Wikipedia bclwiki https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panginot_na_Pahina MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Medio Espesyal Olay Paragamit Olay kan paragamit Wikipedia Olay sa Wikipedia Ladawan Olay sa ladawan MediaWiki Olay sa MediaWiki Plantilya Olay sa plantilya Tabang Olay sa tabang Kategorya Olay sa kategorya TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 125 311533 311443 2026-10-12T22:49:06Z ~2026-54592-65 33263 /* Mga Medya */ 311533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lokasyon}} An '''Daet''' sarong primera klaseng [[:Category:Mga banwaan kan Filipinas|banwaan]] sa [[Provincia kan Filipinas|provincia]] kan [[Camarines Norte]], [[Filipinas]]. Ini an [[kapitolyo]] kan provincia. An designadong zip code kaini iyo {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. Susog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. ==Mga barangay== Nababanga an Daet sa 25 barangay: {{columns-list|colwidth=15em| * Alawihao * Awitan * Bagasbas * Bibirao * Borabod * Calasgasan * Camambugan * Cobangbang * Dogongan * Gahonon * Gubat * Lag-on * Magang * Mambalite * Mancruz * Pamorangon * San Isidro * Barangay I/Ilaod (Pob.) * Barangay II/Pasig (Pob.) * Barangay III/Iraya (Pob.) * Barangay IV/Mantagbac (Pob.) * Barangay V/Pandan (Pob.) * Barangay VI (Pob.) * Barangay VII (Pob.) * Barangay VIII }} == Demograpiko == {{Populasyon}} * ==Mga kakanan== *Burger King *Chowking *Jollibee *KFC *Max's ==Mga Medya== *DWIH-AM 1197 kHz (Caceres Broadcasting Corporation) *DZVX 1269 kHz *DWJI 1404 kHz (Celebes Sea Broadcasting Corporation) ==Kataytayan nin mga ladawan== <center><gallery> Ladawan:Munisipyo kan Daet.jpg|Munisipyo kan Daet Ladawan:Saint John the Baptist Church (Daet), May 2024.jpg|Simbahan ni San Juan Bautista Ladawan:Jose Rizal's First Monument, Daet, Cam Norte, May 2024.jpg|Pinakaenot na Monumento ki Rizal Ladawan:Daet La Consolacion College.jpg|Kolehiyo La Consolacion sa Daet Ladawan:Cam Norte State College 02.jpg|Camarines Norte State College Ladawan:Marker heroes of CN.jpg|Santuario sa pag'onra sa mga Rebulosyunaryo 1898 kan Camarines Norte Ladawan:Martyrs of CN 1898.jpg|Marker para sa mga martir kan Camarines Norte 1898 </gallery></center> == Hilingon man == * [[Ildefonso Moreno|Ildefonso R. Moreno]] == Toltolan == {{reflist}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== * [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System] *[http://www.bicolonline.com Free Email for daeteñous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212135926/http://bicolonline.com/ |date=2012-02-12 }} *[http://www.galapinoy.com/2007/06/05/a-trip-to-daet-and-the-calaguas-islands-in-camarines-norte/ An article on Daet and the Calaguas Islands with pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212075055/http://www.galapinoy.com/2007/06/05/a-trip-to-daet-and-the-calaguas-islands-in-camarines-norte/ |date=2008-02-12 }} {{saringsing}} {{Navbox Camarines Norte}} [[Kategorya:Mga banwaan kan Camarines Norte]] jm7cmrrud85s4b5lsaymqq6g5s6ka2a 0 761 311534 265095 2026-10-12T22:59:34Z ~2026-54592-65 33263 /* Mga Medya */ 311534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lokasyon}} An '''Goa''' sarong ikaduwang klaseng banwaan sa [[Probinsya kan Filipinas|probinsya]] kan [[Camarines Sur]], [[Filipinas]]. Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. An designadong zip code kaini iyo {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. Susog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. == Heograpiya == [[Ladawan:Goa Church, Camarines Sur.jpg|thumb|Simbahang Katolika kan Goa |260x260px]] Napapalibotan an banwaan kan banwaan nin [[Tinambac, Camarines Sur|Tinamabac]] sa amihanan, [[Lagonoy, Camarines Sur|Lagonoy]] sa norte-subangan, [[San Jose, Camarines Sur|San Jose]] sa subangan, [[Tigaon, Camarines Sur|Tigaon]] asin [[Ocampo, Camarines Sur|Ocampo]] sa sur, sagkod [[Calabanga, Camarines Sur|Calabanga]] sa sulnopan. ==Mga Barangay== Nababanga an Goa sa 34 [[barangay]]. {{columns-list|colwidth=18em| * Abucayan * Bagumbayan Grande (Pob.) * Bagumbayan Pequeño (Pob.) * Balaynan * Belen (Pob.) * Buyo * Cagaycay * Catagbacan * Digdigon * Gimaga * Halawig-Gogon * Hiwacloy * La Purisima (Pob.) * Lamon * L. Padua (formerly Matacla) * Maymatan * Maysalay * Napawon (Napunuon) * Panday (Pob.) * Payatan * Pinaglabanan * Salog * San Benito (Pob.) * San Isidro West * San Isidro (Pob.) * San Jose (Pob.) * San Juan Bautista (Pob.) * San Juan Evangelista (Pob.) * San Pedro (Aroro) * Scout Fuentebella * Tabgon * Tagongtong * Tamban (Mabini) * Taytay (Halgon East) }} ==Mga notableng tawo== * [[Ildefonso Celocelo]] - Kompositor nin mga kantang Bikol * [[Marcel Pan]] - lkalde nin Goa == Demograpiko == {{Populasyon}} == Mga Medya == *DWDX 99.3 *[[DWPD]] 103.3 == Radyo transmittera == *[[DWHQ-AM]] 891 kHz ([[Audiovisual Communicators|Caceres Broadcasting Corporation]]) == Toltolan == {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System] *[http://www.goa.gov.ph Opisyal na Websahit kan Banwaan na Goa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804184933/http://www.goa.gov.ph/ |date=2012-08-04 }} *[http://www.camarinessur.gov.ph/?page=1 Opisyal na Websahit kan Provinciang Camarines Sur] {{poon}} {{Navbox Camarines Sur}} [[Kategorya:Mga banwaan kan Camarines Sur]] sfsi5eai6o2qtept7otubslvag9121q 0 805 311501 311332 2026-10-12T14:52:48Z A09 19062 Ibinalik na mga pagliwat ni [[Special:Contributions/DZGU 91.3|DZGU 91.3]] ([[User talk:DZGU 91.3|talk]]) sagkod sa huring rebisyon ni [[User:M7|M7]] 279400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lokasyon}} An '''Talisay''' sarong ikaapat na klaseng [[:Category:Mga banwaan kan Camarines Norte|banwaan]] sa [[Provincia kan Filipinas|provincia]] kan [[Camarines Norte]], [[Filipinas]]. An designadong zip code kaini iyo {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}. Susog sa sensus kan {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}}, igwa ining {{PH wikidata|population_total}} katawong nag-eerok digdi sa {{PH wikidata|household}} kaharongan. Igwa ining sukol na {{PH wikidata|area}} kilometro kwadrado. ==Mga barangay== Nababanga an Talisay sa 15 barangay. * Binanuaan * Caawigan * Cahabaan * Calintaan * Del Carmen * Gabon * Itomang * Poblacion * San Francisco * San Isidro * San Jose * San Nicolas * Santa Cruz * Santa Elena * Santo Niño == Demograpiko == {{Populasyon}} ==Mga Istasyon kan Radyo== *[[DZAU]] 1233 kHz ([[R.A. Broadcasting Corporation]]) *[[DWDX]] 1503 kHz ([[Audiovisual Communicators]]) == Kataytayan nin mga ladawan== <gallery> Ladawan:Katolikong simbahan sa Talisay.jpg|An Katolikong simbahan sa Talisay </gallery> == Toltolan == {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod == * [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System] {{saringsing}} {{Navbox Camarines Norte}} [[Kategorya:Mga banwaan kan Camarines Norte]] kkmiapsqgv2uud9i2wpb21zcuhn1yuy 0 13656 311514 203404 2026-10-12T19:03:50Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311514 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Toreador Bullfight Plaza de Toros cancun Mexico 2 102 (1077548273).jpg|right|thumb|250px|An torohan na laban]] [[File:A bull fight, Barcelona, Spain-LCCN2001699358.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Sarong torohan sa Barcelona, Espanya]] An '''torohan''' ([[Kastila]]: ''corrida de toros''; [[Ingles]]: bullfighting) sarong tradisyonal na pasale sa [[Espanya]], [[Portugal]], Habagatan Pransiya asin sa magkapirang nasyon sa Latin Amerika arog kan [[Mehiko]], [[Kolombya]], [[Beneswela]], [[Peru]] asin [[Ekwador]] na kun saen saro o magkapirang toro an tinataya sa torohan sa sarong plasa nin torohan (plaza de toros) bilang pakawat asin aling-alingan. Ini bakò man na isport na padugoan ta mayo man nin nagpapatiribayan igdi. Ini mas orog na hinihiling na sarong pano-nin-ritwal na aktibidad na hararom nakatakod sa Hispanikong identidad asin kultura. An torero iyo an nangengenot na artista sa torohan. An siisay man makatodas sa toro inaapod na maestro asin siya opisyal na binabansagan na matador de toros. ==Dakul nagkokontra== Dakul nagsasabi na dapat an torohan ipundo na ta sarong aktibidad na madugo na bako sanang napasakit sa hayop kundi nataong peligro sa buhay kan tawo.<ref>http://www.stopbullfighting.org.uk/ {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kinua 11-9-16</ref> ==An katagang toro== Sa kulturang filipino, may iba pang kahulogan an "toro". Iyo ini idtong padalan sa mga tawong mahilig sa mga sekswal na pasale: pasale ini nin babae lalaki na nagseseks sa atubangan nin mga paradalan. An kanalean igdi iyo an pagmaan na gayo sa duwa na dai nagtatangkasan maski anong posisyon an namumugtakan, magbaliktad man o magsuwian. ==Mga panluwas na takod== * [http://www.stopbullfighting.org.uk/facts.htm] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bullfighting: the Facts. Kinua 11-9-16. * [http://www.aficionados-international.com/general-information/what-happens-in-a-bullfight] What happens in a bullfight? Kinua 11-9-16. == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga aktibidad kultural sa Espanya]] [[Kategorya:Pagriringis sa mga hayop]] 2olf2powzksp82vwqhgmv8icsv939eq 0 19013 311520 308461 2026-10-12T20:44:30Z Himbeerbläuling 33273 wikisyntax nbsp: & + amp + ; + nbsp + ; → & + nbsp + ; 311520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Theodora|title=[[Augusta (honorific)|Augusta]]|image=Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna 008.jpg|caption=Depiction of Theodora from a contemporary portrait mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna|predecessor=[[Ariadne (empress)]]|successor=[[Sophia (empress)]]|spouse=[[Justinian I]]|issue=''illegitimate:''<br>John<br>Theodora|full name=Theodora|succession=[[List of Byzantine empresses|Empress]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]]|reign=9 August 527 – 28 June 548|coronation=9 August 527|birth_date=c. 500|birth_place=[[Cyprus]]|death_date=28 June 548 (aged 48)|death_place=[[Constantinople]]|religion=[[Miaphysitism|Miaphysite Christianity]]|regnal name=Theodora Augusta|house-type=Imperial Dynasty}} {| class="infobox" id="83" style="clear:right; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; font-size: 100%;" width="250" | colspan="4" style="color:#ffffff; background:#b80049;text-align:center;" |<big>'''[[Justinian dynasty|<span style="color:white">Justinian dynasty</span>]]'''</big> |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | |- | colspan="4" style="font-size: 90%;text-align:center;" |[[File:Bust_of_Theodora_-_Museo_d'arte_antica_-Milan_2014_(2).jpg|225x225px]] <br /><br /> Bust kan emperatris nin Byzantine posibleng si Theodora. Ika- 6 na siglo. Museum of Ancient Art kan[[Castello Sforzesco]] sa [[Milan]], [[Italy]]. |- | colspan="4" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;" |Kronolohiya |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:left;" |[[Justin I]] | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:right;" |518&#x2013;527 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:left;" |[[Justinian I]] | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:right;" |527&#x2013;565 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:left;" |[[Justin II]] | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:right;" |565&#x2013;578 |- | colspan="4" style="font-size: 90%;text-align:left;" |with [[Sophia (empress)|Sophia]] and [[Tiberius II Constantine|Tiberius]] as regents, 574&#x2013;578 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:left;" |[[Tiberius II Constantine|Tiberius II]] | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:right;" |578&#x2013;582 |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:left;" |[[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]] | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:right;" |582&#x2013;602 |- | colspan="4" style="font-size: 90%;text-align:left;" |with [[Theodosius (son of Maurice)|Theodosius]] as co-emperor, 590&#x2013;602 |- | colspan="4" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;" |'''Succession''' |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;text-align:center;" |''Preceded by''<br /><br />[[Leonid dynasty]] | colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;text-align:center;" |''Followed by''<br /><br />[[Phocas]] and the [[Heraclian dynasty]] |} Si '''Theodora''' (/ˌθiːəˈdɔːrə/; [[Tataramon na Griego|Greek]]: Θεοδώρα; c. 500 – Hunyo 28, June 548) sarong emperatris nin Eastern Roman Empire kasal ki Emperor Justinian&nbsp;I. Siya an saro sa pinaka maimpluwensiya asin pinaka makapangyarihan sa gabos na emperatris sa Eastern Roman, dawa sa saiyang pinanghalian.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Becoming visible : women in European history|url=https://archive.org/details/becomingvisiblew0000unse_v4h6|last=|first=|date=1987|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|others=Bridenthal, Renate., Koonz, Claudia., Stuard, Susan Mosher.|isbn=978-0395419502|edition=2nd|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/becomingvisiblew0000unse_v4h6/page/132 132]|oclc=15714486}}</ref> Base sa mga sources sinasabing siya sarong empress regnant kaiba si Justinian I bilang saiyang co-regent. Kaiba an saiyang agom, siya sarong santo sa Eastern Orthodox Church, na tiggirumdom kan Nobyembre 14. [[Ladawan:Benjamin-Constant-L'Imperatrice_Theodora_au_Colisée.jpg|thumb|''Si Emperatris na si Theodora sa Colosseum'', oil painting ni Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant]] == Mga Nota == <references group=""></references> [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d5mwe1a6k236c45zv6p8iebhaep0at0 0 23988 311522 310381 2026-10-12T20:46:13Z Himbeerbläuling 33273 /* Pagsasagibo */ wikisyntax nbsp 311522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bunggo.jpg|right|thumb|300px|kanyon na kawayan sa Indonesya]] An '''kawayan na kanyon''' ({{lang-ms|meriam buluh}}, [[Iskriturang Jawi|Jawi]]: مريام بولوه ; {{lang-tl|kanyóng kawayan}}; {{Lang-war|lantaka}}, [[Tataramon na Indones|Indones]]: ''meriam bambu'', [[Tataramon na Habanes|Habanes]]: ''mercon bumbung'') sarong tipo kan pagharong na gibo na [[paputok]] na kun sain bantog ini sa kasagsagan kan panahon nin kapistahan kan [[Hari Raya]] sa [[Malayo]], asin sa kasagsagan kan pagbangkete nin [[Bisperas nin Bagong taon]] sa [[Filipinas]]. == Pagsasagibo == Igwa an sarong tipikal na kanyon na kawayan nin sarong dakulang buko nin [[kawayan]] (bamboo node) o tubo na igwang pirang [[tubig]] kung sain ipigdagdag an sarong sadit na [[calcium carbide]]. Ang karbid tulos na tumutugon sa pagluwas kan tubig nin [[acetylene]] gas, na igwang halawigon na marhay na saklaw na [[explosive limit]] nin arinman na parating kemikal asin sarong hababaon na [[hababaon na marhay na enerhiya nin pagkakalayo | enerhiya nin pagkakalayo]]. An sarong matarom na barita an namukna pag napabisto an sarong kalayo sa silid kan kawayan. Arog pa man kaiyan, an hababang densidad kan pinaghalong acetylene/air arog na an kabilugan na enerhiya kan pagkasulo, hababa asin maluya an mga kaganan arog kan kawayan o dawa baso {{fact | date = Pebrero 2020}} na bihirang maraot. Dai nagdadagdag nin enerhiya kan pagsabot an pagdadagdag nin sobrang karbid alagad pinapaluya ini huli ta sa halangkaw na fuel sa rasyo kan duros{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}. Pagkatapos kan pagputok, kaipuhan an sariwang duros sa tubo tanganing magkaigwa nin panibagong pagsabog pagkatapos kan pagdagdag pa nin dakol na karbid. Naggagana man an prinsipyo kan pagpapadalagan kaiba an iba pang masusulo na mga fuel apwera sa acetylene, alagad huli sa an kadaklan sa iba, urog na igwang piot na mga limitasyon nin paputok, dai maaasahan an epekto. Parating mga ehemplo iyo an naglalaog nin [[aerosol]] na mga produktong consumer arog kan [[Pangwisik na pintura]] (spraypaint) o [[Pangwisik sa buhok|hairspray]]. Pwedeng gumana man an mga dai masyadong pabara-bagong fuel, na may kasanayan, arog kan 200ml na mainit na [[petrolyo]], na ibinuhos sa sarong sadit na labot harani sa breech kan kanyon. Piggagamit an sarong lighting stick tanganing magkalayo an mga aso asin suluon an kanyon, pagkatapos an sariwang duros hinuhuyupan sa sadit na labot dangan pigpapaputok utro an kanyon. An kawayan na piggamit para digdi parating mga 4 sundo 6&nbsp;pulgada an lakdang asin 4 sundo 5 pye an laba. == Indonesya == Sa Indonesya, an kanyon na kawayan tradisyonal na kawat na kinakawat kan mga aki. Popular ini kan 1990s. Sa panahon na ini sa ngunyan, kinakawat pa man ini kan mga kaakian sa mga lugar sa kabaryuhan, kun sain halawig na magagamit an materyal (kawayan). Sa [[Sulnupan na Kalimantan]], sa pampang kan salog Kapuas, igwa nin mga Kapistahan nin Kawayan na Kanyon, na ipinagseselebrar sarong dominggo bago an [[Lebaran|Idul Fitri]]. An urog na kadakulaon na marhay na kanyon na kawayan sa Indonesya an nagraot kan mga tala kan [[Indonesian World Records Museum |Indonesian World Record Museum]] (MURI) kadtong 2007 asin utro pa kadtong 2009. == Malaysia == Arog kan ibang mga paputok, iligal an mga kanyon na kawayan arog kan nakasurat sa Malaysian Explosive Act 1957; urog na kadakol na mga kaakian na [[Malayo (pangkat etniko)| Malayo]] an nagbaling sa urog na peligruso na kanyon na kawayan bilang karibay sa mga komersyal na paputok na ipinagpangalad kan gobyerno. == Filipinas == An mga kanyon na kawayan sa [[Filipinas]], tradisyonal na midbid bilang '' lantaka '' (pagkatapos kan [[lantaka | katutubong nabal na kanyon]] kan parehas na pangaran), '' bumbong '' ("tubong kawayan"), o ''kanyong kawayan''("kanyon kan kawayan"). Parati sinda nagagamit nin arinman sa calcium carbide ('' kalburo '') o [[petrolyo]]. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Gubalane |first1=Daniel |title=How to Make a Bamboo Cannon or Lantaka |url=https://www.pinoytechnoguide.com/2012/12/how-to-make-lantaka-bamboo-cannon.html |website=PinoyTechnoGuide |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124080851/https://www.pinoytechnoguide.com/2012/12/how-to-make-lantaka-bamboo-cannon.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Parati sinda piggagamit bilan mga paribok karibay kan o bilang kadagdagan sa mga paputok sa pagselebrar kan [[Bagong Taon]]. <ref name = "mt" /> Ligal an mga kanyon na kawayan, asin madalas na nasasambit bilang sarong urog na ligtas na karibay sa mga paputok. <ref name="mt">{{cite news |last1=Aquino |first1=Jaime G. |title=‘Use bamboo cannon to welcome the New Year’ |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/12/30/news/regions/use-bamboo-cannon-welcome-new-year/304421/ |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=The Manila Times |date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Anuman, delikado pa mananggad sinda. Kawsa an mga kanyon na kawayan kan pagkagadan kan sarong 6 na taong gulang na lalaki sa [[Talisay, Cebu |Syudad nin Talisay]] kadtong 2009 nin huli ta sa pinsala sa baga gikan sa [[pagparong kan aso]]. <Ref name = "Campo"> {{banggitin ang balita | last1 = Campo | first1 = Liv | title = Inangkin ni Lantaka ang buhay ng anim na taong gulang na batang lalaki | url = https: //www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2009/12/29/536183/lantaka-claims-life -six-year-old-boy | access-date = 22 December 2020 | trabaho = PhilStar Global | petsa = 29 Disyembre 2009}} </ref> ===''Boga''=== [[File:A_boga_made_of_tin_cans.jpg|thumb|Sarong boga na gibo sa mga lata na igwang katakod na igniter]] An ''boga'' o "PVC cannon" sarong paribok na popular sa pagselebrar kan [[Bagong Taon]] sa Filipinas. An '' boga '', pinamamahalaan sa parehas na paagi sa sarong kanyon na kawayan, alagad gigibuhon sa paagi kan sarong [[rocket launcher]]. Hali ini sa [[Provincia kan FIlipinasilipinas |kahukuman]] kan [[Cavite]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Pinoys find another way to welcome the New Year |publisher=Manila Bulletin Online |date=2005-12-31 |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/12/31/MTNN2005123152835.html |accessdate=2008-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122045257/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/12/31/MTNN2005123152835.html |archive-date=November 22, 2008 }}</ref> pinapangalad an paggamit kan debisyo na in kan Gobyerno kan Filipinas puon pa kan 2006.<ref name="Bawal2007">{{cite web|title="Bawal ang Boga", DOH says this holiday season |url=http://www.doh.gov.ph/node/1797 |accessdate=2008-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719074127/http://www.doh.gov.ph/node/1797 |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pinoys find another way to welcome the New Year |publisher=Manila Bulletin Online |date=2005-12-31 |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/12/31/MTNN2005123152835.html |accessdate=2008-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122045257/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/12/31/MTNN2005123152835.html |archive-date=November 22, 2008 }}</ref> Ginibo an aparato gikan sa sarong laba kan tubo nin dakulang diyametro na iniiba sa sarong [[karakawatan na badil]]. An Denatured alcohol (kung minsan urog na payat an pintura o aseton) an pinapaitok o isinasabog sa puro kan tubo na breech asin sinindihan kan mekanismo nin pag-papakarab na nakatakod sa karakawatan na badil o sa paagi kan paglalaag nin sadit na kalayo. <ref name="Inq2006">{{cite news | last =Santos | first =Tina | title ='Boga' may be in, but beware of consequences | publisher =Inquirer.net | date =2006-12-27 | url =http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/metro/view_article.php?article_id=40468 | accessdate =2008-12-29 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kombinasyon kan duros asin nasusulo na gasolina sa nakapalaog na puwang kan tubo pag pigpaputok kan sarong kisi gikan sa mekanismo kan gatilyo o sa paagi kan sadit na kalayo iyo an kawsa kan pinaghalong fuel-air sa [[pagkasulo pagsulo]], na nagreresulta sa sarong makusog, nakakabungog na tanog. Ginibo an inot na prototype gikan sa mga naka-segment na lata na konektado sa mga teyp kan packaging o mga de-koryenteng teyp asin pigputol an mga bote kan PET (na ginagamit pa man) asin sarong dai nahaloy na disenyo gibo sa [[Plastikong tubo| mga pipa kan PVC]]. An iba pang mga pagbabago kan ''boga'' ipinapamidbid arog kan pagpapaputok kan mga projectile na pwedeng magamit bilang armas asin mga bote kan ataman na hayop bilang pagtatapos kan breech. Sa syudad kan Pilipinas na [[Syudad nin Kidapawan| Kidapawan]], [[Amihanan na Cotabato]], ginigibo an ''Kanyóng Kawayan Festival'' puon 14-20 Disyembre tanganing itulak an urog na ligtas na mga alternatibo sa ribok mantang [[Pasko sa Filipinas| Panahon kan Pasko]]. An mga dai nin laman na [[pulbos na gatas]] na mga lata parating mga projectile na pigagamit sa patiribayan nin bilog na syudad na ginigibo sa kaganapan..<ref>{{cite web|title=KANYONG KAWAYAN FESTIVAL|url=http://tourism.gov.ph/SitePages/FestivitiesList.aspx?festivityCode=636&monthCode=12|website=Department of Tourism|accessdate=26 February 2015|location=Calendar of Festivities|date=2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226160104/http://tourism.gov.ph/SitePages/FestivitiesList.aspx?festivityCode=636&monthCode=12|archive-date=2015-02-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Igwang pang klase ini, bisto sa ''bong-bong'', ginagamit kan mga tawo sa [[Mangaldan, Pangasinan]], alagad tubig asin lana kan motor an piggagamit para sa gasolina. An [[Departamento kan Salud (Filipinas)| Departamento kan Salud]] pauru-utro na nagpapaisi kontra sa paggamit kan '' boga '', na sa hiling ninda delikado nin huli ta an paggamit kaini, nagkakawsa nin peligro kan pagsabog o pagkalugad nin danyos. Sarong pagpapangalad an isinugo kadtong Disyembre 27, 2005 kontra sa paggamit kan mga aparato para sa papaabot na pagselebrar nin Bagong Taon. Sinambit kan mga opisyal an manlaenlaen na mga posibleng danyos gikan sa paggamit kan aparato, na kadaklan nagsasabit nin nahurit na mga pagsabog sa rehiyon kan mukha na nagresulta sa [[danyos sa mata]], lain sa iba pa. Sinambit an post-traumatic [[conjunctivitis]] bilang saro sa mga nasambit na epekto. <Ref name = "Inq2006" /> Kadaklan sa mga nagagamit kan aparato, mga bata asin hagbayon na lalaki, na madalas na amay na bukahon an ''boga'' kada dai ninda ini nasulo, na nagin kawsa kan aarinman na pagkaantala kan pagsabog sa mukha nin dai pinagsususpetyahan na paggagamit. Sa 178 na pinsala na nakatakod sa paputok na naitala para sa 2006 na panahon (sundo Disyembre 28) sagkod ngayon, kagwalong porsyento an nakumpirma na kawsa kan paggamit nin ''boga''.<ref name=2006ban>{{cite news | last =Crisostomo | first =Shiela | title =Metro Police Chief Orders Ban on PVC Cannons | publisher =Newsflash.org | date =2006-12-29 | url =http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/hl/hl104943.htm | accessdate =2008-12-29 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110607051836/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/hl/hl104943.htm | archive-date =2011-06-07 }}</ref>Kadtong Disyembre 2007, pigmantinir kan mga opisyal kan departamento kan salud an pagpapangalad sa mga aparato, na nagpapagirumdom sa publiko sa mga press release, flyer asin mga kampanya sa kamalayan.<ref name="Bawal2007"/><ref name="Inq2006"/> == Aprika == Yaon man sa [[Aprika]] an mga gawi-gawi. Sa [[Ghana]], inaapod ining [[Pampuro Tuo]] asin piggagamit ini kada bakasyon sa Pasko asin Bagong Taon. Kadakol na mga nasyon sa Aprika, asin mga Aprika na nasa diaspora, kabali an [[Hamaka]] asin [[Heyti]] an igwa nin magkaarog na katuudan. == Australya == An kanyon na PVC sarong ipinagpapangalad na armas sa [[Australya]] na [[Mga estado kan Australya |estado]] kan [[New South Wales]], kaiba an iba pang mga aparato na idinisenyo tanganing pakusugon o ibusol an sarong bomba, granada, raket o misayl sa arinman na paagi apwera sa sarong paputok. <ref> WEAPONS PROHIBITION ACT 1998 (NSW) Iskedyul 1, s.2 (3). </ref> ==Mga toltolan== {{reflist}} == Mga panluwas na takod== *[http://sorsogoncity.wordpress.com/2010/12/30/canyon-lata-kawayan/ Canyon Lata] 7543bso5vit2p52v3r1t42zd42movl1 0 24229 311519 201495 2026-10-12T20:42:54Z Himbeerbläuling 33273 wikisyntax nbsp 311519 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:AlfredNobel2.jpg|thumb|An elementong ini iyo ipinangaran ki [[Alfred Nobel]].]] An '''nobelyo''' ([[Ingles]]: ''nobelium'') iyo sarong [[Sintetikong elemento|sintetikong]] [[elemento na kemikal]] na an [[Simbolo (Kemika)|simbolo]] iyo an '''No''' asin an [[numero nin atomiko]] iyo an 102. Pinangaran ini tanganing tawan nin pagmidbid si [[Alfred Nobel]], an imbentor kan [[dinamita]] asin an tagatao kan siyensya. Saro ining [[metal]] na [[radyoaktibo]], pansampulo ini sa [[elemento nin transuraniko]] asin penultimableng kaapil kan [[serye nin aktinido]]. Arog kan gabos na mga elemento na igwa ning numero nin atomiko na lagpas sa 100, pwedeng mahimo man sana an nobelyo sa mga [[pagpaparikas nin partikulo]] sa paagi kan pagbomba kan mas magian na mga elemento na igwang singil na mga sararadit na butil. Sarong kabilugan kan kagduwang [[isotopes kan nobelyo| nobelium isotopes]] an minimidbid na igwa; an pusugon na marhay iyo an²⁵⁹ No sa sarong [[kabangang buhay]] na 58&nbsp;minuto, alagad an mas halipot na buhay na ²⁵⁵ No (kabangang-buhay 3.1&nbsp;minuto) an parati na piggagamit sa kimika nin huli ta pwede ining mamukna sa sarong urog na dakulang sukol.<ref>[https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/102/nobelium]Nobelium. Kinua 1-30-21</ref><ref>[https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/no.htm] Nobelium and its properties. Kinua 1-30-21</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Uranyo]] (''Uranium'') * [[Radyo (elemento)|Radyo]] (''Radium'') * [[Pransyo]] (''Francium'') == Toltolan == {{reflist}} <br> {{Talaang peryodiko}} <br> {{commons category|Nobelium}} {{agham-stub}} [[Kategorya:Mga elementong kimikal]] hbwggl60lpfsxfioukpotb1sfnl1abs 0 24740 311497 288082 2026-10-12T13:04:54Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311497 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Global_Gas_trade_both_LNG_and_Pipeline.png|thumb|An pankinabang pagbenta nin natural gas kaidtong 2013. An mga numero iyo yaon sa bilyong kubikong metro kada taon<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Natural Gas – Exports|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2251rank.html|encyclopedia=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>|268x268px]] [[Ladawan:World_-_Natural_Gas_Production_of_Countries.png|thumb|An ekstraksyon nin natural gas kan kada nasyun sa kubikong metro kada taon kaidtong 2013.|269x269px]] An '''natural gas''' (inaapod man na '''''fossil gas'''''; minsan '''gas''' sana) iyo sarong natural na pigsaralak-salak na [[hidrokarburo]] na [[gas]] na pangenot na pigbibilog nin [[metano]], pero harus igwa man nin baryenteng bilang nin iba pang mga halangkaw na [[alkane]], asin minsan dikit na porsyento nin [[karbon dioksido]], [[nitroheno]], hidrohenong sulpido, o [[elyo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/background|title=Background|publisher=Naturalgas.org|access-date=2012-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709040340/http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/background|archive-date=2014-07-09}}</ref> Naporma ini kan an mga libel nin nalapang tinanom asin hayop na [[materya]] na iyo napasairarom sa labing [[init]] asin [[presyon]] sa irarom kan kadagaan sa haloyon na mga taon.<ref name="eiaex">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/|title=Natural gas explained|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=2020-09-30}}</ref> An orihinal na [[enerhiya]] na naguno kan mga tinanom hale sa Saldang iyo pigtatago sa porma nin mga sugpong kimikal sa gas.<ref name="epa_ng">{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/natural-gas.html|title=Electricity from Natural Gas|access-date=2013-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215324/http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/natural-gas.html|archive-date=2014-06-06}}</ref> An natural gas iyo sarong [[fossil fuel]]. Dae nababagong hidrokarburo an natural gas na ginagamit sa pag-init, pagluto, asin paghimo nin kuryente.<ref name="epa_ng" /> Ginagamit man ini bilang panggatong sa mga behikulo asin bilang kimikal na materyales sa paggibo nin mga [[plastik]] asin iba pang importanteng [[Organikong kompuwesto|organikong kimikal]] sa komersyo. An ekstraksyon asin pagkonsumo nin natural na gas iyo sarong mayor asin nagpapa-urog sa [[pagbabago nin klima]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-gas-climatebox-explainer-idUSKCN25E1DR|title=Cleaner but not clean - Why scientists say natural gas won't avert climate disaster|publisher=Reuters|author=Valerie Volcovici, Kate Abnett, and Matthew Green|date=2020-08-18}}</ref><ref name="ieaco2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=CO2%20emissions&indicator=CO2%20emissions%20by%20energy%20source|title=Data and Statistics: CO2 emissions by energy source, World 1990-2017|publisher=International Energy Agency (Paris)|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref><ref name="owidebf">{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#co2-emissions-by-fuel|title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CO₂ Emissions by Fuel|author=Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser|journal=Our World in Data|publisher=Published online at OurWorldInData.org.|year=2020|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> Potensyal ini na [[greenhouse gas]] kapag linuwas sa [[atmospera]], asin naghihimo nin karbon dioksido kapag sinulo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why carbon dioxide isn't the only greenhouse gas we must reduce – Dr Richard Dixon|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/climate-change-carbon-dioxide-main-greenhouse-gas-cutting-methane-emissions-crucial-too-dr-richard-dixon-2925261|access-date=2020-08-17|website=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="AGI">{{cite web|title=Methane Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry|url=https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/factsheet/pe/methane-emissions-oil-gas-industry|publisher=American Geosciences Institute|access-date=1 May 2019|date=16 May 2018}}</ref> An natural gas pwedeng suluon para makagibo nin init asin kuryente; na nagluluwas nin mas kadikit na ati asin lason sa punto nin paggamit na relatibo sa ibang fossil asin biyomas na panggatong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/natural-gas-and-the-environment.php|title=Natural gas and the environment|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=2020-09-30}}</ref> Alagad, an gas venting asin flaring, kaiba an mga dae pigtutuyong pugitibong emisyon sa kahiwasan nin suplay na kadena, iyo pwedeng magresulta sa similar na pankagabsang carbon footprint.<ref>Moniz, E.J. (2011). [http://energy.mit.edu/research/future-natural-gas/ "The Future of Natural Gas: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414014223/https://energy.mit.edu/research/future-natural-gas/ |date=2021-04-14 }}. MIT Press. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/howarth/publications/Howarth_2014_ESE_methane_emissions.pdf|title=A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas|author=Howarth, R.W.|journal=Energy Science & Engineering|publisher=Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.|volume=2|issue=2|pages=47–60|year=2014|doi=10.1002/ese3.35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/MethaneMatters|title=Methane Matters|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|author=Adam Voiland and Joshua Stevens|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref> An natural gas iyo nahahanap sa irarom kan kadagaan o naka-asosyar sa iba pang hidrokarburong gunuan sa coal beds asin bilang methane clathrates. An [[petrolyo]] iyo saro man na fossil fuel na nahihiling harani sa natural gas. Kadaklan sa mga natural gas iyo namomokna sa haloy nin panahon sa paagi nin duwang mekanismo: biyoheniko asin termoheniko. An biyohenikong gas iyo namokna nin mga metanohenikong organismo sa mga marshes, bogs, landfills, asin hababaw na sedimento. Sa kairaroman kan [[Kinaban]], sa halangkawon na [[temperatura]] asin [[presyon]], an termohenikong gas iyo namomokna sa nasulong organikong materyal.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=US Geological Survey|url=http://energy.er.usgs.gov/gg/research/petroleum_origins.html|title=Organic Origins of Petroleum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093933/http://energy.er.usgs.gov/gg/research/petroleum_origins.html|archive-date=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="eiaex" /> Sa produksyon kan [[petrolyo]], an gas iyo minsan pigsusulo bilang flare gas. Bago an natural gas pwedeng gamiton bilang panggatong, kadaklan, pero dae gabos, iyo dapat maproseso para mahali an mga impuridad, kaiba an tubig, para makua an ispesipikasyon kan nabebentang natural gas. An mga lain na produkto sa pagprosesong ini iyo kabali an mga [[etano]], [[propano]], [[butano]], [[pentano]], mga hidrokarburo na may halangkaw na molekular na gabat, hidrohenong sulpido (na pwedeng maliwat sa purong [[asupre]]), [[karbon dioksido]], tubig-sangaw, asin minsan [[elyo]] sagkod [[nitroheno]]. An natural gas iyo minsan simple asin dae-pormal na inaapod bilang "gas", urog na kun pigkokompara sa iba pang gunuan nin enerhiya, arug kan lana o [[coal]]. Alagad, dae dapat maribong sa gasolina, na harus pigpapalipot man sa terminong "gas", urog na sa Norteng Amerika. == Hilingon man == * [[Petrolyo]] * [[Metano]] * [[Fossil fuel]] == Mga panluwas na takod == * [http://ggon.org/fossil-tracker/ Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker] == Toltolan == {{reflist|2}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Organikong kimika]] [[Kategorya:Enerhiya]] qf6xsxcm36xg84kq784zw8i2qg6rtrf 0 25785 311499 309805 2026-10-12T13:46:16Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lowercase title}} [[Ladawan:PH_scale_3.jpg|too|thumb|284x284px|Mga test tube na may laog na mga solusyon nin pH 1–10 na pigkulayan gamit an sarong ''indicator''.]] Sa [[kimika]], an '''pH''' ({{IPAc-en|p|iː|ˈ|eɪ|tʃ}}, signipikasyon kan "''potential of [[hydrogen]]''" o "''power of hydrogen''"<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jensen|first1=William B.|date=2004|title=The Symbol for pH|url=http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/102.%20pH.pdf|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=81|issue=1|pages=21|doi=10.1021/ed081p21|bibcode=2004JChEd..81...21J}}</ref>) iyo sarong pagsukol na ginagamit sa pag-ispesipika kan asididad (''acidity'') asin basisidad (''basicity'') kan sarong tubigon (''aqueous'') na [[solusyon]]. An mga asidikong solusyon (solusyon na may halangkaw na konsentrasyon nin mga iyonong H⁺) iyo nasusukol sa hababang bilang nin pH kaysa sa mga basiko o alkalinong solusyon. An pagsukol nin pH (''pH scale'') iyo logaritmiko asin kabaliktadan na pigpapahiling an konsentrasyon kan mga iyonong hidroheno sa solusyon. Ini iyo huli ta an pormula na nagamit sa pagkalkula kan pH iyo aproksimasyon kan negatibo nin base 10 na logaritmo kan molar na konsentrasyon (sa yunit na moles kada litro) nin mga iyonong hidroheno sa solusyon. Sa mas marhay na paagi, an pH iyo an negatibo kan base 10 na logaritmo nin aktibidad kan iyonong H⁺.<ref name="Bates">Bates, Roger G. ''Determination of pH: theory and practice''. Wiley, 1973.</ref> Sa 25&nbsp;°C, an mga solusyon na igwa nin pH na mas hababa sa 7 iyo asidiko, asin an mga solusyon na igwa nin pH na mas halangkaw sa 7 iyo mga basiko. An mga solusyon na igwa nin pH na 7 sa temperaturang ini iyo neutral (e.g. purong tubig). An neutral na bilang kan pH iyo nakadepende sa [[temperatura]] – kun sain mas hababa sa 7 kun malangkaw an temperatura. An bilang kan pH pwedeng mas hababa sa 0 para sa mga makusogon na asido, o mas halangkaw sa 14 para sa makusogon na base.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lim|first1=Kieran F.|year=2006|title=Negative pH Does Exist|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2006-10_83_10/page/n60|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=83|issue=10|pages=1465|doi=10.1021/ed083p1465|bibcode=2006JChEd..83.1465L|doi-access=free}}</ref> An pagsukol nin pH iyo nasususog sa grupo nin mga istandardong solusyon kun sain an pH iyo nahaman sa internasyunal na pag-uyon.<ref>Covington, A. K.; Bates, R. G.; Durst, R. A. (1985). [http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1985/pdf/5703x0531.pdf "Definitions of pH scales, standard reference values, measurement of pH, and related terminology"] (PDF). ''Pure Appl. Chem''. '''57''' (3): 531–542. doi:[[doi:10.1351/pac198557030531|10.1351/pac198557030531]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14182410 14182410]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070924235637/http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1985/pdf/5703x0531.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2007.</ref> An primerong pH na istandardong bilang iyo nadetermina gamit an ''concentration cell with transference'', gamit an pagsukol sa potensyal na ultanan sa tahaw kan sarong elektrodong hidroheno sagkod an sarong istandardong elektrodo arug kan silver chloride na electrodo. An pH kan mga tubigon na solusyon iyo pwedeng masukol gamit an salming na elektrodo asin pH metro, o sarong indicator na nagriribay nin kulay. An pagsukol kan pH iyo importante sa kimika, agronomiya, medisina, pagtrato nin tubig, asin iba pang mga aplikasyon. ==Panluwas na takod== {{Commons category|㏗}} {{Scholia}} {{Wikidata property | P9440 }} *[http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pdf/c1xacid2.pdf Chem1 Virtual Textbook, Acid–base Equilibria and Calculations] *[http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa012803a.htm Red Cabbage pH Indicator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124193908/http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa012803a.htm |date=2009-01-24 }} *[http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/food-ph-d_403.html Food and Foodstuff – pH Values] *[http://www.aqion.onl Online pH Calculator for about 100 inorganic Acids, Bases, and Salts] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210424185633/https://www.wolkersdorfer.info/en/average-ph-value.html Calculation of mean pH] == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{agham-poon}} [[Kategorya:Kimika]] 06fxsib19d8tan9ozh5javbmdjjgtvj 0 26146 311496 291563 2026-10-12T12:01:14Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311496 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Sauce boat.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Sarong metal sa korteng baruto hali sa dae-pigtataklang steel, sarong alloy na dakulang pigbibilog nin bakal, karbon, asin kromyo]] An '''metal''' (gikan sa Griyegong μέταλλον ''métallon'', "mina, metal") iyo sarong materyal na, kun preskong naprepara, napakintab, o nabari, nagpapahiling nin lustrong hitsura, asin marhay an pagdara nin [[elektrisidad]] asin [[init]]. An mga metal tipikal na kapag pigpukpok manipis asin malaba sana o napapalaba sa paagi nin pagbutong na dae nababari (pwede magin wire). An metal pwede magin sarong [[elementong kimikal]] arug kan [[bakal]]; sarong [[alloy]] arug kan dae-pigtataklang steel, o sarong molekular na kompuwesto arug kan polimerikong sulfur nitride. An uusipon kan mga naprosesong metal iyo pighohona na nagpoon sa paggamit kan [[tanso]] harus 11,000 taon na an nakaagi. An [[bulawan]], [[pirak]], [[bakal]] (bilang meteyorikong bakal), [[tingga]], asin brass iyo nagagamit naman bago pa an pinakaenot na bistong pagluwas kan [[bronse]] kaidtong ikalimang milenyo BCE. An subsekwentong nahaman iyo kabali an produksyon kan mga suanoy na porma kan steel; an pagkadiskobre kan [[sodyo]]—an pinakaenot na magiang meta[[Light metal|l]]—kaidtong 1809; an pagsakat kan mga modernong alloy steel, asin, poon kan pagtatapos kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban, an pagkahaman kan mga mas sopistikadong alloy. ==Panluwas na takod== {{commons category|Metals|Mga metal}} * [http://www.asminternational.org ASM International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506140007/http://www.asminternational.org/ |date=2021-05-06 }} (nagligad na American Society for Metals) * [https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/innovation/strong-titanium-cheap-dirt-new-steel-alloy-shines-n301226 Strong as Titanium, Cheap as Dirt: New Steel Alloy Shines] * [http://www.tms.org The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Home Page] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Mga metal]] bv7wg7mbgzmtgu3d66etmjzp5z7aycl 0 29866 311515 297204 2026-10-12T19:07:34Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311515 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Siam_traditional_clothes.jpg|too|thumb|320x320px|Mga tradisyunal na badong sa [[Bangkok National Museum]]]] An '''tradisyunal na pagbado nin mga Thai''' inaapod na ''chut thai'' ({{Lang-th|ชุดไทย}}), na igwang literal na kahulugan na 'badong Thai'. Ini pwede suluton kan lalaki, babayi asin mga aki. An ''Chut thai'' sa kababaihan igwang ''[[pha nung]]'' o ''[[pha chung hang]]'', blusa asin ''[[pha biang]]''. An mga taga Northern asin northeastern na mga kababaihan pwedeng magsulot nin ''[[Sinh (clothing)|pha sin]] imbes na'' ''pha nung'' asin ''pha chung hang'' na pwedeng blusa o ''[[suea pat]]''. An ''Chut thai'' para sa kalalakihan igwang ''pha chung hang'' o pantalon, [[Raj pattern]] shirt, na igwang opsyunal na puting medyas na hanggang tuhod asin ''pha biang''. An ''Chut Thai'' para sa mga taga norte na mga kalalakihan igwang ''[[Thai fisherman pants|kangkeng sado]]'', puting Manchu-styled jacket, minsan ''[[khian hua]]''. Sa mga pormal na mga okasyon, an mga tao pwedeng sumulor nin [[formal Thai national costume]]. == Uusipon == Sa historikal, parehas an lalaki asin babaying Thai pwede magsulot nin bahag na inaapod na ''[[Chong kraben|pha chung hang]]''.<ref name="SoN-2019">{{cite journal|last1=Singhalampong|first1=Eksuda|title=Picturing Femininity: Portraits of the Early Modern Siamese Women|journal=Southeast of Now: Directions in Contemporary and Modern Art in Asia|date=March 2019|volume=3|issue=1|pages=49-75|doi=10.1353/sen.2019.0003|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/721045/pdf|access-date=18 February 2020|doi-access=free}}</ref>An mga lalaki sinusulot an pha chung hang para matahuban an abayan hanggang sa hita, an mga kababihan man sinusulot ini puon sa beywang hanggang sa lampas tuhod.<ref name="terwiel">{{cite journal|last=Terwiel|first=Barend Jan|date=2007|title=The Body and Sexuality in Siam: A First Exploration in Early Sources|journal=Manusya: Journal of Humanities|issue=14|pages=42–55|url=http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Terwiel_42-55.pdf}}</ref> == Hilingon man == * [[Xout lao]] * [[Hanbok]] *[[Hanfu]] *[[Kimono]] == Toltolan == {{reflist}} == Magbasa pa lalo == * Conway, Susan, and Mūnnithi Čhēm ʻĒt Dapbœ̄nyū Thō̜msan. Power dressing: Lanna Shan Siam 19th century court dress. Bangkok: James H.W. Thompson Foundation, 2003. * Conway, Susan. ''Thai Textiles''. London: British Museum Press, 1992. * Lu, Sylvia. ''Handwoven Textiles of South-East Asia''. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988. * Meanmas, Chavalit. ''Costumes in ASEAN''. Thailand: The National ASEAN Committee on Culture and Information of Thailand, 2000. * Wee, C. J. Wan. ''Local cultures and the "new Asia": The State, Culture, and Capitalism in Southeast Asia.'' Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002. == Mga panluwas na takod == * [https://www.thainarak.net/beautytips742-thai-hairstyles-through-history.html Traditional Thai Hairstyles] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.qsmtthailand.org/ Queen Sirikit Museum of Textiles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109151429/http://www.qsmtthailand.org/ |date=2021-11-09 }} * [http://www.visitorstothailand.com/Thai_National_Costume.html Traditional Thai Costumes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109152134/https://www.visitorstothailand.com/Thai_National_Costume.html |date=2021-11-09 }} * [http://www.pompgorn.com/thai-national-costume.html Thai National Costume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122125158/http://www.pompgorn.com/thai-national-costume.html |date=2017-11-22 }} * [http://www.theauroragems.com/blog/the-formal-thai-national-costume The Formal Thai National Costume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114101813/http://www.theauroragems.com/blog/the-formal-thai-national-costume |date=2024-01-14 }} * [http://www.swp.in.th/thaiculture_2.html Thai National Costume in Thailand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108202301/http://www.swp.in.th/thaiculture_2.html |date=2018-01-08 }} {{Moda-poon}} cg8keh7epb61690nx6k3nn2di8w31iw 0 30486 311503 310072 2026-10-12T15:22:42Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sarong tipo nin gubing-pangkasal na Intsik}} [[File:Wedding_costume_in_midi_(dense_embroidery)_style,_view_1,_with_dragon-and-phoenix_patterns_-_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History_-_DSC00951.JPG|thumb|168x168px|Nahiling an Qungua sa [[Hong Kong Museum of History]].]] An '''Qungua''' ({{Lang-zh|s=裙褂}}), midbid man sa '''longfeng gua''' ({{Lang-zh|t=龍鳳褂|s=龙凤褂}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=To Have And To Embroider: The “Long Feng Gua” Wedding Tradition {{!}} US-China Institute|url=https://china.usc.edu/have-and-embroider-%E2%80%9Clong-feng-gua%E2%80%9D-wedding-tradition|access-date=2021-06-04|website=china.usc.edu|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604152141/https://china.usc.edu/have-and-embroider-%E2%80%9Clong-feng-gua%E2%80%9D-wedding-tradition|dead-url=yes}}</ref> o '''longfeng qungua''' ({{Lang-zh|t=龍鳳裙褂|s=龙凤裙褂}}),<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=JNTT|date=2020-07-30|title=SAME SAME BUT DIFFERENT|url=https://www.theredwedding.com/post/same-same-but-different|access-date=2021-06-04|website=The Red Wedding|language=en}}</ref> o '''guaqun''' ({{Lang-zh|s=褂裙}}),<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Yuling|date=2019|title=New meaning in traditional wedding dresses – Xiu He Fu and Long Feng Gua – in contemporary China [Master's Thesis]|url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/id/eprint/11386|journal=Cultural Centre, University of Malaya|pages=i-102}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, sarong tipo nin two-piece ceremonial na set nin kasulutan kan [[Tradisyonal na kasal kan Intsik|tradisyonal na kasal kan Intsik]] na binibilog nin jacket na inaapod na ''gua'' (褂) asin kan halaba na palda na inaapod na ''qun'' (裙). An ''qungua'' sarong tipo kan [[Hanfu]] na isinusulot kan [[Intsik na Han]] na mga nobya;<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Qiao|first=Nan|last2=Tan|first2=Yan-rong|date=2017|title=Talk About the Chinese Wedding Dress of Modern Women|url=https://www.dpi-proceedings.com/index.php/dtssehs/article/view/18048/17554|journal=2017 3rd International Conference on Social, Education and Management Engineering (SEME 2017)|pages=299-301}}</ref> ini man an tradisyunal na kasulutan sa kasal kan mga nobyang [[Mga Kantones|Kantones]] sa mga rehiyon nin [[Guangdong]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2016-01-28|title=Chinese Wedding Traditions: Qun Gua {{!}} Hong Kong Wedding Blog|url=https://brideandbreakfast.hk/2016/01/28/chinese-wedding-traditions-qun-gua/|access-date=2021-06-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508200341/https://brideandbreakfast.hk/2016/01/28/chinese-wedding-traditions-qun-gua/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sa ngunyan, bantog pa mananggad an ''qungua'' na gubing-pangkasal sa [[Tsina]], kaiba na sa [[Hong Kong|Hong kong]] asin [[Macau]].<ref name=":0" /> == Tradisyon == Kadtong [[dinastiyang Ming]], midbid an pambabayeng gubing-pangkasal na isinusulot kan mga maharlika asin ordinaryong tawo sa ''[[fengguan]] [[xiapei]]'' ({{Lang-zh|s=凤冠霞帔}}).<ref name=":2" /> An gubing-pangkasal na isinusulot sa dinastiyang Ming, padagos na nakaimpluwensya sa gubing-pangkasal sa mga huring siglo.<ref name=":2" /> An inaapod na ''qungua'', nagpoon na isulot kadtong ika-18 siglo sa panahon kan [[dinastiyang Qing]].<ref name=":0" /> Hali an ''qungua'' sa [[Guangdong]] kang si ''Liang Zhu,'' na sarong politikong Guangdong kan [[dinastiyang Qing]], pigtawan nin onra nin sarong silk wedding dress na may burda nin mga dragon asin phoenix kan Qing Emperor kadtong panahon kan kasal kan saiyang aking babaye.<ref name=":4" /> Ini an nagtulod sa paggamit nin ''qungua'' sa lugar kan Guangdong.<ref name=":4" /> Kadtong ika-18 siglo, nagpopoon na maghabol an mga ina na Intsik nin qungua sa sandaling ipinangaki an sarong aking babaye sa pamilya.<ref name=":0" /> Ibubugtak an ''qungua'' bilang parte kan dote sa nobya kan aking babaye pag ipigkasal siya.<ref name=":0" /> Minasunod an qungua sa suanoy na tradisyonal na sistema kan [[Ruqun|shangyi xiashang]] ({{Lang-zh|s=上衣下裳}}; pang-itaas asin ibabang gubing).<ref name=":2" /> == Konstruksyon asin Disenyo == Binibilog an qungua nin: * ''Gua'' (褂): Sarong dyaket na Intsik na nagsasara sa hampang na igwang mga butones,<ref name=":6" /> * ''Qun'' (裙): sarong ordinaryong termino kan palda; an ''qun'' na isinusulot kan ''qungua'', sarong halabang palda na komon tanos an banga.<ref name=":1" /> Pwedeng igwang tiklop an palda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese Wedding Gown (Qun Gua)|url=https://collections.qm.qld.gov.au/objects/CH61199/chinese-wedding-gown-qun-gua|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Queensland Museum Collections Online|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604152133/https://collections.qm.qld.gov.au/objects/CH61199/chinese-wedding-gown-qun-gua|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Dukot === Kumbaga igwang posibilidad na puti an kolor kan [[Gubing pangkasal|badong pangkasal kan Kasulnopan]], pigpapaboran kan tradisyonal na bado sa kasal kan Intsik an paggamit kan pula asin bulawan na kolor.<ref name=":0" /> An dyaket na ''gua'', orihinal na kolor na itom mantang orihinal na kolor na pula an palda.<ref name=":3" /> Nagbutwa sana kadtong 1960s an gua na ganap na pula an kolor.<ref name=":3" /> Poon kaidto an tradisyunal na itom na ''gua'' asin pulang ''qun'', nagpoon gamiton para sa ina kan nobya imbes na isulot mismo kan mga nobya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><gallery> File:Thomas Child, Bride and Groom.jpg|Nobya na nakasulot nin dinastiyang Qing na ''qungua''. File:Old Chinese wedding dresses.jpg|An ''Qungua'' (wala) na isinusulot kan mga Intsik na nobya, 1900s. File:Dress, two piece (AM 2013.18.1-8).jpg|An ''Qungua'' sarong duwang pidasong bado na kasulutan: itom na ''gua'' asin pula na ''qun.'' File:Dress, two piece (AM 2013.18.1-26).jpg|Halabang palda na ''qun'' File:Chinese bridal wedding gown.jpg|Pulang ''gua'' File:Dress, two piece (AM 2013.18.1-7).jpg|Paggibo kan itom na dyaket na ''gua''. File:Chinese wedding jacket, early 20th century, East-West Center.JPG|Itom na ''gua'' </gallery> === Pagbuburda === An qungua komon igwang burda nin ''halabang (''龙) mga dragon asin phoenix na ''feng'' (凤).<ref name=":2" /> Pwede man ining disenyuhan nin iba pang mapalad na mga simbolo, arog kan granada (simbolo para sa pagkamayabong), burak nin peoni, burak nin lotus, paniki, goldpis, kolagbaw asin mga gamgam.<ref name=":3" /> Sa ngunyan, igwa nin 5 manlainlain na tipo kan qungua na pinangaranan susog sa porsyento kan pagbuburda na nagtatakop sa bado.:<ref name=":0" /> # '''Xiao wu fu (小五福):''' 30% na natatakupan nin burda, # '''Zhong wu fu (中五福):''' 50% na natatakupan nin burda # '''Da Wu fu (大五福):''' 70% na natatakupan nin burda # '''Gua Hou (褂后):''' 90% na natatakupan nin burda # '''Gua Huang (褂皇):''' 100% na natatakupan nin burda == Pagkakaiba sa ibang kasulotan == === mga bado na Intsik === ==== Fengguan xiapei ==== An ''fengguan xiapei'' ({{Lang-zh|s=凤冠霞帔}}) saro pang tipo kan set nin kasulutan sa kasal nin Tradisyonal na [[Intsik na Han]] na isinusulot kadtong mga dinastiyang [[dinastiyang Ming|Ming]] asin [[dinastiyang Qing|Qing]].<ref name=":2" /> Binibilog an sarong kasulutan nin pulang ''mangao'' ({{Lang-zh|s=蟒袄|l=Dragon jacket}}: na sarong tipo kan estilong dinastiyang Ming na [[Yuanlingshan|pabilog na kwelyo na bado]]ng pigdekorasyunan nin mga dragon, na isinusuot kan mga babayeng Intsik na Han bilang gubing kan korte), an [[xiapei]] ({{Lang-zh|s=霞帔}}; sarong tipo kan halabang bandana sa Ming asin sarong tipo nin stola sa Qing), an ''mang chu'' ({{Lang-zh|l=Dragon skirt}}; sarong palda na pwedeng pula o berde asin may burda nin mga dragon asin phoenix sa hampang asin likod na lapel kan palda), asin sarong [[Fengguan|phoenix coronet]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Garrett|first=Valery M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154701513|title=Chinese dress : from the Qing Dynasty to the Present|date=2007|publisher=Tuttle Pub|isbn=978-0-8048-3663-0|location=Tokyo|oclc=154701513}}</ref> Minsan an gubing nin Kasal pigdekorasyunan nin [[Kwelyong panginuron|kwelyong panginuron kan Intsik]].<ref name=":5" /> Kasunod kan kasal, ilalauman na magsulot nin ''fengguan xiapei'' an mga babaeng may agom sa mga pormal na okasyon, arog pa man kaito, pantalon o leggings an isinusulot sa irarom imbes na palda.<ref name=":5" /><gallery> File:五品官員夫婦像.jpg|Ming dynasty ''fengguan xiapei.'' File:Traditional chinese wedding.jpg|Pagpapakarhay giraray nin ''fengguan xiapei'' kan dinastiyang Ming. File:Qing Dynasty Lady in a red robe.jpg|Ladawan kan ginang na naka''fengguan xiapei'' sa dinastiyang Qing, File:七十一代衍聖公 元配陳夫人衣冠像.jpg|an dinastiyang Qing na ''fengguan xiapei'' (凤冠霞帔), sarong [[Kwelyong panginuron|yunjian]] yaon sa ibabaw kan kasulotan. </gallery> ==== Xiu he fu ==== Naiiba man an ''qungua'' sa saro pang Chinese wedding set of attire na inaapod na '''''xiu he fu''''' ({{Lang-zh|t=繡和服|s=秀禾服}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Hali man an ''xiu he fu'' sa [[dinastiyang Qing]] asin isinusuot bilang saro pang tipo nin gubing-pangkasal sa dinastiyang Qing; saro ining tipo kan ''[[Ruqun|aoqun]]'' na isinusulot bilang gubing-pangkasal.<ref name=":2" /> Naging midbid an kasal sa dinastiyang Qing na ''aoqun'' kadtong 2001 kang nagsulot an aktres na si ''Xiu He'' nin modernong recreation version kaini sa Chinese TV series na [[:zh:橘子紅了_(電視劇)|"Orange turned red"]] dangan aeog kaito, nakua an kontemporaryong pangaran kaini.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Xiu He Fu {{!}} Traditional Chinese Wedding Costume|url=https://www.jinweddings.com/xiu-he-fu|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Jin Weddings|language=en}}</ref> Igwang nakapatong na dyaket an ''xiu he fu'' na nagsasarado sa tuong parte (imbes na an ''qungua'' central closing jacket) na isinusulot kan A-line skirt (''qun)'' na garo kaarog kan [[mamianqun]] imbes na sarong palda na tanos na banga.<ref name=":1" /> Komon igwang burda an ''xiu he fu'' minasimbolo nin pagkamoot sa bilog na panahon.<ref name=":2" /><gallery> File:Woman's wedding costume from China, Honolulu Museum of Art 10128.1.JPG|[[Dinastiyang Qing]] ''Xiu he fu'', sarong porma nin [[Ruqun|aoqun]] na isinusulot para sa kasal. File:A BRIDE.jpg|Sarong nobya nin Intsik na nakasulot nu kasal aoqun, dinastiyang Qing. </gallery> ==== Cheongsam ==== Lain an ''qungua'' sa [[cheongsam]] na pwede man isulot bilang sarong Traditional Chinese wedding dress.<ref name=":2" /> An ''qungua'' sarong duwang pidasong gubing na binibilog nin dyaket asin palda mantang an modernong cheongsam, sarong pidaso na bado.<ref name=":6" /> Bago an 1930s asin 1940s, saro man duwang pidaso nin bado na binibilog nin halabang bado asin isinusulot sa sarong pares kan pantalon.<ref name=":6" /><gallery> File:Traditional Chinese wedding ceremony.jpg|Nobya nin Intsik na igwang dara nin [[cheongsam]] para sa seremonya nin kasal </gallery> == Mga pinagkuanan == {{Reflist}} {{Tamboan}} em9qoscn9gcy4ssfymye5wanyuz5hrj 0 44054 311521 309362 2026-10-12T20:45:17Z Himbeerbläuling 33273 wikisyntax nbsp 311521 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg|thumb|Pagdakop nin glyptodon. Pinta ni Heinrich Hader c. 1920.]] An '''Paleolitiko''' (gikan sa Griyego: παλαιός ''[[wikt:παλαιός|palaios]]'', "daan" asin λίθος ''[[wikt:λίθος|lithos]]'', "gapo"), pig-aapod man na '''Daan na Panahon kan Gapo''' iyo an panahon nin tawo sa [[prehistorya]] na pigmimidbid kan orihinal na pag-urog kan mga kasangkapan na gibo sa gapo, asin nagrerepresentar sa haros kabilugan kan panahon nin pre-historikong teknolohiya nin tawo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Christian |first1=David |title=Big History: Between Nothing and Everything |url=https://archive.org/details/bighistorybetwee0000chri |date=2014 |publisher=[[McGraw Hill Education]] |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/bighistorybetwee0000chri/page/93 93]}}</ref> Iyan nakalakop gikan sa pinakaamay na midbid na paggamit kan mga kasangkapan na gibo sa gapo na ginamit kan mga hominins, {{circa}}&nbsp;3.3&nbsp;milyon na taon an nakaagi, sagkod sa katapusan kan Pleistocene, {{circa}}&nbsp;11,650 cal BP.<ref name="Thoth&Schick">{{cite book |chapter=Overview of Paleolithic Archaeology |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_64 |title= Handbook of Paleoanthropology |pages=1943–1963 |year=2007 |last1=Toth |first1=Nicholas |last2=Schick |first2=Kathy |isbn=978-3-540-32474-4 |editor1-last=Henke |editor1-first=H. C. Winfried |editor2-last=Hardt |editor2-first=Thorolf |editor3-last=Tatersall |editor3-first=Ian |volume=3 |location=Berlin; Heidelberg; New York |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]}}</ref> == Tagalog == {{reflist}} {{stub}} 8mkhdjd2wqxhxp0x8jb78vuy278buas 0 44696 311511 296007 2026-10-12T17:30:02Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Tartu | official_name = {{Lang|et|Tartu}} | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2/ |image1 = Tartu asv2022-04 img31 View from Emajõe Tower.jpg |image2 = Heart of Tartu.jpg |image3 = Eesti Rahva Muuseumi peahoone 13.jpg |image4 = Tartu Ülikooli peahoone 2012.jpg |image5 = Tartu Raekoja platsi vaade.jpg }} | image_caption = From top: View of Tartu, Tartu old town, [[Estonian National Museum]], [[University of Tartu]], [[Raekoja plats, Tartu|Town Hall Square]] | nickname = Capital of Southern Estonia<ref name="visitsouthestonia">{{cite web|url=https://visitsouthestonia.com/en/destinations/tartu-city/|title=Tartu city|publisher=Visit South Estonia|access-date=February 24, 2022|archive-date=February 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095624/https://visitsouthestonia.com/en/destinations/tartu-city/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="ecb">{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.ee/destination/tartu/|title=Tartu – European Capital of Culture 2024|publisher=Estonian Convention Bureau (ECB)|access-date=February 24, 2022}}</ref> | image_flag = <!-- see [[Tartu (urban municipality)]] for municipality symbols --> | image_shield = | motto = ''Heade mõtete linn''<br/>("City of good thoughts") | mapsize = 230px | map_caption = Location of Tartu in Estonia | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Europe##Location within [[Baltic Sea]] region##Location within Estonia | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_map = Europe#Baltic Sea#Estonia | coordinates = {{Coord|58|23|N|26|43|E|region:EE|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Estonia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Counties of Estonia|County]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Tartu County]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Estonia|Municipality]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Tartu (urban municipality)|Tartu]] | established_title = First settled | established_date = 5th century AD | established_title1 = First mentioned | established_date1 = ca. 1030 | established_title2 = City rights | established_date2 = before 1262 | named_for = | total_type = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 38.80 | area_total_sq_mi = 15 | area_land_km2 = 37.9 | area_land_sq_mi = 14.6 | area_water_km2 = 1.3 | area_water_sq_mi = 0.5 | area_water_percent = 3.39 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 57.2 | elevation_ft = 188 | elevation_max_m = 79 | elevation_max_ft = 259 | population_total = 97,435<!-- data by Statistics Estonia, see below for resident registration data --> | population_rank = [[List of cities and towns in Estonia|2nd]] | population_as_of = 2023 | population_footnotes = <ref name="RV0240">Population of Tartu city as a settlement unit, excluding population of other settlement units of the municipality of Tartu city. [https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/RV0240 Population by sex, age and place of residence after the 2017 administrative reform, 1 January]. Statistics Estonia.</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = auto | demographics_type1 = [[Resident registration]] {{nobold|(2023)}} | demographics1_footnotes = <ref>Total registered population of the municipality of Tartu City, excluding settlements of former Tähtvere Parish. {{cite web |url= http://www.tartu.ee/sites/default/files/uploads/Statistika/2017/Tartu_stat_aastaraamat_veeb.pdf|title= Statistiline ülevaade 2017|access-date=11 Dec 2018}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = Total | demographics1_info1 = 97 712 | demographics_type2 = [[Ethnicity]] | demographics2_footnotes = | demographics2_title1 = [[Estonians]] | demographics2_info1 = 80.3% | demographics2_title2 = [[Russians]] | demographics2_info2 = 13.4% | demographics2_title3 = other | demographics2_info3 = 5.3% | timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +02:00 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +03:00 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 50050 to 51111 | registration_plate = T | website = [https://tartu.ee/en City of Tartu] | footnotes = }} An '''Tartu''' iyo an ikaduwang pinakadakulang syudad sa Estonya pagkatapos kan [[Tallinn]]. An Tartu igwa nin populasyon na 97,435 (poon kan 2023). An Tartu igwa nin populasyon na 97,435 (poon kaidtong 2023).<ref name="RV0240"/> Manonompongan iyan sa {{convert|186|km|0|abbr=off}} habagatan-Subangan kan Tallinn asin 245 kilometros (152 miles) amihanan-subangan kan [[Riga]], [[Latvia]]. Namomogtak an Tartu sa salog [[Emajõgi]], na kun saen iyan nagkokonektar sa duwang pinakadakulang danaw sa Estonya, [[Danaw na Võrtsjärv]] asin [[Danaw na Peipus]]. Poon kaidtong ika-13 na siglo sagkod sa katapusan kan ika-19 na siglo, midbid an Tartu sa kadaklan sa kinaban sa saiyang baryant kan saiyang historikal na ngaran '''Dorpat'''. ==Demograpiko== [[File:Tartu city population pyramid in 2022.svg|thumb|Tartu city population pyramid in 2022]] {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 86%" ! Taon ||1881||1897||1922||1934||1959||1970||1979||1989||1995||2000<ref name="RV0282">[https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/RV0282 Population by sex, age group and administrative unit or type of settlement, 1 january (2000–2017)]. Statistics Estonia.</ref>||2005<ref name="RV0282"/>||2010<ref name="RV0282"/>||2015<ref name="RV0240"/>||2020<ref name="RV0240"/>||2021<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Populasyon susog sa Etniko, Nasyunalidad, Grupo nin Edad Asin Lugar nin Residensya |url=https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel/RL21429 |website=andmed.stat.ee |publisher=[[Statistics Estonia]] |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610110844/https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel/RL21429 |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |language=en |date=31 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! Populasyon |29,974||42,308||50,342||58,876||74,263||90,459||104,381||113,320||104,874||106,200||104,490||100,930||93,805||92,972||95,190 |} An historikong populasyon kan Tartu's historic population pigpresentar sa minasunod na talaan, basado sa data gikan sa opisyal na censuses poon kaidtong 1881<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.ee/26384|title=General data for 1881, 1897, 1922, 1934, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 censuses - Statistics Estonia|website=www.stat.ee|access-date=23 March 2009|archive-date=7 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707191244/http://www.stat.ee/26384|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Estonian Statistical Office.<ref name="Population by sex, age group and county, 1 January">{{cite web |title=Populasyon susog sa sex, age group asin nasyon, 1 January |url=http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO022&path=../I_Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composition/04Population_figure_and_composition/&lang=1 |publisher=Statistics Estonia |date=16 March 2012 |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061400/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO022&path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation%2F01Population_indicators_and_composition%2F04Population_figure_and_composition%2F&lang=1 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Notaran na an data sagkod sa 2011 bakong direktang komparable sa kadaklan na dai pa nahahaloy na mga bilang is, huli ta an metodolohiya kan pagkompleto kan mga estadistika nagbàgo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/I_Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composition/04Population_figure_and_composition/PO_021.htm|title=Definitions and Methodology|website=pub.stat.ee|access-date=2023-09-07|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026144552/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/I_Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composition/04Population_figure_and_composition/PO_021.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Etnikong komposisyon 1922-2021 ! rowspan="2" |Ethnicity ! colspan="2" |[[1922 Estonian Census|1922]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:440178 |title=1922 a. üldrahvalugemise andmed. Vihk I ja II, Rahva demograafiline koosseis ja korteriolud Eestis |publisher=Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo |year=1924 |isbn=9789916103067 |location=Tallinn |page=33 |language=et, fr |via=Digar}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |[[1934 Estonian Census|1934]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10062/4439 |title=Rahvastiku koostis ja korteriolud. 1.III 1934 rahvaloenduse andmed. Vihk II |publisher=Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo |year=1935 |location=Tallinn |pages=47–53 |language=et, fr |hdl=10062/4439}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |1941<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:117429 |title=Eesti Statistika : kuukiri 1942-03/04 |publisher=Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo |year=1942 |editor-last= |location=Tallinn |pages=66-67 |language=de, et}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |[[Soviet Census (1959)|1959]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Katus |first=Kalev |url=https://www.ester.ee/record=b1791991*est |title=Rahvastiku ühtlusarvutatud sündmus- ja loendusstatistika: Tartumaa 1965-1990 |last2=Puur |first2=Allan |last3=Põldma |first3=Asta |date= |publisher=Eesti Kõrgkoolidevaheline Demouuringute Keskus |others= |year=2003 |isbn=9985-820-72-X |series=Sari C |location=Tallinn |pages=31-32 |language=et, en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506211857/https://www.ester.ee/record=b1791991*est |archive-date=2023-05-06 |access-date=2023-09-07 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |[[Soviet Census (1970)|1970]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ester.ee/record=b1655518*est |title=Население районов, городов и поселков городского типа Эстонской ССР : по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения на 15 января 1970 года |publisher=Eesti NSV Statistika Keskvalitsus |year=1972 |location=Tallinn |page=76 |language=ru}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |[[Soviet Census (1979)|1979]]<ref name=":02">{{cite book |url=https://www.digar.ee/viewer/et/nlib-digar:375699/330970/page/30 |title=Eesti Vabariigi maakondade, linnade ja alevite rahvastik. 1. osa, Rahvaarv rahvuse, perekonnaseisu, hariduse ja elatusallikate järgi : 1989. a. rahvaloenduse andmed |publisher=Eesti Vabariigi Riiklik Statistikaamet |year=1990 |isbn=978-9949-7193-2-7 |location=Tallinn |pages=28, 33 |language=et |via=Digar}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |[[Soviet Census (1989)|1989]]<ref name=":02" /> ! colspan="2" |[[2000 Estonia Census|2000]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=RL222: RAHVASTIK ELUKOHA JA RAHVUSE JÄRGI |url=https://andmed.stat.ee:443/pxweb/et/stat/stat__rahvaloendus__rel2000__rahvus-emakeel-veerkeelte-oskus/RL222.px/ |access-date= |website=Estonian Statistical Database |language=et}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |[[2011 Estonia Census|2011]]<ref name="RL0429">{{cite web |title=RL0429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2011 |url=https://andmed.stat.ee/et/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2011__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel-ja-keelteoskus-murded/RL0429 |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=Estonian Statistical Database}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |[[2021 Estonia Census|2021]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=RL21429: Rahvastik Rahvuse, Soo, Vanuserühma Ja ELukoha (Haldusüksus) Järgi, 31. DETSEMBER 2021 |url=https://andmed.stat.ee:443/pxweb/et/stat/stat__rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel/RL21429.px/ |access-date= |website=Estonian Statistical Database |language=et}}</ref> |- !amount !% !amount !% !amount !% !amount !% !amount !% !amount !% !amount !% !amount !% !amount !% !amount !% |- |[[Estonians]] |42459 |84.5 |51559 |87.6 |44732 |93.7 |56205 |75.7 |68129 |75.3 |77597 |74.3 |82031 |72.3 |80397 |79.5 |79700 |81.7 |76227 |80.1 |- |[[Russians]] |2570 |5.11 |2640 |4.48 |1490 |3.12 | - | - |18009 |19.9 |21530 |20.6 |24604 |21.7 |16245 |16.1 |14340 |14.7 |12441 |13.1 |- |[[Ukrainians]] | - | - |16 |0.03 | - | - | - | - |1277 |1.41 |1685 |1.61 |2369 |2.09 |1239 |1.22 |891 |0.91 |1107 |1.16 |- |[[Belarusians]] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |551 |0.61 |749 |0.72 |1088 |0.96 |490 |0.48 |355 |0.36 |304 |0.32 |- |[[Finns]] | - | - |49 |0.08 |27 |0.06 | - | - |1220 |1.35 |1271 |1.22 |1275 |1.12 |1073 |1.06 |706 |0.72 |900 |0.95 |- |[[Jews]] |1115 |2.22 |920 |1.56 |0 |0.00 | - | - |420 |0.46 |346 |0.33 |267 |0.24 |154 |0.15 |113 |0.12 |81 |0.09 |- |[[Latvians]] | - | - |278 |0.47 |1043 |2.18 | - | - |137 |0.15 |197 |0.19 |167 |0.15 |105 |0.10 |113 |0.12 |268 |0.28 |- |[[Germans]] |3210 |6.39 |2706 |4.60 | - | - | - | - | - | - |103 |0.10 |133 |0.12 |123 |0.12 |118 |0.12 |306 |0.32 |- |[[Tatars]] | - | - |6 |0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - |112 |0.11 |146 |0.13 |83 |0.08 |65 |0.07 |45 |0.05 |- |[[Polish people|Poles]] | - | - |144 |0.24 |71 |0.15 | - | - | - | - |164 |0.16 |179 |0.16 |137 |0.14 |92 |0.09 |133 |0.14 |- |[[Lithuanians]] | - | - |26 |0.04 |15 |0.03 | - | - |102 |0.11 |127 |0.12 |159 |0.14 |96 |0.09 |74 |0.08 |109 |0.11 |- |unknown |0 |0.00 |278 |0.47 |44 |0.09 |0 |0.00 |0 |0.00 |0 |0.00 |0 |0.00 |378 |0.37 |136 |0.14 |255 |0.27 |- |other |902 |1.79 |254 |0.43 |335 |0.70 |18058 |24.3 |614 |0.68 |500 |0.48 |1002 |0.88 |649 |0.64 |897 |0.92 |3014 |3.17 |- !Total !50256 !100 !58876 !100 !47757 !100 !74263 !100 !90459 !100 !104381 !100 !113420 !100 !101169 !100 !97600 !100 !95190 !100 |} {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion in Tartu City (2021) [https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk/RL21452] |label1 = Unaffiliated |value1 = 77.1 |color1 = White |label2 = Lutheran |value2 = 10.2 |color2 = DodgerBlue |label3 = Orthodox & Old Believers |value3 = 8.4 |color3 = Pink |label4 = Others Christians |value4 = 2.1 |color4 = LightBlue |label5 = Others Religions or Unknown |value5 = 2.0 |color5 = Yellow |label6 = |value6 = |color6 = }} == Toltolan == {{reflist}} {{stub}} 9y33rp7q554ud9cr1md9eusnd6hxor3 0 44740 311513 311123 2026-10-12T18:02:38Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Tokmok | native_name = Токмок | image_skyline = Soviet Il-28 bomber monument in Tokmok 20080830.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = Airplane monument in Tokmok | image_flag = Flag of Tokmok.svg | image_seal = Tokmak coa.svg | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Kyrgyzstan | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kyrgyzstan | subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Kyrgyzstan|Region]] | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|25px]] [[Kyrgyzstan]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Chüy Region]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | established_title = | established_date = | government_type = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Anvarbek Omorkanov (since May 2012)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.shailoo.gov.kg/index.php?module=news&page=Izbran_glava_ispolnitelnogo_organa_mestnogo_samoupravleniya___mer_goroda__Tokmok_Izbran_glava_ispolnitelnogo_organa_mestnogo_samoupravleniya___mer_goroda__Tokmok&pagelang=ru |title = The head of Tokmak City Kenesh is elected |website = Central Election Commission |access-date = 26 February 2014 |archive-date = 24 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101026/http://www.shailoo.gov.kg/index.php?module=news&page=Izbran_glava_ispolnitelnogo_organa_mestnogo_samoupravleniya___mer_goroda__Tokmok_Izbran_glava_ispolnitelnogo_organa_mestnogo_samoupravleniya___mer_goroda__Tokmok&pagelang=ru |dead-url = yes }}</ref> | leader_party = | area_magnitude = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = 41 | area_land_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2021 | population_footnotes = <ref name=pop21/> | population_total = 71443 | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = KGT | utc_offset = +6 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|42|50|N|75|17|E|region:KG|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 816 | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | website = {{url|http://tokmok.org/}} | footnotes = | name = }} An '''Tokmok''' ({{lang-ky|Токмок|lit=hammer}}; {{lang-ru|Токмак|Tokmak}})<ref name=bse>{{GSEn|111074|Токмак (город в Киргизской ССР)}}</ref> saromng syudad sa [[Chüy Valley]], bandang amnayan nin [[Kyrgyzstan]], subangan kan kabisera kan nasyon kaini na [[Bishkek]], na may populasyon na 71,443 kan 2021.<ref name=pop21>{{cite Kyrgyzstan population 2021}}</ref> An elebasyon kaini 816 m sobra sa lebel nin dagat. Poon 2003 abot 2006, ini an tukawan administratibo nin Ronang Chüy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Law 5 March 2003 No. 49 |url=http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/1173/10?cl=ru-ru |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812160811/http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/1173/10?cl=ru-ru |dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Law 3 August 2006 No. 146 |url=http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/1937 |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812160808/http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/1937 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sa norte kaini iyo an salog [[Chu (salotg)|Chu]] asin pagdolonan sa Kazakhstan. an Tokmok natugdas na norteng bantayan militar nin [[Khanate of Kokand]] {{Circa|1830}}. Pakalihis 30 taon, ini nahulog sa mga Ruso na rinugba an kuta'. . An modernong banwaan tinugdas kan 1864 ni Major-General [[Mikhail Chernyayev]]. An Tokmok lebel-distritong syudad na may importansya nrehiiyonal sa Reona' na Chüy. Dawa ngani ini napapalibotan kan [[Distrito Chüy]], ini bakon g parte kaining distrito. An total na hiwas kaini nag'abot {{cvt|41|km2}}.<ref name=census09>{{cite Kyrgyzstan census 2009|Chuy|13, 16, 56}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Mga binabanwang mga lugar sa Chüy Region]] [[Kategorya:Mga Binanwang lugar mnatugdas kan 1864]] [[Kategorya:Mga Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan na baktasan sa pagdolonan]] 5vvbr1e3kpvos25uir3307s6o03kw4v 0 45331 311500 262619 2026-10-12T14:46:45Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Pine Rock Township | official_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[Lisa nin mmga township sa Illinois|Township]] | image_skyline = Pine Rock Township, IL 02.JPG | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Pine Rock Township na edipisyo namomogtak sa Chana. | image_flag = | image_seal = | etymology = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = | image_map = Map highlighting Pine Rock Township, Ogle County, Illinois.svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = Illinois in United States (US48).svg | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = Kinammogtakan kan Illinois sa Estados Unidos | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_label = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|41|58|51|N|89|13|25|W|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | grid_name = | grid_position = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Estados Unidos | subdivision_type1 = Estado | subdivision_name1 = Illinois | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = [[Ogle County, Illinois|Ogle]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | established_title = Naorganisar | established_date = Nobyembre 6, 1849 | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | established_title4 = | established_date4 = | established_title5 = | established_date5 = | established_title6 = | established_date6 = | established_title7 = | established_date7 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = | seat = | seat1_type = | seat1 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Donald Huntley]] | leader_title1 = Supervisor | leader_name1 = | total_type = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = 38.26 | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = 38.23 | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = 0.03 | area_water_percent = | area_metro_footnotes = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = 778 | elevation_point = | elevation_max_footnotes = | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_max_point = | elevation_max_rank = | elevation_min_footnotes = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = | elevation_min_point = | elevation_min_rank = | population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]] | population_footnotes = | population_total = | pop_est_as_of = 2016 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusEst2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}</ref> | population_est = 946 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = 25.8 | population_metro_footnotes = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi = | population_demonym = | population_note = | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = | timezone1 = [[North American Central Time Zone|CST]] | utc_offset1 = -6 | timezone1_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|CDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = -5 | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = | postal2_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 17-141-59975 | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | blank2_name = | blank2_info = | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = Wikimedia Commons | blank2_info_sec2 = | website = | footnotes = }} An '''Pine Rock Township''' namomogtak sa [[Ogle County, Illinois|Ogle County]], [[Illinois]]. Susog sa 2010 na senso, an populasyon kaini 985 asin igwang kaharongan nagbibilang 413.<ref name="census">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US17141 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212201027/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US17141 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-02-12 |title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1 |publisher=United States Census |accessdate=2013-05-28 }}</ref> ==Geograpiya== Susog sa 2010 na senso, an township igwang total na hiwas nin {{convert|38.26|sqmi}}, an {{convert|38.23|sqmi}} (o 99.92%) kaini kadagaan asin {{convert|0.03|sqmi}} (o 0.08%) katubigan.<ref name="census"/> ==Demographics== {{US Census population |align=left |estyear=2016 |estimate=946 |estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}</ref> |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2016}}</ref> }} {{clear|left}} ==Toltolan== <references/> == Mga panluwas na takod == *[http://www.city-data.com/township/Pine-Rock-Ogle-IL.html City-data.com] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061218144112/http://www.oglecounty.org/townoff.htm Ogle County Official Site] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110118184546/http://cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/archives/irad/ogle.html Illinois State Archives] {{Ogle County, Illinois}} {{Illinois}} {{authority control}} [[Kategorya:Mga Township sa Ogle County, Illinois]] [[Kategorya:Mga Lugar na binabanwa na natugdas kan 1849]] [[Kategorya:Mga Township sa Illinois]] [[Kategorya:Mga 1849 na establisyemento sa Illinois]] {{OgleCountyIL-geo-stub}} s310p1mzs9gnqa8rcmyxpce3uosf1b1 0 45579 311502 272797 2026-10-12T14:56:33Z Andre Engels 32 merge 311502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Pasipera}} [[Ladawan:Umboy na igwang pacifier.jpg|thumb|Umboy na igwang pacifier]] An '''Pacifier''' (na inapod man sa Bikol na 'ayutongan') sarong goma, plastik, o silipot na panribay sa pagkatao nin omboy o [[Dler|torder]] sa pagsu'lot kun may mga pag[[Pagpasuso|kakan]] na pampakalma kan kasakitan kaini paagi nin pagpanigo sa pangangaipong matos kung dai man kaipuhan magkakan. mga parasambay sa para[[Ate|t]] may tolong kabtang: sarong pinalawig na tsa, kapotan nin pagkapot, asin kalasag nin ngoso na nakaoolang sa aki na halonon o tumbason iyan. mga Pacifier dakul ''nin'' ''iba''-ib''ang'' impormal ''na'' pangaran: binky o ''wookie'' (Amerikanong [[Ingles]]), dummy (Australian Englishasin British English ), pidaso, paci, bo''-bo'', ''nookie'', singsing, aparato sa asukar tit, paralaba, soother (Canadian English and Hiberno-English), "tsupon" (Filipino Tagalog, asin d''okie'' (Hiderno-En''glish'').  an pagtaram, an paralaba saro pang gamit na ginagamit sa ibang katuyohan. == '''Kasaysayan''' == <gallery> Ladawan:Baby Comforter 1900.jpg|Estados Unidos, igwa nin mga anghel na inaapod para sa karangahan. </gallery>an mga Pasipera sa enot na beses sa literatura medikal kan 1473, mala ta sinasabing doktor na Aleman na siBartholomäus Metlinger sa saiyang librong ''Kinderbüchlein'', sa huri man sanang edisyon pinaguhit an ''Regiment der jungen Kinder'' ("Caring For Young Children"). Inglaterra kan ika - 17 siglo, an ko''ral'' sarong kawatan na gibo sa koral, marfil o tolang, na parateng minakolo bilang pagkapot nin kino.   uherir nin sarong curator kan museo na an mga bagay na ini ginamit bilang "iyo man sanang mahika" asin ta an tulang nin hayop pwedeng magsimbolo sa kusog kan hayop tanganing tabangan an aki na makayanan an kulog. mga Pasipera sarong pagmukna nin matagas na pagguhit nin ngipon, alagad ini pwede man pangribay sa mas malomoy na asukar tits, tubo-teat, o asukar-rags na gamit kan ika-19 siglo Amerika. parasurat kan 1873 an may sinasabing "sugar-teat" na gibo sa "sarong sadit na pidaso nin lumang linna" na igwang "sabaw medyo mabaybay na asukar sa sentro kaini", "pinahimo ... abot sa dikit na bola" na may gisong higot nakatakod igdi. mga babaeng may kakanon na binubugkos sa laog itinao man sa mga omboy sa dakol na parte kan Amihanan na Europa asin iba pang lugar. nagkapirang lugar an sarong lukban nin karne o taba binubugkos sa tela, asin kun beses tinatamaan iyan kan brandi. mga lugar na Aleman pwedeng gamiton an ''Lutschbeutel'',, tela na kinakaagan palibot kan pinahamis na tinapay o poppy-seeds.<gallery> Ladawan:Madonna with the Siskin by Albrecht Dürer - Gemäldegalerie - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg|brecht Düsseldorf, ''Madonna kaiba an siskin'', 1506 Ladawan:Albrecht Dürer - Madonna with the Siskin (detail) - WGA6968.jpg|brecht Düsseldorf, Madonna na may detalyeng Siskin, 1506 </gallery>sarong Madonna asin aki na pinintura ni Düsseldorf kan 1506 nagpapahiling nin saro kainin takod-choth "pacifiers" sa kamot kan omboy. mga Pasipera na'estar sa saindang modernong porma kan palibot nin 1900 kun kasuarin an enot na tsat, kalasag asin desenyong pang-arte pinagantad sa US bilang sarong "baby soser" ni Manhattan parmasistang Kristiyano W. Meinecke. Rubber nagamit sa mga makahirang mga usipon na pigbenta bilang "mga linga-guhit na guhit" para sa mga omboy na Briton kan katahawan nin ika-19 siglo, asin ginagamit man sa pagkakakan-buya tsat. 1902, si Sears, Roebuck & Co. nag'anunsyo nin sarong "bagong estilong goma na rawitdawit, may saro matagas asin sarong malomhok na nipa". 1909, may nag-apod saiyang sadiri na "Auntie Pacifer" nagsurat sa New York Times tanganing patanidan an mga "menacy to health" (siya nangahulogan nin dental salud) kan "pagdadanay, asin, kabilang sa mas pobreng klase, an unibersal na pagsususo nin sarong gomang niple pigpapabakal bilang 'kapicifier'". Inglatera man, hinihiling an mga duma bilang sarong bagay na gagamiton kan mas pobreng mga klase, asin kaayon sa tios na kalinigan. 1914 an sarong doktor sa Londres nagreklamo manongod sa "maduro na tsat": "Kun ini mahulog sa salog pino'nan ining ramasan orawang sa buyaw o apron kan ina, linusob kan ina asin sinasalida sa nguso kan omboy." mga amay na paksiykier piggibo gamit an piling itom, maroon o puting goma, dawa totoo an maputing rogta kan panahon igwa nin sarong kantidad na giyaw. Bin''ky'' (may y) enot na ginamit kan mga 1935 bilang sarong ipinangaran na tatak para sa mga pakrifier asin iba pang produktong omboy na piggibo kan Binibining Baby Products Company of New York. tatak na pagtratrabaho pagsasadiri kan Playtex sa U.S. (asin iba pang nasyon). == '''Mga Ladawan''' == <gallery> Ladawan:Baby sucking fingers.jpg|omboy na nag - iimbento tibaad gumamit nin pacifier, kan saindang moro o tugod tanganing paginhawahon an sadiri Ladawan:Bamboo pacifier.jpg|kawayan na pacifier Ladawan:Yellow pacifier in a tree.jpg|kolor yellow na pacifier Ladawan:Pacifier on tree.jpg|pacifier na yaon sa kahoy Ladawan:Abandoned pacifier (Miaczynek).JPG|pacifier na tigwalat Ladawan:Forgotten pacifier on a table in Röe gård cafe.jpg|pacifier na nawalat sa tukawan Ladawan:Pacifier gag.jpg|babae na igwang pacifier </gallery>negatibong mga epekto an paggamit nin paradukot sa pagpatubo kun sinda nalulubog tanganing magkaigwa nin marahay na salud. usuherir kan AAP na likayan an mga paklay para sa enot na bulan. pag'agyat nin paklay pwede magresulta sa omboy na dai toltol an pagsururoks kan daghan asin nagigin kawsa "nin karibarawan". mga omboy ibuyos an saindang paso sa pampiyano imbes na atamanon o rangahon pag'ataman nin husto sa daghan na marayrahay sa suplay kan ina. ebidensia sa mga omboy na mayo pa nin edad o omboy na bakong marahay kulang alagad nagpapaheling na iyan puedeng magkaigwa nin mga pakinabang. igwa iyan nin klinikal na mga pakinabang para sa naenot na mga omboy, arog baga kan pagtabang sainda na umoswag hale sa tubo pasiring sa pagkakan nin bote. mga nag - iimbento nin paklay na naggagamit nin pampaimpik tibaad mas dakol an impekssion sa talinga (otitis media). aram an pagigin epektibo sa paglikay na gamiton nin sarong paradukot tanganing malikayan an mga impeksion sa talinga. daa komun na an paggamit nin pakwela magresulta sa mga problemang deno, garo dai ini minaresulta sa halawig na pagkaraot kun ginagamit nin kulang sa laog nin tolong taon. , halawig na gamit [[Oclusyon|maan]] pakô o iba pang bakong suya-sumo sa pag'uugale (arog kan moro o blanket sungka) nakua na magresulta sa malocclusion kan mga ngipon, idtong mga usipon pampatipas o dai pagtiripon nin tama kun sinda minasaro. us[[Todontico|ong]] problema asin an pagnigar (orotontiko) na pagbulong sa pagtanos kaini pwede maghaloy asin magin mahal. nin sarong Cochrane Review of the ebidensiya na an otodontic braces o psycholohikal na pag - interbenir (arog baga kan positibo o negatibong pagpakosog) epektibo sa pagtabang sa mga aki na pumondo sa pagigin nagpapasuso kun kinakaipuhan. otodontikong pagkuryente na naggamit nin patal crib design garo baga mas epektibo kisa sa disenyong pangarke. na mayo nin makosog na ebidensia na an paggamit sa sarong parapamas nag - aatraso sa pagtaram paagi sa paglikay sa mga omboy sa paggibo kan saindang abilidad sa pagpahayag. == '''Benepisyo''' == nin mga parasiyasat na an paggamit nin sarong pacifier konektado sa awad - dagos na pagreprodusir sa peligro nin biglang pagkagadan kan omboy. baranga-banga sinda kun baga an kasararoan na ini hustong rason sa pagpaorog kan gamit pawakilan. nagkapira nangangatanosan na an mga parapatuod maninigong irekomendar sa kosog nin sarong asosasyon, kun paanong irinerekomendar an pagtorog liwat paagi sa kakosogan kan pakikiasosyar. iba nangangatanosan na an asosasyon bakong igo o na bakong malinaw an mekanikal. mga propesor nanompongan man na inainaan an paghibi nin mga omboy durante kan makolog na mga prosedimiento arog baga nin pagrena. mga magurang na mas suno an paggamit nin pakulot sa aki ngane mauso kan saindang muro' o moro. mga parasiyasat sa Brazil nagpaheling na ni an "ogotontiko" o estandarteng paktor nag - iuulas sa bakong tunay na mga problema kun padagos pang nagkakasutsot an kaakian sa edad nin tolong taon. ng nababareta an makuri sa takot na ginagamit nin mga paragamit sa maribok na paagi nakatatabang na inaan an iriwal asin kun siring malikayan an danyos. bibisto man na makatabang sa mga omboy asin paratudok sa pagturog saka manta na sige an pagkarinakian asin guroanan kan mga karabas. == '''Mga palakaw sa medisina''' == American Academy of Peditric Dentistry's "Pliciacy on Tumb, Finger and Pacifier Habits" nagsasabi: "An kadaklan na aki minapondo sa pagsusup nin mga turmar, palay o iba pang bagay sa tahaw ninda nin 2 asin 4 anyos. Alagad, an ibang aki padagos kaining ugali sa lawig nin panahon.Sa mga aking ini, an itaas na ngipon pwedeng minahimogdon pasiring igdi o dai umabot sa tama. Fretenente o makuring ugale sa halawig na peryodo nin panahon puwedeng makaapekto sa paagi kan mga usipon an kaakian siring man sa salang ngipon, arog kan pagbabayko kan bitis asin tighakan mga tulang." sarong pag-adal nin biglang omboy na sidrome (SIDS) nagsasabi na "Garo baga angay sanang pumondo sa paggamit kan mga paksidor." Pigrerekomendar kan mga autor an paggamit nin mga paripiers sa panahong idto asin kama banggi sa bilog na enot na taon nin buhay. sa mga ina na sinasalosan, an mga autor nagsusuherir nin paghalat sagkod na marahay an pagkasumong, na tipikong ginigibo iyan sa laog nin nagkapirang semana, bago iintrodusir an pacifier. British Oral Health Foundation nagrerekomendar: "Kun kaya, likayan an paggamit nin sarong duma, soe o pacifier asin pagdisganar sa tumbang pangsutos.An mga ini pareho pwedeng gikanan nin problema kun paano nagdadakula asin nagtatalubo an ngipon. Asin tibaad mangaipo man sya nin pagbulong na may b[[- arabot an Dental|race]] kung minagurang an aki." == '''Pagiging lakop nin kadayupotan sa mga pacifier asin sa saindang sikolohikong pagpunsionar''' == huring parte kan 1960 an mga parasiyasat hinale an ideya na an mga pacifier siklohikal bakong marahay sa salud asin mas magalang. Richard H. Passman asin Jane S. Halonen sa Unibersidad kan Wisconsin-Milwaukee sinususog an pagmukna na kurso nin pagkaprudian sa mga paktor asin nagtaong ordinansa. ninda na an 6% kan saindang sampolong omboy na tolong bulan sa Estados Unidos nagpaheling nin kisuerra pagkadayupot, sono sa saindang ina. is na bulan nin edad, an incidenceng ini 40%, asin sa siyam na bulan 43%. kaiyan, an bilang nin pagkadayupot sa mga pacifier biglang nagholog sagkod na, sa edad na 24 bulan asin kan huri, bihira nanggad iyan. mga parasiyasat na ini nagtao man nin eksperimental na suporta sa kun ano-ano kaidto ta an mga pag'obserbar sana nanggad kan mga paktor tunay na nagkipagpakarimar sa mga omboy. sarong dai kadimiradong drama, an saro-sarong taon na karabas kaiba kan saindang pacifier ebidensiya mas nakakarawat asin nagpahiling nin kulang sa kasakitan kisa mga omboy na mayo sinda. mga imbestigador nagkonklusyon na an mga parahanap nin libro maninigong ibilang na magkaugos, kapareho kan iba pang bagay sa seguridad arog nin tamong. gatanosan si Passman asin Halonen na an lakop na paglataw nin mga relasyon sa mga parapadisyente saka an kahalagahan kaiyan bilang seguridad maninigong makaasegurar sa mga magurang na sinda normal na kabtang kan pagtalubo para sa mayoriya nin mga omboy asin todlero. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Mga kadagatan|Artiko]] mxsre6gj6z5sj51g9ffdfgekw05eq68 0 45672 311529 310166 2026-10-12T21:55:25Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20261012)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 311529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rikas''' '''nin liwanag''' sa [[cuum|vacuum]], na lakop na nangangahulogan c, sarong unibersal na pisikal [[na dayaday]] na pantay-pantay nanggad sa 2999,792,458 metro kada segundo (mga 300,000 kilometres lambang ikaduwang distrito; 186,000 milya por ikaduwa; 671 milyon miles per hono).sa espesyal na teoriya nin pagsaysay, an c iyo an pinakagilid para sa rikas kan bagay o enerhiya (asin kun siring ano man na senyal na may darang impormasyon) puedeng magbiahe paagi sa espasyo. gabos na klase nin rabersiang elektromagnetiko, kaiba an naheheling na [[liwanag]], nagbibyahe sa rikas kan kaliwanagan. sa dakol na praktikal na katuyohan, an liwanag asin iba pang mga alon nin elektromagnetiko garo baga magpapalakop nin biglang paglakop, alagad para sa halawig asin sensitibo nanggad na sokol, an saindang dai masokol na rikas igwa nin risang marhay na epekto. ano man na bitoon sa Daga kaidto pang haloy nang panahon, kaya an mga tawo nag - aadal kan kasaysayan kan uniberso paagi sa pagheling nin hararayong bagay. nakikipag - olay sa hararayong lugar, iyan puedeng magtao nin mga minuto sagkod oras tanganing magbiahe. pagkuenta, an rikas nin liwanag iyo an nagbubugtak kan pinakadikit na pagka[[tiken (Pagsasanay)|atraso sa komunikasyon]]. rikas nin liwanag puedeng gamiton sa panahon kan mga sokol na eroplano tanganing makakolsok nin hararayong distansia pasiring sa sobra kalangkaw na pagkaeksakto. [[o (moon)|o]][[le Rømer]] enot na nagpaheling kan 1676 na an liwanag dai nagbibiahe nin labi - labing kaogmahan paagi sa pag - adal kan garo baga paghiro kan bulan ni [[Hupiter]] na Io. mas eksaktong sokol kan rikas kaiyan nangyari sa suminunod na mga siglo. sarong papel na ipinublikar kan 1865, si James [[Cler Maxwell]] nagproponer na an liwanag detemamantikong alon asin, kun siring, nagparabyahe sa rikas c. Kan 1905, ipigbugtak ni Albert [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] na pirming burokon an dalagan nin ilaw may koneksion sa anoman na institute nin pagsasambit asin independiente sa aksyon kan sirang light. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="stachel">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA226|title=Einstein from "B" to "Z" – Volume 9 of Einstein studies|last=Stachel|first=JJ|publisher=Springer|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8176-4143-6|page=226}}</ref>pig'oogid an mga resulta kan pagbungsod na idto paagi sa pagdeklara kan teoriya nin relativo asin, sa paggibo kaini, ipinahiling niya na igwang pagkarebeliyon an parametro sa luwas kan konteksto nin liwanag asin electronnetismo. [[o (moon)|o]][[le Rømer]] enot na nagpaheling kan 1676 na an liwanag dai nagbibiahe nin labi - labing kaogmahan paagi sa pag - adal kan garo baga paghiro kan bulan ni Ju[[Hupiter|piter]] Io. mas eksaktong sokol kan rikas kaiyan nangyari sa suminunod na mga siglo. sarong papel na ipinublikar kan 1865, si James [[Cler Maxwell]] nagproponer na an liwanag detemamantikong alon asin, kun siring, nagparabyahe sa rikas c. Kan 1905, ipigbugtak ni Albert [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] na pirming burokon an dalagan nin ilaw may koneksion sa anoman na institute nin pagsasambit asin independiente sa aksyon kan sirang light. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="stachel2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA226|title=Einstein from "B" to "Z" – Volume 9 of Einstein studies|last=Stachel|first=JJ|publisher=Springer|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8176-4143-6|page=226}}</ref>pig'oogid an mga resulta kan pagbungsod na idto paagi sa pagdeklara kan teoriya nin relativo asin, sa paggibo kaini, ipinahiling niya na igwang pagkarebeliyon an parametro sa luwas kan konteksto nin liwanag asin electronnetismo. daing pakundangan na mga parti asin perttuation people, arog baga kan hagrvitational alon, nagbibiahe man sa rikas nin pag - oltanan nin kaha. siring na mga parti asin alon nagbibiahe sa oras ano man an hiro kan ginikanan o dai pagkakataraman kan nagmamasid. mga parti na may daingzero relash masaker puedeng maparikas sa pagdolok nin c alagad nungkang makaabot dian, gurano man iyan kaangay kan kamugtakan kun saen sinosokol an saindang rikas. mga espesyal asin heneral na teories nin relatyensiya, interrentasyon espasyo [[nin Pag - ati|asin panahon]] asin nagluwas man sa bantog na lebel kan equianciang masaker, E = mc2.<ref>See, for example:</ref> ibang kaso, an mga bagay o alon tibaad garo na sana nagbibiahe nin mas [[Speed of light#Faster-than-light observations and experiments|marikas kisa sa liwanag]] (e.g., kabtang kan velocidad nin mga alon, itsura nin nagkapirang halangkaw na astronomikong bagay, asin partikular na epekto kaiyan). pag[[hiwas kan uniberso]] nasasabotan na nakalalabi sa rikas nin liwanag kisa sarong pagdolonan. rikas kun an ilaw naproprodyusir sa paagi kan mga silag na materyales, arog baga nin salming o ayre, kulang pa sa c; siring man, an dalagan kan elektromagnetikong alon sa alambreng kwarta mas maluway kisa ki c.An ratio sa pag'oltan kan c asin kan marikas na v na kun saen an liwanag naglilibot sa sarong materyal inaapod na refractive index n of the material (n = c/v). , para sa naheheling na liwanag, an refictibong indise nin salming tipikong mga 1.5, na nangangahulogan na an ilaw sa powater sa {{Nowrap|{{Sfrac|{{Mvar|c}}|1.5}} ≈ {{Cvt|200000|km/s|mi/s|comma=gaps|sigfig=3}}}} an rakto kan indesia nin aire para sa nahihiling na liwanag mga 1.0003, kaya an rikas nin liwanag sa ayre mga {{Cvt|{{#expr:299792.458*(1-1/1.0003) round 0}}|km/s|mi/s}} kilometros/s (56 m/is) mas maluway kisa ''{{Mvar|c}}'' == Halaga nin Numerikong mga bagay, ideya, asin yunit == rikas kan liwanag sa vacuum parati kahulogan nin suwestyon na c, ta "kontante" o an mga eceritang Latin (na boot sabihon 'mga pandereta'. 1856, Wilhelm [[Edukar Weber]] asin Rudolf [[Kohlrausch]] naggamit nin c para sa iba pang danay na pagpahiling kan huri tanganing pantayon an {{Radic|2}} beses bilang rikas nin liwanag sa bakuna. historiya, piggamit an simbolong V bilang alternatibong simbolo para sa rikas kan liwanag, na pinabisto ni James [[Cler Maxwell]] kan 1865. 1894, binago ni Paul Drude an mga teksto na may modernong kahulogan. E[[Albert Einstein|instein]] naggamit nin V sa saiyang orihinal [[ga papel na Anus Mirabilis|na mga papel sa Aleman-Ingles]] dapit sa espesyal na relativo kan 1905, alagad kan 1907 siya naghubò sa c, na kaidto nagin nang estandarteng simbolo para sa rikas nin liwanag.<ref name="Yc">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mendelson|first=KS|year=2006|title=The story of ''c''}}</ref> beses an mga {{Math|''c''}} ginagamit para sa rikas nin alon sa ano man na materyal na medyo, asin {{Math|''c''}}₀ para sa marikas na liwanag sa vacuum. <ref name="handbook">See for example:</ref>subskripsiyong ini, na pig-aatendiran sa opisyal na literaturang SI, igwa nin parehong porma arog kan konektadong elektromagnetikong mga danay: ''μ''₀ _{_₀} para sa bakanteng permetable o magnetika,''ε''₀ para sa [[:en:Vacuum_permeability|vacuum permeability]] o element centeric restirs, asin ''Z''₀ para sa impedensiya nin libreng espasyo. <ref name="BIPM_SI_units">{{SIbrochure8th|page=112}}</ref>gagamit an artikulong ini nin crush para sa rikas kan liwanag sa vacuum. == Gamit asin mga sistema nin yunit== kan 1983, an pirming c naikahulugan sa International System of Units (SI) bilang eksaktong {{Val|299792458|u=m/s}} kan segundo.  sa paggamit kan halaga nin c, saka tamang sukol kan ikaduwa, an saro puedeng magbugtak nin pamantayan para sa memera. <ref name="fixes">See, for example:</ref>panlemensyonal na pisikal na danay, an numerikong halaga nin c iba man sa manlaen-laen na sistemang yunit. , sa mga yunit nin imperyo, an rikas kan liwanag mga 186282 kilometro kada segundo, o halos 1 metro por nanosecond mga sanga nin pisika na kun saen an c parati nagluwas, arog kan yaon sa relatity, usong gamiton an sistema nin natural na unit nin sukol o an sistemang panheomiyang yunit kun sain may c= 1. <ref name="Lawrie">{{Cite book|title=A Unified Grand Tour of Theoretical Physics|last=Lawrie|first=ID|publisher=CRC Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7503-0604-1|edition=2nd|page=540|chapter=Appendix C: Natural units|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HZStxmfi3UC&pg=PA540}}</ref><ref name="Hsu1">{{Cite book|title=A Broader View of Relativity: General Implications of Lorentz and Poincaré Invariance|last=Hsu|first=L|publisher=[[World Scientific]]|year=2006|isbn=978-981-256-651-5|edition=2nd|pages=427–428|chapter=Appendix A: Systems of units and the development of relativity theories|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amLqckyrvUwC&pg=PA428}}</ref>inagamit an mga yunit na ini, dai malinaw na naglataw an clication huli ta bakong apektado kan dakol o pagkabaranga nin 1 an resulta.  yunit nin ilaw kaini[[-second|-]] per segundo katakin pa, dawa dai na. == Pundamental na kabtang sa pisika == rikas kun saen nagproprodyusir nin liwanag sa vacuum independiente pareho kan aksyon kan paghahalean nin alon asin kan pagka-iirikan na estilo nin pagsambit kan paramasid. <ref group="Note">However, the [[frequency]] of light can depend on the motion of the source relative to the observer, due to the [[Doppler effect]].</ref>pag'arit na ini kan rikas nin liwanag ipigdantolin ni Einstein kan 1905, pakatapos mamotibar kan teoriya ni Maxwell nin elektromagnetismo asin an kakulangan nin ebidensyang naghiro laban sa masumaridong arether; poon kaidto dagos-dagos ining kumpirmado nin dakul na mga eksperiyensiya. <ref name="stachel3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA226|title=Einstein from "B" to "Z" – Volume 9 of Einstein studies|last=Stachel|first=JJ|publisher=Springer|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8176-4143-6|page=226}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Einstein|first=A|year=1905|title=Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper}}</ref><ref group="Note">See [[Michelson–Morley experiment]] and [[Kennedy–Thorndike experiment]], for example.</ref>sanang berepikaron an eksperimental na an duwang-dalan na rikas nin liwanag (halimbawa, poon sa sarong pinaggikanan pasiring sa salming asin balik naman) kumindependienteng pag'ogidan, huli ta imposibleng makasukol sa saro-sarong marikas na dalagan nin ilaw (arog halimbawa, gikan sa gikanan paduman sa harayong nota) kun mayo man nin kombension kun paano matchsa ginikanan asin dapit sa nadiskubre dapat ipisyo. , paagi kan pag'ampon sa Einstein na sichronisasyon para sa relo, an saro-sarong rikas nin liwanag nagigin pantay-pantay sa duwang dalan na dalagan nin ilaw susog sa pakahulogan. <ref name="Hsu2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jryk42J8oQIC&pg=RA1-PA541|title=Lorentz and Poincaré Invariance|last=Hsu|first=J-P|last2=Zhang|first2=YZ|publisher=[[World Scientific]]|year=2001|isbn=978-981-02-4721-8|series=Advanced Series on Theoretical Physical Science|volume=8|pages=543ff}}</ref><ref name="Zhang">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/specialrelativit0000chan/page/172|title=Special Relativity and Its Experimental Foundations|last=Zhang|first=YZ|publisher=[[World Scientific]]|year=1997|isbn=978-981-02-2749-4|series=Advanced Series on Theoretical Physical Science|volume=4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/specialrelativit0000chan/page/172 172–173]|access-date=23 July 2009}}</ref>espesyal na teoriya nin relativo pig'oogid an mga resulta kaining pagkakairiba sa chateng may aspeto na an mga ley kan pisika pareho man sana sa gabos na intiural na elemento nin pagsasambit. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingeinst0000dinv/page/19|title=Introducing Einstein's Relativity|last=d'Inverno|first=R|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-19-859686-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introducingeinst0000dinv/page/19 19–20]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Special Theory to Relativity|last=Sriranjan|first=B|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|year=2004|isbn=978-81-203-1963-9|pages=20ff|chapter=Postulates of the special theory of relativity and their consequences|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsRfMvyudlAC&pg=PA20}}</ref>sarong resulta iyo na an click iyo an rikas kun saen kaipuhan na magbiahe sa vacuum an gabos na dai[[ga Maswang particle|ng kaagid na mga parti]] asin alon, kaiba an liwanag. [[File:Lorentz_factor.svg|link=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladawan:Lorentz_factor.svg|alt=γ starts at&nbsp;1 when&nbsp;v equals zero and stays nearly constant for small v's, then it sharply curves upwards and has a vertical asymptote, diverging to positive infinity as&nbsp;v approaches c. |wala|thumb|bagay na Lo[[Lorentz factor|rentz]] ''⁇'' sarong trabaho nin pagigin direkta. poon ini sa 1 asin minadolok nin infinder mantang paparani si v.{{Nbsp}}&nbsp;]] espesyal na pag - estorya igwa nin dakol na kontra sa opinyon asin eksperimentaryong pagpatunay. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>digdi an pag - orog nin masa asin enerhiya (E = mc) 2, halawig [[gisi|na kontrata]] (mga bagay na nagkukulang sa mga harong), asin luway - luway na minabolos an panahon (na mas marikas an dalagan kan relo). [Note 9]bagay na ''⁇'' paagi kaiyan an paglawig nin kontrata asin panahon dilado midbid bilang an dahelan kan Lo[[rentz]] asin itinatao kan {{Nowrap|''γ'' {{=}} (1 − ''v''{{i sup|2}}/''c''{{i sup|2}})^−1/2}}, kun saenva an rikas kan sarong iyan. &nbsp;pagkakaiba kan ''''⁇'''' hali sa 1 iyo an kinakaipuhan para magrikas na gayo kisa c, arog baga kan kadaklan na pangaroaldaw na rikas - kun sain espesyal na relatence ini gamit an pag-idulot nin Galileaan - alagad minalangkaw iyan sa mga raxistic speks asin diverges to infininess bilang v. Halimbawa, sarong panahon na pigkulasyon nin x86 k).  &nbsp;    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kaiyan, an panahon na nakakaubos nin ''γ'' = 10 minalataw sa 99.5% kan rikas nin liwanag (v = 0.995 c).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mga resulta nin espesyal na relatibidad pwedeng masoon paagi sa pagtrato sa espasyo asin panahon bilang sarong unied power na inaapod na spacetime (na may clating fount kan sistema pang-eket system asin oras), asin kaipohan an pisikal na teorya minapano nin sarong espesyal na simetriko na inapod Lorentz invariance, na an matemmatikong porma igwa kan parametro. Larz isacys, pockyics, oceancipentplikar of themant) and talictions, iports, outarys, irontics, orthing trumences, ocentry of the mounchness, spirituvitys, occrosus, ophrairies, ocainments, othous, "kadinces, otherd chrody". &nbsp;&nbsp;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/specialrelativit0000chan/page/52|title=Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity|last=Hartle|first=JB|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]|year=2003|isbn=978-981-02-2749-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/specialrelativit0000chan/page/52 52–59]}}</ref>siring, an pametrong cleabe igdi sa modernong pisika, na nagluluwas sa dakul na konteksto na dai man ngane nagin malinaw. &nbsp;, an pankagabsan na pagsaysay nin mga prediksion na an c iyo man an rikas [[inawan nin grabidad|na grabidad]] asin panriribok na alon, asin an pag - obserbar sa garo baga nakaoogmang marhay na mga alon kaoyon kan hulang ini. &nbsp;<ref name="Hartle">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/specialrelativit0000chan|title=Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity|last=Hartle|first=JB|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]|year=2003|isbn=978-981-02-2749-4|page=332|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>See, for example:</ref>mga bakong tradisyunal na porma nin pagsambit (guritasyonmenteng pakurso na espasyo o pinaparikas na mga katagang pambaybay), an lokal na rikas kan liwanag danay asin pantay-pantay sa c, alagad an dalagan nin ilaw pwede laen man sa sipon kun sukol gikan sa sarong harayong pinakatina'dan na pagsasambit, depende sa kun paano pigdupirme an mga sokol pasiring sa rehiyon.&nbsp;&nbsp;<ref name="Gibbs1997">{{Cite web}}</ref> pankagabsan ipinamumugtak na an pundamental na mga dayaday arog baga kan c igwa nin kaparehong halaga sa bilog na panahon nin espasyo, na nangangahulogan na dai sinda nagdedepende sa lugar asin mayo sindang pagkakalaen. &nbsp;siring, isinuherir sa manlaenlaen na teoriya na an rikas nin liwanag tibaad nagbago sa paglihis nin panahon. <ref name="Ellis_Uzan">{{Cite journal|last1=Ellis|first1=GFR|last2=Uzan|first2=J-P|year=2005|title='c' is the speed of light, isn't it?|journal=[[American Journal of Physics]]|volume=73|issue=3|pages=240–227|doi=10.1119/1.1819929|quote=The possibility that the fundamental constants may vary during the evolution of the universe offers an exceptional window onto higher dimensional theories and is probably linked with the nature of the dark energy that makes the universe accelerate today.|bibcode=2005AmJPh..73..240E}}</ref><ref name="Mota">{{Cite thesis}}</ref>nin nakuang dai mapagdududahan na ebidensia sa siring na mga pagbabago, alagad nagdadanay iyan na tema kan nagpapadagos na pagsiyasat. pamugtak man kan kadaklan na an rikas nin liwanag amotiko, na boot sabihon iyan igwa nin kaparehong halaga maski pa saen na direksion kun saen ini sinusukol. mga pagmasid kan pag'uuma hale sa enerhiya nuklear nagsusunsuas bilang sarong trabaho kan orientasyon kan empritong nukleyar sa magnetikong umang (hilingon an Hughes-Drever experiment), asin nin panggakot na oppenstikal na resonador (nahihiling an mga eksperimentong Resonotor) nagkaag nin makusit na limitasyon sa posibleng duwang-dalan na [[:en:Anisotropy|anisotropy]] == Maluya an rikas sa pag - ayuno == sa espesyal na pagsaysay, an enerhiya nin sarong bagay na may [[:en:Rest_mass|rest mass]] ''m'' asin rikas na ''v'' itinatao kan ''ymc2'', kun saen an libro ni Lorentz iyo an pinakahulugan sa itaas. pelente ''v'', pwedeng pantay-pantay kan saro, na minalangkaw sa bantog na E = mc2 pormasyon para sa mass. bagay na ''y'' nagigin simple mantang minadolok sa ''c'', asin iyan mangangaipo nin igong enerhiya tanganing iparikas an sarong bagay na may gabat sagkod sa rikas kan liwanag. &nbsp;rikas nin liwanag iyo an pinakaitaas na sagkodan kan dalagan nin mga bagay na may positibong gabat nin pahingalo, asin dai makakabiahe nin mas marikas an indibiduwal na mga retrato kisa sa rikas nin liwanag. <ref>See, for example:</ref>pinatutunayan sa dakol na pagbalo nin relatibistikong enerhiya asin puwersa. [[File:Relativity_of_Simultaneity.svg|link=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladawan:Relativity_of_Simultaneity.svg|alt=Three pairs of coordinate axes are depicted with the same origin&nbsp;A; in the green frame, the x axis is horizontal and the ct axis is vertical; in the red frame, the x′ axis is slightly skewed upwards, and the ct′ axis slightly skewed rightwards, relative to the green axes; in the blue frame, the x′′ axis is somewhat skewed downwards, and the ct′′ axis somewhat skewed leftwards, relative to the green axes. A point&nbsp;B on the green x axis, to the left of&nbsp;A, has zero ct, positive ct′, and negative ct′′.|too|thumb|aski an A na naenot sa B sa pulang kasiyahan, durungan na si B nasa berdeng kamugtakan, asin nagsusunod sa B sa asul na pagkawing.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;]] dakul an, imposible para sa mga senyal o enerhiya na makabiyahe nin mas marikas kisa ki c. Sarong argumento ini minasunod gikan sa kontra-intitikong impluwensya kan espesyal na relatyensiya na inaapod bilang disperensya nin pagiging syudad. &nbsp;an distansiang kadikit sa pag - oltanan nin duwang pangyayari na mas dakula pa kisa kan panahon na iyan duminakol huli ta alas kwa kun siring may mga grupo nin pagsambit na dian naenot si A B, iba pang nasambitan ni Bi bago an A, asin an iba pa kaiyan durungan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;resulta, kun may nagbibiahe nin mas marikas kisa sa c paryente na bakong kombenyente an pagkasambit dian, iyan mabiahe paatras pag - abot nin panahon na konektado sa ibang bagay, asin babalgahon an pagigin daing isip.&nbsp;siring na pag'oogid, pwedeng mahiling an sarong "effect" bago kaini an "ka". [Note 10]<ref name="Taylor_p74">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/spacetimephysics00edwi_0/page/74|title=Spacetime Physics|last=Taylor|first=EF|last2=Wheeler|first2=JA|publisher=W.H. Freeman|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7167-2327-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spacetimephysics00edwi_0/page/74 74–75]|author-link=Edwin F. Taylor|author-link2=John Archibald Wheeler}}</ref>siring na pagbalga sa pagiging daing kamanungdanan dai pa noarin man irinekord, asin maresulta sa mga masakit paniwalaan pero totoo arog kan ta[[chyonic antitelephone]]. == Pag-ayunong obserbasyon asin eksperiyensya == mga situwasyon na dian tibaad garo baga mas dakula iyan, enerhiya, o senyal nin impormasyon sa rikas kan biahe kisa c, alagad dai. &nbsp;, arog kan ipinaliliwanag sa proporsyon nin liwanag sa sarong kabtang na katekulahan sa ibaba, an dakol na tada - alon puedeng labi kisa c. An parteng sinasamba ni [[-ray|-rays]] paagi sa kadaklan na salming puwedeng regular na masobrahan nin mga likero, alagad dai nagdedeterminar kun arin na klase nin velocidad an nagtatao nin impormasyon.&nbsp; an sarong laser badsa napadpad tolos sa harayong bagay, an lugar nin liwanag pwedeng maghiro na mas marikas kisa c, maski ngane pig'atraso an enot na hiro kan digta huli ta kun panahon kaipohan magian magpasiring sa harayo pasakat sa rikas c. Alagad, an solong pisikal na entri na naghihiro iyo an lasta asin su mga tinarakan na ilaw kaini, na nagbibiyahe haleng marikason na kwarta poon lalake pasiring sa manlaenlaen na posisyon kan lantad. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kaiyan, an anino na pinopromosyon sa sarong harayong bagay puedeng gibohon tanganing humiro nin mas marikas kisa mga paksa, pakatapos nin pagkaatraso pag - abot nin panahon. &nbsp;<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wertheim|first=M|title=The Shadow Goes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/20/opinion/20wertheim.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=%27the%20shadow%20goes%27&st=cse&oref=slogin|date=20 June 2007}}</ref>paano man dai mas marikas na nagbibiahe kisa sa liwanag an ano man na bagay, kosog, o impormasyon.<ref name="Gibbs">{{Cite web}}</ref> rikas nin pagbabago sa distansia kan duwang bagay kun dapit sa arin man na duwa an naghihiro (an saindang pantapos na rikas) tibaad igwa nin halaga sa sobrang c. Alagad, dai ini naglaladawan sa dalagan nin ano man na sarong bagay bilang sokol sa saro sanang estruktura.&nbsp;<ref name="Gibbs2">{{Cite web}}</ref> nagkapirang epekto nin kulatum garo baga ipinaaabot sa panale asin kun siring mas marikas kisa c, arog kan nasa masakit paniwalaan na EPR. sa halimbawa an mga estado nin kuwento kan duwang parti na puedeng ibod. sa arin man kan mga partikulator, nag-eeksister an mga ini sa sarong super[[Quantum superposition|posisyon]] nin duwang estado nin kustum. isusuway an mga partikula asin naoobserbaran an sarong estado kan particle, determinado an iba pan estadong pu'ngaw sa kinàban. , imposibleng makontrol kun arin na orasan an enot na particle pagmasdan ini, kaya dai ikapaabot sa paaging ini an impormasyon. pang epekto sa quantum na naghuhula paglataw nin mas marikas-marikas na rikas iyo an inaapod na Hatan garo: sa irarom nin nagkapirang kamugtakan kaipuhan an panahon para haros partikula sa pagpindot paagi sa sarong barrio, anoman an kahibogan kan ulang. <ref name="Muga">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InKru6zHQWgC&pg=PA48|title=Time in Quantum Mechanics|publisher=Springer|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-73472-7|editor-last=Muga|editor-first=JG|page=48|editor-last2=Mayato|editor-first2=RS|editor-last3=Egusquiza|editor-first3=IL}}</ref><ref name="Recami">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxbXgL967PwC&pg=PA26|title=Localized Waves|last=Hernández-Figueroa|first=HE|last2=Zamboni-Rached|first2=M|last3=Recami|first3=E|publisher=[[Wiley Interscience]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-470-10885-7|page=26}}</ref>puedeng magbunga nin haros parti na minabalyo sa dakulang siwang na mas marikas kisa liwanag. siring, mayo nin impormasyon na puedeng ipadara gamit an epektong ini. inaapod na superluminal moven hinihiling sa mga seguradong astronomikong bagay, arog kan relatibistikong jets of radio galexies and qu[[asar|asars]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rees|first=M|title=The Appearance of Relativistically Expanding Radio Sources}}</ref>siring, an mga jet na ini dai naghihiro sa rikas nin liwanag: an garo baga pambihirang paghiro sarong epekto kan mga bagay na nag - aabante harani sa marikas na dalagan nin liwanag asin nagdadangadang sa Daga bilang pagrikas pasiring sa linya nin pagheling: huling mas haloy nang hinale an ilaw kun orog pang pinahiwas an suba tanganing makaabot sa Daga, an panahon sa duwang kasunod na obserbasyon katimbang nin halawig na oras sa tahaw kan insttans na pinapahalean kan kinag. eksperiyensiya kan 2011 kun sain namasdan an mga neutrino tanganing makabiyahe nin mas marikas kisa sa liwanag huli sa eksperimental na sala. == Palakop nin liwanag== klasikong pisika, an liwanag sinasabing sarong klaseng elektromagnetikong alon. klasikong pahubo' kan lantad elektromagnetiko sinasabing [[mga equasyon ni Maxwell]], na naghula na an rikas c na may de koryenteng alon (arog baga nin ilaw) proporsyon sa vacuum konektado sa pinagdistribwir na kakayahan asin industate nin bakuna, kun iba man inaapod na [[:en:Electric_constant|electric constant]] ''ε''₀ asin sa mamantikong pirming harayáko.&nbsp; <math> c =\frac {1}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_0 \mu_0}} \ . </math> modernong quantum pisika, an dagang elektromagnetiko sinasabing teoriya nin colectum eledynamics (QED). teoriyang ini, an liwanag ilinaladawan kan pundamental na mga paliwanag (o quanta) kan langtad nin elektromagnetiko, na inaapod photos. QED, an mga retrato daing kaagid na particle asin sa siring, sono sa espesyal na pagsaysay, sinda nagbibiahe kun dapit sa rikas nin liwanag sa vacuum. - orolayan an mga dagdag na detalye kan QED kun saen pinag - olayan an retrato. siring na teoriya, an rikas kaiyan madepende sa pagkaparate kaiyan, asin kun minsan an daing ontok na marikas na c nin espesyal na pagsaysay iyo an magigin pinakaitaas kan dalagan nin liwanag sa vacuum. &nbsp;<ref name="Gibbs19972">{{Cite web}}</ref>pagkakalaen kan rikas nin liwanag na may pagkapara an naobserbaran sa masakit paniwalaan pero maaser na pagsiyasat, na nagbubugtak nin estriktong mga limitasyon sa masa kan retrato. <ref>See, for example:</ref>limitasyon na nakua depende sa modelo na ginamit: kun an dakulaon na retrato ilinaladawan kan Proca theory, an eksperimentong itaas para sa masa kaiyan mga 10 gramo; kun an photosn masaker pinoprodusir nin sarong mekanikong Higschanismo, bakong gayong matarom an grado kan pag - eksperimento, {{Nowrap|''m'' ≤ {{Val|e=-14|ul=eV/c2}}}} (roughly 2&nbsp;×&nbsp;10⁻⁴⁷&nbsp;g). saro pang dahelan na an rikas nin liwanag laen sa pagkaparate kaiyan iyo an dai pakaaplikar kan espesyal na pag - eksister tanganing iaplikar sa saraditon na timbangan, siring sa ihinula nin nagkapirang isinusuherir na teoriya nin grabidad. 2009, an obserbasyon kan gamma-ray nagbungsod kan G[[GRB 090510|RB 090510]] mayong nakuang ebidensya sa pagdepende nin photos run planve dapit sa enerhiya, na nagsuporta sa mga higot na kostrikto sa espesipikong mga modelo nin pang'oeter kun paano apektado an rikas na ini paagi nin retrato kan kusog para sa masrukot na pagdangadang pasiring [[na hiwas]] kan [[:en:Planck_scale|Planck scale]] === Sarong medya === medya, an liwanag sa parate dai nagpapalakop nin rikas na kapantay kan ku; dugang pa, laen - laen na klase nin alon nin ilaw an mabiahe kun manlaenlaen an dalagan. rikas kun saen an indibiduwal na mga kredo asin alon [[plano nin alon|nin eroplano]] (sarong alon na nakapapano sa bilog na espasyo, na saro sanang framental) nagproprodyusir inaapod na kabtang kan velocidad vp. &nbsp;sarong pisikal na senyal na may limitadong sokol (sarong pulbos nin liwanag) nagbibiahe sa laen man na rikas. kagabsan na sobre kan pulsong mga biyahe sa bolocity vg, asin an pinakaenot na parte kaini naglibot sa enotan na sentro nin pagloberiya.&nbsp; [[Ladawan:Frontgroupphase.gif|alt=A modulated wave moves from left to right. There are three points marked with a dot: A blue dot at a node of the carrier wave, a green dot at the maximum of the envelope, and a red dot at the front of the envelope.|wala|thumb|asul na dota naghihiro sa rikas kan mga girison, an kabtang velocidad; an berdeng tanga minapahiro gamit an dalagan kan sobre, an grupo bilovater; asin an pulang titik minabalyo na may marikas na pag - abante kan pangenot na parte kan pulbos, an atubangan na pagsamba.]] an pagkakalaen sa pagdeterminar kun paano nagbibiahe pasiring sa sarong materyal o hale sa laen - laen na materyales an alon nin liwanag. ini narepresentar sa paagi nin refractive index. sarong materyal tinatawan nin kahulogan bilang rata nin c sagkod sa kabtang na velocity vp sa materyales: mas darakulang pagkakaimbento nin refyon an nagpaparisang bakong gayong marikas. &nbsp;an rerereclutibong indese nin sarong materyal puedeng depende sa pagkalangkag, kosog, polarisasyon, o direksion nin proporsyon; sa dakol na kaso, puede ining itratohon bilang materyal-dependete pirmi. refractive na indese nin ayre pwedeng mga 1.0003. <ref name="Podesta">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8BNvnR050cC&pg=PA131|title=Understanding the Properties of Matter|last=de Podesta|first=M|publisher=CRC Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-25788-6|page=131}}</ref>Denser media, arog baga nin tubig, salming, asin brilyante, igwa nin nakaremedyong mga indese na nasa palibot kan 1.3, 1.5 asin 2.4, sa katuyohan na maheling an liwanag. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>eksotikong materyales arog kan Bose-Einstein na condenado harani sa absolutong zero, an epektibong rikas nin liwanag pwede sanang pirang metro kada segundo. , ini nagrerepresentar nin pag'aayos asin pagka-raborasyon pa kaamayan kan mga atomo, siring man sa gabos na mas maluway-amay an dalagan sa materyal na importansya. sarong sobrang halimbawa nin magian na "nag-eebebyon" sa bagay, duwang independenteng grupo nin mga pisiko an nagsabing nagdadara nin ilaw sa sarong "bilog na restoran" paagi kan pagpasar kaini sa sarong Bose-Einstein condensidensya kan elementong ru[[Rubidyo|bidium]]. , an popular na paglaladawan kan liwanag "nasugad" sa mga eksperiyensiyang ini minapanungod sana sa magian na pagkasaray sa mariribok na estado nin atomo, dangan pigre-esbre sa arobitraly upensya sa huri, siring kan napukawan nin ikaduwang laser pule. panahon na ini "naghihingagdan", bako na ining liwanag. arog kaining klase nin paghahayop heneral na mikrospikong totoo sa gabos na transparent media na "maluway" an rikas kan liwanag. mga silag na materyales, an refirctive index sa pangkagabsan mas dakula kisa 1, boot sabihon na an kabtang na velocidad bakong gayong malinaw ki c.Sa ibang materyal, pwede para sa rekadong indesilo ngane magin saradit pa kisa 1 para sa nagkapirang pagkakainistorya; sa iba man na eksotikong materyales posible ngani mangyari na nagigin negatibo an idemnisa nin pagremosyon.  <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kE8OUCvt7ecC&pg=PA25|title=Fast light, slow light and left-handed light|last=Milonni|first=PW|publisher=CRC Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7503-0926-4|page=25|author-link=Peter W. Milonni}}</ref>kahagadan na an katugmaran dai man lapason nagpaparisa na an tunay asin imaheng mga parte kan [[ng May Kagadanan|nagagadan nin dayaday]] sa anoman na materyal, katumbas igdi an indese nin refraksion asin sa pagkaka nagkakakoro-ibang pan'arityo, pinagtakod kan relasyon Kramers-Kronig. <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/261134839|title=Selected Works of Emil Wolf: with commentary|last=Wolf|first=Emil|date=2001|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-281-187-5|location=River Edge, N.J.|pages=577–584|chapter=Analyticity, Causality and Dispersion Relations|oclc=261134839|author-link=Emil Wolf}}</ref>praktikal na mga termino, nangangahulogan ini na sa sarong materyal na may refractive index na dai pang 1, an alon tolos - tolos na matakma. sarong pulbos na may iba-ibang grupo asin kabtang velocities (na nangyayari kun an parteng boro'otro bakong pareho sa gabos na pagkarugba kan ulse) nageestar sa lawig nin panahon, proseso na inaapod na dispersion. nagkapirang materyales igwa nin pambihira kahamakan (o pati zero) na grupo para sa magian na mga alon, sarong pangyayari na inaapod maluwayon an liwanag.<ref>See, for example:</ref>kabaliktaran, mga velocidad na labi sa c, pinagproponer kaidtong 1993 asin nagibong eksperimento kan 2000. <ref>See, for example:</ref>na posible pa ngani para sa grupo na magin daing sagkod o negatibo, na an mga pulbos nagbibiahe nin labi - labing kaogmahan o baliktad kun minsan. siring, mayo sa mga opsion na ini an mas marikas na nakakapagpaabot nin impormasyon kisa kan c. Imposibleng magpadara nin impormasyon na may liwanag na minabugsok nin ano man na mas marikas kisa rikas kan kaenot - enoteng kabtang kan pulbos (an biyong pagsamba). papahiling na ini (sa ibang aspeto) pirming pantay-pantay sa pag c ng an sarong parti dae magbyahe sa paagi nin kasyahan na mas marikas kisa kan kabtang na velocidad nin liwanag sa medya (pero pa daw This fraway kisa c). an sarong nakasantiyang particle ay ginigibo ini sa dielementikong materyal, naiibá an elektromagnetikong katumbas nin kaningous flame, inaapod na Cherenkov radition. == Praktikal na mga epekto nin pagigin daing sagkod== rikas nin liwanag iyo an pagrelehe sa mga komunikasyon: an saro-sarong pasakat asin bilog na panahon nin alimpoy mas dakula kisa zero. aplikado poon sa saradit sagkod sa astronomikong timbangan. ibong na lado, an nagkapirang pamamaagi minadepende sa marikason na rikas nin liwanag, halimbawa sa hararayong sokol. === Saradit na timbangan === m[[Kompyuter|ga komputer]], an rikas nin liwanag nagbubugtak nin limitasyon sa kun gurano karikas na ikapadara an impormasyon sa pag - oltanan kan m[[nin mga paraproseso Sentral|ga paraproseso]]. an sarong parada nagpupunsionar sa 1 [[gahertz]], an senyal puedeng magbiahe sana nin sagkod sa mga 30 reentimetres (1 piye sa saro sanang siklo na ginigibo, mas halipot pa ngani an distansiang ini poon kan mismo an inimprentang barko sa sirkito igwa nin nakaremedyo asin maluyang grado.  siring, an mga parapagirumdom dapat na idayupot sa lambang saro, saka magtuom nin gapak, pasaditon an pagkahuri kan komunikasyon, asin asikasohon kun may ginagamit sindang nag - aaragawan tanganing seguradohon na senyal iyan [[na tanda|nin integridad]]. padagos na nagdadakol an mga kaorogmahan, sa kahurihurihi tibaad magin limitasyon kan rikas nin liwanag para sa panlaog na disenyo nin saro sanang kapsiyon. == Darakulang distansya sa Kinaban == pagtao na an eknasyo equtorial circumence of the Earth mga 40 075 km  asin idtong cles 300 000 kilometros/s, pinakahalipot na panahon para sa sarong pidaso nin impormasyon tanganing makabiyahe kabanga kan globo sa may ibabaw mga 67 mirindalan. mas halawig an panahon nin pag - oltanan kan liwanag sa o[[ptikal na awat]] (sarong silag [[- andam Asin Pagigin Daing Kaagid|na materyal]]) an aktuwal na transit time, sa sarong kabtang huli ta an rikas nin liwanag maluway paagi sa mga 35% pakuryenteng epekto, depende sa nakaremedyo kaining indeclusion n.A., bihira an diretsong mga linya sa panglobong komunikasyon asin nagdadagdag an oras kun minalampas an mga senyal sa elektronikong switches o signal regenerador. ngani an distansyang ini sa kadaklan bakong mahalaga para sa kadaklan na aplikasyon, nagigin importante an kahugakan sa mga langtad arog kan halangkaw an kakayahan [[na Paagi nin pagnegosyo|na pagnegosyo]], kun saen hinihingoa nin mga negosyante na magkamit nin sadit sanang bentaha paagi sa paghatod kan saindang negosyo tanganing ribayan an pirang parte nin ikaduwang bagay antes pa nin ibang mannegosyo. , an mga negosyante nananakot sa [[:en:Microwave|microwave]] commune by traattics, huli sa bentaha kan pag - aberga nin radyo harani sa rikas nin liwanag paagi sa [[:en:Fibre_optic|fibre optic]] may mas maluyang epekto sa optiko. == Liwanagan Asin astronomiya== [[Ladawan:Earth_and_Moon_speed_of_light_by_James_O'Donoghue.gif|alt=The diameter of the moon is about one quarter of that of Earth, and their distance is about thirty times the diameter of Earth. A beam of light starts from the Earth and reaches the Moon in about a second and a quarter.|thumb|banaag nin liwanag an nagrerepresentar sa pagbiahe sa pag - oltanan kan Daga asin Bulan kan panahon na iyan nagigin dahelan tanganing humale sinda: 1.5 segundo pa man sa saindang kahulogan obital (surfface- to-sural). relatibong mga sukol asin pagsuway kan sistema Daga-Moon pinapadalan sa hiwas.]] kaiyan, an komunikasyon sa pag - oltanan kan Daga asin espasyo bakong biglang nangyayari. nin halipot na pagkaatraso hale sa gikanan pasiring sa nag - aako, na nagigin mas risa mantang nagdadakol an distansia. pagkaatrasong ini makahulogan para [[nin Pagpopogol sa Pagmimisyonero|sa daga]] komunikasyon sa pag - oltanan kan pagkontrol nin daga asin ni Apo[[llo 8]] kan iyan magin an enot na pinaturugahan na pan espasyo tanganing ilibot an Bulan: huli ta gabos na hapot, kinaipuhan na maghalat an istasyon nin pagpopogol sa natad kisuerra tolong segundo para sa simbag na maabot. &nbsp;<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>pagkaatraso kan komunikasyon sa pag - oltanan nin Daga asin Mars puedeng maglaen sa pag - oltanan nin lima may duwang polong minuto depende sa relatibong mga kamugtakan kan duwang planeta. resulta kaini, kun may maatubang na robot sa ibabaw kan Mars an sarong problema, dai iyan maaaraman nin mga tawong nagkokontrol kaiyan sagkod 5-20 minutos pakalihis kaiyan. kaipuhan pa an 5-20 minutos tanganing makabiahe hale sa Daga pasiring sa Mars.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> halawig an magigin epekto kan pag - ako nin liwanag asin iba pang senyal hale sa hararayong siudad na astronomiya. 13 bilyon (13x10)9 na taon bago magpasiring sa Daga hale sa hararayong galaksia na naheling sa mga imahen kan Huble Ultra-Desep Field. &nbsp;<ref name="Hubble">{{Cite press release}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>mga retratong iyan, na dinadara ngonyan, nagbihag sa mga ladawan kan galaksia mantang an mga ini minalataw 13 bilyones na taon na an nakaagi, kan mayo pang sarong bilyon anyos an uniberso. &nbsp;<ref name="Hubble" />bagay na an mas hararayong mga bagay garo baga hoben, huli sa daing sagkod na rikas nin liwanag, nagpapangyari sa mga astronomo na ponan an ebolusyon kan mga bitoon, galaksia, asin mismo kan [[kan uniberso|uniberso]] minsan an mga distansiang astronomiko ipinahahayag sa liwanag-taon, orog na sa popular na mga publikasyon asin media dapit [[na siensia]] <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>light-taon an distansyang rayo kan liwanag na naglilibot sa sarong taon nin Julian, mga 9461 bilyon kilometres, 5879 bilyones milya, o 0.3066 [[:en:Parsec|parsecs]]. &nbsp;&nbsp;enterong pigurin, an sarong taon nin liwanag haros 10 trilyone o haros 6 na trillion na kilometro. &nbsp;&nbsp;[[:en:Proxima_Centauri|Proxima Centauri]] an pinakaharaning bituon sa Daga pagkatapos kan Saldang, nasa mga 4.2 na liwanag-taon naghahale. === Distansya sa pagsukol === mga sistemang Rad[[ar]] nagsusukol kan distansya sa target pag'abot kan panahon nagkukua nin ulat sa radyo-wave na magbalik sa radar antenna pakatapos mababanaag sa target:an harayo sa syudad kabanga kan enterong oras na naglangkaw paagi kan rikas nin liwanag. Global Positioning System (GPS) na nagreresibi nin distansia sa GPAS satelayt basado kun gurano kahaloy kaipuhan an sarong radio signal tanganing makaabot hale sa kada statan, asin gikan digdi kinarkulo kan kag - ako an posisyon. ta an liwanag nagbibiahe nin mga 300 000 kilometres (186 000 mi) sa saro sanang segundo, seguradong eksakto nanggad an sokol na ini kan saradit na fraction na iyan nin ikaduwa. Lunar Laser Ranging experment, radar astronomiya asin an Deep Space Network dinedeterminaran an mga rayo sa Bulan, planeta asin pang espasyo, sosog man sa pagsukol kan enterong panahon na transit. == Pagsukol == Manlaenlaen an paagi tanganing madeterminaran an halaga nin c. Sarong dalan iyo an pagtimbang kan aktuwal na rikas kun saen nagprobukang liwanag, na puedeng gibohon sa manlaenlaen na lugar na may astronomiya asin Daga. pwede man na madeterminaran an mga c hale sa ibang pisikal na ley kun saen ini nagluwas, halimbawa, paagi sa pagdeterminar kan pamantayan kan elektromagnetikong dayaday [[:en:Relative_permittivity|''ε''₀]] asin [[:en:Permeability_(electromagnetism)|''μ''₀]]<nowiki/>asin paggamit kan relasyon ninda sa c. Historicalmente, nakua an pinakatamang resulta paagi nin suway na pagdeterminar kan pagkakaingin asin pagka'arabagi nin liwanag beam, na an saindang produkto pantay-pantay sa k.Ini naglaladawan sa mas detalye sa "[[:en:Speed_of_light#Interferometry|Interferometry]]"ng seksyon sa ibaba. 1983 an metro tinawan kahulogan na "an lawig kan dalan nagparalibot sa liwanag sa vacuum durante nin panahon na pag'oltan In 1983 the metre was defined as "the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of {{frac|1|{{Val|299792458}}}} of a second" renipiste an halaga kan rikas nin ilaw sa 2999248 m/sep asion, siring kan sinasabing nasa ibaba.  <ref name="Resolution_1">{{Cite web}}</ref>resulta, an tamang mga sokol kan rikas nin liwanag nagbubunga nin eksaktong pakarealisar sa yerno imbes na sarong daing kasalasalang halaga na c. === Astrononikong mga sokol === [[Ladawan:Io_eclipse_speed_of_light_measurement.svg|thumb|kamit kan rikas nin liwanag na ginagamit an ekolohiya ni Io paagi ki Jupiter]] espasyo sa luwas kombenyenteng lugar tanganing sokolon an rikas nin liwanag huli sa dakulang hiwas kaiyan asin haros sangkap na bakante. tipikong paagi, an saro nagbubugtak kan panahon na kaipuhan tanganing mabagtason nin liwanag an nagkapirang distansia sa Sistema [[Sistemang Solar|Solar]], arog baga kan [[:en:Radius|radius]] kan orbita kan Daga. historya, an siring na mga sukol pwedeng gibohon pantay-tama, kun ibabaing sa eksaktong lawig kan nasambit na distansya bisto sa mga yunit nin Daga. O[[le Christensen Rømer]] naggamit nin astronomikong sukol tanganing gibohon an enot na konsekular na pagkalkulo kan rikas nin liwanag kan taon 1676. <ref name="cohen">{{Cite journal|year=1940|title=Roemer and the first determination of the velocity of light (1676)|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=uc1.b4375710;orient=0;size=100;seq=5;attachment=0}}</ref><ref name="roemer">{{Cite journal|year=1676|title=Demonstration tovchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M. Rŏmer de l'Académie Royale des Sciences|url=http://www-obs.univ-lyon1.fr/labo/fc/ama09/pages_jdsc/pages/jdsc_1676_lumiere.pdf|access-date=2023-10-23|archivedate=2011-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721024302/http://www-obs.univ-lyon1.fr/labo/fc/ama09/pages_jdsc/pages/jdsc_1676_lumiere.pdf}}</ref>an daga sinosokol, mas halipot an mga peryodo nin bulan na naglilibot sa sarong harayong planeta kun nagdadangadang na an Daga sa planeta kisa kan panahon na iyan mabawi na liwat kan Daga. distansyang agi-agi nin liwanag hale sa planeta (o an bulan kaini) pasiring Daga mas halipot kun an Kinaban yaon na sa punto kan orbita kaini na pinakaharani sa planeta kaini kisa pag nasa pinakaporo an daga hanggang habagatan, an pagkakaiba sa harayo iyo an diametro kan otoridad kan Earth palibot kan Saldang. namamasdan na pagbabago sa orbital na peryodo kan bulan resulta kan pagkakaiba kan panahong ini mina-esbwer sa mas halipot o halawig na distansya. [[o (moon)|o]] ni Rømer an epektong ini sa kalaoglaogi kan pinakahararom na bulan nin Ju[[Hupiter|piter]] Io asin nagtulod iyan na kaipuhan nin liwanag 22 minutos tanganing makabalyo sa diametro kan orbita kan Daga. [[Ladawan:SoL_Aberration.svg|alt=A star emits a light ray that hits the objective of a telescope. While the light travels down the telescope to its eyepiece, the telescope moves to the right. For the light to stay inside the telescope, the telescope must be tilted to the right, causing the distant source to appear at a different location to the right.|thumb|palaad sa liwanag: An ilaw hale sa harayong gikanan minalataw na gikan sa laen - laen na lugar para sa pagbalyo nin teleskopyo huli sa daing sagkod na rikas kan liwanag.]] saro pang paagi iyo an paggamit kan pagkaigwa nin liwanag, na nadiskobre asin ipinaliwanag ni James [[Bradley]] sa ika - 18 siglo. <ref name="Bradley1729">{{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=J|year=1729|title=Account of a new discovered Motion of the Fix'd Stars|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55840n.image.f375.langEN|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions]]|volume=35|pages=637–660}}</ref>epekto kaini resulta kan dugang pang liwanag na hale sa sarong harayong gikanan (arog nin bitoon) asin pagigin berde kan nagmamasid kaiyan (hilingon an digram dapit sa too). siring, naheheling nin sarong naghihirong nagmamasid na an liwanag gikan sa medyo laen na direksion asin bilang resulta naheling nia an ginikanan kan posisyon kaiyan na iba man hale sa orihinal na katongdan. an pagdirehir sa velocidad kan Daga padagos na nagbabago mantang naglilibot sa Saldang an Kinaban, huli kaini nagigin garo baga nasa palibot an kamugtakan nin mga bitoon. sa anular na pagkakaiba sa posisyon nin mga bitoon (makasa Ingles 20.5 arkseconds) Pwedeng maipahayag an rikas kan liwanag kun manungod sa velocidad kan Daga sa palibot kan Saldang, na paagi sa aram na lawig nin sarong taon pwedeng liwaton sagkod sa panahon na kaipuhanon tanganing makabiyahe gikan sa Subangan pasiring sa Kinaban. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/practicalastrono0000duff|title=Practical Astronomy with your Calculator|last=Duffett-Smith|first=P|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-35699-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/practicalastrono0000duff/page/62 62]|url-access=registration}}</ref>1729, ginamit ni Bradley an paaging ini tanganing makua na may mga 10210 beses na mas marikas sa orbita kan Daga (an modernong kabilangan 10066 na beses parikas) o, katimbang kaiyan, kaya kaipuhan nin liwanag 8 minutos 12 segundo tanganing magbiahe hale sa Saldang pasiring sa daga. === Oras nin mga pamamaagi nin teknik === [[Ladawan:Michelson_speed_of_light_measurement_1930.jpg|sentro|thumb|sa ultimo asin pinakatamang panahon nin paglupad igdi, an Michelson, Pease and Faarson's 1930-35 na eksperimento naggamit nin roting salming asin sarong-mile (1.6 km) lawig kan kuartong bakante na binabagtasan kan ilaw beam nin 10 beses. &nbsp;kahaman ini nin katotohanan na -11 km/s.&nbsp;]] [[Ladawan:Fizeau-int.svg|alt=A light ray passes horizontally through a half-mirror and a rotating cog wheel, is reflected back by a mirror, passes through the cog wheel, and is reflected by the half-mirror into a monocular.|thumb|kan Fieau aptaratus: Light sources Bam-espliting semi-transparent poyto Paghimo-paod kan ilaw amRemose pamamingTelescopic tube ]] sarong paagi nin pagsokol sa rikas kan liwanag iyo an pagsukol kan panahon na kaipuhan tanganing may maliwanagan na magbiahe pasiring sa salming sa harayo asin likod. an naggigibo nin prinsipyo sa likod kan mga eksperiyensiya ni[[:en:Hippolyte_Fizeau|Hippolyte Fizeau]]<nowiki/>asin L[[éon Foucault]]. sarong paagi nin pagsokol sa rikas kan liwanag iyo an pagsukol kan panahon na kaipuhan tanganing may maliwanagan na magbiahe pasiring sa salming sa harayo asin likod. an naggigibo nin prinsipyo sa likod kan mga eksperiyensiya ni[[:en:Hippolyte_Fizeau|Hippolyte Fizeau]]<nowiki/>asin L[[éon Foucault]]. metodo [[mga sokol kan pag - adal sa rikas nin liwanag|nin Foucault]] pigriribayan an cogwheel nin paitok na salming. ta an salming padagos na nag - aiitok mantang an liwanag nagbibiahe pasiring sa harayo nang panalmingan asin pabalik, naririsa an ilaw gikan sa nagraralapang salming sa laen man na anggulo kaiyan nin lihis pa dian. pagkakaiba na ini sa aloy, pwedeng makulong an bistong rikas nin pag'itok asin harayo sagkod sa harayong panalmingan kan dalagan nin liwanag. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>kan grupo nin mga tinanom an kasangkapan na ini tanganing sokolon an rikas kan liwanag sa tubig nin aire, basado sa suhestion ni [[François Arago]]. an paggamit nin mga oscillocopes na may panahon na resolusyon kan mayo pang sarong nanosecon, an rikas nin liwanag puedeng direktang sokolan paagi sa pag - iskedyul kan pagkaatraso nin ilaw hale sa laser o LED na naheheling gikan sa salming. metodong ini bakong gayo eksakto (paagi sa mga sala kan order nin 1%) kisa iba pang modernong pamamaagi, alagad kun minsan ginagamit ining eksperimento sa pag'aadal sa mga klase sa kolehiyo physics. === Mga dayaday na Electrontiko === opportansya sa pagdedebosyon kan c na dai direktang nakadepende sa sukol kan proporsyon nin elektromagnetikong mga alon iyo an paggamit kan relasyon sa tahaw kan ''ε''₀ asin kan[[:en:Vacuum_permeability|vacuum permeability]] ''μ''₀ itinindog kan teoriya ni Maxwell: ''c''²&nbsp;=&nbsp;1/(''ε''₀''μ''₀)&nbsp;&nbsp;bakunang permiso pwede madeterminaran paagi sa pagsukol [[konsisyon|gana]] kakayahan asin mga dimensyon nin sarong kahawakan, mantang an halaga kan bakanteng permetable historikal na pigtalaan sa eksaktong{{Val|4|end=π|e=-7|u=H.m-1}}sa pagtaong kahulogan kan am[[pere (kainitan)|pere]]. ni Rosa asin Dor[[Ernest Dorsey|sey]] an paaging ini kan 1907 tanganing manompongan an halaga na {{Val|299710|22|u=km/s}}kilometros/s. saindang metodo nagdepende sa pagkaigwa nin estandarteng yunit nin paglaban elektrikal, an "internasyonal na o[[m|hm]]", asin kaya limitado an katamaan kaini kun paano tinawan kahulogan an pamantayan na ini. === Basol sa Kaaraan === [[Ladawan:Waves_in_Box.svg|alt=A box with three waves in it; there are one and a half wavelength of the top wave, one of the middle one, and a half of the bottom one.|too|thumb|pagigin bantog sa sadiri garo baga yaon na marhay]] saro pang paagi na masukol an rikas nin liwanag iyo an independienteng pagtimbang kan frequency ''f'' asin alontagab na ''λ'' sa sarong de koryenteng alon sa bakuna. makukua ''c''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''fλ''. halaga nin c sa paggamit kan relasyon na &nbsp;&nbsp;sarong opsion iyo na turotimbangon an pagigin nasa isip nin matang pararesonador. bisto man an mga dimensyon kan sensibilidad pan'aki, ini pwedeng gamiton tanganing madeterminaran an alontagaan kan pag-aalap. 1946, itinugdas ni Louis [[Essen]] asin A.C. Gordon-Smith an pagkakatugmahan sa manlaen-laen na normal na modes nin microwave kan sarong mikrowaves na may eksaktong aram na dimensions. mga sokol inestablisar sa pagkaeksakto nin mga ±0.8&nbsp;μm na ginagamit an mga gagihe na yaon paagi sa pag - oltanan kan panahon. &nbsp;<ref name="Essen1948">{{Cite journal|last1=Essen|first1=L|last2=Gordon-Smith|first2=AC|year=1948|title=The Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Derived from the Resonant Frequencies of a Cylindrical Cavity Resonator|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A]]|volume=194|issue=1038|pages=348–361|doi=10.1098/rspa.1948.0085|bibcode=1948RSPSA.194..348E}}</ref>pag'isog kan mga kino nabibisto sa geometry of the covity asin hale sa electromagnetic moory, an kaaraman dapit sa kairiba na pagkakaintriniktibo nagpangyaring makulong an rikas nin liwanag. Essen-Gordon-Smitth resulta, {{Val|299792|9|u=km/s}} substanti medyo eksakto kisa kan nakukuang mga optikal na pamamaagi. <ref name="Essen19482">{{Cite journal|last1=Essen|first1=L|last2=Gordon-Smith|first2=AC|year=1948|title=The Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Derived from the Resonant Frequencies of a Cylindrical Cavity Resonator|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A]]|volume=194|issue=1038|pages=348–361|doi=10.1098/rspa.1948.0085|bibcode=1948RSPSA.194..348E}}</ref>1950, an inotrong mga sukol ni Essen nagpatindog nin resulta kan {{Val|299792.5|3.0|u=km/s}}. an pagpapahiling sa harong kan pamamaaging ini, gamit an microwave onle asin kakanon arog kan marshmaffs o mararine: kun hinale na an panribay-hira tangani na dai maghiro an pagkakan, lutoon kaini an pinakamarikas sa mga antigo (an mga punto na pa'no mahiling kan alon iyo an pinakadakula), kun saen ini mapoon na matunaw. distansya kan duwang siring na digta kabanga kan alon nin microwaves; paagi sa pagsukol kaini asin pagpadakul kan waling pagka'alumahad kan mikrowad (sa ngunyan ipinapahiling sa likod kan ove, ordinaryong 2450 MHz), an halaga nin c pwedeng makulong, "parateng may dai mababa sa root" === Interferometry === [[Ladawan:Interferometer_sol.svg|alt=Schematic of the working of a Michelson interferometer.|thumb|interferometric na determinasyon sa lawig. wala: Naka[[mentasyon|paooswag na pakikiaram]]; Tama: mapanlaglag na pag - olang.]] pag - analisar saro pang paagi tanganing makua an makosog na paglakop nin elektromagnetikong radiasyon sa pagdeterminar kan rikas nin liwanag. konteenteng sukol nin liwanag (e.g. gikan [[er|sa laser]]), na igwang bistong pagkakata'lan (f), pigbabanga tanganing magsunod sa duwang dalan dangan pigsa-abo. [Note 14]sa pagliwat kan dalan mantang pinagmamasdan an paagi nin pakikiaram asin maingat na pagsokol kan pagbabago sa lawig, magigin determinado an pag - urong - sulong kan liwanag (''λ''). an rikas nin liwanag kinukunsia gamit an equation ''c''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''λf''.&nbsp;&nbsp; an pagdatong nin teknolohiyang laser, ginamit an kompletong mga reperensia sa radyo para sa sokol kan pag - oltanan nin liwanag. <ref name="Froome1858">{{Cite journal}}</ref>man an interferometric na determinasyon nin along-alon nagigin bakong gayong eksakto sa pagkahalakbang asin an mga eksperimento limitado nanggad sa pagkaeksakto kan halawig na pag'isog (~{{Cvt|4|mm|in}}) pul kan mga radiowaves. pagkaeksakto puedeng paoswagon paagi sa paggamit nin liwanag na mas halipot an alon, alagad nagigin depisil kun direktang sokolon an pagigin daing gayo naririsa kan liwanag. sarong paagi sa pag - atubang kan problemang ini iyo an pagpoon nin bakong gayong parateng senyal na dian eksaktong masosokol an pagkaparate, asin poon digdi luway - luway na signipisar an mas halangkaw na mga tanda kun saen an pagigin konektado sa orihinal na marka. an sarong laser puedeng ikasarat sa pagkaparate, asin an alon kaiyan puwedeng magin determinado na gamiton an pag - oltanan. <ref name="NIST_pub">{{Cite book|url=http://nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/sp958-lide/191-193.pdf|title=A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology|last=Sullivan|first=DB|publisher=CRC Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8493-1247-2|editor-last=Lide|editor-first=DR|pages=191–193|chapter=Speed of Light from Direct Frequency and Wavelength Measurements|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813061018/http://nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/sp958-lide/191-193.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2009}}</ref>pamamaaging ini huli sa sarong grupo sa National Bureau of Standards (na kan huri nagin Nasyonal Institute of Calts and Technology). ninda iyan kan 1972 tanganing sokolon an rikas nin liwanag sa vacuum na may kadikit na kadaihan nin kasegurohan na {{Val|3.5|e=-9}} ==Kasaysayan == sa kapinonan kan modernong panahon, dai aram kun baga an liwanag naglilibot nin bigla o marikason na marikas. enot na halipoton na nasusurat na pagsiyasat sa temang ini yaon sa suanoy [[Suanoy na Gresya|na Grecia]]. suanoy na mga Griego, intelektuwal sa Arabe, asin klasikong Europeo haloy na pinagdebatehan ini sagkod na an Rømer iyo an enot na nagkalkulo kan rikas nin liwanag. teoriya ni Einstein dapit sa espesyal na pagkonektar kan mga pangyayari nagsasabi na an rikas nin liwanag danay ano man an basehan nin saro. kaidto, an mga sientista nagtao nin mas dakol na eksaktong sokol. === Mga kasaysayan nin mga sukol na c (sa km/s) === {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |<1638 |, na sakop an mga langtrang | colspan="2" |mapagdududahan<ref name="2newsciences">{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/read/88951396/dialogues-concerning-two-new-sciences|title=Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences|last=Galilei|first=G|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|others=Crew, H; de Salvio A (trans.)|year=1954|isbn=978-0-486-60099-4|page=43|ref=Reference-Galileo-1954|access-date=29 January 2019|orig-year=1638|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053744/https://www.questia.com/read/88951396/dialogues-concerning-two-new-sciences|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="boyer">{{Cite journal}}</ref><ref name="foschi&leone">{{Citation}}</ref>: 1252 [Note 15] |- |<1667 |[[ademia del Cimento]], sakop an mga langterna | colspan="2" |mapagdududahan<ref name="foschi&leone" />: 1253 <ref name="magalotti">{{Citation}}</ref> |- |1675 |[[le Rømer|ømer]] asin Hu[[iaan Huygens|ygens]], bulan nin Jupiter |220000000<ref name="roemer2">{{Cite journal|year=1676|title=Demonstration tovchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M. Rŏmer de l'Académie Royale des Sciences|url=http://www-obs.univ-lyon1.fr/labo/fc/ama09/pages_jdsc/pages/jdsc_1676_lumiere.pdf|access-date=2023-10-23|archivedate=2011-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721024302/http://www-obs.univ-lyon1.fr/labo/fc/ama09/pages_jdsc/pages/jdsc_1676_lumiere.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Huygens 1690 8–9">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kVxsaYdZaaoC|title=Traitée de la Lumière|last=Huygens|first=C|publisher=Pierre van der Aa|year=1690|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kVxsaYdZaaoC/page/n19 8]–9|language=fr}}</ref> | - 27% sala |- |1729 |James [[Bradley]], an pagkaigwa nin liwanag |301000<ref name="How">{{Cite web}}</ref> | +0.40% na sala |- |1849 |[[polyte Fisiau]], mga ruedang pinahamis |315000<ref name="How" /> | +5.1% sala |- |1862 |[[éon Foucault]], na nag - aiitok na salming |298000±500<ref name="How" /> | - 0.60% sala |- |1907 |asin Dorsey, <abbr title="electromagnetic">M</abbr> panahon na dai pa nag - aabot |299710±30<ref name="Essen19484">{{Cite journal|last1=Essen|first1=L|last2=Gordon-Smith|first2=AC|year=1948|title=The Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Derived from the Resonant Frequencies of a Cylindrical Cavity Resonator|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A]]|volume=194|issue=1038|pages=348–361|doi=10.1098/rspa.1948.0085|bibcode=1948RSPSA.194..348E}}</ref><ref name="RosaDorsey">{{Cite journal|last1=Rosa|first1=EB|last2=Dorsey|first2=NE|year=1907|title=A new determination of the ratio of the electromagnetic to the electrostatic unit of electricity.|journal=Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards|volume=3|issue=6|doi=10.6028/bulletin.070}}</ref> | -280 pp na sala |- |1926 |[[A. Michelson]], na nag - aiitok na salming |299796±4<ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> | +12 pp na sala |- |1950 |sen asin Gordon-Smith cavidad retador |299792.5±3.0<ref name="Essen1950">{{Cite journal|last=Essen|first=L|title=The Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Derived from the Resonant Frequencies of a Cylindrical Cavity Resonator}}</ref> | +0.14 pp na sala |- |1958 |.D. Froome, radio interferometry |299792.50±0.10<ref name="Froome18582">{{Cite journal}}</ref> | +0.14 pp na sala |- |1972 |askison et ''al.'', las interferometry |299792.4562±0.0011<ref name="NIST heterodyne">{{Cite journal}}</ref> | - 0.0076 plusa |- |1983 | -17 CGPM, na pakahulugan kan metro |299792.458 (exct) <ref name="Resolution_12">{{Cite web}}</ref> |, siring sa tinatawan nin kahulogan |} == Panginot na historya == Si Empedocles (mga 490-430 BCE) iyo an pinakaenot na nagpropose nin sarong teorya nin liwanag asin guminana na an ilaw may daing katapusan na rikas. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctpG-kmmK8kC|title=Light-Matter Interaction: Physics and Engineering at the Nanoscale|last=Weiner|first=John|last2=Nunes|first2=Frederico|publisher=OUP Oxford|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-856766-0|edition=illustrated|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcoGIKlHuZcC&pg=PA248|title=Ancient science through the golden age of Greece|last=Sarton|first=G|publisher=[[Courier Dover]]|year=1993|isbn=978-0-486-27495-9|page=248|author-link=George Sarton}}</ref>pagdanay nia an liwanag na iyan paagi sa sarong bagay, asin kun siring kaipuhan niang tawan nin panahon tanganing magbiahe. Aristotle nakiargumento, kabaliktaran kaini, na "an liwanag huli sa presensia nin sarong bagay, alagad bako ining hiro". <ref name="Statistics">{{Cite journal}}</ref>pag - introdusir ni E[[Euclid|uclid]] asin Ptolemy kan teoriya nin bisyon na dian an liwanag hinale sa mata, sa siring nagpapangyaring maheling. asado sa teoriyang iyan, nangatanosan si Herron na an rikas nin liwanag seguradong daing katapusan huli ta minalataw tolos - tolos an hararayong bagay arog kan mga bitoon kun ibubukas nia an mata.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ob79AgAAQBAJ|title=Electronic Microwave Imaging with Planar Multistatic Arrays|last=Ahmed|first=Sherif Sayed|publisher=Logos Verlag Berlin|year=2014|isbn=978-3-8325-3621-3|page=1}}</ref>enot [[na pilosopiyang Islamiko|na mga pilosopong Islamiko]] kan primero uminoyon sa punto de vistang Aristoteano na an liwanag mayo nin rikas nin pagbiahe. 1021, ipinublikar ni Al[[hazen]] (Ibn al-Hayham) an Libro nin Otics, na kun saen siya nagpresentar nin serye nin mga argumento na pinapahale sa ekstrasyon kan bisyon bilang pag'onra sa ngonyan inaakong teoriya, na dian may liwanag hale sa sarong bagay pasiring sa mata. <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref>an nagmotibar ki Alhazen na magproponer na seguradong marikas an liwanag, asin na mainaan an rikas nin liwanag, mantang nag - oorog sa mas mahibog na mga hawak. <ref name="Statistics" /><ref name="Hamarneh">{{Cite journal}}</ref><ref name="Lester">{{Cite book|title=Visual Communication: Images With Messages|url=https://archive.org/details/visualcommunicat0000lest_t7b3|last=Lester|first=PM|publisher=[[Thomson Wadsworth]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-534-63720-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/visualcommunicat0000lest_t7b3/page/10 10]–11}}</ref><ref name="Lester" /><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>nangatanosan na an liwanag awad - dagos na bagay, na an proporsyon kaiyan nagkakaipo nin panahon, dawa kun ini natatago sa mga sentido. <ref>{{Cite conference}}</ref>ika-11 siglo man, si Abū Rayhān al-Bīr nevernī nag'oyon na an liwanag may nakatalaan nin rikas sa dalagan, asin nagmamasid na mas marikas nanggad an pagdangadang kan ilaw kisa rikas nin tanog. ika - 13 siglo, nangatanosan si Ro[[ger Bacon]] na an rikas nin liwanag sa aire bakong daing katapusan, na ginagamit an pilosopikong mga argumento na suportado kan pagsurat ni Alhazen asin Aristotle. <ref name="Lindberg">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSPHMKbjYkQC&pg=PA143|title=Roger Bacon and the origins of Perspectiva in the Middle Ages: a critical edition and English translation of Bacon's Perspectiva, with introduction and notes|last=Lindberg|first=DC|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-823992-5|page=143}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A source book in medieval science|last=Lindberg|first=DC|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1974|isbn=978-0-674-82360-0|editor-last=Edward Grant|page=396|chapter=Late Thirteenth-Century Synthesis in Optics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fAPN_3w4hAUC&q=roger-bacon%20speed-of-light&pg=RA1-PA395}}</ref>1270, ibinilang ni [[Witelo]] an posibilidad na magkaigwa nin liwanag sa marikason na rikas sa vacuum, alagad minaluway sa mas mahibog na hawak. kapinonan kan ika - 17 siglo, si Johannes [[Keplor]] nagtubod na daing katapusan an rikas nin liwanag huli ta mayo iyan nin itinataong basang espasyo. [[René Descartes]] nangatanosan na kun an rikas nin liwanag daing sagkodan, an Saldang, Daga, asin Bulan maririsang dai magigin angay sa kamugtakan durante kan sarong magayonon na ekolohiya. Minsan ngani dai namamangno an argumentong ini kan kinokonsiderar an pagkaigwa nin oyon sa liwanag, an ikaduwa dai namidbid sagkod kan suminunod na siglo.) Mantang dai pa iyan naotob huli ta daing katapusan an siring na salang paghusgar, tinapos ni Descartes an rikas nin liwanag. <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref>mga negosyante nag - isip na kun an rikas nin liwanag makuang daing katapusan, puedeng laglagon an bilog niang sistema nin pilosopiya. <ref name="Statistics2">{{Cite journal}}</ref>ibong kaini, sa saiyang pagdebosyon kan [[ley ni Snell]], ipinamugtak ni Descartes na an sarong klase nin aksyon na konektado sa liwanag mas marikas sa mahihiwas na media. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNtUAAAAYAAJ|title=A History of Physics in Its Elementary Branches: Including the Evolution of Physical Laboratories|last=Cajori|first=Florian|date=1922|publisher=Macmillan|pages=76|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref>Pierre [[Pierre de Fermat|de Fermat]] kinua an ley ni Snell na ginagamit an kontrang suposisyon, mantang mas mahibog an medium na nagbibiyahe. diskutiran man si Fermat bilang pagsuportar sa daing sagkod na rikas nin liwanag. === Mga pagprobar sa enot na pagsukol === 1629, si Isaac [[Beeckman]] nagproponer nin sarong eksperimento na dian an saro nagmamasid sa kilyab nin kanyon na nagpapabanaag nin salming mga un.6 kilometros an rayo. &nbsp;1638, si [[:en:Galileo_Galilei|Galileo Galilei]]<nowiki/>nagproponer nin eksperimento, na may garo baga paghihingakong ginibo iyan mga pirang taon bago kaini, tanganing sokolon an rikas kan liwanag paagi sa pag - obserbar sa pagkaatraso kan dai pa nakatatahob sa sarong langolo asin sa pakarealisar kaiyan medyo harayo. nia na mamidbid kun baga an biahe nin liwanag bigla o bako, alagad nagkonklusyon sia na kun dai man iyan gigibohon, seguradong sobra karikas pa ngani. <ref name="2newsciences2">{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/read/88951396/dialogues-concerning-two-new-sciences|title=Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences|last=Galilei|first=G|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|others=Crew, H; de Salvio A (trans.)|year=1954|isbn=978-0-486-60099-4|page=43|ref=Reference-Galileo-1954|access-date=29 January 2019|orig-year=1638|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053744/https://www.questia.com/read/88951396/dialogues-concerning-two-new-sciences|archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="boyer2">{{Cite journal}}</ref>1667, an Ac[[ademia del Cimento]] nin Florence nagbareta na ginibo kaiyan an eksperimento ni Galileo, na may mga sarong milya an pagkasuway kan mga kuta, alagad mayong nag - atrasong naheling. &nbsp;<ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref>aktuwal na pagkaatraso kan eksperimentong ini mga 11 [[:en:Microsecond|microseconds]]. [[Ladawan:Illustration_from_1676_article_on_Ole_Rømer's_measurement_of_the_speed_of_light.png|alt=A diagram of a planet's orbit around the Sun and of a moon's orbit around another planet. The shadow of the latter planet is shaded.|wala|thumb|mga komento ni Rømer kan okulto nin Io na gikan sa Daga]] enot na kinukuspribâ kan rikas nin liwanag ginibo kan 1676 ni Ole Rømer. <ref name="cohen2">{{Cite journal|year=1940|title=Roemer and the first determination of the velocity of light (1676)|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=uc1.b4375710;orient=0;size=100;seq=5;attachment=0}}</ref><ref name="roemer3">{{Cite journal|year=1676|title=Demonstration tovchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M. Rŏmer de l'Académie Royale des Sciences|url=http://www-obs.univ-lyon1.fr/labo/fc/ama09/pages_jdsc/pages/jdsc_1676_lumiere.pdf|access-date=2023-10-23|archivedate=2011-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721024302/http://www-obs.univ-lyon1.fr/labo/fc/ama09/pages_jdsc/pages/jdsc_1676_lumiere.pdf}}</ref>k[[o (moon)|o]] na an mga panahon kan pinakalaog na bulan nin Jupiter Io garo baga mas halipot kun nagdadangadang na sa Jpiter an Daga kisa kan iyan makabalik, nagkonklusyon sia na may liwanag na marikas na naglilibot sa daing sagkod na rikas, asin kinarkulo nia na kaipuhan an magian na 22 minutos tanganing makabalyo sa diametro kan orbita kan daga. mga taga-Cristo Huygens pinagsaro an pagkarkulong ini nin pigtatantyang diametro kan orbita kan Daga tanganing makakua nin kalkulo na rikas nin liwanag na 220000 km/s , na 27% mas hababa kisa aktuwal na halaga.<ref name="Huygens 1690 8–92">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kVxsaYdZaaoC|title=Traitée de la Lumière|last=Huygens|first=C|publisher=Pierre van der Aa|year=1690|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kVxsaYdZaaoC/page/n19 8]–9|language=fr}}</ref> saiyang 1704ng librong Opticks, pigbareta ni [[Isaac Newton]] an mga pagkulong ni Rømer kan limitadong rikas nin liwanag asin nagtaong halaga sa "pitong o walong minuto" para sa panahon na kinua tanganing makabiyahe hale sa Saldang pasiring sa Daga (an modernong kantidad 8 minutos 19 segundo). &nbsp;&nbsp;<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3362k.image.f235.vignettesnaviguer|title=Optiks|last=Newton|first=I|year=1704|chapter=Prop. XI}}</ref>Newton nangawat kun baga kolor kan mga anino ni Rømer; pakadangog na dai man, tinatapos niya an iba-ibang kolor naglilibot sa saro sanang rikas. 1729, nadiskobre ni James [[Bradley]] an stellar aberasyon. <ref name="Bradley17292">{{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=J|year=1729|title=Account of a new discovered Motion of the Fix'd Stars|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55840n.image.f375.langEN|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions]]|volume=35|pages=637–660}}</ref>epektong ini saiyang nadeterminaran na an liwanag dapat na magbiahe nin 10,210 na beses mas marikas kisa sa Daga sa orbita kaiyan (an modernong kabilangan iyo an 10,066 na panahon na mas marikas) o, katimbang man sana, tanganing makalayog iyan nin 8 minutos 12 segundo tanganing magbiyahe hale sa Saldang pasiring sa Daga === Mga Pabisto na may elektromagnetismo === ika-19ng siglo si Hippolyte Fizeau nagmukna nin paagi na madeterminaran an rikas kan liwanag basado sa mga sukol nin panahon-oras dapit sa Daga asin nagreport nin halaga na 315 000 km/s. <ref name="guarnieri 7-1">{{Cite journal}}</ref>karhay an saiyang metodo ni L[[éon Foucault]] na nakakua nin halaga na 298 000 km/s  kan 1862. <ref name="How2">{{Cite web}}</ref>taon 1856, si Wilhelm [[Edukar Weber]] asin Rudolf [[Kohlrausch]] nasukol an ratio kan elektromagnetiko asin mga yunit nin 1/{{Radic|''ε''₀''μ''₀}},, paagi sa pagdiskar nin sarong dulay na Leyden, asin naaraman niya na haraning marhay an halaga kaini sa rikas nin liwanag siring kadiretsohan ni Fizeau. suminunod na taon kinarkulo ni Gustav Kirchhoff na an sarong senyal sa elektrisidad nasa dai malalabanan na alambre nagdadalagan sa gilid kan barko sa rikas na ini. <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref>kaamayi kan 1860, ipinahiling ni Maxwell na, susog sa teoriya nin elektromagnetismo siya nagtatrabaho, an mga alonng kuryente nagproprodyusir sa daing laog na espasyo sa rikas na kapantay kan itaas Weber/Kohlrausch ratio, asin pagapod nin atensyon sa numerikong pagkahunat kan halaga kaini sagkod sa marikas na liwanag askad nin Fizeau, saiyang minukna na an ilaw yaon nanggad sa sarong elehirgnetic wave. === "Luminiferous aether" === [[Ladawan:Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg|thumb|drik Lorentz (katulo) kaiba ni Albert Einstein (1921) ]] huhuna na an daing laog na espasyo pano nin sa likodan na kakaptan inapod na luminerang arether na kun saen nag-eestar an daga elektromagnetiko. nagkapirang pisiko naghona na an arekuaryo na ini naghiro bilang mas gustong kamugtakan nin pagsambit sa pagpalakop kan liwanag asin kun siring maninigo na magin posible na sokolon an aksyon kan Daga mapadapit sa patagolainanng ini, paagi sa pagsukol kan ipot kan rikas nin liwanag. agpoon kan 1880 magkapirang mga [[son-Morley ecomperiment|eksperimento]] ginibo sa paghingoang marisa an aksyon na ini, na an pinakabantog kaini iyo an eksperimental na ginigibo ni Albert [[A. Michelson]] asin Edward [[W. Morley]] kan 1887. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdWEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|title=Michelson-Morley Experiments: An Enigma for Physics & The History of Science|last=Consoli|first=Maurizio|last2=Pluchino|first2=Alessandro|date=2018|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-9-813-27818-9|pages=118–119|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref>narisang aksyon pirmeng bakong an sala sa obserbasyon. mga modernong eksperimento nagpapahiling na an duwang-sarong rikas nin liwanag iyo an amotic (arog man sa lambang direksyon) pasiring laog kan 6 na pignomeres kada segundo. sa eksperiyensiyang ini si Hendrik Lorentz nagproponer na an aksyon kan aparador pwedeng magin kawsa an mga apparato na mag'igo sa lawig kaini sa direksyon nin paghiro, asin saiyang pa ngane mapakaray na an panahon para sa pagbalyo nin mga sistema dapat man bagohon susog igdi ("local time"), na nagresulta sa pagbilog kan pagbabago ni Lorenzz. sa ather theory ni Lorentz, ipinahiling ni Henri [[Poincaré]] (1900) na ining panahon lokal (sa enot na orden sa v/c) pigpirisa kan mga relong naghihiro sa alepel, na pinagpisan-pino sa irarom nin aspeto nin danay na liwanag. 1904, saiyang pig'osip na an rikas kan liwanag pwedeng sarong paglimitaran na velocidad sa mga dinamiko, nagtaong hustong aspeto kan teoriya ni Lorentz. 1905, si Poincaré dinara an ather theory ni Lorentz sa lubos na pag - obserbar sa prinsipyo nin pagsaysay. === Espisyal na relatibidad === 1905 si Einstein nag'isog sa pagpoon na an rikas nin liwanag sa vacuum, sukol kan sarong dai-nakarisang nagmamasid, independiente sa aksyon kan ginikanan o paramasid. inagamit ini asin an prinsipyo nin relatibidad bilang basehan na kinua nia an espesyal na teoriya nin pagsaysay, na dian itinatampok an rikas kan liwanag sa vacuum c bilang pundamental na dayaday, siring man minalataw sa mga konteksto na dai naotob. an nagpangyari sa konsepto kan arigaryong ather (na pinasunod pa ni Lorentz asin Poincaré) na daing serbi asin nag-aabala an mga ideya dapit sa espasyo asin panahon. === Dagdagan na katamaan kan c asin redefinisyon kan metro asin ikaduwa === ikaduwang kabangaan kan ika-20ng siglo, dakula an paguswag sa orog na pagpapaurog kan mga sukol nin rikas kan pagdangadang nin liwanag, enot paagi sa pagkakakinàban naman nin mga pamamaagi asin huri kan mas malalaser interferometer. mga ini tinabangan nin bago, mas eksakto, na pakahulogan kan metro asin ikaduwa. 1950, si Louis [[Essen]] itinalaga an rikas bilang {{Val|299792.5|3.0|u=km/s}} na naggagamit nin pagkainaki liwat. <ref name="Essen19502">{{Cite journal|last=Essen|first=L|title=The Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Derived from the Resonant Frequencies of a Cylindrical Cavity Resonator}}</ref>halaga na ini inarog kan ika-2 Heneral na Asamblea kan Unyon Radio-Scientifiko kan 1957. 1960, an metro pinakarhay kun ano-anong alon kan sarong partikular na espesye nin k[[rypton-86]], asin, kan 1967, pighira an ikaduwa sa mga termino kan hibesimong pagkabuhay liwat kan dagang estado nin ca[[ium-133|esium-133]]. 1972, gamit an laser interferometer method asin an bagong mga pakahulugan, sarong grupo sa US National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, si Colorado itinalaga an rikas nin liwanag sa vacuum na magin c= ikaduwang kabangaan kan ika-20ng siglo, dakula an paguswag sa orog na pagpapaurog kan mga sukol nin rikas kan pagdangadang nin liwanag, enot paagi sa pagkakakinàban naman nin mga pamamaagi asin huri kan mas malalaser interferometer. mga ini tinabangan nin bago, mas eksakto, na pakahulogan kan metro asin ikaduwa. 1950, si Louis [[Essen]] itinalaga an rikas bilang {{Val|299792.5|3.0|u=km/s}} na naggagamit nin pagkainaki liwat. <ref name="Essen19503">{{Cite journal|last=Essen|first=L|title=The Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Derived from the Resonant Frequencies of a Cylindrical Cavity Resonator}}</ref>halaga na ini inarog kan ika-2 Heneral na Asamblea kan Unyon Radio-Scientifiko kan 1957. 1960, an metro pinakarhay kun ano-anong alon kan sarong partikular na espesye nin k[[rypton-86]], asin, kan 1967, pighira an ikaduwa sa mga termino kan hibesimong pagkabuhay liwat kan dagang estado nin ca[[ium-133|esium-133]]. &nbsp;&nbsp;100 na beses na bakong segurado kisa kan dati nang inakong halaga. natatadang kadaihan nin kasegurohan sa pangenot konektado sa pakahulogan kan tableta.kan nanompongan nin kaagid na mga eksperimento an kaparehong resulta para sa c, irinekomendar kan ika - 15 Heneral na Komperensia sa Wights and Meaures kan 1975 an paggamit kan halaga na 299792458 m/s tanganing marikas an liwanag. === Inawan nin Kahulogan bilang malinaw na dayaday === 1983 nadiskobre kan ika-17ng pagtiripon kan Heneral na Komperensia sa Weights and Measures (CGPM) na an mga alon hale sa pagkakapanamenteng sukol asin sarong tinaong halaga para sa rikas nin liwanag mas marahay kisa dating pamantayan. danay ninda an pakahulogan kan 1967 sa ikaduwa, kaya madeterminar na ngonyan an kasosium hyper frain na iyo an ika-duwa sagkod tigsuli. ng magibo ini, pinagremente ninda an metanto bilang "an laba kan dalan na pigbaklay paagi sa liwanag sa vacuum durante nin panahon na 1/299792458 sa segundo." resulta kaining pakahulogan, an halaga kan rikas nin ilaw sa bakuna eksakto 29979485 m/s asin nagin tinatawan kahulogan danay sa sistema nin mga yunit kan SI. <ref name="Resolution_13">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="Wheeler">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDA8YcvMc_QC&pg=PA59|title=Spacetime Physics: Introduction to Special Relativity|last=Taylor|first=EF|last2=Wheeler|first2=JA|publisher=Macmillan|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7167-2327-1|edition=2nd|page=59|author-link=Edwin F. Taylor|author-link2=John Archibald Wheeler}}</ref><ref name="timeline">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="fixes2">See, for example:</ref>mga preprihiradong pamamaagi na, bago kan 1983, masukol kuta an rikas nin liwanag dai na apektadong aram na halaga kan dalagan nin ilaw sa SI unit, kundi imbes mas eksaktong pakarealisar kan tableta paagi sa orog kaeksaktong pagsusukol kan alontaga-kunoldol asin iba pang burabod nin liwanag.<ref name="Adams">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RV0AysEN4oC&pg=PA140|title=Relativity: An Introduction to Space–Time Physics|last=Adams|first=S|publisher=CRC Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7484-0621-0|page=140|quote=One peculiar consequence of this system of definitions is that any future refinement in our ability to measure&nbsp;''c'' will not change the speed of light (which is a defined number), but will change the length of the meter!}}</ref> 2011, an CGPM isinabi an tuyo kaini na iremedyo an gabos na pitong yunit nin I base gamit an inaapod kaining "an malinaw-hayag na pagbilog", kun saen lambang "dai tinatawan kahulogan direktang paagi sa pag'ogid nanggad kan sarong eksaktong halaga para sa marhay na pundamental na danay", siring kan ginigibo para sa rikas nin liwanag. proprodyusir ini nin bago, alagad biyong katumbas, na taramon kan pakahulogan kan metro: "An mre, simbolo m, iyo an yunit nin laba; an kadakulaan kaini nakakaag paagi nin pagsentro kan liwatikal na halaga kan rikas nin liwanag sa vacuum tanganing magin pantay-pantay sa eksakto 299792458 kun tigpapahayag ini sa SI unit mis." Ini saro sa pagbabago na pig'iba kan 2019 refinisyon kan mga nakabaseng , termino man an ''New'' ''SI.'' == Toltolan == <references />{{Tamboan}} l7kzvk30qfq9ms4ha2plb9sowunnkvv 0 46930 311518 269075 2026-10-12T19:43:43Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Vieregg Township |settlement_type = [[Civil township|Township]] |nickname = |motto = <!-- Images --> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = <!-- Maps --> |image_map = Map highlighting Vieregg Township, Merrick County, Nebraska.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Location in Merrick County |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = <!-- Location --> |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |subdivision_name = United States |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Nebraska]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Nebraska|County]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Merrick County, Nebraska|Merrick]] |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |established_title = |established_date = <!-- Area --> |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 120.42 |area_land_km2 = 116.84 |area_water_km2 = 3.58 |area_total_sq_mi = 46.49 |area_land_sq_mi = 45.11 |area_water_sq_mi = 1.38 |area_water_percent = 2.97 <!-- Population --> |population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2020|2020]] |population_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusEst2020-2021">{{cite web |last1=Bureau |first1=US Census |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=US Census Bureau |access-date=October 31, 2022}}</ref> |population_total = 765 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = <!-- General information --> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 549 |elevation_ft = 1801 |coordinates = {{coord|40|59|N|98|14|W|region:US-NE|display=inline,title}} <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID |blank_info = [http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:0838308 0838308] |website = |footnotes = }} An '''Banwa nin Vieregg''' saro sa onseng mga [[Township (United States)|banwa]] sa [[Merrick County, Nebraska|Merrick County]], [[Nebraska]], Estados Unidos. An populasyon 765 katawo kan sa sensus nin 2020 ginibo kan [[United States Census 2020]].<ref name="USCensusEst2020-2021"/> A 2021 estimate placed the township's population at 765.<ref name="USCensusEst2020-2021"/> ==Hilnga man== *[[County government in Nebraska]] ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} ==Panluwas na takod== *[http://www.city-data.com/township/Vieregg-Merrick-NE.html City-Data.com] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Merrick County, Nebraska}} {{authority control}} [[Kategorya:Mga Banwa sa Merrick County, Nebraska]] [[Kategorya:Mga Banwa sa Nebraska]] {{MerrickCountyNE-geo-stub}} gdivekji5tj67t6jxp68gitpc3xlc0b 0 50430 311498 281318 2026-10-12T13:27:53Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311498 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:North Park Middle Academy Buffalo.JPG|right|thumb|North Park Academy]] [[File:NorthPark2024.jpg|right|thumb|North Park Theatre in 2024]] An '''North Park''' sarong lugar harani sa Syudad nin [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] sa [[New York State]].<ref name=Hist_NP>{{cite web|last=James|first=Napora|title=History of North Park|url=http://buffaloah.com/how/11/northpk.html|accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref> Ini saro sa magkapirang mga erokan na binibilog kan mas dakulang komunidad nin [[North Buffalo, Buffalo|North Buffalo]]. An erokan na ini sinasagkod kan Delaware Avenue sa sulnopan, an dating DL&W na riles pasiring sa norte asin subangan, asin kan [[Belt Subdivision|Beltline Railroad]] saka man an [[Central Park, Buffalo, New York|Central Park]] na erokan sa bandang habagatan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Map of North Park Area|url=http://buffaloah.com/how/11/11map.jpg|accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=citydata>{{cite web|title=City Data|url=http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/North-Park-Buffalo-NY.html}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Mga maonibahan na mga negosyo asin institusyon== an mga negosyo asin institusyon na ini dinadara an pangaran kan North: #North Park Community School (Public School 50) - Formerly known as North Park Academy (Public School 66) #[[North Park Theatre]] #North Park Branch of the [[Buffalo & Erie County Public Library]] system. #North Park Lutheran Church #North Park Branch - Bank of America #North Park Florists #North Park Community Preschool #Hertel North Park Youth Baseball #North Park Station (former Beltline railroad station) ==Hilnga man== *[[Neighborhoods of Buffalo, New York]] ==Mga panluwas na takod== * North Park is covered in the {{Wikivoyage-inline|Buffalo/North Buffalo|North Buffalo}}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250124010907/https://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/North-Park-Buffalo-NY.html Data on this neighborhood] ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{coord|42.9477166|N|78.85586|W|region:US-NY_type:landmark|display=title}} {{Buffalo, New York}} {{Buffalo Neighborhoods}} [[CKtegorya:Mga erokan sa Buffalo, New York]] 52p67x4u640i4hnhbl92uytkbwonvu1 0 50627 311532 303201 2026-10-12T22:12:56Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20261012)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 311532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Gloria Anzaldúa|image=Gloria Anzaldua.jpg|caption=Anzaldúa in 1990|birth_name=Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa|birth_date={{birth date|1942|9|26|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[Harlingen, Texas]] U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|2004|5|15|1942|9|26|mf=y}}|death_place=[[Santa Cruz, California]], U.S.|other_names=|known_for=|notable_works=''[[This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color]]'' (1981), co-edited with [[Cherríe Moraga]]; ''[[Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza]]'' (1987)|education={{ubl|[[University of Texas-Pan American|UT Pan American]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[The University of Texas at Austin|UT Austin]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])|[[The University of California, Santa Cruz]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]), (''posthumous'')}}|occupation={{flatlist| * Author * poet * activist }}|signature=Signature,_autograph,_Gloria_Anzaldúa,_1987.svg}}Si '''Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa''' (Setyembre 26, 1942 – Mayo 15, 2004) sarong Amerikanong iskolar kan Chicana feminism, teorya kultural, asin teorya nin queer . Siya maluyang nagbasar kan saiyang pinakamidbid na libro, ''Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza'' (1987), sa saiyang buhay na nagdadakula sa linderos kan Mexico-Texas asin isinabay an saiyang bilog na buhay na mga eksperyensya nin sosyal asin kultural na pag-iingat sa saiyang trabaho. Nagmukna man siya nin mga teorya manungod sa marginal, in-between, asin mixed na mga kultura na nagtatalubo sa mga linderos, kabali an mga konsepto kan Nepantla, Coyoxaulqui imperative, bagong tribalismo, asin espirituwal na aktibismo . <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Keating|first=AnaLouise|date=2006|title=From Borderlands and New Mestizas to Nepantlas and Nepantleras: Anzaldúan Theories for Social Change|url=http://www.ns2.okcir.com/Articles%20IV%20Special/AnaLouiseKeating-FM.pdf|journal=Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge|publisher=Ahead Publishing House|volume=IV|issn=1540-5699|access-date=October 30, 2020|archive-date=June 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624022924/http://www.ns2.okcir.com/Articles%20IV%20Special/AnaLouiseKeating-FM.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=June 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624022924/http://www.ns2.okcir.com/Articles%20IV%20Special/AnaLouiseKeating-FM.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Keating|first=AnaLouise|date=2008|title='I'm a Citizen of the Universe': Gloria Anzaldúa's Spiritual Activism as Catalyst for Social Change|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20459180|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=34|issue=1/2|pages=53–54|jstor=20459180}}</ref> An saiyang iba pang mga pambihirang publikasyon kabali an ''This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color'' (1981), na pig-edit kaiba ni Cherríe Moraga . == Amay na buhay asin edukasyon == Si Anzaldúa namundag sa Rio Grande Valley kan timog [[Texas]] kan Setyembre 26, 1942, an pinakamatua sa apat na aki na namundag ki Urbano asin Amalia ( née García) Anzaldúa. An saiyang lolo sa tuhod, si Urbano Sr., na kaidto sarong huwes sa presinto sa Kondado nin Hidalgo, iyo an pinakaenot na kagsadiri kan Jesús María Ranch na kun saen siya namundag. An saiyang ina nagdakula sa sarong kataid na rantso, an Los Vergeles ("an mga hardin"), na pagsasadiri kan saiyang pamilya, asin namidbid asin naagom niya si Urbano Anzaldúa kan sinda parehong hoben pa. Si Anzaldúa sarong gikan kan mga Kastilang paraerok na nagdigdi sa Amerika kan ika-16 asin ika-17 siglo. An apelyidong Anzaldúa gikan sa Basque . An saiyang lola sa ama igwa nin ginikanan na Espanyol asin Aleman, na gikan sa nagkapira sa mga pinakaenot na mga paraerok kan nasyon na nasa sakop kan South Texas. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ailleurs.hypotheses.org/files/2018/11/1.-ANZALDUA-La-Prieta.pdf|title=La Prieta|publisher=This Bridge Called My Back|access-date=October 6, 2021}}</ref> Ilinadawan niya an pamilya kan saiyang ama bilang "pobreng aristokrasya, alagad aristokrasya man giraray" asin an saiyang ina bilang "india, klaseng trabahador, na may tibaad itom na dugo na pirming pighihiling sa kababan kun saen ako ginikanan." <ref name="Interviews/Entrevistas">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jS_gDwAAQBAJ&q=Interviews/Entrevistas|title=Interviews/Entrevistas|last=Anzaldúa|first=Gloria E.|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000082807|location=London|page=|author-link=}}</ref> Si Anzaldúa nagsurat na an saiyang pamilya luway-luway na nawaran kan saindang kayamanan asin estado sa laog nin mga taon, na sa kahurihurihi nabawasan sa [[Katikapohan|kadukhaan]] asin napiritan na [[Migranteng trabahador|magtrabaho nin mga migrante]], sarong bagay na ikinaanggot kan saiyang pamilya huli ta "[an] pagtrabaho sa mga oma iyo an pinakahababang trabaho, asin an pagigin sarong an migranteng trabahador mas hababa pa ngani." An saiyang ama sarong paraoma asin paraoma na nagtitipig nin 60% kan saiyang kita, mantang an 40% nagduman sa sarong korporasyon na pagsasadiri nin mga puti na inaapod Rio Farms, Inc. Si Anzaldúa naghingako na an saiyang pamilya nawaran kan saindang daga huli sa kombinasyon kan parehong " buwis asin maating manipulasyon" gikan sa mga tawong puti na nagbabakal nin daga sa South Texas sa paagi nin "panloloko" asin gikan sa gawi-gawi kan saiyang "irresponsableng marhay lolo", na nawaran nin "dakol na daga asin kwarta huli sa kawaran nin pag-iingat". Si Anzaldúa nawalat na may pamana na "sarong sadit na pidaso" na 12 ektarya, na saiyang itinao sa saiyang ina na si Amalia. An saiyang lola sa ina na si Ramona Dávila nagtipon nin mga grant nin daga poon kan panahon na an Texas parte kan Mehiko, alagad an daga nawara huli sa "pagkadaing ingat, huli sa kahanaban kan mga puti, asin an sakuyang lola dai tataong mag-Ingles". Si Anzaldúa nagsurat na dai niya inapod an saiyang sadiri na sarong "india", alagad nag-aangkin pa man giraray nin ginikanan na Katutubo . Sa "Speaking across the Divide", gikan sa ''The Gloria E. Anzaldúa Reader'', sinabi niya na an saiyang puti/ mestiza na lola ilinadawan siya bilang "pura indita" huli sa maitom na mga labot sa saiyang mga butkon. Kan huri, si Anzaldúa nagsurat na siya "namidbid an sakong sadiri sa mga lalawgon kan mga braceros na nagtatrabaho para sa sakong ama. An mga los braceros kadaklan mga indio gikan sa sentral na Mehiko na nagdigdi tanganing magtrabaho sa mga oma sa timog Texas. Namidbid ko an aspetong Indian kan mga mexicano sa paagi kan mga istorya kan sakong sinabi kan mga lola asin sa mga kakanon na samong kinakan." Sa ibong kan dai pagmidbid kan saiyang pamilya bilang Mehikano, si Anzaldúa nagtutubod na "kami mga Mehikano pa man giraray asin na an gabos na Mehikano parteng mga Indian." Dawa ngani si Anzaldúa pigtutuya kan mga iskolar na Katutubo huli sa soboot pag-aprobar kan identidad na Katutubo, si Anzaldúa naghingako na an saiyang mga kritiko na Katutubo "nagbasa nin sala o ... dai nakabasa nin igo kan sakuyang gibo." Sa ibong kan paghihingako na siya "tolong-kapat na Indian", nagsurat man siya na natatakot siya na "nagbabalga siya kan mga linderos kan kultura kan mga Indian" asin natatakot na an saiyang mga teorya pwedeng "dai tinutuyong makakontribwir sa pag-aprobetsar kan mga kulturang Katutubo" asin kan "mga tawong nabubuhay sa tunay na Indian mga hawak." Nagsurat siya na mantang nahahadit na an "mestizaje asin sarong bagong tribalismo" pwedeng "mag-detribalize" sa mga Katutubo, nagtutubod siya na an dayalogo kaipuhan na marhay "dawa gurano pa kapeligroso." Sa pagsurat manungod sa kumperensya na "Color of Violence" na inorganisar ni Andrea Smith sa Santa Cruz, inakusaran ni Anzaldúa an mga babaeng Katutubong Amerikano na naggigibo nin "dakol na pagturo nin muro" huli ta sinda nagrason na an paggamit kan mga bakong Katutubo na Chicana kan identidad na Katutubo sarong "pagpadagos kan pag-abuso sa katutubong espirituwalidad asin an pag-aprobar kan Internet kan mga simbolo, ritwal, paghanap nin bisyon, asin espirituwal na mga Indian mga gawi nin pagpaomay arog kan shamanismo." <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ailleurs.hypotheses.org/files/2018/11/8.-ANZALDUA-Speaking-across-the-divide.pdf|title=Speaking across the Divide (The Gloria Anzaldúa Reader)|publisher=Duke University Press|access-date=October 9, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ailleurs.hypotheses.org/files/2018/11/1.-ANZALDUA-La-Prieta.pdf|title=La Prieta (This Bridge Called My Back)|publisher=Persephone Press|access-date=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Kan sia 11 anyos, an pamilya ni Anzaldúa nagbalyo sa Hargill, Texas . <ref name="autogenerated22">{{cite web|url=http://voices.cla.umn.edu/artistpages/anzaldua.php|title=Gloria Anzaldúa|publisher=Voices From the Gaps, University of Minnesota|id=(handle link: [https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/167856 167856])|access-date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> Naggradwar siya bilang valedictorian kan Edinburg High School kan 1962. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utrgv.edu/cmas/nuestra-gloria/history/index.htm|title=History &#124; UTRGV}}</ref> Nakapag-adal siya sa unibersidad, sa ibong kan rasismo, seksismo asin iba pang klase nin pang-aapi na saiyang naeksperyensiyahan bilang sarong ikapitong henerasyon na Tejana asin Chicana . Kan 1968, nakaresibe siya nin BA degree sa Ingles, Arte, asin Sekondarya na Edukasyon gikan sa Unibersidad kan Texas-Pan American, asin sarong MA sa Ingles asin Edukasyon gikan sa Unibersidad kan Texas sa Austin . Mantang yaon sa Austin, nag-ayon siya sa mga aktibong pararawitdawit sa kultura asin mga radikal na dramatista arog ni Ricardo Sanchez, asin Hedwig Gorski . == Karera asin mayor na mga obra == Pagkatapos na makakua nin Bachelor of Arts sa [[Tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]] gikan sa Pan American University (ngonyan University of Texas Rio Grande Valley ), si Anzaldúa nagtrabaho bilang sarong paratukdo sa preschool asin espesyal na edukasyon. Kan 1977, nagbalyo siya sa California, kun saen sinusuportaran niya an saiyang sadiri sa paagi kan saiyang pagsurat, mga lektura, asin paminsan-minsan na pagtukdo manungod sa feminismo, pag-aadal sa Chicano, asin pagsurat na may pagkamapagmukna sa San Francisco State University, sa Unibersidad kan California, Santa Cruz, Florida Atlantic University, asin ibang unibersidad. Siya siguro pinakamidbid sa pag-edit kan ''This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color'' (1981) kaiba si [[Cherríe Moraga]], pag-edit kan ''Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Women of Color'' (1990), asin pag-edit ''kan Tulay na Inaapod Niatong Harong: Mga Radikal na Bisyon para sa Pagbabago'' (2002). Si Anzaldúa nagsurat man kan semi-autobiograpikong ''Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza'' (1987). Kan panahon kan saiyang kagadanan, harani na siyang matapos an manuskrito kan libro, ''Light in the Dark/Luz en lo Oscuro: Rewriting Identity, Spirituality, Reality'', na plano man niyang isumitir bilang saiyang disertasyon. Ini ngonyan ipinublikar na pagkatapos kan pagkagadan kan Duke University Press (2015). An saiyang mga librong pang-aki kabali an ''Prietita Has a Friend'' (1991), ''Friends from the Other Side – Amigos del Otro Lado'' (1993), asin ''Prietita y La Llorona'' (1996). Nagsurat man siya nin kadakol na mga piksyon asin poetikong mga obra. Nagtao siya nin mga kontribusyon sa mga larangan nin [[feminismo]], teorya kultural/ Chicana, asin teorya nin queer . An saiyang mga essay pigkokonsiderar na mga pundamental na teksto sa nagtutubo na larangan kan pilosopiyang Latinx . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Theories of the flesh : Latinx and Latin American feminisms, transformation, and resistance|year=2020|isbn=978-0-19-006300-9|editor-last=Pitts, Andrea J.|location=New York|oclc=1141418176|editor-last2=Ortega, Mariana|editor-last3=Medina, José}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gloria Anzaldúa as philosopher: The early years (1962–1987)|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=In-between : Latina feminist phenomenology, multiplicity, and the self|last=Ortega, Mariana|date=2016|isbn=978-1-4384-5977-6|location=Albany, New York|oclc=908287035}}</ref> Si Anzaldúa nagsurat nin sarong diskurso na inaapod na "Pagtaram sa mga Dila: Sarong Surat sa mga Babaeng Parasurat sa Ikatolong Kinaban", na nakasentro sa pagbalyo pasiring sa sarong pantay asin makatanosan na representasyon kan kasarian sa literatura alagad harayo sa mga isyung pang-rasa asin kultura huli sa paglangkaw kan mga babaeng parasurat asin mga teorista. Idinoon man niya sa saiyang essay an kapangyarihan kan pagsurat na makagibo nin sarong kinaban na makakabayad sa dai itinatao kan tunay na kinaban. == Mga tema sa pagsurat == === Nepantilismo === Si Anzaldúa naggamit kan Nepantla, sarong tataramon na [[Nahuatl]] na an boot sabihon "sa tahaw", tanganing ikonsepto an saiyang eksperyensya bilang sarong babaeng Chicana. Siya an nagmukna kan terminong "Nepantlera". "An mga Nepantlera mga tawong may laog; sinda naghihiro sa laog asin sa tahaw nin dakol, parateng magkakontrahan, na mga kinaban asin habong mag-align kan saindang mga sadiri nin eksklusibo sa arin man na indibidwal, grupo, o sistema nin pagtubod." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.okcir.com/Articles%20IV%20Special/AnaLouiseKeating-FM.pdf|title=From Borderlands and New Mestizas to Nepantlas and Nepantleras Anzaldúan Theories for Social Change|date=2006|last=Keating|first=AnaLouise}}</ref> === Espirituwalidad === Ilinadawan ni Anzaldúa an saiyang sadiri bilang sarong tawong espirituwal na marhay asin sinabi na nakaeksperyensya siya nin apat na eksperyensya sa luwas kan hawak sa bilog niyang buhay. Sa kadaklan kan saiyang mga obra, pigsambit niya an saiyang debosyon sa la Virgen de Guadalupe ( [[Our Lady of Guadalupe|Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe]] ), mga diyos [[Nahuatl|na Nahuatl]] / Toltec, asin sa mga orishas [[Relihiyon kan Yoruba|na Yoruba]] na Yemayá asin Oshún. Kan 1993, nagpahayag siya nin pagbasol na an mga iskolar sa kadaklan dai inintindi an "bakong ligtas" na espirituwal na aspeto kan ''Borderlands'' asin nagmondo sa pagtumang sa siring na importanteng parte kan saiyang trabaho. Sa saiyang mga huring sinurat, pigdevelop niya an mga konsepto nin espirituwal na aktibismo asin nepantleras tanganing iladawan an mga paagi na an mga kontemporanyong aktor sosyal pwedeng magkombinar kan espirituwalidad sa politika tanganing maggibo nin rebolusyonaryong pagbabago. Si Anzaldúa nagsurat manungod sa impluwensya kan mga drogang nakakapahalusyon sa saiyang pagkamapagmukna, partikularmente an mga uhong na psilocybin . Durante kan sarong 1975 psilocybin mushroom trip kan siya "nagapo sa sakong payo", siya nagmukna kan terminong "an dakol na Gloria" o an "Gloria Multiplex" tanganing iladawan an saiyang pagmati nin kadakol, sarong pananaw na nakaimpluwensya sa saiyang mga huring sinurat. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/13138/summary|title=Interviews/Entrevistas|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|access-date=October 6, 2021}}</ref> === Tataramon asin "linggwistikong terorismo". === An mga obra ni Anzaldua nagbubugkos kan [[Tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]] asin [[Tataramon na Espanyol|Espanyol]] bilang sarong tataramon, sarong ideya na naggigikan sa saiyang teorya nin "borderlands" na identidad. An saiyang autobiograpikong essay na "La Prieta" ipinublikar sa (kadaklan) Ingles sa ''This Bridge Called My Back'', asin sa (kadaklan) Espanyol sa ''Esta puente, mi espalda: Voces de mujeres tercermundistas en los Estados Unidos'' . Sa saiyang pagsurat, naggagamit si Anzaldúa nin pambihirang pagsalak nin walong diyalekto, duwang baryasyon kan Ingles asin anom kan Espanyol. Sa kadakol na paagi, sa paagi nin pagsurat sa pinaghalo-halong mga tataramon, si Anzaldúa naggigibo nin sarong nakakatakot na trabaho para sa mga parabasa na bakong duwang tataramon tanganing masabotan an bilog na kahulugan kan teksto. [[Tataramon|An tataramon]], na malinaw na saro sa mga linderos na pigtutukar ni Anzaldúa, sarong mahalagang tampok sa saiyang pagsurat. An saiyang libro dedikado sa pagigin orgulyo sa pamana nin saro asin sa pagmidbid kan kadakol na dimensyon kan saiyang kultura. === Salud, hawak, asin trauma === Si Anzaldúa nakaeksperyensya sa hoben na edad, mga sintomas kan kondisyon kan endocrine na nagin dahelan kan saiyang pag-ontok sa pagtalubo sa pisikal sa edad na dose. Kan siya aki pa, nagsusulot siya nin mga espesyal na habayan na ginibo para saiya kan saiyang ina tanganing itago an saiyang kamugtakan. Sisiertohon man kan saiyang ina na may ibinugtak na tela sa panlaog na bado ni Anzaldúa kan sia aki pa enkaso magdugo. Nagigirumdoman ni Anzaldúa, "Dadarahon ko [an mga tela na may dugo] sa laog kan kulungan na ini, hinuhugasan sinda, asin ibibitay sinda sa hababa nanggad sa sarong kaktus tanganing mayo nin makahiling sainda.... An sakong mga kinatawo... [pirming] mabaho lugar na nagtuturo nin dugo asin kinaipuhan na itago." Sa kahurihurihi, nag-agi siya nin hysterectomy kan 1980 kan siya 38 anyos tanganing atubangon an mga abnormalidad sa matris, cervix, asin [[obaryo]] . An rawitdawit ni Anzaldúa na "Nightvoice" nagtutukdo sa kasaysayan nin sekswal na pang-aabuso sa aki, mantang siya nagsusurat: "nagbubuyagyag kan gabos kun pano an sakong mga pinsan/nagsusurusalida sa banggi kan ako singko walo dyes anyos." === Sekswalidad === Sa parehong paagi na parateng isinurat ni Anzaldúa na namatean nia na dai sia puedeng iklasipikar bilang kabtang sana nin sarong rasa o kan saro pa, namatean nia na igwa sia nin multi-sekswalidad. Kan nagdadakula, si Anzaldúa nagpahayag na nakamati siya nin "makusog na sekswalidad" sa saiyang sadiring ama, mga aki, mga hayop, asin dawa mga kahoy. Si AnaLouise Keating pigkonsiderar na haleon an mga sekswal na pantasya ni Anzaldúa na may kalabot na insesto asin bestialidad huli ta "medyo nakakabigla" asin "medyo radikal", alagad nag-insistir si Anzaldúa na sinda magdanay huli ta "para sako, mayo nin pribado." Sinabi ni Anzaldúa na igwa siyang "mga pantasya sekswal manungod sa ama-aking babae, tugang na babae-tugang na lalaki, babae-ayam, babae-lobo, babae-jaguar, babae-tigre, o babae-pantera. Ini parati sarong hayop na klase nin pusa o ayam." Sinabi man ni Anzaldúa na tibaad "nasala niya an koneksyon na ini, an espirituwal na koneksyon na ini, para sa sekswalidad." Naakit siya asin kan huri nagkaigwa nin relasyon sa mga lalaki asin babae. Dawa ngani ipinamidbid niya an saiyang sadiri bilang sarong tomboy sa kadaklan kan saiyang mga pagsurat asin pirming nakakaeksperyensya nin atraksyon sa mga babae, nagsurat man siya na an tomboy "bakong tamang termino" tanganing iladawan an saiyang sadiri. Sinabi niya na siya "may pag-aram na nagpili nin mga babae" asin pag-aram na binago an saiyang sekswal na kagustuhan sa paagi nin pagbabago kan saiyang mga pantasya, na nagtutulod na "Pwede mong baguhon an saimong sekswal na kagustuhan. Ini talagang madali." Sinabi niya na siya "nagin sarong tomboy sa sakuyang payo nguna, an ideolohiya, an politika, an mga estetika" asin na an "pagduot, paghadok, pagkugos, asin gabos nag-abot sa huri". Si Anzaldúa nagsurat nin mahiwas manungod sa saiyang identidad na bakla asin an pag-ipit kan mga tawong bakla, partikularmente sa mga komunidad nin kolor. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/csrc/aztlan/2009/00000034/00000002/art00005|title=Queering the Cosmic Race: Esotericism, Mestizaje, and Sexuality in the Work of Gabriela Mistral and Gloria Anzaldúa|first=Tace|last=Hedrick|date=September 1, 2009}}</ref> === Peminismo === Si Anzaldúa nagpapamidbid sa saiyang sadiri sa saiyang pagsurat bilang sarong peminista, asin an saiyang mga mayor na obra parateng inaasosyar sa peminismong Chicana asin [[Postcolonial feminism|peminismong postkolonyal]] . Si Anzaldúa nagsurat manungod sa pang-aapi na saiyang naeeksperyensiyahan partikularmente bilang sarong babaeng kolor, siring man an mga restriktibong papel sa kasarian na yaon sa laog kan komunidad nin Chicano. Sa ''Borderlands'', pigtutukar man niya an mga topiko arog kan sekswal na kadahasan na ginigibo laban sa mga babaeng kolor. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza|year=1999|url=https://archive.org/details/borderlandslafro00anza_1|last=Anzaldua|first=Gloria|publisher=Aunt Lute Books}}</ref> An saiyang teoretikal na trabaho sa kultura sa linderos pigkokonsiderar na sarong prekursor kan Latinx Philosophy . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Latin American and Latinx philosophy : a collaborative introduction|year=2019|isbn=978-1-138-29585-8|editor-last=Sanchez, Robert Eli Jr.|location=New York|oclc=1104214542}}</ref> == Kritisismo == Si Anzaldúa pigtutuyaw huli sa pagpabaya asin pagpara kan kasaysayan kan Afro-Latino asin Afro-Mehikano, siring man sa pagkua nin inspirasyon gikan ki José Vasconcelos ' ''La raza cósmica'' na dai pigtutuyaw an rasismo, anti-itom, asin eugenics sa laog kan gibo ni Vasconcelos. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewinquiry.com/mexican-is-not-a-race/|title=Mexican Is Not a Race|date=April 6, 2017|publisher=The New Inquiry|access-date=October 17, 2021}}</ref> Josefina Saldaña-Portillo's 2001 essay "Sino an Indian sa Aztlán?" pigtutuyaw an "pagbura kan mga katutubong" sa gibo ni Anzaldúa siring man an "pag-aprobar kan estadong suportado kan Mehikanong katutubong Mehikano " ni Anzaldúa. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://syndicate.network/symposia/literature/indian-given/|title=Indian Given|publisher=The Syndicate Network|access-date=October 17, 2021}}</ref> Si Juliet Hooker sa "Hybrid subjectivities, Latin American mestizaje, and Latino political thought on race" naglaladawan man kan nagkapira sa mga gibo ni Anzaldúa bilang, "pagbugtak nin sobrang romantikong paglaladawan kan mga katutubong tawo na nagheheling sa nakaagi imbes na sa kontemporanyong mga katutubong mga hiro". <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hooker|date=2014-04-03|title=Hybrid subjectivities, Latin American mestizaje, and Latino political thought on race|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21565503.2014.904798|pages=188–201}}</ref> == Mga Premyo == * Bago an Columbus Foundation American Book Award (1986) – ''An Tulay na Ini Inaapod an Sakong Likod: Mga Sinurat kan mga Radikal na Babae nin Kolor'' <ref>{{cite web|author=American Booksellers Association|title=The American Book Awards&nbsp;/&nbsp;Before Columbus Foundation [1980–2012]|year=2013|url=http://www.bookweb.org/btw/awards/The-American-Book-Awards---Before-Columbus-Foundation.html|work=BookWeb|quote='''''1986''''' [...] ''A Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color'', edited by ''Cherrie Moraga'' and '''''Gloria Anzaldua'''''|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313174235/http://bookweb.org/btw/awards/The-American-Book-Awards---Before-Columbus-Foundation.html|archive-date=March 13, 2013|access-date=September 25, 2013}}</ref> * Lambda Lesbian Small Book Press Award (1991) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readersread.com/awards/lambda.htm|title=Book Awards – Lambda Literary Awards|website=www.readersread.com|access-date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> * [[Lesbian Rights Award]] (1991) * [[Sappho Award of Distinction]] (1992) <ref name="Day">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/latinalatinovoic0000dayf/page/80|title=Latina and Latino Voices in Literature: Lives and Works|last=Day|first=Frances Ann|date=2003|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-32394-2|location=Westport, Connecticut|page=[https://archive.org/details/latinalatinovoic0000dayf/page/80 80]|chapter=Gloria Anzaldúa|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScuHQqIjH8oC&q=Sappho%20Award%20of%20Distinction%20(1992)&pg=PA80}}</ref> * National Endowment for the Arts Fiction Award (1991) <ref>[http://www.nea.gov/pub/nea_lit.pdf NEA_lit_mech_blue.indd] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612220201/http://www.nea.gov/pub/NEA_lit.pdf|date=June 12, 2009}}</ref> * American Studies Association Lifetime Achievement Award (Bode-Pearson Prize – 2001). <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theasa.net/prizes_and_grants/awards_and_prizes/|title=ASA Awards and Prizes|website=www.theasa.net|access-date=September 26, 2017|archive-date=July 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716070021/http://www.theasa.net/prizes_and_grants/awards_and_prizes|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dugang pa, an saiyang obra ''na Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza'' pigmidbid bilang saro sa 38 pinakamarahay na libro kan 1987 kan ''Library Journal'' asin 100 Pinakamarahay na Libro kan Siglo kan parehong ''Hungry Mind Review'' asin ''Utne Reader'' . Kan 2012, siya nginaranan kan Equality Forum bilang saro sa saindang 31 Icons kan LGBT History Month . <ref>{{cite web|url=http://lgbthistorymonth.com/gloria-anzaldua?tab=biography|title=Gloria Andzaldua biography|work=LGBT History Month}}</ref> == Kagadanan asin pamana == Si Anzaldúa nagadan kan Mayo 15, 2004, sa saiyang harong sa Santa Cruz, California, huli sa mga komplikasyon nin [[diabetes]] . Kan panahon kan saiyang kagadanan, siya nagtatrabaho pasiring sa pagtapos kan saiyang disertasyon tanganing mag-ako kan saiyang doktorado sa Literatura gikan sa Unibersidad kan California, Santa Cruz . <ref>{{cite web|url=http://currents.ucsc.edu/05-06/04-17/cisneros.asp|title=Classes without Quizzes|website=currents.ucsc.edu|access-date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> Itinao ini pagkagadan kan 2005. An Chicana/o Latina/o Research Center (CLRC) sa Unibersidad kan California, Santa Cruz nagtatao kan taonan na ''Gloria E. Anzaldúa Distinguished Lecture Award'' asin ''an Gloria E. Anzaldúa Award para sa mga Independent Scholars asin Contingent Faculty'' pig-aalok taon-taon kan American Studies Association . An huri "...nagtatao nin onra sa pambihirang karera ni Anzaldúa bilang sarong independienteng iskolar asin an saiyang trabaho bilang contingent faculty, kaiba an saiyang mga groundbreaking kontribusyon sa scholarship sa mga babaeng kolor asin sa teorya nin queer. An premyo kabali an sarong bilog na buhay na pagiging miyembro sa ASA, sarong bilog na buhay na elektroniko suskrisyon sa American Quarterly, limang taon na access sa mga rekurso kan elektronikong libreriya sa Unibersidad kan Texas sa Austin, asin $500". <ref /> Kan 2007, tolong taon pagkagadan ni Anzaldúa, an [[Society for the Study of Gloria Anzaldúa|Sosyedad para sa Pag-adal ki Gloria Anzaldúa]] (SSGA) pigmukna tanganing magtipon nin mga iskolar asin mga miyembro kan komunidad na padagos na nakikikabtang sa trabaho ni Anzaldúa. An SSGA nag-iisponsor nin sarong kumperensya – El Mundo Zurdo – kada 18 bulan. <ref>{{cite web|title=Society for the Study of Gloria Anzaldúa|url=http://www.gloriaanzaldua.com/?page_id=4|work=About the SSGA|access-date=May 30, 2014|archive-date=March 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331045722/http://www.gloriaanzaldua.com/?page_id=4|dead-url=yes}}</ref> An Gloria E. Anzaldúa Poetry Prize itinatao taon-taon, kaiba an Anzaldúa Literary Trust, sa sarong pararawitdawit na an obra nag-aadal kun pano an lugar naghuhurma nin identidad, imahinasyon, asin pagsabot. An espesyal na atensyon itinatao sa mga rawitdawit na nagpapahiling nin manlaen-laen na mga paagi nin pag-iisip: artistiko, teoretikal, asin sosyal, na an boot sabihon, politikal. An enot na pwesto iyo an publikasyon kan Newfound, kaiba an 25 kopya kan mga nagkontribwir, asin sarong premyong $500. <ref>{{cite web|title=Gloria E. Anzaldúa Poetry Prize|date=April 4, 2013|url=https://newfound.org/poetry-prize/|access-date=February 7, 2015}}</ref> An National Women's Studies Association nagtataong onra ki Anzaldúa, sarong pinahahalagahan asin haloy nang aktibong miyembro kan organisasyon, sa paagi kan taonan na Gloria E. Anzaldúa Book Prize, na itinalaga para sa mga groundbreaking monograpiya sa pag-aadal kan mga kababaihan na naggigibo nin mga mahalagang multikultural na kontribusyon sa mga babaeng kolor/transnasyonal iskolar. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwsa.org/bookprizes#Anzaldua|title=NWSA|website=www.nwsa.org|access-date=May 16, 2017}}</ref> Tanganing girumdomon an magigin ika-75 na kumpleanyo ni Anzaldúa, kan Setyembre 26, 2017 an Aunt Lute Books nagpublikar kan antolohiya ''na Imaniman: Mga Pararawitdawit na Nagsusurat sa Anzaldúan Borderlands'' na pig-edit ni ire'ne lara silva asin Dan Vera na may introduksiyon kan Pararawitdawit kan Estados Unidos na si Laurea Herate Juan Ferera <ref>{{cite web|url=http://labloga.blogspot.com/2017/02/from-anzalduas-borderlands-to-imaniman.html|title=La Bloga: Imaniman: Sparked From the Communal Soul|first=Olga Garcia|last=Echeverria|date=February 26, 2017|access-date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> asin nagtatampok kan obra kan 52 na kontemporanyong pararawitdawit sa tema kan padagos na epekto ni Anzaldúa sa kontemporanyong kaisipan asin kultura. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://auntlute.com/8305/recent_release/imaniman-poets-writing-in-the-anzalduan-borderlands/|title=Imaniman &#124; Aunt Lute|access-date=April 21, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094015/http://auntlute.com/8305/recent_release/imaniman-poets-writing-in-the-anzalduan-borderlands/|archive-date=April 21, 2017}}</ref> Sa parehong aldaw, piggirumdom kan Google an mga naginibohan asin legasiya ni Anzaldúa sa paagi nin sarong Doodle sa Estados Unidos. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xgm9_A5iL50|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306210658/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xgm9_A5iL50&gl=US&hl=en|archive-date=March 6, 2020|url-status=live|title=Gloria E. Anzaldúa|date=September 25, 2017|access-date=October 25, 2018|website=YouTube.com|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4956932/google-doodle-birthday-gloria-anzaldua-75/|title=Google Doodle Celebrates Gloria E. Anzaldúa's Birthday. Here's What to Know About Her|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=April 20, 2018|archive-date=March 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331075726/http://time.com/4956932/google-doodle-birthday-gloria-anzaldua-75/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Mga Arkibo == Nakabugtak sa Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection sa Unibersidad kan Texas sa Austin, an Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa Papers, 1942-2004 igwa nin labing 125 piye nin mga ipinublikar asin dai pa ipinublikar na mga materyales kabali an mga manuskrito, rawitdawit, mga drowing, mga nakarekord na lektura, asin iba pang mga rekurso sa arkibo. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utlac/00189/lac-00189.html|title=Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa Papers, 1942–2004|website=www.lib.utexas.edu|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2017}}</ref> Si AnaLouise Keating saro sa mga katiwala kan Anzaldúa Trust. Si Anzaldúa nagmantenir nin sarong koleksyon nin mga pigurin, maskara, rattle, kandila, asin iba pang ephemera na ginagamit bilang mga bagay na altar (altares) sa saiyang harong sa Santa Cruz, California. An mga altar na ini sarong mahalagang parte kan saiyang espirituwal na buhay asin proseso nin pagmukna bilang sarong parasurat. An koleksyon sa altar presenteng nakatago sa departamento nin mga Espesyal na Koleksyon kan Libreriya kan Unibersidad sa Unibersidad kan California, Santa Cruz. == Mga gibo == * ''An Tulay na Ini na Inaapod na Sakong Likod: Mga Sinurat kan mga Radikal na Babae nin Kolor'' (1981), na pig-edit kaiba ni [[Cherríe Moraga]], ika-4 na edisyon. , Duke University Press, 2015. . * ''Borderlands/La Frontera: An Bagong Mestiza'' (1987), ika-4 na edisyon. , Aunt Lute Books, 2012.{{ISBN|1-879960-12-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-879960-12-5|1-879960-12-5]] . * ''[[Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color|Paggibo nin Lalawgon, Paggibo nin Kalag/Haciendo Caras: Mga Pananaw sa Pagmukna asin Kritikal kan mga Feministang Kolor]]'', Aunt Lute Books, 1990.{{ISBN|1-879960-10-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-879960-10-9|1-879960-10-9]] . * ''Mga Interbyu/Entrevistas'', na pig-edit ni AnaLouise Keating, Routledge, 2000.{{ISBN|0-415-92503-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-92503-7|0-415-92503-7]] . * ''An Tulay na Ini na Inaapod Niatong Harong: Mga Radikal na Bisyon para sa Pagbabago'', na pig-edit kaiba si AnaLouise Keating, Routledge, 2002.{{ISBN|0-415-93682-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-93682-9|0-415-93682-9]] . * ''An Gloria Anzaldúa Reader'', na pig-edit ni AnaLouise Keating . Duke University Press, 2009.{{ISBN|978-0-8223-4564-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4564-0|978-0-8223-4564-0]] . * ''Liwanag sa Diklom/Luz en lo Oscuro: Pagsurat giraray kan Identidad, Espirituwalidad, Realidad,'' na pig-edit ni AnaLouise Keating, Duke University Press, 2015.{{ISBN|978-0-8223-6009-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-6009-4|978-0-8223-6009-4]] . === Mga librong pan-aki === * ''Si Prietita Igwa nin Katood'' (1991) * ''Mga Katuod gikan sa Ibong na Lado/Amigos del Otro Lado'' (1995) * ''Prietita y La Llorona'' (1996) == Hilingon man == * Feminismo sa Latin Amerika * Literaturang Latino * Pilosopiyang Latinx * Latino na rawitdawit * Literaturang Xicana == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d1wx2f7n7h93rhii98nswxrjqepoqgp 0 50745 311523 308942 2026-10-12T21:36:41Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20261012)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 311523 wikitext text/x-wiki Si '''Anne-Josèphe Théroigne de Méricourt''' (namundag na '''''Anne-Josèphe Terwagne''''' ; 13 Agosto 1762 – 8 Hunyo 1817) sarong Belgianong parakanta, orador asin organisador sa Rebolusyon Pranses . Namundag siya sa Marcourt, sa Prince-Obispo kan Liège <ref>{{Cite book|title=Amazons to Fighter Pilots - A Biographical Dictionary of Military Woman (Volume Two)|last=Pennington|first=Reina|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2003|isbn=0-313-32708-4|location=Westport, Connecticut|pages=433}}</ref> (na kun saen hale an apelasyon na "de Méricourt"), sarong sadit na banwaan sa modernong probinsya nin Belgium na Luxembourg . Siya aktibo sa Rebolusyon Pranses asin nagtrabaho sa laog kan mga Hababang Nasyon kan Austria tanganing man mapakusog an rebolusyon. Siya pigpreso sa sarong bilanggoan sa Austria poon 1791 sagkod 1792 huli sa pagiging sarong ahente probokador sa Belhika. Siya sarong kagmukna kan sarong rebolusyonaryong klab sa Paris asin igwa nin mga mandamiento para sa saiyang pag-arestar na ipinaluwas sa Pransya huli sa saiyang soboot partisipasyon sa pag'alsa kan mga Aldaw nin Oktubre . Midbid siya pareho sa saiyang pagladawan sa French Revolutionary press asin sa saiyang kasunod na pagkaraot kan isip asin institusyonalisasyon. == Amay na buhay (1767–1789) == Siya namundag na si Anne-Josèphe Terwagne sa Marcourt, Rendeux, ki Pierre Terwagne (b. 1731) asin Anne-Élisabeth Lahaye (1732–1767). Nagadan an saiyang ina pagkatapos na mangaki kan saiyang ikatolong aki, na binayaan si Anne-Josèphe na solo kaiba an saiyang ama asin duwang tugang na lalaki; Pierre-Josèphe (m. 1764) asin Josèphe (m. 1767). Pagkagadan kan saiyang ina, pinaistar siya sa saiyang tiyaon sa Liège asin ilinaag sa sarong eskwelahan sa kumbento kun saen siya nakanuod kun pano magtahi. Mga sarong taon pakatapos na magpoon na mag-eskuela si Anne-Josèphe, an saiyang tiyaon nag-agom asin dai na nagbayad sa saiyang eskuelahan. Si Anne-Josèphe nagdulag pabalik sa saiyang ama pagkatapos na ini mag-agom giraray huli ta napiritan siyang magin katabang sa harong asin mag-ataman sa mga aki kan saiyang tiyaon. An buhay sa harong kan saiyang ama bakong mas marahay, an saiyang madrasta tinatrato siya nin maraot arog kan saiyang tiyaon. An saiyang matuang tugang na lalaki nagduman sa Alemania tanganing mag-istar sa mga paryentes na an pangaran Campinados. Sa edad na 13, si Anne-Josèphe asin an saiyang nguhod na tugang nagduman sa [[:fr:Xhoris|Xhoris]] tanganing mag-istar sa nagkapira sa mga paryentes kan saindang ama. Mantang yaon sa Xhoris, siya danay na pig-uulog-ulog asin pig-oobra an trabaho sagkod sa punto na dai na niya ini kaya. Huli kaini, nagbalik siya sa saiyang tiyaon sa Liège, alagad nanompongan niya na minamaltrato pa man giraray siya. Pagkatapos na marealisar an pangangaipo na magpoon kan saiyang sadiring buhay, nakanuod siyang mag-ataman nin mga baka sa [[:fr:Sougné-Remouchamps|Sougné]], sarong probinsya sa Limburg . Pakalihis nin sarong taon, nagbalik siya sa Liège tanganing magtrabaho bilang paratahi, alagad naatubang niya an parehong pagkadiskontento sa saiyang buhay arog kan dati. Naghanap siya nin pailihan sa sarong ibang tiyaon, na an pangaran Clamend, na nakaistar sa Xhoris. Dai nahaloy, sarong babae an nakiolay ki Anne-Josèphe na umiba sa saiya sa Antwerp tanganing atamanon an saiyang aking babae, alagad binayaan sia kan babae sa harong na iniistaran ninda pakalihis nin pirang semana. Swerte ni Anne-Josèphe, sarong babae na an pangaran Madame Colbert an nakahiling nin sarong bagay sa laog niya asin kinua siya bilang gobernadora kan saiyang mga aki. Si Anne-Josèphe disi-sais anyos kan siya nagpoon na mag-istar ki Madame Colbert; an saiyang buhay iyo an pagtukdo sa mga aki ni Madame Colbert asin pag-adal nin pagkanta sa opera sa nagkapirang kabisera kan Europa. Natapos sinda sa harong ni Madame Colbert sa London kun saen sa kahurihurihi sarong mayaman na Ingles an nagheling ki Anne-Josèphe. Sarong banggi kan si Madame Colbert mayo, an Ingles naglaog sa harong na nakikimaherak ki Anne-Josèphe na magdulag kaiba niya. Susog sa saiyang istorya pagkatapos niyang magsayuma, siya dinakop asin kinua sa paagi nin pwersa. Kan siya nasa edad na asin nagmana kan saiyang kayamanan, an mag-agom na daing agom nagduman sa Paris tanganing mamuhay. Marikas niyang naaraman an saiyang magarbo na mga paagi asin nagprobar na makipagtrabaho saiya, alagad kan 1787 nagbalik siya sa Inglaterra na binayaan siya sa Paris na may 200,000 livres . Sa sarong punto sa pag-oltanan kan 1784 asin 1787 nagkaigwa siya nin relasyon sa 60-anyos na si Marquis de Persan, sarong konsehal kan Parlamento kan Paris. An kadaklan manungod sa saindang relasyon nagdadanay na misteryo, alagad an aram iyo na sinda nagkomunikar sa paagi nin mga surat, asin na tinatrato niya ini nin matinao. Si Anne-Joseph nag-operar sa irarom kan alyas na Mademoiselle Campinado kun siya nagtatrabaho bilang sarong kortesana . Pagkatapos na manompongan an bantog na Italyano na tenor na si Giacomo David, na-inspirar siya na magbulag ki Marquis de Persan asin ipadagos an saiyang karera sa pagkanta. Nakakua siya nin sarong pambihirang paratukdo nin castrato na an pangaran Giusto Fernando Tenducci asin huli ta dai niya kayang bayadan an bilog na gastos kan mga leksyon sa tabang kan abogado ni Tenducci naggibo sinda nin sarong kasunduan. Mayo siyang ideya sa plano ni Tenducci na lokohon siya nin kwarta tanganing mabayadan niya an saiyang mga utang. Mantang nagbibiyahe pasiring sa saiyang ama, nakaresibe siya nin bareta na nagadan na an saiyang ama kaya napiritan siyang baguhon an saiyang mga plano. Dai nagigibo ni Tenducci an saiyang plano huli ta mayo na siyang rason na magbisita asin maghulog nin dakulang kantidad nin kwarta. Si Tenducci nagpadagos sa pagkumbinsir saiya na magbiyahe pasiring sa Italya kaiba niya, an saiyang duwang tugang na lalaki, asin an saiyang tugang na lalaki sa ina na si Pierrot. Siya nasa irarom kan impresyon na siya babayaran para sa mga gastos sa pagbiyahe. Naghale sinda pasiring sa Genoa, Italya, sa pag'oltan kan Mayo 1787 asin Pebrero 1788. Pakatapos na mamidbid an tunay niang intension, naghagad sia nin tabang sa mga katood asin abogado na nag-asegurar sa saiya na bakong balido an kontrata. Tanganing makaduman sa Roma arog kan minamawot nia ngonyan, kaipuhan ni Anne-Josèphe an kuarta. Kan Marso 1789, nagsurat siya ki Jean-Frédéric Perregaux, sarong Swiss na bangkero, na nagpapasalamat saiya sa saiyang tabang sa pagkua nin bayad ki Marquis de Persan, naghahagad nin pautang tanganing bakalon an saiyang matuang tugang na lalaki nin sarong pamamahala, asin naghahagad nin mga surat nin rekomendasyon para sa Roma asin Naples. An mga osipon manongod sa rebolusyon Pranses nagpoon na maglataw sa Roma. Kan Mayo 1789, pagkatapos na an saiyang nguhod na tugang na lalaki namumugtak sa Roma, siya nagbiyahe hale sa Italya pasiring sa Paris, kun saen siya nadara sa mga enot na pag-iriba kan rebolusyon. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/womanofrevolutio00hamerich|title=A woman of the revolution, Théroigne de Méricourt|last=Hamel|first=Frank|publisher=Brentano's|year=1911|isbn=|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womanofrevolutio00hamerich/page/21 21]–62}}</ref> == Papel sa Rebolusyon Pranses (1789–1790) == === An cockade ni Hade asin an Asamblea Nasyonal === An enot na pakikilabot ni Anne-Josèphe sa rebolusyon iyo kan 17 Hulyo 1789 kan si Hadeng Louis XVI yaon sa Hôtel de Ville, na pigpapabanal an rebolusyon mantang nakasulot nin trikolor na cockade. Nagsulot siya nin lalaking riding habit asin bilog na sombrero tanganing magpahiling bilang sarong lalaki tanganing maibitaran an diskriminasyon na inaatubang kan mga kababaihan. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A woman of the revolution, Théroigne de Méricourt|url=https://archive.org/details/womanofrevolutio00hame|last=Hamel|first=Frank|publisher=Brentano's|year=1911|isbn=|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womanofrevolutio00hame/page/82 80]}}</ref> Kan ika-4 nin Agosto 1789, nag-atender siya sa sarong importanteng pagtiripon kan National Assembly na pinag-oolayan an marikas na naglalakop na rebolusyon. Sa katapusan kan bulan an Deklarasyon kan mga Deretso kan Tawo asin kan Siyudadano ipinasa. Nagdesisyon siyang magbalyo sa [[:fr:Noailles (Marseille)|Rue de Noailles]] sa Versailles tanganing maseguro na makakaabot siya sa gabos na miting kan National Assembly. Nanodan niya an pinakadakol na saiyang makakaya manungod sa mga nangyayaring pangyayari arog kan Martsa kan mga Babae sa Versailles tanganing masabutan niya an mga isyu asin nagpoon na magtabang. Kan Oktubre 1789, nagbalyo siya sa Paris tanganing padagos siyang makaatender sa mga miting kan National Assembly na nangyari duman. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A woman of the revolution, Théroigne de Méricourt|url=https://archive.org/details/womanofrevolutio00hame|last=Hamel|first=Frank|publisher=Brentano's|year=1911|isbn=|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womanofrevolutio00hame/page/85 83]}}</ref> === Sosyedad nin mga Katuod kan Ley === Kan Enero 1790 siya nagmukna, kaiba si Gilbert Romme, an ''Société des amis de la loi'' ("Sosyedad kan mga Katood kan Ley"), sarong klab na nagmamawot na dagkahon asin tabangan an patriyotikong trabaho sa mga probinsya. An club dai naghaloy, asin ginibo ni Anne-Josèphe an saiyang rebolusyonaryong kaigotan na magin oratoryo sa Club des Cordeliers asin sa mga terasa kan National Assembly. Nadisganar sa kadikit na oportunidad na makukua kan mga babaeng patriota, sinuportaran niya an pagbilog nin mga mixed-sex asin mga patriyotikong klab nin mga babae. Kan panahon na ini siya nagin midbid bilang Théroigne de Méricourt. === Mga osipon hale sa prensa === Nagpopoon nang marealisar ni Théroigne na an mayoriya kan mga parasuportar kan rebolusyon interesado sa mga deretso kan mga lalaki asin bako sa mga deretso kan mga babae. Poon kan Nobyembre 1789, an Parisian royalist press nagpoon na maggibo nin sarong flamboyant asin infamous na karikatura ni Théroigne bilang sarong "puta kan mga patriota" asin "babaeng hepe sa gera." Susog sa mga pahina kan mga pampletong ini, sinalakay niya an Bastille asin pinangenotan an pagmartsa kan mga Aldaw nin Oktubre sa Versailles; nakipaglaban siya sa mga suldados asin "nakukua nanggad kun saen pinakadakula an kariribokan," na nakagubing nin "eskarlata na ugale sa pagsakay asin... itom na balahibo." <ref name="Roudinesco, p. 31">Roudinesco, p. 31</ref> Siya pigladawan bilang sarong daing supog na libertino na sekswal na imbuelto ki "Deputy Populus" ("an mga tawo") asin sarong tabloid an nagsurat na "an lambang representante [kan National Assembly] pwedeng makatanosan na maghingako na siya an ama kan saiyang aki." == Pagbilanggo sa Austria (1790–1792) == Kan Mayo 1790, na dukha asin apektadong marhay kan mga libelo kan royalistang prensa, si Théroigne naghale sa Paris pasiring sa [[:fr:Marcourt (Belgique)|Marcourt]] . Pakalihis nin halipot na pag-istar, nagduman siya sa Liège, na kun saen siya inagaw sa paagi nin mandamiento kan Gobyerno kan Austria, asin dinara nguna sa Tyrol asin pakatapos sa Kufstein Fortress, kun saen siya pig-usisa manungod sa saiyang mga rebolusyonaryong aktibidad. Dinara siya kan mga mersenaryo sa sarong 10 aldaw na pagbaklay pasiring sa Austria kun saen siya pig-bully asin haros linugos kan saiyang tolong paradakop. An mga Austriano, na naimpluwensiyahan kan paglaladawan ni Théroigne sa mga tabloid sa Paris, inatribwir saiya an sarong pinasobrahan na papel sa Rebolusyon. Ilinadawan ninda siya bilang sarong subersibo na " Pythia ," sarong posibleng espiya na nakaraot sa mga soldados na may nakakapaanggot na retorika, tinakot an pamilyang hade, asin nag-instigar kan mga Aldaw nin Oktubre. Si François de Blanc ninombrahan ni Prinsipe Kaunitz, an Kanselor kan Imperyo, na magin parahapot ni Thèroigne. Pakalihis nin mga sarong bulan nin magabat na pag-usisa, napag-araman ni Blanc na mayo siyang kapaki-pakinabang na impormasyon na maitatao asin na kadaklan sa mga osipon manungod saiya bakong totoo. Sa kahurihurihi, nagkaigwa si Blanc nin pagkamoot saiya asin inareglo an saiyang pagpaluwas pagkatapos niyang madiskobre na igwa siyang kadakol na mga isyu sa salud, kabali an depresyon, insomnia, migraine, asin pag-ubo nin dugo. == Papel sa Rebolusyon Pranses padagos. (1792–1793) == [[Ladawan:Théroigne_de_Méricourt_2.jpg|thumb| Plaster bust ni Joseph Charles Marin na pig-iskultura kan 1792.]] === Magbalik sa Paris === Kan Enero 1792, si Théroigne nagbalik sa Paris. An bareta kan saiyang pagkabihag sa Austria naenot na saiya, asin siya inako bilang sarong bayani. Kan 1 Pebrero, nagtaram siya sa Jacobin Club, kun saen ilinadawan niya an saiyang kasakitan asin pig-omaw bilang "saro sa mga enot na Amazon nin katalingkasan." Sa bilog na tigsoli kan 1792, siya nagkampanya para sa mga deretso kan mga kababaihan na magdara nin mga armas, asin kan Marso nakipagdiskutiran para sa pagmukna nin sarong batalyon nin mga kababaihan na pwedeng magdepensa kan syudad. An saiyang trabaho sa pagrekrut para sa batalyon na ini, alagad, nagin bakong popular, asin siya pigkondenar sa mga Jacobin huli sa pagcausa nin kariribokan sa Faubourg Saint-Antoine . === palasyo kan Tuileries === Durante kan insureksyon kan ika-10 nin Agosto, si Théroigne imbuelto sa pagkagadan kan mga preso na royalista sa Place Vendôme . Na ginadan ni Theroigne an royalistang pamphleteer na François-Louis Suleau [ fr ] bakong totoo. Kan huri siya tinawan nin koronang sibiko huli sa saiyang kusog nin boot kan ika-10 nin Agosto 1792. === Pag-apil sa Gironde === An mga rebolusyonaryong aktibidad ni Théroigne nagdanay na maluya sa natatada pang parte kan 1792, alagad parati siyang nahihiling sa mga Jacobin sa saiyang ugale sa pagsakay. Kan amay na parte kan 1793, nagkompuesto siya nin serye nin mga plakard na nagtutulod para sa aktibong pakikilabot kan mga kababaihan sa pag-engganyar kan patriotikong katungdan. Si Théroigne, sa puntong ini, nakipag-alyansa sa mga Girondin, sarong politikal na paksyon na nakikipaglaban sa mas radikal pang mga Jacobin. Kan ika-15 nin Mayo, si Théroigne nagtatao nin sarong diskurso sa Jardin des Tuileries kan siya inatake kan sarong grupo nin mga babae na kaalyado kan mga Jacobin. An mga babae, na nagtutumang sa saiyang mga sentimyentong pro-Girondin, hinubaan siya asin binugbog siya nin grabe. Naligtas siya sa paagi kan interbensyon ni Jean-Paul Marat, alagad nagsakit siya pagkatapos nin mga kulog nin payo asin mga problema sa isip. == Institusyonalisasyon asin kagadanan (1794–1817) == An gawe-gawe ni Théroigne nagin bakong patas, asin kan 20 Setyembre 1794, siya nasertipikahan na buang asin ibinugtak sa sarong asylum sa Faubourg Marceau. Sa kahurihurihi ipinadara siya sa La Salpêtrière Hospital kan 1807, kun saen siya nag-erok sa laog nin 10 taon, na paminsan-minsan na malinaw asin danay na nagtataram manungod sa rebolusyon. Kasunod nin halipot na helang, nagadan siya duman kan 8 Hunyo 1817. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Les origines du féminisme contemporain: Olympe de Gouges, Théroigne de Méricourt, Rose Lacombe|url=https://archive.org/details/lesoriginesdufem00laco|last=Lacour|first=Léopold|publisher=Plon, Nourrit et Cie|year=1900|page=[https://archive.org/details/lesoriginesdufem00laco/page/116 116]|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Théroigne de Méricourt: une femme mélancolique sous la Révolution|last=Roudinesco|first=Élisabeth|publisher=Albin Michel|year=2010|isbn=|language=fr}}</ref> == Katotoohan asin osipon sa Rebolusyon Pranses == An kasaysayan kan fictional Théroigne na ini nag-abot tanganing mag-anino asin maglibog kan saiyang aktuwal na mga aksyon sa panahon na ini. Sa saiyang sadiring istorya, mayo siya sa pagbagsak kan Bastille, ni nagmartsa siya sa Versailles sa mga Aldaw nin Oktubre; imbes, siya nag-erok sa Versailles sa bilog na tig-init kan 1789, na nag-aatender sa mga debate sa National Assembly asin nakikipag-ulay sa mga politikal na pigura arog ni Jérôme Pétion, Camille Desmoulins, asin an Abbé Sieyès . Siya talagang, mantang yaon sa Versailles, naggubing nin sarong ugale sa pagsakay nin sarong lalaki, alagad dai siya nangengenot nin anuman na mga aksyon na insurhensya. == Sa popular na kultura == === Literatura === * Si Theroigne de Mericourt nagluwas bilang sarong menor de edad na karakter sa nobelang ''A Place of Greater Safety'' ni Hillary Mantel kan 1992. * An dula na ''Théroigne de Mericourt'' ni Paul Hervieu isinurat kan 1902 asin pigtugtog ni Sarah Bernhardt kan 23 Setyembre 1902. * Si Theroigne de Mericourt nagluwas sa nobelang 2021 ni [[Samantha Silva]] ''[[Love and Fury: A Novel of Mary Wollstonecraft|na Love and Fury: Sarong Nobela ni Mary Wollstonecraft]]'' . === Mga video game === * Sa ''Assassin's Creed Unity'' (2014), si Théroigne de Méricourt nagluwas sa nagkapirang misyon sa gilid. Siya pigboses ni Natalia Payne. * Sa ''Steelrising'' (2022), si Théroigne de Méricourt nagluwas sa Downloadable content : ''Steelrising - Mga Sekreto ni Cagliostro'' . Siya pigboses ni Lucy Montgomery. == Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gu5q8tk3srgk51wnkefpdu09syxxcbx 0 52227 311510 309917 2026-10-12T16:40:22Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Albanian activist and educator (ca. 1870–1949)}}{{Infobox person|name=Sevasti Qiriazi-Dako<br /><small>(Sevastia D. Kyrias)</small>|image=Sevasti Qiriazi (portrait).jpg|alt=|caption=Sevasti Qiriazi-Dako|birth_name=|birth_date=ca. 1870|birth_place=[[Bitola|Manastir]], [[Manastir Vilayet]], [[Ottoman Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|1949|08|30|1871}}|death_place=[[Tirana]], [[Albania]]|body_discovered=|death_cause=|resting_place=Tirana, Varrezat e Sharrës|resting_place_coordinates=|monuments=|nationality=Albanian|citizenship=|other_names=Sevasti D. Kyrias, Sevasti Kyrias-Dako, Sevasti Qirias|known_for=|television=|education=Bachelor of Arts|alma_mater=[[American College for Girls at Constantinople]] (B.A.)|employer=|organization=|notable works=|style=|occupation=Educator, Missionary|years_active=|height=|title=|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|movement=|opponents=|boards=|criminal_charge=|criminal_penalty=|criminal_status=|spouse=[[Kristo Dako]]|partner=|children=Aleksandër Dako, Gjergj Dako|parents=Dhimitër Qiriazi, Maria Qiriazi (Vodica)|relations=[[Gjerasim Qiriazi]], [[Gjergj Qiriazi]], Kristo Qiriazi, [[Parashqevi Qiriazi]]|callsign=|awards=[[File:Order of Skanderbeg 4.png|17px]] [[Order of Skanderbeg (1925–1945)|Order of Skanderbeg]]<br> [[File:Urdhëri i Lirisë (Klasi I).png|17px]] [[:sq:Urdhri i lirisë|Order of Freedom]]<br> Order for Patriotic Activity<br> [[File:Titulli "Mësues i Popullit".png|17px]] People's Teacher [[File:Dekorata "Nderi i Kombit".jpg|17px]] [[Honor of the Nation Decoration|Honor of the Nation]]<br> Symbol of the City (Tirana)<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeta e Sevasti Qiriazit, vjen në shqip jetëshkrimi i "Mësueses së Popullit" |url=https://www.oranews.tv/article/jeta-e-sevasti-qiriazit-vjen-ne-shqip-jeteshkrimi-i-mesueses-se-popullit |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312185030/https://www.oranews.tv/article/jeta-e-sevasti-qiriazit-vjen-ne-shqip-jeteshkrimi-i-mesueses-se-popullit |dead-url=yes}}</ref><br><br>|signature=Sevasti Qiriazi (nënshkrim).svg|website=|footnotes=}}Si '''Sevasti Qiriazi-Dako''' (Sevasti D. Kyrias) (ca. 1871–1949) sarong Albanianong patriota, edukador, Protestanteng misyonero, awtor, pioneer kan edukasyon kan mga babaeng Albaniano, asin aktibista kan Albanian National Awakening . == Buhay asin amay na karera == === Amay na buhay === Si Sevasti namundag ca. 1870 sa patriotikong pamilyang Qiriazi kan Tërnovë, Monastir, sa ngonyan na [[Amihanan na Masedonya|Norteng Macedonia]], kaidto [[Imperyong Ottoman|Imperyo Ottoman]] . <ref name="de Haan">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsgQjbgBOAkC&q=parashqevi+qiriazi&pg=PA454|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries|last=de Haan|first=Francisca|last2=Daskalova Krasimira|last3=Loutfi Anna|publisher=Central European University Press|year=2006|isbn=9789637326394|pages=454–457|access-date=2014-10-22}}</ref> Ikaanom siya sa sampulong magturugang. : 41 An relihiyosong pinaghalean kan saiyang pamilya Ortodokso, asin nagpoon siang mag-adal sa sarong primaryang eskuelahan na Griego an tataramon sa edad na apat. : 43 Kan siya hoben pa, nakanuod siya nin nagkapirang tataramon ( Albaniano, [[Tataramon na Griego|Griyego]], Bulgaro, Wallachian, Turko, [[Tataramon na Ingles|Ingles]] ). : 44 Sia asin an saiyang pamilya nagkaigwa nin dayupot na kontak sa mga patriotang Albaniano asin mga misyonerong Protestanteng Amerikano na nagpapadalagan nin sarong eskuelahan asin nagkokondukta nin relihiyosong mga serbisyo harani sa saindang harong sa Monastir. <ref name="My Life">{{Cite book|title=My Life: the Autobiography of the Pioneer of Female Education in Albania|last=Kyrias-Dako|first=Sevasti|date=2022|publisher=IAPS|isbn=978-1946244420|edition=2nd|location=Tirana}}</ref> : 43–45 Si Sevasti nag-enrol sa eskwelahan kan mga Amerikano asin naggradwar na may katumbas na diploma sa hayskul kan Hulyo 1888. === Edukasyon === Si Sevasti nag-adal sa American College for Girls sa Constantinople poon 1888-1891. An saiyang tugang na lalaki na si Rev. Gjerasim Qiriazi an nag-areglo kan saiyang pagpalista. : 63–64 Siya inadmitir bilang sarong sophomore asin naggradwar kan 1891 sa sarong klase nin walong babae asin nag-ako nin Bachelor of Arts degree, na nagin pinakaenot na babaeng Albaniano na nakatapos nin edukasyon sa kolehiyo. : 63–64 An saiyang katuyuhan sa pag-adal sa kolehiyo iyo na andamon an saiyang sadiri tanganing tabangan an saiyang tugang na si Gjerasim na magbukas nin sarong eskwelahan para sa mga babae sa Albania. : 66 Ibisto ni Sevasti an saiyang mga pangenot na impluwensya sa kolehiyo bilang: Clara Hamlin (an prinsipal kan kolehiyo asin an aking babae ni Cyrus Hamlin ), Florence A. Fensham, Mary Mills Patrick, Ida Prime, Caroline Borden, asin an pamilyang Bulgarian Grandinaroff. : 68–70 Inimbitaran ni Gjerasim Qiriazi an maimpluwensyang magtugang na Albanianong Frashëri ( Abdyl Frashëri, Sami Frashëri asin Naim Frashëri ) na mag-atender sa gradwasyon ni Sevasti. Ginamit ni Naim Frashëri an saiyang papel sa gobyerno kan Ottoman tanganing opisyal na irehistro an saiyang diploma asin makakua nin sarong ''irade'' (opisyal na dekreto) para sa pagbukas kan pinakaenot na eskwelahan para sa mga daragita sa Albania sa Korçë : 79 (  ; Albanian depinidong porma ). === Protestanteng aktibidad nin misyonero === Dawa ngani Ortodoksong Kristiyano sa pagkamundag, si Sevasti nag'ayon sa Protestanteng komunidad na pigtogdas kan saiyang tugang na si Gjerasim. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Albania}}</ref> Sa Korçë pinangenotan nia an mga pag-adal sa Biblia asin mga pagtiripon sa pamibi para sa mga babae. Siya sarong " Babae sa Biblia " asin pinansiyahan kan Lupon nin mga Misyon kan Babae kan ABCFM asin kan Sosyedad nin Pagtabang kan mga Misyon kan Biblia. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Grants and Payments to Special Objects}}</ref> Inapod niya an saiyang sadiri bilang sarong misyonera kan siya nagbibiyahe pasiring sa Estados Unidos tanganing bisitahon si Ellen Stone asin John Henry House kan 1904. === An Korça Girls School (1891–1914) === ==== Pagmukna asin operasyon ==== Pagkatapos kan saiyang paggradwar sa kolehiyo, si Sevasti nagbalik sa Monastir dangan sa Korçë, kun saen nag-iba siya sa saiyang tugang na si Gjerasim sa pagbukas nin sarong eskwelahan sa tataramon na Albaniano para sa mga daragita. Si Sevasti an direktor kaini. An eskwelahan nag-operar sa irarom nin masakit na mga kamugtakan kabali an kapobrehan, prehuwisyo laban sa edukasyon kan mga babae, kadepisilan sa pagkua nin mga libro, politikal na pagtumang gikan sa mga lokal na awtoridad kan Ottoman, asin politikal asin eklesiastikong pagtumang gikan sa Simbahan Ortodokso na Griyego. <ref name="School for Girls">{{Cite book|title=The School for Girls, Kortcha Albania|last=Kyrias|first=Paraskevi D.|date=1913|publisher=Woman's Board of Missions of the Interior|location=Chicago}}</ref> : 4-6 Sa ibong kan mga bakong paborableng kamugtakan na ini, an eskwelahan nagdanay nin sarong promedyong taonan na enrolment na 47 na mga estudyante sa laog kan 1891-1913. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Përmbledhje Historike 1891-1931|journal=Foleja Kombëtare: Broshurë komemorative botuar me rastin e dyzetvjetorit të Institutit Kyrias 1891–1931|date=1931|pages=83–85|publisher=Gutenberg|location=Tirana}}</ref> An eskwelahan nag-ako nin mga mahalagang bisita arog ni Edith Durham kan 1901 asin Henry Brailsford kan 1904. : 102, 106–107  ==== Relihiyosong pagtukdo ==== Kan panahon kan pag-eksister kaini, an eskwelahan midbid bilang sarong eskwelahan na Protestanteng Kristiyano. An mga kagmukna kaini mga Ebanghelikal, ini suportado kan mga organisasyon na Protestante, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kyrias|first=Sevasti|title=Albanian Girls' School Report|publisher=Bible Lands or Turkish Missions' Aid Society}}</ref> an kurikulum kaini sa edukasyon kabali an mga relihiyosong asignatura na may mga teksto sa bibliya, asin an mga lugar kaini ginamit para sa Evangelical Sunday School asin mga serbisyo sa pagsamba. Minsan siring, inako kan eskuelahan an mga estudyante kan gabos na relihiyon asin an mga paratokdo kaiyan dai nangangaipo nin pagkombertir sa Protestantismo. Ini pig-omaw kan mga Albaniano kan gabos na relihiyon asin klase bilang sarong "nasyonal na salag" ( ''fole kombëtare'' ). ==== Liderato ==== [[Ladawan:Girls_School_Staff_Kortcha_Albania_1894.jpg|thumb| Mga tawohan kan Girls School asin Evangelical Work sa Kortcha Albania kan 1894]] Kan magadan si Gjerasim Qiriazi kan 1894, si Sevasti Qiriazi (na mga 23 anyos) an nag-ako kan bilog na responsibilidad para sa Girls School. : 93–95 Naghiras siya nin liderato sa mga suminunod na taon kaiba si Luka Tira, Fanka Efthim, Thanas Sina, Grigor Cilka, Gjergj Qiriazi, asin Gjon Ciko, : 92 asin sa kahurihurihi naghagad siya nin tabang sa mga misyonerong Protestanteng Amerikano na si Phineas asin Violet Bond Kennedy, na nag-abot sa Korça kan 1908 (si Violet aking babae nin sarong misyonerong Protestanteng Amerikano sa Monastir, si Lewis Bond, asin dayupot na katood ni Sevasti sa bilog na pagkaaki asin kolehiyo). : 6  : 64  ==== Pagsara ==== An eskwelahan padagos na nagpunsyonar sagkod 1914, kan an mga kamugtakan nin gera asin mga pag'iiwal kan mga Griyego sa Korça nagpirit na isara ini. : 155–165  == Mga naipublikar na obra == An minasunod na mga obra o artikulo aram na isinurat ni Sevasti Qiriazi-Dako: * "Albanian Girls' School Report". ''The Star in the East'' (56), October 1896. London: Bible Lands or Turkish Missions' Aid Society, 3. * "Girls' School, Koritza, Albania". ''The Star in the East'' (58), April 1897. London: Bible Lands or Turkish Missions' Aid Society, 6. * "Këng' e foshnjavet ndë djep", ''Hristomathi'' (Sofje: Mbrothësia, 1902), f. 93. * "Kur dotë bënemi nëna", ''Hristomathi'' (Sofje: Mbrothësia, 1902), f. 108. * "Përse bënenë pemët t'ëmbëla nëpër drurët?", ''Hristomathi'' (Sofje: Mbrothësia, 1902), f. 110. * "Rrobat e Olimbisë", ''Hristomathi'' (Sofje: Mbrothësia, 1902), f. 112. * "Të-shkruajturit e babajt", ''Hristomathi'' (Sofje: Mbrothësia, 1902), f. 117. * "Vjejtj' e Diturisë", ''Hristomathi'' (Sofje: Mbrothësia, 1902), f. 230. * "Fjalë / Zonja edhe Zotërinj" (fjalime të Sevasti Qiriazit për ceremonitë e mbylljes së viteve shkollor), ''Hristomathi'' (Sofje: Mbrothësia, 1902), f. 291–295, 298–302, 303–308, 308–313. * “The History of the Evangelistic Work”. ''The Orient'' 11. Constantinople: The Bible House, 1910, p.&nbsp;4-5 (reprinted in ''The Missionary Review of the World'' 34. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1911, p.&nbsp;851–853). * ''Gramatikë Elementare për Shkollat Filltare'' (Manastir: Shtypshkronja “Tregtare Nërkombëtare”, 1912).[[Ladawan:1912_Gramatike_Elementare.jpg|thumb|Sevasti Qiriazi-Dako's Elementary Grammar for Primary Schools, 1912]] * ''Mjeshtëria për të shkruarë letra'' (Farmingham, Mass: Journal Press, 1917). * “Kujtime të paharruara” (series of 18 articles published in the Boston periodical ''Yll' i Mëngjezit'' from 1917–1918), republished as: ''"Kujtime të paharruar" dhe shkrime të tjera'' (Tirana: ISSHP, 2022). * "Një pjekje me Naim Benj Frashërin", ''Yll’i Mëngjezit'', vol. 1, nr. 3, 15 February 1917, p.&nbsp;75–77. * "Petro Nini Luarasi, shtylla e zjarrtë e Kolonjës", ''Yll’i Mëngjezit'', vol. 1, nr. 6, 30 March 1917, p.&nbsp;176–178. * "Dr. Mihal Turtulli, ish-ministër i arsimit", ''Yll’i Mëngjezit'', vol. 1, nr. 8, 30 April 1917, p.&nbsp;236–237. * "Miss Carolina Borden", ''Yll’i Mëngjezit'', vol. 1, nr. 11, 15 June 1917, p.&nbsp;335–336. * "Prezident Mary Mills Patrick, Ph.D., direktoresha e kolezhit çupave në Stamboll", ''Yll’i Mëngjezit'', vol. 1, nr. 10, 31 May 1917, p.&nbsp;297–299. * "Miku i Shqipërisë Zoti Charles Woods", ''Yll’i Mëngjezit'', vol. 2, nr. 8, 31 December 1917, p.&nbsp;236–237. * "Të çdukurit e Manushaqes", ''Yll’i Mëngjezit'', vol. 2, nr. 8, 31 December 1917, p.&nbsp;239–248. * "Spiro Bellkamen", ''Yll’i Mëngjezit'', vol. 2, nr. 9, 15 January 1918, p.&nbsp;273–274. * "Mundimi i ndërgjegjes", ''Yll’i Mëngjezit'', vol. 2, nr. 11, 16 February 1918, p.&nbsp;340–344. * "Gjaku ujë s’bëhet", ''Yll’i Mëngjezit'', vol. 3, nr. 5, August 1918, p.&nbsp;142–146. * ''[https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/albaniasrightsho00dako/albaniasrightsho00dako.pdf Albania's Rights, Hopes and Aspirations]'' 1918. * ''My Life'' (completed in 1938 as [https://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44CAM%20ALMA21411514850003606&context=L&vid=44CAM%20PROD&lang=en%20US an unpublished memoir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411182707/https://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44CAM%20ALMA21411514850003606&context=L&vid=44CAM%20PROD&lang=en%20US |date=2023-04-11 }} and published in 2016, Tirana, ISSHP). Translated into Albanian and published as ''Jeta ime'' (Skopje: Instituti i Trashëgimisë Shpirtërore e Kulturore të Shqiptarëve, 2016). == Pamana == === Sine asin literatura === * An Korça School for Girls piginmortal sa sinehan kan Albania kan namomotan na pelikula na ''[[:sq:Mësonjëtorja|Mësonjëtorja]]'' (An Eskwelahan) (1979). An pangaran kan pangenot na karakter, si Sevasti Qiriazi, binago sa Dafina (na pigtutugtog ni Roza Anagnosti ). Susog sa opisyal na mga polisiya na ateistiko asin sensura kan Republika Sosyalista kan Banwaan kan Albania, an gabos na relihiyon pigladawan bilang anti-Albaniano asin an eskwelahan pigmidbid bilang biyong bakong relihiyoso ( ''laike'' ). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Albanian Book and Protestant Enterprise: a 200-year Cultural Journey|last=Asllani|first=Persida|last2=Hosaflook|first2=David|date=2017|publisher=National Library of Albania and IAPS|isbn=978-9928-4202-7-5|location=Tirana|pages=160–161}}</ref> * Sarong drama na may titulong ''Foleja Kombëtare'' (An Nasyonal na Salag) manungod sa Girls School asin Sevasti Qiriazi an isinurat kan mga tawohan asin mga estudyante kan Instituti Kyrias kan ca. 1931. : 215 An dula na ini ipinublikar bilang sarong libro kan 2008 <ref>{{Cite book|title=Foleja kombëtare: dramë historike me katër akte|last=Skëndo|first=Lumo|date=2008|publisher=Onufri|isbn=978-99943-42-67-9|editor-last=Delvina|editor-first=Sherif|location=Tirana|editor-last2=Malltezi|editor-first2=Luan}}</ref> na may introduksyon ni Ismail Kadare, alagad an pagka-autor salang pig-atribwir ki Lumo Skendo . [[Ladawan:2017_Sola_Reformation_Stamp_Luther_Qiriazi_Family.jpg|thumb| 2017 Kosovo Postage Stamp sa Anibersaryo kan Protestanteng Repormasyon]] === Mga bagay na pangrumdom === * Kan 2017 an imahe ni Sevati Qiriazi kabali sa mga itinampok sa sarong selyo kan Post kan Kosovo bilang pag-onra sa ika-500 na anibersaryo kan Reporma Protestante asin kan katimbang kaini na Albaniano. <ref>{{cite web|title=Promovohet pulla postare "500 vjet reformacion"|date=22 October 2017|url=https://www.kultplus.com/trashegimia/promovohet-pulla-postare-500-vjet-reformacion/|access-date=12 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312182450/https://www.kultplus.com/trashegimia/promovohet-pulla-postare-500-vjet-reformacion/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * Kan 2022 an Bank of Albania ipinahayag sa publiko an desisyon kaini na maggibo nin sarong komemoratibong sinsilyo na may imahe ni Sevasti Qiriazi-Dako, na ipapaluwas sa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vendimmarrja e Këshillit Mbikëqyrës në mbledhjen e datës 7 shtator 2022|url=https://www.bankofalbania.org/Shtypi/Njoftimet_per_shtyp/Vendimmarrja_e_Keshillit_Mbikeqyres_ne_mbledhjen_e_dates_7_shtator_2022.html|access-date=2024-01-11|website=www.bankofalbania.org}}</ref> === Sa akademya === * Kan 26 Oktubre 2016 an Unibersidad kan Korça nag-host nin sarong akademikong kumperensya na nagtataong onra ki Sevasti Qiriazi asin sa Girls School sa ika-125 anibersaryo kan pagkamukna kaini. <ref>{{cite web|title=ITSHKSH bashkëorganizuese e simpoziumit në Korçë|url=https://www.itsh.edu.mk/itshksh-bashkeorganizuese-e-simpoziumit-ne-korce/|website=ITSHKSH|access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref> * Kan 7-11 Nobyembre 2016 an National Library of Albania asin an Institute for Albanian and Protestant Studies nag-isponsor nin sarong simposium asin eksibisyon na may titulong "Sevasti Qiriazi: an ika-125 Anibersaryo kan Edukasyon kan mga Babaeng Albaniano". <ref>{{cite web|title=Exhibit: Sevasti Qiriazi, përvjetori i 125-të i arsimit të gruas shqiptare|url=https://www.academia.edu/36850172|access-date=19 March 2023|last1=Hosaflook|first1=David}}</ref> * Kan ika-21 Mayo 2021 an Academy of Sciences of Albania nag-host nin sarong komemoratibong pangyayari manungod sa buhay asin trabaho ni Sevasti sa ika-150 anibersaryo kan saiyang pagkamundag. <ref>{{cite web|title=Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë organizoi veprimtarinë jubilare në 150-vjetorin e veprimtares Sevasti Qiriazi|url=http://akad.gov.al/ash/746-akademia-e-shkencave-e-shqiperise-organizoi-veprimtarine-jubilare-ne-150-vjetorin-e-veprimtares-sevasti-qiriazi|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319153449/http://akad.gov.al/ash/746-akademia-e-shkencave-e-shqiperise-organizoi-veprimtarine-jubilare-ne-150-vjetorin-e-veprimtares-sevasti-qiriazi|url-status=}}</ref> * Kan 25 Nobyembre 2022 an Qiriazi College (Kolegji Universitar Qiriazi) nag-host nin sarong makasaysayan na simposium sa ika-100 anibersaryo kan pagmukna kan Kyrias Institute sa Kamëz. <ref>{{cite web|title=Kolegji Universitar "Qiriazi" festoi përvjetorin e Tij të artë, duke glorifikuar vazhdimësinë 100 vjeçare|url=https://kohajone.com/kolegji-universitar-qiriazi-festoi-pervjetorin-e-tij-te-arte-duke-glorifikuar-vazhdimesine-100-vjecare-foto/|website=Koha jonë|date=26 November 2022|access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> === Sa Ebanghelikal na Protestanteng komunidad === * Huli sa saiyang papel bilang sarong Kristiyanong misyonerang trabahador asin "Babae sa Bibliya" sa Korça, an komunidad Protestanteng Albaniano nagtataong onra ki Sevasti Qiriazi bilang saro sa mga enot na miyembro kan komunidad nin Ebanghelikal na Albaniano na pigtogdas kan saiyang tugang na lalaki na si Gjerasim Qiriazi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Albanians celebrate 125th anniversary of the first girls' school, started by evangelicals|url=https://evangelicalfocus.com/culture/2031/albanians-celebrate-125th-anniversary-of-the-first-school-for-girls-started-by-evangelicals|access-date=2024-01-11|website=Evangelical Focus|language=en}}</ref> === Mga kapangaran na eskwelahan, institusyon, asin iba pa. === * Shkolla 9-vjeçare "Sevasti Qiriazi" sa Korça. * Shkolla Fillore e Mesme e Ulët "Motrat Qiriazi" sa Klina . <ref>{{cite web|title=Shkolla Fillore e Mesme e Ulët "Motrat Qiriazi", në Klinë, shënoi ditën e shkollës|url=https://kk.rks-gov.net/kline/news/shkolla-fillore-e-mesme-e-ulet-motrat-qiriazi-ne-kline-shenoi-diten-e-shkolles/}}</ref> * An "Sevasti Qiriazi" na hayskul sa Tiranë. <ref>{{cite web|title=Përurohen dy shkolla të reja, 'Kiço Blushi' dhe 'Sevasti Qiriazi'|url=https://www.gazetatema.net/sociale/perurohen-dy-shkolla-te-reja-kico-blushi-dhe-sevasti-qiriazi-veliaj-bizh-i374624|website=Tema|date=24 January 2023|access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref> * An Kolegji Universitar Qiriazi pinunan kan 2016 sa propyedad kan orihinal na Kyrias Institute (1922–1933) sa Kamëz, Albania. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolegji Universitar Qiriazi|url=https://qiriazi.edu.al/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916124331/http://qiriazi.edu.al:80/|access-date=2025-02-15|archive-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> * An Albanian-American Women's Organisation (AAWO–Motrat Qiriazi) sa Siyudad nin Nueva York. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aawomq.org/|title=AAWO "Motrat Qiriazi" PO Box 1881, New York NY 10021 Phone: 212-244-8440 motratqiriaziaawo@gmail.com|website=AAWO "Motrat Qiriazi"}}</ref> * Kan 1990 an “Motrat Qiriazi” Association itinogdas sa Prishtina. <ref>{{cite web|title=30 Years Since the Founding of the Association 'Motrat Qiriazi'|url=https://womensnetwork.org/30-years-since-the-founding-of-the-association-motrat-qiriazi/|website=Women's Network|date=20 July 2020}}</ref> * Sa Tirana igwa nin sadit na tinampo na an pangaran "Rr. Sevasti Qirjazi" [ ''sic'' ]. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Rruga+Sevasti+Qirjazi,+Tirana,+Albania/@41.317455,19.792075,19z/am=t/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x1350304e798438c3:0x6cd72d9e1fe9dde9!8m2!3d41.3174076!4d19.7925582!16s%2Fg%2F11c63svsdp?coh=164777&entry=tt|title=Rruga Sevasti Qirjazi · Rruga Sevasti Qirjazi, Tirana, Albania}}</ref> * Kan 2023 an gobyerno kan [[Amihanan na Masedonya|North Macedonia]] inaprobaran an pagmukna nin sarong rehiyonal na departamento kan [[:sq:Instituti i Trashëgimisë Shpirtërore e Kulturore të Shqiptarëve - Shkup|Instituto nin Espirituwal asin Kultural na Pamana kan mga Albaniano]] sa Monastir, na ngangaranan sa pamilyang Qiriazi. <ref>{{cite web|title=ITSHKSH-së i shtohen edhe gjashtë Departamente rajonale të trashëgimisë kulturore|url=https://www.itsh.edu.mk/itshksh-se-i-shtohen-edhe-gjashte-departamente-rajonale-te-trashegimise-kulturore/|access-date=23 March 2023|language=Albanian|date=21 March 2023}}</ref> === Sari-sari === * Si Sevasti Qiriazi asin an saiyang tugang na babae [[Parashqevi Qiriazi|na si Parashqevi Qiriazi]] midbid sa Albania bilang "mga tugang na babae na Qiriazi". Sinda pigkokonsiderar na "mga ina kan edukasyon na Albaniano". <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.botasot.info/speciale/161342/p6KXlqv/|publisher="Bota Sot" Online|title=Nënat e kombit, historia e motrave Sevasti dhe Parashqevi Qiriazi|language=sq|trans-title=Mothers of the nation: History of sisters Parashqevi and Sevasti Qiriazi|date=2012-03-30}}</ref> == Mga mito, mga dai pagkaeksakto asin mga dai pagkakapareho == * An eksaktong taon asin petsa kan pagkamundag ni Sevasti pinagdidiskutiran . An taon 1870 nakasurat sa saiyang lapida sa Sharrë . Si Dhimitër Dishnica nagbareta kan Pebrero 1870, alagad dai niya pinatunayan an petsang ini sa sarong pinagkukuanan. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Motrat Qiriazi|last=Dishnica|first=Dhimitër|date=1997|publisher=Shtëpia Botuese "Enciklopedike"|location=Tirana|page=25}}</ref> Si Robert Elsie nagsambit kan 24 Pebrero 1871 bilang saiyang petsa nin pagkamundag, alagad dai nagsambit nin pinagkukuanan. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History|last=Elsie|first=Robert|date=2013|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-431-3|location=New York|page=379}}</ref> Mantang, an sarong manifesto sa imigrasyon kan Estados Unidos na may petsang Agosto 1904 igwa kan deklarasyon ni Sevasti na siya 32 anyos, na nagsusuherir na siya namundag kan 1872. An nagkapirang dokumento kan gobyerno hale sa Republika Popular nin Albania irinerekord pa ngani an 1876 bilang taon kan saiyang pagkamundag, na lakop na ibinibilang na sarong hayag na sala. <ref>{{cite web|last=Hosaflook|first=David|title=Fotografia e fundit e Sevasti Qiriazi-Dakos: Analiza e disa të dhënave në një letërnjoftim të sapozbuluar|url=https://peizazhe.com/2024/06/20/fotografia-e-fundit-e-sevasti-qiriazi-dakos/|website=Peizazhe|date=20 June 2024|access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> * Parateng ibinareta na mayong sitasyon na si Naim Frashëri nagtao ki Sevasti Qiriazi nin oportunidad na mag-adal sa kolehiyo sa Istanbul, <ref>{{Cite book|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History|last=Elsie|first=Robert|date=2013|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=9781780764313|location=New York|page=379}}</ref> alagad an saiyang tugang na si Gjerasim an nag-areglo kan saiyang edukasyon sa tabang kan mga misyonerong Protestante arog ni Alexander Thomson. : 63–65  * Parating pigbabareta na si Sevasti Qiriazi naggradwar sa Robert College. Mas eksakto, naggradwar siya sa tugang na institusyon kaini, an "American College for Girls at Constantinople" na pigtogdas kan Woman's Board of Missions. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-ut/ldpd_4492681|title=Woman's Board of Missions records, 1862 -- 1927 &#124; Burke Library at Union Theological Seminary &#124; Columbia University Libraries Finding Aids}}</ref> An kolehiyong ini nakisumaro sa Robert College kan 1971, <ref>{{cite web|title=History of RC|url=https://website.robcol.k12.tr/en/about-rc/history|website=Robert College Official Website|access-date=20 March 2023|quote=In 1971, Robert Academy (the high school division on the Bebek campus) and ACG merged as a co-ed high school on the Arnavutköy campus as Robert College.}}</ref> 80 taon pagkatapos kan saiyang paggradwar. * Pig-aalegar na si Sevasti bakong Albaniano, kundi Vlach, alagad an saiyang autobiograpiya malinaw na nagpapatunay kaini ("Ako sarong Albaniano" : 9 ), siring man an ibang mga pinagkukuanan. * Durante kan mga panahon nin pagsensor sa irarom kan komunismo, an Eskwelahan para sa mga Babae sa Korçë ni Sevasti sinasabing biyong bakong relihiyoso ( ''laike'' ), alagad an mito na ini napahimutikan kan pagsiyasat sa arkibo. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Quanrud|first1=John|last2=Hosaflook|first2=David|title="Dëshmi që Shkolla e Vashave e Korçës ishte protestante" in "Vëllezërit dhe Motrat Qiriazi, Kristo Dako dhe Shkolla e Vashave e Korçës, a ishin protestantë?"|url=https://instituti.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/20230226_Qiriazet_a_ishin_protestante.pdf|website=Dëshmi që Shkolla e Vashave e Korçës ishte protestante|access-date=2 March 2023|pages=48–53|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302132237/https://instituti.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/20230226_Qiriazet_a_ishin_protestante.pdf|url-status=}}</ref> * Ini komun na ibinareta na si Sevasti nag-organisar asin nag-atendir kan enot na Kongreso kan Manastir kan 1908. Sa katunayan, an saiyang tugang na si Gjergj iyo an pangenot na organisador kan Kongreso; <ref>{{Cite book|title=Gjergj Qiriazi: Veprimtaria dhe veprat|last=Lloshi|first=Xhevat|date=2022|publisher=ISSHP|isbn=978-9928-4519-9-6|location=Tirana}}</ref> dai siya nakaatender huli sa saiyang mga responsibilidad sa Korçë, kaya an saiyang tugang na babae na si Parashqevi nagduman bilang representante kan Korça Girls School. * Ibinareta sa monumento sa may saiyang lolobngan (Sharrë, Tirana, Albania) na siya, kaiba an saiyang tugang na babae na si Parashqevi, nagpartisipar sa Paris Peace Conference (1919). Mayo nin rekord na si Sevasti nagpartisipar. == Hilingon man == * Alpabetong Albaniano == Mga Toltolan == <references /> {{Tamboan}} == Dugang na pagbasa == * Kyrias-Dako, Sevasti. ''An Sakuyang Buhay: An autobiograpiya kan pioneer kan edukasyon kan mga babae sa Albania'' . Tiranë: IAPS, 2022,{{ISBN|978-1-946244-43-7}} . * Qiriazi-Dako, Sevasti (përg. Teuta Toska). ''"Kujtime të paharruara" dhe shkrime të tjera'' . Tiranë: ISSHP, 2022,{{ISBN|978-9928-4730-5-9}} . * Hosaflook, David. ''Lëvizja Protestante te shqiptarët, 1816–1908'' . Skopje: Instituti i Trashëgimisë Shpirtërore e Kulturore të Shqiptarëve, 2019,{{ISBN|978-608-4897-08-8}} . * Qiriazi-Dako, Sevasti (përk. Holger Dashi). ''Jeta ime'' . Shkup: Instituti i Trashëgimisë Shpirtërore e Kulturore të Shqiptarëve, 2016,{{ISBN|978-608-4653-41-7}} . * Quanrud, John asin David Hosaflook. " [https://instituti.org/were-the-kyrias-siblings-kristo-dako-and-the-kortcha-girls-school-protestant-a-response-to-the-re-emergence-of-a-communist-era-narrative/ Protestante daw an magturugang na Kyrias, si Kristo Dako, asin an Kortcha Girls School? Sarong simbag sa pagluwas giraray kan sarong naratibo kan panahon nin komunista] ". IAPS, 2023 (o sa Albanian – [https://instituti.org/vellezerit-dhe-motrat-qiriazi-kristo-dako-dhe-shkolla-e-vashave-e-korces-a-ishin-protestante A ishin protestantë vëllezërit dhe motrat Qiriazi, Kristo Dako dhe Shkolla e Vashave e Korçës? Përgjigje ndaj rishfaqjes së një narrative të erës komuniste | Institute for Albanian and Protestant Studies] ) * Dishnica, Dhimitër. ''Motrat Qiriazi'' . Tirana: Shtëpia Botuese "Enciklopedike", 1997. im5cyrz79iltw5r57rpx9ocwgbhpdgc 0 52451 311509 287219 2026-10-12T16:18:38Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mayor na salog sa Thailand}} {{Infobox river | name = Chao Phraya River | native_name = {{native name|th|แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา}} | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Chao Phraya River - Bangkok - northwards - from King Taksin Bridge - 2021.jpg | image_size = 275px | image_caption = The Chao Phraya River in [[Bangkok]] | map = Chaophrayarivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Map of the Chao Phraya River drainage basin | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Thailand | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = City | subdivision_name5 = [[Bangkok]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{convert|372|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = [[Nakhon Sawan province|Nakhon Sawan]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|718|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|5960|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Ping River]] | source1_location = Doi Thuai, [[Chiang Mai province|Chiang Mai]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|19|48|45|N|98|50|20|E|display=inline}}<ref name="source">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaiforestbooking.com/np_home.asp?npid=167&lg=2|title=Chiang Dao National Park|publisher=Thai Forest Booking|access-date=2009-05-20|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225114008/https://thaiforestbooking.com/np_home.asp?npid=167&lg=2|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | source1_elevation = {{convert|1700|m|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Nan River]] | source2_location = [[Bo Kluea district|Bo Kluea]], [[Nan province|Nan]] | source2_coordinates = {{coord|19|20|0|N|101|12|0|E|display=inline}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|1240|m|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location = [[Pak Nam Pho]], [[Nakhon Sawan province|Nakhon Sawan]] | source_confluence_coordinates = {{Coord|15.701|100.142|format=dms|display=i}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|25|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Gulf of Thailand]] | mouth_location = [[Thai Ban]], [[Samut Prakan province|Samut Prakan]] | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|13.520|100.603|format=dms|display=i}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|160400|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Pa Sak River]] | tributaries_right = [[Sakae Krang River]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} An '''Chao Phraya River'''<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Chao+Phraya |title=Chao Phraya |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|tʃ|aʊ|ˈ|p|r|aɪ|ə}};<ref>{{MW|Chao Phraya}}</ref> {{Thai: แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา}}, {{RTGS|''Maenam Chao Phraya''}}, IPA: mɛ̂ːnáːm tɕâːw pʰráʔ.jāː o IPA: tɕâːw pʰrā.jāː)<ref>[http://www.forvo.com/word/แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา/#th Pronunciation]</ref> iyo an mayor na salog sa [[Thailand]],<ref name="McCarthy" /> kaiba an saiyang hababang [[alluvial plain]] pigpoporma an sentro kan nasyon. Nagbubulos iyan sa [[Bangkok]] asin pasiring sa [[Golpo kan Thailand]]. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} 8uzg6mop5y33hpzl12b7fkpgf3gedis 0 55175 311535 300454 2026-10-13T11:48:51Z Suavemarimagno 33278 311535 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Most beautiful villages montsoreau 2.jpg|right|thumb|280px|An Montsoreau]] An '''Montsoreau''' ({{IPA|fr|mɔ̃sɔʁo|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Hélène (Hsarrazin)-Montsoreau.wav}}) sarong [[Mga Komyun nin Pransya|komyun]] nin [[Loire Valley]] sa [[Maine-et-Loire]] na [[Departments of France|departamento]] yaon makukua sa bandang sulnopan nin Pransya dapit sa [[Loire]], {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} nagpopoon sa [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic coast]] asin {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} kun haleng Paris. An komyun nalilista komo ''[[Les Plus Beaux Villages de France|Pinakamagayon na Baryo nin Pransya]]'' ({{langx|fr|Les Plus Beaux Villages de France}}) asin ini parte kan Loire Valley [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Montsoreau]] [[Kategorya:Mga Komyun nin Maine-et-Loire]] [[Kategorya:Plus Beaux Villages de France]] [[Kategorya:Pransya| ]] [[Kategorya:Mga syudad kan Pransya]] 603mczrc62y6c1rte7g8yk47hyqmllw 0 55663 311508 302765 2026-10-12T16:18:16Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Pilipino na parahabol nin tela (1920–2009)}} {{Infobox artist | name = Salinta Monon | image = Salinta Monon 2020 stamp of Philippines 2.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Si Monon sa sarong 2020 na selyo kan aFilipinas | birth_name = <!-- only use if different than name --> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|12|12}} | birth_place = [[Bansalan]], [[Davao (probinsya)|Davao]], [[Gobyerno Insular kan Isla nin Filipinas|Kapuruan nin Filipinas]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|6|4|1920|12|12}} | death_place = [[Bansalan]], [[Davao del Sur]], Filipinas | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | education = | alma_mater = | known_for = tela kan Bagobo Tagabawa | notable_works = | style = Tradisyunal na disenyo nin Bagobo-Tagabawa | movement = | spouse = Agton Monon ({{abbreviation|m.|married}} 1946; {{abbreviation|d.|died}} 1970s) | partner = | awards = {{awd|[[Premyo sa Nasyunal na Buhay na Kayamanan (Filipinas)|Premyo sa Nasyunal na Buhay na Kayamanan]]|1998}} | elected = | patrons = | memorials = | website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} --> | module = }} Si '''Salinta Monon''' (Disyembre 12, 1920 – Hunyo 4, 2009) sarong Pilipinong parahabol nin tela na iyo an saro sa duwang nakaresibe kan [[Premyo sa Pambansang Buhay na Kayamanan Premyo sa Nasyunal na Buhay na Kayamanan]] kan taon 1998. Bisto siya sa saiyang mga tela na Bagobo-Tagabawa asin midbid bilang an "huring parahabol na Bagobo".<ref name="gma">{{cite news|last1=Shahani|first1=Lili Ramos|title=Weaving dreams|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/opinion/content/375293/weaving-dreams/story/|accessdate=25 October 2017|work=GMA News|date=28 August 2014}}</ref> [[File:Inabal_abaca_Salinta_Monon_BansalanA.jpg|150px|thumbnail|right|An '''Inabal''' ni Monon]] ==Panlikod na Impormasyon== Si Monon, namundag kan Disyembre 12, 1920,<ref name="calendar">{{cite web|title=Official Calendar|url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/calendar/|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|accessdate=23 October 2017}}</ref> asin nagdakula sa Bituag, [[Bansalan, Davao del Sur|Bansalan]] sa [[Davao del Sur]] asin namasdan an saiyang ina na naghahabol nin ''ikat'' sarong tradisyonal na [[abaka]] na tela kan siya aki pa, Hinapot niya an saiyang ina kun pano gamiton an habolan sa edad na 12 asin nakanuod na maghabol sa laog nin pirang bulan.<ref name=edge>{{cite news|last1=Tacio|first1=Henrylito|title=The last Bagobo weaver remembered|url=http://edgedavao.net/special-feature/2014/10/04/culture-a-arts-the-last-bagobo-weaver-remembered/|accessdate=25 October 2017|work=Edge Davao|date=4 October 2014}}</ref> Naghabol siya nin disenyo sa laog nin tulo sagkod apat na bulan. Sa laog nin sarong bulan nakakahabol siya nin tela na pwedeng gamiton sa sarong palda na gibo sa tubo kan abaka na may sukol na 3.5 x 0.42 metros. An saiyang paboritong disenyo iyo an ''binuwaya'' o buaya na sinasabing kabali sa pinakamasakit habolon.<ref name="ncca">{{cite web|last1=Tobias|first1=Maricris Jan|title=Salinta Monon|url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca/org-awards/gamaba/salinta_monon.php|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|accessdate=25 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428063133/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca/org-awards/gamaba/salinta_monon.php|archive-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> Susog ki Cherry Quizon, sarong antropologo na nakabase sa New York, an ginikanan kan disenyo ni Monon puwedeng magpoon pa kan mga taon 1910<!---100 years from 2014--->.<ref name=edge/> Si Monon tinawan kan [[Premyo sa Nasyunal na Buhay na Kayamanan (Filipinas)|Premyo sa Nasyunal na Buhay na Kayamanan]] kan 1998 .<ref name="gma"/> Nagadan siya kan Hunyo 4, 2009.<ref name="calendar"/> Si Dating Presidente [[Rodrigo Duterte]] nagdeklara kan "Sentenaryong Taon ni Salinta Monon," poon Disyembre 12, 2021, tanganing tawan nin onra an legasiya ni Salinta Monon, sarong ekspertong parahabol na dakula an naitabang sa tradisyonal na paghabol sa Filipinas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gita-Carlos |first1=Ruth Abbey |title=Duterte sets special year to honor textile weaver Salinta Monon |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1128154 |access-date=4 August 2021 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=21 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> An bilog na taon na selebrasyon na ini matampok nin mga workshop, eksibisyon, asin mga pagsagibo sa kultura tanganing ipahiling an mga teknika sa paghabol asin ipalakop an pagpreserbar kan kultura sa mga hoben na henerasyon. Ini nagduduon kan importansya kan tradisyonal na mga gibo sa sarong modernisadong kinaban asin nag-eengganyar sa mga Pilipino na makisumaro sa saindang pamana, na nagsisiguro na an legasiya ni Monon padagos na magtao nin inspirasyon sa mga maabot na henerasyon. ==Personal na buhay== Huli kan saiyang reputasyon bilang sarong parahabol, si Agton Monon, sarong paraoma asin an saiyang agom, kinaipuhan na magbayad nin halangkaw na [[presyo kan nobya]] sa saiyang ama na si Datu Bansalan Barra tanganing siya tugotan na magpakasal saiya. An duwa nagpakasal kan Hulyo 4, 1946, asin nagkaigwa nin anom na aki. Si Salita Monon kinaipuhan na pamayuhan an oma pagkatapos na magadan an saiyang agom kan mga taon 1970.<ref name=edge/> ==Mga toltolan== {{Reflist}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== * [https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2021/12/12/manlilikha-ng-bayan-salinta-monon/ Manlilikha ng Bayan Salinta Monon] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[National Museum of the Philippines]] {{National Living Treasures of the Philippines}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Monon, Salinta}} [[Kategorya:Mga Nasyunal na Buhay na Kayamanan kan Filipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga parahabol na Pilipino]] [[Kategorya:Mga tawo sa Davao del Sur]] [[Kategorya:1920 na mga pagkamundag]] [[Kategorya:2009 na nagadan]] [[Kategorya:Mga artistang Pilipino kan ika-20 siglo]] [[Kategorya:Mga artistang Pilipino sa ika-21 siglo]] 8jhpsgzznk4t7nvpyglvk45ha5iaeri 0 55787 311516 303399 2026-10-12T19:26:53Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- Basic info --> |name = Union Township<br/>Butler County, Kansas |settlement_type = [[Civil township|Township]] <!-- Images --> |image_skyline = |image_caption = <!-- Maps --> |image_map = Map highlighting Union Township, Butler County, Kansas.svg |map_caption = Location within [[Butler County, Kansas|Butler County]] |image_map1 = |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map = Kansas |pushpin_label = Union Township |pushpin_label_position = left <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Kansas]] <!-- Location --> |coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS"/> |coordinates = {{coord|37|31|33|N|96|35|0|W|region:US-KS|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |subdivision_name = United States |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kansas]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Kansas|County]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Butler County, Kansas|Butler]] <!-- Established --> |established_title = Founded |established_date = |established_title1 = [[Platted]] |established_date1 = |established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] |established_date2 = |named_for = <!-- Area --> |area_footnotes = |area_total_sq_mi = 62.54 |area_land_sq_mi = 62.09 |area_water_sq_mi = 0.45 |area_total_km2 = 161.98 |area_land_km2 = 160.81 |area_water_km2 = 1.17 |area_water_percent = 0.72 |unit_pref = Imperial <!-- Dimensions --> |length_mi = <!-- TODO --> |width_mi = <!-- TODO --> <!-- Elevation --> |elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS"/> |elevation_ft = 1529 <!-- Population --> |population_footnotes = |population_as_of = [[2000 United States census|2000]] |population_total = 226 |population_density_sq_mi = auto <!-- General information --> |timezone = [[Central Time Zone|CST]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = CDT |utc_offset_DST = -5 |postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]] |postal_code = |area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]] |area_code = |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = {{FIPS|20|72050}} <ref name="GNIS"/> |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS ID]] |blank1_info = 469948 <ref name="GNIS">{{cite gnis2|469948|Union Township, Butler County, Kansas}}</ref> |website = {{URL|https://www.bucoks.com/|County website}} }} An '''Union Township''' sarong [[Civil township|township]] sa [[Butler County, Kansas]], Estados Unidos.<ref name="GNIS"/> Sa kan [[2000 United States na senso|2000 na senso]], an populasyon kaini 226. ==Historya== An Union Township naorganisar kan 1879.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mooney|first=Vol. P.|title=History of Butler County Kansas|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h3YUAAAAYAAJ|year=1916|publisher=Standard Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h3YUAAAAYAAJ/page/n36 37]}}</ref> ==Geograpiya== An Union Township naglalaklak nin hiwas na {{convert|62.54|sqmi|km2}} asin igwa ining inkorporadong eerokan, [[Latham, Kansas|Latham]]. Susog sa [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]], ini igwang sarong sementeryo, Latham. ==Toltolan== {{Reflist}} ==Mga basahon pa== {{See also|Butler County, Kansas#Further reading|l1=List of books about Butler County, Kansas}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== * [https://www.bucoks.com/ Butler County website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172132/http://www.city-data.com/township/Union-Butler-KS.html City-Data.com] {{Butler County, Kansas}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorya:Mga township sa Butler County, Kansas]] [[Kategorya:Mga township sa Kansas]] [[en:Union Township, Butler County, Kansas]] nscim2tt971jsz32gloilzcuqed2um6 0 55878 311530 303852 2026-10-12T21:55:55Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20261012)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 311530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Aristides de Sousa Mendes | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Aristides de Sousa Mendes, 1940.jpg | image_size = | alt = Retrato ni Aristides de Sousa Mendes kan 1940 | caption = Aristides de Sousa Mendes kan 1940 | birth_name = Aristides de Sousa Mendes do Amaral e Abranches | birth_date = {{Birth date|1885|07|19}} | birth_place = [[Cabanas de Viriato]], [[Viseu]], Portugal | disappeared_status = | death_date = Abril 3, 1954 (edad 68) | death_place = [[Lisbon]], Portugal | death_cause = | citizenship = Portuges | alma_mater = [[University of Coimbra]] | occupation = Consul | known_for = Pagligtas sa rinibong mga paili (refugees) na nagdudurulag makarayo' sa terorimo nin [[Nazi]] durante kan [[Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban]] | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Maria Angelina Coelho de Sousa|1908|1948|end=died}} * {{marriage|Andrée Cibial|1949|<!-- Omission per Template:Marriage instructions -->}} }} | children = [ki Marie Angelina Coelho de Sousa] Aristides César, Manuel Silvério, José António, Clotilde Augusta, Isabel Maria, Feliciano Artur Geraldo, Elisa Joana, Pedro Nuno, Carlos Francisco Fernando, Sebastião Miguel Duarte, Teresinha Menino Jesus, Luís Filipe, João Paulo, Raquel Herminia [ki Andrée Cibial] Marie-Rose | parents = *José de Sousa Mendes (ama) * Maria Angelina Coelho Ribeiro (ina) }} [[File:Funchal, Jacinto Rodrigues - Aristides de Sousa Mendes.jpg|280px|thumb|right|Rebulto ni Aristides de Sousa Mendes sa Funchal, Madeira pig'inaguraran kan Abril 3, 2025, nagpapahayag: Portuges na diplomata na nagligtas rinibong Hudyo sa Holokausto]]. Si '''Aristides de Sousa Mendes do Amaral e Abranches''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of Christ (Portugal)|GCC]] [[Order of Liberty|OL]]}} ({{IPA|pt-PT|ɐɾiʃˈtiðɨʒ ðɨ ˈsozɐ ˈmẽdɨʃ}}; Hulyo 19, 1885 – Abril 3, 1954) sarong Portuges na [[diplomat]a] na minimidbid kan Portugal bilang sarong bayaning nasyonal huli sa mga ginibo niya kan panahon nin [[Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban]]. Kmo siya sarong Portuges konsul-heneral sa siyudad nin Pransyang [[Bordeaux]], saiyang dai kinuyog an mga orden kan [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]ng rehimen ni [[António de Oliveira Salazar]], na siya nagparapaluwas nin mga visa sa rinibong mga refugee naghaharale sa Pransya okupado na kan Nazi, orog na sa mga Hudyo. Bunga kan saiyang ginibong pagsinutil, si Sousa Mendes pinabalik sa Portugal asin kinasohan sa aktong pagtumang sa orden kan rehimen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tigay |first=Chanan |title=The Untold Story of the Portuguese Diplomat Who Saved Thousands From the Nazis |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-righteous-defiance-of-aristides-de-sousa-mendes-180978831/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Siya kinastigo paagi nin demosyon asin pinirit magretiro. Huli kaini siya dai na makaempleo asin nagadan sa kadukhaan kan 1954.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fralon |first=Jose-Alain |title=A Good Man in Evil Times |url=https://archive.org/details/goodmanineviltim00fral |publisher=Carroll and Graf Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=0-786708484 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/goodmanineviltim00fral/page/136 136]–37}}</ref> Sa saiyang paghingowa na maligtas mga HudyonR mga paili, si Sousa Mendes minidbid kan Israel bilang saro sa inapod na [[Mga Matanos sa mga Nasyon|Righteous Among the Nations ]] kan 1966,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/mendes.html |title=Aristides de Sousa Mendes |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |access-date=October 20, 2019 }}</ref> an pinakaenot na diplomata nawarasan nin siring na onra. Sa dakul na tawo, si Aristides de Sousa Mendes saro sa pinakadakulang heroe nin [[Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mond |first=Michele |date=June 2020 |title=Two Families and a Diplomat: Was it more than a coincidence in France?|url=https://amimagazine.org/2020/06/03/two-families-and-a-diplomat/ |website=Ami Magazine}}</ref> An Holokaustong iskolar na si [[Yehuda Bauer]] pigladawan an gibo ni Sousa Mendesna iyo na daa an "pinakadakulang pagliligtas na hiron nin solo-solong indibidwal durante kan Holokausto" ("perhaps the largest rescue action by a single individual during the Holocaust.") <ref>Yehuda Bauer, ''A History of the Holocaust'', Franklin Watts, 2002, p.235.</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga 1885 na kamundagan]] [[Kategorya:Mga 1954 na kagadanan]] [[Kategorya:Mga tawong haleng Carregal do Sal]] [[Kategorya:Mga Portuges na mga diplomata]] [[Kategorya:Mga Portuges na mga abogado]] [[Kategorya:Mga Katoliko Romanong Portuges]] [[Kategorya:Mga Matanos sa mga Nasyon]] [[Kategorya:Mga Portuges na minidbid bilang Matanos sa mga Nasyon]] [[Kategorya:Mga Nagtapos sa University of Coimbra]] [[Kategorya:Mga Resipyente kan Virtus et Fraternitas Medal]] [[en:Aristides de Sousa Mendes]] caf4eek0ib1jltgcvqwyt2xpd2asi2p 0 56858 311527 311141 2026-10-12T21:47:45Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20261012)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 311527 wikitext text/x-wiki === Embankment dam === {{main|Embankment dam}} {{multiple image | title= Embankment dams | caption_align=center | image1 = Embankment Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg | alt1 = A diagram illustrating the cross-section of a typical embankment dam. | caption1 = Many [[embankment dam]]s have a clay core and gradually sloping faces both upstream and downstream.<ref>{{Multiref <!-- |{{harvnb|Brown|2026|loc=§ "Embankment dams"}}. --> |{{harvnb|Schnitter|1994|p=168}}. |{{harvnb|Denny|2010| p= 188}}. }}</ref> | image2 = <!-- Una foto de la presa.jpg --> Misogawa Dam road survey.jpg | alt2 = A large rocky dam, with a reservoir behind it, and green hills in the background. | caption2 = [[Misogawa Dam]] in Japan is an [[embankment dam]]. }} === Gravity dam === {{main|Gravity dam}} {{multiple image <!-- | header = [[Buttress dam]] --> <!-- | width = 160 --> | title= Gravity dams | caption_align=center | image1 = Gravity Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical gravity dam. | caption1 = A typical [[gravity dam]] has a nearly vertical upstream face, and a broad base.{{sfn|Schnitter|1994|pp=170–172}}{{efn|The "toe" of a dam is the bottom of the downstream face. The "heel" is the bottom of the upstream face.{{sfn|"Glossary", ''Reclamation Library''}} }} | image2 = Grande Dixence Staumauer.jpg <!-- Barrage de la Grande-Dixence.jpg --> | alt2 = A massive concrete dam with a reservoir behind it. | caption2 = [[Grande Dixence Dam]] in Switzerland is one of the [[List of tallest dams|world's tallest gravity dams]]. The people atop the dam's crest illustrate its size.{{sfn|"Grande Dixence Fact Sheet", ''Grande Dixence SA''}}<!-- {{efn|[[Grande Dixence Dam]] is the world's tallest gravity dam as of 2025.}} --> }} === Buttress dam === {{main|Buttress dam}} {{multiple image | title= Buttress dams | caption_align=center | image1 = Buttress Dam Cross Section Diagram.svg | alt1 = A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical buttress dam. | caption1 = A [[buttress dam]] has an inclined upstream face supported by multiple buttresses.<ref name=Buttress/> | image2 = 040523-Latyan-IMG 8656-2.jpg | alt2 = A huge concrete dam with trees at its base. | caption2 = About 20 buttresses are visible in this photo of [[Latyan Dam|Latyan buttress dam]] in Iran.{{sfn|Scott|1968|p=353}} }} An '''sagop''' sarong estruktura na nagsasaray tubig o nag'uulang kan bulos o dalihig kaini. An mga sagop klasipikado sa apat na tugmad na klase: [[gravity dam]] iyo an malahiganteng estruktura gibo sa konkreto o semento na nagsasarig sa gabat kaini ngani mabangga an pwersa kan tinambak na tubig; [[embankment dam]] ginigibo sa pagtipon nin kagagapoan, dalipay, baybay, daga, o graba; [[buttress dam]] ginigibo paagi nin anhay, konkretong sementong suportado sa ibabang bulos nin serye nin mga triangular na [[sangki']]; asin an [[arch dam]] nagamit nin binalod na konkretong lanob ngani mapalis an gabat kan tubig sa magkataraid asin nakapalibot na nag'uulang na daga'. An mga sagop tuyong ginigibo bilang [[irigasyon]], [[hydropower]], [[kuanan tubig]], [[pagkontrol sa baha]], [[Lista nin isports sa tubig|rekreasyon]], [[inland navigation]], asin [[pagsisira']]. An irigasyon kritikal na aplikasyon nin sagop: mga 20% kan mga dagang tatamnan nin kinaban may patubig naghahale sa mga [[reserba]] natipon kan mga sagop. An mga sagop nagmumukna nin pwersa sa tubig (hydropower), nagtatao nin malinig asin danay na pagkukuan elektrisidad, asin nagwawaras nin tubig sa pnagangaipo sa harong asin sa gamit industriyal.<!-- Dams that support flood management reduce downstream water levels to a safe limit.--> An haloyan nang sagop iyo an [[Jawa Dam (Jordan)|Jawa Dam]] sa modernong [[Jordan]], hinaman kan 3000{{nbsp}}BCE. An [[Hittites|Imperyong Hittite]] nagtugdok magkapirang sagop sa (ngonyan) modernong Turkey pag'ultan nin ika-17 asin ika-19 siglo BCE. Sa kan ika-1 na siglo CE, an [[Imperyong Romano]] naghimong makagibo nin inapod na gravity dams{{snd}} na tipikal igwang patindog na ulang sa pairaya asin pailawod na sapa. Kan [[medieval Europe]], an mga sagop nagdadamot nin tubig pagtaong pwersa sa paitok na ruweda para sa molino asin pagmimina. An proseso nin pagdesenyo nin mga sagop naghihira na kan mga huring panahon nin ika-18ng siglo hale sa impormal na praktis pasiring sa disiplina nin inhenyero nakabatay na syensia. Kan ika-20ng siglo, gibo kan madalian nang makakua nin konkreto asin an pagtunga kan mga makinaryang darakula na pangkonstruksyon, dakulon nang mga proyekto nin mga darakulang sagop an nahahaman sa bilog na ikinaban.<!-- Organized opposition to dam projects emerged in the modern era, focused on environmental and social impacts such as loss of plant and animal habitat, reduced water and sediment flow, degraded landscape aesthetics, submergence of cultural sites, and forced relocation of human populations.--> An barang-barang na parte kan sagop iyo an balagbag na nagpupugol sa tubig, alagad kadaklan kan mga sagop igwang mga dugang na estruktura na may importanteng pungsyon. Pag an sagop binabagat an bulos nin salog, mga [[Lock (water navigation)|barat]] nakakaag na sa proyekto ngani an mga bapor makalagbas. [[Mga hagahag para sa sira]] ikinakaag man ngani an mga sira makapa-iraya. [[Ulaan]] parati kairiba sa desenyo ta anoman na su'pay o sulwak magbulos sana pailawod ta kun dai, pwedeng magdulot nin pagbabaha sa mga palibot na katatamnan asin estaran. Mga ihian nin sagop kinakaag ngani an deposito mapatete' sa paglinig kan mga natipon na tundag o marokamok. An sagop pwede man rangkahon asin haleon huli sa magkapirang rason: kun ini nagdadarang peligro sa buhay, kun ini dai naman talaga kaipohan, o ngani maibalik an ruta kan migrasyn nin mga sira, o ngani maparahay an salud kan pailawod na mga sapa paagi kan dagdag na bulos kan marokamok. An mga sagop may okasyon man na nabagsak na naresulta sa makuring pagbaha' asin pagkautas nin buhay. Dakul na prinsipyo sa pagdesenyo nin ligtas na sagop nano'dan huli kaini.<!-- An mga sagop pwedeng magpalya sa dakul na rason: mga linog, dai dusog na kagagapoan sa [[abutment]], tubig na nagtuturo sa laog o sa irarom kan sagop, o an sagop nahuros sa kinatutugmadan kaini. .--> == Depinisyon asin etimolohiya == Sa halakbang na pakasabot, an "sagop" iyo an anoman na estruktura na nagsasaray nin tubig o nag'uulang na dai magkaigwa nin pagbabaha'.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Dam", ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}. |{{harvnb|"Dam", ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}}. }}</ref>{{efn| An ''Oxford English Dictionary'': "Sarong sangki' o bagat nin daga', semento, aibp., na tinugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani ulangon an pagdalihig kaini asin itaas an lebel kaini....; anoman nakakaagid na knstruksyon ngani matipon an tubig na ini magin sarong danaw-danaw o reserba, o tangani maproteheran an kadagaan sa paglantop kan tubig igdi."{{sfn|"Dam", ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'': "Anoman na ulang sa pagbulos nin tubig o nin mga rogrog na mga solidong materyales (arog kan daga o nyebe)".{{sfn|"Dam", ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}} }} Sa konteksto nin [[civil engineering]], an katagang "sagop" nagkakahulogan sanang limitado sa mga estrukturang nagsasaray tubig o itinataas an lebel kan katubigan.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Glossary", ''Reclamation Library''}}. |{{harvnb| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}}. |{{harvnb| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }}. |{{harvnb| Denny |2010| p=191}}. }} </ref>{{efn|Examples of definitions in a civil engineering context: * Bureau of Reclamation: "Sagop. Sarong ulang tinugdok pabalagbag sa salog ngani masaray o mapaibang agi an bulos nin tubig. Sarong ulang na nagbabangga, nagdidirehe, nagpapaluya, o nagsasaray sa binulos nin tubig. Parati ini ginigibo balagbag sa sarong sipi o sapa." "Sangki'. Sarong natural o gibong-tawo na ulang na nagtatabang na an mga salog dai maglipwas sa saiyang mga kagilidan o pampang."{{sfn|"Glossary", ''Reclamation Library''}} * Schnitter: "An mga sagop ginigibo ngani matipon an tubig saka mapadalihig ini ...".{{sfn| Schnitter|1994| p=xi}} Sa katunayan, an mga sagop igwang duwang malinaw na epekto: An reserba nin tubig, na namukna huli sa pagsagop, ... linalaog kan kadakulan kan ... palaog-bulos nin tubig.... [asin] An sagop ilinalangkaw an lebel kan pairayang bulos nin sapa."{{sfn| Schleiss |2022 | p=5 }} An artikulong ini ginagamit an huring depinisyon ta pinupugol saka itinataas an tubig, kaya dai sinasakop an mga di-ke asin mga [[sangki]] sa mga gilid nin salog, asin an [[diversion dam]] na pinapasuki sarong kabtang kan bulos nin salog alagad dai man ilinalangkaw an lebel kan salog. ==Toltolan== === Footnotes === {{notelist}} === Citations === {{reflist}} === Sources === ==== Books ==== * {{ cite book |chapter= Geology |last = Arnold |first = Arthur B. |display-authors=etal |pages= 106–152 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/106 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Baker|2003|pp=??}} --> * {{ cite book |chapter= Beaver (''Castor Canadensis'') |last = Baker |first = B. W. |display-authors=etal |pages= 288–310 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/wildmammalsofnor0000unse_f5o3/page/288 | title = Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics | editor-last = Chapman | editor-first= J.A | isbn= 9780801874161 | year= 2003 | access-date= 8 June 2026 | publisher= [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] }} * {{ cite book | title =Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World | last = Berlow | first= L.H. | isbn= 9780897749664 | url= https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto0000berl | year= 1998 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Academic]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Blight|Jewell|1998|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last1=Blight |first1=Geoffrey E. |author-link1 = Geoffrey Eustace Blight |last2=Jewell |first2= Richard J. |display-authors= etal |title=Case Studies on Tailings Management |year=1998 |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]{{snd}}International Council on Metals and the Environment |isbn=9781895720297 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_189572029x |access-date= 8 May 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Bolt|1988|pp=??}} --> * {{ cite book |chapter= Seismology |last = Bolt |first = Bruce A. |author-link=Bruce Bolt |pages= 153–171 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/153 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Breeze|2014|pp=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title = Power Generation Technologies | last = Breeze | first= Paul | edition = 2nd | isbn= 9780080983363 | url= https://archive.org/details/powergenerationt0000bree_y7o0 | year= 2014 | access-date= 20 May 2026 | publisher= [[George Newnes Ltd]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Bunbury |2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter=The Egyptian Nile |editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first=Karl M. |first1=Judith |last1=Bunbury |display-authors=etal |pages=43–78 |author-link=Judith Bunbury |isbn=9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 |year=2023 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=10 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Cao |2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter=The River/Lake Chief System in China: A New Policy to Improve Environmental Quality in Hydrosystems |editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first=Karl M. |first1=Yixin |last1=Cao |display-authors=etal |pages= 853–874 |isbn=9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 |year=2023 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=10 March 2026 }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Instrumentation |last = Carpenter |first = Lynn R. |display-authors=etal |pages= 751–776 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/751 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Hydrology |last = Cecilio |first = Catalino B. |display-authors=etal |pages= 60–105 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/60 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} <!-- {{Sfn|Chellaney|2015|p=?}} --> * {{ cite book | title = Water, Peace, and War: Confronting the Global Water Crisis | last = Chellaney |first= B. |author-link = Brahma Chellaney | year = 2015 | isbn=9781442249288 | url= https://archive.org/details/waterpeacewarcon0000chel | access-date= 16 May 2026 | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=The Nile |first1= Robert |last1= Collins | author-link= Robert O. Collins | isbn= 9780300097641 | year= 2002 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe | publisher= [[Yale University Press]] | access-date= 16 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Corns|1988 |pp=?? }} --> * {{ cite book |chapter= Gravity Dam Design and Analysis |last = Corns |first = Charles F. |display-authors=etal |pages= 466–492 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/466 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} <!-- {{sfn| Cray|2004 |pp=?? }} --> * {{cite book |first=Ed |last=Cray |author-link = Ed Cray |date=2004 |title=Ramblin Man: The Life and Times of Woody Guthrie |url=https://archive.org/details/ramblinman00edcr |access-date= 19 May 2026 |publisher= [[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=9780393047592 }} <!-- {{sfn|Creager|1917|pp=?? }} --> * {{ cite book | title = Engineering for Masonry Dams | last = Creager | first= W.P. | lccn=17017759 | url= https://archive.org/details/engineeringform02creagoog | year= 1917 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[J. Wiley & Sons]] }} * {{ cite book | title =Super Structures: The Science of Bridges, Buildings, Dams, and Other Feats of Engineering | last = Denny |first= Mark | isbn= 9780801894367 | url= https://archive.org/details/superstructuress0000denn | year= 2010 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Materials |last = Dolen |first = Timothy P. |display-authors=etal |pages= 172–218 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/172 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Surveillance |last = Duscha |first = Lloyd A. |display-authors=etal |pages= 777–797 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/777 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Evans|2011|pp=??}} --> <!-- PReface pp ix-xii covers Eerything; Chap 1 pp 1-6 Rockslide; Chap 21 pp 519-525 Lava & Volc dams; ch 25(p 595-600) & Ch 26 (p 617-625) Man-made blast-fill dams (? only Russia and Khyrgistan? --> * {{ cite book | title = Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams | editor-last = Evans | editor-first= S.G. | display-editors= etal | isbn= 9783642047633 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDK85Mqz_YAC | year= 2011 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] }} * {{ cite book | title =Geotechnical Engineering of Dams | last = Fell |first= Robin |display-authors= etal |edition = Second | isbn= 9781138000087 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vpCZBQAAQBAJ | year= 2014 | publisher= [[Taylor & Francis]] }} First edition (2005) online in Internet Archive. * {{ cite book |chapter= Earthfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment |last = Fetzer |first = Claude A. |display-authors=etal |pages= 321–353 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/321 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Gerwick|2014|p=?}} --> * {{cite book |title = Bridge Engineering Handbook. Vol 5. Construction and Maintenance |edition = Second |first = Ben |last = Gerwick |chapter = Substructures of Major Overwater Bridges |pages = 137–174 |editor-last1 = Chen |editor-first1 = Wai-Fah |editor-last2 = Duan |editor-first2 = Lian |isbn = 9781439852330 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BCeOAgAAQBAJ |access-date = 31 October 2025 |year = 2014 |publisher = [[CRC Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Gulliver |1991|p=?}} --> * {{cite book |title = Hydropower Engineering Handbook |first = John |last = Gulliver |display-authors=etal |isbn = 9780070251939 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CNdSAAAAMAAJ |access-date = 3 July 2026 |year = 1991 |publisher = [[McGraw-Hill]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Reservoirs |last = James |first = Laurence |pages= 722–750 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/722 | year= 1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Lessons from Notable Events |last = James |first = Laurence B. |display-authors=etal |pages= 8–59 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/8 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988a | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Introduction |last = Jansen |first = Robert B. |pages= 1–7 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/1 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Earthfill Dam Design and Analysis |last = Jansen |first = Robert B. |display-authors=etal |pages= 256–320 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/256 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988a | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Outlet Design and Construction |last = Jansen |first = Robert B. |display-authors=etal |pages= 686–703 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/686 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988b | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Kitchen|2016|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title = River Weirs: Design, Maintenance, Modification and Removal | last = Kitchen |first= Amanda |display-authors=etal | isbn= 9780860177784 | url= https://archive.org/details/c-763-river-weirs.-design-maintenance-modification-and-removal-web-1 | year= 2016 | access-date= 8 May 2026 | publisher= Construction Industry Research and Information Association }} <!-- {{sfn|Lemperiere|2006|pp=??}} --> * {{ cite book | chapter = The Role of Dams in the XXI Century to Achieve a Sustainable Development Target | pages= 1065–1072 | first= F. | last= Lemperiere | display-authors= etal | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirsso0002inte/page/1065 | title = Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century | volume = 2 | editor-last = Berga | editor-first= Luis | display-editors= etal | isbn= 9781134138500 | year= 2006 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Taylor & Francis]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis |last = Leps |first = Thomas M. |pages= 368–387 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Rockfill Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment |last = Leps |first = Thomas M. |pages= 388–408 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/388 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988a | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures |last = Leps |first = Thomas M. |pages= 409–415 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988b | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} <!-- {{sfn| Mariano |2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter= Nature-Human-River Relationships at the Ebro River and its Delta |editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first=Karl M. |first1= Mercè |last1= Mariano |display-authors=etal |pages=745–782 |isbn=9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 |year=2023 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=10 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Pelikan|1997|pp=??}} --> * {{ cite book |chapter= Fish Bypass Channels |last = Pelikan |first = B. |pages= 61–66 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/hydropower97proc0000inte/page/60/mode/2up?q=Pelikan | title = Hydropower '97: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Hydropower | editor-last = Broch | editor-first= E. | isbn= 9054108886 | year= 1997 | access-date= 13 May 2026 | publisher= [[A.A. Balkema]] }} * {{ cite book | title = Design, Safety and Operation of Dams | last = Schleiss |first= A.J. |display-authors=etal | isbn= 9782889149957 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VP1O0AEACAAJ | year= 2022 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] }} * {{ cite book | title =A History of Dams: The Useful Pyramids | last = Schnitter |first= N. | isbn= 9789054101499 | url= https://archive.org/details/historyofdamsuse0000schn_g8y9 | year= 1994 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[A.A. Balkema]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Concrete Dam Construction and Foundation Treatment |last = Schrader |first = Ernest K. |display-authors=etal |pages= 540–577 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/540 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book | title = Dams and Reservoirs: Planning and Engineering | last = Siddiqui |first= I.H. | isbn= 9780195475852 | url= https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirspl0000sidd | year= 2009 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Smith|1975|p=?}} --> * {{ cite book | title= Man and Water: A History of Hydro-technology | last = Smith |first= Norman | isbn= 0684145227 | url= https://archive.org/details/manwaterhistory00smit | year= 1975 | access-date= 13 May 2026 | publisher= [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Taïbi|2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter=The Senegal River, a Disturbed Lifeline in the Sahel |editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first=Karl M. |first1=Aude |last1=Taïbi |display-authors=etal |pages=79–114 |author-link= |isbn=9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 |year=2023 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=10 March 2026 }} * {{ cite book | title =Dam | last = Turpin |first= Trevor | isbn= 9781861893284 | url= https://archive.org/details/dam0000turp | year= 2008 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Reaktion Books]] }} ==== Journals, news, and websites ==== <!-- * {{cite journal |title= |first= |last= |display-authors=etal |journal= |publisher= |year= |volume= |issue= |pages= |issn= |doi= |url= |access-date= }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023|p=??}} --> *{{cite journal |last1=Ayenalem |first1=Abebe Yirga |display-authors= etal |title=Popular Culture and Nile Hydropolitics: Amharic Songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |journal=International Journal of Water Governance |publisher = [[Delft University of Technology]] |date=28 December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359 |doi-access=free | issn = 2211-4505 }} <!-- {{sfn|Bellmore|2017|p=??}} --> *{{Cite journal |last1=Bellmore |first1=J. R. |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |orig-year=2016 |title=Status and Trends of Dam Removal Research in the United States |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1164 |journal=[[WIREs Water]] |publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]] |access-date= 22 May 2026 |volume=4 |issue=2 |article-number=e1164 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1164 |issn=2049-1948 |url-access=subscription }} <!-- {{sfn|Boulange|2021|loc=??}} --> * {{cite journal |title=Role of Dams in Reducing Global Flood Exposure Under Climate Change |first= Julien |last= Boulange |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Nature Communications]] |publisher= [[Springer Nature]] |year= 2021 |volume= 12 |issue= 1 |article-number= 417 |issn= 2041-1723 |doi= 10.1038/s41467-020-20704-0 |doi-access= free|pmc= 7814128 }} <!-- * {{ cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/technology/dam-engineering |title = Dam |publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]] |year=2026 | first = John Guthrie | last = Brown |display-authors = etal | access-date= 22 April 2026 }} --> * {{ cite web |url = https://web.itu.edu.tr/~bulu/water_resources_files/lecture_notes_04.pdf |title = Water Resources: Lecture Notes IV |publisher = [[Istanbul Technical University]] |year= <!-- unknown --> | first = Atil | last = Bulu | access-date= 22 April 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Chanson |1998|p=? }} --> * {{cite journal |title= Extreme Reservoir Sedimentation in Australia |first= Hubert |last= Chanson |journal= International Journal of Sediment Research |publisher= International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation |year= 1998 |volume= 13 |issue= 3 |pages= 55–63 |issn= 1001-6279 |doi= |url= https://staff.civil.uq.edu.au/h.chanson/reprints/ijrs_98.pdf |access-date= 8 June 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Costa|2025}} --> * {{cite journal |title=Local Economic Impacts of Hydroelectric Power Plants: Evidence from Brazil |first= Francisco |last= Costa |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Economía LACEA Journal]] |publisher= [[Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association]] |year= 2025 |volume= 24 |issue= 1 |pages=105–123 |issn= 1533-6239 |doi= 10.31389/eco.466 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|El-Askary|2026}} --> * {{cite journal |title=The World's Largest Saddle Dam at Risk |first= Hesham |last= El-Askary |display-authors=etal |journal= [[International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction]] |publisher= [[Elsevier]] |year= 2026 |volume= 135 |issue= |article-number = 106045 |issn= 2212-4209 |doi= 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106045 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420926000579 |access-date= }} <!-- {{sfn|Fowkes|2025}} --> * {{cite journal |title=Mega-Dams In the Hydrologics of the Socialist Anthropocene |first= Maja |last= Fowkes |display-authors=etal |journal= ARTMargins |publisher= [[The MIT Press]] |year= 2025 |volume= 14 |issue= 2 |pages=11–38 |issn= 2162-2574 |doi= 10.1162/artm_a_00411 |url= https://muse.jhu.edu/article/973802. |access-date= 21 May 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Ghiasi | 2025}} --> * {{cite journal |title = Estimating the Volume of Evaporation from the Main Dams of Iran |first= Behzad |last= Ghiasi |display-authors=etal |journal= Results in Engineering |publisher= [[Elsevier]] |year= 2025 |volume= 27 |issue= |article-number= 107057 |issn= 2590-1230 |doi= 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107057 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025031135 |access-date= 5 July 2026 |doi-access= free }} <!-- {{sfn|Graves | 2016}} --> * {{Cite web |title= Buhen: A Site Submerged |first= Carl |last= Graves | url= https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/buhen--a-site-submerged.html |date = 29 Aug 2016 |access-date=29 May 2026 |website = [[Egypt Exploration Society]] |language=en }} <!-- {{sfn|Gyau-Boakye|2001}} --> * {{cite journal |title= Environmental Impacts of the Akosombo Dam and Effects of Climate Change on the Lake Levels |first= P. |last= Gyau-Boakye |journal= Environment, Development and Sustainability |publisher= [[Springer Nature]] |year= 2001 |volume= 3 |issue= 1 |pages= 17–29 |issn= 1573-2975 |doi= 10.1023/A:1011402116047 |url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011402116047 |access-date= 14 June 2026 |url-access= subscription }} <!-- {{sfn|Horn|2014}} --> * {{cite news |title=Patagonia's New Line of Activism Is Documentary 'DamNation' |first= John |last= Horn |newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] <!-- |issn = 2165-1736 --> |publisher= |date= 1 May 2014 |url= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-backstage-hollywood-patagonia-damnation-20140501-story.html |access-date= }} <!-- {{sfn|Huang|2024}} --> * {{cite journal |title=Dams Trigger Exponential Population Declines of Migratory Fish |first= Zhenli |last= Huang |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Science Advances]] |publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |year= 2024 |volume= 10 |issue= 19 |article-number=eadi6580 |issn= 2375-2548 |doi= 10.1126/sciadv.adi6580 }} <!-- {{sfn|Jeuland|2020}} --> * {{cite journal |title=The Economics of Dams |first= Marc |last= Jeuland |journal= [[Oxford Review of Economic Policy]] |year=2020 |volume= 36 |issue= 1 |pages=45–68 |issn= 0266-903X |doi= 10.1093/oxrep/grz028 |url= https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-pdf/36/1/45/31709532/grz028.pdf |access-date= 2 June 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Kakoyannis | 2002}} --> * {{cite report |title=Assessing and Evaluating Recreational Uses of Water Resources: Implications for an Integrated Management Framework |first= Christina |last= Kakoyannis |display-authors=etal |journal= PNW-GTR-536 |publisher= [[US Department of Agriculture]] |year= 2002 |volume= |issue= |pages= |issn= |doi= 10.2737/pnw-gtr-536 |url= https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/4826.pdf |access-date= 5 July 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Kayiranga|2024|p=??}} --> * {{cite journal |title=Anthropogenic activities and the influence of desertification processes on the water cycle and water use in the Aral Sea basin |first= Alphonse |last= Kayiranga |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies]] |publisher= [[Elsevier]] |year= 2024 |volume= 51 |issue= |article-number =101598 |issn= 2214-5818 |doi= 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101598 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581823002859 |access-date= 9 July 2026 |doi-access= free }} <!-- {{sfn|Keijzer|2024}} --> * {{cite journal |title=Threats of Dams to the Persistence of the World's Freshwater Fishes |first= Tamara |last= Keijzer |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Global Change Biology]] |publisher= [[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year= 2024 |volume= 30 |issue= 2 |article-number= e17166 |issn= 1365-2486 |doi= 10.1111/gcb.17166 |url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fgcb.17166 |access-date= 4 July 2026 |hdl= 2066/304250 |hdl-access= free }} <!-- {{sfn|Krol |2024}} --> * {{cite news |last=Krol |first=Debra |date=September 2, 2024 |title=Largest Dam Removal Project in US: Klamath River Flows Freely |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/09/02/klamath-river-four-dams-demolished/75044231007/ |access-date= 22 May 2026 |newspaper=[[USA TODAY]] <!-- |issn=0734-7456 --> }} <!-- {{sfn|Kumar|2026}} * {{ cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Akosombo-Dam |title = Akosombo Dam |publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]] |year=2026 | first = Aman | last = Kumar |display-authors = etal | access-date= 15 June 2026 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Lad|2024}} * {{cite journal |title=India and the Ganga Waters Treaty: Analysis of the Water Sharing Mechanism |first= Rahul |last= Lad |display-authors=etal |journal= [[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]] |publisher = [[SAGE Publications]] |year= 2024 |volume= 61 |issue= 2 |pages=185–202 |issn= 0020-8817 |doi= 10.1177/00208817241285256 |url= https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00208817241285256 |access-date= 18 May 2026 |url-access= subscription }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Larsen |2021}} --> * {{cite journal |title=Dam Builders and Their Works: Beaver Influences on the Structure and Function of River Corridor Hydrology, Geomorphology, Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems |first= Annegret |last= Larsen |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Earth-Science Reviews]] |publisher= [[Elsevier]] |year= 2021 |volume= 218 |issue= |article-number=103623 |issn= 0012-8252 |doi= 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103623 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825221001239 |access-date= 9 June 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Lehner|2011}} --> * {{cite journal |title=High-Resolution Mapping of the World's Reservoirs and Dams for Sustainable River-Flow Management |first= Bernhard |last= Lehner |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment]] |publisher= [[Ecological Society of America]] |year= 2011 |volume= 9 |issue= 9 |pages=494–502 |issn= 1540-9295 |doi= 10.1890/100125 |url= https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/100125 |access-date= 30 April 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Lichtenstein |1976 }} --> * {{cite news |last1=Lichtenstein |first1=Grace |date=20 January 1976 |title=Edward Abbey, Voice of Southwest Wilds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/20/archives/edward-abbey-voice-of-southwest-wilds.html |access-date= 17 May 2026 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Liu|2010}} * {{cite journal |title= Laboratory Test and Numerical Simulation of Time-Dependent Thermomechanical Behavior of the Three-Gorges Dam |first= Jian |last= Liu |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering]] |publisher= |year= 2010 |volume= 22 |issue= 2 |pages=111-123 |issn= |doi= 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2010)22:2(111) |url= |access-date= }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Liu|2019}} --> * {{cite journal |title=Biodiversity Decline of Fish Assemblages After the Impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River Basin, China |first= Xiongjun |last= Liu |display-authors=etal |journal= Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries |year= 2019 |volume= 29 |issue= 1 |pages=177–195 |issn= 1573-5184 |doi= 10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0 |url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-019-09548-0 |access-date= 21 June 2026 |url-access= subscription }} <!-- {{sfn| Mácová|2023 }} * {{cite journal |title= How Important for Society Is Recreation Provided by Multi-Purpose Water Reservoirs? Welfare Analysis of the Vltava River Reservoir System |first= Kateřina |last= Mácová |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Water (journal)|Water]] |publisher= |year= 2023 |volume= 15 |issue= 10 |article-number= 1966 |issn= 2073-4441 |doi= 10.3390/w15101966 |doi-access= free|url= https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/10/1966 |access-date= 5 July 2026 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Marchetti|2019}} --> * {{cite journal |last = Marchetti |first= Nicolò |display-authors=etal | title = A Multi-scalar Approach for Assessing the Impact of Dams on the Cultural Heritage in the Middle East and North Africa | journal = [[Journal of Cultural Heritage]] | publisher = [[Elsevier]] | volume = 37 | pages = 17–28 | year = 2019 | issn = 1296-2074 | doi = 10.1016/j.culher.2018.10.007 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207418305569 | access-date= 26 May 2026 | url-access = subscription }} <!-- {{sfn|McSweeney|2023}} --> * {{Cite web |title=Rewilding Europe's Rivers with Dam Removal Boosts Biodiversity, Economy |first=Catherine |last=McSweeney | url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/rivers-biodiversity-dam-removal-award |date = 1 September 2023 |access-date=22 May 2026 |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]] |language=en }} <!-- {{sfn|Morison|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Morison |first1=Conner A. G. |display-authors=etal |author-link2=Catherine Hickson |title=Mount Garibaldi: Hazard Potential from a Long-Dormant Volcanic System in the Pacific Northwest |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]] |publisher=[[Canadian Science Publishing]] |pages=464–484|volume=60 |issue=5 |year=2023 |doi=10.1139/cjes-2022-0067 |issn=0008-4077 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Niranjan|2026 }} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/may/21/record-number-of-dams-dismantled-in-europe-in-effort-to-help-wildlife-thrive |title=Record Number of Dams Dismantled in Europe in Effort to Help Wildlife Thrive |first=Ajit |last= Niranjan |newspaper = [[The Guardian]] <!-- |issn = 1756-3224 --> |date= 21 May 2026 |access-date = 22 May 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Onder|Yilmaz|2005}} --> * {{cite journal |title=Underground Dams: A Tool of Sustainable Development and Management of Ground Resources |last1= Onder |first1=H. |last2=Yilmaz |first2=M. |journal= European Water |publisher= European Water Resources Association |year= 2005 |volume= 11 |issue= 12 |pages=35–45 |issn= 1105-7580 |doi= |url= http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2005_11-12_05.pdf |access-date= 9 May 2026 }} Author M. Yilmaz wrote a 2003 Masters thesis with additional detail and history on underground dams. * {{cite journal |title=The Return of Large Dams to the Development Agenda: A Post-Development Critique |first= Scott W.D. |last= Pearse-Smith |display-authors=etal |journal= Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development |publisher= [[Columbia University Libraries]] |date = Feb 2014 |volume= 11 |issue= 11 |pages= 123–131 |issn= 2333-9705 |doi= |jstor= 26188733 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26188733 |access-date= }} <!-- {{Sfn|Ranjan |2024}} --> * {{Cite journal |last=Ranjan |first=Amit |date=2024 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Dispute: Implications, Negotiations, And Mediations |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425 |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary African Studies]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=18–36 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425 |issn=0258-9001 |url-access=subscription }} <!-- {{Sfn|Ritchie|2018}} --> * {{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=A. C. |display-authors=etal |date=2018 |title=Morphodynamic Evolution Following Sediment Release from the World's Largest Dam Removal |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |publisher= [[National Library of Medicine]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |article-number=13279 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-30817-8 |doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6125403 }} <!-- {{sfn|Ritchie|2025}} --> * {{Cite web |title= Renewable Energy |first= Hannah |last= Ritchie |author-link =Hannah Ritchie |display-authors=etal | url= https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy |date = 2025 |access-date= 14 June 2026 |website= [[Our World in Data]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Scott|1968}} --> * {{cite journal |title= Farahnaz Pahlavi Dam at Layiyan |first= K. F. |last= Scott |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers]] |publisher= [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] |year= 1968 |volume= 39 |issue= 3 |pages=353–395 |issn= 1753-7789 |doi= 10.1680/iicep.1968.8072 |url= https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1968.8072 |access-date= 3 July 2026 |url-access= subscription }} <!-- {{sfn|Sutor|2018}} --> * {{cite news |last=Sutor |first = Dave |title=Johnstown Flood: McCullough's 'Lucky Break' Launched Career |url= https://apnews.com/general-news-4f60b21dca89430c9f9e055a3cd7b70a |access-date=16 May 2026 |newspaper = [[AP News]] |date=March 24, 2018 }} * {{cite journal |title=Challenges and Opportunities for the Governance of Hydropower |first= Sergio |last= Villamayor-Tomas |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Nature Sustainability]] |publisher= [[Nature Portfolio]] |year= 2026 |volume= 9 |issue= 5 |pages=653–663 |issn= 2398-9629 |doi= 10.1038/s41893-026-01782-2 |url= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-026-01782-2 |access-date= 25 April 2026 |url-access=subscription }} <!-- {{sfn|Vogt|2019}} --> * {{cite journal |title= The Afsluitdijk as a Complex System |first= Berber |last= Vogt |journal= Insight |publisher= [[International Council on Systems Engineering]] |year= 2019 |volume= 22 |issue= 1 |pages = 32–36 |issn= 2156-485X |doi= 10.1002/inst.12235 |url= https://incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/inst.12235 |access-date= 3 July 2026 |url-access=subscription }} <!-- {{sfn|Watts|2019}} --> * {{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-material-on-earth |title=Concrete: the Most Destructive Material on Earth |first= Jonathan |last= Watts |author-link = Jonathan Watts |newspaper = [[The Guardian]] <!-- |issn = 1756-3224 --> |date= 25 February 2019 |access-date = 31 May 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Wieland|2023}} --> * {{cite magazine |title= Comparing Vulnerabilities of CFRDs and ECRDs |first= Martin |last= Wieland |magazine= International Water Power & Dam Construction |publisher= [[Wilmington plc]] |date = 15 September 2023 |volume= |issue= |pages= |issn= 0306-400X |doi= |url= https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/analysis/comparing-vulnerabilities-of-cfrds-and-ecrds-11150911/ |access-date= 31 May 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Zafarnejad|2009 }} --> * {{cite journal |title=The Contribution of Dams to Iran's Desertification |first= Fatemeh |last= Zafarnejad |display-authors=etal |journal= International Journal of Environmental Studies |publisher= [[Routledge]] |year= 2009 |volume= 66 |issue= 3 |pages=327–341 |issn= 0020-7233 |doi= 10.1080/00207230902798648 |url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207230902798648 |access-date= 5 July 2026 |url-access= subscription }} <!-- {{sfn|Zhang|2020}} --> * {{cite journal |title=Extinction of One of the World's Largest Freshwater Fishes: Lessons for Conserving the Endangered Yangtze Fauna |first= Hui |last= Zhang |display-authors=etal |journal= [[Science of the Total Environment]] |publisher= [[Elsevier]] |year= 2020 |volume= 710 |issue= |article-number= 136242 |issn= 0048-9697 |doi= 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136242 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719362382 |access-date= 21 June 2026 |url-access= subscription }} ==== Unknown author ==== <!-- {{sfn|" ", '' ''}} --> <!-- * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|" ", '' ''}} |title= |url= |access-date= 30 April 2026 |date= |website = |publisher= }} --> <!-- {{sfn|"Bombs Away", ''The Guardian''}} --> * {{Cite news | ref = {{sfnref|"Bombs Away", ''The Guardian''}} |title=Bombs Away |url= https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/may/06/artsfeatures |access-date= 15 May 2026 |date= 6 May 2003 |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] | issn = 1756-3224 |publisher= }} <!-- {{sfn|"China's Three Gorges Dam", ''BBC''}} --> *{{Cite news | ref = {{sfnref|"China's Three Gorges Dam", ''BBC''}} |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10695272 |access-date= 5 May 2026 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=China's Three Gorges Dam Faces Flood Test |date=20 July 2010 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet", ''NRMCA''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet", ''NRMCA''}} |title=Concrete CO2 Fact Sheet |url= https://www.greenconcrete.info/downloads/11_ConcreteCO2.pdf |access-date= 20 May 2026 |date= June 2008 |website = |publisher= [[National Ready Mixed Concrete Association]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"Dam", ''Collins English Dictionary''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Dam", ''Collins English Dictionary''}} |title=Dam |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/dam |access-date= 30 April 2026 |date= 2026 |website = [[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher= [[HarperCollins]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"Dam", ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}} * {{Cite book |ref={{sfnRef|"Dam", ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary ''}} |year=2001 |chapter=Dam |title=[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic0000unse_t1j9/page/361 |access-date=27 December 2025 |pages=361 |isbn=0198604386 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|"Dam", ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Dam", ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''}} |title=Dam |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dam |access-date= 22 June 2026 |date= 2026 |website = [[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]] |publisher= [[Merriam-Webster]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"Dam", ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} --> * {{Cite book |ref={{sfnRef|"Dam", ''Oxford English Dictionary''}} |year=2026 |chapter=Dam |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |chapter-url= https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dam_n1 |access-date=22 June 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Dam Failure Compilation", ''Bureau of Reclamation''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Dam Failure Compilation", ''Bureau of Reclamation''}} |title= Dam Failure and Flood Event Case History Compilation |url= https://www.usbr.gov/ssle/damsafety/documents/RCEM-CaseHistories2015.pdf |access-date= 12 July 2026 |date= June 2015 |website = |publisher= [[US Bureau of Reclamation]] }} <!-- {{sfn|" Dam Inspection and Plan Review", ''MSHA''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|" Dam Inspection and Plan Review", ''MSHA''}} |title=Dam Inspection and Plan Review (PH21-V-6) |url= https://arlweb.msha.gov/READROOM/HANDBOOK/PH21-V-6.pdf |access-date= 30 April 2026 |date= 2021 | series=MSHA Handbook Series |website = [[Mine Safety and Health Administration]] |publisher= [[U.S. Department of Labor]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase", ''ICOLD''}} --> * {{ cite book |ref = {{sfnref|"Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase", ''ICOLD''}} |title=Dam Safety Management: Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/154.pdf |access-date= 28 April 2026 |date= 2011 |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"Geneva Conventions", ''ICRC''}} --> * {{cite web |title= Geneva Conventions 1949 Protocol I | ref = {{sfnref|"Geneva Conventions", ''ICRC''}} |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf |access-date = 28 May 2026 | website = [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"Global Energy Review 2025", ''IEA''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Global Energy Review 2025", ''IEA''}} |title= Global Energy Review 2025 |url= https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2025 |access-date= 3 July 2026 |date= 24 March 2025 |website = |publisher= [[International Energy Agency]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"Glossary", ''Reclamation Library''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Glossary", ''Reclamation Library''}} |title=Glossary |url= https://www.usbr.gov/library/glossary/#archgravitydam |access-date= 30 April 2026 |date= 2022 |website = Reclamation Library |publisher= [[US Bureau of Reclamation]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"Gordon Dam", ''Engineers Australia''}} --> * {{cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Gordon Dam", ''Engineers Australia''}} |url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/HRP.Gordon%20Dam.Nomination%20with%20Images.Nov%202000.pdf |title=Gordon Dam, Tasmania: Submission for an National Engineering Landmark |publisher=[[Engineers Australia]] |date=September 2000 |access-date=2 July 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Grande Dixence Fact Sheet", ''Grande Dixence SA''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Grande Dixence Fact Sheet", ''Grande Dixence SA''}} |title=Grande Dixence | url= https://www.grande-dixence.ch/en/the-complex/dams/grande-dixence-78/ |access-date= 18 May 2026 |date= 2026 |website = [[Grande Dixence SA]] |publisher= }} * {{ cite web | title = Hydraulic Design of Spillways | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgsAAAAYAAJ | year= 1965 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"Hydroelectric Power", ''Britannica''}} * {{ cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Hydroelectric Power", ''Britannica''}} |url =https://www.britannica.com/science/hydroelectric-power |title = Hydroelectric Power |publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]] |year=2026 | access-date= 13 May 2026 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|"I-205 Abernethy Bridge". ''Oregon Department of Transportation''}} --> * {{Cite web |ref={{sfnRef|"I-205 Abernethy Bridge". ''Oregon Department of Transportation'' }} |url=https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf |title=I-205 Abernethy Bridge |website=[[Oregon Department of Transportation]] |access-date=2 October 2025 |archive-date=25 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125051041/https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Get-Involved/Docs_ACECODOT/2024_10_Abernethy%20Bridge%20Reconstruction.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{ cite book | title =Instrumentation of Embankment Dams and Levees: Engineering and Design | url= https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA402883 | year= 1995 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] }} * {{ cite book |title=Integrated Operation of Hydropower Stations and Reservoirs |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/173.pdf |access-date= 28 April 2026 |date= 2022 |isbn= 9780367770051 |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] }} * {{ cite book |title=Multipurpose Water Storage |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/171.pdf |access-date= 28 April 2026 |date= 2025 |isbn= 9781003640035 |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] }} * {{ cite book |isbn=978-1-884575-65-5 |url= https://damfailures.org/sites/default/files/wp-pdf/EQPerfo2_v3.pdf |title=Observed Performance of Dams During Earthquakes: Volume III |date= 2014 |publisher=[[United States Society on Dams]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"Navigation Locks", ''USACE''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Navigation Locks", ''USACE''}} |title= Planning and Design of Navigation Locks |url= https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-2602.pdf |access-date= 3 July 2026 |date= 30 September 1995 |website = |publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"Regulation of Dam Safety", ''ICOLD''}} --> * {{ cite book | ref = {{sfnref|"Regulation of Dam Safety", ''ICOLD''}} |title=Regulation of Dam Safety |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/167.pdf |access-date= 28 April 2026 |date= 2025 |isbn= 9781032456058 |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD) }} <!-- {{sfn|"Research with GDW Data", ''Global Dam Watch''}} --> * {{ cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Research with GDW Data", ''Global Dam Watch''}} |title=Research with GDW Data |url= https://www.globaldamwatch.org/our-research |access-date= 30 April 2026 |date= 2015 |website = |publisher= Global Dam Watch }} <!-- {{sfn|"Three Gorges Dam", ''Britannica''}} * {{ cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Three Gorges Dam", ''Britannica''}} |url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Three-Gorges-Dam |title = Three Gorges Dam |publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]] |year=2026 | access-date= 15 May 2026 }} --> <!-- {{sfn| "Tracking Barriers", ''European Environment Agency''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Tracking Barriers", ''European Environment Agency''}} |title=Tracking Barriers and Their Impacts on European River Ecosystems |date = 8 Feb 2021 |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/european-waters/water-use-and-environmental-pressures/tracking-barriers-and-their-impacts |access-date=22 May 2026 |publisher= [[European Environment Agency]] }} <!-- {{sfn|"World Register of Dams", ''ICOLD''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"World Register of Dams", ''ICOLD''}} |title=World Register of Dams: General Synthesis |url= https://www.icold-cigb.org/GB/world_register/general_synthesis.asp |access-date= 30 April 2026 |date= September 2025 |website = |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] (ICOLD) }} <!-- {{sfn|"Zuiderzee", ''Britannica''}} * {{ cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Zuiderzee", ''Britannica''}} |url =https://www.britannica.com/place/Zuiderzee |title = Zuiderzee |publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]] |year=2026 | access-date= 5 May 2026 }} --> <!-- SAVE THESE "FURTHER READING" SOURCES ... they may be needed if to implement suggestions from revivews (GA, PR, FA). === Further reading === ==== Books ==== * {{ cite book | title =The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design, and Construction | last = Billington |first= David P. |display-authors = etal | isbn= 9781493649044 | url= https://archive.org/details/historyoflargefe00bill | year= 2013 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Bureau of Reclamation]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Arch Dam Design and Analysis |last = Boggs |first = Howard L. |display-authors=etal |pages= 493–539 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/493 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Spillway Performance and Remedial Measures |last = Burgi |first = Philip H. |display-authors=etal |pages= 647–685 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/647 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Outlet Performance and Remedial Measures |last = Burgi |first = Philip H. |display-authors=etal |pages= 704–721 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/704 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 0442243979 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams |last = Chopra |first = Anil K. |pages= 416–465 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/416 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book | title = Engineering and Ecological Aspects of Dam Removal: An Overview | last = Conyngham |first= J. |display-authors= etal | date = September 2006 | isbn= | url= https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA464959 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Engineer Research and Development Center]] }} * {{ cite book | title =Large Dams: Learning from the Past Looking at the Future : Workshop Proceedings, Gland, Switzerland, April 11-12, 1997 | last = Dorcey |first= A.H.J. | isbn= 9780821340288 | url= https://archive.org/details/largedamslearnin0000unse | year= 1997 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Earthquake Response Analysis of Embankments |last = Duncan |first = James Michael |display-authors=etal |pages= 239–255 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/239 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book | title =The Hydropolitics of Dams: Engineering or Ecosystems? | last = Everard |first= M. | isbn= 9781780325422 | url= https://archive.org/details/hydropoliticsofd0000ever | year= 2013 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Cofferdams |last = Fetzer |first = Claude A. |pages= 219–238 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/219 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988a | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Earthfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures |last = Fetzer |first = Claude A. |display-authors=etal |pages= 354–367 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/354 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988b | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book | title =Recovering a Lost River: Removing Dams, Rewilding Salmon, Revitalizing Communities | last = Hawley |first= S. | isbn= 9780807004739 | url= https://archive.org/details/recoveringlostri00hawl | year= 2012 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Beacon Press]] }} * {{cite book | last = Hodge | first = A. Trevor | title = Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply | url = https://archive.org/details/romanaqueductswa0000hodg | place = London | publisher = Duckworth | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-7156-2194-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Hodge | first = A. Trevor | editor-last = Wikander | editor-first = Örjan | editor-link = Örjan Wikander | contribution = Reservoirs and Dams | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology | series = Technology and Change in History | volume = 2 | year = 2000 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3 | pages = 331–339 }} * {{ cite book | title =The Challenges of Dam Removal and River Restoration | editor-last = Jerome | editor-first= De Graff | isbn= 9780813741215 | url= https://archive.org/details/challengesofdamr0000unse | year= 2013 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Geological Society of America]] }} * {{ cite book | title =Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power | last = Khagram |first= Sanjeev | isbn= 9780801442285 | url= https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmentt0000sanj | year= 2004 | access-date= 22 April 2026 | publisher= [[Cornell University Press]] }} * {{ cite book |title = Dams | last = Leliavsky |first= Serge | isbn= 0412225506 | url= https://archive.org/details/dams0000leli | year= 1981 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Chapman and Hall]] }} * {{ cite book | title =Deep Water: The Epic Struggle over Dams, Displaced People, and the Environment | last = Leslie |first= Jacques | isbn= 9780312425562 | url= https://archive.org/details/deepwaterepicstr00lesl | year= 2006 | access-date= 22 April 2026 | publisher= [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Rockfill Dam Design and Analysis |last = Leps |first = Thomas M. |pages= 368–387 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/368 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Rockfill Dam Performance and Remedial Measures |last = Leps |first = Thomas M. |pages= 409–415 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/409 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988b | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Spillway Design and Construction |last = Lowe III |first = John |display-authors=etal |pages= 609–646 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/advanceddamengin0000unse/page/646 | title =Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation | editor-last = Jansen | editor-first= R.B. | isbn= 0442243979 | year=1988 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Van Nostrand Reinhold]] }} * {{ cite book |chapter= Tidal Power |last = Nguyen |first = Josef |pages= 1247–1249 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofen0004unse_i8j9/page/1247 | title = Encyclopedia of Energy | editor-last = Pierce | editor-first= Morris | isbn= 9781587658532 | year= 2012 | access-date= 5 May 2026 | publisher= Salem Press }} * {{ cite book | title =Dams: Engineering in a Social and Environmental Context : Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the British Dam Society | editor-last = Pepper |editor-first= Andrew | isbn= 9780727757999 | url= https://archive.org/details/damsengineeringi0000brit | year= 2012 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[ICE Publishing]] }} * {{ cite book | title =Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk and Mitigation | editor-last = Schuster | editor-first= R.L. | isbn= 9780872625242 | url= https://archive.org/details/landslidedamspro0000unse | year= 1986 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] }} * {{ cite book | title=Hydraulics of Dams and Reservoirs | last =Şentürk |first= Fuat | isbn=9780918334800 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqzZdytUz3gC | year=1994 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher=[[Water Resources Publications]] }} Also online at [https://archive.org/details/hydraulicsofdams0000sent Internet Archive] * {{ cite book | title = Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures | last = Tanchev |first= L. |edition=2nd | isbn= 9780203577059 | url= https://archive.org/details/damsappurtenanth0000tanc | year= 2014 | access-date= 28 April 2026 | publisher= [[CRC Press]] }} * {{ cite book | title = Dams and Development in China | last = Tilt |first= Bryan | isbn= 9780231538268 | url= https://archive.org/details/damsdevelopmenti0000tilt | year= 2014 | access-date= 28 April 2026 | publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] }} * {{ cite book | title =Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovative Solutions in Hydropower Engineering and Civil Engineering | last = Wang |first= S. |display-authors= etal | isbn= 9789819917488 | url= https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-63612 | year= 2023 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[Springer Nature]] }} * {{ cite book | title = Dam Foundation Grouting | last =Weaver |first= K.D. | isbn= 9780872627925 | url= https://archive.org/details/damfoundationgro0000weav | year= 1991 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] }} * {{ cite book | title = New Developments in Dam Engineering: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering | editor-last = Wieland | editor-first= Martin | display-editors= etal | isbn= 0415362407 | url= https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/handle/123456789/169 | year= 2004 | access-date= 4 May 2026 | publisher= [[Taylor & Francis|A. A. Balkema{{snd}}Taylor & Francis]] }} Reprinted in 2014 with {{isbn|9780203020678}}. ==== Unkown author ==== *{{cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Between Two Dams", ''EcoPeace ''}} |title=Between Two Dams: Degania and Alumot |publisher=[[EcoPeace Middle East]] |date= March 2018 |url= https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Between-Two-Dams.pdf |access-date= 16 May 2026 }} * {{ cite book |title=Dams for Hydroelectric Energy |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/163.pdf |access-date= 28 April 2026 |date= 2021 |isbn= 9781138492035 |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] }} * {{ cite book |ref = {{sfnref|"Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase", ''ICOLD''}} |title=Dam Safety Management: Pre-Operational Phase of the Dam Life Cycle |url=https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/175.pdf |access-date= 28 April 2026 |date= 2021 |isbn= 9780367770310 |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] }} * {{ cite book |ref = {{sfnref|"Dam Surveillance Guide", ''ICOLD''}} |title=Dam Surveillance Guide |url= https://www.icoldchile.cl/boletines/158.pdf |access-date= 28 April 2026 |date= 2018 |isbn= 9781138490208 |publisher= [[International Commission on Large Dams]] }} * {{ cite book | title = Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams: Design, Performance, and Research Needs | url= https://archive.org/details/earthquakeengine0000unse | isbn= 9780309043366 | year= 1991 | access-date= 20 April 2026 | publisher= [[National Academies Press]] }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnref|"Hydroelectric Design Center", ''USACE''}} |title=Hydroelectric Design Center |url= https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerRegulations/ER_10-1-53.pdf |access-date= 12 May 2026 |date= 2015 |website = |publisher= [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] }} --> {{Geotechnical engineering}} {{Infrastructure}} {{Hydropower}} {{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorya:Civil engineering]] [[Kategorya:Dams| ]] [[Kategorya:Hydraulic structures]] [[Kategorya:Infrastructure]] [[Kategorya:Structural engineering]] [[en:Dam]] 4jamwczieacmcs3cmfqaxteu995kwzy 0 56873 311524 311224 2026-10-12T21:39:53Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20261012)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 311524 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ladawan:Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg|alt=A dark gray and red sphere representing the Earth lies against a black background to the right of an orange circular object representing the Sun|thumb|Konsepto kan artista sa [[Kinaban (planeta)|Kinaban]] 5–7.5 bilyon na taon poon ngunyan, kapag an [[Saldang]] nagin [[pulang tandayag]]]] Mantang, huli sa [[Indeterminacy (philosophy)|indeterminacy]] asin posibleng [[talingkas na kabotan]], an [[nuanoy]] dai nanggad [[Prediction|mahuhulaan]] na igwang kasiguraduhan, presenteng pagkasabot sa manlaenlaen na mga siyentipikong lado nagtutugot sa prediksyon kan ibang mga pangyayari sa harayong nuanoy, kun bako sanang sa mahiwason na outline.<ref name="NYT-20230502">{{Cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|author-link=Dennis Overbye|date=2 May 2023|title=Who Will Have the Last Word on the Universe? – Modern science suggests that we and all our achievements and memories are destined to vanish like a dream. Is that sad or good?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/02/science/end-of-universe.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506052917/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/02/science/end-of-universe.html|archive-date=6 May 2023|access-date=2 May 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262539265/deep-time-reckoning/|title=Deep Time Reckoning|date=22 September 2020|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-53926-5|series=One Planet|language=en-US|access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Predicting the future: An introduction to the theory of forecasting|url=https://archive.org/details/predictingfuture0000resc|last=Rescher|first=Nicholas|date=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3553-3|author-link=Nicholas Rescher}}</ref><ref name="dying" /> Kabali sa mga ladong ini an [[astrophysics]], na nag-aadal kun pàno an mga [[planeta]] asin mga [[bituon]] napoporma, interact asin nagagadan; [[particle physics]], na pigpapahiling kun pàno an matter naghihiro sa pinakasadit na eskwala; [[evolutionary biology]], na nag-aadal kun pàno an buhay nag-eevolve sa paglihis nin panahon; [[plate tectonics]], na nagpapahiling kun pàno an mga kontinente nagliliwat sa paglihis kan milenyo; asin [[sosyolohiya]], na nag-eexamine kun pàno an mga sosyedad nin tawo asin an kultura nagbabago. An mga kronolohiyang ini nagpoon sa kapinonan kan ika-4 na milenyo sa taon in 3001 CE, asin mapadagos sagkod sa pinakaharayo asin pinakahalawig na maaabot kan panahon sa nuanoy. Kabali diyan an mga altenatibong mga pangyayari sa nuanoy na nagtataong salaysay sa mga siyentipikong kahapotan na dai pang kasimbagan, siring kan kun baga an [[Pagkapuho kan sangkatawohan|mapupuho an mga tawo]], kun makakaligtas an Kinaban kun an Saldang magdakula tanganing magin [[pulang tandayag]] asin kun an [[proton decay]] iyo an magin katapusan kan gabos na matter sa uniberso. ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{stub}} n8b3qoe9k4y73jg90nst2ntsq6pcdmd 0 56881 311526 311474 2026-10-12T21:43:01Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 1 book for (20261012)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 311526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Courier and SOE operative (1912–2011)}} {{for|the miniseries|Nancy Wake (miniseries)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}{{Use Australian English|date=April 2026}} {{Infobox military person | name = Nancy Wake | image = Nancy Wake (1945).jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Wake in 1945 | nickname = Hélène (SOE)<br/>Andrée ([[French Resistance]]/SOE Identity)<br/>White Mouse (Gestapo in France) | birth_date = {{birth date|1912|8|30|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Roseneath, Wellington|Roseneath]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand | death_date = {{death date and age|2011|8|7|1912|8|30|df=yes}} | death_place = London, England | burial_place = | allegiance = {{flagu|France}}<br/>{{flagu|United Kingdom}} | branch = [[Special Operations Executive]]<br/>[[First Aid Nursing Yeomanry]] | service_years = 1943–1945 (SOE) | rank = [[First Aid Nursing Yeomanry|Captain]] | unit = [[SOE F Section networks|Freelance]] | commands = | battles = [[Second World War]] | awards = [[Companion of the Order of Australia]]<br/>[[George Medal]]<br/>[[Officer of the Legion of Honour]] (France)<br/>[[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|Croix de guerre]] (France)<br/>[[Médaille de la Résistance]] (France)<br/>[[Medal of Freedom (1945)|Medal of Freedom]] (United States)<br/>[[RSA Badge in Gold]] (New Zealand) | spouse = Henri Fiocca (d. 1943)<br/>John Forward | other_work = }} Si '''Nancy Grace Augusta Wake''', (30 Agosto 1912 – 7 Agosto 2011), midbid man sa apod na '''Madame Fiocca''' asin '''Nancy Fiocca'''. Namundag sa New Zealand, siya sarong Australyanong nurse asin peryodista na nagbali sa [[French Resistance]] dangan sa [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) durante kan [[Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban]], asin madalian may halipot na karera bilang [[intelligence officer]] sa [[Air Ministry]]. An opisyal na historyador kan SOE, [[M. R. D. Foot]], nagkomento na an "saiyang dai mapugol-pugolan, nakakaulakit, asin maugmahon na disposisyon nakaka'enganyo sa isayman na katrabaho niya."<ref>Foot, M. R. D. (1966), ''[[SOE in France]]'', London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, p. 365</ref> Dakul na istorya dapit sa mga aktibidad niya kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban ginuno mansana sa saiyang autobiograpiya, ''The White Mouse'', asin dai masusog saka mapatotoanan sa ibang mga toltolan. Namundag sa [[Wellington]], New Zealand, si Wake nagdakula sa [[Sydney]], New South Wales, [[Australia]]. Kan mga 1930, si Wake yaon nag'eestar sa [[Marseille]] kasaro' saiyang Pranses na industrialistang agom, Henri Fiocca, kan an gera nagputok. Pakahulog sa kamot kan Nazi'ng Alemanya an Pransya taon 1940, si Wake nagin courier para sa [[Pat O'Leary Line|Pat O'Leary escape network]] pinamamayohan ni [[Ian Garrow]] asin ngapit ni [[Albert Guérisse]]. Bilang myembro kan escape network, siya nagtabang sa mga Allied airmen sa pagdulag na madakop kan mga Aleman asin madara sa [[Espanya durante kan Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban|neutral na Espanya]]. Kan 1943, kan an mga Aleman nakamangno na saiya, siya nagdulag pasiring Espanya asin nagpasiring sa Reyna Unido. An saiyang agom nadakop asin pinag'ehekutar kan mga Nazi.<ref name="nytimes.com">[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/world/europe/14wake.html "Nancy Wake, Proud Spy and Nazi Foe, Dies at 98" (''New York Times'', 13 August 2011)]</ref> Pakaabot sa Britanya, si Wake nagbali sa Special Operations Executive (SOE) sa irarom na [[kodigong pangaran]] "Hélène". Kan 29–30 Abril 1944 bilang myembro kan tolong-persona'ng SOE team nakokodigo sa bansag na "Freelance", si Wake nagparakyut sa [[Allier]] na departamento kan okupadong Pransya ngani makipag-koordinar sa ultan nin SOE asin magkapirang grupo [[Maquis (World War II)|Maquis]] sa rona' nin [[Auvergne]], na pig'aasikaso ni [[Émile Coulaudon]] (kodigong pangaran "Gaspard").<ref name="ReferenceA">"Nancy Wake: SOEs Greatest Héroïne" Braddon, Russell, 1956.</ref> Siya nagpartisipar sa batalya pag'ultan nin Maquis asin dakulang Aleman na pwersa kan Hunyo 1944. Pakalihis kan sagupaan, na kun saen nadaog an Maquis, sinabi niyang siya nagbisekletang 500 kilometro ta magpadara nin situation report sa SOE duman sa London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2011 |title=Nancy Wake |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/special-forces-obituaries/8689765/Nancy-Wake.html |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=FitzSimons |first=Peter |date=8 August 2011 |title=The white mouse who roared |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/the-white-mouse-who-roared-20110808-1ij2o.html |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>Kedward, H. R. (1993), ''In Search of the Maquis'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 162–169</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wake |first=Nancy |date=2011 |orig-date=First published by Sun Books 1985 |title=The White Mouse |publisher=Pan MacMillan Australia |page=135 |isbn=978-1-7426-1075-7}}</ref> ==Mga Nota== {{Reflist}} ==Toltolan== {{Tamboan}} * Braddon, Russell. ''Nancy Wake: The Story of a Very Brave Woman'', Cassell & Co. Ltd: London, 1956. * Braddon, Russell. ''Nancy Wake'', Pan Books, London; Sydney, 1958. * Braddon, Russell. ''Woman in Arms: The Story of Nancy Wake'', Collins, London, 1963. * {{citation|last1=Dennis|first1=Peter|last2=Grey |first2=Jeffrey |author-link2=Jeffrey Grey |last3=Morris |first3=Ewan |last4=Prior |first4=Robin|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-553227-9}} * {{Cite book |last=FitzSimons |first=Peter |author-link=Peter FitzSimons |title=Nancy Wake : the inspiring story of one of the war's greatest heroines |url=https://archive.org/details/nancywakebiograp0000pete |date=2002 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=0-00-714401-6 |location=London |oclc=49594627}} * Wake, Nancy. ''Autobiography of the Woman the Gestapo Called the White Mouse'', [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]: [[South Melbourne, Victoria|South Melbourne]], 1985, {{ISBN|0-7251-0755-3}}. * [http://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/curious-ear-doconone-nancy-wake.html RTE 1 radio documentary, "Nancy Wake and Harry Potter", first broadcast 9-Aug-2011] * [http://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/son-and-heir-in-labor-stronghold/2006/10/11/1160246193075.html "Son and heir in Labor stronghold"], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 12 October 2006 * [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/03/03/1078191357342.html "Finally, Nancy gets her gong"], ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 3 March 2004 * [https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.capitaltimes.co.nz/article/3093/HeronlyregretnotkillingmoreNazis.html "Her only regret:not killing more Nazis"], ''Capital Times'', Wellington, 2 June 2010, accessible at Internet Archive * [http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3774823/White-Mouse-war-legend-back-where-she-started "White Mouse war legend back where she started"], ''The Dominion Post'', Wellington, 4 June 2010 ==Mga panluwas na takod== * {{Australian Women's Register|AWE0363b|Nancy Grace Augusta Wake}} * [http://www.mickjoffe.com/Nancy_Wake 1997 Interview with Nancy Wake] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090107105113/http://nzedge.com/heroes/wake.html NZ Edge] * [http://www.awm.gov.au/people/332.asp Australian War Memorial Biography] * [http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/PhotoSearchSearchResults.asp?I=undefined&browseagain=undefined&refnum=&seriesno=&pagesize=10&Pheading=undefined&Sheading=undefined&S=2&F=1&O=0&T=I&C=29&M=1&K=nancy%20wake Australian National Archives Photos of Nancy Wake]{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://ngataonga.org.nz/set/item/513 Video of Nancy Wake via Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision exhibition.] * {{NPG name|id=126994}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wake, Nancy}} [[Kategorya:1912 births]] [[Kategorya:2011 deaths]] [[Kategorya:Female resistance members of World War II]] [[Kategorya:Female spies during World War II]] [[Kategorya:French Resistance members]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand military personnel of World War II]] [[Kategorya:Special Operations Executive personnel]] [[Kategorya:First Aid Nursing Yeomanry people]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand women in World War II]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand people of World War II]] [[Kategorya:Military personnel from London]] [[Kategorya:People from Wellington City]] [[Kategorya:Australian memoirists]] [[Kategorya:Liberal Party of Australia politicians]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand emigrants to Australia]] [[en:Nancy Wake]] lf4u26iwi00mdlehy6sjyvb48wr8smj 0 56883 311517 311472 2026-10-12T19:37:26Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Vicente de la Mata | image = | caption= | full_name = Vicente de la Mata (H) | birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|7|2|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Rosario]], [[Santa Fe Province]], Argentina | death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|11|21|1944|7|2|df=y}} | death_place = | height = | position = [[Midfielder]] | youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = | years1 = 1961–1970 | clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | caps1 = 97 | goals1 = 8 | years2 = 1970–1971 | clubs2 = [[Club Necaxa|Necaxa]] | caps2 = | goals2 = | years3 = 1971–1976 | clubs3 = [[Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz|Veracruz]] | caps3 = | goals3 = | years4 = 1976–1977 | clubs4 = [[O'Higgins F.C.|O'Higgins]] | caps4 = | goals4 = | years5 = 1978–1979 | clubs5 = [[Argentino de Quilmes]] | caps5 = 8 | goals5 = 2 | manageryears1 = | managerclubs1 = | nationalyears1 = 1965–1966 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 0 }} Si '''Vicente de la Mata''' (2 Hulyo 1944 – 21 Nobyembre 2024) sarong Argentinong [[association football|football]]er. Sarong [[midfielder]], siya nagkawat sa bilog haros kan saiyang karera sa [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] asin nagkawat siya sa[[Argentina national football team|Argentina national team]] ultan nin 1965 asin 1966. ==Biograpiya== Namundag sa [[Rosario]], an ama niya si [[Vicente de la Mata (footballer, namundag 1918)|Vicente]], sarong Argentino na internasyonal na footballer, saro sa pinakamahusay durante kan mga 1940.<ref name="RdA">{{cite web|publisher=El Siglo de Torreón|author=Rosas, Sergio Luis|title=Recuerdos del Ayer|trans-title=Memories of yesterday|url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/630607.recuerdos-del-ayer.html|language=Spanish|date=1 June 2011|access-date=6 October 2026|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420090134/https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/630607.recuerdos-del-ayer.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=ws>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[World Soccer (magazine)|World Soccer]]|date=January 2025|page=16|title=Obituaries|last1=Radnedge|first1=Keir|last2=Gleeson|first2=Mark}}</ref> Si De la Mata naggikan sa youth team kan [[Club Atlético Independiente]]. Siya nakasikwit nin tolong [[Primera División Argentina]] titulo sa siyam na season sa irarom kan Independiente. Saiya man natabangan an Independiente na ganahon an [[Copa Libertadores]] nin duwang beses.<ref name=ws/> Kan 1970, siya nagpa-abroad ta magkawat sa [[Club Necaxa]] duman sa [[Primera División de México]].<ref name="RdA" />Siya nagkawat nin sarong season sa Necaxa, dangan nagbali sa [[Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz|Deportivo Veracruz]] para sa limang season. Sa katapusan kan saiyang karera, siya ngpaChile asin nagkawat nin sarong season sa [[Primera B Metropolitana]] sa irarom nin [[Argentino de Quilmes]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Historia y Futbol|author=Carluccio, Jose|title=Argentina: 1ra. "B" AFA 1978|url=http://historiayfutbol.obolog.com/argentina-1ra-b-afa-1978-838092|language=Spanish|date=1 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222004224/http://historiayfutbol.obolog.com/argentina-1ra-b-afa-1978-838092|archive-date=2014-02-22|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Si De la Mata anom na beses nagpahiling para sa [[Argentina national football team|Argentina national team]], kabali sa sarong [[1966 FIFA World Cup]] qualifier. Siya nagadan kan 21 Nobyembre 2024, sa edad na 80.<ref>[https://www.infobae.com/deportes/2024/11/21/dolor-en-el-futbol-argentino-murio-vicente-de-la-mata-emblema-de-independiente-y-campeon-de-la-copa-libertadores/ Dolor en el fútbol argentino: murió Vicente De La Mata, emblema de Independiente y campeón de la Copa Libertadores] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{reflist}} {{Tamboan}} ==Mga panluwas na takod== * {{FIFA player|48302}} * {{NFT player|45496}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mata, Vicente de la}} [[Kategorya:Mga 1944 na kamundagan]] [[Kategorya:Mga 2024 na kagadanan]] [[Kategorya:Mga lalaking footballer sa Argentina]] [[Kategorya:Mga footballer haleng Rosario, Santa Fe]] [[Kategorya:Mga panlalaking association football midfielder]] [[Kategorya:Mga lalaking international footballer haleng Argentina]] [[en:Vicente de la Mata (footballer, born 1944)]] lfq8kf269wsbmm3upfbg0dtv6yw7ice 0 56907 311525 311482 2026-10-12T21:41:17Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20261012)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 311525 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Drupe fruit diagram.svg|lang=en|thumb|Diagram of a typical drupe, in this case a [[peach]], illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened [[endocarp]] which encloses the [[seed]]]] An '''tu'lang''' nin prutas kan tinanom o (sa Ingles '''pyrena''', komun na inaapod sa Ingles '''pit''' o '''stone''', iyo an matagas sa laog kan magkapirang klaseng prutas arog kan sa [[pili]], [[ogob]], [[langka]], [[santol]], [[tiesa]], asin iba pa, na ini parati may patos na matagas na bagay nagpapalibot sa pinaka-ubod kaining pisog (inapod sa Ingles "kernel").{{sfnp|Beentje|Williamson|2010}}{{sfnp|Hickey|King|2001}} Ini tuyong nahahaman paagi kan papahibog kan interior na lining o tisyu kan prutas na inapod endokarp, [[endocarp]].{{sfnp|Eckel|2011}} Ining matagas na estruktura nagtataong pisikal na proteksyon sa pisog ngani ini dai laogon nin mga [[pathogen]] o mga kahelangan asin dai maabot kan mga hayop-hayop na ini kakanon. [[File:雕橄欖核舟.png|thumb|''[[Boat Carved from an Olive Stone]]'', at the [[National Palace Museum]]. Taiwan]] == Gamit asin kultura == An mga tu'lang nin tinanom haloy nang inuusar sa bilog na kinaban kan mga iba-ibang kultura. An ibang tu'lang nin mga prutas, arog kan[[ melokoton]], pinaghihiris magtaong namit sa mga pagkakan asin inomon, kabarali an inaapod na peach pit jelly, suka, asin alkoholikong papresko arog kan [[ratafia]].{{sfnp|Bush|1971}} Sa Tsina, an mga tu'lang prutas ginagamit sa handikraft, arog kan [[fruit pit carving]] ({{lang|zh|核雕}}), paggibong alahas asin iskultura.{{sfnp|Wang|1999|p=140}} An mga [[Shaivite]] asin [[Buddhist]] practitioner inuusar an tu-lang kan prutas nin ''[[Elaeocarpus angustifolius]]'', apod na ''[[rudraksha]]'', bilang mga prayer beads para sa ''[[akshamala]]''.{{sfnp|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=22}}{{sfnp|Beer|1999|pp=216–217}} == Galeriya == {{clear}}{{gallery |align=center |File:Autumn Red peaches.jpg|Cross-section of a peach, a monopyrenous drupe, cut to reveal the pyrene inside |File:Prunus persica pit.jpg|Pyrene of a peach dissected to reveal a single seed inside |File:Crataeguspunctata.jpg|Pyrenes extracted from a single fruit of ''[[Crataegus punctata]]'', a polypyrenous drupe |File:X-Ray of 10 Mukhi Rudraksha.png|X-ray of a pyrene of ''Elaeocarpus angustifolius'' revealing 10 seed-bearing [[locule]]s inside; the number of locules in ''E. angustifolius'' pyrenes is variable between individual fruits }} == Hinga man == * [[Nut (fruit)]] == Toltolan == {{reflist|20em}} == Bibliograpiya == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal |last1=Allué |first1=Ethel |last2=Cáceres |first2=Isabel |last3=Expósito |first3=Isabel |last4=Canals |first4=Antoni |last5=Rodríguez |first5=Anna |last6=Rosell |first6=Jordi |last7=Bermúdez de Castro |first7=José María |last8=Carbonell |first8=Eudald |title=Celtis remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=2015 |volume=53 |pages=570–577 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016 |bibcode=2015JArSc..53..570A}} * {{cite book |last1=Beentje |first1=H. |last2=Williamson |first2=J. |date=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |url=https://archive.org/details/kewplantglossary0000been |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}} * {{cite book |last1=Beer |first1=Robert |date=1999 |title=The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=9781570624162}} * {{cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Ava |date=1971 |title=Utilization of the culinary and therapeutic properties of the peach |journal=Economic Botany |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1007/BF02894557 |jstor=4253205}} * {{cite journal |last1=Dardick |first1=Chris |last2=Callahan |first2=Ann M. |title=Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=2014 |volume=5 |pages=284 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2014.00284 |pmid=25009543 |pmc=4070412 |issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free }} * {{cite web |last1=Eckel |first1=P.M. |date=2011 |title=A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=stone}} * {{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=M. |last2=King |first2=C. |date=2001 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9780816075645}} * {{cite journal |last1=Messager |first1=Erwan |last2=Badou |first2=Aïcha |last3=Fröhlich |first3=François |last4=Deniaux |first4=Brigitte |last5=Lordkipanidze |first5=David |last6=Voinchet |first6=Pierre |title=Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |date=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |doi=10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1 |bibcode=2010ArAnS...2...25M |s2cid=128691588 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02949710/file/2010%20graine%20biomin.pdf }} * {{cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=D. |last2=Eriksson |first2=T. |last3=Evans |first3=R.C. |last4=Oh |first4=S. |last5=Smedmark |first5=J.E.E. |last6=Morgan |first6=D.R. |last7=Kerr |first7=M. |last8=Robertson |first8=K.R. |last9=Arsenault |first9=M. |last10=Dickinson |first10=T.A. |last11=Campbell |first11=C.S. |title=Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2007 |volume=266 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–43 |url=https://rd.springer.com/journal/606/266/1/page/1 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266....5P |s2cid=16578516 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite book |last=Wang |first=Ping |date=1999 |title=100 Chinese Folk Handicrafts |publisher=Guangxi People's Publishing House |isbn=9787219039250}} {{refend}} {{Botany}} [[Category:Plant anatomy]] [[Category:Drupes]] [[en:pyrena]] 4x6ep4s9cg9u6wyte4tshsqal9c6yg1 0 56908 311512 311491 2026-10-12T17:47:11Z Ringer 55 311512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Canary melon]] and [[cantaloupe]]]] An '''melon''' iyo an arinman sa mga tinanom na sakop kan pamilyang [[Cucurbitaceae]] na igwang mahamot, makakan na gayo asin malaog na [[prutas]]. Ini pwede man magpanongod sa ''[[Cucumis melo]]'', na ini an komun na inaapod na "tunay na melon" o sim-ple "melon". An terminong "melon" pwedeng iyo an tinanom mismo o an bunga kaini.. Sa bonatikong pagkasabot, an melon sarong klaseng [[botanical berry|berry]], o iyo an sinasabing "[[pepo (botany)|pepo]]". An katagang ''melon'' gikan sa [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|melopepo}}'',<ref>{{OEtymD|melon}}</ref><ref>{{L&S|melopepo|ref}}</ref> na iyo an [[pinagLatin (literatura)|pinagLatin]] kan [[Antigong Griyego|Griyego]]ng {{lang|grc|μηλοπέπων}} (''mēlopepōn''), na boot sabihon mansana "melon",<ref name="lsj">{{LSJ|mhlope/pwn|μηλοπέπων|ref}}.</ref> na ini compound mansana kan {{lang|grc|μῆλον}} (''mēlon''), "apple", treefruit (''of any kind'')"<ref>{{LSJ|mh{{=}}lon2|μῆλον|shortref}}.</ref> asin {{lang|grc|πέπων}} (''pepōn''), sa iba pa kaini, sarong klaseng "gourd o melon".<ref>{{LSJ|pe/pwn|πέπων|shortref}}.</ref> Kadakul nang mga [[cultivar]] an naprodyusir, partikularmente kan tunay na melon, arog kan [[cantaloupe]] asin [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]]. ==Historya== [[File:Watermelon and melon in India.jpg|thumb|right|Watermelon asin melon sa Indya]] An mga melon pighuhuna na naggikan daa sa Aprika.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The new Oxford book of food plants|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-954946-7|pages=134}}</ref> Alagad, sa mga presenteng pag'adal nagsusuwestyon nin pinaghalean sa [[Sud-sulnopan Asya]], urog na sa [[Iran]] asin [[Indya]];<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raghami|first1=Mahmoud|last2=López-Sesé|first2=Ana Isabel|last3=Hasandokht|first3=Mohamad Reza|last4=Zamani|first4=Zabihollah|last5=Moghadam|first5=Mahmoud Reza Fattahi|last6=Kashi|first6=Abdolkarim|date=2014-01-01|title=Genetic diversity among melon accessions from Iran and their relationships with melon germplasm of diverse origins using microsatellite markers|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=300|issue=1|pages=139–151|doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0866-y|issn=1615-6110|quote=Melons or muskmelon are native to Iran and adjacent countries toward the west and east. In fact, ‘Musk’ is a Persian word for a kind of perfume and ‘melon’ is derived from Greek words (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997). The origin of diversity for melon was traditionally believed to be in Africa (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997), although recent molecular systematic studies, suggested that it may be originated from Asia and then reached to Africa (Renner et al. 2007). Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan and China (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997) are considered primary diversity centre for melon (Tzitzikas et al. 2009).Two formal infraspecific taxa within C. melo were recognized by Kirkbri|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014PSyEv.300..139R |hdl=10261/408207|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Growing Melons|date=2012-04-03|access-date=2019-05-25|quote=Melons are believed to have originated in the hot valleys of southwest Asia—specifically Iran (Persia) and India.}}</ref> hale igdi, ini luway-luway nagtunga na sa [[Europa]] sa paghihinapos kan [[Imperyong Romanong Sulnopan]]. An mga melon midbid na gayong pigkukultibar kan mga taga Ehiptong suanoy. Alagad, mga dai pa haloy na mga pagkakadukay nin mga pisog nin melon petsado pag'ultan 1350 asin 1120 [[BCE]] sa mga sagradong Nuragic na bobon nagpapahiling na an mga melon enot nang nadara sa Europa kan [[Sibilisasyon Nuragic]] nin Sardinia durante kan [[Bronseng Anoy]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|title=Archaeobotanical analysis of a Bronze Age well from Sardinia: A wealth of knowledge|first1=Sabato|last1=D.|first2=Masi|last2=A.|first3=Pepe|last3=C.|first4=Ucchesu|last4=M.|first5=Peña-Chocarro|last5=L.|first6=Usai|last6=A.|first7=Giachi|last7=G.|first8=Capretti|last8=C.|first9=Bacchetta|last9=G.|date=16 May 2017|journal=Plant Biosystems|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011633/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|url-status=live}}</ref> Melons were among the earliest plants to be domesticated in the [[Old World]] and among the first crop species brought by westerners to the [[New World]].<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Plant Breeding Review | volume=35 | editor=Jules Janick | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foHdS6xeht8C&q=melons%20domesticated&pg=PP1 | title=Melon Landraces of India: Contributions and Importance | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year=2012 | isbn=978-1118100486 | last1=Dhillon | first1=Narinder P.S. | last2=Monforte | first2=Antonio J. | last3=Pitrat | first3=Michel | last4=Pandey | first4=Sudhakar | last5=Singh | first5=Praveen Kumar | last6=Reitsma | first6=Kathleen R. | last7=Garcia-Mas | first7=Jordi | last8=Sharma | first8=Abhishek | last9=McCreight | first9=James D. | page=88 | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> Early European settlers in the New World are recorded as growing [[honeydew (melon)|honeydew]] and [[casaba]] melons as early as the 1600s.<ref name="unl">{{cite web |title = Growing Melons |url = http://byf.unl.edu/Melon |publisher = University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension |access-date = 2011-11-04 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon |archive-date = 2012-04-03 }}</ref> A number of Native American tribes in New Mexico, including the Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Navajo, Santo Domingo and San Felipe, maintain a tradition of growing their own characteristic melon cultivars, derived from melons originally introduced by the Spanish. Organizations like [[Native Seeds/SEARCH]] have made an effort to collect and preserve these and other heritage seeds.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021047/http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm | newspaper=[[Albuquerque Journal]] | date=September 24, 2008 | archive-date=November 2, 2013 | title=San Felipe Pueblo melon farmer favors the old ways | first=Denise |last=Miller | access-date=October 20, 2014 }}</ref> ==Melon sa pagkabiristo sa genus== [[File:Cucumis metuliferus fruit - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|Horned melon]] [[File:Cantaloupe Melon cross section.png|thumb|upright|Honeydew]] ===''Benincasa''=== * [[Winter melon]]<ref group="note">Not to be confused with ''Cucumis melo inodorus'' varieties, also collectively called ''winter melon''.</ref> (''B. hispida'') is the only member of the genus ''Benincasa''. The mature winter melon is a cooking vegetable that is widely used in [[Asia]], especially in [[India]]. The immature melons are used as a culinary fruit (e.g., to make a distinctive fruit drink). ===''Citrullus''=== {{main|Citrullus}} * [[Citron melon]] (C. amarus) closely resembles the watermelon, but has harder, whiter flesh. It is often cooked or preserved rather than being eaten raw. It is native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. * [[Citrullus colocynthis|Colocynth]] (''C. colocynthis'') is a wild melon, similar in appearance to the watermelon. The flesh is inedible, but the seeds are a valuable food source in [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Seeds, seeds, seeds: Egusi, the Miracle Melon | publisher=Nourishing the Planet | author1=Danielle Nierenberg | author1-link=Danielle Nierenberg | author2=Elena Davert | url=http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175830/http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | archive-date=October 6, 2010 | date=September 20, 2010 }}</ref> Other species that have the same culinary role, and that are also called egusi include ''[[Melothria sphaerocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cucumeropsis mannii'') and ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Importance and practices of Egusi crops (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. cv. ' Aklamkpa ') in sociolinguistic areas in Benin | url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf | author1=Enoch Gbenato Achigan-Dako | author2=Rose Fagbemissi | author3=Hermane Tonankpon Avohou | author4=Raymond Sognon Vodouhe | author5=Ousmane Coulibaly | author6=Adam Ahanchede | journal=Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. | year=2008 | volume=12 | issue=4 | pages=393–40 | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2015-05-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507194743/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'') originated in Africa, where evidence indicates that it has been cultivated for over 4,000 years.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |isbn=9780199549061 |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=193}}</ref> It is a popular summer fruit in all parts of the world.<ref>{{cite book | chapter=Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai | publisher=[[FAO]] | title=Grassland Species Profiles }}</ref> ===''Cucumis''=== [[File:Painted green melons. Chennai, India, 2010.jpg|thumb|Painted green melons. [[Chennai]], India, 2010]] [[File:Melonjf7319.JPG|thumb|Slice of cantaloupe melon]] [[File:Cucumis melo inodorus argos.jpg|thumb|Argos melon]] Melons in genus ''[[Cucumis]]'' are culinary fruits, and include the majority of culinary melons. All but a handful of culinary melon varieties belong to the species ''Cucumis melo L.'' * [[Horned melon]] (''C. metuliferus''), a traditional food plant in Africa with distinctive spikes. Now grown in [[California]], [[Chile]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as well.<ref name="prota">{{cite book | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&q=momordica%20charantia%20culinary&pg=PA385 | page=248 | chapter=Momordica | title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables |editor1=G.J.H. Grubben |editor2=O.H. Denton | author1=G.N. Njorogo | author2=M.N. van Luijk | publisher=[[PROTA Foundation]] | year=2004 | isbn=90-5782-147-8 | location=Wageningen, Netherlands | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> * [[True melon]] (''C. melo'') ** ''C. melo cantalupensis'', with skin that is rough and warty, not netted. *** The European [[cantaloupe]], with lightly ribbed, pale green skin, was domesticated in the 18th century, in [[Cantalupo in Sabina]], [[Italy]], by the [[pope]]'s gardener. It is also known as a 'rockmelon' in Australia and New Zealand. Varieties include the French ''Charentais'' and the [[Burpee Seeds]] hybrid ''Netted Gem'', introduced in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwq1lunLkuoC&q=%22melo%20cantalupensis%22&pg=PA255 | page=255 | title=Cooking with the Bible: biblical food, feasts, and lore |author1=Anthony F. Chiffolo |author2=Rayner W. Hesse | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | year=2006 | isbn=0-313-33410-2 | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> The [[Yubari King]] is a highly prized Japanese cantaloupe [[cultivar]]. *** The [[Persian melon]] resemble a large cantaloupe with a darker green [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] and a finer netting.<ref name="vos">{{cite book | title=Passion of a Foodie - An International Kitchen Companion | author=Heidemarie Vos | publisher=Strategic Book Publishing | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-934925-63-8 | page=348 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spY3ct9PBxEC&q=%22persian%20melon%22%20netting&pg=PA348 | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> ** ''C. melo inodorus'', casabas, honeydew, and Asian melons *** [[Argos, Peloponnese#Economy|Argos]], a large, oblong, with orange wrinkled skin, orange flesh, strong aroma. A characteristic is its pointed ends. Growing in some areas of Greece, from which it gets its name. *** [[Banana melon]], an heirloom variety with salmon-colored flesh and an elongated banana shape and yellow rind *** [[Canary melon]], a large, bright-yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh. *** Casaba, bright yellow, with a smooth, furrowed skin. Less flavorful than other melons, but keeps longer.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=WiseGeek | title=What is a casaba melon? | url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2014-07-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722192652/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> *** [[Crenshaw melon]], a hybrid between a [[Casaba melon]] and a [[Persian melon]] that is described to have a very sweet flavor *** [[Gaya melon]], originally from [[Japan]], a honeydew cultivar that is ivory in color and has a mild, sweet flavor *** [[Hami melon]], originally from [[Hami Prefecture|Hami]], [[Xinjiang]], China. Flesh is sweet and crisp.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=China Daily | title=Xinjiang Hami Melon | series=Library>China ABC>Geography>Local Products | url=http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2013-11-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162139/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> *** [[honeydew (melon)|Honeydew]], with a sweet, juicy, green-colored flesh. Grown as [[bailan melon]] in [[Lanzhou]], [[China]]. There is a second variety which has yellow skin, white flesh and tastes like a moist pear. *** [[Honeymoon melon]], a variety of honeydew with golden rind and bright green flesh and a sweet flavor *** [[Kajari melon]], a sweet honeydew cultivar that is red-orange in color with green stripes reminiscent of a [[beach ball]] *** [[Kolkhoznitsa melon]], with smooth, yellow skin and dense, white flesh.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Moscow Times | url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html | date=September 21, 2007 | title=Moscow flooded with melons | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2015-05-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510185404/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html | url-status=live }}</ref> *** Japanese melons (including the [[Sprite melon]]). *** [[Korean melon]], a yellow melon with white lines running across the fruit and white inside. Can be crisp and slightly sweet or juicy when left to ripen longer. *** [[Mirza melon]], a large, cream-colored melon native to [[Central Asia]] with a sweet, savory flavor *** [[Oriental pickling melon]] *** [[Pixie melon]], a sweet, palm-sized cantaloupe cultivar with a strange, cracked-looking netting *** {{lang|es|Piel de Sapo}} ({{gloss|toad skin}}) or [[Santa Claus melon]], a melon with a blotchy green skin and white sweet-tasting flesh. *** [[Sugar melon]], a smooth, white, round fruit.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Complete Book of Fruit: an illustrated guide to over 400 species and varieties of fruit from all over the world | author=Jac G. Constant | publisher=Admiral | year=1986 | isbn=1-85171-049-3 | page=35 }}</ref> *** Tiger melon, an orange, yellow and black striped melon from [[Turkey]] with a soft pulp.<ref>{{cite book | title=A Gourmet's Guide to Fruit | first1=Judy|last1=Bastyra |first2=Julia|last2=Canning | publisher=HP Books | year=1990 | isbn=0-89586-849-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 64] | url=https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 }}</ref> ** ''C. melo reticulatus'', true muskmelons, with netted (reticulated) skin. *** North American cantaloupe, distinct from the European cantaloupe, with the net-like skin pattern common to other ''C. melo reticulatus'' varieties.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdLYGMOIndkC&q=reticulatus%20%22north%20american%20melon%22&pg=PA116 | page=116 | title=The Joy of Jams, Jellies and Other Sweet Preserves: 200 Classic and Contemporary Recipes Showcasing the Fabulous Flavors of Fresh Fruits | author=Linda Ziedrich | publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4587-6483-6 | access-date=2014-10-20 | edition=Easyread Large }}</ref> *** [[Galia melon|Galia]] (or Ogen), small and very juicy with either faint green or rosy pink flesh.<ref name="vos" /> *** Sharlyn melons, with taste between honeydew and cantaloupes, netted skin, greenish-orange rind, and white flesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html | publisher=Food Reference | title=Melons | author=James Ehler | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2014-08-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805155746/http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html | url-status=live }}{{self-published source|date=November 2011}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=November 2011}} ** ''C. melo agrestis'', Wilder melon cultivars, with smooth skin, and tart or bland taste. Often confused with [[cucumber]]s (Dosakai, Lemon Cucumber, Pie Melons).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swamy|first=K. R. M.|date=2018-08-29|title=Origin, distribution and systematics of culinary cucumber (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon)|journal=Journal of Horticultural Sciences|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.24154/jhs.v12i1.64 |issn=0973-354X|doi-access=free}}</ref> ** ''C. melo conomon'', Conomon Melons, Pickling Melons, with smooth skin, and ranging from tart or bland taste (pickling melon) to mild sweetness in Korean Melon.Oriental Pickling melon, Korean Melon. Closely related to wilder melons (C Melo Var Agrestis).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=T. K.|chapter=Cucumis melo (Conomon Group)|date=2012|work=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits|pages=204–209|editor-last=Lim|editor-first=T. K.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_32|isbn=9789400717640|title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants}}</ref> ** Modern crossbred varieties, e.g. Crenshaw (Casaba × Persian), Crane (Japanese × N.A. cantaloupe). == Galeriya== <gallery> File:Melon Sugar Baby Matisse-9953.jpg|Melon Sugar Baby Matisse File:Cucumis melo on white background.jpg|''Cucumis melo'' File:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|Canary melon and Cantaloupe File:Honeydew melon yellow flower.jpg|Honeydew melon yellow flower </gallery> ==Produksyon== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ Melon production, 2020 |- ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Production<br /><small>(millions of tonnes)</small> |- | {{flag|China}} || {{right|13.83}} |- | {{flag|Turkey}} || {{right|1.72}} |- | {{flag|India}} || {{right|1.33}} |- | {{flag|Iran}} || {{right|1.28}} |- | {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{right|0.79}} |- | {{flag|United States}} || {{right|0.69}} |- | {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{right|0.65}} |- | {{flag|Brazil}} || {{right|0.61}} |- | '''World''' || {{right|'''27.4'''}} |- | colspan="2" |<small>Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]</small><ref name="faostat18">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of melons in 2018; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2019|publisher=[[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}</ref> |} Kan 2018, an produksyon nin kinaban kan melon uminabot 27 milyon tonelada, pinangenotan kan [[Tsina]] 46% sa total (table). An [[Turkey]], [[Indya]], asin [[Iran]] lambang saro sainda nagprodyusir sobra sa 1 milyon na tonelada.<ref name=faostat18/> ==Hilnga man== * [[Cucurbita]] – Squash (plant) * [[List of culinary fruits]] * [[List of gourds and squashes]] * [[List of melon dishes]] * '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Food}}</small>''''' ==Mga nota== {{Reflist|group=note}} {{-}} ==Toltolan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Mga heneral na gugunuan== * {{cite book | author=Mabberley, D.J. | year=1987 | title=The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | page= 706 | isbn=0-521-34060-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC | access-date=2014-10-20 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Magness|first1=J.R.|last2=Markle|first2=G.M.|last3=Compton|first3=C.C. | year=1971 | title=Food and feed crops of the United States | publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station | journal=IR Bulletin | volume=1 | issue=828 | ol=14117370M }} Interregional Research Project IR-4 ==Mga panluwas na takod== * {{Commonscatinline}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cucumis_melo_nex.html | title=Cucumis melo L. | publisher=Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plant Products | access-date=2014-10-20 }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cucumis.html | title=Sorting Cucumis names | publisher=Multilingual multiscript plant name database | access-date=2014-10-20 }} {{Melons}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorya: Mga melon| ]] [[Kategorya:Mga prutas naghahaleng Aprika]] [[en: Melon]] mx5tjlyp1mg8of32wgw1cil6i9vsfc4 311528 311512 2026-10-12T21:54:25Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Add 2 books for (20261012)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 311528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Canary melon]] and [[cantaloupe]]]] An '''melon''' iyo an arinman sa mga tinanom na sakop kan pamilyang [[Cucurbitaceae]] na igwang mahamot, makakan na gayo asin malaog na [[prutas]]. Ini pwede man magpanongod sa ''[[Cucumis melo]]'', na ini an komun na inaapod na "tunay na melon" o sim-ple "melon". An terminong "melon" pwedeng iyo an tinanom mismo o an bunga kaini.. Sa bonatikong pagkasabot, an melon sarong klaseng [[botanical berry|berry]], o iyo an sinasabing "[[pepo (botany)|pepo]]". An katagang ''melon'' gikan sa [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|melopepo}}'',<ref>{{OEtymD|melon}}</ref><ref>{{L&S|melopepo|ref}}</ref> na iyo an [[pinagLatin (literatura)|pinagLatin]] kan [[Antigong Griyego|Griyego]]ng {{lang|grc|μηλοπέπων}} (''mēlopepōn''), na boot sabihon mansana "melon",<ref name="lsj">{{LSJ|mhlope/pwn|μηλοπέπων|ref}}.</ref> na ini compound mansana kan {{lang|grc|μῆλον}} (''mēlon''), "apple", treefruit (''of any kind'')"<ref>{{LSJ|mh{{=}}lon2|μῆλον|shortref}}.</ref> asin {{lang|grc|πέπων}} (''pepōn''), sa iba pa kaini, sarong klaseng "gourd o melon".<ref>{{LSJ|pe/pwn|πέπων|shortref}}.</ref> Kadakul nang mga [[cultivar]] an naprodyusir, partikularmente kan tunay na melon, arog kan [[cantaloupe]] asin [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]]. ==Historya== [[File:Watermelon and melon in India.jpg|thumb|right|Watermelon asin melon sa Indya]] An mga melon pighuhuna na naggikan daa sa Aprika.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The new Oxford book of food plants|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-954946-7|pages=134}}</ref> Alagad, sa mga presenteng pag'adal nagsusuwestyon nin pinaghalean sa [[Sud-sulnopan Asya]], urog na sa [[Iran]] asin [[Indya]];<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raghami|first1=Mahmoud|last2=López-Sesé|first2=Ana Isabel|last3=Hasandokht|first3=Mohamad Reza|last4=Zamani|first4=Zabihollah|last5=Moghadam|first5=Mahmoud Reza Fattahi|last6=Kashi|first6=Abdolkarim|date=2014-01-01|title=Genetic diversity among melon accessions from Iran and their relationships with melon germplasm of diverse origins using microsatellite markers|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=300|issue=1|pages=139–151|doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0866-y|issn=1615-6110|quote=Melons or muskmelon are native to Iran and adjacent countries toward the west and east. In fact, ‘Musk’ is a Persian word for a kind of perfume and ‘melon’ is derived from Greek words (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997). The origin of diversity for melon was traditionally believed to be in Africa (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997), although recent molecular systematic studies, suggested that it may be originated from Asia and then reached to Africa (Renner et al. 2007). Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan and China (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997) are considered primary diversity centre for melon (Tzitzikas et al. 2009).Two formal infraspecific taxa within C. melo were recognized by Kirkbri|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014PSyEv.300..139R |hdl=10261/408207|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Growing Melons|date=2012-04-03|access-date=2019-05-25|quote=Melons are believed to have originated in the hot valleys of southwest Asia—specifically Iran (Persia) and India.}}</ref> hale igdi, ini luway-luway nagtunga na sa [[Europa]] sa paghihinapos kan [[Imperyong Romanong Sulnopan]]. An mga melon midbid na gayong pigkukultibar kan mga taga Ehiptong suanoy. Alagad, mga dai pa haloy na mga pagkakadukay nin mga pisog nin melon petsado pag'ultan 1350 asin 1120 [[BCE]] sa mga sagradong Nuragic na bobon nagpapahiling na an mga melon enot nang nadara sa Europa kan [[Sibilisasyon Nuragic]] nin Sardinia durante kan [[Bronseng Anoy]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|title=Archaeobotanical analysis of a Bronze Age well from Sardinia: A wealth of knowledge|first1=Sabato|last1=D.|first2=Masi|last2=A.|first3=Pepe|last3=C.|first4=Ucchesu|last4=M.|first5=Peña-Chocarro|last5=L.|first6=Usai|last6=A.|first7=Giachi|last7=G.|first8=Capretti|last8=C.|first9=Bacchetta|last9=G.|date=16 May 2017|journal=Plant Biosystems|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011633/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|url-status=live}}</ref> Melons were among the earliest plants to be domesticated in the [[Old World]] and among the first crop species brought by westerners to the [[New World]].<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Plant Breeding Review | volume=35 | editor=Jules Janick | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foHdS6xeht8C&q=melons%20domesticated&pg=PP1 | title=Melon Landraces of India: Contributions and Importance | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year=2012 | isbn=978-1118100486 | last1=Dhillon | first1=Narinder P.S. | last2=Monforte | first2=Antonio J. | last3=Pitrat | first3=Michel | last4=Pandey | first4=Sudhakar | last5=Singh | first5=Praveen Kumar | last6=Reitsma | first6=Kathleen R. | last7=Garcia-Mas | first7=Jordi | last8=Sharma | first8=Abhishek | last9=McCreight | first9=James D. | page=88 | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> Early European settlers in the New World are recorded as growing [[honeydew (melon)|honeydew]] and [[casaba]] melons as early as the 1600s.<ref name="unl">{{cite web |title = Growing Melons |url = http://byf.unl.edu/Melon |publisher = University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension |access-date = 2011-11-04 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon |archive-date = 2012-04-03 }}</ref> A number of Native American tribes in New Mexico, including the Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Navajo, Santo Domingo and San Felipe, maintain a tradition of growing their own characteristic melon cultivars, derived from melons originally introduced by the Spanish. Organizations like [[Native Seeds/SEARCH]] have made an effort to collect and preserve these and other heritage seeds.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021047/http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm | newspaper=[[Albuquerque Journal]] | date=September 24, 2008 | archive-date=November 2, 2013 | title=San Felipe Pueblo melon farmer favors the old ways | first=Denise |last=Miller | access-date=October 20, 2014 }}</ref> ==Melon sa pagkabiristo sa genus== [[File:Cucumis metuliferus fruit - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|Horned melon]] [[File:Cantaloupe Melon cross section.png|thumb|upright|Honeydew]] ===''Benincasa''=== * [[Winter melon]]<ref group="note">Not to be confused with ''Cucumis melo inodorus'' varieties, also collectively called ''winter melon''.</ref> (''B. hispida'') is the only member of the genus ''Benincasa''. The mature winter melon is a cooking vegetable that is widely used in [[Asia]], especially in [[India]]. The immature melons are used as a culinary fruit (e.g., to make a distinctive fruit drink). ===''Citrullus''=== {{main|Citrullus}} * [[Citron melon]] (C. amarus) closely resembles the watermelon, but has harder, whiter flesh. It is often cooked or preserved rather than being eaten raw. It is native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. * [[Citrullus colocynthis|Colocynth]] (''C. colocynthis'') is a wild melon, similar in appearance to the watermelon. The flesh is inedible, but the seeds are a valuable food source in [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Seeds, seeds, seeds: Egusi, the Miracle Melon | publisher=Nourishing the Planet | author1=Danielle Nierenberg | author1-link=Danielle Nierenberg | author2=Elena Davert | url=http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175830/http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | archive-date=October 6, 2010 | date=September 20, 2010 }}</ref> Other species that have the same culinary role, and that are also called egusi include ''[[Melothria sphaerocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cucumeropsis mannii'') and ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Importance and practices of Egusi crops (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. cv. ' Aklamkpa ') in sociolinguistic areas in Benin | url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf | author1=Enoch Gbenato Achigan-Dako | author2=Rose Fagbemissi | author3=Hermane Tonankpon Avohou | author4=Raymond Sognon Vodouhe | author5=Ousmane Coulibaly | author6=Adam Ahanchede | journal=Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. | year=2008 | volume=12 | issue=4 | pages=393–40 | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2015-05-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507194743/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'') originated in Africa, where evidence indicates that it has been cultivated for over 4,000 years.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |isbn=9780199549061 |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=193}}</ref> It is a popular summer fruit in all parts of the world.<ref>{{cite book | chapter=Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai | publisher=[[FAO]] | title=Grassland Species Profiles }}</ref> ===''Cucumis''=== [[File:Painted green melons. Chennai, India, 2010.jpg|thumb|Painted green melons. [[Chennai]], India, 2010]] [[File:Melonjf7319.JPG|thumb|Slice of cantaloupe melon]] [[File:Cucumis melo inodorus argos.jpg|thumb|Argos melon]] Melons in genus ''[[Cucumis]]'' are culinary fruits, and include the majority of culinary melons. All but a handful of culinary melon varieties belong to the species ''Cucumis melo L.'' * [[Horned melon]] (''C. metuliferus''), a traditional food plant in Africa with distinctive spikes. Now grown in [[California]], [[Chile]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as well.<ref name="prota">{{cite book | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&q=momordica%20charantia%20culinary&pg=PA385 | page=248 | chapter=Momordica | title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables |editor1=G.J.H. Grubben |editor2=O.H. Denton | author1=G.N. Njorogo | author2=M.N. van Luijk | publisher=[[PROTA Foundation]] | year=2004 | isbn=90-5782-147-8 | location=Wageningen, Netherlands | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> * [[True melon]] (''C. melo'') ** ''C. melo cantalupensis'', with skin that is rough and warty, not netted. *** The European [[cantaloupe]], with lightly ribbed, pale green skin, was domesticated in the 18th century, in [[Cantalupo in Sabina]], [[Italy]], by the [[pope]]'s gardener. It is also known as a 'rockmelon' in Australia and New Zealand. Varieties include the French ''Charentais'' and the [[Burpee Seeds]] hybrid ''Netted Gem'', introduced in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwq1lunLkuoC&q=%22melo%20cantalupensis%22&pg=PA255 | page=255 | title=Cooking with the Bible: biblical food, feasts, and lore |author1=Anthony F. Chiffolo |author2=Rayner W. Hesse | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | year=2006 | isbn=0-313-33410-2 | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> The [[Yubari King]] is a highly prized Japanese cantaloupe [[cultivar]]. *** The [[Persian melon]] resemble a large cantaloupe with a darker green [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] and a finer netting.<ref name="vos">{{cite book | title=Passion of a Foodie - An International Kitchen Companion | author=Heidemarie Vos | publisher=Strategic Book Publishing | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-934925-63-8 | page=348 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spY3ct9PBxEC&q=%22persian%20melon%22%20netting&pg=PA348 | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> ** ''C. melo inodorus'', casabas, honeydew, and Asian melons *** [[Argos, Peloponnese#Economy|Argos]], a large, oblong, with orange wrinkled skin, orange flesh, strong aroma. A characteristic is its pointed ends. Growing in some areas of Greece, from which it gets its name. *** [[Banana melon]], an heirloom variety with salmon-colored flesh and an elongated banana shape and yellow rind *** [[Canary melon]], a large, bright-yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh. *** Casaba, bright yellow, with a smooth, furrowed skin. Less flavorful than other melons, but keeps longer.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=WiseGeek | title=What is a casaba melon? | url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2014-07-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722192652/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> *** [[Crenshaw melon]], a hybrid between a [[Casaba melon]] and a [[Persian melon]] that is described to have a very sweet flavor *** [[Gaya melon]], originally from [[Japan]], a honeydew cultivar that is ivory in color and has a mild, sweet flavor *** [[Hami melon]], originally from [[Hami Prefecture|Hami]], [[Xinjiang]], China. Flesh is sweet and crisp.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=China Daily | title=Xinjiang Hami Melon | series=Library>China ABC>Geography>Local Products | url=http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2013-11-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162139/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> *** [[honeydew (melon)|Honeydew]], with a sweet, juicy, green-colored flesh. Grown as [[bailan melon]] in [[Lanzhou]], [[China]]. There is a second variety which has yellow skin, white flesh and tastes like a moist pear. *** [[Honeymoon melon]], a variety of honeydew with golden rind and bright green flesh and a sweet flavor *** [[Kajari melon]], a sweet honeydew cultivar that is red-orange in color with green stripes reminiscent of a [[beach ball]] *** [[Kolkhoznitsa melon]], with smooth, yellow skin and dense, white flesh.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Moscow Times | url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html | date=September 21, 2007 | title=Moscow flooded with melons | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2015-05-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510185404/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html | url-status=live }}</ref> *** Japanese melons (including the [[Sprite melon]]). *** [[Korean melon]], a yellow melon with white lines running across the fruit and white inside. Can be crisp and slightly sweet or juicy when left to ripen longer. *** [[Mirza melon]], a large, cream-colored melon native to [[Central Asia]] with a sweet, savory flavor *** [[Oriental pickling melon]] *** [[Pixie melon]], a sweet, palm-sized cantaloupe cultivar with a strange, cracked-looking netting *** {{lang|es|Piel de Sapo}} ({{gloss|toad skin}}) or [[Santa Claus melon]], a melon with a blotchy green skin and white sweet-tasting flesh. *** [[Sugar melon]], a smooth, white, round fruit.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Complete Book of Fruit: an illustrated guide to over 400 species and varieties of fruit from all over the world | url=https://archive.org/details/completebookoffr0000pijp | author=Jac G. Constant | publisher=Admiral | year=1986 | isbn=1-85171-049-3 | page=[https://archive.org/details/completebookoffr0000pijp/page/35 35] }}</ref> *** Tiger melon, an orange, yellow and black striped melon from [[Turkey]] with a soft pulp.<ref>{{cite book | title=A Gourmet's Guide to Fruit | first1=Judy|last1=Bastyra |first2=Julia|last2=Canning | publisher=HP Books | year=1990 | isbn=0-89586-849-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 64] | url=https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 }}</ref> ** ''C. melo reticulatus'', true muskmelons, with netted (reticulated) skin. *** North American cantaloupe, distinct from the European cantaloupe, with the net-like skin pattern common to other ''C. melo reticulatus'' varieties.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdLYGMOIndkC&q=reticulatus%20%22north%20american%20melon%22&pg=PA116 | page=116 | title=The Joy of Jams, Jellies and Other Sweet Preserves: 200 Classic and Contemporary Recipes Showcasing the Fabulous Flavors of Fresh Fruits | author=Linda Ziedrich | publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4587-6483-6 | access-date=2014-10-20 | edition=Easyread Large }}</ref> *** [[Galia melon|Galia]] (or Ogen), small and very juicy with either faint green or rosy pink flesh.<ref name="vos" /> *** Sharlyn melons, with taste between honeydew and cantaloupes, netted skin, greenish-orange rind, and white flesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html | publisher=Food Reference | title=Melons | author=James Ehler | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2014-08-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805155746/http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html | url-status=live }}{{self-published source|date=November 2011}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=November 2011}} ** ''C. melo agrestis'', Wilder melon cultivars, with smooth skin, and tart or bland taste. Often confused with [[cucumber]]s (Dosakai, Lemon Cucumber, Pie Melons).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swamy|first=K. R. M.|date=2018-08-29|title=Origin, distribution and systematics of culinary cucumber (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon)|journal=Journal of Horticultural Sciences|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.24154/jhs.v12i1.64 |issn=0973-354X|doi-access=free}}</ref> ** ''C. melo conomon'', Conomon Melons, Pickling Melons, with smooth skin, and ranging from tart or bland taste (pickling melon) to mild sweetness in Korean Melon.Oriental Pickling melon, Korean Melon. Closely related to wilder melons (C Melo Var Agrestis).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=T. K.|chapter=Cucumis melo (Conomon Group)|date=2012|work=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ediblemedicinaln00050limt/page/204 204]–209|editor-last=Lim|editor-first=T. K.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_32|isbn=9789400717640|title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/ediblemedicinaln00050limt}}</ref> ** Modern crossbred varieties, e.g. Crenshaw (Casaba × Persian), Crane (Japanese × N.A. cantaloupe). == Galeriya== <gallery> File:Melon Sugar Baby Matisse-9953.jpg|Melon Sugar Baby Matisse File:Cucumis melo on white background.jpg|''Cucumis melo'' File:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|Canary melon and Cantaloupe File:Honeydew melon yellow flower.jpg|Honeydew melon yellow flower </gallery> ==Produksyon== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ Melon production, 2020 |- ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Production<br /><small>(millions of tonnes)</small> |- | {{flag|China}} || {{right|13.83}} |- | {{flag|Turkey}} || {{right|1.72}} |- | {{flag|India}} || {{right|1.33}} |- | {{flag|Iran}} || {{right|1.28}} |- | {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{right|0.79}} |- | {{flag|United States}} || {{right|0.69}} |- | {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{right|0.65}} |- | {{flag|Brazil}} || {{right|0.61}} |- | '''World''' || {{right|'''27.4'''}} |- | colspan="2" |<small>Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]</small><ref name="faostat18">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of melons in 2018; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2019|publisher=[[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}</ref> |} Kan 2018, an produksyon nin kinaban kan melon uminabot 27 milyon tonelada, pinangenotan kan [[Tsina]] 46% sa total (table). An [[Turkey]], [[Indya]], asin [[Iran]] lambang saro sainda nagprodyusir sobra sa 1 milyon na tonelada.<ref name=faostat18/> ==Hilnga man== * [[Cucurbita]] – Squash (plant) * [[List of culinary fruits]] * [[List of gourds and squashes]] * [[List of melon dishes]] * '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Food}}</small>''''' ==Mga nota== {{Reflist|group=note}} {{-}} ==Toltolan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Mga heneral na gugunuan== * {{cite book | author=Mabberley, D.J. | year=1987 | title=The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | page= 706 | isbn=0-521-34060-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC | access-date=2014-10-20 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Magness|first1=J.R.|last2=Markle|first2=G.M.|last3=Compton|first3=C.C. | year=1971 | title=Food and feed crops of the United States | publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station | journal=IR Bulletin | volume=1 | issue=828 | ol=14117370M }} Interregional Research Project IR-4 ==Mga panluwas na takod== * {{Commonscatinline}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cucumis_melo_nex.html | title=Cucumis melo L. | publisher=Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plant Products | access-date=2014-10-20 }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cucumis.html | title=Sorting Cucumis names | publisher=Multilingual multiscript plant name database | access-date=2014-10-20 }} {{Melons}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorya: Mga melon| ]] [[Kategorya:Mga prutas naghahaleng Aprika]] [[en: Melon]] l6q1exvanuzgv1asjnrlgp9hvsw1sl5 311531 311528 2026-10-12T21:56:46Z InternetArchiveBot 17127 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 311531 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Canary melon]] and [[cantaloupe]]]] An '''melon''' iyo an arinman sa mga tinanom na sakop kan pamilyang [[Cucurbitaceae]] na igwang mahamot, makakan na gayo asin malaog na [[prutas]]. Ini pwede man magpanongod sa ''[[Cucumis melo]]'', na ini an komun na inaapod na "tunay na melon" o sim-ple "melon". An terminong "melon" pwedeng iyo an tinanom mismo o an bunga kaini.. Sa bonatikong pagkasabot, an melon sarong klaseng [[botanical berry|berry]], o iyo an sinasabing "[[pepo (botany)|pepo]]". An katagang ''melon'' gikan sa [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|melopepo}}'',<ref>{{OEtymD|melon}}</ref><ref>{{L&S|melopepo|ref}}</ref> na iyo an [[pinagLatin (literatura)|pinagLatin]] kan [[Antigong Griyego|Griyego]]ng {{lang|grc|μηλοπέπων}} (''mēlopepōn''), na boot sabihon mansana "melon",<ref name="lsj">{{LSJ|mhlope/pwn|μηλοπέπων|ref}}.</ref> na ini compound mansana kan {{lang|grc|μῆλον}} (''mēlon''), "apple", treefruit (''of any kind'')"<ref>{{LSJ|mh{{=}}lon2|μῆλον|shortref}}.</ref> asin {{lang|grc|πέπων}} (''pepōn''), sa iba pa kaini, sarong klaseng "gourd o melon".<ref>{{LSJ|pe/pwn|πέπων|shortref}}.</ref> Kadakul nang mga [[cultivar]] an naprodyusir, partikularmente kan tunay na melon, arog kan [[cantaloupe]] asin [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]]. ==Historya== [[File:Watermelon and melon in India.jpg|thumb|right|Watermelon asin melon sa Indya]] An mga melon pighuhuna na naggikan daa sa Aprika.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The new Oxford book of food plants|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-954946-7|pages=134}}</ref> Alagad, sa mga presenteng pag'adal nagsusuwestyon nin pinaghalean sa [[Sud-sulnopan Asya]], urog na sa [[Iran]] asin [[Indya]];<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raghami|first1=Mahmoud|last2=López-Sesé|first2=Ana Isabel|last3=Hasandokht|first3=Mohamad Reza|last4=Zamani|first4=Zabihollah|last5=Moghadam|first5=Mahmoud Reza Fattahi|last6=Kashi|first6=Abdolkarim|date=2014-01-01|title=Genetic diversity among melon accessions from Iran and their relationships with melon germplasm of diverse origins using microsatellite markers|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=300|issue=1|pages=139–151|doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0866-y|issn=1615-6110|quote=Melons or muskmelon are native to Iran and adjacent countries toward the west and east. In fact, ‘Musk’ is a Persian word for a kind of perfume and ‘melon’ is derived from Greek words (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997). The origin of diversity for melon was traditionally believed to be in Africa (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997), although recent molecular systematic studies, suggested that it may be originated from Asia and then reached to Africa (Renner et al. 2007). Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan and China (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997) are considered primary diversity centre for melon (Tzitzikas et al. 2009).Two formal infraspecific taxa within C. melo were recognized by Kirkbri|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014PSyEv.300..139R |hdl=10261/408207|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Growing Melons|date=2012-04-03|access-date=2019-05-25|quote=Melons are believed to have originated in the hot valleys of southwest Asia—specifically Iran (Persia) and India.}}</ref> hale igdi, ini luway-luway nagtunga na sa [[Europa]] sa paghihinapos kan [[Imperyong Romanong Sulnopan]]. An mga melon midbid na gayong pigkukultibar kan mga taga Ehiptong suanoy. Alagad, mga dai pa haloy na mga pagkakadukay nin mga pisog nin melon petsado pag'ultan 1350 asin 1120 [[BCE]] sa mga sagradong Nuragic na bobon nagpapahiling na an mga melon enot nang nadara sa Europa kan [[Sibilisasyon Nuragic]] nin Sardinia durante kan [[Bronseng Anoy]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|title=Archaeobotanical analysis of a Bronze Age well from Sardinia: A wealth of knowledge|first1=Sabato|last1=D.|first2=Masi|last2=A.|first3=Pepe|last3=C.|first4=Ucchesu|last4=M.|first5=Peña-Chocarro|last5=L.|first6=Usai|last6=A.|first7=Giachi|last7=G.|first8=Capretti|last8=C.|first9=Bacchetta|last9=G.|date=16 May 2017|journal=Plant Biosystems|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011633/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201500186050|url-status=live}}</ref> Melons were among the earliest plants to be domesticated in the [[Old World]] and among the first crop species brought by westerners to the [[New World]].<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Plant Breeding Review | volume=35 | editor=Jules Janick | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foHdS6xeht8C&q=melons%20domesticated&pg=PP1 | title=Melon Landraces of India: Contributions and Importance | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year=2012 | isbn=978-1118100486 | last1=Dhillon | first1=Narinder P.S. | last2=Monforte | first2=Antonio J. | last3=Pitrat | first3=Michel | last4=Pandey | first4=Sudhakar | last5=Singh | first5=Praveen Kumar | last6=Reitsma | first6=Kathleen R. | last7=Garcia-Mas | first7=Jordi | last8=Sharma | first8=Abhishek | last9=McCreight | first9=James D. | page=88 | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> Early European settlers in the New World are recorded as growing [[honeydew (melon)|honeydew]] and [[casaba]] melons as early as the 1600s.<ref name="unl">{{cite web |title = Growing Melons |url = http://byf.unl.edu/Melon |publisher = University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension |access-date = 2011-11-04 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403223315/http://byf.unl.edu/Melon |archive-date = 2012-04-03 }}</ref> A number of Native American tribes in New Mexico, including the Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Navajo, Santo Domingo and San Felipe, maintain a tradition of growing their own characteristic melon cultivars, derived from melons originally introduced by the Spanish. Organizations like [[Native Seeds/SEARCH]] have made an effort to collect and preserve these and other heritage seeds.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021047/http://www.abqjournal.com/food/2491846256food09-24-08.htm | newspaper=[[Albuquerque Journal]] | date=September 24, 2008 | archive-date=November 2, 2013 | title=San Felipe Pueblo melon farmer favors the old ways | first=Denise |last=Miller | access-date=October 20, 2014 }}</ref> ==Melon sa pagkabiristo sa genus== [[File:Cucumis metuliferus fruit - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|Horned melon]] [[File:Cantaloupe Melon cross section.png|thumb|upright|Honeydew]] ===''Benincasa''=== * [[Winter melon]]<ref group="note">Not to be confused with ''Cucumis melo inodorus'' varieties, also collectively called ''winter melon''.</ref> (''B. hispida'') is the only member of the genus ''Benincasa''. The mature winter melon is a cooking vegetable that is widely used in [[Asia]], especially in [[India]]. The immature melons are used as a culinary fruit (e.g., to make a distinctive fruit drink). ===''Citrullus''=== {{main|Citrullus}} * [[Citron melon]] (C. amarus) closely resembles the watermelon, but has harder, whiter flesh. It is often cooked or preserved rather than being eaten raw. It is native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. * [[Citrullus colocynthis|Colocynth]] (''C. colocynthis'') is a wild melon, similar in appearance to the watermelon. The flesh is inedible, but the seeds are a valuable food source in [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Seeds, seeds, seeds: Egusi, the Miracle Melon | publisher=Nourishing the Planet | author1=Danielle Nierenberg | author1-link=Danielle Nierenberg | author2=Elena Davert | url=http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175830/http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/seeds-seeds-seeds-egusi-the-miracle-melon/ | archive-date=October 6, 2010 | date=September 20, 2010 }}</ref> Other species that have the same culinary role, and that are also called egusi include ''[[Melothria sphaerocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cucumeropsis mannii'') and ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Importance and practices of Egusi crops (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. cv. ' Aklamkpa ') in sociolinguistic areas in Benin | url=http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf | author1=Enoch Gbenato Achigan-Dako | author2=Rose Fagbemissi | author3=Hermane Tonankpon Avohou | author4=Raymond Sognon Vodouhe | author5=Ousmane Coulibaly | author6=Adam Ahanchede | journal=Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. | year=2008 | volume=12 | issue=4 | pages=393–40 | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2015-05-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507194743/http://www.pressesagro.be/base/text/v12n4/393.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'') originated in Africa, where evidence indicates that it has been cultivated for over 4,000 years.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |isbn=9780199549061 |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford: University Press |year=2012 |page=193}}</ref> It is a popular summer fruit in all parts of the world.<ref>{{cite book | chapter=Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai | publisher=[[FAO]] | title=Grassland Species Profiles }}</ref> ===''Cucumis''=== [[File:Painted green melons. Chennai, India, 2010.jpg|thumb|Painted green melons. [[Chennai]], India, 2010]] [[File:Melonjf7319.JPG|thumb|Slice of cantaloupe melon]] [[File:Cucumis melo inodorus argos.jpg|thumb|Argos melon]] Melons in genus ''[[Cucumis]]'' are culinary fruits, and include the majority of culinary melons. All but a handful of culinary melon varieties belong to the species ''Cucumis melo L.'' * [[Horned melon]] (''C. metuliferus''), a traditional food plant in Africa with distinctive spikes. Now grown in [[California]], [[Chile]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as well.<ref name="prota">{{cite book | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&q=momordica%20charantia%20culinary&pg=PA385 | page=248 | chapter=Momordica | title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables |editor1=G.J.H. Grubben |editor2=O.H. Denton | author1=G.N. Njorogo | author2=M.N. van Luijk | publisher=[[PROTA Foundation]] | year=2004 | isbn=90-5782-147-8 | location=Wageningen, Netherlands | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> * [[True melon]] (''C. melo'') ** ''C. melo cantalupensis'', with skin that is rough and warty, not netted. *** The European [[cantaloupe]], with lightly ribbed, pale green skin, was domesticated in the 18th century, in [[Cantalupo in Sabina]], [[Italy]], by the [[pope]]'s gardener. It is also known as a 'rockmelon' in Australia and New Zealand. Varieties include the French ''Charentais'' and the [[Burpee Seeds]] hybrid ''Netted Gem'', introduced in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwq1lunLkuoC&q=%22melo%20cantalupensis%22&pg=PA255 | page=255 | title=Cooking with the Bible: biblical food, feasts, and lore |author1=Anthony F. Chiffolo |author2=Rayner W. Hesse | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | year=2006 | isbn=0-313-33410-2 | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> The [[Yubari King]] is a highly prized Japanese cantaloupe [[cultivar]]. *** The [[Persian melon]] resemble a large cantaloupe with a darker green [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] and a finer netting.<ref name="vos">{{cite book | title=Passion of a Foodie - An International Kitchen Companion | author=Heidemarie Vos | publisher=Strategic Book Publishing | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-934925-63-8 | page=348 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spY3ct9PBxEC&q=%22persian%20melon%22%20netting&pg=PA348 | access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> ** ''C. melo inodorus'', casabas, honeydew, and Asian melons *** [[Argos, Peloponnese#Economy|Argos]], a large, oblong, with orange wrinkled skin, orange flesh, strong aroma. A characteristic is its pointed ends. Growing in some areas of Greece, from which it gets its name. *** [[Banana melon]], an heirloom variety with salmon-colored flesh and an elongated banana shape and yellow rind *** [[Canary melon]], a large, bright-yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh. *** Casaba, bright yellow, with a smooth, furrowed skin. Less flavorful than other melons, but keeps longer.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=WiseGeek | title=What is a casaba melon? | url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2014-07-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722192652/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-casaba-melon.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> *** [[Crenshaw melon]], a hybrid between a [[Casaba melon]] and a [[Persian melon]] that is described to have a very sweet flavor *** [[Gaya melon]], originally from [[Japan]], a honeydew cultivar that is ivory in color and has a mild, sweet flavor *** [[Hami melon]], originally from [[Hami Prefecture|Hami]], [[Xinjiang]], China. Flesh is sweet and crisp.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=China Daily | title=Xinjiang Hami Melon | series=Library>China ABC>Geography>Local Products | url=http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2013-11-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162139/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162139/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/08/content_22024.htm | archivedate=2013-11-01 | accessdate=2026-10-12 }}</ref> *** [[honeydew (melon)|Honeydew]], with a sweet, juicy, green-colored flesh. Grown as [[bailan melon]] in [[Lanzhou]], [[China]]. There is a second variety which has yellow skin, white flesh and tastes like a moist pear. *** [[Honeymoon melon]], a variety of honeydew with golden rind and bright green flesh and a sweet flavor *** [[Kajari melon]], a sweet honeydew cultivar that is red-orange in color with green stripes reminiscent of a [[beach ball]] *** [[Kolkhoznitsa melon]], with smooth, yellow skin and dense, white flesh.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Moscow Times | url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html | date=September 21, 2007 | title=Moscow flooded with melons | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2015-05-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510185404/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2007/9/article/likbez-melon-season/194219.html | url-status=live }}</ref> *** Japanese melons (including the [[Sprite melon]]). *** [[Korean melon]], a yellow melon with white lines running across the fruit and white inside. Can be crisp and slightly sweet or juicy when left to ripen longer. *** [[Mirza melon]], a large, cream-colored melon native to [[Central Asia]] with a sweet, savory flavor *** [[Oriental pickling melon]] *** [[Pixie melon]], a sweet, palm-sized cantaloupe cultivar with a strange, cracked-looking netting *** {{lang|es|Piel de Sapo}} ({{gloss|toad skin}}) or [[Santa Claus melon]], a melon with a blotchy green skin and white sweet-tasting flesh. *** [[Sugar melon]], a smooth, white, round fruit.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Complete Book of Fruit: an illustrated guide to over 400 species and varieties of fruit from all over the world | url=https://archive.org/details/completebookoffr0000pijp | author=Jac G. Constant | publisher=Admiral | year=1986 | isbn=1-85171-049-3 | page=[https://archive.org/details/completebookoffr0000pijp/page/35 35] }}</ref> *** Tiger melon, an orange, yellow and black striped melon from [[Turkey]] with a soft pulp.<ref>{{cite book | title=A Gourmet's Guide to Fruit | first1=Judy|last1=Bastyra |first2=Julia|last2=Canning | publisher=HP Books | year=1990 | isbn=0-89586-849-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 64] | url=https://archive.org/details/gourmetsguidetof0000bast/page/64 }}</ref> ** ''C. melo reticulatus'', true muskmelons, with netted (reticulated) skin. *** North American cantaloupe, distinct from the European cantaloupe, with the net-like skin pattern common to other ''C. melo reticulatus'' varieties.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdLYGMOIndkC&q=reticulatus%20%22north%20american%20melon%22&pg=PA116 | page=116 | title=The Joy of Jams, Jellies and Other Sweet Preserves: 200 Classic and Contemporary Recipes Showcasing the Fabulous Flavors of Fresh Fruits | author=Linda Ziedrich | publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4587-6483-6 | access-date=2014-10-20 | edition=Easyread Large }}</ref> *** [[Galia melon|Galia]] (or Ogen), small and very juicy with either faint green or rosy pink flesh.<ref name="vos" /> *** Sharlyn melons, with taste between honeydew and cantaloupes, netted skin, greenish-orange rind, and white flesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html | publisher=Food Reference | title=Melons | author=James Ehler | access-date=2014-10-20 | archive-date=2014-08-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805155746/http://www.foodreference.com/html/artmelon.html | url-status=live }}{{self-published source|date=November 2011}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=November 2011}} ** ''C. melo agrestis'', Wilder melon cultivars, with smooth skin, and tart or bland taste. Often confused with [[cucumber]]s (Dosakai, Lemon Cucumber, Pie Melons).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swamy|first=K. R. M.|date=2018-08-29|title=Origin, distribution and systematics of culinary cucumber (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon)|journal=Journal of Horticultural Sciences|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.24154/jhs.v12i1.64 |issn=0973-354X|doi-access=free}}</ref> ** ''C. melo conomon'', Conomon Melons, Pickling Melons, with smooth skin, and ranging from tart or bland taste (pickling melon) to mild sweetness in Korean Melon.Oriental Pickling melon, Korean Melon. Closely related to wilder melons (C Melo Var Agrestis).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=T. K.|chapter=Cucumis melo (Conomon Group)|date=2012|work=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ediblemedicinaln00050limt/page/204 204]–209|editor-last=Lim|editor-first=T. K.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_32|isbn=9789400717640|title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/ediblemedicinaln00050limt}}</ref> ** Modern crossbred varieties, e.g. Crenshaw (Casaba × Persian), Crane (Japanese × N.A. cantaloupe). == Galeriya== <gallery> File:Melon Sugar Baby Matisse-9953.jpg|Melon Sugar Baby Matisse File:Cucumis melo on white background.jpg|''Cucumis melo'' File:Cantaloupe and canary melon.jpg|Canary melon and Cantaloupe File:Honeydew melon yellow flower.jpg|Honeydew melon yellow flower </gallery> ==Produksyon== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ Melon production, 2020 |- ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Production<br /><small>(millions of tonnes)</small> |- | {{flag|China}} || {{right|13.83}} |- | {{flag|Turkey}} || {{right|1.72}} |- | {{flag|India}} || {{right|1.33}} |- | {{flag|Iran}} || {{right|1.28}} |- | {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{right|0.79}} |- | {{flag|United States}} || {{right|0.69}} |- | {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{right|0.65}} |- | {{flag|Brazil}} || {{right|0.61}} |- | '''World''' || {{right|'''27.4'''}} |- | colspan="2" |<small>Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]</small><ref name="faostat18">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of melons in 2018; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2019|publisher=[[UN Food and Agriculture Organization]], Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}</ref> |} Kan 2018, an produksyon nin kinaban kan melon uminabot 27 milyon tonelada, pinangenotan kan [[Tsina]] 46% sa total (table). An [[Turkey]], [[Indya]], asin [[Iran]] lambang saro sainda nagprodyusir sobra sa 1 milyon na tonelada.<ref name=faostat18/> ==Hilnga man== * [[Cucurbita]] – Squash (plant) * [[List of culinary fruits]] * [[List of gourds and squashes]] * [[List of melon dishes]] * '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Food}}</small>''''' ==Mga nota== {{Reflist|group=note}} {{-}} ==Toltolan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Mga heneral na gugunuan== * {{cite book | author=Mabberley, D.J. | year=1987 | title=The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | page= 706 | isbn=0-521-34060-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC | access-date=2014-10-20 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Magness|first1=J.R.|last2=Markle|first2=G.M.|last3=Compton|first3=C.C. | year=1971 | title=Food and feed crops of the United States | publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station | journal=IR Bulletin | volume=1 | issue=828 | ol=14117370M }} Interregional Research Project IR-4 ==Mga panluwas na takod== * {{Commonscatinline}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cucumis_melo_nex.html | title=Cucumis melo L. | publisher=Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plant Products | access-date=2014-10-20 }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cucumis.html | title=Sorting Cucumis names | publisher=Multilingual multiscript plant name database | access-date=2014-10-20 }} {{Melons}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorya: Mga melon| ]] [[Kategorya:Mga prutas naghahaleng Aprika]] [[en: Melon]] d9sb5w0a1qtt8iusk896w6wfi3w991b 0 56909 311504 2026-10-12T15:23:18Z Ringer 55 Pinagmukna an pahina kaining "[[File:John Ranstead 1948 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Ranstead in 1948]] Si '''John Morris Ranstead''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|OBE|size=85%}} (1 Hulyo 1884 &ndash; 7 Septyembre 1972) saro taga New Zealand na paraumq, paramamarong hayop, asin scientist sa agrikultura. Siya namundag sa [[East Ham]], [[Essex]], Inglatierra, kan 1884.<ref name="DNZB Ranstead">{{DNZB|title=John Morris Ranstead|first= A. L.|last= Rae|id=4r4|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref> Kan 19..." 311504 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:John Ranstead 1948 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Ranstead in 1948]] Si '''John Morris Ranstead''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|OBE|size=85%}} (1 Hulyo 1884 &ndash; 7 Septyembre 1972) saro taga New Zealand na paraumq, paramamarong hayop, asin scientist sa agrikultura. Siya namundag sa [[East Ham]], [[Essex]], Inglatierra, kan 1884.<ref name="DNZB Ranstead">{{DNZB|title=John Morris Ranstead|first= A. L.|last= Rae|id=4r4|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref> Kan 1931, si Ranstead nagin ikaduwang resipyente kan [[Bledisloe Medal]] na iginawad kan [[Canterbury Agricultural College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1931 J. M. Ranstead |url=https://livingheritage.lincoln.ac.nz/nodes/view/1023 |publisher=Lincoln University |accessdate=21 December 2019}}</ref> Sa [[1960 New Year Honours (New Zealand)|1960 New Year Honours]], si Ranstead nagawadan kan [[Order of the British Empire|Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] huli sa saiyang serbisyo sa industriya nin pag'uuma.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=41911 |date=1 January 1960 |page=42 |supp=3}}</ref> Ranstead was the first president of the [[New Zealand Society of Animal Production]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us {{!}} NZSAP|url=https://www.nzsap.org/content/about-us-0|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.nzsap.org}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ranstead, John Morris}} [[Kategorya:1884 births]] [[Kategorya:1972 deaths]] [[Kategorya:20th-century New Zealand farmers]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand scientists]] [[Kategorya:People from East Ham]] [[Kategorya:British emigrants to New Zealand]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] {{NewZealand-scientist-stub}} 6r0337z5i6dzv87khlrkgmh5fx615qa 311505 311504 2026-10-12T15:24:30Z Ringer 55 311505 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:John Ranstead 1948 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Si Ranstead kan 1948]] Si '''John Morris Ranstead''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|OBE|size=85%}} (1 Hulyo 1884 &ndash; 7 Septyembre 1972) saro taga New Zealand na paraumq, paramamarong hayop, asin scientist sa agrikultura. Siya namundag sa [[East Ham]], [[Essex]], Inglatierra, kan 1884.<ref name="DNZB Ranstead">{{DNZB|title=John Morris Ranstead|first= A. L.|last= Rae|id=4r4|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref> Kan 1931, si Ranstead nagin ikaduwang resipyente kan [[Bledisloe Medal]] na iginawad kan [[Canterbury Agricultural College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1931 J. M. Ranstead |url=https://livingheritage.lincoln.ac.nz/nodes/view/1023 |publisher=Lincoln University |accessdate=21 December 2019}}</ref> Sa [[1960 New Year Honours (New Zealand)|1960 New Year Honours]], si Ranstead nagawadan kan [[Order of the British Empire|Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] huli sa saiyang serbisyo sa industriya nin pag'uuma.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=41911 |date=1 January 1960 |page=42 |supp=3}}</ref> Ranstead was the first president of the [[New Zealand Society of Animal Production]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us {{!}} NZSAP|url=https://www.nzsap.org/content/about-us-0|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.nzsap.org}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ranstead, John Morris}} [[Kategorya:1884 births]] [[Kategorya:1972 deaths]] [[Kategorya:20th-century New Zealand farmers]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand scientists]] [[Kategorya:People from East Ham]] [[Kategorya:British emigrants to New Zealand]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] {{NewZealand-scientist-stub}} r2wkt0wuegb1s0w638uylnbs47qbh5m 311506 311505 2026-10-12T15:25:40Z Ringer 55 311506 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:John Ranstead 1948 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Si Ranstead kan 1948]] Si '''John Morris Ranstead''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|OBE|size=85%}} (1 Hulyo 1884 &ndash; 7 Septyembre 1972) sarong taga New Zealand na parauma, paramamarong hayop, asin scientist sa agrikultura. Siya namundag sa [[East Ham]], [[Essex]], Inglatierra, kan 1884.<ref name="DNZB Ranstead">{{DNZB|title=John Morris Ranstead|first= A. L.|last= Rae|id=4r4|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref> Kan 1931, si Ranstead nagin ikaduwang resipyente kan [[Bledisloe Medal]] na iginawad kan [[Canterbury Agricultural College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1931 J. M. Ranstead |url=https://livingheritage.lincoln.ac.nz/nodes/view/1023 |publisher=Lincoln University |accessdate=21 December 2019}}</ref> Sa [[1960 New Year Honours (New Zealand)|1960 New Year Honours]], si Ranstead nagawadan kan [[Order of the British Empire|Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] huli sa saiyang serbisyo sa industriya nin pag'uuma.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=41911 |date=1 January 1960 |page=42 |supp=3}}</ref> Ranstead was the first president of the [[New Zealand Society of Animal Production]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us {{!}} NZSAP|url=https://www.nzsap.org/content/about-us-0|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.nzsap.org}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ranstead, John Morris}} [[Kategorya:1884 births]] [[Kategorya:1972 deaths]] [[Kategorya:20th-century New Zealand farmers]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand scientists]] [[Kategorya:People from East Ham]] [[Kategorya:British emigrants to New Zealand]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] {{NewZealand-scientist-stub}} 7h5c1aa4mc3egfkja3m3vkdag5dff9s 311507 311506 2026-10-12T15:26:54Z Ringer 55 311507 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:John Ranstead 1948 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Si Ranstead kan 1948]] Si '''John Morris Ranstead''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|OBE|size=85%}} (1 Hulyo 1884 &ndash; 7 Septyembre 1972) sarong taga New Zealand na parauma, paramamarong hayop, asin scientist sa agrikultura. Siya namundag sa [[East Ham]], [[Essex]], Inglatierra, kan 1884.<ref name="DNZB Ranstead">{{DNZB|title=John Morris Ranstead|first= A. L.|last= Rae|id=4r4|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref> Kan 1931, si Ranstead nagin ikaduwang resipyente kan [[Bledisloe Medal]] na iginawad kan [[Canterbury Agricultural College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1931 J. M. Ranstead |url=https://livingheritage.lincoln.ac.nz/nodes/view/1023 |publisher=Lincoln University |accessdate=21 December 2019}}</ref> Sa [[1960 New Year Honours (New Zealand)|1960 New Year Honours]], si Ranstead nagawadan kan [[Order of the British Empire|Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] huli sa saiyang serbisyo sa industriya nin pag'uuma.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=41911 |date=1 January 1960 |page=42 |supp=3}}</ref> Si Ranstead iyo an nagin pinakaenot na presidente kan [[New Zealand Society of Animal Production]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us {{!}} NZSAP|url=https://www.nzsap.org/content/about-us-0|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.nzsap.org}}</ref> ==Toltolan== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ranstead, John Morris}} [[Kategorya:1884 births]] [[Kategorya:1972 deaths]] [[Kategorya:20th-century New Zealand farmers]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand scientists]] [[Kategorya:People from East Ham]] [[Kategorya:British emigrants to New Zealand]] [[Kategorya:New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] {{NewZealand-scientist-stub}} 1uxvtpx1jofqudc0pq2o8x7n57nu0ky