]]. An rehiyon na yaon sa Indonesya pig'aapod na '''Indonesyanong Borneo'''.

Nasa {{convert|544150|km2|sqmi|0}} an kabilugan na hiwas kan Kalimantan.&lt;ref name=geoh&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Geohive.com |title=Indonesia General Info |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/indonesia.aspx |accessdate=2009-08-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015060224/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/indonesia.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-15 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Administrasyon==
{{Historical populations
|1971 | 5154774
|1980 | 6723086
|1990 | 9099874
|1995 | 10470843	
|2000 | 11331558
|2005 | 12541554
|2010 | 14297069
|2015 | 15320017	
|footnote=sources:BPS&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat%3D1%26tabel%3D1%26daftar%3D1%26id_subyek%3D12%26notab%3D1 |title=Penduduk Indonesia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 dan 2010|accessdate=2013-07-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701144756/http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&amp;tabel=1&amp;daftar=1&amp;id_subyek=12&amp;notab=1 |archivedate=2013-07-01 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

Nababanga an Kalimantan sa limang [[Mga Probinsiya kan Indonesya|mga probinsya]]. Igwa ining apat na mga probinsya sagkod kan Ika-25 kan Oktubre 2012, Kan an nagsuway an [[Amihanan na Kalimantan]] sa [[Subangan na Kalimantan]].
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffffef; margin:auto;&quot;
|+ Mga Probinsya kan Kalimantan
!Probinsya
!width=&quot;70&quot;|Hiwas (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Populasyon (2005C)
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Pop. (2010C)
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Pop. (2015C prelim)
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Pop. densidad/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Kapitolyo Probinsiyal
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Pinakadakulang metro
|- style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
!  [[Solnopan na Kalimantan]] &lt;br&gt;(''Kalimantan Barat'')
| 147,307.00 || 4,042,817 || 4,393,239 ||  4,783,209 || 32.5 || [[Pontianak, Indonesya|Pontianak]] || Pontianak
|- style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
! [[Sentral na Kalimantan]] &lt;br&gt;(''Kalimantan Tengah'')
| 153,564.50 || 1,913,026 || 2,202,599 || 2,490,178 || 16.2 || [[Palangkaraya]] || Palangkaraya
|- style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
! [[Habagatan na Kalimantan]] &lt;br&gt;(''Kalimantan Selatan'')
| 38,744.23 || 3,271,413 || 3,626,119 || 3,984,315 || 102.8 || [[Banjarmasin]] || Banjarmasin
|- style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
! [[Subangan na Kalimantan]] &lt;br&gt;(''Kalimantan Timur'')
| 129,067 || 2,840,874 || 3,550,586 || 3,422,676* || 26.5 || [[Samarinda]] ||[[Balikpapan]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
! [[Amihanan na Kalimantan]] &lt;br&gt;(''Kalimantan Utara'')
| 71,176.72 || 473,424 || 524,526 || 639,639 || 8.5 || [[Tanjung Selor]] ||[[Tarakan, North Kalimantan|Tarakan]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
! Total
| 544,150.07 || 12,541,554 || 14,297,069 || 15,320,017 || 28 || -  || Banjarmasin
|}

&lt;sup&gt;* Nagsuway sa Subangan na Kalimantan an Amihanan na Kalimantan na nagresulta kan pagkawara nin populasyon para sa sensus kan 2015.&lt;/sup&gt;

==Hilingon man==
{{portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Mga tataramon kan Kalimantan]]

==Mga Toltolan==
{{reflist}}

==Mababasa pa lalo==
* [[Andre Vltchek|Vltchek, Andre]] (Hunyo 3, 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054456/https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/06/02/indonesian-borneo-is-finished-they-also-sell-orangutans-into-sex-slavery/ Indonesian Borneo is Finished: They Also Sell Orangutans into Sex Slavery.]

==Mga Panluwas na Takod==
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Kalimantan}}

{{Mga Probinsiya kan Indonesya}}

[[Kategorya:Kalimantan| ]]
[[Kategorya:Borneo]]
[[kategorya:Mga isla kan Indonesya]]
[[kategorya:Mga isla nin Mas Dakulang Sunda]]
[[Kategorya:Kadagatang Sur-Subangan na Asya]]</text>
      <sha1>td9r64cse0pzshdzfrwi73tjj4nnjcn</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Floria Sigismondi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="25601" sha1="9bijcz3c2ampwrxzt01uml3f5jon473" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Canadian artist and filmmaker}}

{{advert|date=August 2016}}{{Infobox person|name=Floria Sigismondi|image=Image Floria Sigismondi.jpg|image_size=|caption=Sigismondi kan 2011|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1965}}|birth_place=[[Pescara]], [[Region of Abruzzo|Abruzzo]], [[Italy]]|death_date=|death_place=|education=[[Ontario College of Art]]|occupation=Film director, screenwriter, music video director, artist, photographer|years_active=1992–present|spouse=[[Lawrence Rothman]]|children=1|parents=|relatives=|website={{URL|www.floriasigismondi.com|floriasigismondi.com}}}}Si '''Floria Sigismondi''' (pinangaki kan 1965) sarong Italian-Canadian film director, screenwriter, music video director, artist, asin photographer.
[[Ladawan:Floria_Sigismond,_Cherie_Currie,_Dakota_Fanning,_Kristen_Stewart_5.jpg|thumb|Floria Sigismond, Cherie Currie, Dakota Fanning, Kristen Stewart]]

== Pilmograpiya ==

* ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0881943 Postmortem Bliss]'' (short film, 2006)
* ''[[The Runaways (2010 film)|The Runaways]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Valtari|Leaning Towards Solace]]'' (short film, 2012)
* ''[[Hemlock Grove (TV series)|Hemlock Grove]]'' (TV series, episode &quot;Bodily Fluids&quot;, 2014)
* ''[[Daredevil (TV series)|Daredevil]]'' (TV series, episode &quot;Kinbaku&quot;, 2016)
* ''[[The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)|The Handmaid's Tale]]'' (TV series, 2017)
* ''[[American Gods (TV series)|American Gods]]'' (TV series, 2017)
* ''[[The Turning (2020 film)|The Turning]]''  (2020)

== Mga music video (selection) ==&lt;!--[[Music video director]] links directly here.--&gt;
{{BLP sources section|date=July 2013}}

'''Direktor'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Titulo
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Taon
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Artist
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Mga Nota
|-
|&quot;This is My Life&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1992
|[[Rita Chiarelli]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829166/|title=Rita Chiarelli: This Is My Life (Video 1992) - IMDb|access-date=29 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[A Certain Slant of Light]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1993
|[[The Tea Party]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829154/|title=The Tea Party: A Certain Slant of Light (Video 1993) - IMDb|access-date=29 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Save Me (The Tea Party song)|Save Me]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1993
|[[The Tea Party]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829160/|title=The Tea Party: Save Me (Video 1993) - IMDb|access-date=29 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[The River (The Tea Party song)|The River]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1993
|[[The Tea Party]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829146/|title=The Tea Party: The River (Video 1993) - IMDb|access-date=29 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[The Birdman (song)|The Birdman]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1994
|[[Our Lady Peace]]
|version 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829138/|title=Our Lady Peace: The Birdman (Video 1994) - IMDb|date=Mar 1994}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Blue&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1995
|[[Harem Scarem]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829132/|title=Blue: Harem Scarem (Video 1995) - IMDb|access-date=29 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Four Leaf Clover&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1996
|[[Catherine (alternative rock band)|Catherine]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829112/|title=Catherine: Four Leaf Clover (Video 1996) - IMDb|date=Jul 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[The Beautiful People (Marilyn Manson song)|The Beautiful People]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1996
|[[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2578114/the-runaways-music-videos/|title='The Runaways' Director Floria Sigismondi's 10 Best Music Videos - MTV|date=19 Mar 2010|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408014417/http://www.mtv.com/news/2578114/the-runaways-music-videos/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6760866/|title=Marilyn Manson: The Beautiful People (Video 1996) - IMDb|date=22 Sep 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Anna Is a Speed Freak&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1996
|[[Pure (Canadian band)|Pure]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829122/|title=Pure: Anna Is a Speed Freak (Video 1996) - IMDb|date=Oct 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Tourniquet (Marilyn Manson song)|Tourniquet]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1996
|[[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829094/|title=Marilyn Manson: Tourniquet (Video 1996) - IMDb|date=Dec 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Little Wonder (song)|Little Wonder]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1996
|[[David Bowie]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/118127|title=David Bowie, Floria Sigismondi. Little Wonder. 1997|publisher=MoMA|access-date=29 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.floriasigismondi.com/film/|title=Film|website=Floria Sigismondi|access-date=2016-02-25|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234437/http://www.floriasigismondi.com/film/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Black Eye&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1997
|[[Fluffy (band)|Fluffy]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829080/|title=Fluffy: Black Eye (Video 1997) - IMDb|date=Mar 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Dead Man Walking (song)|Dead Man Walking]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1997
|[[David Bowie]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6761508/|title=David Bowie: Dead Man Walking (Video 1997) - IMDb|date=14 Apr 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Makes Me Wanna Die&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1997
|[[Tricky (musician)|Tricky]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829068/|title=Tricky: Makes Me Wanna Die (Video 1997) - IMDb|date=14 Apr 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[(Can't You) Trip Like I Do]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1997
|[[Filter (band)|Filter]] &amp; [[The Crystal Method]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6829010/|title=Filter Feat. The Crystal Method: Can't You - Trip Like I Do (Video 1997) - IMDb|date=29 Jul 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Anything but Down]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1998
|[[Sheryl Crow]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Sweet Surrender (Sarah McLachlan song)|Sweet Surrender]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1998
|[[Sarah McLachlan]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/article/1998/02/13/hear-and-now-feb-13-1998/|title=Hear and Now: Feb. 13, 1998|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|date=13 Feb 1998|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407174250/https://ew.com/article/1998/02/13/hear-and-now-feb-13-1998/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Most High&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1998
|[[Robert Plant]] &amp; [[Jimmy Page]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828958/|title=Jimmy Page &amp; Robert Plant: Most High (Video 1998) - IMDb|date=Mar 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Chinese Burn&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1998
|[[Curve (band)|Curve]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828844/|title=Curve: Chinese Burn (Video 1998) - IMDb|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Can't Get Loose&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1998
|[[Barry Adamson]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828776/|title=Barry Adamson: Can't Get Loose (Video 1998) - IMDb|date=4 Apr 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Get Up&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1999
|[[Amel Larrieux]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828728/|title=Amel Larrieux: Get Up (Video 1999) - IMDb|date=Nov 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[I've Seen It All]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2000
|[[Björk]]
|interactive &quot;webeo&quot; version&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828638/|title=Björk: I've Seen It All, Webeo Version (Video 2000) - IMDb|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;4 Ton Mantis&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2000
|[[Amon Tobin]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cultframe.com/2006/12/4-ton-mantis-videoclip-di-amon-tobin/|title=4 Ton Mantis. Videoclip di Amon Tobin diretto da Floria Sigismondi - CultFrame - Arti Visive|language=it|date=Dec 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;In My Secret Life&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2001
|[[Leonard Cohen]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2002-best-video-floria-sigismondi-leonard-cohen/|title=2002 - Best Video - Floria Sigismondi, Leonard Cohen - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;Black Amour&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2002
|[[Barry Adamson]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828206/|title=Barry Adamson: Black Amour (Video 2002) - IMDb|date=26 Aug 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;She Said&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2002
|[[Jon Spencer Blues Explosion]]
|version 2&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/71593/2003-music-video-production-association-awards|title=2003 Music Video Production Association Awards|publisher=Billboard|date=10 Mar 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;John, 2/14&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2002
|[[Shivaree (band)|Shivaree]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Untitled 1 (a.k.a. &quot;Vaka&quot;)|Untitled #1 (Vaka)]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|[[Sigur Rós]]
|MTV Europe Music Award [[2003 MTV Europe Music Awards#Best Video|2003 Best Video]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://revolutionartmagazine.com/artist-profile-interview-with-floria-sigismondi/|title=Artist Profile: Interview with Floria Sigismondi|website=revolutionartmagazine.com|date=3 Jun 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2004-video-of-the-year-sponsored-by-muchfact-exclusively-funded-by-bell-media-sigur-ros-floria-sigismondi/|title=2004 - Video of the Year - Sigur Ros, Floria Sigismondi - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Obstacle 1]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|[[Interpol (band)|Interpol]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;Anything&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|[[Martina Topley-Bird]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828102/|title=Martina Topley-Bird: Anything (Video 2003) - IMDb|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Bombs Below&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]]
|version 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6827864/|title=Living Things: Bombs Below, Version 1 (Video 2003) - IMDb|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Fighter (Christina Aguilera song)|Fighter]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|[[Christina Aguilera]]
|JUNO Award [[Juno Awards of 2004#Video of the Year|2004 Video of the Year]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2004-video-of-the-year-sponsored-by-muchfact-exclusively-funded-by-bell-media-christina-aguilera-floria-sigismondi/|title=2004 - Video of the Year - Christina Aguilera, Floria Sigismondi - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Megalomaniac (Incubus song)|Megalomaniac]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2004
|[[Incubus (band)|Incubus]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[End of the World (The Cure song)|The End of The World]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2004
|[[The Cure]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2005-video-of-the-year-sponsored-by-muchfact-exclusively-funded-by-bell-media-floria-sigismondi/|title=2005 - Video of the Year - Floria Sigismondi - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;I Owe...&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2004
|[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Talk Shows on Mute]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2004
|[[Incubus (band)|Incubus]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6828060/|title=Incubus: Talk Shows on Mute (Video 2004) - IMDb|date=10 May 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Bombs Below&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2004
|[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]]
|version 2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6827870/|title=Living Things: Bombs Below, Version 2 (Video 2004) - IMDb|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Blue Orchid]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2005
|[[The White Stripes]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;Bom Bom Bom&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2005
|[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2006-video-of-the-year-sponsored-by-muchfact-exclusively-funded-by-bell-media-living-things-floria-sigismondi/|title=2006 - Video of the Year - Living Things, Floria Sigismondi - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[O' Sailor]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2005
|[[Fiona Apple]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Supermassive Black Hole (song)|Supermassive Black Hole]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2006
|[[Muse (band)|Muse]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://videos.antville.org/stories/1397656/|title=Muse &quot;Supermassive Black Hole&quot; (Dir: Floria Sigismondi)|website=videos.antville.org|date=22 May 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Red Flag (song)|Red Flag]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2006
|[[Billy Talent]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/de/Billy-Talent-Red-Flag/release/6813630|title=Billy Talent - Red Flag (CD) at Discogs|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Hurt (Christina Aguilera song)|Hurt]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2006
|[[Christina Aguilera]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://junoawards.ca/nomination/2007-video-of-the-year-sponsored-by-muchfact-exclusively-funded-by-bell-media-christina-aguilera-floria-sigismondi/|title=2007 - Video of the Year - Christina Aguilera, Floria Sigismondi - The JUNO Awards|access-date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Broken Boy Soldier (Raconteurs song)|Broken Boy Soldier]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2006
|[[The Raconteurs]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;Let It Rain&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2009
|[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2009/01/22/living-things-let-it-rain-floria-sigismondi|title=Living Things' Let It Rain by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=22 Jan 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Die by the Drop]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2010
|[[The Dead Weather]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-dead-weathers-dark-die-by-the-drop-video-surfaces-20100323|title=The Dead Weather's Dark &quot;Die By the Drop&quot; Video Surfaces|publisher=Rolling Stone|date=23 Mar 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[The Runaways (2010 film)|Cherry Bomb]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2010
|[[Dakota Fanning]] &amp; [[Kristen Stewart]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2011
|[[Katy Perry]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2011/04/01/katy-perrys-et-feat-kanye-west-floria-sigismondi|title=Katy Perry's ET (feat. Kanye West) by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=1 Apr 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song)|The One That Got Away]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2011
|[[Katy Perry]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2011/11/16/katy-perry-one-got-away-floria-sigismondi|title=Katy Perry 'The One That Got Away' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=16 Nov 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;Har Megiddo&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2011
|[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6827660/|title=Living Things: Har Megiddo (Video 2011) - IMDb|date=11 Nov 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Fake It Baby, Fake It (La Dame Nature)&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2012
|[[Living Things (band)|Living Things]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6827646/|title=Living Things: Fake It Baby, Fake It - La Dame Nature (Video 2012) - IMDb|date=20 Apr 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Anything Could Happen]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2012
|[[Ellie Goulding]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2012/09/11/ellie-goulding-anything-can-happen-floria-sigismondi|title=Ellie Goulding 'Anything Can Happen' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=11 Sep 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Try (Pink song)|Try]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2012
|[[P!nk]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/474721/pinks-try-video-daring-choreography-and-sexy-paint|title=Pink's 'Try' Video: Daring Choreography and Sexy Paint|publisher=Billboard|date=10 Oct 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6697054/|title=Pink: Try (Video 2012) - IMDb|date=10 Oct 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;Leaning Towards Solace&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2012
|[[Sigur Rós]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2012/12/14/sigur-ros-leaning-towards-solace-floria-sigismondi|title=Sigur Ros 'Leaning Towards Solace' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=14 Dec 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2567290/|title=Sigur Rós: Leaning Towards Solace (Video 2012) - IMDb|date=6 Dec 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[The Stars (Are Out Tonight)]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2013
|[[David Bowie]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/02/26/david-bowie-stars-are-out-tonight-floria-sigismondi|title=David Bowie 'The Stars (Are Out Tonight)' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=26 Feb 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2891510/|title=David Bowie: The Stars (Are Out Tonight) (Video 2013) - IMDb|date=27 Feb 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Mirrors (Justin Timberlake song)|Mirrors]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2013
|[[Justin Timberlake]]
|MTV Video Music Award [[2013 MTV Video Music Awards#Video of the Year|2013 Video of the Year]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/03/21/justin-timberlake-mirrors-floria-sigismondi|title=Justin Timberlake 'Mirrors' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=21 Mar 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2924718/|title=Justin Timberlake: Mirrors (Video 2013) - IMDb|date=19 Mar 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[The Next Day (song)|The Next Day]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2013
|[[David Bowie]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/05/14/david-bowie-%E2%80%98-next-day%E2%80%99-floria-sigismondi|title=David Bowie ‘The Next Day’ by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=14 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3038760/|title=David Bowie: The Next Day (Video 2013) - IMDb|date=30 Apr 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Montauk Fling&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2013
|[[Lawrence Rothman]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/06/20/lawrence-rothman-montauk-fling-floria-sigismondi|title=Lawrence Rothman 'Montauk Fling' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=20 Jun 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;#1 All Time Low&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2013
|[[Lawrence Rothman]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/16/lawrence-rothman-1-all-time-low-video_n_3934495.html|title=Lawrence Rothman's '#1 All Time Low' Video Is The Creepiest Thing You'll See Today|publisher=HuffPost|date=16 Sep 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Fatal Attraction&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2013
|[[Lawrence Rothman]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2013/oct/17/lawrence-rothman-fatal-attraction-new-music|title=Lawrence Rothman – Fatal Attraction: New music|publisher=The Guardian|date=17 Oct 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;California Paranoia&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2015
|[[Lawrence Rothman]] ft. [[Angel Olsen]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2015/10/20/lawrence-rothman-ft-angel-olsen-california-paranoia-floria-sigismondi|title=Lawrence Rothman ft. Angel Olsen 'California Paranoia' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=20 Oct 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Oz vs. Eden&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2015
|[[Lawrence Rothman]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hungertv.com/feature/lawrence-rothman-ft-charli-xcx-oz-vs-eden/|title=Lawrence Rothman – Oz vs. Eden|publisher=HUNGER TV|date=29 Oct 2015|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322173912/http://www.hungertv.com/feature/lawrence-rothman-ft-charli-xcx-oz-vs-eden/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Users&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2015
|[[Lawrence Rothman]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6827368/|title=Lawrence Rothman: Users (Video 2015) - IMDb|date=9 Dec 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;H&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2016
|[[Lawrence Rothman]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/new-music/discovery/lawrence-rothman-reveals-new-h-video-by-bowie-director-floria-sigismondi|title=Lawrence Rothman reveals new &quot;H&quot; video by Bowie director Floria Sigismondi|website=thelineofbestfit.com|date=15 Jan 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Sledgehammer (Rihanna song)|Sledgehammer]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2016
|[[Rihanna]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2016/07/03/rihanna-sledgehammer-floria-sigismondi|title=Rihanna 'Sledgehammer' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=3 Jul 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6697038/|title=Rihanna: Sledgehammer (Video 2016) - IMDb|date=30 Jun 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Die 4 You&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017
|[[Perfume Genius]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2017/05/11/perfume-genius-die-4-you-floria-sigismondi|title=Perfume Genius 'Die 4 You' by Floria Sigismondi|publisher=Promo News|date=11 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Without Love&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017
|[[Alice Glass]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.videostatic.com/watch-it/2017/08/10/alice-glass-without-love-floria-sigismondi-dir|title=Alice Glass &quot;Without Love&quot; (Floria Sigismondi, dir.)|publisher=Videostatic|date=10 Aug 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Ain't Afraid Of Dying&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017
|[[Lawrence Rothman]] ft. [[Marissa Nadler]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2017/08/16/lawrence-rothman-aint-afraid-of-dying-video|title=Watch Lawrence Rothman’s Heartbreaking &quot;Ain’t Afraid Of Dying&quot;|publisher=The FADER|date=16 Aug 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Designer Babies&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017
|[[Lawrence Rothman]] ft. [[Kim Gordon]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.videostatic.com/watch-it/2017/09/05/lawrence-rothman-f-kim-gordon-designer-babies-floria-sigismondi-dir|title=Lawrence Rothman f/ Kim Gordon &quot;Designer Babies&quot; (Floria Sigismondi, dir.)|publisher=Videostatic|date=5 Sep 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Jordan&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017
|[[Lawrence Rothman]] ft. [[Kristin Kontrol]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/vb7dvd/lawrence-rothmans-new-video-for-jordan-is-a-tender-sci-fi-dreamscape|title=Lawrence Rothman's New Video for &quot;Jordan&quot; Is a Tender Sci-Fi Dreamscape|publisher=Noisey|date=19 Sep 2017|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609084103/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vb7dvd/lawrence-rothmans-new-video-for-jordan-is-a-tender-sci-fi-dreamscape|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;[[Swan Song (song)|Swan Song]]&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2019
|[[Dua Lipa]]
|From ''[[Alita: Battle Angel]]''
|-
|&quot;Lifetime&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2019
|[[Yves Tumor]]
|
|}
'''Cinematographer'''

* 2000 &quot;4 Ton Mantis&quot;, [[Amon Tobin]]

== Onra (selection) ==

* 2013 MTV Music Video Award, USA - Winner for Video of The Year, for ''Mirrors'' ([[Justin Timberlake]])
* 2004 [[Juno Awards of 2004|Juno Awards]], Canada - Best Music Video, for ''&quot;Fighter&quot;'' ([[Christina Aguilera]])
* 2003 MTV European Awards - Best International Video Award, for ''Untitled'' ([[Sigur Rós]])
* 2003 New York Underground Film Festival - Audio/Visual Award, for ''Untitled'' (Sigur Rós)
* 2003 Advertising and Design Awards, Toronto, Ontario, Canada - Special Merit Award for Music Video, for ''&quot;Fighter&quot;'' (Christina Aguilera)
* 1999 German Kodak Photobook Award, for her book ''Redemption''
* 1998 British Music Video Awards, UK - Nomination for Best Video: ''&quot;Little Wonder&quot;'' ([[David Bowie]])
* 1997 MTV Music Video Awards, USA - Nomination for Best Rock Video: ''&quot;Beautiful People&quot;'' ([[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]])

== Mga toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite book|title=Redemption|url=https://archive.org/details/redemption0000sigi|author=Sigismondi, Floria|publisher=Gestalten Verlag|year=1999|isbn=3-931126-18-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Immune|author=Sigismondi, Floria|publisher=Gestalten Verlag|year=2005|isbn=3-89955-069-2}}

== Mga panluwas na takod ==

* {{Official website|http://www.floriasigismondi.com}}
* {{IMDb name|0797455}}
* [http://revolutionart.publicistas.org/ Interview in Revolutionart International Magazine 4]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031547/http://www.videology-tv.com/viewclip.php?id=38#info The Raconteurs' video for 'Broken Boy Soldier' + interview with director Floria Sigismondi.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060905163619/http://www.coolhunting.com/video/archives/2006/03/fiora_sigismondi_1.php CoolHunting.com Video Interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061030090250/http://www.hermes.com/behindthescenes/indextcm.html A Short Film directed by Floria also with a brief interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120216004744/http://www.believemedia.com/director.php?director_id=32%2F Commercials, select music videos and a biography at Believe Media]
* [http://www.flickerflicker.com/ Official site for the feature documentary 'FLicKeR'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722213611/http://flickerflicker.com/ |date=2022-07-22 }}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/07/magazine/great-performers-horror-show-photos.html Fright Club - The New York Times Magazine]
{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Jennifer Weih</title>
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Jennifer Weih sarong Canadian artist asin edukador na nakabase sa Vancouver, British Columbia. Sa presente, siya nagtutukdo sa Emily Cir University of Art and Design. Si Weih nakaresibi kan saiyang BFA hale sa Unibersidad nin Arte asin Design asin kan saiyang MFA hale sa Unibersidad nin British Columbia. Siya nagtatrabaho sa pag - instalar, mga bagay, video, asin pag - imprenta. Kaiba sa saiyang mga proyekto an kadakol na aesthetics kaiba an paghanap, paggibo, o mga materyales na gibo - gibo.&lt;ref name=&quot;artspeak&quot;&gt;Artspeak, &quot;Jen Weih,&quot; Accessed on March 18, 2017. https://artspeak.ca/jen-weih/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522170111/https://artspeak.ca/jen-weih/ |date=2021-05-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Parte siya kan grupo nin mga produksyon sa[[:en:Other_Sights_for_Artists'_Projects|Other Sights for Artists' Projects]].Si Weih sarong programmer para sa VIVA Media Arts Centre, na pinonan nia an mga proyekto sa komunidad, asin inestablisar an Signal and Noise Media Art Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://othersights.ca/blue-cabin-speaker-series-the-foreshore/|title=BLUE CABIN SPEAKER SERIES: THE FORESHORE - other sights}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Mga Pag - oswag ==
Si Weih igwa nin mga eksibit sa nasyonal sagkod internasyonal na kabale an mga pasale sa: Western Front, Vancouver, BC (Sound Separation, 2000); O Gallery, Vancouver, BC (Thats' Matter, 2012-13); Unit/PIT Gallery, Vancouver, BC (Open, 2002), Oakville Gallego, Oakville, Ontario (The Jennifer Show, 2002); The Jennifer Show, 2002); sa Londres Biennale, London, Ontario; an Pratt Institute, Siudad nin Nueva York; Burnaby Art Gallery, Burnaby, BC (Kararoman an Saimong Disaster, 2013); An Aparte, Vancouver, BC (Loral, 2008); Yukon Arts Centro, Whitehorse, Yukon (An Kamugtakan nin Pangangatanosan, 2012); asin an Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery sa Unibersidad nin British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://front.bc.ca/events/sound-seperation/|title=Sound Separation - Western Front|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-22|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807040952/https://front.bc.ca/events/sound-seperation/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://canadianart.no-media.co/reviews/things-matter-or-gallery/|title=Things’ Matter Sets Thoughts in Motion at Or Gallery|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unitpitt.ca/exhibitions/past/archived-events/jen-weih-open/|title=Jen Weih: Open|language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oakvillegalleries.com/exhibitions/details/192/The-Jennifer-Show|title=The Jennifer Show|language=en|access-date=2021-05-22|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522170111/http://www.oakvillegalleries.com/exhibitions/details/192/The-Jennifer-Show|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.burnabynow.com/entertainment/enjoy-art-at-libraries-1.584964|title=Enjoy art at libraries}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fillip.ca/events/the-apartment-inhabits-the-fillip-studio|title=The Apartment Inhabits the Fillip Studio|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gallerieswest.ca/magazine/stories/sleep-of-reason%3A-march-22-to-may-19%2C-2012%2C-yukon-arts-centre%2C-whitehorse/|title=SLEEP OF REASON: March 22 to May 19, 2012, Yukon Arts Centre, Whitehorse|access-date=May 22, 2021|archive-date=May 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522170110/https://www.gallerieswest.ca/magazine/stories/sleep-of-reason:-march-22-to-may-19,-2012,-yukon-arts-centre,-whitehorse/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;artspeak&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Interrobang UBC Master of Fine Arts Graduate Exhibition Catalogue, Published by the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, Vancouver, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UBCAHVA&quot;&gt;&quot;Jen Weih,&quot; UBC Department of Art History Visual Art and Theory, Accessed on March 18, 2017, http://ahva.ubc.ca/jen-weih/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522170120/https://ahva.ubc.ca/jen-weih/ |date=2021-05-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga publikasyon ==
May mga sinurat na siyang ipinublikar kan, Lola Magazine, Or Gallery, Acces Gallery, asin Wreck UBC Graduate Journal.&lt;ref name=&quot;UBCAHVA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Material Affinities – Intersections that Matter,&quot; UBC Wreck Journal, Accessed on March 18, 2017, http://ahva.ubc.ca/wreck-volume-3-issue-1/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922211918/https://ahva.ubc.ca/wreck-volume-3-issue-1/ |date=2018-09-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Selektang gibohon ==
An Stack of Moves (2013) sarong gibo na ipigpresentar kan Pitt Gallery bilang parte kan No Wave Festival. Kaiba sa trabaho an mga elemento nin modernong bayle asin mga eksperensya nin paghiro sa sarong ginigiyahan na klase na pinangengenotan ni Justine Chambers.&lt;ref&gt;Jen Weih, Sessional Faculty, Accessed on March 18, 2017,  https://www.connect.ecuad.ca/people/profile/54622{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Apolo Hall'''

An trabahong ini ipinahiling sa Or Gallery (2004) asin ginamit an lobby kan galerya sa pagmukna nin sarong importibong agi na naggagamit nin ilaw, tela, tanog, muebles asin mga elementong lukot. An pasale sarong imersibong pagrorogaring, kompleto sa, tanog, pagilaw, muebles asin mga elementong lukot. An pagrorogaring nagbunga nin risang gayong disconscuting espasyo na inapod na mga paradalan&quot; igdi.&lt;ref&gt;Just passing through: Jen Weih’s Apollo hall. In: D’Or 2004: Goin’ solo. Vancouver, CA: Or Gallery.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Marahay na Pagsuway ===
An detalyadong Pagsuway sarong eksibit na nangyari sa Solnopan na Front kan 2000. An padalan nagtampok nin mga artista arog ni Jennifer Weih, na nagtatrabahong may tanog sa konteksto nin pelikula, video, bagong media asin pagrorogaring.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://front.bc.ca/events/sound-seperation/|title=Sound Separation - Western Front|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-22|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807040952/https://front.bc.ca/events/sound-seperation/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Reperensya ==

[[Kategorya:WikiForHumanRights]]
[[Kategorya:Mga artikulo sa Art+Feminism 2021]]</text>
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    <title>Dennis Uy</title>
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Dennis Uy
| native_name        = 
| image              = Dennis Uy 2021 (cropped).jpg
| image size         = 
| caption            = Uy kan 2019
| birth_name         = Dennis Ang Uy
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1973|9|26}}
| birth_place        = [[Siyudad nin Dabaw]], [[Filipinas]]
| death_date         = 
| death_place        = 
| known_for          = Kagtugdas asin kagsadiri kan [[Phoenix Petroleum]], Pamayo kan [[2GO Group]]
| education          = [[De La Salle University]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|Business magnate|diplomata}}
| networth           = [[United States dollar|$]]650 million (2020)&lt;ref name=&quot;net worth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Uy |first1=C. |title=Dennis Uy  |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/dennis-uy/?sh=444d673d6e8c |accessdate=February 6, 2021 |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=September 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| children           = 3
| spouse             = Cherylyn Chiong
| business           = 
| signature          = 
| website            = 
| footnotes          = 
}}

Si '''Dennis Ang Uy'''&lt;ref name=&quot;howtogrow&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dela Paz |first1=Chrisee |title=How to grow a business, according to Dennis Uy |url=https://www.rappler.com/business/175419-dennis-uy-davao-tycoon-duterte-connection |accessdate=28 November 2018 |work=Rappler |date=16 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; (namundag Septyembre 26, 1973&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jara |first1=Marifi |title=A glimpse of the beginnings of a growing empire |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/a-glimpse-of-the-beginnings-of-a-growing-empire-2/ |accessdate=25 January 2019 |work=BusinessWorld |date=20 November 2018 |quote=But the most ambitious — and most controversial — undertaking so far of the 44-year-old entrepreneur [Uy] is in yet another sector: telecommunications. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183323/https://www.bworldonline.com/a-glimpse-of-the-beginnings-of-a-growing-empire-2/ |archivedate=25 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;) sarong [[Mga Filipino|Filipino]]ng negosyante asin diplomatiko na taga Siyudad nin Davao asin siya an kagtugdas kan [[Udenna Corporation]] na igwang partisipasyon sa iba-ibang negosyo kabali na an [[Phoenix Petroleum]].

==Kaamayi kan buhay asin edukasyon==

Si Dennis Uy namundag asin nagdakula sa [[Siyudad nin Dabaw|Dabaw]] &lt;ref name=&quot;keynote&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dennis Uy to deliver keynote speech at BW Economic Forum |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/dennis-uy-to-deliver-keynote-speech-at-bw-economic-forum/ |accessdate=25 January 2019 |work=BusinessWorld |date=18 May 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183327/https://www.bworldonline.com/dennis-uy-to-deliver-keynote-speech-at-bw-economic-forum/ |archivedate=25 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa pamilyang Tsino nakabase sa Siyudad nin Dabaw asin siya yaon sa ika-3ng henerasyon kan mga Uy. An saiyang mga apoon na si Ega Uy asin si Tao Sui Eng mga Tsinong etniko na nagbanwa na sa Dabaw komo mga komersyante asin sinda igwang tindahan na nagbebenta nin mga gamit sa pagsisira' manta' an saiyang mga magurang mga komprador nin abaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;goldenage&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Iris |title=The golden age of Dennis Uy |url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/starweek-magazine/2017/07/01/1715378/golden-age-dennis-uy |accessdate=25 January 2019 |work=The Philippine Star |date=1 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Uy iyo an pinakamatua sa magturugang.&lt;ref name=&quot;forever&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Flores |first1=Wilson |title=Dennis Uy: 'In business, dapat may forever' |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2018/04/29/1810319/lifestyle |accessdate=25 January 2019 |work=The Philippine Star |date=29 April 2018|trans-title=Dennis Uy: ‘In business, there should be forever’ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Susog sa saiyang istorya, siya nagkakawat baskebol kan hubin pa manta na siya nagpapabakal nin mga gamit pang'eskwela asin tiket sa basketbol.&lt;ref name=&quot;goldenage&quot;/&gt;

Si Uy nag'entra sa  [[De La Salle University]] sa Manila sa pagkua nin Batsilyer sa Syensia sa Business Management na degree asin tolos naglaog sa pagbakal-benta nin stock. Siya naggradwar sa De La Salle kan 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;goldenage&quot;/&gt; Huli ta an saiyang rekord sa pag'adal ordinaryo mansana, susog sa osipon niya, nagdesidir siyang dai na mag'adal nin abogasya ta sabi niya siya daa maluya sa [[pagtoom|torooman]] kaya dai siya nag'isip pang gibohon karera an pag'aabogado.&lt;ref name=&quot;forever&quot;/&gt;

==Karera==
===Karera sa negosyo===
[[File:ICC Global Excellence Award Dennis Uy.jpg|thumb|265px|Si Presidente Rodrigo Roa Duterte nag'uupak pakagawad niya kan International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Global Excellence Award sa Presidente kan Udenna Corporation na si  Dennis Uy]]

Kan matapos niya an pag'adal sa kolehiyo, si Dennis Uy nagtabang sa pagpadalagan kan negosyo kan pamilya asin nakanood makiramas sa mga gurang na negosyante.&lt;ref name=&quot;goldenage&quot;/&gt; An negosyo kan  saiyang pamilya yaon sa  [[Tagum]], asin imbwelto sa pagmimina, mga supermarket, pagbenta nin mga awto asin sa mga iba pang industriya. Si Uy sampolong taon nagtrabaho sa mga negosyo kan saiyang mga magurang asin may panahon na kapot niya duru-durungan an pagpadalagan nin pitong kompanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;forever&quot;/&gt; Siya nagdesidir na magtugdas naman kan saiyang rogaring na negosyo na suway sa mga sibot kan saiyang mga magurang.

Nagpoon siya magnegosyo hale sa kita niya sa pagbakal-benta nin mga stock kan siya yaon pa sa kolehiyo asin minukna niya an negosyong Dencio's Kamayan, sarong barbekyuhan na natongod mansana kaagid sa pangaran kan sarong  [[Dencio's| restaurant chain sa Manila]]. Nagpoon siya sa negosyo na independyente na dai siya nagpasanggawad sa mga kapamilya niya. An barbekyuhan na may walo nang sanga saiyang ilinito sa saiyang tugang na babae ta siya nag'asikaso nang husto sa pagpartisipar sa industriya nin petroleo.&lt;ref name=&quot;goldenage&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forever&quot;/&gt; Siya nagtugdas man kuta nin duwang peryodiko na pigpupublikar sa Siyudad nin Dabaw alagad an duwang ini nawara' na..&lt;ref name=&quot;forever&quot;/&gt;

==Dennis Uy, saro sa 50 pinakamayaman na Filipino==
Si Dennis Uy nakabali sa 50ng pinakamayaman na Filipino sa taon na 2021. Siya ika-27 na may net worth na $710 milyon susog sa Forbes Magazine. &lt;ref&gt;2021 Philippine 50 Richest.[https://www.forbes.com/profile/dennis-uy/?sh=2118baf76e8c] Kinua 11-04-21. &lt;/ref&gt;Si Dennis Uy iyo an kagtugdas kan  Udenna, sarong conglomerate na may mga interes sa petroleo, asayti, asin gas, sa shipping, logistics, real estate, edukasyon, asin gaming. 

Laen pa kan sa Udenna, an saiyang nagkakama'gal na yaman hale pa sa mga kompanyang publiko arog kan Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Chelsea Logistics and Infrastructure. Kan Mayo 2021, si Uy nakakua nin interes na nagkokontrol kan Malampaya gas field sa West Philippine Sea sa transaksyon nagkahalagang $400 milyon.&lt;ref&gt;2021 Philippine 50 Richest.[https://www.forbes.com/profile/dennis-uy/?sh=2118baf76e8c] Kinua 11-04-21. &lt;/ref&gt;

==Toltolan==

{{reflist}}
{{tamboan}}

[[Kategorya: Mga negosyanteng Filipino]]
[[Kategorya:Mga negosyanteng Tsino-Filipino]]
[[Kategorya:Mga negosyanteng nag'ambag pinansyal sa kandidatura ni Rodrigo Duterte]]</text>
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|website                  = {{URL|www.mariettaga.gov}}
|footnotes                = 
|pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;USCensusEst2019CenPopScriptOnlyDirtyFixDoNotUse&quot;/&gt;
}}
[[Image:Sope Creek pulp mill retaining wall ruin.jpg|right|thumbnail|260px|Rugba' kan pagibohan papel sa [[Sope Creek]]]]
An '''Marietta''' sarong siyudad sa, asin iyo an sentro kan [[Cobb County, Georgia]], Estados Unidos.&lt;ref name=&quot;GR6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa [[2010 United States Census|2010 na sensus]], an populasyon kan siyudad nag'abot 56,579. An piggagaom na bilang kan populasyon sa 2019 maabot sa 60,867, na ini magigin nang pinakadakulang suburb kan [[Atlanta]]. An Marietta iyo an ikaapat na pinakadakulang siyudad sa mga prinsipal na mga syudad kan metropolitan area kan Atlanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US1349756| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212181944/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US1349756| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 12, 2020| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Marietta city, Georgia| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| access-date=July 29, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2013 estimate&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.city-data.com/city/Marietta-Georgia.html| title=City Data: Marietta (GA)| publisher=City Data}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Historya==
===Etimolohiya===
An ginikanan kan pangaran kaini dai masyerto. Pigtutubod na ini ipigngaran ki Mary Cobb, an agom kan senador nin Estados Unidos na si [[Thomas Willis Cobb]] na alabes saro man nagin huwes. An county ipig'ngaran ki Cobb.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://marietta.georgia.gov/05/home/0,2230,8314860,00.html;jsessionid=11A989FE8AB66C272BEDDE386D2CEB51 |title=Marietta &amp;#124; Georgia.gov |publisher=Marietta.georgia.gov |access-date=June 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425120018/http://marietta.georgia.gov/05/home/0,2230,8314860,00.html;jsessionid=11A989FE8AB66C272BEDDE386D2CEB51 |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Pinakaamay na nagbaranwa===
An mga enot na nagbaranwa igdi nagturugdok nin mga harong sa banwaan nin [[Cherokee]] nin [[Big Shanty]] (ngonyan [[Kennesaw, Georgia|Kennesaw]]) bago kan taon 1824.&lt;ref name = &quot;mhist&quot;/&gt; An enot na solar ikinurit kan 1833. Siring sa kadaklan na mga banwaan, an Marietta igwang pormang inabang na sentro ([[Marietta Square]]) sa katahawan kun saen igwang nakatugdok na courthouse. An  [[Asamblea Heneral nin Georgia]] legalmente minidbid an komunidad kan Desyembre 19, 1834.&lt;ref name=&quot;mhist&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mariettaga.gov/city/visitors/about/history |title=Archived copy |access-date=December 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217143454/http://www.mariettaga.gov/city/visitors/about/history |archive-date=February 17, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tinugdok kan 1838, an Oakton House&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oaktonhouseandgardens.com/ |title=Oakton House |publisher=Oakton House and Gardens |access-date=June 24, 2012 |archive-date=June 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618092935/http://oaktonhouseandgardens.com/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo an pinakagurang na residensya na daing-putol estaran sa Marietta. An orihinal na tambobong, gatasan na payag, paagonan asin mismong harong hanggan ngonyan yaon pa. An mga hardin yaon pa an mga sangki' [[parterre]] poon pa kan 1870s. An Oakton iyo an kwartel ni Major General [[William W. Loring|Loring]] durante kan [[Batalya sa Bukid Kennesaw]] kan 1864.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/cgi-bin/vanga.cgi?userid=public&amp;dbs=vanga&amp;ini=vanga.ini&amp;action=retrieve&amp;recno=1&amp;rset=001&amp;numrecs=10|title=History of Oakton|publisher=University System of Georgia|accessdate=May 1, 2008|archive-date=January 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124141503/http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/cgi-bin/vanga.cgi?userid=public&amp;dbs=vanga&amp;ini=vanga.ini&amp;action=retrieve&amp;recno=1&amp;rset=001&amp;numrecs=10|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An Marietta napili na sentro kan [[Western and Atlantic Railroad]] asin bunga kaini an negosyo guminantad na gayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;mhist&quot;/&gt; Kan 1838, ilinatag na mga riles amhinanan kan siyudad. Kan 1840, nagdiringkilan mga politiko asin an konstruksyon napondo ngona, alagad kan 1842, su bagong namamayo ipig'isog an sentro kan perokaril sa lugar na ngonyan iyo na an Atlanta. Kan 1850, an perokaril nagpoon nang operasyon asin ta Marietta nakapahat man kan darang prosperidad.&lt;ref name=&quot;mhist&quot;/&gt;

An negosyante asin politikong si John Glover nag'abot kan 1848. Sarong popular na persona, si Glover naelihir na alkalde kan an Marietta magin inkorporadong syudad kan 1852.&lt;ref name=&quot;mhist&quot;/&gt; Saro pang residenteng amay nagbanwa igdi iyo si Carey Cox, sarong doktor, na nag'imbento nin &quot;water cure&quot; na iyo an nagganyat sa dakul na mga turista na magdarayo sa lugar na ini. An Cobb County Medical Society binibisto siyang iyo an pinakaenot na doktor sa Cobb County.&lt;ref name=&quot;mhist&quot;/&gt;

An [[Georgia Military Institute]] itinugdok kan 1851 asin an enot na bangko nagbukas kan 1855.&lt;ref name=&quot;mhist&quot;/&gt; Durante kan mga 1850, mga nangyaring kasulo natomtom an dakulang parte kan siyudad sa laog nin tolong magkasuway na mga insidente.&lt;ref name=&quot;mhist&quot;/&gt;

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}
{{Tamboan}}

[[Kategorya:Mga siyudad sa Georgia (Estados Unidos)]]
[[Kategorya:Mga siyudad sa Cobb County, Georgia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bisikletang elektriko</title>
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      <text bytes="48516" sha1="6ch1cc904s1tyeo2rdrq6pgq40xr3bj" xml:space="preserve">[[Ladawan:E-Bike2022.jpg|thumb|Sarong bisikletang elektriko na igwa nin tolong ruweda]]
An sarong '''bisikletang elektriko''' ('''e-bike''', '''eBike''', etc.) sarong de-motor na bisikleta na igwa nin integradong de-kuryenteng motor na ginagamit sa propulsyon. Dakol na klaseng e-bike an makukua sa bilog na kinaban, alagad sa pankagabsan iyan minababa sa duwang mahiwas na kategoriya: Mga bisikleta na nagtatabang sa pedal-power kan nakasakay (i.e. pedelecs) asin mga bisikleta na nakakadugang sa throttle, na nag - iimbento nin mod-style postality. Pareho nindang pinapagdadanay an kakayahan na mainaan kan nangangabayo asin kun siring bakong elektrikong mga motorsiklo. An mga E-bike naggagamit nin rechargeable bateies asin tipikal na mga de motor-power na naabot 25 abot 32 km/h (16 abot 20 mph) An halangkaw an gradong mga variety parateng mabiyahe nin labi sa 45 kilometros/h (28 mph). 

Nagtatalubo an paggamit nin E-bike sa nagkapirang saodan, ta iyan ibinibilang na sarong eco-makikatood asin marahay an salud na alternatibo sa mga kotse, mga gas na ginagatongan nin gasolina asin saradit na motorsiklo, asin bakong gayong grabeng pisikal na alternatibo sa mga bisikletang pangkombension. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Michael|last2=Lustosa|first2=Lucio|last3=Chia|first3=Victoria|last4=Wildish|first4=Sarah|last5=Tan|first5=Maria|last6=Hoornweg|first6=Daniel|last7=Lloyd|first7=Meghann|last8=Dogra|first8=Shilpa|date=2022|title=What do we know about pedal assist E-bikes? A scoping review to inform future directions|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X22002475|journal=Transport Policy|language=en|volume=128|pages=25–37|doi=10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.09.005|issn=0967-070X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT0110&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/business/global/01ebike.html|title=An Electric Boost for Bicyclists|journal=[[The New York Times]]|last=J. David Goodman|date=2010-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USAToday0210&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/environment/2010-02-11-electricbikes11_ST_N.htm|title=Electric bikes face long road in U.S.|last=Kathy Chu|date=2010-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Depende sa lokal na mga ley, an dakol na e-bikes (e.g., pedelecs) tinawan nin legal na mga bisikleta imbes na mga motorsiklo o motorsiklo. Ini naglipuera sainda sa mas parehas na mga ley mapadapit sa kwarta asin operasyon kan mas makusog na duwang-worker na parati pigklasipikar bilang elektrikong mga motorsiklo. An mga e-bike puede man na tawan nin separadong kahulogan asin tratohon sa irarom nin laen - laen na ley sa bisikleta. Sa ginibong lehislasyon kan UK an mga lunadan inaapod na EAPC o Electricly Asembleed Pedal Cycle, sa ESU pood EPAC o Electrly Power Tinatabangan Cyclecle. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cycleassociation.uk/e-bikes/ Association of Cycle Traders: Guide to e-bikes], retrieved May 1, 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasaysayan ==
Kan 1890, nadokumento an mga kwartang elektriko sa laog kan manlaen-laen na mga patenta kan E.U.. Halimbawa, kan 31 Disyembre 1895, tinawan si Ogden Bolton Jr. nin U.S. Patent 552,271 nin sarong barangay-power na bisikleta na may &quot;6-pole shed-asin-commutator nin direktang sulog (DC) hub motor na naka-ule sa likod..&quot; Mayo nin mga gera asin an motor pwedeng mag'abot 100 na amperes (A) hale sa 10-bulan na barangay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakalihis duwang taon, kan 1897, si Oseas W. Liberaty of Boston nag'imbento nin sarong elektriskong bisikleta (E.U. Patent 596,272) na naprodyusir nin sarong &quot;doble elektrikong motor..&quot;  An motor dinisenyo sa laog kan sentro kan crankset alxle. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An modelong ini kan huri pig-rebisa asin pig'arog kan huring parte kan 1990s ni Giant Lafree e-bikes.

Paglaog kan 1898 an sarong pandakulaang bisikleta na de koryente, na naggamit nin pagmamaneho na paha sa luwas na gilid kan rueda, linusob ni Mathew J. Steffens.Siring man, an 1899 U.S. Patent 627,066 ni John Schnepf naglaladawan nin sarong pandakulaan na friction na &quot;poler-wheel&quot; estilo nin pagbisikleta sa elektrisidad. U. Patent 627,066 Sarong tamboan an artikulong ini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An imbensyon ni Schnepf kan huri naresibe asin pinahiwas kan 1969 ni G.A. Wood Jr. kaiba an saiyang U.S. Patent 3,431,994. .U. Pent 3,431,99444 An kasangkapan ni Wood naggamit nin 4 na fraction na motor na gibo sa kabayo; manungod sa sunod - sunod na gears &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nagkaigwa nin milagrosong mga pan - aakit asin kontrol sa kapangyarihan kan huring kabtang kan dekada nin 1990. Halimbawa, si Takada Yutky kan Hapon nagsangat nin patente kan 1997 para sa siring na aparato. Kan 1992 si Vector Services Limited nag - alok asin nagpabakal nin e-bike dubed Zike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaiba sa bisikleta an mga barangay nin NiCd na itinogdok na magin miembro nin grupo asin kaiba an sarong 850 g permanenteng motor. Sa ibong kan Zike, kan 1992 haros mayo man makukuang komersyal na e-bikes.

Si Yamaha, sarong higanteng automotive kan Hapon na itinogdok an saro sa mga amay na prototypes nin e-bike kaidtong 1989 asin naimbento an sistemang pantabang sa pedal kan 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An Production nagtalubo poon 1993 abot 2004 kan pigtatantyang 3%. Sa kabaliktaran, segun ki Gartner, kan 1995 an regular na pagprodusir nin bisikleta nag - ina hale sa pinakahalangkaw na 107 milyones na yunit kaiyan.

An American car icon, Lee Iacocca pigpundar an EV Global motors kan 1997, sarong kompanya na nakapaluwas nin modelong elektrikal na an ngaran E-bike SX asin saro ini sa mga amay na paghingoa na mabantog an mga e-bike sa Estados Unidos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/21/business/investing-it-a-bet-on-electric-bikes-or-at-least-on-lee-iacocca.html|title=INVESTING IT; A Bet on Electric Bikes, or at Least on Lee Iacocca|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1997-09-21|last1=Tergesen|first1=Anne}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An iba sa bakong gayong mahal na e-bikes ginagamit an buong mga barangay nin lead acid, mantang an mas bagong mga modelo kadaklan ginagamit an NiMH, NiCd, asin/o mga barangay nin Li-ion, na nagdulot nin mas magian, mas mahibog na mga barangay nin kakayahan. Nagkakalaenlaen an Panahon; Alagad, sa kagabsan igwa nang orog na hiwas asin rikas na an mga huring tipong barangay.

Kan 2001 an mga terminong e-bike, poder bike, &quot;edelec,&quot; pedal-asististed, asin mga es-astisong bisikleta parateng ginagamit na apod sa mga e-bike.  An mga terminong &quot;electrikong motorbike&quot; o &quot;e-motorbike&quot; nanonongod sa mas mapuersang mga modelo na nakaabot sa 80 kilometros/h (50 mph).

Sa kaagid na mestisong bisikleta, arog kan nasambit na 1897 na inimbento ni Oseas W. Libbey, an mga tawong asin motor garo baga magkapadis sa irarom kan bracket, an rueda sa likod, o an inutan na rueda, mantang sa sarong (mechanical) serye na mestisong siklo, an mga tawong asin motor nag - agom paagi sa magkalaen na gera. . Sa sarong (elecronic) serye na mestisong siklo, an kapangyarihan nin tawo ginigibong elektrisidad asin inilaog nin direkta sa motor asin kadaklan tinatawan nin dugang na elektrisidad hale sa sarong baterya.

Kan 2007 an mga e-bike pinaghunang binibilog nin 10 abot 20 porsyento kan gabos na duwang-aki na behikulo sa mga tinampo kan dakul na mayor na mga siyudad sa Tsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;tim-johnson&quot;&gt;[http://postcarboncities.net/cheap-and-green-electric-bikes-are-rage-china &quot;Cheap and green, electric bikes are the rage in China&quot;] {{Webarchive}}, by Tim Johnson. Originally published 23 May 2007 by McClatchy Newspapers.&lt;/ref&gt; An sarong tipikong grupo nangangaipo nin 8 oras tanganing pamahalaan an barangay, na nagtatao kan hiwas na 25 sagkod 30 kilometros (40 sagkod 48 kilometros), sa rikas na mga 20 kilometros/h (12 mph). &lt;ref name=&quot;tim-johnson&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fairley&quot;&gt;[https://spectrum.ieee.org/chinas-cyclists-take-charge &quot;China's Cyclists Take Charge&quot;, By Peter Fairley]. [[IEEE Spectrum]], June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga klase ==
An mga E-bike pinagklasipikar susog sa kapangyarihan na pwedeng hatodon kan saindang elektrikong motor asin kan sistema nin pagkontrol, ani.e., noarin asin kun paano ipig'aplikar an kapangyarihan gikan sa motor. Siring man an klasipikasyon kan mga e-bike komplikado sa kahulogan huli sa legal na mga rason kun ano an sarong bisikleta asin kun ano an sarong motorsikle o motorsiklo. legal na mga rason. Bilang siring, an klasipikasyon kan mga e-bikeng ini nagkakaibang gayo sa mga nasyon asin mga lokal na nacion.

Sa ibong kan legal na mga komplikasyonng ini, an klasipikasyon kan mga e-bikes panginot na pinagdedesisyunan kun baga an motor kan e-bike nagtatabang sa palabas na naggagamit nin sistemang period-asista o kan sarong kapangyarihan-sa-demand. edal-asista. Siring kaini an mga kahulogan kaini:

* Huli sa pedal-asista, an motor elektriko kontrolado nin pagpedkil. An period-asista inaapáw an mga paghingoa kan nakasakay kun sinda nagtagumpay. An mga e-bikes - inaapod na pedelecs - igwa nin sensior tanganing marisa an nakakapasong rikas, an puwersa nin pag - aki, o pareho.  Nakakamate si Brake na dai na kaya kan motor.
* May kapangyarihan-sa-demand, an motor pig-aaaboron, parati pig'aabang garo sana sa kadaklan na motorsiklo o scooter. 

Kun siring, halakbangon nanggad, an mga e-bike puedeng ibilang na:

* Mga E-bike na may pedal-asilista sana: Mga pedelec (legal na klase nin bisikleta) o S-Pedelecs (sa Ingles, sped) E-bikes na may pedal-asista sana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Mga Pedelec: An pedal-asista sana, motor nagtatabang sana sa sarong disente alagad bakong sobrang rikas (sa Ingles, 25 km/h o 16 mph), motor poder na naabot 250 W (0.34 hp), na parateng may legal na grado bilang mga bisikleta.
** S-Pedelecs: Igwa sana nin pedal-asista, an de motor na kapangyarihan puedeng magin mas dakula kisa 250 W (0.34 hp), na puedeng makakua nin mas halangkaw na rikas (e.g., 45 km/h o 28 mph) bago an motor pumondo sa pagtabang, kun beses legal na klase bilang mop.
* Mga E-bike na may kapangyarihan-on-demand asin period-asilista. E-bike na may kapangyarihan-on-de-demand.
* Mga E-bibike na may kapangyarihan-on-dedemasin sana: Parati igwang mas makusog na mga motor kisa sa mga pedelec alagad bako man pirmi, an mas makusog kaini pigklasipikar bilang mga mormado o motorsiklo.
&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:Schematic of an Pedelec.svg|Schematic of a Pedelec
Ladawan:Schematic of an E-Bike.svg|Schematic of an E-Bike
Ladawan:Hyperbikes.jpg|Different types of e-bikes
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Pedal-asista sana ===
An mga E-bike na may pedal-asista sana parati inaapod na pdelecs alagad mahiwas an pagkaklasipikar sa mga pedelec tama asin mas poderosong S-Pedelecs.

=== Mga Pedelec ===
An terminong &quot;edelec&quot; (hale sa siklo nin elektriko) nanonongod sa sarong pedal-asista e-bike na medyo hababa an kakayahan na de - koryente asin disente alagad bakong sobra karikas. An mga Pedelecs legal na klase bilang mga bisikleta imbes na mga hababang motorsiklo o mga mormato.

An pinakamaimpluwensiang pakahulogan sa mga pedelec hale sa EU.  direktiba (EN15194 pamantayan) para sa mga sasakyan - sasakyan ibinibilang an bisikleta na peste kun:

An period-asista, i.e. an nag-aalaman na tabang na ginigibo sana kun an nakasakay nag-untok, naputol nin sarong beses.

# {{Cvt|25|km/h|mph}} is reached, and
# Kun an motor nagpapaluwas nin dagos - dagos na puersa na mayo pang 250 W (0.34 hp) (n.b. an motor puedeng magbunga nin orog na kapangyarihan sa halipot na mga panahon, arog baga kun an nangangabayo nasasakitan na makasakat sa sarong bakilid na bulod). maximum dagos - dagos na napaandar nin kapangyarihan.

An e-bike oyon sa mga kamugtakan na ini ibinibilang na pedelec sa EU asin ibinibilang na bisikleta sa legal na paagi.  An pamantayan kan EN15194 balido sa bilog na EU asin inaprobaran man kan nagkapirang nasyon sa Europa na bakong Europeo asin siring man nin nagkapirang hurisdiksion na bakong Europeo (arog kan estado nin Victoria sa Australia).

An mga Pedelecs kaparehong marhay nin mga bisikletang pang - kumbensiyon na ginagamit asin ginagamit - an elektrikong motor nagtatao sana nin tabang, halimbawa, kun an nakasakay minasakat o nakikipaglaban sa headwind. Kun siring, an mga Pedelec espesyalmenteng kapakipakinabang para sa mga tawo sa mabulod na mga lugar kun saen an pagsakay sa bisikleta magigin masakit na marhay para sa dakol na isipon na magbisikleta bilang pan - aroaldaw na paagi nin transportasyon. Nagagamit man iyan para sa mga nakasakay na mas nangangaipo nin tabang, e.g. para sa mga tawong may puso, kalamnan o tuhod.

=== S-Pedelecs ===
An mas makapangyarihan na mga pedelec na dai legal na naklasipikar bilang mga bisikleta inaapod na S-Pedelecs (halipot para sa Schnell-Pedelecs, i.e.  sa Alemanya. An mga ini igwa nin motor na mas makapangyarihan sa 250 W (0.34 hp) asin bakong gayong limitado, o daing limite, na pedal-asista, i.e. an motor dai minapondo sa pagtabang sa nakasakay nin sarong beses 25 kilometros/h (16 mph) an naabot. lasipikar bilang mga moto o motorsiklo imbes na magbisikleta asin kun siring tibaad (depende sa hurisdiksion) kaipuhan na irehistro asin punan, an nangangabayo tibaad mangaipo nin sarong klase nin lisensia sa pagmaneho (minsan kotse o motorsiklo) asin an mga helmet nin motorsiklo tibaad kaipuhan na isulot. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa Estados Unidos, dakul na estado an nag-arog kan S-Pedelecs sa kategoryang Austronesyo. An klase na 3 e-bike limitado sa dai masobra sa 750 W (1.01 hp) nin kapangyarihan asin 28 mph (45 km/h). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kapangyarihan-on asin pedal-asistalista ===
An ibang bagong mga bikeng elektrikal kaiba an sarong pidal na sistema nin pagtabang (PAS) na may o mayo nin throttle, na tinotogotan an mga nakasakay na magpisik kaibanan kan motor na elektriko na paorogon an distansia kada sahot. Igwa man nin elektrikal na mga bike na nakombertir sa paggibo na magin e-bike an mga bakong electrikong mga bike.

=== Kapangyarihan-on-de-de-demya sana ===
An ibang e-bikes igwa nin elektrikong motor na naghihiro sa sarong holi-on-demand base sana. Sa kasong ini, an elektrikal na motor nakikitrato asin nag'ooperar man gamit an ikaribong, na parati yaon sa handikraft arog sana kan sa motorbike o scooter. An mga klaseng ini nin e-bike parati, alagad bako man pirmi, igwang mas makusog na mga motor kisa sa mga pedelec.

Huli sa kapangyarihan-pwersa e-bike sana an nakasakay pwede: . power-on-de-demado sana

# Sa pagsakay sana sa poder nin pedal, i.e. lubos na tawong-makapangyarihan.
# Nagbibisikleta paagi sana sa de - koryenteng motor paagi sa pag - operar sa bilog na kinaban.
# Masakay na sabay - sabay gamit an duwa.

An ibang kapangyarihan-pwersa e-bikes sana haros dai maribong, pabayaan na sana na maghitsurang, bisikleta. Halimbawa, an Nobed sarong termino na ginagamit kan Ministry of Transportation of Ontario para sa e-bikes na mayo nin mga pedal o kun saen hinale an mga pedal sa saindang nakamotored na bisikleta. .Ontario Mas marahay ining kakanon na de - koryenteng mga motorsiklo o motorsiklo.

== Legal na posisyon ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Country/jurisdiction
!Type of e-bike
!Speed limit, km/h
!mph
!Watt limit
!Weight limit, kg
!Age requirement
!Demands license plates
!Allowed on bike paths
!References &amp; footnotes
|-
|Australia
|pedelec
|25 + 10%
|15.5
|250
|none
|none
|no
|yes
|ACT&lt;ref name=&quot;ACT law&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; NSW&lt;ref name=&quot;NSW law&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; NT&lt;ref name=&quot;NT law&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; QLD&lt;ref name=&quot;QLD law&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; SA&lt;ref name=&quot;SA law&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tas&lt;ref name=&quot;Tas law&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vic &lt;ref name=&quot;Vic law&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; WA&lt;ref name=&quot;WA law&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Australia
|hand-throttle or pedal-assist (some states specifically ban hand-throttle e-bikes)
|none
|none
|200
|none
|none
|no
|yes
|ACT&lt;ref name=&quot;ACT law&quot; /&gt; NSW&lt;ref name=&quot;NSW law&quot; /&gt; NT&lt;ref name=&quot;NT law&quot; /&gt; QLD&lt;ref name=&quot;QLD law&quot; /&gt; SA&lt;ref name=&quot;SA law&quot; /&gt; Tas&lt;ref name=&quot;Tas law&quot; /&gt; Vic&lt;ref name=&quot;Vic law&quot; /&gt; WA&lt;ref name=&quot;WA law&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Canada
|hand-throttle
|32
|20
|500
|none
|various
|no
|varies from municipal by-laws
|{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
|-
|China
|both
|25
|15.5
|400
|55
|16
|no
|yes
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|European Union
and
Norway
|pedelec
|25 +10%
|15.5
|250
|none
|none
|no
|yes
|&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vae-enov.com/fiches_2010/norme_en_15194.pdf European standard NF EN 15194 for Electrically power assisted cycles] {{Webarchive}} section 4.2.6.1 Requirements: The maximum [assisted] speed [is] 25 km/h (…) During a production conformity check, the maximum speed may differ by ± 10% from the above-mentioned determined value.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Germany
|pedelec
|25
|15.5
|250
|none
|none
|no
|yes
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Germany
|s-pedelec
|45
|28
|4000
|none
|16
|insurance identifier plate
|no
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Norway
|speed pedelec
|45
|28
|500
|none
|none
|yes
|no (*)
|&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tu.no/samferdsel/2014/08/20/denne-elsykkelen-kan-kjore-45-kmt-lovlig-i-norge Article on speed pedelec in Norway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023050725/http://www.tu.no/samferdsel/2014/08/20/denne-elsykkelen-kan-kjore-45-kmt-lovlig-i-norge |date=2015-10-23 }} (in Norwegian)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Hong Kong
|none allowed
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; (**)
|-
|Israel
|pedelec
|25
|15.5
|250
|30
|16
|no
|yes
|{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
|-
|Mexico
|both
|same as motorcycles
|same as motorcycles
|–
|–
|15+&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|yes
|no
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|New Zealand
|pedelec
|none
|none
|300
|none
|none
|no
|yes
|{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
|-
|Taiwan
|both
|25
|15.5
|None
|40
|none
|no
|yes
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Turkey
|pedelec
|25
|15.5
|250
|none
|none
|no
|yes
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|United Kingdom
|pedelec
|25
|15.5
|250
|none
|14
|no
|yes
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The best e-bikes to get around on after lockdown: tried and tested|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/recommended/leisure/best-e-bikes-get-around-lockdown-tried-tested/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|United States
|hand-throttle
|32
|20
|750
|none
|none
|no
|varies
|(***)
|}

== Popularidad ==
An paggagamitan nin E-bike sa bilog na kinaban nakaeksperyensia nin marikas na pagtalubo poon pa kan 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT01103&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/business/global/01ebike.html|title=An Electric Boost for Bicyclists|journal=[[The New York Times]]|last=J. David Goodman|date=2010-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An Tsina an nangengenot na nagproprodusir nin mga e-bike sa kinaban. Segun sa dae nahaloy na Asosasyon nin Kababaihan sa Tsina, sarong grupo nin industriya nin gobyerno, kan 2004 an mga kagmukna kan Tsina nagbenta nin 7.5 milyon e-bikes bilog na nasyon, na haros doble kan taon 2003 na benta; An bilang nin mga lingkod sa harong uminabot sa 10 milyones kan 2005, asin 16 sagkod 18 milyones kan 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;fairley2&quot;&gt;[https://spectrum.ieee.org/chinas-cyclists-take-charge &quot;China's Cyclists Take Charge&quot;, By Peter Fairley]. [[IEEE Spectrum]], June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tim-johnson2&quot;&gt;[http://postcarboncities.net/cheap-and-green-electric-bikes-are-rage-china &quot;Cheap and green, electric bikes are the rage in China&quot;] {{Webarchive}}, by Tim Johnson. Originally published 23 May 2007 by McClatchy Newspapers.&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2016, mga 210 milyones na bisikleta an ginagamit aroaldaw sa Tsina. &lt;ref name=&quot;BikeReport2016&quot;&gt;Black, Forbes. [https://electricbikereport.com/the-state-of-the-electric-bicycle-market &quot;The State of the Electric Bicycle Market&quot;], Electricbikereport.com, September 19, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa pag - agi nin panahon dakol na bansag sa ebike an naglataw asin nagin bantog sa mga nasyon sa bilog na kinaban. Asin mantang nagdadakol an popularidad kan e-bike kaya an kompetisyon kan mga tagagibo igdi iyo an pagtao kan pinakamarahay na kalidad asin tampok sa mga parokyano tangani na makapagdanay sa itaas.

An sarong interesanteng bagay, ano man an mga tatak na ini na popular sa laen - laen na nasyon arog kan USA, Canada, Europa. Kadaklan kan mga planta ninda sa pagprodusir asin distribusyon nakabase sa Tsina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ini nakatatabang sainda na ibaba duman an mga presyo asin magdanay sa kompetisyon.

An rasang ini nin popularidad natatapos sa kompetisyon sa pag - oltanan nin mga paragibo nin koryente, na sa parate nagreresulta sa kapakipakinabang na paagi sa mga parabakal. Pagdara nin bago asin napapalaen na mga kabtang asin pahirahayon sa desenyong bikes, pagpaoswag sa kalidad, pagbaba kan mga presyo, asin iba pa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabos na ini pira sanang taktika na ginigibo kan mga kompanya tanganing padagos na enot na pilion an mga parokyano. An saro pang nababakal na taktika na ginagamit kan mga kompanyang ini iyo an pag - alok nin e-bike coupon na puedeng gamiton nin siisay man na parabakal tanganing makadamot nin kuarta sa pagbakal kan saindang eelectric bike.  An mga Brands nagmamaigot na magtao nin siring kadakol na diskusyon tanganing maakit an dakol na parabakal. Nagtatao ini sa sainda nin maogmang pagmate asin pakamate nin satispaksion kun sinda nakasakay sa palibot kan banwaan, sa pakaaram na nakua ninda an pinakamarahay na pag - atubang sa saindang pangangabayo.

Segun sa grupong payong CONEBI, an koryenteng bike sa EU labing 5 milyones kan 2021, poon sa 2 milyones na e-bike kan 2016, poon kan 70,000 kan 2010 asin 200,000 kan 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BikeReport20162&quot;&gt;Black, Forbes. [https://electricbikereport.com/the-state-of-the-electric-bicycle-market &quot;The State of the Electric Bicycle Market&quot;], Electricbikereport.com, September 19, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU_ebikes10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2019, an EU nag-implementar nin 79.3% protect tariff sa nasyunal na mga e-bikeng Intsik tanganing maprotehiran an mga produksyon kan EU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Teknikal ===

=== Mga motor asin sasakyan ===
An duwang pinakakomun na klase nin motor na ginagamit sa mga bisikletang elektriko sinisirika asin daing herak. Dakol na ideya an makukua, na nagkakalaenlaen an gastos asin pagkakomplikado; Parehong ginagamit an direktang mga yunit nin motor. An sistema nin elektriko puwedeng idugang sa haros ano man na siklo nin mga lalaki na naggagamit nin sunod - sunod na pagmaneho, paha sa pagmaneho, kubong de motor o paramaneho.   An daing herak na mga motor iyo an pinakauso sa modernong mga disenyo. An motor ginigibong payag - payag mismo sa rueda, mantang an paratutong nakatakod na marhay sa patok, asin an mga magnet nakatakod asin nag - iitok sa rueda. An de ruedang bisikleta iyo an motor. An sukol nin kapangyarihan kan mga motor na ginagamit na ini impluwensiado kan makukuang legal na mga kategoriya asin parate, alagad bakong perming limitado sa irarom nin 750 watts.

An saro pang klase nin elektriko na nagtatabang sa motor, na sa parate inaapod na sistema sa tahaw nin mga tawo, nag - oorog sa popularidad.Huli sa sistemang ini, an de - koryenteng motor dai natotogdok sa rueda kundi sa parate ilinalaog harani (sa irarom) sa irarom kan bracket. ⁇ .botom bracket. Sa mas tipikong mga kumplikasyon, an sarong kagang o rueda sa motor nagmamaneho nin paha o kadena na may darang butong o sproscket na nakatakod sa saro sa mga takyag kan samong bisikleta.  Sa siring, an proulsion itinatao sa mga pidal imbes na sa rueda, na sa kahurihurihi iinaaplikar sa rueda na maagi sa pamantayan kan bisikleta na tren.

Huli ta pinapa'san an kapangyarihan sa paagi kan kadena asin sprocket, an poder tipikal na limitado sa mga 250,500 na habayan ngane maprotehiran laban sa marikas na pagsulot sa parehas. An sarong elektriko sa tahaw nin guerra na may kaibang pambomba sa likod tibaad mangaipo nin pag - asikaso huli sa kakulangan nin cluch mechanism tanganing palumoyon an pagkabigla sa mga guerra sa oras nin pagregla. An dagos - dagos na temporaryong pagbabaksa o biyong automatikong pag - abuso sa laog nin guerra tibaad makaina sa mga pagkabigla huli sa labi - labi karaot na mga lana na ginagamit para sa likidong pantahob imbes na sa mekanikal na mga kudeta kan pangaroaldaw na panlaog na mga kasangkapan na pamaba.

An mayor na bentaha sa tahaw nin mga motor na de rueda iyo na an kapangyarihan ginagamit sa paagi kan kadena (o paha) asin sa siring ini minagamit kan yaon sa likod na mga gera (minsan panluwas o panlaog). Ini minatogot sa motor na magpunsionar nin mas episiente sa mas mahiwas na rikas nin sasakyan. Dai nag'uusar sa mga gera kan bisikleta, katumbas nin mga humb motor na may tendensiang bakong gayong epektibo an pagprodyusir kan tabili luwayluway sa mga bakilid asin pwede man magprodyusir kan esbike ngane mag'ayuno sa labot.

=== Baterya ===
An mga E-bike naggagamit nin maarteng mga barangay dagdag sa mga de koryenteng motor asin sarong porma nin pagkontrol. echarable bateries. Kaiba sa mga sistema nin paggagamit iyo an natataraan na lead-aciid (SLA), cnorkel-cadmium (NiCad), ikorkel-metal hidride (NiMH) o lithium-ion polymer (Li-ion). nnkorkel-cadmium. An mga parakawat nagkakalaenlaen segun sa voltage, total na kapasidad (mga oras na pangtrabaho), gabat, bilang nin mga siklo bago gumibo nin mga raot, asin abilidad na asikasohon an mga kamugtakan sa pagtangro. Sadit an gastos sa enerhiya sa pag'operar e-bike, alagad pwedeng igwa nin awad na barangay na gastos sa patiribayan. Iba-iba an buhay kan sarong barangay buda depende sa klase nin gamit. An mga sityong haluwag makakatabang na mapalawig an pangkagabsan na barangay nin buhay.

An Range sarong mayor na konsiderasyon sa mga e-bike, asin apektado kan mga bagay na arog kan kakayahan nin motor, kapasidad na barangay, tibay sa pagmaneho nin mga elektroniko, aerodynamiko, bulod asin timbang kan bike asin palabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.electric-bicycle-guide.com/electric-bicycle-range.html Electric Bicycle Range] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310033323/http://www.electric-bicycle-guide.com/electric-bicycle-range.html |date=2014-03-10 }}&quot;; Electric Bicycle Guide (retrieved 2014-03-09)&lt;/ref&gt; An ibang mga tagagibo, arog kan Canadian BoonX o American Vintage Ellectric Bikes, igwa nin pagpipilian na gumamit nin regenerive braking, an motor na mga gibo bilang generator tanganing paluwayon an bike bago an mga brake pader na nag-aayon. .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nagagamit ini sa pagpalawig kan hiwas asin sa buhay nin mga brake na pader asin mga rimpilyang de ruweda. Igwa man nin mga eksperimento na naggagamit nin mga selula nin gasolina. e.g. the PHB. fuel cells. PHB An nagkapirang eksperimento ginibo man na may super capacitors tanganing idugang o salidahan an mga barangay para sa mga kotse asin nagkapirang SUVS. sper capitors Nagmukna an mga E-bike sa Switzerland kan huring mga taon kan dekada 1980 para sa karera sa lunadan na Tour de Sol solar kaiba an mga istasyon nin solar alagad an mga ini kan huri nabugtak sa mga atop asin konektado sa pagkakan sa mga opisinang elektriko. .&lt;ref&gt;Technisches &quot;Reglement der Tour de Sol 1989/1990&quot;, published by Tour de Sol, Bern, Switzerland&lt;/ref&gt; Dangan an mga bisikleta tinikom hale sa mga prinsipal, arog kan lakop ngonyan. Mantang an mga barangay e-bike naprodusir mayormente kan mga kompanyang mas darakulang kompanya kan nakaagi, dakul na saradit na kompanya sa medya an nagpoon nang maggamit nin bagong mga paagi sa pagmukna nin mas matagal na mga barangay. Estado kan arte, an kinaugalean natogdok nin autoom na precision CNC landing machines namukna kan 18650 barangay na mga pakontes an komun na gamit sa mga do-it-your Mismo e-bike proders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mga Diperensiang Disenyo ===
Bakong gabos na e-bikes an minagamit kan mga kobersional na pantulod-bikes gamit an pig'iba na motor, arog baga kan mga bisikletang Cytronex na naggagamit nin sadit na rogate na binunka bilang bote nin tubig.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Henshaw|first=Peter|title=Cytronex Trek FX: A bike with boost|publisher=The Telegraph|date=2008-09-05|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/adventureandtrailmotorbikes/2979610/Cytronex-Trek-FX-A-bike-with-boost.html|accessdate=2022-11-03|archivedate=2008-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006033041/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/adventureandtrailmotorbikes/2979610/Cytronex-Trek-FX-A-bike-with-boost.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nagkapira dinisenyo na magpaheling nin hababang kakayahan na mga motorsiklo, alagad mas sadit an pagkadakula asin kompuesto nin de koryenteng motor imbes na sarong makina nin petrolyo. Halimbawa, kaiba sa Sakura e-bike an 200 W motor na yaon sa estandarteng e-bike, pero kaiba man diyan an plastik na paggulpi, atubangan asin mga ilaw sa likod, asin rikas.  Iyan dinisenyo bilang modernong mompod, asin parateng napapasala para sa saro. 

Pwedeng magin komplikado an pakikipag-ulay sa sarong bakong bistadong bisikleta pasiring sa elektrikal na katumbas kaini alagad kadakol na mga solusyon nin ruweda an makukua na ngunyan sa saod.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An Electrict Pusher Trailer sarong e-bike design na minabale kan sarong motor asin barangay sa sarong harong na de rueda na nagtutulod nin anoman na bisikleta. Saro diyan iyo an duwang-tarom na Ridekick. Iba pa, an bihirang mga desenyo kaiba an sa estilong e-bike nin sarong para'bon, na pigdesenyo na mas may 'fun' o 'novelty' e-bike imbes na sarong tuyong tabang sa paghiro o modo nin transportasyon. modeng paagi nin transportasyon.

An mga bisikletang pankargamento minatogot sa nangangabayo na magdara nin darakula, magabat na mga bagay na depisil isakay na mayo nin koryenteng kapangyarihan na nagdadagdag kan kapangyarihan nin tawo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dakul makukuang mga e-bike na mga diyalekto, an iba may mga barangay nakatakod sa kahawakan, an iba naghaharong sa laog kan tubo. An iba naggagamit nin mga ruweda nin taba sa pagpakarhay nin karigonan asin saray na kakayahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An manlaenlaen na disenyo (kaiba an mga nasambitan sa enotan) dinisenyo tanganing makaigo sa laog kan kadaklan na ley sa lugar, asin an mga igwa nin mga pedal puedeng gamiton sa mga tinampo sa United Kingdom, kabilang sa iba pang nasyon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaon man igdi makukua an mga e-bike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sutton|first=Mark|title=EBCO introduces Solex electric bikes to the UK|url=http://www.bikebiz.com/index.php/news/read/ebco-introduces-solex-electric-bikes-to-the-uk/012429|date=January 6, 2012|accessdate=November 3, 2022|archivedate=January 22, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122101241/http://www.bikebiz.com/index.php/news/read/ebco-introduces-solex-electric-bikes-to-the-uk/012429}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An daing pakundangan na mga ati sa sadiri dai oyon sa ley nin e-bike sa kadaklan na nasyon asin kun siring dai puedeng gamiton sa tinampo, kundi puwedeng usaron sa gilid nin dalan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.cnet.com/electric-gyroscopic-unicycle-is-like-a-segway-junior/8301-17938_105-20064007-1.html Electric Unicycle] by Amanda Kooser, May 18, 2011, cnet.com&lt;/ref&gt; Iyan an pinakabaratong siklo nin koryente asin ginagamit kan huring milya kommuter, tanganing magamit sa siudad asin tanganing pagsaroon sa pampublikong transportasyon, kabale an mga auto. 

=== Mga Tricycle ===
An Electrikong mga trike ginibo man na uyon sa lehislasyon e-bike. An mga ini igwa nin pakinabang na dugang pang hababang karigonan sa rikas asin sa parate pinapaboran nin mga tawo na may mga kabiadian. An Cargo na may darang mga tribu inaako man, na may dikit alagad nagdadakol na tagahatod gamit ini para sa mga pasaling panghatod sa mga syudad. An mga desipulos na disenyo kaining mga tribu nakakaagid sa sarong krus-pagbyahe nin pedal asin sarong sadit na van.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga epekto sa Salud ==
Ipinaheling an paggamit nin E-bike tanganing dugangan an kadakolan nin pisikal na aktibidad. An mga paragamit sa pitong siudad sa Europa igwang 10% mas halangkaw an gastos sa semanal na enerhiya kisa ibang siklista ta nagbibisikleta sinda nin mas halawig na mga biyahe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Castro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Castro|first=A|title=Physical activity of electric bicycle users compared to conventional bicycle users and non-cyclists: Insights based on health and transport data from an online survey in seven European cities}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An mga E-bike's pwede man magtaong gikanan nin ehersisyo para sa mga indibidwal na may problema sa paggamit nin halawig na panahon (dadae sa raot o sobrang gabat, halimbawa) ta an bike pwedeng magkarigos an nakasakay sa mga pidal na pangkulay asin man magtao nin kumpiyansa sa nakasakay na pwedeng matapos ninda an piling dalan na dai nagigin sobrang kapagalan o dai napiritan an saindang tuhod na magtagas na gayo (mga tawong kaipohan maggamit kan saindang tuhod na dai na magsulot nin mga barraari sa mga ini sa sarong eskaryong biwelahan susog sa kun ano man na mokiyo).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sarong pag - adal sa Unibersidad nin Tennessee nagtatao nin ebidensia na an enerhiyang gastos (EEEE) asin pag - inom nin oksiheno (VO2) para sa e-bikes 24% mas hababa kisa kan para sa mga bisikletang pangkombension, asin 64% mas hababa kisa sa paglakaw. 2 Madugang pa, an mga nota sa pag'adal na an pagkakaiba kan mga e-bikes asin mga bisikleta pinakapatotoanan sa mga sararadit na sulo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

May mga indibiduwal na naghihingakong nawaran nin awad - awad na gabat paagi sa paggamit nin bisikletang elektriko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minsan siring, nadiskobre nin bago pa sanang magin halipot na pag - adal na an mga tawo na naggagamit nin e-bikes igwa nin mas halangkaw na BMI kisa sa mga naggagamit nin national bike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dons&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Transport mode choice and body mass index: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from a European-wide study|url=http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/61061/2/Dons2018%20preprint_BMI.pdf|access-date=2022-11-03|archivedate=2021-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828005223/https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/bitstream/10044/1/61061/2/Dons2018%20preprint_BMI.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paagi sa paggibong bakong gayong importanteng lugar sa sarong isyu, an mga tawo na dai man iisipon na magbisikleta puedeng gumamit kan kinakaipuhan asin iba pang paagi na kaya ninda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mga E-bike pwedeng magin kapakipakinabang na parte kan programa nin cardiac rehabilitation, ta an mga propesyonal sa salud parati nagrererekomendar nin sarong istasyon na bike sa mga amay na tangga kaini. An sinakat na mga programa sa cardiac rehabilitation pwedeng makaina nin mga kagadanan sa mga tawong may helang sa pusong koronasyon paagi kan mga 23%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== An kaligtasan sa trapiko ===
Schleinitz et al. Nagkonklusyon si (2014) na an mga naggagamit nin e-bike sa Alemania mas posible kisa sa mga siklista sa kombension na mapalabot sa &quot;delikadong mga situwasyon.&quot; Alagad, Dozza et al. (2015) nagtapos (gikan sa pag-aadal kan mga siklistang Swedish) na an mga e-biker pwedeng imbwelto sa mas delikadong mga insidente alagad may &quot;mas hababang kagabatan.&quot; Dugang pa, dikit an posibilidad na magkaigwa nin peligrosong mga interaksion sa mga sasakyan na de motor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=E-bike safety: Individual-level factors and incident characteristics|date=September 2016|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140516301979#bib31|access-date=6 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga epekto sa palibot ==
An mga E-bike mga behikulong zero-eksion, mantang sinda dai nagpapaluwas nin mga kombusiyon paagi sa mga eduksion, alagad an mga epekto sa palibot kan mga henerasyon nin elektrisidad asin kakayahan sa pagdistribuwir asin sa pagpahaman nin mga barangay dapat na isingil..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawa pinag - olayan an mga isyung ini, an mga e-bike igwa nin mas hababang marhay na epekto sa palibot kisa sa mga kotse, asin sa pankagabsan ibinibilang na kawiliwili sa palibot sa siudad. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Brand|first1=Christian|last2=Götschi|first2=Thomas|last3=Dons|first3=Evi|last4=Gerike|first4=Regine|last5=Anaya-Boig|first5=Esther|last6=Avila-Palencia|first6=Ione|last7=de Nazelle|first7=Audrey|last8=Gascon|first8=Mireia|last9=Gaupp-Berghausen|first9=Mailin|date=2021-03-01|title=The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities|journal=Global Environmental Change|language=en|volume=67|pages=102224|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224|issn=0959-3780}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cherry2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fishman|first1=Elliot|last2=Cherry|first2=Christopher|title=E-bikes in the Mainstream: Reviewing a Decade of Research|journal=Transport Reviews|volume=36|pages=72–91|date=30 Jul 2015|doi=10.1080/01441647.2015.1069907}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sarong dai pa sana nahahaloy na pag - adal sa Inglaterra nakadiskobre na an e-bikes, kun ginagamit tanganing salidahan an pagbiyahe sa kotse, igwa nin kakayahan na &quot;magpabakal nin carbon dioxide (CO2) pag - abot sa Inglaterra paagi sa pag - abot sa 50% (mga 30 milyones na tonelada kada taon) ..&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Philips|first1=Ian|last2=Watling|first2=David|last3=Timms|first3=Paul|date=2018-05-28|title=Estimating individual physical capability (IPC) to make journeys by bicycle|journal=International Journal of Sustainable Transportation|language=en|volume=12|issue=5|pages=324–340|doi=10.1080/15568318.2017.1368748|issn=1556-8318}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isinusuherir na an pinakadakulang mga oportunidad yaon sa puera asin sub-urban na mga kamugtakan: An mga nag - eerok sa siudad igwa na nin dakol na diretso sa pagbiahe, kaya an pinakadakulang epekto iyo an pagparigon sa boot na paggamit sa luwas kan mga siudad.&lt;ref&gt;Philips, I., Anable, J. and Chatterton, T. 2020. e-bike carbon savings – how much and where? CREDS Policy brief 011. Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions: Oxford.&lt;/ref&gt; Puede man na igwa nin hiwas an mga e-bike tanganing tabangan an mga tawong apektadong marhay nin naglalangkaw na gastos sa transportasyon.

An mga epekto sa palibot na kalabot sa paggibo kan mga barangay puedeng pasaditon. An sadit na patos kan ba'go na nasa e-bike, na relatibo sa mas dakulang patos na ginagamit sa awtong elektrikal, ginigibo sindang marahayon na mga kandidato para sa pagtangro bàgong puwersa solar o iba pang renewableng kusog. An Sanyo kabisera sa pakinabang na ini kan iyan magpatindog nin &quot;mga paradahan na paradahan,&quot; na dian an mga nakasakay sa e-bike puedeng pamahalaan an saindang mga sasakyan mantang naparada sa irarom nin photaic panel. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Eaton|first=Kit|title=Sanyo's Solar Bike Sheds—Green Power, Healthy and Clever|newspaper=Fast Company|date=March 16, 2010|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/1585081/sanyo-eneloop-solar-charging-hybrid-bike-park-japan-alt-power}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An mga kredensial sa palibot nin e-bikes, asin elektriko / mga mestisong may kapangyarihan sa pankagabsan, naggiya sa nagkapirang autoridad munisipal na gamiton iyan, arog baga kan Sadit na Gapo, Kabannos, kaiba an saindang Wavecrest elektrikal na mga bisikleta o Coloverdale, California pulis na may Zap e-bikes.  An mga paragibong e-bike kan Tsina, arog kan Xinri, ngonyan nakiki'estar na sa mga unibersidad sa sarong bidyo tangani na mapakarhay an saindang teknolohiya igdi sa mga estandarteng internasyonal sa palibot, suportado kan gobyerno Tsino na maigot na mapakarhay an eksport na potensyal kan mga Tsino na gibohan nin e-bikes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An duwang nagpadalagan nin daga asin mga bike trail sa bukid nagdiriskutiran para sa mga pagbabawal nin elektrikong mga bisikleta sa luwas na mga dalan na madaling maimpluwensiahan nin mga bike sa bukid, na sinisitar an potensial na mga peligrong ligtas siring man an potensial para sa mga electric bike na makaraot sa mga dalan. Minsan siring, nadiskobre nin sarong pag - adal na ginibo kan Internasyonal na Mountain Bicycling Association na an pisikal na mga epekto kan hababang klase nin mga bisikleta sa bukid tibaad kaagid kan tradisyonal na mga bisikleta sa bukid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Newland|first=Cameron|title=IMBA Preliminary Study Results Suggest That Electric Bikes Aren't Especially Damaging To Mountain Bike Trails|newspaper=Overvolted Electric Bike News and Reviews|date=September 24, 2015|url=http://overvolted.com/imba-preliminary-study-results-suggest-that-electric-bikes-arent-especially-damaging-to-mountain-bike-trails/|accessdate=November 3, 2022|archivedate=September 25, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925102200/http://overvolted.com/imba-preliminary-study-results-suggest-that-electric-bikes-arent-especially-damaging-to-mountain-bike-trails/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ang dai pa sana nahahaloy na pag-adal dapit sa kapalibutan na epekto kan mga e-bikes buda ibang porma nin transportasyon na mahihiling na e-bikes iyo an:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shreya|first=Dave|title=Life Cycle Assessment of Transportation Options for Commuters|date=February 2010|url=http://www.pietzo.com/storage/downloads/Pietzo_LCAwhitepaper.pdf|access-date=2022-11-03|archivedate=2011-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715083534/http://www.pietzo.com/storage/downloads/Pietzo_LCAwhitepaper.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 18 beses na mas episiente an enerhiya kisa sa SUV
* 13 beses na mas episiente an enerhiya kisa sa sarong sdan
* 6 dobleng kusog an mas episiente kisa sa transit nin riles
* asin, manongod sa pantay - pantay na epekto sa palibot bilang bisikleta kan kombensional.

Igwa nin estriktong mga reglamento sa pagpadara nin mga littium-ion na mga barangay, huli sa mga kahaditan sa kaligtasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mapadapit digdi, an mga pohosteng batbat na phosphate bateies mas ligtas kisa mga baterya nin oxide. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eksperyensia sa bilog na nasyon ==

=== Tsina ===
An Tsina nakaeksperyensia nin pambihirang pagtalubo nin pagpabakal nin mga dai pang-estadong e-bikes kaiba an tipo nin scooter, na may taonan na benta na naglulukso poon 56,000 na yunit kan 1998 sagkod sa labing 21 milyon kan 2008, asin nakaabot sa kinakarkulong armada na 120 milyon e-bikes sa kapinonan kan 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT01104&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/business/global/01ebike.html|title=An Electric Boost for Bicyclists|journal=[[The New York Times]]|last=J. David Goodman|date=2010-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist0510&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/business-finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=16117106|title=China's electric-bicycle boom – Pedals of fire|date=2010-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; An grupong ini nagpoon kan mga paghihingoa kan mga gobyerno lokal nin Tsina na limitaran an mga motorsiklo sa mga sentro nin siudad tanganing malikayan an pagkaabala asin mga aksidente sa trapiko. Sa paghinanapos kan 2009 an mga motorsiklo prohibido o nalilimitaran sa labing siyam na mayor na siudad nin Intsik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chi-Taiw&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.duke.edu/~cy42/EV.pdf|title=Launching strategy for electric vehicles: Lessons from China and Taiwan|author=Chi-Jen Yang}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nagpoon nang ribayan kan mga paragamit an mga tradisyonal na bisikleta asin mga motorsiklo asin mga e-bike naging alternatibo sa pagnegosyo nin awto.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT01104&quot; /&gt; Alagad, an mga interes sa kaligtasan kan tinampo nagpapadagos mantang mga 2,500 na e-bike na isinaysay an mga kagadanan na irinehistro kan 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist0510&quot; /&gt; Sa paghinanapos kan 2009 sampulong siyudad an pinagbawalan o pinag-imponer man an mga restriksion sa mga e-bike sa parehong rason nin motorsiklo. Kabilang sa mga siudad na ini an Guangzhen, Shenzhen, Changsha, Foshan, Changzhou, asin Dongguang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist0510&quot; /&gt;Kan Abril 2019, naliwat an mga palakaw liwat kan Tsina, iinintrodusir an bagong mga pamantayan sa palibot nin mga bisikletang elektriko, na namamahalang mga bagay arog kan gabat nin bisikleta, marikason an rikas asin daing ngaran.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mga pelikula na nag - aaplikar kan bagong pamantayan, kaiba an internasyonal na 25 kilometros /h rikas, ibinibilang na mga bisikleta sa legal na paagi asin dai naghahagad nin rehistrasyon. Pigkokonsiderar an mga E-bike gikan sa estandarteng ini bilang mga motorsiklo na sakop kan helmet asin lisensya region.
&lt;ref&gt;Global status report on road safety 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO&lt;/ref&gt;An Tsina an nangengenot na paragibo nin e-bike sa kinaban, na igwang 22.2 milyon na yunit na naprodusir kan 2009. An nagkapira sa pinakadakulang paragibo nin E-bike sa kinaban iyo an BED asin Geoby. An Production nakasentro sa limang rehiyon, Tianjin, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong, asin Shanghai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An Tsina pig-eksportar nin 370,000 e-bikes kan 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsiaT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/LE07Cb01.html|title=China switches to e-bikes|publisher=Asia Times|date=2010-05-07|accessdate=2022-11-03|archivedate=2010-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613211159/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/LE07Cb01.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2019, mga 223,000 na kompanya kan Tsina an yaon sa mga negosyo na konektado sa industriya nin kuryente-bike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Netherlands ===
Igwa an Netherlands nin halos 18 milyon na bisikleta. &lt;ref name=&quot;DutchNews0110&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dutchdailynews.com/netherlands-bicycle-capital-of-the-world/|title=Netherlands bicycle capital of the world|publisher=Dutch Daily News|date=2010-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mga E-bike nakaabot na sa sarong bakalan na naghihiras nin 10% kan 2009, ta an mga e-bike nagbebenta nin quadruple poon 40,000 yunit abot 153,000 sa pag'oltan kan 2006 asin 2009, asin an mga modelong elektriko representado an 25% kan total na mga benta sa bisikleta igdi kan taon na idto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BikeEU Holland&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.bike-eu.com/home/nieuws/2010/4/in-holland-one-out-of-eight-bikes-is-electric-1016132|title=In Holland One out of Eight Bikes Is Electric|publisher=Bike Europe|date=2010-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DutchNews0110&quot; /&gt; Sa pagpoon kan 2010 saro sa lambang walong bisikleta na napabakal sa nasyon an elektriko apesar kan bagay na sa promedyo an e-bike tolong beses mas mahal kisa sa regular na bisikleta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist05102&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/business-finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=16117106|title=China's electric-bicycle boom – Pedals of fire|date=2010-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BikeEU Holland&quot; /&gt; An E-bike pabakal ngonyan naabot na sa mga dai pa natios na mga bisikleta, uminabot sa 423,000 kan 2019 asin 547,000 sa 2020.

Ipinaheling nin sarong surbey sa bakalan kan 2008 na an promedyong distansiang nagbibiahe sa Netherlands paagi sa mga kompas sa sarong pamantayan na bisikleta iyo an 6.3 kilometres (3.9 mi) mantang may e-bike na an distansiang ini minaabot sa 9.8 kilometres (6.1 mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Market08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ipinaheling man kan surbey na ini na an pagigin kagsadiri kan e-bike partikularmenteng popular sa mga tawo na may edad na 65 asin pataas, alagad limitado sa mga kommuter. An e-bike ginagamit partikularmente para sa mga biyaheng pang-aling-aling na bisikleta, pamamakal asin mga pangkulay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Market08&quot; /&gt;

=== Estados Unidos ===
Kan 2009 an U.S. nagkaigwa nin pigtatantyang armada na 200,000 e-bikes.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsiaT2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/LE07Cb01.html|title=China switches to e-bikes|publisher=Asia Times|date=2010-05-07|accessdate=2022-11-03|archivedate=2010-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613211159/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/LE07Cb01.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2012 sinda orog na tinawan nin pabor sa Nueva York bilang mga lunadan na pangkakan.  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/nyregion/for-food-delivery-workers-speed-tips-and-fear-on-wheels.html?_r=2&amp;hp|title=Food deliverymen on wheels|first=J.|last=David Goodman}}&lt;/ref&gt; An Electrikong Bike Market kan Norte piglalaoman na magtubo sa sarong CAGR na 10.3% poon 2021-2028.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== India ===
Sa India an mga bisikletang elektriko pinahalagahan sa USD 1.14 milyones kan 2021, asin linalaoman na maabot sa USD 2.31 milyones pag - abot nin 2027, na nagprodyusir nin CAGR na 12.69% durante kan peryodong ini nin paghula. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gamiton sa pakikilaban ==
An Ukraine naggagamit nin mga e-bike para sa gera laban sa Rusya. An mga ini nagdonar nin mga bisikleta ginagamit para sa mga isniper asin mga armas na anti-tank.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; An pag-aningal na ini nakaagid sa paggamit nin mga omboy na bisikleta sa panahon nin guerra, partikularmente kan mga hukbong Hapones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toltolan ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{Poon}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Atesh (hiroan)</title>
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      <text bytes="7090" sha1="tbtl6v0vcmp4o1rxn6lkm4ipsi895mu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Atesh logo.jpg|right|thumb|260px|An logo kan Atesh]]
An '''Atesh''' ([[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]: Ateş, literalmente &quot;Kalayo&quot;, {{lang-uk|Атеш|Atesh}}) sarong partisan militar  na hiroan (mobimyento) sa [[okupadong teritoryo nin Ukranya]], asin siring man sa teritoryo nin [[Rusya]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Официальное заявление движения «Атеш»|url=https://t.me/atesh_ua/116|website=[[Telegram (software)|Telegram]]|date=2022-10-25|accessdate=2023-01-10|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; na pigmukna kan mga [[Ukranyano]], [[Crimean Tatars]] asin mga [[Ruso]] kan Setyembre 2022 resulta kan [[2022 na Rusong pagsakyada kan Ukranya|Rusong pagsakyada militar]] nin Ukranya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegram&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://t.me/atesh_ua|website=t.me|title=Telegram: Contact @atesh_ua|access-date=2022-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historya ==
An hiroan namukna kan kataposan nin Septyembre 2022. Kan Septyembre 26, an pagsumpa kan soldados na &quot;Atesh&quot; pinublikar sa opisyal na Telegram channel, asin kan Septyembre 29, sarong bidyo pigpublikar sa opisyal na Telegram channel kun saen an saro sa partisan naghuhurot sa publiko na magbali sa hiroan.&lt;ref name=&quot;cybershafarat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cybershafarat.com/2022/11/09/official-statement-of-the-atesh-movement/|title=Official statement of the ATESH movement - The Cyber Shafarat - Treadstone 71|website=cybershafarat.com|access-date=2022-11-18|archive-date=2023-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519172223/https://cybershafarat.com/2022/11/09/official-statement-of-the-atesh-movement/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Клятва воїна «Атеш»|url=https://t.me/atesh_ua/13|website=[[Telegram (software)|Telegram]]|date=2022-10-26|accessdate=2023-01-10|language=uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=В окупованому Криму з'явився підпільний рух українців, кримських татар та росіян «Атеш», які руйнуватимуть армію РФ зсередини|url=https://crimea.suspilne.media/ua/news/9269|website=[[Suspilne]]|date=2022-10-01|accessdate=2023-01-10|language=uk|archive-date=2023-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519160018/https://crimea.suspilne.media/ua/news/9269|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan Nobyembre 11, 2022, mga Partisan kan hiroan ginadan an 20 Rusong soldados nakapahiringalo sa hospital nin [[Simferopol]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Партизани ліквідували у лікарнях Сімферополя 30 окупантів|url=https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2022/11/13/novyna/bezpeka/partyzany-likviduvaly-likarnyax-simferopolya-30-okupantiv|website=Slovo i Dilo|date=2022-12-11|accessdate=2023-01-10|language=uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;obozrevatel&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://war.obozrevatel.com/ukr/partizanskij-ruh-atesh-zayaviv-pro-likvidatsiyu-30-okupantiv-v-gospitalyah-simferopolya-sered-nih-buli-zradniki-ukraini.htm|title=Партизанський рух АТЕШ заявив про ліквідацію 30 окупантів у госпіталях Сімферополя: серед них були зрадники України|website=[[Obozrevatel]]|date=2022-11-12|access-date=2022-11-18|language=uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan Desyembre 11, 2022: An &quot;Atesh&quot; naghingako kan responsibilidad pagsulo kan barracks nin mga Rusong soldados sa baryo nin [[Sovietske]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Партизани з &quot;АТЕШ&quot; взяли на себе відповідальність за підпал казарм у Криму|url=https://suspilne.media/336056-partizani-z-ates-vzali-na-sebe-vidpovidalnist-za-pidpal-kazarm-u-krimu/|website=[[Suspilne]]|date=2022-12-11|accessdate=2023-01-10|language=uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan Enero 31, 2023: Mga Partisan nagpahayag na saindang ginadan duwang opisyales kan Rusong National Guard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Atesh guerrillas in Crimea say they blew up Russian National Guards’ car, killing two officers |url=https://english.nv.ua/nation/atesh-guerrillas-in-crimea-say-they-blew-up-russian-national-guards-car-killing-two-officers-50301175.html |access-date=31 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan Pebrero 10, 2023: An &quot;Atesh&quot; inako' an responsibilidad sa pagbomba nin auto na nagresulta sa pagkagadan nin duwang Rusong soldados asin pagka-ospital nin duwa pa sa [[Nova Kakhovka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://t.me/atesh_ua/361|title=Движение «АТЕШ» продолжает ликвидировать оккупантов.|website=www.t.me|date=14 February 2023|access-date=16 February 2023|language=uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan Marso 14, 2023: An Atesh naghayag na nagadan kaini an duwang pamayo kan administrasyon militar sa Nova Kakhovka paagi nin pagtanom bomba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Guardian Ukraine war live blog|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/mar/14/russia-ukraine-war-grain-deal-can-be-extended-by-only-60-days-says-russian-minister-live-updates?page=with:block-640febe28f080fff7c2bd5f4#block-640febe28f080fff7c2bd5f4 |access-date=14 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan Abril 23, 2023: An Atesh nagbareta na napaboag kaini an sarong checkpoint kan Rusong National guard harani sa [[Oleshky]] na nagresulta sa dakul nagadan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://sprotyv.mod.gov.ua/en/2023/04/25/partisans-blew-up-the-block-post-of-russians-near-oleshok/|title=PARTISANS BLEW UP THE BLOCK POST OF RUSSIANS NEAR OLESHOK|website=www.sprotyv.mod.gov.ua|date=25 April 2023|access-date=27 April 2023|language=en|accessdate=7 May 2023|archivedate=27 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427172335/https://sprotyv.mod.gov.ua/en/2023/04/25/partisans-blew-up-the-block-post-of-russians-near-oleshok/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan Abril 27, 2023: Mga Partisan nagsabi na siandang nagadan duwang kagsakyada (Ruso) sa baryo nin [[Velyki Kopani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PARTISANS KILLED TWO RUSSIAN SOLDIERS WHO MOCKED UKRAINIANS IN THAT|url=https://sprotyv.mod.gov.ua/en/2023/04/27/partisans-killed-two-russian-soldiers-who-mocked-ukrainians-in-that/|website=www.sprotyv.mod.gov.ua|language=en|access-date=27 April 2023|date=27 April 2023|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427172335/https://sprotyv.mod.gov.ua/en/2023/04/27/partisans-killed-two-russian-soldiers-who-mocked-ukrainians-in-that/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan Mayo 6, 2023: Mga Partisan inako an responsibilidad sa pagngata' sa asasinasyon ni [[Zakhar Prilepin]], sarong Rusong parasurat asin myembro sa [[A Just Russia — For Truth]] Party, kun saen sarpong bomba puminutok kan an kotse kaini uminagi sa border nin Rusya hale sa okupadong Donbas. An tsuper kan kotse nagadan asin si Prilepin makuring naerido, alagad dai man napurohan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Car with Russian propagandist Prilepin blown up in Russia|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/05/6/7400956/|website=www.pravda.com.ua|language=en|access-date=6 May 2023|date=6 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Toltolan==

{{reflist}}
{{Tamboan}}
[[Kategorya:LOkupasyon kan Rusya kan Ukranya]]
[[Kategorya:Mga gerilyang hiron laban sa pagsakyada sa Ukranya]]
[[Kategorya:Mga organissasyon namukna kan 2022]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu,</title>
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      <text bytes="9195" sha1="2fvl4tv3xsciwolwsbhamgf5hurq9aq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
| honorific-suffix    = [[Myemro nin Parlamento|MP]]
| image               = Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu kan Marso 2023 (cropped).kang
| caption             = Kılıçdaroğlu kan Marso 2023
| office              = [[Lista nin mga mayor na oposisyon na mga lider nin Turkey|Lider kan Mayor na Oposisyon]]
| president           = [[Abdullah Gül]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]
| primeminister       = [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ahmet Davutoğlu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Binali Yıldırım]]
| term_start          = 22 Mayo 2010
| term_end            = 
| predecessor         = [[Deniz Baykal]]
| successor           = 
| office1             = ika-7 [[Republican People's Party|Lidef nin  Republican People's Party]]
| term_start1         = 22 Mayo 2010
| term_end1           = 
| predecessor1        = [[Deniz Baykal]]
| successor1          = 
| office2             = [[Socialist International|Bise Presidente kan Socialist International]]
| president2          = [[George Papandreou]]
| term_start2         = 21 Agosto 2012
| term_end2           = 13 Desyembre 2014
| 1blankname2         = Country
| 1namedata2          = [[Turkey]]
| predecessor2        = [[Deniz Baykal]]
| successor2          = [[Umut Oran]]
| office3             = [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey#Composition|Member of the Grand National Assembly]]
| term_start3         = 18 Nobyembre 2002
| constituency3       = [[İstanbul (2nd electoral district)|İstanbul (II)]] ([[2002 Turkish general election|2002]], [[2007 Turkish general election|2007]], [[2011 Turkish general election|2011]])&lt;br /&gt;[[İzmir (electoral districts)|İzmir]] [[İzmir (2nd electoral district)|(II)]] ([[June 2015 Turkish general election|Jun 2015]], [[November 2015 Turkish general election|Nov 2015]], [[2018 Turkish general election|2018]])
| birth_name          = Kemal Karabulut&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/15148253.asp |title=Kılıçdaroğlu Kemal Bey'i anlatıyor |first=Faruk |last=Bildirici |publisher=Hürriyet |date=27 June 2010 |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629185113/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/15148253.asp |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629185113/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/15148253.asp |archivedate=29 June 2010 |accessdate=11 May 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1948|12|17|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Ballıca, Nazımiye|Ballıca]], [[Nazımiye District|Nazımiye]], [[Tunceli Province|Tunceli]], Turkey&lt;ref name=NN&gt;[https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/iste-kilicdaroglunun-dogdugu-ev-128771 &quot;İşte Kılıçdaroğlu'nun doğduğu ev&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127094048/https://www.cnnturk.com/amp/turkiye/iste-kilicdaroglunun-dogdugu-ev |date=27 November 2022 }}. ''CNN Türk''. Retrieved 17-11-2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Republican People's Party]] (pakaagi 1999)
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Selvi Kılıçdaroğlu]]|1974}}
| children            = {{hlist|Kerem|Aslı|Zeynep}}
| alma_mater          = Ankara Academy of Economics and Commercial Sciences&lt;ref&gt;[https://m.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1041133-68-kusaginin-kokten-solcu-sakin-gucu/31 &quot;68 kuşağının kökten solcu sakin gücü!, siyasilerin bilinmeyenleri&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202162821/https://m.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1041133-68-kusaginin-kokten-solcu-sakin-gucu/31 |date=2 December 2022 }}''. Habertürk''. Retrieved 2-12-2022.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Gazi University]])
| residence           = [[Ankara]]
| profession          = empleyado sa gobyerno
| signature           = Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu signature.png
| website             = 
| otherparty          = [[Democratic Left Party (Turkey)|Democratic Left Party]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sabah090199&quot;/&gt; (until 1999)
| occupation          = {{Hlist|Politician|Economist}}
| nickname            = Gandhi Kemal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://time.com/6274645/exclusive-kemal-kilicdaroglu-turkey-election/ |title=Exclusive: The Man Who Could Beat Erdoğan |publisher=Time |date=27 April 2023 |accessdate=11 May 2023 |archivedate=12 June 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612041358/https://time.com/6274645/exclusive-kemal-kilicdaroglu-turkey-election/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Grey wolf Kemal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/kilicdaroglu-bozkurt-kemal-sloganlariyla-karsilandi-1979972|title=Kılıçdaroğlu 'Bozkurt Kemal' sloganlarıyla karşılandı|date=12 September 2022|lang=Turkish}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Democratic uncle of the youth&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://genclik.chp.org.tr/haberler/genclerin-demokrat-amcasi-kemal-kilicdaroglu-genclik-kollari-l-baskanlari-toplantimiza-katildi|title=Gençlerin demokrat amcası Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, Gençlik Kolları İl Başkanları Toplantımıza katıldı.|date=13 August 2022|lang=Turkish}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Pir (Sufism)|Piro]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.odatv4.com/siyaset/gandi-kemal-gitti-piro-kemal-geldi-vatandas-neden-piro-diyor-278301|title=Kime oy vereceksiniz sorusuna bu yanıtı verdi: Piro|date=3 April 2023|lang=Turkish}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Mr. Kemal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://yetkinreport.com/en/2022/07/25/embracing-mr-kemal-oppositions-groundswell/|title=Embracing Mr Kemal: Opposition’s groundswell|author=Murat Yekin|date= 25 July 2022|quote=His second message was to CHP leader Kılıçdaroğlu whom he calls “Mr Kemal ” in an effort to undermine his position in conservative voters’ eyes. He challenged him to “face him” in the election as the opposition’s presidential candidate. Kılıçdaroğlu’s biggest surprise in his rally on July 24 was an additional single line on his Twitter bio. CHP leader included “Mr Kemal (Bay Kemal)” in his Twitter biography, embracing the nickname that the president has been using to villainize him.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
Si '''Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: {{IPA-tr|ceˈmal kɯɫɯtʃˈdaɾoːɫu|pron|Tr-Kemal Kilicdaroglu.oga}}; binabansagan man na '''KK'''; namundag 17 Desyembre 1948)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bildirici |first=Faruk |date=27 June 2010 |title=Kılıçdaroğlu Kemal Bey'i anlatıyor |publisher=Hürriyet |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/15148253.asp |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629185113/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/15148253.asp |archive-date=29 June 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629185113/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/15148253.asp |archivedate=29 June 2010 |accessdate=11 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarong Turkiyang ekonomista , retiradong empleyado sa gobyerno asin sarong demokratriko sosyal na politiko. Siya an lider kan [[Republican People's Party]] (CHP) asin nangengenot na  [[Lista kan mayor na oposisyon sa Turkey|Lider kan Mayor na Oposisyon]] sa [[Politika sa Turkey|Turkey]] poon pa kan 2010. Siya [[Myembro nin Parlamento#Turkey|Myembro nin]] [[Grand National Assembly kan Turkey|Parlamento]] sa [[İstanbul (mga distrito elektoral)|kan İstanbul]] [[İstanbul (Ikaduwang elektoral na distrito)|ikaduwang elektoral na distrito]] poon 2002 abot 2015 asin bilang MP para sa [[İzmir (mga distrito elektoral)|İzmir]] [[İzmir (Ika-2ng elektoral na distrito)|ikaduwang elektoral na distrito]] sa 7 Hunyo 2015.

Bago siya naglaog sa politika, si Kılıçdaroğlu sqrong empleyado sa gobyerno asin nagsirbeng Direktor-Heneral kan Social Insurance Institution (SSK) poon 1992 sundo 1996 asin poon naman 1997 abot 1999. Siya naelihir sa Parlamento sa [[2002 Turkiyang eleksyon heneral|2002 eleksyon heneral]] asin dangan nagin lider kan grupong larlamento nin CHP. Kan [[2009 Istanbul eleksyon para sa alkalde|2009 lokal na eleksyon]], siya nanominar bilang kandidato kan CHP para [[Lista nin mga alkalde nin Istanbul|Alkalde nin İstanbul]], alagad nadaog kan kandidato kan [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]].  Siya naelelhir na katuwang na pamayo kan [[Socialist International]] kan 31 Agosto 2012.

Kan si [[Deniz Baykal]] nagdemetir bilang lider kan partido kan 2010, si Kılıçdaroğlu nag'anunsyo kan kandidatura  niya asin siya an [[2010 Republican People's Party Ordinary Convention|unanimong napili]] komo lider kan CHP. Siya an tinata'naw na mataong bagsik asin bagong kusog sa CHP. Maski ngani an CHP nakahiling nin pagdagdag kan boto kaini, dai nabungkal sa poder kaini an namomoon na AKP kan taon na idto nin 2023. Bilang lider kan mayor na  oposisyon, an estratehiya ni Kılıçdaroğlu iyo an maghaman nin mga solidong koalisyon sa ibang mga partido, na ngonyan nagresulta sa pagbilog kan  [[Nation Alliance (Turkeya)|Nation Alliance]] asin an sunod-sunod na panggana kan CHP sa [[2019 Turkiyang lokal na eleksyon|2019 lokal na mga eleksyon]]. Ngonyan an kandidato kan CHP asin kan [[Nation Alliance (Turkeya)|Nation Alliance]] sa [[2023 Turkeyang eleksyon presidensyal]] iyo si
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu.

==Toltolan==

{{reflist}}

{{Tamboan}}

[[Kategorya: Mga Turkiyang politiko]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Turkeyang ekonomista]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Lider kan Nangengenot na Oposisyon sa Turkeya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Al Pacino</title>
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{{Infobox tawo|name=Al Pacino|image=Al Pacino 2016 (30401544240).jpg|caption=Pacino in 2016|birth_name=Alfredo James Pacino|birth_date={{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1940|4|25}}|birth_place=[[New York City]], New York, U.S.|alma_mater={{unbulleted list|[[Actors Studio]]|[[HB Studio]]}}|death_date=|death_place=|occupation={{hlist|Actor|film director}}|years active=1967–present|partner={{ubl|[[Jill Clayburgh]] (1967–1972)|[[Tuesday Weld]] (1972–1973)|[[Marthe Keller]] (1976–1978)|[[Kathleen Quinlan]] (1979–1981)|[[Lyndall Hobbs]] (1990–1996)|[[Beverly D'Angelo]] (1997–2003)|Lucila Polak (2008–2018)|Noor Alfallah (2022–present)}}|children=4|awards=[[List of awards and nominations received by Al Pacino|Full list]]}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
Si '''Alfredo James Pacino''' (namundag Abril 25, 1940) sarong Amerikanong aktor. Konsiderar na saro sa pinakadakula asin pinakamaimpluwensyang aktor kan ika-20 siglo, si Pacino nakaako nin kadakul na gawad: kabali an Academy Award, duwang Tony Awards, asin duwang Primetime Emmy Awards, mala ta siya an saro sa magkapirang aktor na nakakua kan Triple Crot of Acting. Natawan man nin onra sa Cecil B. DeMille Award kan 2001, kan AFI Life Acchievement Awards kan 2007, National Medal of Arts kan 2011, asin kan Kendary Center Honors kan 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/ready-my-demille-profiles-excellence-al-pacino-2001 |access-date=2023-07-18 |archive-date=2023-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101164909/https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/ready-my-demille-profiles-excellence-al-pacino-2001 |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reperensya ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lista nin mga drag queen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45287</id>
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      <text bytes="109890" sha1="g9xzz410kdl6oncoam190wp26y6ih1a" xml:space="preserve">Ini iyo an '''lista nin mga [[Drag queen|drag queens]]''', pig-aapod kun minsan na female impersonators, drag performers, o drag artists.
[[Ladawan:Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Francis_Leon_TCS_1.640_-_cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Francis Leon]]]]
[[Ladawan:Missshangaylilypplano.jpg|too|thumb|[[Miss Shangay Lily]]]]
[[Ladawan:Lypsinka_1_by_David_Shankbone.jpg|too|thumb|[[John Epperson]]]]
[[Ladawan:RuPaul_by_David_Shankbone.jpg|too|thumb|[[RuPaul]]]]
[[Ladawan:Pabllo_Vittar_-_TVZ_2023_(2).png|too|thumb|[[Pabllo Vittar]]]]
[[Ladawan:Christer_Lindarw_&amp;_Roger_Jönsson_&quot;Fever&quot;_Wild_Side_Story_1976.jpg|too|thumb|[[Christer Lindarw|Zsa Zsa Shakespeer]] (1976)]]

==Performers==
{{dynamic list}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
|-
! Stage name
! Name
! Nationality
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[Acid Betty]]
|Jamin Ruhren
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Ada Vox]]
| Adam Sanders
| {{USA}}
| 
|-
|[[Adore Delano]]
| Dani Noriega
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Parker|first=Lyndsey|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ex-idol-danny-noriega-lip-synchs-paula-abdul-for-paula-abdul-178974/|title=Ex-Idol Danny Noriega Lip-Synchs Paula Abdul for Paula Abdul|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=April 16, 2014|access-date=2018-04-21|archive-date=2019-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421142920/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ex-idol-danny-noriega-lip-synchs-paula-abdul-for-paula-abdul-178974/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Aiden Zhane]]
| Devin Lewis
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Aja (entertainer)|Aja]]
|Venus Nadya Oshun
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.amny.com/entertainment/drag-race-aja-1.16722323|title='Drag is powerful,' just ask this Bushwick queen|work=am New York|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2018-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224112445/https://www.amny.com/entertainment/drag-race-aja-1.16722323|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=ajaoxum |number=1596067009351090177 |title=For reference my legal name is: ✨VENUS NADYA OSHUN ✨}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[A'keria C. Davenport|A'keria Chanel Davenport]]
|Gregory D'Wayne
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kelly|first=Emma|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/05/31/rupauls-drag-races-3rd-place-queen-breaking-charity-not-music-9760687/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race's 3rd place queen is breaking into charity, not music|work=Metro|date=May 31, 2019|access-date=December 28, 2021|archive-date=December 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228133104/https://metro.co.uk/2019/05/31/rupauls-drag-races-3rd-place-queen-breaking-charity-not-music-9760687/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Akihiro Miwa]]
| Maruyama Akihiro
| {{JAP}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/18/movies/review-film-in-tokyo-a-queen-of-crime-in-drag.html|title=Review/Film; In Tokyo, A Queen Of Crime In Drag|author-link=Vincent Canby|first=Vincent|last=Canby|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 18, 1991|access-date=January 2, 2018|archive-date=September 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204623/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/18/movies/review-film-in-tokyo-a-queen-of-crime-in-drag.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Alaska Thunderfuck 5000]]
| Justin Andrew Honard
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goerie.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20130313/OPINION07/303139967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081445/http://www.goerie.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20130313%2FOPINION07%2F303139967|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-04-07|title=High school friend on national reality competition {{!}} GoErie.com/Erie Times-News|date=2014-04-07|access-date=2018-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Alexis Mateo]]
| Alexis Mateo Pacheco
| {{USA}} / {{PUR}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VU5vBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT52|title=The Un/Making of Latina/o Citizenship: Culture, Politics, and Aesthetics|last1=Hernández|first1=E.|last2=Gibson|first2=E. Rodriguez y|last3=Gibson|first3=Eliza Rodriguez y|date=2014-08-20|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137431080|language=en|access-date=2018-04-21|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513171849/https://books.google.com/books?id=VU5vBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT52|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Alexis Michelle]]
|Alexander J. Michaels
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Alyssa Edwards]]
| Justin Dwayne Lee Johnson
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.missgayamerica.com/suspended%20contestant%20and%20affiliate%20registry.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224165953/http://www.missgayamerica.com/suspended%20contestant%20and%20affiliate%20registry.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-02-24|title=Suspended Contestant and Affiliate Registry|date=2015-02-24|access-date=2018-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[House of LeMay|Amber LeMay]]
| Bob Bolyard
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Resmer&quot;&gt;{{citation |title=The Babes of Beaver Pond |first=Cathy |last=Resmer |date=September 27, 1995 |url=http://www.7dvt.com/2006/babes-beaver-pond |access-date=February 7, 2006|periodical=[[Seven Days (newspaper)|Seven Days]]|location=Vermont|archive-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171010210040/https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/the-babes-of-beaver-pond/Content?oid=2127313|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Amber Richards]]
|Amber Marie Williams
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Amethyst (drag queen)|Amethyst]]
| Zach
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Anastarzia Anaquway]]
|Jermaine Aranha
|{{CAN}} / {{flag|Bahamas|name=Bahamas, The}}
|
|-
|[[Anetra]]
| Isaiah Padua
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Angele Anang]]
|Angele-Anang Pokinwuttipob
| {{THA}}
|
|-
|[[Angeria Paris VanMicheals]]
|
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Anita Wigl'it]]
| Nick Kennedy-Hall
| {{NZ}}
| 
|-
|[[Anubis Finch]]
|Charli Paul Frank Monét Finch
| {{GBR}} / [[England]]
|
|-
|[[April Carrión]]
| Jason Carrión
| {{USA}} / {{PUR}}
|
|-
|[[Aquaria (drag queen)|Aquaria]]
| Giovanni Lucca Palandrani
| {{USA}}
| 
|-
|[[Ariel Versace]]
| Bryan Philip Neel
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Art Simone]]
| Jack Daye
| {{AUS}}
| 
|-
|[[Asia O'Hara]]
|Antwan Mason Lee
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/arts/antwan-lee-was-clueless-about-makeup-but-he-became-miss-gay-america-anyway-8495476|title=Antwan Lee Was Clueless About Makeup, But He Became Miss Gay America Anyway|last=North|first=Caroline|date=2016-07-18|work=Dallas Observer|access-date=2018-04-21|archive-date=2018-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301170539/http://www.dallasobserver.com/arts/antwan-lee-was-clueless-about-makeup-but-he-became-miss-gay-america-anyway-8495476|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Asttina Mandella]]
|Aston Joshua
| {{GBR}} / [[England]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/drag-race-uk-star-asttina-mandella-reveals-her-controversial-and-taboo-pick-for-snatch-game |title=Drag Race UK star Asttina Mandella reveals her 'controversial and taboo' pick for Snatch Game |last=Damshenas |first=Sam |website=Gay Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129144538/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/drag-race-uk-star-asttina-mandella-reveals-her-controversial-and-taboo-pick-for-snatch-game/ |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |accessdate=October 6, 2023 |archivedate=January 29, 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129144538/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/drag-race-uk-star-asttina-mandella-reveals-her-controversial-and-taboo-pick-for-snatch-game/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Aura Mayari]]
| Jay-R de Leon
| {{USA}} / {{PHL}}
|
|-
|[[A'Whora]]
|George Boyle
| {{GBR}} / [[England]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/celebs-tv/nottinghamshire-rupauls-drag-race-uk-4901946 |title=Nottinghamshire RuPaul's Drag Race UK contestant reveals what attracted them to glitz and glamour |last=Nanrah |first=Gurjeet |date=January 19, 2021 |website=NottinghamshireLive |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612194237/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/celebs-tv/nottinghamshire-rupauls-drag-race-uk-4901946 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Babsan
|[[Lars-Åke Wilhelmsson]]
| {{SWE}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Anna|last=Möller|url=https://www.tv4.se/artikel/518b914504bf72375e0000d5/lars-ake-wilhelmsson-i-let-s-dance-juryn|title=Lars-Åke Wilhelmsson i Let's dance juryn|work=tv4|access-date=September 12, 2015|archive-date=December 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180603/https://www.tv4.se/artikel/518b914504bf72375e0000d5/lars-ake-wilhelmsson-i-let-s-dance-juryn|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Baga Chipz]]
| Leo Loren
| {{GBR}} / [[England]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ling|first=Thomas|title=What do the RuPaul's Drag Race UK queens look like out of drag?|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/reality-tv/ru-paul-drag-race-uk-queens-out-of-drag/|access-date=November 28, 2020|work=Radio Times|date=October 8, 2019|language=en|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227043022/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/reality-tv/ru-paul-drag-race-uk-queens-out-of-drag/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Barbada de Barbades]]
|Sébastien Potvin
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Samuel |last=Larochelle |url=https://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/08/07/barbada-de-barbades-entrevue_a_23068666/ |title=Barbada de Barbades, une drag queen haute en couleurs |website=[[Huffington Post Québec]] |date=August 7, 2017 |language=French |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604135019/https://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/08/07/barbada-de-barbades-entrevue_a_23068666/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Barbette (performer)|Barbette]]
| Vander Clyde Broadway
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Liner |first=Elaine |title=Swingers: ''Barbette'' soars to greatness with the tragic tale of a trapeze artist |work=Dallas Observer |date=2002-06-13 |url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/2002-06-13/culture/swingers/ |access-date=2008-10-24 |archive-date=2015-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506192325/http://www.dallasobserver.com/2002-06-13/culture/swingers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Bassem Feghali
|[[Bassem Feghali]]
| {{LBN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Transvestite takes on Arab TV |first=Habib |last=Battah |periodical=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=28 September 2007 |url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117973038.html?categoryid=14&amp;cs=1 |access-date=2008-10-24 |archive-date=2007-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114091753/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117973038.html?categoryId=14&amp;cs=1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[BeBe Zahara Benet]]
| Nea Marshall Kudi Ngwa
| {{CMR}} / {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/03/bebe-zahara-benet-rupauls-drag-race|title=Catching Up with BeBe Zahara Benet, the Very First Winner of RuPaul's Drag Race|last=Desta|first=Yohana|work=HWD|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301220215/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/03/bebe-zahara-benet-rupauls-drag-race|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[BenDeLaCreme]]
| Benjamin Brock Hamlet Putnam
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thegatewayonline.ca/2015/02/rupaul-tour-serves-enter-taint-ment/|title=RuPaul tour serves up enter-taint-ment - The Gateway|date=2015-02-11|work=The Gateway|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322150326/https://www.thegatewayonline.ca/2015/02/rupaul-tour-serves-enter-taint-ment/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Bette Bourne]]
| Peter Bourne
| {{GBR}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmer2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wilmer|first=S. E.|title=Theatre, Society and the Nation: Staging American Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0oRio6wghkC&amp;pg=PT179|accessdate=5 August 2012|date=23 September 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521802642|pages=179–|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727225006/https://books.google.com/books?id=c0oRio6wghkC&amp;pg=PT179|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Bosco (drag queen)|Bosco]]
| Blair Constantino
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Boulet Brothers]]
| Unknown
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Earp |first=Catherine |date=2018-09-06 |title=Dragula's The Boulet Bros discuss relationship |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a865553/dragula-the-boulet-brothers-secrets-together-relationship-couple/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Bert Errol]]
| Isaac Whitehouse
| {{GBR}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu3nNSmRjZ0C&amp;dq=%22Bert+Errol%22+impersonator&amp;pg=PA161 |title=Anthony Slide, &quot;Bert Errol&quot;, ''The Encyclopedia of Vaudeville'', University Press of Mississippi, 2012, p.161 |date=12 March 2012 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=9781617032509 |access-date=2021-03-05 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513172541/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_Vaudeville/Hu3nNSmRjZ0C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22Bert+Errol%22+impersonator&amp;pg=PA161&amp;printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Bianca Del Rio]]
| Roy R. Haylock
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bestofneworleans.com/gambit/double-trouble/Content?oid=1240467|title=Costume designer/drag queen, Roy Haylock/Bianca Del Rio is a two-hit wonder|last=Simmons|first=David Lee|website=Gambit|language=en|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2018-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527083734/https://www.bestofneworleans.com/gambit/double-trouble/Content?oid=1240467|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Billy More]]
|Massimo Brancaccio
| {{ITA}}
|
|-
|[[Bimini Bon-Boulash]]
|Thomas George Graeme Hibbitts
| {{GBR}} / [[England]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/reality-tv/bimini-bon-boulash-rupauls-drag-race-uk-contestant |title=Who is Bimini Bon Boulash? Meet the RuPaul's Drag Race UK star who is the &quot;bendiest queen&quot; |last=Julians |first=Joe |date=January 14, 2021 |website=RadioTimes |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629130722/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/reality-tv/bimini-bon-boulash-rupauls-drag-race-uk-contestant/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Blair St. Clair]]
|Andrew Allan Bryson
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[BOA (drag queen)|BOA]]
| Ryan Boa
| {{CAN}}
|
|-
|[[Bob the Drag Queen]]
| Christopher Delmar Caldwell
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/rupauls-drag-race-season-nine-winner_n_573b30c1e4b077d4d6f40f66|title=Bob The Drag Queen Wins 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Season Eight|last=Nichols|first=James Michael|date=2016-05-17|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418225159/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/rupauls-drag-race-season-nine-winner_n_573b30c1e4b077d4d6f40f66|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Bobby Marchan]]
| Oscar James Gibson
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;hannusch_obit&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Hannusch|first=Jeff|title=Bobby Marchan, 69, noted N.O. R&amp;B artist|newspaper=Times-Picayune|year=1999|url=http://elvispelvis.com/bobbymarchan.htm|access-date=2009-11-27|archive-date=2009-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207003232/http://elvispelvis.com/bobbymarchan.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Bolivia Carmichaels]]
| Daniel P. Elliott
| {{USA}}
|
|-
| [[Brita Filter]]
|Jesse Carl Havea
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Mila Jam|Britney Houston]]
|Jahmila Adderley
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Britney Houston Recruits 'Britney Cat Dolls' For Pussycat Dolls Parody|date=July 3, 2008|first=Jim|last=Cantiello|website=[[MTV.com]]|access-date=2008-10-26|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1590362/britney-houston-recruits-britney-cat-dolls-for-pussycat-dolls-parody/|archive-date=2016-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125182151/http://www.mtv.com/news/1590362/britney-houston-recruits-britney-cat-dolls-for-pussycat-dolls-parody/|url-status=live|accessdate=2023-10-06|archivedate=2016-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125182151/http://www.mtv.com/news/1590362/britney-houston-recruits-britney-cat-dolls-for-pussycat-dolls-parody/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Brooke Lynn Hytes]]
|Brock Edward Hayhoe
| {{CAN}}
|
|-
|Capucine
|[[Kewpie (drag artist)|Kewpie]]
| {{SAF}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=September 2, 2020 |title=Kewpie|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/kewpie|access-date=2020-06-04|website=South African History Online|archive-date=2020-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604224720/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/kewpie|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Carmen Carrera]]
| Carmen Carrera
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/carmen-carrera-transgender-performer-autobiographical-essay|title=Carmen Carrera: Show Girl|last=Carrera|first=Carmen|work=W Magazine|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202232/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/carmen-carrera-transgender-performer-autobiographical-essay|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Carmen Farala]]
| Daniel Mora Rojas
| {{ESP}}
|
|-
|[[Chad Michaels]]
| Chad Michael Storbeck
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.seattlegayscene.com/2012/01/untucked-with-brian-interview-with-chad-michaels-of-rupauls-drag-race-season-four.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629164217/http://www.seattlegayscene.com/2012/01/untucked-with-brian-interview-with-chad-michaels-of-rupauls-drag-race-season-four.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-29|title=Untucked with Brian: Interview with Chad Michaels of RuPaul's Drag Race, Season Four &quot; Seattle Gay Scene|date=2013-06-29|access-date=2018-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Charlene
|[[Charlene Incarnate]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/lgbt/charlene|title=Charlene is taking over the planet|last=Goldberg|first=David|date=2018-08-09|website=Time Out New York|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26|archive-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510065007/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/lgbt/charlene|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Charles Ludlam
|[[Charles Ludlam]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=In, Around, Through &amp; Out: An Actor's Life |first=Blaise |last=Koch |publisher=Spearhead |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-86486-528-1 |page=237 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Charles Pierce
|[[Charles Pierce (female impersonator)|Charles Pierce]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;changingroom&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Charlie Hides]]
| Charlie Hides
| {{USA}} / {{GBR}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://hellogiggles.com/lifestyle/food-drink/from-boy-to-diva-an-interview-with-charlie-hides/|title=From Boy to Diva: An Interview with Charlie Hides|work=HelloGiggles|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2017-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925035222/https://hellogiggles.com/lifestyle/food-drink/from-boy-to-diva-an-interview-with-charlie-hides/|url-status=live|accessdate=2023-10-06|archivedate=2017-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925035222/https://hellogiggles.com/lifestyle/food-drink/from-boy-to-diva-an-interview-with-charlie-hides/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Cherdonna Shinatra]]
| Jody Kuehner
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Sommerfeld2014&quot;&gt;{{citation|title=A Fiendish Conversation with Jody Kuehner (Cherdonna Shinatra)|date=October 13, 2014|author=Seth Sommerfeld|work=[[Seattle Met]]|url=http://www.seattlemet.com/articles/2014/10/13/a-fiendish-conversation-with-jody-kuehner-cherdonna-shinatra-october-2014|access-date=March 15, 2018|archive-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151813/https://www.seattlemet.com/articles/2014/10/13/a-fiendish-conversation-with-jody-kuehner-cherdonna-shinatra-october-2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Cherry Valentine]]
|George Ward
| {{GBR}} / [[England]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-55668005 |title=Drag Race UK: Cherry Valentine tells of 'rollercoaster' year |date=January 14, 2021 |website=BBC News |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513025946/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-55668005 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Cheryl Hole]]
| Luke Underwood-Bleach
| {{GBR}} / [[England]]
|
|-
|Cheyenne Pepper
|[[Eugene Lee Yang]]
| {{KOR}} / {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=The Try Guys|title=Eugene Performs Drag In His First Local Show|date=2019-03-20|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qrOn49F57A&amp;t=462s|access-date=2019-04-16|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513172418/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qrOn49F57A&amp;t=462s|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Chi Chi DeVayne]]
| Zavion Michael Davenport
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/rupaul-drag-race-all-stars-season-3-chi-chi-791133|title=Chi Chi Devayne, drag queen hero to the American south|date=2018-01-25|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2020-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210194232/http://www.newsweek.com/rupaul-drag-race-all-stars-season-3-chi-chi-791133|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Chi Chi LaRue]]
| Larry David Paciotti
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Keyframes: Popular Cinema and Cultural Studies |first1=Matthew |last1=Tinkcom |first2=Amy |last2=Villarejo |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-20281-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/keyframes00mtin/page/226 226] |url=https://archive.org/details/keyframes00mtin/page/226 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Chiquitita (Drag Artist)]]
| Angel Flores
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Christeene Vale]]
| Paul Soileau
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Conchita Wurst]]
| Thomas Neuwirth
| {{AUT}}
|
|-
|[[Coco Montrese]]
|Lenwood Martin Cooper
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.manhattandigest.com/2016/08/23/one-on-one-with-rupauls-drag-race-all-star-coco-montrese/|title=One on One with RuPaul's Drag Race All Star Coco Montrese!|date=2016-08-23|work=Manhattan Digest|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202528/https://www.manhattandigest.com/2016/08/23/one-on-one-with-rupauls-drag-race-all-star-coco-montrese/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Cookie Buffet]]
| Christopher Dyer
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.metroweekly.com/2012/07/summit-strength/ |title=Summit Strength: Advocate Christopher Dyer gets the conversation started ahead of the Gay Men's Health Summit – plus a peek at what's in store: Feature Story section: Metro Weekly magazine |publisher=Metroweekly.com |date=2012-07-12 |access-date=2013-11-01 |archive-date=2015-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081325/http://www.metroweekly.com/2012/07/summit-strength/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Courtney Act]]
| Shane Gilberto Jenek
| {{AUS}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;changingroom&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Craig Russell (Canadian actor)|Craig Russell]]
| Russell Craig Eadie
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Jeffreys |first=Joe E. |title=Russell, Craig |periodical=[[glbtq.com]] |url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/russell_c.html |year=2002 |access-date=2008-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007204559/http://glbtq.com/arts/russell_c.html |archive-date=2008-10-07 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Cristal Snow]]
| Tapio Huuska
| {{FIN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Syrkova |first=Daria |title=Cristal Snow: &quot;It's an ultimate song of an empowerment&quot; |work=ESCBubble |date=2016-02-26 |url=https://escbubble.com/2016/02/cristal-snow-its-an-ultimate-song-of-an-empowerment/ |access-date=2020-11-25 |archive-date=2020-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205153315/https://escbubble.com/2016/02/cristal-snow-its-an-ultimate-song-of-an-empowerment/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Crystal Demure
|[[J. Harrison Ghee]]
|{{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kyles |first1=Akira |title='Drag really helped me live out loud:' 'Kinky Boots' star and Fayetteville native hopes to inspire others |url=https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2020/12/11/fayetteville-native-kinky-boots-star-aims-inspire-others/3813384001/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=The Fayetteville Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Crystal Methyd]]
| Cody D. Harness
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Schultz|first=Brandon|title=Gay-Listers Guide: Crystal Methyd On The True/False Film Festival|work=Forbes|date=2020-05-28|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brandonschultz/2020/05/28/gay-listers-guide-crystal-methyd-on-the-truefalse-film-festival/#347106b83380|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=2020-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529093334/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brandonschultz/2020/05/28/gay-listers-guide-crystal-methyd-on-the-truefalse-film-festival/#347106b83380|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Cynthia Lee Fontaine]]
| Carlos Díaz Hernández
| {{USA}} / {{PUR}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.austinmonthly.com/austin-drag-queen-cynthia-lee-fontaine-on-rupaul-her-famous-catchphrase-and-beating-cancer/|title=Austin Drag Queen Cynthia Lee Fontaine on RuPaul, Her Famous Catchphrase, and Beating Cancer|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2020-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109221054/https://www.austinmonthly.com/austin-drag-queen-cynthia-lee-fontaine-on-rupaul-her-famous-catchphrase-and-beating-cancer/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Dahlia Sin]]
| Erick Anthony
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Dame Edna Everage]]
|[[Barry Humphries]]
| {{AUS}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Crossing the Stage: Controversies on Cross-dressing|first=Lesley|last=Ferris|publisher=Routledge|year=1993|isbn=978-0-415-06269-5|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Danna Galán
| [[David Aruquipa]]
| {{BOL}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Atkinson |first1=David |title=In pictures: Bolivia Gay Pride |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/americas_bolivia_gay_pride/html/1.stm |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Danny La Rue]]
| Daniel Patrick Carroll
| {{IRE}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;changingroom&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Darcelle XV]]
| Walter Willard Cole
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Darienne Lake]]
| Greg Meyer
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Daya Betty]]
| Trenton Clarke
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Deborah Ombres]]
| Javier Díaz
| {{ESP}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=´Caiga quien caiga´ volverá con Manel Fuentes el día 28 |date=19 January 2005 |periodical=[[:es:El Periódico Extremadura]] |url=http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=152182 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726071214/http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=152182 |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[DeJa Skye]]
| Willie Redman
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Delta Work]]
|Gabriel Villarreal
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/news/a17099/adele-delta-work-drag-queen-impersonator/|title=Adele Brought Her Drag Queen Impersonator on Stage With Her|date=2016-08-08|work=Harper's BAZAAR|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415191925/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/news/a17099/adele-delta-work-drag-queen-impersonator/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Denali (drag queen)|Denali Foxx]]
|Cordero Matthew Zuckerman
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Derrick Barry]]
|Derrick Prentice Barry
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Detox Icunt]]
| Matthew Dail Sanderson
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://instinctmagazine.com/post/drag-race-all-star-detox-sues-managers-fraud-unpaid-royalties-according-report|title='Drag Race' All Star Detox Sues Managers For Fraud|date=2017-04-13|work=Instinct|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202536/http://instinctmagazine.com/post/drag-race-all-star-detox-sues-managers-fraud-unpaid-royalties-according-report|archive-date=2018-04-22|url-status=dead|accessdate=2023-10-06|archivedate=2018-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202536/http://instinctmagazine.com/post/drag-race-all-star-detox-sues-managers-fraud-unpaid-royalties-according-report}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Divina de Campo]]
|Owen Richard Farrow
| {{GBR}} / [[England]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=&quot;Divine&quot; biography |periodical=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2019-09-12/divina-de-campo-rupaul-drag-race-uk/=2009-09-12 |access-date=2019-09-15 |archive-date=2022-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143922/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Divine (actor)|Divine]]
| Harris Glenn Milstead
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=&quot;Divine&quot; biography |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/19335/Divine/biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217042034/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/19335/Divine/biography |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-12-17 |department=Movies &amp; TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2007 |access-date=2007-12-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Donna Sachet]]
| Kirk Reeves
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Tall price for lot near future Transbay Terminal |date=22 October 2008 |access-date=2008-10-26 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/10/22/BALM13LSCC.DTL |periodical=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |author1=Robert Selna |author2=Erin Allday |author3=Marisa Lagos |author4=Erin Allday |author5=Audrey Cooper |archive-date=2008-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025145906/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F10%2F22%2FBALM13LSCC.DTL |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Dorian Corey]]
|Frederick Legg
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OeQCAAAAMBAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OeQCAAAAMBAJ/page/n47 50]|quote=drag queen and the mummy.|title=New York Magazine|date=1994-05-02|publisher=New York Media, LLC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Doris Fish]]
| Phillip Clargo Mills
| {{AUS}}
|
|-
|[[DQ (artist)|DQ]]
| Peter Andersen
| {{DEN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Drag acts lead Eurovision parade |first=Michael |last=Osborn |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6568679.stm |date=8 May 2007 |access-date=2008-10-24 |periodical=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=2022-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143920/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6568679.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Dreuxilla Divine]]
|Nelson Roldán
| {{PUR}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=La modelo, al centro, celebró sus 30 años de edad junto a familiares y amigos |date=30 June 2007 |first=Russell |last=Rúa |periodical=Primera Hora |access-date=2008-10-24 |url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculos_asi/maripily_llega_a_los_30_sin_complejos/82070 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010102934/http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculos_asi/maripily_llega_a_los_30_sin_complejos/82070 |archive-date=October 10, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Elecktra Bionic]]
|Mattia di Renzo
| {{ITA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/12/20/news/torino_drag_queen_aggredita_dopo_una_serata_mette_in_fuga_i_due_assalitori-214735192/|title=Torino, drag queen aggredita dopo una serata in un locale mette in fuga i due assalitori|last=Cravero|first=Federica|date=December 20, 2018|website=[[la Repubblica]]|access-date=December 28, 2021|language=it|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308233301/https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/12/20/news/torino_drag_queen_aggredita_dopo_una_serata_mette_in_fuga_i_due_assalitori-214735192/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Ellie Diamond]]
|Elliot Glen
| {{GBR}} / {{SCO}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/01/12/rupauls-drag-race-uks-ellie-diamond-still-works-at-mcdonalds-ahead-of-series-2-debut-13892167|title=RuPaul's Drag Race UK's Ellie Diamond still works at McDonalds ahead of series 2 debut|last=Pearce|first=Tilly|date=January 12, 2021|website=Metro|access-date=June 11, 2021|archive-date=June 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608063706/https://metro.co.uk/2021/01/12/rupauls-drag-race-uks-ellie-diamond-still-works-at-mcdonalds-ahead-of-series-2-debut-13892167/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Elliott with 2 Ts]]
|Elliott Lee Puckett
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Envy Peru]]
| Boris Itzkovich Escobar
| {{PER}} / [[Netherlands]]
| 
|-
|[[Erickatoure Aviance]]
|
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/24/erickatoure-aviance-after_n_5703627.html|title=After Dark: Erickatoure Aviance, Artist And Nightlife Personality|last=Nichols|first=JamesMichael|date=2014-08-24|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2018-04-23|language=en-US|archive-date=2016-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721013858/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/24/erickatoure-aviance-after_n_5703627.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Ethyl Eichelberger]]
| James Roy Eichelberger
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;anthology&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Eureka O'Hara]]
|Eureka D. Huggard
| {{USA}}
|
|-
| Evita Bezuidenhout
|[[Pieter-Dirk Uys]]
| {{SAF}}
|
|-
| Evie Harris
|[[Jack Plotnick]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Jack Plotnick Is More Than &quot;That Guy From Ellen&quot; |url=http://www.afterelton.com/archive/elton/people/2006/8/plotnick.html |first=Drew |last=Mackie |date=28 August 2006 |access-date=2008-02-27 |periodical=[[AfterElton.com]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302115018/http://www.afterelton.com/archive/elton/people/2006/8/plotnick.html |archive-date=2 March 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Farrah Moan]]
| Cameron Clayton
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/what-is-farrah-moan-doing-after-rupauls-drag-race-this-bombshell-is-about-to-go-off-57546|title=Farrah Moan Opens Up About 'RuPaul's Drag Race'|last=Roberts|first=Amy|work=Bustle|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202544/https://www.bustle.com/p/what-is-farrah-moan-doing-after-rupauls-drag-race-this-bombshell-is-about-to-go-off-57546|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Flawless Shade]]
| Tajh Jordan
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nguyen |first1=Nikki |title=Meet Makeup Artist Tajh Jordan From 'Painted With Raven' |url=https://worldofwonder.net/meet-makeup-artist-tajh-jordan-from-painted-with-raven/ |work=The WOW Report |date=30 December 2021 |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230182327/https://worldofwonder.net/meet-makeup-artist-tajh-jordan-from-painted-with-raven/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Foo Foo Lammar]]
|Francis Joseph Pearson
|{{GBR}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2003-11-08 |title=Frank 'Foo Foo' Lammar dies |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/3253391.stm |access-date=2022-06-20 |archive-date=2022-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143920/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/3253391.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Francis Leon]]
| Francis Patrick Glassey
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America |last=Toll |first=Robert C. |year=1974 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Frank Marino
|[[Frank Marino (female impersonator)|Frank Marino]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=His Majesty, the Queen: Frank Marino |first1=Frank |last1=Marino |first2=Steve |last2=Marks |first3=Cathy |last3=Marks |publisher=Frank Marino Enterprises |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-9640903-4-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/hismajestyqueen00mari }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Frankie Jaxon
|[[Frankie Jaxon]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=The Story of the Blues |first=Paul |last=Oliver |publisher=UPNE |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-55553-354-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555533540/page/75 75] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555533540/page/75 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Frau Wäber]]
| Hansy Vogt
| {{GER}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Ein Festival der guten Laune |date=15 April 2008 |access-date=2008-10-25 |url=http://www.bkz-online.de/modules/news/article.php?storyid=355082&amp;storytopic=12 |periodical=BKZ Online |language=de }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Gia Gunn]]
|Gia Ichikawa
| {{USA}} / {{JAP}} 
|
|-
|[[Gia Metric]]
| Giorgio Triberio
| {{CAN}}
|
|-
|[[Gigi Goode]]
|Gigi Goode
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Ginger Minj]]
|Joshua Allan Eads
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Ginny Lemon]]
|Lewis Mandall Croucher
| {{GBR}} / [[England]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/showbiz-tv/were-breaking-binary-baby-worcerster-19608035 |title='We're breaking the binary baby!' Worcester singer Ginny Lemon bids for Drag Race UK crown |date=January 13, 2021 |website=BirminghamLive |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203112119/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/showbiz-tv/were-breaking-binary-baby-worcerster-19608035 |url-status=live |last1=Card |first1=Kirsty }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Glennda Orgasm
|[[Glenn Belverio]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=The Cambridge Guide to Theatre |first=Martin |last=Banham |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-43437-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/363 363] |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/363 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Gloria Groove]]
|Daniel Garcia Felicione Napoleão
| {{BRA}}
|
|-
|[[Gottmik]]
|Kade Gottlieb
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.out.com/drag/2021/1/08/drag-races-gottmik-launches-youtube-channel-spills-little-tea |title=Drag Race's Gottmik Launches YouTube Channel, Spills a Little Tea |last=Street |first=Mikelle |date=January 8, 2021 |website=Out |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228225555/https://www.out.com/drag/2021/1/08/drag-races-gottmik-launches-youtube-channel-spills-little-tea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Grag Queen]]
|Grégory Crescencio da Silva Mohd
| {{BRA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Jill |title=Meet Brazilian 'Queen of the Universe' Finalist Grag Queen |url=https://talentrecap.com/meet-brazilian-queen-of-the-universe-finalist-grag-queen/ |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=Talent Recap |date=29 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Guilda]]
|Jean Guida
| {{FRA}} / {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;[[Richard Burnett]], [https://xtramagazine.com/culture/remembering-guilda-32049 &quot;Remembering Guilda: Trailblazing Montreal drag queen dies at 88&quot;]. ''[[Xtra!]]'', July 26, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Harpy Daniels
|[[Joshua Kelley (sailor)|Joshua Kelley]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|edition=Singapore|title=Who Is Joshua Kelley? US Navy Appointed Drag Queen Who Goes by the Stage Name Harpy Daniels as Its New Digital Ambassador to Boost Recruitment|author=R. Ghosh|date=May 4, 2023|url=https://www.ibtimes.sg/who-joshua-kelly-us-navy-appointed-drag-queen-who-goes-by-stage-name-harpy-daniels-its-new-70077}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Harvey Fierstein
|[[Harvey Fierstein]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title='Hairspray' drag queen to play Mrs. Claus at Macy's parade |first=Mark J. |last=Terrill |periodical=[[USA Today]] |date=27 November 2003 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-11-27-parade-mrs-claus_x.htm |access-date=2008-10-24 |archive-date=2008-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504092221/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-11-27-parade-mrs-claus_x.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Hedda Lettuce]]
| Steven Polito
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Nice Job!: The Guide to Cool, Odd, Risky, and Gruesome Ways to Make a Living |first1=Jake |last1=Brooks |first2=Jamie |last2=Rosen |publisher=Ten Speed Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-58008-033-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781580080330/page/68 68] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781580080330/page/68 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Heidi N Closet]]
| Trevien Anthonie Cheek
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Heklina]]
|Stefan Grygelko
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Old Ain't So Bad |first=Reyhan |last=Harmanci |access-date=2008-10-26 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/05/10/NSG0IP24441.DTL |date=10 May 2007 |periodical=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |archive-date=2007-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525182809/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F05%2F10%2FNSG0IP24441.DTL |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Hinge and Bracket]]
|[[George Logan (performer)|George Logan]] and [[Patrick Fyffe]]
| {{GBR}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;patrick-fyffe-obit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/may/15/guardianobituaries1|title=Obituary: Patrick Fyffe|first=Stephen|last=Dixon|date=14 May 2002|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 March 2022|archive-date=11 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311191403/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/may/15/guardianobituaries1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
|[[Honey Davenport]]
|James Heath-Clark
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;poac&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/life/miss-d-america-to-crown-fiercest-of-them-all-tonight/article_fc5b6ed6-3e87-5d50-a9ae-a47e3780da66.html |title=Miss'd America to crown fiercest of them all tonight |last=Reil |first=Maxwell |date=October 7, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Press of Atlantic City]] |publisher=Mark L. Blum |access-date=January 26, 2019 |archive-date=December 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211153858/https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/life/miss-d-america-to-crown-fiercest-of-them-all-tonight/article_fc5b6ed6-3e87-5d50-a9ae-a47e3780da66.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211153858/https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/life/miss-d-america-to-crown-fiercest-of-them-all-tonight/article_fc5b6ed6-3e87-5d50-a9ae-a47e3780da66.html |archivedate=December 11, 2017 |accessdate=October 6, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Honey Mahogany]]
| Honey Mahogany
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/will-honey-mahogany-become-americas-next-drag-superstar/Content?oid=3441882|title=Will Honey Mahogany Become America's Next Drag Superstar?|last=Ghorayshi|first=Azeen|website=East Bay Express|date=23 January 2013|language=en|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202513/https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/will-honey-mahogany-become-americas-next-drag-superstar/Content?oid=3441882|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Larry Edwards (entertainer)|Hot Chocolate]]
| Larry Edwards
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ifqmag.com/?albdesign_popup_cpt=larry-edwards|title=Larry Edwards|work=ifqmag|access-date=2020-09-13|language=en|archive-date=2022-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143921/http://www.ifqmag.com/?albdesign_popup_cpt=larry-edwards|url-status=live|accessdate=2023-10-06|archivedate=2022-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143921/http://www.ifqmag.com/?albdesign_popup_cpt=larry-edwards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Huysuz Virjin
| [[Seyfi Dursunoğlu]]
| {{TUR}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/magazin/son-dakika-haberler-seyfi-dursunoglu-huysuz-virjin-87-yasinda-hayatini-kaybetti-41567151|title=Son dakika haberler: Seyfi Dursunoğlu (Huysuz Virjin) 87 yaşında hayatını kaybetti|work=[[Hürriyet]]|date=17 July 2020|access-date=17 July 2020|first=İsmail|last=Bayrak|language=Turkish|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717205801/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/magazin/son-dakika-haberler-seyfi-dursunoglu-huysuz-virjin-87-yasinda-hayatini-kaybetti-41567151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ICE is Rain
|[[Massey Whiteknife]]
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/aboriginal-music-awards-host-two-spirited-performer-1.2763666 |title=Aboriginal music awards host two-spirited performer |website=[[CBC News]] |date=September 11, 2014 |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423121107/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/aboriginal-music-awards-host-two-spirited-performer-1.2763666 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Icesis Couture]]
| Steven Granados-Portelance
| {{CAN}}
|
|-
| [[Ilona Verley]]
| Ilona Verley
| {{CAN}}
| 
|-
| [[India Ferrah]]
| Shane Richardson
| {{USA}}
|
|-
| [[Irene Dubois]]
| Ian Hill
| {{USA}}
|
|-
| [[Irma Gerd]]
| Jason Wells
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Wentzell|first=Stephen|url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/canada-s-drag-race-returns-for-season-three-1.5988474|title='Canada's Drag Race' returns for season three|website=[[CTV News|CTV News Atlantic]]|date=July 15, 2022|access-date=July 21, 2022|archive-date=July 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717212656/https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/canada-s-drag-race-returns-for-season-three-1.5988474|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Issan Dorsey
|[[Issan Dorsey]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Gay Religion |first1=Scott |last1=Thumma |first2=Edward R. |last2=Gray |publisher=Rowman Altamira |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7591-0326-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/gayreligion0000unse/page/144 144] |url=https://archive.org/details/gayreligion0000unse/page/144 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Ivy Winters]]
|Dustin Winters
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.creepmagazine.com/ivy-winters-drag-race/|title=Ivy Winters: Drag Race|website=CREEP MAGAZINE|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2014-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003072919/http://www.creepmagazine.com/ivy-winters-drag-race/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jackie Beat]]
| Kent Fuher
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Getting the beat on dirty Jackie |first=Daniel A. |last=Kusner |date=15 February 2007 |access-date=2008-10-24 |periodical=[[Dallas Voice]] |url=http://www.dallasvoice.com/artman/publish/article_4699.php }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jackie Cox (drag queen)|Jackie Cox]]
| Darius Rose
| {{USA}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Lucas |title='Drag Race' stars slam Republican attempts to ban drag queen library events |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/drag-race-stars-slam-republican-attempts-ban-drag-queen-library-n1144396 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |work=NBC News |date=February 27, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928112146/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/drag-race-stars-slam-republican-attempts-ban-drag-queen-library-n1144396 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jade Elektra]]
|Alphonso King Jr.
| {{USA}} / {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-16|title=How This Drag Queen Ignited a Global U=U Conversation|url=https://www.hivplusmag.com/uuu/2019/10/16/how-drag-queen-ignited-global-uu-conversation|access-date=2020-06-21|website=www.hivplusmag.com|language=en|archive-date=2020-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910011105/https://www.hivplusmag.com/uuu/2019/10/16/how-drag-queen-ignited-global-uu-conversation|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Jade Jolie]]
| Joshua Green
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Jaida Essence Hall]]
| Jared Johnson
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Malone |first=Chris |title=Lip Sync Herstory: 5 Things You Didn't Know About Destiny's Child's 'Survivor' |magazine=Billboard |date=2020-06-08 |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/9397866/destinys-child-survivor-lip-sync-herstory |access-date=2020-05-17 |archive-date=2020-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609211244/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/9397866/destinys-child-survivor-lip-sync-herstory |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[James St. James]]
| James Clark
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|date=25 May 2007 |title=A Guide Book for Teenage Freaks |url=http://nyblade.com/2007/5-25/arts/books/ |publisher=[[New York Blade]] |access-date=2008-10-25 |last=Visco |first=Gerry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322083925/http://nyblade.com/2007/5-25/arts/books/ |archive-date=March 22, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Jan Sport]]
| Charles Joseph Mantione
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Jasmine Kennedie]]
| Kyle Koritkowski
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Jasmine Masters]]
|Martell Robinson
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/rupaul-fights-back-after-death-threats-are-sent-drag-race-queen190315/|title=RuPaul fights back after death threats are sent to Drag Race queen|date=2015-03-19|work=Gay Star News|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519075032/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/rupaul-fights-back-after-death-threats-are-sent-drag-race-queen190315/|url-status=live|accessdate=2023-10-06|archivedate=2020-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519075032/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/rupaul-fights-back-after-death-threats-are-sent-drag-race-queen190315/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jax (drag queen)|Jax]]
| Jackson McGoldrick
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Jaymes Mansfield]]
|James Jeffrey Wirth
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Jazzmun]]
| Jazzmun Nichala Crayton
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Queen Jazzmun |first=Leah |last=Melby |periodical=La2Day.Com |date=13 June 2008 |access-date=2008-10-24 |url=http://www.la2day.com/fashion/queen_jazzmun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124022205/http://www.la2day.com/fashion/queen_jazzmun |archive-date=24 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Jean Malin
|[[Gene Malin]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Chauncey |first=George |author-link=George Chauncey |title=[[Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940]] |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |year=1994 |page=[https://archive.org/details/gaynewyork00geor/page/314 314] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jessica Wild]]
| José David Sierra
| {{USA}} / {{PUR}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Jiggly Caliente]]
|Bianca Castro
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/global-filipino/06/23/15/meet-pinoy-plus-size-barbie-new-york-0|title=Meet the Pinoy plus size 'Barbie of New York'|last=Bureau|first=By Steve Angeles, ABS-CBN North America News|work=ABS-CBN News|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301044322/http://news.abs-cbn.com/global-filipino/06/23/15/meet-pinoy-plus-size-barbie-new-york-0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Jim Bailey
|[[Jim Bailey (entertainer)|Jim Bailey]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Brian Fairbanks Is Gay |first=Brian |last=Fairbanks |publisher=Lulu.com |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4116-2053-7 |pages=67–8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jimbo (drag queen)|Jimbo]]
| James Insell
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref name=devlin&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/victoria-s-jimbo-seeks-drag-queen-crown-1.24163502 |title=Victoria's Jimbo seeks drag-queen crown |date=July 2, 2020 |website=times Colonist |access-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015090128/https://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/victoria-s-jimbo-seeks-drag-queen-crown-1.24163502 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jinkx Monsoon]]
| Jerick Roman Lamar Hoffer
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pdxmonthly.com/articles/2013/4/18/interview-jinkx-monsoon-from-rupaul-drag-race-april-2013|title=Q&amp;A: Jinkx Monsoon from 'RuPaul's Drag Race'|work=Portland Monthly|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2019-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411141457/https://www.pdxmonthly.com/articles/2013/4/18/interview-jinkx-monsoon-from-rupaul-drag-race-april-2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Joan Jett Blakk]]
| Terence Alan Smith
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=The Drag Queen who Ran for President |first=Owen |last=Keehnen |periodical=[[glbtq.com]] |access-date=2008-10-24 |year=1992 |url=http://www.glbtq.com/sfeatures/interviewjjblakk.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513073135/http://www.glbtq.com/sfeatures/interviewjjblakk.html |archive-date=2008-05-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Joe Black (drag queen)|Joe Black]]
|Joseph Lewis Black
| {{GBR}} / [[England]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/arts-and-culture/theatre-and-stage/portsmouths-joe-black-life-star-rupauls-drag-race-uk-season-2-big-interview-3095071 |title=Portsmouth's joe Black on life as star of RuPaul's Drag Race UK season 2 |last=Broom |first=Chris |date=January 14, 2021 |website=The News |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608063703/https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/arts-and-culture/theatre-and-stage/portsmouths-joe-black-life-star-rupauls-drag-race-uk-season-2-big-interview-3095071 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Joey Arias]]
|[[Joey Arias]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=The Daring Young Man Off the Flying Trapeze |first=Sarah |last=Kaufman |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 21, 2004 |access-date=2008-10-24 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A50125-2004Oct20.html |archive-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103182708/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A50125-2004Oct20.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Joey Jay (drag queen)|Joey Jay]]
| Joseph John Forrest Jadryev
| {{USA}}
| 
|-
|[[Jorgeous]]
| Jorge Meza
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Joslyn Fox]]
| Patrick Allen Joslyn
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegram.com/entertainmentlife/20190228/from-drag-race-to-airspray-joslyn-fox-keeps-music-spinning|title=From 'Drag Race' to Airspray: Joslyn Fox keeps the music spinning|access-date=2021-03-13|archive-date=2021-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510195100/https://www.telegram.com/entertainmentlife/20190228/from-drag-race-to-airspray-joslyn-fox-keeps-music-spinning|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Juice Boxx]]
| Joseph Primeau
| {{CAN}}
|
|-
|[[Jujubee (drag queen)|Jujubee]]
| Airline Inthyrath
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.out.com/entertainment/popnography/2013/05/06/jujubee-drag-race-airline-inthyrath|title=Catching Up With Jujubee|date=2013-05-06|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2018-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301044303/https://www.out.com/entertainment/popnography/2013/05/06/jujubee-drag-race-airline-inthyrath|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Julian Eltinge]]
| William Julian Dalton
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;changingroom&quot;&gt;{{citation |title=The Changing Room: Sex, Drag and Theatre |first=Laurence |last=Senelick |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-15986-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kahanna Montrese]]
| Tyrone Hardiman
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Kahmora Hall]]
| Paul Tran
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Kameron Michaels]]
|Dane Young
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;tn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/2018/02/23/nashville-contestant-compete-rupauls-drag-race/366085002/ |title=Nashville contestant to compete on 'RuPaul's Drag Race' |last=Thanki |first=Juli |newspaper=[[The Tennessean]] |publisher=Laura Hollingsworth |date=February 23, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2018 |archive-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721144007/https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/2018/02/23/nashville-contestant-compete-rupauls-drag-race/366085002/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kandy Ho]]
| Frank Diaz Jr.
| {{USA}} / {{PUR}}
|
|-
|[[Kandy Muse]]
| Kevin Candelario
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Karen from Finance]]
| Richard Chadwick
| {{AUS}}
| 
|-
|[[Katya Zamolodchikova]]
|Brian Joseph McCook
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://russianchicagomag.com/katya_zamo_eng/|title=His name is Katya|website=RUSSIAN CHICAGO MAGAZINE|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2018-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804045736/https://russianchicagomag.com/katya_zamo_eng/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Kelly
|[[Liam Kyle Sullivan]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=&quot;Uber-fabulous&quot; Liam Kyle Sullivan |first=Padraic |last=Maroney |periodical=EDGE (Boston) |date=29 September 2008 |url=http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=entertainment&amp;sc=celebrities&amp;sc2=features&amp;id=81046 |access-date=2008-10-25 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kelly Mantle]]
| Kelly Leroy Mantle
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/awards/oscars-gender-fluid-actor-kelly-mantle-1201938597/|title=Gender-Fluid Actor Kelly Mantle Makes Oscar History|last=Tapley|first=Kristopher|date=2016-12-10|work=Variety|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429153736/http://variety.com/2016/film/awards/oscars-gender-fluid-actor-kelly-mantle-1201938597/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kendall Gender]]
| Kenneth Wyse
| {{CAN}}
|
|-
|[[Kennedy Davenport]]
|Reuben Asberry Jr.
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shangela-latrice-royale-kasha-davis-raise-the-roof-to-save-kennedy-davenports-home/12/2015/|title=Shangela, Latrice Royale, Kasha Davis Raise The Roof To Save Kennedy Davenport's Home|work=LOGO News|access-date=2018-04-21|archive-date=2018-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405155632/http://www.newnownext.com/shangela-latrice-royale-kasha-davis-raise-the-roof-to-save-kennedy-davenports-home/12/2015/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kerri Colby]]
| Elyse Alessandra Anderson
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Kevin Aviance]]
| Eric Snead
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Drifting Toward Love: Black, Brown, Gay, and Coming of Age on the Streets of New York |first=Kai |last=Wright |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8070-7968-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/driftingtowardlo00wrig/page/85 85] |url=https://archive.org/details/driftingtowardlo00wrig/page/85 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kiara (drag queen)|Kiara]]
| Dimitri Nana-Côté
| {{CAN}}
| 
|-
|[[Kiki and Herb|Kiki DuRane]]
| Justin Vivian Bond
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Drag Kings |first=Amy |last=Linn |date=27 September 1995 |url=http://www.sfweekly.com/1995-09-27/news/drag-kings/1 |access-date=2008-10-24 |periodical=[[San Francisco Weekly]] |archive-date=2011-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610084925/http://www.sfweekly.com/1995-09-27/news/drag-kings/1/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kim Chi (drag queen)|Kim Chi]]
| Sang-Young Shin
| {{KOR}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.asiaone.com/showbiz/drag-queen-kim-chi-hopes-spread-korean-culture-world|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720215439/http://www.asiaone.com/showbiz/drag-queen-kim-chi-hopes-spread-korean-culture-world|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 20, 2017|title=Drag queen Kim Chi hopes to spread Korean culture to world|work=AsiaOne|access-date=2018-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kimora Blac]]
|Von Nguyen
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Kita Mean]]
| Nick Nash
| {{NZ}}
| 
|-
|[[Kornbread Jeté]]
| Demoria Elise Williams
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Kyne (drag queen)|Kyne]]
| Kyne Santos
| {{CAN}} / {{PHL}}
|
|-
|[[Lady Bunny]]
| Jon Ingle
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=The Lady Bunny at the forefront of Wigstock Flamboyant? Certainly, From Head to Heels |last=Wadler |first=Joyce |access-date=2008-10-24 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03EED8153AF930A3575AC0A96F958260 |periodical=[[New York Times]] |date=1999-09-03 |archive-date=2022-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143921/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/03/nyregion/public-lives-flamboyant-certainly-from-head-to-heels.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Lady Camden]]
| Rex Wheeler
| {{USA}} / {{GBR}}
|[[Lady Clover Honey]]
|-
| Kevin Clover Welsh
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Opening for &quot;Bright Lights Queer City&quot; at Leslie Lohman Gay Art Foundation |access-date=2012-01-29 |url=http://artefuse.com/2011/07/opening-for-bright-lights-queer-city-at-leslie-lohman-gay-art-foundation/ |date=14 July 2010 |periodical=Arte Fuse |archive-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821005441/http://artefuse.com/2011/07/opening-for-bright-lights-queer-city-at-leslie-lohman-gay-art-foundation/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Laganja Estranja]]
| Jay Evan Jackson
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/television/2014/04/11/last-words-rupauls-drag-races-laganja-estranja|title=Last Words With RuPaul's Drag Race's Laganja Estranja|date=2014-04-11|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2017-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113650/https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/television/2014/04/11/last-words-rupauls-drag-races-laganja-estranja|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Laila McQueen]]
| Tyler Devlin
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[LaLa Ri]]
| LaRico Demetrius Potts
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Latrice Royale]]
| Timothy K. Wilcots
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-01-28/entertainment/fl-features-rupaul-drag-race-locals-012912-20120128_1_rupaul-prize-money-gay-audience|title=Two local female impersonators compete on|work=tribunedigital-sunsentinel|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202127/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-01-28/entertainment/fl-features-rupaul-drag-race-locals-012912-20120128_1_rupaul-prize-money-gay-audience|url-status=dead|accessdate=2023-10-06|archivedate=2018-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202127/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-01-28/entertainment/fl-features-rupaul-drag-race-locals-012912-20120128_1_rupaul-prize-money-gay-audience}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Lawrence Chaney]]
|Lawrence Maidment
| {{GBR}} / {{SCO}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/01/21/who-is-lawrence-chaney-from-rupauls-drag-race-uk-series-2-13944860 |title=Who is Lawrence Chaney, the Glasgow queen on RuPaul's Drag Race UK series 2 |last=Kelly |first=Emma |date=January 21, 2021 |website=Metro |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=March 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320195406/https://metro.co.uk/2021/01/21/who-is-lawrence-chaney-from-rupauls-drag-race-uk-series-2-13944860/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Lemon (drag queen)|Lemon]]
| Christopher Elliott Baptista
| {{CAN}} / {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Lia Clark]]
|Rhael Lima de Oliveira
| {{BRA}}
|
|-
| Lily Savage
|[[Paul O'Grady]]
| {{GBR}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;changingroom&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Loosey LaDuca]]
| Timothy P. Rinaldi
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[House of LeMay|Lucy Belle LeMay]]
| Johnnie McLaughlin
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Resmer&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Luxx Noir London]]
|
| {{USA}}
|
|-
| Lypsinka
|[[John Epperson]]
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Maddy Morphosis]]
| Daniel Truitt
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Madea]]
|[[Tyler Perry]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Black Comedians on Black Comedy: How African-Americans Taught Us to Laugh |first=Darryl |last=Littleton |publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55783-680-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/blackcomedianson00litt/page/300 300] |url=https://archive.org/details/blackcomedianson00litt/page/300 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mado Lamotte]]
| Luc Provost
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Six divas dans une villa |first=Sébastien |last=Diaz |date=14 September 2005 |periodical=[[Canadian Online Explorer|canoe.ca]] |url=http://www2.canoe.com/divertissement/tele-medias/entrevues/2005/09/13/1749709-ca.html |access-date=2008-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709005835/http://www.canoe.com/divertissement/tele-medias/entrevues/2005/09/13/1749709-ca.html |archive-date=9 July 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Maebe A. Girl]]
| G. Pudio
| {{USA}}
|
|-
| [[Maisie Trollette]]
| David Raven
| {{GBR}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-sussex-45063228/ |title=Brighton Pride veteran Maisie Trollette, 84, set for parade |website=[[BBC]] |date=August 3, 2018 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513172514/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-sussex-45063228 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Maj Gadd
|[[After Dark (drag act)|Roger Jönsson]]
| {{SWE}}
|&lt;ref&gt;[[Christer Lindarw]] &amp; Christina Kellberg in ''This Is My Life'' {{ISBN|978-91-7424-533-2}} pp. 75-76&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Manila Luzon]]
| Karl Philip Michael Westerberg
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/brad-hammer/15-questions-manila-luzon_b_8131266.html|title=15 Questions: Manila Luzon|last=Hammer|first=Brad|date=2015-09-14|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2017-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702153643/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brad-hammer/15-questions-manila-luzon_b_8131266.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Marcia Marcia Marcia]]
| Marty Lauter
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Margo Howard-Howard]]
| Robert Hesse
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=I Was a White Slave in Harlem |first1=Margo |last1=Howard-Howard |first2=Abbe |last2=Michaels |publisher=[[Four Walls Eight Windows]] |location=New York |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-941423-68-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mariah Paris Balenciaga]]
|Elijah Kelly
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Mario Montez]]
| René Rivera
| {{PUR}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Stevenson|first1=Verity|title=Mario Montez, a Warhol Glamour Avatar, Dies at 78|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/arts/mario-montez-a-warhol-glamour-avatar-dies-at-78.html|access-date=17 March 2018|work=[[New York Times]]|date=3 October 2013|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109175404/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/arts/mario-montez-a-warhol-glamour-avatar-dies-at-78.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[House of LeMay|Marguarite LeMay]]
| Michael Hayes
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Resmer&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Marsha P. Johnson]]
| Malcolm Michaels
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Between the Sheets, in the Streets: Queer, Lesbian, and Gay Documentary |first1=Chris |last1=Holmlund |first2=Cynthia |last2=Fuchs |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8166-2774-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816627752/page/220 220] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816627752/page/220 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Mary Dale
|[[Charles Busch]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;anthology&quot;&gt;{{citation |chapter=Wigs, Laughter, and Subversion |title=The Drag Queen Anthology: The Absolutely Fabulous But Flawlessly Customary World of Female Impersonators |first=Richard |last=Niles |publisher=Haworth Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-56023-285-8 |pages=35–9 |editor-first=Lisa |editor-last=Underwood }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|-
| May McFettridge
|[[John Linehan (entertainer)|John Linehan]]
| {{GBR}}
|
|-
|[[Maya the Drag Queen]]
|Alex Mathew
| {{IND}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/maya-indian-drag-queen-alex-mathew-inspire-educate|title=How Maya the Drag Queen is using Drag to Educate and Empower Indian Audiences|last=Siganporia|first=Shahnaz|date=September 19, 2019|website=Vogue India|access-date=May 17, 2021|archive-date=May 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515022222/https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/maya-indian-drag-queen-alex-mathew-inspire-educate|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mayhem Miller (drag queen)|Mayhem Miller]]
|Dequan Armand Johnson
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|Michele Bruno
|[[Michele Bruno]]
| {{SAF}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gevisser|first=Mark|date=2016-05-19|title=Gay rights pioneer who blazed a trail in Jozi leaves SA richer|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-19-gay-rights-pioneer-who-blazed-a-trail-in-jozi-leaves-sa-richer/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA|archive-date=2017-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222012234/http://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-19-gay-rights-pioneer-who-blazed-a-trail-in-jozi-leaves-sa-richer|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Michelle DuBarry]]
|Russell Alldread
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Stevenson|first1=Verity|title=Toronto's oldest drag queen takes world record|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/11/29/torontos-oldest-drag-queen-takes-world-record.html|access-date=18 December 2015|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=29 November 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114447/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/11/29/torontos-oldest-drag-queen-takes-world-record.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Michelle Ross (drag queen)|Michelle Ross]]
|Earl Barrington Shaw
| {{CAN}} / {{JAM}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/drag-queen-michelle-ross-death-tributes-social-media-1.5969148 |title=A Toronto drag queen who 'wowed audiences' has died and people are paying tribute |website=[[CBC News]] |date=March 29, 2021 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-date=April 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407195412/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/drag-queen-michelle-ross-death-tributes-social-media-1.5969148 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Milk (drag queen)|Milk]]
|Daniel P. Donigan
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newnownext.com/milk-madonna-mdna-skincare/11/2017/|title=Milk Is The New Face Of Madonna's MDNA Skincare Line|work=LOGO News|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2018-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423025920/http://www.newnownext.com/milk-madonna-mdna-skincare/11/2017/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mimi Imfurst]]
| Braden Stewart Chapman
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/38588341/rupauls-drag-race-star-mimi-imfurst-makes-history-in-cuba|title=RuPaul's Drag Race star Mimi Imfurst makes history in Cuba - BBC Newsbeat|date=2017-11-01|website=BBC Newsbeat|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2018-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819201851/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/38588341/rupauls-drag-race-star-mimi-imfurst-makes-history-in-cuba|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Miss Coco Peru]]
| Clinton Leupp
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Huffington 2013-05&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/nicholas-snow/miss-coco-peru-reflects-o_b_3202364.html |title=Miss Coco Peru Reflects on Her Recent Conversation With Jane Fonda |first=Nicholas |last=Snow |date=May 3, 2013 |access-date=December 24, 2013 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-date=December 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224121653/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nicholas-snow/miss-coco-peru-reflects-o_b_3202364.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Miss Fame]]
| Kurtis Frank Dam-Mikkelsen
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.refinery29.com/2015/03/84609/miss-fame-drag-race-youtube-tutorials|title=This RuPaul's Drag Race Contestant Is Also A YouTube Makeup STAR|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2018-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621115835/https://www.refinery29.com/2015/03/84609/miss-fame-drag-race-youtube-tutorials|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Miss J
|[[J. Alexander (model)|J. Alexander]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Girlfriend: Men, Women, and Drag |first1=Holly |last1=Brubach |first2=Michael James |last2=O'Brien |publisher=Random House |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-679-41443-8 |page=74 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Miss Opal Foxx
|[[Benjamin Smoke]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Benjamin Smoke |first=David |last=Noh |access-date=2008-10-26 |url=http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/reviews/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000697246 |periodical=[[Film Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232258/http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/reviews/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000697246 |archive-date=2007-09-26 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Miss Shangay Lily]]
| Enrique Hinojosa Vázquez
| {{ESP}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Gays y lesbianas en reality shows |periodical=Corrientes Noticias |date=29 May 2006 |language=es |url=http://www.corrientesnoticias.com.ar/interior.php?nid=43010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070511083932/http://www.corrientesnoticias.com.ar/interior.php?nid=43010 |archive-date=11 May 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mistress Isabelle Brooks]]
| Israel
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Miz Cracker]]
|Maxwell Elias Heller
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Mrs. Kasha Davis]]
|Edward Paul Popil Jr.
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|Mrs. Shufflewick
|[[Rex Jameson]]
| {{GBR}}
|
|-
|[[Mona de Grenoble]]
|Alexandre Aussant
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;Bruno Lapointe, [https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2023/08/04/drag-queens-du-quebec--jai-toujours-fait-ce-que-javais-envie-de-faire--dit-mona-de-grenoble &quot;Drag-queens du Québec: «J’ai toujours fait ce que j’avais envie de faire», dit Mona de Grenoble&quot;]. ''[[Le Journal de Montréal]]'', August 4, 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Monét X Change]]
|Kevin Akeem Bertin
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Monica Beverly Hillz]]
| Monica DeJesus-Anaya
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/05/monica-beverly-hillz-transgender_n_2617975.html|title=Monica Beverly Hillz, 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Contestant, Discusses Coming Out As Transgender|last=Michelson|first=Noah|date=2013-02-05|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202085311/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/05/monica-beverly-hillz-transgender_n_2617975.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mo Heart]]
|Kevin Leandrew Richardson
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Morgan McMichaels]]
| Thomas White
| {{USA}} / {{SCO}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.advocate.com/television/2016/5/05/morgan-mcmichaels-life-drag|title=For Morgan McMichaels, Life Is a Drag|date=2016-05-05|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202127/https://www.advocate.com/television/2016/5/05/morgan-mcmichaels-life-drag|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mrs Brown (character)|Mrs Brown]]
|[[Brendan O'Carroll]]
| {{IRE}}
| 
|-
|[[Naomi Smalls]]
|Davis M. Heppenstall
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Naysha Lopez]]
| Fabian Rodriguez
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Nina Bo'nina Brown|Nina Bo'Nina Brown]]
|Pierre Leverne Dease
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Nicky Doll]]
|Karl Sanchez
| {{FRA}} / {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Nina Flowers]]
| Jorge Luis Flores Sanchez
| {{USA}} / {{PUR}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Nina West]]
|Andrew Robert Levitt
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Olivia Lux]]
| Fred Carlton
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Ongina]]
|Ryan Ong Palao
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/rupauls-drag-race-star-ongina-talks-all-things-drag_us_596507bce4b0911162fc2f24|title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Star Ongina Talks All Things Drag|last=Qween|first=Hey|date=2017-07-12|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2017-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129052943/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/rupauls-drag-race-star-ongina-talks-all-things-drag_us_596507bce4b0911162fc2f24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Orion Story]]
| Chance Lambert
| {{USA}}
| 
|-
|[[Pabllo Vittar]]
| Phabullo Rodrigues da Silva
| {{BRA}}
|
|-
|[[Pandora Boxx]]
| Michael R. Steck
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://boston.edgemedianetwork.com/entertainment/television///110117/catching_up_with_pandora_boxx|title=Catching up with Pandora Boxx|website=EDGE Media Network|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-22}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Panti]]
| Rory O'Neill
| {{IRE}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;ireland&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[París Galán]]
| Carlos Felipe Parra Heredia
| {{BOL}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bravo Ramos |first=Andrea |date=2019-05-22 |title=París Galán: 'Soy una drag queen boliviana' |language=es |work=Agencia de Noticias de Ciencias de la Comunicación |publication-place=Buenos Aires |url=https://anccom.sociales.uba.ar/2019/05/22/soy-una-drag-queen-boliviana/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626202717/https://anccom.sociales.uba.ar/2019/05/22/soy-una-drag-queen-boliviana/ |archive-date=2019-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Patruni Sastry]]
|Patruni Chidananda Sastry
| {{IND}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ramadurai|first=Charukesi|date=2021-06-25|title='Drag is political': the pioneering Indian event uniting art and activism|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/25/drag-is-political-the-pioneering-indian-event-uniting-art-and-activism|access-date=2021-08-03|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730115725/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/25/drag-is-political-the-pioneering-indian-event-uniting-art-and-activism|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Patsy Vidalia]]
| Irving Ale
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://queermusicheritage.com/drag-vidalia.html |title=Patsy Vidalia |website=QueerMusicalHeritage.com |access-date=June 11, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pauline Pantsdown]]
| Simon Hunt
| {{AUS}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Dissent Events: Protest, the Media, and the Political Gimmick in Australia |first=Sean |last=Scalmer |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-86840-651-0 |page=169 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Peaches Christ]]
| Joshua Grannell
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=A decade of drag |first=Reyhan |last=Harmanci |date=12 July 2007 |periodical=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |access-date=2008-10-24 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/07/12/NSGGUQUC3T1.DTL |archive-date=2007-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809234023/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F07%2F12%2FNSGGUQUC3T1.DTL |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pearl (drag queen)|Pearl Liaison]]
| Matthew James Lent
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/26316/1/pearl-venus-as-a-boy|title=Pearl is the face of drag's future|last=Dazed|date=2015-09-17|work=Dazed|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2015-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919231946/http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/26316/1/pearl-venus-as-a-boy|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Peppermint (drag queen)|Peppermint]]
| 
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-exclusive-clip-peppermint-bullying/|title=How a Violent Attack Unexpectedly Helped Transgender RuPaul's Drag Race Queen Peppermint Realize 'I Was Loved'|work=PEOPLE.com|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2017-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402175302/http://people.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-exclusive-clip-peppermint-bullying/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Phi Phi O'Hara]]
|Jaremi Carey
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.queerty.com/photos-phi-phi-ohara-successfully-completed-365daysofdrag-project-20170102|title=PHOTOS: Phi Phi O'Hara successfully completed her #365DaysOfDrag project|last=Winfred|first=Tim|date=2017-01-02|access-date=2018-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pollo Del Mar]]
| Paul E. Pratt
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.sfbg.com/blogs/gsf/2008/02/pollo_del_mar_explains_it_all.html |title=Pollo Del Mar explains it all for you |last=Juul |first=Justin |date=13 February 2008 |periodical=[[San Francisco Bay Guardian]] |access-date=2008-07-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404220209/http://www.sfbg.com/blogs/gsf/2008/02/pollo_del_mar_explains_it_all.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date = 2008-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pollyfilla]]
| Colin McLean
| {{NZ}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Stuart |first=Jaimee |date=24 April 2006 |url=http://www.salient.org.nz/arts/theatre/the-life-and-times-of-the-divine-miss-p |title=The Life and Times of the Divine Miss P (review) |periodical=Salient |publisher=Victoria University |location=Wellington, NZ |access-date=2008-10-25 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000201/http://www.salient.org.nz/arts/theatre/the-life-and-times-of-the-divine-miss-p |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Priyanka (drag queen)|Priyanka]]
| Mark Suknanan
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Suzanne |last=Lapointe |url=https://www.theloop.ca/canadas-drag-race-makes-herstory-with-its-first-ever-queen-of-the-north/ |title='Canada's Drag Race' makes herstory with its first ever Queen of the North |publisher=[[eTalk]] |date=September 3, 2020 |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910195200/https://www.etalk.ca/tv/2020/09/03/canadas-drag-race-makes-herstory-with-its-first-ever-queen-of-the-north.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pura Luka Vega]]
|Amadeus Fernando Pagente
|{{PHI}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1208814 |title=Pura Luka Vega also unwelcome in Oriental Mindoro |last=Tividad |first=Maria |website=pna.gov.ph |publisher=Philippine News Agency |access-date=October 1, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pussy Tourette]]
|Mark Cliser
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Images in the Dark: An Encyclopedia of Gay and Lesbian Film and Video |first=Raymond |last=Murray |publisher=Plume |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-452-27627-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/imagesindarkency00murr_0/page/431 431] |url=https://archive.org/details/imagesindarkency00murr_0/page/431 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pythia (drag queen)|Pythia]]
| Christos Darlasis
| {{CAN}} / {{GRE}}
|
|-
|[[The Kinsey Sicks|Rachel]]
| Ben Schatz
| {{USA}}
| 
|-
|[[Rae Bourbon]]
| Hallie Board Waddell
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Don't Call Me Madam - the life and work of Ray Bourbon |first=Randy A. |last=Riddle |year=2005 |access-date=2013-05-30 |url=http://www.coolcatdaddy.com/bourbon.html |archive-date=2013-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429233312/http://www.coolcatdaddy.com/bourbon.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
jsp?vnu_content_id=1000697246 |periodical=[[Film Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232258/http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/reviews/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000697246 |archive-date=2007-09-26 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Miss Shangay Lily]]
| Enrique Hinojosa Vázquez
| {{ESP}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Gays y lesbianas en reality shows |periodical=Corrientes Noticias |date=29 May 2006 |language=es |url=http://www.corrientesnoticias.com.ar/interior.php?nid=43010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070511083932/http://www.corrientesnoticias.com.ar/interior.php?nid=43010 |archive-date=11 May 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mistress Isabelle Brooks]]
| Israel
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Miz Cracker]]
|Maxwell Elias Heller
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Mrs. Kasha Davis]]
|Edward Paul Popil Jr.
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|Mrs. Shufflewick
|[[Rex Jameson]]
| {{GBR}}
|
|-
|[[Mona de Grenoble]]
|Alexandre Aussant
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;Bruno Lapointe, [https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2023/08/04/drag-queens-du-quebec--jai-toujours-fait-ce-que-javais-envie-de-faire--dit-mona-de-grenoble &quot;Drag-queens du Québec: «J’ai toujours fait ce que j’avais envie de faire», dit Mona de Grenoble&quot;]. ''[[Le Journal de Montréal]]'', August 4, 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Monét X Change]]
|Kevin Akeem Bertin
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Monica Beverly Hillz]]
| Monica DeJesus-Anaya
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/05/monica-beverly-hillz-transgender_n_2617975.html|title=Monica Beverly Hillz, 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Contestant, Discusses Coming Out As Transgender|last=Michelson|first=Noah|date=2013-02-05|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202085311/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/05/monica-beverly-hillz-transgender_n_2617975.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mo Heart]]
|Kevin Leandrew Richardson
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Morgan McMichaels]]
| Thomas White
| {{USA}} / {{SCO}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.advocate.com/television/2016/5/05/morgan-mcmichaels-life-drag|title=For Morgan McMichaels, Life Is a Drag|date=2016-05-05|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202127/https://www.advocate.com/television/2016/5/05/morgan-mcmichaels-life-drag|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mrs Brown (character)|Mrs Brown]]
|[[Brendan O'Carroll]]
| {{IRE}}
| 
|-
|[[Naomi Smalls]]
|Davis M. Heppenstall
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Naysha Lopez]]
| Fabian Rodriguez
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Nina Bo'nina Brown|Nina Bo'Nina Brown]]
|Pierre Leverne Dease
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Nicky Doll]]
|Karl Sanchez
| {{FRA}} / {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Nina Flowers]]
| Jorge Luis Flores Sanchez
| {{USA}} / {{PUR}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Nina West]]
|Andrew Robert Levitt
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Olivia Lux]]
| Fred Carlton
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Ongina]]
|Ryan Ong Palao
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/rupauls-drag-race-star-ongina-talks-all-things-drag_us_596507bce4b0911162fc2f24|title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Star Ongina Talks All Things Drag|last=Qween|first=Hey|date=2017-07-12|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2017-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129052943/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/rupauls-drag-race-star-ongina-talks-all-things-drag_us_596507bce4b0911162fc2f24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Orion Story]]
| Chance Lambert
| {{USA}}
| 
|-
|[[Pabllo Vittar]]
| Phabullo Rodrigues da Silva
| {{BRA}}
|
|-
|[[Pandora Boxx]]
| Michael R. Steck
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://boston.edgemedianetwork.com/entertainment/television///110117/catching_up_with_pandora_boxx|title=Catching up with Pandora Boxx|website=EDGE Media Network|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-22}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Panti]]
| Rory O'Neill
| {{IRE}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;ireland&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[París Galán]]
| Carlos Felipe Parra Heredia
| {{BOL}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bravo Ramos |first=Andrea |date=2019-05-22 |title=París Galán: 'Soy una drag queen boliviana' |language=es |work=Agencia de Noticias de Ciencias de la Comunicación |publication-place=Buenos Aires |url=https://anccom.sociales.uba.ar/2019/05/22/soy-una-drag-queen-boliviana/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626202717/https://anccom.sociales.uba.ar/2019/05/22/soy-una-drag-queen-boliviana/ |archive-date=2019-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Patruni Sastry]]
|Patruni Chidananda Sastry
| {{IND}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ramadurai|first=Charukesi|date=2021-06-25|title='Drag is political': the pioneering Indian event uniting art and activism|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/25/drag-is-political-the-pioneering-indian-event-uniting-art-and-activism|access-date=2021-08-03|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730115725/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/25/drag-is-political-the-pioneering-indian-event-uniting-art-and-activism|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Patsy Vidalia]]
| Irving Ale
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://queermusicheritage.com/drag-vidalia.html |title=Patsy Vidalia |website=QueerMusicalHeritage.com |access-date=June 11, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pauline Pantsdown]]
| Simon Hunt
| {{AUS}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Dissent Events: Protest, the Media, and the Political Gimmick in Australia |first=Sean |last=Scalmer |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-86840-651-0 |page=169 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Peaches Christ]]
| Joshua Grannell
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=A decade of drag |first=Reyhan |last=Harmanci |date=12 July 2007 |periodical=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |access-date=2008-10-24 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/07/12/NSGGUQUC3T1.DTL |archive-date=2007-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809234023/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F07%2F12%2FNSGGUQUC3T1.DTL |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pearl (drag queen)|Pearl Liaison]]
| Matthew James Lent
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/26316/1/pearl-venus-as-a-boy|title=Pearl is the face of drag's future|last=Dazed|date=2015-09-17|work=Dazed|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2015-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919231946/http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/26316/1/pearl-venus-as-a-boy|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Peppermint (drag queen)|Peppermint]]
| 
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-exclusive-clip-peppermint-bullying/|title=How a Violent Attack Unexpectedly Helped Transgender RuPaul's Drag Race Queen Peppermint Realize 'I Was Loved'|work=PEOPLE.com|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2017-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402175302/http://people.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-exclusive-clip-peppermint-bullying/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Phi Phi O'Hara]]
|Jaremi Carey
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.queerty.com/photos-phi-phi-ohara-successfully-completed-365daysofdrag-project-20170102|title=PHOTOS: Phi Phi O'Hara successfully completed her #365DaysOfDrag project|last=Winfred|first=Tim|date=2017-01-02|access-date=2018-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pollo Del Mar]]
| Paul E. Pratt
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.sfbg.com/blogs/gsf/2008/02/pollo_del_mar_explains_it_all.html |title=Pollo Del Mar explains it all for you |last=Juul |first=Justin |date=13 February 2008 |periodical=[[San Francisco Bay Guardian]] |access-date=2008-07-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404220209/http://www.sfbg.com/blogs/gsf/2008/02/pollo_del_mar_explains_it_all.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date = 2008-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pollyfilla]]
| Colin McLean
| {{NZ}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Stuart |first=Jaimee |date=24 April 2006 |url=http://www.salient.org.nz/arts/theatre/the-life-and-times-of-the-divine-miss-p |title=The Life and Times of the Divine Miss P (review) |periodical=Salient |publisher=Victoria University |location=Wellington, NZ |access-date=2008-10-25 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000201/http://www.salient.org.nz/arts/theatre/the-life-and-times-of-the-divine-miss-p |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Priyanka (drag queen)|Priyanka]]
| Mark Suknanan
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Suzanne |last=Lapointe |url=https://www.theloop.ca/canadas-drag-race-makes-herstory-with-its-first-ever-queen-of-the-north/ |title='Canada's Drag Race' makes herstory with its first ever Queen of the North |publisher=[[eTalk]] |date=September 3, 2020 |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910195200/https://www.etalk.ca/tv/2020/09/03/canadas-drag-race-makes-herstory-with-its-first-ever-queen-of-the-north.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pura Luka Vega]]
|Amadeus Fernando Pagente
|{{PHI}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1208814 |title=Pura Luka Vega also unwelcome in Oriental Mindoro |last=Tividad |first=Maria |website=pna.gov.ph |publisher=Philippine News Agency |access-date=October 1, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pussy Tourette]]
|Mark Cliser
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Images in the Dark: An Encyclopedia of Gay and Lesbian Film and Video |first=Raymond |last=Murray |publisher=Plume |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-452-27627-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/imagesindarkency00murr_0/page/431 431] |url=https://archive.org/details/imagesindarkency00murr_0/page/431 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Pythia (drag queen)|Pythia]]
| Christos Darlasis
| {{CAN}} / {{GRE}}
|
|-
|[[The Kinsey Sicks|Rachel]]
| Ben Schatz
| {{USA}}
| 
|-
|[[Rae Bourbon]]
| Hallie Board Waddell
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Don't Call Me Madam - the life and work of Ray Bourbon |first=Randy A. |last=Riddle |year=2005 |access-date=2013-05-30 |url=http://www.coolcatdaddy.com/bourbon.html |archive-date=2013-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429233312/http://www.coolcatdaddy.com/bourbon.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Raja Gemini]]
| Sutan Ibrahim Karim Amrullah
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://alivemag.com/interview-drag-queen-raja-talks-about-his-start-in-drag-coming-out-to-his-family-and-his-favorite-beauty-tip/|title=Interview: Drag Queen Raja Talks About His Start In Drag, Coming Out To His Family and His Favorite Beauty Tip|work=Alive|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801012924/http://alivemag.com/interview-drag-queen-raja-talks-about-his-start-in-drag-coming-out-to-his-family-and-his-favorite-beauty-tip/|archive-date=2018-08-01|url-status=dead|accessdate=2023-10-06|archivedate=2018-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801012924/http://alivemag.com/interview-drag-queen-raja-talks-about-his-start-in-drag-coming-out-to-his-family-and-his-favorite-beauty-tip/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Ra'Jah O'Hara]]
| Benni Roy Miller
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Sushant Divgikar|Rani Ko-HE-Nur]]
|Sushant Divgikar
| {{IND}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Khatib|first=Hasina|title=7 personalities who are helping us evolve our conversations around gender identities|date=January 5, 2021|url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/personalities-who-are-helping-us-evolve-our-conversations-around-gender-identities|work=Vogue India|language=en|access-date=December 30, 2021|archive-date=December 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230135159/https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/personalities-who-are-helping-us-evolve-our-conversations-around-gender-identities|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Raven (drag queen)|Raven]]
| David Petruschin
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Madison III|first=Ira|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2883778/delete-your-account-rupauls-shade-queens-and-the-real-petty-housewives/|title=Delete Your Account: RuPaul's Shade Queens And The Real Petty Housewives|work=MTV News|date=May 20, 2016|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422004609/http://www.mtv.com/news/2883778/delete-your-account-rupauls-shade-queens-and-the-real-petty-housewives/|url-status=live|accessdate=2023-10-06|archivedate=2018-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422004609/http://www.mtv.com/news/2883778/delete-your-account-rupauls-shade-queens-and-the-real-petty-housewives/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Regina Fong
|[[Reg Bundy]]
| {{GBR}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Damn Fine Art by New Lesbian Artists: By New Lesbian Artists|url=https://archive.org/details/damnfineartbynew0000smyt_x1b2|first=Cherry|last=Smyth|publisher=Cassell|year=1996|isbn=978-0-304-33364-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/damnfineartbynew0000smyt_x1b2/page/48 48]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Regina Gently
|[[Gentleman Reg|Reg Vermue]]
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Benson |first1=Denise |title=Gentleman Reg gets Fired up |url=http://www.thegridto.com/culture/music/gentleman-reg-gets-fired-up/ |work=[[The Grid (newspaper)|The Grid]] |date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518201253/http://www.thegridto.com/culture/music/gentleman-reg-gets-fired-up/ |archive-date=18 May 2012 |accessdate=6 October 2023 |archivedate=18 May 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518201253/http://www.thegridto.com/culture/music/gentleman-reg-gets-fired-up/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Rhea Litré]]
|Joshua Miller
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newnownext.com/drag-race-queens-walk-l-a-fashion-week-runway-for-marco-marco/10/2013 |title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Queens Walk L.A. Fashion Week Runway For Farco Marco |last=Avery |first=Dan |date=October 18, 2013 |website=New Now Next |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608070903/http://www.newnownext.com/drag-race-queens-walk-l-a-fashion-week-runway-for-marco-marco/10/2013/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Rickard Engfors
|[[Rickard Engfors]]
|{{SWE}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Swede Charity |first=Jason |last=Lamphier |periodical=[[Out.com]] |url=http://out.com/detail.asp?id=23557 |access-date=2008-10-24 |archive-date=2008-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614044905/http://www.out.com/detail.asp?id=23557 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Rita Baga]]
| Jean-François Guèvremont
|{{CAN}}
| &lt;ref name=dumas&gt;{{cite news |first=Hugo |last=Dumas |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/television/2020-08-19/la-future-reine-quebecoise-du-nord.php |title=La future reine québécoise du Nord? |website=[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]] |date=August 19, 2020 |language=French |access-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624041112/https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/television/2020-08-19/la-future-reine-quebecoise-du-nord.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Robbie Turner (drag queen)|Robbie Turner]]
|Jeremy Baird
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Robin Fierce]]
| Rashawn Lee Jr.
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Rock M. Sakura]]
| Bryan Steven Bradford
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Rosé (drag queen)|Rosé]]
| Ross Matthew McCorkell
| {{USA}} / {{SCO}}
|-
|[[Roxxxy Andrews]]
| Michael W. Feliciano
|{{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ambiente.us/050013RoxxxyAndrews.html|title=AMBIENTE MAGAZINE {{!}} REVISTA {{!}} LGBT {{!}} LATINO {{!}} HISPANIC|website=www.ambiente.us|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2021-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114224601/http://www.ambiente.us/050013RoxxxyAndrews.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[RuPaul]]
| RuPaul Andre Charles
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last=Gianoulis |first=Tina |title=RuPaul (RuPaul Andre Charles) |periodical=[[glbtq.com]] |year=2002 |access-date=2008-10-25 |url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/rupaul.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304185159/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/rupaul.html |archive-date=2009-03-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Russella]]
| Russell David
| {{GBR}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| first = Emma| last = Bartholomew| title = Flip Side of Drag Star| url = http://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk/launch.aspx?referral=other&amp;pnum=16&amp;refresh=9n1PF2x0e18Z&amp;EID=a142bbd3-ea57-4d9b-8fcb-0f0a26183697&amp;skip=&amp;p=16| work = Hackney Gazette| date = January 19, 2012| access-date = July 23, 2014| archive-date = July 28, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140728032821/http://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk/launch.aspx?referral=other&amp;pnum=16&amp;refresh=9n1PF2x0e18Z&amp;EID=a142bbd3-ea57-4d9b-8fcb-0f0a26183697&amp;skip=&amp;p=16| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Rusty Ryan (actor)|Rusty Ryan]]
| Robert Brian Timbrell
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;xtra&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dailyxtra.com/toronto/rusty-ryan |title=Rusty Ryan |last=East |first=Penny |website=[[Xtra!]] |date=August 20, 2003 |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221141727/http://dailyxtra.com/toronto/rusty-ryan |archive-date=February 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sahara Davenport]]
| Antoine Ashley
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/news/rupauls-drag-race-star-sahara-davenport-dies-141147899.html|title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Star Sahara Davenport Dies|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117012514/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/news/rupauls-drag-race-star-sahara-davenport-dies-141147899.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Salina EsTitties]]
| Jason De Puy
| {{USA}}
|
|-
| Samantha
|[[Sammy Duddy]]
| {{IRE}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Sammy Duddy |periodical=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2008-10-25 |date=22 October 2007 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/oct/22/guardianobituaries.northernireland |first=Anne |last=McHardy |location=London |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112115333/http://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/oct/22/guardianobituaries.northernireland |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sasha Belle]]
| Jared Breakenridge
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Sasha Colby]]
| Sasha Kekauoha
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Sasha Velour]]
| Alexander Hedges Steinberg
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Doyle-Burr|first1=Nora|title=The Upper Valley Has Launched a Drag Star|url=http://www.vnews.com/Drag-Queen-with-Upper-Valley-Connections-Appears-on-RuPaul-s-Drag-Race-9019057|access-date=18 September 2017|work=Valley News|date=7 April 2017|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110555/http://www.vnews.com/Drag-Queen-with-Upper-Valley-Connections-Appears-on-RuPaul-s-Drag-Race-9019057|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Scarlet Envy]]
| Jacob James Grady
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Montero |first=Roytel |title=Meet The Amazing Queens Competing On Season 11 Of RuPaul's Drag Race |work=Forbes |date=2019-01-25 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/roytelmontero/2019/01/25/meet-the-amazing-queens-competing-on-season-11-of-rupauls-drag-race/#4ed34d1c5be5 |access-date=2020-06-18 |archive-date=2020-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618162135/https://www.forbes.com/sites/roytelmontero/2019/01/25/meet-the-amazing-queens-competing-on-season-11-of-rupauls-drag-race/#4ed34d1c5be5 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Scarlett BoBo]]
| Matthew Cameron
| {{CAN}}
|
|-
|[[Serena ChaCha]]
| Myron Arturo Morgan
| {{USA}} / {{PAN}}
|
|-
|[[Shangela]]
| Chantaize Darius Jeremy Pierce
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.out.com/entertainment/interviews/2011/11/17/catching-shangela|title=Catching Up With Shangela|date=2011-11-17|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en|archive-date=2018-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121735/https://www.out.com/entertainment/interviews/2011/11/17/catching-shangela|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Shannel]]
|Bryan Watkins
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Sharon Needles]]
| Aaron Robert Coady
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Entertainment Weekly 3&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2012/04/30/rupauls-drag-race-season-4-winner-q-and-a/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race' winner America's Next Drag Superstar speaks out|author=Tanner Stransky|date=April 30, 2012|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=May 1, 2012|archive-date=December 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214044854/http://popwatch.ew.com/2012/04/30/rupauls-drag-race-season-4-winner-q-and-a/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Shea Couleé]]
|Jaren Kyei Merrell
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-rupaul-drag-race-chicago-ent-0330-20170329-story.html|title=Chicago drag queen gets chance at being 'RuPaul' royalty|last=Greene|first=Morgan|work=chicagotribune.com|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071638/http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-rupaul-drag-race-chicago-ent-0330-20170329-story.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Shequida]]
| Gary Hall
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category |first=David |last=Valentine |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8223-3869-7 |page=13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sherry Pie]]
| Joey Gugliemelli
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Sherry Vine]]
| Keith Levy
| {{USA}}
| 
|-
| Shirley
|[[Ed Wood]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Let Me Die in Drag |first=Ed |last=Wood, Jr. |publisher=Gorse |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-899006-02-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Shirley Q. Liquor
|[[Chuck Knipp]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Controversial drag queen coming to D.C |first=Brian |last=Moylan |date=16 April 2004 |access-date=2008-10-25 |periodical=[[Washington Blade]] |url=http://www.washblade.com/2004/4-16/news/localnews/drag.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216130815/http://washblade.com/2004/4-16/news/localnews/drag.cfm |archive-date=February 16, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Shirley Temple Bar
|[[Declan Buckley]]
| {{IRE}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;ireland&quot;&gt;{{citation |title=Ireland |author1=Fionn Davenport |author2=Charlotte Beech |author3=Tom Downs |author4=Des Hannigan |author5=Fran Parnell |author6=Neil Wilson |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-74059-968-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetirel00fion }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Shuga Cain]]
|Jesus Martinez
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Silky Nutmeg Ganache]]
| 
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Silvetty Montilla]]
| Silvio Cássio Bernardo
| {{BRA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Uma Paixão Nordestina |first=Cristiano |last=Tosi |date=7 January 2005 |url=http://mixbrasil.uol.com.br/cultura/musica/silvetty_cd/silvetty.asp |periodical=Mix Brasil |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517092151/http://mixbrasil.uol.com.br/cultura/musica/silvetty_cd/silvetty.asp &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date = 2008-05-17 |access-date=2008-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sister Boom Boom]]
| Jack Fertig
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Who Will Win the White House? |periodical=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |first=Norman |last=Ornstein |date=30 October 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/10/30/207202/index.htm |access-date=2008-10-24 |archive-date=2008-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508020630/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/10/30/207202/index.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sister Roma]]
| Michael Williams
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=My Undoing: Love in the Thick of Sex, Drugs, Pornography, and Prostitution |first=Aiden |last=Shaw |publisher=Carroll &amp; Graf Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7867-1743-9 |page=250 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sister Sister (drag queen)|Sister Sister]]
|Philip Doran
| {{GBR}} / [[England]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/reality-tv/sister-sister-rupauls-drag-race-uk-contestant |title=Who is Sister Sister? Meet the RuPaul's Drag Race UK star with absurd comedy timing |last=Julians |first=Joe |date=February 4, 2021 |website=RadioTimes |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608063706/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/reality-tv/sister-sister-rupauls-drag-race-uk-contestant/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sky Gilbert]]
| Schuyler Lee Gilbert Jr.
| {{CAN}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Sky Gilbert plans new Hamilton Theatre project |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/sky-gilbert-plans-new-hamilton-theatre-project-1.656383 |access-date=2008-10-24 |periodical=[[CBC News]] |date=29 January 2007 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513171650/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/sky-gilbert-plans-new-hamilton-theatre-project-1.656383 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Soju (drag queen)|Soju]]
| Tony Hyunsoo Ha
| {{USA}} / {{KOR}}
|
|-
|[[Sonique (drag queen)|Kylie Sonique Love]]
|Kylie Love
| {{USA}}
|
|-
| Sonja Sajzor
|[[Sonja Sajzor]]
| {{SRB}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/33544/1/sonja-sajzor|title=The raw, unfiltered life story of Serbia's new queer icon|last=Dazed|date=1 November 2016|access-date=6 February 2018|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120057/http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/33544/1/sonja-sajzor|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Spankie Jackzon]]
|Blair Macbeth
|{{NZ}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Justin |title=Can Palmerston North drag queen keep RuPaul's Drag Race Down Under title in NZ? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/300690734/can-palmerston-north-drag-queen-keep-rupauls-drag-race-down-under-title-in-nz |work=Stuff |date=17 September 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Spice (drag queen)|Spice]]
| Luca Coyle
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Sugar (drag queen)|Sugar]]
| Cooper Coyle
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Sylvester (singer)|Sylvester]]
| Sylvester James Jr.
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Listening to the Sirens: Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig |first=Judith Ann |last=Peraino |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-21587-0 |page=192 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Symone (drag queen)|Symone]]
|Reggie Gavin
| {{USA}}
|
|-
| [[Tandi Iman Dupree]]
|
| {{USA}}
|-
| Taboo!
|[[Stephen Tashjian]]
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Trills, Thrills and Frills: &quot;The Nightingale&quot; @ Participant Inc |first=Rohin |last=Guha |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=2008-10-25 |periodical=[[BlackBook Magazine]] |url=http://www.blackbookmag.com/article/trills-thrills-and-frills-the-nightingale-participant-inc/4307 |archive-date=2008-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003012422/http://www.blackbookmag.com/article/trills-thrills-and-frills-the-nightingale-participant-inc/4307/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Tamisha Iman]]
| Will Crawford
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Tammie Brown]]
| Keith Glen Schubert
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-podell/an-interview-with-drag-ra_b_7995526.html|title=An Interview With Drag Race All-Star Tammie Brown|last=Podell|first=Michael|date=2015-09-03|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2017-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820145312/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-podell/an-interview-with-drag-ra_b_7995526.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Tatianna]]
|Joey Michael Santolini
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Tayce]]
|Tayce Szura-Radix
| {{GBR}} / {{WAL}}
|
|-
|[[Taylor Sheesh]]
|John Mac Lane Coronel
| {{PHI}}
|  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-07-21 |title=A Taylor Swift drag queen rises in the Philippines |language=en |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/07/21/taylor-swift-drag-queen-philippines/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722005725/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/07/21/taylor-swift-drag-queen-philippines/ |archive-date=2023-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[T. C. Jones]]
| Thomas Craig Jones
| {{USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | title = The Impersonator | work = Time magazine | date = 1959-07-20 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892771,00.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090510080556/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892771,00.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = May 10, 2009 | access-date = 2009-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Tempest DuJour]]
| Patrick Lee Holt
| {{USA}}
|
|-
|[[The Fabulous Wonder Twins]]
| Carlos Eduardo Campos&lt;br /&gt;Louis Alberto Campos
| {{SLV}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dragqueenregistry.com/the-drag-queen-hall-of-fame.htm |title=The Drag Queen Hall Of Fame |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225064152/http://dragqueenregistry.com/the-drag-queen-hall-of-fame.htm |archive-date=December 25, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

==Toltolan==
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  <page>
    <title>Lee Min-ho</title>
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      <text bytes="5260" sha1="58e8gdhzw7hjqi8e2wxe7obqusqobuq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Lee Min-ho
| image              = Lee Min-ho in June 2026.png
| caption            = 
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1987|06|22}}
| birth_place        = [[Dongjak District]], [[Seoul]], South Korea
| alma_mater         = [[Konkuk University]]
| occupation         = {{Hlist|Actor|singer|model}}
| height             = 187 cm&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.leeminho.kr/main/html.php?htmid=proc/profile.html|title=Lee Min-ho's official website|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514090401/https://www.leeminho.kr/main/html.php?htmid=proc%2FABOUT%20HIM.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| years_active       = 2002–present
| agent              = MYM Entertainment
| website            = {{URL|www.leeminho.kr/}}
| module             = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes
  | hangul = {{linktext|이|민|호}}
  | hanja  = {{linktext|李|敏|鎬}}
  | rr     = I Min-ho
  | mr     = Yi Minho
}}
| signature          = Lee Min-ho's signature.png
}}
Si '''Lee Min-ho''' ({{korean|이민호|李敏鎬}}, namundag Hunyo 22, 1987)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/korean_Lee_Min-ho.php|title=Lee Min-ho (이민호, Korean actor) @ HanCinema :: The Korean Movie &amp; Drama Database|website=HanCinema|access-date=August 18, 2018|archive-date=August 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818115207/https://www.hancinema.net/korean_Lee_Min-ho.php|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo an sarong South Korean actor, parakanta asin modelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;directors&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;businessman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Sep 12|first1=Cleo Fagela {{!}}|last2=Edt|first2=2014 07:41 Am|date=September 12, 2014|title=Lee Min Ho earns $2.5 Million From Product Endorsements|url=https://www.chinatopix.com/articles/10153/20140912/lee-min-ho-earns-2-5-million-from-product-endorsements.htm|access-date=August 18, 2021|website=Chinatopix}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginanar niya an lakop na kasikatan huli sa saiyang papel bilang si Gu Jun-pyo sa ''[[Boys Over Flowers (2009 TV series)|Boys Over Flowers]]'' (2009), na ginanahan niya man an [[Baeksang Arts Award for Best New Actor – Television|Best New Actor Award for Television]] sa [[45th Baeksang Arts Awards|45th]] [[Baeksang Arts Awards]]. An saiya ibang notableng trabaho iyo an mga television series na ''[[City Hunter (TV series)|City Hunter]]'' (2011), ''[[The Heirs]]'' (2013), ''[[The Legend of the Blue Sea]]'' (2016), asin ''[[The King: Eternal Monarch]]'' (2020),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=20200807MW07423210103|title=스튜디오드래곤 2분기 매출액 1614억원·영업이익 169억원…역대 최고매출|website=www.munhwa.com|access-date=April 30, 2021|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204082046/http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=20200807MW07423210103|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin an mga pelikulang ''[[Gangnam Blues]]'' (2015) asin ''[[Bounty Hunters (2016 film)|Bounty Hunters]]'' (2016). Kaidtong 2022, nagin bida siya sa [[Apple TV+]] period drama ''[[Pachinko (TV series)|Pachinko]]'' basado sa [[Pachinko (novel)|nobela na may parehong ngaran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

An trayumpo kan karera sa telebisyon ni Lee nag-establisa sa saiya bilang sarong top [[Korean Wave|Hallyu]] star;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Hotel de Luna,' Lee Min Ho, BTS top hallyu survey|url=https://entertainment.mb.com.ph/2020/03/09/hotel-de-luna-lee-min-ho-bts-top-hallyu-survey|access-date=June 9, 2020|website=Manila Bulletin Entertainment|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=April 14, 2020|title=5 things to know about Lee Min-ho, star of The King: Eternal Monarch|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3079777/5-things-know-about-lee-min-ho-star-king-eternal-monarch|access-date=June 9, 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609143709/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3079777/5-things-know-about-lee-min-ho-star-king-eternal-monarch|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; siya an pinakapigsundan na South Korean actor sa social media.&lt;ref name=&quot;kingofsm&quot; /&gt; Si Lee an nagin pinakaenot na Korean celebrity na nagkaigwa nin wax figure ginibo sa saiyang imahen sa Madame Tussauds, na an figures binuksan sa Shanghai kaidtong 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Herald|first=The Korea|date=August 26, 2012|title=Lee Min-ho to get wax figure in Shanghai|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120826000290|access-date=October 24, 2020|website=www.koreaherald.com|language=en|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027130526/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120826000290|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin sa Hong Kong kaidtong 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;MS Hong Kong&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=BNTNews- Lee Min Ho's Wax Figure To Be Displaced in Hong Kong Madame Tussauds|url=http://www.bntnews.co.uk/app/news.php?nid=8930|access-date=June 9, 2020|website=BNTNews UK|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609210914/http://www.bntnews.co.uk/app/news.php?nid=8930|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Toltolan==
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      <id>311464</id>
      <parentid>311432</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T06:14:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
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      <text bytes="5264" sha1="fszt04tjll0t1rjnd6g6rh14egm3wn4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Lee Min-ho
| image              = Lee Min-ho in June 2026.png
| caption            = 
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1987|06|22}}
| birth_place        = [[Dongjak District]], [[Seoul]], South Korea
| alma_mater         = [[Konkuk University]]
| occupation         = {{Hlist|Actor|singer|model}}
| height             = 187 cm&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.leeminho.kr/main/html.php?htmid=proc/profile.html|title=Lee Min-ho's official website|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514090401/https://www.leeminho.kr/main/html.php?htmid=proc%2FABOUT%20HIM.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| years_active       = 2002–present
| agent              = MYM Entertainment
| website            = {{URL|www.leeminho.kr/}}
| module             = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes
  | hangul = {{linktext|이|민|호}}
  | hanja  = {{linktext|李|敏|鎬}}
  | rr     = I Min-ho
  | mr     = Yi Minho
}}
| signature          = Lee Min-ho's signature.png
}}
Si '''Lee Min-ho''' ({{korean|이민호|李敏鎬}}, namundag Hunyo 22, 1987)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/korean_Lee_Min-ho.php|title=Lee Min-ho (이민호, Korean actor) @ HanCinema :: The Korean Movie &amp; Drama Database|website=HanCinema|access-date=August 18, 2018|archive-date=August 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818115207/https://www.hancinema.net/korean_Lee_Min-ho.php|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo an sarong South Korean actor, parakanta asin modelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;directors&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;businessman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Sep 12|first1=Cleo Fagela {{!}}|last2=Edt|first2=2014 07:41 Am|date=September 12, 2014|title=Lee Min Ho earns $2.5 Million From Product Endorsements|url=https://www.chinatopix.com/articles/10153/20140912/lee-min-ho-earns-2-5-million-from-product-endorsements.htm|access-date=August 18, 2021|website=Chinatopix}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginanar niya an lakop na kasikatan huli sa saiyang papel bilang si Gu Jun-pyo sa ''[[Boys Over Flowers (2009 TV series)|Boys Over Flowers]]'' (2009), na ginanahan niya man an [[Baeksang Arts Award for Best New Actor – Television|Best New Actor Award for Television]] sa [[45th Baeksang Arts Awards|45th]] [[Baeksang Arts Awards]]. An saiya ibang notableng trabaho iyo an mga television series na ''[[City Hunter (TV series)|City Hunter]]'' (2011), ''[[The Heirs]]'' (2013), ''[[The Legend of the Blue Sea]]'' (2016), asin ''[[The King: Eternal Monarch]]'' (2020),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=20200807MW07423210103|title=스튜디오드래곤 2분기 매출액 1614억원·영업이익 169억원…역대 최고매출|website=www.munhwa.com|access-date=April 30, 2021|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204082046/http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=20200807MW07423210103|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin an mga pelikulang ''[[Gangnam Blues]]'' (2015) asin ''[[Bounty Hunters (2016 film)|Bounty Hunters]]'' (2016). Kaidtong 2022, nagin bida siya sa [[Apple TV+]] period drama ''[[Pachinko (TV series)|Pachinko]]'' basado sa [[Pachinko (novel)|nobela na may parehong ngaran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

An trayumpo kan karera sa telebisyon ni Lee nag-establisa sa saiya bilang sarong top [[Korean Wave|Hallyu]] star;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Hotel de Luna,' Lee Min Ho, BTS top hallyu survey|url=https://entertainment.mb.com.ph/2020/03/09/hotel-de-luna-lee-min-ho-bts-top-hallyu-survey|access-date=June 9, 2020|website=Manila Bulletin Entertainment|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=April 14, 2020|title=5 things to know about Lee Min-ho, star of The King: Eternal Monarch|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3079777/5-things-know-about-lee-min-ho-star-king-eternal-monarch|access-date=June 9, 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609143709/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3079777/5-things-know-about-lee-min-ho-star-king-eternal-monarch|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; siya an pinakapigsundan na South Korean actor sa social media.&lt;ref name=&quot;kingofsm&quot; /&gt; Si Lee an nagin pinakaenot na Korean celebrity na nagkaigwa nin wax figure ginibo sa saiyang imahen sa [[Madame Tussauds]], na an figures binuksan sa Shanghai kaidtong 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Herald|first=The Korea|date=August 26, 2012|title=Lee Min-ho to get wax figure in Shanghai|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120826000290|access-date=October 24, 2020|website=www.koreaherald.com|language=en|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027130526/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120826000290|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin sa Hong Kong kaidtong 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;MS Hong Kong&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=BNTNews- Lee Min Ho's Wax Figure To Be Displaced in Hong Kong Madame Tussauds|url=http://www.bntnews.co.uk/app/news.php?nid=8930|access-date=June 9, 2020|website=BNTNews UK|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609210914/http://www.bntnews.co.uk/app/news.php?nid=8930|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}
{{stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Listahan kan mga karakter sa RWBY</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48168</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311492</id>
      <parentid>300216</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T10:26:39Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>17127</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="7420" sha1="pqdl9vizi8f5fgk4hktc5e1gfqs4awg" xml:space="preserve">Lista ini kan mga karakter na nagluwas sa '''''[[RWBY]]''''', sarong orihinal [[:en:Anime|anime]]-style [[:en:Computer_graphics|CG-animated]] [[:en:Web_series|web series]] na minukna kan [[Rooster Teeth Productions]]. Segun sa seryeng kagmukna na si [[:en:Monty_Oum|Monty Oum]], an ngaran kan lambang karakter konektado sa espesipikong kolor. Igwa man nin ibang grupo na an ngaran katakod sa porma nin mga acronym na konektado man sa kolor.&lt;ref name=&quot;FTGInterview&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Machuga|first=Stephen|title=Monty Oum for Rooster Teeth, RWBY: Front Towards Gamer Radio, Episode 172|url=http://fronttowardsgamer.com/2013/05/27/monty-oum-rooster-teeth-rwby-front-towards-gamer-radio-episode-172/|newspaper=Front Towards Gamer|date=May 27, 2013|accessdate=March 31, 2024|archivedate=June 9, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609164416/http://ht/2013/05/27/monty-oum-rooster-teeth-rwby-front-towards-gamer-radio-episode-172/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Paglalang Asin Ideya ==
Si Oum an nagdesenyo kan mga karakter sa tabang kan pintor na si Ein Lee. Nagb-browse na kadto si Oum kan mga gibo ni Lee sa DeviantArt asin naghapot kun gusto niyang maggibo nin pirang desenyo. An solamenteng susundon na itinao para sa serye iyo an &quot;gabos dapat badass.&quot; Si Lee nagsabi man na pira sa mga karakter ginibo niya asin ni Oum, kun sain matao si Oum nin deskripsyon na sinunod kan saiyang pagsasaladawan kan nagkapirang ideya, o vice versa. An iba man hali sa pag-brainstorm kaiba an ibang tawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;concept art world&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://conceptartworld.com/news/rooster-teeth-productions-presents-rwby-concept-art-by-ein-lee-qa/|title=Rooster Teeth Productions Presents RWBY Concept Art by Ein Lee (Q&amp;A)|work=Concept Art World|date=July 18, 2013|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-date=December 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230163202/http://conceptartworld.com/news/rooster-teeth-productions-presents-rwby-concept-art-by-ein-lee-qa/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pig-ayos an disenyo kan mga karakter inspirado base sa mga karakter kan klasik na mga istoryang pang-aki.&lt;ref name=&quot;ConstantlyCalibrating&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Silverman|first=Joshua|title=Interview: Monty Oum|url=http://constantlycalibrating.com/2013/02/19/interview-monty-oum/|access-date=June 9, 2013|newspaper=Constantly Calibrating|date=February 19, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724064141/http://constantlycalibrating.com/2013/02/19/interview-monty-oum/|archive-date=July 24, 2013|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 31, 2024|archivedate=July 24, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724064141/http://constantlycalibrating.com/2013/02/19/interview-monty-oum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; An lambang karakter igwa nin kaayon na kolor, asin ini an mga enot na letra kan mga kolor na ini, pula (red), puti (white), itom (black), asin dilaw (yellow), na nagtao sa serye kan pangaran kaini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Oum|first1=Monty|title=Rooster Theeth Podcast #191|url=http://roosterteeth.com/podcast/episode.php?id=191|website=Rooster Teeth|access-date=February 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130506051101/http://roosterteeth.com/podcast/episode.php?id=191|archive-date=May 6, 2013|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Lee nagsabi na an paghiling sa mga tawo, paghanap nin mga imahen sa Google, asin fashion iyo an mga inspirasyon: &quot;Kun pano magbado an mga tao - pasiring sa pinakasadit na detalye - nagtatao sa dai gayo risa (asin mga risa) na impormasyon tungkol baga kun siisay sinda. Si Oum nagkua man nin inspirasyon hale sa video game na ''[[:en:Final_Fantasy|Final Fantasy]]'' asin sa mga &quot;ridiculously obnoxious na mga armas.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://samuraibeatradio.com/2013/12/21/new-york-comic-con-2013-an-interview-with-the-rwby-staff/|title=New York Comic-Con 2013: An Interview with the RWBY Staff|last=SamuraiBeatRadio|date=December 21, 2013|work=samuraibeatradio.com|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-date=December 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231203/https://samuraibeatradio.com/2013/12/21/new-york-comic-con-2013-an-interview-with-the-rwby-staff/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An serye sinurat ni Oum, kaiba an ibang empleyado kan Rooster Teeth na sina Miles Luna asin Kerry Shawcross.&lt;ref name=&quot;CapsuleComputers&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Parbhu|first=Sanjay|title=Rooster Teeth Releases RWBY Yellow Trailer|url=http://www.capsulecomputers.com.au/2013/06/rooster-teeth-releases-rwby-yellow-trailer/|access-date=June 9, 2013|newspaper=Capsule Computers|date=June 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Oum kan primero nahahadit manongod sa sarong estorya na nakasentro sa mga karakter na babae na pangenot na pinatatalubo kan grupo nin lalaki, alagad sinabi ninda na marahay an saindang nagibo sa paggibo kan mga babaeng karakter.

== Mga Protagonista ==

=== Team RWBY ===
An Team RWBY (pagtaram &quot;ruby&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/screens/2013-07-19/the-full-monty/|title=The Full Monty|work=austinchronicle.com|access-date=February 19, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; komponido nin apat na babaeng estudyante haleng Beacon Academy.{{Ref|Volume|Vol. 1}} An lambang miyembro kaayon sa sarong kolor asin mga karakter sa fairy tale na mahihiling sa saindang mga pangaran asin personalidad.

'''Ruby Rose'''

* Tinawan boses ni:[[Lindsay Jones (actor)|Lindsay Jones]]{{Efn|Lindsay Jones was credited as Lindsay Tuggey for volumes 1 and 2&lt;ref name=&quot;pd 2-3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsHo347cdHQ |title=RWBY Volume 2: Production Diary 3 |publisher=YouTube |author=[[Rooster Teeth]] |date=May 15, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Ref|Volume|Vol. 1 and 2 credits}}}}/ [[:en:Saori_Hayami|Saori Hayami]]

Sarong babaeng may pilak na mata na naggagamit nin scythe na inaapod na Crescent Rose bilang parehong melee na armas asin bilang sarong hataas na kalibre nin [[:en:Sniper_rifle|sniper rifle]]. An saiyang Semblance inaapod na &quot;Petal Burst&quot;, na nagtatao saiya nin abilidad na mag-transform sa sarong makaskas na pagsabog nin mga petalo kan rosas. Sa inot, naisip na pagigin makaskas an kakayahan ni Ruby, na nagtataong paagi saiya na magdalagan nin mas makaskas pa sa kayang mahiling kan tao, asin magpalit nin direksyon sa katahawan kani. {{Ref|Volume|Vol. 1, Ch. 14 &amp; Vol. 4, Ch. 1}} {{Ref|Volume|Vol. 1, Ch. 14 &amp; Vol. 4, Ch. 1}} Kan mawara ang saiyang ina na si Summer Rose kan siya akiun pa, si Ruby pinadakula sa isla nin Patch kan saiyang ama na si Taiyang asin kan saiyang matuang tugang sa ama na si Yang Xiao Long.{{Ref|Volume|Vol. 1, Ch. 1 &amp; Vol. 2, Ch. 6}}

Katampad ni Ruby an karakter na si [[:en:Little_Red_Riding_Hood|Little Red Riding Hood]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kotaku allusions japan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kotaku.jp/2013/06/rwby_new_trailer.html|title=死ぬほどかっこいい謎のアニメーションプロジェクト『RWBY』シリーズ最終トレーラーが公開！ ｜ コタク・ジャパン|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615224139/http://www.kotaku.jp/2013/06/rwby_new_trailer.html|archive-date=June 15, 2013|url-status=dead|date=June 6, 2013|work=[[Kotaku]]|location=Japan|access-date=February 19, 2016|trans-title=Cool mystery animation project &quot;RWBY&quot; series final trailer to death the public!|language=ja}}, translation at {{cite web|url=https://roosterteeth.com/post/3034626|title=Translation RWBY article on kotaku.jp – Rooster Teeth|work=roosterteeth.com|access-date=February 19, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga Toltolan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Tamboan}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Big Spring Township, Shelby County, Illinois</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:14:01Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6942" sha1="f524lm9j3oz7plikffgxnl2fw8occlk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = Big Spring Township
| official_name = 
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name = 
| settlement_type = [[List of townships in Illinois|Township]]
| image_skyline = 
| imagesize = 
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = 
| image_flag = 
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| etymology = 
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| image_map = Map highlighting Big Spring Township, Shelby County, Illinois.svg
| mapsize = 
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| image_map1 = Illinois in United States (US48).svg
| mapsize1 = 
| map_alt1 = 
| map_caption1 = Location of Illinois in the United States
| pushpin_map = 
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| coordinates = {{coord|39|18|29|N|88|31|29|W|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
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| grid_position = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Illinois
| subdivision_type2 = County
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shelby County, Illinois|Shelby]]
| subdivision_type3 = 
| subdivision_name3 = 
| subdivision_type4 = 
| subdivision_name4 = 
| established_title = Organisado
| established_date = November 8, 1859
| established_title1 = 
| established_date1 = 
| established_title2 = 
| established_date2 = 
| established_title3 = 
| established_date3 = 
| established_title4 = 
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| established_title6 = 
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| established_date7 = 
| extinct_title = 
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| seat_type = 
| seat = 
| seat1_type = 
| seat1 = 
| government_footnotes = 
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| governing_body = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = 
| leader_title1 = Supervisor
| leader_name1 = 
| total_type = 
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_total_sq_mi = 29.67
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_land_sq_mi = 29.32
| area_water_km2 = 
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.35
| area_water_percent = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| area_metro_km2 = 
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| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_ft = 640
| elevation_point = 
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| population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
| population_footnotes = 
| population_total = 
| pop_est_as_of = 2016
| pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;USCensusEst2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_est = 686
| population_rank = 
| population_density_km2 = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 23.8
| population_metro_footnotes = 
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| timezone1 = [[North American Central Time Zone|CST]]
| utc_offset1 = -6
| timezone1_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|CDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = -5
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| postal_code_type = ZIP code
| postal_code = XXXXX
| postal2_code_type = 
| postal2_code = 
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = [[Area code 217|217]]
| geocode = 
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| blank_info = 17-173-06002
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| blank2_name_sec2 = Wikimedia Commons
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}}

An '''Big Spring Township''' namumugtak sa [[Shelby County, Illinois|Shelby County]], [[Illinois]]. Kan 2010 na senso, an populasyon kaini 698  asin may 326 na pagharongon.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US17173
  |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212204349/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US17173
  |url-status=dead
  |archive-date=2020-02-12
  |title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1
  |publisher=United States Census
  |accessdate=2013-05-28
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geograpiya==
Susog sa 2010 na senso, an township oigwang hiwas na {{convert|29.67|sqmi}}, na an {{convert|29.32|sqmi}} (o 98.82%) kadagaanis asin an {{convert|0.35|sqmi}} (o 1.18%) katubigan.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;

=== Kataraid na township ===
* [[Ash Grove Township, Shelby County, Illinois|Ash Grove Township]] (north)
* [[Neoga Township, Cumberland County, Illinois|Neoga Township, Cumberland County]] (northeast and east)
* [[Spring Point Township, Cumberland County, Illinois|Spring Point Township, Cumberland County]] (southeast)
* [[Sigel Township, Shelby County, Illinois|Sigel Township]] (south)
* [[Prairie Township, Shelby County, Illinois|Prairie Township]] (southwest and west)
* [[Richland Township, Shelby County, Illinois|Richland Township]] (northwest)

==Demograpiko==
{{US Census population
|estyear=2016
|estimate=686
|estref=&lt;ref name=&quot;USCensusEst2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census&lt;ref name=&quot;DecennialCensus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==Toltolan==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Mga panluwas na takod==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20240525134412/https://www.city-data.com/township/Big-Spring-Shelby-IL.html City-data.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020164608/http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/archives/irad/shelby.html Illinois State Archives]

{{Shelby County, Illinois}}
{{Illinois}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Townships in Shelby County, Illinois]]
[[Kategorya:Mga pinagbanwang lugar natugdass kan 1859]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Township sa Illinois]]
[[Kategorya:Mga 1859 establisyemento sa Illinois]]


{{ShelbyCountyIL-geo-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Angus Hambro</title>
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      <text bytes="10298" sha1="oheb2jpyra13g4xwtiglv0qu62jv9xa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = Angus Hambro
|image        = Angus Hambro (1).jpg
|office1       = [[Myembro nin Parlamento (United Kingdom)|Myembro nin Parlamento]] &lt;br /&gt; for [[South Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|South Dorset]]
|parliament1   = 
|majority1     = 
|term_start1   = Enero 1910 
|term_end1    = 15 Nobyembre 1922 
|predecessor1  = [[Sir Thomas Scarisbrick, 1st Baronet|Thomas Scarisbrick]]
|successor1    = [[Robert Yerburgh, 1st Baron Alvingham|Robert Yerburgh]]
|office2       = [[Myembro nin Parlamento (United Kingdom)|Myembro nin Parlamento]] &lt;br /&gt; for [[North Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|North Dorset]]
|parliament2   = 
|majority2     = 
|term_start2   = 13 Hulyo 1937
|term_end2     = 5 Hulyo 1945
|predecessor2  = [[Cecil Hanbury]]
|successor2    = [[Frank Byers]]
|birth_date   = {{birth date|1883|7|8|df=yes}}
|birth_place  = [[Bromley]], [[Kent]], [[United Kingdom]]
|death_date   = {{death date and age|1957|11|19|1883|7|8||df=y}}
|death_place  = [[Poole]], [[Dorset]], United Kingdom
|restingplace = 
|birthname    = Angus Valdemar Hambro
|nationality  = [[United Kingdom|British]]
|party        = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|otherparty   = 
| father = [[Everard Hambro]]
|spouse       = Rosamund Kearsley (1907-1914; her death)&lt;br /&gt;Vanda St John Charlton (1916-1957; his death)
|relations    =  
|children     = 7
|residence    = 
|alma_mater   = [[Eton College]]
|occupation   = Politician
|profession   = 
|cabinet      = 
|committees   = 
|portfolio    = 
|religion     = 
|signature    = 
|website      = 
}}
Si '''Angus Valdemar Hambro''' (8 Hulyo 1883 – 19 Nobyembre 1957)  sarong Briton na [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] na politiko.

==Kaamayi nin buhay==
Si Angus Valdemar Hambro namundag kan 8 Hulyo 1883.&lt;ref&gt;''Obituary Captain Angus Hambro'' [[The Times]] (London, England), Thursday,  21 November 1957; pg. 14; Issue 54004&lt;/ref&gt;

An ama niya, si Sir [[Everard Hambro]], sarong banker. An saiyang paternal na lolo, [[Carl Joachim Hambro (banker)|Carl Joachim Hambro]], sarong Danes na imigrante na nagtugdas kan [[Hambros Bank]] sa London kan 1839. An saiyang paternal na great-grandfather, [[Joseph Hambro]], sarong Danes na komersyante, banker  asin political advisor. An saiyang paternal na  great-great-grandfather, [[Calmer Hambro]], sarong Danes na komersyante asin bankero.

Siya nag'adal sa [[Eton College|Eton]].&lt;ref&gt;‘HAMBRO, Captain Angus Valdemar’, Who Was Who, A &amp; C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U238160, accessed 4 November 2012]&lt;/ref&gt; He served in the [[Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/3400 Cobbold FHT]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Karerr==
Siya [[Myembro nin Parlamento (United Kingdom)|Myembro nin Parlamento]] representado an South Dorset poon 1910 abot 1922; [[High Sheriff of Dorset]] poon 1934 &lt;ref&gt;''The New Sheriffs.''[[The Times]] (London, England), Friday,  23 March 1934; pg. 6; Issue 46710&lt;/ref&gt; abot 1935 asin [[Myembro nin Parlamento (United Kingdom)|Meyembro nin Parlamento]] naman kan 1937 sundo 1945, asin ngonyan representado an North Dorset.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debate/?id=1937-07-19a.1787.1 They work for you] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Golf==
Siya notadong sarong amateur golfer.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.regc.co.uk/pages.php/page/0dfd5370-f0d5-11e1-8f46-bc305bd9eec9/view.html Royal Eastbourne Golf Club]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Resulta sa mga kawat===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;text-align:center;&quot;
!Tournament
!1900
!1901
!1902
!1903
!1904
!1905
!1906
!1907
!1908
!1909
|-
|align=left|[[The Open Championship]]
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|CUT
|WD
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|-
|align=left|[[The Amateur Championship]]
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|R64
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|R128
|R128
|R256
|style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;|R16
|R256
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;text-align:center;&quot;
!Tournament
!1910
!1911
!1912
!1913
!1914
!1915
!1916
!1917
!1918
!1919
|-
|align=left|[[The Open Championship]]
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|T46
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|NT
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|NT
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|NT
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|NT
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|NT
|-
|align=left|[[The Amateur Championship]]
|R128
|R128
|style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;|SF
|R256
|R64
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|NT
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|NT
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|NT
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|NT
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|NT
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;text-align:center;&quot;
!Tournament
!1920
!1921
!1922
!1923
!1924
!1925
!1926
!1927
!1928
!1929
|-
|align=left|[[The Open Championship]]
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|T61
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|-
|align=left|[[The Amateur Championship]]
|style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;|R16
|R128
|R256
|R128
|R64
|R32
|R64
|style=&quot;background:#eeeeee;&quot;|
|R256
|R256
|}
''Note: Hambro only played in the Open Championship and the Amateur Championship.''&lt;br /&gt;
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}}
{{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}}
NT = No tournament&lt;br /&gt;
WD = Withdrew&lt;br /&gt;
CUT = Missed the half-way cut&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;T&quot; indicates a tie for a place&lt;br /&gt;
R256, R128, R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in match play

Sources: [http://www.opengolf.com/en/History/PreviousOpens.aspx?eventid=2003040&amp;view= www.opengolf.com], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19030520&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 20 May 1903, pg. 13.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19050524&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 24 May 1905, pg. 12.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19070528&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 28 May 1907, pg. 12.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19080528&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 28 May 1908, pg. 13.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19090525&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 25 May 1909, pg. 13.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19100601&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 1 June 1910, pg. 10.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19110531&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 31 May 1911, pg. 9.],[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224032453/http://la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/AmericanGolfer/1912/ag83d.pdf The American Golfer, July, 1912, pg. 200.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19130527&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 27 May 1913, pg. 14.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19140521&amp;printsec=frontpage The Glasgow Herald, 21 May 1914, pg. 15.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19200610&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 10 June 1920, pg. 9.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19210525&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 25 May 1921, pg. 6.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19220523&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 23 May 1922, pg. 9.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19230509&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 9 May 1923, pg. 13.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19240529&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 29 May 1924, pg. 13.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19250528&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 28 May 1925, pg. 9.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19280523&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 23 May 1928, pg. 10.], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&amp;dat=19290612&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en The Glasgow Herald, 12 Jun 1929, pg. 14.]

===Mga representasyon kan Team ===
*[[England–Scotland Amateur Match]] (representing England): 1908, 1909, 1910 (mga nanggarana), 1922
*Coronation Match (pigrepresentar Amateurs): [[1911 Coronation Match|1911]]

==Mga Nota==
{{Reflist}}

==Mga Panluwas na takod==
{{Commons category-inline|Angus Hambro}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
 | title  = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[South Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|South Dorset]]
 | years  = [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|1910]] – [[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]]
 | before = [[Sir Thomas Scarisbrick, 1st Baronet|Thomas Scarisbrick]]
 | after  = [[Robert Yerburgh, 1st Baron Alvingham|Robert Yerburgh]]
}}
{{succession box
 | title  = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[North Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|North Dorset]]
 | years  = [[1937 North Dorset by-election|1937]] – [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945]]
 | before = [[Cecil Hanbury]]
 | after  = [[Frank Byers]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hambro, Angus Valdemar}}
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910–1918]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1918–1922]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1935–1945]]
[[Category:British people of Danish descent]]
[[Category:British people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Danish barons]]
[[Category:Hambro family|Angus]]
[[Category:Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry officers]]
[[Category:Amateur golfers]]
[[Category:English male golfers]]
[[Category:British sportsperson-politicians]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Dorset]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for South Dorset]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for North Dorset]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Orangutan</title>
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{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Orangutans
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Early Pleistocene | Recent}}
| image = Orang_Utan,_Semenggok_Forest_Reserve,_Sarawak,_Borneo,_Malaysia.JPG
| image_caption = [[Bornean orangutan]]&lt;br /&gt;(''Pongo pygmaeus'')
| taxon = Pongo
| authority = [[Bernard Germain Étienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799
| type_species = ''[[Bornean orangutan|Pongo borneo]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Bernard Germain Étienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799 &lt;br /&gt;(= ''Simia pygmaeus'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1760)&lt;ref name=MSW3 /&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = ''[[Bornean orangutan|Pongo pygmaeus]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Sumatran orangutan|Pongo abelii]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Tapanuli orangutan|Pongo tapanuliensis]]''&lt;br /&gt;
†''[[Pongo hooijeri]]''&lt;br /&gt;
†''[[Pongo weidenreichi]]''
| range_map = Orangutan distribution.png
| range_map_caption = Range of the three [[Neontology|extant species]]
| synonyms = ''Faunus'' &lt;small&gt;Oken, 1816&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
''Lophotus'' &lt;small&gt;Fischer, 1813&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
''Macrobates'' &lt;small&gt;Billberg, 1828&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
''Satyrus'' &lt;small&gt;Lesson, 1840&lt;/small&gt;
}}

An '''mga orangutan''' mga darakulang [[ukay]] na tubong mga kagubatan kan [[Indonesya]] asin [[Malaysia]]. An mga ini ngonyan makukua na sana sa mga parte kan [[Borneo]] asin [[Sumatra]], alagad kan panahon kan Pleistocene sinda nakalakop sa bilog na Sur-subangan na Asya asin Sur na [[Tsina]]. Naklasipikar sa genus na '''''Pongo''''', an mga orangutan orihinal na pigkonsiderar na sarong species. Kan 1996, nababanga sinda sa duwang species: an Bornean orangutan (''P. pygmaeus'', na may tolong subspecies) asin an Sumatran orangutan (''P. abelii''); an ikatolong klase, an Tapanuli orangutan (''P. tapanuliensis''), namidbid nin depinitibo kan 2017.

Sa gabos, an orangutan iyo an sinasabi8ng arboreal o gusto mag'estar na gayo sa mga sanga nin kahoy. Sinda igwang mas halabang mga takyag asin mas haralipot na mga tabay, asin sinda igwang malamulang kayumanggihon na barahibong nagpapatos sa saindang hawak. An [[Herarkiyang dominante|dominante]]ng mga lalaking nakakagurang igwang natubong mga butog sa mga pisngi asin may bura' na inuusar ninda sa pag'apod nin babae o pagpatakot sa mga karibal na lalaki. An mga subordinadong mga hubin na lalaki dai tinutuboan kan butog sa pisngi asin nakaagid sa mga babaeng orangutan. An mga orangutan sinasabi iyo gusto solo-solo sana sinda; mas urugos an ina sa mga ogbon na nagsasarig pa sa ina na mabuhay. Mga prutas an importanteng parte kan saindang dyeta, pero sinda nakakan man mga gulay-gulay, mga ubak nin kahoy,  [[tangguli nin putyokan]], mga insekto asin mga sugok nin mga gamgam. Sinda nalawig nin 30&amp;nbsp;taon, magin sa layas o sa kulong na kamugtakan.
[[File:Bornean, Sumatran &amp; Tapanuli orangs (horizontal).jpg|center|thumb|350px|An tolong species nin orangutan]]
An mga orangutan sinasabing iyo an mas orog na kaintelehente sa mga [[primate]]. Sinda nahaman nin mga kasangkapan asin nagibong mga higdaan gibo sa mga giriw                                                              asin mga dahon sa pagkabanggi na saindang matuturogan sa mga kakahoyan. An mga  abilidad kan mga ini sa pagkakanood inadalan nang husto asin igwang iba-ibang kultura  sa tahaw nin populasyon ninda. Sinda natampok na sa mga literatura  asin arte poon pa kan ika-18ng siglo. Mga pag'adal sa pigpipirmihan ninda napunan ni primatologist [[Biruté Galdikas]] asin an mga ini linangob na sa mga kulongan sa bilog na kinaban poon pa kan kaamayi nin ika-19ng siglo.


==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}
{{stub}}

[[Kategorya:Orangutans]]
[[Kategorya:Mga primate nin Indonesia]]
[[Kategorya:Mga species namimiligro huli sa negosyo nin pag'aalag hayop]]
[[Kategorya:Mga hayop nag'uusar kasangkapan]]
[[Kategorya:Fauna sa Sud-subangan nin Asya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Margielyn Didal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Si Margielyn Arda Didal''' (namundag kan Abril 19, 1999) sarong [[Mga Pilipino|Filipinong]] propesyonal na street skateboarder na nagin bantog kan siya makipagkumpetensya sa X Games Minneapolis 2018  a&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://tv5.espn.com/story/_/id/24147501/meet-margielyn-didal-philippines-lone-bet-year-x-games|title=Meet Margielyn Didal, the Philippines' lone bet in this year's X Games|publisher=ESPN5|date=July 20, 2018|accessdate=August 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;sin nanggana nin bulawan na medalya sa 2018 Asian Games .

== Amay na buhay asin pamilya ==
Si Margielyn Didal namundag kan Abril 19, 1999, sa [[Syudad nin Cebu|Siyudad nin Cebu]], Filipinas ki Lito asin Julie Didal. An&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A full turn for Didal|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1762724|accessdate=5 September 2018|work=Sun Star Cebu|date=4 September 2018|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215515/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1762724|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; saiyang ama sarong panday asin an saiyang ina sarong paratinda sa gilid kan tinampo na nagtitinda nin kwek kwek . &lt;ref name=&quot;interaksyon2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Manglinong|first1=Dan|title=Margielyn Didal's gold medal is a wakeup call to recognize skateboarding as a sport|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/margielyn-didals-gold-medal-is-a-wakeup-call-to-recognize-skateboarding-as-a-sport/|work=InterAksyon|accessdate=30 August 2018|date=30 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;Siya an ikaapat sa limang magturugang. &lt;ref name=&quot;scmpdidal2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Knott|first1=Kylie|title=Filipino 2020 Olympics skateboarding contender Margie Didal on the boarder vibe, growing up with nothing, and giving back|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/3047780/filipino-2020-olympics-skateboarding-contender-margie|accessdate=3 February 2020|work=South China Morning Post|date=28 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karera ==

=== Mga enot na taon ===
Si Didal nagpoon mag-skateboard kaiba an mga amigo sa sarado na ngonyan na Concave Park sa Sugbo. Kan magsara an parke, siya asin an saiyang mga amigo naghingoa na makahanap nin bagong lugar na pwedeng mag-skateboard. &lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Sarmenta|first1=Yoyo|title=Margie Didal's remarkable journey from streets of Cebu to centerstage in Palembang|url=http://tv5.espn.com/story/_/id/24511368/margie-didal-goes-streets-cebu-gold-palembang|accessdate=30 August 2018|work=ESPN5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isinaysay niya kun pano siya asin an saiyang mga amigo nadakop kan mga pulis asin mga gwardya kan sinda madakop na nag-eensayo sa mga tinampo asin sa mga inabandonang lugar, siring man an sarong istorya nin pagbawalan sa paglaog sa sarong shopping mall huli ta igwa siyang skateboard. &lt;ref name=&quot;interaksyon&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Manglinong|first1=Dan|title=Margielyn Didal's gold medal is a wakeup call to recognize skateboarding as a sport|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/margielyn-didals-gold-medal-is-a-wakeup-call-to-recognize-skateboarding-as-a-sport/|work=InterAksyon|accessdate=30 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mga magurang ni Didal enot na nagdududa sa pag-adal ni Didal nin karera sa skateboarding alagad kan huri nagsuporta sa saiyang desisyon. &lt;ref name=&quot;scmpdidal&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Knott|first1=Kylie|title=Filipino 2020 Olympics skateboarding contender Margie Didal on the boarder vibe, growing up with nothing, and giving back|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/3047780/filipino-2020-olympics-skateboarding-contender-margie|accessdate=3 February 2020|work=South China Morning Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nagdulok siya ki Daniel Bautista, na sa huri magigin saiyang coach sa 2018 Asian Games, asin nag-utang nin mga tabla sa mga amigo ni Bautista. Sabi ni Bautista, naging mas magayon pa si Didal sa mga lalaki sa saiyang lugar asin namidbid niya an saiyang talento. &lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN5&quot;/&gt; Sa 2012, si Didal nagsugod sa pag-intra sa mga lokal nga torneyo sa siyudad sa Sugbo, partikular na kadtong giorganisar ni Jeson L. Guardo sa G-Concepts, sa Barangay Tisa sa siyudad sa Sugbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;philstar1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=From Europe to US Cebu's pride Didal braces for X-Games|url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-sports/2018/06/22/1826780/europe-us-cebus-pride-didal-braces-x-games|accessdate=30 August 2018|work=Philippine Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kan 2014, nalugadan niya an saiyang toong braso,  asin kan Disyembre kan parehong taon, grabe an saiyang pagkabari kan saiyang toong buol, an saiyang dominanteng bitis. An epekto kan huring danyos nagdanay sa laog nin pirang taon. Tanganing maasikaso an pag-urong kan buol, si Didal nag-agi nin pirang bulan na terapiya sa Cardia Olympia asin grabeng pag-assess sa Red Bull High Performance Training Center sa Santa Monica, California kan Hulyo 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Go|first=Beatrice|title=Injured Margielyn Didal still out to skate for double gold|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/specials/sea-games/245950-injured-margielyn-didal-skate-double-gold-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Liga sa Kalye Skateboarding ===
Si Didal sa huri makikipagkumpetensya sa mga torneo sa ibang nasyon asin makakakua nin mga isponsor. &lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN5&quot;/&gt; Siya an nagin pinakaenot na Filipinong skateboarder na nakipagkumpetensya sa Street League Skateboarding kan siya nagpartisipar sa SLS PRO Open sa London, England  kan Mayo 26, 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;philstar1&quot;/&gt; Sa enot na hugna, siya nakatapos sa ikaapat asin nag-abante sa huring hugna tanganing matapos sa ikawalo sa kabilogan. &lt;ref name=&quot;philstar1&quot; /&gt;

Tungod sa iyang performance sa SLS, usa ka lokal ang misuwat og sulat kang Cebu City Mayor Tommy Osmeña nga naghangyo kaniya sa pagtukod og skate park sa siyudad. &lt;ref name=&quot;philstar1&quot;/&gt; Mitubag si Osmeña nga kun ang siyudad sa Sugbo midaog sa 2018 Philippine National Games, ang katunga sa premyong kwarta igagahin alang sa usa ka sports ug skating park sa South Road Properties. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Cebu to establish Sports Park at SRP|url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/06/01/1820638/cebu-establish-sports-park-srp|accessdate=30 August 2018|work=The Philippine Star|date=1 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa 2019 SLS World Championship sa Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, si Didal nakaabot sa semifinals, na nagin pinakaenot na representante kan Pilipinas na nakaabot kaini kaiba si Christiana Means. Si Didal dai nakaabante sa finals, na nagtapos sa ika-14 sa kabilogan na may 20 puntos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Go For Gold skateboarders show promise in Tokyo qualifier|url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2019/01/21/1886859/go-gold-skateboarders-show-promise-tokyo-qualifier|accessdate=21 January 2019|work=Philippine Star|date=21 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== X Games ===
Si Didal inimbitaran na makipagkumpetensya sa X Games, na nagin pinakaenot na kakompetensya na pormal na nagrerepresentar kan Filipinas sa mga kawat. Nagpartisipar siya sa 2018 X Games sa Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], sa Estados Unidos. 

=== 2018 Asian Games ===
[[Ladawan:Pacquiao_and_Didal.jpg|thumb| Si Senador [[Manny Pacquiao]] kaiba si Didal asin an saiyang medalya sa Asian Games.]]
Si Didal nakipagkumpetensya para sa Pilipinas sa women's street skateboarding event . Nag-ensayo siya nin duwang bulan sa Estados Unidos bago an okasyon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Margielyn Didal's uphill climb to Asian Games gold|journal=ABS-CBN Sports|date=30 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Didal nanggana kan ikaapat na bulawan para sa Pilipinas sa 2018 Asian Games . Sa pitong pagprobar, nakatipon si Didal nin 30.4 puntos tanganing makua an bulawan mantang an silver medalist na si Isa Kaya kan Japan asin bronze medalist na si Bunga Nyimas kan Indonesia nakatipon nin 25 asin 19.8 puntos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Co|first=Adrian Stuart|title=Cebuana skater nets PH's 4th gold in Asian Games|journal=Panay News|date=30 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nakapuntos siya nin 14.2 puntos sa saiyang enot na duwang dalagan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Cebuana wins gold in skateboarding|journal=Sun Star Cebu|date=29 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin nakakua nin pinakadakol na puntos sa ikaapat na dalagan, nakapuntos nin 8.9 puntos &lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN5&quot;/&gt; sa paagi nin paggibo kan backside 50/50, 360-degree flip out sa kaenot-enote sa sarong mayor na kompetisyon. &lt;ref name=&quot;nerves&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Naredo|first=Camille|title='Kulit-kulit lang': Nerves not an issue for skateboarding's golden girl in Asian Games|journal=ABS-CBN News|date=30 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nakua niya an pinakadakol na puntos sa women's street park event. &lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN5&quot; /&gt;

Kasunod kan saiyang naginibohan, siya an pinangaranan bilang flag bearer kan delegasyon kan Pilipinas para sa closing ceremony kan kawat. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first1=CJ|last1=Marquez|title=Gold medalist Didal is PH's flag bearer at Asian Games closing ceremony|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/sports/2018/08/30/Margielyn-Didal-Philippines-flag-bearer-2018-Asian-Games-closing-ceremony.html|accessdate=30 August 2018|work=CNN Philippines|archivedate=15 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115134552/https://cnnphilippines.com/sports/2018/08/30/Margielyn-Didal-Philippines-flag-bearer-2018-Asian-Games-closing-ceremony.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bilang sarong gold medalist sa Games, magkakaigwa siya nin {{Philippine peso|6 million}} na bonus, na plano niyang gamiton tanganing tabangan an saiyang pamilya na magpoon nin negosyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;nerves&quot;/&gt;

Gisubli ni Cebu City Mayor Tommy Osmeña ang naunang mga plano alang sa iyang dakbayan nga nagingon nga ang iyang igsuon nga babaye mipangako sa {{Philippine peso|5 million}} nga donasyon aron makatukod og skate park sa South Road Properties. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Osmeña pledges Cebu skate park after Margie Didal's gold medal|url=http://visayas.politics.com.ph/osmena-pledges-cebu-skate-park-after-margie-didals-gold-medal/|accessdate=30 August 2018|work=Politiko Visayas|date=30 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Cebu skateboarding community hopes Didal's win will give sport more support|url=http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/191585/cebu-skateboarding-community-hopes-didals-win-will-give-sport-support|accessdate=30 August 2018|work=Cebu Daily News|date=29 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Poon kan Enero 2020, padagos pa an orolay manungod sa posibleng pagtogdok kan skate park. &lt;ref name=&quot;scmpdidal&quot;/&gt;

=== Kampeonato Nasyonal ===
Si Didal nagpartisipar sa inagural na Philippine National Skateboarding Championship na ginibo sa [[Santa Rosa, Laguna]] kan Hulyo 2019, kun sain siya an nagdaog kan bulawan na medalya para sa women's street event. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Didal rules inaugural national skateboarding championship|journal=Manila Bulletin|date=14 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mga Karawat sa Sur-Sirangan na Asya ===
Durante kan 2019 Southeast Asian Games, si Didal nanggana nin duwang bulawan na medalya sa kababaihan na Game of Skate asin street skateboarding. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=SEA Games: Margielyn Didal scoops skateboarding gold|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/05/19/sea-games-margielyn-didal-scoops-skateboarding-gold|accessdate=3 February 2020|work=ABS-CBN News|date=5 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Didal determined to see her Olympic push through|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/didal-determined-to-see-her-olympic-push-through/|accessdate=3 February 2020|work=BusinessWorld|date=13 January 2020}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2020 Tampa Pro Womens Open Finals ===
Si Didal nagtapos sa ika-3 sa [[2020 Tampa Pro Women's Open Finals]] sa Florida.

=== 2020 Summer Olympics ===
Si Didal nakakualipikar para sa 2020 Summer Olympics sa Tokyo, kun saen an skateboarding nagdebut sa Olimpiada.  Nakikipagkumpetensya sa street event kan mga babae, si Didal nakaabante sa finals, na nakakua nin ika-7. 

Si Didal igwa nin sadiring custom skate park na itinogdok sa Soul Sierra, Cebu City. Ini enot na nagbukas kan amay na parte kan 2021 asin nagin lugar nin pagsasanay kan nasyonal na skateboarding team kan Pilipinas, kaiba an saiyang sadiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Lozada|first1=Bong|title=With new skatepark, Margielyn Didal intensifies build up for Tokyo bid|url=https://sports.inquirer.net/421120/with-new-skatepark-margielyn-didal-intensifies-build-up-for-tokyo-bid|accessdate=21 April 2021|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Mangubat|first1=Lio|title=How this veteran skateboarder created Margielyn Didal's secret skate park|url=https://www.spin.ph/life/active-lifestyle/designer-talks-about-margielyn-didal-s-custom-skate-park-a1017-20210421?ref=home_hybrid_1|accessdate=21 April 2021|work=Sports Interactive Network Philippines}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2022 Red Bull Skate Level ===
Kan Oktubre 2022, si Didal nakipagkumpetensya sa Red Bull Skate Level. Alagad siya nagkaigwa nin bali sa walang buol asin nag-agi nin operasyon. Huli kaini, dai man siya nakabali sa duwang qualifying events para sa 2024 Summer Olympics. Kan Hulyo 2023, siya nakabawi na nin igo tanganing makagibo nin 360 flip. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bolima|first=Martin Dale|title=One step at a time: Eight months after surgery, Margielyn Didal looks primed to restart Olympic bid|journal=One Sports|date=8 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2022 Asian Games ===
Si Didal nagbalik sa Asian Games sa 2022 na edisyon sa Guangzhou, Tsina tanganing idepensa an saiyang titulo sa tinampo pagkatapos na dai makahampang sa laog nin mga 11 bulan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Margielyn Didal trying to regain top form after injury for Asian Games title defense|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/asian-games-margielyn-didal-trying-regain-top-form-2023/|accessdate=27 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nakaabante siya sa huring hugna kan women's street event kan mga kawat na pig-oktaba nin sarong taon huli sa pandemya nin COVID-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Asian Games: Margielyn Didal advances to skateboarding final|url=https://sports.inquirer.net/530709/asian-games-margielyn-didal-advances-to-skateboarding-final|accessdate=27 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sarong nag-uurong-sulong na si Didal an huring natapos sa walong mga para-skate sa pinal, na dai nakatapos kan huring tolo sa limang trick &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Hobbling Margielyn Didal stumbles in Asian Games title defense|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/asian-games-skateboarding-results-margielyn-didal-september-27-2023/|accessdate=27 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iba pang mga pagmidbid ==
''[[Time (magasin)|An Time]]'' magazine iiniba si Didal sa listahan kaini kan &quot;25 Most Influential Teens of 2018,&quot; na pigbibisto an saiyang gibo sa paggana nin bulawan na medalya sa 2018 Asian Games, na sinabi kaini na &quot;magpapakusog kan estado kan skateboarding bilang sarong seryosong isports&quot; sa Pilipinas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Filipino skateboarder among TIME's Most Influential Teens of 2018|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/12/10/filipino-skateboarder-among-times-most-influential-teens-of-2018/|accessdate=11 December 2018|work=Manila Bulletin|archivedate=10 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210041023/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/12/10/filipino-skateboarder-among-times-most-influential-teens-of-2018/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Didal tinawan man kan Asia Skater of the Year award para sa 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Margielyn Didal nominated for Asia Skater of the Year|url=https://sports.inquirer.net/412104/margielyn-didal-nominated-for-asia-skater-of-the-year|accessdate=3 January 2021|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Margielyn Didal wins inaugural Asia Skater of Year award|url=https://sports.inquirer.net/417015/margielyn-didal-wins-inaugural-asia-skater-of-year-award|accessdate=3 March 2021|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal na buhay ==
Si Didal sarong miyembro kan LGBT community, nagsabi sa intrevista kan ABS-CBN na inaako kan saiyang mga magurang an saiyang pagkatawo. &lt;ref name=&quot;aboutime&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title='About time': Margielyn Didal one with LGBTQ+ Olympic athletes unleashing a rainbow wave|url=https://www.spin.ph/life/people/margielyn-didal-one-with-lgbtq-olympic-athletes-a1404-a2442-20210729-lfrm?ref=article_reco_slide|accessdate=29 July 2021|work=Sports Interactive Network Philippines}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igwa siyang nobya, na an pangaran Jozel, na walong taon na niyang relasyon poon kan Pebrero 2023. Kan Pebrero 2023, an duwa nagka -nobyo . &lt;ref name=&quot;engage&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Margielyn Didal is engaged to longtime partner Jozel Manzanares!|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/familyandrelationships/861629/margielyn-didal-is-engaged-to-longtime-partner-jozel-manzanares/story/|accessdate=22 February 2023|work=[[GMA Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apwera sa saiyang coach, si Bautista, si Didal naghahanap man ki coach kan Hong Kong national team na si Warren Stuart, na saro man sa saiyang mga isponsor, asin si Brian Siswojo kan 8Five2 skateshop bilang saiyang inspirasyon sa skateboarding. &lt;ref name=&quot;scmpdidal&quot;/&gt;

== Sa popular na kultura ==
An istorya kan buhay ni Didal pigdrama sa sarong episode kan ''Maalaala Mo Kaya'', sarong serye nin antolohiya nin drama, na ipinasali kan 2018 sa ABS-CBN . Siya pigladawan ni Elisse Joson .  ''Beyond the Board'', sarong dokumentaryong pelikula na nagtatampok kan saiyang biograpiya asin karera sa skateboarding an pinaluwas kan 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Villanueva|first1=Ralph Edwin|title=Didal tries to renew love for skateboarding|url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2024/06/23/2364987/didal-tries-renew-love-skateboarding|accessdate=23 June 2024|work=The Philippine Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toltolan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Tamboan}}
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  <page>
    <title>Hasina Jalal</title>
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      <text bytes="13282" sha1="nowixrn7lw17t249kwmqlpnchnh6qta" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Afghan activist}}{{Infobox person|name=Hasina Jalal|image=|caption=Jalal in 2020|native_name=حسینه جلال|birth_place=Badakhshan|nationality=Afghan|occupation=Human Rights Advocate|parents=[[Massouda Jalal]] (mother){{br}}[[Faizullah Jalal]]}}Si '''Hasina Jalal''' ( [[Tataramon na Persa|Persian]] : حسینه جلال) sarong paratukdo sa unibersidad, iskolar sa siyensya pulitikal, asin sarong parasuportar para sa [[Karapatan nin kababaihan|mga deretso kan mga kababaihan]] asin demokrasya sa Afghanistan, na may labing sarong dekada nin eksperyensya sa aktibismo, adbokasiya sa polisiya, pakikipag-ulay sa sosyedad sibil, asin pagsiyasat sa akademya. Kan 2014, si Jalal naelihir sa paagi nin boto kan publiko tanganing mag-ako kan &quot; N-Peace Award &quot; gikan sa UNDP Asia Pacific Regional Office asin sa Espesyal na Tagapayo kan Sekretaryo Heneral kan UN sa Unibersidad para sa Katoninongan .

Siya an nagmukna asin nagserbing Executive Director kan National Association of Afghanistan Civil Society (NAACS) asin an pinakaenot na alyansa kan mga babaeng taga-Sur Asya sa mga Karapatan sa Ekonomiya, Sosyal, asin Kultura kan mga Babae (SAFA) sa Sri Lanka. [https://www.pwescr.org/safa.html] Si Jalal nagserbi sa gobyerno kan Afghanistan bilang sarong lider kan grupo nin pagsiyasat asin eksperto sa polisiya sa Palasyo kan Presidente asin bilang sarong Tagapayo sa Patakaran sa Ministro asin Direktor kan Program Design asin Donor Coordination Directorate sa Ministry of Mines and Petroleum kan Gobyerno kan Afghanistan. &lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=UNDP celebrates Asian women leaders and their male allies for building peace|url=https://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/rbap/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2014/10/23/undp-celebrates-asian-women-n-male-allies-for-peace.html|website=UNDP in Asia and the Pacific|accessdate=22 October 2020|language=en|archive-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720132931/https://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/rbap/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2014/10/23/undp-celebrates-asian-women-n-male-allies-for-peace.html|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SADF2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Hasina Jalal Wins 2014 N-Peace Award|url=https://www.sadf.eu/hasina-jalal-wins-2014-n-peace-award/|website=South Asia Democratic Forum|accessdate=22 October 2020|date=6 November 2014|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304172713/https://www.sadf.eu/hasina-jalal-wins-2014-n-peace-award/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-06-02|title=Young Afghan activist wins UNDP peace award|url=https://unama.unmissions.org/young-afghan-activist-wins-undp-peace-award|access-date=2020-11-05|website=UNAMA|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816024711/https://unama.unmissions.org/young-afghan-activist-wins-undp-peace-award|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal na buhay ==
Si Jalal an aking babae ni Massouda Jalal, an pinakaenot na babaeng kandidato sa pagkapresidente kan Afghanistan asin dating Ministro kan mga Kababaihan, asin si Faizullah Jalal, dating Propesor kan Ley asin Siyensya Politikal asin Bise-Kanselor kan Unibersidad kan Kabul . Si Hasina napiritan na maghagad nin asylum sa Estados Unidos pagkatapos kan pagsakop kan Taliban, na binayaan an saiyang dagang tinubuan asin pamilya. Sa ibong kan mga angat kan pagkadistiero, padagos siyang nag-aadbokasiya para sa mga deretso kan mga babaeng Afghan, na ginagamit an saiyang plataporma tanganing mapakusog an saindang mga boses asin maimpluwensiyahan an internasyonal na polisiya asin diskurso &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=An Interview with Hasina Jalal|url=https://www.cgm.pitt.edu/news/interview-hasina-jalal}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Siya tatao sa Persiano, Pashto, Ingles, Turko, Hindi/Urdu, asin may kakayahan sa mga tataramon na Punjabi, Arabiko, asin Uzbek. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hasina Jalal2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hasina Jalal|url=https://ghd.georgetown.edu/profile/hasina-jalal/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=GHD|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304172835/https://ghd.georgetown.edu/profile/hasina-jalal/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edukasyon ==
Si Hasina Jalal nakakua kan saiyang undergraduate degree sa ekonomiya na may minor sa siyensya politikal gikan sa Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI)--sarong Unibersidad Sentral sa India--bilang sarong iskolar kan ICCR . &lt;ref name=&quot;Biruni Institute2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=16 December 2019|title=Hasina Jalal|url=http://biruni.af/team/hasina-jalal/|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023051231/http://biruni.af/team/hasina-jalal/|archive-date=23 October 2020|accessdate=22 October 2020|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bago maglaog sa JMI University, nag-adal siya nin ekonomiya sa Kabul University sa laog nin sarong taon nin pag-adal. Igwa siyang Master of Business Administration gikan sa American University of Afghanistan bilang sarong iskolar kan USAID asin sarong Master of Arts sa Women's and Gender Studies gikan sa University of Northern Iowa bilang sarong iskolar kan Fulbright . &lt;ref name=&quot;Rumi Awards2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Hasina Jalal|url=https://rumiawards.com/directory/hasina-jalal/|website=Rumi Awards|accessdate=22 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023045720/https://rumiawards.com/directory/hasina-jalal/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Jalal nag-adal sa graduate sa [https://sfs.georgetown.edu/ School of Foreign Service sa Georgetown University] asin siya presenteng Ph.D. kandidato sa Public and International Affairs sa Graduate School of Public and International Affairs sa Unibersidad kan Pittsburgh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hasina Jalal|url=https://ghd.georgetown.edu/profile/hasina-jalal/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=GHD|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304172835/https://ghd.georgetown.edu/profile/hasina-jalal/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Homepage {{!}} University of Pittsburgh|url=https://www.gspia.pitt.edu/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=www.gspia.pitt.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} Kabul University|url=https://ku.edu.af/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=ku.edu.af|archive-date=2023-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304163132/https://ku.edu.af/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siya man tinawan nin nagkapirang prestihiyosong mga fellowship, kabali an mga hale sa [https://www.mercatus.org/students/elinor-ostrom-fellowship Elinor Ostrom Fellowship], [https://sfs.georgetown.edu/ School of Foreign Service sa Georgetown University], asin an [https://www.cgm.pitt.edu/ Center for Governance and Markets] .

== Karera ==
Si Hasina nagmukna asin namamahala nin nagkapirang organisasyon kan sosyedad sibil sa Afghanistan asin sa rehiyonal na lebel kan Sur na Asya. Poon kan 2012, siya an Co-founder asin Executive Director kan National Association of Afghanistan Civil Society (NAACS) asin an pinakaenot na alyansa kan mga kababaihan sa Sur na Asya sa mga Karapatan sa Ekonomiya, Sosyal, asin Kultura kan mga Babae (SAFA) sa Sri Lanka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-06-02|title=Young Afghan activist wins UNDP peace award|url=https://unama.unmissions.org/young-afghan-activist-wins-undp-peace-award|access-date=2021-09-19|website=UNAMA|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816024711/https://unama.unmissions.org/young-afghan-activist-wins-undp-peace-award|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women in Afghanistan and the Region|url=https://spia.princeton.edu/events/women-afghanistan-and-region|access-date=2023-10-31|website=Princeton School of Public and International Affairs|language=en|archive-date=2023-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031175610/https://spia.princeton.edu/events/women-afghanistan-and-region|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jalal）天生巴达赫尚国籍阿富汗职业活动家闻名N-和平奖获得者|first=哈西娜·贾拉勒（Hasina|title=哈西娜·贾拉（Hasina Jalal）-维基百科|url=https://zh.ert.wiki/wiki/Hasina_Jalal|access-date=2021-09-19|website=百科全书|language=zh|archive-date=2023-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304163143/https://zh.ert.wiki/wiki/Hasina_Jalal|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si Jalal nagserbi sa gobyerno kan Afghanistan bilang sarong Research Team Lead asin Policy Expert sa Presidential Palace/Administrative Office kan Presidente kan Afghanistan kun saen pinangenotan niya an sarong grupo nin mga parasiyasat, nagkondukta nin pagsiyasat na nakasentro sa polisiya, asin nagpresentar nin mga nakua asin rekomendasyon sa dating Presidente kan Afghanistan. Nagtrabaho man siya bilang Policy Advisor sa Ministro asin Direktor kan Program Design asin Donor Coordination Directorate sa Ministry of Mines and Petroleum kan Gobyerno kan Afghanistan. Sa papel na ini, siya an namamahala kan mga inisyatiba asin programa na pinondohan kan tabang dayuhan sa mga sektor nin lana, gas, asin pagmimina kan Afghanistan, asin nagtao nin payo sa polisiya sa Ministro kan Mina asin Petrolyo.  Dugang pa, si Hasina nagtukdo nin ekonomiya sa mga estudyante sa Bachelor of Business Administration sa nagkapirang unibersidad sa Kabul. &lt;ref name=&quot;N-PEACE2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Hasina Jalal|url=http://n-peace.net/alumni-pages/alumni-2014/hasina-jalal/|website=N-PEACE|accessdate=22 October 2020|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122180743/https://n-peace.net/alumni-pages/alumni-2014/hasina-jalal/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An trabaho ni Hasina sa pagkakapantay-pantay sa kasarian, mga deretso pantawo, pagpapakusog kan mga kababaihan, asin demokrasya pigmidbid na kan nagkapirang rehiyonal asin internasyonal na mga premyo asin onra: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women in Afghanistan and the Region|url=https://www.princeton.edu/events/2021/women-afghanistan-and-region|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Princeton University|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2012, an Asian Rural Women's Coalitions (ARWC) tinawan siya kan &quot;Honoring 100 Asian Women Award&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNI Fulbright scholar empowering Afghan women|url=https://insideuni.uni.edu/uni-fulbright-scholar-empowering-afghan-women|access-date=2020-11-05|website=insideuni.uni.edu|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104234708/https://insideuni.uni.edu/uni-fulbright-scholar-empowering-afghan-women|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2014, siya naelihir sa paagi nin boto kan publiko na mag-ako kan &quot; N-Peace Award &quot; gikan sa UNDP Asia Pacific Regional Office asin sa Espesyal na Tagapayo kan Sekretaryo Heneral kan UN sa Unibersidad para sa Katoninongan. &lt;ref name=&quot;N-PEACE3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Hasina Jalal|url=http://n-peace.net/alumni-pages/alumni-2014/hasina-jalal/|website=N-PEACE|accessdate=22 October 2020|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122180743/https://n-peace.net/alumni-pages/alumni-2014/hasina-jalal/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Khaama Press2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Hasina Jalal wins Global Women Leadership award Archives|url=https://www.khaama.com/tag/hasina-jalal-wins-global-women-leadership-award/|website=The Khaama Press News Agency|accessdate=22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Community Supported Film2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=AFGHANISTAN: Young Afghan activist Hasina Jalal wins Global Women Leadership award|url=http://csfilm.org/2016/03/afghanistan-young-afghan-activist-hasina-jalal-wins-global-women-leadership-award/|website=Community Supported Film|accessdate=22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kan 2016, siya tinawan kan &quot;Global Women Leadership Award&quot; kan World-CSR, asin kan 2017, naresibe niya an &quot;World Super Achiever Award&quot; kan World Human Rights Congress. .&lt;ref name=&quot;N-PEACE4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Hasina Jalal|url=http://n-peace.net/alumni-pages/alumni-2014/hasina-jalal/|website=N-PEACE|accessdate=22 October 2020|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122180743/https://n-peace.net/alumni-pages/alumni-2014/hasina-jalal/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Khaama Press3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Hasina Jalal wins Global Women Leadership award Archives|url=https://www.khaama.com/tag/hasina-jalal-wins-global-women-leadership-award/|website=The Khaama Press News Agency|accessdate=22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Community Supported Film3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=AFGHANISTAN: Young Afghan activist Hasina Jalal wins Global Women Leadership award|url=http://csfilm.org/2016/03/afghanistan-young-afghan-activist-hasina-jalal-wins-global-women-leadership-award/|website=Community Supported Film|accessdate=22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si Hasina tinawan nin &quot;Iconic Women Creating a Better World for All Award&quot; gikan sa Women's Economic Forum kan 2020,  asin kan 2021, an publiko kan Afghan nagboto para saiya na mapili bilang saro sa &quot;45 Most Influential Afghan Women&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=45 Most Influential Afghan Women 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=SADF|date=2020-10-07|title=Afghan Women Heroes - Rumi awards|url=https://www.sadf.eu/afghan-women-heroes-rumi-awards/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=SADF|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613105710/https://www.sadf.eu/afghan-women-heroes-rumi-awards/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga Toltolan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Tamboan}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caroline Langat Thoruwa</title>
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      <text bytes="5235" sha1="0rfampqk93e6xhak1lgnw13bfwnw3ie" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Kenyanong kemiko}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name             = Caroline Langat Thoruwa
| image            = 
| caption          = 
| birth_date       = 
| fields           = Kimika, Kimika nin mga natural na produkto, Mga parmasyutiko
| workplaces       = [[Unibersidad kan Kenyatta]]
| alma_mater       = [[Unibersidad kan Kenyatta]]
| known_for        = Pagsiyasat sa natural na mga produktong kimika; liderato sa STEM asin inobasyon sa pagsiyasat
| awards           = 
}}

Si '''Caroline Langat Thoruwa''' sarong Kenyanong [[kemiko]]. Siya sarong [[propesor]] kan [[kimika]] sa [[Unibersidad kan Kenyatta]] asin an direktor kan saiyang [[kampus na satellite]] sa Syudad nin Nairobi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/spas/index.php/faculty/faculty-profiles/89-faculty/51-prof-caroline-lang-at-thoruwa|title=Prof. Caroline Lang'at Thoruwa|website=Kenyatta University|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914183759/http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/spas/index.php/faculty/faculty-profiles/89-faculty/51-prof-caroline-lang-at-thoruwa|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si Langat Thoruwa iyo man an pamayo kan mga Babaeng Aprikano sa [[Science]] asin [[Engineering]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aawse.org/index.php/about-us/awse-board|title=AWSE Board|publisher=AWSE|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911230835/http://www.aawse.org/index.php/about-us/awse-board|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nigerianpilot.com/kenyan-scientist-calls-increased-funding-biotechnology-research/|title=Kenyan scientist calls for increased funding for biotechnology research|date=26 April 2017|website=Nigerian Pilot|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109024504/http://nigerianpilot.com/kenyan-scientist-calls-increased-funding-biotechnology-research/|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarong miyembro kan hunta kan International Network Women Engineers &amp; Scientists,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://planetearthinstitute.org.uk/african-science-heroes/|title=African science heroes - Planet Earth Institute|date=2015-12-16|work=Planet Earth Institute|access-date=2017-11-11|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112021152/http://planetearthinstitute.org.uk/african-science-heroes/|archive-date=12 November 2017|url-status=dead|accessdate=2026-04-22|archivedate=2017-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112021152/http://planetearthinstitute.org.uk/african-science-heroes/}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a member of the technical committee of ACTIL Knowledge Hub.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://actilhub.org/our-team.html|title=ACTIL Knowledge Hub|website=actilhub.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-08|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022014/http://actilhub.org/our-team.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pamamayo asin pag-abot ==
Si Thoruwa presenteng nagseserbing Acting Deputy Vice-Chancellor para sa Research, Innovation and Outreach sa [[Kenyatta University]].
Kan Marso 2025, binuksan asin pinangenotan niya an sarong workshop sa mga tauhan sa pamamahala sa pag-mainstream kan siyensya, teknolohiya, asin inobasyon (STI) sa akademiko asin operasyonal na balangkas kan unibersidad, na pigduduon an pagpondo sa pagsiyasat, mga pakikipagtabangan, asin an pag-integrar kan STI sa pagtukdo asin pag-adal na nakalinya sa mga katuyuhan sa pag-uswag kan nasyon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Taking Charge in Mainstreaming STI for National Growth|url=https://www.nacosti.go.ke/2025/04/11/taking-charge-in-mainstreaming-sti-for-national-growth/|website=National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation|access-date=2025-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinuportaran man niya an mga palabas sa pagsiyasat sa unibersidad arog kan eksibisyon na My Smart Farm sa [[Nairobi International Trade Fair]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Research &amp; Innovation New|url=https://research.ku.ac.ke/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/rio_newsletter_dec_2024.pdf|access-date=2025-12-13}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si Thoruwa nagrepresentar sa Kenyatta University sa mga kolaboratibong pangyayari sa mga organisasyon arog kan AMPATH, na nagpapatalubo nin mga pananaw sa kapasidad sa pagsiyasat asin epekto sa komunidad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=AMPATH Leaders Share Insights with Kenyatta University|url=https://ampathkenya.org/news-blog-feed/2024/5/8/ampath-leaders-share-insights-with-kenyatta-university|website=AMPATH Kenya|access-date=2025-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nakipag-ulay man siya sa mga panluwas na grupo tanganing maipalakop an mga inisyatiba sa pagpapauswag kan liderato sa mga estudyante asin mga tawohan, kabali an mga urulay sa Life Ministry Kenya manungod sa mga programa sa liderato na nakabase sa mga pagmementor asin mga panusugan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Can Leadership Be Taught?|url=https://www.ku.ac.ke/can-leadership-be-taught/|website=Kenyatta University|access-date=2025-12-13}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mga toltolan==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

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  <page>
    <title>Bothriochloa</title>
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      <text bytes="9180" sha1="1o6mn89miqrt9f48fhgfx7xtrzuv00p" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Bothriochloa_pertusa_habit.jpg
| image_caption = 
| display_parents = 4
| taxon = Bothriochloa
| authority = [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4184#page/388/mode/1up Kuntze, Carl Ernst Otto 1891.  Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 762] description in Latin, commentary in German&lt;/ref&gt;
| type_species = ''[[Bothriochloa anamitica]]''&lt;br /&gt;(syn of ''B. bladhii)''
| type_species_authority = [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]&lt;ref name=e&gt;[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40029756 Tropicos, ''Bothriochloa'' Kuntze ]&lt;/ref&gt;
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=e/&gt;&lt;ref name=c&gt;[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=451141 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]&lt;/ref&gt;
| synonyms = * ''Amphilophis'' &lt;small&gt;Nash&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dichanthium'' sect. ''Bothriochloa'' &lt;small&gt;(Kuntze) Roberty&lt;/small&gt;
}}

An '''''Bothriochloa''''' sarong komun asin lakop na genus nin mga [[tinanom]] sa pamilya nin [[doot]] na tubong kadakol na nasyon sa gabos na ineerokan na kontinente asin kadakol na mga isla.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://delta-intkey.com/grass/www/bothrioc.htm |title=The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references |access-date=2009-08-19 |author=Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. |year=2008 |work=The Grass Genera of the World }}&lt;/ref&gt; They are often called '''beardgrass''', '''bluegrass''' or '''bluestem'''. Some species are invasive in areas where they have been introduced.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jepson Manual Treatment |url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8841 |access-date=2026-06-18 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401190253/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8841 |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BOTHR United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile]&lt;/ref&gt; Parati sinda inaapod na '''beardgrass''', '''bluegrass''' o '''bluestem'''. An ibang mga klase nagsasalakay sa mga lugar kun saen sinda pig-introdusir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jepson Manual Treatment |url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8841 |access-date=2026-06-18 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401190253/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8841 |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BOTHR United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mga species==
Minimidbid an minasunod na mga species:
&lt;ref name=c/&gt;
* ''[[Bothriochloa alta]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hitchc.) Henrard&lt;/small&gt; – tall beardgrass – [[Americas]] from [[New Mexico]] to [[Argentina]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa barbinodis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lag.) Herter–&lt;/small&gt; cane bluestem – USA ([[Colorado|CO]] [[Missouri|MO]] [[Oklahoma|OK]] [[Arizona|AZ]] [[California|CA]] [[Nevada|NV]] [[Utah|UT]] [[Texas|TX]] [[New Mexico|NM]] [[Florida|FL]] [[South Carolina|SC]]), [[Mexico]], [[El Salvador]], [[South America]] (gikan sa [[Colombia]] sa [[Paraguay]])
* ''[[Bothriochloa biloba]]'' &lt;small&gt;S.T.Blake&lt;/small&gt; – [[Queensland]], [[New South Wales]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa bladhii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Retz.) S.T.Blake&lt;/small&gt; – Asia ([[Yemen]] sa [[Caucasus]] sa [[Hapon]] sa [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]]), [[Australya]], [[New Guinea]], [[Africa]], [[Madagascar]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa bunyensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;B.K.Simon&lt;/small&gt; – [[Queensland]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa campii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Swallen) De Wet&lt;/small&gt; – [[Ecuador]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa compressa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hook.f.) Henrard&lt;/small&gt; – [[Indya]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa decipiens]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hack.) C.E.Hubb.&lt;/small&gt; – [[Australya]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa edwardsiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Gould) Parodi&lt;/small&gt; – [[Mexico]], [[Texas]], [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa ensiformis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hook.f.) Henrard&lt;/small&gt; – [[India]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa erianthoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;(F.Muell.) C.E.Hubb.&lt;/small&gt; – [[Queensland]], [[New South Wales]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa eurylemma]]'' &lt;small&gt;M.Marchi &amp; Longhi – Wagner&lt;/small&gt; – [[Brazil]] ([[Mato Grosso do Sul]]), [[Argentina]] ([[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]], [[Chaco Province|Chaco]], [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Tucumán Province|Tucumán]], [[Salta Province|Salta]])
* ''[[Bothriochloa ewartiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Domin) C.E.Hubb.&lt;/small&gt; – [[Australia]], [[Philippines]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Andhra Pradesh, India]] 
* ''[[Bothriochloa exaristata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Nash) Henrard&lt;/small&gt; – awnless beardgrass – southern [[Brazil]], northern [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]], [[Bolivia]], [[Peru]], USA ([[Texas|TX]] [[Louisiana|LA]])
* ''[[Bothriochloa grahamii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Haines) Bor&lt;/small&gt; – [[India]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa hirtifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(J.Presl) Henrard&lt;/small&gt; – [[Mexico]], [[Guatemala]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa hybrida]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Gould) Gould&lt;/small&gt; – USA ([[Texas|TX]] [[Louisiana|LA]]), [[Mexico]] (from [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] to [[Oaxaca]])
* ''[[Bothriochloa imperatoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lillo) Herter&lt;/small&gt; – [[Rio Grande do Sul]], northern [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa insculpta]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) A.Camus&lt;/small&gt; – sweetpitted grass – [[Africa]], [[Madagascar]], [[India]], [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Spain]], [[Sicily]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa ischaemum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Keng –&lt;/small&gt; yellow bluestem – [[Eurasia]] + [[North Africa]] from [[Portugal]] + [[Canary Islands]] to [[Korea]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa kuntzeana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hack.) Henrard&lt;/small&gt; – [[India]], [[Nepal]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa laguroides]]'' &lt;small&gt;(DC.) Herter&lt;/small&gt; – silver bluestem – [[Americas]] from [[Mexico]] to [[Chile]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa longifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hack.) Bor&lt;/small&gt; – [[India]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa longipaniculata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Gould) Allred &amp; Gould&lt;/small&gt; – longspike beardgrass – [[Brazil]] ([[Mato Grosso do Sul]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]), [[Argentina]] ([[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]], [[Chaco Province|Chaco]], [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Misiones Province|Misiones]]), [[Paraguay]], [[Guatemala]], [[Mexico]], USA ([[Texas|TX]] [[Louisiana|LA]] [[Mississippi|MS]])
* ''[[Bothriochloa macra]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Steud.) S.T.Blake&lt;/small&gt; – red – leg grass, red grass, redleg or pitted beard grass – [[Australia]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa meridionalis]]'' &lt;small&gt;M.Marchi &amp; Longhi – Wagner&lt;/small&gt; – [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa modesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Backer) Backer &amp; Henrard&lt;/small&gt; – [[Java]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa pertusa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) A.Camus&lt;/small&gt; – pitted beardgrass – [[China]], [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Australia]], islands of [[Indian Ocean]] + western [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa pseudischaemum]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Nees ex Steud.) Henrard&lt;/small&gt; – [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa radicans]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lehm.) A.Camus&lt;/small&gt; – eastern + southern [[Africa]], [[Arabian Peninsula]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa saccharoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Rydb.&lt;/small&gt; – Americas from [[Utah]] to [[Uruguay]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa springfieldii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Gould) Parodi&lt;/small&gt; – USA ([[Colorado|CO]] [[Arizona|AZ]] [[Utah|UT]] [[Texas|TX]] [[New Mexico|NM]] [[Louisiana|LA]]), [[Mexico]], [[Bolivia]], [[Argentina]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa torreyana ]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Steud.) Scrivanti &amp; Anton&lt;/small&gt; – southern USA (from [[California|CA]] to [[South Carolina|SC]]), [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa velutina]]'' &lt;small&gt;M.Marchi &amp; Longhi – Wagner&lt;/small&gt; – [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa woodrovii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hook.f.) A.Camus&lt;/small&gt; – [[India]]
* ''[[Bothriochloa wrightii]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Hack.) Henrard&lt;/small&gt; – [[Mexico]], USA ([[Texas|TX]] [[New Mexico|NM]] [[Arizona|AZ]])

=== Dating taxa ===
Hiling ''[[Capillipedium]]'', ''[[Dichanthium]]'', ''[[Euclasta (tanom)|Euclasta]]'', ''[[Hemisorghum]]'' asin ''[[Pseudosorghum]]''.

The following taxa were formerly included in the genus:&lt;ref name=c/&gt;
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''Bothriochloa assimilis'' – ''[[Capillipedium assimile]]''
* ''Bothriochloa concanensis'' – ''[[Dichanthium concanense]]'' 
* ''Bothriochloa foulkesii'' – ''[[Dichanthium foulkesii]]'' 
* ''Bothriochloa gracilis'' – ''[[Pseudosorghum fasciculare]]''
* ''Bothriochloa kwashotensis'' – ''[[Capillipedium kwashotense]]''
* ''Bothriochloa parviflora'' – ''[[Capillipedium parviflorum]]''
* ''Bothriochloa picta'' – ''[[Capillipedium assimile]]''
* ''Bothriochloa piptanthera'' – ''[[Euclasta condylotricha]]''
* ''Bothriochloa spicigera'' – ''[[Capillipedium spicigerum]]'' 
* ''Bothriochloa tuberculata'' – ''[[Dichanthium annulatum]]'' 
* ''Bothriochloa venusta'' – ''[[Hemisorghum venustum]]''
* ''Bothriochloa yunnanensis'' – ''[[Pseudosorghum fasciculare]]''
}}

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}
{{stub}}</text>
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    <title>Gu Yanwu</title>
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      <text bytes="14378" sha1="f4nhvkspsmh29jl3sgofecmsrph0czd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Gu Yanwu
| image              = Gu yanwu.jpg
| alt                = A color portrait of Gu Yanwu, wearing a hood and robes
| caption            = 19th-century portrait
| other_names        =
| birth_date         = {{birth year|1613}}
| birth_place        = [[Qiandeng|Qiandun]], Jiangnan, Ming China
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1682|1613|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Quwo County|Quwo]], Shanxi, Qing China
| burial_place       = [[Kunshan]], Jiangsu, China
| occupation         =
| known_for          =
| notable_works      = {{plainlist|
* {{zh|p=Rizhilu|labels=no}}
* {{zh|p=Yinxue wushu|labels=no}}
}}
| spouse             =
| mother             =
| father             =
| birth_name = Gu Jishen
| relations          =
| module             = {{Infobox Chinese
| child = yes
| t = 顧炎武
| s = 顾炎武
| p = Gù Yánwǔ
| w = {{tonesup|Ku4 Yen2-wu3}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|g|u|4|-|yan|2|.|wu|3}}
| altname          = Birth name|
|t2=顧繼紳
|s2=顾继绅
|p2=Gù Jìshēn
|w2={{tonesup|Ku4 Chi4-shen1}}
|altname3 = Second name
|t3=顧絳
| s3 =顾绛
|p3=Gù Jiàng
|w3={{tonesup|Ku4 Chiang4}}
| altname4        = Courtesy name
|t4=寧人
|s4=宁人
|p4=Níngrén
|w4={{tonesup|Ning2-jen2}}
|altname5 = Art name
|t5=顧亭林
|s5=顾亭林
|p5=Gù Tínglín
|w5={{tonesup|Ku4 T'ing2-lin2}}
}}
}}

Si '''Gu Yanwu''' ({{lang-zh|c=顧炎武|p=Gù Yánwǔ}}, 1613{{snd}}1682) sarong Tsinong historyador, [[philologist]], asin [[pararawit]]. Kan dai siya nakaasba sa [[imperyal na eksamen|eksamen na serbisyo sibil]] asin naagihan an kariribokan kan pagsalida nin dinastiya (haleng Ming pasiring Qing), siya nagin naglilibot na iskolar, binaktas an kahiwasan kan [[Historya nin Tsina|Tsinang Imperyal]] mantang nagdadamot kan saiyang mga nota para sa saiyang trabaho. Namundag sa pamilya nin mga [[iskolar-opisyal]] sa baryo nin [[Qiandeng|Qiandun]]  na sa ngonyan lugar na nin  [[Kunshan]], Jiangsu, si Gu inampon na makuapo kan saiyang tatahon na paternal kan siya akion pa. Siya natukdoan sa [[Klasikong Tsino]] kan saiyang kag-ampon na pamilya, dangan nag'abante sa sistema kan eksamenasyon imperyal. Pakagadan kan saiyang kag-ampon na lolohon, siya nakapasar sa preliminaryong eksamen kan 1626, alagad paliwat-liwat na naglagpak sa mga eksamen sa ranggo nin {{translit|zh|[[juren]]}}. Pinabayaan niya an pag-eksamen kan 1641. Siya nagbaya sa dinastiya kan Ming kan nagsakop na an dinastiyang Qing, asin sinalidahan niya pangaran niyang Jiang asin ginibo niyang Yanwu ('guerrero asin  naglalaad'), alagad dai nag'ako nin anoman na posisyon na politikal sa [[Southern Ming|Ming rump state]], asin ginibo nagparabyahe sa kahiwasan nin Tsina, ginagastosan posible kan ganar sa kadagaan na mahiwas kan saiyang pamilya sa Kunshan.

Sa mga mauunabihan na mga trabaho ni Gu, iyo an {{Interlanguage link|Rizhilu|lt=''Rizhilu''|zh|日知錄}} ({{zh|c=日知錄|l=Record of Daily Knowledge|labels=no}}), sarong katiriponan kan pinakarhay na mga nota niya sa iba-ibang ulayon, kadaklan dapit sa pagpalakaw nin gobyerno asin dapit sa [[historiograpiya]]. Siya makusog nankokodesya kan  [[Neo-Confucianismo]], [[Buddhismo sa Tsina|Buddhismo]], asin [[Daoismo]]. Saiyang tinutuyaw nang gayo an sentralisasyon politikal asin pagsarig sa mga kodigo nin ley, nakikitusay na ini ultimamente daa napaluya kan autoridad sentral ta ilinilito an poder sa mga escribyente asin mga opisyales. Siya nagtutulod kan pag'adal historikal nakasentto sa mga [[ginunuan na primarya]]. Duwa sana kan saiyang obra – enot na edisyon kan {{translit|zh|Rizhilu}} asin treatise sa [[phonologia]] {{Interlanguage link|Yinxue wushu|lt=''Yinxue wushu''|zh|音學五書}} ({{Zh|c=音學五書|l=Five Books on Phonology|labels=no}}) – an napublikar kan sa panahon niya; an natada kan saiyang mga trabaho, kairiba an mga rawitdawit, mga teksto heograpikal, asin mga nota, napublikar kan saiyang solo-solong disipulo [[Pan Lei]] pakagadan na niya. Kadakulan kan saiyang mga trabaho nagkawarara.

An mga kaisipann ni Gu nakaimpluwensiyang gayo sa mga iskolar kan peryodong Qing, asin mga ika-19ng siglong mga iskolar arog ki {{Interlanguage link|He Shaoji|zh|何紹基}} inuumaw na gayo siya sa sarong templo sa Beijing na natugdok sa pag'onra saiya. Ngapit, mga rebolusyunaryong arog ka [[Liang Qichao]] inumaw saiyang trabaho, tinatawan-doon an saiyang [[empiricismo]] asin pagtumang sa pamomoon kan Qing.

== Kaamayi nin buhay asin edukasyon ==
[[File:千灯镇顾炎武故居.jpg|thumb|left|Former residence of Gu Yanwu in Qiandun (now [[Qiandeng|Qiandeng, Kunshan, Jiangsu]])|alt=An tata sa sarong tradisyonal na residensyang Tsino]]

Kan 1613, si Gu Yanwu namundag sa pangaran na Gu Jishen ({{Lang-zh|c=顧繼紳|labels=no}}) sa baryo nin [[Qiandeng|Qiandun]]. Ini mga 9 na milya an rayo' bandang habagatan kan siyudad nin [[Kunshan]], sa probinsya na dati sakop kan [[Probinsyang Jiangnan|Jiangnan]].{{Sfn|Johnston|2016|p=239}} an mga apoon ni Gu nag'estar sa lugar na ini nin pirang siglo; saiyang sinususog an kapu'ngalan niya sa sarong nagngangaran Gu Qing na nagbanwa sa [[Yangtze Delta]] durante kan pagbagsak kan [[Northern Song]] mga 1127. An pamilya ni Gu mayayaman na mga [[iskolar-opisyales]] (an mga edukadong ripondipon nin mga opisyales nin gobyerno sa Imperyal Tsina) poon pa kan 1524, kun kasuarin an pamilya niya enot nagbanwa sa Qiandun.{{Sfn|Johnston|2016|p=3, 239}}{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|pp=116–118}}

An ama niya, si Gu Tongying, namundag kan 1585. Nailo sa aki pang marhay, siya nagin menor na iskolar-opisyal, alagad pitong beses naglagpak sa eksamen probinsyal. Alagad siya naghakot nin kabantogan komo sarong poeta,{{Sfn|Johnston|2016|pp=3–4}}{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|p=119}} arog kan saiyang ama si Gu Shaofu asin kan matuang aki na si Gu Xiang.{{Sfn|Jao|2024|p=242}} Nag'agom siyang babae an apelyido He ({{Lang-zh|c=何|labels=no}}), asin nagkaigwang limang aking lalaki asin lima man na aking babae. Si Gu Jishen ikaduwa sa mga magturugang.{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|p=120}}

Si Gu herelangon kan aki pa. Sa edad na tolo, nakapitan nin [[smallpox]], na nagresulta kan pagkabuta kan saro sa mata niya.{{Sfn|Johnston|2016|p=239}}{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|p=123}} Si Wang nagtukdo saiya durante kan aki pa siyang marhay, na gamit an mga trabaho ni [[Zhu Xi]], sarong pilosopo kan Song. Dangan siya nag'atender sa sarong eskwelahan kan edad pito.{{Sfn|Johnston|2016|p=239}}{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|p=123}} Bilang parte kan saiyang edukasyon, saiyang pinagbabasa an [[Apat na Libro]] ni Confuscius asin an treatise pilosopikal ni [[Huainanzi]]. An kag-ampon niyang lolo binabasa saiya manlaenblaen na teksto historikal, arog kan [[Guoyu]], an [[Zuo Zhuan]], asin an [[Shiji]]. Kan si Gu edad onse, an lolo niya binasa saiya an Song chronicle na [[Zizhi Tongjian]], na sinasabi saiya an pagkasabot nin &quot;sarong gatos na [[Juan (unit)|juan]] (kapitulo) sa kagsurat sa mga [[literatura sa dinastiyang Ming|autor sa Ming]] bakong arog karahay kumpara sa pagkasabot kan sarong [[juan]] sa peryodong Song&quot;.{{Sfn|Peterson|1968|pp=124–125}}


{{Quotebox
| title = Excerpt from ''Wandering About'' ({{zh|c=流轉|p=Liúzhuàn|labels=no}})
| quote = {{plainlist|
* Having removed my hair here and there,
* I took the guise of a traveling merchant.
* Alas, when I think of these five years,
* It has not been easy for me to live like this.
* My arduous journeying took me over land and water;
* My enemy is waiting at my gate.
* I could not even spend a night under my own roof,
* Which I had to forsake to become a wanderer.
{{hidden begin}}
{{lang|zh|稍稍去鬢毛，改容作商賈。&lt;br&gt;
卻念五年來，守此良辛苦。&lt;br&gt;畏途窮水陸，仇讎在門戶。&lt;br&gt;
故鄉不可宿，飄然去其宇。}}
{{hidden end}}
}}
| author = – Gu Yanwu, 1650
| source = translated by [[Willard J. Peterson]]{{sfn|Peterson|1968|pp=149–150}}
| width = 40%
}}

==Toltolan==
{{reflist|19em}}

===Mga obrang maunabihan===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Bartlett|chapter=Gu Yanwu (Ku Yen-wu)|pages=272–276|title=Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy|date=2003|publisher=[[Routledge]]|editor-first=Antonio S.|editor-last=Cua|isbn=9781135367480}}
* {{cite journal|first=John|last=Delury|title=Gu Yanwu's Mixed Model and the Problem of Two Despotisms|journal=Late Imperial China|volume=34|issue=1|date=2013|pages=1–27|doi=10.1353/late.2013.0004}}
* {{cite ECCP|title=Ku Yen-wu}}
* {{cite book|first=Tsung-i|last=Jao|author-link=Jao Tsung-I|title= Jade-Carving Chisel and Luminous Ocean: Selected Essays by Jao Tsung-i on Literature and Related Topics|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Nicholas Morrow|chapter=On the Poetry of Gu Yanwu|volume=4|pages=227–248|doi=10.1163/9789004523562_009 |isbn= 9789004523562 |date=2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-first=Ian|editor-last=Johnston|title=Record of Daily Knowledge and Collected Poems and Essays: Selections|isbn=9780231542678|date=2016|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wwmDQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journal|first=Yike|last=Mao|script-title=zh:顾炎武佚文《寄子严书》考述—兼论顾炎武立嗣孙对清代嗣法的影响|trans-title=A Study of Gu Yanwu's Lost Essay, ''Ji Ziyan Shu'': How Gu Yanwu Affected the Adoption Law of Qing Dynasty by Adopting A Grandson|date=2019|pages=94–102|issue=1|language=zh|journal=The Qing History Journal (Renmin University)|url=http://qsyj.ruc.edu.cn/EN/Y2019/V0/I1/94}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book| publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]| last1 = Ng| first1 = On Cho| last2 = Wang| first2 = Q. Edward| title = Mirroring the Past: The Writing and Use of History in Imperial China | url = https://archive.org/details/mirroringpastwri0000ngon|date = 2005}} {{ISBN|9780824829131}}
* {{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/2718597| volume = 28| pages = 114–156| last = Peterson| first = Willard J.| title = The Life of Ku Yen-wu (1613–1682): Part 1| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1968_28/page/114| journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies| date = 1968| jstor = 2718597}}
* {{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/2718835| volume = 29| pages = 201–247| last = Peterson| first = Willard J.| title = The Life of Ku Yen-wu (1613–1682): Part 2| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1969_29/page/201| journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies| date = 1969| jstor = 2718835}}
* {{cite journal|first=Ursula|last=Richter|title=Gu Jiegang: His Last Thirty Years|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_china-quarterly_1982-06_90/page/286|journal=[[The China Quarterly]]|volume=90|date=1982|doi=10.1017/S0305741000000369|pages=286–295}}
* {{cite journal|first=Paolo|last=Santangelo|title= Gu Yanwu's Contribution to History: the Historian's Method and Tasks|journal=East and West|volume=32|issue=1/4|pages=145–185|date=1982|jstor=29756632}}
* {{cite journal|first=Yuhao|last=Yan|script-title=zh:段志強, 《顧祠—顧炎武與晚清士人政治人格的重塑》|language=zh|trans-title=Review of Duan Zhiqiang's ''Gu Ancestral Hall: Gu Yanwu and the Reshaping of the Political Personality of Late Qing Dynasty Scholars''|date=2001|journal=Journal of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica|url=https://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/MHDocument/PublicationDetail/PublicationDetail_2001.pdf|issue=95|pages=127–132|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013030913/https://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/MHDocument/PublicationDetail/PublicationDetail_2001.pdf|archivedate=2025-10-13|title=Archive copy|access-date=2026-07-10}}
* {{cite book|last=Zhang|first=Shunhui|script-title=zh:顧亭林学記|publisher=[[Zhonghua Book Company]]|date=1963|oclc=1227494427|trans-title=Studies of Gu Tinglin|language=zh}}
{{refend}}

==Mga basahon pa==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite thesis |first=John Patrick |last=Delury |title=Despotism Above and Below: Gu Yanwu's ''Record of Daily Learning'' on Power, Money and Mores |date=2007 |publisher=[[Yale University]] |degree=PhD |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Georg |last=Ebertshäuser |title=Perspektiven nationaler und staatlicher Neugestaltung Chinas: Gu Yanwu und Sun Yat-sen |language=de |trans-title=Perspectives on the National and State-Level Restructuring of China: Gu Yanwu and Sun Yat-sen |publisher=[[LIT Verlag]] |isbn=9783825856410 |date=2003 |ref=none}}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |date=1983 |title=The Political Theories of Ku Yen-wu and the Manchu Conquest |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0095863 |doi=10.14288/1.0095863 |first=Wei-ying |last=Ku}}
* {{cite thesis |first=Ian |last=Johnston |title=Ku Yen-wu's ''Record of Daily Knowledge'' |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Sydney]] |date=1991 |hdl=2123/9112 |ref=none |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9112}}
* {{cite journal |first=Lung-chang |last=Young |title=Ku Yen-Wu's Views on the Ming Examination System |volume=23 |date=1987 |pages=48–63 |doi=10.1179/014703787788760359 |journal=Ming Studies}}

{{refend}}

==Mga panluwas na takod==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource|Author:顧炎武|Gu Yanwu|works=both|lang=zh}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=31194|name=Yanwu Gu}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Yanwu Gu}}

{{Chinese philosophy}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Philosophy|Religion|China}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gu, Yanwu}}
[[Category:1613 births]]
[[Category:1682 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Chinese historians]]
[[Category:17th-century Chinese philosophers]]
[[Category:17th-century Chinese poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Chinese scientists]]
[[Category:17th-century geographers]]
[[Category:17th-century linguists]]
[[Category:17th-century philologists]]
[[Category:Chinese Confucianists]]
[[Category:Chinese geographers]]
[[Category:Chinese philologists]]
[[Category:Historians from Jiangsu]]
[[Category:Linguists from China]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty historians]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty philosophers]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty poets]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty scholars]]
[[Category:People from Kunshan]]
[[Category:Philosophers from Jiangsu]]
[[Category:Phonologists from China]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty historians]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty philosophers]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty poets]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Suzhou]]
[[en:Gu Yanwu]]</text>
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| image_size       =
| image_caption    = Veloso on the day of her repatriation in 2024
| birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1985|01|10}}&lt;ref name=guardian&gt;{{cite news|title=Philippine press caught out by last-minute execution reprieve for Mary Jane Veloso|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/apr/29/philippine-press-caught-out-by-last-minute-execution-reprieve-for-mary-jane-veloso|access-date=April 29, 2015|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=The Guardian|date=April 29, 2015|archive-date=May 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531212019/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/apr/29/philippine-press-caught-out-by-last-minute-execution-reprieve-for-mary-jane-veloso|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Veloso family on Mary Jane's birthday: We want her home|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/118599-veloso-family-mary-jane-birthday/|access-date=January 11, 2016|publisher=Rappler|date=January 11, 2016|archive-date=January 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112022200/http://www.rappler.com/nation/118599-veloso-family-mary-jane-birthday|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_name       = Mary Jane Fiesta Veloso
| birth_place      = [[Cabanatuan]], [[Nueva Ecija]], Philippines
| death_date       = 
| death_place      = 
| death_cause      = 
| criminal_charges = 
| occupation       = [[Domestic worker]]
| known_for        = 
| height           = 
| weight           = 
| religion         = 
| penalty          = [[Capital punishment in Indonesia|Death]]; automatically [[Commutation (law)|commuted]] to [[reclusion perpetua]] due to abolition of [[Capital punishment in the Philippines|capital punishment]] in [[Philippines]] (2024)
| spouse           = &lt;!-- Don't add if not related to conviction --&gt;
| children         = &lt;!-- (as above) --&gt;
| parents          = &lt;!-- (as above) --&gt;
| motive           = 
| convictions      = [[Drug trafficking]] (2010)
| criminal_status  = Released on September 25, 2026
| imprisoned       = [[Correctional Institution for Women (Mandaluyong)|Correctional Institution for Women]], [[Mandaluyong]], [[Metro Manila]] (formerly)
| footnotes        =  
}}

Si '''Mary Jane Fiesta Veloso''' (namundag Enero 10, 1985) iyo an sarong Filipinong [[domestic worker]] na inaresto sa [[Indonesia]] huli sa drug trafficking kaidtong 2010 asin sinentensyahan nin padusang kagadanan pagkatapos manumpungan na guilty sa ''trial''. Tinawan nin temporaryong [[Pardon|reprieve]] kaidtong 2015, nagdanay siya sa [[death row]] sa laog nin haros 10 taon pagkatapos kaiyan. Sa saiyang enterong 14 taon nin incarceration, si Veloso prinotesa an saiyang kainosentehan  asin pigpahingako na siya linansi tanganing mag-''smuggle'' nin [[narkotiko]]. Kaidtong Nobyembre 2024, an gobyerno kan Indonesia inanunsyo na si Veloso ililipat pabalik sa Filipinas pagkatapos kan kasunduan sa pag-ultanan kan duwang nasyon dapit ley sa paglipat nin preso. Sa huri pinatalingkas si Veloso sa karsel asin pinabalik sa [[Manila]] kaidtong katahawan kan Disyembre 2024. An saiyang kaso, siring man sa iba pa, nagpukaw nin atensyon sa ibang nasyon asin lakop na scrutiny nin [[Capital punishment in Indonesia|Indonesia's capital punishment]] asin mga ley dapit sa pababawal sa droga. Tinawan siya nin absolute pardon ni Presidente [[Bongbong Marcos]] kaidtong Septyembre 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Gutierrez|first1=Jason|title=Once Sentenced to Death, Mary Jane Veloso Receives Pardon in the Philippines|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/25/world/asia/mary-jane-veloso-philippines-pardon.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=25 September 2026|date=25 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}
{{stub}}</text>
      <sha1>cba19yfxl76hzc4no9uix7e3q5pu2pu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eudorylas restrictus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311459</id>
      <parentid>311045</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T04:05:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>17127</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>311459</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1676" sha1="a6pggr8eagb7gnmsp8dj5aea370k4sv" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| image = 
| image_caption =
| genus = Eudorylas
| species = restrictus
| display_parents = 3
| authority = Coe, 1966&lt;ref name=&quot;Coe1966&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Coe |first1=R.L. |title=Pipunculidae |series=Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects |year=1966 |volume=10 |issue=2c |page=83 |url=https://www.royensoc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Vol10_Part02c.pdf |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722085456/https://www.royensoc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Vol10_Part02c.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2022 |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| synonyms = 
}}

An '''''Eudorylas restrictus''''' sarong [[species]] nin [[langaw]] sa pamilyang [[Pipunculidae]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Coe1966&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Coe |first1=R.L. |title=Pipunculidae |series=Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects |year=1966 |volume=10 |issue=2c |page=83 |url=https://www.royensoc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Vol10_Part02c.pdf |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722085456/https://www.royensoc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Vol10_Part02c.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2022 |dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;De Meyer1996&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=De Meyer |first1=Marc |title=World Catalogue of Pipunculidae (Diptera) |journal=Studiedocumenten van het K.B.I.N. |year=1996 |volume=86 |pages=1–127}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Distribusyon==
[[Great Britain]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Slovakia]], [[Switzerland]]

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q14140549}}

[[Kategorya:Eudorylas|restrictus]]
[[Kategorya:Mga insektong pigladawan kan 1966]]
[[Kategorya:Mga langaw nin Europa]]

{{Pipunculidae-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Helvijs Babris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311463</id>
      <parentid>311172</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T05:47:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>17127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>311463</origin>
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      <text bytes="2803" sha1="9lh6h4iks6tzjbppybxe2m1v3x8noxz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Helvijs Babris
| image = Helvijs Babris - 2018 UEC European BMX Championships (Men's BMX).jpg
| image_size = 
| caption = Babris in 2018
| nationality = {{LAT}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|5|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = Taurene
| sport = [[Cycle sport|Cycling]]
| event = [[BMX racing]]
| coach = 
| medaltemplates =
}}

Si '''Helvijs Babris''' (namundag 13 Mayo 1998) sarong Latvianong [[BMX]] na siklista.

Kampeon nasyonal pirang beses, siya nag'eestera sa Training Center for High-Class Athletes (AKSSC) na yaon namumugtak sa [[Valmiera]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lrf.lv/index.php/bmx/bmx-aktualitates/1082-helvijs-babris-butu-pacietigiem-un-neatlaidigi-tikties-uz-saviem-merkiem|title= Helvi Babris: &quot;Be patient and persevere in meeting your goals&quot;|website=lrv.lv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siya napili sa Latvian team para sa [[Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's BMX racing]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/cycling-bmx-racing/athlete-profile-n1465692-babris-helvijs.htm|title=Helvijs BABRIS|access-date=2021-07-29|archive-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729041014/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/cycling-bmx-racing/athlete-profile-n1465692-babris-helvijs.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siya nagtapos ika-20 alagad dai na nag'antos sa  semi-finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.archysport.com/2021/07/helvijs-babris-evaluates-what-prevented-him-from-entering-the-semi-finals-of-the-bmx-competition|title=Helvijs Babris evaluates what prevented him from entering the semi-finals of the BMX competition|website=Archysport.com|date=29 July 2021}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Siya nabotohan sportsman nin taon kan syudad nin Valmiera kan 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sports.tv3.lv/citi/bmx-ritenbraucejs-helvijs-babris-atzits-par-valmieras-novada-gada-sportistu|title=BMX cyclist Helvijs Babris was recognized as the sportsman of the year in Valmiera region|website=sports.tv3.lv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saiya man na pigrepresentar an Latvia sa [[bobsleigh]] duman sa Europe Cup level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibsf.org/en/athletes/athlete/10286/Babris|title=IBSF &amp;#124; Helvijs Babris}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist}}

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* {{UCI BMX rider|10010027962}}
* {{IBSF|10286}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{Olympics.com|helvijs-babris}}
* {{LOK profile|680}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babris, Helvijs}}
[[Kategorya:Mga 1998 na kamundagan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Buruhay]]
[[Kategorya:BMX riders]]
[[Kategorya:Mga siklistang Latviano]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Olympikong siklista para sa Latvia]]
[[Kategorya:Mga siklista sa 2020 Olimpikong Tig-init]]


{{Latvia-cycling-bio-stub}}
{{Latvia-bobsleigh-bio-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Listahan nin mga kolaborasyon ni Johnny Alegre</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311493</id>
      <parentid>311270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T10:27:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>17127</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="27444" sha1="33xl7w9rl8yd1rb3h6rymmt3wy50nun" xml:space="preserve">Ini an lista kan gabos na mga kolaborasyon kan Pilipinong artista nin musika na si [[Johnny Alegre]] kaiba an iba pang mga artista sa ibang mga album.

''An listahang ini malawig pa sa pagdalagan nin oras.''

==Bilang produser==
===Mga album===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Artista
! Titulo kan Album
! Imprinta
! width=75px|Katalogo
! Ganap
! Taon
! width=125px|Pormat
|- 
| Various Artists
| ''8th [[Metro Manila Popular Music Festival]]''
| [[Vicor Music]] / [[Sunshine Records (Philippines)|Sunshine Records]]
| &lt;small&gt;TSP-5400&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Production Supervision: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1985
| [[Compilation album|Compilation]] [[LP album|LP]] and [[Cassette tape|cassette]]
|- 
| Various Artists
| ''The Best of [[Pinoy rock|Pinoy Rock]] Vols. 1 &amp; 2'' (Collector's Edition)&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
|title=The Best Of Pinoy Rock (Collectors Edition) Vols 1 &amp; 2 (1985, Vinyl)
|url=https://www.discogs.com/Various-The-Best-Of-Pinoy-Rock-Collectors-Edition-Vols-1-2/release/18609388
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142437/https://www.discogs.com/Various-The-Best-Of-Pinoy-Rock-Collectors-Edition-Vols-1-2/release/18609388
|archive-date=2021-05-10
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| [[Blackgold Records]]
| &lt;small&gt;BA-5124&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Compilation Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1985
| Compilation [[double album|2LP]] and cassettes
|- 
| Various Artists
| ''Sigaw ng Kalayaan''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Sigaw ng Kalayaan (CD) – CFAMedia
|url=https://cfamedia.org/Store/product/sigaw-ng-kalayaan-cd/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521014146/https://cfamedia.org/Store/product/sigaw-ng-kalayaan-cd/
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| CFA Records
| &lt;small&gt;CFA-006&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1986
| Compilation LP, cassette and [[CD]]
|- 
| Various Artists
| ''Hitmakers Vol. 6''&lt;!--&lt;ref name=hitmakers&gt;{{Citation
|title=Hitmakers Volume 6 (Vinyl)
|url=https://www.discogs.com/Various-Hitmakers-Volume-6/release/12689134
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521014349/https://www.discogs.com/Various-Hitmakers-Volume-6/release/12689134
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BA-5132&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer (one track only: [[Zsa Zsa Padilla]])&lt;/small&gt;
| 1989
| Compilation LP and cassette
|- 
| Various Artists
| ''Star Tracks Vol. 1''&lt;!--&lt;ref name=startracks&gt;{{Citation
|title=Star Tracks Vol.1 (Vinyl)
|url=https://www.discogs.com/Various-Star-Tracks-Vol1/release/14895311
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521014441/https://www.discogs.com/Various-Star-Tracks-Vol1/release/14895311
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| Vicor Music / Sunshine Records
| &lt;small&gt;TSP-5817&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer (two tracks: Albert Albert, Zsa Zsa Padilla)&lt;/small&gt;
| 1989
| Compilation LP and cassette
|- 
| [[Zsa Zsa Padilla]]
| ''Zsa Zsa'' &lt;small&gt;(the pink album)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Zsazsa Padilla OPM Vinyl Lp Plaka Turntable
|url=https://www.carousell.ph/p/zsazsa-padilla-opm-vinyl-lp-plaka-turntable-1018440301/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521014623/https://www.carousell.ph/p/zsazsa-padilla-opm-vinyl-lp-plaka-turntable-1018440301/
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=Carousell|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BA-5115&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producers: Ed Formoso, Danny Favis, Dante Trinidad. Co-producer: Johnny Alegre. Executive Producer: [[Vicor Music|Vic del Rosario Jr.]]&lt;/small&gt;
| 1985
| LP and cassette
|- 
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| ''Ikaw Lamang''&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Zsa Zsa Padilla - Ikaw Lamang
|url=https://www.discogs.com/Zsa-Zsa-Padilla-Ikaw-Lamang/master/1734030
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521014821/https://www.discogs.com/Zsa-Zsa-Padilla-Ikaw-Lamang/master/1734030
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=Discogs
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BA-5131&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Chito Ilagan&lt;br&gt; Co-Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1986
| LP and cassette
|- 
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| Roots &amp; Wings&lt;ref name=zsazsadiscogs&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Discography/Features
|url=https://zsazsapadilla.com/discography/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144200/https://zsazsapadilla.com/discography/
|archive-date=2021-05-10
|website=Zsa Zsa Padilla
|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BA-5149&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1988
| LP and cassette
|- 
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| ''Krismas''&lt;ref name=zsazsadiscogs/&gt;&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
|title=ZsaZsa Padilla, &quot;Krismas&quot; Album FULL (Cassette/1989)
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4kpsVj6u54
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;KBA-6171&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1990
| Cassette
|- 
| Tadao Hayashi&lt;!--&lt;ref name=tadao&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Tadao Hayashi
|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1290718-Tadao-Hayashi
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218095221/https://www.discogs.com/artist/1290718-Tadao-Hayashi
|archive-date=2021-02-18
|website=Discogs
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| ''Tadao Hayashi'' &lt;small&gt;(self-titled)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
|title=Tadao Hayashi – Tadao Hayashi (1986, Vinyl)
|url=https://www.discogs.com/Tadao-Hayashi-Tadao-Hayashi/release/12901479
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507090011/https://www.discogs.com/Tadao-Hayashi-Tadao-Hayashi/release/12901479
|archive-date=2021-05-07
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt; 
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BA-5125&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1986
| LP and cassette
|- 
| Tadao Hayashi
| ''Christmas Wish''&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Christmas Album, Tadao Hayashi - YouTube
|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLuQjJQFF6uhfBZvef0_6kd3KmmSUtmb6x
|website=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BA-5138&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1986
| LP and cassette
|- 
| Tadao Hayashi
| ''O.P.M. Special''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=OPM Special by Tadao Hayashi: Album Samples, Covers and Remixes
|url=https://www.whosampled.com/album/Tadao-Hayashi/Opm-Special/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521090515/https://www.whosampled.com/album/Tadao-Hayashi/Opm-Special/
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=WhoSampled
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BA-5147&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1987
| LP and cassette
|- 
| Tadao Hayashi &amp; Friends
| ''Standing Room Only''&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
|title=Ikaw Lamang - Tadao Hayashi
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=176a23WiVVc
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BA-5160&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1988
| LP and cassette
|- 
| Universe
| ''Light of Peace''&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
|title=Universe – Light of peace (1987, Vinyl)
|url=https://www.discogs.com/Universe-Light-of-peace/release/14808724
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521090212/https://www.discogs.com/Universe-Light-of-peace/release/14808724
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| East-West Records Manila
| &lt;small&gt;EW-U-1&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Co-Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1987
| LP
|- 
| Salito Malca&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Salito Malca
|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm4552324/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521015804if_/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4552324/
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| '''Till The Fat Lady Sings''
| Fat Lady Records
| &lt;small&gt;AMA-001&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Co-Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1990
| LP
|-
| Joey Puyat&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Joey Puyat: A creative force on and offstage
|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/joey-puyat-creative-force-offstage-mai-mislang
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521015902/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/joey-puyat-creative-force-offstage-mai-mislang
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=www.linkedin.com
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;, Johnny Alegre, Dan Gil,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Manila Songwriter: Dan Gil
|url=https://www.sonicbids.com/find-musicians/dan-gil/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521020115/https://www.sonicbids.com/find-musicians/dan-gil/
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=Sonicbids
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Josel Garriz, Richie Quirino&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Richie Quirino
|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm8653083/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521020313if_/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8653083/
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| ''The Concert at [[Remedios Circle]]''
| [https://www.puyatsports.com/ Puyat Sports]
| &lt;small&gt;001&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1997
| [[Album#Live|Live album]] CD
|- 
| Vivian
| ''Bourbon Street''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Vivian Hernaez Music
|url=https://blastfmsocial.media/VivianHernaez
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521021158/https://blastfmsocial.media/VivianHernaez
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=blastfmsocial.media}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Bourbon Street Tokushima JP
| &lt;small&gt;001&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 2011
| CD
|- 
| Melladys
| ''Mga Awit Sa J.P. Rizal''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Mga Awit sa J.P. Rizal: A family's OPM for the times|website= theDiarist.ph |url=https://www.thediarist.ph/mga-awit-sa-j-p-rizal-a-familys-opm-for-the-times/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Backspacer Records
| &lt;small&gt;MELLA-JA-BR-001&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 2025
| 2LP
|- 
| Kiss The Bride
| ''KTB''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Jazz Band KTB launches instant classic|website= Manila Bulletin|url=https://mb.com.ph/2025/07/22/jazz-band-ktb-launches-instant-classic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Kiss the Bride to launch release of 2nd album this Friday, July 4, at Tago Jazz Café|website= Business Mirror|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2025/06/30/kiss-the-bride-to-launch-release-of-2nd-album-this-friday-july-4-at-tago-jazz-cafe/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Backspacer Records
| &lt;small&gt;JRP-001-BR&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Remixed and Co-produced&lt;br&gt; by Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 2025
| 2LP
|-
|}

===Mga singles===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Artista
! Side A
! Side B
! Record label
! Katalogo
! Ganap
! Taon
|-
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| &quot;When I'm with You&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Rene Novelles)&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;When I'm with You&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Dante Trinidad)&lt;/small&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BSP-392&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Co-Producers: Ed Formoso, Dante Trinidad, &amp;amp; Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1985
|-
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| &quot;Eversince&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Alvina Eileen Sy)&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;Eversince&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Dante Trinidad)&lt;/small&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BSP-397&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producers: Dante Trinidad &amp;amp; Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1985
|-
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| &quot;To Love You&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Danny Javier]])&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;To Love You&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Menchu Apostol)&lt;/small&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BSP-401&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producers: Dante Trinidad &amp;amp; Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1985
|-
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| &quot;Hiram&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[George Canseco]])&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;Hiram&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by [[Danny Tan]])&lt;/small&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BSP-404&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Co-Producers: Johnny Alegre &amp;amp; Chito Ilagan&lt;br&gt;Executive Producer: Vic del Rosario, Jr.&lt;/small&gt;
| 1986
|-
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| &quot;Mambobola&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Rey-An Fuentes)&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;Mambobola&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Homer Flores)&lt;/small&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BSP-410&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Chito Ilagan&lt;br&gt;Associate Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1986
|-
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| &quot;Ikaw Lamang&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Dodjie Simon)&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;Ikaw Lamang&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Menchu Apostol)&lt;/small&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BSP-413&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Chito Ilagan&lt;br&gt;Co-Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1986
|-
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| &quot;Minsan Pa&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Jun Sta. Maria &amp;amp; Peewee Apostol)&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;Minsan Pa&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Menchu Apostol)&lt;/small&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BSP-417&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Chito Ilagan&lt;br&gt;Co-Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1986
|-
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| &quot;Maybe This Time&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Marlene del Rosario)&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;Maybe This Time&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Menchu Apostol)&lt;/small&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BSP-432&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1988
|-
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| &quot;Pangako&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Dodjie Simon)&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;Pangako&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Egay Gonzales)&lt;/small&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BSP-447&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;br&gt;Executive Producers: Fred Samantela &amp;amp; Chito Ilagan&lt;/small&gt;
| 1990
|-
| Zsa Zsa Padilla
| &quot;Ang Aking Pamasko&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Tony Velarde)&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;Ang Aking Pamasko&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Egay Gonzales)&lt;/small&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BSP-459&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1990
|-
| Joannie Feliciano
| &quot;Kinabukasan&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Rudy delos Reyes)&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;Kinabukasan&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Dante Trinidad)&lt;/small&gt;
| Sunshine Records
| &lt;small&gt;SUN-85-387&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Recording Supervision: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1985
|-
| Iwi Laurel
| &quot;Come Be a Part of My Song&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Ed Nepomuceno)&lt;/small&gt;
| &quot;Come Be a Part of My Song&quot; (minus one)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Ed Nepomuceno)&lt;/small&gt;
| Sunshine Records
| &lt;small&gt;SUN-85-388&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producer: Johnny Alegre&lt;/small&gt;
| 1985
|-
| Hourglass
| &quot;ILWY&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
|url = https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/363905/johnny-alegre-revives-underground-radio-hit/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502173249/https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/363905/johnny-alegre-revives-underground-radio-hit/
|archive-date=2021-05-02
|title =  Johnny Alegre revives underground radio hit
|publisher = Inquirer.net Lifestyle
|accessdate = 8 June 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web 
|url = https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/06/05/20/pinoy-rock-70s-classic-now-available-on-vinyl-44-years-later
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503011354/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/06/05/20/pinoy-rock-70s-classic-now-available-on-vinyl-44-years-later
|archive-date=2021-05-03
|title =  Pinoy rock '70s classic now available on vinyl 44 years later
|publisher = ABS-CBN News
|url-status = live
|access-date = 6 June 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Johnny Alegre)&lt;/small&gt;
| In Love with You&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arranged by Johnny Alegre)&lt;/small&gt;
| Hourglass
| &lt;small&gt;Hourglass001&lt;/small&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;Producers: Johnny Alegre &amp; Joey Puyat&lt;/small&gt;
| 2020
|}

==Bilang tagapakarhay==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Artista
! Titulo kan Album
! Record label
! width=75px|Katalogo
! Taon
! Pormat
|- 
| Children of [[Siena College of Quezon City|Siena College]] and St. James Academy&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.schoolandcollegelistings.com/PH/Malabon/265716333538511/St.-James-Academy---Parents-Teacher%27s-Association-Malabon-City|title=St. James Academy|website= www.schoolandcollegelistings.com/PH|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Mahal Ako Ni Jesus''
| CFA Records&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Communication Foundation for Asia|website= UNESCO.org |url=https://community.unesco.org/milAlliance/s/detail/001Sm00000XS2S7IAL?language=en_US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Introduction to Development Communication Its Philosophy and Approach Communication Foundation for Asia|website= Academia.edu |url=https://www.academia.edu/28028879/Introduction_to_Development_Communication_Its_Philosophy_and_Approach_Communication_Foundation_for_Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| &lt;small&gt;CFA-003&lt;/small&gt;
| 1981
| LP and cassette
|- 
| Louie Heredia&lt;!--&lt;ref name=louie&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Louie Heredia
|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2342542/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521021608if_/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2342542/
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| ''From Another Place and Time''&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
|title=Louie Heredia – From Another Place And Time (1986, Vinyl)
|url=https://www.discogs.com/Louie-Heredia-From-Another-Place-And-Time/release/8841584
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515102614/https://www.discogs.com/Louie-Heredia-From-Another-Place-And-Time/release/8841584
|archive-date=2021-05-15
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BA-5133&lt;/small&gt;
| 1989
| LP and cassette
|- 
| Universe&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Universe
|url=https://gramho.com/explore-hashtag/junregalado
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521091850/https://gramho.com/explore-hashtag/junregalado
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=gramho.com
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| ''Light of Peace''&lt;!--&lt;ref name=lightofpeace&gt;{{Citation
|title=Universe – Light of peace (1987, Vinyl)
|url=https://www.discogs.com/Universe-Light-of-peace/release/14808724
|website=Discogs
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| East-West Records Manila
| &lt;small&gt;EW-U-1&lt;/small&gt;
| 1987
| LP
|- 
| Various Artists &lt;small&gt;(one track only: Louie Heredia&lt;!--&lt;ref name=louie/&gt;--&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
| ''Hitmakers Vol. 6''&lt;!--&lt;ref name=hitmakers/&gt;--&gt;
| Blackgold Records
| &lt;small&gt;BA-5132&lt;/small&gt;
| 1989
| Compilation LP and cassette
|- 
| Various Artists &lt;small&gt;(one track only: Albert Albert)&lt;/small&gt;
| ''Star Tracks Vol. 1''&lt;!--&lt;ref name=startracks/&gt;--&gt;
| Vicor Music / Sunshine Records
| &lt;small&gt;TSP-5817&lt;/small&gt;
| 1989
| Compilation LP and cassette
|-
|Louie Heredia
|''Nag-iisang Ikaw''
|Vicor Music
|&lt;small&gt;VCD-K-040&lt;/small&gt;
|1994
|CD
|-
| Hourglass
| &quot;ILWY&quot;
| Hourglass
| &lt;small&gt;Hourglass001&lt;/small&gt;
| 2020
| [[Single (music)|45-RPM]]
|}

==Bilang instrumentalista==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Artista
! Titulo kan Album
! Imprinta
! Taon
! width=125px|Pormat
|-
|Eddie Katindig
|''Eddie K Jazzmin'' &lt;small&gt;(one track only: &quot;Jazzmin&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;
|PD Records, [[Dyna Music|Dyna Records]]
|1982
|LP
|- 
| Universe
| ''Light of Peace''&lt;!--&lt;ref name=lightofpeace/&gt;--&gt;
| East-West Records Manila
| 1987
| LP
|- 
| Albert Albert
| ''Star Tracks Vol. 1''&lt;!--&lt;ref name=startracks/&gt;--&gt; &lt;small&gt;(one track only: ''I Got Your Number'')&lt;/small&gt;
| Vicor Music / Sunshine Records
| 1989
| Compilation LP and cassette
|- 
| Albert Albert
| ''Hitmakers Vol. 7''&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
|title=Hitmakers Volume 7 (Vinyl)
|url=https://www.discogs.com/Various-Hitmakers-Volume-7/release/12689109
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504160049/https://www.discogs.com/Various-Hitmakers-Volume-7/release/12689109
|archive-date=2021-05-04
|website=Discogs
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; &lt;small&gt;(one track only: ''Lost In You'')&lt;/small&gt;
| Sunshine Records
| 1989
| Compilation LP and cassette
|- 
| JR COBB Jazz Chamber&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Portraits in Jazz: Butch Saulog's flow and order|url=https://coverstory.ph/portraits-in-jazz-butch-saulogs-flow-and-order/|access-date=|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[Adobo Jazz (anthology series)|Adobo Jazz: Portrait of a Filipino as a Jazz Artist, Vol. 1]]''
| IndiRa Records
| 2002
| Compilation CD
|- 
| John B. Power/The IBO Clan
| ''Moon of Compassion''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|last=Gil
|first=Baby A.
|title=Ibo's Moon of Compassion ''(name of Johnny Alegre was misspelled)''
|url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/06/26/166023/ibo146s-moon-compassion
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521022800/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2002/06/26/166023/ibo146s-moon-compassion
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=Philstar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Iboflame Music
| 2002
| CD
|- 
| John B. Power/The IBO Clan
| ''I Carry No Stick''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|last=Arcellana
|first=Juaniyo
|title=The last Peacenik
|url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2003/06/01/208319/last-peacenik
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521024923/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2003/06/01/208319/last-peacenik
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=Philstar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|last=Abunda
|first=Boy
|title=Tim Tayag: 'Imported' from America
|url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2003/06/13/209871/tim-tayag-145imported146-america
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521025312/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2003/06/13/209871/tim-tayag-145imported146-america
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=Philstar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Iboflame Music
| 2003
| CD
|-
|Bituin Escalante
|''UR LUV THANG''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bituin Escalante Releases Third Studio Album, 'Ur Luv Thang' – ClickTheCity|url=https://www.clickthecity.com/music/article/54222/bituin-escalante-releases-third-studio-album-ur-luv-thang/|access-date=|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526130451/https://www.clickthecity.com/music/article/54222/bituin-escalante-releases-third-studio-album-ur-luv-thang/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Thirdline
|2005
|CD
|- 
| Nyko Maca&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Music media championing and spotlighting music in Asia: Nyko Maca
|url=https://www.bandwagon.asia/artists/nyko-maca
|website=Bandwagon Pte Ltd
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|last=Atilano
|first=Joseph R.
|date=2012-11-06
|title=Spotlight on Nyko Maca
|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/66274/spotlight-on-nyko-maca
|website=INQUIRER.net
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| (outtakes)
| M-Audio
| 2008
| CD
|- 
| Mayo Baluyut
| ''Middle Class Sensibilities''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|last1=B
|last2=ST
|date=2010-08-14
|title=MAYO BALUYUT presents &quot;MIDDLE CLASS SENSIBILITIES&quot; « BANDSTAND.PH
|url=https://bandstand.ph/2010/08/14/mayo-baluyut-presents-middle-class-sensibilities/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521064441if_/https://bandstand.ph/2010/08/14/mayo-baluyut-presents-middle-class-sensibilities/#.YKdW76j7TIV
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=Bandstand.ph
|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Middle Class Sensibilities (EP), by Mayo Baluyut
|url=https://mayobaluyut.bandcamp.com/album/middle-class-sensibilities-ep
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521072329/https://mayobaluyut.bandcamp.com/album/middle-class-sensibilities-ep
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=Mayo Baluyut}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Top Banana Productions
| 2009
| [[Extended play|EP]]
|- 
| Mammals
| ''Mammals''&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Wilderness' profile page for Japan Music Week 2010
|url=https://pating.tumblr.com/post/1248942669
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521064301/https://pating.tumblr.com/post/1248942669
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=Tumblr
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Mammals' itinerary: Japan Music Week 2010
|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/802814900551251/
|website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| PH AFFINITY Productions for [[Japan Music Week]]
| 2010
| CD
|- 
| Pasta Groove&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pasta Groove music, videos, stats, and photos
|url=https://www.last.fm/music/Pasta+Groove
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029182423/http://www.last.fm/music/Pasta+Groove
|archive-date=2014-10-29
|website=Last.fm|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Pasta Groove
|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/3301593-Pasta-Groove
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521092234/https://www.discogs.com/artist/3301593-Pasta-Groove
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|website=Discogs
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| ''The Distinktive Sounds of Pasta Groove''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
|title=Pasta Groove – The Distinktive Sounds of Pasta Groove
|url=https://pinoyalbums.com/72451/pasta-groove-the-distinktive-sounds-of-pasta-groove/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506090448/https://pinoyalbums.com/72451/pasta-groove-the-distinktive-sounds-of-pasta-groove/
|archive-date=2021-05-06
|website=Pinoyalbums.com
|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|title=Agimat : Music » The SeXXXy Time! Edition
|url=http://agimat.net/music/e090219.php
|website=agimat.net
|access-date=2021-05-04
|archive-date=2021-05-21
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521090013/http://agimat.net/music/e090219.php
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Terno Recordings
| 2010
| Compilation CD
|- 
| Vivian&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
|title=HIMIG NG MUSIKA with LADY V
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MdhbvLnwpc
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| ''Bourbon Street''
| Bourbon Street Tokushima JP
| 2011
| CD
|-
|Hourglass
|&quot;ILWY&quot;
|Hourglass
|2020
|45-RPM 
|-
| Daze feat. Alliyah Cadelina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|last=
|first=
|date=2021-09-03
|title=DAZE collaborates with Alliyah and Johnny Alegre for second single, launches TikTok campaign
|url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/09/03/daze-collaborates-with-alliyah-and-johnny-alegre-for-second-single-launches-tiktok-campaign/
|website=Manila Bulletin Entertainment
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Araw-Araw, Ikaw&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|last=
|first=
|date=2021-09-16
|title=Johnny Alegre finds pleasure in collaboration
|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/09/16/johnny-alegre-finds-pleasure-in-collaboration/
|website=BusinessMirror
|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Araw Araw, Ikaw (feat. ALLIYAH &amp; Johnny Alegre) - Araw-Araw, Ikaw {{!}} Nylon Manila|url=https://nylonmanila.com/new-music-releases-of-the-week-aug28-sept3/|language=en|access-date=2026-10-05|archive-date=2024-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721190304/https://nylonmanila.com/new-music-releases-of-the-week-aug28-sept3/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Off The Record PH
| 2021
| Digital [[Single (music)#Digital era|Single]] 
|-
|River People&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Serious Play Improv Lab (SPIL 068) {{!}} klexfestival.com|url=https://www.klexfestival.com/serious-play-improv-lab-spil-068/|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Sol Expression&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=River People (Bucher / Countryman / Alegre / Hori){{!}} squidco.com|url=https://www.squidco.com/miva/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&amp;Product_Code=32463|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title= River People {{!}} www.jazzword.com|url=https://www.jazzword.com/reviews/river-people/|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Chap Chap Records (Japan)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title= River People:Sol Expression {{!}} chapchaprecords.bandcamp.com|url=https://chapchaprecords.bandcamp.com/album/river-people-sol-expression|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|2022
|CD 
|-
|Melladys&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Reviving a family's long-lost soundtracks|website= Manila Standard|url=https://manilastandard.net/showbitz/314606708/reviving-a-familys-long-lost-soundtracks.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|Mga Awit Sa J.P. Rizal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Melladys: Mga Awit sa J.P. Rizal – Timeless OPM featuring Johnny Alegre, Medwin Marﬁl, Jazz Nicolas, Mikey Amistoso, Ria Villena-Osorio, and More|website= OrangeMagazine.ph |url=https://orangemagazine.ph/2025/melladys-mga-awit-sa-jp-rizal-timeless-opm/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Backspacer Records 
|2025
|2LP 
|-
|}

== Bilang kompositor ==
&lt;small&gt;Ini an partidang listahan nin mga pangmusikal na komposisyon na ambag ni Johnny Alegre sa iba pang artista.&lt;/small&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Artista
!Titulo
!Imprinta
!Katalogo
!Taon
!Pormat
|-
|Angela
|&quot;Summer Dream&quot; &lt;small&gt;(&quot;Alegre-Jamir&quot;)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Villar Records|A&amp;W Records International]]
|AW1015
|1977
|45-RPM
|-
|Albert Albert
|&quot;I Got Your Number&quot;
|Vicor Music / Sunshine Records
|&lt;small&gt;TSP-5817&lt;/small&gt;
|1989
|Compilation LP and cassette
|-
|Zsa Zsa Padilla
|&quot;Himig ng Pasko&quot;
|Blackgold Records
|&lt;small&gt;KBA-6171&lt;/small&gt;
|1990
|Cassette
|-
|Passage
|&quot;Seasons&quot;
|[[Viva Records (Philippines)|Viva Records]]
|&lt;small&gt;VCD-95-109&lt;/small&gt;
|1995
|CD
|-
|Passage
|&quot;Seasons&quot; &lt;small&gt;(theme from the movie ''Langit Sa Piling Mo'')&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Viva Films]] &lt;small&gt;(executive producer: [[Eric Quizon]])&lt;/small&gt;
|
|1997
|[[Soundtrack|Movie soundtrack]]
|}

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* [https://mb.com.ph/2021/9/15/johnny-alegre-finds-pleasure-in-collaboration Manila Bulletin - &quot;Johnny Alegre finds pleasure in collaboration&quot;]
* [https://www.allaboutjazz.com/musicians/johnny-alegre/ All About Jazz - Musician - Johnny Alegre]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{poon}}</text>
      <sha1>33xl7w9rl8yd1rb3h6rymmt3wy50nun</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nancy Wake</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:41:46Z</timestamp>
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        <username>LeahLhey</username>
        <id>13103</id>
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{{Short description|Courier and SOE operative (1912–2011)}}
{{for|the miniseries|Nancy Wake (miniseries)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}{{Use Australian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = Nancy Wake
| image         = Nancy Wake (1945).jpg
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = Wake in 1945
| nickname      = Hélène (SOE)&lt;br/&gt;Andrée ([[French Resistance]]/SOE Identity)&lt;br/&gt;White Mouse (Gestapo in France)
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1912|8|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place   = [[Roseneath, Wellington|Roseneath]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand
| death_date    = {{death date and age|2011|8|7|1912|8|30|df=yes}}
| death_place   = London, England
| burial_place  = 
| allegiance    = {{flagu|France}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| branch        = [[Special Operations Executive]]&lt;br/&gt;[[First Aid Nursing Yeomanry]]
| service_years = 1943–1945 (SOE)
| rank          = [[First Aid Nursing Yeomanry|Captain]]
| unit          = [[SOE F Section networks|Freelance]]
| commands      = 
| battles       = [[Second World War]]
| awards        = [[Companion of the Order of Australia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[George Medal]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Officer of the Legion of Honour]] (France)&lt;br/&gt;[[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|Croix de guerre]] (France)&lt;br/&gt;[[Médaille de la Résistance]] (France)&lt;br/&gt;[[Medal of Freedom (1945)|Medal of Freedom]] (United States)&lt;br/&gt;[[RSA Badge in Gold]] (New Zealand)
| spouse        = Henri Fiocca (d. 1943)&lt;br/&gt;John Forward
| other_work    = 
}}

Si '''Nancy Grace Augusta Wake''', (30 Agosto 1912 – 7 Agosto 2011), midbid man sa apod na '''Madame Fiocca''' asin '''Nancy Fiocca'''. Namundag sa New Zealand, siya sarong Australyanong nurse asin peryodista na nagbali sa [[French Resistance]] dangan sa [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) durante kan [[Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban]], asin madalian may halipot na karera bilang [[intelligence officer]] sa [[Air Ministry]]. 

An opisyal na historyador kan SOE, [[M. R. D. Foot]], nagkomento na an &quot;saiyang dai  mapugol-pugolan, nakakaulakit, asin maugmahon na disposisyon  nakaka'enganyo sa isayman na katrabaho niya.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Foot, M. R. D. (1966), ''[[SOE in France]]'', London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, p. 365&lt;/ref&gt; Dakul na istorya dapit sa mga aktibidad niya kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban ginuno mansana sa saiyang autobiograpiya, ''The White Mouse'', asin dai masusog saka mapatotoanan sa ibang mga toltolan.

Namundag sa [[Wellington]], New Zealand, si Wake nagdakula sa [[Sydney]], New South Wales, [[Australia]]. Kan mga 1930, si Wake yaon nag'eestar sa [[Marseille]] kasaro' saiyang Pranses na industrialistang agom, Henri Fiocca, kan an gera nagputok. Pakahulog sa kamot kan Nazi'ng Alemanya an Pransya taon 1940, si Wake nagin courier para sa [[Pat O'Leary Line|Pat O'Leary escape network]] pinamamayohan ni [[Ian Garrow]] asin ngapit ni [[Albert Guérisse]]. Bilang myembro kan escape network, siya nagtabang sa mga Allied airmen sa pagdulag na madakop kan mga Aleman asin madara sa [[Espanya durante kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban|neutral na Espanya]]. Kan 1943, kan an mga Aleman nakamangno na saiya, siya nagdulag pasiring Espanya asin nagpasiring sa Reyna Unido. An saiyang agom nadakop asin pinag'ehekutar kan mga Nazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/world/europe/14wake.html &quot;Nancy Wake, Proud Spy and Nazi Foe, Dies at 98&quot; (''New York Times'', 13 August 2011)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakaabot sa Britanya, si Wake nagbali sa Special Operations Executive (SOE) sa irarom na [[kodigong pangaran]] &quot;Hélène&quot;. Kan 29–30 Abril 1944 bilang myembro kan tolong-persona'ng SOE team nakokodigo sa bansag na &quot;Freelance&quot;, si Wake nagparakyut sa [[Allier]] na departamento kan okupadong Pransya ngani makipag-koordinar sa ultan nin SOE asin magkapirang grupo [[Maquis (World War II)|Maquis]] sa rona' nin [[Auvergne]], na pig'aasikaso ni [[Émile Coulaudon]] (kodigong pangaran &quot;Gaspard&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;&quot;Nancy Wake: SOEs Greatest Héroïne&quot; Braddon, Russell, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt; Siya nagpartisipar sa batalya pag'ultan nin Maquis asin dakulang Aleman na pwersa kan Hunyo 1944. Pakalihis kan sagupaan, na kun saen nadaog an Maquis, sinabi niyang siya nagbisekletang 500 kilometro ta magpadara nin situation report sa SOE duman sa London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2011 |title=Nancy Wake |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/special-forces-obituaries/8689765/Nancy-Wake.html |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FitzSimons |first=Peter |date=8 August 2011 |title=The white mouse who roared |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/the-white-mouse-who-roared-20110808-1ij2o.html |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kedward, H. R. (1993), ''In Search of the Maquis'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 162–169&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Wake |first=Nancy |date=2011 |orig-date=First published by Sun Books 1985 |title=The White Mouse |publisher=Pan MacMillan Australia |page=135 |isbn=978-1-7426-1075-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Mga Nota==
{{Reflist}}

==Toltolan==
{{Tamboan}}


* Braddon, Russell. ''Nancy Wake: The Story of a Very Brave Woman'', Cassell &amp; Co. Ltd: London, 1956.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Nancy Wake'', Pan Books, London; Sydney, 1958.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Woman in Arms: The Story of Nancy Wake'', Collins, London, 1963.
* {{citation|last1=Dennis|first1=Peter|last2=Grey |first2=Jeffrey |author-link2=Jeffrey Grey |last3=Morris |first3=Ewan |last4=Prior |first4=Robin|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-553227-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=FitzSimons |first=Peter |author-link=Peter FitzSimons |title=Nancy Wake : the inspiring story of one of the war's greatest heroines |date=2002 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=0-00-714401-6 |location=London |oclc=49594627}}
* Wake, Nancy. ''Autobiography of the Woman the Gestapo Called the White Mouse'', [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]: [[South Melbourne, Victoria|South Melbourne]], 1985, {{ISBN|0-7251-0755-3}}.
* [http://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/curious-ear-doconone-nancy-wake.html RTE 1 radio documentary, &quot;Nancy Wake and Harry Potter&quot;, first broadcast 9-Aug-2011]
* [http://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/son-and-heir-in-labor-stronghold/2006/10/11/1160246193075.html &quot;Son and heir in Labor stronghold&quot;], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 12 October 2006 
* [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/03/03/1078191357342.html &quot;Finally, Nancy gets her gong&quot;], ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 3 March 2004 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.capitaltimes.co.nz/article/3093/HeronlyregretnotkillingmoreNazis.html &quot;Her only regret:not killing more Nazis&quot;], ''Capital Times'', Wellington, 2 June 2010, accessible at Internet Archive 
* [http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3774823/White-Mouse-war-legend-back-where-she-started &quot;White Mouse war legend back where she started&quot;], ''The Dominion Post'', Wellington, 4 June 2010

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* {{Australian Women's Register|AWE0363b|Nancy Grace Augusta Wake}}
* [http://www.mickjoffe.com/Nancy_Wake 1997 Interview with Nancy Wake]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090107105113/http://nzedge.com/heroes/wake.html NZ Edge]
* [http://www.awm.gov.au/people/332.asp Australian War Memorial Biography]
* [http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/PhotoSearchSearchResults.asp?I=undefined&amp;browseagain=undefined&amp;refnum=&amp;seriesno=&amp;pagesize=10&amp;Pheading=undefined&amp;Sheading=undefined&amp;S=2&amp;F=1&amp;O=0&amp;T=I&amp;C=29&amp;M=1&amp;K=nancy%20wake Australian National Archives Photos of Nancy Wake]{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://ngataonga.org.nz/set/item/513 Video of Nancy Wake via Ngā Taonga Sound &amp; Vision exhibition.]
* {{NPG name|id=126994}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wake, Nancy}}
[[Kategorya:1912 births]]
[[Kategorya:2011 deaths]]
[[Kategorya:Female resistance members of World War II]]
[[Kategorya:Female spies during World War II]]
[[Kategorya:French Resistance members]]
[[Kategorya:New Zealand military personnel of World War II]]
[[Kategorya:Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Kategorya:First Aid Nursing Yeomanry people]]
[[Kategorya:New Zealand women in World War II]]
[[Kategorya:New Zealand people of World War II]]
[[Kategorya:Military personnel from London]]
[[Kategorya:People from Wellington City]]
[[Kategorya:Australian memoirists]]
[[Kategorya:Liberal Party of Australia politicians]]
[[Kategorya:New Zealand emigrants to Australia]]
[[en:Nancy Wake]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vicente de la Mata (footballer, namundag 1944)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56883</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311472</id>
      <parentid>311302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:38:41Z</timestamp>
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        <username>LeahLhey</username>
        <id>13103</id>
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      <text bytes="4109" sha1="lvp6hn3zoswis11i1vagyzyo38jd6bg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Vicente de la Mata
| image = 
| caption=
| full_name = Vicente de la Mata (H)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|7|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rosario]], [[Santa Fe Province]], Argentina
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|11|21|1944|7|2|df=y}}
| death_place = 
| height = 
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 
| youthclubs1 = 
| years1 = 1961–1970
| clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]]
| caps1 = 97
| goals1 = 8
| years2 = 1970–1971
| clubs2 = [[Club Necaxa|Necaxa]]
| caps2 = 
| goals2 = 
| years3 = 1971–1976
| clubs3 = [[Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz|Veracruz]]
| caps3 = 
| goals3 = 
| years4 = 1976–1977
| clubs4 = [[O'Higgins F.C.|O'Higgins]]
| caps4 = 
| goals4 = 
| years5 = 1978–1979
| clubs5 = [[Argentino de Quilmes]]
| caps5 = 8
| goals5 = 2
| manageryears1 = 
| managerclubs1 = 
| nationalyears1 = 1965–1966
| nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]
| nationalcaps1 = 6
| nationalgoals1 = 0
}}

Si '''Vicente de la Mata''' (2 Hulyo 1944 – 21 Nobyembre 2024) sarong Argentinong [[association football|football]]er. Sarong [[midfielder]], siya nagkawat sa bilog haros kan saiyang karera sa [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] asin nagkawat siya sa[[Argentina national football team|Argentina national team]] ultan nin 1965 asin 1966.

==Biograpiya==
Namundag sa [[Rosario]], an ama niya si [[Vicente de la Mata (footballer, namundag 1918)|Vicente]], sarong Argentino na internasyonal na footballer, saro sa pinakamahusay durante kan mga 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;RdA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=El Siglo de Torreón|author=Rosas, Sergio Luis|title=Recuerdos del Ayer|trans-title=Memories of yesterday|url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/630607.recuerdos-del-ayer.html|language=Spanish|date=1 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ws&gt;{{cite magazine|magazine=[[World Soccer (magazine)|World Soccer]]|date=January 2025|page=16|title=Obituaries|last1=Radnedge|first1=Keir|last2=Gleeson|first2=Mark}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Si De la Mata naggikan sa youth team kan [[Club Atlético Independiente]]. Siya nakasikwit nin tolong [[Primera División Argentina]] titulo sa siyam na season sa irarom kan Independiente. Saiya man natabangan an Independiente na ganahon an [[Copa Libertadores]] nin duwang beses.&lt;ref name=ws/&gt;

Kan 1970, siya nagpa-abroad ta magkawat sa [[Club Necaxa]] duman sa [[Primera División de México]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RdA&quot; /&gt;Siya nagkawat nin sarong season sa Necaxa, dangan nagbali sa [[Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz|Deportivo Veracruz]] para sa limang season. Sa katapusan kan saiyang karera, siya ngpaChile asin nagkawat nin sarong season sa [[Primera B Metropolitana]] sa irarom nin [[Argentino de Quilmes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Historia y Futbol|author=Carluccio, Jose|title=Argentina: 1ra. &quot;B&quot; AFA 1978|url=http://historiayfutbol.obolog.com/argentina-1ra-b-afa-1978-838092|language=Spanish|date=1 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222004224/http://historiayfutbol.obolog.com/argentina-1ra-b-afa-1978-838092|archive-date=2014-02-22|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Si De la Mata anom na beses nagpahiling para sa [[Argentina national football team|Argentina national team]], kabali sa sarong [[1966 FIFA World Cup]] qualifier.

Siya nagadan kan 21 Nobyembre 2024, sa edad na 80.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.infobae.com/deportes/2024/11/21/dolor-en-el-futbol-argentino-murio-vicente-de-la-mata-emblema-de-independiente-y-campeon-de-la-copa-libertadores/ Dolor en el fútbol argentino: murió Vicente De La Mata, emblema de Independiente y campeón de la Copa Libertadores] {{in lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}
{{Tamboan}}

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* {{FIFA player|48302}}
* {{NFT player|45496}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mata, Vicente de la}}
[[Kategorya:Mga 1944 na kamundagan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga 2024 na kagadanan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga lalaking footballer sa Argentina]]
[[Kategorya:Mga footballer haleng Rosario, Santa Fe]]
[[Kategorya:Mga panlalaking association football midfielder]]
[[Kategorya:Mga lalaking international footballer haleng Argentina]]
[[en:Vicente de la Mata (footballer, born 1944)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vincenzo Nemolato</title>
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      <text bytes="14728" sha1="9lfya28jhstldhofu1971ml2z64wt3o" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Italian actor (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Vincenzo Nemolato
| image              = Vincenzo Nemolato at 82nd Venice International Film Festival-1 (cropped2).jpg
| caption            = Nemolato at the [[2025 Venice International Film Festival]]
| birth_name         =
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1989|9|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[Naples]], Italy
| education          =
| occupation         = Actor
| years_active       = 2007–present
}}
Si '''Vincenzo Nemolato''' (namundag 10 Septyembre 1989) sarong Italyanong aktor. Siya midbid na gayo kan saiyang mga pagpapel bilang si Pirro sa ''[[La chimera]]'' kan pelikulang [[Alice Rohrwacher]] (2023) asin man komo si [[Riccardo Schicchi]] sa [[Netflix]] miniseries na ''[[Supersex]]'' (2024).

==Biograpiya==
Si Nemolato namundag sa [[Scampia]], sarong [[Mga quarter nin Naples|quarter]] nin [[Naples]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Esposito-2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=Carmine |title=Nuovi Sguardi - Intervista a Vincenzo Nemolato, la sorpresa di Venezia 2019 |url=https://artesettima.it/2019/09/05/nuovi-sguardi-intervista-a-vincenzo-nemolato-la-sorpresa-di-venezia-2019/ |website=ArteSettima |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=5 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saiyang ama sarong panday sa metal asin saiyang ina nagtatrabaho sa sarong cleaning company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ravarino |first=Ilaria |title=Tra le belle sorprese di Venezia 76 ci sono un mito (Betty Williams) e una faccia nuova (Vincenzo Nemolato) |url=https://www.elle.com/it/showbiz/celebrities/a28887752/film-venezia-76-betty-williams-e-vincenzo-nemolato/ |website=[[Elle Italia]] |access-date=24 July 2024 |language=it |date=2 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tugang niya, si Luca, sarong concept artist sa [[Los Angeles]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Festa-2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Festa |first=Natascia |title=Nemolato, dalle Vele al Lido: «Caro Grillo, Scampia è cambiata» |url=https://napoli.corriere.it/notizie/cultura-e-tempo-libero/19_agosto_29/nemolato-vele-lido-caro-grillo-scampia-cambiata-7dff08ca-ca31-11e9-9e60-0552fa9127a0.shtml |website=[[Corriere della Sera]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=29 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siya nag'atender sa Liceo Statale Elsa Morante sa Naples. Sa edad na 17, siya nag'atender sa sarong workshop sa teatro asin duman nadiskubre niya may hilig siya sa akting.&lt;ref name=&quot;Festa-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Urbani |first=Ilaria |title=Vincenzo Nemolato: &quot;Se non fossi nato a Scampia non avrei mai fatto l'attore...&quot; |url=https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/10/18/news/napoli_vincenzo_nemolato_se_non_fossi_nato_a_scampia_non_avrei_mai_fatto_l_attore_-322857864/ |website=[[La Repubblica]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=18 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangan siya nagbali sa Arrevuoto theater company.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esposito-2019&quot; /&gt;

==Filmograpiya==
===Pelikula===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Taon
! Titulo
! Papel
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Kryptonite!]]''
| Gennaro
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Young |first=Deborah |title=Kryptonite!: Rome Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/kryptonite-rome-film-review-258783/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=8 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Tale of Tales (2015 film)|Tale of Tales]]''
| Circus Performer #3
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017
| ''{{ill|Lasciati andare|lt=Let Yourself Go|it}}''
| Yuri
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=De Luca |first=Paolo |title=Toni Servillo di nuovo al cinema con la commedia &quot;Lasciati andare&quot; di Francesco Amato |url=https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/03/07/foto/toni_servillo_di_nuovo_al_cinema_con_la_commedia_lasciati_andare_di_francesco_amato-159979228/1/ |website=[[La Repubblica]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=7 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Rainbow: A Private Affair]]''
| Commander Armellin
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Weissberg |first=Jay |title=Rome Film Review: 'Rainbow — A Private Affair' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/rainbow-a-private-affair-review-1202605907/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2018
| ''{{ill|L'eroe (film 2019)|lt=L'eroe|it}}''
| Francesco
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Senatore |first=Ignazio |title=«L'eroe», nel film insieme Genny e Scianèl |url=https://napoli.corriere.it/notizie/cultura-e-tempo-libero/19_marzo_06/eroe-film-insieme-genny-scianel-3b479a80-3fe7-11e9-9121-60715d1cfc2f.shtml |website=[[Corriere della Sera]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=6 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2019
| ''[[5 Is the Perfect Number]]''
| Mister Ics
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Keizer |first=Mark |title=Venice Film Review: '5 Is the Perfect Number' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/5-is-the-perfect-number-review-1203319108/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=24 July 2024 |date=30 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Martin Eden (2019 film)|Martin Eden]]''
| Nino
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |title=Toronto: Kino Lorber Picks Up 'Martin Eden' Drama for North America |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/toronto-kino-lorber-picks-up-martin-eden-drama-north-america-1237346/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=24 July 2024 |date=6 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''{{ill|Paradise - Una nuova vita|lt=Paradise|it}}''
| Calogero
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Fassio |first=Valentina |title=Ad Asti Film Festival &quot;Paradise&quot;, la nuova vita di un film dimenticato causa pandemia |url=https://www.lastampa.it/asti/2021/11/30/news/ad-asti-film-festival-paradise-la-nuova-vita-di-un-film-dimenticato-causa-pandemia-1.40975953 |website=[[La Stampa]] |access-date=24 July 2024 |language=it |date=30 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2020
| ''{{ill|Il ladro di cardellini|lt=The Finch Thief|it}}''
| Mimi
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Madonna |first=Roberta |title=Estate di cinema ai Quartieri Spagnoli: &quot;Il ladro di cardellini&quot; apre rassegna nel cortile di Foqus |url=https://www.ilroma.net/news/curiosita-type/155043/estate-di-cinema-ai-quartieri-spagnoli-il-ladro-di-cardellini-apre-rassegna-nel-cortile-di-foqus.html |website=Giornale Roma |access-date=24 July 2024 |language=it |date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022
| ''[[The Shadow of the Day]]''
| Giovanni Marucci
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Amitrano |first=Vania |title=L'ombra del giorno, la recensione |url=https://www.ciakmagazine.it/news/lombra-del-giorno-la-recensione/ |website=[[Ciak]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=4 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''{{ill|Il pataffio|it}}''
| Ulfredo
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Pizzuti |first=Gianpiero |title=&quot;Pataffio&quot;, un David al film girato nella Valle del Liri |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/frosinone/pataffio_un_david_al_film_girato_nella_valle_liri-7401901.html |website=[[Il Messaggero]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=15 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2023
| ''[[La chimera]]''
| Pirro
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Vivarelli |first=Nick |title='The Crown' Star Josh O'Connor, Isabella Rossellini Set for Alice Rohrwacher's 'La Chimera' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/josh-oconnor-isabella-rossellini-alice-rohrwacher-la-chimera-1235180971/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=14 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2024
| ''L'isola degli idealisti''
| Commissioner Carrua
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Satta |first=Gloria |title=Il noir di Scerbanenco sull'isola dell'illusione |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/spettacoli/cinema/il_noir_di_scerbanenco_sull_isola_dell_illusione-8434130.html |website=[[Il Messaggero]] |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=it |date=24 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2; | 2025
| ''{{ill|Mica è colpa mia|lt=The Love Scam|it}}''
| Antonello
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=De Zuani |first=Chiara |title=Mica è Colpa Mia, la nuova commedia in arrivo su Netflix il 1° gennaio 2025 |url=https://www.panorama.it/tempo-libero/televisione/mica-e-colpa-mia-netflix |website=[[Panorama (magazine)|Panorama]] |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=it |date=31 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Duse (film)|Duse]]''
| [[Memo Benassi]]
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mereghetti |first=Paolo |title=Duse, la recensione di Paolo Mereghetti |url=https://www.iodonna.it/spettacoli/cinema/2025/09/20/duse-recensione-paolo-mereghetti/ |website=[[IO Donna]] |access-date=25 September 2025 |language=it |date=20 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2027
| ''[[The Resurrection of the Christ: Part One]]''
| [[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew]]
|
|-
| {{TableTBA}}
| ''Hotel Napoli''
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Urbani |first=Ilaria |title=Maurizio Braucci &quot;Un film in sette episodi che raccontano Napoli&quot; |url=https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2024/02/17/news/maurizio_braucci_un_film_in_sette_episodi_che_raccontano_napoli-422155078/ |website=[[La Repubblica]] |access-date=25 September 2025 |language=it |date=17 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Telebisyon===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Taon
! Titulo
! Papel
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Mga nota
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2016
| ''[[Gomorrah (TV series)|Gomorrah]]''
| Angelo Sepino
| 4 episodes
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Vivarelli |first=Nick |title=RAI Com Takes World Sales on 'Shadow of the Day,' Starring Riccardo Scamarcio (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/rai-com-sales-shadow-of-the-day-riccardo-scamarcio-1235179767/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=13 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''{{ill|In arte Nino|it}}''
| Italo
| Television film
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ferrari |first=Anton Filippo |title=In arte Nino: trama, cast e streaming del film su Manfredi in onda su Rai 1 |url=https://www.tpi.it/spettacoli/tv/in-arte-nino-trama-cast-film-20210320760265/ |website=The Post Internazionale |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=20 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2021
| ''{{ill|Carosello Carosone (film 2021)|lt=Carosello Carosone|it}}''
| [[Gegè Di Giacomo]]
| Television film
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Manca |first=Mario |title=«Carosello Carosone» e gli altri: largo ai giovani |url=https://www.vanityfair.it/show/tv/2021/03/19/carosello-carosone-largo-ai-giovani-eduardo-scarpetta |website=[[Vanity Fair Italia]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=19 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Everything Calls for Salvation]]''
| Madonnina
| 2 episodes
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Antonucci |first=Simona |title=Tutto chiede salvezza, la nuova serie Netflix tratta dal romanzo di Mencarelli |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/televisione/tutto_chiede_salvezza_netlix_romanzo_mencarelli-6891660.html |website=[[Il Messaggero]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=26 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2023
| ''{{ill|Napoli milionaria! (film 2023)|lt=Napoli milionaria!|it}}''
| Amedeo
| Television film
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Giannini |first=Luciano |title=Napoli milionaria! lunedì su Rai 1, Natale con Eduardo De Filippo |url=https://www.ilmattino.it/spettacoli/televisione/napoli_milionaria_lunedi_rai_1-7814770.html |website=[[Il Mattino]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=14 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2024
| ''[[La storia (TV series)|La storia]]''
| Domenico
| 2 episodes
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Tossi |first=Patrizia |title=La Storia, anticipazioni della seconda puntata. Nino si unisce ai partigiani, Ida testimone della Shoah |url=https://www.quotidiano.net/magazine/cinema-serie-tv/la-storia-anticipazioni-seconda-puntata-15-gennaio-icc9ww14 |website=[[Quotidiano Nazionale]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=15 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Supersex]]''
| [[Riccardo Schicchi]]
| 3 episodes
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Roxborough |first=Scott |title=Netflix Reveals First Images, Release Date for Italian Porn Biopic Series 'Supersex' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-reveals-first-images-release-date-for-italian-porn-series-supersex-1235757689/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=15 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[M. Son of the Century (TV series)|M. Son of the Century]]''
| [[Victor Emmanuel III]]
| 7 episodes
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Urbani |first=Ilaria |title=Vincenzo Nemolato, da Gegé in Carosone a Schicchi nella serie su Rocco Siffredi: &quot;Non lo giudico, mi faccio guidare dalla sua intelligenza&quot; |url=https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2024/03/20/news/siffredi_schicchi_supersex_vincenzo_nemolato-422346806/ |website=[[La Repubblica]] |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=it |date=20 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2025
| ''{{ill|Noi del Rione Sanità|it}}''
| Asprinio
| 6 episodes
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Di Lorenzo |first=Paolo |title=&quot;Noi del Rione Sanità&quot;, a ottobre la nuova fiction con Carmine Recano su Rai1 |url=https://www.sorrisi.com/tv/news-e-anticipazioni/noi-del-rione-sanita-la-nuova-fiction-con-carmine-recano-dopo-mare-fuori/ |website=[[TV Sorrisi e Canzoni]] |access-date=25 September 2025 |language=it |date=9 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{TableTBA}}
| ''Una finestra vistalago''
| Tartina
|
|
|}

==Mga premyo asin nominasyon==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
! Gawad
! Taon
! Category
! Nominadong trabaho
! Resulta
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Nastri d'Argento Grandi Serie]]
| 2024
| Best Supporting Actor
| ''[[Supersex]]''
| {{nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Scardi |first=Rosanna |title=Nastri d'Argento Grandi Serie, Alessio Boni e Giorgio Marchesi tra i candidati |url=https://bergamo.corriere.it/notizie/cultura-e-spettacoli/24_maggio_09/nastri-d-argento-grandi-serie-alessio-boni-e-giorgio-marchesi-tra-i-candidati-3f09d459-611e-434d-a473-da69180b5xlk.shtml |website=[[Corriere della Sera]] |access-date=24 July 2024 |language=it |date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Sirianni |first=Simona |title=Nastri d'Argento Grandi Serie: Archibugi è la migliore del 2024 |url=https://www.iodonna.it/spettacoli/tv/2024/05/10/nastri-dargento-grandi-serie-la-migliore-dellanno-e-la-storia-di-archibugi/ |website=[[IO Donna]] |access-date=24 July 2024 |language=it |date=10 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}
{{Tamboan}}

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nemolato, Vincenzo}}
[[Kategorya:Mga 1989 na kamundagan]]
[[Kategorya:Mga buruhay]]
[[Kategorya:Mga ika-21ng siglong mga Italyanong mga lalaking aktor]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Italyanong mga lalaking aktor sa pelikula]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Italyanong lalaking mga aktor sa entablado]]
[[Kategorya:Mga Italyanong mga lalaking aktor sa telebisyon]]
[[Kategorya:Mga lalaking aktor haleng Naples]]
[[en:Vincenzo Nemolato]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Samuel Thomas Greene</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2264" sha1="if61ljz2imibwn5t26r6u732k42yo3g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Samuel Thomas Greene
| image              = Samuel Greene.jpg
| caption            = Painting by Ambrose W. Mason in 1924.
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1843|6|11|mf=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Portland, Maine]], US
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1890|2|17|1843|6|11|mf=y}}
| death_place        = [[Belleville, Ontario]], Canada
| education          = [[Gallaudet University]]
| occupation         = [[educator]], first deaf teacher at the deaf school in Ontario.
| spouse             = Caroline &quot;Cassie&quot; Campbell Howard
| children           = 4
| parents            = {{ubl|Jacob Holt Greene | Sarah W. Frye Greene}}
| website            = 
| footnotes          = |
}}
Si '''Samuel Thomas Greamerikanong edukador ene''' (Hunyo 11, 1843 – Pebrero 17, 1890) sarong Bungog na Amerikanong edukador asin siya an pinakaenot na Bungog na maestro kan Ontario kan 1870 sa Ontario Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, na ngapit ini sinalidahan sa pangaran na [[Sir James Whitney School for the Deaf|Sir James Whitney School of the Deaf]] kan [[Belleville, Ontario]], Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmHRK-elpRsC&amp;q=%22Samuel+Thomas+Greene%22&amp;pg=PA158|title=Belleville: A Popular History|last=Boyce|first=Gerry|date=2009-02-15|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=9781770705135|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siya namundag kan 1843 sa Portland, Maine asin nag'atender sa [[American School for the Deaf|pinakaenot na eswelahan para sa Bungog]] sa Hartford, Connecticut.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/samuelthomasgree0000carb|title=Samuel Thomas Greene : a legend in the nineteenth century deaf community|last=F.|first=Carbin, Clifton|date=2005|publisher=Epic Press|isbn=1553069560|location=Belleville, ON|oclc=59136560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Toltolan==
{{reflist}}
{{Tamboan}}

[[Category:1890 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian educators]]
[[Category:Deaf culture in the United States]]
[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:Educators from Portland, Maine]]
[[Category:Gallaudet University alumni]]
[[Category:Deaf culture in Canada]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:19th-century American educators]]
[[Category:Educators of the deaf]]
[[en:Samuel Thomas Greene]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Navi Pillay</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>311437</id>
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        <id>55</id>
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      <comment>Pinagmukna an pahina kaining &quot;{{Infobox officeholder | name               = Navi Pillay | image              = Navi Pillay June 2014.jpg | caption            = Pillay in 2014 | office             = [[High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] | 1blankname         = Secretary General | 1namedata          = [[Ban Ki-moon]] | deputy1            = [[Kang Kyung-wha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Flavia Pansieri]] | term_start         = 1 September 2008 | term_end           =...&quot;</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5249" sha1="ibw4t8aef00lkmxubwgwyrz8omjn0m5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name               = Navi Pillay
| image              = Navi Pillay June 2014.jpg
| caption            = Pillay in 2014
| office             = [[High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]
| 1blankname         = Secretary General
| 1namedata          = [[Ban Ki-moon]]
| deputy1            = [[Kang Kyung-wha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Flavia Pansieri]]
| term_start         = 1 September 2008
| term_end           = 31 August 2014
| predecessor1       = [[Louise Arbour]]
| successor1         = [[Zeid bin Ra'ad]]
| office2            = [[Judges of the International Criminal Court|Judge of the International Criminal Court]]
| term_start2        = 11 March 2003
| term_end2          = 31 August 2008
| predecessor2       = 
| successor2         = 
| office3            = President of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
| term_start3        = 4 June 1999
| term_end3          = 26 May 2003
| predecessor3       = [[Laïty Kama]]
| successor3         = [[Erik Møse]]
| office4            = Judge of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
| term_start4        = 25 May 1995
| term_end4          = 3 December 2003
| predecessor4       = 
| successor4         = 
| office5            = Judge of the [[High Court of South Africa]]
| appointer5         = [[Nelson Mandela]]
| term_start5        = 1995
| term_end5          = 1995
| predecessor5       = 
| successor5         = 
| birth_name         = Navanethem Naidoo 
| birth_date         = {{nowrap|{{birth date and age|1941|9|23|df=y}}}}
| birth_place        = [[Durban]], Natal, South Africa
| death_date         = 
| death_place        = 
| spouse             = {{marriage|Gaby Pillay|1965-01}}
| children           = 2
| education          = {{ubl |[[University of Natal]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) |[[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Laws|LLM]], [[Doctor of Juridical Science|JSD]])}}
| awards             = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2026 Nobel Peace Prize|2026]])
}}
&lt;!-----[[WP:LEADFOLLOWSBODY]] -----------&gt;

Si '''Navanethem''' '''Pillay''' ({{langx|ta|நவநீதம் பிள்ளை}}; {{née|'''Naidoo'''}}; namundag, 23 Septyembre 1941) sarong Sud Aprikanong hurado na nagsirbe bilang [[United Nations]] [[High Commissioner for Human Rights]] poon 2008 abot 2014. [[Tamil na Sud Aprikiano|Sud a[prikanong dugong Tamil]], si Pillay iyo an enot na bakong-puti na babaeng huwes  kan [[High Court of South Africa]]. Siya nagsirbe man na  [[Judges of the International Criminal Court|huwes sa International Criminal Court]] asin presidente kan  [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]. Siya nagawadan nin [[Premyo Nobel para sa Katoninongan]] [[2026 Premyo Nobel|kan 2026]] huli sa saiyang mga paghingowa paganduyog sa Katoninongan asin Ley Intenasyonal.

Si Pillay namundag asin nagdakula sa [[Durban]], kun saen ngapit diyan siya nag'atender sa [[University of Natal]], asin nakamit an [[Bachelor of Arts]] kan 1963 asin [[Bachelor of Laws]] kan 1965. Ngapit sio Pillay nagpraktis kan saiyang abogasya, na nagbali sa deensa legal kontra [[apartheid]]. Kan 1967, si Pillay nagtugdas kan saiyang sadiring law firm asin siya an pinakaenot na babaeng na nakagibo nin siring sa saiyang probinsyang [[Natal (probinsya)|Natal]]. Kan 1981, si Pillay nag'entra sa [[Harvard University]] asin nakamit niya an saiyang  [[Master of Laws|Master of Law]]. Kan 1988, saiyang natapos an tesis asin naggradwar sa [[Harvard Law School]] na may Doktorado sa Juridical Science.

== Hilnga man ==
* [[First women lawyers around the world]]
* [[List of first women lawyers and judges in Africa]]
* [[United Nations Free &amp; Equal#History|United Nations Free &amp; Equal]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Navanethem Pillay}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
* {{C-SPAN|1031110}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Louise Arbour]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]|years=2008–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Zeid bin Ra'ad]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{2026 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Sydney Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillay, Navanethem}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:International Criminal Court judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Category:People from Durban]]
[[Category:Presidents of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
[[Category:South African judges of international courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:South African judges of United Nations courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:South African Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:South African people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:South African people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:South African women judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the KwaZulu-Natal High Court]]
[[Category:South African women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Under-secretaries-general of the United Nations]]
[[Category:United Nations high commissioners for human rights]]
[[Category:University of Natal alumni]]
[[Category:Women Nobel laureates]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>311438</id>
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      <text bytes="5240" sha1="790b484sd66a4fgd4hs7zo9v51i537h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name               = Navi Pillay
| image              = Navi Pillay June 2014.jpg
| caption            = Pillay in 2014
| office             = [[High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]
| 1blankname         = Secretary General
| 1namedata          = [[Ban Ki-moon]]
| deputy1            = [[Kang Kyung-wha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Flavia Pansieri]]
| term_start         = 1 September 2008
| term_end           = 31 August 2014
| predecessor1       = [[Louise Arbour]]
| successor1         = [[Zeid bin Ra'ad]]
| office2            = [[Judges of the International Criminal Court|Judge of the International Criminal Court]]
| term_start2        = 11 March 2003
| term_end2          = 31 August 2008
| predecessor2       = 
| successor2         = 
| office3            = President of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
| term_start3        = 4 June 1999
| term_end3          = 26 May 2003
| predecessor3       = [[Laïty Kama]]
| successor3         = [[Erik Møse]]
| office4            = Judge of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
| term_start4        = 25 May 1995
| term_end4          = 3 December 2003
| predecessor4       = 
| successor4         = 
| office5            = Judge of the [[High Court of South Africa]]
| appointer5         = [[Nelson Mandela]]
| term_start5        = 1995
| term_end5          = 1995
| predecessor5       = 
| successor5         = 
| birth_name         = Navanethem Naidoo 
| birth_date         = {{nowrap|{{birth date and age|1941|9|23|df=y}}}}
| birth_place        = [[Durban]], Natal, South Africa
| death_date         = 
| death_place        = 
| spouse             = {{marriage|Gaby Pillay|1965-01}}
| children           = 2
| education          = {{ubl |[[University of Natal]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) |[[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Laws|LLM]], [[Doctor of Juridical Science|JSD]])}}
| awards             = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2026 Nobel Peace Prize|2026]])
}}
&lt;!-----[[WP:LEADFOLLOWSBODY]] -----------&gt;

Si '''Navanethem''' '''Pillay''' ({{langx|ta|நவநீதம் பிள்ளை}}; {{née|'''Naidoo'''}}; namundag, 23 Septyembre 1941) sarong Sud Aprikanong hurado na nagsirbe bilang [[United Nations]] [[High Commissioner for Human Rights]] poon 2008 abot 2014. [[Tamil na Sud Aprikiano|Sud aprikanong dugong Tamil]], si Pillay iyo an enot na bakong-puti na babaeng huwes kan [[High Court of South Africa]]. Siya nagsirbe man na [[Judges of the International Criminal Court|huwes sa International Criminal Court]] asin presidente kan [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]. Siya nagawadan nin [[Premyo Nobel para sa Katoninongan]] [[2026 Premyo Nobel|kan 2026]] huli sa saiyang mga paghingowa pag'anduyog sa Katoninongan asin Ley Intenasyonal.

Si Pillay namundag asin nagdakula sa [[Durban]], kun saen ngapit diyan siya nag'atender sa [[University of Natal]], asin nakamit an [[Bachelor of Arts]] kan 1963 asin [[Bachelor of Laws]] kan 1965. Ngapit si Pillay nagpraktis kan saiyang abogasya, na nagbali sa depensa legal kontra [[apartheid]]. Kan 1967, si Pillay nagtugdas kan saiyang sadiring bupete asin siya an pinakaenot na babaeng nakagibo nin siring sa saiyang probinsyang [[Natal (probinsya)|Natal]]. Kan 1981, si Pillay nag'entra sa [[Harvard University]] asin nakamit niya an saiyang [[Master of Laws|Master of Law]]. Kan 1988, saiyang natapos an tesis asin naggradwar sa [[Harvard Law School]] na may Doktorado sa Juridical Science.

== Hilnga man ==
* [[First women lawyers around the world]]
* [[List of first women lawyers and judges in Africa]]
* [[United Nations Free &amp; Equal#History|United Nations Free &amp; Equal]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Navanethem Pillay}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
* {{C-SPAN|1031110}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Louise Arbour]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]|years=2008–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Zeid bin Ra'ad]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{2026 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Sydney Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillay, Navanethem}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:International Criminal Court judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Category:People from Durban]]
[[Category:Presidents of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
[[Category:South African judges of international courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:South African judges of United Nations courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:South African Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:South African people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:South African people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:South African women judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the KwaZulu-Natal High Court]]
[[Category:South African women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Under-secretaries-general of the United Nations]]
[[Category:United Nations high commissioners for human rights]]
[[Category:University of Natal alumni]]
[[Category:Women Nobel laureates]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311466</id>
      <parentid>311438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:17:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
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      <origin>311466</origin>
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      <text bytes="5259" sha1="3z5vmz0f0y0o9d89zuv0iim7m1tqjqp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name               = Navi Pillay
| image              = Navi Pillay June 2014.jpg
| caption            = Pillay in 2014
| office             = [[High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]
| 1blankname         = Secretary General
| 1namedata          = [[Ban Ki-moon]]
| deputy1            = [[Kang Kyung-wha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Flavia Pansieri]]
| term_start         = 1 September 2008
| term_end           = 31 August 2014
| predecessor1       = [[Louise Arbour]]
| successor1         = [[Zeid bin Ra'ad]]
| office2            = [[Judges of the International Criminal Court|Judge of the International Criminal Court]]
| term_start2        = 11 March 2003
| term_end2          = 31 August 2008
| predecessor2       = 
| successor2         = 
| office3            = President of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
| term_start3        = 4 June 1999
| term_end3          = 26 May 2003
| predecessor3       = [[Laïty Kama]]
| successor3         = [[Erik Møse]]
| office4            = Judge of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
| term_start4        = 25 May 1995
| term_end4          = 3 December 2003
| predecessor4       = 
| successor4         = 
| office5            = Judge of the [[High Court of South Africa]]
| appointer5         = [[Nelson Mandela]]
| term_start5        = 1995
| term_end5          = 1995
| predecessor5       = 
| successor5         = 
| birth_name         = Navanethem Naidoo 
| birth_date         = {{nowrap|{{birth date and age|1941|9|23|df=y}}}}
| birth_place        = [[Durban]], Natal, South Africa
| death_date         = 
| death_place        = 
| spouse             = {{marriage|Gaby Pillay|1965-01}}
| children           = 2
| education          = {{ubl |[[University of Natal]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) |[[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Laws|LLM]], [[Doctor of Juridical Science|JSD]])}}
| awards             = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2026 Nobel Peace Prize|2026]])
}}
&lt;!-----[[WP:LEADFOLLOWSBODY]] -----------&gt;

Si '''Navanethem''' '''Pillay''' ({{langx|ta|நவநீதம் பிள்ளை}}; {{née|'''Naidoo'''}}; namundag, 23 Septyembre 1941) sarong Sud Aprikanong hurado na nagsirbe bilang [[United Nations]] [[High Commissioner for Human Rights]] poon 2008 abot 2014. [[Tamil na Sud Aprikiano|Sud aprikanong dugong Tamil]], si Pillay iyo an enot na bakong-puti na babaeng huwes kan [[High Court of South Africa]]. Siya nagsirbe man na [[Judges of the International Criminal Court|huwes sa International Criminal Court]] asin presidente kan [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]. Siya nagawadan nin [[Premyo Nobel para sa Katoninongan]] [[2026 Premyo Nobel|kan 2026]] huli sa saiyang mga paghingowa pag'anduyog sa Katoninongan asin Ley Intenasyonal.

Si Pillay namundag asin nagdakula sa [[Durban]], kun saen ngapit diyan siya nag'atender sa [[University of Natal]], asin nakamit an [[Bachelor of Arts]] kan 1963 asin [[Bachelor of Laws]] kan 1965. Ngapit si Pillay nagpraktis kan saiyang abogasya, na nagbali sa depensa legal kontra [[apartheid]]. Kan 1967, si Pillay nagtugdas kan saiyang sadiring bupete asin siya an pinakaenot na babaeng nakagibo nin siring sa saiyang probinsyang [[Natal (probinsya)|Natal]]. Kan 1981, si Pillay nag'entra sa [[Harvard University]] asin nakamit niya an saiyang [[Master of Laws|Master of Law]]. Kan 1988, saiyang natapos an tesis asin naggradwar sa [[Harvard Law School]] na may Doktorado sa Juridical Science.

== Hilnga man ==
* [[First women lawyers around the world]]
* [[List of first women lawyers and judges in Africa]]
* [[United Nations Free &amp; Equal#History|United Nations Free &amp; Equal]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Navanethem Pillay}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
* {{C-SPAN|1031110}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Louise Arbour]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]|years=2008–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Zeid bin Ra'ad]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{2026 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Sydney Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillay, Navanethem}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:International Criminal Court judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Category:People from Durban]]
[[Category:Presidents of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
[[Category:South African judges of international courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:South African judges of United Nations courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:South African Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:South African people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:South African people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:South African women judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the KwaZulu-Natal High Court]]
[[Category:South African women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Under-secretaries-general of the United Nations]]
[[Category:United Nations high commissioners for human rights]]
[[Category:University of Natal alumni]]
[[Category:Women Nobel laureates]]
[[en:Navi Pillay]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>311468</id>
      <parentid>311466</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:30:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LeahLhey</username>
        <id>13103</id>
      </contributor>
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      <origin>311468</origin>
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      <text bytes="5217" sha1="ab01xkpc08rzqshjswhi9xftg271rif" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name               = Navi Pillay
| image              = Navi Pillay June 2014.jpg
| caption            = Pillay in 2014
| office             = [[High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]
| 1blankname         = Secretary General
| 1namedata          = [[Ban Ki-moon]]
| deputy1            = [[Kang Kyung-wha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Flavia Pansieri]]
| term_start         = 1 September 2008
| term_end           = 31 August 2014
| predecessor1       = [[Louise Arbour]]
| successor1         = [[Zeid bin Ra'ad]]
| office2            = [[Judges of the International Criminal Court|Judge of the International Criminal Court]]
| term_start2        = 11 March 2003
| term_end2          = 31 August 2008
| predecessor2       = 
| successor2         = 
| office3            = President of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
| term_start3        = 4 June 1999
| term_end3          = 26 May 2003
| predecessor3       = [[Laïty Kama]]
| successor3         = [[Erik Møse]]
| office4            = Judge of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
| term_start4        = 25 May 1995
| term_end4          = 3 December 2003
| predecessor4       = 
| successor4         = 
| office5            = Judge of the [[High Court of South Africa]]
| appointer5         = [[Nelson Mandela]]
| term_start5        = 1995
| term_end5          = 1995
| predecessor5       = 
| successor5         = 
| birth_name         = Navanethem Naidoo 
| birth_date         = {{nowrap|{{birth date and age|1941|9|23|df=y}}}}
| birth_place        = [[Durban]], Natal, South Africa
| death_date         = 
| death_place        = 
| spouse             = {{marriage|Gaby Pillay|1965-01}}
| children           = 2
| education          = {{ubl |[[University of Natal]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) |[[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Laws|LLM]], [[Doctor of Juridical Science|JSD]])}}
| awards             = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2026 Nobel Peace Prize|2026]])
}}
&lt;!-----[[WP:LEADFOLLOWSBODY]] -----------&gt;

Si '''Navanethem''' '''Pillay''' ({{langx|ta|நவநீதம் பிள்ளை}}; {{née|'''Naidoo'''}}; namundag, 23 Septyembre 1941) sarong Sud Aprikanong hurado na nagsirbe bilang [[United Nations]] [[High Commissioner for Human Rights]] poon 2008 abot 2014. [[Tamil na Sud Aprikiano|Sud aprikanong dugong Tamil]], si Pillay iyo an enot na bakong-puti na babaeng huwes kan [[High Court of South Africa]]. Siya nagsirbe man na [[Judges of the International Criminal Court|huwes sa International Criminal Court]] asin presidente kan [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]. Siya nagawadan nin [[Premyo Nobel para sa Katoninongan]] [[2026 Premyo Nobel|kan 2026]] huli sa saiyang mga paghingowa pag'anduyog sa Katoninongan asin Ley Intenasyonal.

Si Pillay namundag asin nagdakula sa [[Durban]], kun saen ngapit diyan siya nag'atender sa [[University of Natal]], asin nakamit an [[Bachelor of Arts]] kan 1963 asin [[Bachelor of Laws]] kan 1965. Ngapit si Pillay nagpraktis kan saiyang abogasya, na nagbali sa depensa legal kontra [[apartheid]]. Kan 1967, si Pillay nagtugdas kan saiyang sadiring bupete asin siya an pinakaenot na babaeng nakagibo nin siring sa saiyang probinsyang [[Natal (probinsya)|Natal]]. Kan 1981, si Pillay nag'entra sa [[Harvard University]] asin nakamit niya an saiyang [[Master of Laws|Master of Law]]. Kan 1988, saiyang natapos an tesis asin naggradwar sa [[Harvard Law School]] na may Doktorado sa Juridical Science.

== Hilnga man ==
* [[First women lawyers around the world]]
* [[List of first women lawyers and judges in Africa]]
* [[United Nations Free &amp; Equal#History|United Nations Free &amp; Equal]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Tamboan}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}


* {{C-SPAN|1031110}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Louise Arbour]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]|years=2008–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Zeid bin Ra'ad]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{2026 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Sydney Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillay, Navanethem}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:International Criminal Court judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Category:People from Durban]]
[[Category:Presidents of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
[[Category:South African judges of international courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:South African judges of United Nations courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:South African Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:South African people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:South African people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:South African women judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the KwaZulu-Natal High Court]]
[[Category:South African women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Under-secretaries-general of the United Nations]]
[[Category:United Nations high commissioners for human rights]]
[[Category:University of Natal alumni]]
[[Category:Women Nobel laureates]]
[[en:Navi Pillay]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abeno Harukas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56906</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311439</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:13:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LeahLhey</username>
        <id>13103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pinagmukna an pahina kaining &quot;An {{Nihongo|'''Abeno Harukas'''|あべのハルカス}}  sarong multi-purpose na komersyal na pasilidad sa Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka|Abeno-ku]], [[Osaka]], Hapon. Ini binibilog kan Bagong Annex, Eastern Annex asin sarong [[Supertall building|supertall]] skyscraper, Abeno Harukas. An edipisyo {{Convert|300|m|ft|0}} halangkaw &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abeno Harukas - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/abeno-harukas/533|ac...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2533" sha1="l3vubnavcpvxiysez9584qc0zikhokw" xml:space="preserve">An {{Nihongo|'''Abeno Harukas'''|あべのハルカス}}  sarong multi-purpose na komersyal na pasilidad sa Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka|Abeno-ku]], [[Osaka]], Hapon. Ini binibilog kan Bagong Annex, Eastern Annex asin sarong [[Supertall building|supertall]] skyscraper, Abeno Harukas. An edipisyo {{Convert|300|m|ft|0}} halangkaw &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abeno Harukas - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/abeno-harukas/533|access-date=2025-05-16|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin igwa nin 62 na eskalon; ini an [[List of tallest structures in Japan|pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]] poon 2014 sagkod 2023, sagkod na inagaw kan [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]] an titulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tallest high-rise nears completion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/23/business/tallest-high-rise-nears-completion/#.UnoXmb-lf-k|title=Tallest high-rise nears completion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An pasilidad iyo an planong alternatibong [[Station building|istasyon]] kan [[Ōsaka Abenobashi Station]], an terminal kan [[Kintetsu Railway|Kintetsu]] [[Minami Osaka Line]] . Igwa ini nin [[Kintetsu Department Store]] Main Store Abeno Harukas, [[Marriott International]] hotel, mga kampus kan unibersidad asin opisina nin benta [[Sharp Corporation|kan Sharp Corporation]] . An espasyo sa salog kaini mga {{Cvt|100000|sqm}}  , na ginigibo ining saro sa pinakadakulang [[department store]] sa Hapon. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|title=Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival|publisher=[[The Yomiuri Shimbun]]|work=[[Yomiuri Shimbun|The Japan News]]|date=5 November 2013|access-date=6 November 2013|author=Nagata, Takeshi|author2=Takahashi, Kentaro|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112133007/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natapos an konstruksyon kan Marso 7, 2014.

== Kahulugan kan pangaran ==
An pangaran kan skyscraper na &quot;Abeno Harukas&quot; gikan sa lumang tataramon na Hapon na &quot;晴るかす&quot; ( ''harukasu'' ). An boot sabihon kaini &quot;pagpaliwanag, paglinig&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;website in English&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Abeno Harukas Project website in English|url=http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|publisher=Kintetsu Corporation (Abeno Harukas Project Website)|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231122/http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>l3vubnavcpvxiysez9584qc0zikhokw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311441</id>
      <parentid>311439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:14:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LeahLhey</username>
        <id>13103</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#WPWP #WPWPPH</comment>
      <origin>311441</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5140" sha1="1klkvy68sk197js4jx0kmbin5we731e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox building
| name                    = Abeno Harukas
| native_name             = あべのハルカス
| native_name_lang        = jpn
| logo                    = Abenoharukas logo.svg
| image                   = あべのハルカス.jpg
| alt                     = 
| caption                 = Abeno Harukas, April 2026
| image_map               = 
| pushpin_alt             = 
| map_caption             = 
| highest_prev            = [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]
| highest_start           = 2014
| highest_end             = 2023
| highest_region          = [[Japan]]
| highest_next            = [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]
| location                = Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka]], Japan
| coordinates             = {{coord|34|38|45.6|N|135|30|48.2|E|region:JP-27|display=inline,title}}
| status                  = Complete
| construction_start_date = New Building: March 1983&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: January 9, 2010
| completion_date         = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992
| est_completion          = 
| opening_date            = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992 (Tennoji Miyako Hotel)&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: March 7, 2014
| building_type           = Mixed-use
| antenna_spire           = 
| roof                    = New Building: {{convert|54|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| top_floor               = 
| floor_count             = New Building: 10 above ground, 4 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Building: 17 above ground, 1 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: 60 above ground, 5 underground
| elevator_count          = 
| cost                    = ¥76 billion
| floor_area              = New Building and Eastern Building: {{convert|94000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: {{convert|211900.97|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}
| architect               = [[César Pelli|César Pelli &amp; Associates]] (supervising architect for exterior design)&lt;br/&gt;[[Takenaka Corporation]]
| structural_engineer     = 
| main_contractor         = [[Takenaka Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Okumura Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Obayashi Corp.]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Dai Nippon Construction]],&lt;br/&gt;[[The Zenitaka Corporation JV]]
| developer               = 
| owner                   = [[Kintetsu Group Holdings|Kintetsu]]
| operator                = 
| references              = 
| module                  = {{Infobox Chinese
| child    = yes
| kanji    = 阿部野橋ターミナルビル
| romaji   = 
| hiragana = あべのばしたーみなるびる
}}
}}
An {{Nihongo|'''Abeno Harukas'''|あべのハルカス}}  sarong multi-purpose na komersyal na pasilidad sa Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka|Abeno-ku]], [[Osaka]], Hapon. Ini binibilog kan Bagong Annex, Eastern Annex asin sarong [[Supertall building|supertall]] skyscraper, Abeno Harukas. An edipisyo {{Convert|300|m|ft|0}} halangkaw &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abeno Harukas - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/abeno-harukas/533|access-date=2025-05-16|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin igwa nin 62 na eskalon; ini an [[List of tallest structures in Japan|pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]] poon 2014 sagkod 2023, sagkod na inagaw kan [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]] an titulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tallest high-rise nears completion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/23/business/tallest-high-rise-nears-completion/#.UnoXmb-lf-k|title=Tallest high-rise nears completion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An pasilidad iyo an planong alternatibong [[Station building|istasyon]] kan [[Ōsaka Abenobashi Station]], an terminal kan [[Kintetsu Railway|Kintetsu]] [[Minami Osaka Line]] . Igwa ini nin [[Kintetsu Department Store]] Main Store Abeno Harukas, [[Marriott International]] hotel, mga kampus kan unibersidad asin opisina nin benta [[Sharp Corporation|kan Sharp Corporation]] . An espasyo sa salog kaini mga {{Cvt|100000|sqm}}  , na ginigibo ining saro sa pinakadakulang [[department store]] sa Hapon. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|title=Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival|publisher=[[The Yomiuri Shimbun]]|work=[[Yomiuri Shimbun|The Japan News]]|date=5 November 2013|access-date=6 November 2013|author=Nagata, Takeshi|author2=Takahashi, Kentaro|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112133007/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natapos an konstruksyon kan Marso 7, 2014.

== Kahulugan kan pangaran ==
An pangaran kan skyscraper na &quot;Abeno Harukas&quot; gikan sa lumang tataramon na Hapon na &quot;晴るかす&quot; ( ''harukasu'' ). An boot sabihon kaini &quot;pagpaliwanag, paglinig&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;website in English&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Abeno Harukas Project website in English|url=http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|publisher=Kintetsu Corporation (Abeno Harukas Project Website)|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231122/http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1klkvy68sk197js4jx0kmbin5we731e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311442</id>
      <parentid>311441</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:18:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LeahLhey</username>
        <id>13103</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311442</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7830" sha1="7ijjirku1mm2g2vkyucntmai0yj0qun" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox building
| name                    = Abeno Harukas
| native_name             = あべのハルカス
| native_name_lang        = jpn
| logo                    = Abenoharukas logo.svg
| image                   = あべのハルカス.jpg
| alt                     = 
| caption                 = Abeno Harukas, April 2026
| image_map               = 
| pushpin_alt             = 
| map_caption             = 
| highest_prev            = [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]
| highest_start           = 2014
| highest_end             = 2023
| highest_region          = [[Japan]]
| highest_next            = [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]
| location                = Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka]], Japan
| coordinates             = {{coord|34|38|45.6|N|135|30|48.2|E|region:JP-27|display=inline,title}}
| status                  = Complete
| construction_start_date = New Building: March 1983&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: January 9, 2010
| completion_date         = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992
| est_completion          = 
| opening_date            = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992 (Tennoji Miyako Hotel)&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: March 7, 2014
| building_type           = Mixed-use
| antenna_spire           = 
| roof                    = New Building: {{convert|54|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| top_floor               = 
| floor_count             = New Building: 10 above ground, 4 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Building: 17 above ground, 1 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: 60 above ground, 5 underground
| elevator_count          = 
| cost                    = ¥76 billion
| floor_area              = New Building and Eastern Building: {{convert|94000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: {{convert|211900.97|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}
| architect               = [[César Pelli|César Pelli &amp; Associates]] (supervising architect for exterior design)&lt;br/&gt;[[Takenaka Corporation]]
| structural_engineer     = 
| main_contractor         = [[Takenaka Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Okumura Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Obayashi Corp.]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Dai Nippon Construction]],&lt;br/&gt;[[The Zenitaka Corporation JV]]
| developer               = 
| owner                   = [[Kintetsu Group Holdings|Kintetsu]]
| operator                = 
| references              = 
| module                  = {{Infobox Chinese
| child    = yes
| kanji    = 阿部野橋ターミナルビル
| romaji   = 
| hiragana = あべのばしたーみなるびる
}}
}}
An {{Nihongo|'''Abeno Harukas'''|あべのハルカス}}  sarong multi-purpose na komersyal na pasilidad sa Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka|Abeno-ku]], [[Osaka]], Hapon. Ini binibilog kan Bagong Annex, Eastern Annex asin sarong [[Supertall building|supertall]] skyscraper, Abeno Harukas. An edipisyo {{Convert|300|m|ft|0}} halangkaw &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abeno Harukas - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/abeno-harukas/533|access-date=2025-05-16|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin igwa nin 62 na eskalon; ini an [[List of tallest structures in Japan|pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]] poon 2014 sagkod 2023, sagkod na inagaw kan [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]] an titulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tallest high-rise nears completion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/23/business/tallest-high-rise-nears-completion/#.UnoXmb-lf-k|title=Tallest high-rise nears completion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An pasilidad iyo an planong alternatibong [[Station building|istasyon]] kan [[Ōsaka Abenobashi Station]], an terminal kan [[Kintetsu Railway|Kintetsu]] [[Minami Osaka Line]] . Igwa ini nin [[Kintetsu Department Store]] Main Store Abeno Harukas, [[Marriott International]] hotel, mga kampus kan unibersidad asin opisina nin benta [[Sharp Corporation|kan Sharp Corporation]] . An espasyo sa salog kaini mga {{Cvt|100000|sqm}}  , na ginigibo ining saro sa pinakadakulang [[department store]] sa Hapon. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|title=Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival|publisher=[[The Yomiuri Shimbun]]|work=[[Yomiuri Shimbun|The Japan News]]|date=5 November 2013|access-date=6 November 2013|author=Nagata, Takeshi|author2=Takahashi, Kentaro|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112133007/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natapos an konstruksyon kan Marso 7, 2014.

== Kahulugan kan pangaran ==
An pangaran kan skyscraper na &quot;Abeno Harukas&quot; gikan sa lumang tataramon na Hapon na &quot;晴るかす&quot; ( ''harukasu'' ). An boot sabihon kaini &quot;pagpaliwanag, paglinig&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;website in English&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Abeno Harukas Project website in English|url=http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|publisher=Kintetsu Corporation (Abeno Harukas Project Website)|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231122/http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga salog ==


Abeno Harukas

* Ika-58-60 nga andana: Obserbatoryo &quot;Harukas 300&quot;
* Ika-38-55 na palapag asin ika-57 na palapag: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel
** Ika-57 na palapag: Mga restawran
** Ika-38-55 na palapag: Mga kwarto para sa bisita
* ika-21-36 na palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-19 asin ika-20 na eskalon: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel (lobby)
* ika-17 asin ika-18 palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-16 na eskalon: Abeno Harukas Museum, hardin sa atop
* ika-2ng sirong-ika-14 na eskalon: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukas Tower Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-4 asin ika-3 na sirong kan harong: paradahan


Bagong Edipisyo

* Ika-2 sirong-ika-9 na eskalon asin atop: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukass Wing Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-2 sirong kan harong: Osaka Abenobashi Station Entrance


Sirangan na Edipisyo


1st basement-ika-16 na palapag: Miyako City Osaka Tennoji


== Mga pasilidad sa pamamakal sa palibot kan Abenobashi Terminal Building ==

=== Abeno-ku ===

* Shinjuku Building
* Shinjuku Gochiso Building
* Abeno Appolo
* Abeno Center Building (Abeno Festa)
* Echo sa bilog na edipisyo
* Proyekto sa Pagpauswag kan Siyudad nin Abeno
** Abeno Lucias (A1-1)
** Abeno nini (A1-2)
** [[Abeno Cues Town]] (A2)
** Abeno Gran Tour (A3)

=== Tennoji-ku ===

* Tennoji MiO
** Pangenot na Edipisyo
** Plaza Annex
* Abechika ( [[Underground city|siyudad sa irarom kan daga]] )</text>
      <sha1>7ijjirku1mm2g2vkyucntmai0yj0qun</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311445</id>
      <parentid>311442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:22:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LeahLhey</username>
        <id>13103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#WPWP #WPWPPH</comment>
      <origin>311445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="8270" sha1="nce7lw4pzfhpxppzdlr2p27x4gjams0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox building
| name                    = Abeno Harukas
| native_name             = あべのハルカス
| native_name_lang        = jpn
| logo                    = Abenoharukas logo.svg
| image                   = あべのハルカス.jpg
| alt                     = 
| caption                 = Abeno Harukas, April 2026
| image_map               = 
| pushpin_alt             = 
| map_caption             = 
| highest_prev            = [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]
| highest_start           = 2014
| highest_end             = 2023
| highest_region          = [[Japan]]
| highest_next            = [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]
| location                = Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka]], Japan
| coordinates             = {{coord|34|38|45.6|N|135|30|48.2|E|region:JP-27|display=inline,title}}
| status                  = Complete
| construction_start_date = New Building: March 1983&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: January 9, 2010
| completion_date         = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992
| est_completion          = 
| opening_date            = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992 (Tennoji Miyako Hotel)&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: March 7, 2014
| building_type           = Mixed-use
| antenna_spire           = 
| roof                    = New Building: {{convert|54|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| top_floor               = 
| floor_count             = New Building: 10 above ground, 4 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Building: 17 above ground, 1 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: 60 above ground, 5 underground
| elevator_count          = 
| cost                    = ¥76 billion
| floor_area              = New Building and Eastern Building: {{convert|94000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: {{convert|211900.97|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}
| architect               = [[César Pelli|César Pelli &amp; Associates]] (supervising architect for exterior design)&lt;br/&gt;[[Takenaka Corporation]]
| structural_engineer     = 
| main_contractor         = [[Takenaka Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Okumura Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Obayashi Corp.]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Dai Nippon Construction]],&lt;br/&gt;[[The Zenitaka Corporation JV]]
| developer               = 
| owner                   = [[Kintetsu Group Holdings|Kintetsu]]
| operator                = 
| references              = 
| module                  = {{Infobox Chinese
| child    = yes
| kanji    = 阿部野橋ターミナルビル
| romaji   = 
| hiragana = あべのばしたーみなるびる
}}
}}
An {{Nihongo|'''Abeno Harukas'''|あべのハルカス}}  sarong multi-purpose na komersyal na pasilidad sa Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka|Abeno-ku]], [[Osaka]], Hapon. Ini binibilog kan Bagong Annex, Eastern Annex asin sarong [[Supertall building|supertall]] skyscraper, Abeno Harukas. An edipisyo {{Convert|300|m|ft|0}} halangkaw &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abeno Harukas - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/abeno-harukas/533|access-date=2025-05-16|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin igwa nin 62 na eskalon; ini an [[List of tallest structures in Japan|pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]] poon 2014 sagkod 2023, sagkod na inagaw kan [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]] an titulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tallest high-rise nears completion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/23/business/tallest-high-rise-nears-completion/#.UnoXmb-lf-k|title=Tallest high-rise nears completion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An pasilidad iyo an planong alternatibong [[Station building|istasyon]] kan [[Ōsaka Abenobashi Station]], an terminal kan [[Kintetsu Railway|Kintetsu]] [[Minami Osaka Line]] . Igwa ini nin [[Kintetsu Department Store]] Main Store Abeno Harukas, [[Marriott International]] hotel, mga kampus kan unibersidad asin opisina nin benta [[Sharp Corporation|kan Sharp Corporation]] . An espasyo sa salog kaini mga {{Cvt|100000|sqm}}  , na ginigibo ining saro sa pinakadakulang [[department store]] sa Hapon. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|title=Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival|publisher=[[The Yomiuri Shimbun]]|work=[[Yomiuri Shimbun|The Japan News]]|date=5 November 2013|access-date=6 November 2013|author=Nagata, Takeshi|author2=Takahashi, Kentaro|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112133007/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natapos an konstruksyon kan Marso 7, 2014.

== Kahulugan kan pangaran ==
An pangaran kan skyscraper na &quot;Abeno Harukas&quot; gikan sa lumang tataramon na Hapon na &quot;晴るかす&quot; ( ''harukasu'' ). An boot sabihon kaini &quot;pagpaliwanag, paglinig&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;website in English&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Abeno Harukas Project website in English|url=http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|publisher=Kintetsu Corporation (Abeno Harukas Project Website)|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231122/http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga salog ==


Abeno Harukas

* Ika-58-60 nga andana: Obserbatoryo &quot;Harukas 300&quot;
* Ika-38-55 na palapag asin ika-57 na palapag: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel
** Ika-57 na palapag: Mga restawran
** Ika-38-55 na palapag: Mga kwarto para sa bisita
* ika-21-36 na palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-19 asin ika-20 na eskalon: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel (lobby)
* ika-17 asin ika-18 palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-16 na eskalon: Abeno Harukas Museum, hardin sa atop
* ika-2ng sirong-ika-14 na eskalon: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukas Tower Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-4 asin ika-3 na sirong kan harong: paradahan


Bagong Edipisyo

* Ika-2 sirong-ika-9 na eskalon asin atop: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukass Wing Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-2 sirong kan harong: Osaka Abenobashi Station Entrance


Sirangan na Edipisyo

1st basement-ika-16 na palapag: Miyako City Osaka Tennoji
== Mga pasilidad sa pamamakal sa palibot kan Abenobashi Terminal Building ==

=== Abeno-ku ===

* Shinjuku Building
* Shinjuku Gochiso Building
* Abeno Appolo
* Abeno Center Building (Abeno Festa)
* Echo sa bilog na edipisyo
* Proyekto sa Pagpauswag kan Siyudad nin Abeno
** Abeno Lucias (A1-1)
** Abeno nini (A1-2)
** [[Abeno Cues Town]] (A2)
** Abeno Gran Tour (A3)

=== Tennoji-ku ===

* Tennoji MiO
** Pangenot na Edipisyo
** Plaza Annex
* Abechika ( [[Underground city|siyudad sa irarom kan daga]] )

== Galeriya ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 001.JPG|An  Abeno Harukas nahihiling gikan sa Nakanoshima Festival Tower
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas construction site 20130503-003.jpg|an Abeno Harukas asin Osaka-Abenobashi Station
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas SKY GARDEN 300.jpg|an Abeno Harukas Sky Garden
Ladawan:View of Osaka from Abeno Harukas.jpg|Tanawon kan Osaka gikan sa Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311447</id>
      <parentid>311445</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:27:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LeahLhey</username>
        <id>13103</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311447</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9132" sha1="keq4xq2bbmy3gfsdl2poyas3plxkox5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox building
| name                    = Abeno Harukas
| native_name             = あべのハルカス
| native_name_lang        = jpn
| logo                    = Abenoharukas logo.svg
| image                   = あべのハルカス.jpg
| alt                     = 
| caption                 = Abeno Harukas, April 2026
| image_map               = 
| pushpin_alt             = 
| map_caption             = 
| highest_prev            = [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]
| highest_start           = 2014
| highest_end             = 2023
| highest_region          = [[Japan]]
| highest_next            = [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]
| location                = Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka]], Japan
| coordinates             = {{coord|34|38|45.6|N|135|30|48.2|E|region:JP-27|display=inline,title}}
| status                  = Complete
| construction_start_date = New Building: March 1983&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: January 9, 2010
| completion_date         = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992
| est_completion          = 
| opening_date            = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992 (Tennoji Miyako Hotel)&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: March 7, 2014
| building_type           = Mixed-use
| antenna_spire           = 
| roof                    = New Building: {{convert|54|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| top_floor               = 
| floor_count             = New Building: 10 above ground, 4 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Building: 17 above ground, 1 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: 60 above ground, 5 underground
| elevator_count          = 
| cost                    = ¥76 billion
| floor_area              = New Building and Eastern Building: {{convert|94000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: {{convert|211900.97|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}
| architect               = [[César Pelli|César Pelli &amp; Associates]] (supervising architect for exterior design)&lt;br/&gt;[[Takenaka Corporation]]
| structural_engineer     = 
| main_contractor         = [[Takenaka Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Okumura Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Obayashi Corp.]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Dai Nippon Construction]],&lt;br/&gt;[[The Zenitaka Corporation JV]]
| developer               = 
| owner                   = [[Kintetsu Group Holdings|Kintetsu]]
| operator                = 
| references              = 
| module                  = {{Infobox Chinese
| child    = yes
| kanji    = 阿部野橋ターミナルビル
| romaji   = 
| hiragana = あべのばしたーみなるびる
}}
}}
An {{Nihongo|'''Abeno Harukas'''|あべのハルカス}}  sarong multi-purpose na komersyal na pasilidad sa Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka|Abeno-ku]], [[Osaka]], Hapon. Ini binibilog kan Bagong Annex, Eastern Annex asin sarong [[Supertall building|supertall]] skyscraper, Abeno Harukas. An edipisyo {{Convert|300|m|ft|0}} halangkaw &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abeno Harukas - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/abeno-harukas/533|access-date=2025-05-16|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin igwa nin 62 na eskalon; ini an [[List of tallest structures in Japan|pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]] poon 2014 sagkod 2023, sagkod na inagaw kan [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]] an titulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tallest high-rise nears completion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/23/business/tallest-high-rise-nears-completion/#.UnoXmb-lf-k|title=Tallest high-rise nears completion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An pasilidad iyo an planong alternatibong [[Station building|istasyon]] kan [[Ōsaka Abenobashi Station]], an terminal kan [[Kintetsu Railway|Kintetsu]] [[Minami Osaka Line]] . Igwa ini nin [[Kintetsu Department Store]] Main Store Abeno Harukas, [[Marriott International]] hotel, mga kampus kan unibersidad asin opisina nin benta [[Sharp Corporation|kan Sharp Corporation]] . An espasyo sa salog kaini mga {{Cvt|100000|sqm}}  , na ginigibo ining saro sa pinakadakulang [[department store]] sa Hapon. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|title=Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival|publisher=[[The Yomiuri Shimbun]]|work=[[Yomiuri Shimbun|The Japan News]]|date=5 November 2013|access-date=6 November 2013|author=Nagata, Takeshi|author2=Takahashi, Kentaro|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112133007/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natapos an konstruksyon kan Marso 7, 2014.

== Kahulugan kan pangaran ==
An pangaran kan skyscraper na &quot;Abeno Harukas&quot; gikan sa lumang tataramon na Hapon na &quot;晴るかす&quot; ( ''harukasu'' ). An boot sabihon kaini &quot;pagpaliwanag, paglinig&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;website in English&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Abeno Harukas Project website in English|url=http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|publisher=Kintetsu Corporation (Abeno Harukas Project Website)|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231122/http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga salog ==


Abeno Harukas

* Ika-58-60 nga andana: Obserbatoryo &quot;Harukas 300&quot;
* Ika-38-55 na palapag asin ika-57 na palapag: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel
** Ika-57 na palapag: Mga restawran
** Ika-38-55 na palapag: Mga kwarto para sa bisita
* ika-21-36 na palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-19 asin ika-20 na eskalon: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel (lobby)
* ika-17 asin ika-18 palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-16 na eskalon: Abeno Harukas Museum, hardin sa atop
* ika-2ng sirong-ika-14 na eskalon: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukas Tower Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-4 asin ika-3 na sirong kan harong: paradahan


Bagong Edipisyo

* Ika-2 sirong-ika-9 na eskalon asin atop: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukass Wing Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-2 sirong kan harong: Osaka Abenobashi Station Entrance


Sirangan na Edipisyo

1st basement-ika-16 na palapag: Miyako City Osaka Tennoji
== Mga pasilidad sa pamamakal sa palibot kan Abenobashi Terminal Building ==

=== Abeno-ku ===

* Shinjuku Building
* Shinjuku Gochiso Building
* Abeno Appolo
* Abeno Center Building (Abeno Festa)
* Echo sa bilog na edipisyo
* Proyekto sa Pagpauswag kan Siyudad nin Abeno
** Abeno Lucias (A1-1)
** Abeno nini (A1-2)
** [[Abeno Cues Town]] (A2)
** Abeno Gran Tour (A3)

=== Tennoji-ku ===

* Tennoji MiO
** Pangenot na Edipisyo
** Plaza Annex
* Abechika ( [[Underground city|siyudad sa irarom kan daga]] )

== Galeriya ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 001.JPG|An  Abeno Harukas nahihiling gikan sa Nakanoshima Festival Tower
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas construction site 20130503-003.jpg|an Abeno Harukas asin Osaka-Abenobashi Station
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas SKY GARDEN 300.jpg|an Abeno Harukas Sky Garden
Ladawan:View of Osaka from Abeno Harukas.jpg|Tanawon kan Osaka gikan sa Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:日本庭園とあべのハルカス.jpg|Hardin na Hapon asin Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hilingon man ==

* [[List of tallest buildings in Osaka|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na mga edipisyo sa Osaka]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Japan|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]]

== Toltolan ==


== Mga panluwas na sumpay ==

* Takenaka Corporation for Design and Construction of Abeno Harukas
* [http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/ Kintetsu Department Store] {{In lang|ja}}
* [http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/ Abeno Harukas]
* [http://www.kintetsu.jp/ Kintetsu Corporation]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|rec}}
{{Succession box|before=[[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]|title=[[List of tallest buildings and structures in Japan#Completed|Tallest building in Japan]]|years=2012–2023|after=[[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]}}
{{S-end}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>311448</id>
      <parentid>311447</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:27:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LeahLhey</username>
        <id>13103</id>
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      <origin>311448</origin>
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      <text bytes="9155" sha1="9wcpvcha43g9s8zciimv1qcr9d8syzq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox building
| name                    = Abeno Harukas
| native_name             = あべのハルカス
| native_name_lang        = jpn
| logo                    = Abenoharukas logo.svg
| image                   = あべのハルカス.jpg
| alt                     = 
| caption                 = Abeno Harukas, April 2026
| image_map               = 
| pushpin_alt             = 
| map_caption             = 
| highest_prev            = [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]
| highest_start           = 2014
| highest_end             = 2023
| highest_region          = [[Japan]]
| highest_next            = [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]
| location                = Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka]], Japan
| coordinates             = {{coord|34|38|45.6|N|135|30|48.2|E|region:JP-27|display=inline,title}}
| status                  = Complete
| construction_start_date = New Building: March 1983&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: January 9, 2010
| completion_date         = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992
| est_completion          = 
| opening_date            = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992 (Tennoji Miyako Hotel)&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: March 7, 2014
| building_type           = Mixed-use
| antenna_spire           = 
| roof                    = New Building: {{convert|54|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| top_floor               = 
| floor_count             = New Building: 10 above ground, 4 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Building: 17 above ground, 1 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: 60 above ground, 5 underground
| elevator_count          = 
| cost                    = ¥76 billion
| floor_area              = New Building and Eastern Building: {{convert|94000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: {{convert|211900.97|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}
| architect               = [[César Pelli|César Pelli &amp; Associates]] (supervising architect for exterior design)&lt;br/&gt;[[Takenaka Corporation]]
| structural_engineer     = 
| main_contractor         = [[Takenaka Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Okumura Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Obayashi Corp.]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Dai Nippon Construction]],&lt;br/&gt;[[The Zenitaka Corporation JV]]
| developer               = 
| owner                   = [[Kintetsu Group Holdings|Kintetsu]]
| operator                = 
| references              = 
| module                  = {{Infobox Chinese
| child    = yes
| kanji    = 阿部野橋ターミナルビル
| romaji   = 
| hiragana = あべのばしたーみなるびる
}}
}}
An {{Nihongo|'''Abeno Harukas'''|あべのハルカス}}  sarong multi-purpose na komersyal na pasilidad sa Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka|Abeno-ku]], [[Osaka]], Hapon. Ini binibilog kan Bagong Annex, Eastern Annex asin sarong [[Supertall building|supertall]] skyscraper, Abeno Harukas. An edipisyo {{Convert|300|m|ft|0}} halangkaw &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abeno Harukas - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/abeno-harukas/533|access-date=2025-05-16|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin igwa nin 62 na eskalon; ini an [[List of tallest structures in Japan|pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]] poon 2014 sagkod 2023, sagkod na inagaw kan [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]] an titulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tallest high-rise nears completion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/23/business/tallest-high-rise-nears-completion/#.UnoXmb-lf-k|title=Tallest high-rise nears completion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An pasilidad iyo an planong alternatibong [[Station building|istasyon]] kan [[Ōsaka Abenobashi Station]], an terminal kan [[Kintetsu Railway|Kintetsu]] [[Minami Osaka Line]] . Igwa ini nin [[Kintetsu Department Store]] Main Store Abeno Harukas, [[Marriott International]] hotel, mga kampus kan unibersidad asin opisina nin benta [[Sharp Corporation|kan Sharp Corporation]] . An espasyo sa salog kaini mga {{Cvt|100000|sqm}}  , na ginigibo ining saro sa pinakadakulang [[department store]] sa Hapon. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|title=Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival|publisher=[[The Yomiuri Shimbun]]|work=[[Yomiuri Shimbun|The Japan News]]|date=5 November 2013|access-date=6 November 2013|author=Nagata, Takeshi|author2=Takahashi, Kentaro|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112133007/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natapos an konstruksyon kan Marso 7, 2014.

== Kahulugan kan pangaran ==
An pangaran kan skyscraper na &quot;Abeno Harukas&quot; gikan sa lumang tataramon na Hapon na &quot;晴るかす&quot; ( ''harukasu'' ). An boot sabihon kaini &quot;pagpaliwanag, paglinig&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;website in English&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Abeno Harukas Project website in English|url=http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|publisher=Kintetsu Corporation (Abeno Harukas Project Website)|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231122/http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga salog ==


Abeno Harukas

* Ika-58-60 nga andana: Obserbatoryo &quot;Harukas 300&quot;
* Ika-38-55 na palapag asin ika-57 na palapag: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel
** Ika-57 na palapag: Mga restawran
** Ika-38-55 na palapag: Mga kwarto para sa bisita
* ika-21-36 na palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-19 asin ika-20 na eskalon: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel (lobby)
* ika-17 asin ika-18 palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-16 na eskalon: Abeno Harukas Museum, hardin sa atop
* ika-2ng sirong-ika-14 na eskalon: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukas Tower Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-4 asin ika-3 na sirong kan harong: paradahan


Bagong Edipisyo

* Ika-2 sirong-ika-9 na eskalon asin atop: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukass Wing Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-2 sirong kan harong: Osaka Abenobashi Station Entrance


Sirangan na Edipisyo

1st basement-ika-16 na palapag: Miyako City Osaka Tennoji
== Mga pasilidad sa pamamakal sa palibot kan Abenobashi Terminal Building ==

=== Abeno-ku ===

* Shinjuku Building
* Shinjuku Gochiso Building
* Abeno Appolo
* Abeno Center Building (Abeno Festa)
* Echo sa bilog na edipisyo
* Proyekto sa Pagpauswag kan Siyudad nin Abeno
** Abeno Lucias (A1-1)
** Abeno nini (A1-2)
** [[Abeno Cues Town]] (A2)
** Abeno Gran Tour (A3)

=== Tennoji-ku ===

* Tennoji MiO
** Pangenot na Edipisyo
** Plaza Annex
* Abechika ( [[Underground city|siyudad sa irarom kan daga]] )

== Galeriya ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 001.JPG|An  Abeno Harukas nahihiling gikan sa Nakanoshima Festival Tower
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas construction site 20130503-003.jpg|an Abeno Harukas asin Osaka-Abenobashi Station
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas SKY GARDEN 300.jpg|an Abeno Harukas Sky Garden
Ladawan:View of Osaka from Abeno Harukas.jpg|Tanawon kan Osaka gikan sa Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:日本庭園とあべのハルカス.jpg|Hardin na Hapon asin Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hilingon man ==

* [[List of tallest buildings in Osaka|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na mga edipisyo sa Osaka]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Japan|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Tamboan}}

== Mga panluwas na sumpay ==

* Takenaka Corporation for Design and Construction of Abeno Harukas
* [http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/ Kintetsu Department Store] {{In lang|ja}}
* [http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/ Abeno Harukas]
* [http://www.kintetsu.jp/ Kintetsu Corporation]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|rec}}
{{Succession box|before=[[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]|title=[[List of tallest buildings and structures in Japan#Completed|Tallest building in Japan]]|years=2012–2023|after=[[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]}}
{{S-end}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>311449</id>
      <parentid>311448</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:31:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LeahLhey</username>
        <id>13103</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311449</origin>
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      <text bytes="9105" sha1="ajb2mknb66kzxlyqiyj8ll3crmz83ad" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox building
| name                    = Abeno Harukas
| native_name             = あべのハルカス
| native_name_lang        = jpn
| logo                    = Abenoharukas logo.svg
| image                   = あべのハルカス.jpg
| alt                     = 
| caption                 = Abeno Harukas, April 2026
| image_map               = 
| pushpin_alt             = 
| map_caption             = 
| highest_prev            = [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]
| highest_start           = 2014
| highest_end             = 2023
| highest_region          = [[Japan]]
| highest_next            = [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]
| location                = Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka]], Japan
| coordinates             = {{coord|34|38|45.6|N|135|30|48.2|E|region:JP-27|display=inline,title}}
| status                  = Complete
| construction_start_date = New Building: March 1983&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: January 9, 2010
| completion_date         = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992
| est_completion          = 
| opening_date            = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992 (Tennoji Miyako Hotel)&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: March 7, 2014
| building_type           = Mixed-use
| antenna_spire           = 
| roof                    = New Building: {{convert|54|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| top_floor               = 
| floor_count             = New Building: 10 above ground, 4 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Building: 17 above ground, 1 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: 60 above ground, 5 underground
| elevator_count          = 
| cost                    = ¥76 billion
| floor_area              = New Building and Eastern Building: {{convert|94000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: {{convert|211900.97|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}
| architect               = [[César Pelli|César Pelli &amp; Associates]] (supervising architect for exterior design)&lt;br/&gt;[[Takenaka Corporation]]
| structural_engineer     = 
| main_contractor         = [[Takenaka Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Okumura Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Obayashi Corp.]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Dai Nippon Construction]],&lt;br/&gt;[[The Zenitaka Corporation JV]]
| developer               = 
| owner                   = [[Kintetsu Group Holdings|Kintetsu]]
| operator                = 
| references              = 
| module                  = {{Infobox Chinese
| child    = yes
| kanji    = 阿部野橋ターミナルビル
| romaji   = 
| hiragana = あべのばしたーみなるびる
}}
}}
An {{Nihongo|'''Abeno Harukas'''|あべのハルカス}}  sarong multi-purpose na komersyal na pasilidad sa Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka|Abeno-ku]], [[Osaka]], Hapon. Ini binibilog kan Bagong Annex, Eastern Annex asin sarong [[Supertall building|supertall]] skyscraper, Abeno Harukas. An edipisyo {{Convert|300|m|ft|0}} halangkaw &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abeno Harukas - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/abeno-harukas/533|access-date=2025-05-16|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin igwa nin 62 na eskalon; ini an [[List of tallest structures in Japan|pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]] poon 2014 sagkod 2023, sagkod na inagaw kan [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]] an titulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tallest high-rise nears completion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/23/business/tallest-high-rise-nears-completion/#.UnoXmb-lf-k|title=Tallest high-rise nears completion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An pasilidad iyo an planong alternatibong [[Station building|istasyon]] kan [[Ōsaka Abenobashi Station]], an terminal kan [[Kintetsu Railway|Kintetsu]] [[Minami Osaka Line]] . Igwa ini nin [[Kintetsu Department Store]] Main Store Abeno Harukas, [[Marriott International]] hotel, mga kampus kan unibersidad asin opisina nin benta [[Sharp Corporation|kan Sharp Corporation]] . An espasyo sa salog kaini mga {{Cvt|100000|sqm}}  , na ginigibo ining saro sa pinakadakulang [[department store]] sa Hapon. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|title=Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival|publisher=[[The Yomiuri Shimbun]]|work=|date=5 November 2013|access-date=6 November 2013|author=Nagata, Takeshi|author2=Takahashi, Kentaro|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112133007/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natapos an konstruksyon kan Marso 7, 2014.

== Kahulugan kan pangaran ==
An pangaran kan skyscraper na &quot;Abeno Harukas&quot; gikan sa lumang tataramon na Hapon na &quot;晴るかす&quot; ( ''harukasu'' ). An boot sabihon kaini &quot;pagpaliwanag, paglinig&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;website in English&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Abeno Harukas Project website in English|url=http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|publisher=Kintetsu Corporation (Abeno Harukas Project Website)|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231122/http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga salog ==


Abeno Harukas

* Ika-58-60 nga andana: Obserbatoryo &quot;Harukas 300&quot;
* Ika-38-55 na palapag asin ika-57 na palapag: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel
** Ika-57 na palapag: Mga restawran
** Ika-38-55 na palapag: Mga kwarto para sa bisita
* ika-21-36 na palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-19 asin ika-20 na eskalon: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel (lobby)
* ika-17 asin ika-18 palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-16 na eskalon: Abeno Harukas Museum, hardin sa atop
* ika-2ng sirong-ika-14 na eskalon: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukas Tower Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-4 asin ika-3 na sirong kan harong: paradahan


Bagong Edipisyo

* Ika-2 sirong-ika-9 na eskalon asin atop: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukass Wing Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-2 sirong kan harong: Osaka Abenobashi Station Entrance


Sirangan na Edipisyo

1st basement-ika-16 na palapag: Miyako City Osaka Tennoji
== Mga pasilidad sa pamamakal sa palibot kan Abenobashi Terminal Building ==

=== Abeno-ku ===

* Shinjuku Building
* Shinjuku Gochiso Building
* Abeno Appolo
* Abeno Center Building (Abeno Festa)
* Echo sa bilog na edipisyo
* Proyekto sa Pagpauswag kan Siyudad nin Abeno
** Abeno Lucias (A1-1)
** Abeno nini (A1-2)
** [[Abeno Cues Town]] (A2)
** Abeno Gran Tour (A3)

=== Tennoji-ku ===

* Tennoji MiO
** Pangenot na Edipisyo
** Plaza Annex
* Abechika ( [[Underground city|siyudad sa irarom kan daga]] )

== Galeriya ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 001.JPG|An  Abeno Harukas nahihiling gikan sa Nakanoshima Festival Tower
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas construction site 20130503-003.jpg|an Abeno Harukas asin Osaka-Abenobashi Station
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas SKY GARDEN 300.jpg|an Abeno Harukas Sky Garden
Ladawan:View of Osaka from Abeno Harukas.jpg|Tanawon kan Osaka gikan sa Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:日本庭園とあべのハルカス.jpg|Hardin na Hapon asin Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hilingon man ==

* [[List of tallest buildings in Osaka|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na mga edipisyo sa Osaka]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Japan|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Tamboan}}

== Mga panluwas na sumpay ==

* Takenaka Corporation for Design and Construction of Abeno Harukas
* [http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/ Kintetsu Department Store] {{In lang|ja}}
* [http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/ Abeno Harukas]
* [http://www.kintetsu.jp/ Kintetsu Corporation]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|rec}}
{{Succession box|before=[[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]|title=[[List of tallest buildings and structures in Japan#Completed|Tallest building in Japan]]|years=2012–2023|after=[[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]}}
{{S-end}}</text>
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      <id>311450</id>
      <parentid>311449</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:32:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>13103</id>
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      <text bytes="9373" sha1="svt4n077o2ryvdi3nwte0oh2ocotxjb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox building
| name                    = Abeno Harukas
| native_name             = あべのハルカス
| native_name_lang        = jpn
| logo                    = Abenoharukas logo.svg
| image                   = あべのハルカス.jpg
| alt                     = 
| caption                 = Abeno Harukas, April 2026
| image_map               = 
| pushpin_alt             = 
| map_caption             = 
| highest_prev            = [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]
| highest_start           = 2014
| highest_end             = 2023
| highest_region          = [[Japan]]
| highest_next            = [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]
| location                = Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka]], Japan
| coordinates             = {{coord|34|38|45.6|N|135|30|48.2|E|region:JP-27|display=inline,title}}
| status                  = Complete
| construction_start_date = New Building: March 1983&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: January 9, 2010
| completion_date         = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992
| est_completion          = 
| opening_date            = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992 (Tennoji Miyako Hotel)&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: March 7, 2014
| building_type           = Mixed-use
| antenna_spire           = 
| roof                    = New Building: {{convert|54|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| top_floor               = 
| floor_count             = New Building: 10 above ground, 4 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Building: 17 above ground, 1 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: 60 above ground, 5 underground
| elevator_count          = 
| cost                    = ¥76 billion
| floor_area              = New Building and Eastern Building: {{convert|94000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: {{convert|211900.97|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}
| architect               = [[César Pelli|César Pelli &amp; Associates]] (supervising architect for exterior design)&lt;br/&gt;[[Takenaka Corporation]]
| structural_engineer     = 
| main_contractor         = [[Takenaka Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Okumura Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Obayashi Corp.]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Dai Nippon Construction]],&lt;br/&gt;[[The Zenitaka Corporation JV]]
| developer               = 
| owner                   = [[Kintetsu Group Holdings|Kintetsu]]
| operator                = 
| references              = 
| module                  = {{Infobox Chinese
| child    = yes
| kanji    = 阿部野橋ターミナルビル
| romaji   = 
| hiragana = あべのばしたーみなるびる
}}
}}
An {{Nihongo|'''Abeno Harukas'''|あべのハルカス}}  sarong multi-purpose na komersyal na pasilidad sa Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka|Abeno-ku]], [[Osaka]], Hapon. Ini binibilog kan Bagong Annex, Eastern Annex asin sarong [[Supertall building|supertall]] skyscraper, Abeno Harukas. An edipisyo {{Convert|300|m|ft|0}} halangkaw &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abeno Harukas - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/abeno-harukas/533|access-date=2025-05-16|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin igwa nin 62 na eskalon; ini an [[List of tallest structures in Japan|pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]] poon 2014 sagkod 2023, sagkod na inagaw kan [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]] an titulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tallest high-rise nears completion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/23/business/tallest-high-rise-nears-completion/#.UnoXmb-lf-k|title=Tallest high-rise nears completion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An pasilidad iyo an planong alternatibong [[Station building|istasyon]] kan [[Ōsaka Abenobashi Station]], an terminal kan [[Kintetsu Railway|Kintetsu]] [[Minami Osaka Line]] . Igwa ini nin [[Kintetsu Department Store]] Main Store Abeno Harukas, [[Marriott International]] hotel, mga kampus kan unibersidad asin opisina nin benta [[Sharp Corporation|kan Sharp Corporation]] . An espasyo sa salog kaini mga {{Cvt|100000|sqm}}  , na ginigibo ining saro sa pinakadakulang [[department store]] sa Hapon. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|title=Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival|publisher=[[The Yomiuri Shimbun]]|work=|date=5 November 2013|access-date=6 November 2013|author=Nagata, Takeshi|author2=Takahashi, Kentaro|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112133007/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natapos an konstruksyon kan Marso 7, 2014.

== Kahulugan kan pangaran ==
An pangaran kan skyscraper na &quot;Abeno Harukas&quot; gikan sa lumang tataramon na Hapon na &quot;晴るかす&quot; ( ''harukasu'' ). An boot sabihon kaini &quot;pagpaliwanag, paglinig&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;website in English&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Abeno Harukas Project website in English|url=http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|publisher=Kintetsu Corporation (Abeno Harukas Project Website)|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231122/http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga salog ==


Abeno Harukas

* Ika-58-60 nga andana: Obserbatoryo &quot;Harukas 300&quot;
* Ika-38-55 na palapag asin ika-57 na palapag: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel
** Ika-57 na palapag: Mga restawran
** Ika-38-55 na palapag: Mga kwarto para sa bisita
* ika-21-36 na palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-19 asin ika-20 na eskalon: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel (lobby)
* ika-17 asin ika-18 palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-16 na eskalon: Abeno Harukas Museum, hardin sa atop
* ika-2ng sirong-ika-14 na eskalon: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukas Tower Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-4 asin ika-3 na sirong kan harong: paradahan


Bagong Edipisyo

* Ika-2 sirong-ika-9 na eskalon asin atop: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukass Wing Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-2 sirong kan harong: Osaka Abenobashi Station Entrance


Sirangan na Edipisyo

1st basement-ika-16 na palapag: Miyako City Osaka Tennoji
== Mga pasilidad sa pamamakal sa palibot kan Abenobashi Terminal Building ==

=== Abeno-ku ===

* Shinjuku Building
* Shinjuku Gochiso Building
* Abeno Appolo
* Abeno Center Building (Abeno Festa)
* Echo sa bilog na edipisyo
* Proyekto sa Pagpauswag kan Siyudad nin Abeno
** Abeno Lucias (A1-1)
** Abeno nini (A1-2)
** [[Abeno Cues Town]] (A2)
** Abeno Gran Tour (A3)

=== Tennoji-ku ===

* Tennoji MiO
** Pangenot na Edipisyo
** Plaza Annex
* Abechika ( [[Underground city|siyudad sa irarom kan daga]] )

== Galeriya ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 001.JPG|An  Abeno Harukas nahihiling gikan sa Nakanoshima Festival Tower
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas construction site 20130503-003.jpg|an Abeno Harukas asin Osaka-Abenobashi Station
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas SKY GARDEN 300.jpg|an Abeno Harukas Sky Garden
Ladawan:View of Osaka from Abeno Harukas.jpg|Tanawon kan Osaka gikan sa Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:日本庭園とあべのハルカス.jpg|Hardin na Hapon asin Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hilingon man ==

* [[List of tallest buildings in Osaka|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na mga edipisyo sa Osaka]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Japan|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Tamboan}}

== Mga panluwas na sumpay ==

* Takenaka Corporation for Design and Construction of Abeno Harukas
* [http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/ Kintetsu Department Store] {{In lang|ja}}
* [http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/ Abeno Harukas]
* [http://www.kintetsu.jp/ Kintetsu Corporation]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|rec}}
{{Succession box|before=[[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]|title=[[List of tallest buildings and structures in Japan#Completed|Tallest building in Japan]]|years=2012–2023|after=[[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]}}
{{S-end}}


[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in Osaka]]
[[Category:Skyscraper hotels in Osaka]]
[[Category:Retail buildings in Japan]]
[[Category:César Pelli buildings]]
[[Category:Togo Murano buildings]]
[[Category:Kintetsu Group Holdings]]
[[Category:Abeno-ku, Osaka]]</text>
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      <id>311452</id>
      <parentid>311450</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:40:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
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      <text bytes="9402" sha1="gu2u729zxebdmdz554521tfs5b54f96" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox building
| name                    = Abeno Harukas
| native_name             = あべのハルカス
| native_name_lang        = jpn
| logo                    = Abenoharukas logo.svg
| image                   = あべのハルカス.jpg
| alt                     = 
| caption                 = Abeno Harukas, April 2026
| image_map               = 
| pushpin_alt             = 
| map_caption             = 
| highest_prev            = [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]
| highest_start           = 2014
| highest_end             = 2023
| highest_region          = [[Japan]]
| highest_next            = [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]
| location                = Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka]], Japan
| coordinates             = {{coord|34|38|45.6|N|135|30|48.2|E|region:JP-27|display=inline,title}}
| status                  = Complete
| construction_start_date = New Building: March 1983&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: January 9, 2010
| completion_date         = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992
| est_completion          = 
| opening_date            = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992 (Tennoji Miyako Hotel)&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: March 7, 2014
| building_type           = Mixed-use
| antenna_spire           = 
| roof                    = New Building: {{convert|54|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| top_floor               = 
| floor_count             = New Building: 10 above ground, 4 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Building: 17 above ground, 1 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: 60 above ground, 5 underground
| elevator_count          = 
| cost                    = ¥76 billion
| floor_area              = New Building and Eastern Building: {{convert|94000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: {{convert|211900.97|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}
| architect               = [[César Pelli|César Pelli &amp; Associates]] (supervising architect for exterior design)&lt;br/&gt;[[Takenaka Corporation]]
| structural_engineer     = 
| main_contractor         = [[Takenaka Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Okumura Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Obayashi Corp.]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Dai Nippon Construction]],&lt;br/&gt;[[The Zenitaka Corporation JV]]
| developer               = 
| owner                   = [[Kintetsu Group Holdings|Kintetsu]]
| operator                = 
| references              = 
| module                  = {{Infobox Chinese
| child    = yes
| kanji    = 阿部野橋ターミナルビル
| romaji   = 
| hiragana = あべのばしたーみなるびる
}}
}}
An {{Nihongo|'''Abeno Harukas'''|あべのハルカス}}  sarong multi-purpose na komersyal na pasilidad sa Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka|Abeno-ku]], [[Osaka]], Hapon. Ini binibilog kan Bagong Annex, Eastern Annex asin sarong [[Supertall building|supertall]] skyscraper, Abeno Harukas. An edipisyo {{Convert|300|m|ft|0}} halangkaw &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abeno Harukas - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/abeno-harukas/533|access-date=2025-05-16|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin igwa nin 62 na eskalon; ini an [[List of tallest structures in Japan|pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]] poon 2014 sagkod 2023, sagkod na inagaw kan [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]] an titulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tallest high-rise nears completion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/23/business/tallest-high-rise-nears-completion/#.UnoXmb-lf-k|title=Tallest high-rise nears completion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An pasilidad iyo an planong alternatibong [[Station building|istasyon]] kan [[Ōsaka Abenobashi Station]], an terminal kan [[Kintetsu Railway|Kintetsu]] [[Minami Osaka Line]] . Igwa ini nin [[Kintetsu Department Store]] Main Store Abeno Harukas, [[Marriott International]] hotel, mga kampus kan unibersidad asin opisina nin benta [[Sharp Corporation|kan Sharp Corporation]] . An espasyo sa salog kaini mga {{Cvt|100000|sqm}}  , na ginigibo ining saro sa pinakadakulang [[department store]] sa Hapon. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|title=Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival|publisher=[[The Yomiuri Shimbun]]|work=|date=5 November 2013|access-date=6 November 2013|author=Nagata, Takeshi|author2=Takahashi, Kentaro|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112133007/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natapos an konstruksyon kan Marso 7, 2014.

== Kahulugan kan pangaran ==
An pangaran kan skyscraper na &quot;Abeno Harukas&quot; gikan sa lumang tataramon na Hapon na &quot;晴るかす&quot; ( ''harukasu'' ). An boot sabihon kaini &quot;pagpaliwanag, paglinig&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;website in English&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Abeno Harukas Project website in English|url=http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|publisher=Kintetsu Corporation (Abeno Harukas Project Website)|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231122/http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga salog ==


Abeno Harukas

* Ika-58-60 nga andana: Obserbatoryo &quot;Harukas 300&quot;
* Ika-38-55 na palapag asin ika-57 na palapag: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel
** Ika-57 na palapag: Mga restawran
** Ika-38-55 na palapag: Mga kwarto para sa bisita
* ika-21-36 na palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-19 asin ika-20 na eskalon: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel (lobby)
* ika-17 asin ika-18 palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-16 na eskalon: Abeno Harukas Museum, hardin sa atop
* ika-2ng sirong-ika-14 na eskalon: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukas Tower Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-4 asin ika-3 na sirong kan harong: paradahan


Bagong Edipisyo

* Ika-2 sirong-ika-9 na eskalon asin atop: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukass Wing Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-2 sirong kan harong: Osaka Abenobashi Station Entrance


Sirangan na Edipisyo

1st basement-ika-16 na palapag: Miyako City Osaka Tennoji
== Mga pasilidad sa pamamakal sa palibot kan Abenobashi Terminal Building ==

=== Abeno-ku ===

* Shinjuku Building
* Shinjuku Gochiso Building
* Abeno Appolo
* Abeno Center Building (Abeno Festa)
* Echo sa bilog na edipisyo
* Proyekto sa Pagpauswag kan Siyudad nin Abeno
** Abeno Lucias (A1-1)
** Abeno nini (A1-2)
** [[Abeno Cues Town]] (A2)
** Abeno Gran Tour (A3)

=== Tennoji-ku ===

* Tennoji MiO
** Pangenot na Edipisyo
** Plaza Annex
* Abechika ( [[Underground city|siyudad sa irarom kan daga]] )

== Galeriya ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 001.JPG|An  Abeno Harukas nahihiling gikan sa Nakanoshima Festival Tower
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas construction site 20130503-003.jpg|an Abeno Harukas asin Osaka-Abenobashi Station
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas SKY GARDEN 300.jpg|an Abeno Harukas Sky Garden
Ladawan:View of Osaka from Abeno Harukas.jpg|Tanawon kan Osaka gikan sa Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:日本庭園とあべのハルカス.jpg|Hardin na Hapon asin Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hilingon man ==

* [[List of tallest buildings in Osaka|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na mga edipisyo sa Osaka]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Japan|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Tamboan}}

== Mga panluwas na sumpay ==

* Takenaka Corporation for Design and Construction of Abeno Harukas
* [http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/ Kintetsu Department Store] {{In lang|ja}}
* [http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/ Abeno Harukas]
* [http://www.kintetsu.jp/ Kintetsu Corporation]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|rec}}
{{Succession box|before=[[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]|title=[[List of tallest buildings and structures in Japan#Completed|Tallest building in Japan]]|years=2012–2023|after=[[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]}}
{{S-end}}


[[Categorya:Skyscraper office buildings in Osaka]]
[[Kategorya:Skyscraper hotels in Osaka]]
[[Kategorya:Retail buildings in Japan]]
[[Kategorya:César Pelli buildings]]
[[Kategorya:Togo Murano buildings]]
[[Kategorya:Kintetsu Group Holdings]]
[[Kategorya:Abeno-ku, Osaka]]
[[en:Abenoa Harukas]]</text>
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      <id>311453</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:43:17Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ringer</username>
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      <text bytes="9401" sha1="7o0rgsl9c72ye0t3jbusxksmxoy2gqw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox building
| name                    = Abeno Harukas
| native_name             = あべのハルカス
| native_name_lang        = jpn
| logo                    = Abenoharukas logo.svg
| image                   = あべのハルカス.jpg
| alt                     = 
| caption                 = Abeno Harukas, April 2026
| image_map               = 
| pushpin_alt             = 
| map_caption             = 
| highest_prev            = [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]
| highest_start           = 2014
| highest_end             = 2023
| highest_region          = [[Japan]]
| highest_next            = [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]
| location                = Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka]], Japan
| coordinates             = {{coord|34|38|45.6|N|135|30|48.2|E|region:JP-27|display=inline,title}}
| status                  = Complete
| construction_start_date = New Building: March 1983&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: January 9, 2010
| completion_date         = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992
| est_completion          = 
| opening_date            = New Building: November 11, 1988&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: September 13, 1992 (Tennoji Miyako Hotel)&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: March 7, 2014
| building_type           = Mixed-use
| antenna_spire           = 
| roof                    = New Building: {{convert|54|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Building: {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;Abeno Harukas: {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| top_floor               = 
| floor_count             = New Building: 10 above ground, 4 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Eastern Building: 17 above ground, 1 underground&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: 60 above ground, 5 underground
| elevator_count          = 
| cost                    = ¥76 billion
| floor_area              = New Building and Eastern Building: {{convert|94000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;
Abeno Harukas: {{convert|211900.97|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}
| architect               = [[César Pelli|César Pelli &amp; Associates]] (supervising architect for exterior design)&lt;br/&gt;[[Takenaka Corporation]]
| structural_engineer     = 
| main_contractor         = [[Takenaka Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Okumura Corporation]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Obayashi Corp.]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Dai Nippon Construction]],&lt;br/&gt;[[The Zenitaka Corporation JV]]
| developer               = 
| owner                   = [[Kintetsu Group Holdings|Kintetsu]]
| operator                = 
| references              = 
| module                  = {{Infobox Chinese
| child    = yes
| kanji    = 阿部野橋ターミナルビル
| romaji   = 
| hiragana = あべのばしたーみなるびる
}}
}}
An {{Nihongo|'''Abeno Harukas'''|あべのハルカス}}  sarong multi-purpose na komersyal na pasilidad sa Abenosuji Itchome, [[Abeno-ku, Osaka|Abeno-ku]], [[Osaka]], Hapon. Ini binibilog kan Bagong Annex, Eastern Annex asin sarong [[Supertall building|supertall]] skyscraper, Abeno Harukas. An edipisyo {{Convert|300|m|ft|0}} halangkaw &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abeno Harukas - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/abeno-harukas/533|access-date=2025-05-16|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; asin igwa nin 62 na eskalon; ini an [[List of tallest structures in Japan|pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]] poon 2014 sagkod 2023, sagkod na inagaw kan [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]] an titulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tallest high-rise nears completion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/23/business/tallest-high-rise-nears-completion/#.UnoXmb-lf-k|title=Tallest high-rise nears completion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An pasilidad iyo an planong alternatibong [[Station building|istasyon]] kan [[Ōsaka Abenobashi Station]], an terminal kan [[Kintetsu Railway|Kintetsu]] [[Minami Osaka Line]] . Igwa ini nin [[Kintetsu Department Store]] Main Store Abeno Harukas, [[Marriott International]] hotel, mga kampus kan unibersidad asin opisina nin benta [[Sharp Corporation|kan Sharp Corporation]] . An espasyo sa salog kaini mga {{Cvt|100000|sqm}}  , na ginigibo ining saro sa pinakadakulang [[department store]] sa Hapon. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|title=Osaka dept stores locked in scrap for survival|publisher=[[The Yomiuri Shimbun]]|work=|date=5 November 2013|access-date=6 November 2013|author=Nagata, Takeshi|author2=Takahashi, Kentaro|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112133007/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000769876|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natapos an konstruksyon kan Marso 7, 2014.

== Kahulugan kan pangaran ==
An pangaran kan skyscraper na &quot;Abeno Harukas&quot; gikan sa lumang tataramon na Hapon na &quot;晴るかす&quot; ( ''harukasu'' ). An boot sabihon kaini &quot;pagpaliwanag, paglinig&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;website in English&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Abeno Harukas Project website in English|url=http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|publisher=Kintetsu Corporation (Abeno Harukas Project Website)|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231122/http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mga salog ==


Abeno Harukas

* Ika-58-60 nga andana: Obserbatoryo &quot;Harukas 300&quot;
* Ika-38-55 na palapag asin ika-57 na palapag: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel
** Ika-57 na palapag: Mga restawran
** Ika-38-55 na palapag: Mga kwarto para sa bisita
* ika-21-36 na palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-19 asin ika-20 na eskalon: Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel (lobby)
* ika-17 asin ika-18 palapag: mga opisina
* Ika-16 na eskalon: Abeno Harukas Museum, hardin sa atop
* ika-2ng sirong-ika-14 na eskalon: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukas Tower Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-4 asin ika-3 na sirong kan harong: paradahan


Bagong Edipisyo

* Ika-2 sirong-ika-9 na eskalon asin atop: Kintetsu Department Store Main Store Abeno Harukass Wing Building &lt;ref name=&quot;Department Store2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:6月13日（木）「あべのハルカス近鉄本店」 タワー館オープン!|trans-title=New Main Store of &quot;Kintetsu Department Store&quot; will open in Abeno Harukas on Thursday, June 13, 2013|url=http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|publisher=Kintetsu Department Store Co., Ltd.|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|language=ja|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020155927/http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/corporate/pdf_file/20130501133458.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1st basement asin 1st floor: Osaka Abenobashi Station
* Ika-2 sirong kan harong: Osaka Abenobashi Station Entrance


Sirangan na Edipisyo

1st basement-ika-16 na palapag: Miyako City Osaka Tennoji
== Mga pasilidad sa pamamakal sa palibot kan Abenobashi Terminal Building ==

=== Abeno-ku ===

* Shinjuku Building
* Shinjuku Gochiso Building
* Abeno Appolo
* Abeno Center Building (Abeno Festa)
* Echo sa bilog na edipisyo
* Proyekto sa Pagpauswag kan Siyudad nin Abeno
** Abeno Lucias (A1-1)
** Abeno nini (A1-2)
** [[Abeno Cues Town]] (A2)
** Abeno Gran Tour (A3)

=== Tennoji-ku ===

* Tennoji MiO
** Pangenot na Edipisyo
** Plaza Annex
* Abechika ( [[Underground city|siyudad sa irarom kan daga]] )

== Galeriya ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 001.JPG|An  Abeno Harukas nahihiling gikan sa Nakanoshima Festival Tower
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas construction site 20130503-003.jpg|an Abeno Harukas asin Osaka-Abenobashi Station
Ladawan:Abeno Harukas SKY GARDEN 300.jpg|an Abeno Harukas Sky Garden
Ladawan:View of Osaka from Abeno Harukas.jpg|Tanawon kan Osaka gikan sa Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Ladawan:日本庭園とあべのハルカス.jpg|Hardin na Hapon asin Abeno Harukas
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hilingon man ==

* [[List of tallest buildings in Osaka|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na mga edipisyo sa Osaka]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Japan|Listahan kan pinakahalangkaw na edipisyo sa Hapon]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Tamboan}}

== Mga panluwas na sumpay ==

* Takenaka Corporation for Design and Construction of Abeno Harukas
* [http://www.d-kintetsu.co.jp/ Kintetsu Department Store] {{In lang|ja}}
* [http://www.abenoharukas-300.jp/en/ Abeno Harukas]
* [http://www.kintetsu.jp/ Kintetsu Corporation]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|rec}}
{{Succession box|before=[[Yokohama Landmark Tower]]|title=[[List of tallest buildings and structures in Japan#Completed|Tallest building in Japan]]|years=2012–2023|after=[[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]]}}
{{S-end}}


[[Categorya:Skyscraper office buildings in Osaka]]
[[Kategorya:Skyscraper hotels in Osaka]]
[[Kategorya:Retail buildings in Japan]]
[[Kategorya:César Pelli buildings]]
[[Kategorya:Togo Murano buildings]]
[[Kategorya:Kintetsu Group Holdings]]
[[Kategorya:Abeno-ku, Osaka]]
[[en:Abeno Harukas]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tulang (tinanom)</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:54:33Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pinagmukna an pahina kaining &quot;[[File:Drupe fruit diagram.svg|lang=en|thumb|Diagram of a typical drupe, in this case a [[peach]], illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened [[endocarp]] which encloses the [[seed]]]]  An  '''tu'lang''' nin prutas kan tinanom o (sa Ingles  '''pyrene''', komun na inaapod sa Ingles  '''pit''' o '''stone''', iyo an matagas sa laog kan magkapirang klaseng prutas arog kan sa [[pili]], [[ogob]], [[langka]], [[santol]],  asin...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5963" sha1="566gk6vp42rq0gl13gbl3fjzfdem7j1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Drupe fruit diagram.svg|lang=en|thumb|Diagram of a typical drupe, in this case a [[peach]], illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened [[endocarp]] which encloses the [[seed]]]]

An  '''tu'lang''' nin prutas kan tinanom o (sa Ingles  '''pyrene''', komun na inaapod sa Ingles  '''pit''' o '''stone''', iyo an matagas sa laog kan magkapirang klaseng prutas arog kan sa [[pili]], [[ogob]], [[langka]], [[santol]],  asin iba pa, na ini parati may patos na matagas na garo tibulaka nagpapalibot sa pinaka-ubod kaining pisog (inapod sa Ingles &quot;kernel&quot;).{{sfnp|Beentje|Williamson|2010}}{{sfnp|Hickey|King|2001}} Ini tuyong nahahaman paagi kan papahibog kan interior na lining o tisyu kan prutas na inapod endokarp, [[endocarp]].{{sfnp|Eckel|2011}} Ining matagas na estruktura nagtataong pisikal na proteksyon sa pisog ngani ini dai laogon nin mga [[pathogten]] o mga kahelangan asin dai maabot kan mga hayop-hayop na ini kakanon.

[[File:雕橄欖核舟.png|thumb|''[[Boat Carved from an Olive Stone]]'', at the [[National Palace Museum]]. Taiwan]]

== Gamit asin kultura ==
An mga tu'lang nin tinanom  haloy nang inuusar sa bilog na kinaban kan mga iba-ibang kultura. An ibang tu'lang nin mga prutas, arog kan[[ melokoton]], pinaghihiris magtaong namit sa mga pagkakan asin inomon, kabarali an inaapod na peach pit jelly, suka, asin alkoholikong papresko arog kan [[ratafia]].{{sfnp|Bush|1971}} Sa Tsina, an mga tu'lang prutas ginagamitm sa handikraft, arog kan [[fruit pit carving]] ({{lang|zh|核雕}}), paggibong alahas asin iskultura.{{sfnp|Wang|1999|p=140}} An mga [[Shaivite]] asin [[Buddhist]] practitioner inuusar an tu-lang kan prutas nin  ''[[Elaeocarpus angustifolius]]'', apod na ''[[rudraksha]]'', bilang mga prayer beads para sa ''[[akshamala]]''.{{sfnp|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=22}}{{sfnp|Beer|1999|pp=216–217}}

== Galeriya ==
{{clear}}{{gallery |align=center
|File:Autumn Red peaches.jpg|Cross-section of a peach, a monopyrenous drupe, cut to reveal the pyrene inside
|File:Prunus persica pit.jpg|Pyrene of a peach dissected to reveal a single seed inside
|File:Crataeguspunctata.jpg|Pyrenes extracted from a single fruit of ''[[Crataegus punctata]]'', a polypyrenous drupe
|File:X-Ray of 10 Mukhi Rudraksha.png|X-ray of a pyrene of ''Elaeocarpus angustifolius'' revealing 10 seed-bearing [[locule]]s inside; the number of locules in ''E. angustifolius'' pyrenes is variable between individual fruits
}}

== Hinga man ==
* [[Nut (fruit)]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Allué |first1=Ethel |last2=Cáceres |first2=Isabel |last3=Expósito |first3=Isabel |last4=Canals |first4=Antoni |last5=Rodríguez |first5=Anna |last6=Rosell |first6=Jordi |last7=Bermúdez de Castro |first7=José María |last8=Carbonell |first8=Eudald |title=Celtis remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=2015 |volume=53 |pages=570–577 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016 |bibcode=2015JArSc..53..570A}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beentje |first1=H. |last2=Williamson |first2=J. |date=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beer |first1=Robert |date=1999 |title=The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=9781570624162}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Ava |date=1971 |title=Utilization of the culinary and therapeutic properties of the peach |journal=Economic Botany |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1007/BF02894557 |jstor=4253205}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dardick |first1=Chris |last2=Callahan |first2=Ann M. |title=Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=2014 |volume=5 |pages=284 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2014.00284 |pmid=25009543 |pmc=4070412 |issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web |last1=Eckel |first1=P.M. |date=2011 |title=A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=stone}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=M. |last2=King |first2=C. |date=2001 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9780816075645}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Messager |first1=Erwan |last2=Badou |first2=Aïcha |last3=Fröhlich |first3=François |last4=Deniaux |first4=Brigitte |last5=Lordkipanidze |first5=David |last6=Voinchet |first6=Pierre |title=Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |date=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |doi=10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1 |bibcode=2010ArAnS...2...25M |s2cid=128691588 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02949710/file/2010%20graine%20biomin.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=D. |last2=Eriksson |first2=T. |last3=Evans |first3=R.C. |last4=Oh |first4=S. |last5=Smedmark |first5=J.E.E. |last6=Morgan |first6=D.R. |last7=Kerr |first7=M. |last8=Robertson |first8=K.R. |last9=Arsenault |first9=M. |last10=Dickinson |first10=T.A. |last11=Campbell |first11=C.S. |title=Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2007 |volume=266 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–43 |url=https://rd.springer.com/journal/606/266/1/page/1 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266....5P |s2cid=16578516 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Wang |first=Ping |date=1999 |title=100 Chinese Folk Handicrafts |publisher=Guangxi People's Publishing House |isbn=9787219039250}}
{{refend}}

{{Botany}}

[[Category:Plant anatomy]]
[[Category:Drupes]]</text>
      <sha1>566gk6vp42rq0gl13gbl3fjzfdem7j1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311477</id>
      <parentid>311476</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:55:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bibliography */</comment>
      <origin>311477</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5964" sha1="ru1lw8p1fs66ufdd8qdmqza8legyf07" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Drupe fruit diagram.svg|lang=en|thumb|Diagram of a typical drupe, in this case a [[peach]], illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened [[endocarp]] which encloses the [[seed]]]]

An  '''tu'lang''' nin prutas kan tinanom o (sa Ingles  '''pyrene''', komun na inaapod sa Ingles  '''pit''' o '''stone''', iyo an matagas sa laog kan magkapirang klaseng prutas arog kan sa [[pili]], [[ogob]], [[langka]], [[santol]],  asin iba pa, na ini parati may patos na matagas na garo tibulaka nagpapalibot sa pinaka-ubod kaining pisog (inapod sa Ingles &quot;kernel&quot;).{{sfnp|Beentje|Williamson|2010}}{{sfnp|Hickey|King|2001}} Ini tuyong nahahaman paagi kan papahibog kan interior na lining o tisyu kan prutas na inapod endokarp, [[endocarp]].{{sfnp|Eckel|2011}} Ining matagas na estruktura nagtataong pisikal na proteksyon sa pisog ngani ini dai laogon nin mga [[pathogten]] o mga kahelangan asin dai maabot kan mga hayop-hayop na ini kakanon.

[[File:雕橄欖核舟.png|thumb|''[[Boat Carved from an Olive Stone]]'', at the [[National Palace Museum]]. Taiwan]]

== Gamit asin kultura ==
An mga tu'lang nin tinanom  haloy nang inuusar sa bilog na kinaban kan mga iba-ibang kultura. An ibang tu'lang nin mga prutas, arog kan[[ melokoton]], pinaghihiris magtaong namit sa mga pagkakan asin inomon, kabarali an inaapod na peach pit jelly, suka, asin alkoholikong papresko arog kan [[ratafia]].{{sfnp|Bush|1971}} Sa Tsina, an mga tu'lang prutas ginagamitm sa handikraft, arog kan [[fruit pit carving]] ({{lang|zh|核雕}}), paggibong alahas asin iskultura.{{sfnp|Wang|1999|p=140}} An mga [[Shaivite]] asin [[Buddhist]] practitioner inuusar an tu-lang kan prutas nin  ''[[Elaeocarpus angustifolius]]'', apod na ''[[rudraksha]]'', bilang mga prayer beads para sa ''[[akshamala]]''.{{sfnp|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=22}}{{sfnp|Beer|1999|pp=216–217}}

== Galeriya ==
{{clear}}{{gallery |align=center
|File:Autumn Red peaches.jpg|Cross-section of a peach, a monopyrenous drupe, cut to reveal the pyrene inside
|File:Prunus persica pit.jpg|Pyrene of a peach dissected to reveal a single seed inside
|File:Crataeguspunctata.jpg|Pyrenes extracted from a single fruit of ''[[Crataegus punctata]]'', a polypyrenous drupe
|File:X-Ray of 10 Mukhi Rudraksha.png|X-ray of a pyrene of ''Elaeocarpus angustifolius'' revealing 10 seed-bearing [[locule]]s inside; the number of locules in ''E. angustifolius'' pyrenes is variable between individual fruits
}}

== Hinga man ==
* [[Nut (fruit)]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliograpiya ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Allué |first1=Ethel |last2=Cáceres |first2=Isabel |last3=Expósito |first3=Isabel |last4=Canals |first4=Antoni |last5=Rodríguez |first5=Anna |last6=Rosell |first6=Jordi |last7=Bermúdez de Castro |first7=José María |last8=Carbonell |first8=Eudald |title=Celtis remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=2015 |volume=53 |pages=570–577 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016 |bibcode=2015JArSc..53..570A}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beentje |first1=H. |last2=Williamson |first2=J. |date=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beer |first1=Robert |date=1999 |title=The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=9781570624162}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Ava |date=1971 |title=Utilization of the culinary and therapeutic properties of the peach |journal=Economic Botany |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1007/BF02894557 |jstor=4253205}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dardick |first1=Chris |last2=Callahan |first2=Ann M. |title=Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=2014 |volume=5 |pages=284 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2014.00284 |pmid=25009543 |pmc=4070412 |issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web |last1=Eckel |first1=P.M. |date=2011 |title=A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=stone}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=M. |last2=King |first2=C. |date=2001 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9780816075645}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Messager |first1=Erwan |last2=Badou |first2=Aïcha |last3=Fröhlich |first3=François |last4=Deniaux |first4=Brigitte |last5=Lordkipanidze |first5=David |last6=Voinchet |first6=Pierre |title=Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |date=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |doi=10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1 |bibcode=2010ArAnS...2...25M |s2cid=128691588 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02949710/file/2010%20graine%20biomin.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=D. |last2=Eriksson |first2=T. |last3=Evans |first3=R.C. |last4=Oh |first4=S. |last5=Smedmark |first5=J.E.E. |last6=Morgan |first6=D.R. |last7=Kerr |first7=M. |last8=Robertson |first8=K.R. |last9=Arsenault |first9=M. |last10=Dickinson |first10=T.A. |last11=Campbell |first11=C.S. |title=Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2007 |volume=266 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–43 |url=https://rd.springer.com/journal/606/266/1/page/1 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266....5P |s2cid=16578516 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Wang |first=Ping |date=1999 |title=100 Chinese Folk Handicrafts |publisher=Guangxi People's Publishing House |isbn=9787219039250}}
{{refend}}

{{Botany}}

[[Category:Plant anatomy]]
[[Category:Drupes]]</text>
      <sha1>ru1lw8p1fs66ufdd8qdmqza8legyf07</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311478</id>
      <parentid>311477</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:58:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Gamit asin kultura */</comment>
      <origin>311478</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5963" sha1="ov5ihz7e6k67mihi12p5apvdhvtuahr" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Drupe fruit diagram.svg|lang=en|thumb|Diagram of a typical drupe, in this case a [[peach]], illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened [[endocarp]] which encloses the [[seed]]]]

An  '''tu'lang''' nin prutas kan tinanom o (sa Ingles  '''pyrene''', komun na inaapod sa Ingles  '''pit''' o '''stone''', iyo an matagas sa laog kan magkapirang klaseng prutas arog kan sa [[pili]], [[ogob]], [[langka]], [[santol]],  asin iba pa, na ini parati may patos na matagas na garo tibulaka nagpapalibot sa pinaka-ubod kaining pisog (inapod sa Ingles &quot;kernel&quot;).{{sfnp|Beentje|Williamson|2010}}{{sfnp|Hickey|King|2001}} Ini tuyong nahahaman paagi kan papahibog kan interior na lining o tisyu kan prutas na inapod endokarp, [[endocarp]].{{sfnp|Eckel|2011}} Ining matagas na estruktura nagtataong pisikal na proteksyon sa pisog ngani ini dai laogon nin mga [[pathogten]] o mga kahelangan asin dai maabot kan mga hayop-hayop na ini kakanon.

[[File:雕橄欖核舟.png|thumb|''[[Boat Carved from an Olive Stone]]'', at the [[National Palace Museum]]. Taiwan]]

== Gamit asin kultura ==
An mga tu'lang nin tinanom  haloy nang inuusar sa bilog na kinaban kan mga iba-ibang kultura. An ibang tu'lang nin mga prutas, arog kan[[ melokoton]], pinaghihiris magtaong namit sa mga pagkakan asin inomon, kabarali an inaapod na peach pit jelly, suka, asin alkoholikong papresko arog kan [[ratafia]].{{sfnp|Bush|1971}} Sa Tsina, an mga tu'lang prutas ginagamit sa handikraft, arog kan [[fruit pit carving]] ({{lang|zh|核雕}}), paggibong alahas asin iskultura.{{sfnp|Wang|1999|p=140}} An mga [[Shaivite]] asin [[Buddhist]] practitioner inuusar an tu-lang kan prutas nin  ''[[Elaeocarpus angustifolius]]'', apod na ''[[rudraksha]]'', bilang mga prayer beads para sa ''[[akshamala]]''.{{sfnp|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=22}}{{sfnp|Beer|1999|pp=216–217}}

== Galeriya ==
{{clear}}{{gallery |align=center
|File:Autumn Red peaches.jpg|Cross-section of a peach, a monopyrenous drupe, cut to reveal the pyrene inside
|File:Prunus persica pit.jpg|Pyrene of a peach dissected to reveal a single seed inside
|File:Crataeguspunctata.jpg|Pyrenes extracted from a single fruit of ''[[Crataegus punctata]]'', a polypyrenous drupe
|File:X-Ray of 10 Mukhi Rudraksha.png|X-ray of a pyrene of ''Elaeocarpus angustifolius'' revealing 10 seed-bearing [[locule]]s inside; the number of locules in ''E. angustifolius'' pyrenes is variable between individual fruits
}}

== Hinga man ==
* [[Nut (fruit)]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliograpiya ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Allué |first1=Ethel |last2=Cáceres |first2=Isabel |last3=Expósito |first3=Isabel |last4=Canals |first4=Antoni |last5=Rodríguez |first5=Anna |last6=Rosell |first6=Jordi |last7=Bermúdez de Castro |first7=José María |last8=Carbonell |first8=Eudald |title=Celtis remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=2015 |volume=53 |pages=570–577 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016 |bibcode=2015JArSc..53..570A}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beentje |first1=H. |last2=Williamson |first2=J. |date=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beer |first1=Robert |date=1999 |title=The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=9781570624162}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Ava |date=1971 |title=Utilization of the culinary and therapeutic properties of the peach |journal=Economic Botany |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1007/BF02894557 |jstor=4253205}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dardick |first1=Chris |last2=Callahan |first2=Ann M. |title=Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=2014 |volume=5 |pages=284 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2014.00284 |pmid=25009543 |pmc=4070412 |issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web |last1=Eckel |first1=P.M. |date=2011 |title=A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=stone}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=M. |last2=King |first2=C. |date=2001 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9780816075645}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Messager |first1=Erwan |last2=Badou |first2=Aïcha |last3=Fröhlich |first3=François |last4=Deniaux |first4=Brigitte |last5=Lordkipanidze |first5=David |last6=Voinchet |first6=Pierre |title=Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |date=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |doi=10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1 |bibcode=2010ArAnS...2...25M |s2cid=128691588 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02949710/file/2010%20graine%20biomin.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=D. |last2=Eriksson |first2=T. |last3=Evans |first3=R.C. |last4=Oh |first4=S. |last5=Smedmark |first5=J.E.E. |last6=Morgan |first6=D.R. |last7=Kerr |first7=M. |last8=Robertson |first8=K.R. |last9=Arsenault |first9=M. |last10=Dickinson |first10=T.A. |last11=Campbell |first11=C.S. |title=Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2007 |volume=266 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–43 |url=https://rd.springer.com/journal/606/266/1/page/1 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266....5P |s2cid=16578516 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Wang |first=Ping |date=1999 |title=100 Chinese Folk Handicrafts |publisher=Guangxi People's Publishing House |isbn=9787219039250}}
{{refend}}

{{Botany}}

[[Category:Plant anatomy]]
[[Category:Drupes]]</text>
      <sha1>ov5ihz7e6k67mihi12p5apvdhvtuahr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311479</id>
      <parentid>311478</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T07:58:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311479</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5977" sha1="7strmqfiadw2nbrj4gwe9cly0yq8te4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Drupe fruit diagram.svg|lang=en|thumb|Diagram of a typical drupe, in this case a [[peach]], illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened [[endocarp]] which encloses the [[seed]]]]

An  '''tu'lang''' nin prutas kan tinanom o (sa Ingles  '''pyrene''', komun na inaapod sa Ingles  '''pit''' o '''stone''', iyo an matagas sa laog kan magkapirang klaseng prutas arog kan sa [[pili]], [[ogob]], [[langka]], [[santol]],  asin iba pa, na ini parati may patos na matagas na garo tibulaka nagpapalibot sa pinaka-ubod kaining pisog (inapod sa Ingles &quot;kernel&quot;).{{sfnp|Beentje|Williamson|2010}}{{sfnp|Hickey|King|2001}} Ini tuyong nahahaman paagi kan papahibog kan interior na lining o tisyu kan prutas na inapod endokarp, [[endocarp]].{{sfnp|Eckel|2011}} Ining matagas na estruktura nagtataong pisikal na proteksyon sa pisog ngani ini dai laogon nin mga [[pathogten]] o mga kahelangan asin dai maabot kan mga hayop-hayop na ini kakanon.

[[File:雕橄欖核舟.png|thumb|''[[Boat Carved from an Olive Stone]]'', at the [[National Palace Museum]]. Taiwan]]

== Gamit asin kultura ==
An mga tu'lang nin tinanom  haloy nang inuusar sa bilog na kinaban kan mga iba-ibang kultura. An ibang tu'lang nin mga prutas, arog kan[[ melokoton]], pinaghihiris magtaong namit sa mga pagkakan asin inomon, kabarali an inaapod na peach pit jelly, suka, asin alkoholikong papresko arog kan [[ratafia]].{{sfnp|Bush|1971}} Sa Tsina, an mga tu'lang prutas ginagamit sa handikraft, arog kan [[fruit pit carving]] ({{lang|zh|核雕}}), paggibong alahas asin iskultura.{{sfnp|Wang|1999|p=140}} An mga [[Shaivite]] asin [[Buddhist]] practitioner inuusar an tu-lang kan prutas nin  ''[[Elaeocarpus angustifolius]]'', apod na ''[[rudraksha]]'', bilang mga prayer beads para sa ''[[akshamala]]''.{{sfnp|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=22}}{{sfnp|Beer|1999|pp=216–217}}

== Galeriya ==
{{clear}}{{gallery |align=center
|File:Autumn Red peaches.jpg|Cross-section of a peach, a monopyrenous drupe, cut to reveal the pyrene inside
|File:Prunus persica pit.jpg|Pyrene of a peach dissected to reveal a single seed inside
|File:Crataeguspunctata.jpg|Pyrenes extracted from a single fruit of ''[[Crataegus punctata]]'', a polypyrenous drupe
|File:X-Ray of 10 Mukhi Rudraksha.png|X-ray of a pyrene of ''Elaeocarpus angustifolius'' revealing 10 seed-bearing [[locule]]s inside; the number of locules in ''E. angustifolius'' pyrenes is variable between individual fruits
}}

== Hinga man ==
* [[Nut (fruit)]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliograpiya ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Allué |first1=Ethel |last2=Cáceres |first2=Isabel |last3=Expósito |first3=Isabel |last4=Canals |first4=Antoni |last5=Rodríguez |first5=Anna |last6=Rosell |first6=Jordi |last7=Bermúdez de Castro |first7=José María |last8=Carbonell |first8=Eudald |title=Celtis remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=2015 |volume=53 |pages=570–577 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016 |bibcode=2015JArSc..53..570A}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beentje |first1=H. |last2=Williamson |first2=J. |date=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beer |first1=Robert |date=1999 |title=The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=9781570624162}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Ava |date=1971 |title=Utilization of the culinary and therapeutic properties of the peach |journal=Economic Botany |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1007/BF02894557 |jstor=4253205}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dardick |first1=Chris |last2=Callahan |first2=Ann M. |title=Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=2014 |volume=5 |pages=284 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2014.00284 |pmid=25009543 |pmc=4070412 |issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web |last1=Eckel |first1=P.M. |date=2011 |title=A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=stone}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=M. |last2=King |first2=C. |date=2001 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9780816075645}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Messager |first1=Erwan |last2=Badou |first2=Aïcha |last3=Fröhlich |first3=François |last4=Deniaux |first4=Brigitte |last5=Lordkipanidze |first5=David |last6=Voinchet |first6=Pierre |title=Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |date=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |doi=10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1 |bibcode=2010ArAnS...2...25M |s2cid=128691588 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02949710/file/2010%20graine%20biomin.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=D. |last2=Eriksson |first2=T. |last3=Evans |first3=R.C. |last4=Oh |first4=S. |last5=Smedmark |first5=J.E.E. |last6=Morgan |first6=D.R. |last7=Kerr |first7=M. |last8=Robertson |first8=K.R. |last9=Arsenault |first9=M. |last10=Dickinson |first10=T.A. |last11=Campbell |first11=C.S. |title=Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2007 |volume=266 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–43 |url=https://rd.springer.com/journal/606/266/1/page/1 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266....5P |s2cid=16578516 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Wang |first=Ping |date=1999 |title=100 Chinese Folk Handicrafts |publisher=Guangxi People's Publishing House |isbn=9787219039250}}
{{refend}}

{{Botany}}

[[Category:Plant anatomy]]
[[Category:Drupes]]
[[en:pyrene]]</text>
      <sha1>7strmqfiadw2nbrj4gwe9cly0yq8te4</sha1>
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    <revision>
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        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311480</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5977" sha1="561yojnkk77dks7iru37dnqgbti462x" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Drupe fruit diagram.svg|lang=en|thumb|Diagram of a typical drupe, in this case a [[peach]], illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened [[endocarp]] which encloses the [[seed]]]]

An  '''tu'lang''' nin prutas kan tinanom o (sa Ingles  '''pyrene''', komun na inaapod sa Ingles  '''pit''' o '''stone''', iyo an matagas sa laog kan magkapirang klaseng prutas arog kan sa [[pili]], [[ogob]], [[langka]], [[santol]],  asin iba pa, na ini parati may patos na matagas na garo tibulaka nagpapalibot sa pinaka-ubod kaining pisog (inapod sa Ingles &quot;kernel&quot;).{{sfnp|Beentje|Williamson|2010}}{{sfnp|Hickey|King|2001}} Ini tuyong nahahaman paagi kan papahibog kan interior na lining o tisyu kan prutas na inapod endokarp, [[endocarp]].{{sfnp|Eckel|2011}} Ining matagas na estruktura nagtataong pisikal na proteksyon sa pisog ngani ini dai laogon nin mga [[pathogten]] o mga kahelangan asin dai maabot kan mga hayop-hayop na ini kakanon.

[[File:雕橄欖核舟.png|thumb|''[[Boat Carved from an Olive Stone]]'', at the [[National Palace Museum]]. Taiwan]]

== Gamit asin kultura ==
An mga tu'lang nin tinanom  haloy nang inuusar sa bilog na kinaban kan mga iba-ibang kultura. An ibang tu'lang nin mga prutas, arog kan[[ melokoton]], pinaghihiris magtaong namit sa mga pagkakan asin inomon, kabarali an inaapod na peach pit jelly, suka, asin alkoholikong papresko arog kan [[ratafia]].{{sfnp|Bush|1971}} Sa Tsina, an mga tu'lang prutas ginagamit sa handikraft, arog kan [[fruit pit carving]] ({{lang|zh|核雕}}), paggibong alahas asin iskultura.{{sfnp|Wang|1999|p=140}} An mga [[Shaivite]] asin [[Buddhist]] practitioner inuusar an tu-lang kan prutas nin  ''[[Elaeocarpus angustifolius]]'', apod na ''[[rudraksha]]'', bilang mga prayer beads para sa ''[[akshamala]]''.{{sfnp|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=22}}{{sfnp|Beer|1999|pp=216–217}}

== Galeriya ==
{{clear}}{{gallery |align=center
|File:Autumn Red peaches.jpg|Cross-section of a peach, a monopyrenous drupe, cut to reveal the pyrene inside
|File:Prunus persica pit.jpg|Pyrene of a peach dissected to reveal a single seed inside
|File:Crataeguspunctata.jpg|Pyrenes extracted from a single fruit of ''[[Crataegus punctata]]'', a polypyrenous drupe
|File:X-Ray of 10 Mukhi Rudraksha.png|X-ray of a pyrene of ''Elaeocarpus angustifolius'' revealing 10 seed-bearing [[locule]]s inside; the number of locules in ''E. angustifolius'' pyrenes is variable between individual fruits
}}

== Hinga man ==
* [[Nut (fruit)]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliograpiya ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Allué |first1=Ethel |last2=Cáceres |first2=Isabel |last3=Expósito |first3=Isabel |last4=Canals |first4=Antoni |last5=Rodríguez |first5=Anna |last6=Rosell |first6=Jordi |last7=Bermúdez de Castro |first7=José María |last8=Carbonell |first8=Eudald |title=Celtis remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=2015 |volume=53 |pages=570–577 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016 |bibcode=2015JArSc..53..570A}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beentje |first1=H. |last2=Williamson |first2=J. |date=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beer |first1=Robert |date=1999 |title=The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=9781570624162}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Ava |date=1971 |title=Utilization of the culinary and therapeutic properties of the peach |journal=Economic Botany |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1007/BF02894557 |jstor=4253205}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dardick |first1=Chris |last2=Callahan |first2=Ann M. |title=Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=2014 |volume=5 |pages=284 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2014.00284 |pmid=25009543 |pmc=4070412 |issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web |last1=Eckel |first1=P.M. |date=2011 |title=A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=stone}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=M. |last2=King |first2=C. |date=2001 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9780816075645}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Messager |first1=Erwan |last2=Badou |first2=Aïcha |last3=Fröhlich |first3=François |last4=Deniaux |first4=Brigitte |last5=Lordkipanidze |first5=David |last6=Voinchet |first6=Pierre |title=Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |date=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |doi=10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1 |bibcode=2010ArAnS...2...25M |s2cid=128691588 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02949710/file/2010%20graine%20biomin.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=D. |last2=Eriksson |first2=T. |last3=Evans |first3=R.C. |last4=Oh |first4=S. |last5=Smedmark |first5=J.E.E. |last6=Morgan |first6=D.R. |last7=Kerr |first7=M. |last8=Robertson |first8=K.R. |last9=Arsenault |first9=M. |last10=Dickinson |first10=T.A. |last11=Campbell |first11=C.S. |title=Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2007 |volume=266 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–43 |url=https://rd.springer.com/journal/606/266/1/page/1 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266....5P |s2cid=16578516 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Wang |first=Ping |date=1999 |title=100 Chinese Folk Handicrafts |publisher=Guangxi People's Publishing House |isbn=9787219039250}}
{{refend}}

{{Botany}}

[[Category:Plant anatomy]]
[[Category:Drupes]]
[[en:pyrena]]</text>
      <sha1>561yojnkk77dks7iru37dnqgbti462x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311481</id>
      <parentid>311480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T08:03:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311481</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5968" sha1="2wyfcz8iehrilkef2y3jl27f3acn22r" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Drupe fruit diagram.svg|lang=en|thumb|Diagram of a typical drupe, in this case a [[peach]], illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened [[endocarp]] which encloses the [[seed]]]]

An  '''tu'lang''' nin prutas kan tinanom o (sa Ingles  '''pyrena''', komun na inaapod sa Ingles  '''pit''' o '''stone''', iyo an matagas sa laog kan magkapirang klaseng prutas arog kan sa [[pili]], [[ogob]], [[langka]], [[santol]],  asin iba pa, na ini parati may patos na matagas na bagay nagpapalibot sa pinaka-ubod kaining pisog (inapod sa Ingles &quot;kernel&quot;).{{sfnp|Beentje|Williamson|2010}}{{sfnp|Hickey|King|2001}} Ini tuyong nahahaman paagi kan papahibog kan interior na lining o tisyu kan prutas na inapod endokarp, [[endocarp]].{{sfnp|Eckel|2011}} Ining matagas na estruktura nagtataong pisikal na proteksyon sa pisog ngani ini dai laogon nin mga [[pathogen]] o mga kahelangan asin dai maabot kan mga hayop-hayop na ini kakanon.

[[File:雕橄欖核舟.png|thumb|''[[Boat Carved from an Olive Stone]]'', at the [[National Palace Museum]]. Taiwan]]

== Gamit asin kultura ==
An mga tu'lang nin tinanom  haloy nang inuusar sa bilog na kinaban kan mga iba-ibang kultura. An ibang tu'lang nin mga prutas, arog kan[[ melokoton]], pinaghihiris magtaong namit sa mga pagkakan asin inomon, kabarali an inaapod na peach pit jelly, suka, asin alkoholikong papresko arog kan [[ratafia]].{{sfnp|Bush|1971}} Sa Tsina, an mga tu'lang prutas ginagamit sa handikraft, arog kan [[fruit pit carving]] ({{lang|zh|核雕}}), paggibong alahas asin iskultura.{{sfnp|Wang|1999|p=140}} An mga [[Shaivite]] asin [[Buddhist]] practitioner inuusar an tu-lang kan prutas nin  ''[[Elaeocarpus angustifolius]]'', apod na ''[[rudraksha]]'', bilang mga prayer beads para sa ''[[akshamala]]''.{{sfnp|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=22}}{{sfnp|Beer|1999|pp=216–217}}

== Galeriya ==
{{clear}}{{gallery |align=center
|File:Autumn Red peaches.jpg|Cross-section of a peach, a monopyrenous drupe, cut to reveal the pyrene inside
|File:Prunus persica pit.jpg|Pyrene of a peach dissected to reveal a single seed inside
|File:Crataeguspunctata.jpg|Pyrenes extracted from a single fruit of ''[[Crataegus punctata]]'', a polypyrenous drupe
|File:X-Ray of 10 Mukhi Rudraksha.png|X-ray of a pyrene of ''Elaeocarpus angustifolius'' revealing 10 seed-bearing [[locule]]s inside; the number of locules in ''E. angustifolius'' pyrenes is variable between individual fruits
}}

== Hinga man ==
* [[Nut (fruit)]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliograpiya ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Allué |first1=Ethel |last2=Cáceres |first2=Isabel |last3=Expósito |first3=Isabel |last4=Canals |first4=Antoni |last5=Rodríguez |first5=Anna |last6=Rosell |first6=Jordi |last7=Bermúdez de Castro |first7=José María |last8=Carbonell |first8=Eudald |title=Celtis remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=2015 |volume=53 |pages=570–577 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016 |bibcode=2015JArSc..53..570A}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beentje |first1=H. |last2=Williamson |first2=J. |date=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beer |first1=Robert |date=1999 |title=The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=9781570624162}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Ava |date=1971 |title=Utilization of the culinary and therapeutic properties of the peach |journal=Economic Botany |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1007/BF02894557 |jstor=4253205}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dardick |first1=Chris |last2=Callahan |first2=Ann M. |title=Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=2014 |volume=5 |pages=284 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2014.00284 |pmid=25009543 |pmc=4070412 |issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web |last1=Eckel |first1=P.M. |date=2011 |title=A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=stone}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=M. |last2=King |first2=C. |date=2001 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9780816075645}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Messager |first1=Erwan |last2=Badou |first2=Aïcha |last3=Fröhlich |first3=François |last4=Deniaux |first4=Brigitte |last5=Lordkipanidze |first5=David |last6=Voinchet |first6=Pierre |title=Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |date=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |doi=10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1 |bibcode=2010ArAnS...2...25M |s2cid=128691588 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02949710/file/2010%20graine%20biomin.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=D. |last2=Eriksson |first2=T. |last3=Evans |first3=R.C. |last4=Oh |first4=S. |last5=Smedmark |first5=J.E.E. |last6=Morgan |first6=D.R. |last7=Kerr |first7=M. |last8=Robertson |first8=K.R. |last9=Arsenault |first9=M. |last10=Dickinson |first10=T.A. |last11=Campbell |first11=C.S. |title=Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2007 |volume=266 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–43 |url=https://rd.springer.com/journal/606/266/1/page/1 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266....5P |s2cid=16578516 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Wang |first=Ping |date=1999 |title=100 Chinese Folk Handicrafts |publisher=Guangxi People's Publishing House |isbn=9787219039250}}
{{refend}}

{{Botany}}

[[Category:Plant anatomy]]
[[Category:Drupes]]
[[en:pyrena]]</text>
      <sha1>2wyfcz8iehrilkef2y3jl27f3acn22r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311482</id>
      <parentid>311481</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T09:06:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>311482</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5978" sha1="g3eljpwcl3qkb8b1vag9a7f7v88lzqq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Drupe fruit diagram.svg|lang=en|thumb|Diagram of a typical drupe, in this case a [[peach]], illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened [[endocarp]] which encloses the [[seed]]]]

An  '''tu'lang''' nin prutas kan tinanom o (sa Ingles  '''pyrena''', komun na inaapod sa Ingles  '''pit''' o '''stone''', iyo an matagas sa laog kan magkapirang klaseng prutas arog kan sa [[pili]], [[ogob]], [[langka]], [[santol]], [[tiesa]], asin iba pa, na ini parati may patos na matagas na bagay nagpapalibot sa pinaka-ubod kaining pisog (inapod sa Ingles &quot;kernel&quot;).{{sfnp|Beentje|Williamson|2010}}{{sfnp|Hickey|King|2001}} Ini tuyong nahahaman paagi kan papahibog kan interior na lining o tisyu kan prutas na inapod endokarp, [[endocarp]].{{sfnp|Eckel|2011}} Ining matagas na estruktura nagtataong pisikal na proteksyon sa pisog ngani ini dai laogon nin mga [[pathogen]] o mga kahelangan asin dai maabot kan mga hayop-hayop na ini kakanon.

[[File:雕橄欖核舟.png|thumb|''[[Boat Carved from an Olive Stone]]'', at the [[National Palace Museum]]. Taiwan]]

== Gamit asin kultura ==
An mga tu'lang nin tinanom  haloy nang inuusar sa bilog na kinaban kan mga iba-ibang kultura. An ibang tu'lang nin mga prutas, arog kan[[ melokoton]], pinaghihiris magtaong namit sa mga pagkakan asin inomon, kabarali an inaapod na peach pit jelly, suka, asin alkoholikong papresko arog kan [[ratafia]].{{sfnp|Bush|1971}} Sa Tsina, an mga tu'lang prutas ginagamit sa handikraft, arog kan [[fruit pit carving]] ({{lang|zh|核雕}}), paggibong alahas asin iskultura.{{sfnp|Wang|1999|p=140}} An mga [[Shaivite]] asin [[Buddhist]] practitioner inuusar an tu-lang kan prutas nin  ''[[Elaeocarpus angustifolius]]'', apod na ''[[rudraksha]]'', bilang mga prayer beads para sa ''[[akshamala]]''.{{sfnp|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=22}}{{sfnp|Beer|1999|pp=216–217}}

== Galeriya ==
{{clear}}{{gallery |align=center
|File:Autumn Red peaches.jpg|Cross-section of a peach, a monopyrenous drupe, cut to reveal the pyrene inside
|File:Prunus persica pit.jpg|Pyrene of a peach dissected to reveal a single seed inside
|File:Crataeguspunctata.jpg|Pyrenes extracted from a single fruit of ''[[Crataegus punctata]]'', a polypyrenous drupe
|File:X-Ray of 10 Mukhi Rudraksha.png|X-ray of a pyrene of ''Elaeocarpus angustifolius'' revealing 10 seed-bearing [[locule]]s inside; the number of locules in ''E. angustifolius'' pyrenes is variable between individual fruits
}}

== Hinga man ==
* [[Nut (fruit)]]

== Toltolan ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliograpiya ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Allué |first1=Ethel |last2=Cáceres |first2=Isabel |last3=Expósito |first3=Isabel |last4=Canals |first4=Antoni |last5=Rodríguez |first5=Anna |last6=Rosell |first6=Jordi |last7=Bermúdez de Castro |first7=José María |last8=Carbonell |first8=Eudald |title=Celtis remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=2015 |volume=53 |pages=570–577 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016 |bibcode=2015JArSc..53..570A}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beentje |first1=H. |last2=Williamson |first2=J. |date=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beer |first1=Robert |date=1999 |title=The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=9781570624162}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Ava |date=1971 |title=Utilization of the culinary and therapeutic properties of the peach |journal=Economic Botany |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1007/BF02894557 |jstor=4253205}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dardick |first1=Chris |last2=Callahan |first2=Ann M. |title=Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=2014 |volume=5 |pages=284 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2014.00284 |pmid=25009543 |pmc=4070412 |issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web |last1=Eckel |first1=P.M. |date=2011 |title=A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=stone}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=M. |last2=King |first2=C. |date=2001 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9780816075645}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Messager |first1=Erwan |last2=Badou |first2=Aïcha |last3=Fröhlich |first3=François |last4=Deniaux |first4=Brigitte |last5=Lordkipanidze |first5=David |last6=Voinchet |first6=Pierre |title=Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |date=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |doi=10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1 |bibcode=2010ArAnS...2...25M |s2cid=128691588 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02949710/file/2010%20graine%20biomin.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=D. |last2=Eriksson |first2=T. |last3=Evans |first3=R.C. |last4=Oh |first4=S. |last5=Smedmark |first5=J.E.E. |last6=Morgan |first6=D.R. |last7=Kerr |first7=M. |last8=Robertson |first8=K.R. |last9=Arsenault |first9=M. |last10=Dickinson |first10=T.A. |last11=Campbell |first11=C.S. |title=Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2007 |volume=266 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–43 |url=https://rd.springer.com/journal/606/266/1/page/1 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266....5P |s2cid=16578516 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Wang |first=Ping |date=1999 |title=100 Chinese Folk Handicrafts |publisher=Guangxi People's Publishing House |isbn=9787219039250}}
{{refend}}

{{Botany}}

[[Category:Plant anatomy]]
[[Category:Drupes]]
[[en:pyrena]]</text>
      <sha1>g3eljpwcl3qkb8b1vag9a7f7v88lzqq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Melon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>311484</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T09:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pinagmukna an pahina kaining &quot;[[Image:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Canary melon]] and [[cantaloupe]]]] A An '''melon''' iyo an arinman sa mga tinanom na sakop kan pamilyang [[Cucurbitaceae]] na igwang mahamot, makakan na gayo asin malaog na [[prutas]]. Ini pwede man magpanongod sa ''[[Cucumis melo]]'', na ini an komun na inaapod na &quot;tunay na melon&quot; o sim-ple  &quot;melon&quot;. An terminong &quot;melon&quot; pwedeng iyo an tinanom mismo o an bunga kaini.. Sa bonatikong pagkasabot, an m...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>311484</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21898" sha1="5pqx3cyfhbkq062o065ck241iwtnw5i" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Canary melon]] and [[cantaloupe]]]]
A
An '''melon''' iyo an arinman sa mga tinanom na sakop kan pamilyang [[Cucurbitaceae]] na igwang mahamot, makakan na gayo asin malaog na [[prutas]]. Ini pwede man magpanongod sa ''[[Cucumis melo]]'', na ini an komun na inaapod na &quot;tunay na melon&quot; o sim-ple  &quot;melon&quot;. An terminong &quot;melon&quot; pwedeng iyo an tinanom mismo o an bunga kaini.. Sa bonatikong pagkasabot, an melon sarong klaseng [[botanical berry|berry]], o iyo an sinasabing  &quot;[[pepo (botany)|pepo]]&quot;. An katagang ''melon'' gikan sa [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|melopepo}}'',&lt;ref&gt;{{OEtymD|melon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{L&amp;S|melopepo|ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; na iyo an  [[pinagLatin (literatura)|pinagLatin]] kan [[Antigong Griyego|Griyego]]ng {{lang|grc|μηλοπέπων}} (''mēlopepōn''), na boot sabihon mansana &quot;melon&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;lsj&quot;&gt;{{LSJ|mhlope/pwn|μηλοπέπων|ref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; na ini compound mansana kan {{lang|grc|μῆλον}} (''mēlon''), &quot;apple&quot;, treefruit (''of any kind'')&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|mh{{=}}lon2|μῆλον|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; asin {{lang|grc|πέπων}} (''pepōn''), sa iba pa kaini, sarong klaseng &quot;gourd o melon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|pe/pwn|πέπων|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kadakul nang mga [[cultivar]] an naprodyusir, partikularmente kan tunay na melon, arog kan [[cantaloupe]] asin [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]].

==Historya==
[[File:Watermelon and melon in India.jpg|thumb|right|Watermelon asin melon sa Indya]]

An mga melon pighuhuna na naggikan daa sa Aprika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The new Oxford book of food plants|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-954946-7|pages=134}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alagad, sa mga presenteng pag'adal nagsusuwestyon nin pinaghalean sa [[Sud-sulnopan Asya]], urog na sa [[Iran]] asin [[Indya]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Raghami|first1=Mahmoud|last2=López-Sesé|first2=Ana Isabel|last3=Hasandokht|first3=Mohamad Reza|last4=Zamani|first4=Zabihollah|last5=Moghadam|first5=Mahmoud Reza Fattahi|last6=Kashi|first6=Abdolkarim|date=2014-01-01|title=Genetic diversity among melon accessions from Iran and their relationships with melon germplasm of diverse origins using microsatellite markers|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=300|issue=1|pages=139–151|doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0866-y|issn=1615-6110|quote=Melons or muskmelon are native to Iran and adjacent countries toward the west and east. In fact, ‘Musk’ is a Persian word for a kind of perfume and ‘melon’ is derived from Greek words (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997). The origin of diversity for melon was traditionally believed to be in Africa (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997), although recent molecular systematic studies, suggested that it may be originated from Asia and then reached to Africa (Renner et al. 2007). Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan and China (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997) are considered primary diversity centre for melon (Tzitzikas et al. 2009).Two formal infraspecific taxa within C. melo were recognized by Kirkbri|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014PSyEv.300..139R |hdl=10261/408207|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Growing Melons|date=2012-04-03|access-date=2019-05-25|quote=Melons are believed to have originated in the hot valleys of southwest Asia—specifically Iran (Persia) and India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; hale igdi, ini luway-luway nagtunga na sa  [[Europa]] sa paghihinapos kan [[Imperyong Romanong Sulnopan]]. An mga melon midbid na gayong pigkukultibar kan mga taga Ehiptong suanoy. Alagad, mga dai pm haloy na mga pagkakadukay nin mga pisog nin melon petsado pag'ultan 1350 asin 1120 [[BCE]] sa mga sagradong Nuragic na bobon nagpapahiling na an mga melon enot nang nadara sa Europa kan [[Sibilisasyon Nuragic]] nin Sardinia durante kan [[Bronseng Anoy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|title=Archaeobotanical analysis of a Bronze Age well from Sardinia: A wealth of knowledge|first1=Sabato|last1=D.|first2=Masi|last2=A.|first3=Pepe|last3=C.|first4=Ucchesu|last4=M.|first5=Peña-Chocarro|last5=L.|first6=Usai|last6=A.|first7=Giachi|last7=G.|first8=Capretti|last8=C.|first9=Bacchetta|last9=G.|date=16 May 2017|journal=Plant Biosystems|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011633/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Melons were among the earliest plants to be domesticated in the [[Old World]] and among the first crop species brought by westerners to the [[New World]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | journal=Plant Breeding Review
 | volume=35
 | editor=Jules Janick
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foHdS6xeht8C&amp;q=melons%20domesticated&amp;pg=PP1
 | title=Melon Landraces of India: Contributions and Importance
 | publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons
 | year=2012
 | isbn=978-1118100486
 | last1=Dhillon
 | first1=Narinder P.S.
 | last2=Monforte
 | first2=Antonio J.
 | last3=Pitrat
 | first3=Michel
 | last4=Pandey
 | first4=Sudhakar
 | last5=Singh
 | first5=Praveen Kumar
 | last6=Reitsma
 | first6=Kathleen R.
 | last7=Garcia-Mas
 | first7=Jordi
 | last8=Sharma
 | first8=Abhishek
 | last9=McCreight
 | first9=James D.
 | page=88
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Early European settlers in the New World are recorded as growing [[honeydew (melon)|honeydew]] and [[casaba]] melons as early as the 1600s.&lt;ref name=&quot;unl&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title       = Growing Melons
 |url         = http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |publisher   = University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension
 |access-date  = 2011-11-04
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |archive-date = 2012-04-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of Native American tribes in New Mexico, including the Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Navajo, Santo Domingo and San Felipe, maintain a tradition of growing their own characteristic melon cultivars, derived from melons originally introduced by the Spanish. Organizations like [[Native Seeds/SEARCH]] have made an effort to collect and preserve these and other heritage seeds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | url=http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm |url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021047/http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm
 | newspaper=[[Albuquerque Journal]]
 | date=September 24, 2008 | archive-date=November 2, 2013
 | title=San Felipe Pueblo melon farmer favors the old ways
 | first=Denise |last=Miller
 | access-date=October 20, 2014
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Melon sa pagkabiristo sa genus==
[[File:Cucumis metuliferus fruit - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|Horned melon]]
[[File:Cantaloupe Melon cross section.png|thumb|upright|Honeydew]]

===''Benincasa''===
* [[Winter melon]]&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Not to be confused with ''Cucumis melo inodorus'' varieties, also collectively called ''winter melon''.&lt;/ref&gt; (''B. hispida'') is the only member of the genus ''Benincasa''. The mature winter melon is a cooking vegetable that is widely used in [[Asia]], especially in [[India]]. The immature melons are used as a culinary fruit (e.g., to make a distinctive fruit drink).

===''Citrullus''===
{{main|Citrullus}}
* [[Citron melon]] (C. amarus) closely resembles the watermelon, but has harder, whiter flesh. It is often cooked or preserved rather than being eaten raw. It is native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]].
* [[Citrullus colocynthis|Colocynth]] (''C. colocynthis'') is a wild melon, similar in appearance to the watermelon. The flesh is inedible, but the seeds are a valuable food source in [[Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title=Seeds, seeds, seeds: Egusi, the Miracle Melon
 | publisher=Nourishing the Planet
 | author1=Danielle Nierenberg | author1-link=Danielle Nierenberg | author2=Elena Davert
 | url=http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175830/http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/
 | archive-date=October 6, 2010 | date=September 20, 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other species that have the same culinary role, and that are also called egusi include ''[[Melothria sphaerocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cucumeropsis mannii'') and ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | title=Importance and practices of Egusi crops (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai, Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. cv. ' Aklamkpa ') in sociolinguistic areas in Benin
 | url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | author1=Enoch Gbenato Achigan-Dako
 | author2=Rose Fagbemissi
 | author3=Hermane Tonankpon Avohou
 | author4=Raymond Sognon Vodouhe
 | author5=Ousmane Coulibaly
 | author6=Adam Ahanchede
 | journal=Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ.
 | year=2008
 | volume=12
 | issue=4
 | pages=393–40
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-07
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507194743/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'') originated in Africa, where evidence indicates that it has been cultivated for over 4,000 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |isbn=9780199549061 |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a popular summer fruit in all parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter=Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai
 | publisher=[[FAO]]
 | title=Grassland Species Profiles
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===''Cucumis''===
[[File:Painted green melons. Chennai, India, 2010.jpg|thumb|Painted green melons. [[Chennai]], India, 2010]]
[[File:Melonjf7319.JPG|thumb|Slice of cantaloupe melon]]
[[File:Cucumis melo inodorus argos.jpg|thumb|Argos melon]]
Melons in genus ''[[Cucumis]]'' are culinary fruits, and include the majority of culinary melons. All but a handful of culinary melon varieties belong to the species ''Cucumis melo L.''
* [[Horned melon]] (''C. metuliferus''), a traditional food plant in Africa with distinctive spikes. Now grown in [[California]], [[Chile]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&amp;q=momordica%20charantia%20culinary&amp;pg=PA385
 | page=248
 | chapter=Momordica
 | title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables
 |editor1=G.J.H. Grubben |editor2=O.H. Denton
  | author1=G.N. Njorogo
 | author2=M.N. van Luijk
 | publisher=[[PROTA Foundation]]
 | year=2004
 | isbn=90-5782-147-8
 | location=Wageningen, Netherlands
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[True melon]] (''C. melo'')
** ''C. melo cantalupensis'', with skin that is rough and warty, not netted.
*** The European [[cantaloupe]], with lightly ribbed, pale green skin, was domesticated in the 18th century, in [[Cantalupo in Sabina]], [[Italy]], by the [[pope]]'s gardener. It is also known as a 'rockmelon' in Australia and New Zealand. Varieties include the French ''Charentais'' and the [[Burpee Seeds]] hybrid ''Netted Gem'', introduced in the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwq1lunLkuoC&amp;q=%22melo%20cantalupensis%22&amp;pg=PA255
 | page=255
 | title=Cooking with the Bible: biblical food, feasts, and lore
 |author1=Anthony F. Chiffolo |author2=Rayner W. Hesse | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
 | year=2006
 | isbn=0-313-33410-2
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Yubari King]] is a highly prized Japanese cantaloupe [[cultivar]].
*** The [[Persian melon]] resemble a large cantaloupe with a darker green [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] and a finer netting.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | title=Passion of a Foodie - An International Kitchen Companion
 | author=Heidemarie Vos
 | publisher=Strategic Book Publishing
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-934925-63-8
 | page=348
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spY3ct9PBxEC&amp;q=%22persian%20melon%22%20netting&amp;pg=PA348
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo inodorus'', casabas, honeydew, and Asian melons
*** [[Argos, Peloponnese#Economy|Argos]], a large, oblong, with orange wrinkled skin, orange flesh, strong aroma. A characteristic is its pointed ends. Growing in some areas of Greece, from which it gets its name.
*** [[Banana melon]], an heirloom variety with salmon-colored flesh and an elongated banana shape and yellow rind
*** [[Canary melon]], a large, bright-yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh.
*** Casaba, bright yellow, with a smooth, furrowed skin. Less flavorful than other melons, but keeps longer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | publisher=WiseGeek
 | title=What is a casaba melon?
 | url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-07-22
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722192652/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Crenshaw melon]], a hybrid between a [[Casaba melon]] and a [[Persian melon]] that is described to have a very sweet flavor
*** [[Gaya melon]], originally from [[Japan]], a honeydew cultivar that is ivory in color and has a mild, sweet flavor
*** [[Hami melon]], originally from [[Hami Prefecture|Hami]], [[Xinjiang]], China. Flesh is sweet and crisp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=China Daily
 | title=Xinjiang Hami Melon
 | series=Library&gt;China ABC&gt;Geography&gt;Local Products
 | url=http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2013-11-01
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162139/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[honeydew (melon)|Honeydew]], with a sweet, juicy, green-colored flesh. Grown as [[bailan melon]] in [[Lanzhou]], [[China]]. There is a second variety which has yellow skin, white flesh and tastes like a moist pear.
*** [[Honeymoon melon]], a variety of honeydew with golden rind and bright green flesh and a sweet flavor
*** [[Kajari melon]], a sweet honeydew cultivar that is red-orange in color with green stripes reminiscent of a [[beach ball]]
*** [[Kolkhoznitsa melon]], with smooth, yellow skin and dense, white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=The Moscow Times
 | url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | date=September 21, 2007
 | title=Moscow flooded with melons
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-10
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510185404/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Japanese melons (including the [[Sprite melon]]).
*** [[Korean melon]], a yellow melon with white lines running across the fruit and white inside. Can be crisp and slightly sweet or juicy when left to ripen longer.
*** [[Mirza melon]], a large, cream-colored melon native to [[Central Asia]] with a sweet, savory flavor
*** [[Oriental pickling melon]]
*** [[Pixie melon]], a sweet, palm-sized cantaloupe cultivar with a strange, cracked-looking netting
*** {{lang|es|Piel de Sapo}} ({{gloss|toad skin}}) or [[Santa Claus melon]], a melon with a blotchy green skin and white sweet-tasting flesh.
*** [[Sugar melon]], a smooth, white, round fruit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=The Complete Book of Fruit: an illustrated guide to over 400 species and varieties of fruit from all over the world
 | author=Jac G. Constant
 | publisher=Admiral
 | year=1986
 | isbn=1-85171-049-3
 | page=35
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Tiger melon, an orange, yellow and black striped melon from [[Turkey]] with a soft pulp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=A Gourmet's Guide to Fruit
 | first1=Judy|last1=Bastyra |first2=Julia|last2=Canning
 | publisher=HP Books
 | year=1990
 | isbn=0-89586-849-0
 | page=[https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 64]
 | url=https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo reticulatus'', true muskmelons, with netted (reticulated) skin.
*** North American cantaloupe, distinct from the European cantaloupe, with the net-like skin pattern common to other ''C. melo reticulatus'' varieties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdLYGMOIndkC&amp;q=reticulatus%20%22north%20american%20melon%22&amp;pg=PA116
 | page=116
 | title=The Joy of Jams, Jellies and Other Sweet Preserves: 200 Classic and Contemporary Recipes Showcasing the Fabulous Flavors of Fresh Fruits
 | author=Linda Ziedrich
 | publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-4587-6483-6
 | access-date=2014-10-20
| edition=Easyread Large
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Galia melon|Galia]] (or Ogen), small and very juicy with either faint green or rosy pink flesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot; /&gt;
*** Sharlyn melons, with taste between honeydew and cantaloupes, netted skin, greenish-orange rind, and white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | publisher=Food Reference
 | title=Melons
 | author=James Ehler
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-08-05
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805155746/http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | url-status=live
 }}{{self-published source|date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{self-published inline|date=November 2011}}
** ''C. melo agrestis'', Wilder melon cultivars, with smooth skin, and tart or bland taste. Often confused with [[cucumber]]s (Dosakai, Lemon Cucumber, Pie Melons).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Swamy|first=K. R. M.|date=2018-08-29|title=Origin, distribution and systematics of culinary cucumber (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon)|journal=Journal of Horticultural Sciences|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.24154/jhs.v12i1.64 |issn=0973-354X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo conomon'', Conomon Melons, Pickling Melons, with smooth skin, and ranging from tart or bland taste (pickling melon)  to mild sweetness in Korean Melon.Oriental Pickling melon, Korean Melon. Closely related to wilder melons (C Melo Var Agrestis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=T. K.|chapter=Cucumis melo (Conomon Group)|date=2012|work=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits|pages=204–209|editor-last=Lim|editor-first=T. K.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_32|isbn=9789400717640|title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Modern crossbred varieties, e.g. Crenshaw (Casaba × Persian), Crane (Japanese × N.A. cantaloupe).

== Galeriya==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Melon Sugar Baby Matisse-9953.jpg|Melon Sugar Baby Matisse
File:Cucumis melo on white background.jpg|''Cucumis melo''
File:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|Canary melon and Cantaloupe
File:Honeydew melon yellow flower.jpg|Honeydew melon yellow flower
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Produksyon==

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ Melon production, 2020
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Production&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(millions of tonnes)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{flag|China}} || {{right|13.83}}
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} || {{right|1.72}}
|-
| {{flag|India}} || {{right|1.33}}
|-
| {{flag|Iran}} || {{right|1.28}}
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{right|0.79}}
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || {{right|0.69}}
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{right|0.65}}
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}} || {{right|0.61}}
|-
| '''World''' || {{right|'''27.4'''}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat18&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of melons in 2018; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2019|publisher=[[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Kn 2018, an produksyon nin kinaban kan melons uminabot 27 milyon tonelada, pinangenotan kan [[Tsiina]] 46% sa total (table). An [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], asin [[Indya]] lambang saro sainda nagprodyusir sobra sa 1 milyon na tonelada.&lt;ref name=faostat18/&gt;

==Hilnga man==
* [[Cucurbita]] – Squash (plant)
* [[List of culinary fruits]]
* [[List of gourds and squashes]]
* [[List of melon dishes]]
* '''''&lt;small&gt;{{portal-inline|Food}}&lt;/small&gt;'''''

==Mga nota==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{-}}

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Mga heneral na gugunuan==
* {{cite book
 | author=Mabberley, D.J.
 | year=1987
 | title=The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants
 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 | page= 706
 | isbn=0-521-34060-8
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite journal
 | last1=Magness|first1=J.R.|last2=Markle|first2=G.M.|last3=Compton|first3=C.C.
 | year=1971
 | title=Food and feed crops of the United States
 | publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
 | journal=IR Bulletin
 | volume=1
 | issue=828
 | ol=14117370M
 }} Interregional Research Project IR-4

==Mga pan luwas na takod==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cucumis_melo_nex.html
 | title=Cucumis melo L.
 | publisher=Purdue University, Center for New Crops &amp; Plant Products
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cucumis.html
 | title=Sorting Cucumis names
 | publisher=Multilingual multiscript plant name database
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}

{{Melons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya: Mga melon| ]]
[[Kategorya:Mga prutas naghahaleng Aprika]]</text>
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      <text bytes="21898" sha1="s5lkum302c0qcwadafxgw89lgwlulrq" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Canary melon]] and [[cantaloupe]]]]
A
An '''melon''' iyo an arinman sa mga tinanom na sakop kan pamilyang [[Cucurbitaceae]] na igwang mahamot, makakan na gayo asin malaog na [[prutas]]. Ini pwede man magpanongod sa ''[[Cucumis melo]]'', na ini an komun na inaapod na &quot;tunay na melon&quot; o sim-ple  &quot;melon&quot;. An terminong &quot;melon&quot; pwedeng iyo an tinanom mismo o an bunga kaini.. Sa bonatikong pagkasabot, an melon sarong klaseng [[botanical berry|berry]], o iyo an sinasabing  &quot;[[pepo (botany)|pepo]]&quot;. An katagang ''melon'' gikan sa [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|melopepo}}'',&lt;ref&gt;{{OEtymD|melon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{L&amp;S|melopepo|ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; na iyo an  [[pinagLatin (literatura)|pinagLatin]] kan [[Antigong Griyego|Griyego]]ng {{lang|grc|μηλοπέπων}} (''mēlopepōn''), na boot sabihon mansana &quot;melon&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;lsj&quot;&gt;{{LSJ|mhlope/pwn|μηλοπέπων|ref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; na ini compound mansana kan {{lang|grc|μῆλον}} (''mēlon''), &quot;apple&quot;, treefruit (''of any kind'')&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|mh{{=}}lon2|μῆλον|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; asin {{lang|grc|πέπων}} (''pepōn''), sa iba pa kaini, sarong klaseng &quot;gourd o melon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|pe/pwn|πέπων|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kadakul nang mga [[cultivar]] an naprodyusir, partikularmente kan tunay na melon, arog kan [[cantaloupe]] asin [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]].

==Historya==
[[File:Watermelon and melon in India.jpg|thumb|right|Watermelon asin melon sa Indya]]

An mga melon pighuhuna na naggikan daa sa Aprika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The new Oxford book of food plants|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-954946-7|pages=134}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alagad, sa mga presenteng pag'adal nagsusuwestyon nin pinaghalean sa [[Sud-sulnopan Asya]], urog na sa [[Iran]] asin [[Indya]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Raghami|first1=Mahmoud|last2=López-Sesé|first2=Ana Isabel|last3=Hasandokht|first3=Mohamad Reza|last4=Zamani|first4=Zabihollah|last5=Moghadam|first5=Mahmoud Reza Fattahi|last6=Kashi|first6=Abdolkarim|date=2014-01-01|title=Genetic diversity among melon accessions from Iran and their relationships with melon germplasm of diverse origins using microsatellite markers|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=300|issue=1|pages=139–151|doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0866-y|issn=1615-6110|quote=Melons or muskmelon are native to Iran and adjacent countries toward the west and east. In fact, ‘Musk’ is a Persian word for a kind of perfume and ‘melon’ is derived from Greek words (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997). The origin of diversity for melon was traditionally believed to be in Africa (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997), although recent molecular systematic studies, suggested that it may be originated from Asia and then reached to Africa (Renner et al. 2007). Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan and China (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997) are considered primary diversity centre for melon (Tzitzikas et al. 2009).Two formal infraspecific taxa within C. melo were recognized by Kirkbri|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014PSyEv.300..139R |hdl=10261/408207|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Growing Melons|date=2012-04-03|access-date=2019-05-25|quote=Melons are believed to have originated in the hot valleys of southwest Asia—specifically Iran (Persia) and India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; hale igdi, ini luway-luway nagtunga na sa  [[Europa]] sa paghihinapos kan [[Imperyong Romanong Sulnopan]]. An mga melon midbid na gayong pigkukultibar kan mga taga Ehiptong suanoy. Alagad, mga dai pm haloy na mga pagkakadukay nin mga pisog nin melon petsado pag'ultan 1350 asin 1120 [[BCE]] sa mga sagradong Nuragic na bobon nagpapahiling na an mga melon enot nang nadara sa Europa kan [[Sibilisasyon Nuragic]] nin Sardinia durante kan [[Bronseng Anoy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|title=Archaeobotanical analysis of a Bronze Age well from Sardinia: A wealth of knowledge|first1=Sabato|last1=D.|first2=Masi|last2=A.|first3=Pepe|last3=C.|first4=Ucchesu|last4=M.|first5=Peña-Chocarro|last5=L.|first6=Usai|last6=A.|first7=Giachi|last7=G.|first8=Capretti|last8=C.|first9=Bacchetta|last9=G.|date=16 May 2017|journal=Plant Biosystems|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011633/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Melons were among the earliest plants to be domesticated in the [[Old World]] and among the first crop species brought by westerners to the [[New World]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | journal=Plant Breeding Review
 | volume=35
 | editor=Jules Janick
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foHdS6xeht8C&amp;q=melons%20domesticated&amp;pg=PP1
 | title=Melon Landraces of India: Contributions and Importance
 | publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons
 | year=2012
 | isbn=978-1118100486
 | last1=Dhillon
 | first1=Narinder P.S.
 | last2=Monforte
 | first2=Antonio J.
 | last3=Pitrat
 | first3=Michel
 | last4=Pandey
 | first4=Sudhakar
 | last5=Singh
 | first5=Praveen Kumar
 | last6=Reitsma
 | first6=Kathleen R.
 | last7=Garcia-Mas
 | first7=Jordi
 | last8=Sharma
 | first8=Abhishek
 | last9=McCreight
 | first9=James D.
 | page=88
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Early European settlers in the New World are recorded as growing [[honeydew (melon)|honeydew]] and [[casaba]] melons as early as the 1600s.&lt;ref name=&quot;unl&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title       = Growing Melons
 |url         = http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |publisher   = University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension
 |access-date  = 2011-11-04
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |archive-date = 2012-04-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of Native American tribes in New Mexico, including the Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Navajo, Santo Domingo and San Felipe, maintain a tradition of growing their own characteristic melon cultivars, derived from melons originally introduced by the Spanish. Organizations like [[Native Seeds/SEARCH]] have made an effort to collect and preserve these and other heritage seeds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | url=http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm |url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021047/http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm
 | newspaper=[[Albuquerque Journal]]
 | date=September 24, 2008 | archive-date=November 2, 2013
 | title=San Felipe Pueblo melon farmer favors the old ways
 | first=Denise |last=Miller
 | access-date=October 20, 2014
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Melon sa pagkabiristo sa genus==
[[File:Cucumis metuliferus fruit - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|Horned melon]]
[[File:Cantaloupe Melon cross section.png|thumb|upright|Honeydew]]

===''Benincasa''===
* [[Winter melon]]&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Not to be confused with ''Cucumis melo inodorus'' varieties, also collectively called ''winter melon''.&lt;/ref&gt; (''B. hispida'') is the only member of the genus ''Benincasa''. The mature winter melon is a cooking vegetable that is widely used in [[Asia]], especially in [[India]]. The immature melons are used as a culinary fruit (e.g., to make a distinctive fruit drink).

===''Citrullus''===
{{main|Citrullus}}
* [[Citron melon]] (C. amarus) closely resembles the watermelon, but has harder, whiter flesh. It is often cooked or preserved rather than being eaten raw. It is native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]].
* [[Citrullus colocynthis|Colocynth]] (''C. colocynthis'') is a wild melon, similar in appearance to the watermelon. The flesh is inedible, but the seeds are a valuable food source in [[Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title=Seeds, seeds, seeds: Egusi, the Miracle Melon
 | publisher=Nourishing the Planet
 | author1=Danielle Nierenberg | author1-link=Danielle Nierenberg | author2=Elena Davert
 | url=http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175830/http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/
 | archive-date=October 6, 2010 | date=September 20, 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other species that have the same culinary role, and that are also called egusi include ''[[Melothria sphaerocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cucumeropsis mannii'') and ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | title=Importance and practices of Egusi crops (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai, Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. cv. ' Aklamkpa ') in sociolinguistic areas in Benin
 | url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | author1=Enoch Gbenato Achigan-Dako
 | author2=Rose Fagbemissi
 | author3=Hermane Tonankpon Avohou
 | author4=Raymond Sognon Vodouhe
 | author5=Ousmane Coulibaly
 | author6=Adam Ahanchede
 | journal=Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ.
 | year=2008
 | volume=12
 | issue=4
 | pages=393–40
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-07
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507194743/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'') originated in Africa, where evidence indicates that it has been cultivated for over 4,000 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |isbn=9780199549061 |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a popular summer fruit in all parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter=Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai
 | publisher=[[FAO]]
 | title=Grassland Species Profiles
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===''Cucumis''===
[[File:Painted green melons. Chennai, India, 2010.jpg|thumb|Painted green melons. [[Chennai]], India, 2010]]
[[File:Melonjf7319.JPG|thumb|Slice of cantaloupe melon]]
[[File:Cucumis melo inodorus argos.jpg|thumb|Argos melon]]
Melons in genus ''[[Cucumis]]'' are culinary fruits, and include the majority of culinary melons. All but a handful of culinary melon varieties belong to the species ''Cucumis melo L.''
* [[Horned melon]] (''C. metuliferus''), a traditional food plant in Africa with distinctive spikes. Now grown in [[California]], [[Chile]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&amp;q=momordica%20charantia%20culinary&amp;pg=PA385
 | page=248
 | chapter=Momordica
 | title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables
 |editor1=G.J.H. Grubben |editor2=O.H. Denton
  | author1=G.N. Njorogo
 | author2=M.N. van Luijk
 | publisher=[[PROTA Foundation]]
 | year=2004
 | isbn=90-5782-147-8
 | location=Wageningen, Netherlands
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[True melon]] (''C. melo'')
** ''C. melo cantalupensis'', with skin that is rough and warty, not netted.
*** The European [[cantaloupe]], with lightly ribbed, pale green skin, was domesticated in the 18th century, in [[Cantalupo in Sabina]], [[Italy]], by the [[pope]]'s gardener. It is also known as a 'rockmelon' in Australia and New Zealand. Varieties include the French ''Charentais'' and the [[Burpee Seeds]] hybrid ''Netted Gem'', introduced in the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwq1lunLkuoC&amp;q=%22melo%20cantalupensis%22&amp;pg=PA255
 | page=255
 | title=Cooking with the Bible: biblical food, feasts, and lore
 |author1=Anthony F. Chiffolo |author2=Rayner W. Hesse | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
 | year=2006
 | isbn=0-313-33410-2
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Yubari King]] is a highly prized Japanese cantaloupe [[cultivar]].
*** The [[Persian melon]] resemble a large cantaloupe with a darker green [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] and a finer netting.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | title=Passion of a Foodie - An International Kitchen Companion
 | author=Heidemarie Vos
 | publisher=Strategic Book Publishing
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-934925-63-8
 | page=348
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spY3ct9PBxEC&amp;q=%22persian%20melon%22%20netting&amp;pg=PA348
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo inodorus'', casabas, honeydew, and Asian melons
*** [[Argos, Peloponnese#Economy|Argos]], a large, oblong, with orange wrinkled skin, orange flesh, strong aroma. A characteristic is its pointed ends. Growing in some areas of Greece, from which it gets its name.
*** [[Banana melon]], an heirloom variety with salmon-colored flesh and an elongated banana shape and yellow rind
*** [[Canary melon]], a large, bright-yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh.
*** Casaba, bright yellow, with a smooth, furrowed skin. Less flavorful than other melons, but keeps longer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | publisher=WiseGeek
 | title=What is a casaba melon?
 | url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-07-22
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722192652/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Crenshaw melon]], a hybrid between a [[Casaba melon]] and a [[Persian melon]] that is described to have a very sweet flavor
*** [[Gaya melon]], originally from [[Japan]], a honeydew cultivar that is ivory in color and has a mild, sweet flavor
*** [[Hami melon]], originally from [[Hami Prefecture|Hami]], [[Xinjiang]], China. Flesh is sweet and crisp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=China Daily
 | title=Xinjiang Hami Melon
 | series=Library&gt;China ABC&gt;Geography&gt;Local Products
 | url=http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2013-11-01
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162139/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[honeydew (melon)|Honeydew]], with a sweet, juicy, green-colored flesh. Grown as [[bailan melon]] in [[Lanzhou]], [[China]]. There is a second variety which has yellow skin, white flesh and tastes like a moist pear.
*** [[Honeymoon melon]], a variety of honeydew with golden rind and bright green flesh and a sweet flavor
*** [[Kajari melon]], a sweet honeydew cultivar that is red-orange in color with green stripes reminiscent of a [[beach ball]]
*** [[Kolkhoznitsa melon]], with smooth, yellow skin and dense, white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=The Moscow Times
 | url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | date=September 21, 2007
 | title=Moscow flooded with melons
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-10
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510185404/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Japanese melons (including the [[Sprite melon]]).
*** [[Korean melon]], a yellow melon with white lines running across the fruit and white inside. Can be crisp and slightly sweet or juicy when left to ripen longer.
*** [[Mirza melon]], a large, cream-colored melon native to [[Central Asia]] with a sweet, savory flavor
*** [[Oriental pickling melon]]
*** [[Pixie melon]], a sweet, palm-sized cantaloupe cultivar with a strange, cracked-looking netting
*** {{lang|es|Piel de Sapo}} ({{gloss|toad skin}}) or [[Santa Claus melon]], a melon with a blotchy green skin and white sweet-tasting flesh.
*** [[Sugar melon]], a smooth, white, round fruit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=The Complete Book of Fruit: an illustrated guide to over 400 species and varieties of fruit from all over the world
 | author=Jac G. Constant
 | publisher=Admiral
 | year=1986
 | isbn=1-85171-049-3
 | page=35
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Tiger melon, an orange, yellow and black striped melon from [[Turkey]] with a soft pulp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=A Gourmet's Guide to Fruit
 | first1=Judy|last1=Bastyra |first2=Julia|last2=Canning
 | publisher=HP Books
 | year=1990
 | isbn=0-89586-849-0
 | page=[https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 64]
 | url=https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo reticulatus'', true muskmelons, with netted (reticulated) skin.
*** North American cantaloupe, distinct from the European cantaloupe, with the net-like skin pattern common to other ''C. melo reticulatus'' varieties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdLYGMOIndkC&amp;q=reticulatus%20%22north%20american%20melon%22&amp;pg=PA116
 | page=116
 | title=The Joy of Jams, Jellies and Other Sweet Preserves: 200 Classic and Contemporary Recipes Showcasing the Fabulous Flavors of Fresh Fruits
 | author=Linda Ziedrich
 | publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-4587-6483-6
 | access-date=2014-10-20
| edition=Easyread Large
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Galia melon|Galia]] (or Ogen), small and very juicy with either faint green or rosy pink flesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot; /&gt;
*** Sharlyn melons, with taste between honeydew and cantaloupes, netted skin, greenish-orange rind, and white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | publisher=Food Reference
 | title=Melons
 | author=James Ehler
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-08-05
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805155746/http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | url-status=live
 }}{{self-published source|date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{self-published inline|date=November 2011}}
** ''C. melo agrestis'', Wilder melon cultivars, with smooth skin, and tart or bland taste. Often confused with [[cucumber]]s (Dosakai, Lemon Cucumber, Pie Melons).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Swamy|first=K. R. M.|date=2018-08-29|title=Origin, distribution and systematics of culinary cucumber (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon)|journal=Journal of Horticultural Sciences|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.24154/jhs.v12i1.64 |issn=0973-354X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo conomon'', Conomon Melons, Pickling Melons, with smooth skin, and ranging from tart or bland taste (pickling melon)  to mild sweetness in Korean Melon.Oriental Pickling melon, Korean Melon. Closely related to wilder melons (C Melo Var Agrestis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=T. K.|chapter=Cucumis melo (Conomon Group)|date=2012|work=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits|pages=204–209|editor-last=Lim|editor-first=T. K.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_32|isbn=9789400717640|title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Modern crossbred varieties, e.g. Crenshaw (Casaba × Persian), Crane (Japanese × N.A. cantaloupe).

== Galeriya==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Melon Sugar Baby Matisse-9953.jpg|Melon Sugar Baby Matisse
File:Cucumis melo on white background.jpg|''Cucumis melo''
File:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|Canary melon and Cantaloupe
File:Honeydew melon yellow flower.jpg|Honeydew melon yellow flower
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Produksyon==

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ Melon production, 2020
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Production&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(millions of tonnes)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{flag|China}} || {{right|13.83}}
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} || {{right|1.72}}
|-
| {{flag|India}} || {{right|1.33}}
|-
| {{flag|Iran}} || {{right|1.28}}
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{right|0.79}}
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || {{right|0.69}}
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{right|0.65}}
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}} || {{right|0.61}}
|-
| '''World''' || {{right|'''27.4'''}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat18&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of melons in 2018; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2019|publisher=[[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Kan 2018, an produksyon nin kinaban kan melons uminabot 27 milyon tonelada, pinangenotan kan [[Tsina]] 46% sa total (table). An [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], asin [[Indya]] lambang saro sainda nagprodyusir sobra sa 1 milyon na tonelada.&lt;ref name=faostat18/&gt;

==Hilnga man==
* [[Cucurbita]] – Squash (plant)
* [[List of culinary fruits]]
* [[List of gourds and squashes]]
* [[List of melon dishes]]
* '''''&lt;small&gt;{{portal-inline|Food}}&lt;/small&gt;'''''

==Mga nota==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{-}}

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Mga heneral na gugunuan==
* {{cite book
 | author=Mabberley, D.J.
 | year=1987
 | title=The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants
 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 | page= 706
 | isbn=0-521-34060-8
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite journal
 | last1=Magness|first1=J.R.|last2=Markle|first2=G.M.|last3=Compton|first3=C.C.
 | year=1971
 | title=Food and feed crops of the United States
 | publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
 | journal=IR Bulletin
 | volume=1
 | issue=828
 | ol=14117370M
 }} Interregional Research Project IR-4

==Mga pan luwas na takod==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cucumis_melo_nex.html
 | title=Cucumis melo L.
 | publisher=Purdue University, Center for New Crops &amp; Plant Products
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cucumis.html
 | title=Sorting Cucumis names
 | publisher=Multilingual multiscript plant name database
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}

{{Melons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya: Mga melon| ]]
[[Kategorya:Mga prutas naghahaleng Aprika]]</text>
      <sha1>s5lkum302c0qcwadafxgw89lgwlulrq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311486</id>
      <parentid>311485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T09:56:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mga pan luwas na takod */</comment>
      <origin>311486</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21897" sha1="7japsuo4ehxvw2ds5phnki9sn88wq05" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Canary melon]] and [[cantaloupe]]]]
A
An '''melon''' iyo an arinman sa mga tinanom na sakop kan pamilyang [[Cucurbitaceae]] na igwang mahamot, makakan na gayo asin malaog na [[prutas]]. Ini pwede man magpanongod sa ''[[Cucumis melo]]'', na ini an komun na inaapod na &quot;tunay na melon&quot; o sim-ple  &quot;melon&quot;. An terminong &quot;melon&quot; pwedeng iyo an tinanom mismo o an bunga kaini.. Sa bonatikong pagkasabot, an melon sarong klaseng [[botanical berry|berry]], o iyo an sinasabing  &quot;[[pepo (botany)|pepo]]&quot;. An katagang ''melon'' gikan sa [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|melopepo}}'',&lt;ref&gt;{{OEtymD|melon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{L&amp;S|melopepo|ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; na iyo an  [[pinagLatin (literatura)|pinagLatin]] kan [[Antigong Griyego|Griyego]]ng {{lang|grc|μηλοπέπων}} (''mēlopepōn''), na boot sabihon mansana &quot;melon&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;lsj&quot;&gt;{{LSJ|mhlope/pwn|μηλοπέπων|ref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; na ini compound mansana kan {{lang|grc|μῆλον}} (''mēlon''), &quot;apple&quot;, treefruit (''of any kind'')&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|mh{{=}}lon2|μῆλον|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; asin {{lang|grc|πέπων}} (''pepōn''), sa iba pa kaini, sarong klaseng &quot;gourd o melon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|pe/pwn|πέπων|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kadakul nang mga [[cultivar]] an naprodyusir, partikularmente kan tunay na melon, arog kan [[cantaloupe]] asin [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]].

==Historya==
[[File:Watermelon and melon in India.jpg|thumb|right|Watermelon asin melon sa Indya]]

An mga melon pighuhuna na naggikan daa sa Aprika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The new Oxford book of food plants|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-954946-7|pages=134}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alagad, sa mga presenteng pag'adal nagsusuwestyon nin pinaghalean sa [[Sud-sulnopan Asya]], urog na sa [[Iran]] asin [[Indya]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Raghami|first1=Mahmoud|last2=López-Sesé|first2=Ana Isabel|last3=Hasandokht|first3=Mohamad Reza|last4=Zamani|first4=Zabihollah|last5=Moghadam|first5=Mahmoud Reza Fattahi|last6=Kashi|first6=Abdolkarim|date=2014-01-01|title=Genetic diversity among melon accessions from Iran and their relationships with melon germplasm of diverse origins using microsatellite markers|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=300|issue=1|pages=139–151|doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0866-y|issn=1615-6110|quote=Melons or muskmelon are native to Iran and adjacent countries toward the west and east. In fact, ‘Musk’ is a Persian word for a kind of perfume and ‘melon’ is derived from Greek words (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997). The origin of diversity for melon was traditionally believed to be in Africa (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997), although recent molecular systematic studies, suggested that it may be originated from Asia and then reached to Africa (Renner et al. 2007). Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan and China (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997) are considered primary diversity centre for melon (Tzitzikas et al. 2009).Two formal infraspecific taxa within C. melo were recognized by Kirkbri|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014PSyEv.300..139R |hdl=10261/408207|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Growing Melons|date=2012-04-03|access-date=2019-05-25|quote=Melons are believed to have originated in the hot valleys of southwest Asia—specifically Iran (Persia) and India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; hale igdi, ini luway-luway nagtunga na sa  [[Europa]] sa paghihinapos kan [[Imperyong Romanong Sulnopan]]. An mga melon midbid na gayong pigkukultibar kan mga taga Ehiptong suanoy. Alagad, mga dai pm haloy na mga pagkakadukay nin mga pisog nin melon petsado pag'ultan 1350 asin 1120 [[BCE]] sa mga sagradong Nuragic na bobon nagpapahiling na an mga melon enot nang nadara sa Europa kan [[Sibilisasyon Nuragic]] nin Sardinia durante kan [[Bronseng Anoy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|title=Archaeobotanical analysis of a Bronze Age well from Sardinia: A wealth of knowledge|first1=Sabato|last1=D.|first2=Masi|last2=A.|first3=Pepe|last3=C.|first4=Ucchesu|last4=M.|first5=Peña-Chocarro|last5=L.|first6=Usai|last6=A.|first7=Giachi|last7=G.|first8=Capretti|last8=C.|first9=Bacchetta|last9=G.|date=16 May 2017|journal=Plant Biosystems|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011633/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Melons were among the earliest plants to be domesticated in the [[Old World]] and among the first crop species brought by westerners to the [[New World]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | journal=Plant Breeding Review
 | volume=35
 | editor=Jules Janick
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foHdS6xeht8C&amp;q=melons%20domesticated&amp;pg=PP1
 | title=Melon Landraces of India: Contributions and Importance
 | publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons
 | year=2012
 | isbn=978-1118100486
 | last1=Dhillon
 | first1=Narinder P.S.
 | last2=Monforte
 | first2=Antonio J.
 | last3=Pitrat
 | first3=Michel
 | last4=Pandey
 | first4=Sudhakar
 | last5=Singh
 | first5=Praveen Kumar
 | last6=Reitsma
 | first6=Kathleen R.
 | last7=Garcia-Mas
 | first7=Jordi
 | last8=Sharma
 | first8=Abhishek
 | last9=McCreight
 | first9=James D.
 | page=88
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Early European settlers in the New World are recorded as growing [[honeydew (melon)|honeydew]] and [[casaba]] melons as early as the 1600s.&lt;ref name=&quot;unl&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title       = Growing Melons
 |url         = http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |publisher   = University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension
 |access-date  = 2011-11-04
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |archive-date = 2012-04-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of Native American tribes in New Mexico, including the Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Navajo, Santo Domingo and San Felipe, maintain a tradition of growing their own characteristic melon cultivars, derived from melons originally introduced by the Spanish. Organizations like [[Native Seeds/SEARCH]] have made an effort to collect and preserve these and other heritage seeds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | url=http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm |url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021047/http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm
 | newspaper=[[Albuquerque Journal]]
 | date=September 24, 2008 | archive-date=November 2, 2013
 | title=San Felipe Pueblo melon farmer favors the old ways
 | first=Denise |last=Miller
 | access-date=October 20, 2014
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Melon sa pagkabiristo sa genus==
[[File:Cucumis metuliferus fruit - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|Horned melon]]
[[File:Cantaloupe Melon cross section.png|thumb|upright|Honeydew]]

===''Benincasa''===
* [[Winter melon]]&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Not to be confused with ''Cucumis melo inodorus'' varieties, also collectively called ''winter melon''.&lt;/ref&gt; (''B. hispida'') is the only member of the genus ''Benincasa''. The mature winter melon is a cooking vegetable that is widely used in [[Asia]], especially in [[India]]. The immature melons are used as a culinary fruit (e.g., to make a distinctive fruit drink).

===''Citrullus''===
{{main|Citrullus}}
* [[Citron melon]] (C. amarus) closely resembles the watermelon, but has harder, whiter flesh. It is often cooked or preserved rather than being eaten raw. It is native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]].
* [[Citrullus colocynthis|Colocynth]] (''C. colocynthis'') is a wild melon, similar in appearance to the watermelon. The flesh is inedible, but the seeds are a valuable food source in [[Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title=Seeds, seeds, seeds: Egusi, the Miracle Melon
 | publisher=Nourishing the Planet
 | author1=Danielle Nierenberg | author1-link=Danielle Nierenberg | author2=Elena Davert
 | url=http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175830/http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/
 | archive-date=October 6, 2010 | date=September 20, 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other species that have the same culinary role, and that are also called egusi include ''[[Melothria sphaerocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cucumeropsis mannii'') and ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | title=Importance and practices of Egusi crops (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai, Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. cv. ' Aklamkpa ') in sociolinguistic areas in Benin
 | url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | author1=Enoch Gbenato Achigan-Dako
 | author2=Rose Fagbemissi
 | author3=Hermane Tonankpon Avohou
 | author4=Raymond Sognon Vodouhe
 | author5=Ousmane Coulibaly
 | author6=Adam Ahanchede
 | journal=Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ.
 | year=2008
 | volume=12
 | issue=4
 | pages=393–40
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-07
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507194743/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'') originated in Africa, where evidence indicates that it has been cultivated for over 4,000 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |isbn=9780199549061 |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a popular summer fruit in all parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter=Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai
 | publisher=[[FAO]]
 | title=Grassland Species Profiles
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===''Cucumis''===
[[File:Painted green melons. Chennai, India, 2010.jpg|thumb|Painted green melons. [[Chennai]], India, 2010]]
[[File:Melonjf7319.JPG|thumb|Slice of cantaloupe melon]]
[[File:Cucumis melo inodorus argos.jpg|thumb|Argos melon]]
Melons in genus ''[[Cucumis]]'' are culinary fruits, and include the majority of culinary melons. All but a handful of culinary melon varieties belong to the species ''Cucumis melo L.''
* [[Horned melon]] (''C. metuliferus''), a traditional food plant in Africa with distinctive spikes. Now grown in [[California]], [[Chile]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&amp;q=momordica%20charantia%20culinary&amp;pg=PA385
 | page=248
 | chapter=Momordica
 | title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables
 |editor1=G.J.H. Grubben |editor2=O.H. Denton
  | author1=G.N. Njorogo
 | author2=M.N. van Luijk
 | publisher=[[PROTA Foundation]]
 | year=2004
 | isbn=90-5782-147-8
 | location=Wageningen, Netherlands
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[True melon]] (''C. melo'')
** ''C. melo cantalupensis'', with skin that is rough and warty, not netted.
*** The European [[cantaloupe]], with lightly ribbed, pale green skin, was domesticated in the 18th century, in [[Cantalupo in Sabina]], [[Italy]], by the [[pope]]'s gardener. It is also known as a 'rockmelon' in Australia and New Zealand. Varieties include the French ''Charentais'' and the [[Burpee Seeds]] hybrid ''Netted Gem'', introduced in the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwq1lunLkuoC&amp;q=%22melo%20cantalupensis%22&amp;pg=PA255
 | page=255
 | title=Cooking with the Bible: biblical food, feasts, and lore
 |author1=Anthony F. Chiffolo |author2=Rayner W. Hesse | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
 | year=2006
 | isbn=0-313-33410-2
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Yubari King]] is a highly prized Japanese cantaloupe [[cultivar]].
*** The [[Persian melon]] resemble a large cantaloupe with a darker green [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] and a finer netting.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | title=Passion of a Foodie - An International Kitchen Companion
 | author=Heidemarie Vos
 | publisher=Strategic Book Publishing
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-934925-63-8
 | page=348
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spY3ct9PBxEC&amp;q=%22persian%20melon%22%20netting&amp;pg=PA348
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo inodorus'', casabas, honeydew, and Asian melons
*** [[Argos, Peloponnese#Economy|Argos]], a large, oblong, with orange wrinkled skin, orange flesh, strong aroma. A characteristic is its pointed ends. Growing in some areas of Greece, from which it gets its name.
*** [[Banana melon]], an heirloom variety with salmon-colored flesh and an elongated banana shape and yellow rind
*** [[Canary melon]], a large, bright-yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh.
*** Casaba, bright yellow, with a smooth, furrowed skin. Less flavorful than other melons, but keeps longer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | publisher=WiseGeek
 | title=What is a casaba melon?
 | url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-07-22
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722192652/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Crenshaw melon]], a hybrid between a [[Casaba melon]] and a [[Persian melon]] that is described to have a very sweet flavor
*** [[Gaya melon]], originally from [[Japan]], a honeydew cultivar that is ivory in color and has a mild, sweet flavor
*** [[Hami melon]], originally from [[Hami Prefecture|Hami]], [[Xinjiang]], China. Flesh is sweet and crisp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=China Daily
 | title=Xinjiang Hami Melon
 | series=Library&gt;China ABC&gt;Geography&gt;Local Products
 | url=http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2013-11-01
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162139/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[honeydew (melon)|Honeydew]], with a sweet, juicy, green-colored flesh. Grown as [[bailan melon]] in [[Lanzhou]], [[China]]. There is a second variety which has yellow skin, white flesh and tastes like a moist pear.
*** [[Honeymoon melon]], a variety of honeydew with golden rind and bright green flesh and a sweet flavor
*** [[Kajari melon]], a sweet honeydew cultivar that is red-orange in color with green stripes reminiscent of a [[beach ball]]
*** [[Kolkhoznitsa melon]], with smooth, yellow skin and dense, white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=The Moscow Times
 | url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | date=September 21, 2007
 | title=Moscow flooded with melons
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-10
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510185404/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Japanese melons (including the [[Sprite melon]]).
*** [[Korean melon]], a yellow melon with white lines running across the fruit and white inside. Can be crisp and slightly sweet or juicy when left to ripen longer.
*** [[Mirza melon]], a large, cream-colored melon native to [[Central Asia]] with a sweet, savory flavor
*** [[Oriental pickling melon]]
*** [[Pixie melon]], a sweet, palm-sized cantaloupe cultivar with a strange, cracked-looking netting
*** {{lang|es|Piel de Sapo}} ({{gloss|toad skin}}) or [[Santa Claus melon]], a melon with a blotchy green skin and white sweet-tasting flesh.
*** [[Sugar melon]], a smooth, white, round fruit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=The Complete Book of Fruit: an illustrated guide to over 400 species and varieties of fruit from all over the world
 | author=Jac G. Constant
 | publisher=Admiral
 | year=1986
 | isbn=1-85171-049-3
 | page=35
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Tiger melon, an orange, yellow and black striped melon from [[Turkey]] with a soft pulp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=A Gourmet's Guide to Fruit
 | first1=Judy|last1=Bastyra |first2=Julia|last2=Canning
 | publisher=HP Books
 | year=1990
 | isbn=0-89586-849-0
 | page=[https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 64]
 | url=https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo reticulatus'', true muskmelons, with netted (reticulated) skin.
*** North American cantaloupe, distinct from the European cantaloupe, with the net-like skin pattern common to other ''C. melo reticulatus'' varieties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdLYGMOIndkC&amp;q=reticulatus%20%22north%20american%20melon%22&amp;pg=PA116
 | page=116
 | title=The Joy of Jams, Jellies and Other Sweet Preserves: 200 Classic and Contemporary Recipes Showcasing the Fabulous Flavors of Fresh Fruits
 | author=Linda Ziedrich
 | publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-4587-6483-6
 | access-date=2014-10-20
| edition=Easyread Large
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Galia melon|Galia]] (or Ogen), small and very juicy with either faint green or rosy pink flesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot; /&gt;
*** Sharlyn melons, with taste between honeydew and cantaloupes, netted skin, greenish-orange rind, and white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | publisher=Food Reference
 | title=Melons
 | author=James Ehler
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-08-05
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805155746/http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | url-status=live
 }}{{self-published source|date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{self-published inline|date=November 2011}}
** ''C. melo agrestis'', Wilder melon cultivars, with smooth skin, and tart or bland taste. Often confused with [[cucumber]]s (Dosakai, Lemon Cucumber, Pie Melons).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Swamy|first=K. R. M.|date=2018-08-29|title=Origin, distribution and systematics of culinary cucumber (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon)|journal=Journal of Horticultural Sciences|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.24154/jhs.v12i1.64 |issn=0973-354X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo conomon'', Conomon Melons, Pickling Melons, with smooth skin, and ranging from tart or bland taste (pickling melon)  to mild sweetness in Korean Melon.Oriental Pickling melon, Korean Melon. Closely related to wilder melons (C Melo Var Agrestis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=T. K.|chapter=Cucumis melo (Conomon Group)|date=2012|work=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits|pages=204–209|editor-last=Lim|editor-first=T. K.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_32|isbn=9789400717640|title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Modern crossbred varieties, e.g. Crenshaw (Casaba × Persian), Crane (Japanese × N.A. cantaloupe).

== Galeriya==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Melon Sugar Baby Matisse-9953.jpg|Melon Sugar Baby Matisse
File:Cucumis melo on white background.jpg|''Cucumis melo''
File:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|Canary melon and Cantaloupe
File:Honeydew melon yellow flower.jpg|Honeydew melon yellow flower
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Produksyon==

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ Melon production, 2020
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Production&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(millions of tonnes)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{flag|China}} || {{right|13.83}}
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} || {{right|1.72}}
|-
| {{flag|India}} || {{right|1.33}}
|-
| {{flag|Iran}} || {{right|1.28}}
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{right|0.79}}
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || {{right|0.69}}
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{right|0.65}}
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}} || {{right|0.61}}
|-
| '''World''' || {{right|'''27.4'''}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat18&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of melons in 2018; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2019|publisher=[[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Kan 2018, an produksyon nin kinaban kan melons uminabot 27 milyon tonelada, pinangenotan kan [[Tsina]] 46% sa total (table). An [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], asin [[Indya]] lambang saro sainda nagprodyusir sobra sa 1 milyon na tonelada.&lt;ref name=faostat18/&gt;

==Hilnga man==
* [[Cucurbita]] – Squash (plant)
* [[List of culinary fruits]]
* [[List of gourds and squashes]]
* [[List of melon dishes]]
* '''''&lt;small&gt;{{portal-inline|Food}}&lt;/small&gt;'''''

==Mga nota==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{-}}

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Mga heneral na gugunuan==
* {{cite book
 | author=Mabberley, D.J.
 | year=1987
 | title=The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants
 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 | page= 706
 | isbn=0-521-34060-8
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite journal
 | last1=Magness|first1=J.R.|last2=Markle|first2=G.M.|last3=Compton|first3=C.C.
 | year=1971
 | title=Food and feed crops of the United States
 | publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
 | journal=IR Bulletin
 | volume=1
 | issue=828
 | ol=14117370M
 }} Interregional Research Project IR-4

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cucumis_melo_nex.html
 | title=Cucumis melo L.
 | publisher=Purdue University, Center for New Crops &amp; Plant Products
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cucumis.html
 | title=Sorting Cucumis names
 | publisher=Multilingual multiscript plant name database
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}

{{Melons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya: Mga melon| ]]
[[Kategorya:Mga prutas naghahaleng Aprika]]</text>
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      <text bytes="21897" sha1="6k8efbyw2e6jt0j7tg76ovshsl2ogd2" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Canary melon]] and [[cantaloupe]]]]
A
An '''melon''' iyo an arinman sa mga tinanom na sakop kan pamilyang [[Cucurbitaceae]] na igwang mahamot, makakan na gayo asin malaog na [[prutas]]. Ini pwede man magpanongod sa ''[[Cucumis melo]]'', na ini an komun na inaapod na &quot;tunay na melon&quot; o sim-ple  &quot;melon&quot;. An terminong &quot;melon&quot; pwedeng iyo an tinanom mismo o an bunga kaini.. Sa bonatikong pagkasabot, an melon sarong klaseng [[botanical berry|berry]], o iyo an sinasabing  &quot;[[pepo (botany)|pepo]]&quot;. An katagang ''melon'' gikan sa [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|melopepo}}'',&lt;ref&gt;{{OEtymD|melon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{L&amp;S|melopepo|ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; na iyo an  [[pinagLatin (literatura)|pinagLatin]] kan [[Antigong Griyego|Griyego]]ng {{lang|grc|μηλοπέπων}} (''mēlopepōn''), na boot sabihon mansana &quot;melon&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;lsj&quot;&gt;{{LSJ|mhlope/pwn|μηλοπέπων|ref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; na ini compound mansana kan {{lang|grc|μῆλον}} (''mēlon''), &quot;apple&quot;, treefruit (''of any kind'')&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|mh{{=}}lon2|μῆλον|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; asin {{lang|grc|πέπων}} (''pepōn''), sa iba pa kaini, sarong klaseng &quot;gourd o melon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|pe/pwn|πέπων|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kadakul nang mga [[cultivar]] an naprodyusir, partikularmente kan tunay na melon, arog kan [[cantaloupe]] asin [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]].

==Historya==
[[File:Watermelon and melon in India.jpg|thumb|right|Watermelon asin melon sa Indya]]

An mga melon pighuhuna na naggikan daa sa Aprika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The new Oxford book of food plants|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-954946-7|pages=134}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alagad, sa mga presenteng pag'adal nagsusuwestyon nin pinaghalean sa [[Sud-sulnopan Asya]], urog na sa [[Iran]] asin [[Indya]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Raghami|first1=Mahmoud|last2=López-Sesé|first2=Ana Isabel|last3=Hasandokht|first3=Mohamad Reza|last4=Zamani|first4=Zabihollah|last5=Moghadam|first5=Mahmoud Reza Fattahi|last6=Kashi|first6=Abdolkarim|date=2014-01-01|title=Genetic diversity among melon accessions from Iran and their relationships with melon germplasm of diverse origins using microsatellite markers|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=300|issue=1|pages=139–151|doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0866-y|issn=1615-6110|quote=Melons or muskmelon are native to Iran and adjacent countries toward the west and east. In fact, ‘Musk’ is a Persian word for a kind of perfume and ‘melon’ is derived from Greek words (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997). The origin of diversity for melon was traditionally believed to be in Africa (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997), although recent molecular systematic studies, suggested that it may be originated from Asia and then reached to Africa (Renner et al. 2007). Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan and China (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997) are considered primary diversity centre for melon (Tzitzikas et al. 2009).Two formal infraspecific taxa within C. melo were recognized by Kirkbri|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014PSyEv.300..139R |hdl=10261/408207|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Growing Melons|date=2012-04-03|access-date=2019-05-25|quote=Melons are believed to have originated in the hot valleys of southwest Asia—specifically Iran (Persia) and India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; hale igdi, ini luway-luway nagtunga na sa  [[Europa]] sa paghihinapos kan [[Imperyong Romanong Sulnopan]]. An mga melon midbid na gayong pigkukultibar kan mga taga Ehiptong suanoy. Alagad, mga dai pm haloy na mga pagkakadukay nin mga pisog nin melon petsado pag'ultan 1350 asin 1120 [[BCE]] sa mga sagradong Nuragic na bobon nagpapahiling na an mga melon enot nang nadara sa Europa kan [[Sibilisasyon Nuragic]] nin Sardinia durante kan [[Bronseng Anoy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|title=Archaeobotanical analysis of a Bronze Age well from Sardinia: A wealth of knowledge|first1=Sabato|last1=D.|first2=Masi|last2=A.|first3=Pepe|last3=C.|first4=Ucchesu|last4=M.|first5=Peña-Chocarro|last5=L.|first6=Usai|last6=A.|first7=Giachi|last7=G.|first8=Capretti|last8=C.|first9=Bacchetta|last9=G.|date=16 May 2017|journal=Plant Biosystems|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011633/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Melons were among the earliest plants to be domesticated in the [[Old World]] and among the first crop species brought by westerners to the [[New World]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | journal=Plant Breeding Review
 | volume=35
 | editor=Jules Janick
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foHdS6xeht8C&amp;q=melons%20domesticated&amp;pg=PP1
 | title=Melon Landraces of India: Contributions and Importance
 | publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons
 | year=2012
 | isbn=978-1118100486
 | last1=Dhillon
 | first1=Narinder P.S.
 | last2=Monforte
 | first2=Antonio J.
 | last3=Pitrat
 | first3=Michel
 | last4=Pandey
 | first4=Sudhakar
 | last5=Singh
 | first5=Praveen Kumar
 | last6=Reitsma
 | first6=Kathleen R.
 | last7=Garcia-Mas
 | first7=Jordi
 | last8=Sharma
 | first8=Abhishek
 | last9=McCreight
 | first9=James D.
 | page=88
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Early European settlers in the New World are recorded as growing [[honeydew (melon)|honeydew]] and [[casaba]] melons as early as the 1600s.&lt;ref name=&quot;unl&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title       = Growing Melons
 |url         = http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |publisher   = University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension
 |access-date  = 2011-11-04
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |archive-date = 2012-04-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of Native American tribes in New Mexico, including the Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Navajo, Santo Domingo and San Felipe, maintain a tradition of growing their own characteristic melon cultivars, derived from melons originally introduced by the Spanish. Organizations like [[Native Seeds/SEARCH]] have made an effort to collect and preserve these and other heritage seeds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | url=http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm |url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021047/http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm
 | newspaper=[[Albuquerque Journal]]
 | date=September 24, 2008 | archive-date=November 2, 2013
 | title=San Felipe Pueblo melon farmer favors the old ways
 | first=Denise |last=Miller
 | access-date=October 20, 2014
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Melon sa pagkabiristo sa genus==
[[File:Cucumis metuliferus fruit - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|Horned melon]]
[[File:Cantaloupe Melon cross section.png|thumb|upright|Honeydew]]

===''Benincasa''===
* [[Winter melon]]&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Not to be confused with ''Cucumis melo inodorus'' varieties, also collectively called ''winter melon''.&lt;/ref&gt; (''B. hispida'') is the only member of the genus ''Benincasa''. The mature winter melon is a cooking vegetable that is widely used in [[Asia]], especially in [[India]]. The immature melons are used as a culinary fruit (e.g., to make a distinctive fruit drink).

===''Citrullus''===
{{main|Citrullus}}
* [[Citron melon]] (C. amarus) closely resembles the watermelon, but has harder, whiter flesh. It is often cooked or preserved rather than being eaten raw. It is native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]].
* [[Citrullus colocynthis|Colocynth]] (''C. colocynthis'') is a wild melon, similar in appearance to the watermelon. The flesh is inedible, but the seeds are a valuable food source in [[Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title=Seeds, seeds, seeds: Egusi, the Miracle Melon
 | publisher=Nourishing the Planet
 | author1=Danielle Nierenberg | author1-link=Danielle Nierenberg | author2=Elena Davert
 | url=http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175830/http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/
 | archive-date=October 6, 2010 | date=September 20, 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other species that have the same culinary role, and that are also called egusi include ''[[Melothria sphaerocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cucumeropsis mannii'') and ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | title=Importance and practices of Egusi crops (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai, Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. cv. ' Aklamkpa ') in sociolinguistic areas in Benin
 | url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | author1=Enoch Gbenato Achigan-Dako
 | author2=Rose Fagbemissi
 | author3=Hermane Tonankpon Avohou
 | author4=Raymond Sognon Vodouhe
 | author5=Ousmane Coulibaly
 | author6=Adam Ahanchede
 | journal=Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ.
 | year=2008
 | volume=12
 | issue=4
 | pages=393–40
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-07
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507194743/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'') originated in Africa, where evidence indicates that it has been cultivated for over 4,000 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |isbn=9780199549061 |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a popular summer fruit in all parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter=Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai
 | publisher=[[FAO]]
 | title=Grassland Species Profiles
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===''Cucumis''===
[[File:Painted green melons. Chennai, India, 2010.jpg|thumb|Painted green melons. [[Chennai]], India, 2010]]
[[File:Melonjf7319.JPG|thumb|Slice of cantaloupe melon]]
[[File:Cucumis melo inodorus argos.jpg|thumb|Argos melon]]
Melons in genus ''[[Cucumis]]'' are culinary fruits, and include the majority of culinary melons. All but a handful of culinary melon varieties belong to the species ''Cucumis melo L.''
* [[Horned melon]] (''C. metuliferus''), a traditional food plant in Africa with distinctive spikes. Now grown in [[California]], [[Chile]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&amp;q=momordica%20charantia%20culinary&amp;pg=PA385
 | page=248
 | chapter=Momordica
 | title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables
 |editor1=G.J.H. Grubben |editor2=O.H. Denton
  | author1=G.N. Njorogo
 | author2=M.N. van Luijk
 | publisher=[[PROTA Foundation]]
 | year=2004
 | isbn=90-5782-147-8
 | location=Wageningen, Netherlands
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[True melon]] (''C. melo'')
** ''C. melo cantalupensis'', with skin that is rough and warty, not netted.
*** The European [[cantaloupe]], with lightly ribbed, pale green skin, was domesticated in the 18th century, in [[Cantalupo in Sabina]], [[Italy]], by the [[pope]]'s gardener. It is also known as a 'rockmelon' in Australia and New Zealand. Varieties include the French ''Charentais'' and the [[Burpee Seeds]] hybrid ''Netted Gem'', introduced in the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwq1lunLkuoC&amp;q=%22melo%20cantalupensis%22&amp;pg=PA255
 | page=255
 | title=Cooking with the Bible: biblical food, feasts, and lore
 |author1=Anthony F. Chiffolo |author2=Rayner W. Hesse | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
 | year=2006
 | isbn=0-313-33410-2
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Yubari King]] is a highly prized Japanese cantaloupe [[cultivar]].
*** The [[Persian melon]] resemble a large cantaloupe with a darker green [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] and a finer netting.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | title=Passion of a Foodie - An International Kitchen Companion
 | author=Heidemarie Vos
 | publisher=Strategic Book Publishing
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-934925-63-8
 | page=348
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spY3ct9PBxEC&amp;q=%22persian%20melon%22%20netting&amp;pg=PA348
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo inodorus'', casabas, honeydew, and Asian melons
*** [[Argos, Peloponnese#Economy|Argos]], a large, oblong, with orange wrinkled skin, orange flesh, strong aroma. A characteristic is its pointed ends. Growing in some areas of Greece, from which it gets its name.
*** [[Banana melon]], an heirloom variety with salmon-colored flesh and an elongated banana shape and yellow rind
*** [[Canary melon]], a large, bright-yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh.
*** Casaba, bright yellow, with a smooth, furrowed skin. Less flavorful than other melons, but keeps longer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | publisher=WiseGeek
 | title=What is a casaba melon?
 | url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-07-22
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722192652/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Crenshaw melon]], a hybrid between a [[Casaba melon]] and a [[Persian melon]] that is described to have a very sweet flavor
*** [[Gaya melon]], originally from [[Japan]], a honeydew cultivar that is ivory in color and has a mild, sweet flavor
*** [[Hami melon]], originally from [[Hami Prefecture|Hami]], [[Xinjiang]], China. Flesh is sweet and crisp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=China Daily
 | title=Xinjiang Hami Melon
 | series=Library&gt;China ABC&gt;Geography&gt;Local Products
 | url=http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2013-11-01
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162139/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[honeydew (melon)|Honeydew]], with a sweet, juicy, green-colored flesh. Grown as [[bailan melon]] in [[Lanzhou]], [[China]]. There is a second variety which has yellow skin, white flesh and tastes like a moist pear.
*** [[Honeymoon melon]], a variety of honeydew with golden rind and bright green flesh and a sweet flavor
*** [[Kajari melon]], a sweet honeydew cultivar that is red-orange in color with green stripes reminiscent of a [[beach ball]]
*** [[Kolkhoznitsa melon]], with smooth, yellow skin and dense, white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=The Moscow Times
 | url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | date=September 21, 2007
 | title=Moscow flooded with melons
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-10
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510185404/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Japanese melons (including the [[Sprite melon]]).
*** [[Korean melon]], a yellow melon with white lines running across the fruit and white inside. Can be crisp and slightly sweet or juicy when left to ripen longer.
*** [[Mirza melon]], a large, cream-colored melon native to [[Central Asia]] with a sweet, savory flavor
*** [[Oriental pickling melon]]
*** [[Pixie melon]], a sweet, palm-sized cantaloupe cultivar with a strange, cracked-looking netting
*** {{lang|es|Piel de Sapo}} ({{gloss|toad skin}}) or [[Santa Claus melon]], a melon with a blotchy green skin and white sweet-tasting flesh.
*** [[Sugar melon]], a smooth, white, round fruit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=The Complete Book of Fruit: an illustrated guide to over 400 species and varieties of fruit from all over the world
 | author=Jac G. Constant
 | publisher=Admiral
 | year=1986
 | isbn=1-85171-049-3
 | page=35
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Tiger melon, an orange, yellow and black striped melon from [[Turkey]] with a soft pulp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=A Gourmet's Guide to Fruit
 | first1=Judy|last1=Bastyra |first2=Julia|last2=Canning
 | publisher=HP Books
 | year=1990
 | isbn=0-89586-849-0
 | page=[https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 64]
 | url=https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo reticulatus'', true muskmelons, with netted (reticulated) skin.
*** North American cantaloupe, distinct from the European cantaloupe, with the net-like skin pattern common to other ''C. melo reticulatus'' varieties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdLYGMOIndkC&amp;q=reticulatus%20%22north%20american%20melon%22&amp;pg=PA116
 | page=116
 | title=The Joy of Jams, Jellies and Other Sweet Preserves: 200 Classic and Contemporary Recipes Showcasing the Fabulous Flavors of Fresh Fruits
 | author=Linda Ziedrich
 | publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-4587-6483-6
 | access-date=2014-10-20
| edition=Easyread Large
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Galia melon|Galia]] (or Ogen), small and very juicy with either faint green or rosy pink flesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot; /&gt;
*** Sharlyn melons, with taste between honeydew and cantaloupes, netted skin, greenish-orange rind, and white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | publisher=Food Reference
 | title=Melons
 | author=James Ehler
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-08-05
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805155746/http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | url-status=live
 }}{{self-published source|date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{self-published inline|date=November 2011}}
** ''C. melo agrestis'', Wilder melon cultivars, with smooth skin, and tart or bland taste. Often confused with [[cucumber]]s (Dosakai, Lemon Cucumber, Pie Melons).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Swamy|first=K. R. M.|date=2018-08-29|title=Origin, distribution and systematics of culinary cucumber (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon)|journal=Journal of Horticultural Sciences|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.24154/jhs.v12i1.64 |issn=0973-354X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo conomon'', Conomon Melons, Pickling Melons, with smooth skin, and ranging from tart or bland taste (pickling melon)  to mild sweetness in Korean Melon.Oriental Pickling melon, Korean Melon. Closely related to wilder melons (C Melo Var Agrestis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=T. K.|chapter=Cucumis melo (Conomon Group)|date=2012|work=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits|pages=204–209|editor-last=Lim|editor-first=T. K.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_32|isbn=9789400717640|title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Modern crossbred varieties, e.g. Crenshaw (Casaba × Persian), Crane (Japanese × N.A. cantaloupe).

== Galeriya==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Melon Sugar Baby Matisse-9953.jpg|Melon Sugar Baby Matisse
File:Cucumis melo on white background.jpg|''Cucumis melo''
File:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|Canary melon and Cantaloupe
File:Honeydew melon yellow flower.jpg|Honeydew melon yellow flower
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Produksyon==

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ Melon production, 2020
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Production&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(millions of tonnes)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{flag|China}} || {{right|13.83}}
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} || {{right|1.72}}
|-
| {{flag|India}} || {{right|1.33}}
|-
| {{flag|Iran}} || {{right|1.28}}
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{right|0.79}}
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || {{right|0.69}}
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{right|0.65}}
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}} || {{right|0.61}}
|-
| '''World''' || {{right|'''27.4'''}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat18&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of melons in 2018; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2019|publisher=[[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Kan 2018, an produksyon nin kinaban kan melons uminabot 27 milyon tonelada, pinangenotan kan [[Tsina]] 46% sa total (table). An [[Turkey]], [[Indya]], asin [[Iran]] lambang saro sainda nagprodyusir sobra sa 1 milyon na tonelada.&lt;ref name=faostat18/&gt;

==Hilnga man==
* [[Cucurbita]] – Squash (plant)
* [[List of culinary fruits]]
* [[List of gourds and squashes]]
* [[List of melon dishes]]
* '''''&lt;small&gt;{{portal-inline|Food}}&lt;/small&gt;'''''

==Mga nota==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{-}}

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Mga heneral na gugunuan==
* {{cite book
 | author=Mabberley, D.J.
 | year=1987
 | title=The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants
 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 | page= 706
 | isbn=0-521-34060-8
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite journal
 | last1=Magness|first1=J.R.|last2=Markle|first2=G.M.|last3=Compton|first3=C.C.
 | year=1971
 | title=Food and feed crops of the United States
 | publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
 | journal=IR Bulletin
 | volume=1
 | issue=828
 | ol=14117370M
 }} Interregional Research Project IR-4

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cucumis_melo_nex.html
 | title=Cucumis melo L.
 | publisher=Purdue University, Center for New Crops &amp; Plant Products
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cucumis.html
 | title=Sorting Cucumis names
 | publisher=Multilingual multiscript plant name database
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}

{{Melons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya: Mga melon| ]]
[[Kategorya:Mga prutas naghahaleng Aprika]]</text>
      <sha1>6k8efbyw2e6jt0j7tg76ovshsl2ogd2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311488</id>
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      <comment>/* Produksyon */</comment>
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      <text bytes="21896" sha1="hapzro9fivnfbs2qnuu6ryyvxikkr93" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Canary melon]] and [[cantaloupe]]]]
A
An '''melon''' iyo an arinman sa mga tinanom na sakop kan pamilyang [[Cucurbitaceae]] na igwang mahamot, makakan na gayo asin malaog na [[prutas]]. Ini pwede man magpanongod sa ''[[Cucumis melo]]'', na ini an komun na inaapod na &quot;tunay na melon&quot; o sim-ple  &quot;melon&quot;. An terminong &quot;melon&quot; pwedeng iyo an tinanom mismo o an bunga kaini.. Sa bonatikong pagkasabot, an melon sarong klaseng [[botanical berry|berry]], o iyo an sinasabing  &quot;[[pepo (botany)|pepo]]&quot;. An katagang ''melon'' gikan sa [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|melopepo}}'',&lt;ref&gt;{{OEtymD|melon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{L&amp;S|melopepo|ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; na iyo an  [[pinagLatin (literatura)|pinagLatin]] kan [[Antigong Griyego|Griyego]]ng {{lang|grc|μηλοπέπων}} (''mēlopepōn''), na boot sabihon mansana &quot;melon&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;lsj&quot;&gt;{{LSJ|mhlope/pwn|μηλοπέπων|ref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; na ini compound mansana kan {{lang|grc|μῆλον}} (''mēlon''), &quot;apple&quot;, treefruit (''of any kind'')&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|mh{{=}}lon2|μῆλον|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; asin {{lang|grc|πέπων}} (''pepōn''), sa iba pa kaini, sarong klaseng &quot;gourd o melon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|pe/pwn|πέπων|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kadakul nang mga [[cultivar]] an naprodyusir, partikularmente kan tunay na melon, arog kan [[cantaloupe]] asin [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]].

==Historya==
[[File:Watermelon and melon in India.jpg|thumb|right|Watermelon asin melon sa Indya]]

An mga melon pighuhuna na naggikan daa sa Aprika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The new Oxford book of food plants|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-954946-7|pages=134}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alagad, sa mga presenteng pag'adal nagsusuwestyon nin pinaghalean sa [[Sud-sulnopan Asya]], urog na sa [[Iran]] asin [[Indya]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Raghami|first1=Mahmoud|last2=López-Sesé|first2=Ana Isabel|last3=Hasandokht|first3=Mohamad Reza|last4=Zamani|first4=Zabihollah|last5=Moghadam|first5=Mahmoud Reza Fattahi|last6=Kashi|first6=Abdolkarim|date=2014-01-01|title=Genetic diversity among melon accessions from Iran and their relationships with melon germplasm of diverse origins using microsatellite markers|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=300|issue=1|pages=139–151|doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0866-y|issn=1615-6110|quote=Melons or muskmelon are native to Iran and adjacent countries toward the west and east. In fact, ‘Musk’ is a Persian word for a kind of perfume and ‘melon’ is derived from Greek words (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997). The origin of diversity for melon was traditionally believed to be in Africa (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997), although recent molecular systematic studies, suggested that it may be originated from Asia and then reached to Africa (Renner et al. 2007). Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan and China (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997) are considered primary diversity centre for melon (Tzitzikas et al. 2009).Two formal infraspecific taxa within C. melo were recognized by Kirkbri|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014PSyEv.300..139R |hdl=10261/408207|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Growing Melons|date=2012-04-03|access-date=2019-05-25|quote=Melons are believed to have originated in the hot valleys of southwest Asia—specifically Iran (Persia) and India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; hale igdi, ini luway-luway nagtunga na sa  [[Europa]] sa paghihinapos kan [[Imperyong Romanong Sulnopan]]. An mga melon midbid na gayong pigkukultibar kan mga taga Ehiptong suanoy. Alagad, mga dai pm haloy na mga pagkakadukay nin mga pisog nin melon petsado pag'ultan 1350 asin 1120 [[BCE]] sa mga sagradong Nuragic na bobon nagpapahiling na an mga melon enot nang nadara sa Europa kan [[Sibilisasyon Nuragic]] nin Sardinia durante kan [[Bronseng Anoy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|title=Archaeobotanical analysis of a Bronze Age well from Sardinia: A wealth of knowledge|first1=Sabato|last1=D.|first2=Masi|last2=A.|first3=Pepe|last3=C.|first4=Ucchesu|last4=M.|first5=Peña-Chocarro|last5=L.|first6=Usai|last6=A.|first7=Giachi|last7=G.|first8=Capretti|last8=C.|first9=Bacchetta|last9=G.|date=16 May 2017|journal=Plant Biosystems|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011633/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Melons were among the earliest plants to be domesticated in the [[Old World]] and among the first crop species brought by westerners to the [[New World]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | journal=Plant Breeding Review
 | volume=35
 | editor=Jules Janick
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foHdS6xeht8C&amp;q=melons%20domesticated&amp;pg=PP1
 | title=Melon Landraces of India: Contributions and Importance
 | publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons
 | year=2012
 | isbn=978-1118100486
 | last1=Dhillon
 | first1=Narinder P.S.
 | last2=Monforte
 | first2=Antonio J.
 | last3=Pitrat
 | first3=Michel
 | last4=Pandey
 | first4=Sudhakar
 | last5=Singh
 | first5=Praveen Kumar
 | last6=Reitsma
 | first6=Kathleen R.
 | last7=Garcia-Mas
 | first7=Jordi
 | last8=Sharma
 | first8=Abhishek
 | last9=McCreight
 | first9=James D.
 | page=88
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Early European settlers in the New World are recorded as growing [[honeydew (melon)|honeydew]] and [[casaba]] melons as early as the 1600s.&lt;ref name=&quot;unl&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title       = Growing Melons
 |url         = http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |publisher   = University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension
 |access-date  = 2011-11-04
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |archive-date = 2012-04-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of Native American tribes in New Mexico, including the Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Navajo, Santo Domingo and San Felipe, maintain a tradition of growing their own characteristic melon cultivars, derived from melons originally introduced by the Spanish. Organizations like [[Native Seeds/SEARCH]] have made an effort to collect and preserve these and other heritage seeds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | url=http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm |url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021047/http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm
 | newspaper=[[Albuquerque Journal]]
 | date=September 24, 2008 | archive-date=November 2, 2013
 | title=San Felipe Pueblo melon farmer favors the old ways
 | first=Denise |last=Miller
 | access-date=October 20, 2014
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Melon sa pagkabiristo sa genus==
[[File:Cucumis metuliferus fruit - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|Horned melon]]
[[File:Cantaloupe Melon cross section.png|thumb|upright|Honeydew]]

===''Benincasa''===
* [[Winter melon]]&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Not to be confused with ''Cucumis melo inodorus'' varieties, also collectively called ''winter melon''.&lt;/ref&gt; (''B. hispida'') is the only member of the genus ''Benincasa''. The mature winter melon is a cooking vegetable that is widely used in [[Asia]], especially in [[India]]. The immature melons are used as a culinary fruit (e.g., to make a distinctive fruit drink).

===''Citrullus''===
{{main|Citrullus}}
* [[Citron melon]] (C. amarus) closely resembles the watermelon, but has harder, whiter flesh. It is often cooked or preserved rather than being eaten raw. It is native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]].
* [[Citrullus colocynthis|Colocynth]] (''C. colocynthis'') is a wild melon, similar in appearance to the watermelon. The flesh is inedible, but the seeds are a valuable food source in [[Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title=Seeds, seeds, seeds: Egusi, the Miracle Melon
 | publisher=Nourishing the Planet
 | author1=Danielle Nierenberg | author1-link=Danielle Nierenberg | author2=Elena Davert
 | url=http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175830/http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/
 | archive-date=October 6, 2010 | date=September 20, 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other species that have the same culinary role, and that are also called egusi include ''[[Melothria sphaerocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cucumeropsis mannii'') and ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | title=Importance and practices of Egusi crops (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai, Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. cv. ' Aklamkpa ') in sociolinguistic areas in Benin
 | url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | author1=Enoch Gbenato Achigan-Dako
 | author2=Rose Fagbemissi
 | author3=Hermane Tonankpon Avohou
 | author4=Raymond Sognon Vodouhe
 | author5=Ousmane Coulibaly
 | author6=Adam Ahanchede
 | journal=Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ.
 | year=2008
 | volume=12
 | issue=4
 | pages=393–40
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-07
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507194743/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'') originated in Africa, where evidence indicates that it has been cultivated for over 4,000 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |isbn=9780199549061 |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a popular summer fruit in all parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter=Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai
 | publisher=[[FAO]]
 | title=Grassland Species Profiles
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===''Cucumis''===
[[File:Painted green melons. Chennai, India, 2010.jpg|thumb|Painted green melons. [[Chennai]], India, 2010]]
[[File:Melonjf7319.JPG|thumb|Slice of cantaloupe melon]]
[[File:Cucumis melo inodorus argos.jpg|thumb|Argos melon]]
Melons in genus ''[[Cucumis]]'' are culinary fruits, and include the majority of culinary melons. All but a handful of culinary melon varieties belong to the species ''Cucumis melo L.''
* [[Horned melon]] (''C. metuliferus''), a traditional food plant in Africa with distinctive spikes. Now grown in [[California]], [[Chile]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&amp;q=momordica%20charantia%20culinary&amp;pg=PA385
 | page=248
 | chapter=Momordica
 | title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables
 |editor1=G.J.H. Grubben |editor2=O.H. Denton
  | author1=G.N. Njorogo
 | author2=M.N. van Luijk
 | publisher=[[PROTA Foundation]]
 | year=2004
 | isbn=90-5782-147-8
 | location=Wageningen, Netherlands
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[True melon]] (''C. melo'')
** ''C. melo cantalupensis'', with skin that is rough and warty, not netted.
*** The European [[cantaloupe]], with lightly ribbed, pale green skin, was domesticated in the 18th century, in [[Cantalupo in Sabina]], [[Italy]], by the [[pope]]'s gardener. It is also known as a 'rockmelon' in Australia and New Zealand. Varieties include the French ''Charentais'' and the [[Burpee Seeds]] hybrid ''Netted Gem'', introduced in the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwq1lunLkuoC&amp;q=%22melo%20cantalupensis%22&amp;pg=PA255
 | page=255
 | title=Cooking with the Bible: biblical food, feasts, and lore
 |author1=Anthony F. Chiffolo |author2=Rayner W. Hesse | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
 | year=2006
 | isbn=0-313-33410-2
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Yubari King]] is a highly prized Japanese cantaloupe [[cultivar]].
*** The [[Persian melon]] resemble a large cantaloupe with a darker green [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] and a finer netting.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | title=Passion of a Foodie - An International Kitchen Companion
 | author=Heidemarie Vos
 | publisher=Strategic Book Publishing
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-934925-63-8
 | page=348
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spY3ct9PBxEC&amp;q=%22persian%20melon%22%20netting&amp;pg=PA348
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo inodorus'', casabas, honeydew, and Asian melons
*** [[Argos, Peloponnese#Economy|Argos]], a large, oblong, with orange wrinkled skin, orange flesh, strong aroma. A characteristic is its pointed ends. Growing in some areas of Greece, from which it gets its name.
*** [[Banana melon]], an heirloom variety with salmon-colored flesh and an elongated banana shape and yellow rind
*** [[Canary melon]], a large, bright-yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh.
*** Casaba, bright yellow, with a smooth, furrowed skin. Less flavorful than other melons, but keeps longer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | publisher=WiseGeek
 | title=What is a casaba melon?
 | url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-07-22
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722192652/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Crenshaw melon]], a hybrid between a [[Casaba melon]] and a [[Persian melon]] that is described to have a very sweet flavor
*** [[Gaya melon]], originally from [[Japan]], a honeydew cultivar that is ivory in color and has a mild, sweet flavor
*** [[Hami melon]], originally from [[Hami Prefecture|Hami]], [[Xinjiang]], China. Flesh is sweet and crisp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=China Daily
 | title=Xinjiang Hami Melon
 | series=Library&gt;China ABC&gt;Geography&gt;Local Products
 | url=http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2013-11-01
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162139/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[honeydew (melon)|Honeydew]], with a sweet, juicy, green-colored flesh. Grown as [[bailan melon]] in [[Lanzhou]], [[China]]. There is a second variety which has yellow skin, white flesh and tastes like a moist pear.
*** [[Honeymoon melon]], a variety of honeydew with golden rind and bright green flesh and a sweet flavor
*** [[Kajari melon]], a sweet honeydew cultivar that is red-orange in color with green stripes reminiscent of a [[beach ball]]
*** [[Kolkhoznitsa melon]], with smooth, yellow skin and dense, white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=The Moscow Times
 | url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | date=September 21, 2007
 | title=Moscow flooded with melons
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-10
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510185404/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Japanese melons (including the [[Sprite melon]]).
*** [[Korean melon]], a yellow melon with white lines running across the fruit and white inside. Can be crisp and slightly sweet or juicy when left to ripen longer.
*** [[Mirza melon]], a large, cream-colored melon native to [[Central Asia]] with a sweet, savory flavor
*** [[Oriental pickling melon]]
*** [[Pixie melon]], a sweet, palm-sized cantaloupe cultivar with a strange, cracked-looking netting
*** {{lang|es|Piel de Sapo}} ({{gloss|toad skin}}) or [[Santa Claus melon]], a melon with a blotchy green skin and white sweet-tasting flesh.
*** [[Sugar melon]], a smooth, white, round fruit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=The Complete Book of Fruit: an illustrated guide to over 400 species and varieties of fruit from all over the world
 | author=Jac G. Constant
 | publisher=Admiral
 | year=1986
 | isbn=1-85171-049-3
 | page=35
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Tiger melon, an orange, yellow and black striped melon from [[Turkey]] with a soft pulp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=A Gourmet's Guide to Fruit
 | first1=Judy|last1=Bastyra |first2=Julia|last2=Canning
 | publisher=HP Books
 | year=1990
 | isbn=0-89586-849-0
 | page=[https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 64]
 | url=https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo reticulatus'', true muskmelons, with netted (reticulated) skin.
*** North American cantaloupe, distinct from the European cantaloupe, with the net-like skin pattern common to other ''C. melo reticulatus'' varieties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdLYGMOIndkC&amp;q=reticulatus%20%22north%20american%20melon%22&amp;pg=PA116
 | page=116
 | title=The Joy of Jams, Jellies and Other Sweet Preserves: 200 Classic and Contemporary Recipes Showcasing the Fabulous Flavors of Fresh Fruits
 | author=Linda Ziedrich
 | publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-4587-6483-6
 | access-date=2014-10-20
| edition=Easyread Large
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Galia melon|Galia]] (or Ogen), small and very juicy with either faint green or rosy pink flesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot; /&gt;
*** Sharlyn melons, with taste between honeydew and cantaloupes, netted skin, greenish-orange rind, and white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | publisher=Food Reference
 | title=Melons
 | author=James Ehler
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-08-05
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805155746/http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | url-status=live
 }}{{self-published source|date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{self-published inline|date=November 2011}}
** ''C. melo agrestis'', Wilder melon cultivars, with smooth skin, and tart or bland taste. Often confused with [[cucumber]]s (Dosakai, Lemon Cucumber, Pie Melons).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Swamy|first=K. R. M.|date=2018-08-29|title=Origin, distribution and systematics of culinary cucumber (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon)|journal=Journal of Horticultural Sciences|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.24154/jhs.v12i1.64 |issn=0973-354X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo conomon'', Conomon Melons, Pickling Melons, with smooth skin, and ranging from tart or bland taste (pickling melon)  to mild sweetness in Korean Melon.Oriental Pickling melon, Korean Melon. Closely related to wilder melons (C Melo Var Agrestis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=T. K.|chapter=Cucumis melo (Conomon Group)|date=2012|work=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits|pages=204–209|editor-last=Lim|editor-first=T. K.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_32|isbn=9789400717640|title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Modern crossbred varieties, e.g. Crenshaw (Casaba × Persian), Crane (Japanese × N.A. cantaloupe).

== Galeriya==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Melon Sugar Baby Matisse-9953.jpg|Melon Sugar Baby Matisse
File:Cucumis melo on white background.jpg|''Cucumis melo''
File:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|Canary melon and Cantaloupe
File:Honeydew melon yellow flower.jpg|Honeydew melon yellow flower
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Produksyon==

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ Melon production, 2020
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Production&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(millions of tonnes)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{flag|China}} || {{right|13.83}}
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} || {{right|1.72}}
|-
| {{flag|India}} || {{right|1.33}}
|-
| {{flag|Iran}} || {{right|1.28}}
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{right|0.79}}
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || {{right|0.69}}
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{right|0.65}}
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}} || {{right|0.61}}
|-
| '''World''' || {{right|'''27.4'''}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat18&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of melons in 2018; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2019|publisher=[[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Kan 2018, an produksyon nin kinaban kan melon uminabot 27 milyon tonelada, pinangenotan kan [[Tsina]] 46% sa total (table). An [[Turkey]], [[Indya]], asin [[Iran]] lambang saro sainda nagprodyusir sobra sa 1 milyon na tonelada.&lt;ref name=faostat18/&gt;

==Hilnga man==
* [[Cucurbita]] – Squash (plant)
* [[List of culinary fruits]]
* [[List of gourds and squashes]]
* [[List of melon dishes]]
* '''''&lt;small&gt;{{portal-inline|Food}}&lt;/small&gt;'''''

==Mga nota==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{-}}

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Mga heneral na gugunuan==
* {{cite book
 | author=Mabberley, D.J.
 | year=1987
 | title=The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants
 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 | page= 706
 | isbn=0-521-34060-8
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite journal
 | last1=Magness|first1=J.R.|last2=Markle|first2=G.M.|last3=Compton|first3=C.C.
 | year=1971
 | title=Food and feed crops of the United States
 | publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
 | journal=IR Bulletin
 | volume=1
 | issue=828
 | ol=14117370M
 }} Interregional Research Project IR-4

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cucumis_melo_nex.html
 | title=Cucumis melo L.
 | publisher=Purdue University, Center for New Crops &amp; Plant Products
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cucumis.html
 | title=Sorting Cucumis names
 | publisher=Multilingual multiscript plant name database
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}

{{Melons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya: Mga melon| ]]
[[Kategorya:Mga prutas naghahaleng Aprika]]</text>
      <sha1>hapzro9fivnfbs2qnuu6ryyvxikkr93</sha1>
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      <text bytes="21895" sha1="06ieh8903ax6b3hll4iswn7uf62docz" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Canary melon]] and [[cantaloupe]]]]

An '''melon''' iyo an arinman sa mga tinanom na sakop kan pamilyang [[Cucurbitaceae]] na igwang mahamot, makakan na gayo asin malaog na [[prutas]]. Ini pwede man magpanongod sa ''[[Cucumis melo]]'', na ini an komun na inaapod na &quot;tunay na melon&quot; o sim-ple  &quot;melon&quot;. An terminong &quot;melon&quot; pwedeng iyo an tinanom mismo o an bunga kaini.. Sa bonatikong pagkasabot, an melon sarong klaseng [[botanical berry|berry]], o iyo an sinasabing  &quot;[[pepo (botany)|pepo]]&quot;. An katagang ''melon'' gikan sa [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|melopepo}}'',&lt;ref&gt;{{OEtymD|melon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{L&amp;S|melopepo|ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; na iyo an  [[pinagLatin (literatura)|pinagLatin]] kan [[Antigong Griyego|Griyego]]ng {{lang|grc|μηλοπέπων}} (''mēlopepōn''), na boot sabihon mansana &quot;melon&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;lsj&quot;&gt;{{LSJ|mhlope/pwn|μηλοπέπων|ref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; na ini compound mansana kan {{lang|grc|μῆλον}} (''mēlon''), &quot;apple&quot;, treefruit (''of any kind'')&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|mh{{=}}lon2|μῆλον|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; asin {{lang|grc|πέπων}} (''pepōn''), sa iba pa kaini, sarong klaseng &quot;gourd o melon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|pe/pwn|πέπων|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kadakul nang mga [[cultivar]] an naprodyusir, partikularmente kan tunay na melon, arog kan [[cantaloupe]] asin [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]].

==Historya==
[[File:Watermelon and melon in India.jpg|thumb|right|Watermelon asin melon sa Indya]]

An mga melon pighuhuna na naggikan daa sa Aprika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The new Oxford book of food plants|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-954946-7|pages=134}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alagad, sa mga presenteng pag'adal nagsusuwestyon nin pinaghalean sa [[Sud-sulnopan Asya]], urog na sa [[Iran]] asin [[Indya]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Raghami|first1=Mahmoud|last2=López-Sesé|first2=Ana Isabel|last3=Hasandokht|first3=Mohamad Reza|last4=Zamani|first4=Zabihollah|last5=Moghadam|first5=Mahmoud Reza Fattahi|last6=Kashi|first6=Abdolkarim|date=2014-01-01|title=Genetic diversity among melon accessions from Iran and their relationships with melon germplasm of diverse origins using microsatellite markers|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=300|issue=1|pages=139–151|doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0866-y|issn=1615-6110|quote=Melons or muskmelon are native to Iran and adjacent countries toward the west and east. In fact, ‘Musk’ is a Persian word for a kind of perfume and ‘melon’ is derived from Greek words (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997). The origin of diversity for melon was traditionally believed to be in Africa (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997), although recent molecular systematic studies, suggested that it may be originated from Asia and then reached to Africa (Renner et al. 2007). Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan and China (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997) are considered primary diversity centre for melon (Tzitzikas et al. 2009).Two formal infraspecific taxa within C. melo were recognized by Kirkbri|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014PSyEv.300..139R |hdl=10261/408207|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Growing Melons|date=2012-04-03|access-date=2019-05-25|quote=Melons are believed to have originated in the hot valleys of southwest Asia—specifically Iran (Persia) and India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; hale igdi, ini luway-luway nagtunga na sa  [[Europa]] sa paghihinapos kan [[Imperyong Romanong Sulnopan]]. An mga melon midbid na gayong pigkukultibar kan mga taga Ehiptong suanoy. Alagad, mga dai pm haloy na mga pagkakadukay nin mga pisog nin melon petsado pag'ultan 1350 asin 1120 [[BCE]] sa mga sagradong Nuragic na bobon nagpapahiling na an mga melon enot nang nadara sa Europa kan [[Sibilisasyon Nuragic]] nin Sardinia durante kan [[Bronseng Anoy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|title=Archaeobotanical analysis of a Bronze Age well from Sardinia: A wealth of knowledge|first1=Sabato|last1=D.|first2=Masi|last2=A.|first3=Pepe|last3=C.|first4=Ucchesu|last4=M.|first5=Peña-Chocarro|last5=L.|first6=Usai|last6=A.|first7=Giachi|last7=G.|first8=Capretti|last8=C.|first9=Bacchetta|last9=G.|date=16 May 2017|journal=Plant Biosystems|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011633/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Melons were among the earliest plants to be domesticated in the [[Old World]] and among the first crop species brought by westerners to the [[New World]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | journal=Plant Breeding Review
 | volume=35
 | editor=Jules Janick
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foHdS6xeht8C&amp;q=melons%20domesticated&amp;pg=PP1
 | title=Melon Landraces of India: Contributions and Importance
 | publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons
 | year=2012
 | isbn=978-1118100486
 | last1=Dhillon
 | first1=Narinder P.S.
 | last2=Monforte
 | first2=Antonio J.
 | last3=Pitrat
 | first3=Michel
 | last4=Pandey
 | first4=Sudhakar
 | last5=Singh
 | first5=Praveen Kumar
 | last6=Reitsma
 | first6=Kathleen R.
 | last7=Garcia-Mas
 | first7=Jordi
 | last8=Sharma
 | first8=Abhishek
 | last9=McCreight
 | first9=James D.
 | page=88
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Early European settlers in the New World are recorded as growing [[honeydew (melon)|honeydew]] and [[casaba]] melons as early as the 1600s.&lt;ref name=&quot;unl&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title       = Growing Melons
 |url         = http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |publisher   = University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension
 |access-date  = 2011-11-04
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |archive-date = 2012-04-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of Native American tribes in New Mexico, including the Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Navajo, Santo Domingo and San Felipe, maintain a tradition of growing their own characteristic melon cultivars, derived from melons originally introduced by the Spanish. Organizations like [[Native Seeds/SEARCH]] have made an effort to collect and preserve these and other heritage seeds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | url=http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm |url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021047/http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm
 | newspaper=[[Albuquerque Journal]]
 | date=September 24, 2008 | archive-date=November 2, 2013
 | title=San Felipe Pueblo melon farmer favors the old ways
 | first=Denise |last=Miller
 | access-date=October 20, 2014
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Melon sa pagkabiristo sa genus==
[[File:Cucumis metuliferus fruit - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|Horned melon]]
[[File:Cantaloupe Melon cross section.png|thumb|upright|Honeydew]]

===''Benincasa''===
* [[Winter melon]]&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Not to be confused with ''Cucumis melo inodorus'' varieties, also collectively called ''winter melon''.&lt;/ref&gt; (''B. hispida'') is the only member of the genus ''Benincasa''. The mature winter melon is a cooking vegetable that is widely used in [[Asia]], especially in [[India]]. The immature melons are used as a culinary fruit (e.g., to make a distinctive fruit drink).

===''Citrullus''===
{{main|Citrullus}}
* [[Citron melon]] (C. amarus) closely resembles the watermelon, but has harder, whiter flesh. It is often cooked or preserved rather than being eaten raw. It is native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]].
* [[Citrullus colocynthis|Colocynth]] (''C. colocynthis'') is a wild melon, similar in appearance to the watermelon. The flesh is inedible, but the seeds are a valuable food source in [[Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title=Seeds, seeds, seeds: Egusi, the Miracle Melon
 | publisher=Nourishing the Planet
 | author1=Danielle Nierenberg | author1-link=Danielle Nierenberg | author2=Elena Davert
 | url=http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175830/http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/
 | archive-date=October 6, 2010 | date=September 20, 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other species that have the same culinary role, and that are also called egusi include ''[[Melothria sphaerocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cucumeropsis mannii'') and ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | title=Importance and practices of Egusi crops (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai, Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. cv. ' Aklamkpa ') in sociolinguistic areas in Benin
 | url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | author1=Enoch Gbenato Achigan-Dako
 | author2=Rose Fagbemissi
 | author3=Hermane Tonankpon Avohou
 | author4=Raymond Sognon Vodouhe
 | author5=Ousmane Coulibaly
 | author6=Adam Ahanchede
 | journal=Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ.
 | year=2008
 | volume=12
 | issue=4
 | pages=393–40
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-07
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507194743/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'') originated in Africa, where evidence indicates that it has been cultivated for over 4,000 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |isbn=9780199549061 |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a popular summer fruit in all parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter=Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai
 | publisher=[[FAO]]
 | title=Grassland Species Profiles
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===''Cucumis''===
[[File:Painted green melons. Chennai, India, 2010.jpg|thumb|Painted green melons. [[Chennai]], India, 2010]]
[[File:Melonjf7319.JPG|thumb|Slice of cantaloupe melon]]
[[File:Cucumis melo inodorus argos.jpg|thumb|Argos melon]]
Melons in genus ''[[Cucumis]]'' are culinary fruits, and include the majority of culinary melons. All but a handful of culinary melon varieties belong to the species ''Cucumis melo L.''
* [[Horned melon]] (''C. metuliferus''), a traditional food plant in Africa with distinctive spikes. Now grown in [[California]], [[Chile]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&amp;q=momordica%20charantia%20culinary&amp;pg=PA385
 | page=248
 | chapter=Momordica
 | title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables
 |editor1=G.J.H. Grubben |editor2=O.H. Denton
  | author1=G.N. Njorogo
 | author2=M.N. van Luijk
 | publisher=[[PROTA Foundation]]
 | year=2004
 | isbn=90-5782-147-8
 | location=Wageningen, Netherlands
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[True melon]] (''C. melo'')
** ''C. melo cantalupensis'', with skin that is rough and warty, not netted.
*** The European [[cantaloupe]], with lightly ribbed, pale green skin, was domesticated in the 18th century, in [[Cantalupo in Sabina]], [[Italy]], by the [[pope]]'s gardener. It is also known as a 'rockmelon' in Australia and New Zealand. Varieties include the French ''Charentais'' and the [[Burpee Seeds]] hybrid ''Netted Gem'', introduced in the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwq1lunLkuoC&amp;q=%22melo%20cantalupensis%22&amp;pg=PA255
 | page=255
 | title=Cooking with the Bible: biblical food, feasts, and lore
 |author1=Anthony F. Chiffolo |author2=Rayner W. Hesse | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
 | year=2006
 | isbn=0-313-33410-2
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Yubari King]] is a highly prized Japanese cantaloupe [[cultivar]].
*** The [[Persian melon]] resemble a large cantaloupe with a darker green [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] and a finer netting.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | title=Passion of a Foodie - An International Kitchen Companion
 | author=Heidemarie Vos
 | publisher=Strategic Book Publishing
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-934925-63-8
 | page=348
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spY3ct9PBxEC&amp;q=%22persian%20melon%22%20netting&amp;pg=PA348
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo inodorus'', casabas, honeydew, and Asian melons
*** [[Argos, Peloponnese#Economy|Argos]], a large, oblong, with orange wrinkled skin, orange flesh, strong aroma. A characteristic is its pointed ends. Growing in some areas of Greece, from which it gets its name.
*** [[Banana melon]], an heirloom variety with salmon-colored flesh and an elongated banana shape and yellow rind
*** [[Canary melon]], a large, bright-yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh.
*** Casaba, bright yellow, with a smooth, furrowed skin. Less flavorful than other melons, but keeps longer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | publisher=WiseGeek
 | title=What is a casaba melon?
 | url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-07-22
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722192652/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Crenshaw melon]], a hybrid between a [[Casaba melon]] and a [[Persian melon]] that is described to have a very sweet flavor
*** [[Gaya melon]], originally from [[Japan]], a honeydew cultivar that is ivory in color and has a mild, sweet flavor
*** [[Hami melon]], originally from [[Hami Prefecture|Hami]], [[Xinjiang]], China. Flesh is sweet and crisp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=China Daily
 | title=Xinjiang Hami Melon
 | series=Library&gt;China ABC&gt;Geography&gt;Local Products
 | url=http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2013-11-01
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162139/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[honeydew (melon)|Honeydew]], with a sweet, juicy, green-colored flesh. Grown as [[bailan melon]] in [[Lanzhou]], [[China]]. There is a second variety which has yellow skin, white flesh and tastes like a moist pear.
*** [[Honeymoon melon]], a variety of honeydew with golden rind and bright green flesh and a sweet flavor
*** [[Kajari melon]], a sweet honeydew cultivar that is red-orange in color with green stripes reminiscent of a [[beach ball]]
*** [[Kolkhoznitsa melon]], with smooth, yellow skin and dense, white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=The Moscow Times
 | url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | date=September 21, 2007
 | title=Moscow flooded with melons
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-10
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510185404/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Japanese melons (including the [[Sprite melon]]).
*** [[Korean melon]], a yellow melon with white lines running across the fruit and white inside. Can be crisp and slightly sweet or juicy when left to ripen longer.
*** [[Mirza melon]], a large, cream-colored melon native to [[Central Asia]] with a sweet, savory flavor
*** [[Oriental pickling melon]]
*** [[Pixie melon]], a sweet, palm-sized cantaloupe cultivar with a strange, cracked-looking netting
*** {{lang|es|Piel de Sapo}} ({{gloss|toad skin}}) or [[Santa Claus melon]], a melon with a blotchy green skin and white sweet-tasting flesh.
*** [[Sugar melon]], a smooth, white, round fruit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=The Complete Book of Fruit: an illustrated guide to over 400 species and varieties of fruit from all over the world
 | author=Jac G. Constant
 | publisher=Admiral
 | year=1986
 | isbn=1-85171-049-3
 | page=35
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Tiger melon, an orange, yellow and black striped melon from [[Turkey]] with a soft pulp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=A Gourmet's Guide to Fruit
 | first1=Judy|last1=Bastyra |first2=Julia|last2=Canning
 | publisher=HP Books
 | year=1990
 | isbn=0-89586-849-0
 | page=[https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 64]
 | url=https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo reticulatus'', true muskmelons, with netted (reticulated) skin.
*** North American cantaloupe, distinct from the European cantaloupe, with the net-like skin pattern common to other ''C. melo reticulatus'' varieties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdLYGMOIndkC&amp;q=reticulatus%20%22north%20american%20melon%22&amp;pg=PA116
 | page=116
 | title=The Joy of Jams, Jellies and Other Sweet Preserves: 200 Classic and Contemporary Recipes Showcasing the Fabulous Flavors of Fresh Fruits
 | author=Linda Ziedrich
 | publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-4587-6483-6
 | access-date=2014-10-20
| edition=Easyread Large
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Galia melon|Galia]] (or Ogen), small and very juicy with either faint green or rosy pink flesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot; /&gt;
*** Sharlyn melons, with taste between honeydew and cantaloupes, netted skin, greenish-orange rind, and white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | publisher=Food Reference
 | title=Melons
 | author=James Ehler
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-08-05
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805155746/http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | url-status=live
 }}{{self-published source|date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{self-published inline|date=November 2011}}
** ''C. melo agrestis'', Wilder melon cultivars, with smooth skin, and tart or bland taste. Often confused with [[cucumber]]s (Dosakai, Lemon Cucumber, Pie Melons).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Swamy|first=K. R. M.|date=2018-08-29|title=Origin, distribution and systematics of culinary cucumber (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon)|journal=Journal of Horticultural Sciences|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.24154/jhs.v12i1.64 |issn=0973-354X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo conomon'', Conomon Melons, Pickling Melons, with smooth skin, and ranging from tart or bland taste (pickling melon)  to mild sweetness in Korean Melon.Oriental Pickling melon, Korean Melon. Closely related to wilder melons (C Melo Var Agrestis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=T. K.|chapter=Cucumis melo (Conomon Group)|date=2012|work=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits|pages=204–209|editor-last=Lim|editor-first=T. K.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_32|isbn=9789400717640|title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Modern crossbred varieties, e.g. Crenshaw (Casaba × Persian), Crane (Japanese × N.A. cantaloupe).

== Galeriya==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Melon Sugar Baby Matisse-9953.jpg|Melon Sugar Baby Matisse
File:Cucumis melo on white background.jpg|''Cucumis melo''
File:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|Canary melon and Cantaloupe
File:Honeydew melon yellow flower.jpg|Honeydew melon yellow flower
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Produksyon==

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ Melon production, 2020
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Production&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(millions of tonnes)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{flag|China}} || {{right|13.83}}
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} || {{right|1.72}}
|-
| {{flag|India}} || {{right|1.33}}
|-
| {{flag|Iran}} || {{right|1.28}}
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{right|0.79}}
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || {{right|0.69}}
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{right|0.65}}
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}} || {{right|0.61}}
|-
| '''World''' || {{right|'''27.4'''}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat18&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of melons in 2018; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2019|publisher=[[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Kan 2018, an produksyon nin kinaban kan melon uminabot 27 milyon tonelada, pinangenotan kan [[Tsina]] 46% sa total (table). An [[Turkey]], [[Indya]], asin [[Iran]] lambang saro sainda nagprodyusir sobra sa 1 milyon na tonelada.&lt;ref name=faostat18/&gt;

==Hilnga man==
* [[Cucurbita]] – Squash (plant)
* [[List of culinary fruits]]
* [[List of gourds and squashes]]
* [[List of melon dishes]]
* '''''&lt;small&gt;{{portal-inline|Food}}&lt;/small&gt;'''''

==Mga nota==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{-}}

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Mga heneral na gugunuan==
* {{cite book
 | author=Mabberley, D.J.
 | year=1987
 | title=The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants
 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 | page= 706
 | isbn=0-521-34060-8
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite journal
 | last1=Magness|first1=J.R.|last2=Markle|first2=G.M.|last3=Compton|first3=C.C.
 | year=1971
 | title=Food and feed crops of the United States
 | publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
 | journal=IR Bulletin
 | volume=1
 | issue=828
 | ol=14117370M
 }} Interregional Research Project IR-4

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cucumis_melo_nex.html
 | title=Cucumis melo L.
 | publisher=Purdue University, Center for New Crops &amp; Plant Products
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cucumis.html
 | title=Sorting Cucumis names
 | publisher=Multilingual multiscript plant name database
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}

{{Melons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya: Mga melon| ]]
[[Kategorya:Mga prutas naghahaleng Aprika]]</text>
      <sha1>06ieh8903ax6b3hll4iswn7uf62docz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>311491</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-12T10:04:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ringer</username>
        <id>55</id>
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      <comment>/* Historya */</comment>
      <origin>311491</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21894" sha1="iphnobtsctjqz71fuywh8vf3k9k8hwk" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Canary melon]] and [[cantaloupe]]]]

An '''melon''' iyo an arinman sa mga tinanom na sakop kan pamilyang [[Cucurbitaceae]] na igwang mahamot, makakan na gayo asin malaog na [[prutas]]. Ini pwede man magpanongod sa ''[[Cucumis melo]]'', na ini an komun na inaapod na &quot;tunay na melon&quot; o sim-ple  &quot;melon&quot;. An terminong &quot;melon&quot; pwedeng iyo an tinanom mismo o an bunga kaini.. Sa bonatikong pagkasabot, an melon sarong klaseng [[botanical berry|berry]], o iyo an sinasabing  &quot;[[pepo (botany)|pepo]]&quot;. An katagang ''melon'' gikan sa [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|melopepo}}'',&lt;ref&gt;{{OEtymD|melon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{L&amp;S|melopepo|ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; na iyo an  [[pinagLatin (literatura)|pinagLatin]] kan [[Antigong Griyego|Griyego]]ng {{lang|grc|μηλοπέπων}} (''mēlopepōn''), na boot sabihon mansana &quot;melon&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;lsj&quot;&gt;{{LSJ|mhlope/pwn|μηλοπέπων|ref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; na ini compound mansana kan {{lang|grc|μῆλον}} (''mēlon''), &quot;apple&quot;, treefruit (''of any kind'')&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|mh{{=}}lon2|μῆλον|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; asin {{lang|grc|πέπων}} (''pepōn''), sa iba pa kaini, sarong klaseng &quot;gourd o melon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|pe/pwn|πέπων|shortref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kadakul nang mga [[cultivar]] an naprodyusir, partikularmente kan tunay na melon, arog kan [[cantaloupe]] asin [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]].

==Historya==
[[File:Watermelon and melon in India.jpg|thumb|right|Watermelon asin melon sa Indya]]

An mga melon pighuhuna na naggikan daa sa Aprika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The new Oxford book of food plants|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-954946-7|pages=134}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alagad, sa mga presenteng pag'adal nagsusuwestyon nin pinaghalean sa [[Sud-sulnopan Asya]], urog na sa [[Iran]] asin [[Indya]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Raghami|first1=Mahmoud|last2=López-Sesé|first2=Ana Isabel|last3=Hasandokht|first3=Mohamad Reza|last4=Zamani|first4=Zabihollah|last5=Moghadam|first5=Mahmoud Reza Fattahi|last6=Kashi|first6=Abdolkarim|date=2014-01-01|title=Genetic diversity among melon accessions from Iran and their relationships with melon germplasm of diverse origins using microsatellite markers|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=300|issue=1|pages=139–151|doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0866-y|issn=1615-6110|quote=Melons or muskmelon are native to Iran and adjacent countries toward the west and east. In fact, ‘Musk’ is a Persian word for a kind of perfume and ‘melon’ is derived from Greek words (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997). The origin of diversity for melon was traditionally believed to be in Africa (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997), although recent molecular systematic studies, suggested that it may be originated from Asia and then reached to Africa (Renner et al. 2007). Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan and China (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997) are considered primary diversity centre for melon (Tzitzikas et al. 2009).Two formal infraspecific taxa within C. melo were recognized by Kirkbri|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014PSyEv.300..139R |hdl=10261/408207|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Growing Melons|date=2012-04-03|access-date=2019-05-25|quote=Melons are believed to have originated in the hot valleys of southwest Asia—specifically Iran (Persia) and India.}}&lt;/ref&gt; hale igdi, ini luway-luway nagtunga na sa [[Europa]] sa paghihinapos kan [[Imperyong Romanong Sulnopan]]. An mga melon midbid na gayong pigkukultibar kan mga taga Ehiptong suanoy. Alagad, mga dai pa haloy na mga pagkakadukay nin mga pisog nin melon petsado pag'ultan 1350 asin 1120 [[BCE]] sa mga sagradong Nuragic na bobon nagpapahiling na an mga melon enot nang nadara sa Europa kan [[Sibilisasyon Nuragic]] nin Sardinia durante kan [[Bronseng Anoy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|title=Archaeobotanical analysis of a Bronze Age well from Sardinia: A wealth of knowledge|first1=Sabato|last1=D.|first2=Masi|last2=A.|first3=Pepe|last3=C.|first4=Ucchesu|last4=M.|first5=Peña-Chocarro|last5=L.|first6=Usai|last6=A.|first7=Giachi|last7=G.|first8=Capretti|last8=C.|first9=Bacchetta|last9=G.|date=16 May 2017|journal=Plant Biosystems|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011633/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Melons were among the earliest plants to be domesticated in the [[Old World]] and among the first crop species brought by westerners to the [[New World]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | journal=Plant Breeding Review
 | volume=35
 | editor=Jules Janick
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foHdS6xeht8C&amp;q=melons%20domesticated&amp;pg=PP1
 | title=Melon Landraces of India: Contributions and Importance
 | publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons
 | year=2012
 | isbn=978-1118100486
 | last1=Dhillon
 | first1=Narinder P.S.
 | last2=Monforte
 | first2=Antonio J.
 | last3=Pitrat
 | first3=Michel
 | last4=Pandey
 | first4=Sudhakar
 | last5=Singh
 | first5=Praveen Kumar
 | last6=Reitsma
 | first6=Kathleen R.
 | last7=Garcia-Mas
 | first7=Jordi
 | last8=Sharma
 | first8=Abhishek
 | last9=McCreight
 | first9=James D.
 | page=88
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Early European settlers in the New World are recorded as growing [[honeydew (melon)|honeydew]] and [[casaba]] melons as early as the 1600s.&lt;ref name=&quot;unl&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title       = Growing Melons
 |url         = http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |publisher   = University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension
 |access-date  = 2011-11-04
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon
 |archive-date = 2012-04-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of Native American tribes in New Mexico, including the Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Navajo, Santo Domingo and San Felipe, maintain a tradition of growing their own characteristic melon cultivars, derived from melons originally introduced by the Spanish. Organizations like [[Native Seeds/SEARCH]] have made an effort to collect and preserve these and other heritage seeds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | url=http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm |url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021047/http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm
 | newspaper=[[Albuquerque Journal]]
 | date=September 24, 2008 | archive-date=November 2, 2013
 | title=San Felipe Pueblo melon farmer favors the old ways
 | first=Denise |last=Miller
 | access-date=October 20, 2014
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Melon sa pagkabiristo sa genus==
[[File:Cucumis metuliferus fruit - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|Horned melon]]
[[File:Cantaloupe Melon cross section.png|thumb|upright|Honeydew]]

===''Benincasa''===
* [[Winter melon]]&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Not to be confused with ''Cucumis melo inodorus'' varieties, also collectively called ''winter melon''.&lt;/ref&gt; (''B. hispida'') is the only member of the genus ''Benincasa''. The mature winter melon is a cooking vegetable that is widely used in [[Asia]], especially in [[India]]. The immature melons are used as a culinary fruit (e.g., to make a distinctive fruit drink).

===''Citrullus''===
{{main|Citrullus}}
* [[Citron melon]] (C. amarus) closely resembles the watermelon, but has harder, whiter flesh. It is often cooked or preserved rather than being eaten raw. It is native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]].
* [[Citrullus colocynthis|Colocynth]] (''C. colocynthis'') is a wild melon, similar in appearance to the watermelon. The flesh is inedible, but the seeds are a valuable food source in [[Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title=Seeds, seeds, seeds: Egusi, the Miracle Melon
 | publisher=Nourishing the Planet
 | author1=Danielle Nierenberg | author1-link=Danielle Nierenberg | author2=Elena Davert
 | url=http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175830/http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/
 | archive-date=October 6, 2010 | date=September 20, 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other species that have the same culinary role, and that are also called egusi include ''[[Melothria sphaerocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cucumeropsis mannii'') and ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | title=Importance and practices of Egusi crops (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai, Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. cv. ' Aklamkpa ') in sociolinguistic areas in Benin
 | url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | author1=Enoch Gbenato Achigan-Dako
 | author2=Rose Fagbemissi
 | author3=Hermane Tonankpon Avohou
 | author4=Raymond Sognon Vodouhe
 | author5=Ousmane Coulibaly
 | author6=Adam Ahanchede
 | journal=Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ.
 | year=2008
 | volume=12
 | issue=4
 | pages=393–40
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-07
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507194743/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'') originated in Africa, where evidence indicates that it has been cultivated for over 4,000 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |isbn=9780199549061 |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a popular summer fruit in all parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter=Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &amp; Nakai
 | publisher=[[FAO]]
 | title=Grassland Species Profiles
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===''Cucumis''===
[[File:Painted green melons. Chennai, India, 2010.jpg|thumb|Painted green melons. [[Chennai]], India, 2010]]
[[File:Melonjf7319.JPG|thumb|Slice of cantaloupe melon]]
[[File:Cucumis melo inodorus argos.jpg|thumb|Argos melon]]
Melons in genus ''[[Cucumis]]'' are culinary fruits, and include the majority of culinary melons. All but a handful of culinary melon varieties belong to the species ''Cucumis melo L.''
* [[Horned melon]] (''C. metuliferus''), a traditional food plant in Africa with distinctive spikes. Now grown in [[California]], [[Chile]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&amp;q=momordica%20charantia%20culinary&amp;pg=PA385
 | page=248
 | chapter=Momordica
 | title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables
 |editor1=G.J.H. Grubben |editor2=O.H. Denton
  | author1=G.N. Njorogo
 | author2=M.N. van Luijk
 | publisher=[[PROTA Foundation]]
 | year=2004
 | isbn=90-5782-147-8
 | location=Wageningen, Netherlands
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[True melon]] (''C. melo'')
** ''C. melo cantalupensis'', with skin that is rough and warty, not netted.
*** The European [[cantaloupe]], with lightly ribbed, pale green skin, was domesticated in the 18th century, in [[Cantalupo in Sabina]], [[Italy]], by the [[pope]]'s gardener. It is also known as a 'rockmelon' in Australia and New Zealand. Varieties include the French ''Charentais'' and the [[Burpee Seeds]] hybrid ''Netted Gem'', introduced in the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwq1lunLkuoC&amp;q=%22melo%20cantalupensis%22&amp;pg=PA255
 | page=255
 | title=Cooking with the Bible: biblical food, feasts, and lore
 |author1=Anthony F. Chiffolo |author2=Rayner W. Hesse | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
 | year=2006
 | isbn=0-313-33410-2
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Yubari King]] is a highly prized Japanese cantaloupe [[cultivar]].
*** The [[Persian melon]] resemble a large cantaloupe with a darker green [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] and a finer netting.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | title=Passion of a Foodie - An International Kitchen Companion
 | author=Heidemarie Vos
 | publisher=Strategic Book Publishing
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-934925-63-8
 | page=348
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spY3ct9PBxEC&amp;q=%22persian%20melon%22%20netting&amp;pg=PA348
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo inodorus'', casabas, honeydew, and Asian melons
*** [[Argos, Peloponnese#Economy|Argos]], a large, oblong, with orange wrinkled skin, orange flesh, strong aroma. A characteristic is its pointed ends. Growing in some areas of Greece, from which it gets its name.
*** [[Banana melon]], an heirloom variety with salmon-colored flesh and an elongated banana shape and yellow rind
*** [[Canary melon]], a large, bright-yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh.
*** Casaba, bright yellow, with a smooth, furrowed skin. Less flavorful than other melons, but keeps longer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | publisher=WiseGeek
 | title=What is a casaba melon?
 | url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-07-22
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722192652/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Crenshaw melon]], a hybrid between a [[Casaba melon]] and a [[Persian melon]] that is described to have a very sweet flavor
*** [[Gaya melon]], originally from [[Japan]], a honeydew cultivar that is ivory in color and has a mild, sweet flavor
*** [[Hami melon]], originally from [[Hami Prefecture|Hami]], [[Xinjiang]], China. Flesh is sweet and crisp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=China Daily
 | title=Xinjiang Hami Melon
 | series=Library&gt;China ABC&gt;Geography&gt;Local Products
 | url=http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2013-11-01
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162139/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[honeydew (melon)|Honeydew]], with a sweet, juicy, green-colored flesh. Grown as [[bailan melon]] in [[Lanzhou]], [[China]]. There is a second variety which has yellow skin, white flesh and tastes like a moist pear.
*** [[Honeymoon melon]], a variety of honeydew with golden rind and bright green flesh and a sweet flavor
*** [[Kajari melon]], a sweet honeydew cultivar that is red-orange in color with green stripes reminiscent of a [[beach ball]]
*** [[Kolkhoznitsa melon]], with smooth, yellow skin and dense, white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | newspaper=The Moscow Times
 | url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | date=September 21, 2007
 | title=Moscow flooded with melons
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2015-05-10
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510185404/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html
 | url-status=live
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Japanese melons (including the [[Sprite melon]]).
*** [[Korean melon]], a yellow melon with white lines running across the fruit and white inside. Can be crisp and slightly sweet or juicy when left to ripen longer.
*** [[Mirza melon]], a large, cream-colored melon native to [[Central Asia]] with a sweet, savory flavor
*** [[Oriental pickling melon]]
*** [[Pixie melon]], a sweet, palm-sized cantaloupe cultivar with a strange, cracked-looking netting
*** {{lang|es|Piel de Sapo}} ({{gloss|toad skin}}) or [[Santa Claus melon]], a melon with a blotchy green skin and white sweet-tasting flesh.
*** [[Sugar melon]], a smooth, white, round fruit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=The Complete Book of Fruit: an illustrated guide to over 400 species and varieties of fruit from all over the world
 | author=Jac G. Constant
 | publisher=Admiral
 | year=1986
 | isbn=1-85171-049-3
 | page=35
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Tiger melon, an orange, yellow and black striped melon from [[Turkey]] with a soft pulp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | title=A Gourmet's Guide to Fruit
 | first1=Judy|last1=Bastyra |first2=Julia|last2=Canning
 | publisher=HP Books
 | year=1990
 | isbn=0-89586-849-0
 | page=[https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 64]
 | url=https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo reticulatus'', true muskmelons, with netted (reticulated) skin.
*** North American cantaloupe, distinct from the European cantaloupe, with the net-like skin pattern common to other ''C. melo reticulatus'' varieties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdLYGMOIndkC&amp;q=reticulatus%20%22north%20american%20melon%22&amp;pg=PA116
 | page=116
 | title=The Joy of Jams, Jellies and Other Sweet Preserves: 200 Classic and Contemporary Recipes Showcasing the Fabulous Flavors of Fresh Fruits
 | author=Linda Ziedrich
 | publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com
 | year=2010
 | isbn=978-1-4587-6483-6
 | access-date=2014-10-20
| edition=Easyread Large
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Galia melon|Galia]] (or Ogen), small and very juicy with either faint green or rosy pink flesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;vos&quot; /&gt;
*** Sharlyn melons, with taste between honeydew and cantaloupes, netted skin, greenish-orange rind, and white flesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | publisher=Food Reference
 | title=Melons
 | author=James Ehler
 | access-date=2014-10-20
 | archive-date=2014-08-05
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805155746/http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html
 | url-status=live
 }}{{self-published source|date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{self-published inline|date=November 2011}}
** ''C. melo agrestis'', Wilder melon cultivars, with smooth skin, and tart or bland taste. Often confused with [[cucumber]]s (Dosakai, Lemon Cucumber, Pie Melons).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Swamy|first=K. R. M.|date=2018-08-29|title=Origin, distribution and systematics of culinary cucumber (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon)|journal=Journal of Horticultural Sciences|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.24154/jhs.v12i1.64 |issn=0973-354X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''C. melo conomon'', Conomon Melons, Pickling Melons, with smooth skin, and ranging from tart or bland taste (pickling melon)  to mild sweetness in Korean Melon.Oriental Pickling melon, Korean Melon. Closely related to wilder melons (C Melo Var Agrestis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=T. K.|chapter=Cucumis melo (Conomon Group)|date=2012|work=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits|pages=204–209|editor-last=Lim|editor-first=T. K.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_32|isbn=9789400717640|title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Modern crossbred varieties, e.g. Crenshaw (Casaba × Persian), Crane (Japanese × N.A. cantaloupe).

== Galeriya==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Melon Sugar Baby Matisse-9953.jpg|Melon Sugar Baby Matisse
File:Cucumis melo on white background.jpg|''Cucumis melo''
File:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|Canary melon and Cantaloupe
File:Honeydew melon yellow flower.jpg|Honeydew melon yellow flower
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Produksyon==

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ Melon production, 2020
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Production&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(millions of tonnes)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{flag|China}} || {{right|13.83}}
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} || {{right|1.72}}
|-
| {{flag|India}} || {{right|1.33}}
|-
| {{flag|Iran}} || {{right|1.28}}
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{right|0.79}}
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || {{right|0.69}}
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{right|0.65}}
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}} || {{right|0.61}}
|-
| '''World''' || {{right|'''27.4'''}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat18&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of melons in 2018; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2019|publisher=[[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

Kan 2018, an produksyon nin kinaban kan melon uminabot 27 milyon tonelada, pinangenotan kan [[Tsina]] 46% sa total (table). An [[Turkey]], [[Indya]], asin [[Iran]] lambang saro sainda nagprodyusir sobra sa 1 milyon na tonelada.&lt;ref name=faostat18/&gt;

==Hilnga man==
* [[Cucurbita]] – Squash (plant)
* [[List of culinary fruits]]
* [[List of gourds and squashes]]
* [[List of melon dishes]]
* '''''&lt;small&gt;{{portal-inline|Food}}&lt;/small&gt;'''''

==Mga nota==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{-}}

==Toltolan==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Mga heneral na gugunuan==
* {{cite book
 | author=Mabberley, D.J.
 | year=1987
 | title=The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants
 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 | page= 706
 | isbn=0-521-34060-8
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite journal
 | last1=Magness|first1=J.R.|last2=Markle|first2=G.M.|last3=Compton|first3=C.C.
 | year=1971
 | title=Food and feed crops of the United States
 | publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
 | journal=IR Bulletin
 | volume=1
 | issue=828
 | ol=14117370M
 }} Interregional Research Project IR-4

==Mga panluwas na takod==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cucumis_melo_nex.html
 | title=Cucumis melo L.
 | publisher=Purdue University, Center for New Crops &amp; Plant Products
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}
* {{cite web
 | url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cucumis.html
 | title=Sorting Cucumis names
 | publisher=Multilingual multiscript plant name database
 | access-date=2014-10-20
}}

{{Melons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya: Mga melon| ]]
[[Kategorya:Mga prutas naghahaleng Aprika]]</text>
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